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AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES 


WILLIAM  RAIMOND  BAIRD,  BBH 

The  Nestor  of  American  College  Fraternities 

Bom  April  34,  1858 

Died  March  15,  1917 


BAIRD'S  MANUAL 


OF 


AMERICAN^  COLLEGE 
FRATERNITIES 


A  Descriptive  Analysis  op  the 
Fraternity  System  in  the  Colleges  op  the 

United  States 


WITH  A   DETAILED  ACCOUNT  OP  EACH 

FRATERNITY 


•  "  «. 


t    •      *      «  *  • 


»        €   »  »    » 


NINTH  EDITION 


JAMES  T.  BROWN 

Editor  and  Publisher 


NEW  YORK 
363  W.  TWENTIETH  STREET 

1920 


Cop^rright,  1879,  1880,  1883, 1890,  1898,  1905,  1912  and  1915 

By  WM.  RAIMOND  BAIRD 

Copyright  1920 
By  JAMES  T.  BROWN 


(NoTB. — While  a  fair  use  of  the  material  in  this  b«ok  has 
always  been  freely  permitted,  a  warning  is  here  given  that  a  mere 
re-arrangement  of  the  matter  and  its  republication  will  be  treated 
as  an  infringement. 

282095 

C 

The  prtce  of  a  copy  of  this  book  is  $4.00 
Postage  Prepaid 


James  T.  Brown,  Publisher 

363  W.  TWBNTIBTR  StRBBT 

New  York.  N.  Y. 


PREFACE 

T^HIS  is  the  Ninth  Edition  of  what  is  known  to  the 
college  world  as  Baird's  Manual  of  American 
College  Fraternities.  In  the  niain^  the  style  of  the 
previous  editions  has  been  followed,  but^in  order  to  pre- 
vent the  book  from  becoming  unwieldly  there  has  been 
an  effort  made  to  reduce  rather  than  to  expand  the  accounts 
of  the  Fraternities.  Also  some  other  eliminations  have 
been  made.  It  is  hoped  that  this  will  be  tmderstood  and 
appreciated. 

The  accoimt  of  every  Fraternity  has  been  carefully 
edited  after  receipt  of  suggestions  that  were  solicited  from 
official  members.  All  suggestions  that  corresponded  with 
the  general  plan  of  the  book  were  adopted.  The  introduc- 
tory sections  have  been  revised  and  in  part  re-written. 
The  Directory  of  Colleges  and  Chapters,  the  Bibliography 
and  other  sections  that  follow  the  fraternity  sketches  have 
been  enlarged  and  brought  down  to  date. 

As  was  to  be  expected,  the  fraternities  in  recent  years 
have  multiplied  ajid  have  established  many  new  chapters. 
Nothing  can  show  their  increased  strength  better  than  their 
real  estate  holdings.  The  number  of  houses  owned  show 
a  real  growth,  at  the  same  time  the  average  value  of  the 
houses  has  increased.  In  191 5  there  were  772  houses 
owned  with  an  average  valuation  of  $18,500,  now  there 
are  928  houses  owned  with  an  average  valuation  of 
$20,000. 


WILLIAM  RAIMOND  BAIRD.  Ben 

The  Nestor  of  American  College  Fratemitits 

Bom  April  24,   1858 

Died  March  ij,  1917 


BAIRD'S  MANUAL 


OF 


AMERICAN"  COLLEGE 
FRATERNITIES 


A  Descriptive  Analysis  op  the 
Fraternity  System  in  the  Colleges  op  the 

United  States 


WITH  A   DETAILED  ACCOUNT  OP  EACH 

FRATERNITY 


I     (  t 


• 


•  -t     ■• 


NINTH  EDITION 


JAMES  T.  BROWN 

Editor  and  Publisher 


NEW  YORK 
363  W.  TWENTIETH  STREET 

1920 


r.  '.  . 


VIII 


CONTENTS 


Gkneral  Fraternities — Men — Continued  Pack 

Kap])a  Alpha 194 

'    Kappa  Alpha  (Southern) 201 

Kappa  Alpha  Psi 213 

Kappa  Delta  Rho 215 

Ka])])a  Nu 217 

'--  Kappa   Sigma 219 

Lambda  Chi  Alpha 229 

Phi  Chi  Delta 232 

--  Phi  Delta  Theta 233 

Phi  Epsilcm  Pi 252 

Phi  Gamma  Delta 255 

Phi  Kap])a 269 

Phi  Kappa  Psi 270 

Phi  Kappa  Sigma 283 

Phi  Kappa  Taii    291 

Phi  Mu  Delta 293 

Phi  Sigma  Delta 295 

Phi  Sigma  Kappa 297 

Pi  Kai)])a  Alpha 301 

Pi  Kappa  Phi 307 

Pi  Lambda  Phi 309 

Psi   Upsilon 311 

Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon 319 

Sigma  Alpha  Mu 330 

Sigma  (7hi '. 332 

Sigma  Iota 346 

Sigma  Nu 347 

Sigma  Phi 356 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon 361 

Sigma  Phi  Sigma 367 

Sigma   Pi 369 

Tau  Delta  Phi . 371 

Tau  Kappa  E]^silon 372 

Theta  Alpha 374 

Theta  Chi 375 

Theta  Delta  Chi 379 

Theta  Xi 389 

Zeta  Beta  Tau 393 

Zeta  Psi 397 

Women's  Fraternities    404 

Inter-Fraternity  Relations 404 

Achoth 4<3 

Alpha  Chi  Omepa 414 


^^  .^'^ 


:^^- 


CONTENTS  IX 

Women's  Fraternitie!* — Continued  Page 

Alpha  Delta  Pi 419 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta 422 

■■''Alpha  Omicron  Pi 425 

'  Alpha   Phi 427 

Alpha  Xi  Delta 430 

V  Chi  Omega 433 

L  DelU  Delta  Delta 437 

^  Delta  Gamma 443 

Delta  Zeta 448 

I  Gamma  Phi  Beta 450 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta 453 

Kappa  Delta 460 

'  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma 464 

Phi  Mu 470 

Pi  Beta  Phi 473 

■  Sigma  Kappa 481 

Zeta  Tan  Alpha 483 

Professional  Fraternities 485 

Explanatory  Note 485 

Alpha  Kappa  Kappa  (Medical) 487 

Alpha  Mu  Pi  Omega  (Medical) 490 

Chi  Zeta  Chi  (Medical) 492 

Kappa  Psi  (Medical) 494 

Nu  Sigma  Nu  (Medical) 500 

Omega  Upsilon  Phi  (Medical) 503 

Phi  Alpha  Sigma  (Medical) 506 

Phi  Beta  Pi  (Medical) 508 

Phi  Chi  (Medical) 511 

Phi  Delta  Epsilon  (Medical) 515 

Phi  Rho  Sigma  (Medical) 517 

Pi  Mu  (Medical) 52 1 

Aleph  Yodh  He  (Medical- Jewish) 523 

Alpha  Epsilon  Iota  (Medical- Women) 524 

Nu  Signm  Phi  (Medical-Women) 525 

Zeta  Phi  (Medical- Women) 526 

Alpha  Sigma  (Medical-Homeopathic) 527 

Phi  Alplm  Gamma  (Medical-Homeopathic) 529 

Pi  Upsilon  Rho  (Medical-Homecpathic) 532 

Iota  Tau  Sigma  (Medical-Osteopathic) 533 

Phi  Sigma  Gamma  (Medical-Osteopathic) 534 

Delta  Omega  (Osteopathic-Women) 535 

Alpha  Psi  (Medical- Veterinary) 536 

Omega  Tau  Sigma  (Medical-Veterinary) 538 


X  CONTENTS 

Professional  Fraternities — Continued  Page 

Alpha  Omega  (Dental) 539 

Delta  Sigma  Delta  (Dental) 540 

Psi  Omega  (Dental) 543 

Xi  Psi  Phi  (Dental) 54^ 

Beta  Phi  Sigma  (Pharmaccuticjil) 548 

Phi  Delta  Chi  (Phannacciitical-CluTnical) 549 

Alpha  Chi  Sigma  (Chemical)    551 

Delta  Theta  Phi  (Legal) 553 

Gamma  Eta  Gamma  (Legal) 557 

Phi  Alpha  Delta  (Legal) 559 

Phi  Delta  Delta  (Legal-Women) 561 

Phi  Delta  Phi  (Legal) 562 

Sigma  Delta  Kappa  (Legal) 568 

Sigma  Nu  Phi  (Legal) 569 

Beta  Pi  Omega  (Musical- Women) 570 

Delta  OmicTon  (Musical-Women) 571 

Phi  Mu  Alpha  (Musical) 572 

Sigma  Alpha  Iota  (Musical- Women) 574 

Alpha  Sigma  Alpha  (Normal- Women) 576 

Delta  Sigma  Epsilon  (Normal -Women) 578 

Pi  Kappa  Sigma  (Nonnal- Women) 579 

Sigma  Sigma  Sigma  (Normal- Worn  en) 580 

Delta  Kappa  Phi  (Textile) 582 

Phi  Psi  (Textile) 583 

Tau  Delta  Sigma  (EnginctTing) 584 

Theta  Tau  (Engineering) 585 

Triangle  (Civil  Engineering) 587 

Sigma  Gamma  Epsilon  CGeology-Mining) 588 

Sigrna  Rho  (Minmg) 589 

Phi  Ali)ha  Tau  (Public  Speakers) 590 

Omega  Upsilon  (Oratorical- Women) 59 ' 

Zeta  Phi  Eta  (Oratorical- Women) 592 

Associatwl  University  Players  (Dramatic) 593 

Sigma  Delta  Chi  (Journalistic) 594 

Alpha  Rho  Chi  (Architecture) 597 

Scarab  (Architecture) 598 

Delta  Sigma  Pi  (Commerce) 599 

Honorary  Fraternities 600 

Explanatory  Note 600 

Phi  Beta  Kappa 601 

Alpha  Kappa  Psi ... .' 611 

Alpha  Om^  Alpha 613 

Alpha  Xi  Sigma 615 


CONTENTS  XI 

Honorary  Fraternities — Continued  Page 

Alpha  Zeta 6i6 

Beta  Gamma  Sigma 619 

Delta  Psi  Kappa 620 

Delta  Sigma  Rho 621 

Eta  Kappa  Nu 625 

Gamma  Alpha 626 

^  Gamma  Sigma  Ddta 628 

Mu  Phi  Epsilon 630 

Omicron  Delta  Kappa 633 

Omicron    Nu 634 

Order  of  the  Coif 635 

Phi  Delta  Kappa 637 

Phi   Eta 639 

Phi  Kappa  Phi 640 

Phi  Lambda  Upsilon 642 

Phi  Sigma 644 

Phi  Sigma  Chi 645 

Pi  Delta  Epsilon 646 

Pi  Kappa  Delta 648 

Pi  Tau  Sigma 6$i 

5>cabbard  and  Blade 652 

Sigma  Delta  Psi 656 

Sigma  Tau 658 

Sigma  Uj)silon 659 

Sigma  Xi 661 

Tau  Beta  Pi 665 

Tau  Kappa  Alpha 668 

Tau  Sigma  Delta 671 

Theta  Sigma  Phi 673 

Xi  Sigma  Pi ! 674 

Miscellaneous  Fraternities 675 

Local  Fraternities — Men ""681 

Local  Fraternities — Women 710 

Local  Professional  Societies 718 

Local  Honorary  Societies 721 

Class  Societies 724 


XII  CONTENTS 

Pagk 
Inactive  Fraternities 728 

BiBLKXiRAPHY     75I 

Statistical  Tables 767 

1883 768 

1890 770 

1898 #772 

1905 774 

1912 776 

1915 779 

1920 784 

Directory  of  Collfc(;f.s  anp  Chaptkrs 790 

I NDEX 867 


FRATERNITIES  ARRANGED  IN  ALPHABETICAL 

ORDER 


Acacia  (Masonic) 51 

Achoth  (Women) 413 

Aleph  Yodh  He  (Medical- Jewish) 523 

Alpha  Chi  Omega  (Women) 414 

Alpha  Chi  Rho  (Men) 55 

Alpha  Chi  Sigma  (Chemical) 551 

Alpha  Delta  Phi  (Men) 60 

Alpha  Delta  Pi  (Women) 419 

Alpha  Epsilon  Iota  (Medical- Women) 524 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta  (Women) 422 

Alpha  Gamma  Rho  (Agricultural) 73 

Alpha  Kappa  Kappa  (Medical) 487 

Alpha  Kappa  Psi  (Honorary  Commerce) 611 

Alpha  Mu  Pi  Omega  (Medioial) 490 

Alpha  Omega  (Dental) 539 

Alpha  Omega  Alpha  (Honorary  Medicine) 613 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi  (Women) 425 

Alpha  Phi  (Women) 427 

Alpha  Phi  Alpha  (African) 76 

Alpha  Psi  (Veterinary) 536 

Alpha  Rho  Chi  (Architecture) 597 

Alpha  Sigma  (Homeopathic) 527 

Alpha  Sigma  Alpha  (Normal) . . . , 576 

Alpha  Sigma  Phi  (Men) 78 

Alpha  Tau  Omega  (MepJ 83 

Alpha  Xi  Delta  tWomen) . . . .  ? 430 

Alpha  Xi  Sigma  (Honorary  Forestry) 615 

Alpha  Zeta  (Honorary  Agricultural) 616 

Associated  University  Players  (Dramatic) .  / 593 

Beta  Gamma  Sigma  (Honorary  Commerce) 619 

Beta  Phi  (Men) 96 

Beta  Phi  Sigma  (Pharmaceutical) 548 

Beta  Pi  Om€«a  (Musical- Women) 570 

Beta  Theta  Pi  (Men) 97 

Chi  Omega  (Women) 433 

Chi  Phi  (Men) 115 

Chi  Psil(Men) 128 

Chi  Zeta  Chi  (Medical) 492 

Delta  Chi  (Law) 136 

xin 


XIV       FRATERNITIES  IN  ALPHABETICAL  ORDER 

Pagb 

Delta  Delta  Delta  (Women) 437 

Delta  Gamma  TWomen) 443 

Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  (Men) 14b 

Delta  Kappa  Phi  (Textile) 582 

Delta  Omega  (Osteojjathic- Women) 535 

Delta  Omicron  (Musical- Women) 571 

Delta  Phi  (Men) 154 

Delta  Psi  (Men) 162 

Delta  Psi  Kappa  (Honorary  Gymnastic) 620 

Delta  Sigma  Delta  (Dental) 540 

Delta  Sigma  Epsilon  (Normal) 578 

Delta  Sigma  Phi  (Men) 166 

Delta  Sigma  Pi  (Commerce) 599 

Delta  Sigma  Rho  (Honorary  Forensic) 621 

Delta Tau  Delta  (Men) . . .'. 169 

Delta  Theta  Phi  (L<^al) 553 

Delta  Upsilon  (Men) r iScT 

Delta  Zeta  (Women) 448 

Eta  Kappa  Nu  (Honorary  Engineering) 625 

Gamma  Alpha  (Honorary  Scientific) 626 

Gamma  Eta  Gamma  (Legal) 557 

Gamma  Phi  Beta  (Women) 450 

Gamma  Sigma  Delta  (Honorar>'  Agriculture) 628 

Iota  Tau  Sigma  (Osteopathic) 533 

Kappa  Alpha  (Men) 194 

Kappa  Alpha,  Southern  (Men) 201 

Kappa  Alpha  Psi  (African) 213 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta  (Women) 453 

Kappa  Delta  (Women) 460 

Kappa  Delta  Rho  (Men) 215 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  (Women) „ 464 

Kappa  Nu  (Jewish) .• 217 

Kappa  Psi  (Medical) 494 

Kappa  Sigrna  (Men) 219 

Lambda  Chi  Alpha  (Mcft )    229 

Mu  Phi  Epsilon  (Honorary  Musical) 630 

Nu  Sigma  Nu  (Medical) 500 

Nu  Sigma  Phi  (Medical  Women) 525 

Omega  Tau  Sigma  (Veterinary) 538 

Omega  Upsilon  (Oratorical- Women) 591 

Omega  Upsilon  Phi  (Me<lic^l) 503 

Omicron  Delta  Kappa  (Honorary) 633 

Omicron  Nu  (Honorary  Home  Economics) 634 

Order  of  the  Coif  (Honorarv-Legal) 635 

Phi  Alpha  Delta  (Legal) . .' 559 


FRATERNITIES  IN  ALPHABETICAL  ORDER       XV 


Page 

Phi  Alpha  Gamma  (Homeopathic) 529 

Phi  Alpha  Sigma  (Medical) 506 

Phi  Alpha  Tau  (Public  Speaking) 590 

Phi  Beta  Kappa  (Honorary) 601 

Phi  Beta  Pi  (Medical) \..  508 

Phi  Chi  (Medical) 511 

Phi  Chi  Delta  (Spanish) 232 

Phi  Delta  Chi  (Pharmaceutical-Chemical) 549 

Phi  Delta  Delta  (Legal-Women) 561 

Phi  Delta  Epsilon  (Medical) 515 

Phi  Delta  Kappa  (Honorary) 637 

Phi  Delta  Phi  (Leeal) 562 

Phi  Delta  Theta  (Men) 233 

Phi  Epsilon  Pi  (Men) 252 

Phi  Eta  (Honorary) 639 

Phi  Gamma  Delta  (Men) 255 

Phi  Kappa  (Catholic) ;  269 

Phi  Kappa  Phi  (Honorary) 640 

Phi  Kappa  Psi  (Men) 270 

Phi  Kappa  Sigma  (Men) 283 

Phi  Kappa  Tau  (Men) 291 

Phi  Lambda  Upsilon  (Honorary-CDhemical) 642 

Phi  Mu  (Women) 470 

Phi  Mu  Alpha  (Musical) 572 

Phi  Mu  Delta  (Men) 293 

Phi  Psi  (TextUe) 583 

Phi  Rho  Sigma  (Medical) 517 

Phi  Sigma  (Honorary-Biological) 644 

Phi  Sigma  Chi  (Honorary-Commerce) 645 

Phi  Sigma  Delta  (Jewish; 295 

Phi  Sigma  Gamma  (Osteopathic) 534 

Phi  Sigma  Kappa  (Men) 297 

Pi  Beta  Phi  (Women) 473 

Pi  Delta  Epsilon  (Honorary  -Journalistic) 646 

Pi  Kappa  Alpha  (Men) 301 

Pi  Kappa  Ddta  (Honorary  Forensic) 648 

Pi  Kappa  Phi  (Men) 307 

Pi  Kappa  Sigma  (Normal) 579 

Pi  Lambda  Phi  <Men) 309 

Pi  Mu  (Medical) 521 

Pi  Tau  Sigma  (Honorary  Engineering) 651 

Pi  Upsilon  Rho  (Homeopathic) 532 

Psi  Om^a  (Dental) 543 

Psi  Upsilon  (Men) 311 


XVI       FRATERNITIES  IN  ALPHABETICAL  ORDER 

,  Page 

Scabbard  and  Blade  (Honorary-Military) 652 

Scarab   (Architecture) 598 

Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon  (Men) 319 

Sigma  Alpha  Iota  (Musical- Women) 574 

Sigma  Alpha  Mu  (Jewish) 330 

Sigma  Chi  (Men) 332 

Sigma  Delta  Chi  (Journalistic) 594 

Sigma  Delta  Kappa  (Legal) 568 

Sigma  Delta  Psi  (Honorary  -Athletic) 656 

Sigma  Gamma  Epsilon  (Geology-Mining) 588 

Sigma  Iota  (Spanish) 346 

Sigma  Kappa  (Women) 481 

Sigma  Nu  (Men) 347 

Sigma  Nu  Phi  (Legal) 569 

Sigma  Phi  (Men) 356 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon  (Men) 361 

Sigma  Phi  Sigma  (Men) 367 

Sigma  Pi  (Men) 369 

Sigma  Rho  (Mining) 589 

Sigma  Sigma  Sigma  (Normal) 580 

Sigma  Tau  (Honorary  Engineering) 658 

Sigma  Upsilon  (Honorar\'  -Literary) 659 

Sigma  Xi  (Honorary-Scientific) 661 

Sinfonia  (Musical) 572 

Tau  Beta  Pi  (Honorary  Engineering) 665 

Tau  Delta  Phi  (Jewish) 371 

Tau  De'ta  Sigma  (Engineering) 584 

Tau  Kappa  Alpha  (Honorary-Orators) 668 

Tau  Kappa  Epsilon  (Men) 372 

Tau  Sigma  Delta  (Honorary  -Architecture) 671 

Theta  Alpha  (Men) 374 

Theta  Chi  (Men) 375 

Theta  Delta  Chi  (Men) 379 

Theta  Sigma  Phi  (Honorary- Journalistic) 673 

Theta  Tau  (Engineering) 585 

ThetaXi  (Engineering) 389 

Triangle  (Civil  Engineering) 587 

Xi  Psi  Phi  (Dental) 546 

Xi  Sigma  Pi  (Honorary-Forestry) 674 

Zeta  Beta  Tau  (Jewish) 393 

Zeta  Phi  (Medical-Women) 526 

Zeta  Phi  Eta  (Oratical-Women) 592 

ZetajPsii^Men) 397 

Zeta  TaujAlphaKWomen) 4^3 


SCOPE  OF  BAIRD'S  MANUAL* 

TpHERE  seemed  to  exist  some  misapprehension  with 
respect  to  the  purpose,  plan  and  scope  of  this  book 
which  may  properly  be  referred  to  here. 

Fraternity  people  would  save  themselves  much  unneces- 
sary correspondence  if  when  using  the  book  they  would 
take  the  trouble  to  read  the  notes  which  precede  the  arti- 
cles concerning  the  general  fraternities  and  also  the  other 
classes  of  fraternities,  and  learn  the  general  plan  of  the 
statements  made. 

The  book  is  not  an  annual  publication;  the  number  of 
copies  sold  does  not  warrant  the  issuing  of  a  new  edition 
each  year.  New  editions  have  been  issued  whenever 
demands  seemed  to  warrant  them. 

The  author  is  not  merely  reprinting  a  series  of  articles 
furnished  by  fraternity  officials.  Frequently,  requests  for 
information  are  replied  to  by  sending  in  a  statement  con- 
cerning the  fraternity  accompanied  with  the  condition 
"this  mtist  be  printed  verbatim  or  it  must  not  be  used  at 
all."  Obviously  a  book  made  up  of  such  articles,  prepared 
from  a  partisan  and  biased  standpoint,  would  be  valueless. 
Usually  such  statements  have  intentionally  been  sent  to 
the  author  at  the  very  last  moment  at  which  information 
could  be  received.  In  order  to  avoid  the  charge  of  bad 
faith,  none  of  the  statements  in  such  an  article  could  be 


•This  is  a  reprint  taken  from  the  Supplement  which  appeared  in 
October,  19 1 6,  and  which  was  written  by  Mr.  Baird. 


zvu 


XVIII  SCOPE  OF  BAIRD'S  MANUAL 

used  and  necessarily  resort  had  to  be  had  to  secondary 
sources  of  information. 

The  author  is  endeavoring  to  ascertain  and  state  facts. 
Such  are  the  enthusiams  of  youth  and  the  consequent 
resulting  lack  of  judgment  that  the  fraternity  people  each 
desire  facts  concerning  every  fraternity  except  their  own, 
and  with  regard  to  that,  they  each  want  fulsome  praise, 
idolatrous  admiration,  and  the  conclusion  that  from  every 
point  of  view  their  own  organization  is  superior  to  all 
others.  It  might  be  well  for  the  reader  to  assume  that 
concerning  each  fraternity  its  members  deemed  them- 
selves to  be  unfairly  treated  by  the  author  because  it  is 
not  said, 

"This  fraternity  has  the  highest  ideals,  has  Uved  up  to 
them  belter,  has  made  the  most  rapid  progress,  has  the 
most  loyal  alumni,  the  finest  and  best  administrative 
system  of  government,  is  superior  in  scholarship,  has  a 
better  social  position,  finer  chapter  houses,  and  more  really 
prominent  members  than  any  other  fraternity  whatso- 
ever." 

A  constant  elTort  is  being  made  to  induce  the  author  to 
su])press  facts  which  a  fraternity  views  with  discomfort, 
for  instance,  a  chapter  is  established  and  called  for  example 
*'Phi."  It  is  a  lamentable  failure.  A  few  years  later 
another  chapter  of  the  same  fraternity  is  established  at  an 
entirely  different  institution,  in  the  same  general  neighbor- 
hot  k1,  and  given  the  name  of  the  old  inactive  chapter.  Its 
fraternity  thereuix)n  insists  that  no  mention  shall  be  made 
of  the  original  chapter,  that  the  fact  of  its  existence  shotild 
Ix*  entirely  suppressed,  and  that  the  new  organization  shall 


SCOPE  OF  BAIRD'S  MANUAL  XIX 

be  given  the  date  of  the  original  failure.  As  a  reason  for 
this  they  say  **We  consider  the  two  chapters  to  be  the 
same,"  or  **The  charter  of  the  old  chapter  has  been  trans- 
ferred to  the  new,"  or  **The  members  of  the  new  chapter 
have  been  instructed  to  consider  the  members  of  the  old 
chapter  as  part  of  their  alumni."  Or  a  fraternity  estab- 
lishes a  chapter  at  an  institution  and  it  becomes  inactive 
ahnost  immediately.  Many  years  afterwards,  the  institu- 
tion having  progressed,  and  become  the  home  of  many 
fraternity  chapters,  the  old  chapter  is  revived,  and  the 
fraternity  demands  that  no  mention  be  made  of  the  long 
period  of  its  inactivity,  oblivious  of  the  fact  that  usually 
the  statement  of  the  number  of  members  initiated  com- 
pared with  the  date  of  its  original  institution,  shows  that  it 
must  have  been  inactive  for  a  long  time.  Or  an  old  college 
contains  a  literary  society  loosely  organized  to  which  any- 
one may  belong.  After  some  years  it  dies  of  indifference. 
Some  of  its  members  organize  a  local  society,  half  literary 
and  half  social.  It  dies  in  turn,  and  some  of  its  surv'ivors 
organize  a  local  fraternity,  which  is  finally  granted  a  char- 
ter. At  once  this  fraternity  annexes  as  members  all  of  the 
persons  who  belonged  to  any  of  the  prior  organizations, 
and  demands  that  they  shall  be  listed  as  their  own  promi- 
nent alumni.  It  is  of  course  quite  right  and  proper  when 
a  local  fraternity  is  granted  a  charter,  that  its  alumni  who 
have  been  responsible  for  its  up-building  shall  be  taken 
over  into  the  new  organization,  but  anything  further  than 
that  seems  to  warrant  the  mention  of  the  persons  so 
admitted  as  an  entirely  different  class  from  regular  frater- 
nity membership.     Or  it  happens  that  a  class  society, 


XX  SCOPE  OF  BAIRD'S  MANUAL 

which  is  freely  joined  by  fraternity  and  non-fratemity 
men  as  such  a  class  society,  changes  its  character  and 
becomes  itself  a  general  fraternity,  whereupon  the  new 
organization  feels  much  aggrieved  if  the  author  makes 
any  reference  to  its  prior  character. 

As  stated  on  page  48,  practically  every  fraternity  chapter 
now  lives  in  a  house  where  this  is  permitted  by  the  college 
authorities.  The  values  of  the  houses  given  are  intended 
to  be  fairly  accurate,  and  in  every  case  have  been  checked 
up  from  more  than  one  source.  The  fraternity  chapters 
were  each  asked  to  report  the  \'alue  of  the  houses  owned  by 
them,  but  as  more  than  seventy  per  cent,  of  values  re- 
ported were  grossly  inaccurate  and  usually  exaggerated,  a 
general  scaling  down  was  imperative,  and  it  may  be  that 
some  values  have  been  understood  in  an  effort  to  be  more 
accurate.  Full  infonnation  in  any  particular  instance  will 
be  gratefully  received.  A  not  infrequent  source  of  com- 
plaint concerning  the  statement  of  value  depends  upon 
what  the  author  regards  as  an  erroneous  point  of  view. 
For  instance,  in  a  town  where  there  is  now  located  a  large 
university,  there  was  a  house  built  by  a  local  person  of 
wealth,  thirty  years  ago,  which  cost,  say  $60,000.  He 
occupied  it  a  few  years  and  died.  It  was  unsuitable  for  a 
residence  by  most  of  the  people  who  dwelt  in  the  town  and 
remained  unoccupied  and  idle  for  twenty  years.  It  was 
offered  by  his  estate  at  various  prices,  and  was  finally  sold 
to  a  fraternity  chapter  for  $18,000.  They  spent  $5,000 
in  making  it  habitable.  It  is  away  from  the  campus, 
imsuitable  for  its  purpose,  climisy,  inartistic,  out  of  date 
and  uncomfortable.     But  the  chapter  upon  its  acquisition 


SCOPE  OF  BAIRD'S  MANUAL  XXI 

wrote  the  author  as  follows :  *  *  In  your  next  edition,  please 
change  the  value  of  our  house  to  $65,000.  We  have 
bought  the  finest  and  most  expensive  residence  in  this  part 
of  the  country,  have  spent  a  large  sum  of  money  in  re- 
modeling it  as  a  chapter  house,  and  feel  that  special  men- 
tion ought  to  be  made  of  the  matter  as  no  other  chapter 
house  in  this  region  cost  over  $30,000."  The  house  was 
assessed  at  $18,000  and  was  valued  by  local  real  estate 
agents,  after  having  been  remodelled,  at  $22,000,  and  its 
value  was  stated  by  the  author  at  this  last  mentioned 
figure  and  ever  since,  the  author  has  been  denotmced  by 
this  particular  fraternity,  as  unfair,  partial,  prejudiced 
and  inaccurate* 

The  names  of  prominent  alttmni  of  the  different  frater- 
nities were  in  this  eighth  edition  cut  to  small  dimensions. 
They  include  all  persons  in  certain  classes  and  deceased  as 
well  as  living  persons.  But  the  lists  are  entirely  too  long 
and  losing  their  value.  Every  fraternity  of  more  than 
thirty  years'  standing,  has  a  list  of  several  himdred  persons 
whose  names  might  properly  be  included,  and  one  frater- 
nity at  the  time  of  the  issue  of  this  edition  had  six  hundred 
and  twenty-six  names  in  the  current  edition  of  Who's  Who 
in  America.  Suggestions  concerning  this  matter  will  be 
gratefully  received  by  the  author. 

The  names  of  prominent  alttmnae  of  the  variotis  sororities 
have  been  omitted.  Almost  every  name  required  an 
explanatory  clause  after  it,  and  the  various  criteria  ad- 
vanced as  reasons  for  considering  particular  persons  promi- 
nent became  too  confused  to  permit  of  any  real  selection. 

*It  has  been  decided  to  omit  the  value  of  each  house  in  the  ninth 
edttton. 


XXU  SCOPE  OF  BAIRD'S  MANUAL 

It  is  impractical  to  print  in  connection  with  the  articles 
about  the  different  fraternities,  a  list  of  their  officers. 
These  officials  are  constantly  changing,  and  a  list  accurate 
when  the  preface  of  the  book  is  being  printed,  would  be 
inaccurate  in  many  cases  at  the  time  of  the  binding  of  the 
book.  This  has  been  so  often  suggested  that  it  is  a  matter 
of  regret  to  be  obliged  to  omit  it.  But  anyone  desiring  to 
address  a  fraternity  can  direct  the  letter  to  any  one  of  its 
chapters  and  in  most  instances  it  will  be  promptly  for- 
warded to  the  proper  official. 

It  is  impossible  to  print  the  coats  of  arms  of  the  various 
fraternities,  as  has  frequently  been  suggested.  In  order  to 
prepare  these  in  uniform  style,  they  would  have  to  be 
reengraved  on  steel  or  wood,  and  the  cost  is  prohibitive. 
If  photographs  were  made  of  them,  the  details  would  neces- 
sarily be  obsctired,  and  in  the  absence  of  an  accurate 
knowledge  concerning  the  esoteric  work  each  fraternity, 
it  would  be  impossible  to  learn  whether  or  not  accompany- 
ing ornamental  data  should  be  omitted.  Few  of  the  coats 
of  arms  are  designed  to  comply  with  the  rules  of  heraldry 
and  cannot  be  described  technically  with  any  accuracy. 
In  addition,  many  of  the  coats  of  arms  are  copyrighted 
and  permission  to  reproduce  them  could  not  be  secured. 
It  is  hoped  by  the  author  that  this  statement  will  be  con- 
sidered a  full  answer  to  many  inquiries  made  concerning 
the  matter. 

The  wood  cuts  of  the  badges  appearing  throughout  the 
book  are  in  many  cases  unsatisfactory,  but  this  is  due  in 
many  instances  to  a  failure  to  appreciate  the  exigencies  of 
manufacture.     It  is  necessary  either  to  use  wood  cuts  or 


SCOPE  OF  BAIRD'S  MANUAL 


XXIII 


half-tones  and  it  is  likewise  necessary  that  a  uniform  style 
should  be  preserved.  Consequently  wood  cuts  have  been 
employed  as  being  on  the  whole  the  most  satisfactory.  It 
should  be  understood  that  the  cuts  are  intended  to  be 
illustrations  and  not  facsimiles.  They  are  intended  to 
facilitate  the  recognition  of  the  real  badge  when  seen  and 
not  to  serve  as  models  from  which  the  members  may  n:iake 
purchases  of  jewelry.  The  offers  of  many  fraternities  to 
furnish  cuts  which  are  not  in  accordance  with  the  style  of 
others  in  the  book  must  be  declined  for  obvious  reasons. 
To  avoid  another  frequent  source  of  misunderstanding, 
it  should  be  said  that  unfulfilled  hopes  and  proposed 
improvements  in  material,  equipment  and  forms  of 
administration  of  the  fraternities  have  not  been  mentioned. 
Many  of  the  fraternity  people  have  been  disappointed 
because  they  have  reported  *'Our  chapter  at  Blank  Univer- 
sity, expects  to  build  a  house  this  fall.*'  **We  expect  to 
publish  a  catalog  in  the  Spring.''  "We  are  arranging  to 
acquire  an  endowment  fund,"  and  the  like,  and  the  author 
has  omitted  the  statement.  It  is  thought  that  it  is  best 
to  postpone  mention  of  such  matters  until  they  become 
accomplished  facts. 


•  « 


AMERICAN  . 
COLLEGE  FRATERI^ITIES 


GREEK-LETTER  FRATERNITIES 

THEIR  ORIGIN,    PROGRESS,    MANNERS,    CUSTOMS  aJCID 

PECULIAR  FEATURES 

r^OLLEGE  students  have  always  shown  a  more  or  less 
marked  tendency  to  form  themselves  into  societies 
Whether  founded  upon  a  national,  literary  or  social  basis, 
such  organizations  seem  to  have  been  coeval  with  the  col- 
leges themselves.  Throughout  the  United  States  and 
Canada  there  is  a  class  of  student  societies,  usually 
secret  in  their  character,  which  have  rapidly  grown  in 
favor,  and  have  become  of  much  importance  in  the  college 
world.  They  are  composed  of  lodges  or  branches  placed 
in  the  several  colleges,  united  by  a  common  bond  of 
friendship  and  a  common  name,  generally  composed  of 
Greek  letters.  From  this  latter  fact  they  were  at  first 
known  as  "Greek-letter  Societies,**  or,  from  their  secrecy, 
College  Secret  Societies,**  now  they  are  usually  called 
College  Fraternities.**  Before  tracing  their  origin  and 
progress,  it  will  be  well  to  give  some  description  of  their 
customs  and  practices. 

NOMENCLATURE 

The  name  of  each  fraternity  is  usually  composed  of 
two  or  three  Greek  letters,  as  Kappa  Alpha  (K  A),  Chi 


II 


2  AMERICAN  College  fraternities 

Phi  (X*),  Alpha: Delta  Phi  (A  A  *),  Beta  Theta  Pi 
(B  0  n).  These  letters  commonly  represent  a  motto, 
supposed  to  bc^  unknown  to  all  but  the  fraternity's  mem- 
bers, and  \vhich  indicates  briefly  the  purposes  or  aims 
of  the  organization.  The  lodges  situated  in  the  various 
colljeiges^ate  afiiliated,  and  are,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 
tcjrmcd  "Chapters/* 
\- . .  The  chapters  receive  various  names,  sometimes  of  the 
.•'-.  "Greek  letters  in  the  order  of  their  establishment,  as  A,  B. 
.\  ""•  r,  A,  etc.;  sometimes  without  any  apparent  order,  as 
e.  A,  B,  r,  etc.,  in  which  case  the  chapter  letter  is  generally 
the  initial  of  some  word  peculiar  to  the  college,  or  of  a 
motto  adopted  by  the  chapter.  Sometimes  they  are 
named  from  the  colleges,  as  Union  chapter,  Hamilton 
chapter,  or  from  the  college  towns,  as  Waterville  chapter, 
Middletount  chaj^tcr  or  after  some  indi\'idual  prominent 
in  relation  to  the  field  in  which  the  organization  is  extend- 
ing its  ranks. 

Several  of  the  fraternities  have  adopted  the  State 
system,  narning  the  first  chapter  established  in  a  State 
the  Alpha  of  that  State,  the  second  the  Beta,  and  so  on. 
When  chapters  have  become  so  numerous  that  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet  are  exhausted,  they  are  combined,  either 
arbitrarily,  as  9  Z,  B  X,  or  by  design,  in  the  addiWbn  of 
supplemental  letters,  as  A  A,  A  B,  A  r,  or  A  B,  B  B,  B  r, 
or  FA,  r  B,  r  r,  etc.  In  other  cases  a  regular  system  is 
employed,  and  some  word  or  combination  of  words  used 
to  denote  the  repetition,  as  Alpha  deuteron,  Beta  deuteron, 
or  in  case  the  alphabet  is  being  used  for  the  third  time,  by 
Alpha  triteron,  Beta  triteron,  the  supplemental  words 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  3 

being  generally  denoted  by  their  initial  letters,  "A"  and 
**T"  respectively.  Many  chapters  having  their  origin  in 
preexisting  organizations  have  perpetuated  the  memory 
of  this  fact  in  a  chapter  name  embodying  that  of  the 
original  society. 

INSIGNIA 

The  distinctive  badges  of  the  fraternities  are  of  three 
kinds.  First,  a  shield  or  plate  of  gold,  displaying  upon 
it  the  fraternity  name,  together  with  symbols  of  general 
or  pectdiar  significance.  This  is  worn  as  a  pin,  or  as  a 
watch  key  pendant  from  the  watch  chain.  Secondly, 
a  monogram  of  letters  composing  the  name;  these  are 
the  handsomest  of  all  badges,  and  are  usually  jeweled. 
Thirdly,  some  symbol  representing  the  name  of  the  so- 
ciety or  some  of  its  degrees,  as  a  skull,  a  harp,  a  key. 

During  the  past  few  years  there  has  been  a  marked 
improvement  in  badges  of  all  kinds.  They  have  become 
smaller  in  size,  plainer  in  ornamentation  and  less  expensive 
than  formerly  and  many  of  the  fraternities  have  adopted 
badges  of  standard  size  and  style  from  which  no  departure 
is  permitted.  The  majority  of  the  fraternities  use  pledge 
buttons  which  they  give  to  persons  pledged  to  join  but 
who  are  not  yet  admitted  to  membership.  These  buttons 
usually  suggest  the  fraternity  insignia. 

In  addition  to  the  badges,  most  of  the  fraternities  have 
chosen  distinctive  colors,  flowers,  flags,  coats  of  arms,  and 
other  symbolic  insignia  and  three  or  four  have  developed  a 
complete  system  of  heraldic  devices  for  their  chapters. 


4  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

The  emblems  of  a  fraternity  are  also  sometimes  used 
as  the  basis  of  ornamentation  or  design  for  sleeve  but- 
tons, rings,  studs,  charms,  and  other  forms  of  jewelry. 
Most  fraternities  forbid  the  use  of  their  badges  as  an 
ornament  for  articles  of  this  character. 

Small  buttons  of  plain  metal  comprising  a  facsimile 
of  the  badge  or  including  some  of  its  prominent  emblems 
constitute  a  novel  and  pleasing  form  of  fraternity  emblems. 

Mention  might  be  made  in  this  connection  of  the  fact 
that  the  fraternities  have  distinctive  cheers  or  yells. 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  SYSTEM 

The  first  American  society  bearing  a  Greek-letter  name 
was  fotmded  at  the  College  of  William  and  Mary  at 
Williamsburg,  Va.,  in  1776,  and  was  called  theVPhi  Beta 
Kappa  \(4>  B  K).  It  was  secret  in  its  nature,  was  formeJ 
Toi""  social  and  literar>''  purposes,  and  held  regular  and 
frequent  meetings.  It  was  preceded  at  this  same  institu- 
tion by  a  society  called  "The  Flat  Hat**,  of  somewhat 
similar  nature.  In  December,  1779,  it  authorized  the 
establishment  of  branches  at  Yale  and  Harvard,  and 
the  next  year  ceased  its  own  operations  from  the  confusion 
incident  to  the  Revolutionary  War,  then  raging  in  the 
vicinity  of  Williamsburg. 

The  chapter  at  Yale  was  to  have  been  called  the  "Zeta," 
but  when  it  was  actually  established,  November  13,  1780, 
it  took  the  name  of  Alpha  of  Connectciut.  It  was  quite 
formal  in  its  nature,  its  membership  was  confined  to  the 
two  upper  classes,  and  it  soon  lost  whatever  of  vitality 
and  fraternal  spirit  had  existed  in  the  original  organisa- 


AMERICAN    COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  $ 

tion.  The  Harvard  chapter,  called  the  Alpha  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  established  September  5,  1781,  and  these 
two  chapters  united  in  1787  to  form  the  Alpha  of  New 
Hampshire  at  Dartmouth.  Its  subsequent  chapters  were 
all  named  upon  the  State  system.  It  is  now  a  purely 
honorary  society. 

The  first  of  several  orders  of  Kappa  Alpha  originated  at 
the  University  of  North  Carolina,  in  181 2,  and  it  estab- 
lished a  number  of  chapters  throughout  the  Carolinas  and 
other  Southern  states.  Pi  Beta  Phi,  a  local,  was  established 
at  Union  in  18 13*,  and  Chi  Delta  Theta,  a  local  at  Yale  in 
1821. 

Another  class  of  societies  had  arisen  at  different  colleges. 
These  were  mostly  of  a  literary  character,  and  bore  names 
such  as  Hermosian,  Philalethean,  Erosophian,  Linonian, 
Adelphian,  Philotechnian,  etc.  Some  of  them  were  secret 
and  some  were  not.  Their  exercises  consisted  of  debates, 
the  reading  and  discussion  of  papers  on  literary  subjects, 
and  the  like.  They  were  encouraged  by  the  faculties, 
the  students  joined  them  as  a  matter  of  coiu-se  and  their 
work  was  mainly  educational.  But  there  was  little 
actual  interest  taken  in  their  proceedings,  except  at  the 
literary  contests,  or  when  elections  were  about  to  take 
place.  Sometimes  their  rivalries  were  fierce  and  hotly 
contested. 


♦"The  other  day  in  Smith's  book  store.  Wall  and  William  streets,  I  saw  a  copy 
ol  a  pamphlet,  an  oration  on  the  First  Anniversary  of  the  Pi  Beta  Phi  Society  in 
Unkm  College,  July  2S>  1814." — Letter  from  Oscar  M.  Voorhees,  secretary  of  Phi 
Beta  Kappa,  to  the  author,  dated  New  York.  May  31.  1910. 

"Relative  to  the  Pi  Beta  Phi  Society  at  Union  College.  I  recently  purchased  at 
a  second  hand  store  a  pamphlet  copy  of  an  address  on  'Faith  the  Life  of  Science.' 
delivered  before  this  society  at  Union  b>r  Taylor  Lewis,  dated  July.  1838.  An 
inquiry  to  Union  as  to  when  this  society  died  brought  no  response.  It  may  have 
been  nmilar  to  the  Adelphic  Union  and  the  Philomathean  Literary  Societies  then 
at  Union." — Letter  from  Leroy  S.  Boyd,  K.A.  (S),  Washington,  D.C.,  April  26, 
1919.  to  the  editor. 


6  AMERICAN  COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

In  fact,  their  object  was  training  and  drill  in  composi- 
tion and  oratory,  and  they  had  no  social  advantages 
There  were  generally  two  such  societies  in  each  college, 
and  the  entire  body  of  students  was  divided  about  eiqually 
between  them.  Sometimes  they  held  joint  debates  for 
prizes,  but  they  were  usually  too  large  to  promote  the  cul- 
tivation of  close  friendships.  In  some  colleges  they  have 
ceased  to  exist,  in  others  they  still  carry  on  their  work. 

Such  were  the  societies  existing  in  the  colleges  when, 
in  the  autumn  of  1825,  the  **K.  A.,*'  or  ICappa  Alpha  So- 
ciety was  formed  at  Union  by  John  Hunter  and  other 
members  of  the  class  of  '26.  This  society,  in  its  external 
features,  at  least  bore  a  close  resemblance  to  *  B  K,  which 
had  been  established  at  Union  in  181 7.  It  was  secret, 
it  had  a  Greek  name,  it  confined  its  membership  to  upper 
classmen,  it  displayed  a  badge  of  similar  shape,  and  it 
named  its  chapters  on  the  same  system.  The  new  society, 
though  exceedingly  small,  met  with  much  opposition,  but 
was  secretly  popular  with  the  students,  who  paid  it  the 
sincere  compliment  of  imitation  by  the  foundation  in  the 
same  college  of  S  4>,  March  4,  1827,  by  ten  seniors,  and 
of  A  4>,  November  18,  1827,  by  nine  seniors.  These  three 
fraternities,  called  sometimes  the  "Union  Triad,**  were 
the  founders  of  the  existing  fraternity  system.  Imita- 
tion of  them  or  opposition  to  them  will  accoimt  for  the 
establishment  of  nearly  all  of  the  general  fraternities. 

In  1829  the  I.  K.  A.  Society,  similar  in  aims  and  pur- 
poses to  these  societies,  was  established  at  Washington 
(now  Trinity)  College,  Hartford,  Conn.  (It  has  recently 
become  a  chapter  of  A  4>.)     2  4>  was  the  first  of  the  fra- 


AMERICAN  COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  7 

temities  to  establish  a  branch  organization,  and,  in 
1 83 1,  calling  itself  the  Alpha  chapter  of  New  York,  it 
placed  the  Beta  chapter  of  New  York  at  Hamilton  Col- 
lege. This  move  probably  resulted  one  year  later  in  the 
foundation  of  A  A  4»  at  that  college.  In  November,  1833, 
^r  T  was  founded  at  Union,  and  K  A  established  a  chapter 
at  Williams,  being  followed  one  year  later  at  the  same 
place  by  2  *.  Here  they  found  a  new  rival  in  the  shape 
of  an  anii'Secret  society  called  the  Social  Fraternity,  and 
which  has  since  united  with  other  similar  organizations  to 
form  AT.  In  1837  the  Mystical  Seven  fraternity,  not 
Greek  in  name  but  similar  otherwise,  originated  at  Wes- 
leyan.  A  A  **s  second  chapter  was  established  at  Miami 
in  1835,  and  in  1839  the  first  fraternity  organized  west 
of  the  Alleghanies,  B  0  11,  was  founded  there.  A  fifth 
Union  society,  X  ^^,  was  formed  in  1841.  This  same 
year,  the  first  fraternity  chapter  in  the  South  was  placed 
at  Emory  College,  in  Georgia,  by  the  Mystical  Seven, 
and  the  second  one  by  the  same  fraternity  in  1844,  at 
Franklin  College,  now  the  University  of  Georgia;  but  this 
extension  in  the  South  does  not  seem  to  have  been  the  im- 
mediate cause  of  the  foundation  of  any  new  societies,  un- 
less the  origin  of  the  now  defunct  Rainbow  Society  be 
traced  to  this  as  a  cause.  A  A  *  placed  a  chapter  at  Yale 
in  1836  and  V  T  planted  a  rival  chapter  there  in  1839,  and 
soon  became  firmly  established. 

A  K  E  was  founded  at  Yale  in  1844,  and  immediately 
placed  branch  chapters  in  other  colleges.  In  1847,  the 
first  New  York  City  fraternity,  Z  V,  was  founded  at  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  the  same  year 


8  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

A  V  originated  simultaneously  at  the  same  university  and 
Columbia  College,  while  Union  College  witnessed  the 
birth  of  e  A  X,  its  sixth  society.  In  1848,  *  r  A  originated 
at  Jefferson,  now  Washington  and  Jefferson  College 
where  B  8  n  had  established  a  chapter  in  1842,  and  in 
December  of  the  same  year,  4»  A  0  was  founded  at  Miami, 
while  A  A  *  and  B  0  n  were  temporarily  inactive.  Dur- 
ing this  year,  also,  the  first  distinctively  Southern  frater- 
nity, the  *  W.  *W.  W.,"  or  * 'Rainbow,"  was  founded  at  the 
University  of  Mississippi.  Its  name  being  EngUsh,  and 
its  nomenclature,  symbols  and  customs  being  very  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  the  Mystical  Seven,  previously  mentioned, 
it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  its  establishment  is  not  due  in 
some  manner  to  the  older  society. 

In  1849,  A  4>  placed  a  chapter  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  <l>  K  i:  was  founded  there  immediately  there- 
after; in  1852  4»  K  V  originated  at  Jefferson;  in  1854  the 
first  of  the  three  orders  of  X  4>  made  its  appearance  at 
Princeton;  in  1855  ^  ^  arose  at  Miami,  as  the  result  of 
a  split  in  the  recently  established  chapter  A  K  E.  This 
was  the  third  fraternity  originating  at  Miami,  and  these 
B  0  n,  4>  A  0  and  S  X,  from  their  home  and  birth-place 
called  the  "Miami  Triad,"  spread  over  the  West  and 
South  as  the  members  of  tlie  Union  Triad  had  spread  over 
the  Eastern  States. 

The  second  Southern  fraternity,  S  A  E,  was  founded  at 
the  University  of  Alabama  in  1856,  after  seven  fraterni- 
ties had  established  chapters  there.  In  1857,  *  S  was 
founded  at  Lombard  University,  without  apparently  re- 
sulting from  opposition  to  any  previously  established  so- 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  9 

dety,  and  in  1858  S  A  n  was  established  at  Dartmouth. 
In  1859  ^  second  order  of  X  *  was  founded  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina;  the  S  A,  or  the  Black  Badge 
fraternity,  was  founded  at  Roanoke  College,  and  ATA 
at  Bethany  College.  In  i860,  a  third  X  *  was  founded  at 
Hobart,  where  other  fraternities  had  existed  for  many  years. 

During  the  Civil  War,  collegiate  activity  was  every- 
where weakened,  and  in  the  South  practically  suspended. 
In  the  North,  0  S,  fotmded  at  the  Rensselaer  Pol5rtechnic 
Institute  in  1864,  was  the  only  fraternity  originating  dtu- 
ing  that  period.  It  was  also  the  first  professional  fra- 
ternity aiming  to  restrict  its  membership  to  persons  in- 
tending to  engage  in  the  same  profession.  After  the  war, 
the  state  of  affairs  in  the  South  was  so  uncertain  that  the 
re-estabHshment  of  chapters  by  the  Northern  fraternities 
was  not  at  once  generally  undertaken.  It  was  natural, 
therefore,  that  new  Southern  fraternities  should  be  cre- 
ated, and  more  especially  at  institutions  made  prominent 
by  their  military  character. 

At  the  Virginia  Military  Institute,  Lexington,  Va., 
A  T  Q  was  bom  in  1865,  K  2  K  in  1867,  and  S  N  in  1869: 
K  A  (S.  O.)  was  founded  at  Washington  and  Lee  Univer- 
sity, located  in  the  same  town,  in  1865.  In  1867,  A  r 
originated  at  Ctunberland  University  and  K  S  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  while  n  K  A  was  also  fotmded  at  the 
University  of  Virginia  one  year  later.  In  1868,  D.  G.  K., 
an  agriculttual  society,  was  fotmded  at  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College,  where  Q.  T.  V.,  a  similar  society, 
was  also  founded  the  next  year,  and  *  2  K,  a  third  society, 
in  1873.  ^  X,  fotmded  at  Norwich  in  1856,  remained  a 
3 


.km 


10  AMERICAN   COLLEGE   FRATERNITIES 

local  society  tin  til  1902.  AS*,  founded  at  Yale  in  1846, 
was  a  sophomore  society,  but  the  Marietta  chapter  was 
always  a  society  for  all  classes.  By  1865  all  chapters  but 
this  had  died,  and  it  remained  a  local  until  1907,  when 
A  2  *  was  reorganized  as  a  general  college  fraternity.  The 
fraternities  that  have  been  mentioned  are  all  the  general 
fraternities  for  men  that  were  founded  during  the  nine- 
teenth century.  The  organization  of  new  fraternities  still 
continues,  showing  that  the  educational  development  of 
the  country'  demands  more  chapters  than  are  fiunished  by 
the  older  fraternities. 

In  1869,  *  A  *,  a  legal  fraternity,  was  founded  at 
the  University  of  Michigan.  Since  then  the  develop- 
ment of  the  system  in  a  healthy  manner  has  been 
largely  in  the  direction  of  the  organization  of  societies 
bearing  Greek  names  among  students  in  the  departments 
of  law,  medidne,  dentistry,  pharmacy,  etc.,  attached  to 
educational  institutions  wherein  the  general  fraternities 
have  secured  a  foothold.  This  class  of  societies  has 
developed  greatly  within  the  past  few  years,  and  they 
are  securing  a  firm  foothold  in  some  professions. 

Within  the  past  decade  also  many  so-called  honorary 
societies  have  made  their  appearance,  these  being 
societies  with  Greek  names  in\dting  members  on  a  basis 
of  excellence  in  scholarship  or  professional  attainment. 

Another  development  of  the  Greek-letter  idea  has  been 
among  the  students  of  preparatory  schools  and  academies. 
It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  work  to  describe  such  societies 
in  detail. 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  ii 

The  important  fraternities  are  those  which  are  located 
in  the  undergraduate  Hterary  or  scientific  departments  of 
the  colleges  and  tmiversities,  and  it  is  to  this  field  that 
we  have  designedly  confined  our  efforts. 

THE    women's    fraternities 

The  first*  of  the  women's  Greek-letter  fraternities  was 
K  A  0,  founded  at  DePauw  University  in  1870.  The 
same  year  K  K  r  was  foimded  at  Monmouth,  111.  A  r 
originated  at  Oxford,  Miss.,  in  1872,  and  A  *  at  Syracuse 
at  nearly  the  same  time,  r  4»  B  followed  A  4»  at  Syracuse 
in  1874,  and  AAA  was  organized  at  Boston  in  1888.  The 
I.  C.  Sorosjs,  quite  similar  to  the  Greek-letter  societies  in 
purpose,  but  not  confined  at  first  in  its  membership  to 
college  students,  was  founded  at  Monmouth  College  in 
1867.  It  changed  its  name  in  1888  to  n  B  4>,  and  now 
admits  only  college  students  to  its  ranks.  A  X  Q,  at  first 
a  professional  organization  among  students  of  music,  X  Q 
originating  at  Arkansas  University,  and  a  number  of 
other  societies  of  more  recent  origin  constitute  a  complete 
sjrstem  among  the  imdergraduate  women  students. 

Some  of  the  societies  for  women  call  themselves  fraterni- 
ties and  some  sororities.     Both  terms  are  used  in  this  work. 

The  foregoing  outline  will  show  how  widespread  the 
system  is.  It  has  become  tlie  prominent  factor  in  the 
social  life  of  American  students,  and  as  such  is  attracting 


*At  Weslevan  Female  College.  Macon,  Ga..  there  originated  in  1851  a  woxnen's 
society  callea  Adelphean,  and  the  next  year  a  similar  society  called  Philomathean. 
In  June,  1904.  the  aecond  of  these  changed  its  name  to  4>  M  and  a  year  later  the  older 
foaety  dianged  its  name  to  A  A  4>  (since  altered  to  A  A  II).  These  two  societies 
have  since  claimed  to  antedate  all  the  other  women's  Greek  letter  fraternities,  a 
datm  obvicmsiy  unfounded. 


12  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

the  attention  of  publicists  and  educators.    Jts  influence 
will  probably  increase. 

FRATERNITY  EXPANSION 

The  better  fraternities  move  very  slowly  in  the  granting 
of  charters,  and  petitioners  find  that  they  have  to  wait 
sometimes  for  years,  and  patiently  and  persistently  push 
their  claims  until  success  frowns'  their  efforts,  or  they  are 
convinced  that  they  will  be  forever  denied  admission  to  the 
fraternity  of  their  choice.  Much  of  this  inertia  on  the 
part  of  such  fraternities  is  due  to  a  false  conservatism. 
It  has  contributed  largely  to  the  rapid  and  it  must  be  said 
successful  growth  of  some  of  the  younger  fraternities 
whose  members  have  wisely  seized  golden  opportunities 
spumed  by  their  slower  rivals.  This  conservatism  on  the 
part  of  the  older  fraternities  has  resulted  in  a  great 
increase  in  the  number  of  local  societies  in  institutions 
having  large  numbers  of  students  and  there  is  now  op- 
portunity for  the  organization  of  new  fraternities  by  the 
formation  of  chapters  at  such  institutions  or  in  the  com- 
bination of  local  fraternities. 

CLASSIFICATION  AND  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE 

FRATERNITIES 

In  their  early  days  the  fraternities  were  classified  quite 
generally  according  to  the  place  of  their  origin,  i\s  Eastern, 
Western  and  Southern.  Such  classification  no  longer 
holds  good,  however.  The  only  classification  based  on 
the  geographical  distribution  of  the  several  chapters  of  the 
fraternities  which  can  now  properly  be  made,  is  to  divide 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  13 

the  fraternities  into  national  fraternities  and  sectional  fra- 
ternities. 

The  national  fraternities  include  those  generally 
represented  in  all  sections  of  the  country.  Of  these 
B  e  n,  *  A  e,  S  A  E,  2  X,  K  2,  *  K  V,  A  T  A  and  *  T  A 
are  prominent  types.  The  sectional  fraternities  are 
Eastern  and  Southern.  The  Eastern  group  consists  of 
A  A  *,  A  *,  e  A  X,  2  *,  V  r,  K  A  (Northern),  A  V  and 
A  X  P.  The  Southern  group  includes  K  A  (Southern 
order)  n  K  *  and  n  K  A,  although  this  last  mentioned 
fraternity  has  placed  its  last  chapters  in  th©^  North. 
A  K  E,  Z  y,  X  *  and  X  V,  originating  in  the  Eastern 
States,  have  what  might  be  termed  a  limited  national 
development.  A  T  D,  K  2,  2  N  and  2  A  E,  originally 
distinctively  Southern,  have  completely  lost  that 
character. 

Custom  regulates  much  that  pertains  to  the  Ufe  of 
chapters  and  their  peculiar  practices.  Many  colleges 
are  crowded  with  chapters,  and  among  these  a  great 
rivalry  springs  up,  and  extraordinary  efforts  are  put  forth 
to  obtain  desirable  members.  Many  of  the  chapters  are 
now  old  enough  to  admit  grand-children  of  the  early 
members,  and  it  is  frequently  the  case  that  a  student 
entering  college  has  alreadydecided  to  join,  if  he  can,  some 
fraternity  to  which  a  father,  brother,  cousin  or  other 
relative  belonged  during  his  college  life.  The  resulting 
restriction  of  choice,  however,  is  not  always  to  the  best 
advantage  of  the  chapter.  Chapters  will  sometimes  draw 
members  from  some  particular  town  or  school;  friends 
from  either  place  will  be  a  great  inducement  to  a  freshman. 


14  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

MEMBERSHIP  AND  CHAPTERS 

In  the  early  days  of  the  fraternities  only  seniors  were 
admitted  to  membership,  but  the  sharp  rivalry  for  desir- 
able men  soon  pushed  the  contest  into  the  junior  class,  and 
so  on  down,  until  at  some  colleges  it  scarcely  stops  at 
the  academy.  The  general  rule  is,  however,  that  members 
shall  be  drawn  from  the  four  undergraduate  classes.  At 
Yale,  the  chapters  of  the  general  fraternities  for  many 
years  were  merely  junior  societies;  and  at  Dartmouth, 
for  a  long  time,  though  members  were  pledged,  they  were 
not  admitted  until  the  sophomore  year.  In  some  of  the 
larger  Western  and  Southern  colleges,  the  preparatory 
schools  being  intimately  connected  with  the  colleges, 
**preps"  were  not  only  pledged,  but  initiated  before  they 
entered  the  college  proper,  though  the  fraternities  now  usu- 
ally forbid  the  initiation  of  this  class  of  students,  and  it 
is  not  often  indulged  in.  As  the  colleges  usually  open 
about  the  middle  of  September,  the  campaign  for  fresh- 
men is  then  commenced  and  lasts  imtil  Christmas,  when 
each  chapter  has  secured  its  most  desirable  candidates. 
Where  there  is  great  rivalry,  however,  initiations  take 
place  all  the  year  round. 

The  constant  rivalry  between  chapters  and  the  mul- 
tiplication of  fraternities  has  led  in  many  cases  to  an  in- 
discriminate scramble  for  members  at  the  beginning  of 
each  year.  The  fraternities  have  perceived  the  danger 
of  this  practice  and  are  making  an  effort  to  avert  it  as  will 
be  hereafter  explained  and  in  some  colleges,  the  college 
authorities  are  attempting  to  regulate  this  matter.  The 
deferred  pledging  of  students  until  some  fixed  date  and 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  15 

the  deferred  initiation  of  pledged  members  until  they 
have  completed  a  prescribed  portion  of  their  college 
course  or  secured  a  predetermined  grade  are  both  becom- 
ing usual  customs. 

Many  fraternities  have  elected  and  initiated  members 
who  were  not  undergraduates,  and,  in  some  instances,  not 
college  men  at  all.  These  are  termed  * 'honorary'*  mem- 
bers, and  in  this  work  the  term  is  applied  to  all  who  were 
not  elected  or  initiated  while  undergraduate  students  into 
a  fraternity  or  into  a  local  society  of  the  same  general 
nature  which  afterwards  became  merged  into  a  fraternity. 

Some  of  the  fraternities  have  also  placed  local  or  city 
chapters  in  favorable  localities,  for  the  purpose  of  aiding 
the  extension  of  the  fraternity.  In  some  instances 
prominent  public  men  have  been  elected  honorary  mem- 
bers for  the  notoriety  conferred  upon  the  fraternities  by 
the  addition  of  their  names.  Elections  of  this  class  of 
members  have  been  generally  discontinued,  and  in  most 
fraternities  prohibited.  In  the  lists  of  prominent  alumni 
given  hereafter  in  connection  with  the  descriptions  of  the 
several  fraternities  members  may  find  omitted  the  names 
of  well  known  adherents  of  their  respective  fraternities, 
not  knowing  that  the  omissions  were  by  reason  of 
merely  honorary  membership.  The  names  of  such  mem- 
bers have  been  excluded  when  known. 

Membership  in  two  fraternities  has  been  a  source  of 
trouble  and  vexation.  It  is  almost  universally  forbidden. 
When  it  occurs  between  two  chapters  of  different  fra- 
ternities located  at  the  same  college,  and  a  student  leaves 
one  and  joins  the  other,  it  is  termed  "lifting,"  and  such 


1 6  AMERICAN   COLLEGE   FRATERNITIES 

disloyalty  is  usually  followed  by  expulsion.  There  have 
been  cases,  however,  where  a  student  going  from  one 
college  to  another  college, 'where  his  fraternity  was  not 
represented,  joined  a  different  organization  without 
any  sentiment  or  intention  of  disloyalty.  All  of  the 
fraternities  now  forbid  this,  although  many  years  ago 
it  was  not  tmcommon. 

The  most  perplexing  cases  of  double  membership  have 
arisen  at  those  colleges  where  some  of  the  chapters 
of  the  general  fraternities  exist  merely  as  class  societies. 
Members  of  fraternities,  which  are  rivals  to  such  societies 
in  other  colleges,  join  them  freely  as  class  organizations, 
only  to  find  themselves  in  after  life  involved  in  an  endless 
round  of  explanations  of  their  double  membership.  At 
Harvard,  for  example,  the  chapter  of  A  K  E  degenerated 
into  a  sophomore  society,  punningly  called  the  "Dickey" 
Club.  While  it  was  still  connected  with  A  K  E  and 
recognized  as  a  chapter  its  members  (Theodore  Roosevelt, 
for  example)  joined  A  A  4>,  A  T  or  other  fraternities  later  in 
their  college  life.  The  active  members  of  A  K  E  and  A  A  ^ 
at  colleges  where  they  are  rivals  have  been  somewhat 
bewildered  by  the  situation.  Members  of  other  fraterni- 
ties not  represented  in  the  Academic  department  at  Yale 
have  joined  the  societies  there  (a  A  *,  V  T,  A  K  E,  Z  V, 
Ben),  and  other  perplexing  double  memberships  have 
thus  arisen. 

The  professional  fraternities,  such  as  *  A  *,  N  S  N, 
ASA.  etc.,  and  the  honorary  fraternities,  draw  their 
membership  freely  from  the  other  fraternities  by  common 
consent. 


.   7 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  17 

ORGANIZATION  AND  GOVERNMENT 

Previous  to  the  Civil  War  the  fraternities  had  not 
attained  their  full  development.  We  find  them  at  this 
period  comprised  of  chapters  imited  only  by  a  common 
name  and  common  principles.  Each  chapter  was  inde- 
pendent to  the  verge  of  anarchy,  and  did  pretty  much  as 
it  pleased,  even  at  times  in  opposition  to  the  expressed 
wish  of  the  fraternity  of  which  it  was  a  member.  It  was 
not  tmcommon  for  one  chapter  to  establish  another  at  a 
neighboring  college  without  going  through  the  formality 
of  asking  the  consent  of  other  chapters  or  of  any  common 
authority.  Means  of  intercommunication  were  in- 
adequate and  not  used,  and  chapters  were  often  estab- 
lished and  became  inactive  before  the  fact  of  their  existence 
became  generally  known  throughout  the  organization  of 
which  they  were  supposed  to  constitute  an  integral  part. 
Again,  many  chapters  were  organized  in  such  an  imperfect 
manner  that  they  learned  little  of  the  organization  to 
which  they  belonged,  and,  being  swept  out  of  existence  by 
some  cause,  their  fraternity  lost  sight  of  them,  and  re- 
mained ignorant  of  their  existence. 

In  a  few  instances  chapters  were  established  at  places 
which  did  not  meet  the  approval  of  the  fraternity  when 
the  fact  of  such  existence  became  known,  and  the  chapters 
were  repudiated,  leaving  perplexing  questions  of  member- 
ship to  be  settled  by  future  historians.  Few  of  the 
fraternities  had  any  centralized  form  of  government, 
and  fewer  still  thought  of  pursuing  a  settled  policy  in 
any  of  their  actions.  The  idea  prevalent  was  that  each 
chapter  was  to  work  out  its  own  salvation. 


1 8  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

The  first  step  toward  an  organized  government  in 
most  of  the  fraternities  was  the  selection  of  one  chapter, 
either  the  parent  chapter,  if  living,  or  the  other  chapters 
in  turn,  to  be  what  was  called  the  "Grand",  chapter. 
This  chapter  was  supposed  to  be  the  repository  of  facts, 
from  which  other  chapters  could  derive  information, 
and  to  be  the  governing  body  of  the  fraternity,  subject 
only  to  the  directions  of  the  assembly  of  delegates  from 
the  chapters,  termed  conventions,  and  to  preserve  and 
maintain  some  sort  of  settled  policy  in  the  administration 
of  fraternity  affairs.  In  general,  however,  when  the 
fraternities  held  conventions,  authority  of  all  kinds  was 
vested  in  that  body  during  its  sessions,  and  this  has 
remained  practically  unchanged,  and  with  a  majority  of 
the  fraternities  charters  for  new  chapters  can  only  be 
granted  by  these  conventions. 

These  conventions  or  reunions  were  made  up  of  delegates 
from  the  various  chapters,  and  within  the  fraternities  are 
frequently  known  by  some  high  sounding  name  as  **grand 
conclaves."  As  presiding  officer,  some  old  and  well- 
known  member  was  usually  chosen,  and,  in  addition  to 
the  transaction  of  business,  public  exercises  were  held, 
during  which  the  assembly  was  addressed,  poems  were 
read,  etc.  The  session  usually  concluded  with  a  more  or 
less  expensive  banquet. 

Few  changes  were  made  in  this  system  until  after  the 
war,  but  about  1870  or  1872  the  fraternities,  having 
recovered  their  activity,  and  beginning  to  extend  and 
multiply,  saw  plainly  that  the  old  system  was  no  longer 
adequate  to  supply  the  wants  of  a  growing  organization. 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  19 

A  new  system  of  government  began  to  appear.  The 
conventions  still  retained  the  supreme  legislative  power, 
but  the  administrative  and  executive,  and,  in  some  cases, 
the  judicial  functions  of  the  government,  were  gradually 
vested  in  a  body  of  alimmi,  sometimes  elected  from  one 
locality,  and  sometimes  connected  with  one  chapter, 
who  acted  in  precisely  the  same  way  as  the  board  of 
trustees  of  a  college  would  do  in  directing  the  affairs  of 
their  institution.  And  some  of  these  "boards"  resemble, 
in  dignity  and  complexion,  the  board  of  trustees  of  a  col- 
lege. Under  the  designation  of  "executive  council," 
or  some  similar  name,  such  bodies  have  quite  generally 
become  incorporated,  either  imder  general  laws  or  by 
special  legislation,  and  as  such  corporations  hold  the  legal 
title  to  whatever  property  the  general  fraternity  possesses. 
The  executive  head  of  the  fraternity  came  to  be  the  secre- 
tary or  some  member  of  the  governing  cotmcil. 

With  a  rapid  increase  in  the  number  of  chapters  and 
the  spread  of  accurate  information  concerning  the  fra- 
ternities, other  features  were  introduced.  Some  of  the 
fraternities  deliberately  mapped  out  the  territory  in  which 
they  were  situated,  or  which  they  proposed  to  occupy, 
and  established  chapters  in  the  colleges  within  such 
territorial  lines  with  a  sound  judgment,  which  was  often  a 
sure  index  of  the  future  prosperity  of  the  institution. 
The  territory  which  a  fraternity  occupied  was  also  divided 
up  into  districts  or  divisions,  and  executives  appointed 
for  each  of  these.  In  some  of  the  fraternities  the  organi- 
zation is  nearly  perfect  for  administrative  purposes,  and 
this,  united  with  a  strong  esprit  de  corps  among  the  mem- 


20  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

bers,  has  made  of  them  organizations  of  formidable  in- 
fluence. 

The  latest  development  in  fraternity  administration 
has  been  the  election  or  appointment  of  some  one  person 
to  devote  his  entire  time  to  the  business  aflairs  of  the 
fraternity  and  to  the  inspection  of  its  chapters.  Usually 
he  has  been  designated  a  traveHng  secretary.  In  some 
instances  he  unites  to  the  duties  above  stated  that  of 
editing  the  fraternity  journal.  This  feature  of  administra- 
tion is  still  in  a  trial  period  and  it  evidently  is  not  adapted 
to  the  more  widespread  organizations. 

Among  all  the  fraternities,  one  of  the  greatest  problems 
has  been  how  to  keep  the  alumni  interested  in  the  work 
and  progress  of  the  order.  To  effect  this,  alumni  chap- 
ters have  been  established  in  nearly  all  of  the  large  cities, 
forming  circles  of  cultivated  men  who  would  not  other- 
wise know  each  other,  and  who,  by  keeping  alive  their 
interest  in  college  life  and  affairs,  advance  the  cause  of 
education  in  many  ways.  In  some  few  cases  the  alumni 
chapters  act  in  ever>'^  way  like  collegiate  chapters  except 
that  they  do  not  initiate  members.  They  transact 
business,  send  delegates  to  conventions,  and  hold 
regular  meetings.  But  in  the  majority  of  cases  these 
chapters  are  only  such  in  name,  and  an  occasional  supper 
or  assessment  is  the  only  reminder  which  the  members 
have  of  their  existence.  As  the  fraternities  have  become 
older  and  gained  in  importance  the  alumni  have  become 
increasingly  interested  in  seeing  that  persons  known  to 
them  favorably  were  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
chapters  of  their  respective  fraternities  when  they  were 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  21 

admitted  as  students  at  institutions  where  such  chapters 
were  located  and  state  and  locality  organizations  have 
been  formed  to  assist  the  college  chapters  in  making  a 
proper  selection  of  members. 

In  New  York  City,  however,  where  there  is  a  natural 
tendency  to  club  life,  clubs  have  been  formed  upon  fra- 
ternity membership  as  a  basis.  A  ^  seems  to  have  been 
the  pioneer  in  the  development  of  this  form  of  social  life. 
Their  badge  consisting  of  a  St.  Anthony's  cross,  they 
adopted  the  name  "The  St.  Anthony  Club*'  for  their 
chib  which  was  organized  in  1879.  ^  *  maintains  a  club 
tmder  the  name  of  "The  St.  Ekno  club."  A  A  *  and  a  K  E 
have  successful  clubs  which  occupy  imposing  build- 
ings and  *  r  A,  K  S,  A  T  A  and  B  9  n  have  prosperous 
dubs.  These  occupy  houses  of  some  size  and  furnish  the 
usual  dub  facilities.  0  A  X,  ^  T,  Z  y,  have  club  rooms. 
It  need  scarcely  be  observed  that  membership  in  these 
organizations  is  restricted  within  the  limits  of  the  fra- 
ternities whose  names  they  bear. 

PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  FRATERNITIES 

The  literature  of  the  fraternities  is  assuming  formidable 
proportions,  and  has  begun  to  attract  the  attention  of 
librarians  and  bibliophiles.  It  may  conveniently  be  di- 
vided into  permanent  and  periodical  literature,  the  former 
induding  catalogues,  song  books,  histories,  music  and 
miscellaneous  publications,  and  the  latter  magazines  or 
journals. 


22  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

Catalogues 

The  most  necessary  publications,  and  usually  the  first 
to  be  attempted  by  any  fraternity,  is  a  catalogue, 
or  list  of  members.  Previous  to  1876  these  catalogues 
bore  a  strong  resemblance  to  each  other  and  to  the 
college  catalogues,  after  which  they  were  modeled.  The 
names  of  the  members  were  usually  arranged  alphabeti- 
cally by  classes,  or  by  the  years  in. which  they  were 
initiated,  with  appropriate  data  indicating  the  political, 
civil,  military  or  collegiate  honors  of  the  individual 
members,  when  they  were  so  distinguished. 

Death  has  commonly  been  denoted  by  an  asterisk  (*). 
Some  of  the  fraternities  have  printed  a  series  of  private 
symbols  composed  of  Greek  letters,  Hebrew  numbers, 
astronomical  and  mathematical  signs,  etc.,  which,  in  a 
condensed  way  denoted  the  rank  held  in  the  fraternity, 
the  college  honors  or  prizes  gained,  etc.,  of  the  person  to 
whose  name  they  were  attached.  They  also  added  a  de- 
lightful air  of  mystery  to  the  page  and  were  awe-inspiring 
to  the  uninitiated.  The  cost  of  printing  such  symbols 
.  deterred  all  but  the  most  wealthy  from  incurring  such  an 
expense,  and  down  to  1879  a  fraternity  catalogue  was 
considered  to  be  sufficiently  complete  if  it  gave  the 
name,  residence,  degrees,  official  titles,  occupation,  and 
class  of  each  member  with  reasonable  accuracy.  Some- 
times expensive  illustrations  were  indulged  in.  As  a 
rule,  the  information  furnished  was  neither  full  nor  ac- 
curate. The  catalogues  were  compiled  by  college  stu- 
dents usually  tmaware  of  the  proper  sources  of  biographi- 
cal information,   and  possessing  neither  the  time  nor 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE   FRATERNITIES  23 

the  ability  properly  to  classify  and  arrange  what  informa- 
tion they  did  obtain. 

In  1878  Y  r  appointed  Charles  W.  Smiley,  of  its 
Wesleyan  chapter,  to  prepare  its  catalogue.  He  had 
previous  experience  in  the  compilation  of  the  admir- 
able alumni  record  of  Wesleyan  University,  and, 
adopting  the  standard  set  by  that  publication,  he  pro- 
duced a  fraternity  catalogue,  which  was  published  in 
1879,  and  gave  a  full  biography  of  every  member,  living 
or  dead,  the  facts  about  whom  could  be  ascertained  by 
personal  research.  In  addition,  there  was  a  table  of 
consanguinity,  showing  the  ties  of  relationship  existing 
between  the  members  and  a  geographical  distribution 
of  the  membership. 

This  publication  set  an  unusual  standard  of  com- 
pleteness. Other  fraternities  at  once  took  up  the  work 
in  this  same  direction.  Two  years  later,  B  9  n 
produced  a  catalogue  not  so  complete  in  detail, 
but  involving  more  labor  on  accotmt  of  the  im- 
perfect records  of  Southern  and  Western  colleges  in 
which  a  majority  of  its  chapters  were  situated.  *  A  9 
soon  completed  a  similar  task  imder  the  same  or  greater 
difficulties.  A  A  *  in  1882  pubUshed  a  semi-centennial 
catalogue,  adding  to  the  elaborate  detail  of  the  cata- 
logues just  mentioned  the  record  of  its  members  who 
served  in  the  Civil  War,  a  bibUography  of  its  literature, 
and  much  historical  matter.  A  T  A,  A  T,  Z  ^^,  X  V,  and 
other  fraternities  have  since  produced  catalogues  which 
are  monimients  of  painstaking  research  and  intellectual 
labor.     In  1889,  V  T  published  another  catalogue  supe- 


24  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

rior  even  to  its  predecessor  in  the  elaborateness  of  its 
detail,  and  in  1890  A  K  E,  after  long  preparation,  pub- 
lished a  bulky  volume  of  some  1,700  pages,  leaving  nothing 
to  be  desired  in  the  way  of  completeness,  and  which 
probably  marks  the  point  of  extreme  advance  in  this 
direction.  Since  then  there  has  been  a  decided  tendency 
to  revert  to  the  simplicity  of  former  times,  and  to  replace 
these  bulky  memorabilia  volumes  with  handy  name-lists 
of  the  members,  and  to  leave  to  the  several  chapters  the 
work  of  publishing  lists  of  their  own  members  with  full 
biographical  detail. 

In  1905,  B  9  n  published  a  catalogue  with  the  informa- 
tion condensed  in  form  and  in  two  editions,  one  on  thin 
paper  and  with  edges  closely  trimmed.  In  191 2  and  191 7 
it  published  revisions  with  the  names  arranged  in  double 
columns  on  thin  paper  making  a  very  compact  and  handy 
book,  notwithstanding  the  very  large  nimiber  of  names 
contained. 

Since  1892  B  8  n  has  published  each  year  a  volume 
containing  the  list  of  the  active  members  of  each  chapter 
with  other  information  concerning  the  chapters  and  the 
colleges  to  which  they  are  attached  and  from  1905  to  19 13 
4>  A  6  published  a  similar  volume  annually  containing  a  list 
of  its  entire  membership. 

In  1914  imder  the  title  "Betas  of  Achievement,"  B  0  n 
published  a  series  of  biographies  of  its  more  prominent 
members  somewhat  resembling:  the  different  compila- 
tions entitled  "Who's  Who."  £  A  E  has  published 
"Who's  Who  in  S  A  E"  including  undergraduates  and  in 
191 5  Wm.  C.  Levere  published  a  Who's  Who  of  fraternity 
workers  under  the  title  of  ''Leading  Greeks." 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE   FRATERNITIES  2$ 

Song  Books,  Histories,  Etc. 

Song  books  with  and  without  music,  have  been  issued 
by  nearly  all  of  the  fraternities.  The  songs  are  of  all 
degrees  of  excellence,  from  unmeaning  ditties,  designed 
simply  as  a  vent  for  enthusiasm  and  animal  spirits,  to 
lyrics  known  and  appreciated  by  all  lovers  of  poetry.  A 
gradual  improvement  has  taken  place  in  this  class  of 
publications,  and  most  of  the  recent  song  books  are  hand- 
somely bound  and  printed,  and  intrinsically  worthy  of 
preservation.  Instnmiental  music  dedicated  to  frater- 
nities and  chapters  has  become  quite  common,  but  little 
of  it  is  of  any  value. 

Several  n^scellaneous  publications  are  worth  noting 
"The  History  of  the  Q  Chapter  of  2  X,'*  published  in 
1885,  was  an  interesting  accoimt  of  fraternity  life  in  a 
Western  college.  "The  Epitome"  of  V  Y,  published  in 
1884,  was  a  complete  and  painstaking  record  of  the  more 
salient  features  of  Y  r  down  to  that  time  by  an  en- 
thusiastic member.  "The  Manual  of  *  A  9,"  smaller  in 
size,  contained  much  valuable  and  timely  information 
about  that  extensive  society.  "Fraternity  Studies," 
was  a  somewhat  full  account  of  the  history  and  public 
attributes  of  B  9  IT,  published  in  1894.  A  second  edition* 
much  enlarged  and  entitled  "The  Hand-Book  of  Beta 
Theta  Pi"  was  published  in  1907.  A  history  of 
*  K  V  by  C.  L.  Van  Cleve  was  published  in  1902,  a 
history,  of  *  A  9  by  Walter  B.  Palmer  was  pub- 
lished in  1906  and  a  history  of  2  A  E  by  W.  C.  Leverc  in 
191 1.  Histories  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  and  Wabash  chap- 
ters of  ♦  K  y ,  the  Denison  and  Ohio  Wesleyan  chapters  of 


26  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

Ben,  the  Amherst  chapter  of  A  A  *,  the  Williams  chapter 
of  A  V,  the  Rochester  chapter  of  ^  T,  the  Bowdoin  and 
Colgate  chapters  of  A  K  E  are  all  of  value.  A  T  Q,  K  2, 
X  Q,  K  A  e,  A  r,  n  K  A,  2  A  E,  possibly  some  other  frater- 
nities have  published  readable  manuals. 

Convention  addresses  and  poems,  biographies  of  mem- 
bers, chapter  library  catalogues,  chapter-house  rules, 
and  similar  publications,  complete  the  list  of  permanent 
Uterature. 

Periodical  Literature 

The  idea  of  fotmding  a  periodical  was  introduced  at 
an  early  date  in  the  conventions  of  S  4>,  A  A  *,  B  9  IT  and 
A  K  E,  and  probably  the  early  records  of  other  fratepiity 
conventions  will  show  similar  resolutions.  These  early 
schemes  were  almost  always  based  upon  the  notion  that 
such  a  periodical  would  afford  a  vehicle  for  the  publica- 
tion of  literary  articles  written  by  the  members,  and  all 
failed  to  materialize.  The  convention  of  A  T,  held  in 
1867,  authorized  the  publication  of  a  semi-annual  called 
Our  Record,  The  two  numbers  were  issued  under  one 
cover  in  the  spring  of  1868,  and  bore  the  double  date  of 
October,  1867,  and  April,  1868.  It  was  a  pamphlet  of 
Ihirty-six  pages,  and  was  adorned  with  a  cover  in  the 
fraternity  colors.  It  met  with  no  success  although  two 
further  iiimibers  were  issued  in  October,  1868  and  April, 
1869.  The  next  convention  again  authorized  the  publi- 
cation of  a  periodical,  and  the  project  was  tried  under 
the  name  of  the  University  Review;  two  numbers  were 
issued,  bearing  the  dates  January  and  May,  1870,  when 
it,  too,  ceased  to  exist.     In  1869,  6  A  X  directed  the  pub- 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE   FRATERNITIES  27 

lication  of  a  fraternity  journal,  to  be  known  as  the  Shield, 
and  to  be  edited  by  the  Grand  Lodge.  The  first  number 
appeared  in  July,  1869,  and  bore  the  legend,  "Published 
in  the  interest  of  theTheta  Delta  Chi."  Only  one  num- 
ber was  published;  it  was  not  adequately  supported,  and 
it  was  merged  into  the  College  Review,  All  of  these 
journals  were  published  in  New  York  City. 

The  first  fraternity  journal,  however,  which  has  had  a 
continuous  existence  and  possessed  the  features  and  aims 
of  the  current  fraternity  periodical,  is  the  Beta  Theta  Pi, 
This  was  foimded  in  December,  1872,  by  Rev.  Charles 
Duy  Walker,  professor  at  the  Virginia  Military  Institute. 
A  member  of  B  0  n,  he  had  been  made  its  General  Secre- 
tary at  the  convention,  held  the  preceding  September. 
He  chafed  at  the  amount  of  time  which  the  duties  of  his 
position  demanded,  and  determined  to  found  a  journal 
that  shotdd  do  part  of  his  work  for  him,  and  reUeve  him 
of  much  of  his  writing. 

The  journal  was  named  after  the  fraternity.  It  was  a 
four-page  monthly  of  the  size  known  as  "small  quarto," 
and  was  filled  with  chapter  news,  reports,  constitutional 
discussions,  and  personals.  In  1874,  it  was  made  the 
official  organ  of  the  fraternity,  its  size  reduced  and  the 
number  of  pages  increased.  Its  subsequent  career  will 
be  foimd  noted  tmder  the  article   descriptive  of  B  6  n. 

During  the  years  1868,  1869  and  1873  the  Pennsylvania 
chapters  of  X  *  issued  an  annual  known  as  the  Chi  Phi 
Chacket,  containing  lists  of  the  members  of  those  chap- 
ters. This  was  succeeded  by  the  Chi  Phi  Quarterly  in 
1874,  upon  the  imion  of  the  Northern  and  Southern 


28  AMERICAN   COLLEGE   FRATERNITIES 

orders,  which  was  first  issued  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Trinity  College,  N.  C. 

In  1875,  *  AG  established  the  Scroll.  It  was  founded 
as  a  monthly,  and  has  always  retained  the  feature  of  fre- 
quency of  issue.  At  first,  its  circulation  was  limited  to 
members  of  the  fraternity,  but  this  restriction  was  re- 
moved in  1881. 

The  Phi  Kappa  Psi  Monthly  followed  in  1875.  In 
1876  it  was  changed  to  a  quarterly,  and  the  next  year  it 
failed  by  the  death  of  the  editor.  In  1879,  this  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  Shield,  which  was  commenced  as  a  private 
enterprise.  It  met  with  varying  fortunes,  and  suspended 
in  April,  1882.  In  1883  it  was  made  the  official  organ 
of  the  fraternity,  and  has  s'ncc  been  published  as  such. 

In  1877,  ATA  entered  the  field  with  a  monthly  called 
the  Crescent,  It  was  a  success,  and  the  next  year  was 
officially  adopted  as  the  organ  of  the  fraternity,  and  placed 
tmder  the  control  of  the  Alpha  chapter.  In  February, 
1886,  its  name  was  changed  to  the  Rainbow,  out  of  compli- 
ment to  the  Southern  fraternity  which  then  united  with 
ATA. 

Down  to  1878,  this  new  feature  of  fraternity  adminis- 
tration was  monopolized  by  the  fraternities  of  Western 
origin.  At  this  date,  the  Cornell  chapter  of  V  V  began 
the  issue  of  a  periodical  called  the  Diamond.  It  met  with 
little  support,  and  soon  suspended.  In  1882  it  was  re- 
vived by  some  members  of  the  chapter  at  Union  Col- 
lege. Its  place  of  publication  was  soon  afterwards 
changed  to  New  York,  and  in  1886  it  was  placed  under 
the  control  of  the  executive  council  of  the  fraternity. 
Soon  after  this  it  siispended. 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  29 

*  r  A  began  the  publication  at  Delaware,  Ohio,  of  an 
official  journal  called  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  in  1879, 
under  authority  of  the  convention  held  the  preceding  year. 

The  first  Southern  fraternity  to  adopt  a  periodical 
was  K  A,  which  began  the  pubUcation  of  the  Kappa 
Alpha  Journal  in  1879  at  Richmond,  Va.  But  three 
numbers  were  published,  when  it  suspended.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1883,  a  quarterly  periodical  was  commenced  imder 
the  name  of  the  Kappa  Alpha  Magazine.  In  1885  it 
resumed  its  original  name,  which  has  since  been  retained. 

These  were  the  pioneer  periodicals  in  different  sec- 
tions of  the  country.  Now  almost  every  fraternity  (ex- 
cept a  group  of  smaller  societies  of  Eastern  origin)  issues 
a  journal  of  some  kind,  and  these  will  be  mentioned  under 
the  articles  relating  to  each  fraternity. 

In  1887,  S  X  took  a  new  departure  in  fraternity  journal- 
ism by  commencing  the  publication  of  a  secret  monthly 
joiumal  called  the  Bulletin,  printed  on  thin  paper,  and 
sent  to  members  in  sealed  envelopes,  and  which  contained 
matters  deemed  to  be  too  private  to  insert  in  their  regular 
journal,  which  was  continually  read  by  outsiders. 

This  kind  of  private  official  circular  in  periodical  form 
has  been  adopted  by  2:  A  E,  *  A  9,  Ben,  K  2,  A  X  P, 
*  K  y,  K  A  and  some  of  the  women's  fraternities. 

Many  of  the  fraternity  chapters  issue  little  periodicals 
for  circulation  among  theif  own  members  primarily  and 
which  are  practically  circular  letters  in  periodical  form. 

Two  volimies  of  The  College  Fraternity,  edited  by  E.  H. 
Randolph,  4>  A  0,  were  issued  in  1892-93. 


30  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

In  December,  191 2,  George  Banta,  *  A6,  who  conducts 
a  printing  business  at  Menasha,  Wis. ,  and  who  prints  many 
and  possibly  a  majority  of  the  fraternity  journals,  com- 
menced the  publication  of  a  quarterly,  under  the  title 
Banta's  Greek  Excltange,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  all 
the  fraternities.  It  has  been  ably  edited  and  contains 
much  of  general  interest.  He  aims  for  one  thing  to  print 
a  list  of  fraternity  officers  up  to  date. 

College  Annuals 

The  undergraduates  in  most  colleges  publish  annually 
one  or  more  books,  frequently  elaborately  illustrated, 
usually  edited  by  representatives  appointed  by  the 
fraternities,  and  devoted  mainly  to  the  exposition  -of 
features  of  college  life  not  included  in  the  curriculum. 
They  may  properly  be  mentioned  here,  because  much 
information  about  the  fraternities  may  be  obtained  from 
them. 

CONSTITUTIONS 

All  of  the  college  fraternities  are  secret  in  their  char- 
acter, with  the  exception  of  A  T,  which  is  nan-secret. 
This  secrecy  is  purely  nominal.  The  fraternities  in 
times  past  have  stolen  each  other's  constitutions  and 
rituals  with  more  or  less  frequency,  and  these  documents 
are  not  so  difficult  to  obtain  as  might  be  supposed.  The 
constitutions  in  former  years  usually  mentioned  the 
meaning  of  the  society's  motto  and  described  its  grip. 
These  secrets  are  now  usuallv  not  contained  in  the  con- 
stitution  but  confined  to  the  ritual.     There  is  a  general 


AMERICAN    COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  31 

resemblance  between  the  constitutions  and  rittials  of 
all  the  societies.  The  initiation  services  are  also  very 
much  alike,  although  here  the  fraternities  had  scope 
for  originality.  Certificates  of  membership,  like  diplomas, 
are  given  by  a  few  fraternities. 

CHAPTER-HOUSES  AND  HALLS 

Since  the  fraternities  have  been  firmly  established, 
graduate  and  undergraduate  members  have  imited  in 
contributing  toward  building  funds,  and  have  built 
chapter-houses  and  halls,  sometimes  at  great  expense. 
Two  types  of  such  structiu'es  have  been  developed; 
the  earlier  one  a  lodge  or  temple,  designed  to  afford 
accommodation  for  meeting  purposes  only,  or  for  meet- 
ing purposes  and  such  additional  social  features  as  pri- 
vate theatricals,  and  the  latter  one,  a  complete  club 
house,  containing  public  rooms,  a  lodge  room,  or  rooms, 
and  sleeping  rooms.  The  buildings  of  the  earlier  type 
were  soon  found  to  be  deficient  in  accommodations,  and 
this,  together  with  the  expense,  will  probably  prevent 
the  building  of  more  elaborate  and  commodious  structures 
of  this  class.  It  is  a  fact  common  in  human  experience, 
that  people  are  more  deeply  interested  in  things  upon 
which  they  have  spent  time,  effort  or  money,  than  in 
things  which  they  have  acquired  without  either,  and  the 
interest  of  altimni  has  never  been  so  fully  aroused  and 
maintained  by  any  feature  of  fraternity  life  as  by  the 
efforts  which  have  been  made  to  build  chapter-lodges 
and  houses.  The  creation  of  building  funds,  the  frequent 
consultation  as  to  plans,  and  the  consideration  of  ways 


32  AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

and  means,  have  intensified  the  interest  of  altmini  in  a 
way  that  nothing  else  has  done.  All  of  this  has  resulted 
in  direct  benefit  to  the  colleges,  and  the  wiser  among 
college  officials  are  encouraging  the  development  of  this 
feature  of  fraternity  life  in  every  way  possible.  The 
advantages  of  the  chapter-house  system  are  not  altogether 
on  the  side  of  the  student.  They  relieve  the  colleges 
from  the  necessity  of  increasing  the  dormitory  accom- 
modations, and  also  of  many  of  the  details  of  supervision 
over  the  actions  of  the  students. 

If  this  feature  of  fraternity  life  is  not  carried  to  a  point 
of  senseless  rivalry,  as  unhappily  it  has  been  carried  at 
a  few  colleges,  where  houses  much  too  costly  for  their 
surroimdings  have  been  erected,  it  may  ultimately  change 
the  course  of  college  development.  The  chapters,  forming 
little  independent  communities,  may  in  time,  grow  into 
something  like  the  English  colleges.  Already  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  chapter  libraries,  prizes  and  scholarships, 
we  may  see  an  indication  of  the  time  when  chapters 
shall  have  their  own  instructors  and  professors  main- 
tained by  permanent  endowment,  and  relieving  the 
college  of  much  of  the  preliminar}^  and  subsidiary  work 
of  instruction,  and  taking  from  its  hands  the  entire  con- 
trol of  the  discipline  of  the  students. 

The  development  of  this  form  of  chapter  enterprise  has 
been  relatively  rapid  in  recent  years.  The  number  of 
houses  built  and  owned  by  the  chapters  of  the  fraternities 
is  large  and  their  value  is  running  well  up  into 
miUions.  In  connection  with  the  account  of  each  frater- 
nity hereafter  given  an  estimate  is  made  of  the  value  of 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  33 

the  real  estate  owned  by  its  chapters.  These  figures  while 
approximate  indicate  very  large  investments. 

Chapter  house  life  is  having  a  great  influence  upon 
fraternity  character.  It  has  its  advantages  and  its  dis- 
advantages. It  inculcates  habits  of  business,  it  develops 
social  discipline,  it  promotes  fraternal  sentiment  and  it 
affords  opportunity  for  many  instances  of  mutual  helpful^ 
ness.  It  develops  pride  of  organization,  it  arouses  the 
ambition  and  in  some  sense  promotes  college  allegiance. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  some  places  it  increases  the  ex- 
pense of  college  life,  it  increases  the  average  size  of 
chapters  and  makes  in  many  cases  a  large  chapter  a 
necessity  where  a  small^  one  would  be  better.  It  en- 
genders and  fosters  social  exclusiveness.  It  makes 
some  students  narrow  and  conceited,  because  they  arro- 
gate to  themselves  as  personal  attributes  the  chapter  repu- 
tation. The  advantages  undoubtedly  outweigh  the  disad- 
vantages. The  fraternities  discountenance  any  form  of 
dissipation  in  the  chapter  houses.  Most  of  them  cause 
a  thorough  supervision  to  be  made  of  the  scholarship  of 
the  members  and   some  of   them    have   good   Hbraries. 

At  any  rate,  the  chapter  house  has  come  to  stay. 
Its  development  is  sure,  but  it  needs  watching  by  the 
older  heads  among  the  alumni  and  the  college  authorities. 

LEGISLATIVE     ACTS     AND    JUDICIAL    DECISIONS    AFFECTING 

FRATERNITIES 

It  has  been  judicially  determined  that  any  student  at 
an  institution  not  under  public  control  is  bound  to  obey 
its  rules  and  regulations,  including  rules  against  member- 


;- '■•  ■■■T^r^^.j— >y.trn,-a 


34  AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES 

ship  in  secret  societies.  This  was  decided,  in  1866,  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Illinois,  in  the  case  of  People  vs.  Wheaton 
College,  40  111.,  186.  In  violation  of  such  a  rule,  E. 
Hartley  Pratt,  a  student  at  Wheaton,  joined  the  Good 
Templars.  On  his  suspension  by  the  faculty,  his  father 
applied  for  a  mandamus  to  compel  the  college  to  reinstate 
him,  but  the  court  decided  that  the  faculty  had  the  right  to 
expel  him  on  his  refusal  to  abide  by  regulations  established 
by  the  faculty  not  inconsistent  with  law  or  good  morals. 

The  legislatures  of  three  states  have  passed  acts  to 
prohibit  the  existence  of  fraternities  in  state  institutions — 
South  Carolina,  1897;  Arkansas,  1901;  Mississippi,  191 2. 
In  South  Carolina  and  Mississippi  the  acts  became  effec- 
tive, and  all  chapters  at  the  University  of  South  Carolina 
and  the  University  of  Mississippi  were  forced  to  suspend. 
The  attorney  general  of  Arkansas  gave  his  opinion  that, 
while  the  intent  of  the  legislature  was  to  exclude  fraterni- 
ties, the  only  penalty  provided  by  the  act  was  that  no 
member  of  a  fraternity  should  receive  any  class  honor  or 
distinction  conferred  by  the  university  or  by  individuals, 
or  hold  rank  above  second  lieutenant  in  the  cadet  corps. 
Fraternities  have  continued  to  exist  at  the  University  of 
Arkansas,  the  members  placing  a  higher  valuation  on  the 
advantages  of  fraternity  life  than  on  such  honors. 

Two  judicial  decisions  as  to  the  rights  of  fraternities  to 
exist  in  state  institutions  are  of  importance — one  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Indiana,  in  1883,  and  one  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  191 5,  affirming  a 
decision  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Mississippi  rendered  in 

1913- 


AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES  35 

In  the  first  case,  commonly  called  the  Purdue  case,  the 
court  held  that  the  President  of  Purdue  University  must 
permit  T.  P.  Hawley  to  matriculate  as  a  student,  although 
he  was  a  member  of  Sigma  Chi,  and  that  the  faculty  had  no 
legal  right  to  compel  a  student — as  a  condition  of  matri- 
culation— ^to  sign  a  pledge  that  he  would  disconnect  himself 
from  a  college  fraternity  while  attending  the  institution,  as 
Purdue  was  a  state  institution,  and  such  a  condition 
implied  a  discrimination  against  a  certain  class  of  students 
which  the  faculty  had  no  right  to  impose. 

In  1912,  after  the  enactment  in  that  year  of  an  anti- 
fraternity  act  by  the  legislature  of  Mississippi,  J.  P.  Waugh 
applied  for  admission  to  the  law  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Mississippi.  He  was  a  citizen  and  tax-payer  in  the 
state,  and  was  a  member  of  Kappa  Sigma,  having  joined  it 
several  years  previously  at  Millsaps  College.  He  declined 
to  sign  a  pledge,  as  a  condition  to  matriculation  in  the 
university,  which  the  board  of  trustees  had  ordered  to 
carry  the  statute  into  effect.  He  sued  for  an  injimction  to 
restrain  the  faculty  from  denying  him  admission  to  the 
tmiversity.  The  State  Supreme  Court,  overruling  a  decis- 
.  ion  in  a  lower  court,  sustained  the  demurrer  and  dismissed 
the  bill.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  on 
appeal,  upheld  the  decision  of  the  State  Supreme  Court 
and  aflSrmed  that  the  condition  upon  which  the  State  of 
Mississippi  offered  complaintant  free  instruction  in  its 
university,  that  while  a  student  there  he  renounce  affilia- 
tion with  a  society  which  the  state  considered  inimical  to 
discipline,  found  no  support  in  the  fourteenth  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 


36  AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES 

Thus  the  highest  judicial  tribunal  in  the  United  States 
affirmed  the  power  of  a  state  legislature  to  prohibit  the 
entrance  or  continued  life  of  fraternities  in  state  supported 
institutions.  Such  legislation,  therefore,  must  be  met 
and  fought  in  the  legislature,  and  its  enactment  prevented 
rather  than  to  attempt  to  appeal  to  the  courts  after  it  has 
been  enacted.  From  1912  to  1916  attempts  were  made  to 
induce  the  legislatures  of  several  states,  including  Ohio, 
Wisconsin,  Missouri  and  Texas  to  enact  laws  prohibiting 
fraternities,  but  in  each  case  the  attempt  was  defeated  by 
the  concerted  efforts  of  fraternity  men. 

The  opposition  to  the  fraternities  has  in  recent  years 
almost  always  arisen  in  state  universities  where  the  frater- 
nity chapters  were  not  sufficiently  niunerous  to  afford 
proper  social  opportunities  to  a  majority  of  the  students 
and  yet  were  sufficiently  numerous  to  create  the  impression 
that  the  fraternity  members  practically  controlled  or 
monopolized  the  social  life  of  the  university.  Under  such 
circumstances  the  obvious  remedy  is  the  creation  of  more 
fraternity  chapters. 

Many  institutions  have  at  times  prohibited  the  existence 
of  fraternities.  Prior  to  1880  and  in  a  few  cases  after- 
wards, the  fraternities  evaded  anti-fraternity  rules  and 
conducted  sjtb  rosa  chapters.  Outside  the  University  of 
South  Carolina  and  the  University  of  Mississippi,  there 
are  now  few  male  or  coeducational  institutions  of  impor- 
tance that  prohibit  fraternities.  Among  these  the  most 
important  are  Princeton,  Oberlin,  Wooster,  Monmouth, 
Virginia  Military  Institute  and  Virginia  Polytechnic 
Institute. 


AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES  37 

In  1898  a  suit  was  brought  by  alumni  and  active 
members  of  the  chapter  of  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  at  St. 
Lawrence  University  to  restrain  the  authorities  of  the 
sorority  to  withdraw  its  charter.  The  Supreme  Court  of 
New  York  granted  the  relief  demanded.  Defendants 
appealed,  and  the  Appellate  Division  of  the  Supreme 
Court  reaffirmed  the  decision. 

The  last  edition  of  this  book  contains  in  full  the  opinion 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  in  the  Missis- 
sippi case,  the  opinion  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York 
and  the  Appellate  Division  in  the  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma^ 
case,  also  an  article  on  "The  Legal  Status  of  the  Fraterni- 
ties," written  by  Mr.  Baird  and  published  in  several 
previous  editions.  In  this  article  the  Piu*due  decision  is 
discussed,  the  Wheaton  College  decision  is  quoted  and  two 
decisions  are  cited  in  which  the  courts  held  that  high 
school  authorities  could  legally  impose  penalties  on  pupils 
for  violation  of  rules  against  membership  in  fraternities. 
These  two  cases  are  Russell  Wayland  vs.  Board  of  School 
Directors,  43  Wash.,  441 ;  and  Wilson  vs.  Board  of  Educa- 
tion of  Chicago,  233  111.,  464. 

In  two  decisions,  one  in  New  York  in  1902,  and  one  in 
Massachusetts  in  1903,  the  courts  held  that  college  frater- 
nity houses  were  taxable.  The  cases  were  the  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon  Society  of  Hamilton  College  respondent  vs. 
E.  F.  Lawler  et  al.,  74  N.  Y.  Appellate  Division;  and  Phi 
Beta  Epsilon  Corporation  vs.  City  of  Boston,  182  Mass. 
In  the  case  of  City  of  Nashville  et  al.  vs.  Tennessee  Alpha 
Chapter  of  Phi  Delta  Theta,  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Tennessee  decided,  in  1919,  that  college  fraternity  houses 
were  exempt  from  taxation  in  Tennessee. 


38  AMERICAN    COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES 

An  act  of  the  legislature  of  Indiana,  enacted  in  1905  and 
reenacted  in  19 19,  exempts  from  taxation  the  property  of 
Greek  letter  fraternities. 

An  act  of  the  legislature  of  Arkansas  in  1859  incor- 
porated the  Phi  Kappa  Sigma  Male  College  of  Monticello, 
Arkansas.  This  interesting  enactment  appears  in  Acts  of 
Arkansas,  1859,  page  249.  The  college  was  organized  and 
in  operation  a  year  or  more,  but  was  suspended  by  the 
Civil  War. 

FRATERNITY    MEN  IN    WAR 

It  may  be  said  that  college  fraternity  men  have  shown 
their  patriotism  and  valor  in  every  war  in  which  the 
United  States  has  been  engaged.  The  list  of  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  at  William  and  Mary  shows  that  a  large  proportion 
of  its  members  sen^^ed  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Un- 
doubtedly members  of  northern  chapters  of  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  and  probably  some  members  of  the  original  North 
Carolina  order  of  Kappa  Alpha  took  part  in  the  War  of 
191 2.  The  older  fraternities  furnished  a  considerable 
nimiber  of  men  who  fought  in  the  war  against  Mexico. 

In  the  Civil  War  fraternity  men  sprang  to  arms  on  both 
sides  of  the  conflict.  As  in  previous  wars,  the  fraternity 
men  in  this  war  were  almost  without  exception  volimteers. 
In  both  the  Union  and  Confederate  Armies  many  frater- 
nity men  were  officers  of  high  rank,  including  Brigadier 
Generals  and  Major  Generals.  In  both  Navies  also 
fraternity  men  distinguished  themselves.  The  bravery 
of  the  fraternity  men  was  attested  by  the  large  proportion 
of  those  engaged  who  were  killed  in  battle.    Every  chapter 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERmVIES  39 

North  and  South  was  weakened  by  the  war.  The  entire 
active  membership  of  some  Southern  chapters  enlisted  at 
the  beginning  of  the  war,  and  other  chapters  died  with  the 
closing  of  Southern  colleges  within  a  year  or  two  after 
hostilities  began.  When  the  struggle  ended  in  1865,  the 
onfy  active  chapters  on  Southern  soil  were  those  in  Ken- 
tucky, which  State  was  held  by  Federal  forces.  With  the 
reopening  of  Southern  colleges  in  that  year,  some  chapters 
were  at  once  reorganized.  Others  were  not  revived  for 
years  and  some  have  never  yet  been  reestablished. 

During  the  war  against  Spain  and  the  war  against  the 
Filipinos,  fraternity  men  from  every  college  where  there 
was  a  chapter  were  engaged,  and  the  total  number  was 
very  large,  though  no  chapters  were  suspended.  Frater- 
nity men  were  mostly  members  of  the  National  Guard,  and 
many  of  them  held  high  rank.  Some  who  were  officers 
were  graduates  of  the  National  Military  Academy  and 
Naval  Acadtaiy,  having  gone  to  West  Point  and  Annapolis 
after  attendance  and  initiation  at  other  institutions. 

During  the  World's  Greatest  War,  the  War  against  the 
Teutonic  Powers,  fraternity  men  responded  magnificently 
to  the  call  to  arms.  At  the  beginning  in  191 4,  the  Cana- 
dian chapters  were  greatly  depleted  by  enlistments,  and 
within  a  year  or  two  some  of  these  chapters  had  suspended. 
After  the  United  States  declared  that  a  state  of  war 
existed,  in  April,  191 7,  college  men  paid  but  little  attention 
to  class  room  exercises.  In  large  numbers  they  entered 
officers'  training  camps,  and  most  of  them  received  com- 
missions. The  proportion  of  fraternity  men  who  were 
commissioned  as  officers  was  extraordinarily  large.     The 


'-•-•'»-'"■' 


40  AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES 

qualities  of  leadership  which  they  displayed  had  been  one 
reason  of  their  selection  for  membership  in  the  fraternities. 
Most  fraternity  men  volunteered  without  waiting  for  the 
draft.  Some  of  the  larger  fraternities  had  as  many  as 
6,000  members  each  in  different  kinds  of  war  work.  The 
record  of  those  that  went  to  France  and  Flander^  was 
most  creditable.  Many  were  promoted  officers  of  high 
rank  and  may  received  citations  for  bravery  in  action.  A 
considerable  nimiber  received  honor  medals  from  the 
British  and  French  Governments  as  well  as  from  the 
United  States.  A  large  ntmiber  paid  the  full  measure  of 
patriotic  devotion  by  sacrificing  their  lives  on  the  altar  of 
their  country.  It  may  be  said  that  in  the  Great  War,  as  in 
previous  wars,  America  fraternity  men  displayed  the  same 
heroic  spirit  that  was  evinced  by  their  progenitors  in  the 
days  of  classic  Greece.  Chapter  houses  were  given  up  for 
the  Students  Army  Training  Corps.  Chapters  complied 
with  the  regulations  of  the  War  Department,  which 
required  that  no  meetings  should  be  held  by  chapters 
except  for  business  purposes.  At  some  institutions  this 
was  construed  to  prohibit  meetings  for  initiation,  and  no 
meetings  whatever  were  held.  All  chapters  were  seriously 
weakened  and  some  temporarily  suspended,  but  the 
altmini  of  de]jleted  chapters  have  rallied  to  their  support, 
and  probably  no  chapter  will  be  suspended  permanently 
on  account  of  the  war. 

During  the  recent  war  college  women  participated  in 
many  kinds  of  war  activities,  but  especially  in  Red  Cross 
work.  They  displayed  the  same  loyalty  and  high  purpose, 
coupled  with  the  determination  to  win,  that  was  exhibited 


AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES  4t 

by  men.  In  Red  Cross  and  Y.  W.  C.  A.  work,  as  enter- 
tainers in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  K.  of  C,  in  selling  Liberty 
bonds,  and  in  many  other  ways  sorority  women  were 
organizers  and  leaders  and  the  services  they  rendered  con- 
tributed materially  to  the  final  victory. 

INTER-FRATERNITY   RELATIONSHIPS 

It  would  seem  from  the  foregoing  rdsum^  of  the  features 
an^  practices  common  to  American  Greek-letter  fraterni- 
ties, that  there  would  natiu'ally  be  some  exponent  of 
the  system  as  a  whole.  That  while  possessing  points  of 
divergence,  the  separate^  fraternities  have  so  much  in 
common  that  there  would  naturally  arise  some  central 
organization  capable  of  representing  and  speaking  for 
them  collectively,  but  such  has  not  been  the  case  until 
recently.  Each  fraternity  has  had  a  natural,  historical 
development,  and  many  of  them  are  averse  to  lending 
their  name  or  aid  to  any  scheme  which  would  seem  to 
t^nd  toward  relinquishing  any  authority  to  a  central 
body. 

In  1883,  a  meeting  of  representatives  from  several  of 
the  fraternities  was  held  in  Philadelphia,  to  consider 
matters  of  mutual  interest,  and  a  further  meeting  was 
arranged  for,  but  it  failed  to  take  place,  because  the  agreed 
nimiber  of  fraternities  did  not  give  notice  of  their  inten- 
tion to  take  part.  The  movement  was  discussed  in  the 
fraternity  journals,  under  the  name  of  the  **  Pan-Hellenic 
Coimcil."  The  discussion  itself  served  to  bring  about 
many  of  the  results  which  it  was  hoped  might  be  ac- 
complished by  the  meeting.     Since  that  time,  in  several 


.J  ^  "  ^  *  I  ^  »  —  w-i 


42  AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES 

colleges,  the  chapters  of  the  different  fraternities  therein 
established  have  held  an  annual  Pan-Hellenic  banquet. 
Tacit  agreements  and  in  many  cases  written  contracts 
have  been  made  regarding  the  initiation  of  certain  classes 
of  students,  and  a  number  of  customs  have  grown  up 
relative  to  matters  of  common  interest.  Pan-Hellenic 
clubs,  composed  of  members  of  different  fraternities, 
have  been  formed  in  many  cities. 

In  connection  with  the  World's  Fair  at  Chicago,  m 
1893,  ^  meeting  was  held  of  representatives  from  several 
fraternities  under  the  title  of  the  College  Fraternities* 
Congress.  At  this  meeting  several  interesting  papers 
were  read.  A  meeting  of  the  editors  of  some  of  the  fra- 
ternity journals  took  place  also  at  the  same  time.  While 
no  concerted  action  was  taken,  the  meeting  certainly  was 
of  value.  A  similar  and  somewhat  infonnal  meeting  took 
place  at  the  Atlanta  Exposition  a  short  time  afterwards, 
and  finally  in  1909  an  Inter-Fraternity  Conference  was 
organized  as  hereafter  described. 

THE    INTER-FRATERNITY    CONFERENCE 

In  February  1909,  at  a  meeting  of  the  National  Religious 
Education  Association  held  at  Chicago,  a  series  of  resolu- 
tions were  presented  by  George  D.  Kimball,  of  2  A  E 
suggesting  that  steps  should  be  taken  to  bring  about  a 
Pan-Hellenic  imion  of  the  different  fraternities. 

Pursuant  to  this  resolution  a  call  was  sent  out  to  all  the 
men*s  fraternities  whose  addresses  he  could  ascertain, 
by  Rev.  W.  H.  P.  Faunce.  A  T,  president  of  Brown 
University,    representing    the    association    referred     to 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE    FRATERNITIES  43 

Pursuant  to  this  call,  representatives  of  twenty-six 
fraternities  met  at  the  University  Club  in  New  York  City, 
Nov.  17,  1909. 

At  the  meeting  there  was  much  informal  discussion 
concerning  matters  of  mutual  interest  and  finally  the 
following  resolution  was  adopted  on  motion  of  Dr.  0.  H. 
Rogers,  2  *. 

"Resolved,  that  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Conference  that 
the  college  fraternities  should  sanction  and  participate  in 
the  formation  of  a  permanent  Inter-Fraternity  Conference 
to  meet  each  year  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  questions 
of  mutual  interest  and  of  presenting  to  the  fraternities 
represented  such  recommendations  as  the  said  Conference 
may  deem  wise,  it  being  understood  that  the  functions 
of  such  conferences  shall  be  purely  advisory.'* 

An  organization  was  effected  with  Hamilton  W.  Mabie, 
A  A  ^,  as  chairman  and  Francis  W.  Shepardson,  B  0  n, 
as  secretary. 

Committees  were  appointed  to  investigate  existing 
conditions,  gather  information,  and  report  at  future 
sessions  upon  the  following  topics. 

1.  On  the  relation  of  the  fraternity  chapter  to  the 
college  administration. 

2.  On  the  evils  connected  with  the  present  system  of 
pledging  new  members. 

3.  On  the  relation  of  the  fraternities  to  one  another. 

The  following  fraternities  were  represented:  A  X  P, 
A  A  *,  A  T  Q,  Ben,  X  *,  X  ^,  A  K  E,  A  *,  AS*, 
A  T  A,  A  T,  K  A  (N),  K  A  (s),  K  2,  *  A  0,  *  T  A,  *  K  ^, 
*  K  2,  *  2  K,  2  A  E,  2  X,  2  N,  2  *,  2  *  E,  0  A  X  and 


44  AMERICAN   COLLEGE   FRATERNITIES 

Z  ^.  No  reply  was  received  from  A  ^,  Q  n  A  or  n  K  A. 
V  T  did  not  send  a  delegate  and  invitations  were  not  sent 
to  e  X.  e  3,  n  K  *,  A  S  *  or  S  n  because  their  addresses 
were  not  known. 

A  second  session  was  held  Nov.  26,  1 910  at  the  Univer- 
sity Club,  New  York  City.  At  this  session  Acacia  and 
S  n  were  represented  and  2  N  was  not.  During  the 
session  the  representative  of  X  *  withdrew.  The  follow- 
ing is  the  present  constitution : 

Constitution 

(I)  The  Inter- Fraternity  Conference  shall  be  composed  of 
three  delegates  from  each  men's  general  college  fraternity  which 
has  at  least  five  chapters,  and  is  approved  by  the  Executive 
Committee.  Delegates  shall  be  chosen  in  such  manner  as 
their  respective  fraternities  determine.  On  roll-call  in  Conference 
each  fraternity  represented  shall  have  one  vote. 

(II)  The  purpose  of  the  Inter-Fraternity  Conference  shall  be 
the  discussion  of  questions  of  mutual  interest  and  the  presenting 
to  the  fraternities  represented  of  such  recommendations  as  the 
Conference  shall  deem  wise,  it  being  understood  that  the  functions 
of  such  Conference  shall  be  purely  advisory. 

(III)  The  Inter-Fraternity  Conference  shall  meet  annually 
at  New  York  on  the  Saturday  following  Thanksgiving,  unless  the 
place  or  date  shall  be  changed  by  majority  vote  of  the  officers. 
Notice  of  all  meetings  shall  be  issued  by  the  Secretary. 

(IV)  The  officers  of  the  Inter-Fraternity  Conference  shall  be 
a  Cha'rman,  a  Secretary  and  a  Treasurer,  elected  annually  by 
majority  vote. 

(V)  The  executive  power  of  the  Conference  between  the 
annual  meetings  shall  be  vested  in  an  Executive  Committee  con- 
sisting of  the  Chairman,  the  Secretary,  the  Treasurer,  ex  officii^ 


AMERICAN  COLLEGE  FRATERNITIES  45 

and  six  other  members,  to  be  elected  in  two  classes  of  three  mem^ 
bers  each,  to  serve  for  a  term  of  two  years,  in  such  manner  that 
three  of  them  shall  be  chosen  annually. 

(VI)  In  order  to  meet  the  necessary  expenses  of  postage  and 
printing,  each  fraternity  participating  in  the  Conference  shall 
make  an  annual  contribution  of  twenty- five  dollars.  Expenditures 
may  be  made  by  the  Treasurer  at  any  time  on  the  authorization 
of  the  Chairman. 

(VII)  This  constitution  may  be  amended  at  any  meeting  by  a 
two-thirds  vote  of  the  fraternities  represented  in  the  Conference. 

And  the  following  resolutions  were  adopted  at  the  1910 

session: 

Resolved^  That  we  recommend  to  our  several  chapters  at  each 
college  where  there  is  more  than  one  fraternity  represented,  that 
they  call  a  conference  of  representatives  of  the  several  fraternities 
and  confer  together  concerning  any  evils  of  the  rushing  system  exist- 
ing at  that  college;  that  they  devise  regulations  tending  to  lessen 
such  rushing  evils  as  they  find  exist,  including  excessive  expense  in 
entertaining  men.  - 

Further  Resolved,  That  we  urge  upon  our  several  chapters  the 
necessity  for  acting  harmoniously  together  as  members  of  associa- 
tions having  generous  rivalries  but  kindred  aims,  and  pledge  to  the 
chapters  our  cordial  codperation  and  support  so  far  as  we  can 
extend  it. 

And  a  committee  was  appointed  to  lay  before  the 
authorities  of  Colleges  and  Universities  in  the  United 
States  where  fraternities  exist  such  facts  as  it  may  deem 
desirable  showing  the  usefulness  of  the  fraternities  as 
important  factors  in  college  life  and  administration. 

Since  then  annual  sessions  have  been  held  and  much  of 
mutual  interest  has  been  discussed  and  some  good  accom- 
plished.   The  proceedings  of  the   Conference  are  too 


-^-.■^i 


46 


AMERICAN   COLLEGE   FRATERNITIES 


lengthy  to  be  inserted  here.  The  number  of  the  fraterni- 
ties represented  has  steadily  grown.  At  the  Conference 
for  1 91 8  there  were  thirty-seven  fraternities  with  accredited 
delegates.  As  previously  stated  Chi  Phi  withdrew  in  19 10; 
Zeta  Psi  withdrew  in  19 13  and  Psi  Upsilon  has  never  been 
a  member. 

As  hereafter  described  in  the  prefatory  note  to  the 
women's  fraternities,  it  will  be  seen  that  they  have 
carried  the  idea  of  an  inter-f  ratemity  organization  much 
further  than  the  men  and  have  formed  a  more  effective 
body.  The  ])rofessional  medical  fraternities  have  formed 
a  similar  association. 


GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN 

T^HERE  is  included  irnder  this  title  the  fraternities 
which,  in  general,  confine  their  membership  to  the 
undergraduate  departments  of  the  institutions  with  which 
they  are  connected,  which  have  more  than  five  chapters 
which  do  not  permit  their  members  to  join  another  frater- 
nity in  the  same  class  and  which  have  no  peculiar  restric- 
tions upon  their  membership. 

With  regard  to  each  fraternity  an  endeavor  has  been 
made  to  state  first  the  date  and  place  of  its  foundation, 
with  the  names  of  its  foimders,  and,  where  it  is  considered 
of  importance,  some  of  the  circumstances. 

The  list  of  chapters  is  then  given.  This  comprises  the 
date  at  which  the  chapter  was  established,  its  name,  the 
institution  at  which  it  was  or  is  located  and  the  number  of 
members  admitted  by  it  to  the  fraternity.  Where  possible 
this  entuneration  has  excluded  names  counted  twice.  It 
should  be  imderstood  the  number  of  members  stated 
includes  undergraduates,  graduates  and  non-graduate 
alumni  and  those  deceased  as  well  as  living.  If  the 
chapter  is  inactive  the  date  at  which  it  became  so  fol- 
lows the  name  of  the  college  in  (  ).  Then  follows  a  sum- 
mary of  the  active  and  inactive  chapters  and  the  total 
membership. 

A  list  of  the  chapters  owning  houses  is  then  given. 
When  the  last  edition  of  this  book  was  being  ijrepared 
values  of  houses  were  sought  from  the  different  fraternities 
concerned.     The  reported  valuations  were  verified   by 

47 


48  GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN 

« 

local  real  estate  experts  and  some  that  appeared  to  be 
inflated  were  reduced.  So  many  exceptions  have  been 
taken  to  the  appraisals,  sometimes  to  a  difi!erence  of  but  a, 
few  hundred  dollars,  that  it  has  seemed  best  to  give  only 
the  total  valuation  of  the  houses  owned  by  each  fraternity 
in  this  edition.  The  reported  valuations  h^ve  been 
scrutinized  and  in  some  cases  reduced.  It  is  believed  that 
the  total  valuation  given  in  this  edition  for  each  fraternity 
is  approximately  correct.  From  these  figures  it  will 
be  perceived  to  what  extent  the  fraternities  have  relieved 
the  colleges  of  the  burden  of  providing  dormitories 
for  their  students.  The  productive  fimds  of  the  colleges 
are  thereby  released  from  such  form  of  investment  and  the 
income  derived  therefrom  can  be  employed  more  directly 
in  educational  advancement. 

No  mention  is  made  of  rented  houses  in  this  edition. 
Practically  every  chapter  lives  in  a  house  except  at  col- 
leges where  it  is  forbidden  in  order  to  keep  college  dormi- 
tories full  or  in  cities  where  no  official  housing  system 
exists. 

Brief  notes  concerning  certain  of  the  chapters  are  then 
given.  It  may  safely  be  assimied  that  when  a  chapter  is 
not  mentioned  in  these  notes  it  has  enjoyed  a  fairly  pros- 
perous and  uneventful  career. 

The  publications  of  the  fraternity  are  then  mentioned, 
sometimes  in  full  detail,  sometimes  in  general  terms. 

For  the  first  time  there  now  appears  a  cut  of  the  pledge- 
buttons  of  the  more  prominent  fraternities. 

A  description  of  the  badge,  colors,  flower  and  flag 
follows. 


GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN  49 

The  statement  concerning  each  fraternity  concludes 
with  a  list  of  its  prominent  altimni.  By  this  is  meant 
alumni  prominent  in  the  public  eye  and  not  those  prom- 
inent within  the  fraternity.  In  these  lists  no  attempt  has 
been  made  to  distinguish  between  the  dead  and  the  living. 
An  attempt  has  been  made  at  a  classification  and  federal 
judges,  senators,  congressmen  and  persons  holding  a  high 
rank  in  governmental  and  diplomatic  circles  have  been 
grouped  together.  In  the  case  of  some  fraternities  these 
lists  have  become  formidable,  and  many  names  have 
necessarily  been  excluded  because  of  lack  of  space.  In  the 
case  of  some  of  the  younger  fraternity  names  are  included 
under  a  more  liberal  interpretation  of  the  word  * 'prom- 
inent." An  endeavor  has  been  made  to  show  the  relative 
number  of  really  distinguished  in  the  different  organiza- 
tions. 

Honorary  members  have  been  rigidly  excluded  where 
known.  At  one  time  or  another  almost  every  fraternity 
has  admitted  some  honorary  members,  but  they  have  no 
place  in  a  list  intended  to  show  the  success  of  the  frater- 
nity's initiates  in  their  post  collegiate  life.  Some  fraterni- 
ties rather  naively  insist  that  as  they  make  no  distinction 
within  their  fraternities  between  honorary  and  ordinary 
members  none  should  be  made  here.  The  answer  is  that 
others  make  such  distinction  and  that  it  is  entirely  proper. 

It  will  be  found  that  the  same  institution  does  not 
always  have  the  same  designation  in  all  the  lists.  In  one^ 
for  instance,  "Syracuse  University"  may  be  so  written^ 
and  in  another  it  may  be  called  the  **University  of  Syra- 
cuse."   These  differences  are  due  to  the  peculiar  pre. 


so 


GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN 


dilections  of  certain  fraternity  workers  for  certain  of  these 
names,  and  so  long  as  the  identification  of  the  institution 
was  certain  the  chosen  names  were  not  revised.  The 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Colleges  in  the  several  States 
are  frequently  called  **State"  colleges;  for  instance,  "The 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  New  Hampshire" 
is  shortened  to  **New  Hampshire  State  College.**  Similarly 
some  names  have  been  shortened  for  example,  "Leland 
Stanford,  Jr.,  University'*  to  **Stanford  University.*' 


(Student  Freemasons) 


5*;*^<^ 


This  fraternity  was  established  at  the  University  of 
Michigan  in  1904  by  James  M.  Cooper,  Benjamin  E. 
DeRoy,  Edward  E.  Gallup,  J.  Waldo  Hawkins,  Clarence 
G.  Hill,  Harvey  J.  Howard,  George  A.  Malcolm,  Ernest  R. 
Ringo,  William  j.  Marshall,  Harlan  P.  Rowe,  Ralph  B. 
Scatterway,  Charles  A.  Sink,  Harvey  B.  Washbtim  and 
William  S.  Wheeler. 

It  was  an  outgrowth  of  a  Masonic  club  in  the  university 
which  was  incorporated  June  5,  1895  and  had  a  flourishing 
existence  for  several  years.  When  interest  in  its  work 
seemed  to  be  lessening,  some  of  the  more  active  of  its 
members  began  to  plan  for  a  college  Masonic  organization 
of  national  scope.  They  met  weekly  during  the  winter 
and  spring  of  1903-4  at  a  boarding  hoase.  No.  236  South 
Thayer  street  in  Ann  Arbor.  On  January  30,  1904  they 
appointed  a  committee  on  national  organization.  On 
April  30,  1904  the  decision  was  reached  to  establish  the 
fraternity  which  was  to  be  known  as  Acacia.  At  the 
same  time  the  Michigan  chapter  was  named  Aleph.  The 
Hebrew  alphabet  was  adopted  in  chapter  nomenclature 
because  of  the  close  connection  between  Semitic  history 
and  the  ritualistic  work  and  the  traditions  of  Masonry, 
and  also  because  it  was  desired  to  distinguish  the  organiza- 

51 


LfS^ 


52  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

tion  from  the  Greek-letter  societies.  As  this  use  of 
Hebrew  letters  caused  misconceptions  to  arise  concerning 
the  nature  and  ideals  of  the  society  it  was  abandoned  in 
1 9 13.  The  chapters  are  now  named  for  the  institutions 
in  which  they  are  located  except  the  chapter  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  where  the  chapter  bears  the  name 
** Franklin".  On  May  11,  1904  the  members  of  the 
Michigan  chapter  elected  their  officers  and  the  next 
day  the  new  fraternity  was  incorporated  under  thalaws 
of  the  state. 

For  a  time  members  of  the  general  fraternities  were 
admitted,  but  they  are  now  generally  excluded  and  the 
chapters  are  rivals  of  the  general  fraternity  chapters  in 
the  institutions  in  which  they  are  located. 

Masonic  clubs  in  other  institutions  were  q\uck  to  appre- 
ciate the  advantages  of  the  new  fraternity  so  thai  its 
growth  was  rapid  from  the  start.  Chapters  have  been 
established  as  follows: 

1904.     University  of  Michigan 220 

1904.     Stanford  University  (1916) 120 

1904.     University  of  Kansas 230 

1904.  University  of  Nebraska 225 

1905.  University  of  California 138 

1906.  Ohio  State  University 246 

1906.     Dartmouth  College  (1908) 23 

1906.     Harv'ard  University 195 

1906.     University  of  Illinois 275 

1906.     University  of  Pennsylvania 192 

1906.     University  of  Minnesota 250 

1906.     University  of  Wisconsin 212 


ACACIA 


53 


1907.    University  of  Missouri 198 

1907.    Cornell  University 150 

1907.  Purdue  University 190 

1908.  University  of  Chicago 150 

1909.  Yale  University 130 

1909.    Coluntibia  University 134 

1909.    Iowa  State  College 152 

1909.    University  of  Iowa 161 

1909.   ■  Pennsylvania  State  College 120 

1909.  University  of  Oregon  (1913) 42 

1910.  Washington  State  University 76 

1910.  Northwestern  University  (1914) 62 

1911.  University  of  Colorado 119 

1911.     Syracuse  University 58 

1913.    Kansas  State  College 70 

1915.  University  of  Texas 60 

Active  chapters  24,  inactive  4.    Membership  4198. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Cornell,  Harvard, 
Illinois,  Iowa  State,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Ohio  State, 
Purdue,  Syracuse,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses  10;  total 
valuation  $220,000.  The  Dartmodth  chapter  was  not  well 
established  and  soon  gave  up  its  charter  because  of  lack  of 
material  having  the  fundamental  Masonic  requirement  for 
membership.  The  charters  of  the  Oregon  and  North- 
western chapters  were  revoked,  the  latter  because  it  was  in 
the  professional  schools,  Stanford  for  lack  of  material. 

The  house  at  Wisconsin  was  burned  191 5. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  Grand 
Conclave  composed  of  delegates  from  the  several  chapters. 
These  concalves  have  been  held  yearly. 


54 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


The  supreme  executive  body,  the  Grand  Council,  is 
composed  of  the  six  grand  officers. 

The  official  publication  is  the  Jofirnal,  established  in 
1906.  But  one  number  was  issued  in  1906  and  in  1907. 
Two  appeared  in  the  college  year  1 908-1 909,  and  now 
four  numbers  are  printed  each  year.  The  grand  secre- 
tary was  the  editor  of  the  joiunal  imtil  1914  when  an 
editor  was  chosen.  During  the  war  period  the  foim  was 
changed  to  a  news  brochure  and  issued  10  times  per  year. 

A  complete  Hst  of  members  was  at  first  published  in 
the  journal.  A  catalogue  and  song  book  were  published 
in  1914. 

The  badge  is  a  right-angled  triangle  of  gold  with 
jeweled  border,  within  which  are  three  smaller 
triangles.    The  color  of  the  pledge-button  isT^lack. 

Among  the  more  prominent  members  may  be  mentioned 
Ex- President  Taft  of  Yale  chapter,  Francis  W.  Shepardson 
of  >^  hicago  chapter  and  several  state  governors  of  other 
chapters. 


ailjptia  Cfti  3BAto 


A  LPHA  Chi  Rho  was  founded  at  Trinity  College, 
Hartford.  Conn.,  June  4,  1895,  by  the  Rev.  Patd 
Ziegler,  '72;  Herbert  T.  Sheriff,  '97;  William  A.  Earde- 
ley,  '96;  Carl  G.  Ziegler,  '97,  and  William  H.  Rouse,  '96. 
Rev.  Paul  Ziegler  was  a  member  of  the  local  society  of 
Beta  Beta  at  Trinity,  which  had  become  a  chapter 
of  Psi  Upsilon  in  1879. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1895.  *  y,  Trinity  College  (Conn.)    160 

1896.  *  X,  Brooklyn  Poljrtechnic  Institute 122 

1896.  *  *,  University  of  Pennsylvania   207 

1900.  *Q,  Columbia  University 161 

1903.  *  A,  Lafayette  College    150 

1905.  *B,  Dickinson  College 125 

1905.  *  A,  Yale  University 155 

1905.  *  E,  Syracuse  University   162 

1907.  *  Z,  University  of  Virginia 74 

1907.  *H,  Washington  and  Lee  University    85 

1908.  *  8,  Cornell  University 160 

1911.  *  r,  Wesleyan University  (Conn.)    iii 

1914.  *  I,   Allegheny  College 85 

55 


56  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1916.  *  K,  University  of  Illinois 78 

191 7.  *  A,  Pennsylvania  State  College    55 

1918.  *  M,  Lehigh  University 50 

1919.  *  N,  Dartmouth  College 35 

Active  chapters,  17;  inactive  chapters,  o;  membership, 

1975- 
The  Columbia,  Cornell,  Pennsylvania,  Syracuse,  Trinity 

and  Yale  chapters  own  houses.     Total,  6;  total  valuation 

$128,000. 

A  chapter,  Phi  Upsilon,  was  foimded  at  the  University 
of  Iowa  in  1899;  but  the  members  being  at.  a  great 
distance  from  the  other  chapters  and  dissatisfied  with  the 
youth  of  the  fraternity,  developed  disloyalty  in  1901,  and 
the  fraternity  in  1902  expelled  the  entire  chapter.  The 
chapters  at  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  and  Pennsylvania 
were  inactive  for  some  time  in  1901,  but  the  government 
of  the  fraternity  was  strengthened,  and  the  active  chapters 
have  since  that  time  all  been  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

The  Lafayette  chapter  was  originally  one  of  the  three 
chapters  of  a  small  and  briefly  existing  society  called 
»r  A  K.  A  nimibcr  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  local 
societies.. 

The  fraternity  has  a  distinctive  nomenclature.  Great 
emphasis  is  laid  upon  a  platform  of  principles,  called  the 
"landmarks"  which  are  stated  to  be:  (i)  Membership 
from  among  professing  christians  only,  (2)  Insistence 
upon  a  high  and  clean,  moral  standard,  (3)  Brotherly  love, 
(4)  Intrinsic  worth  as  the  sole  guide  in  the  selection  of  new 
members.  Each  chapter  is  called  a  Phi;  vindergraduate 
members  are  called  Residents;    others  are  called  Gradu- 


ALPHA   CHI  RHO  57 

ates.  The  meeting  of  a  Resident  chapter  is  called  a 
Council.  Pledged  candidates  for  membership  are  styled 
Postulants. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a 
National  Convention,  which  now  meets  annually  about 
the  time  of  Washington's  birthday.  The  Convention  is 
composed  of  two  delegates  from  each  Resident  and  each 
Graduate  chapter.  The  work  of  the  fraternity  during  the 
interim  of  sessions  is  carried  on  by  a  National  Council,  com- 
prising a  president,  vice-president,  secretary,  treasurer  and 
three  councilors-at-large,  chosen  for  a  term  of  three  years. 

The  vice-president  of  the  fraternity  is  an  important 
officer,  having  charge  of  all  graduate  organizations  and 
building  corporations.  There  are  several  other  officers 
who  are  appointed  by  the  National  Council, — such  as  the 
national  treasurer,  the  national  editor  and  the  publication 
manag^er.  Much  of  the  executive  work  falls  upon  the 
National  Secretary.  He  keeps  the  records  of  the  Conven- 
tions and  the  National  Council,  receives  the  files,  reports 
and  documents  of  the  fraternity,  edits  its  publications  and 
supervises  the  examinations  of  the  members  concerning  its 
ritual  and  customs.  He  visits  each  chapter  twice  a  year 
and  oversees  the  scholarship  of  the  members. 

In  order  to  encourage  scholarship  the  fraternity  offers  an 
annual  prize  called  the  Graduate  Cup  to  the  chapter  most 
successful  in  such  respect. 

The  fraternity  has  a  distinctive  alumni  organization. 
All  the  graduates  of  each  chapter  are  grouped  together; 
and  their  government  is  carried  on  by  an  executive  commit- 
tee of  three  members :    president,  secretary-treasurer,  and 


warn 


S8  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

a  resident,  who  lives,  whenever  possible,  in  the  house  of  the 
Resident  chapter,  and  acts  as  graduate  adviser  to  the 
undergraduate  chapter. 

In  addition  to  the  regularly  organized  graduate  chapters, 
there  are  graduate  clubs  comprising  members  of  different 
chapters  in  a  number  of  cities. 

The  conventions  of  the  fraternity  have  been  yearly. 

The  fraternity  pubUshes  a  jotunal  called  the  Garnet  and 
White y  which  was  first  issued  in  September,  1900,  as  a 
quarterly,  but  is  now  a  bi-monthly.  From  1900  to  1902  it 
was  published  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  from  1902  to  1909  at 
Wilkes-Barre,  Pa.,  from  1909  to  19 14  at  New  Brunswick, 
N.  J.,  and  since  1914  at  Menasha,  Wis.  The  fraternity 
also  publishes  a  private  journal  called  the  Labarum, 
which  first  appeared  in  1907,  and  is  now  issued  three 
times  a  year.  Address  books  were  published  in  1902, 1907, 
1909,  191 1,  and  1915.  Editions  of  a  Manual  appeared  in 
1895,  1899,  1905,  1907,  1914  and  1918.  The  most  recent 
edition  of  the  constitution,  and  of  the  collected  statutes 
of  the  fraternity  appeared  in  August,  1918.  An  attractive 
song-book  was  published  in  191 1. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  modification  of  the 
ancient  Labarum,  and  displays  the  letters  A  X  P  in  the  form 

^of  a  monogram  on  the  one  side  of  which  is  an  out- 
stretched hand  and  on  the  other  a  torch.  The 
fraternity  colors  are  garnet  and  white;  the  frater- 
nity flower  is  the  carnation.  The  colors  of  the 
pledge-buttons  are  red  and  white. 

Prominent  alumni  of  the  fraternity  are:  Professors 
W.  R.  Shepherd  and  Carlton  Hayes,  Colimibia  University;  ' 


ALPHA  CHI  RHO 


59 


Joseph  French  Johnson,  Dean  of  New  York  University; 
Howard  Long,  Admiralty  Lawyer;  J.  L.  Haney,  the 
author;  Professor  C.  M.  Spofford  of  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  and  Frank  A.  McElvaine, 
suffragan  bishop  of  Minnesota. 


aipfta  Sella  ^f 


'TpIIIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Hamilton  College  in 
1832  by  Samuel  Eells,  of  the  class  of  '32.  When 
he  entered  college  in  1827  there  were  two  literary  societies 
at  Hamilton,  the  Phoenix  and  the  Philopeuthian,  between 
which  a  bitter  and  active  rivalry  existed.  He  joined 
the  Philopeuthian.  to  escape  unportunity  and  persecution 
but  the  struggle  for  supremacy  became  so  desperate 
and  the  means  of  persuasion  so  unscrupulous  that  he 
determined  to  form  a  new  society.  In  a  history  of  the 
foundation  of  the  fraternity,  Mr.  Eells  says: 

"Theeffect  of  this  state  of  things  on  the  character  of  the 
students  was  deplorable.  It  seemed  to  chill  all  the  noble 
and  generous  affections  of  the  youthful  spirit  and  destroyed 
or  corrupted  the  very  elements  of  honorable  and  manly 
character.  It  was  a  contemplation  of  these  and  similar 
evils  that  first  suggested  to  me  the  idea  of  establishing  a 
society  of  a  higher  nature,  and  more  comprehensive  and 
better  principles;  one  that  should  combine  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  tmion  for  intellectual  and  literary  purposes 
and  at  the  same  time  maintain  the  integrity  of  youthful 
character  and  cultivate  those  finer  feelings  which  the 
college    society    extinguished    or    enfeebled.     The    new 


ALPHA    DELTA    PHI  6i 

association  first  must  exclude  that  jealousy  and  angry 
competition  and  secondly  must  be  built  on  a  more  com- 
prehensive scale  providing  for  every  variety  of  taste  and 
talent,  and  thirdly  it  must  be  national  and  universal  in 
its  adaptations  so  as  not  merely  to  cultivate  a  taste  for 
literature  or  fiimish  the  mind  with  knowledge;  but  with 
a  true  philosophical  spirit  looking  to  the  entire  man 
so  as  to  develop  his  whole  being, — moral,  social  and 
intellectual." 

The  attempt  to  establish  a  chapter  of  K  A  at  Hamilton 
in  1830  and  the  establishment  of  a  chapter  of  S  *  there  in 
1 83 1  probably  suggested  to  Mr.  Eells  some  of  the  details 
in  the  development  of  his  plan. 

The  fraternity  was  rapidly  extended,  the  first  chap- 
ters being  established  either  by  the  founders  of  the 
parent  chapter,  or  those  closely  associated  with  them. 
It  was  the  pioneer  fraternity  in  eleven  colleges  and  the 
second  or  third  in  eight  others.  As  it  sought  students  of 
decided  literary  tastes,  it  soon  acquired  a  distinctive 
literary  character,  which  it  has  in  a  great  measure  retained. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows,  the  chapters  usually 
being  named  after  the  college  in  which  they  are  located : 

1832.  Hamilton,  Hamilton  College.  ^ 573 

1833.  Miami,  Miami  University  (1873) 201 

1835.  *Urban,  University  of  the  City  of  N.  Y.  (1839) .  .   25 

1836.  Columbia,  Colimibia  University 366 

1836.  Yale,  Yale  University 1852 

1836.  Amherst,  Amherst  College 878 

1836.  Bruftonian,  Brown  University 570 

*TliU  insdtation  is  now  called  New  York  Univenity. 


i^idi 


62  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1837.  Harvard,  Harvard  University  (1907) 768 

1840.  Geneva,  Hobart  College  (1876) 187 

1840.  Chicinnati,  Cincinnati  College  (1851)! 6 

1 841.  Hudson,  Western  Reserve  University 397 

1841.  Bowdoin,  Bowdoin  College 597 

1846.  Dartmouth,  Dartmouth  College 846 

1846.  Peninsular,  University  of  Michigan 636 

1850.  Madison,  Madison  University  (1851) 12 

1850.  Rochester,  University  of  Rochester 509 

1850.  Alabama,  University  of  Alabama  (1857)  .> 52 

1851.  Williafns,  Williams  College 477 

1855.  Manhattan,  College  of  the  City  of  N,  Y.  (1913^^  459 

1856.  Middletown,  Wesleyan  University 674 

1857.  Cww6er/a>«i,  Ctimberland  University  (186 1 ).*n   28 

1858.  Kenyan,  Kenyon  College 303 

1859.  Uniofi,  Union  University  (N.  Y.) 375 

1865.  Princeton,  College  of  New  Jersey  (i86s)t  . . .'.     S 

1869.     Cornell,  Cornell  University 495 

1877.     Phi  Kappa,  Trinity  College  (Conn.) 353 

1889.     Johns  Hopkins,  Johns  Hopkins  University 247 

1892.  Minnesota,  University  of  Minnesota 202 

1893.  Toronto,  University  of  Toronto 179 

1896.  Chicago,  University  of  Chicago 219 

1897.  McGill,  McGill  University 184 

1902.     Wisconsin,  University  of  Wisconsin 191 

fThis  chapter  was  only  active  for  a  short  time  but  just  when  it  became  inactive 
ifl  unknown  to  the  writer.  Its  members  were  Charles  D.  L.  Brush.  '44,  William. 
Davis  Gallsigher,  '44,  Charles  Pinckney  James,  '46,  Joseph  Longworth,  Jordan  A. 
Puffh,  'si,  and  James  H.  Perkins,  's r.  In  recent  years  they  have  been  Listed  on  the 
rolToif  the  Miami  chapter  but  they  never  attended  Miami.  The  name  of  Joseph 
Longworth  was  not  in  the  fraternity  catalogues  of  1876  to  i88a. 

tThis  chapter  consisted  of  W.  Stone  Albert.  '64.  Edward  G.  Cook,  '65,  T.  Fred- 
erick Crane.  '64.  Upehur  Johnston.  '65  *  and  Oscar  Keen.  *65. 


ALPHA    DELTA    PHI  63 

1908.     California,  University  of  California 167 

1911.     Illinois,  University  of  Illinois 133 

1916.     Stanford,  Stanford  University  k 68 

Active  chapters,  25;  inactive  chapters,  10;  membership, 

i3»234. 
The  following  chapters  own  their  houses:    Amherst 

Brown,  Bowdoin,  Chic^o,  Columbia,'  Cornell,  Dartmouth, 
Hamilton,  Illinois,  McGill,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Roches- 
ter, Toronto,  Trinity,  Union,  Wesleyan,  Williams,  Wis- 
consin, and  Yale.  Total  20  houses.  Total  valuation 
$627,000. 

It  may  not  be  inappropriate  to  notice  the  extent  of  the 
fraternity  system  at  the  time  Miami,  the  first  Western 
chapter,  was  established  in  1833.  K  A  the  pioneer  of  the 
system  had  two  chapters;  viz.,  at  Union  and  Williams. 
A  *  and  y  T  were  still  local  societies  at  Union,  while  S  * 
had  two  chapters,  viz.,  at  Union,  and  Hamilton.  In 
other  words,  the  system  was  then  confined  to  two  States, 
New  York  and  Massachusetts,  and  to  three  colleges, 
Union,  Hamilton  and  Williams,  when  the  foimder  ot 
A  A  *  boldly  planted  its  second  chapter  at  Miami  Univer- 
sity, Oxford,  Ohio,  beyond  the  Alleghanies,  in  what  was 
then  emphatically  the  "West."  Ohio  was  therefore 
the  third  state  and  Miami  the  fourth  institution  to  serve  as 
a  home  to  the  fraternities.  The  act  of  A  A  *  in  establish- 
ing its  second  chapter  at  Miami  was  important  in  its 
restdts,  as  it  led  to  the  foundation  of  the  three  national 
fraternities,  B  0  IT,  *  A  8  and  S  X,  forming  a  Miami 
Triad  as  K  A,  A  $,  and  S  *  had  formed  a  Union  Triad. 


64  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

The  Hamilton  chapter  in  1882  erected  the'*Samuel  Eells 
Memorial  Hall,"  a  stone  building,  in  honor  of  the  founder 
which  has  since  served  as  the  hall  of  the  chapter.  The 
Miami  chapter  was  established  by  the  personal  efforts  of 
Mr.  Eells;  this  chapter  died  at  the  suspension  of  the 
University  in  1873  and  has  not  since  been  revived.  After 
four  years  of  existence  the  Urban  chapter  was  with- 
drawn in  1839  at  the  request  of  its  own  members  to 
avoid  the  initiation  of  lower  classmen  in  oppoeit  on 
to  a  rival  society.  The  Columbia  chapter  was  the 
first  at  that  college  and  grew  so  strong  immediately  after  its 
establishment  that  its  prosperity  incited  the  envy  of  the 
non-fraternity  men  and  its  members  surrendered  its  charter 
in  1840  to  allay  the  resulting  dissensions  in.  the  college. 
In  1881  the  chapter  was  revived,  nine  other  fraternities 
having  meanwhile  established  chapters  there. 

The  Yale  chapter  enjoyed  a  prosperous  career  down  to 
1869.  It  then  began  to  decline,  and  this,  in  connection 
with  the  opposition  to  the  system  in  Yale,  at  that  time,  by 
which  only  the  Juniors  were  eligible  to  membership  in  the 
general  fraternities,  led  to  the  surrender  of  its  charter  in 
1873.  It  was  revived  in  1888.  Since  the  abolition  of  the 
local  sophomore  societies  in  1903,  it,  and  the  other  general 
academic  fraternities  at  Yale  have  initiated  members  from 
the  three  upper  classes.  The  Amherst  chapter  was  formed 
from  a  local  society  called  I  IT  K  in  1836.  Dtuing  its 
earliest  years,  its  membership  was  confined  to  the  upper- 
classmen.  In  1845,  in  response  to  a  demand  that  the 
faculty  be  permitted  to  inspect  its  constitution  and 
records,  the  chapter  offered  to  and  did  admit  to  member- 


0AX 

ALPHA    DELTA    PHI  65 

ship  the  president  of  the  college,  averting  the  opposition 
of  the  college  authorities. 

The  Bninonian  chapter  was  suspended  in  1838  on  ac- 
count of  the  prejudice  against  initiating  lower  classmen. 
It  was  revived  in  185 1.  The  Harvard  chapter  was  estab- 
lished on  a  literary  basis,  its  earliest  members  being  the 
editors  of  the  college  monthly.  It  ceased  to  exist  in  1865 
on  account  of  the  existing  opposition  to  the  secret  societies 
and  was  succeeded  by  the  "A.  D.  Club."  The  chapter 
was  revived  in  1879  ^^d  again  withdrawn  in  1907  at  the 
instance  of  its  own  members,  who  found  it  difficult  to 
fulfill  their  obligations  to  the  fraternity  and  at  the  same 
time  conform  to  the  customs  of  the  Club  system  at 
Harvard.    The  members  formed  the  **Fly  Club." 

The  charter  of  the  Geneva  chapter  was  withdrawn  in 
1876,  at  its  own  request,  on  accoimt  of  the  decline  in  the 
number  of  eligible  students  in  attendance  at  that  time.  The 
Hudson  chapter,  founded  by  Samuel  Eells  and  named  after 
the  town  in  which  the  university  was  formerly  located, 
was  the  first  one  established  at  Western  Reserve.  The 
Dartmouth  chapter  sprang  from  a  local  society  called 
T  A  0,  which  originated  in  1842.  The  Peninsular  chapter 
was  the  third  chapter  organized  at  Ann  Arbor,  and  passed 
through  all  the  vicissitudes  of  the  conflict  between  the 
faculty  and  the  students,  known  as  the  ''fraternity  war." 
The  chapter  at  Rochester  was  originally  at  Colgate  (then 
Madison)  University  where  it  existed,  however,  less  than  a 
year.  Soon  after  its  establishment  a  large  number  of 
the  professors  and  students  left  Madison  and  went  to 
Rochester,   where   they   established   the   University   of 


66  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Rochester.  A  majority  of  the  new  chapter  located  at  the 
new  seat  of  learning  under  the  name  of  the  Empire  chapter, 
which  was  changed  to  Rochester  in  1870. 

The  Alabama  chapter  was  killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws 
in  1857.  Under  the  advice  of  its  graduate  members  a 
chapter  was  founded  at  Cumberland  University  in  1857, 
where  it  was  killed  by  the  war.  The  Williams  chapter 
has  a  fine  memorial  library,  the  gift  of  one  of  its  members. 
The  Manhattan  chapter  was  established  at  what  was  then 
called  the  New  York  Free  Academy.  For  many  years 
it  maintained  a  simimer  camp  at  Lake  George  called 
**Camp  Manhattan."  It  became  inactive  in  19 13.  The 
Middleto\sTi  chapter  was  formed  from  two  societies  at 
Weslcyan,  one  called  the  Betrian,  organized  in  1849,  and 
another  called  the  Lebanian,  organized  in  1854. 

The  Union  chapter  was  derived  from  a  local  society 
called  the  "Fraternal  Society,'*  founded  in  1833,  and  the 
Phi  Kappa  chapter  from  a  similar  society  at  Trinity, 
whose  name  it  bears.  The  younger  chapters  were  formed 
mainly  from  local  societies  organized  for  the  expressed 
purpose  of  obtaining  charters. 

While  there  are  strictly  speaking,  no  alumni  chapters, 
yet  the  alumni  have  formed  graduate  associations  at 
Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Chicago,  New  York,  Albany, 
Buffalo,  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  Baltimore,  Phila- 
delphia, Boston,  Washington  and  elsewhere.  At  New 
York  City  they  maintain  a  club,  composed  exclusively  of 
graduate  members  of  the  fraternity  and  which  owns  a  fine 
modem  club  house,  eight  stories  high,  erected  in  1907  at 
136  West  44th  Street,  near  the  heart  of  the  city.     The 


ALPHA    DELTA    PHI  67 

house  and  fomishings  represent  a  total  investment  of 
about  $300,000.  The  club  has  about  1,100  members, 
has  been  in  operation  for  30  years  and  is  the  center  of  all 
the  activities  of  the  fraternity. 

Clarence  A.  Seward,  Hobart  '48,  when  president  of 
the  fraternity  in  1897,  founded  the  three  Seward  Scholar- 
ships the  total  endowment  of  which  now  amotmts  to 
$25,000.  One  is  always  held  by  a  member  of  the  Hamilton 
chapter;  the  second  and  third  are  held  for  four  years  by 
members  of  the  other  chapters  in  rotation. 

The  govermnent  of  the  fraternity  was  for  many  years 
in  an  tmsettled  condition,  various  expedients  having  been 
adopted  and  thrown  aside,  after  trying  in  vain  to  unite  the 
feature  of  entire  independence  in  the  chapters  with 
strength  and  aggressiveness  in  the  policy  of  the  order  as  a 
whole.  The  problem  was  solved  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
Fraternity  in  1879,  by  the  formation  of  a  corporation  by  a 
special  act  of  the  New  York  Legislature,  called  The 
ExECUTivB  Council  of  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  Fra- 
ternity. This  consists  of  four  general  officers  of  the 
fraternity  ex-offido,  of  nine  members  at  large,  the  terms 
of  three  of  whom  expire  each  year,  and  of  one  representa- 
tive for  each  inactive  chapter  (all  elected  by  the  annual 
convention),  and  of  two  representatives  elected  by  each 
active  chapter;  it  is  intended  that  those  elected  by  the 
active  chapters  shall  reside  in  or  near  New  York  City. 
This  Council  transacts  business  through  an  executive  com- 
mittee of  ninejmembers.  The  actions  of  the  Council  are 
subject  to  review  by  the  annual  conventions. 


J    ^  ,^I** 


68  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

During  the  past  few  years  much  has  been  accomplished 
in  imifying  the  fraternity,  broadening  and  developing  its 
field  of  usefulness  and  making  the  administration  of  its 
affairs  more  progressive  and  eflBcient.  Each  chapter  is 
visited  each  year  by  delegates  from  some  other  chapter 
and  itself  visits  a  third  chapter,  the  schedule  being  re- 
arranged annually.  In  191 1  the  Coimcil  established  the 
position  of  traveling  secretary  supported  entirely  by  the 
alumni,  and  since  then  over  $20,000  has  been  contributed 
toward  the  permanent  endowment  of  the  work. 

The  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  was  first  issued  in  1837 
at  New  York,  and  contained  the  names  of  the  members 
of  eight  chapters,  arranged  alphabetically  by  chapters. 
The  next  four  editions,  published  at  New  Haven  in  1840 
and  1845,  at  Cambridge  in  185 1,  and  at  Boston  in  1854, 
contained  the  names  of  the  members  arranged  in  one 
general  alphabetical  list.  The  succeeding  editions,  pub- 
lished at  Concord,  N.  H.,  in  1857,  New  Haven  i860. 
New  York  1865,  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1870,  and  Albany,  N.  Y., 
1876,  have  the  names  arranged  by  chapters  in  the  approxi- 
mate order  of  their  establishment.  The  semi-centennial 
edition  of  the  catalogue  was  edited  by  a  committee,  and 
was  published  at  Boston  in  1882.  It  was  a  fine  piece  of 
work,  complete  in  its  information  and  ample  in  its  details. 
It  contained  much  historical  information,  kinship  tables, 
a  bibliography,  a  complete  military  record  of  those  mem- 
bers who  serv^ed  in  the  Civil  War,  and  various  statistical 
tables.  A  supplement  was  issued  in  1 889 .  In  1 899  another 
edition  was  published  with  even  ampler  details  than  the  edi- 
tion of  1 882 .   In  1 909  and  1 9 1 5  condensed  catalogues  with- 


ALPHA    DELTA    PHI  69 

out  biographical  detail,  were  published  by  the  Executive 
Council. 

Song  books  have  been  published  at  New  Haven  in  1855 ; 
at  New  York  in  1859;  Albany,  N.  Y.  in  1864;  Geneva, 
N.  Y.  in  1869;  Amherst,  Mass.,  in  1875,  and  New  York, 
1896,  1904  and  1912.  The  last  two  give  the  music  as  well 
as  the  words.  There  are  several  pieces  of  instrumental 
music  bearing  the  name  of  the  fraternity.  The  official 
journal  of  the  fraternity  was  called  the  Star  and  Crescent, 
and  was  published  at  New  York  City.  A  trial  number 
was  issued  in  May,  1880,  and  the  publication  of  the  first 
volume  commenced  in  October  of  that  year.  It  was  a 
handsomely  printed  quarterly  journal  of  quarto  size,  with 
a  cover  in  the  fraternity  colors.  With  the  beginning  of 
the  fourth  volume  in  November,  1883,  it  was  reduced  to 
an  octavo,  and  continued  until  the  end  of  Volume  V  in 
July,  1885,  when  it  ceased  to  exist.  It  was  well  managed 
and  contained  many  articles  of  general  interest. 

The  original  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  an  oblong  slab 
with  rounded  comers,  displaying  on  a  field  of  black 
enamel  a  white  crescent  bearing  the  letters  ** A  A  * ;'*  above 
the  crescent  is  a  green  star  with  a  gold  center,  and  below 
is  the  date  "1832"  in  gold.  On  the  back  are  engraved  a 
monument  with  crossed  sword  and  spear.  This  badge 
was  partly  superseded  for  some  years  by  a  jeweled  crescent 
displaying  the  letters  **A  A  4>"  holding  a  star  between  its 
boms,  which  was  at  first  used  as  a  graduate  symbol  only. 
In  19 1 2  the  fraternity  adopted  a  standard  slab  badge  and 
restricted  the  wearing  of  its  insignia  to  the  standard  badge 


70  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

in  the  case  of  undergraduates  and  to  a  badge  or  pendant 
by  graduates. 

The  colors  of  the  fraternity  are  emerald  green 
and  white  with  gold  and  black  as  subsidiary.  Its 
gems  are  the  emerald  and  pearl,  its  flower  is  the 
lily-of-the-valley.  The  pledge  button  is  green 
and  white. 

Among  the  alumni  of  Alpha  Delta  Phi  are  the  following 
''*Ex-President  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Secretary  of  State 
William  R.  Day,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Charles  S. 
Fairchild,  Secretary  of  the  Interior  James  R.  Garfield. 

U.  S.  Senators:  William  B.  Allison,  George  E.  Pugh, 
Adonijah  S.  Welch,  Phineas  W.  Hitchcock,  Watson  G. 
Squire  and  Joseph  V.  Quarles. 

Foreign  Ministers  or  Ambassadors:  To  Great  Britain, 
James  Russell  Lowell  and  Joseph  H.  Choate;  to  France, 
Edward  F.  Noyes;  to  Austria,  John  Jay;  to  Greece, 
J.  Meredith  Read;  to  the  Hague,  William  E.  Quiipaby; 
to  Germany,  Edwin  F.  Uhl;  to  Turkey,  Horace  Maynard; 
to  Brazil,  Irving  B.  Dudley. 

Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court:  Samuel  Blatchford, 
Geo.  Shiras,  Jr.,  Henry  B.  Brown,  William  R.  Day,  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes. 

Presidents  of  Colleges:  Eliot  of  Harvard,  Dwight  of 
Yale,  Stille  of  Pennsylvania,  Oilman  of  Johns  Hopkins, 
Darling  of  Hamilton,  Gates  and  Harris  of  Amherst,  Gar- 
field of  Williams,  Chamberlain  of  Bowdoin,  Dodge  of 


*AUo  a  member  df  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  at  Harvard. 


jMk. 


ALPHA    DELTA    PHI 


71 


Colgate,  Raymond  of  Union,  RI^^  of  Rochester,  Orten  of 
Ohio  State  University,  Wheeler  of  the  University  of 
California,  Pynchon  of  Trinity,  Hall  of  Clark,  Raymond 
and  Taylor  of  Vassar,  Backus  of  Packer,  Hutchins  of 
Michigan,  Rogers  and  Harris  of  Northwestern,  Himt  of 
Dennison,  and  Dwight  and  Stone,  Deans  of  the  Columbia 
Law  School. 

Governors  of  States:  Chamberlain  of  Maine,  Willard 
of  Indiana,  Roosevelt  and  Whitinan,  of  New  York,  Noyes, 
Denisoh  and  Smith  of  Ohio,  Mavnard  of  Tennessee  and 
Hubbard  of  Connecticut. 

Lawyers:  James  C.  Carter,  Joseph  H.  Choate,  William 
G.  Choate,  Clarence  A.  Seward^  Everett  P.  Wheeler, 
Edward  M.  Shepard  and  Francis  Lynde  Stetson. 

Divines:  Richard  S.  Storrs,  Joseph  P.  Thompson, 
0.  B.  Frothingham,  Abbott  E.  Kittredge,  E.  Winchester 
Donald,  and  the  following  bishops  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church:  Aves,  Brewer,  Brooks,  Coxe,  Griswold, 
Harding,  Harris,  Himtington,  Kendrick,  Oyman,  Stevens, 
Watson,  Wells,  White,  Johnson  and  Whitehead. 

Authors:  James  Russell  Lowell,  Edward  Everett  Hale, 
Donald  G.  Mitchell,  George  William  Curtis,  Charles 
Francis  Adams,  Horace  H.  Ftuness,  Arlo  Bates,  Moses 
Coit  Tyler,  Alfred  B^  Street,  Francis  Parkman,  Hamilton 
W.  Mabie,  Owen  Wister,  John  Codman  Ropes,  Prof. 
Francis  A.  March. 

Daniel  Huntington  in  art;  Russell  Sturgis,  William  R. 
Ware  and  A.  D.  F.  Hamlin  in  architecture;  Manton 
Marble,    William    Elroy    Curtis,    George   W.    Smalley, 


^2 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


Talcott   Williams,    Edward   Stanwood,   William    Hayes 
Ward  in  journalism. 

Benjamin  M.  Harrod,  engineer;  Charles  W.  Stiles, 
zoologist;  Dr.  Walter  Wyman,  Surgeon  General  U.  S. 
Marine  Hospital  Service  and  hygienist,  are  eminent 
scientists  in  the  government  service. 


(Agricultural) 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  organized  by  the  union  of  two 
prior  societies,  AFP  founded  in  1904,  at  Ohio  State 
University  by  F.  L.  Allen,  R.  L.  Frotinue,  W.  A.  Martin, 
E.  S.  Poston,  G.  T.  Snyder,  B.  L.  West,  and  R.  C.  E. 
Wallace  and  A  p  S  founded  in  1906  at  the  University  of 
Illinois  by  R.  E.  Chambers,  R.  E.  Taylor,  E.  E.  Stultz,  J.  J. 
McKay,  J.  H.  Craig,  F.  H.  McKelvey,  J.  L.  Martin, 
M.  E.  Greenleaf  and  E.  E.  Chester.  In  the  spring  of  1908 
a  union  was  effected,  the  Illinois  chapter  being  called  the 
Alpha  and  the  Ohio  Chapter  the  Beta  chapter. 

Prior  to  191 7  several  chapters  of  the  fraternity  were 
conducted  as  a  professional  agricultural  fraternity  electing 
members  of  social  fraternities  and  permitting  their  own 
members  to  join  the  social  fraternities.  The  other  chap- 
ters while  limiting  their  membership  to  agricultural 
students  did  not  permit  membership  in  other  social  frater- 
nities. In  February,  191 7,  legislation  was  passed  barring 
membership  in  social  fraternities  and  prohibiting  the 
initiation  of  members  of  social  fraternities.  Today  there 
is  no  difference  between  this  and  the  general  college  frater- 
nities except  that  membership  is  still  limited  to  Agricul- 
tural students. 

73 


74         '"  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

906.  A,  University  uf  Illinois 236 

904.   B,  Ohio  State  University 190 

911.   r,  Pennsylvania  State  College 124 

911.  A,  Purdue  University 95 

912.  E,  North  Dakota  Agricultural  College 69 

914.   Z,  Cornell  University 131 

914.  H,  Iowa  State  College 81 

914.  8,  University  of  Missouri 62 

916.    I,  University  of  Wisconsin 73 

916.  K,  University  of  Nebraska 31 

917.  A,  University  of  Minnesota 60 

917.  M,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 60 

919.  N,  North  Carolina  College  of  Agriculture 17 

919.   S,  Alabama  Pol3rteclinic  Institute 20 

Active  chapters  14;  inactive©;  membership  1249. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Cornell,  Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural,  Ohio  State.  Total  houses,  3 ;  total 
valuation  $90,000. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  the  con- 
ventions, which  are  held  annually  and  an  interim  Executive 
Council. 

A  periodical  called  The  Sickle  and  Sheaf  was  started  in 
1910.  It  is  published  quarterly.  A  directory  has  also 
been  published. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  crescent  with  a  sickle  and  a  sheaf  of 
wheat  placed  inside  of  the  points  of  the  crescent,  the  handle 
of  the  sickle  just  touching  the  point  at  the  right.  The 
sickle  is  superimposed  upon  the  sheaf  of  wheat.  The 
letters  A  r  p  appear  in  black  enamel  on  the  center  of  the 


-///// 


ALPHA  GAMMA  RHO 


75. 


75 


crescent .  The  recognition  pin  is  a  small  gold  sickle.  The 
pledge  pin  is  a  small  circle  with  a  small  gold  sheaf  of  wheat 
in  a  green  enameled  field.  The  colors  are  dark  green  and 
gold.     The  flower  is  the  pink  rose. 


(Students  of  African  Descent) 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  organized  in  March,  1906,  at  Cor- 
nell University. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1906.  A,  Cornell  University 64 

1907.  B,  Howard  University 191 

1907.  r,  Virginia  Union  University 85 

1908.  A,  University  of  Toronto  (191 2) 6 

1909.  E,  University  of  Michigan 54 

1909.  Z,  Yale  University 43 

1909.  I,  Columbia  University  (1912) 6 

University  of  Chicago      1 

University  of  Illinois         >  Medical  Schools.  33 

Northwestern  University  J 

1910.  I,    Syracuse  University 15 

1910.  K,  Ohio  State  University 53 

1912.  M,  University  of  Minnesota 21 

1912.  N,  Lincoln  University  (Pa.) 59 

1912.  E,  Wilberforce  University 85 

1913.  O,  University  of  Pittsburgh 33 

1914.  n,  Western  Reserve  University 32 


1910.  0, 


76 


ALPHA  PHI  ALPHA  77 

i University  of  Pennsylvania] 
Temple  University  |  Medical  Schools  63 

[  Medico-Chirurgical  College  J 

1916.   S,  Harvard  University 31 

1916.  T,  University  of  Illinois 26 

1918.  T,  University  of  Kansas 32 

1919  4>,  Ohio  University 8 

Active  chapters,  18;  inactive  chapters,  2 ;  membership, 
940. 

There  are  graduate  chapters  at  Louisville,  Kansas  City 
and  Detroit. 

The  Fraternity  has  held  eleven  annual  conventions. 


iaipfia  ibigma  $fit 


TpHE  Alpha  Sigma  Phi  Fraternity  was  founded  as  a 
sophomore  society  at  Yale  College  in  December,  1845, 
by  George  Benedict,  Levi  B.  Bradley,  William  B.  Clark, 
Elial  Foote  Hall,  Albert  Hobron,  Henry  H.  Hill,  William  B. 
Lee,  Corrydon  C.  Merriman,  Benjamin  F.  Moore,  Wash- 
ington Murray,  Edward  Scofield,  William  W.  Ward, 
Erastus  H.  Weiser  and  Silas  Wodell,  all  of  the  class  of  1849. 
At  that  time  Yale  had  separate  societies  for  sophomores, 
juniors,  and  seniors.  The  members  passed  from  one  to 
the  other  as  they  advanced  from  class  to  class,  though  all 
did  not  go  in  a  body  to  the  same  upper  class  society. 

Alpha  Delta  Phi,  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  and  Psi  Upsilon 
were  then  junior  societies  at  Yale,  which  accounts  for 
many  dual  memberships  among  their  older  members.  In 
their  junior  year,  Bradley,  Hobron,  Hill,  Merriman, 
Murray  and  Wodell  joined  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon;  Clark, 
Hall,  Lee,  and  Ward,  Psi  Upsilon;  and  Weiser,  Alpha 
Delta  Phi.  Duality  of  membership  ultimately  contri- 
buted to  the  dormant  condition  of  this  fraternity,  through 
a  quarrel  breaking  out  between  those  who  were  going  to 
different  junior  societies.  Each  faction  expelled  the  other, 
which  gave  the  facility  the  opportunity  it  desired  to  end 

78 


ALPHA    SIGMA   PHI  79 

the  activities  of  the  sophomore  society  in  1864.  For  a 
fuller  account  of  this  society  as  a  sophomore  organization, 
see  "Four  Years  at  Yale,"  by  Lyman  H.  Bagg,  Psi  Upsilon. 

Kappa  Sigma  Theta,  a  sophomore  society  that  existed 
at  Yale  before  Alpha  Sigma  Phi  was  foimded,'died  in  1858 
and  was  never  resurrected.  Both  societies  issued  annual 
"feuilletons,"  or  printed  attacks  upon  each  other,  the 
other  fraternities,  the  faculty,  and  the  college  world  in 
general.  That  of  Kappa  Sigma  Theta  was  called -the 
Banger,  probably  as  a  burlesque  upon  the  Yale  Banner, 
Alpha  Sigma  Phi  issued  the  Tomahawk  in  1847,  1848,  1849. 
1851,  and  1852.  Neither  of  these  publications  were  fra- 
ternity journals  or  magazines  in  the  modem  sense. 

While  a  sophomore  society  at  Yale,  Alpha  Sigma  Phi 
chartered  branches  at  Harvard,  1850;  Amherst  College, 
1856;  Marietta  College,  i860;  and  Ohio  Wesleyan,  1865. 
All  of  these  chapters  were  sophomore  societies,  except  the 
Marietta  chapter,  which  was  open  to  all  classes.  The 
Harvard  chapter  became  dormant  in  1857,  Amherst  in 
1862,  and  Ohio  Wesleyan  in  1865.  It  is  significant  that  the 
only  general  chapter  was  the  only  chapter  that  survived 
the  shocks  of  disintegration  which  overtook  the  rest,  and  it 
may  be  that  their  class  character  contributed  much  to 
their  demise. 

During  this  period  of  the  history  of  Alpha  Sigma  Phi, 
the  Yale  chapter  initiated  581;  Harvard,  unknown; 
Amherst,  100;  and  Ohio  Wesleyan,  15.  There  is  a  tradi- 
tion of  a  chapter  existing  sub-rosa  at  Princeton  during  a 
portion  of  this  interval,  but  this  is  impossible  of  verification 
as  an  historical  fact  and  is  not  claimed  by  the  fraternity. 


8o  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

The  Marietta  chapter  remained  a  local  society  from  1865 
until  1907,  when  the  Yale  chapter  was  revived,  not  as  a 
sophomore  but  as  a  imiversity  fraternity.  All  chapters 
established  or  reestablished  since  then  have  admitted 
students  froin  all  departments  and  all  classes. 

Every  one  of  the  older  men  that  belonged  to  Alpha 
Sigma  Phi  when  it  was  a  sophomore  society  at  Yale, 
Harvard,  Amherst,  and  Ohio  Wesleyan  remained  loyal 
and  accepted  membership  in  the  reorganized  fraternity. 
Many  of  its  distinguished  members  have  rendered  it 
valuable  service  since  its  renaissance.  The  same  rituals 
are  in  use  that  were  instituted  at  Yale  n  1845.  The  same 
badge  is  worn  but  the  size  has  been  reduced.  The  history 
and  traditions  of  the  fraternity  in  its  earlier  character  have 
survived  and  been  perpetuated  in  its  present  life.  The 
fraternity  magazine  bears  the  name  of  the  old  annual.  The 
Tomahawk;  the  name  seemed  worthy  of  perpetuation,  and 
the  enumeration  of  the  volimies  includes  the  issues  of  the 
old  annuals. 

In  taking  over  local  organization  their  alumni  have  been 
initiated,  which  accoimts  for  the  large  rolls  of  some  of  the 
comparatively  yoimg  chapters.  The  fraternity  does  not 
enroll  honorary  members,  but  has  a  nimiber  of  facility 
members  who  have  been  regularly  initiated  as  active  mem- 
bers. They  cannot  belong  to  any  other  national  fraternity 
and  they  act  as  chapter  advisers.  Gambling  or  the  use  of 
liquor  is  forbidden  in  chapter  houses. 

The  chapter  roll  follows: 

1845.  A,  Yale  University   813 

1850.  B,  Harvard  University *i2i 

*Doe8  not  indtide  the  roll  of  the  original  Beta  chapter  whose  names  or  ntunbers 
are  unobtainable. 


ALPHA   SIGMA   PHI  8i 

856.   r,  Amherst  College  (1862) 100 

913.   r,  Massaditisetts  Agricultural  College 182 

860.   A,  Marietta  Collie 423 

865.  E,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 138 

908.    Z,  Ohio  State  University 164 

908.  H,  University  of  Illinois 167 

908.  0,  University  of  Michigan 177 

909.  I,  Cornell  University 134 

909.  K,  University  of  Wisconsin 152 

910.  A,  Columbia  University 128 

912.  M,  University  of  Washington 113 

913.  N,  University  of  California 136 

913.  E,  University  of  Nebraska loi 

914.  O,  University  of  Pennsylvania 94 

915.  n,  University  of  Colorado 87 

916.  P,  University  of  Minnesota 76 

917.  2,  University  of  Kentucky 46 

917.  T,  Stanford  University 36 

918.  T,  Pennsylvania  State  College 57 

Active  chapters,  20,  inactive  i.     Membership,  3,445. 
The  following  chapters  own  houses:    Cornell,  Marietta, 

Massachusetts  Agricultural,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Penn- 
sylvania, Pennsylvania  State,  Stanford,  Wisconsin  and 
Yale.  The  Yale  chapter  has  two  houses,  a  tomb  in  which 
its  meetings  are  held,  and  a  house  in  which  its  members 
reside.     Total  houses,  10;    total  valuation  $175,000. 

In  a  nimiber  of  the  principal  cities  there  are  alumni  chap- 
ters, called  councils. 

The  badge  of  the  old  sophomore  society  was  a  rectangu- 
lar slab,  originally  about  an  inch  long,  which  displayed  a 


82 


MEJTS  FRATERNITIES 


shield  bearing  an  open  b(X)k  engraved  with  heiroglyphics, 
beneath  which  appeared  the  letters  A  s  4>.  The  present 
badge  is  of  the  same  design,  but  smaller.  The  colors  are 
stone  and  cardinal.  A  coat  of  arms  represents  the  frater- 
nity's history.  In  addition,  there  are  an  official 
flag,  wall-plaque,  banner,  hat-band,  and  tie.  All 
insignia  are  distributed  by  the  fraternity  itself 
and  all  is  protected  by  copyright,  registration, 
or  common  law.  The  pledge-button  is  gold,  dark  red  and 
light  blue. 

Among  prominent  aliunni  may  be  mentioned  William  M. 
Stewart,  Thomas  C.  Piatt,  and  Oliver  H.  Payne,  United 
States  Senators;  Simeon  E.  Baldwin,  Governor  of  Con- 
necticut; Albert  B.  White,  Governor  of  West  Virginia; 
Andrew  D.  White,  President  of  Cornell  University  and 
Ambassador  to  Germany;  C>tiis  Northrup,  President  of 
the  University  of  Minnesota;  Homer  Baxter  Sprague, 
President  of  the  University  of  North  Dakota;  Oscar  R. 
Hundley,  Judge  United  States  Circuit  Court;  Charles  W. 
Elliott,  Member  Philippine  Commission;  and  John  H. 
Snodgrass,  U.  S.  Consul  at  Moscow. 


iaiplia  tlfott  ^rnega 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Richmond,  Virginia, 
on  the  eleventh  day  of  September,  1865,  by  Otis 
Allan  Glazebrook,  Alfred  Marshall  and  Erskine  Mayo 
Ross.  It  was  the  first  fraternity  to  be  established  after 
the  Civil  War  and  was  projected  as  a  national  organiza- 
tion. The  Alpha  or  **  Mother  Society"  was  placed  at  the 
Virginia  Military  Institute  at  Lexington,  Virginia  and  the 
Beta  at  Washington  and  Lee  University  in  the  same  town. 
The  first  twenty  chapters  were  in  the  South.  In  1881  the 
first  Northern  chapter  was  chartered. 

As  this  was  the  first  fraternity  ot  Southern  origin  which 
was  successful  in  maintaining  chapters  in  the  North  it  is 
interesting  to  note  that  this  was  accomplished  through 
members  of  other  fraternities,  Dr.  Edgar  F.  Smith,  *  K  V, 
now  Provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  who 
deplored  the  sectional  prejudice  which  had  balked 
A  T  O  in  its  purpose  to  become  national  and  generously 
offered  to  pledge  a  suitable  Northern  nucleus.  A  proper 
person  was  secured  in  N.  WUey  Thomas,  a  student  at 
Pennsylvania,  who  was  initiate4  and  within  two  years 
established  six  Northern  chapters.  Far-seeing  fraternity 
men  in  the  North  were  not  slow  to  realize  the  advantage 
or  this  breaking  up  of  sectional  lines  and  the  action  of  Dr. 

83 


84  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Smith  was  soon  followed  by  that  of  William  Raimond 
Baird,  B  0  n,  who  was  instrumental  in  placing  an  A  T  Q 
chapter  at  St.  Lawrence.  The  only  obstacle  thus  over- 
come, a  sudden  expansion  of  the  fraternity  resulted,  fifteen 
chapters  being  chartered  in  1 88 1-2. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1865.  Va,  A,  Virginia  Military  Institute  (i88i) 103 

1865.  Va.  B,  Washington  and  Lee  University 206 

1867.  Tenn,  B  T,  Union  University 142 

1868.  Tenn.  A,  Ctimberland  University  (1902) 177 

1868.  Va.  A,  University  of  Virginia 260 

1869.  Va.  E,  Roanoke  College  (1892) 106 

1870.  Ky.  M,  Kentucky  Military  Institute  (1887) 102 

187 1.  Tenn.  N,  University  of  Nashville  (1872) 5 

1872.  N.  C.  S,  Trinity  College,  N.  C .199 

1872.  Ky.  O,  Bethel  College  (1872) 3 

1872.  Tenn.  IT,  University  of  Tennessee 163 

1873.  Va.  P,  Bethel  Academy  (1875) 19 

1874.  D.  C.  T,  George  Washington  University  (1888) .     9 

1877.  Tenn.  Q,  University  of  the  South 275 

1878.  Va.  A  A,  Richmond  College  (1884) 8 

1878.  Ga.  A  B,  University  of  Georgia 288 

1879.  N.  C.  A  A,  University  of  North  Carolina 178 

1879.  Ala.  A  E,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 370 

1880.  Ga.  A  Z,  Mercer  University 296 

1881.  N.  C.  A  H,  Bingham's  School  (1896) 94 

1 88 1.  Pa.  T,  University  of  Pennsylvania .-178 

i88i.  Ga.  A  8,  Emory  College 349 

1881.  Pa.  A  I,  Muhlenberg  College 308 

1881.  Mich.  A  M,  Adrian  College 225 


ALPHA    TAU  OMEGA  85 

881.  N.  7.  A  K,  Stevens  Institute  (1894) 24 

881.  A^.  y.  A  A,  Columbia  University  (1910) 75 

882.  Ohio  A  N,  Mt.  Union  College 363 

882.  Pa.  A  n,  Washington  and  Jefferson  College 157 

882.  N,  Y.  A  O,  St.  Lawrence  University 271 

882.  Pa,  A  P,  Lehigh  University 180 

882.  Ark,  A  S,  University  of  Arkansas  (1882) 5 

882.  Of.  A  2,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 79 

882.   Tenn.  A  T,  Southwestern  Presby.  University  .  .213 

882.  Pa.  A  T,  Pennsylvania  College 213 

883.  5.  C.  A  X,  S.  C.  Military  Academy  (1891) 25 

883.  Ohio  A  y,  Wittenberg  College 288 

883.  5.  C.  A  *,  South  Carolina  College  (1897) 54 

8^4.  Fla.  A  O,  University  of  Florida 199 

884.  Ky.  Z,  Central  University  (1890) 27 

88$.  Iowa  B  A,  Simpson  College 180 

885.  Ala.  B  B,  Southern  University 233 

885.  Mass.  B  r,  Mass.  Inst,  of  Technology 145 

885.  Ala.  B  A,  University  of  Alabama 257 

887.  La.  B  E,  Tulane  University 151 

887.  Vt.  B  Z,  University  of  Vermont 272 

887.  Ohio  B  H,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 233 

887.  N.  Y.  B  e,  Cornell  University 333 

888.  Mich.  B  K,  Hillsdale  College 209 

888.  Ga.  B  I,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 293 

888.  Mich.  B  A,  University  of  Michigan 185 

888.  Ohio  B  M,  Wooster  College  (1913) 178 

888.  Ga.  B  N,  Middle  Georgia  State  College  (1894) . .   24 

889.  S.  C.  B  S,  College  of  Charleston 131 

889.  Mich.  B  O,  Albion  College 227 


86  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1889.  Tenn.  B  Tl,  Vanderbilt  University 229 

1890.  Ohio  B  P,  Marietta  College  (1898) 39 

1890.  Va,  B  2,  Hampden-Sidney  College  (1894) 13 

1891.  Me,  B  T,  University  of  Maine 325 

1891.  5.  C.  B  4>  Wofford  College  (1896) 23 

1891.  Pa.  B  X,  Haverford  College  (1892) 10 

1891.  Cal.  IBJ^t  Stanford  University 94 

1892.  Ohio  B  Q,  Ohio  State  University 242 

1892.  Me.  r  A,  Colby  College 258 

1892.  Mass.  r  B,  Tufts  College 266 

1893.  Ind.  r  r,  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute 137 

1894.  R.  I.  r  A,  Brown  University 192 

1895.  Tex.  r  E,  Austin  College  (1900) 41 

1895.  Ills,  r  Z,  University  of  Illinois 261 

1897,  Neb.  r  0,  University  of  Nebraska 238 

1897.  Tex.  r  H,  University  of  Texas 135 

1900.  Cal.  r  I,  University  of  California 161 

1901.  Ohio  r  K,  Western  Res^ve  University 137 

1901.  Col.  r  A,  University  of  Colorado 177 

1901.  Kan.  r  M,  University  of  Kansas 217 

1902.  Minn.  P  N,  University  of  Minnesota 188 

1904.  Ills,  r  S,  University  of  Chicago 139 

1904.  Ind.  r  O,  Purdue  University 157 

1906.  Wash,  r  n,  University  of  Washington 151 

1906.  Mo.  r  P,  University  of  Missouri  163 

1906.  Mass.  r  2,  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute 168 

1907.  Wis.  r  T,  University  of  Wisconsin 174 

1908.  Iowa  r  T,  Iowa  State  College 90 

1909.  Ky.  M  I,  University  of  Kentucky 126 

1910.  Or.  r  4>,  University  of  Oregon loi 


ALPHA    TAU  OMEGA  87 

1911.  Wash,  r  X,  Washington  State  College 127 

1913.  Wy.  r  y,  University  of  Wyoming 74 

1914.  Pa.  r  Q,  Pennsylvania  State  College 116 

191 5.  Ind.  A  A,  University  of  Indiana 97 

1915.  Iowa  A  B,  University  of  Iowa 55 

1917.  N.  Y,  A  r,  Colgate  University 55 

191 7.  N.  H.  A  A,  New  Hampshire  State  College 70 

1918.  Tex,  A  E,  Southern  Methodist  University 48 

1918.  Mo,  A  Z,  Washington  University :  . .   24 

COMMUNITY  CHAPTERS. 

1866.  W,  Va,  Z,  Weston,  W.  Va.  (1867) 8 

1866.  Va,  H,  Harrisonburg,  Va,  (1869) 9 

1866.  Tenn.  0,  Knoxville,  Tenn.  (1867) 9 

1867.  Tenn.  K,  Memphis,  Tenn,  (1872)   8 

1867.  Tenn.  V,  Columbia,  Tenn.  (1868) ii 

1874.  Ga.  2,  Rome,  Ga,  (1875) 6 

1874.  Va,  *,  Alexandria,  Va.  (1876) 15 

1875.  I^^s-  X,  Chicago,  Ills.  (1876) 5 

Active  chapters  70;  inactive,  24;  membership,  in- 
cluding commimity  chapters,  14,676. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Alabama,  Albion, 
California,  Cornell,  Emory,  Illinois,  Iowa  State,  Lehigh, 
Maine,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Muhlenberg, 
North  Carolina,  Ohio  State,  Pennsylvania  College,  St. 
Lawrence,  Simpson,  Stanford,  Tufts,  University  of  the 
South,  Vermont,  Virginia,  Washington  State,  Wisconsin, 
Wittenberg,  and  Worcester  Polytechnic.  Houses  27. 
Total  valuation  $388,000. 


88  MEN*S  FRATERNITIES 

The  cx)mmunity  chapters  were  not  attached  to  any 
educational  institution,  and  were  not  long  continued. 
The  first  chapter  at  Union  University  was  originally  of 
this  class,  established  at  Murfreesboro,  Tennessee. 

This  fraternity  has  not  confined  its  membership  strictly 
to  undergraduates  and  has  admitted  faculty  members  when 
they  were  otherwise  qualified.  Membership  has  never 
been  conferred  except  by  initiation.  The  fraternity  was 
originally  intended  as  a  fraternity  of  college  men  as  well 
as  a  college  fraternity  and  that  was  the  reason  for  the 
establishment  of  the  conmiunity  chapters. 

Two  proposed  chapters,  Maryland  Psi  at  Johns  Hop- 
kins and  Louisiana  Alpha  Gamma  at  University  of 
Louisiana,  were  authorized  but  never  established. 

The  chapters  at  Washington  and  Jefferson  College,  and 
the  Southwestern  Baptist  University  (now  Union 
University)  were  the  last  surviving  chapters  of  A  r  and 
the  chapter  at  the  University  of  Alabama  was  organized 
by  former  members  of  the  same  society.  The  membership 
ol  A  r  at  other  places  was  also  largely  absorbed  by  A  T  Q. 
The  chapter  at  Lehigh  when  revived  in  1903  absorbed  a 
chapter  of  V  A  K. 

The  Tennessee  Iota  chapter  at  Union  University,  and 
the  chapters  at  the  Kentucky  Military  Institute  and  the 
University  of  Nashville  became  inactive  when  the  institu- 
tions in  which  they  were  located  were  closed.  As  Union 
University  was  removed  and  united  with  Southwestern 
Baptist  University  the  present  B  T  chapter  may  properly 
be  considered  a  continuation  of  the  old  chapter.  The 
charter  of  the  chapter  at  Bethel  Academy  was  with- 
drawn. 


ALPHA    TAV  OMEGA  89 

The  chapters  at  the  Virginia  Military  Institute,  Bethel 
College,  the  Bingham  School,  the  University  of  South 
Carolina,  The  South  Carolina  Military  Academy,  Middle 
Georgia  State  College,  Wofford,  Wooster  and  Haverford 
Colleges  died  from  anti-fratemity  laws.  The  charters  of 
the  remaining  inactive  chapters  were  withdrawn  or 
surrendered.  Many  of  the  chapters  have  been  inactive 
for  different  lengths  of  time,  Washington  and  Lee  from 
1899  to  1906,  Tennessee  from  1873  to  1900;  Trinity  from 
1879  to  1890,  Pennsylvania  from  1884  to  1891  and  1896  to 
1901,  Washington  and  Jefferson  from  1883  to  1901,  Stan- 
ford from  1898  to  1911;  Lehigh  from  1886  to  1890  and 
1897  to  1903,  Simpson  from  1890  to  1905;  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology  from  1886  to  1906,  Charleston 
from  1892  to  1898,  Or^on  Agricultural  from  1882  to  1916, 
and  Michigan  from  1894  to  1904. 

The  chapter  at  the  University  of  the  South  in  1880 
acquired  the  first  house  owned  by  ATQ  and  the  first 
house  owned  by  any  fraternity  at  a  Southern  College. 

Strictly  speaking  there  are  no  alumni  chapters  but 
numerous  associations  of  alimini  are  chartered  by  the 
fraternity  and  have  a  voice  in  its  government.  There  are 
State  associations  in  California,  Colorado,  District  of 
Columbia,  Florida,  Louisiana,  Massachusetts,  Minnesota, 
South  Carolina,  Texas  and  Washington ;  Regional  associa- 
tions in  Western  Carolina  and  Western  New  York;  and  a 
goodly  number  of  dty  associations. 

The  Alpha  chapter  or"  Mother  Society"  ruled  the  frater- 
nity for  the  first  five  years.  The  constitution,  adopted 
in  1865,  provided  for  the  calling  of  a  "Congiess"  in  1870, 


QO  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

which  convened  in  that  year  and  to  which  was  then 
transferred  the  reins  of  government.  This  was  among  the 
first  attempts  on  the  part  of  any  fraternity  to  supersede 
the  "piesiding  chapter'*  form  of  government.  The  cen- 
tral government  was  not  immediately  successful  and  for 
several  years  the  fraternity's  life  depended  largely  upon 
the  vitality  of  individual  chapters.  The  Congress  of  1876 
elected,  in  his  absence,  Joseph  Reid  Anderson,  an  alimmus 
of  Alpha,  to  be  chief  executive.  He  accepted  the  ofiice  in 
ignorance  of  the  chaotic  conditions  but,  on  learning  the 
facts,  earnestly  set  about  the  work  of  rehabilitation.  He 
was  the  moving  spirit  of  the  Baltimore  Congress  of  1878 
which  established  the  present  form  of  government  and 
incorporated  the  fraternity  under  the  name  "Alpha  Tau 
Omega  Fraternity  of  Baltimore  City,"  this  being  the  first 
fraternity  to  become  incorporated. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  executive, 
legislative  and  judicial  departments.  Legislative  power  is 
primarily  in  a  Congress  of  delegates  from  chapters  and 
alimmi  associations  which  meets  bi-ennially.  In  the 
interim  a  High  Council  of  five  members  elected  for  foiu* 
years  acts  in  a  general  legislative  and  advisory  capacity. 
Judicial  authority  is  exercised  by  the  High  Chancellor  who 
interprets  the  law  and  decides  cases.  The  Executive 
consists  of  five  Grand  Officers  elected  for  two  years  and  a 
corps  of  Chiefs  of  Provinces  appointed  by  the  chief  execu- 
tive. All  national  officers  are  elected  by  Congress.  There 
has  been  no  basic  change  in  government  since  1878  but 
much  has  been  done  in  recent  years  toward  greater  effi- 
ciency of  administration,  the  most  important  step  being 


ALPHA    TAU  OMEGA  91 

the  creation  of  administrative  districts,  or  provinces,  in 
1898,  and  the  establishing  of  a  Central  office,  conducted  by 
an  Executive  Secretary  appointed  by  the  High  Council,  in 
1918.  The  Chiefsof  Provinces  are  the  personal  representa- 
tives of  the  chief  executive  and  by  annual  visitation  to  each 
chapter  co-ordinate  the  local  and  the  national  organiza- 
tions. Province  conclaves  are  held  either  annually  or 
bi-ennially,  alternating  with  the  Congress.  New  charters 
are  issued  only  upon  a  vote  of  all  the  chapters  after  favor- 
able recommendations  by  the  High  Coimcil,  the  executive 
officers  and  the  five  nearest  chapters.  At  every  session  of 
Congress  public  exercises  of  a  literary  nature  are  held. 

The  official  organ  is  the  Palm,  a  quarterly,  established 
in  1880  and  published  regularly  sjnce  that  time.  The  place 
of  publication  follows  the  residence  of  the  editor  and  has 
been,  successively,  Richmond,  University  of  Virginia, 
Gettysburg,  New  York,  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Chicago,  Phila- 
delphia, New  York,  Washington,  Allentown,  Pa.,  and 
Champaign,  111.  The  Palm  Junior,  a  daily,  has  bsen  a 
feature  at  recent  Congresses.  Many  of  the  chapters 
publish  periodicals  under  various  titles,  among  the  oldest 
being  the  "Schwamaqu^an*'  of  Colorado  and  one  of  the 
newest  the  "Dopesheet"  of  Pennsylvania.  The  St. 
Lawrence  chapter  has  for  more  than  twenty  years  con- 
tinued the  printed  "Annual  Report'*  once  required  of  all 
chapters.  The  song  book  was  first  published  in  1886  at 
Dover,  Pa.  A  second  edition  was  published  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1906.  The  third  edition  is  authorized.  These 
books  contain  many  original  melodies  with  full  musical 


ga  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

scores.  Several  separately  published  pieces  of  vocal  and 
instrumental  music  have  been  dedicated  to  the  fraternity. 

The  first  published  list  of  members  was  issued  at  Rich- 
mond in  1878  by  a  committee  of  which  Walter  Hines  Page 
was  chairman.  A  similar  list  was  put  out  by  a  self- 
appointed  committee  at  Gettysbtu*g  in  1886.  The  general 
directories  of  the  fraternity  have  been  published  from 
Washington,  D.  C,  in  1897,  1903,  1907  and  1911,  the  edi- 
tions of  1907  and  191 1  are  in  pocket  form.  The  Ohio 
Alumni  Association  issued  a  state  directory  in  1896  and 
various  Province  directories  have  been  published,  some 
of  them  running  into  four  editions.  Directories  by  in- 
dividual chapters  are  numerous. 

A  manual  of  82  octavo  pages  was  published  by  Claude 
T.  Reno  in  191 1  at  AUentown,  Pa.,  containing  an  outline 
of  the  history  of  the  fraternity  and  much  valuable  statisti- 
cal matter.  A  formal  history  is  authorized  and  is  in 
process  of  compilation.  The  proceedings  of  the  Con- 
o[resses  since  1898  have  been  published  in  separate  pamph- 
lets agg^regating  1487  pages  and  a  volume  contaim'ng  the 
minutes  of  all  prior  Congresses  is  in  the  press.  The 
constitution  and  ritual  were  printed  in  1878,  1906  and 
19 1 8.  A  handbook  of  Laws  and  Usages  by  W.  C.  Smiley 
was  issued  from  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  in  19 14  for  private 
circulation. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  cross  fortnee  of  black 
enamel  with  a  circular  central  panel  upon  which  is  shown 
in  gold,  a  aescent  near  the  top,  three  stars  immediately 
below  the  crescent,  the  letter  Tau  in  the  center  and  at  the 
bottom  two  hands  clasped.    The  arms  of  the  cross  display 


ALPHA   TA  U  OMEGA  93 

the  letters  A  and  O  vertically  and  the  letters  O  and  A 
horizontally.  The  oriiginal  design  has  never  been  changed. 
The  size  and  type  of  nnntnting  is  standardized  and  the 
fraternity  presents  a  standard  badge  to  each  initiate. 
The  use  of  jeweled  badges  is  permitted  but  not  encouraged. 
During  the  eighties  a  jeweled  monogram  was  sometimes 
worn  as  a  badge  but  its  use  was  not  officially  sanctioned  and 
the  practice  has  been  discontinued.  The  coat  of  arms 
consists  of:  Or,  a  pale  and  chief  conjoined  azure,  in  chief 
three  mullets  of  the  field.  Crest:  on  a  tower,  or,  sl  cross- 
let  pattee  sable.  Motto:  TLl  E^ikou  III  The  colors  of  the 
fraternity  are  sky  blue  and  old  gold  and  the  fraternity 
flower  is  the  white  tea  rose.  The  fraternity  flag  has  three 
equal  horizontal  stripes  of  gold,  blue  and  gold, 
respectively,  and  a  blue  field  extending  tTie 
width  of  the  hoist  and  bearing  three  golden 
stars,  the  field  and  middle  stripe  taken  together  form- 
ing the  letter  Tau  in  blue.  The  pledge-button  is  white 
and  gold. 

Among  the  alumni  of  the  fraternity  are:  Thomas 
Watt  Gregory,  United  States  Attorney  General;  Walter 
Hines  Page,  Ambassador  to  England;  Clifton  R.  Brecken- 
ridge,  Minister  to  Russia;  Carmi  Thompson,  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  Treasurer  of  the  United 
States;  Hugh  S.  Thompson,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  W.  H.  Lamar,  Solicitor  of  the  Post  Office 
Department. 

Federal  Judges:  Erskine  Mayo  Ross,  Page  Morris,  and 
John  Paul;  Beverly  D.  Evans,  Chief  Justice  of  Georgia; 
Robert  L.  Williams,  Chief  Justice  of  Oklahoma. 


■  \ 


■  V 


94  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

U.  S.  Senators:  Luke  Lea,  Tennessee;  Robert  L. 
Owen,  Oklahoma;  F.  McLindell  Simmons,  North  Caro- 
lina; William  James  Bryan,  William  H.  Miltbn,  Jr.,  and 
Nathan  P.  Bryan,  Florida. 

Congressmen:  Joseph  H.^Acklen,  Andrew  B.  Price,, 
Zachary  Taylor,  Rufas  K.  Polk,  William  D.  B.  Ainey. 
Edward  W.  Pou,  F.  McL.  Simmons,  Theodore  S. 
Wilkinson,  James  Phelan,  James  W.  Marshall,  John 
Paul,  Page  Morris,  Clifton  R.  Breckenridge,  H.  Garland 
Duprd,  Seaborn  A.  Roddenberry  and  Frank  Parks. 

Governors:  Robert  Lee  Williams  of  Oklahoma;  Wil- 
liam James  Samford  of  Alabama;  Duncan  Clinch  Hey- 
ward  and  Hugh  Smith  Thompson  of  South  Carolina, 
Samuel  R.  McKelvie  of  Nebraska. 

Tbllege  Presidents:  George  M.  Savage,  Union  Univer- 
sity; Harrison  Randolph,  College  of  Charleston;  H.  H. 
Dinwiddie  and  James  G.  James,  Texas  State  College; 
William  E.  Parsons,  Parsons  College;  Edward  J.  Kirbye, 
Drury  College. 

Lawyers:  William  N.  Portlock,  James  K.  Norton, 
George  W.  Morris,  Samuel  H.  Letcher  and  John  E.  Mason 
of  Virginia;  W.  S.  Anderson,  John  W.  Childress,  Frederick 
N.  Heiskell  and  Edwin  L.  Davis  of  Tennessee;  Joseph  W. 
Bennett  and  Shepard  Bryan  of  Georgia;  Benjamin  F. 
Long  and  Frank  S.  Sprull  of  North  Carolina;  Willis  R. 
Wallace  and  R.  E.  L.  Saner  of  Texas;  Walter  H.  North  of 
Michigan,  Henry  C.  Riley  of  Missouri;  Robert  W. 
Bingham  of  Kentucky;  Thomas  F.  West  of  Florida; 
Alexander  Hamilton,  Vice-President  and  General  Coimsel, 
Atlantic  Coast  Lines  Railwajrs. 


ALPHA  TAV  OMBJGA 


95 


Engineers:  Arthur  P.  Davis,  Chief  Engineer  U.  S. 
Reclamation  Service;  E.  N.  Brown,  President  National 
Railways  of  Mexico,  James  M.  Reid,  Chief  Engineer, 
National  Railways  of  Mexico;  W.  F.  M.  Goss,  President 
American  Society  Mechanical  Engineers;  C.  D.  Howe, 
Chief  Engineer  Canadian  Grain  Commission. 

Bishogs:  Theodore  Du  Bose  Bratton  of  Mississippi; 
Thomas  F.  Gailor  of  Tennessee,  and  Charles  D.  Colmore 
of  Porto  Rico. 

Soldiers:    Major-General  Robert  L.  Btdlard. 

Authors:  Irving  Bacheller,  Le  Roy  Scott,  Frank  A* 
Fall  and  Charles  E.  Zeigler. 

J.  Randolph  Anderson,  President  Georgia  Senate; 
Richard  R.  Sn'eed,  Secretary  of  State,  Tennessee;  Thomas 
G.  Hayes,  Mayor  of  Baltimore;  Robert  W.  Bingham, 
Mayor  of  Louisville;  Walter  H.  Page,  Editor  World* s 
Work;  William  M.  Singerly,  Editor  Philadelphia  Record; 
M.  P.  Ravenel,  Bacteriologist;  Elias  P.  Lyon,  Biologist 
and  Collie  Dean;  Alois  F.  Kovarik,  Physicist;  Homer 
Folks,  Charity  Organizer;  George  G.  Crawford,  President 
Tennessee  Coal  and  Iron  Co. ;  John  E.  Wood's,  Carnegie 
Steel  Co;  Thomas  Arkle  Clark,  College  Dean;  J.  N.  Van 
der  Vries,  Secretary  of  the  Central  Division  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  of  the  U.  S. 


IBeta  Mi 


U'i'A 


This  fraternity  was  organized  in  191 1  at  Chicago  by 
several  men  who  were  attending  colleges  or  preparator>' 
schools  near  that  city,  upon  the  idea  that  it  would  not 
discriminate  in  its  membership  against  anyone  on  account 
of  ''differences  in  religious  belief,  nationality  or  financial 
standing.*' 

The  active  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1912.  A,  University  of  Chicago 115 

1913.  B,  Northwestern  University no 

1913.  r,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 106 

1913.  A,  University  of  Illinois 92 

1914.  E,  Iowa  State  College  88 

1915.  Z,   University  of  Michigan 74 

1915.  H,  DcPauw  University 78 

1916.  Rose  Poljrtechnic  Institute 58 

Active    chapters    8.     Inactive    o.     Membership    721. 
The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  supreme 

council  of  three  during  the  recess  between  conventions. 
In  1914  the  publication  of  a  quarterly  called  The  Link 
was  connmenced  at  Chicago. 

^gj^  The  badge  is  an  irregular  diamond  truncated  at 
the  top  and  displa>dng  the  letters  of  the  fraternity 
name.    The  pledgd-button  is  blue  and  black. 

96 


iBeta  Vtieta  $t 


This  fraternity  was  founded  at  Miami  University, 
Oxford,  Ohio,  August  8,  1839.  The  idea  was  first 
suggested  by  John  Reily  Knox,  '39.  Closely  associated 
with  him  were  Samuel  Taylor  Marshall,  '40,  David  Linton, 
'39;  James  George  Smith,  '40;  Charles  Henry  Hardin,  '40; 
John  Holt  Ehmcan,  '40;  Michael  Clarkson  Ryan,  '40,  and 
Thomas  Boston  Gordon,  '41. 

A  A  4»  was  then  the  only  college  society  with  a  chapter 
so  far  west  as  Ohio.  Its  Miami  chapter  had  been  estab- 
lished in  1835,  and  was  in  good  condition.  The  idea  of 
organizing  B  e  IT  was  doubtless  suggested  by  that  of  the 
A  A  4>,  and  opposition  to  the  latter  was  undoubtedly 
the  chief  cause  which  led  to  the'  formation  of  the  new 
fraternity. 

B  0  n  was  the  first  of  the  fraternities  which  originated 
west  of  the  Alleghanies.  It  is  interesting,  therefore,  to 
see  how  far  the  society  system  had  then  developed.  K  A 
was  at  Union  and  Williams,  where  anti-secret  local  socie- 
ties also  existed.  S  *  was  at  Union,  Hamilton,  Williams, 
and  New  York  University.  W  T  was  at  Union,  and  New 
York  University.  A  4>  was  at  Union  and  Brown, 
and  A  A  *  was  at  Hamilton,  New  York  University  and 

97 


V 


98  MEN'S  PRATBRNITIBS 

Brown,  where  rival  chapters  existed,  and  was  without 
rivals  as  yet  at  Miami,  Columbia,  Yale,  Amherst  and 
Harvard.  The  Mystical  Seven  had  also  originated  at 
Wesleyan.  The  fraternity  system,  therefore,  when  Ben 
was  foimded,  existed  in  New  York,  New  England  and  Ohio 
only. 

The  first  branch  or  chapter  was  located  in  Cincinnati, 
nominally  in  connection  with  the  local  law  school  but 
actually  it  was  not  connected  with  any  college  although  it 
in'tiated  only  college  men. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1839.  A,  Miami  University *354 

1840.  B,  Cinciimati  CoUege  (1843) 13 

1841.  B,  Western  Reserve  University 330 

1841.  B  K,  Ohio  University   375 

1842.  E,  Transylvania  University  (1847) 21 

1842.  r,  Washington  and  Jefferson  College 422 

1843.  H,  Harvard  University  (1901) 117 

1843.  0,  Princeton  University  (1846) ...  % 26 

1845.  A,  DcPauw  University 567 

1845.  n,  Indiana  University.* 480 

1845.  ^y  University  of  Michigan 466 

1846.  T,  Wabash  College 361 

1847.  Z,  Williams  College 76 

1848.  E,  Centre  College 401 

1849.  K,  Brown  University 387 

1850.  Z,  Hampden-Sidney  College  (1912) 235 

1852.  H  B,  University  of  North  Carolina 240 

1853.  0,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 477 

*ln  this  enumeration  names  appearing  on  the  roll  of  more  than  one  chapter  are 
counted  but  once. 


BETA    THETA    PI  99 

1853.  I,    Hanover  College 284 

1854.  M,  Cumberland  University  (1899) 262 

1855.  N,  Washington  College,  Pa.  (tmited  with  r) . . . — 
1855.      S,  Knox  College. 3ii2 

1855.  O,  University  of  Virginia 404 

1856.  A  P,  Washington  and  Lee  University 121 

1836.      r,  Illinois  College  (1866) 26 

1858.      T,  South  Carolina  College  (1861) 20 

1858.  *  A,  Davidson  College 254 

1859.  X,  Oglethorpe  University  (1861) 14 

i860.      V,  Bethany  College 324 

i860.      X,  Beloit  College 342 

1863.      O,  United  States  Naval  Academy  (1863) 6 

1865.  A  A,  Monmouth  College  (1878)   51 

1866.  A  B,  University  of  Iowa 324 

1867.  A  r,  Wittenberg  College 308 

1867.  A  A,  Westminster  College  266 

1868.  A  E,  Iowa  Wesleyan  College  (1915) 275 

1868.  A  P,  University  of  Chicago  225 

1868.  AH,  Denison University   314 

1869.  AO,  Virginia  Military  Institute  (1880) 67 

1869.  A  I,   Washington  University,  Missouri    190 

1871.  A  K,  Richmond  College  (1896)   118 

1872.  A  A,  College  of  Wooster  (1913) 241 

1872.  AM,  Howard  College  (1879)   43 

1872.  A  N,  University  of  Kansas 389 

1873.  A  S,  Randolph-Macon  College  (1893)  75 

1873.  A  O,  Trinity  University,  Texas  (1881) 50 

1873.  A  n.  University  of  Wisconsin    426 

1873.      P,  Northwestern  University   366 


lOO 


MEN*S  FRATERNITIES 


:874.  A  2,  Dickinson  College    293 

876.  AT,  College  of  William  and  Mary  (1877)    12 

:876.      T,  Boston  University  (191 5) 312 

:877.  A  4),  Virginia  State  College  (1880)    26 

:877.  A  X,  Johns  Hopkins  University 238 

878.  A  T,  Butler  College  (1881) 19 

879.  Q,  University  of  California 297 

879.  B  A,  Kenyon  College   219 

879.  B  B,  University  of  Mississippi  (1901) 190 

879.  B  r,  Rutgers  College   272 

:879.  B  A,  Cornell  University 405 

879.      2,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology 235 

:879.  B  Z,  St.  Lawrence  University 295 

879.  BH,  University  of  Maine 378 

880.  4>,  University  of  Pennsylvania 286 

880.  B  e,  Colgate  University 380 

881.  N,  Union  University 211 

881.  A  A,  Columbia  University 254 

883.  B  I,   Amherst  College 383 

884.  B  A,  Vanderbilt  University 241 

885.  B  O,  University  of  Texas 221 

885.  0  A,  Ohio  State  University   ; 296 

888.  A  T,  University  of  Nebraska 289 

:888.  A  T,  Pennsylvania  State  College 245 

888.  A  Z,  University  of  Denver 230 

889.  B  E,  Syracuse  University 414 

889.  A  Q,  Dartmouth  College    723 

890.  B  n,  University  of  Minnesota 272 

890.  M  E,  Wesleyan  University 399 

1841.  Eniary  College  (1858) 58 


BETA    THETA   PI  loi 

• ' 

1844.  University  of  Georgia  (1859) .  3ft. . 

1850.  Centenary  College,  La,  (1861) 39I  ' 

1890.  B  N,  University  of  Cincinnati 243  * 

1890.  Z  *,  University  of  Missouri 489 

1891.  B  X,  Lehigh  University   142 

1892.  *  X,  Yale  University   654 

1894.  A  2,  Stanford  University 1 70 

1900.  B  V,  West  Virginia  University  183 

1900.  B  T,  University  of  Colorado   207 

1900.  B  S,  Bowdoin  College 195 

1901.  BQ,  University  of  Washington,  Seattle 196 

1902.  2  P,  University  of  Illinois   236 

1903.  BM,  Purdue  University 1 70 

1905.  A  K,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 182 

1905.  T  2,  Iowa  State  College 176 

1906.  8  Z,  University  of  Toronto 137 

1907.  r  4»,  University  of  Oklahoma  154 

1908.  B  4»,  Colorado  School  of  Mines 155 

1908.  B  S,  Tulane  University 88 

1909.  B  P,  University  of  Oregon 135 

1912.  r  A,  University  of  South  Dakota 114 

1913.  B  T,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technolog>^  ...  146 

1913.  r  B,  University  of  Utah 170 

1914.  r  r,  University  of  Idaho 121 

1914.  r  A,  Colorado  College iii 

1914.  r  E,  Kansas  State  College 118 

1916.  r  Z,  Whitman  College 95 

1917.  r  H,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 77 

1919.  r  E,  State  College  of  Washington 73 

Active  chapters,  80;  inactive,  23;  membership,  24,552. 


.1 


•  •       • 


•    ■  * 


I02      --Z^-  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

•••• 

^.,  Thjg  following:  chapters  own  their  hotises:    Amherst, 
.  C.S.Moit,  Bethany,  Bowdoin,  Brown,  CaUfomia,  Chicago, 
./Colgate,  Colorado,  Colorado  Mines,  Columbia,  Cornell, 
• '    Dartmouth,  Davidson,  Denison,  Denver,  DePauw,  Dickin- 
son, Hanover,  Idaho,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Kansas 
State,  Knox,  Lehigh,  Maine,  Miami,  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
Missouri,  Nebraska,  North  Carolina,  Northwestern,  Ohio, 
Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Oklahoma,  Pennsylvania,  Penn- 
sylvania State,  Purdue,  Rutgers,  St.  Lawrence,  Stanford, 
Syracuse,  Texas,   Toronto,    Tulane,  Union,  Vanderbilt, 
Virginia,  Wabash,  Washington  State,  Washington  State 
College,  Washington- Jefferson,  Wesleyan,  Western   Re- 
serve,   Westminster,    Williams,    Wisconsin,    Wittenberg, 
Yale.    Total  houses  owned  62,  valuation  $1,261,000. 
%         The  three  institutions  named  in  italics  are  chapters  of 
the  Mystical  Seven  which  have  not  been  revived.    While 
their  members  are  entitled  to  a  place  on  the  Beta  Theta  Pi 
roll,  the  chapters  cannot  properly  be  counted  as  inactive 
chapters  of  Beta  Theta  Pi. 

Down  to  1884  the  chapters  were  universally  known  by 
their  Greek  names,  but  at  that  time  owing  to  the  con- 
stantly increasing  roll  of  the  fraternity,  the  Greek  names 
were  relegated  to  a  second  place,  and  the  chapters  are  now 
known  by  the  names  of  the  colleges  with  which  they  are 
connected.  The  Cincinnati  and  Transylvania  chapters 
died  at  early  dates,  and  the  Illinois  College  chapter  became 
inactive  just  after  the  war.  The  chapters  at  Princeton, 
Monmouth,  Howard  and  Wooster  Colleges  were  killed  by 
anti-fraternity  laws.  The  charters  of  the  chapters  at  the 
Virginia  Military  Institute,  Richmond  College,  Trinity 


BETA    THETA    PI  103 

University,  Randolph-Macon,  Cumberland,  Harvard,  the 
Virginia  State  College,  University  of  Mississippi,  Butler 
College,  Iowa  Wesleyan  College,  and  Boston  University 
were  withdrawn  by  the  fraternity.  The  Southern  chapters 
were  all  killed  by  the  Civil  War. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  the  Western  Reserve 
chapter  enlisted  in  a  body  under  Prof.  Chas.  A.  Yotmg, 
the  astronomer.  In  the  South  the  Hampden-Sidney, 
Washington  and  Lee,  Virginia  and  Cumberland  chapters 
sent  their  entire  membership  into  the  army. 

The  Miami  chapter  was  suspended  from  1873  until  1886, 
during  the  inactivity  of  the  university.  The  Washington 
and  Jefferson  chapter,  formed  by  the  imion  of  the  two 
colleges  named,  was  called  Gamma  Nu  from  1865  to  1874, 
when  the  designation  of  the  original  chapter  at  Jefferson 
was  finally  adopted  for  it.  Many  of  the  chapters  have 
been  formed  from  existing  organizations ;  the  Brown  and 
Hampden-Sidney  chapters,  when  revived,  were  the  sole 
surviving  chapters  of  4»  K  A  and  A  E  respectively.  The  Dcn- 
ison  chapter  was  a  chapter  of  K  *  A;  Mississippi  the  last 
one  of  A  K  4»;  Dartmouth  the  last  of  2  A  n;  and  Missouri 
the  last  of  Z  ^. 

Twice  during  the  lifetime  of  the  fraternity  a  union  has 
been  effected  with  other  fraternities — with  A  2  X  in 
1879,  and  with  the  Mystical  Seven  in  1889.  In  each 
instance  the  alunmi  of  the  uniting  society  have  been 
received  into  full  fellowship.  From  the  A  2  X  came  the 
chapters  at  Rutgers,  Cornell,  Stevens,  St.  Lawrence  and 
the  University  of  Maine,  and  from  the  Mystical  Seven 
came  the  chapter  at  Wesleyan  and  the  present  chapters 


I04  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

at  Davidson  and  University  of  North  Carolina,  previously 
existing  Beta  chapters  at  these  places  being  then  dormant. 
The  active  chapters  of  both  fraternities  at  the  University 
of  Virginia  united  their  membership. 

The  Western  Resen'^e,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wabash, 
Williams,  Centre,  North  Carolina,  Knox,  Virginia, 
Bethany,  Beloit,  Chicago,  Iowa,  Washington  (Mo.),  and 
Washington  and  Lee  chapters  were  dormant  for  some 
years.  The  Chicago  chapter,  as  at  present  constituted,  is 
considered  a  revival  of  the  chapter  which  was  located  at 
the  old  University  of  Chicago,  all  the  fraternities  similarly 
situated  having  so  agreed,  but  the  institutions  are  in 
reaUty  different. 

Many  of  the  ante-bellum  chapters  ran  sub  rosa  for  many 
years,  owing  to  faculty  opposition,  but  the  fraternity  will 
not  now  establish  or  maintain  chapters  in  colleges  where 
such  a  state  of  affairs  exists. 

The  chapter  at  the  Naval  Academy  was  formed  when 
that  institution  was  located  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 
It  was  killed  by  a  navy  regulation  against  secret  societies. 
The  chapter  at  the  College  of  William  and  Mary  was  es- 
tablished at  a  time  when  it  was  believed  that  the  affairs  of 
the  college  would  remain  in  a  prosperous  condition,  but  this 
hope  was  not  realized,  and  the  chapter  consequently 
surrendered  its  charter.  The  Harvard  chapter  was  asked 
to  surrender  its  charter  when  it  had  attained  a  position 
of  prominence  at  Harvard  and  its  members  regarded 
their  fraternity  obligations  too  lightly.  Its  members 
organized  the  Calumet  Club.  The  Hampden-Sidney 
chapter  surrendered  its  charter  in  1912. 


BETA    THETA   PI  loj 

Alumni  chapters  exist  at  more  than  loo  of  the  principal 
cities  of  the  country.  They  have  the  right  to  a  representa- 
tion in  the  conventions,  but  have  no  power  to  make 
initiations. 

A  club  of  alumni  maintained  for  several  years  a  stmimer 
resort  at  "Wooglin,"  on  Lake  Chautauqua,  where  it 
owned  a  plot  of  ground  surrotmding  a  club-house,  and  the 
conventions  of  the  fraternity  were  held  there  for  several 
years  with  much  satisfaction,  but  the  enterprise  did  not 
pay,  the  sea^n  was  too  short  to  sustain  the  club,  and  the 
project  was  abandoned  in  1894.  The  building  was  burned 
in  190 1 .  A  successful  club  is  conducted  in  New  York  City 
at  40  East  40th  Street. 

Ehiring  the  recent  war  the  Toronto  chapter  was  able  to 
continue  and  maintain  its  house  for  four  years  by  volun- 
tary subscriptions  of  the  members  in  the  United  States. 

For  eight  years  after  the  foimdation  of  the  fraternity 
the  parent  chapter  held  the  reins  of  government.  In 
1847  ^hft  convention  of  chapters  established  a  *Trcsiding 
Chapter"  system.  Under  this  plan  the  convention  re- 
mained the  legislative  body,  but  during  its  recess  the 
affairs  of  the  fraternity  were  administered  by  a  chapter 
called  the  presiding  chapter,  each  of  the  chapters  being 
chosen  to  this  position  in  the  order  of  their  establishment. 
In  1872  a  general  secretary  was  appointed,  who  shared 
the  work  of  administration.  In  1874  the  fraternity  was 
divided  into  districts,  each  with  an  executive  head,  but 
subordinate  to  the  general  secretary,  the  presiding  chapter 
still  remaining  in  operation.  In  1879  this  system  of  the 
administration  of  the  ffatemity 's  affairs  through  a  presiding 


io6  MEN*S  FRATERNITIES 

chapter  was  abandoned,  and  the  affairs  of  the  fraternity 
were  confided  to  a  board  of  directors  composed  of  nine 
members,  three  of  whom  retired  from  office  each  year, 
and  six  of  whom  were  required  to  reside  in  one  vicinity. 
The  offices  of  general  secretary  and  of  the  subordinate 
chiefs  of  districts  were  retained,  and  the  incorporation  of 
the  fraternity  was  secured.  This  last  system  has  given 
general  satisfaction  and  has  been  followed  by  many  frater- 
nities. In  1897  the  number  of  trustees  was  reduced  to 
six,  two  of  whom  retire  each  year,  each  being  elected  for 
three  years.  There  is  now  no  restriction  on  their  resi- 
dences. The  administration  of  the  fraternity  is  tmusually 
efficient.  The  scholarship  of  the  undergraduates  is  con- 
stantly watched  and  improved.  The  entire  membership 
is  kept  constantly  informedby  the  fraternity  publications 
of  its  official  doings. 

Conventions  of  the  fraternity  have  been  held  yearly. 

The  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  was  first  published  in 
1855  (Cincinnati,  O.),  and  subsequent  editions  were  issued 
in  1859  and  1866  (Cincinnati,  0.),  1870  (Chicago,  lU.), 
and  1882  (Cleveland,  Ohio),  with  a  supplement  to  the 
latter  edition  in  1886  (Cincinnati,  Ohio),  in  1899  (Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.),  1905, 1911  and  1917  (New  York).  The  last 
one  on  very  thin  paper,  making  a  portable  book.  The  edi- 
tion of  1882  was  the  first  attempt  of  any  fraternity  to  over- 
come the  difficulties  placed  in  the  way  of  such  a  compila- 
tion by  the  imperfect  record  of  the  Southern  and  Western 
colleges.  The  first  collection  of  the  fraternity's  songs  was 
published  at  Cra^-fordsville,  Ind.,  in  1847.  The  regular 
song  book  of  the  fraternity  has  been  published  in  1865, 


BETA    TRETA    PI  107 

1872,  1879,  1884,  1886,  1888,  1891,  1894,  1902,  1907,  1912, 
and  191 7.  The  later  editions  have  been  accompanied  by 
full  musical  scores.  The  fraternity  has  an  unusual  nimiber 
of  original  melodi^. 

The  journal  of  the  fraternity,  called  the  Beta  Tlteta  Pi, 
was  first  issued  December  15, 1872,  and  has  been  published 
continuously  since.  It  began  as  a  monthly,  and  is  now  a 
monthly,  but  has  at  times  appeared  as  a  quarterly  and  bi- 
monthly. Its  first  place  of  publication  was  Lexington, 
Va. ;  thence  it  was  moved  to  Alexandria,  Va. ;  Baltimore, 
Md.;  Chicago,  Ills. ;  Quaker  City,  Ohio;  Monmouth,  Ills. ; 
Springfield,  Ohio,  and  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  New  York 
City,  where  it  has  been  published  from  1893  to  19 18.  At 
present  it  is  published  at  Springfield,  111.  In  1889  the 
phrase  "with  which  is  united  the  Mystic  Messenger ,'* 
was  added  to  its  title.  A  secret  monthly,  called  the 
Mystic  Messenger,  was  issued,  commencing  with  January, 
1890,  for  about  three  years,  but  has  been  discontinued. 
The  General  Secretary  issues  a  periodical  which  now  takes 
the  place  of  the  old  secret  monthly.  Commencing  in  1 89 1 
the  fraternity  has  annually  issued  in  a  special  number  of 
its  journal  a  report  of  its  officers  and  chapters  and  a  com- 
plete list  of  its  members  in  college  attendance.  A  manual 
of  information  for  the  use  of  the  members  only,  has 
been  compiled  and  published  by  the  General  Secretary 
in  several  editions  (1885,  1890,  and  1897,  Columbus,  Ohio). 
The  constitution  and  laws  of  the  fraternity  were  first  pub- 
lished in  1879  and  six  editions  have  been  published  since. 

The  Denison  chapter  has  published  a  history  and  cata- 
logue of  its  members  (18^5,  Granville,  Ohio)  and  the  Ohio 


lo8  MEN*S  FRATERNITIES 

Wesleyan  chapter  has  published  a  history  (1915).  The 
Western  Reserve  chapter  pubHshed  a  song-book  (1865, 
Cleveland,  Ohio) ;  the  Maine  and  Dickinson  chapters  have 
issued  annuals,  and  many  of  the  chapters  issue  periodicals 
for  the  use  of  their  alumni.  A  galop,  march,  waltz,  and 
several  other  pieces  of  music  bear  the  fraternity's  name. 
In  1894,  under  the  title  of  "Fraternity  Studies,"  there 
was  published  a  manual  of  information  concerning  the 
fraternity,  giving  its  history  to  that  date,  and  other  facts 
of  interest.  A  second  edition  much  more  elaborate  in 
form,  making  a  comprehensive  and  complete  history  of  the 
fraternity  tmder  the  title  of  a  * 'Handbook  of  Beta  Theta 
Pi,"  was  issued  in  1907.  In  1912  there  was  pubUshed 
"Betas  of  Achievement"  by  Wm.  Raimond  Baird,  com- 
prising brief  biographies  of  the  members  of  the  Fraternity 
who  had  become  prominent  in  post  collegiate  life.  It 
contained  1469  biographies  (494  of  deceased  members) 
and  626  of  the  same  names  were  in  the  current  issue  of 
"Who's  Wlio  in  America."  In  19 16  a  publication  was 
issued  called  "Forty  Years  of  Fraternity  Legislation"  the 
same  being  the  conventions  down  to  1879  with  notes.  A 
second  book  of  minutes  called  "A  Decade  of  Fraternity 
Re-Construction"  was  published  in  1918.  A  book  called 
"Beta  Letters,"  containing  the  correspondence  passing 
between  chapters  or  members  from  1839  to  1884  was 
published  in  1918.  These  three  books  were  edited  by 
Wm.  Raimond  Baird.  Many  of  the  altmini  chapters  have 
published  lists  of  the  Beta  residents  in  their  localities 
and  several  editions  of  a  catalogue  of  the  New  York  Betas 
have  been  published. 


BETA    THETA    PI  109 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  an  eight-sided  shield, 
the  sides  of  which  curve  inward.  On  a  field  of  black 
enamel  are  displayed  the  letters  **B  6  n/'  above  which  is 
a  wreath  in  greenish  gold  encircling  a  diamond,  and  at  the 

Stop  of  the  badge  three  stgtrs  in  gold.  At  the  bot- 
tom, beneath  the  name  of  the  fraternity,  are  the 
letters  ''awX^."  The  pledge  button  is  a  shield  of 
white  enamel  the  same  shape  as  the  badge  and 
displays  three  stars.  \ 

,  The  colors  are  light  shades  of  pink  and  blue.  The 
flower  of  the  fraternity  is  the  rose,  the  individual  chapters 
choosing  separate  varieties.  The  flag  displays  three  horiz- 
2X>ntal  stripes,  two  blue  and  one  white,  the  latter  being 
in  the  middle.  On  the  upper  blue  stripe  is  one  white  star 
and  on  the  lower  blue  stripe  two  white  stars.  On  the 
centre  of  the  field  of  stripes  is  a  dragon  in  red. 

The  fraternity  and  each  chapter  has  a  proper  coat  of 
arms.    All  of  the  insignia  have  been  standardized. 

Among  the  alumni  of  the  fraternity  are,  Justices 
JohnM.  Harlan,  Stanley  Matthews,  William  B.  Woods, 
David  J.  Brewer,  Horace  H.  Lurton,  Willis  Van 
Devanter  and  Joseph  R.  Lamar,  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States;  Andrew  M.  J.  Cochran,  John  W. 
Showalter,  Robert  E.  Lewis,  James  H.  Beatty,  Oliver  P. 
Shiras,  Walker  T.  Gunter,  Hosea  Townsend,  John  H. 
Cotteral,  Peter  S.  Grosscup,  J.  W.  McDill,  Alonzo  J. 
Edgerton,  John  Howard  Gates,  Kimbrough  Stone,  and 
Henry  S.  Priest,  in  the  other  Federal  Courts. 

U.  S.  Senators  Oliver  P.  Morton,  James  W.  McDill, 
Stanley  Matthews,  Milton  S.  Latham,  Daniel  W.  Voorhees, 


N 


no  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Newton  Booth.  B.  Gratz  Brown,  Joseph  E.  Mc  Donald, 
Matthew  S.  Quay,  Ralph  Burton.  John  B.  Gordon,  James 
Harlan,  Alonzo  J.  Edgerton,  Norris  Brown,  Martin  N. 
Johnson,  Joseph  L.  Rawlins,  William  E.  Borah,  Howard 
Sutherland,  and  Boise  Penrose. 

Cong:ressmen  Joseph  G.  Wilson,  Ozra  J.  Dodds,  Henry 
W.  Hoffman,  Rush  Clark.  John  Hanna.  Mark  L.  de  Motte, 
William  M.  Springer,  Courtland  C.  Matson.  Humphrey 
Marshall,  Thomas  T.  Crittenden.  Wm.  P.  McLean, 
Robert  B.  F.  Pierce,  John  S.  Newberry,  William  H. 
Armstrong,  John  S.  Wise,  William  D.  Bynum,  William  E. 
Fuller,  John  M.  Glover,  Halbert  E.  Paine,  Ulysses  Mercur, 
Isaac  Clements,  Samuel  Galloway,  John  Cobum,  John  M. 
Allen  ("Private''  Allen),  John  M.  Pattison,  Robert  R. 
Hitt,  John  W.  McCormick.  J.  J.  Pugsley,  William  Elliott. 
Jonas  G.  Howard,  Paul  C.  Edmunds,  Benton  J.  Hall, 
Henry  S.  Boutell,  John  J.  Lentz,  Harry  St.  George  Tucker, 
Townsend  Scudder,  Charles  B.  Landis,  Levi  T.  Griffin, 
Wm.  S.  Cowherd,  George  T.  Barnes,  Robert  W.  Miers, 
Scott  Field,  Richard  W.  Blue,  Miles  T.  Granger,  Webster 
E.  Brown.  Frank  0.  Lowden,  Wm.  B.  Craven,  Wm.  B. 
Spencer,  John  S.  Yoting,  Wm.  M.  Kinsey,  Henry  M. 
Pollard,  Frank  G.  Clark,  Harvey  D.  Scott,  Thomas  W. 
Bennett,  James  F.  Izlar,  George  W.  Cromer,  Charles  F. 
Scott,  Albert  S.  Berry,  Henry  R.  Harris,  Henry  A.  Reeves, 
William  J.  Whitthome,  Ezekiel  S.  Candler,  Ira  E.  Rider, 
Jack  Beall,  Wm.  T.  Bell,  Thos.  L.  Rubey,  Edward  E. 
Holland,  John  M.  C.  Smith,  Joseph  W.  Byms,  Arthur  B. 
Rouse,  Bertram  H.  Snell,  Daniel  W.  Comstock  and 
Walter  A.  Watson;  Confederate  Congress,  Humphrey 
Marshall. 


BETA    THBTA    PI  iii 

James  Harlan,  David  R.  Francis  and  John  W.  Noble, 
Secretaries  of  the  Interior;  Robert  R.  Hitt  and  Webster 
Davis,  Assistant  Secretaries  of  State;  Halbert  E.  Paine 
and  Benton  J.  Hall,  Commissioners  of  Patents;  John  W. 
Yerkes,  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue;  T.  C.  Men- 
denhall,  ex-Superintendent  of  the  Coast  Survey;  United 
States  Ministers,  W.  T.  Coggesshall  to  Ecuador,  James  F. 
Stutesman  to  Bolivia,  Will  Cumback  to  Portugal,  Henry 
S.  Boutelle  to  Switzerland,  Edwin  H.  Terrell  to  Belgium, 
Rufus  Magee  to  Norway  and  Sweden,  Albert  G.  Porter  to 
Italy,  David  R.  Francis  to  Russia,  and  Aimaro  Sato, 
Japanese  Minister  to  the  U.  S. 

Governors  Hardin,  Brown,  Crittenden  and  Francis  of 
Mis  ouri,  Morton  and  Porter  of  Indiana,  Latham  and 
Booth  of  California,  Harvey  of  Wisconsin,  Bennett  of 
Idaho.  Hoadley  of  Ohio,  Elbert  and  Buchtel  of  Colorado, 
Matthews  of  West  Virginia,  Brown  of  Kentucky,  Nance 
of  Nebraska,  Beaver  of  Pennsylvania,  Montague  of 
Virginia,  Bates  of  Massachusetts,  Odell  of  New  York, 
Gordon  of  Georgia,  Pattison  of  Ohio,  Cruce  of  Oklahoma, 
Haines  of  Maine,  Lowden  of  Illinois,  Brough  of  Arkansas, 
and  Stokes  and  Taylor  of  New  Jersey. 

Among  college  presidents  there  have  been  Wm.  T. 
Reid,  of  the  University  of  California;  Lorenzo  D.  Mc 
Cabe,  of  Ohio  Wesleyan;  M.  M.  Fisher  and  S.  S.  Laws, 
of  the  University  of  Missouri;  J.  C.  Young  and  W.  C. 
Young,  of  Centre  College:  William  H.  Scott,  of  Ohio 
State  University;  Richard  Mcllwaine,  of  Hampden- 
Sidney;  Andrew  D.  Hepburn,  of  Miami;  John  Bascom, 
of  the  University  of  Wisconsin;    Hilary  A.  Gobin  and 


112  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Wm.  H.  Hickman  of  DePauw;  Sylvester  F.  Scovel,  of 
Wooster;  James  Harlan  and  Charles  L.  Stafford  of  Iowa 
Wesleyan;  Charles  S.  Venable,  of  the  University  of 
Virginia;  Henry  A.  Buchtel  and  David  H.  Moore,  of 
University  of  Denver;  Thomas  M.  Gatch  of  Washington 
State  University;  Jerome  H.  Raymond,  of  West  Virginia 
University;  Charles  N.  Sims  of  Syracuse;  James  A. 
Beaver,  of  Pennsylvania  State;  David  S.  Tappan,  of 
Miami;  Charles  G.  Heckert  and  John  M.  Ruthrauff  of 
Wittenberg ;  Wm.  F.  Warren,  of  Boston  University ;  Fred 
M.  Tisdel,  of  Wyoming  University;  Frank  Y.  Adams,  of 
Arizona  University;  James  K.  Patterson,  of  Kentucky 
State ;  Robert  D.  Jackson  of  Nevada  University ;  David  R. 
Boyd,  of  Oklahoma  University,  and  the  University  of  New 
Mexico;  JosephP.Blanton,  of  Idaho  University;  Charles 
0.  Merica  of  Wyoming;  Burris  A.  Jenkins  of  Transyl- 
vania; Charles  B.  Boving  of  Westminster  College; 
Frank  W.  Gunsaulus,  of  the  Armour  Institute;  Edward  0. 
Sisson,  of  the  Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute;  Edgar  0. 
Lovett,  of  the  Rice  Institute;  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  of  the 
Imperial  University  of  China;  Caleb  F.  Gates,  of  Robert 
College,  Constantinople;  Arthtir  F.  Griffiths  of  Oahu  Col- 
lege, Honolulu,  and  Thomas  C.  Mendenhall,  formerly  of  the 
Imperial  University  of  Japan  and  the  Worcester  Poly- 
technic Institute. 

Among  professors  are  Kirln^^ood  and  Wood  in  mathema- 
tics, Young,  Watson  and  Barnard  in  astronomy,  Safford, 
Owen  and  Newberry  in  geology,  Burgess  in  political 
science,  Henderson  in  sociology,  Dr.  Parvin,  Hobart  A. 
Hare,  Elkanah  Williams  in  medicine.  Dr.  Shields  in  theol- 
ogy, Thos.  R.  Price  in  literature,  Emlin  McLain,  in  law. 


BETA    THETA    PI  113 

In  the  churches  the  following  have  been  prominent :  In 
the  Methodist  Chiirch,  Bishops  Joyce,  Cranston,  Warren, 
Wilson,  Moore,  Shepard,  Thirkield  and  Hoss;  Ex-Chancell- 
or Sims,  of  Syracuse ;  Dr.  Mendenhall,  of  New  York ;  Arthur 
Edwards  and  Benjamin  St.  John  Frye;  Bishops  Kinsolving, 
Sessums,  Israel,  Williams  and  Jackson,  of  the  Episcopal 
Church;  Rev.  Samuel  S.  Laws  of  Washington,  D.  C,  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church.  Among  the  denominational 
journalists  there  are  E.  E.  Hoss,  of  the  Nashville  Christian 
Advocate;  Henry  Martyn  Smith,  of  the  Southern  Presby- 
terian; C.  W.  LeflRngwell,  of  the  Living  Church;  E.  R. 
Mont  fort,  of  the  Herald  and  Presbyter;  George  W.  Lasher 
of  the  Journal  and  Messenger. 

Among  lawyers  there  are  E.  T.  Wells,  S.  H.  Elbert  and 
W.  F.  Stone,  of  Colorado;  Samuel  H.  Buskirk,  of  Indiana; 
Alonzo  P.  Carpenter,  of  New  Hampshire;  Richard  T.  Mer- 
rick, of  Maryland;  John  C.  Bullitt,  of  Philadelphia; 
George  Hoadly,  of  New  York;  William  T.  Elmer,  of  Con- 
necticut; Robert  C.  Pitman  and  P.  E.  Aldrich,  of  Massa- 
chusetts; Milton  Remley,  of  Iowa;  John  L.  Bates,  of 
Massachusetts;  W.  J.  Hendricks,  of  Kentucky;  William 
H.  West,  of  Ohio;  Ulysses  Mercur  and  J.  P.  Sterrett, 
of  Pennsylvania;  Thomas  J.  Devine  and  Levi  T.  Dashiel, 
of  Texas;  Andrew  Allison  and  H.  P.  Fowlkes,  of  Tennes- 
see; George  P.  Raney,  of  Florida;  Henry  M.  Matthews, 
of  West  Virginia;  John  S.  Miller  and  Frank  H.  Scott,  of 
Chicago;  Rush  Taggart,  of  New  York;  Winfield  R.  Smith, 
of  Seattle,  and  Brigadier-General  Enoch  H.  Crowder, 
Judge-Advocate-General  of  the  army. 


"4 


MEN'S  FRATBRNITIRS 


Melville  D.  Landon,  better  known  as  "Eli  Perkins,** 
Sam  W.  Foss,  the  poet;  Henry  0.  Dwight,  of  Constantino- 
ple; Horace  Fletcher,  of  Venice;  George  Fitch,  the  author 
of  the  Siwash  stories;  John  S.  Wise,  the  author  of  **The 
End  of  An  Era**;  Samuel  Merwin,  the  novelist;  Theodore 
T.  Mtmger,  the  religious  author;  Franklin  G.  Carpenter, 
the  newspaper  writer;  Bernard  Berenson,  the  art  critic; 
Lewis  C.  Strang,  the  dramatic  critic;  John  H.Patterson, 
President  of  the  National  Cash  Register  Company;  Philip 
N.  Moore,  of  St.  Louis;  Reuben  W.  Millsaps,  of  Missis- 
sippi, the  founder  of  Millsaps  College ;  Alfred  R.  L.  Dohme, 
the  manufacturing  chemist  of  Baltimore,  and  Calvin  Wells 
of  Pittsburg;  Jay  N.  Darling,  the  cartoonist;  Francis  W. 
Shepardson,  on  cabinet  of  Governor  Lowden;  Wm. 
Raimond  Baird,  patent  attorney  and  authority  on  College 
Fraternities;  Willis  0.  Robb,  Manager  New  York  Fire 
Insurance  Exchange. 

In  the  European  war  were  Generals  Ljrtle  Brown,  Omar 
Bundy,  Enoch  H.  Crowder,  Leroy  S.  Lyon,  John  H. 
Sherburne,  Edward  Sigerfoos,  Oliver  L.  Spaulding,  Jr., 
John  T.  Thompson  and  Rear-Admirals  Richard  C.  Holly- 
day  and  Richard  H.  Jackson. 


cdt  mi 


T^HE  Chi  Phi  Fraternity  is  the  result  of  three  orgazina- 
tions  each  of  which  bore  the  name  Chi  Phi.  The 
first  originated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  at  Princeton 
and  is  known  as  the  ** Princeton  Order;**  the  next  in  age 
was  founded  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  and  is 
known  as  the  ** Southern  Order;"  the  third  had  its  origin 
at  Hobart  College  and  is  known  as  the  **  Hobart  Order." 

On  December  24,  1824,  a  secret  society  having  religious 
and  literary  characteristics  was  founded  at  the  Colle^',e  of 
New  Jersey  by  men  prominent  in  .the  faculty,  led  by 
Robert  Baird,  then  a  tutor  in  the  college  and  afterwards  a 
very  eminent  divine.  The  initials  of  the  words  chosen  as 
the  motto  of  this  society  were  the  Greek  letters  Chi  and 
Phi.  This  organization,  after  a  brief  existence,  became 
merged  in  the  "Philadelphia  Society"  and  discontinued 
operations  as  the  Chi  Phi  Society.  Records  of  the  society 
were,  however,  found  some  time  in  the  college  year  1853- 
1854,  by  John  Maclean,  Jr.,  a  student  of  the  class  of  1858, 
among  the  papers  of  his  tmcle  then  president  of  the  col- 
lege, and  the  organization  thus  brought  to  light  was  made 
use  of  by  him,  Charles  Smith  De  Graw  and  Gustavus  W. 

115 


Ii6  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Mayer,  undergraduates  associated  with  him,  to  revive  the 
old  Chi  Phi  Fraternity,  or  to  found  a  new  one,  according  to 
the  interpretation  one  places  upon  the  known  facts.  The 
particular  significance  which  its  members  attach  to  the 
organization  of  1824  lies  in  the  fact  that  much  that  was 
distinctive  of  the  early  society  is  embodied  in  the  fraternity 
of  today.  Until  the  researches  of  Professor  V.  L.  Collins 
discovered  the  names  of  the  men  responsible  for  the  society 
of  1824,  these  were  unknown  to  the  living  members  of  Chi 
Phi,  and  the  publication  by  Prof.  Collins  in  1914  of  his 
work  on  **  Princeton"  as  one  of  the  "American  College  and 
University  Series,*'  revealed  to  them  for  the  first  time  the 
identity  of  the  founders  of  the  Chi  Phi  Society,  without 
whom  the  organization  as  we  know  it  would  have  been 
impossible. 

The  chapter  foimded  by  young  Maclean  existed  sub  rosa, 
owing  to  the  antagonistic  attitude  of  the  college  authorities 
toward  secret  societies,  and  in  1859  it  was  determined  to 
abandon  the  chapter.  Its  records  were  thereupon 
destroyed  and  the  following  year  its  representation  at 
Princeton  ceased  with  the  graduation  of  its  remaining 
members.  A  chapter  of  the  Princeton  organization  had, 
however,  been  established  in  the  year  1854,  at  Franklin 
and  Marshall  College,  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  which 
chapter  has  since  maintained  a  continuous  existence.  The 
Lancaster  chapter  itself  established  in  the  year  1867  another 
chapter  at  Pennsylvania  College,  Gettysburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  [third  and  last  branch  of  the  "Princeton  Order.* 

In  i860  a  college  fraternity  was  founded  by  twelve 
undergraduates   (affectionately  referred  to  in   Chi  Phi 


CHI  PHI  117 

circles  as  the  ''Twelve  Apostles")  at  Hobart  College, 
Geneva,  New  York.  The  idea  had  its  inception  a  year 
earlier  and  is  attributed  to  the  close  friendship  and  associa- 
tion of  Amos  Brunson  and  Alexander  J  Beach,  members 
of  the  class  of  1862.  They  named  their  fraternity  the 
"Secret  Order  of  Chi  Phi,"  and  their  chapter  "Upsilon." 
Pour  chapters  of  the  Hobart  Order  were  established  and  in 
1867  after  negotiations  extending  over  a  period  of  two 
years  the  Hobart  and  Princeton  Orders  were  united  under 
the  name  "Secret  Order  of  Chi  Phi."  This  resulting 
organization  has  since  been  known  as  the  "Northern 
Order." 

The"Southem  Order"  was  founded  on  August  21,  1858, 
at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  Chapel  Hill,  North 
Carolina,  by  Thomas  Capehart,  '61,  and  four  other  under- 
graduates. The  university  was  then  at  the  height  of  its 
prosperity  and  attracted  students  of  social  prominence 
from  all  parts  of  the  south.  Several  chapters  of  this 
organization  were  established  in  rapid  succession  by  the 
fraternity  thus  founded,  but  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  all  of  them  suspended  operations,  the  parent  chapter 
alone  surviving.  After  the  war,  some  of  these  chapters 
were  revived,  others  were  established  and  Chi  Phi  of  the 
North  and  Chi  Phi  of  the  South  learned  of  each  other's 
existence  through  John  H.  D.  Shepard  a  member  of  the 
North  CaroUna  chapter.  A  corresjDondence  ensued, 
resulting,  after  much  negotiation  and  many  mutual  con- 
cessions, in  the  union, on  July  23,  1874,  of  the  two  orders. 
To  this  iinion,  the  Southern  Order  contributed  seven,  the 
Northern  Order  thirteen  living  chapters,  and  the  organiza- 


Il8  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

tion  assumed  the  name  it  still  bears,  viz.:  The  Chi  Phi 
Fraternity. 

It  is  an  interesting  circtimstance  that  within  seven  years 
after  the  war  the  Northern  Order  had  established  chapters 
in  the  States  of  South  Carolina  and  Virginia.  The  signifi- 
cance of  this  action  was  not  without  effect  on  the  Southern 
Order  and  was  tmdoubtedly  instrumental  in  shaping  the 
negotiations  and  inducing  concessions  which  finally 
resulted  in  the  welding  of  a  firm  and  lasting  union,  a 
remarkable  achievement  on  the  part  of  these  young  men, 
so  soon  after  the  cessation  of  fratricidal  conflict. 

The  badges  of  the  organization  from  which  the  Chi  Phi 
Fraternity  is  derived  were  very  similar  in  design.  Each 
was  a  skeleton  cipher  pin  in  which  the  letter  Chi  was  super- 
imposed upon  the  Phi.  They  differed  merely  in  design 
and  superficial  ornamentation.  The  badge  now  officially 
standardized  more  closely  resembles  the  badge  of  the 
Princeton,  the  earliest  Order,  than  it  does  that  of  either  of 
the  others.  A  diminutive  pendant  replica  of  the  badge  in 
which  however  both  faces  are  similar  is  authorized  for  use 
by  alumni  members  as  a  watch  charm. 

The  chapter  rolls  of  the  fraternity  are  as  follows,  the 
names  of  the  colleges  where  chapters  were  located  prior  to 
the  union  of  1874  and  which  had  ceased  to  exist  being 
printed  in  italics.  In  previous  editions  the  chapters  were 
arranged  according  to  orders,  they  are  now  arranged  in 
conformity  to  that  of  the  other  fraternities. 

PRiNCETON,  HOBART,  NORTHERN  AND  SOUTHERN  ORDERS 

1854.  Princeton,  Princeton  University  (1868) 35 

1854.  Z,  Franklin  &  Marshall  Collie 308 


CHI  PHI  119 

858.  A,   University  of  North  Carolina  (1868) 75 

858.  B,  Centenary  College  of  Louisiana  (1861) 18 

859.  r,  Davidson  College  (1869) 34 

859.  A,  University  of  Virginia 362 

860.  T,  Hobart  CoUege  (1880) 76 

860.  E,  Nashville  Military  College  (1861) 4 

861.  ^,  Keftyon  College  (1866) 18 

861.  Z,  Cumberland  University  (1861) 4 

867.  Gettysburg  6,  Pennsylvania  College  (1872) 16 

867.  A,  Rutgers  College 305 

867.  E,  Hampden-Sidney  College 266 

867.  H,  University  of  Georgia 476 

867.  9,  University  of  Edinburgh  (1870) 11 

868.  B,  Muhlenberg  College  (1884) 81 

868.  S,  Cornell  University 350 

869.  Q,  Dickinson  College  (1894) 94 

969.    I,  Mercer  University  (1880) 67 

869.  r,  Emory  College 392 

871.  S,  Wofford  College  (1907) 192 

871.  A,  Oglethorpe  University  (1872) 12 

871.  M,  Trinity  College,  N.  C.  (1879) 71 

872.  N,  Washington  &  Lee  University  (1875) 28 

872.  V,  Lehigh  University 248 

872.  K,  Brown  University  (1895) 29 

872.  N,  Kentucky  Military  Institute  (1883) 78 

873.  O,  St.  Johns  College,  Ark  .(1874) 7 

873.  B,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 272 

873.  *,  Amherst  College 455 

873.  A  X,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 224 

874.  P,  Lafayette  College 388 


I20  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

UNITED  ORDER. 

1875.  A,  University  of  California 290 

1877.  O,  Sheffield  Scientific  School 584 

1878.  6,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 287 

1882.  T,  University  of  Michigan  (1885) 9 

1883.  N,  University  of  Pennsylvania  (1885) 14 

1883.  I,    Ohio  State  University 303 

1883.  n,  Vanderbilt  University  (1899) 107 

1883.  M,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology 169 

1885.  B,  Harvard  University  (1887) 12 

1889.  T,  South  Carolina  University  (1897) 36 

1892.  N,  University  of  Texas 199 

1902.  X,  Dartmouth  College 261 

1904.  Q,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 171 

1912.  S,  University  of  Illinois 127 

1916.  K,  University  of  Wisconsin 99 

Active  chapters,  22;   inactive,  14;   membership,  7,664. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Amherst,  Cali- 
fornia, "Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Emory,  Franklin  and  Mar- 
shall, Hampden-Sidney,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Massachusetts 
Institute,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Rensselaer,  Rutgers, 
Stevens,  Texas,  Virginia,  Yale.  Total  houses  18;  total 
valuation  $412,000. 

Of  the  chapters  of  the  Chi  Phi  Fraternity,  as  established 
by  the  imion  of  1874,  Alpha,  at  the  University  of  Virginia, 
was  originally  the  Delta  chapter  of  the  Southern  order, 
but  when  Alpha  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
suspended,  it  assumed  the  powers  of  the  parent  chapter, 
and  was  given  the  name  of  Alpha  at  the  time  of  the  union. 
Beta,   at  Massachusetts   Institute  of  Technology,   was 


CHI  PHI  121 

originally  founded  as  the  Tau  chapter,  in  1873,  but,  owing 
to  the  prejudice  against  fraternities  at  that  institution, 
surrendered  its  charter  in  1874.  It  was  re-established  as 
Beta,  in  1890,  and  has  lived,  under  changed  conditions,  a 
prosperous  existence.  The  chapters  at  Emory,  Rutgers, 
Hampden-Sidney,  Franklin  and  Marshall,  Rensselaer 
Polytechnic  Institute,  Ohio  State  University,  University 
of  California,  Stevens  Institute,  University  of  Texas, 
SheflSeld  Scientific  School,  Amherst,  Lehigh  and  Georgia 
School  of  Technology,  have  prospered.  The  chapter  at 
the  University  of  Georgia  was  suspended  from  1874  to 
1878  by  anti-fraternity  laws,  but  its  charter  was  never 
revoked.  The  chapter  at  Cornell  was  suspended,  owing 
to  local  conditions,  in  1881,  but  was  re-established  in  1888. 
The  chapter  at  Lafayette  was  originally  a  chapter  of  the 
now  defunct  fraternity  of  I  A  K;  Chi  at  Dartmouth  was  a 
local  society  known  as  A  A  Q;  Alpha  Chi  was  founded 
at  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  by  the  Northern  order, 
as  the  Chi  chapter.  Its  charter  was  withdrawn  in  1894 
but  it  was  reestablished  in  191 1  by  the  absorption  of  a  local 
fraternity  known  as  A  P  r.  The  altmmi  chapter  at  Balti- 
more was  permitted  to  initiate  five  men  at  Johns  Hopkins 
University  between  1880  and  1884,  but  it  was  decided  that 
conditions  were  tmpropitious,  and  no  further  efforts  were 
ever  made  to  establish  a  chapter  at  that  University. 
These  five  men  are  now  carried  on  the  roll  of  the  Alpha 
chapter. 

The  Princeton  Order,  as  has  been  stated,  consisted  of 
three  chapters.  They  were  known  by  the  names  of  the 
town  at  which  the  college  was  located,  but,  after  the  tmion 


122  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

of  1867,  the  chapter  at  Franklin  and  Marshall  was  given 
the  name  of  Zeta,  and  that  at  Pennsylvania  the  name  of 
Theta.  The  cause  of  the  death  of  the  Princeton  chapter 
has  been  given  above.  The  Gettysburg  chapter,  known  as 
Theta  in  the  Northern  order,  was  withdrawn  owing  to  the 
low  standing  of  the  College;  but  the  Zeta  chapter  at 
Franklin  and  Marshall  still  lives  and  is  the  oldest  chapter 
of  the  fraternity  today. 

Of  the  Southern  Order,  the  parent  chapter,  Alpha  at  the 
University  of  North  Carolina,  died  shortly  after  the  end 
of  the  War.  Its  prospects  for  a  time  were  bright,  but,  with 
the  decline  of  the  College  in  1868,  it  became  extinct  and 
has  never  been  revived.  Beta  at  Centenary,  Epsilon  at 
Nashville  Military  College,  and  Zeta  at  Cumberland  were 
killed  by  the  War;  Gamma  at  Davidson  was  killed  by 
anti-fraternity  legislation ;  Theta  at  Edinburgh  University 
was  composed  of  yoimg  Southerners  who  were  in  attend- 
ance there,  owing  to  the  condition  of  the  South  at  that 
time.  It  admitted  no  students  other  than  Americans. 
The  charter  of  Lambda  at  Oglethorpe,  owing  to  the  low 
standing  of  the  college,  became  extinct,  and  Omicron  at 
St.  Johns  became  extinct  almost  as  soon  as  it  was  foimded. 

The  Hobart  Order  which  consisted  of  four  chapters  has 
but  one  chapter  living  today  fotmded  by  it, — Delta  at 
Rutgers.  Upsilon,  as  has  been  stated,  became  inactive 
in  1880.  The  Psi  chapter  at  Kenyon,  after  a  desperate 
struggle,  ceased  to  exist  in  1866.  The  Sigma  chapter  at  the 
College  of  New  Jersey  led  at  all  times  a  precarious  existence 
owing  to  anti-fraternity  laws,  and  while  it  furnished  many 
excellent  men,  surrendered  its  charter  in  i868. 


CHI  PHI  123 

Chi  Phi  Clubs  now  exist  in  a  number  of  the  princix)al 
cities. 

Each  chapter  of  the  fraternity  maintains  a  house  for  the 
use  of  its  members,  all  of  which,  except  those  of  Hampden- 
Sidney  and  Emory  are  used  as  dormitories.  At  these 
colleges  the  rules  forbid  such  use. 

The  fraternity,  immediately  after  the  imion,  provided 
for  the  publication  of  The  Chi  Phi  Quarterly,  but,  owing 
to  the  death  of  the  editor,  it  appeared  only  twice  in  1875. 
In  1877,  it  was  revived  and  published  at  Trinity  College, 
N.  C,  for  that  year  and  1878,  when  it  again  suspended. 
In  1880,  it  was  published  at  Allentown,  Pa.;  in  1881  and 
1882  at  Reading,  Pa.;  in  1882  and  1883  at  Scranton,  Pa.; 
in  1884  at  Allentown,  Pa.;  in  1885  at  Urbana,  O.;  in 
1886  at  Columbus,  0.;  and  from  1887  to  April  1891  in  the 
dty  of  New  York,  when  its  publication  was  abandoned, 
and  its  place  taken  by  a  journal  called  The  Chakett.  In 
191 5  The  Chakett  was  revived  as  a  quarterly  published 
under  the  management  of  the  Council  as  an  official 
periodical  to  members  only.  In  the  year  1 897 ,  the  Council 
b^an  the  publication  of  the  Year  Book,  presenting  the 
same  material  as  the  fraternity  journal,  but  in  a  nore 
elaborate  form.  All  of  the  chapters  publish  annuals  for 
the  use  of  their  alunmi,  containing  items  of  chapter  history, 
and  address  lists  of  their  members. 

The  first  publication  of  the  Northern  Order  of  Chi  Phi 
appeared  on  July  i,  1868,  when  the  Franklin  and  Marshall 
chapter  published  the  first  number  of  The  Chi  Phi  Chakett, 
an  annual  containing  a  list  of  initiates,  and  some  other 
fraternity  information.    This  was  issued  again  in  1 869  and 


124  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1872  by  all  of  the  Pennsylvania  chapters  joint'y;  and 
nothing  further  appeared  until  January,  1874,  when  there 
was  issued  the  first  number  of  The  Chi  Phi  Quarterly. 
Two  numbers  only  were  issued.  It  was  founded  by  M.  F. 
Thompson,  of  Carlisle,  Pa.,  who  had  no  knowledge  of  any 
other  similar  publication. 

Five  catalogues  have  been  issued  by  the  fraternity. 
A  pamphlet  edition  was  published  in  1879  (Easton,  Pa.), 
followed  by  an  edition  in  cloth  (Easton,  Pa.,  1882). 
These  contained  nothing  but  an  alphabetical  list  of  the 
members  arranged  imder  the  head  of  classes.  A  third 
edition,  compiled  by  Ethan  Allen  Weaver  (New  York, 
1890),  contained  much  historical  matter.  A  fourth  edi- 
tion, imder  the  auspices  of  Arthur  G.  Thompson,  was 
issued  in  New  York  in  1908.  A  very  complete  catalogue 
edited  by  Wyndham  Stokes  was  published  in  191 5.  All 
the  active  chapters  publish  the  names  and  addresses  of 
their  alimini  in  their  annual  records.  In  1879,  the  first 
edition  of  a  song  book  was  published  under  the  title, 
"Carmina  Fraternitatis  Phi  Chi,"  and  this  song  book  was 
republished  in  191 1.  There  have  been  several  pieces  of 
instrumental  music  dedicated  to  the  fraternity. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  by  conventions 
made  up  of  delegates  from  the  active  chapters  and  char- 
tered alumni  associations  of  Chicago,  Philadelphia, 
Western  Pennsdvania  and  Atlanta,  and  are  known  as 
Congresses;  executive  functions  are  in  the  hands  of  a 
Council  of  five  members,  the  chief  executive  of  the  frater- 
nity and  fotur  others  named  by  him. 


CHI  PHI  125 

Prominent  among  the  alumni  are:  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  Franklin  K.  Lane,  LL.D.,  United  States  Senators, 
Hiram  W.  Johnson,  (Progressive  Party  Candidate  for 
Vice-President  U.  S.  191 2)  of  California,  Richard  R. 
Kenney  of  Delaware  and  Lee  S.  Overman  of  North  Caro- 
lina, former  United  States  Representatives  John  H. 
Small  of  North  Carolina  and  Arthur  G.  Dewalt  of  Penn- 
sylvania, Ex-Governors  William  D.  Jelks  of  Alabama, 
Joseph  M.  Brown,  Nathaniel  E.  Harris,  John  M.  Slaton  of 
Georgia  and  Lieutenant-Governor  Lewis  H.  Sweet ser  of 
Idaho,  Nash  R.  Broyles,  Judge  Georgia  Coiut  of  Appeals, 
Hugh  L.  Nichols,  Chief  Justice  of  Ohio,  Pascal  C.  J. 
De  Angelis,  Justice  New  York  Supreme  Court  and  Henry 
Stockbridge,  Judge  Court  of  Appeals,  Maryland. 

College  Presidents,  Sidney  E.  Mezes,  College  of  City  of 
New  York;  James  E.  Dickey,  Emory  College,  Georgia; 
Edwin  E.  Sparks,  Pennsylvania  State  College;  William  P. 
Few,  Trinity  College,  North  Carolina;  David  C.  Barrow, 
University  of  Georgia;  George  T.  Winston,  University  of 
North  Carolina;  Henry  N.  Snyder,  Wofford  College,  and 
Professors  George  B.  Churchill,  Amherst;  Everett  W. 
Goodhue,  Colgate;  Horace  B.  Patton,  Colorado  School  of 
Mines;  Frank  A.  Updyke,  Dartmouth;  Goodrich  C. 
White,  Emory;  John  M.  Vincent,  Johns  Hopkins;  John 
A.  Bownocker,  Ohio  State  University;  Enricue  A. 
Touceda,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute;  William  H. 
Pegram,  Trinity,  N.  C;  Henry  C.  '\\Tiite,  University  of 
Georgia;  Anthony  M.  Muckenfuss,  University  of  Missis- 
sippi; Herbert  A.  Waite,  University  of  Nebraska;  JohnB. 
Deaver,  M.D.,  University  of  Pennsylvania;    Milton  B. 


196  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Porter,  University  of  Texas;  William  H.  Echols,  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia;  Frank  C.  Sharp,  University  of  Wisconsin; 
Charles  S.  Brown,  Vanderbilt;  George  Dock,  M.D., 
Washington  University,  Missouri;  John  G.  Clinkscales, 
Wofford;   and  Lester  P.  Breckenridge,  Yale. 

J.  George  Becht,  Executive  Secretary,  Pennsylvania 
State  Board  of  Education  and  Ivy  L.  Lee  of  the  "Rocke- 
feller Foundation." 

Among  Divines  may  be  mentioned  Frederick  R.  Graves, 
Irving  H.  Berg,  Carl  N.  Conrad,  Milo  H.  Gates,  Thomas 
C.  Johnson,  D.D.,  Robert  P.  Kerr,  James  W.  Lee,  Frank  T. 
McFaden,  Albert  H.  Newman,  D.D.,  Arthur  C.  Powell, 
Thornton  R.  Sampson,  D.D.,  Graham  Taylor,  William  R. 
Taylor,  Smith  deL.  Townsend,  Kerr  B.  Tupper,  D.D., 
Lenox  B.  Tumbull,  and  William  DeL.  Wilson. 

Among  literary  men  are  Armistead  C.  Gordon,  Fay 
Hemstead  and  William  T.  Dumas,  Edward  J.  Wheeler 
Editor  Literary  Digest,  DeWolfe  Howe  and  Edwin  A. 
Grozier,  Editor  Boston  Post. 

The  following  prominent  business  men :  William  Wal- 
lace Atterbury,  Vice-President  (Director  General  Trans- 
portation with  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General,  American 
Expeditionary  Force,  France) ;  Charles  S.  Krick,  Assistant 
General  Manager  and  A.  HoUey  Rudd,  Signal  Engineer  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Lines  East;  Clarence  B. 
Heiserman,  General  Coimsel  of  the  Pennsylvania  Lines 
West;  Samuel  M.  Felton,  President  Chicago  and  Great 
Western  Railroad  Company  (Director  of  Military  Trans- 
portation);  ji  Columbus  Haile,  Vice-President  Missouri, 
Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  Co.;    Frank  H.  Alfred,  Federal 


CBI  FBI 


»7 


Manager  Pere  Marquette  Railway;  George  J.  Roberts, 
First  Vice-President  Public  Service  Corporation  of  New 
Jersey,  and  Newcomb  Carlton,  President  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company;  C.  H.  McCuUough,  Jr.,  President 
of  the  Lackawanna  Steel  Works;  F.  G.  Drum,  Financier. 
Rear  Admirals  Samuel  McGowan,  Paymaster-General 
and  Eustace  B.  Rogers,  Paymaster-General  (retired); 
Captain  Albon  C.  Hodgson  (retired)  and  Captain  Francis 
S.  Nash,  Medical-Director,  of  the  U.  S.  Navy,  General 
Lucius  H.  Warren,  Philadelphia,  Penn. 


C{|t  $0t 


:cr'vcv 


TpHE  Chi  Psi  fraternity  was  founded  at  Union  College 
in  the  spring  of  1841.  The  original  members  were 
Major-General  James  C.  Duane,  Judge  Patrick  U.  Major, 
Philip  Spencer,  Colonel  Alexander  P.  Berthoud,  John 
Brush,  Jr.,  Dr.  Jacob  H.  Parrel,  Robert  H.  McFaddin, 
Samuel  T.  Taber,  Hon.  William  F.  Terhune  and  Hon. 
James  L.  Witherspoon. 

Each  chapter  is  within  the  fraternity  termed  an 
"Alpha,"  and  that  letter  is,  in  each  case,  prefixed  to  the 
chapter-letter  proper.     The  list  is  as  follows : 

1841.  n,  Union  College 376 

1842.  6,  Williams  College 457 

1843.  M,  Middlebury  College 390 

1844.  A,  Wesleyan  University 427 

1844.  H,  Bowdoin  College 176 

1845.  *,  Hamilton  College 410 

1845.  E,  University  of  Michigan 451 

1846.  Z,  Columbia  University  (1885) 57 

1851.      A,  Princeton  University  (1857) 53 

1855.      2,  University  of  North  Carolina  (1861) 52 

1857.      K,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  (1873) 54 

128 


CHI  PSl  129 

1858.  T,  Funnan  University  (1898) 195 

1858.  B,  South  Carolina  College  (1897) 127 

1858.  r,  University  of  Mississippi  (1895) 231 

i860.  O,  University  of  Virginia  (1870) 33 

i860.  A,  Brown  University  (1871) 46 

1864.  X,  Amherst  College 403 

1869,  ^»  Cornell  University 348 

1869.  T,  WoflFord  College  (1909) 186 

1874.  N,  University  of  Minnesota 314 

1878.  I,    University  of  Wisconsin 301 

1879.  P,  Rutgers  College 239 

1883.  S,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology 179 

1884.  Q,  University  of  Rochester  (1889) 38 

1890.  A  A,  University  of  Georgia   137 

1893.  B  A,  Lehigh  University 124 

1894.  r  A,  Stanford  University 145 

1895.  A  A,  University  of  California   169 

1898.  E  A,  University  of  Chicago 153 

1912.  Z  A,  University  of  Illinois 116 

Active  chapters,  19;  inactive,  11;   membership,  6,387. 

The  following  chapters  own  their  houses:  Amherst, 
California,  Chicago,  Cornell,  Hamilton,  Lehigh,  Michigan, 
Middlebury,  Minnesota,  Rutgers,  Stanford,  Union,  Wesle- 
yan,  Williams,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses  15;  total  valua- 
tion $501,000. 

The  parent  chapter  became  dormant  during  a  period 
of  depression  in  the  affairs  of  the  college  in  1878.  It 
was  revived  in  1892.  The  Williams  chapter  was  inactive 
from  187a  to  1875  and  the  Wesleyan  chapter  was  inactive 


I30  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

from  1865  to  1873.  The  Bowdoin  chapter  became  inac- 
tive in  1869  from  reverses  incident  to  the  war.  Epsilon 
was  the  first  chapter  of  this  fraternity  placed  in  the  West. 
A  log  cabin  in  the  woods  near  Ann  Arbor,  used  by  this 
chapter  soon  after  its  foimdation,  at  a  time  when  the 
faculty  was  hostile  to  the  fraternities,  may  be  considered 
in  some  sense  as  the  proto  type  of  the  chapter-house  of  the 
present  day  although  it  was  not  used  as  a  dwelling  place. 
The  Colimibia  chapter  relinquished  its  charter  in  1 8 58 .  It 
was  revived  in  1882,  but  again  became  inactive  in  1885. 
Delta  at  Princeton,  suffered  the  usual  fate  of  Princeton 
chapters  by  anti-fraternity  laws.  Sigma,  at  North 
Carolina  University,  was  the  first  chapter  of  the  fraternity 
established  in  the  South,  and  was  killed  by  the  war. 

With  a  few  exceptions,  all  of  the  ante-bellum  alumni 
of  the  Furman  chapter  were  in  the  Confederate  service. 
This  chapter,  as  well  as  those  at  the  Universities  of  South 
Carolina  and  Mississippi,  were  rendered  inactive  by  the 
war,  and  were  later  revived  but  are  again  dormant.  The 
Mississippi  chapter  died  in  1895,  and  the  South  Carolina 
and  Woff'ord  chapters  were  killed  by  anti-frateniity  laws. 
The  Cornell  chapter  was  inactive  from  1875  to  1885.  The 
Rutgers  chapter  was  formerly  a  local  society  called  A  0. 
Xi,  at  Stevens,  is  the  only  chapter  in  a  wholly  scientific 
institution.  The  charter  of  the  Omega  chapter,  at 
Rochester,  was  withdrawn  in  1889.  The  Chicago  chapter 
was  formed  from  a  local  society,  the  Quo  Vadis  Club,  and 
he  Illinois  chapter  from  T  A. 

The  house  of  the  Union  chapter  was  erected  by  the 
chapter  and  fraternity  as  a  memorial  to  Philip  Spencer, 


CHI  PSI  131 

one  of  the  founders.  The  house  of  the  Stanford  chapter 
was  destroyed  in  the  earthquake  of  April  18,  1906,  but 
has  been  rebuilt.  The  Cornell  chapter-house  was  the 
well-known  Fiske-McGraw  mansion  at  Ithaca.  In  a  fire 
which  completely  destroyed  this  house  in  the  early  morning 
hours  of  December  7.  1906,  four  members  of  the  fraternity 
and  three  members  of  the  volunteer  fire  department  lost 
their  lives.  A  new  house  has  been  built  on  the  site  of  the  old 

Outside  its  annual  conventions,  an  Executive  Council 
of  five  alumni  members  (formerly  three)  is  the  governing 
body  of  the  fraternity.  In  spite  of  the  recognized  local 
autonomy  of  its  chapters,  this  fraternity  was  the  pioneer 
in  the  policy  of  employing  a  paid  travelling  secretary  to 
devote  his  entire  time  to  fraternity  work. 

There  are,  properly  speaking,  no  alumni  chapters. 
There  are  associations  of  alumni,  however,  in  the  large 
cities. 

The  principal  publication  of  tlje  fraternity  is  its  cata- 
logue, which  was  first  published  at  Troy  in  1849.  Since 
then  editions  have  been  published  in  1852,  1858,  1871, 
1878,  1883,  1892,  1902  and  191 5.  There  was  also  a  supple- 
ment to  the  edition  of  187 1,  published  in  1877.  The 
edition  of  1883  was  published  in  New  York  City.  It 
was  handsomely  bound  in  the  fraternity  colors,  and  was 
the  first  attempt  made  by  the  fraternity  to  publish 
a  catalogue  containing  more  than  a  mere  list  of  names. 
The  edition  of  1892  was  issued  upon  the  same  lines,  and 
was  edited  by  W.  M.  and  T.  F.  Collier.  The  1902  edition 
was  similar  in  character. 


■T?^ 


132  MEN*S  FRATERNITIES 

Three  editions  have  been  published  of  the  song  book, 
viz.,  one  in  1878  under  the  auspices  of  the  Williams 
Chapter,  and  two,  one  in  1893*  and  one  in  191 5  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Wesleyan  Chapter. 

The  official  journal  of  the  fraternity  is  called  the  Purple 
and  Gold.  It  was  begun  in  November,  1883,  and  for 
two  years  was  published  at  Chnton,  N.  Y.  It  was  then 
published  for  one  year  at  New  York  City.  In  November. 
1886,  its  place  of  pubUcation  was  transferred  to  Auburn. 
N.  Y.,  where  it  remained  until  June,  1894.  Since  then  it 
has  been  issued  as  follows:  June,  1895,  Hartford,  Conn.; 
November,  1895,  Auburn,  N.  Y.;  February,  May  and 
November,  1896,  Washington,  D.  C;  and  November, 
1897,  Clinton,  N.  Y.;  from  1899  until  1908,  quarterly, 
from  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  and  from  1908  in  New  York  City, 
since  19 14  under  the  direction  of  the  Executive  Coimcil. 

One  of  the  original  members  of  the  fraternity  was 
Philip  Spencer,  a  son  of  a  cabinet  officer,  and  a  member 
of  a  family  of  high  soci^  position.  Later,  while  serving 
as  midshipman  on  the  U.  S.  brig  of  war  Somers,  he  was 
executed  for  alleged  mutiny.  Senator  Benton,  in  his 
"Thirty  Years'  View,"  shows  the  charge  and  arrest  to 
have  been  tmwarrantable,  and  is  unsparing  in  his  condem- 
nation of  the  seizure  and  execution.  James  Fenimore 
Coope**  Gail  Hamilton  and  others,  have  been  even  more 
emphatic  in  denunciation  of  the  steps  which  led  to 
Spencer's  death.  For  many  years  after  this  ocaurence, 
the  Chi  Psi  were  dubbed  "Pirates"  by  their  rivals,  in 
reference  to  the  ignominious  fate  of  Philip  Spencer.  They 
are  known  as  "Chis"  in  some  colleges,  but  more  generally 


CHI  PSl  133 

by  the  two  fraternity  letters  pronounced  together  "the 
Chi  Psis." 

The  badge  is  a  jeweled  monogram,  composed  of  a 
"X"  laid  upon  a  "y."    The  latter  displays  a  cross  within 

NHHR    an  oval  and  a  skull  and  bones  with  three  dag- 

1^^     gers  above.    The  fraternity  colors  are  purple 

"^^™  and  gold.  The  colors  of  the  pledge-button  are 
purple  and  gold. 

The  fraternity  has  no  honorary  members.  Among  its 
members  are :  The  late  Chief  Justice  Melville  W. Fuller ;  W. 
L.  Putnam,  U.S  Circuit  Court,  Maine;  Postmaster  General 
M.  Don  Dickinson;  J.  Stirling  Morton  of  Nebraska,  Secre- 
tary of  Agricultm-e;  William  L.  Putnam  ofo  SFpatorhderies 
Commissioner;  William  M.  Collier,  Ambaaine,  Mssisain; 
Frederick  W.  Whitridge,  Special  Ambassador  to  Spain. 

Governors,  John  W.  Stewart,  Vermont;  J.  Stirling 
Morton,  Nebraska;  Thomas  B.  Cimiming,  Nebraska; 
Charles  H.  Allen,  Porto  Rico;  Walter  Eli  Clark,  Alaska. 

United  States  Senators,  Joseph  H.  Earle,  South  Caro- 
lina; Thomas  M.  Palmer,  Michigan,  and  John  W.  Stewart, 
Vermont. 

Congressmen,  Speaker  Thomas  B.  Reed;  Harry  White, 
Pennsylvania;  John  V.  L.  Findlay,  Maryland;  William 
H.  Perry,  South  Carolina;  Thomas  R.  Stockdale,  Missis- 
sippi; T.  A.  D.  Fessenden,  Maine;  Horatio  C.  Burchard, 
Illinois;  David  R.  Paige,  Ohio;  Horace  Davis,  California; 
John  W.  Stewart,  Vermont;  John  N.  Himgerford,  New 
York;  William  W.  Phelps,  Minnesota;  Thomas  W. 
Palmer,  Michigan;  Charles  H.  Allen,  Massachusetts; 
George  P.  Lawrence,  Massachusetts;  J.  Stirling  Morton, 
Nebraska. 


i 
i 


■  \ 


134  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

pTMajor  General  James  C.  Duane,  Chief  of  Engineers, 
U.  S.  A.  and  Aqueduct  Commissioner  of  New  York  City; 
Brigadier  General  Joseph  R.  Smith,  Assistant  Surgeon 
General,  U.  S.  A.;  Robert  Earle,  Chief  Judge  Court  of 
Appeals  of  New  York;  Samuel  Hand,  Court  of  Appeals, 
New  York;  Francis  M.  Scott,  and  Charles  C.  Dwight, 
Supreme  Court  of  New  York;  Albert  H.  Horton,  Chief 
Justice  Supreme  Court  of  Kansas. 

Among  the  clergy.  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  S.  Robinson,  of 
New  York;  Stephen  H.  Tyng.  Jr.,  of  Paris;  Rev.  Dr. 
Everard  Kempshall.  of- Elizabeth  N.  J.:  Rev.  Dr.  E.  B. 
Webb,  of  Boston;  Rev.  Wm.  M.  Grosvenor,  dean  of  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  John,  New  York  City. 

Among  college  officials.  Chancellor  John  H.  Kirkland  of 
Vanderbilt  University;  Robert  B.  Fulton,  Chancellor  of 
University  of  Mississippi ;  President  Horace  Davis  of  the 
University  of  California;  President  Frank  J.  Goodnow  of 
Johns  Hopkins;  Presidents  Ezra  Brainerd  and  John  M. 
Thomas  of  Middlebury;  David  H.  Cochran  of  Brooklyn 
Polytechnic  Institute,  and  John  H.  Peck,  Rensselaer 
Polytechnic  Institute;  Edward  S.  Parsons,  Dean  of 
Colorado  College. 

Professors  Henry  A.  Frink  of  Hamilton  and  Amherst; 
Henry  F.  Lyster,  University  of  Michigan,  and  Maurice 
Bloomfield,  Johns  Hopkins. 

Among  authors  and  newspaper  men,  Clinton  ScoUard, 
Clyde  Fitch,  Waldo  S.  Pratt,  Lawrence  F.  Abbott  and 
Willis  J.  Abbott. 

Elbridge  T.  Gerry,  William  Astor,  Frederick  D.  Tappan, 
John  L.  Cadwalader,  and  William  H.  Moore  of  New  York; 


CHI  PSI 


I3S 


Brigadier  General  Thomas  H.  Hubbard,  New  York; 
William  H.  Hotchkiss,  State  Superintendent  of  Insurance, 
New  York;  Dr.  Stanton  Coit,  Pioneer  in  settlement  work 
in  America;  George  F.  Brownell,  vice-president  and 
general  solicitor  of  Erie  Railroad;  Timothy  Edward 
B)rmes,  vice-president  of  N.  Y.,  N.  H^&  Hartford  R.  R. 
and  Boston  &  Maine  R.  R.,  Boston;  James  L.  Wither- 
spoon,  Judge  Supreme  Court  and  Attorney  General  ot 
Arkansas;  Charles  F.  Steams,  Attorney  General  and 
Judge  Superior  Court  of  R.  I. 


(Students  of  Law  and  Students  in  Arts  who  have  a  bona  fide 

intention  to  study  law) 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  organized  at  Cornell  University 
on  October  13th,  1890,  by  Motiroe  M.  Sweetland, 
Myron  M.  Crandall,  Albert  S.  Barnes,  J.  M.  Gorham, 
Peter  S.  Johnson,  Edward  R.  O'Malley,  A.  D.  Stillman, 
A.  J.  Sullivan  and  F.  M.  Whitney.  It  does  not  admit  to 
membership  those  who  belong  to  the  college  fraternities. 
It  did  admit  college  fraternity  men  for  many  years  but 
legislation  excluding  them  was  finally  enacted.  It  is  a 
combination  litersuy-law  fraternity,  taking  its  member- 
ship from  both  the  Uterary  and  law  departments  of  the 
institutions  at  which  its  chapters  are  located.  In  the  case 
of  students  in  a  literary  department,  a  prerequisite  to 
admission  is  a  present  bona-fide  intention  to  study  law. 
It  more  nearly  resembles  the  general  college  fraternity 
than  the  professional  fraternity,  in  that  it  enters  into 
competition  with  the  general  fraternities  rather  than  with 
the  professional  fraternities. 
Chapters  have  been  located  at  the  following  institutions : 

1890.  Cornell  University. . . ". 379 

1891.  New  York  University 416 

1892.  Union  University 365 

1892.  University  of  Minnesota 351 

136 


bELTA    CHI  137 

1892/  DePauw  University  (1896) 33 

1892.  University  of  Michigan 365 

1893.  Dickinson  College 289 

1893.  Northwestern  University  (1910) 103 

1894.  Chicago-Kent  Law  School 253 

1897.  University  of  Buffalo 241 

1897.  University  of  Toronto 155 

1899.  Syracuse  University  (1917) 216 

1902.  University  of  West  Virginia  (1908) 74 

igo2.  Ohio  State  University 188 

1902.  New  York  Law  School  (1905) 73 

1903.  University  of  Chicago 185 

1903.  Georgetown  University 217 

1904.  University  of  Pennsylvania 163 

1905.  University  of  Virginia 194 

1905.  Stanford  University 199 

1906.  Washington  University  (1910) 49 

1907.  University  of  Texas 154 

1908.  University  of  Washington 119 

1909.  University  of  Nebraska 127 

1910.  University  of  Southern  Califomia iii 

1910.  University  of  Califomia 117 

1912.  University  of  Iowa 79 

1914.  University  of  Kentucky 54 

Active  chapters  22,  inactive  chapters  6.  Membership 
S.169. 

The  chapters  are  named  after  the  institutions  in  which 
they  are  located. 

The  Califomia,  Chicago,  Cornell,  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
and  Stanford  chapters  own  houses.  Total  houses  6 ;  total 
valuation  $150,000. 


138  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

There  are  alumni  chapters  in  Chicago,  New  York. 
Buflfalo,  Washington,  D.  C,  Columbus,  0.,  San  Francisco, 
Los  Angeles,  St.  Louis,  Seattle,  Minneapolis,  Houston, 
Syracuse,  Vancouver,  St.  Paul,  Portland,  Ore.,  Bingham- 
ton,  N.  Y.  and  Philadelphia  and  there  are  alimini  clubs 
in  Spokane  and  Sacramento. 

The  chapter  at  DePauw  was  withdrawn  because  of  the 
removal  of  the  law  department  to  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, where  members  of  the  DePauw  chapter  established 
the  chapter  at  Northwestern.  The  chapter  at  Albany 
Law  School,  now  Union  University,  was  inactive  from 
1894  to  1 90 1,  because  of  the  fact  that  the  school  at  that 
time  was  only  a  one  year  law  school.  The  New  York  Law 
School  charter  was  returned  because  of  the  chapter's 
inability  to  comply  with  the  requirement  that  the  chapter 
maintain  a  chapter  house.  The  charters  at  Northwestern 
and  Washington  Universities  were  returned  because  the 
chapters  foimd  they  were  unable  to  maintain  creditable 
chapters  without  admitting  members  of  the  general  fra- 
ternities, and  the  chapter  at  West  Virginia  was  with- 
drawn for  constitutional  violations.  Syracuse  chapter  was 
suspended  in  1917. 

The  present  government  of  the  fraternity  rests  in  bi- 
ennial conventions,  which  are  held  with  the  various 
chapters.  Between  conventions  a  body  of  15  men  called 
the  "XX,*'  constitute  a  governing  body.  The  officers  are 
chosen  by  this  body.  The  **XX'*  are  elected  for  four  years, 
one-half  of  the  number  being  elected  each  two  years. 

The  fraternity  publishes  the  Delta  Chi  Quarterly  at 
Chicago,   111.     It  commenced  publication  in   1903    and 


DELIA    CHI  139 

has  continued  publication  to  date.  It  published  a 
provisional  catalogue  in  1895,  a  biographical  catalogue  in 
1899  and  a  directory  in  1904,  1907,  1910,  1913,  and  1916. 
A  song  book  was  issued  in  1913  (Fredonia,  N.  Y.). 

▲  The  badge  is  a  jewelled  "A"  resting  upon  a 
gold  **X."  The  pledge-button  is  dark  red  in 
color. 

Since  191 1  the  conventions  have  been  held  biennially. 

Among  the  alumni  are  Judges  William  L.  Day,  Charles 
L.  Kelby  of  New  York,  John  G.  Park  of  Missouri,  Freder- 
ick S.  Nave  of  Arizona,  United  States  District  Attorneys 
James  H.  Wilkerson  of  Chicago  and  Daniel  W.  Baker  of  the 
District  of  Colimibia;  Clark  H.  Hammond,  Corporation 
Counsel  of  Buffalo;  Major  General  George  Bell,  Jr., 
Brigadier  General  W.  Keith,  Naylor,  Lt.  Comdr.  Harold 
H.  Emmons  in  charge  Engine  Production  Bureau  Aircraft 
Production;  Congressmen  Bennet  of  New  York,  Geo.  R. 
Smith  of  Minneapolis,  Ruben  L.  Haskell  of  Brooklyn, 
Mansfield  N.  Neely  of  Washington  and  Harding  of  Ohio; 
Daniel  H.  Reed  of  New  York;  J.  Marvin  Jones  of  Texas; 
Albert  W.  Jefferies  of  Nebraska;  Gonzalo  de  Quesada, 
Cuban  Minister  to  Germany;  Grederick  W.  Carpenter, 
fonner  Secretary  to  President  Taft  and  United  States 
Minister  to  Morocco;  and  Thomas  W.  Brahaney,  Execu- 
tive Secretary  to  President  Wilson;  Dudley  F.  Malone, 
Collector  of  the  Port  of  New  York. 


^^.   r. 


Selta  ilajppa  Itpfttton 


TpHIS  fraternity,  whose  name  is  universally  pronounced 
as  though  it  were  written  in  English  D  K  E,  was 
organized  at  Yale  College,  June  22,  1844,  by  the  following 
members  of  the  class  of  1846:  Wm.  W.  Atwater,  Edward 
G.  Bartlett,  Fred  P.  Bellinger,  Jr.,  Henry  Case,  Geo.  F. 
Chester,  John  B.  Conyngham,  Thomas  I.  Franklin.  W. 
Walter  Horton.  Wm.  Boyd  Jacobs,  Edward  V.  Kinsley, 
Chester  N.  Righter,  Elisha  Bacon  Shapleigh,  Thomas  D. 
Sherwood,  Alfred  Everett  Stetson  and  Orson  W.  Stow. 

The  men  who  foimded  the  society  had  together  expected 
to  become  members  of  one  or  the  other  of  the  then  junior 
socdties  of  Y  T  or  A  A  4>.  and  some  of  them  being  chosen 
and  others  not  securing  elections,  none  of  them  joined 
either  society,  but  all  determined  to  foimd  a  new  society 
of  their  own.  It  has  since  been  one  of  the  group  of  frater- 
iiities  in  the  academic  department.  At  Harvard  it 
became  a  sophomore  society.    The  roll  is  as  follows: 

1844.       *»  Yale  College 2693 

1844.       e,  Bowdoin College 835 

140 


DELTA    KAPPA    EPSILON 


141 


1845- 

z. 

1846. 

E, 

1846. 

s, 

1847. 

r, 

1847, 

V, 

1850. 

X, 

1850. 

r, 

1850. 

B, 

1851. 

A, 

1852. 

A, 

1852. 

K, 

1852. 

H 

1852. 

Q. 

1852. 

A, 

1853- 

n, 

1854. 

I, 

1854. 

A  A, 

i8ss- 

0. 

1855. 

E, 

i8ss- 

P, 

1856. 

T, 

1856, 

M. 

1856. 

N, 

1856, 

B4>, 

1857. 

ex, 

i8S7- 

K  V, 

1857- 

zz, 

1858. 

A  A, 

1861. 

TA, 

1861. 

K*. 

Princeton  University  (1857) 69 

Colby  College .' 643 

Amherst  College  859 

University  of  Nashville  (1861) 59 

University  of  Alabama 376 

University  of  Mississippi  (191 1) 473 

Brown  University 501 

University  of  North  Carolina 337 

Harvard' University  (1891) 1419 

South  Carolina  University  (1861) 89 

Miami  University 351 

University  of  Virginia 377 

Oakland  College  (1861) 76 

Kenyon  College i 349 

Dartmouth  College 903 

Kentucky  Military  Institute  (1861) 45 

Middlebury  College    375 

University  of  Michigan 510 

Williams  College 428 

Lafayette  College 438 

Hamilton  College 373 

Colgate  University 615 

College  of  the  City  of  New  York 510 

University  of  Rochester 493 

Union  College  (1869)    98 

Cumberland  University  (1873)  132 

Centenary  College  of  Louisiana  (1862)  ...  48 

Jefferson  College  (1865) 37 

Union  University,  Tenn.  (1862)    11 

Troy  University  (1862)    3a 


14a  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

i86i.    *  X,  Rutgers  College ,^40 

1866.  V  *,  DePauw  University   :^99 

1867.  r  4>,  Wesleyan  University    623 

1867.  H  A,  Washington  and  Lee  University  (1878)  .  .  50 

1867.  y Q,  Rensselaer Polytechniclnstitute    310 

1868.  B  X,  Western  Reserve  University   293 

1870.  A  X,  Cornell  University    454 

1871.  A  A.  University  of  Chicago 324 

1871.    4>  r,  Syracuse  University  ....'. 451 

1874.    r  B,  Columbia  University   528 

1876.    0  Z,  University  of  California 307 

1879.    A  X,  Trinity  College,  Conn 227 

1885.        1,  Central  University,  Ky    198 

1890.       r,  Vanderbilt  University    233 

1890.    *  E,  University  of  Minnesota    273 

1890.  S  T,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  ..  265 

1898.    A  K,  University  of  Pennsylvania 191 

1898.  A  4>,  University  of  Toronto 211 

1899.  T  A,  Tulane  University 142 

1900.  T  A,  McGill  University 175 

1901.  2  P,  Stanford  University    138 

1904.    A  n,  University  of  Illinois 155 

1906.    P  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 166 

191 1.    K  E,  University  of  Washington   no 

1913.  Q  X,  University  of  Texas 89 

Active  chapters,  43;  inactive  chapters,  14;  member- 
ship, 21,206. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Alabama,  Am- 
herst, Bowdoin,  Brown,  California,  Central.  Chicago, 
Colby,   Colgate,  C.  C.  N.  Y.,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Dart- 


DELTA    KAPPA    EPSILON  143 

mouth,  DePauw,  Hamilton,  Illinois,  LaFayette,  Mass. 
Tech.,  Miami.  Michigan,  Middlebury,  Minnesota,  North 
Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic,  Roches- 
ter, Rutgers,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  -Toronto,  Trinity, 
Tulane,  Vanderbilt,  Virpnia,  Washington  State,  Wesleyan, 
Western  Reserve,  Williams,  Wisconsin  and  Yale.  Total 
40;    total  valuation  $965,000. 

The  fraternity  owns  the  most  pretentious  club  house  of 
any  fraternity.  It  is  situated  in  New  York  City.  The 
house  and  fixtures  cost  upwards  of  $400,000. 

The  movement  which  resulted  in  the  foundation  of 
the  fraternity  at  Yale  was  purely  local,  and  it  was  not 
intended  that  other  branches  or  chapters  should  be  estab- 
lished elsewhere,  but  opportunity  soon  arose  to  place  the 
fraternity  in  Maine,  and  a  branch  chapter  was  accordingly 
established  at  Bowdoin.  Another  opporttmity  soon 
occurred  to  place  a  chapter  at  Princeton,  in  New  Jersey, 
and  it  was  then  determined  that  the  organizations  at 
other  colleges  should  no  longer  be  considered  simply 
branches  of  the  fraternity  at  Yale,  but  should  be  granted 
an  independent  existence  as  chapters,  and  the  constitution 
was  changed  to  effect  this  purpose.  Having  once  begun 
in  this  direction,  the  extension  of  the  fraternity  was 
systematically  pushed  under  plans  suggested  by  Henry 
Hitchcock,  and  the  growth  of  the  fraternity  previous  to 
the  war  was  rapid,  especially  in  the  South.  A  large 
niunber  of  chapters  were  rendered  inactive  by  the  war, 
and  several  of  these  have  not  been  re-established. 

The  Yale  chapter,  both  on  accoimt  of  its  being  the 
parent  chapter,  and  from  the  prestige  of  the  college,  has 


144  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

from  the  first  maintained  a  prominent  position  in  the 
coimcils  of  the  fraternity.  It  is  entitled  to  have  always 
one  member  on  the  Executive  Committee.  It  has  been 
very  large  and  prosperous.  It  estabUshed  in  19  lo  a 
scholarship  at  Yale  in  memory  of  one  of  its  members. 
This  is  open  to  any  student  whether  a  member  of  the 
fraternity  or  not. 

The  Harvard  chapter  was  flourishing  down  to  the  year 
1856,  when  the  members  of  the  class  of  1858  agreed  not  to 
join  the  fraternities.  The  members  of  the  fraternity  in 
other  classes  and  the  graduate  members  did  not  acquiesce 
in  this  conclusion,  and  though  they  ceased  to  initiate 
members  for  nearly  six  years,  the  organization  was  kept 
up  and  meetings  were  held  in  Boston.  The  chapter  was 
revived  in  the  class  of  '63  as  a  sophomore  society,  the 
members  of  which  are  familiarly  known  as  the  ** Dickey" 
club,  and  are  chosen  from  among  the  initiates  of  a  peculiar 
Harvard  organization  known  as  the  *' Institute  of  1770," 
and  the  principal  outward  attribute  of  which  is  a  peculiar 
and  generally  ridiculous  initiation  which  its  members 
are  cojnpelled  to  imdergo*.  In  1891  the  charter  of  this 
organization  as  a  chapter  of  A  K  E  was  withdrawn. 
There  is  now  an  alumni  association  at  Harvard. 

The  Zeta  chapter  at  Princeton  was  killed  by  anti- 
fratemity  laws.  The  members  of  the  Alabama  chapter, 
upon  its  extinction  by  anti-fraternity  laws  in  1859, 
formed  the  first  graduate  association  in  the  fraternity,  at 
Shelby  Springs,  Ala.    The  Alabama  chapter  was  revived 


*The  memben  of  this  Dickey  dub  freely  joined  other  fraternities  which  bad 
chapters  in  the  upper  dssscs  at  Harvard,  and  this  practice  has  given  rise  to  many 
dovut  membtnhipa,  some  oC  which  have  proven  embarrassing. 


DELTA    KAPPA    EPSILON  145 

in  1885,  and  the  North  Carolina  chapter  in  1887.  The 
charter  of  the  Mississippi  chapter  was  withdrawn  in  191 1 
on  account  of  anti-fraternity  legislation.  The  charters 
of  the  chapters  at  Union  and  Cumberland  were  withdrawn. 
The  Washington  and  Lee  chapter,  and  the  Jefferson 
chapter  surrenderd  their  charters  during  periods  of  depres- 
sion in  the  affairs  of  their  colleges.  The  chapters  at  Troy 
and  Chicago  became  inactive  simultaneously  with  the 
institutions  in  which  they  were  placed.  The  latter  was 
revived  soon  after  the  university  was  re-established. 
The  second  Iota  chapter  at  Central,  which  is  considered 
by  the  fraternity  to  be  a  revival  of  the  first  chapter  of 
that  name,  which  was  located  at  the  Kentucky  Military 
Institute,  was  formed  from  a  local  society  called  I  B, 
and  the  Columbia  chapter  from  one  called  W  4>. 

The  Miami  chapter  was  suspended  with  the  univer- 
sity in  1873,  and  was  revived  in  1889.  The  Kenyon 
chapter  in  1854  built  a  log  cabin  in  a  ravine  near  the 
college  town,  and  used  it  as  a  meeting  place.  This  was 
for  a  time  supposed  to  be  the  earliest  building  ever  used 
exclusively  for  fraternity  purposes  but  it  was  ante  dated  by 
a  somewhat  similar  structure  built  at  Ann  Arbor  by  Chi 
Psi  in  1845  or  1846. 

There  are  a  large  nimiber  of  associations  of  altmmi  in  the 
principal  cities  of  the  United  States.  An  annual  meeting 
and  a  dinner  in  most  cases  comprise  the  extent  of  their 
exercises,  though  several  hold  monthly  meetings,  and 
maintain  a  more  or  less  continuous  social  life. 

Down  to  188 1  the  government  of  the  fraternity  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  convention  exclusively,  and^dtiring 


146  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

its  recess  the  parent  chapter  seems  to  have  supervised 
the  administration  of  its  affairs.  The  first  convention 
was  held  in  1846,  the  second  in  1852,  the  third  in  1853, 
the  fourth  in  1855,  and  since  then  they  have,  with  one 
or  two  exceptions,  been  held  annually,  generally  in  the 
fall  of  each  year.  In  1882  a  **councir'  was  formed,  and 
the  administration  of  the  fraternity's  affairs  was  placed 
in  its  hands.  It  became  incorporated  by  a  special  act  of 
the  New  York  Legislature  in  1884,  and  has  formed  a  very 
efficient  executive  for  the  Fraternity.  In  1913  the  Co  mcil 
was  enlarged  to  include  one  representative  from  each 
chapter.  The  Council  acts  through  a  committee  of  seven 
consisting  of  the  representative  from  the  Yale  chapter  and 
six  other  members. 

In  iQio  it  adopted  the  plan  of  having  a  general  secre- 
tary who  devotes  his  entire  time  to  the  affairs  of  the 
fraternity  and  who  superintends  a  general  office  in  New 
York  devoted  to  its  administrative  business.  There  is  a 
branch  oflSce  in  Chicago.  There  is  also  a  salaried  assistant 
at  each  oflSce  and  a  travelling  secretary. 

Conventions  have  been  held  annually. 

Catalogues  of  the  fraternity  have  been  issued  in  1851. 
1855,  1858,  1863  (all  published  at  New  Haven),  1867 
(edited  at  New  Haven,  published  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.), 
1871,  1874  (compiled  by  the  Amherst  chapter),  and 
1879  (compiled  by  the  Columbia  chapter).  A  very  large, 
elaborate  catalogue  was  published  in  1890  and  a  much 
condensed  one  in  1900.  A  full  catalogue  prefaced  by  a 
history  of  the  fraternity  was  published  from  New  York  in 
1910.    In  1918  a  new  catalogue  was  issued  by  the  Council 


DELTA    KAPPA    EPSILON  147 

giving  a  more  complete  history  to  date  and  data  regarding 
the  new  General  Headquarters.  Five  editions  of  the  song 
book  (1857, 1862, 1867,  1900,  1907  and  191 7)  and  numerous 
collections  of  songs  have  been  published,  and  several 
Dieces  of  music,  of  which  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  Grand 
March  is  well  and  favorably  known,  have  been  dedicated 
to  the  fraternity.  The  journal  of  the  fraternity  is  pub- 
lished in  New  York  under  the  direction  of  the  council, 
and  is  called  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilov  Quarterly,  Its 
publication  was  begun  in  January,  1883  and  has  been 
issued  continuously  ever  since. 

An  excellent  history  of  the  Bowdoin  chapter  was  pub- 
lished in  1905  by  J.  C.  Minot,  one  of  the  Colgate  chapter 
in  1906  by  Harold  0.  Whitnall  and  one  of  the  Dartmouth 
chapter  in  191 1  by  three  members. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond,  displaying  a  white  scroll  on 
a  ground  work  of  black  enamel,  and  bearing  the  letters, 
*'A  K  E;'*  a  star  appears  in  each  comer  of  the  diamond. 
The  colors  are  crimson,  blue  and  gold.  The  flag  is 
composed  of  three  vertical  stripes  of  blue,  gold  and 
crimson,  displaying  a  rampant  lion  in  black  on  the  gold 
backgroimd.  The  fraternity  has  a  complete  s^'Stem  of 
armorial  bearings,  each  chapter  having  a  distinct  blazon. 

A  identical,  however,  with  those  of  the  others  in 
relation  to  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  fraternity. 
The  colors  of  the  pledge  button  are  gold,  red 
and  blue. 

Among  the  prominent  members  of  this  fraternity  are: 
President  Roosevelt*,  United  States  Senators,  Albert  J. 

*A  member  of  the  Dickey  club  at  Harvard.    Ht  was  alao  a  member  of  A  zi  •  at 

1^ 


^ 


.      . .  •..'      ^/ 


148  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Beveridge,  Ozra  P.  Steams,  Lafayette  Grover,  M.  C. 
Butler,  R.  L.  Gibson,  W.  D.  Washburn,  F.  T.  Dubois, 
Calvin  S.  Brice,  John  Patton,  Henry  Cabot  Lodge.  Paris 
Gibson.  Frank  B.  Brandegee,  James  B.  McCreary,  Oliver 
H.  Payne,  John  F.  Dryden,  Daniel  B.  Lucas,  Kenneth  D. 
McKellar,  George  B.  Martin,  Selden  P.  Spencer,  and  James 
W.  Wadsworth. 

Hillary  A*.  Herbert,  John  D.  Long,  George  von  L. 
Meyer  and  Victor  H.  Metcalf.  secretaries  of  the  Navy; 
Charles  S.  Fairchild,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  Wayne 
McVeagh,  Attorney  General;  Wilson  S.  Bissell,  and 
George  von  L.  Meyer,  Postmaster  General;  Robert  T. 
Lincoln,  Secretary  of  War;  Thomas  Lee  McClimg, 
Treasurer  of  United  States;  A.  Barton  Hepburn  and  Wm. 
L.  Trenholm.  Comptrollers  of  the  Currency;  Henry  M 
Hoyt,  Solicitor  General;  William  W«Iliams,  Commissioner 
of  Immigration;  George  O.  Smith,  Director  U.  S.  Geologi- 
cal Survey. 

Ambassadors,  'WTiitelaw  Reid  and  Robert  T.  Lincoln  to 
Great  Britain;  Robert  Bacon  to  France;  Bellamy  Storer 
to  Austria;  Wa>'ne  McVeagh  to  Turkey  and  to  Italy; 
Larz  Anderson  to  Russia;  George  von  L.  Meyer  to  Italy 
and  to  Russia;  Liang  Tung  Yen,  Chinese  Ambassador  to 
the  U.  S. ;  and  Suti  Ki  Chinda,  Japanese  Ambassador  to 
the  U.  S.  Ministers,  Stewart  L.  Woodford*  and  Henry  C. 
Ide  to  Spain ;  Alfred  E.  Buck  to  Japan ;  Louis  J.  DuPre  to 
San  Salvador  and  other  Central  American  Republics; 
Charles  H.  Sherrill  to  Argentine  Republic;  John  N.  Irwin 
to  Portugal;  James  B.Tillman  to  Equador;  Walker  Fearn 

*Al8o  a  member  of  Delta  Psi. 


DELTA    KAPPA    EPSILON  149 

to  Greece,  Roumania  and  Servia;  Stanford  Newell  to  the 
Netherlands;  Bellamy  Storer  to  Belgium  and  to  Spain, 
and  Perry  Belmont  to  Spain. 

U.  S.  Circuit  Court  Judges,  Thomas  S.  Maxey,  Beverly 
Wellford,  Leonard  Mangum,  J.  W.  Butler,  John  Moore, 
Henry  F.  Severens  and  U.  S.  District  Court  Judges, 
Edward  B.  Billings,  Francis  J.  Wing,  Clarence  Hale,  Henry 
Maney,  J.  R.  Blackwood,  George  C.  Holt,  and  Charles  S. 
Willard. 

Governors,  Frank  S.  Black  and  Theodore  Roosevelt  of 
New  York;  William  E.  Russell,  John  D.  Long  and  Roger 
Wolcott  of  Massachusetts ;  Luzon  B .  Morris  of  Connecticut ; 
George  H.  Utter  of  Rhode  Island;  Harris  M.  Plaisted  of 
Maine;  Samuel  E.  Pingree  of  Vermont;  W.  W.  Brookings 
of  Dakota;  John  N.  Irwin  of  Idaho  and  of  Arizona;  F.  A. 
Maynard  of  Alaska  and  Regis  H.  Post  of  Porto  Rico. 
Richard  I.  Manning  of  South  Carolina  and  Henry  C. 
Stuart  of  Virginia. 

Generals,  Peyton  C.  March,  chief  of  staff,  John  Biddle, 
Preston  C.  Brown,  Wager  Swayne,  W.  A.  Bancroft,  Wayne 
McVeagh,  Charles  W.  Phifer,  Maxwell  V.  Woodhull,  John 
Grant  Mitchell,  Frederick  B.  Wood,  Mathew  C.  Butler, 
Charles  P.  Mattocks,  Oliver  H.  Payne,  John  T.  Croxton, 
James  E.  Rains,  Randall  Lee  Gibson,  William  W.  Gordon 
and  Stewart  L.  Woodford  and  Rear  Admiral  Robert  E. 
Peary,  discoverer  of  the  North  Pole. 

Bishops,  William  Lawrence.  Massachusetts;  William  S. 
Perry,  Iowa;  Boyd  Vincent,  Ohio;  Charles  F.  Roberston, 
Missouri;  Frederick  W.  Keator,  Washington;  Robert  W. 
Elliott,  Texas ;  George  W.  Peterkin,  West  Virginia;  Luden 


150  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Lee  Klinsolving.  Brazil;  Thomas  D.  Dudley,  Kentucky; 
Frederick  W.  Taylor,  Illinois;  and  Charles  S.  Burch, 
Suffragjan  Bishop  of  New  York,  all  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church;  and  E.  R.  Hendrix.  of  the  M.  E.  Church. 

Chief  Justices  of  States,  Charles  Matteson  and  J.  H. 
Stiness  of  Rhode  Island;  W.  P.  Whitehouse  of  Maine; 
Frank  N.  Parsons  of  New  Hampshire;  Edward  Kent  of 
Arizona;  Daniel  B.  Lucas  of  West  Virginia;  Thomas  S. 
Maxey  of  Texas;  John  W.  Lacey  of  Wyoming:  Henry 
Clay  Ide  of  Samoa;  and  Ashley  M.  Gould,  Presiding 
Justice,  District  of  Columbia.  Other  Judges,  Irving  G. 
Vann  and  Isaac  H.  Maynard  of  New  York;  Henry  W. 
Freeman  and  Nathaniel  C.  Scars  of  Illinois;  Leslie  C. 
Cornish  of  Maine;  Charles  E.  Vanderburg,  Minnesota; 
Samuel  O.  Prentice,  Connecticut,  Francis  A.  Gaskill, 
Massachusetts;  and  William  C.  Ix)ring,  Massachusetts; 
William  H.  DeWitt,  Montana;  B.  B  Battle,  Arkansas; 
A.  C.  Dumartrait,  Louisiana;  and  Willard  P.  Voorhees, 
New  Jersey. 

Members  of  Congress,  D.  S.  Alexander,  Stewart  L. 
Woodford,  Herbert  Parsons,  Frank  S.  Black,  R.  C. 
Shannon,  Franklin  Bartlett.  Perry  Belmont.  W.  A 
Chanler,  William  C.  Wallace,  James  T.  Aldrich,  Stephen 
C.  Millard,  John  DeWitt  Warner,  Henry  Cabot  Lodge, 
Edward  D.  Hayden.  John  D.  Long,  A.  A.  Gardner, 
Samuel  L.  Powers.  Bellamy  Storer,  Francis  H.  Hurd, 
Robert  W.  Taylor,  H.  L.  Morey,  J.  W.  Owen,  Nicholas 
Longworth,  S.  L.  Milliken,  George  H.  Utter,  Oscar 
Lapham,  Augustus  Brandegee,  James  P.  Pigett,  R.  J. 
Haldeman,     Wayne     McVeagh,     Stephenson     Archer, 


DELTA    KAPPA    EPSILON  151 

Hillary  A.  Herbert,  B.  D.  Lewis,  Lewis  C.  Latham,  James 

B.  McCreary,  L  H.  Goodnight,  A.  H.  Pettibone: 
William  C.  Maybxiry,  Elbert  H.  Hubbard,  Randall  Lee 
Gibson,  J.  E.  Leonard,  Victor  H.  Metcalf,  Clarence  E. 
Allen,  Charles  N.  Pray,  Frank  D.  Nash,  Mark  H.  Dtinnell, 

C.  S.  Knapp,  Peter  Porter,  Thomas  Hedge,  C.  G.  Wash- 
bum,  W.  A.  Jones,  J.  Hay,  J.  W.  Husted,  and  David  J. 
Foster. 

University  and  College  Presidents — ^Arthur  T.  Hadley, 
Yale;  Ira  Remsen,  Johns  Hopkins;  C5niis  Northrup  and 
George  E.  Vincent,  Minnesota;  Henry  P.  Judson,  Chi- 
cago; Francis  A.  Walker,  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology;  Martin  Kellogg,  California;  William  P. 
Johnston,  Tulane;  George  E.  MacLean,  Iowa  and 
Nebraska;  W.  F.  Slocomb,  Colorado;  Albert  W.  Bishop, 
Arkansas;  W.  S.  Wyman,  Alabama;  Frank  P.  Venable, 
North  Carolina;  H.  Q.  Butterfield,  Olivet;  George  A. 
Gates  Fisk;  S.  B.  L.  Penrose,  Whitman;  Edward  H. 
Magill,  Swarthmore,  Albion  W.  Small  and  Nathaniel  P. 
Butler,  Colby. 

Editors,  Whitelaw  Reid,  William  R.  Hearst,  Morrill 
Goddard,  George  A.  Marden,  Robert  Moore  Collins,  F. 
Perry  Powers,  Joseph  Blethen.  Morris  G.  Osbom,  John 
Addison  Porter,  Isaac  Bromley,  Robert  H.  Lyman,  C.  D. 
Burleigh,  Daniel  F.  Kellogg,  Dwight  W.  Bowles,  J.  W. 
Ohl,  John  A.  Dillon  and  Lawrence  Godkin. 

Literary  Men,  David  Graham  Phillips,  Julian  Haw- 
thorne, Owen  Wister,  Theodore  Winthrop,  Shailer  Mat- 
hews, Mark  S.  Severance,  Edgar  S.  Maclay,  William  R. 
Thayer,  William  L.  Seden,  Joseph  S.  Kennard,  Edward 


15a  MEJrS  FRATERNITIES 

Bellamy,  John  Bach  McMasters,  William  S.  Alden,  George 
Ticknor  Curtis,  and  Julius  Chambers.  Prominent  clergy- 
men, E.  T.  Jeflfers;  Moderator  Presb)rt«ian  General 
Assembly;  William  H.  Van  Allen  of  Boston;  William  R. 
Richards,  Henry  Sloan  CoflSn,  Roderic  Terry,  William 
Adams  Brown,  R.  M.  Bellows,  John  P.  Peters,  of  New  York 
City;  W.  W.  Battershall  of  Albany;  Edwin  P.  Parker  of 
Hartford,  Conn.;  George  C.  Cressey  of  London,  England; 
Randolph  H.  McKim  of  Washington;  Samuel  A.  Eliot 
of  Boston;  and  R.  S.  Torrey,  the  Evangelist. 

Eminent  Physicians,  Charles  McBumey,  William  K. 
Draper,  Francis  P.  Kinnicutt,  James  W.  McLane,  George 
M.  Tuttle,  Ephraim  Cutter,  Edward  L.  Keyes,  Walter  B. 
James,  George  M.  Lefferts  and  John  P.  Munn,  all  of  New 
York  City;  Myles  Standish,  Henry  O.  Marcy,  James  G. 
Mtmford  and  Eldridge  G.  Cutler,  all  of  Boston;  Edward 
Spitza,  and  Daniel  G.  Brinton  of  Philadelphia.  Prominent 
Lawyers,  John  Quincy  Adams,  Charles  Francis  Dana, 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  R.  L.  Saltonstall,  Robert  Treat 
Paine  HHr  William  K.  Hall,  George  L.  Himtress,  all  of 
Boston;  S.  Seaver  Page,  Charles  B.  McMichael  of  Phila- 
delphia; Emmons  Blaine,  Baltimore;  Walter  E.  Denegre, 
New  Orleans;    W.  B.  Van  Rensselaer,    Albany,   N.   Y. 

Bankers — ^August  Belmont,  J.  Pierrepont  Morgan,  Jr., 
John  Claflin,  Lispenard  Stewart,  James  Crosby  Brown, 
Payne  Whitney,  James  C.  Colgate,  Stuyvesant  Fish,  Jr., 
Charles  Stillman,  George  G.  Haven,  Stephen  B.  Elkins,  H. 
Rogers  Winthrop,  Arthur  Havemeyer,  George  R.  Sheldon, 
J.  Harsen  Rhoades,  Jr.,  E.  D.  Morgan,  Hamilton  McK. 
Twombly,  and  William  Sloan,  all  of  New  York  City;   H. 


DELTA    KAPPA    EPSILON 


153 


H.  Rogers,  Jr.,  Oliver  Gould  Jennings,  and  William  L. 
Harkness  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company;  James  N.  Hill 
and  Frederick  Weyerhaeuser  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.;  T. 
Jefferson  Coolidge,  Alfred  L.  Ripley,  Nathaniel  Thayer, 
Gordon  Abbott,  Frederick  L.  Ames,  William  Endicott,  Jr., 
Robert  M.  Sears  and  Quincy  Adams  Shaw,  Jr.,  and  George 
R.  Agassiz,  all  of  Boston. 

Other  Prominent  Members,  are  Rear  Admiral  Robert  E. 
Peary,  Discoverer  of  the  North  Pole;  Charles  F.  Brush, 
Electrical  Engineer  and  Inventor;  Fredric  Crowningshild, 
Artist;  Richard  H.  Soule,  Engineer;  Austin  Carey, 
Forester;  Charles  Waldstein,  Archaeologist;  James  A. 
Roberts,  New  York  State  Comptroller;  George  S. 
Sheffield,  Foimder  of  Sheffield  Scientific  School;  Walter 
Camp,  Robert  L.  Cook,  Julian  W.  Curtiss,  George  A.  Adee, 
and  Edward  K.  Hall,  Authorities  on  Athletics;  Charles  A. 
Prouty  and  Francis  A.  Walker,  Interstate  Comm«"ce 
Commission,  and  ^|2iJJIliLM§Sj[S2L'  Director  General  of 
Chinese  Railroads;  Baron  Seijiro  Hirai,  President, 
Imperial  Railways  of  Japan;  Liang  Tung  Yen^  formerly 
Secretar>'  of  State  of  the  Chinese  Empiie,  and  Maiio  G. 
Menocal,  president  of  Cuba. 


Belta  mi 


T^HE  Delta  Phi  Fraternity,  third  in  order  of  establish- 
ment of  American  College  Fraternities,  was  founded 
November  17th,  1827,  at  Union  College,  Schenectady, 
New  York.  Delta  Phi,  with  Kappa  Alpha  and  Sigma  Phi . 
which  were  established  in  the  Fall  of  1825  and  the  Spring 
of  1827  respectively,  have  been  known  as  the  Union  Triad. 
T  h2  new  societies  after  a  few  years  met  with  opposition 
from  the  college  faculty.  The  defense  of  fraternities 
was  taken  up  by  Delta  Phi  and  John  Jay  Hyde  of  the  class 
of  1834,  as  spokesman,  presented  the  case  before  the 
faculty  and  trustees,  stating  the  aims  and  objects  of  the 
fraternities  so  well  that  they  were  convinced  that  the 
continuance  of  fraternities  such  as  Delta  Phi  would  be 
beneficial  to  the  college. 

The  founders  of  Delta  Phi  were  Benjamin  Burroughs  of 
Savannah,  Ga.,  clerg\Tnan  in  the  Presbyterian  Church; 
William  H.  Fondey  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  who  later  practiced 
law  in  Albany;  Samuel  L.  Lamberson,  of  Jamaica,  N.  Y., 
who  became  a  clergyman  of  the  Presbyterian  Church; 
David  H.  Little,  LL.D.,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  who  was  later 

154 


DELTA    PHI  ISS 

a  Justice  of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court;  Samuel  C. 
Lawrison,  M.D.,  of  Pensacola,  Fla.,  who  was  later  a  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  Navy;  Thomas  C.  McLaury, 
D.D.,  of  Lisbon,  N.  Y.,  a  clergyman;  John  Mason  of 
Baltimore,  Md.,  a  clergyman;  Joseph  G.  Masten  of 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  who  was  Mayor  of  that  City  from  1843  to 
1846,  and  William  Wilson,  D.  D.,.LL.D.,  President  of  the 
College  of  Cincinnati  and  Bishop  in  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church. 

These  nine  foimders  were  all  members  of  the  class  of 
1828.  Five  of  them  were  members  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa. 
The  objects  and  purposes  of  the  founders  were  **to  con- 
solidate their  interests  and  at  the  same  time  mutually 
benefit  each  other,"  to  maintain  high  standing  as  students 
and  gentlemen  and  to  foster  cordial  and  fraternal  relations. 
Delta  Phi  has  closely  adhered  to  its  aim  and  purpose  and 
has  kept  true  to  its  traditions.  It  has  been  conservative 
in  its  estabUshment  of  chapters  and  has  not  sought  to 
establish  itself  generally  throughout  the  institutions  of 
learning  in  the  country,  remaining  to  date  as  an  essentially 
eastern  fraternity.  The  age  of  this  fraternity  has  given  it 
a  traditional  association  with  many  families,  some  of 
which  are  represented  by  three  generations  of  members. 
There  has  never  been  more  than  thirteen  active  chapters, 
the  number  of  the  present  roll. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1827.  A,  Union  University 538 

1838.   B,  Brown  University 401 

1841.  r,  New  York  University 442 

1842.  A,  Columbia  University    504 


156  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1845.  E,  Rutgers  College 395 

1845.  Z,  Harvard  University  (1901)    219 

1849.  H,  University  of  Pennsylvania 424 

1854.  8,  Princeton  University  (1877)    119 

1855.  I,  University  of  Michigan  (1874) 106 

1855.  K,  University  of  North  Carolina  (1861) 37 

1864.  A,  Rensselaer  Pol5rtechnic  Institute 295 

1874.  M,  Colgate  University  (1876)   11 

1884.  N,  Lehigh  University 140 

1885.  S,  Johns  Hopkins  University 128 

1889.  O,  Sheffield  Scientific  School 431 

1891.  n,  Cornell  University 235 

1908.  P,  University  of  Virginia 77 

1917.  2,  Trinity  College  (Conn.) 180 

Active  chapters  13,  inactive  5.     Membership  4.682. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses :  Columbia,  Cornell, 
New  York  University,  Pennsylvania,  Rutgers,  Trinity, 
Union,  Virginia,  Yale.  Total  houses  9;  total  valuation 
$363,000. 

The  Brown  chapter  has  twice  been  inactive.  It  was 
last  reestablished  in  1881.  The  Harvard  chapter  became 
inactive  in  1848,  was  revived  in  1885  and  its  charter  was 
withdrawn  in  1 90 1 .  The  Princeton  chapter  was  withdrawn 
on  account  of  the  anti-fraternity  regulations  of  the  faculty. 
The  Michigan  chapter  was  too  far  away  from  the  re- 
mainder of  the  fraternity  and  suffered  from  this  condition. 
The  North  Carolina  chapter  became  inactive  in  1861,  all 
but  one  of  its  members  serving  in  the  Confederate  Army. 

In  191 7  a  charter  was  granted  to  the  oldest  local  society 
in  existence  located  at  Trinity.    Shortly  after  the  founda- 


DELTA  PHI  157 

tion  of  Trinity,  then  called  Washington  College,  a  secret 
organization  called  the  **Corax  Club'*  was  fotinded.  In 
1829  this  was  developed  into  the  I.  K.  A.  Society  (not 
Greek).  The  founders  were  Starr,  '29;  Van  Zandt,  '29; 
Ashe,  *3o;  Phelps,  '32;  Warren,  '32,  and  Nichols,  '32. 
The  fraternity  possessed  a  fine  collection  of  college  memora- 
bilia. Catalogues  were  issued  in  1839  and  bi-ennially 
thereafter.  The  membership  is  443,  of  which  180  are  now 
living.  The  badge  was  a  St.  Andrew's  cross.  Three  of 
the  arms  bear  the  letters  **I.  K.  A.",  the  fourth  "1776". 
Upon  the  reverse  are  the  letters  **W  0**,  with  a  single 
Roman  letter. 

Among  the  prominent  alumni  are:  John  S.  Phelps, 
ex-Governor  of  Missouri;  Hon.  Robert  W\  Nichols,  of 
Louisiana;  Most  Rev.  Jas.  R.  Bayley,  of  Baltimore;  Hon. 
John  T.  Wait,  of  Connecticut,  and  Dwight  W.  Pardee, 
of  the  Connecticut  Supreme  Court;  Rev.  Thomas  Gallau- 
det,  of  St.  Ann's  Church,  New  York;  Gen.  G.  E.  B.  Sing- 
letary;  Hon.  Charles  C.  Van  Zandt,  ex-Govemor  of 
Connecticut;  Rev.  George  Mallory,  editor  of  the  Church^ 
man;  Prof.  Chas.  M.  Andrews,  of  Bryn  Mawr  College; 
Percival  W.  Clemont,  formerly  President  of  the  Rutland 
R.  R.;   President  Erwin,  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  Line,  etc. 

While  the  number  of  chapters  is  small,  those  now  living 
are  within  easy  reach  of  one  another,  and  the  fraternity 
is  unusually  homogeneous  in  consequence. 

The  executive  powers  of  the  fraternity  are  vested  in  a 
Board  of  Governors  a  quarter  of  which  are  elected  at 
each  annual  convention  by  the  delegates  representing  the 
active  chapters. 


IS8  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Catalogues  have  been  published  in  1845,  1851,  1868, 
1875,  1883,  1887,  1893,  1897  and  1907.  All  of  the  early 
editions  were  compiled  in  the  former  manner  of  college 
triennials,  with  Latin  headings  and  sub-titles.  In  the 
edition  of  1847  ^^^  names  of  the  members  of  the  Harvard 
chapter,  which  was  then  sub  rosa,  were  printed  in  Hebrew. 
In  the  edition  of  185 1  each  page  had  a  border  of  charac- 
teristic emblems,  the  Harvard  chapter  being  surrounded 
with  designs  of  Bunker  Hill  monument,  the  Pennsylvania 
chapter  with  the  name  of  William  Penn,  etc.  Pocket 
directories  were  published  in  1913  and  1916. 

The  Delta  Phi  Fraternity  publishes  a  magazine  called 
Delta  Phi  Record  for  the  use  of  its  members  only,  semi- 
annually. The  first  issue  appeared  under  date  of  Febru- 
ary 14,  1903,  and  is  the  official  organ  of  the  fraternity. 
It  began  in  a  very  modest  way  and  passed  through 
several  different  sizes,  until  in  191 1  the  standard  size  of 
six  by  nine  was  adopted,  and  has  become  a  publication 
of  ninety-six  pages  of 'reading  matter,  and  of  twelve  insert 
illustrations. 

It  is  issued  without  charge  and  is  sent  to  every  mem- 
ber of  the  Fraternity,  but  to  no  one  else,  and  it  exchanges 
with  no  other  publication.  Besides  matters  of  vital 
Fraternity  interest,  it  contains  articles  of  historical  and 
present  day  interest  to  its  own  fraternity  men,  and  is 
illustrated  with  pictures  of  Chapter  Houses  and  College 
scenes  and  of  individual  members. 

The  badge  is  a  Maltese  cross  of  gold,  in  the  center  of 
which  is  an  elliptical  disc,  displaying  the  letters  **A  4>;'* 
the  arms  of  the  cross  display  a  scroll  and  quill,  an  antique 


DELTA   PHI  IS9 

lamp,  clasped  hands,  and  a  constellation  of  stars.  This 
badge  was  adopted  in  1832.  From  1827  to  1831  the  badge 
was  a  gold  elliptical  disc  having  **  A  4>**  in  the  center,  with 
scroll  work  surrounding  it.  The  colors  of  the  fraternity 
are  blue  and  white. 

Among  the  prominent  names  on  the  roll  of  A  ^  are: 
Garret  A.  Hobart,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 
U.  S.  Senators  Cushman  K.  Davis  of  Minnesota  and 
Joseph  E.  Ransdell  of  Louisiana:  Congressmen  Phillip  H. 
Echols,  Philo  C.  Sedgwick,  John  M.  Bailey,  George  C. 
Hazleton,  Henry  A.  Reeves,  Samuel  S.  Cox,  Martin 
Brimmer,  J.  Winthrop  Chanler,  Charles  H.  Voorhis,  David 
M.  DeWitt,  Sydenham  B.  Alexander,  William  Lounsbery, 
Thomas  W.  Miller,  Richard  Olney,  2d,  and  Herbert  C. 
Pell,  Jr. 

Governors  Ludlow,  of  New  Jersey;  Davis  of  Minnesota; 
Gaston  of  Massachusetts;  John  G.  Evans  of  South  Caro- 
lina; Regis  H.  Post  of  Porto  Rico;  W.  Cameron  Forbes  of 
the  Philippines;  and  E.  N.  Wright  of  the  Choctaw  Nation. 

Presidents  Kendrick,  of  Vassar;  Wilson  of  Cincinnati; 
Totten  of  Trinity;  Demarest  of  Rutgers;  Granville  of 
Pennsylvania  College;  Powers  of  Griswold;  Durgin  of 
Hillsdale;  and  Rankin  of  Hobart. 

General  George  H.  Sharpe,  Dr.  Howard  Crosby  of 
New  York  City;  Dr.  Howard  Osgood  of  Rochester;  TDr. 
Joseph  H.  Thayer  of  Cambridge;  Gen.  A.  B  Underwood 
of  Boston;  Sanford  R.  Gifford  and  Henry  R.  Poore  the 
artists;  Dr.  Alfred  L.  Loomis,  Rev.  Dr.  George  D.  Board- 
man,  and  Dr.  R.  Ogden  Doremus  and  Dr.  Theodore  C. 
Janeway. 


i6o  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Bishops  Wm.  E.  Armitage,  William  Wilson,  Henry  Y. 
Satterlee,  of  Washington,  and  Philip  M.  Rhinelander  of 
Pennsylvania;  William  H.  Hurlburt  and  William  M. 
Phillips,  Secretary  of  the  American  Embassy  of  London; 
Charles  Scribner  and  John  W.  and  Joseph  A.  Harper,  the 
publishers;  General  Charles  King,  the  well  known  novelist 
Maurice  Minton,  Judge  Miles  Beach,  Joseph  Laroque, 
L.  Laflin  Kellogg,  Judge  E.  Henry  Lacombe  of  the  U.  S. 
Circuit  Court  at  New  York;  Albert  Gallatin,  J.  S.  Auer- 
bach,  James  Duane  Livingston;  Nelson  P.  Lewis,  T.  J. 
Oakley  Rhinelander,  Adrian  H.  Joline,  Tunis  G.  Bergen, 
John  Jacob  Astor,  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  Jr.,  Henry  P. 
Davison,  Gen.  Hezekiah  Shailer,  W.  Bayard  Cutting, 
John  McL.  Nash,  R.  Fulton  Cutting  of  New  York; 
Eckley  B.  Coxe,  John  Cadwalader,  Dr.  Charles  E.  Cad- 
walader,  George  G.  Meade,  Jr.,  H.  H.  Fumess,  Jr., 
George  Q.  Horwitz,  Alexander  Van  Rensselaer,  Judge 
Clement  B.  Penrose,  Morris  L.  Cooke,  Director  of  Public 
Works,  and  A.  Haller  Gross  of  Philadelphia;  Benjamin  F. 
Jones,  and  James  Laughlin  of  Pittsburg,  Mayor  Elias  P. 
Mann  and  James  H.  Caldwell  of  Troy,  N.  Y.;  John  N. 
Carpender,  and  Mayor  Drury  W.  Cooper,  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.;  Arthur  J.  Baldwin,  Leonard  D.  Baldwin, 
Joseph  M.  Janeson,  Louis  RouUion,  Ellery  O.  Anderson. 

Professors  Lane  Cooper,  of  Cornell;  William  A. 
Lamberton  and  Arthtir  C.  Howland,  University  of 
Pennsylvania;  John  J.  Stevenson  of  New  York  Univer- 
sity; John  B.  Whitehead  and  Dean  John  Whitridge 
Williams  of  Johns  Hopkins;  and  Dana  C.  Munro^  of 
the  University  of  Wisconsin;    St.   George  L.   Sio.^ssat 


DELTA    PHI 


i6i 


of  the  University  of  the  South;  Francis  M.  Hoyt  and 
Dr.  Albert  W.  Myers  of  Milwaukee,  Wis. ;  Judge  Garrett 
Dorsett  Wall  Vroom  of  Trenton,  of  the  Court  of  Errors  and 
Appeals  of  New  Jersey;  Brigadier-Gen.  Alfred  Alexander 
WoodhuU  and  George  A.  Armour  of  Princeton;  James 
Marion  Johnston,  Charles  H.  Poor,  Major-General  Henry 
G.  Sharpe;  Brig.-General  James  W.  Lester;  Colonel 
Ulysses  S.  Grant,  3d,  Ross  Winans  Whistler  and  L.  K. 
Wilmerding,  W.  Stuart  Symington,  Albert  Cabell  Ritchie, 
Stuart  S.  Janney,  Charles  McHenry  Howard,  and  William 
B.  Paca  of  Baltimore. 


SBelta  $s(i 


T^HE  fraternity  of  Delta  Psi  was  founded  at  Columbia 
College,  January  17,  1847,  by  Charles  Arms  Budd 
and  John  Hone  Anthon.  This  chapter  was  called  the 
"Alpha.**  On  the  same  day  the  **Beta"  was  estab- 
lished at  New  York  University.  The  latter  lived  but  a 
short  time,  and  was  really  a  branch  of  the  Alpha,  and  at 
the  convention  of  1853  the  names  on  its  roll  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  roll  of  Alpha  chapter.  The  fraternity  was 
founded  on  a  basis  of  good  fellowship,  and  a  good  social 
position  has  usually  been  demanded  as  a  qualification 
for  membership.  It  admits  honorary  members.  The 
chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1847.  A,  Colimibia    University  1 

1847.  B,  New  York  University  (1853) J 

1848.  r,  Rutgers  College  (1850) 6 

1849.  ^»  Burlington  College  (1854) 36 

1850.  E,  Trinity  College  (Conn.) 391 

1850.  H,  South  Carolina  University  (1861) 55 

1851.  0,  Princeton  University  (1853) 6 

185 1.  I,    University  of  Rochester  (1895) 232 

1852.  K,  Brown  University  (1853) 2 

162 


DELTA    PSI  163 

1853.    A,  Williams  College 422 

1853.  S,  Randolph-Macon  College  (1861) 80 

1854.  A,  University  of  Pennsylvania 613 

1854.  S,  University  of  North  Carolina  (1862) 89 

1855.  *,  University  of  Mississippi  (1912) 468 

1858.  W,  Cumberland  University  (1861) 50 

i860.  T,  University  of  Virginia 372 

1868.  S,  Sheffield  Scientific  School  (Yale)  752 

1869.  B,  Washington  and  Lee  University  (1888) 95 

1889.     T,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 239 

Active  chapters,  7;  inactive,  12;  membership,  4549. 

The  nimiber  of  living  members  on  May  25,  1919  was 
2,921.  i^ 

The  chapters  own  houses  at  Colimibid!7  Massachusetts 
Tech.,  Pennsylvania,  Sheffield  Scientific,  Trinity,  Virginia 
and  Williams.     Total  owned  7,  total  valuation  $395,000. 

The  Southern  chapters  were  killed  by  the  war,  and 
only  those  at  the  Universities  of  Mississippi  and  Vir- 
ginia were  revived  at  its  close.  The  Mississippi  chapter 
became  inactive  as  the  result  of  hostile  legislation.  The 
Beta  at  New  York  University  was  never  flourishing; 
the  chapter  at  Brown  was  killed  by  internal  dissensions 
resulting  in  the  resignation  of  most  of  the  members.  Delta 
was  transferred  from  Burlington  College  to  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  on  account  of  the  low  standard  of  the 
former  college.  The  charters  of  the  Iota  chapter,  at 
Rochester,  and  Beta,  at  Washington  and  Lee,  were 
revoked  by  the  fraternity. 

Down  to  i860  the  fraternity  extended  quickly  into 
different  sections  of  the  country,  but  since  then  it  has 


x64  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

made  no  effort  to  establish  new  chapters.  In  fact  for 
many  years  it  has  declined  to  entertain  any  applications 
for  charters. 

The  alumni  have  formed  graduate  clubs,  centering  at 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Boston  called  "St.  Anthony" 
clubs. 

The  fraternity  published  a  draft  catalogue  in  1876, 
edited  by  E.  Fermor  Hall  (New  York),  which  contained 
the  names  and  addresses  of  the  members  so  far  as  known. 
In  J\me,  1889,  a  general  catalogue  was  published  at 
New  York  and  editions  have  since  been  published  in 
1906  and  191 2.    There  is  no  other  publication. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  St.  Anthony  cross 
with  curved  sides.  The  cross  bears  a  shield  of  blue 
enamel  displaying  the  letters  "A  U^'*  On  the  bar  of  the 
cross  are  engraved  four  Hebrew  letters  and  beneath  the 
shield  are  the  skull  and  bones.     The  color  is  light  blue. 

Among  its  prominent  members  are:  U.  S.  vScnalors 
Money,  of  Mississippi,  and  Faulkner,  of  West  Virginia; 
Gen.  Stewart  L.  Woodford,*  U.  S.  Minister  to  Spain; 
Gen.  William  G.  Ward,  Bishops  W.  C.  Doane  and  Richard 
H.  Nelson,  of  Albany  and  James  S.  Johnston  of  West- 
em  Texas,  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and 
Bishop  Galloway,  of  the  M.  E.  Church  South;  Hamil- 
ton Fish,  Jr.,  Nicholas  Fish,  ex-minister  to  Belgium,  Rev. 
Justin  D.  Fulton;  Judge  L.  B.  Valliant,  of  Missouri;  Hon. 
Walter  L.  Clapp,  of  Tennessee,  Gen.  Luke  E.  Wright, 
Governor  of  the  Philippines  and  George  R.  Carter 
Governor   of    Hawaii;    William   H.    Pipes,    of    Louisi- 


*A]ao  •  member  of  a  K  E. 


DELTA    PSI  i6s 

ana,  T.  M.  Miller  and  Joel  P.  Walker,  of  Mississippi; 
Thomas  Nelson  Page,  the  author  and  poet  of  Virginia; 
Brander  Matthews,  Stuyvesant  Fish,  formerly  president  of 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad ;  H.  Walter  Webb,  formerly  of 
the  New  York  Central  Railroad;  Dr.  W.  Seward  Webb, 
fomicrly  president  of  the  Wagner  Palace  Car  Company; 
Robert  Adams,  U.  S.  Minister  to  Brazil ;  William  E.  Curtis, 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury- ;  J.  Cleveland  Cady, 
the  architect ;  Congressmen  Joseph  W.  Bailey  from  Texas; 
SuUivan  and  Catchings  from  Mississippi;  J.  Murray 
Mitchell  from  New  York;  Charles  Henry  Martin  from 
North  Carolina,  and  James  Luther  Slayden  from  Texas; 
Willard  Bartlett,  Justice  of  New  York  Supreme  Court; 
Henry  Loomis  Nelson,  editor  of  Harper's  Weekly]  Judge 
John  Thompson  Stoneman,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Iowa; 
Thomas  Hall  Woods,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Mississippi;  Judge  Samuel  H.  Terral,  of  the  Supreme 
Cotut  of  Mississippi;  Lawrence  Best  Stephens,  Governor 
of  Missouri;  Charles  Cuthbert  Hall,  President  of  the 
Union  Theological  Seminary  of  New  York;  Frederick 
Ferris  Thompson,  of  New  York;  J.  Edward  Simmons, 
president  of  the  Fourth  National  Bank,  New  York; 
Amos  Lawrence  Hopkins,  president  of  the  New  York, 
Susquehanna  &  Western  Railroad  Company;  and  Elwell 
Stephen  Otis,  Brigadier  General,  U.  S.  A. 


jBelta  i^igma  $tii 


T)ELTA  Sigma  Phi  was  founded  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York  in  1899.     It  is  a  sectarian  fra- 
ternity. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
1899.    A,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York 190 

1903.  B,  Coliinibia  University  (1914) 62 

1903-     r,  New  York  University 124 

1904.  A,  Mass.  Institute  of  Technology  (1909) 60 

1905.  E,  Washington  and  Lee  University  (1914) 42 

1905.  Z,  Pennsylvania  State  College  (1908) 46 

1906.  H,  University  of  Texas 1 53 

1906.    0,  Cornell  University  (1910) 41 

1908.  I,  University  of  Pennsylvania 141 

1908      K,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute  (1911) 35 

1909.  A,  Trinity  University,  Texas  (1909) 5 

1916.         Southern  Methodist  University* 29 

1910.  M,  University  of  Chicago 121 

1910.     N,  Waynesburg  College 60 

1912.     O,  Cumberland  University 65 

^Charter  transferred  from  Trinity  University  to  Snnthem  Methodist  University 
n  X916. 

166 


DELTA    SIGMA    PHI     .  167 

191 5.       P.  North  Carolina  A.  &  M.  College 34 

191 5.       2,  Thiol  College 20 

1915.  T,  Hillsdale  College 33 

1916.  Hilgard,  University  of  California 40 

1916.       T,  Franklin  and  Marshall  College    35 

1916.       *,  St.  Louis  University 30 

1916.       X,  Tulane  University 24 

1916.       *r,  Wafford  College 20 

1916.  Q,  University  of  Pittsburgh 25 

1917.  A  T,  Albion  College 24 

1919.  A  A,  University  of  Illinois 33 

Active  chapters  19;   inactive,  6;   membership,  1492. 

The  chapters  at  Pennsylvania  and  Illinois  own  houses. 
Valuation  $40,000. 

The  charters  of  the  chapters  at  Columbia,  Alabama  Poly- 
technic and  Trinity  University  were  revoked.  The  char- 
ter of  the  latter  chapter  has  been  transferred  to  the  new 
Southern  Methodist  University  at  Dallas,  Texas.  The 
inactive  chapters,  with  the  exception  of  Columbia  and 
Alabama  Polytechnic,  will  be  revived  shortly. 

Prior  to  1906  the  chapters  were  given  names  derived 
from  the  place  where  they  were  located.  Hilgard  Chapter 
was  once  Hilgard  Club,  a  local  organization,  and  bears  the 
name  of  Professor  Hilgard,  the  famous  University  of 
California  scientist.  The  chapter  designation  is  con- 
tinued out  of  honor  to  the  man  who  inspired  the  formation 
of  the  original  club. 

The  government  is  through  the  usual  conventions  and 
an  Administrative  Cotmcil.  Conventions  were  held 
annually  in  New  York  City  prior  to  191 1.     Since  then 


i68 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


they  have  been  held  in  Washington  191 2,  in  New  York 
1913,  in  Philadelphia  1914,  in  Philadelphia,  1915,  in 
Chicago  in  1916.  No  conventions  were  held  during  the 
war  period.    A  convention  was  held  in  the  fall  of  19 19. 

The  journal  of  the  fraternity  is  a  quarterly  called  the 
Carnation. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  displaying  the  letters  "A  S  *" 
along  its  short  diagonal  in  gold  on  a  background  of  black 
enamel.  At  the  upper  apex  is  a  circle  of  white  displaying 
a  pyramid  in  green.  At  the  lower  apex  is  a  sphinx  in  gold. 
The  colors  are  nile  green  and  white.  The  flower  is  the 
carnation. 


Belta  tlTau  Belta 


npHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Bethany  College,  West 
Virginia,  by  Richard  H.  Alfred,  Eugene  Tarr,  John 
C.  Johnson  and  Alexander  C.  Earle,  with  the  assistance  of 
Wm.  R.  Cunningham,  John  L.  N.  Hunt,  Jacob  S.  Lowe 
and  Henry  K.  Bell.  An  informal  organization  was  effected 
in  the  spring  term  of  1858,  but  the  adoption  of  motto, 
badge  and  constitution  did  not  occur  imtil  early  in  Febru- 
ary, 1859. 

The  parent  chapter  speedily  established  several  chap- 
ters, and  then,  as  the  college  attendance  declined  in  the 
confusion  incident  to  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  it  ceased 
to  exist.  It  was  afterwards  re-established,  but  its  charter 
was  withdrawn  in  1895.  The  administration  of  the  fra- 
ternity, upon  the  extinction  of  the  Bethany  chapter, 
passed  into  the  hands  of  the  chapter  at  Jefferson  College. 

The  following  is  the  chapter  roll,  with  the  initiates  of 
each  chapter: 

1859.  9,  Bethany  College  (1895) 238 

1859.  r,  West  Liberty  College  (1862) 11 

1 86 1.  r,  Washington  and  Jefferson  College 365 

1862.  B,  Ohio  University 383. 

1863.  A,  Allegheny  College 408 

169 


I70  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

864.  r  S,  University  of  Pittsburgh 168 

865.  K,  Poughkeepsie  Collegiate  Institute  (1867). . .   29 
865.    A,  Monmouth  College  (1872) no 

865.  M,  Waynesburgh  College  (1866) 9 

866.  M,  Ohio  Wesleyan University 225 

867.  K,  Hillsdale  College 354 

868.  I,   Jamestown  Collegiate  Institute  (187 1) 23 

869.  A,  Lombard  College  (1885) no 

870.  B  A,  Indiana  University 324 

871.  A,  University  of  Michigan 384 

871.  B  B,  DePauw  University 289 

871.  P,  Lake  Shore  Seminary  (1875) 23 

872.  B  T,  University  of  Illinois 364 

872.     *,  Hanover  College  (1895) 116 

872.     T,  Pennsylvania  State  College 134 

872.     X,  Franklin  College  (Ind.)  (1877) 30 

872.    I,    Michigan  State  College  (1897) 208 

872.  B  y,  Wabash  College 169 

873.  H,  Buchtel  College  (1895) 123 

873.  S,  Simpson  College  (1894) no 

874.  P,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology 246 

874.     T,  Franklin  and  Marshall  College  (1896) 80 

874.  B  A,  Lehigh  University 169 

874.     N,  Lafayette  College 224 

874.  X,  Iowa  Wesleyan  College  (1880) 21 

875.  2,  Mt.  Union  College  (1884) 114 

875.  r  n,  Iowa  State  College 246 

875.  A  B,  Abingdon  College  (1876) 14 

875.  B  Z,  Butler  College 265 

876.  E,  Albion  College 319 


DELTA    TAU  DELTA  171 

1877.  B  E,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University  (1880) . . . : 17 

1878.  BI,   Adrian  College  (1884)   19 

1870.     ^,  Wooster  College  (1913) 129 

1879.  ^»  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 231 

1880.  O,  University  of  Iowa 335 

1881.  X,  Kenyon  College 195 

1882.  TE,  Columbia  University 158 

1882.  B  A,  University  of  Georgia 198 

1882.  B  E,  Emory  College 233 

1882.  Z,  Western  Reserve  University 180 

1883.  B e,  University  of  the  South 252 

1883.  BH,  University  of  Minnesota 244 

1883.  B  K,  University  of  Colorado 237 

1886.     n,  University  of  Mississippi  (1912) 311 

1886.     A,  Vanderbilt  University 198 

1858,  La  Grange  College  (1861) 14 

187 1,  Furman  University  (1874) 21 

1872,  Erskine  College  (1884) 65 

1872,  Stewart  College  (1873) 9 

1873,  Woford  College  (1875) 19 

1874,  Neophogen  College  (1874) 7 

1880,  Chamberlin-Hunt  Academy  (1886) ....  22 

1883,  University  of  Texas  (1886) 15 

1884,  Emory  and  Henry  (1884) 13 

1884,  University  oj  Tennessee  (1884) 12 

1888.  BI,    University  of  Virginia 191 

1888.  B  r,  University  of  Wisconsin 324 

1889.  B  S,  Boston  University  (1892) 31 

1889.  BM,  Tufts  College 247 

1889.  B  N,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 228 


172  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1889.  B  S,  Tulanc  University 150 

1890.  B  O,  Cornell  University 291 

1891.  S,  Williams  College  (1896) 27 

1893.  ^  n,  Northwestern  University 253 

1893.  B  P»  Stanford  University 181 

1894.  B T,  University  of  Nebraska 251 

1894.  B  *,  Ohio  State  University 205 

1896.  B  X,  Brown  University 217 

1896.  *,  Washington  and  Lee  University 1 26 

1897.  Q,  University  of  Pennsylvania 228 

1898.  BQ,  University  of  California 197 

1898.  r  A,  University  of  Chicago 1S2 

1901.  TB,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 226 

1901.  r  r,  Dartmouth  College 246 

1901.  r  A,  West  Virginia  University 175 

1902.  r  Z,  Wesleyan  University 260 

1903.  TH,  George  Washington  University 193 

1903.  r©,  Baker  University 220 

1904.  n,    University  of  Texas 1 73 

1905.  r  K,  University  of  Missouri 190 

1907.  r  A,  Purdue  University 1 86 

1908.  TM,  University  of  Washington 131 

1908.  r  N,  University  of  Maine .177 

1909.  r  S,  University  of  Cincinnati 100 

1910.  r  O,  Sjrracuse  University 157 

1913.  rP,  University  of  Oregon 91 

1914.  r  T,  University  of  Kansas 119 

1916.  r  T,  Miami  University  68 

1918.  r  *,  Amherst  College    8c 

1919.  r  X,  Kansas  State -66 

Active  chapters,  62;  inactive,  24;  membership,  15,646. 


DELTA    TAU  DELTA  173 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Allegheny,  Am- 
herst, Baker,  California,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Cornell, 
Dartmouth,  DePauw,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Iowa  State,  Kansas, 
Kansas  State,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Maine,  Michigan, 
Missouri,  Nebraska,  Northwestern,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Penn- 
sylvania, Stanford,  Stevens,  University  of  the  South, 
Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin.  Nimiber  of  houses 
2  9 ;  total  valuation  $559,500. 

In  the  foregoing  list,  when  a  chapter  has  had  >several 
names  the  latest  one  has  been  given.  The  chapters  whose 
names  are  italicized  are  chapters  of  the  Rainbow  frater- 
nity, and  are  not  to  be  credited  as  inactive  chapters  of 
ATA,  although  by  the  terms  of  the  imion  between  the 
two  fraternities  their  names  are  catalogued  with  those  of 
ATA,  and  they  are  entitled  to  membership  in  it. 

The  charter  of  the  Bethany  chapter  was  withdrawn 
in  1895.  The  present  Washington  and  Jefferson  chapter 
was  formed  from  the  union  of  the  two  chapters  at  these 
colleges  when  the  colleges  were  consolidated.  Both 
chapters  were  organized  in  1861.  The  chapters  at  West 
Liberty  College  and  the  Monongalia  Academy  were 
\\ilhdrawn  by  the  Jeflerson  chapter.  The  Monmouth 
chapter  was  killed  by  anti-fratemity  laws.  The  Franklin 
College  chapter  returned  its  chatter  at  the  request  of 
the  college  faculty,  in  older  to  become  an  open  literary 
society. 

The  charters  of  the  chapters  at  Lombard,  University 
of  Illinois,  Wabash  and  Illinois  Wesleyan  were  with- 
drawn because  of  neglect  of  their  financial  obligations. 
The  chanters  at  Illinois  and  Wabash  have  since  been 


174  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

re-established,  the  latter  by  absorbing  a  local  society 
called  A  e  *.  The  Lombard  chapter  was  originally  a 
local  society  called  A  e.  After  it  had  ceased  to  be  a 
chapter  of  A  T  A  it  resumed  its  old  local  name,  and  some 
few  years  later  became  a  chapter  of  another  fraternity. 
The  charters  of  the  chapters  at  Mt.  Union  and  Adrian  were 
withdrawn. 

The  Pittsburgh  chapter  was  originally  established  at  the 
old  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1864,  continu- 
ing a  chapter  that  had  been  established  at  the  Monongalia 
Academy  in  1861,  and  became  inactive  in  187 1.  It  was 
revived  in  1877  and  died  again  in  1879.  It  was  revived  in 
19 1 4  by  the  absorption  of  a  local  called  A  A.  The  original 
chapter  at  Pennsylvania  State  College  lasted  but  a  year. 
It  was  killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws  and  was  revived  in 
191 2  by  the  absorption  of  a  local  A  K  A. 

The  Hanover  chapter  was  formed  from  a  chapter  of 
the  fraternity  of  S  A  e,  the  Mt.  Union  chapter  from  a 
chapter  of  K  *  A ;  the  Franklin  and  Marshall,  and  Lehigh 
chapters,  from  chapters  of  T  B;  and  the  Washington  and 
Lee  chapter  from  a  chapter  of  *  9  V.  All  of  these  fra- 
'  temitics  are  now  extinct.  The  Lehigh  chapter  with- 
drew in  1885  and  became  a  local  under  the  name  of 
B  B.  It  has  since  been  revived.  All  of  the  recent  chapters 
were  formed  from  local  societies. 

The  chapters  at  the  University  of  Mississippi  and  Van- 
derbilt  were  chapters  of  the  Rainbow  or  the  W.  W.  W. 
society  which,  united  with  A  T  A  in  1886,  after  lengthy 
negotiations.  Out  of  compliment  to  this  society  the  name 
of  the  journal  was  changed  from  the  Crescent  to  the 
Rainbow, 


DELTA    TAU  DELTA  175 

There  are  alumni  club  houses  in  New  York  and  Washing- 
ton and  aulmni  chapters  at  many  of  the  important  cities. 

The  most  important  of  the  fraternity  publications  is 
its  journal.  This  was  commenced  as  a  monthly  in  Sep- 
tember, 1877,  at  Cincinnati,  under  the  direction  of  W.  C. 
Buchanan.  It  was  called  the  Crescent,  from  one  of  the 
fraternity's  prominent  emblems.  In  1878  its  control  was 
asstimed  by  the  Allegheny  chapter-,  and  it  was  issued  from 
Meadville,  Pa.,  imtil  1884,  when  it  was  transferred  to 
Chicago,  and  the  next  year  to  Cleveland.  In  1886,  upon 
the  imion  with  the  Rainbow,  its  name  was  changed  to  the 
Rautbow,  and  its  place  of  publication  to  Chattanooga,  and 
thence,  in  1889,  to  Minneapolis,  Minn.  In  1893  it  was 
edited  at  Gambier,  Ohio,  and  published  at  Columbus, 
Ohio.  In  the  fall  of  1894  it  was  removed  to  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  in  1897  to  Boston  and  in  1899  to  New  York  where 
it  has  since  remained.  Several  of  the  chapters  publish 
periodicals  several  times  a  year. 

The  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  has  been  issued  seven 
times.  The  first  edition  was  published  at  Delaware,  Ohio, 
in  1870,  contained  32  pages,  and  was  without  an  index. 
The  names  were  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  tmder 
each  chapter,  but  were  not  divided  in  classes.  The  same 
arrangement  was  preserved  in  the  second  edition,  issued 
from  the  same  place  in  1874.  The  third  edition  was 
published  at  Meadville,  Pa.,  in  1876,  and  the  names  of 
the  members  of  all  the  active  chapters  were  arranged  by 
classes,  and  the  old  system  was  continued  for  those  of  the 
inactive  chapters.  The  fourth  edition  was  also  issued 
from  Meadville  in  1889,  the  chapters  being  arranged  in 


176  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

groups.  The  fifth  edition  was  published  at  New  York, 
in  1884,  tmder  the  auspices  of  the  Stevens  chapter.  It 
contained  an  introduction  by  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
fraternity,  a  short  history  of  the  fraternity,  and  a  state- 
ment of  facts  concerning  the  institution  at  which  each 
chapter  was  located.  The  data  concerning  each  member 
was  quite  complete,  and  the  chapter  list  was  followed  by  a 
residence  directory  and  tables  of  relationship.  The  sixth 
edition  was  printed  in  Philadelphia  in  1897,  but  was 
edited-  by  C.  R.  Churchill,  of  New  Orleans.  It  was  a 
small  octavo  in  size,  and  the  chapter  rolls  contained  only 
the  names  and  addresses  of  the  members,  with  some  few 
statements  as  to  occupations  and  similar  facts.  A  supple- 
ment was  pubHshed  in  1902.  A  seventh  edition  was 
published  in  191 7  under  the  editorship  of  Frank  Rogers, 
consisting  of  1,142  pages.  Besides  containing  complete 
biographical  data  of  each  initiate,  arranged  by  classes 
under  chapter  headings,  it  included  a  necrology  list. 

In  1879  W.  C.  Buchanan  pubHshcd  a  list  of  attorneys 
who  were  members  of  the  fraternity.  A  song  book,  with  44 
pieces  of  music,  was  issued  in  1886  and  a  second  edition  in 
1906.     There  is  also  a  pocket  song  book. 

The  affairs  of  the  fraternity  down  to  1883  were  admin- 
istered through  one  chapter.  It  is  presumed  that  the 
Bethany  chapter  exercised  parental  authority  over  the 
other  chapters  previous  to  its  suspension  in  1861.  From 
that  time  until  1869,  the  seat  of  authority  was  with  the 
chapter  at  Jefferson  College,  and  after  that  until  1874 
with  the  chapter  at  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  when 
that  chapter  disbanded,  the  Allegheny  chapter  became 


\ 


DELTA    TAU  DELTA  177 

the  head  of  the  order,  and  so  continued  tintil  1883,  when 
this  system  was  aboKshed  and  an  executive  council 
was  appointed.  This  cotmcil  was  the  outgrowth  of  an 
extension  committee  that  had  done  eflScient  work  for  the 
society,  and  its  ftmctions  were  prescribed  in  a  new  con- 
stitution which  went  into  effect  January  i,  1884.  The 
cotmcil  was  composed  of  five  graduate  and  four  tmder- 
graduate  members  elected  by  the  convention.  The  oflScers 
of  the  fraternity  were  the  graduate  members,  and  the 
imdergraduate  members  were  the  secretaries  of  the 
geographical  divisions  into  which  the  fraternity  was 
divided.  On  Jan.  i,  1888  with  the  adoption  of  the  present 
constitution  the  name  of  the  executive  council  was  changed 
to  the  "Arch  Chapter,**  five  members  being  elected  by  the 
biennial  conventions,  and  one  member  by  each  of  the 
division  conferences.  The  latter  four  members  are 
presidents  of  their  respective  divisions  and  are  generally 
alumni. 

Delta  Tau  Delta  has  for  some  years  past  made  an  tm- 
usual  effort  to  improve  the  scholarship  of  its  members. 
This  has  been  an  organized  national  effort  and  hot  a 
matter  of  individual  chapter  work.  Each  chapter  is  held 
to  account  for  its  standing  in  this  regard.  The  result  of 
this  plan  has  been  very  gratifying. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  nearly  square  shield 
with  concave  sides,  displaying  the  gold  letters  **A  T  A** 
on  black  enamel ;  above  is  an  eye;  below  a  crescent,  and 
in  each  comer  a  star.  A  six-pointed  star,  bearing  the 
same  symbols,  with  the  addition  of  the  clasped  hands  and 
anchor,  was  formerly  worn,  but  was  legislated  out  of 


178  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

existence  by  the  convention  of  1878.  The  color  of  the 
fraternity  was  purple  down  to  1879,  when  silver  gray  was 
united  with  it;  since  1888  the  colors  have  been 
changed  to  purple,  gold  and  white.  The  fratern- 
ity flower  is  the  pansy.  The  pledge-button  is 
black  and  gold. 
Among  prominent  alimmi  are  the  following:  U.  S. 
Senators,  James  L.  Wilson  of  Washington  and  A.  J. 
Hopkins  of  Illinois;  Congressmen,  Speaker  Champ  Clark 
of  Missouri,  James  R.  Mann  of  Illinois,  H.  M.  Jacoway, 
W.  A.  CuUop,  Cyrus  Cline,  I.  S.  Pepper,  C.  E.  Pickett, 
S.  P.  Prouty,  D.  R.  Anthony,  B.  G.  Humphreys,  W.  P. 
Borland,  C.  S.  Sloan,  L.  P.  Padgett,  and  among  Ex- 
Congressmen,  Sandford  of  New  York,  Hainer  of  Nebraska, 
Muldrow  of  Mississippi,  Badger  and  McDowell  of  Ohio, 
Gardner  of  Michigan,  Miller  and  Sturgess  of  West  Virginia, 
Blue  of  Missouri  and  Manchester  of  Iowa. 

Governors  Atkinson  of  West  Virginia,  Lowndes  of 
Maryland  and  White  of  South  Dakota. 

Bishops  Hughes,  Anderson,  McConnell,  Mitchell  and 
Quayle  of  the  M.E.  church;  among  lawyers,  W.  W.  Cook, 
of  New  York,  J.  S.  Sexton  of  Mississippi,  Attorney-General 
Swift  of  Massachusetts,  J.  E.  W.  Wayman,  formerly  Dis- 
trict-Attorney of  Chicago,  R.  O.  West,  formerly  City- 
Attorney  and  chairman  of  the  Republican  State  Commit- 
tee, Chicago,  James  B.  Curtis  of  New  York,  formerly 
speaker  of  Indiana  House  of  Representatives  and  City 
Attorney  Indianapolis;  Charles  O.  Maas  of  New  York, 
Worth  E.  Caylor^of  Chicago;  Constant  Southworth  of 
Cincinnati,   Harry  R.  Blythe  and  James  M.  Swift  of 

/         »  /-•:  • 

/    . V 


DELTA    TAU  DELTA  179 

Boston,  James  A.  Wakefield  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  E.  J. 
Henning,  U.  S.  District-Attorney  of  Milwaukee. 

Among  clergymen :  W.  T.  Manning  of  Trinity  Church, 
N.  Y.;  C.  E.  Jefferson  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle, 
New  York;  H.  L.  Willett  of  Chicago,  E.  M.  Taylor  of 
Boston,  Ernest  Wray  O'Neil  of  Chicago  and  Chas.  E. 
Locke  of  Los  Angeles,  L.  A.  Crandall  of  Chicago  and 
C.  W.  Drees  and  W.  P.  McLaughlin  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

Among  college  presidents:  _K.  C.  Babcock,  ex-President 
University  of  Arizona;  J.  F.  McConnell  of  DePauw, 
A.  A.  Kincannon  of  Mississippi,  A.  C.  Humphreys  of 
Stevens.  Mauck  of  Hillsdale,  Dickie  of  Albion,  T.  C.  Howe 
of  Butler  and  Millis  of  Hanover. 

Among  authors  and  newspaper  men:  Howard  C. 
Hillegas,  city  editor  New  York  Herald,  Frederick  Palmer, 
Will  Carleton,  the  poet,  James  N.  Thorpe,  Alfred  H. 
Welsh,  Dr.  James  N.  Matthews,  George  Horton,  Herbert 
Adams  Gibbons. 

William  Kent,  engineer  and  author  of  a  well  known 
Engineers'  Handbook;  Bion  J.  Arnold,  engineer  and 
expert  in  municipal  and  industrial  engineering;  John  A. 
Bensel,  former  New  York  State  Engineer;  August  Ziesing, 
President  of  the  American  Bridge  Co.;  O.  A.  Zayas, 
former  Consul  GeneraLof  the  Cuban  Republic  to  the  U.  S. ; 
Victor  T.  Price,  of  Cincinnati;  Dr.  Frank  Wieland, 
Chicago,  111.;  A.  J.  Elliott,  General  Secretary  of  the 
College  Y.  M.  C.  A.;  F.  R.  Bartholomew  the  cartoonist 
of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  and  among  artists  and  illustrators, 
Glenn  Newell.  George  and  Worth  Brehm  and  F.  Graham 
Cootes. 


Selta  Wipsmon 


npHIS  society' was  the  outcome  of  opposition  to  the 
secret  feature  of  the  other  societies  belonging  to  the 
Greek-letter  system.  The  old  Uterary  societies  in  the 
American  colleges  bearing  such  names  as  **Erosophian,** 
"Philalethean,**  "Philomathean,"  etc.,  and  in  whose  halls 
the  students  trained  theif  oratorical  powers,  showed  signs 
of  disintegration  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  quarter  of 
the  last  century.  As  was  natural  in  these  associations, 
"cliques**  were  formed  for  the  purpose  of  gaining  influence 
in  elections  and  prominent  positions  at  commencement. 
The  introduction  of  the  fraternities  into  colleges  naturally 
excited  opposition,  and  this  was  made  the  more  intense 
from  the  fact  that,  having  the  vantage  ground  of  compact 
union,  they  entered  these  literary  societies  and  speedily 
assumed  control  of  the  organizations.  Some  of  the 
students  were  attracted  and  others  repelled  by  this  new 
feature  of  college  life.  In  the  development  of  the  new 
societies,  the  membership  of  the  colleges  was  far  too  large 
to  be  wholly  embraced;  indeed,  the  tendency  was  rather 
toward  exclusiveness  and  the  development  of  a  social 
aristocracy.  Many  were  not  chosen  by  these  fraternities 
and  many  were  opposed  to  them  on  principle.     The  result 

i8o 


DELTA    UPSILON  i8i 

was  a  sudden  evolution  of  local  or  sectional  anti-secret 
societies  in  most  of  the  colleges  to  which  the  fraternity 
system  had  been  extended.,  closer  imion  on  the  part  of  the 
fraternities,  and,  in  many  cases,  the  entire  disruption  of 
the  old  literary  societies. 

In  the  anti-secret  societies  were  two  classes  of  men; 
one  whose  only  aim  was  to  combat  and,  if  possible,  destroy 
the  fraternities,  and  another,  who  saw  the  advantage  of  the 
close  union,  zeal,  mutual  interest  and  fraternal  sentiment 
of  the  new,  societies,  and  who  wished  to  obtain  these 
advantages  without  the  feature  of  secrecy,  which  seemed 
to  them  to  be  objectionable. 

The  anti-secret  societies,  with  few  exceptions,  died, 
or  were  amalgamated  into  what  finally  became  the  Delta 
Upsilon  fraternity.  The  two  elements  above  named,  the 
radical  and  conservative,  were  both  included.  The  former 
gradually  gave  way,  as  in  the  East  the  old  literary  societies 
(Jisappeared  one  by  one,  and  as  the  new  fraternity  grew  in 
strength  and  ntmibers  the  necessity  for  a  positive  rather 
than  a  negative  object  became  apparent,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  a  non-secret  fraternity  a  possibility.  The  rela- 
tions with  the  secret  fraternities  gradually  changed. 
From  open  war  the  opposition  became  but  amicable 
rivalry;  from  being  enemies  the  members  of  the  opposing 
orders  became  friends.  The  aims,  objects,  piuposes, 
methods  of  organization  and  the  kind  of  work  done  in  both 
the  secret  and  the  anti-secret  societies  gradually  ap- 
proached each  other. 

Today,  through  the  Inter-Fraternity  Conference,  Delta 
Upsilon  is  co-operating  with  the  secret  fraternities  that  it 
once  fought. 


iSa  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

The  change  in  the  attitude  of  Delta  Upsilon  toward  the 
secret  fraternities  took  place  by  gradual  and  almost 
imperceptible  steps.  It  remained  nearly  unnoticed  until 
the  convention  of  1881  struck  the  word  **anti-secret"  from 
its  constitution  and  substituted  the  more  rational  and 
truer  expression,  "non-secret."  The  features  of  this 
**non-secrecy**  may  be  summed  up  about  as  follows:  The 
significance  of  the  society's  motto  is  known;  it  has  no 
secret  grip,  sign  or  passwords;  its  constitution  is  public, 
and  the  records  of  its  conventions  are  printed  and  may  be 
read  by  any  one  interested.  Strangers  are  not  usually 
admitted  to  chapter  meetings,  and  there  is  no  reason  for 
their  admission.  In  a  word,  the  privacy  of  most  business 
and  social  organizations  is  observ'^ed,  but  it  is  without  the 
usual  paraphernalia  of  a  secret  society. 

The  oldest  of  the  anti-secret  societies  above  named  was 
the  one  at  Williams  College,  called  at  first  the  "Social 
Fraternity'*  and  afterwards  the  "Equitable  Fraternity.** 
It  was  founded  in  1834.  In  1840  negotiations  were 
entered  into  with  a  similar  society  at  Union,  called  the 
"Equitable  Union,**  and  similar  organizations  at  other 
colleges  were  communicated  with  and  a  correspondence 
sprang  up  between  them.  This  resulted  in  a  convention 
held  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  November  10,  1847,  called  by  the 
Equitable  Union.  At  this  assembly  delegates  were 
present  from  Union,  Williams,  Hamilton  and  Amherst.  A 
common  constitution  was  adopted,  and  the  organization 
was  called  the  "Anti-Secret  Confederation.**  In  1858,  the 
badge  composed  of  the  monogram  of  the  letters  "A**  and 
"T"  was  adopted,  and  by  a  change  in  the  organic  law  the 


DELTA    UPSILON  183 

confederation  became  a  fraternity,  but  the  name  "Delta 
Upsilon**  was  not  placed  in  the  constitution  until  the 
convention  of  1864.  Since  that  time  chapters  have  been 
established  at  many  colleges,  and  the  roll  built  up  as 
follows: 

1834.  Williams  College* 791 

1838.  Union  University 772 

1847.  Hamilton  College 498 

1847.  Amherst  College 767 

1847.  Western  Reserve  University 363 

1850.  Wesleyan  University  (1852) 29 

1852.  Colby  College 508 

1852.  University  of  Rochester 566 

1856.  Middlebury  College 422 

1857.  Bowdoin  College 330 

1858.  Rutgers  College 448 

1858.  Washington  and  Jefferson  College  (1870) 80 

1865.  Colgate  University 517 

1865.  New  York  University 433 

1868.  Miami  University 165 

1868.  Brown  University 553 

1869.  Cornell  University 44  [ 

1869.  Trinity  College,  Conn.  (1876) 18 

1870.  Marietta  College 325 

[873.  Syracuse  University 424 

[874.  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  (1879) 18 

*The  chapters  are  named  after  the  colleges  except  in  the  case  of  the  chapter  at 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  which  is  called  the  "Manhattan"  chapter. 
The  dates  given  in  the  case  of  the  chapters  founded  previous  to  i860,  are  the  dates 
of  the  foundation  of  the  various  local  organiz  itions  which  formed  the  confedera- 
tion. These  are  deemed  proper,  because  all  of  the  aliunni  were  carried  over  with 
these  societies  and  it  was  a  confederation  of  units  and  not  an  absorption  of  locals 
by  a  general  fraternity. 


i84  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1876.  University  of  Michigan 385 

1880.  Northwestern  University 320 

1880.  Harvard  University 736 

1885.  University  of  Wisconsin 380 

1885.  Lafayette  College 299 

1885.  Columbia  University 321 

1885.  Lehigh  University 263 

1886.  Tufts  College 303 

1887.  DePauw  University 275 

1888.  University  of  Pennsylvania 321 

1890.  University  of  Minnesota 288 

1 89 1.  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 258 

1893.  Swarthmore  College 228 

1896.  Stanford  University 202 

1896.  University  of  California 229 

1898.  McGill  University 160 

1898.  University  of  Nebraska 223 

1899.  University  of  Toronto 201 

1901.  University  of  Chicago 205 

1904.  Ohio  State  University 214 

1905.  University  of  Illinois 217 

1910.  University  of  Washington 128 

191 1.  Pennsylvania  State  College 155 

1913.  Iowa  State  College 124 

1914.  Purdue  University 122 

1915.  University  of  Indiana 126 

1Q17.  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology 113 

Active  chapters,  44;   inactive,  4;   membership,  15,264. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses :   Amherst,  Bowdoin, 

Brown,  California,  Chicago,  Colgate,  Columbia,  Cornell, 


DELTA    UPSILON  185 

DePauw,  Hamilton,  Harvard,  Illinois,  Iowa  State, 
Lafayette,  Lehigh,  McGill,  Marietta,  Massachusetts 
Tech.,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  New  York,  Northwestern, 
Ohio  State,  Pennsylvania,  Purdue,  Rochester,  Rutgers, 
Stanford,  Syracuse,  Toronto,  Union,  Washington,  Western 
Reserve,  Williams,  Wisconsin.  Houses  owned  35;  total 
valuation  $673,000. 

The  Williams  Chapter  assumed  the  name  of  the  Social 
Fraternity,  which  it  kept  until  1847.  Later  it  was  known 
as  the  Equitable  Fraternity.  It  withdrew  from  the 
Fraternity  in  May,  1862,  and  formally  disbanded  in  1863, 
but  was  revived  in  1883.  The  Union  chapter  was  called 
the  **0.  A."  Society.  In  reality,  for  a  long  time,  it  com- 
prised most  of  those  students  who  were  not  members  of  the 
secret  fraternities.  It  was  inactive  from  1865  to  1869. 
The  Amherst  chapter  had  the  sub-title  A  S,  and  the 
Middlebury  chapter  that  of  Z  *,  imder  the  confederation. 
The  former  was  inactive  from  1862  to  1869.  The  Hamil- 
ton chapter  has  had  the  longest  continuous  existence  of 
any  of  the  chapters,  and  to  its  efforts  is  due  the  existence 
of  many  of  them.  The  local  A  ^  society  of  the  University 
of  Vermont  joined  the  confederation  in  185 1,  but  withdrew 
in  1854,  retaining  all  of  its  members,  preferring  to  become 
a  local  secret  society,  so  that  it  is  not  counted  as  a  chapter 
of  Delta  Upsilon. 

The  Wesleyan  chapter  lived  but  a  few  years  after  its 
establishment.  The  Rochester  chapter  grew  out  of  a 
struggle  in  the  literary  societies  between  the  society  men 
and  the  neutrals.  When  excluded  from  the  college  annual 
by  the  other  fraternity  men,  the  chapter  established  the 


i86  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

University  Quarterly  to  protect  its  own  interests.  This 
was  discontiniied  in  1877.  The  Bowdoin  chapter  was 
killed  by  the  enlistment  of  many  of  the  students  in  the 
Federal  Army  in  1862.  It  was  revived  in  1892.  The 
Colby  chapter  was  prosperous  imtil  civil  war  days  when  so 
many  members  enlisted  that  it  soon  ceased  to  exist.  It 
was  revived  in  1878.  The  Rutgers  chapter  was  formerly 
a  local  literary  society.  The  Washington  and  Jefferson 
chapter  was  originally  established  at  Jefferson  college,  and 
when  that  college  was  imited  with  Washington  the  chapter 
was  transferred.  The  New  York  University  chapter  was 
formed  from  a  society  called  the  '*  Neutral  League."  The 
Miami  chapter  was  inactive  lor  a  nimiber  of  years.  It 
was,  when  revived,  formed  from  a  local  called  A  P. 

The  Western  Reserv^e  chapter  was  the  successor  of  an 
anti-secret  society  called  the  A  V,  which  had  joined  the 
federation  in  1 840,  but  which  died  in  1 8  5  7 .  It  was  revived 
in  1865.  The  Brown  chapter  was  originally  a  local, 
called  r  N.  The  Trinity  chapter  was  short-lived,  and  died 
from  lack  of  room  in  the  college.  The  Syracuse  chapter 
was  formerly  a  local  society  called  the  Atticaeum,  founded 
in  1872.  The  Harvard  chapter  has  been  successful,  con- 
sidering its  environment  and  the  difficulties  that  were  to 
be  overcome,  and  has  won  prominence  by  its  annual 
presentation  of  an  old  English  play. 

With  the  establishment  of  the  Wisconsin  chapter  in 
1885  the  fraternity  began  a  movement  westward  and  its 
growth  in  the  west  and  its  extension  into  Canada  have 
been  features  of  its  numerical  progress.  All  the  chapters, 
established  since  1891,  were  originally  organized  as  local 


DELTA    UPSILON  187 

0 

societies,  the  fraternity  constitution,  as  adopted  in  that 
year,  fixing  a  minimum  period  of  preliminary  existence 
before  an  application  for  a  charter  could  be  considered. 

There  are  alimini  clubs  in  a  number  of  the  principal 
cities,  also  State  clubs  in  Maine,  Vermont  and  Montana. 
Altmmi  of  a  majority  of  the  chapters  are  organized  in  chap- 
ter associations,  which  are  incorporated  to  hold  chapter 
property.  The  chartered  alimmi  clubs  and  associations 
are  privileged  to  send  delegates  to  convention  under  cer- 
tain conditions. 

The"  government  of  the  fraternity  is  of  a  two-fold 
character.  Prior  to  1909  the  fraternity  had  the  form  of 
organization,  common  to  most  of  the  fraternities.  In 
that  year,  by  vote  of  the  Boston  convention,  the  fraternity 
was  incorporated  under  the  New  York  law.  All  members 
of  the  fraternity  are  members  of  the  corporation  and  have 
the  right  to  vote  every  three  years  through  their  respective 
chapters  for  a  chapter  representative,  who  is  called  a 
trustee.  The  trustees,  now  44  in  niunber,  elect  fifteen 
directors  from  their  number  and  choose  such  officers  as  are 
designated.  The  trustees'  assent  is  required  to  make 
valid  any  amendments  to  the  fraternity  constitution  and 
any  grants  of  charters,  which  are  made  by  unanimous  vote 
of  the  general  convention,  held  annually  with  the  various 
chapters  or  alumni  clubs.  The  conventions  elect  an 
executive  council  of  six  alumni  and  three  undergraduates 
to  handle  the  funds  raised  from  imdergraduate  assess- 
ments, and  to  carry  out  the  convention  enactments. 

In  191 7  the  Constitution  was  further  amended  so  as  to 
state  legally  what  had  always  been  morally  true,  that  a 


l88  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

man  becoming  a  member  of  the  Fraternity  by  initiation 
remained  such  to  the  time  of  his  death.  This  was  made 
plain  by  stating  that  "The  alumni  and  active  members 
shall  constitute  the  Chapter  and  except  as  otherwise  herein 
or  in  the  By-Laws  provided,  shall  enjoy  equal  rights  and 
privileges."  The  alumni  are  given  by  this  amendment 
the  privilege  of  the  vote  in  chapter  meetings  on  all  matters 
except  the  election  of  the  chapter  officers  and  of  under- 
graduate delegates  to  the  Annual  Convention.  They, 
therefore,  have  the  right  to  vote  on  new  members,  and  no 
chapter  can  become  permanently  inactive  save  by  the 
death  of  all  its  alumni.  This  amendment  made  possible 
the  revival  of  the  Canadian  chapters  which  had  been 
dormant  during  the  war.  With  this  privilege  goes  a 
responsibility  for  the  support  of  the  General  Fraternity. 
Every  alumnus  is  liable  to  an  annual  tax  which  includes  a 
free  subscription  to  the  Fraternity  magazine.  This  tax 
may  be  commuted  by  the  single  pa3mient  of  a  specified 
sum  which  includes  a  life  subscription  to  the  magazine. 
At  present  these  commutations  are  being  placed  in  an 
Endowment  Fund.  The  Fraternity  maintains  a  head- 
quarters in  New  York  City,  a  permanent  Secretary,  and  is 
actively  engaged  in  an  internal  development  program 
among  its  alumni  and  undergraduates. 

Members  of  the  fraternity  are  barred  trom  membership 
in  all  societies  represented  in  more  than  one  institution  of 
learning,  with  the  exception  of  strictly  proressional  and 
honorary  societies. 

Catalogues  of  the  Williams  chapter,  under  the  name 
of  the  * 'Social  Fraternity,**  was  published  in  1837   and 


DELTA    UPSILON  189 

1844;  one  of  the  ** Anti-secret  Confederation"  in  1853 
(Albany,  N.  Y.),.  and  one  of  the  "Anti-Secret  Confedera- 
tion," or  "Delta  Upsilon  Fraternity,"  in  1859  (Springfield, 
Mass.).  Since  then  catalogues  under  the  name  of  Delta 
Upsilon  have  been  published  in  1864,  1867  and  1870,  all  at 
Utica,  N.  Y.;  in  1874  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.;  in  1877  at 
Central  Falls,  R.  I.;  in  1880  at  Northampton,  Mass.; 
in  1884  and  1891  at  Boston,  and  in  1897,  1903  and  191 7  at 
New  York. 

Six  editions  of  the  "Delta  Upsilon  Song  Book"  have 
been  published,  in  1866,  1877,  1884,  1906,  1915  and  1918; 
the  first,  third  and  fifth  at  Rochester,  the  second  and  sixth 
in  New  York,  and  the  fourth  in  Philadelphia. 

"The  Delta  Upsilon  Annual"  is  a  report  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  convention,  and  is  published  by  the  Executive 
Council.  A  small  manual  of  statistics  called  "Our 
Record"  was  published  in  1886. 

The  Delta  Upsilon  Manual  is  a  handbook  published  by 
the  Fraternity  for  the  information  of  its  members.  It 
contains,  in  addition  to  the  chapter  roll  and  a  history  of  the 
Fraternity,  the  Constitution  and  By-Laws;  a  sunimary  of 
the  general  resolutions  of  the  Conventions,  which  have  the 
weight  of  law;  insignia  rules;  rules  for  expulsion  and  sus- 
pension ;  information  as  to  the  uniform  accounting  system 
and  filing  system;  the  organization  of  the  Fraternity; 
duties  of  chapter  officers;  the  tax  system  and  a  list  of 
some  of  the  ]3rominent  members  of  the  Fraternity.  This 
book,  together  with  the  official  Song  Book  and  a  member- 
ship certificate  is  furnished  to  every  initiate.  An  annual 
examination  is  held  in  ever>'  chapter  following  instruction 
of  the  new  men  based  on  the  contents  of  this  book. 


ipo  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

The  convention  of  1867  authorized  the  publication  of 
a  semi-annual  called  **Our  Record."  Two  numbers 
were  issued  in  one  pamphlet  of  thirty-six  pages  in  the 
spring  of  1868,  and  bore  the  double  date  of  October,  1867, 
and  April,  1868.  Two  further  numbers  were  issued  bear- 
ing dates  October  1868  and  April  1869.  It  met  with 
no  support,  and  was  discontinued.  The  convention 
of  1870  again  authorized  the  publication  of  a  periodi- 
cal, and  the  result  was  Tlie  University  Review,  of  which 
two  numbers  were  issued,  January  and  May,i87o, 
and  it  was  then  suspended.  In  December,  188 2,  the 
publication  of  The  Delta  Upsilon  Quarterly  was  com- 
menced by  the  Amherst  chapter.  It  was  a  small 
quarto  of  sixteen  pages.  In  1884  it  was  adopted  by  the 
fraternity,  transferred  to  New  York  City,  and  changed 
to  the  usual  magazine  form.  In  December,  1892,  it  was 
transferred  to  Philadelphia,  and  remained  there  four 
years,  when  it  was  brought  back  to  New  York.  It  was 
published  there  for  ten  years,  then  in  Philadelphia  until 
191 1  when  it  again  returned  to  New  York,  having  been 
transferred  to  the  control  of  the  fraternity  trustees  and 
issued  at  the  fraternity  headquarters. 

The  Swarthmore  Chapter  has  published  a  periodical 
continuously  since  its  days  as  a  petitioning  society.  Simi- 
lar periodicals,  varying  from  monthly  to  quarterly  in  the 
period  of  issue,  are  published  by  several  other  chapters. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters, 
the  **A**  being  placed  over  the  **r."  This  badge  was 
adopted  in  1858,  In  1912  a  standard  badge  was  adopted 
and  the  initiates  are  required  to  purchase  it  through  the 


DELTA    UPSILON 


191 


Executive  Cotincil.  The  badge  ot  the  anti-secret  con- 
federation  ^was  a  key  of  gold,  displaying  the  motto, 
"Ouden  Adelon."  Before  the  formation  of  the  confedera- 
tion, the  seperate  societies  had  different  badges;  that  at 
Williams  was  a  key,  at  Middlebury  a  harp,  and  at  Union, 
Hamilton  and  Amherst  monograms  of  the  letters 
composing  the  society  name  in  each  instance.  The 
colors  of  the  fraternity  are  old  gold  and  sapphire 
blue.  The  pledge  button  is  triangular,  forming  a  Delta,  with 
a  conventionalized  Upsilon  within,  the  letters  thus  fonned 
being  of  gold  on  a  blue  enameled  back  ground. 

The  coat-of-arms  is  blazoned  as  follows:  DELTA 
UPSILON  beareth :  or  a  balanced  scale  proper  on  a  chief 
azure  seven  mullets  of  the  first,  four  and  three.  Crest,  on 
a  knight's  helmet  with  visor  raised,  the  badge  of  the 
Fraternity. 

The  flag  consists  of  three  vertical  stripes,  the  two  outer 
ones  of  blue,  the  middle  one  of  yellow,  on  which  is  sur- 
charged the  Fraternity  monogram  in  blue. 

Below  are  some  of  the  prominent  alumni  of  the  fraternity 
among  them  being  included  those  who  were  members  of 
the  various  societies  that  went  to  make  up  the  anti-secret 
confederation. 

The  late  President  Garfield;  Secretaries  of  War  Red- 
field  Proctor  and  Daniel  S.  Lamont;  Postmaster  General 
F.  H.  Hitchcock;  United  States  Senators  Morrill  and 
Proctor,  of  Vermont;  Attorney  General  W.  H.  H.  Miller; 
Governors  Hughes  of  New  York,  Proctor  of  Vermont, 
Blair  of  Michigan;  Steams  of  Florida;  Powers  of  Maine; 
Voorhees  of  New  Jersey,  and  Knapp  of  Alaska. 


192  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Among  Congressmen,  Payne,  Smith,  Bassett,  Willis 
and  Law  of  New  York;  Sperry  of  Connecticut;  Stone  of 
Pennsylvania;  Dawes  of  Ohio;  Blair  of  Michigan; 
Powers  of  Maine;  Dorman  of  Iowa;  and  others.  Lieu- 
tenant Governors,  Bruce  of  New  York,  and  Bross  of 
Illinois.  Among  State  Judges,  Landon  and  Smith  of 
New  York;  Mann,  Tarrant,  O'Neill  and  Stevens  of 
Wisconsin;  Rice  of  Pennsylvania;  Brayton  of  Iowa; 
Bruce  of  North  Dakota;  Borden  of  Texas;  Hamlin  of 
Minnesota;  King  and  Hitchcock  of  Massachusetts. 
Among  Federal  Judges,  In  the  Supreme  Court,  Charles 
E.  Hughes  and  Stephen  J.  Field:  In  the  Circuit  Court, 
L.  S.  B.  Sawyer:  In  the  District  Court,  John  E.  Sater. 
Reuben  P.  Boise,  Frank  &  Dietrich. 

Bartlett  Tripp,  Minister  to  Austria;  John  C.  Cald- 
well, Minister  to  Uruguay;  F.  C.  Partridge,  Minister  to 
Venezuela;    Paul  S.  Reinsch,  minister  to  China. 

Orlow  W.  Chapman,  Solicitor  Gen.  of  U.  S.;  C.  G. 
Dawes,  Comptroller  of  Treasury;  L.  A.  Corlidge,  Assist- 
ant Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  Col.  George  W.  Goethals; 
Leland  O.  Howard,  U.  S.  Entomologist;  G.  K.  Gilbert, 
U.  S.  Geological  Stuvey;  Wm.  Travers  Jerome,  District 
Attorney  of  New  York  City. 

Among  college  presidents,  Andrews  of  Nebraska; 
Jordan  and  Branner  of  Stanford;  Robinson,  Andrews  and 
Faimce  of  Brown;  Luther  of  Trinity;  Snow  of  Kansas; 
Atherton  of  Pennsylvania  State;  Crane  of  Nebraska  Cen- 
tral; Yatabe  of  University  of  Japan;  White  of  Lombard; 
Tupper  of  Shaw;  Washburn  of  Robert  College;  Bliss  of 
the  Syrian  College,  Beirut;    Hayden  of  Western  Reser\^e; 


DELTA    UPSILON  193 

Whitman  of  GcorKC  Washincilon;  Russell  of  Cornell; 
Landon  of  Union;  Ferris  of  New  York;  Morse  of  Cali- 
fornia;  Smith  of  Colgate;   White  of  (^oUjv. 

Among  theologians,  Dr.  Weston  of  Crozor  Seminary; 
Dr.  Tip])le,  i)resident  of  Drew  Scniiiarx  ;  Dr.  Fitch, 
of  Andover  Semirary;  Bishoj-s  SjKJlnieyer,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Wm.  F.  Faber  of  Montana,  .Arthur  C.  Tlionison  of 
Southern  VirLinia,  Inin'j:  P.  Joliiison  of  Colorado,  and 
Lofan  Roots  of  Hankow;  !>.  Northnii\  ]  resident 
of  Chica^:o  Theological  Seniinary;  Dr.  AVelcli  of  Auburn 
Theolo':ical  Seniinarv;  Dr.  |c.»siah  Stron<;,  secretarv 
of  the  Evangelical  Alliance  of  l.'niled  States;  Dr.  Alex- 
ander McLean,  secret ar\'  of  the  .Xmerican  ]3i]jle  Society; 
Dr.  James  L.  Barton,  secretary  of  the  American  Board; 
Dr.  Arthiu*  T.  Picrson,  B.  Fay  Mills;  Dr.  E.  C.  Moore, 
University  Preacher,  Harvard;  Drs.  Anr.ita':e,  Faunce 
and  Merrill  of  New  York;  Drs.  Boynton  and  McLaurin 
of  Brooklyn;  Dr.  Myron  Adams  of  Rochester;  Dr. 
Samuel  H.  Cirecnc  of  Wasliin;:ton;  Dr.  Conlandt  Myers 
of  Boston;    Dr.  (;rrin  P.  Gifford  of  Broi^inine. 

Among  autliors,  vSte])l:en  Crar.e,  Wm.  Elliot  Griffis, 
Rev.  Charles  M.  Sheldon,  Holman  T.  Di^y  ard  John 
Erskir.e;  David  A.  Wells  ard  Jeremiah  W.  Jerks,  ];olitical 
economists;  Wm.  \'aughn  Moody,  1  oet  and  ];la>wright; 
Rupert  Hui'lifs,  autlior  ai.d  ]ila\  wri<.;lu  ;  Rossiter  Johnson, 
editor  of  A]j])lcto]i's  Ei:cyclo]^cdia;  I'rofesifor  Borden  P. 
Bownc,  psychc>lo:.:ist ;  James  Ford  Rliodes,  historian.  In 
other  lir.es  of  w()r]:  arc  Edward  C.  Potter,  sculptor;  John 
W.  Root,  architect;  and  U.  J.  Ridgwa}-,  the  publisher  ot 
Everybody's  Magazine. 


llappa  jaiplia 


The  Kappa  Alpha  society  is  the  oldest  secret  brother- 
hood of  a  social  and  literary  character  which  has 
had  a  continuous  existence  in  American  colleges,  and,  as 
the  parent  of  the  present  vast  system  of  American  College 
fraternities,  a  special  interest  attaches  to  the  circumstances 
of  its  foundation. 

For  some  years  previous  to  1825,  there  had  existed 
at  Union  College  an  organized  company  of  students  for 
purposes  of  outdoor  exerdse  and  military  drill.  In  the 
fall  of  that  year,  however,  the  interest  in  this  organization 
died  out,  and  the  time  was  ripe  for  a  new  departure, 
which  had  need  of  the  genius  of  a  leader  to  suggest  it. 
The  inspiration  came  from  John  Hart  Hunter,  Thomas 
Him  and  Isaac  W.  Jackson,  of  the  class  of  1826,  who 
conceived  the  idea  of  a  new  secret  society  of  a  literary  and 
social  order,  interested  several  of  their  classmates  in  the 
plan,  and  in  November  of  the  same  year  held  the  first 
initiation,  when  Charles  Clark  Young  and  Andrew  E.  B. 
Knox  were  formally  admitted  to  membership,  the  secret 

194 


KAPPA    ALPHA  195 

proceedings  being  followed  by  an  "adjournment  to  the 
well-known  dining-room  at  Knight's  -boarding-house, 
down  town,  where  a  supper  was  made  enjoyable  without 
extra  stimulants  of  any  kind,  name  or  nature." 

In  December  the  following  students  were  initiated 
in  similar  fashion:  John  McGeoch,  Orlando  Meads, 
James  Proudfit,  Joseph  A.  Constant,  Arthur  Burtis, 
Joseph  Law  and  Solon  Grout,  of  '26,  and  Levi  Hubbell, 
of  '27.*  • 

This  first  group  of  Kappa  Alpha  men  at  Union  stamped 
a  character  upon  the  society  which  it  has  never  lost.  The 
fotmders  possessed  an  aptitude  for  their  work  amoimting  to 
gerius,  and  but  slight  additions  have  been  made  to  the 
ceremonial  features  of  the  order;  while  not  a  few  among 
their  associates  were  men  of  mark,  whose  names  became 
noted  in  various  walks  of  life. 

The  new  society  encountered  natural  opposition, 
largely  on  account  of  its  secrecy.  Individuals,  and  evjn 
the  college  authorities,  took  up  the  cause,  but  Kappa 
Alpha,  nevertheless,  flourished  from  the  beginning. 
Other  orders  of  like  character  soon  made  their  appearance, 
and  within  a  few  years  the  era  of  college  fraternities  was 
fully  inaugurated  at  Union. 

In  1833  a  petition  for  a  charter  from  Kappa  Alpha 
was  presented  by  a  number  of  students  at  Williams 
College,  led  by  Azariah  S.  Clark,  of  the  class  of  '34. 
This  being  granted,  the  Williams  chapter  was  establis  hed 
in  that  year,  the  first  on  the  ground,  Sigma  Phi  following 

♦The  above  particulars  are  taken  in  substance  from  an  account  of  "The  Origin 
of  Kappa  Alpha,"  written  by  Charles  Clark  Young,  the  first  initiate. 


196 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


in  1834.  Here  even  sharper  opposition  was  encountered 
than  at  Union,  the  "Social  F'ratcniity'*  or  **Eqiiitable 
Fraternity"  being  founded,  in  1S34,  with  the  view  of 
overthrowing  the  secret  society  s\'s tcm.  The  hostilities 
culminated  in  1839,  when  tlie  withdrawal  of  several  of  the* 
most  influential  nieir.bcrs  of  the  anti-sroret  orjranization 
to  join  Ka])pa  Alpha  led  1o  an  assault  u|)on  the  meeting' 
place  of  the  society,  whi«.h  v;a-;.  however..  Successfully 
repelled.  After  this,  v/ith  the  found in^^  and  Growth  of 
other  fraternity  chapters  at  the  tollej;c.  the  ])ower  of  the 
"Sodal  Fratemitv"  as  an  anli-sccrct  force  steadilv 
declined  until  it  disa])pcarcd,  the  body  Ix-coniing  tlie  ])aient 
chapter  of  Delta  Upsilon. 

In  1844  a  chapter  was  founded  a  I  (jcneva  (now  Hobart) 
College,  which  was  withdrawn  in  1S54.  owini^  to  a  decline 
in  the  affairs  of  the  collci.:.\  but  wa^  rr-cslablishc-d  in  iSyo. 
The  Princeton  chapter,  f«.)und'vM.l  in  1S52,  had  a  l.)rief  but 
brilliant  careuT,  bn)Ui;]it  u>  a  c!-v:e  by  the  persist-.Mit  atti- 
tude of  ho-^tiiity  as^uni'-'d  toward  se^-n  t  so?ietits  by  the 
college  auth'.)ritie.s.  As  a'l  li  ):Mrv«ble  OMitinuance  of  ih  ' 
cha])ter  was  sojn  rendon^l  ii!i;>  )-i-^ib':  »  \mder  the  n.--Uric- 
tions  impose*],  its  ni'.'niV)jrs  d''idi:d  to  surren<ler  their 
charter,  and  witlvhvw  U'o::"^  i  iie  (•oric:.;^  with  the  ^raduatM.^i 
of  the  class  of  1X56.  Tlu'  chapter  i\l  tlie  Univrr^iiy  of 
Virginia  ltcw  out  of  tlit^  ruppivssion  of  so'.ieti(*s  at  Pi'iiicr- 
ton,  its  founrler  being  Joseph  Jf(;d^::-on,  of  tlie  F^rina-ton 
chapter.  This  chajiter  :ilso  was  d."si  ined  to  a  sliort  life. 
Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  C'-vil  \V:.i\  man;'  of  ;l^ 
members  left  the  univen-.ity  to  join  tlie  anny  of  the  C/.ri- 
federacy,  meetings  became  gradually  less  frequent,  and 


KAPPA    ALPHA  197 

in  1 86 1  the  chapter  was  suspended.  After  the  close  of 
the  war  but  few  of  the  members  returned  to  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  tuiivor^ity,  and  no  attempt  was  made  to  revive 
the  society  there. 

The  fraternity  lias  been  slow  to  extend  and  its 
chapter  roll,  which  is  small,  reads  as  follows: 

1825.  A  of  N\'\v  York,  Union  College 540 

1833.  A  of  Mas-acluisetls,  Williams  College 579 

1844.  H  of  New  York,  H<:>l)art  College 275 

1852.  A  of  Now  Jersey,  Princeton  University  (1856).  .   40 

1857.  A  of  VirLnnia.  University  of  Virginia  (1861) 47 

1868.    r  of  New  York,  Cornell  University 360 

1892.  A  of  Ontario,  University  of  Toronto 170 

1894.  A  of  Pennsylvania,  Lehigh  University 109 

1899.  A  of  Quel>ec.  McGill  University 150 

1913.  B  of  Penr:s>'lvania,  University  of  Pennsylvania.  .   80 

Active  chapters,  8;     inactive,  2;    membership,  2,350 

The  foUowin.':  t^baniers  own  houses:  Cornell,  Hobart, 
Pennsylvania,  1'oronto,  Union,  Williams.  Total  6;  total 
valuation  $179,000. 

During  the  first  thirty  or  forty  years  of  its  existence 
the  chapter  at  Union  occasionally  held  public  exercises; 
the  quarto-centen.nial  and  semi-centennial  celebrations 
were  also  notable  events  in  its  histor\\  In  1883  the 
semi-centennial  of  the  Williams  chapter  was  held  at 
Williamstown,  at  which  Gov.  Henry  M.  Hoyt,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, delivered  the  address.  The  inaugurations  of 
the  Toronto  cliapter,  held  at  Ithaca,  and  of  the  Lehigh 
chapter,  at  New  York,  were  the  occasions  of  large  and 


igS  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

enthusiastic  gatherings  of  the  members  of  K  A,  while  the 
largest  gathering  in  the  history  of  the  society  occurred 
on  the  occasion  of  the  75th  anniversary  of  its  founding 
at  Schenectady  in  1900.  Regular  conventions  take  place 
annually,  imder  the  auspices  of  the  various  chapters  in 
rotation.  The  annual  dinner  occurs  in  New  York  in 
the  winter,  and  similar  gatherings  are  held  each  year  in 
Boston.  Chicago  and  Buffalo. 

The  government  of  the  society  is  vested  in  an  execu- 
tive council,  composed  ot  four  officers  and  two  alumni  from 
each  active  chapter. 

Catalogues  of  Kappa  Alpha  have  been  published  in 
183s.  1838,  1840.  1842,  1850,  1853.  1859,  1874,  1802,  1902 
and  1913.  In  the  earlier  editions  much  of  the  information 
was  printed  in  Latin  and  in  cipher.  The  "Record"  of 
1913.  a  quarto  volume  of  500  pages,  is  a  full  biographical 
account  of  the  members  of  the  society,  with  illustrations 
and  much  valuable  historical  matter.  Other  publications 
of  the  society  include  a  song  book,  a  biographical  record 
of  the  Williams  chapter,  published  in  1881,  with  supple- 
ments in  1882  and  1890,  and  the  Annual  Reports,  which 
go  to  every  member.  The  proceedings  of  the  25th,  50th 
and  75th  conventions  were  published  in  the  years  the  cere- 
monies took  place. 

Kappa  Alpha  was  the  first  of  the  college  fraternities 
either  to  occupy  or  own  a  chapter  house  in  the  modem 
sense  of  the  expression.  At  Williams  College,  its  chapter 
secured  a  house  in  1864  for  meeting  purposes  and  in  1876 
for  rooming  purposes. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  golden  key,  on  one 


KAPPA    ALPHA  199 

• 

side  of  which  arc  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  encircling  the 
letters  *'K  A;'*  on  the  other  side  are  a  rising  sun  and 
other  s>Tnbols.     The  fraternity  color  is  scarlet. 

The  society  has  never  admitted  honorary  members. 
Among  the  prominent  alimini  arc:  In  education,  Presi- 
dents, Leonard  Woods,  of  Bowdoin;  Eliphalet  N.  Potter,  of 
Hobart  and  Union;  L.  Clark  Seelye,  of  Smith;  Patd 
A.  Chadboume^  of  Williams;  Charles  J.  A.  Schaefler,  of 
the  Iowa  State  University;  Professors  Isaac  W.  Jack- 
son, of  Union;  Charles  F.  Chandler  and  Charles  A. 
Joy,  of  Colimibia;  Nathaniel  H.  Griffin,  of  Williams; 
John  L.  Morris,  Charles  F.  Hartt  and  T.  Frederick 
Crane,  of  Cornell;  William  H.  Chandler,  of  Lehigh; 
Dean  Edward  H.  Griffin,  of  Johns  Hopkins;  Vice- 
Chancellor  Telfair  Hodgson,  of  the  University  of  the 
South;  Henry  R.  Pierson,  Chancellor  of  the  Board  of 
Regents,  N.  Y.;  Charles  B.  Hubbell,  president  New 
York  City  Board  of  Education,  and  Dr.  Charles  E. 
West,  of  Brooklyn.  In  medicine,  Walter  D.  Day  and 
William  D.  Granger,  of  New  York,  and  Francis  H. 
Davenport,  of  Boston.  In  the  ministry,  Arthur  Burtis, 
Edward  D.  G.  Prime,  William  W.  Harsha,  Robert  R. 
Booth,  Timothy  G.  Darling,  Henry  M.  Booth,  John  L. 
Nevius,  William  C.  Roberts,  and  J.  Clement  French, 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church;  William  H.  WyckofiE  and 
Justin  A.  Smith,  among  Baptists;  James  G.  Johnson, 
of  the  Congregational  Church;  William  Tatlock,  in  the 
Episcopal  Church,  and  Frederick  Z.  Rooker,  in  the 
Roman  Catholic.  In  law,  Associate  Justice  Ward 
Hunt,  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court;    Rufus  W.  Peck- 


200  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

ham  (the  elder),  James  C.  Smith,  and  George  F.  Dan- 
forth.  of  the  New  York  vSupreme  Court ;  Frank  H.  Hiscock, 
Judt^'o  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.  New  York;  Francis  R.  E. 
Coniell,  of  the  Minnesota  vSui)reme  Court;  Charles  B. 
Lawrence,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Stiprcmc  Court  of  Illinois; 
Owen  T.  Coflin,  vSurro^ijate  of  Westchester  county,  N.  Y.; 
Horace  White,  Governor  of  the  vStatc  of  New  York; 
John  K.  Porter,  John  Boyd  Thacher  and  Wheeler  H. 
Peckham,  of  New  York,  and  Francis  H.  Dew^ey,  of  Massa- 
chusetts. In  architecture,  William  A.  Potter,  of  New 
York,  John  V.  Van  Pelt,  of  New  York;  In  public  life, 
Preston  King  and  James  Dixon,  of  the  United  States 
Senate;  Augustus  Sclicll.  Collector  of  the  Port  at  New 
York,  politician  and  capitalist;  United  States  Representa- 
tives Thomas  Allen,  of  Missouri;  Charles  L.  Bcale,  John 
M.  Carroll  and  John  B.  StOL-lc,  of  New  York;  Jesse  0. 
Norton,  of  Illinois;  Gabriel  Bouck,  of  Wisconsin;  Gov. 
Hjury  M.  Iloyt,  of  Pennsylvania;  J.  Rufus  Tryon, 
Surgeon-General  of  the  Navy,  and  S.  G.  W.  Benjamin, 
rnite<l  States  Mini^t<T  to  Persia;  Francis  E.  Leupp, 
Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs;  Clark  Williams,  Comp- 
troller, State  of  New  York:  Hon.  W.  L.  M.  King,  late 
Minister  of  Labour,  Canadian  (lovenimetit;  Wa<le 
Warren  ThaA'cr,  Sccretan.'  of  the  lluwaiin  Territorv.  In 
military"  life.  Generals  Je>se  C.  Smith,  John  C.  Stark- 
weather, Jose])h  1^3 veil,  Hasbrouck  Davis,  Ranald  S. 
Mackenzie,  Edward  vS.  Bragg  and  Albert  J.  Myor.  In 
literature,  Fitzhu>:h  Ludlow,  Prot.  George  L.  Raymond, 
of  Princeton;  I^ewis  H.  Mor-jan.  the  ethnologist; 
Theodore  Stanton,  of  Paris,  and  Solomon  B.  Griffin,  ol 
the  Springfield  Republican;  Hobart  C.  Chatfied-Taylor. 


llappa  ^Ipfia 

(Southern  Order) 


nplIIS  fraternity  was  foimdecL  at  Washington  College, 
now  Washinj2:ton  and  Lee*  University,  Lexington, 
Va.,  December  21,  1865,  by  James  Ward  Wood^  Rev. 
William  Nelson  Scott,  Stanhope  McC.  Scott,  and  William 
A.  Walsh.  It  was  at  first  intended,  perhaps,  to  be  a  local 
organization  onl\'.  and  bore  a  name  other  than  that  of 
Kappa  Alpha.*  During  the  second  session  of  its  existence 
S.  Z.  Ammen  became  a  member,  and  its  present  motto, 
ritual  and  plan  of  ori^anization  are  due  chiefly  to  his  labon 
to  such  an  extent  that  he  is  considered  the  founder  of  the 
])resent  KaT)]\a  Alpha  Order.  The  fraternity  was  estab- 
lished with  the  idea  of  a"eating  an  organization  to  foster 
and  maintain  tb.e  manners,  customs  and  ideals  of  character 
and  achicA'cment.  other  than  "sectional,"  of  the  Southern 
people,  Washington  and  Leo  University  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Robert  E.  lyce  being  considered  the  appropriate 
place  for  the  ii\auguration  of  such  an  institution.  It  has 
confined  itself  to  the  vSouth  with  the  exception  of  planting 

♦This  namr  was  Phi  K:ippa  Chi  and  v/as  sioon  changed  because  of  its  similari^ 
i  Kappa  Psi.     No  bad(:es  ever  bore  this  name. 


,"X 


to  Phi  Kappa 


\. 


201 


J202  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

chapters  at  California  and  Stanford.  According  to 
officials  of  the  fraternity  the  matter  of  extension  beyond 
the  "chosen  limits**  has  not  been  considered  by  a  conven- 
tion for  a  nimiber  of  years  and  its  policy  in  this  regard  is 
declared  to  be  fixed. 
The  chapter  roll  is : 

865.       A,  Washington  and  Lee  University 231 

868.       B,  Virginia  Military  Institute  (1913) 532 

868.  r,  University  of  Georgia 480 

869.  A,  Wofford  College 246 

869.       E,  Emory  College 447 

869.  Z,  Randolph-Macon  College 270 

870.  H,  Richmond  College 274 

871.  0,  Oglethorpe  University  (see  Beta  Nu) 17 

872.  I,  Furman  University  (1898) 137 

873.  K,  Mercer  University 322 

873.       A,  University  of  Virginia 165 

873.       M,  Newberry  College  (1874) 10 

877.  N,  Pa.   Colkye  of  Dental  Surger}'  (1879)..     4 

877.  S,  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute  (1877) 2 

878.  O,  Bethel  Academy,  Va.  (1879) 7 

879.  IT,  Gordon  Institute,  Ga.  (1883) 27 

880.  P,  University  of  South  Carolina  (1897) 132 

880.  S,  Davidson  College 239 

881.  T,  Wake  Forest  College  (1894) 53 

881.  T,  University  of  North  Carolina 166 

882.  ^y  Southern  University  (191 4) 264 

882.  V,  Tulane  University 178 

883.  X,  Vanderbilt  University 311 

1JB83.      Q,  Central  University,  Ky 137 


KAPPA   ALPHA  (SOUTHERN)        .  203 

1883.       0,  South  Carolina  Military  Academy  (1890) . .  40 

1883.       O,  University  of  Texas 215 

1883.      M,  Erskine  College  (1893) 52 

1883.       N,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 294 

1883.       S,  Southwestern  University 230 

1883.       n,  University  of  Tennessee 235 

1883.  A  A,  University  of  the  South 274 

1885.  A  B,  University  of  Alabama 234 

1885.  A  r,  Louisiana  State  University 238 

1887.  A  A,  William  Jewell  College 241 

1887.  A  E,  Southwestern  Presbyterian  University(i904) 78 
1890.  A  Z,  William  and  Mary  College 19 

1890.  A  H,  Westminster  College 211 

1891.  A  0,  Transylvania  University 183 

1891.  A    I,  Centenary  College  (1913) 87 

1891.  A  K,  University  of  Missouri 282 

1891.  A  A,  Johns  Hopkins  University 142 

1893.       0,  University  of  Kentucky 18 

1893.  A  M,  Millsaps  College 256 

1893.  M,  Emory  and  Henry  College  (1895) ^5 

1894.  A  N,  George  Washington  University 228 

1895.  A  S,  University  of  California 214 

1895.  A  O,  University  of  Arkansas 207 

1895.  A  n,  Stanford  University 185 

1897.  A  P,  West  Virginia  University 175 

1899.  A  2,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 183 

1899.  A  T,  Hampden-Sidney  College loi 

1900.  A  T,  University  of  Mississippi  (1912) 78 

1901.  A  *,  Trinity  College.  N.  C 86 

1902.  A  X,  Kentucky  Wesleyan  College  (1906) 33 


204  •  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1903.  A  V,  Florida  State  College  (1906) 20 

1903.  A  Q,  N.  C.  Agricultural  and  Mech'l  CoIIokc  .  .  .  109 
1903.  B  A,  Missouri  School  of  Mines 98 

1903.  B  B,  Bethany  College 126 

1904.  B  r,  College  of  Charleston 80 

1904.  B  A,  Georgetown  College,  Ky 94 

1904.  B  E,  Delaware  College 161 

1904.  B  Z,  University  of  Florida 164 

1905.  B  H,  University  of  Oklahoma 171 

1905.  B  0,  Wcishington  University,  Mo 99 

1906.  B    I,  Drury  College 141 

1914.  B  K,  Marv'land  Stale  College 5g 

191 5.  B  A,  Southern  Mclhodist  University 38 

1916.  B  \f ,  St.  John's  College,  Md 75 

1918.   B  N,  Oglclhori;e  University  (revi^•c(l'l 8 

Active  chapters,  50;  inactive,  18;  total  membership, 
11,271. 

The  chai)ters  ownin;^  houses  are:  Alabama,  Alabama 
Polytechnic,  Delaware,  Cjcon,^*  Washin::;tc)n,  Johns  Ho;)- 
kins,  Millsa-ps,  North  Carolina,  Oklahana,  Souihwcslern, 
Stanford,  Texas,  Transyhania,  University  of  the  South, 
Vanderbilt,  West  Virginia,  William  Jewell.  Total  houses 
16;  total  valuation  §160,000. 

The  ];arent  cha[^ter  was  inactive  from  June,  1870,  to 
March,  1875,  and  again  in  1878.  It  was  revived  in 
October,  1885.  The  V.  M.  I.  chapter  was  suppressed  by 
anti-fraternity  laws  in  1888  but  existed  sub  rosa  for  many 
years.  Its  charter  was  withdrawn  in  1013.  The  fn*st 
Theta  at  Oglethoq^e  died  with  the  University  in  December, 
1873;   but  after  the  re-establishment  of  the  Uni\ersity  at 


KAPPA    ALPHA    {SOUTHERN)  205 

Atlanta  in  191 5  the  Chapter  was  revived  as  Beta-Nu  in 
1 91 8,  the  name  Thcta  having  been  in  th^  meanwhile  given 
to  the  Chapter  established  at  the  University  of  Kentucky. 
The  second  Theia  at  South  Cafohna  Militar}''  Academy 
was  sub  rosa,  was  sunpresscd  in  1883  and  revived  in  1887; 
it  finally  succumbed  to  airi-fra'crnity  laws  in  1890.  The 
cha])tcr  at  Funnan  University  was  inactive  from  the  fall  of 
1875  to  May,  1879,  and  was  killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws 
in  1898.  The  cha'>tcr  ar  vStanford  was  dormant  from 
1899  to  1 9^3-  T^he  Mississi')pi  chapiter  was  killed  by  anti- 
fra'emity  laws,  the  same  ha\ing  been  u^^held  by  the 
decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  The 
Woflord  cha^^ter  was  inactive  from  1909  to  191 5  because 
of  anti-fraternity  rcgula*:ions. 

The  first  Mu  died  with  the  return  of  Newberry  College, 
from  Walhalla  to  Newberry,  S.  C.  The  second  Mu,  at 
Erskine  College,  cxis'ed  sub  rosa  un'il  faculty  opposition 
ceased  in  1885.  In  the  fall  of  1893  the  enactment  of  anti- 
fraternity  laws  comiellcd  the  surrender  of  its  charter. 
The  sajne  was  the  fa*e  of  ihe  third  Mu,  at  Emor>'  and 
Henry  College,  in  1895.  The  first  Nu  at  the  Pennsyl- 
vania College  of  Den.al  Surgery,  Philadelphia  (now  a  part 
of  the  Uni\ersily  of  Pennsyh^ania),  was  established  by  a 
graduate  of  the  \'irginia  Militar\'  Institute  chapter,  and 
died  when  the  last  of  its  three  initiates  graduated  in  1879. 

The  first  Omicron  at  Bethel  Academy  was  almost  im- 
mediatelv  withdrawn,  due  to  anti-fraternitv  laws  and  the 
decision  of  the  fraternity  nor  to  retain  chapters  in  colleges 
that  gave  no  dcgrv'cs.  The  second  Omicron,  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Texas,  was  suspended  from  1877  to  1891.     The 


2o6  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

first  Xi  at  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute  immediately  met 
with  anti-fraternity  laws,  and  made  no  initiations.  Xi  at 
Southwestern  University,  was  established  sub  rosa^  but 
was  recognized  by  the  faculty  in  September,  1887. 

The  first  Pi  at  the  Gordon  Institute  was  ordered  to  stir- 
render  its  charter  on  account  of  the  fact  that  the  institu- 
tion awarded  no  degrees.  The  second  Pi,  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Tennessee,  was  inactive  from  1887  to  1893.  Rho, 
at  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  was  inactive  from 
1892  to  1895,  and  was  killed  by  state  legislation  in  1897. 
Tau,  at  Wake  Forest  College,  was  established  sub  rosa,  and 
was  suprressed  in  1887.  It  was  revived  again  in  1890  and 
suppressed  in  1894.  The  chapter  at  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  was  inactive  from  1888  to  1891.  Under 
the  impression  that  Southern  University  was  to  close,  Phi 
disbanded  in  1882,  but  was  reorgani;^ed  in  1883  and  with- 
drawn in  191 4.  Psi,  at  the  University  of  Louisiana,  died 
in  1883  on  account  of  anti-fraternity  laws  and  other 
opposition.  It  was  revived  in  February,  1886,  at  Tulane 
University,  which  is  a  continuation  of  the  older  institution. 
The  Johns  Hopkins  chapter  was  inactive  from  1910  to 
191 5;  and  the  California  chapter  in  1896-97.  Alpha  Psi 
was  merged  into  Beta  Zeta  when  the  Florida  State  College 
was  consolidated  with  the  University  of  Florida. 

Of  the  eighteen  inactive  chapters  ten  were  killed  by 
anti-fra^emity  laws,  six  were  withdrawn  from  lack  of 
material  and  other  causes,  and  two  died  with  the  institu- 
tions in  which  they  were  located. 


KAPPA    ALPHA    (SOUTHERIf)  207 

Alumni  chapters  have  been  organized  at  many  of  the 
principal  cities.  The  alumni  at  Boston,  Mass.,  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  and  New  York  City,  are 
composed  of  students  at  Harvard  and  Mass.  Tech.,  Yale, 
Cornell  and  Colimibia,  respectively,  and  afford  fraternity 
associations  for  members  of  the  fraternity  going  to  these 
institutions  for  post-graduate  or  professional  courses. 

Six  catalogues  have  been  issued.  The  first  two  were 
published  at  Macon,  Ga.,  by  J.  L.  Hardeman,  in  1873 
and  i8%5,  the  former  showing  a  membership  of  270  and 
the  latter  of  370.  The  third  was  issued  at  Parkersburg, 
W,  Va.,  in  1878,  by  D.  R.  Neal,  Jr.,  and  showed  a  mem- 
bership of  437.  These  catalogues  contained  little  more 
than  the  names  and  addresses  of  members.  The  Kappa 
Alpha  History  and  Catalogue  was  published  in  the  fall 
of  1891,  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  by  J.  S.  Chick.  This  book 
contains  375  pages,  shows  a  membership  of  2,282  down 
to  1890,  and  gives  a  history  of  the  fraternity  and  of  the 
several  chapters.  The  same  features  were  contained  in 
the  second  decennial  catalogue  published  in  1900  at 
Charlotte,  N.  C,  by  Paul  I.  Murrill.  The  sixth  catalogue 
was  prepared  and  published  by  Wm.  B.  Crawford,  Grand 
Historian  in  191 5,  in  906  pages  showing  a  membership  of 
9,226  down  to  Nov.  i,  1914.  It  is  of  pocket  size,  printed 
on  thin  paper  and  unusually  complete.  In  addition  to  the 
above,  the  fraternity,  beginning  with  1891-92,  published 
annual  catalogues  showing  the  active  membership  of 
the  chapters,  and  giving  reports  from  the  general  officers. 
This  work  was  discontinued  with  1904.  Several  of  the 
chapters      publish     annual     catalogues,     or      **Year- 


2o8  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

books."  There  have  been  five  editions  of  the  ritual 
and  constitution:  in  1870,  1874,  1886,  1893,  and 
1904.  The  constitution  was  revised  by  the  convention  of 
1911. 

The  first  official  publication  of  the  frateniit}^  was  the 
Kappa  Alplia  Jotinial,  quarterly,  published  from  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  February,  August  and  December,  1S79,  when 
it  suspended.  It  was  devoted  to  f^^eneral  literature  as 
well  as  to  fraternity  matters.  In  November,  1883,  the 
Kappa  Alpha  Magazine,  quarterly,  appeared.  In ^1883-84 
one  number  was  published  from  Charleston,  S.  C,  and 
three  from  Atlanta,  Ga.  In  1884-85  one  number  was 
published  from  Atlanta  and  one  from  Gainesville,  Ga., 
the  latter  in  April,  1885.  In  October,  18S5,  the  Kappa 
Alpha  Magazine  was  succeeded  by  llic  Kappa  Alpha 
Journal,  Vol.  Ill,  and  has  since  apj-cared  rc;^'ularly  under 
that  name.  For  a  while  it  was  a  monthly,  then  a  bi- 
monthly and  it  has  been  published  at  Nash\ille,  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  Riclunond,  Va.,  Chattaiioo:^'a,  Tenn.,  Menasha, 
Wis.,  Greenville,  S.  C,  and  Jackson,  Miss.,  from  wliich 
place  it  is  now  published. 

At  the  New  Orleans  Convention,  Decber,  191 1,  a  new 
constitution  and  code  was  adopted,  which  embodied  no 
material  constitutional  changes  beyond  ])roviding  for  the 
organization  of  the  Fratemit\'  into  Provinces.  The 
Provinces  are  seven  in  niunber  and  are  officered  by  Prc;- 
vince  Commanders,  Secretaries  and  Aliunni-HisloriaTis. 
The  Province  Commanders  have  restricted  adminislrati^•c 
powers  and  their  more  important  duties  include  annual 
visits  of  inspection  to  the  ChajDters  within  their  jurisdic- 


KAPPA    ALPHA    (SOUTHERN) 


2og 


tion.  The  Convention  of  191 1  changed  the  Journal  from 
a  bimonthly  to  a  quarterly  publication.  In  addition  to 
The  Journal,  the  Fraternity  issues  a  confidential  publica- 
tion known  as  the  "Special  Messenger,"  intended  only  for 
members. 

In  191 7  the  Fraternity  issued  an  official  legal  directory 
"Kappa  Alpha  Lawyers"  intended  to  place  and  keep  in 
touch  the  members  of  the  Order  who  are  of  that  profession. 
Song-books  of  the  Fraternity  were  issued  in  1907  and  1914. 
The  original  badge  consisted  of  a  single  gold  shield, 
xmjeweled,  in  the  center  of  which  was  a  circle  of  black 
enamel  encldsing  a  Latin  Cross  in  gold,  and  above  which 
was  a  plain  arched  band  of  gold  enclosing  the  letters  "  K  A" 
in  black  enamel.  The  present  badge  consists  of  a  gold 
shield  superimposed  upon  a  gold  shield;  it  has  a  Greek 
Cross  of  gold  within  the  circle  and  above  are  the  letters 
"  K  A"  in  gold  on  a  black  field.  All  members  are  required 
to  possess  the  unjeweled,  official  badge.  The  colors  of  the 
fraternity  are  crimson  and  old  gold;  its  flowers,  the 
magnolia  and  the  red  rose.  The  flag  consists  of  three 
broad  bars:  crimson,  white  and  gold,  of  equal  width, 
placed  parallel  with  the  staff,  the  crimson  bar  next  to  the 

staff,  the  gold  at  the  flowing  end;  in  the  centre  of 

the  white  bar  is  a  crimson  cross  of  eight  points. 

The  pledge-button  is  of  silver  and  is  shown  by 

the  cut. 

r  Among  the  prominent  alumni  arc:  Governor  Hugh 
Dorsey  of  Georgia ;  Governor  Joseph  W.  Folk  of  Missouri ; 
Henry  A.  Wise,  United  States  Attorney  for  the  Southern 
District  of  New  York;    Archibald  Watson,  Corporation 


f 
I    # 


V  / 


A.  ■ 


2IO  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES  • 

Counsel  of  the  City  of  New  York;  Thomas  Dixon,  author, 
playwright  and  actor;  John  Temple  Graves,  orator  and 
lecturer,  fonner  editor  of  Atlanta  Georgian. 

Bishops  Warren  A.  Candler,  A.  Coke  Smith,  John  C. 
Kilgo,  J.  H.  McCoy,  W.  N.  Ainsworth,  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South;  J.  W.  Gresham,  P.  E.  Bishop 
of  the  Philippines;  H.  J.  Mikell,  P.  E.  Bishop  of  Atlanta; 
and  John  N.  McCormick,  P.  E.  Bishop  of  Western  Michi- 
gan. 

U.  S.  Senators,  Morris  Sheppard  of  Texas  and  Wm.  J. 
Harris  of  Georgia. 

Members  of  Congress:  Richmond  Pearfon  Hobson 
and  John  W.  Abercrombie,  Alabama;  Chas.  C.  Reid, 
Arkansas;  Wm.  B.  Lamar,  Florida;  Robert  L.  Henry, 
Morris  Sheppard  and  Frederick  G.  Lanham,  Texas; 
E.  Y.  Webb,  J.  M.  Faison  and  J.  M.  Morehead,  North 
Carolina;  Carl  Vinson,  Georgia;  Robert  C.  WicklifTe, 
Louisiana;  vSamuel  J.  Nicholls  and  Philip  H.  Stoll,  South 
Carolina;   and  Schuyler  Otis  Bland,  Virginia. 

College  Presidents:  Warren  A.  Candler,  Emor>'  Col- 
lege; Robert  Sharj),  Tulane  University;  Charles  Pur- 
year,  Texas  A.  &  M.  College;  Charles  E.  Dicken,  Ouachita 
College;  Thomas  H.  Taliaferro,  University  of  Folrida; 
Gustavus  R.  Glenn,  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College; 
Edwin  Boone  Craighead,  Tulane  University;  K.  G. 
Mattheson,  Georgia  School  of  Technology;  Thomas  E. 
Hodges,  University  of  West  Virginia;  J.  W.  Abercrom- 
bie, University  of  Alabama;  R.  E.  Blackwell,  Randoljli- 
Macon  College;  E.  W.  Nichols,  Superintendent  Virginia 
Military-    Institute;     W.    T.    Mviri)hree,    University    uf 


KAPPA    ALPHA    (SOUTHERN)  ail 

Florida;  P.  H.  Mell,  Clemson  College;  J.  C.  Hardy, 
Mississippi  A.  &  M.  College;  Frank  P.  Culver,  Texas 
Polytechnic  Ins*^i*^ute;  C.  E.  Dowman,  Emory  College; 
F.  C.  Woodward,  University  of  South  Carolina;  J.  A.  C. 
Chandler,  College  of  William  and  Mary;  W.  E.  Mikell, 
Dean  of  the  Law  School  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania; John  H.  Latane,  Dean  Johns  Hopkins  University; 
Dean  John  Bell  Keeble,  Vanderbilt  Law  School;  Dean 
Chas.  P.  Fenner,  Tulane  Law  School;  Dean  Lucius  P. 
McGehee,  North  Carolina  Law  School;  Dean  Wm.  S. 
Morris,  U.  of  Ga.  Law  School;  Dean  Jos.  R.  Long,  Wash- 
ngton  &  Lee  Law  School. 

Justices  J.  H.  Lumpkin,  Warner  Hill,  Andrew  J.  Cobb, 
John  S.  Candler,  Georgia  Supreme  Bench;  Adam  C. 
Carson,  Justice  Supreme  Court,  Philippines r  Justice  D.  E. 
Hydrick,  South  Carolina  Supreme  Bench;  Justice  Geo.  W. 
Gage  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  South  Carolina. 

Lewis  W.  Parker,  president  of  the  Parker  Cotton  Mills; 
Prank  A.  Godchaux.  president  of  the  Louisiana  Rice 
Milling  Company;  Wm.  H.  Atwell,  United  States  District 
Attorney  at  Dallas,  Texas;  Marion  Erwin,  U.  S.  District 
Attorney  Atlanta,  Ga.;  Edwin  Y.  Webb,  U.  S.  District 
Attorney  for  the  Western  District  of  North  Carolina; 
Robert  L.  Batts,  U.  S.  Circuit  Judge,  Austin,  Texas. 

Dr.  Wm.  Broaddus  Pritchard,  neurologist  and  alienist; 
Dr.  Jas.  T.  Gwathmey,  anaesthetician  and  inventor  of 
improved  methods  of  administering  ether;  Clark  Howell, 
owner  and  editor  of  the  Atlanta  Constitution,  H.  L. 
Whitfield,  president  Southern  Educational  Association 
and  president  Mississippi  Industrial  College;    Wm.  H. 


212  MBirS  FRATERNITIES 

Wilson,  general  counsel  I.  &  G.  N.  railroad;  Thos.  Walker 
Page,  member  U.  S.  Tariff  Commission;  Brig.  Gen.  S.  D. 
Rockenbach,  Brig.  Gen'l  Richard  C.  Marshall,  Joe  Lane 
Stem,  Adj.  Gen.  of  Virginia;  W.  W.  Sale,  former  Adjutant 
General  State  of  Virginia;  R.  Tyler  Goodwin,  Adujtant 
General  State  of  Alabama;  Brig.  Gen.  E.  A.  Garlington, 
Inspector  General  U.  S.  A.;  Charles  N.  Burch,  general 
counsel  Yazoo  and  Mississippi  Valley  railroad;  P.  A. 
Willcox,  general  counsel  Atlantic  Coast  Line  railroad; 
Lieut.  Gov.  Thomas  Gordon  McLeod  of  South  Carolina; 
Edward  T.  Seay,  speaker  Tennessee  Senate;  Murphey  S. 
Candler,  Georgia  State  Railroad  Commissioner;  Laurence 
B.  Finn,  Kentucky  State  Railroad  Commissioner;  A.  H. 
Purdue,  Tennessee  State  geologist;  L.  W.  Huflf,  president 
Brooklyn  &  Coney  Island  Railroad  Co. ;  Frank  Andrews, 
General  Counsel  T.  B.  &  Frisco  lines;  Reau  E.  Folk, 
State  Treasurer  of  Tennessee;  James  Branch  Cabell, 
author,  Richmond,  Va. ;  R.  H.  Pitt,  editor  of  the  Religious 
Herald;  Rev.  Wm.  Meade  Clarke,  editor  Southern  Church- 
man;  Junius  Parker,  Chief  Counsel  American  Tobacco 
Company;  Geo.  L.  P.  Radcliffe,  Chief  Coimsel  American 
Bonding  and  Trust  Co;  Bradford  Knapp,  U.  S.  Deoart- 
ment  of  Agriculture;  Lieut.  Gov.  Wallace  Crossley  of 
Missouri;  Dr.  Stockton  Axson,  Professor  of  English  at 
Princeton  and  Secretary-General  American  Red  Cross; 
Rev.  John  Roach  Straton  of  New  York,  orator  and  lec- 
turer; Miller  R.  Hutchison,  Secretary  Naval  Consulting 
Board;  Emmett  Wooten,  speaker  of  the  Norlh  Carolina 
House  of  Representatives;  M.  S.  Conner,  speaker  of  the 
Mississippi  House  of  Representatives;  Charles  W.  Thomas 
Adjutant  General  of  California. 


ilappa  laiptia  ^i 

(Students  of  African  Decent) 

T^HIS  fraternity  was  organized  January  5,  191 1,  at 
Indiana  University  by  Negro  men  attending  the 
undergraduate  departments  of  that  University.  It  becaxne 
a  national  organization  incorporated  imder  the  laws  of 
Indiana  in  February  of  the  same  year.  The  object  and 
ideal  of  this  fraternity  is  to  assist  in  accomplishing  both  in 
college  and  in  subsecuent  life  a  place  of  usefulness  and 
honor  for  its  members. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

911.  A.  Indiana  University 60 

913.  B,  University  of  Illinois 50 

914.  r,  Iowa  State  University 38 

915.  A,  Wilberforce  Univ.  (Ohio) 90 

915.  E,  Lincoln  Univ.  (Chester,  Pa.) 32 

915.  Z,  Ohio  State  University 25 

916.  H,  University  of  Nebraska 23 

917.  0,  Northwestern  University 15 

918.  I,  University  of  Chicago 11 

919.  K,  Mehany  Medical  College  (Nashville,  Tenn.) .  .40 

Active  chapters  10;  total  membership  384.  There  is 
an  alumni  chapter  in  Chicago. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  "board 
of  directors**  of  five  members  during  the  recess  between  the 
meetings  of  its  national  ocnventions. 

The  fraternity  has  a  uuarterly  publication  known  as  the 
"Kappa  Alpha  Psi  Journal."     It  is  published  by  a  commit- 

213 


914 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


tee  selected  from  the  members  of  Delta  chapter  at  Wilber- 
force  University. 

The  badge  is  diamond  shaped  displaying  the  initial 
letters  of  the  name  of  the  fraternity  on  a  raised  black 
scroll  in  the  middle  of  the  pin. 


leUippa  Selta  Slba 


JTAPPA  Delta  Rho  fraternity  was  founded  in  the  spring 
of  1905  at  Middlebury  College,  Middlebury,  Vt. 
The  charter  members  were,  Geo.  E.  Kimball,  Chester  M, 
Walch,  Gino  A.  Ratti,  Thomas  H.  Bartley,Benj.  E.  Farr, 
Pierre  W.  Darrow.  Roy  D.  Wood,  Irving  T.  Coates, 
Gideon  R.  Norton  and  John  Beecher. 

For  some  time  the  above  meir  had  chummed  together 
and  discussed  college  problems  in  general.  In  the  spring 
of  1905  they  conceived  the  idea  of  a  fraternity  founded  on 
principles  entirely  apart  from  other  fraternities,  or,  at 
least,  as  other  fraternities  appeared  to  them  on  the  outside. 
Kappa  Delta  Rho,  accordingly,  was  founded  because  they 
felt  that  Middlebur\'  College  needed  a  fraternity  whose 
primary  aim  should  be,  not  social  distinction,  athletic 
prowess,  or  even  scholarship,  but  true  standards  of  man* 
hood  and  brotherly  love. 

Kappa  Delta  Rho  was  fotmded  as  a  local  and  remained 
so  imtil  1913  when  Harold  A.  Severy,  who  was  taking 
graduate  work  at  Cornell,  succeeded  in  establishing  a 
chapter  there,  in  the  spring  of  19 13.  At  present  the  chap- 
ter roll  is, 

1905-  A,  Middlebtiry  College no 

1913.  B,  Cornell  University 125 

1915.  r,  N.  Y.  State  Teachers'  College 60 

215 


2l6 


MBirS  FRATERNITIES 


1917.  A,  Colgate  University 50 

1919.  E,  Franklin  College 40 

Active  chapters  5,  inactive  chapters  o,  membership  385. 

The  Colgate,  Cornell  and  Middlebury  chapters  own 
houses,    Total  houses  3,  total  valuation  $55,000. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  the  hands 
of  the  Grand  Officers  of  the  National  Fraternity.  Each 
chapter  is  known  as  a  local  chapter  and  sends  two  voting 
delegates  to  the  national  convention  held  annually  in  the 
spring,  usually  on  Founder's  Day  in  April.. 

At  present  there  are  no  alumni  chapters,  although  the 
alumni  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  have  organized  and  hold  meetings 
when  convenient. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  journal  called  the  Scroll, 
which  appears  quarterly  and  at  present  is  published  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Every  two  years  a  directory  number  is 
issued.  ^ 


Jewish  Students) 


JTAPPA  NU  was  organized  at  the  University  of  Roches- 
ter in  191 1,  aspiring  to  become  a  distinctly  Jewish 
brotherhood  of  college  men  in  aims  and  ideals,  and  aiming 
to  promote  social  and  intellectual  fellowship  among  the 
college  men  of  America. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1911.  A,  University  of  Rochester 38 

1915.  PSA,  New  York  University 38 

1915.  P  2  B,  Colimibia  University 14 

191 7.  Y  P  A,  Union  University,  Albany,  N.  Y 20 

1917.  B  T  P,  Boston  University 18 

1917.  B  P,  University  of  Buffalo 19 

1918.  H,  Harvard  University 12 

1918.  0,  State  College  for  Teachers,  Albany 15 

1918.    r  P  B,  Union  College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y 15 

1918.  K,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 22 

1919.  A,  Western  Reserve  University 12 

1919.  M,  University  of  Michigan 14 

1919.  N,  University  of  Pennsylvania 10 

217 


2l8 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


Active  chapters,  13:  inactive,  o.    Membership  247. 

The  government  is  through  a  convention  consisting  of 
the  delegates  from  the  chapters  and  by  an  executive 
Council  of  Ten  which  acts  between  the  conventions.  The 
first  convention  was  held  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  the 
second  in  New  York  City. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  shield  displaying  a  monogram 
of  the  letters  "K  N"  arranged  horizontally  along  one  plane 
below  which  is  a  six  pointed  star  and  above  which  are  the 
same  letters  in  Hebrew  characters  and  having  a  jeweled 
border  consisting  of  20  pearls,  and  one  amythyst  at  each 
of  the  apices.    The  colors  are  purple  and  white. 

There  is  a  semi-annual  publication  called  Kappa  Nu, 
also  a  bi-annual  directory  list  of  members. 


iuippa  i^ifpna 


The  Kappa  Sigma  fraternity  was  founded  at  the 
University  of  Virginia,  December  lo,  1869,  by  Wil- 
liam Grigsby  McCormick,  George  Miles  Arnold,  Edmtuid 
Lfaw  Rogers,  Jr.,  Frank  Courtney  Nicodemus  and  John 
Covert  Boyd. 

At  that  time  there  were  chapters  of  about  a  dozen 
fraternities  at  Virginia  and  the  system  was  in  a  flourish- 
ing state.  Opportimity  to  become  associated  with  some 
of  these  fraternities  was  not  denied  the  fotmders  of  Kappa 
Sigma,  but  as  McCormick,  Rogers  and  Nicodemus,  who 
lived  in  Baltimore,  were  dose  personal  friends  before 
entering  the  University,  they  wanted  to  be  together  and 
therefore  concluded  to  found  a  new  fraternity.  So 
intimate  were  the  relations  between  these  three  and 
Arnold  and  Boyd  who  were  associated  with  them  that 
they  have  always  been  known  in  the  fraternity  as  "the 
five  friends  and  brothers." 

From  the  inception  of  the  movement  it  was  intended 
that  the  fraternity  should  expand  into  other  institutions 
and  become  a  widespread  organisation,  but  it  was  not 

ai9 


dao  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

till  1873  ^^^  ^^  fotinders  saw  their  plans  take  definite 
shape,  although  a  chapter  had  been  established  at  the 
University  of  Alabama  shortly  after  the  parent  chapter 
was  organized.  The  growth  of  the  fraternity  has  been 
rapid  and  it  now  has  a  larger  number  of  chapters 
than  any  other  fraternity. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1869.       Z.  University  of  Virginia 228 

1869.       B,  University  of  Alabama 178 

1873.     ,H,  (Prime)  Trinity  College  (N.  C.) ^ 195 

1873.  M,  Washington  &  Lee  University 184 

1874.  O,  Emory  &  Henry  College  (1895) 136 

1874.       S.  Virginia  Military  Institute  (1883) 23 

1874.       N,  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute  (1889) 91 

1874.  A  A,  University  of  Maryland. 197 

1874.  A  B,  Mercer  University 193 

1876.       K,  Vanderbilt  University 272 

1880.      y,  Bethel  Academy  (1882) 8 

1880.       A,  University  of  Tennessee .325 

1880.       r,  Cimiberland  College  Va.  (1884) 14 

1880.       S,  Episcopal  High  School  Of  Virginia  (1884) . .     8 

1880.  A  X,  Lake  Forest  University 154 

1882.  A   I,  U.  S.  Grant  University  (1898) 42 

1882.       *,  Southwestern  Presbyterian  University 239 

1882.  O,  University  of  the  South 261 

1883.  n,  University  of  West  Va.  (1887)  (now  r  *)  .   16 

1883.  T,  Hampden-Sidney  College 178 

1884.  T,  University  of  Texas 322 

i88s-       Pi  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College  (1891)  32 

1885.  X,  Puxdue  University 291 

I 


KAFFA    SIGMA 


22X 


1885. 

A, 

1885. 

E, 

1886. 

y. 

1886. 

2, 

1886. 

I, 

1887. 

r, 

1887. 

A, 

1887. 

B  e, 

1887. 

e, 

1888. 

B, 

1888. 

n, 

1888. 

H, 

1889. 

2, 

1890. 

N, 

1890. 

X  Q, 

1890. 

3, 

1890. 

A, 

I89I. 

B, 

I89I. 

A  r. 

1892. 

A  A. 

1892. 

A  E, 

1892. 

A  Z, 

1892. 

A  H, 

1892. 

•A  e, 

1892. 

A  K, 

1893. 

A  A. 

1893. 

A  M, 

1894. 

A  N, 

1894. 

A  E. 

1894. 

A  0, 

Maryland  Military  &  Naval  Academy (1887)31 

Centenary  College  (1904) 84 

University  of  Maine 339 

Ohio  Northern  University  (1888) 25 

Southwestern  University 274 

Louisiana  State  University 247 

Emory  College  (1894) 24 

University  of  Indiana. 230 

Cumberland  University  (1917) 274 

Thatcher  Institute  (1891) 17 

Swarthmore  College 235 

Randolph-Macon  College 157 

Tulane  University 205 

College  of  William  &  Mary 196 

South  Carolina  University  (1897) 28 

University  of  Arkansas 282 

Davidson  College 210 

Butler  University  (1893) 11 

University  of  Illinois. . .  .^ 321 

Pennsylvania  State  College 253 

University  of  Pennsylvania 293 

University  of  Michigan 311 

George  Washington  University 273 

Southwestern  Baptist  University  (1908) . .  128 

Cornell  University 287 

University  of  Vermont 270 

University  of  North  Carolina 107 

Wofford  College 106 

Bethel  College  (1902) 45 

Transylvania  University  (1901) 50 


S32 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


1895. 

A  n, 

1895. 

A  P, 

1895. 

A  2, 

1895. 

A  T, 

1895. 

A  T, 

1896. 

A  «, 

1897. 

AT, 

1897. 

A  0, 

1898. 

B  A, 

1898. 

B  B, 

1898. 

B  r, 

1898. 

B  A, 

1898. 

B  E, 

1899. 

B  Z, 

1900. 

B  H, 

1900. 

B  I, 

I90I. 

B  K, 

I90I. 

B  A, 

I90I. 

BM, 

I90I. 

B  N, 

I90I. 

B  Z, 

1902. 

B   0, 

1902. 

B  n, 

1902. 

B  P, 

1902. 

B  2, 

1903. 

B  T, 

1903. 

B  T, 

1903. 

B  4», 

1903. 

B  X, 

1903. 

B  V, 

Wabash  College 198 

Bowdoin  College 252 

Ohio  State  University 169 

Georgia  School  of  Technology 231 

Millsaps  College 264 

Bucknell  University 182 

University  of^ebraska 241 

William  Jewell  College 188 

Brown  University 196 

Richmond  College 103 

University  of  Missouri «-.2i6 

Washington  &  Jefferson  College 173 

University  of  Wisconsin 241 

Stanford  University 152 

Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 199 

Lehigh  University 144 

New  Hampshire  State  College 268 

University  of  Georgia 178 

University  of  Minnesota 186 

University  of  Kentucky 131 

University  of  California 196 

Denver  University 175 

Dickinson  College 146 

University  of  Iowa 174 

Washington  University,  Mo 129 

Baker  University 163 

North  Carolina  A.  &  M.  College 134 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science 162 

Missouri  School  of  Mines 134 

University  of  Washington 178 


KAPPA    SIGMA  223 

904.  B  Q,  Colorado  College 166 

904.  r  A,  University  of  Oregon 155 

904.   r  B,  University  of  Chicago iii 

904.  r  r,  Colorado  School  of  Mines 160 

904.  r  A,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 264 

905.  r  E,  Dartmouth  College 208 

905.   r  Z,  New  York  University 183 

905.   r  H,  Harvard  University 189 

905.  r  e,  University  of  Idaho 177 

906.  r    I,  Syracuse  University 165 

906.  r  K,  University  of  Oklahoma 183 

909.  r  A,  Iowa  State  College 117 

909.  r  M,  Washington  State  College 116 

909.  r  N,  Washburn  College 126 

911.  r  E,  Denison  University 140 

912.  r  O,  University  of  Kansas 133 

914.  r  n,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. ...   75 

915.  r  P,  University  of  Arizona 92 

915.  r  2,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 107 

916.  r  T,  University  of  Colorado 57 

918.  r  T,  Rutgers  College 77 

918.  r  *,  University  of  West  Virginia  (See  1883,  IT)  34 

Active  chapters,  85;  inactive,  19;  membership,  17,438. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Alabama,  Baker, 
Bowdoin,  Bucknell,  Colorado  College,  Colorado  Mines, 
Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Denison,  Hampden-Sidney,  Harvard, 
Idaho,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Massachusetts 
Agricultural,  Michigan,  Millsaps,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
New  Hampshire,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Ohio  State, 


224  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  State, 
Rutgers,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Texas,  University  of  the 
South,  Vanderbilt,  Vermont,  Virginia,  Washington,  Wis- 
consin,   Total  39,  total  valuation  $675,000. 

Some  of  the  chapters  have  borne  different  names  at 
different  times.  The  present  Eta  Prime  chapter  was 
for  a  time  called  Eta;  Alpha-Alpha  was  called  Epsilon; 
Alpha-Bata  was  called  beta;  Alpha  Chi  was  called  Chi; 
Alpha-Iota  was  called  Upsilon;  Beta-Theta  was  called  Mu. 

Of  the  chapters  which  are  atpresent  inactive  those  at 
Virginia  Military  Institute,  Emory  and  Henry  College, 
Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  Ohio  Northern  University, 
and  South  Carolina  University  were  killed  by  anti-frater- 
nity laws.  The  charters  of  the  chapters  at  Bethel  Aca- 
demy, Cumberland  College,  the  Episcopal  High  School  of 
Virginia,  U.  S.  Grant  University,  Centenary  College  and 
Union  University  were  withdra^^Ti  because  these  institu- 
tions were  of  relatively  low  standard.  The  Butler  chapter 
became  inactive  from  dissensions  within  the  chapter.  Lack 
of  proper  material  caused  the  death  of  the  chapters  at 
North  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  and  Bethel  College. 
The  chapter  at  Emory  lapsed  upon  the  failure  of  its  mem- 
bers to  return  to  college.  The  chapters  at  the  Maryland 
Military  &  Naval  Academy  and  Thatcher  Institute 
surrendered  their  charters  on  account  of  the  decline  of 
the  institutions  referred  to.  The  charter  of  the  chapter 
at  Transylvania  was  withdrawn  when  the  chapter  at 
the  University  of  Kentucky  was  cstabHshcd  on  account 
of  the  desire  of  the  fraternity  not  to  have  two  chapters 
in  the  same  town. 


KAPPA    SIGMA  22 S 

A  n\imber  of  the  chapters  have  been  inactive  from 
time  to  time  from  various  causes;  the  Alabama  chapter 
was  killed  by  anti-fratemity  laws  shortly  after  its  foimd- 
ing  in  1869  ^^d  was  not  revived  until  1899;  similarly 
the  chapter  at  Trinity  was  killed  in  1879,  but  was  revived 
in  1892 ;  likewise  the  chapter  at  Vanderbilt  was  inactive 
from  1880  to  1883,  the  chapter  at  Lake  Forest  from  1882  to 
1896,  and  the  chapter  at  Wofford  from  1908  to  191 7,  from 
similar  causes.  The  chapter  at  Washington  &  Lee 
was  inactive  from  1877  to  1888,  and  again  from  1900 
to  1904,  on  accoimt  of  the  over-crowded  condition  of 
the  field.  The  chapter  at  the  University  of  Maryland 
was  withdrawn  in  1875  on  accoimt  of  lack  of  suitable 
material,  was  revived  in  1890,  with  the  privilege  of  draw- 
ing members  from  both  that  University  and  Johns  Hop- 
kins, but  was  again  withdrawn  after  two  years  and  was  not 
revived  until  1898.  The  Mercer  chapter  became  inactive 
in  1879  on  account  of  the  decline  of  the  institution  but  was 
revived  in  1891.  The  members  of  the  Indiana  chapter 
failed  to  return  to  college  in  1888,  causing  it  to  become 
inactive.  It  was  re-established  in  1900.  The  IT  chapter 
at  West  Virginia,  never  firmly  established  in  1883  was 
withdrawn  in  1887.  It  was  reestablished  as  r  4>  in  1917. 
The  chapters  at  Tulane,  George  Washington  and  North 
Carolina  have  suffered  periods  of  temporar>'^  inactivity. 

A  ntimber  of  the  chapters  had  their  origin  in  existing 
organizations.  Many  of  these  locals  had  been  established 
for  the  expressed  purpose  of  securing  a  charter  from 
Kappa  Sigma. 


2a6  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Alumni  chapters  are  now  to  be  found  in  all  of  the  princi- 
pal cities  of  the  United  States. 

Prior  to  1876,  the  government  of  the  fraternity  was 
vested  in  the  parent  chapter  at  the  University  of  Virginia, 
but  at  the  conclave  of  that  year  the  executive  power  was 
delegated  to  a  committee  of  five  called  the  supreme  execu- 
tive committee,  which  governs  the  fraternity  between 
the  sessions  of  the  grand  conclave.  For  convenience  of 
administration  the  chapters  of  the  fraternity  have  been 
grouped  into  districts,  seventeen  in  nimiber,  each  district 
having  as  its  executive  head  an  officer  known  as  District 
Grand  Master.  Some  of  the  districts  have  annual 
reunions,  while  all  are  required  to  have  reunions  upon  the 
alternate  years  with  the  grand  conclave.  A  resident 
Alumnus  Adviser  appointed  by  the  supreme  executive 
committee  is  accredited  to  each  chapter. 

The  regular  conventions  of  the  fraternity  are  called 
grand  conclaves  and  are  held  every  two  yeai;^ — since  19 15 
in  ^he  odd  numbered  year — usually  in  mid-summer. 

In  1885  the  fraternity  began  the  publication  of  an 
official  organ.  The  Quarterly,  In  1890  it  was  changed  to 
a  bi-monthly  and  was  re-named  The  Caduceus.  In  1907 
it  was  changed  to  a  monthly,  ten  numbers  constituting 
a  volume.  The  magazine  has  l>een  successfully  con- 
ducted since  the  first.  The  fraternity  also  maintains  a 
quarterly  magazine,  The  Star  and  Crescent,  for  private 
circulation  among  its  members.  Its  publication  was 
begtin  1897.  A  catalogue  was  published  in  188 1,  a  second 
edition  in  1886,  a  name  list  and  directory  in  1897,  a  pocket 
address  book  in  1904,  a  second  edition  in  1906,  a  sup- 


KAPPA   SIGMA  227 

plement  in  1908  and  a  third  edition  in  191 2.  The  Kappa 
Sigma  Book»  a  manual,  was  published  in  1907.  A  voltmie 
of  the  early  letters  and  papers  of  the  fraternity  has  been 
compiled  and  pubUshed.  and  also  a  manual  of  information, 
for  the  use  of  members  only.  Two  editions  of  the  song- 
book  have  been  pubUshed,  in  1902  and  19 10.  In  1896 
the  Bowdoin  chapter  issued  a  small  song-book.  Collec- 
tions of  songs  for  use  at  banquets  and  at  grand  conclaves 
have  been  frequently  published.  A  number  of  pieces  of 
sheet  music  have  been  dedicated  to  the  fraternity,  notably 
the  fraternity  hymn,  **  Kappa  Sigma,  Hail  to  Thee,"  the 
•words  of  which  were  from  the  pen  of  the  late  George 
Leiper  Thomas,  the  first  initiate  of  the  fraternity.  A 
calendar  was  published  in  1906.  The  Trinity,  Bucknell, 
and  California  chapters  have  published  histories.  The 
Vermont,  Cumberland,  North  Georgia,  Maryland  Military 
and  Naval  and  Massachusetts  chapters  have  issued 
annuals.  A  number  of  active  chapters  have  issued  peri- 
odicals and  directories  for  the  use  of  their  alimini,  and 
some  of  the  alumni  chapters  have  published  lists  of  the 
members  resident  in  their  localities.  Each  chapter  issues 
annually  a  letter  to  its  alumni  and  since  191 7  these  letters 
have  been  annually  bound  and  distributed  to  the  chapters. 
The  badge  is  a  crescent  of  chased  gold  with  horns  turned 
downward  and  holding  suspended  a  five  pointed  st&r 
enameled  in  black,  with  a  narrow  border  of  white  enamel 
and  gold,  the  general  surface  of  the  badge  being  of  convex 
form;  within  the  star  are  the  letters  **K  S",  surrounded 
by  a  circle  of  jewels.  The  crescent  displays  at  its  widest 
part  the  skull  and  bones,  while  at  one  side  are  crossed 


AritaKCZ=i-iSaE^ 


asS 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


swords,  and  at  the  other  crossed  keys.  The  colors  are 
scarlet,  white  and  emerald  green.  The  flower  is  the 
lily-of-the-valley.  The  flag  consists  of  three  vertical 
bars  of  eqtial  width,  scarlet,  white  and  emerald  green, 
respectively  and  in  the  order  named,  the  middle  bar 
charged  with  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  fraternity 
in  proper  colors.  The  color  of  the  pledge-buttons 
is  gold  on  a  black  background. 
The  fraternity  has  many  prominent  alumni  sketches  of 
whose  careers  appear  from  time  to  time  in  the  columns  of 
its  magazine,  The  Caduceus, 


Hambba  Cfit  9lptia 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Boston  University, 
November   15,   191 1,  by  Warren  A.  Cole,     Under 
his  guidance  it  has  had  a  phenominally  rapid  growth. 
The  chapters  are  called  * '  Zetas"  and  the  roll  is  as  follows : 

191 1.  A,  Boston  University 150 

191 2.  r,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 94 

1912.     E,  University  of  Pennsylvania 106 

1912.     Z,  Pennsylvania  State  College 82 

1912.  I,    Brown  University 88 

1912^.    A,  Mass.  Institute  of  Technology 95 

1913.  B,  University  of  Maine 122 

1913.     2,  University  of  Michigan 80 

1913-     *»  Rutgers  College  .' 84 

1913.     A,  Bucknell  University 91 

19 13.     n,  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute 79 

1913-     O,  Cornell  University 122 

1913.  M,  University  of  California 99 

1914.  T,  Washington  State  College 52 

1914.    H,  Rhode  Island  State  College 53 

1914.    0,  Dartmouth  College 69 

1914.  T,  Louisiana  State  University 47 

1915.  S,  DePauw  University 72 

1915.     X,  University  of  Illinois 80 


229 


230 


MRirS  FRATERNITIES 


915.    Q,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 64 

915.     K,  Knox  College    22 

:9i5.     N,  University  of  Georgia 31 

915.  P,  Union  University  (N.  Y.) 44 

916.  4',  Purdue  University 64 

916.    A  A,  Butler  College 47 

916.    A  r,  University  of  South  Dakota 40 

916.  A  E,  Harvard  University 62 

[917.    A  Z,  Colgate  University 51 

:9i7.     A  I,  Northwestern  University 48 

917.  A  A,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 49 

917.  A  B,  University  of  Wisconsin 59 

918.  A  j:,  Cumberland  University 33 

918.    A  4>,  University  of  Alabama 29 

918.    A  A,  Missouri  School  of  Mines 55 

:9i8.    A  n,  University  of  Denver 54 

918.    A  O,  Indiana  University 62 

918.  A  M,  University  of  Texas 59 

918.    A  T,  Iowa  State  College 45 

918.    A  H,  Oklahoma  A.  &  M.  College 58 

918.    A  e,  Franklin  &  Marshall  College 41 

918.    A  T,  Syracuse  University 62 

:9i8.    A  2,  New  Hampshire  College 48 

:9i8.    A  X,  Richmond  College 44 

:9i8.    A  Q,  Ohio  University 55 

:9i8.   A  K,  Wabash  College 47 

:9i8.    A  N,  Western  Reserve  University 43 

918.  A  P.  Colby  College 38 

:9i8.  A  V,  University  of  Washington 41 

919.  r  A,  University  of  Akron 29 

519     r  T,  University  of  Cincinnati ,. 27 


LAMBDA   CHI  ALPHA 


231 


Active  chapters  50,  inactive  o;  total  membership  3,116. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses  Cornell,  DePauw, 
Massachiisetts  Agricultural,  Maine,  Michigan,  Washing- 
ton State  College,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses  7;  total 
valuation  $101,000. 

The  Government  is  by  an  annual  convention  called  an 
**  assembly*  *  and  a  board  of  nine  trustees  called  the  * '  Grand 
High  Zeta'*.     There  is  a  travelling  secretary. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  quarterly  magazine  called 
the  Purple,  Green  and  Gold.  There  is  a  secret  publication 
called  the  Cross  and  Crescent, 

The  badge  is  a  crescent  with  the  horns  ttuned  toward 
the  left,  and  inclosing  a  monogram  of  the  letters  "A  X  A." 
The  colors  are  puri:)le,  green  and  gold.  The  flower 
violet.  The  colors  of  the  pledge-button  are  gold 
and  black. 


(Spanish  Spealdng  Students  from  Latin  Countries) 

TpHIS  fraternity  was  founded  February,  1913  at  Lotiisi- 
ana  State  University,  by  Enrique  Colon,  Mariano 
Colon,  Elias  Segarra,  J.  Fernandez  Carballo,  Victor  C. 
Berrios,  Manolo  Berrios,  Jose  Cobian,  J.  Marques  Torres, 
Agustin  R.  Laugier,  Luis  Rodriguez,  Jose  Monserrat, 
Jos^  A.  Loyola,  Nicolas  Quinonez,  Enrique  Costas  Pur- 
cell,  and  Rafael  Bemabe.  These  were  mostly  students 
of  medicine  and  the  fraternity  has  been  composed  largely 
of  medical  students. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

912.  A    Louisiana  State  University  (1916) 17 

912.  B,   Baltimore  College  of  Phsicians  and  Surgeons  14 
912.  r,   Tulane  University 10 

912.  A,  Pennsylvania  State  College 15 

913.  H,  University  of  Mar>dand 16 

913.  Z,   University  of  Michigan 14 

913.  E,  Loyola  L'niversity  (Chicago) 21 

913.  K,  S>Tacuse  University 13 

913.    I,  George  Washington  University 15 

913.  L\  Medical  College  of  Virginia 14 

913.  A,  Purdue  University 16 

914.  M,  University  of  Pennsylvania 19 

914.  N,  Jefferson  Medical  College 21 

914.  S,  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia  21 

Active  chapter  13.     Inactive  i.     Membership  226. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  of  usual  form. 

In  19 1 4  the  fraternity  commenced  the  publication  of  a 
monthly  journal  in  Spanish  called  ''Mnndo  Latino''.  It 
is  published  at  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico. 

*Thi8  is  a  reprint  of  the  article  which  appeared  in  the  1915  edition.     No  replies 
have  been  received  to  numerous  letters. 

232 


^f  Selta  Z^tta 


npHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Miami  University, 
Oxford,  Ohio,  December  26,  1848,  by  Robert  Mor- 
rison, '49;  John  McMillan  Wilson,  '49;  Robert  Thomp- 
son Drake,  '50;  John  Wolfe  Lindlcy,  '50;  Ardivan 
Walker  Rodgers,  '51.  and  Andrew  Watts  Rogers,  '51, 
Morrison  first  proposed  the  organization  to  Wilson, 
and  they  were  joint  authors  of  "The  Bond  of  the  Phi 
Delta  Theta,"  which  is  a  statement  of  the  principles  of 
the  fraternity  and  has  never  been  clianged.  Between  them 
they  decided  on  the  name  of  the  fraternity,  and  Morrison 
selected  and  arran^rcd  the  secret  Greek  motto.  Morrison 
designed  the  sliicid  form  of  badge,  with  the  eye  as  an 
emblem,  and  the  scroll  feature  was  suggested  by  Wilson. 
The  founders  of  Phi  Delta  Theta  intended  that  it 
should  be  extended  to  other  institutions.  Before  its 
first  anniversary  it  had  been  established  at  Indiana  Uni- 
versity, and  before  the  expiration  of  the  second  year  at 
Centre  College,  in  Kentucky,  now  Central  University. 
Other  chapters  were  soon  established,  and,  though  several 
suspended. the  fraternity, at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war, 
233 


234  \fEirS  FRATERNITIES 

had  laid  the  foundation  for  substantial  growth.  The  war 
checked  further  development,  and  caused  the  suspension 
of  the  chapters  at  Wisconsin,  Lawrence,  Northwestern, 
Ohio  Wesleyan  and  Franklin.  A  charter  was  granted  for  a 
chapter  at  Hanover  in  1861,  but  it  was  not  then  organized. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  the  only  active  chapters  were 
those  at  Indiana,  Centre,  Wabash,  Butler  and  Michigan. 
The  last,  chartered  in  1864,  and  the  Chicago  chapter, 
chartered  in  1865,  were  the  only  chapters  established 
from  i860  to  1868.  During  its  third  decade,  1869-79, 
the  fraternity  entered  many  Southern  institutions 
and  during  its  fourth  decade,  1879-89.  it  established  chap- 
ters in  Eastern  institutions;  and  made  itself  national  in 
extent. 

The  chapter  list  is  as  follows: 

1848.  Ohio,  A,  Miami  University 360 

1849.  Ind.  A,  Indiana  University 513 

1850.  Ky,  A-A.  Central  University 535 

1850.  Ind,  B,  Wabash  College 447 

1852.  Ohio  B,  Miami  University,  united  with  Ohio  A. . 

1852.  Ohio  r,  Wittenberg  College  (1854)   8 

1853.  Texas  A,  Austin  College  (1858) 8 

1854.  Ky,  B,  Kentucky  MiHtary  Institute  (1856) 43 

1855.  Ky.  r,  Centre  College,  imited  with  Ky.  A 

1857.  Ky.  r,  Georgetown  College  (1876) 16 

1857.  Wis.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 460 

1859.  Wis.  B,  Lawrence  College  (1861) 11 

1859.  ///.  A,  Northwestern  University 265 

1859.  Ind.  r,  Butler  College 366 

i860.  Ohio  B,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 363 


PHI   DELTA    THETA  235 

i860.  Ind.  A,  Franklin  College 410 

1861.  Ind.  E,  Hanover  College 220 

1864.  Mich.  A,  University  of  Michigan 301 

1865.  ///.  B,  University  of  Chicago 201 

1868.  Ind.  Z,  DePauw  University 372 

1868.  Ohio  r,  Ohio  University 352 

1869.  Ind.  H,  Indiana  State  Normal  School  (1872) ....   13 

1869.  Va.  A,  Roanoke  College  (1896) 149 

1870.  Mo.  A,  University  of  Missouri 427 

1871.  ///.  r,  Monmouth  College  (1884) 59 

1871.  ///.  A,  Knox  College 334 

187 1.  Ga.  A,  Oglethorpe  University  (1872) 13 

1871.  Ga.  A,  University  of  Georgia. 438 

1871.  Ga.  B,  Emory  University 449 

187 1.  Iowa  A.  Iowa  Wesleyan  College 308 

1872.  Ga.  r,  Mercer  University 407 

1872.  Ohio  A,  College  of  Wooster  (1897) 161 

1872.  N.  Y.  A,  Cornell  University 380 

1873.  Pa.  A,  Lafayette  College 354 

1873.  Cal.  A,  University  of  California 317 

1873.  Mich.  B,  Michigan  State  College  (1898) 161 

1873.  Va.  B,  University  of  Virginia 220 

1874.  Va.  r,  Randolph-Macon  College 174 

1875.  Ohio  K,  University  of  Akron  (1896) 95 

1875.  Neb.  A,  University  of  Nebraska 288 

1875.  Va.  A,  Richmond  College  (1895) 83 

1875.  Pa.  B,  Pennsylvania  College 258 

1875.  Pa.  r,  Washington  and  Jefferson  College 285 

1876.  Tenn.  A,  Vanderbilt  University 452 

1876.  Pa.  H,  Lehigh  University 210 


2^6  MEWS  FRATERNITIES 

1876.  Mo.  B,  Central  College  (1878) 10 

1877.  Miss.  A,  University  of  Mississippi  (1913) 256 

1877.  Ala.  A,  University  of  Alabama 355 

1878.  Va.  E,  Virginia  Military  Institute  (1889) 35 

1878.  ///.  E,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University  (1897) 107 

1878.  Texas  A,  Trinity  University  (1883) 41 

1878.  A^.  C.  A.  Trinity  College  (1879) 24 

1878.  III.  Z,  Lombard  College 331 

1879.  Ala.  B,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 420 

1879.  5.  C.  A,  Wofford  College  (1884) 25 

1879.  Pa.  A,  Allegheny  College 314 

1879.  Vt.  A,  University  of  Vermont 362 

1880.  Pa.  E,  Dickinson  College 260 

1880.  Mo.  B,  Westminster  College 291 

1881.  Minn.  A,  University  of  Minnesota 256 

1882.  Iowa  B,  University  of  Iowa 305 

1882.  S.  C.  B,  University  of  South  Carolina  (1893) ....   40 
1882.  Kan.  A,  University  of  Kansas 364 

1882.  Mich,  r,  Hillsdale  College  (1898) 104 

1883.  Tenn.  B,  University  of  the  South 253 

1883.  Ohio  Z,  Ohio  State  University 304 

1883.  Texas  B,  University  of  Texas 259 

1883.  Pa.  Z,  University  of  Pennsylvania 357 

1883.  N.  Y.  B,  Union  University 192 

1884.  A^.  Y.  r,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  (1891)  55 

1884.  Maine  A,  Colby  College 330 

1884.  N.  Y.  A,  Coliunbia  University 299 

1884.  N.  H.  A,  Dartmouth  College 430 

1885.  N.  C.  B,  University  of  North  Carolina 178 

1885.  Ky.  A,  Central  University,  united  with  Ky.  A. . 


PHI  DELTA    THETA  237 

1886.  Mass,  A,  Williams  College 247 

1886.  Texas  r,  Southwestern  University 261 

1887.  N.  Y,  E,  Syracuse  University 355 

1887.  ^fl-  Z,  Washington  and  Lee  University 161 

1887.  Ala.  r,  Southern  University  (1896) 124 

1888.  Mass.  B,  Amherst  CoUeKC 307 

1889.  R,  L  A,  Brown  University 254 

1889.  La.  A,  Tulanc  University 166 

189 1.  Mo.  r,  Washington  University 211 

1891.  CaL  B.  Stanford  University 183 

1893.  Ind.  0,  Purdue  University 291 

1893.  lU.  H,  University  of  Illinois 282 

1896.  Ohio  H,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 213 

1898.  Ohio  0,  University  of  Cincinnati 195 

1900.  Wash.  A,  University  of  Washington 247 

1901.  Ky.  E,  University  of  Kentucky 153 

1902.  Quebec  A,  McGill  University 144 

1902.  Cvlo.  A,  University  of  Colorado 178 

1902.  Ga.  A,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 178 

1904.  Pa.  0,  Pennsylvania  State  College 171 

1906.  Ontario  A,  University  of  Toronto 120 

1906.  5.  D.  A,  University  of  South  Dakota 155 

1908.  Ldalio  A,  University  of  Idaho 200 

1910.  Kan.  B,  Washburn  College 149 

1912.  Oreg.  A,  University  of  Oregon 113 

19 13.  Coh  B,  Colorado  College 128 

1913.  Iowa  V.  Iowa  State  College 87 

1913.  N.  D.  A,  University  of  North  Dakota 160 

1915.  Ohiolj  Denison  University 128 

1915.  Wash.  B,  Whitman  College 124 


238  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

1915.  Utah  A,  University  of  Utah 144 

1918.  Wash,  r.  Washin<2:ton  State  College 60 

1918.  Oreg.  B,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 85 

1918.  Okla,  A,  University  of  Oklahoma 61 

1918.  Pa,  I,  University  of  Pittsbiu'gh 79 

1918.  N,  Y.  Z,  Colgate  University 79 

1918.  Pa,  K,  Swarthmore  College 83 

Active  chapters  85,  inactive  24.     Membership  24, 1 19. 

The  following  chapters  own  their  houses:  Alabama, 
Alabama  Polytechnic,  Allegheny,  Amherst,  Butler,  Cali- 
fornia, Case,  Colgate,  Colorado  College,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Denison,  DePauw,  Dickinson,  Emory, 
Franklin,  Georgia  Tech.,  Hanover,  Idaho,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa  State,  Iowa  Wesleyan,  Kansas,  Lafayette,  Lehigh, 
Lombard,  McGill,  Miami,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
Nebraska,  North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Northwestern, 
Ohio,  Ohio  State  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Ore:,'.on  State,  Pennsyl- 
vania College,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  State.  Pitts- 
burgh,  Ptu-due,  South  Dakota,  Stanford,  S>Tacuse.  Texas, 
Toronto,  Tulane,  Union,  University  of  the  South,  Vander- 
bilt,  Vermont,  Wabash,  Washburn,  Washinj:ton  State 
College,  Washin;:ton  and  Jefferson,  Westminster,  Whit- 
man, Williams,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses  64;  total  valua- 
tion $1,246,000. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  founders  of  4>  A  B  was  in 
Wilson's  room,  in  the  north  dormitory,  which  still  stands. 
At  the  semi-centennial  celebration  of  the  fraternity  this 
room  was  marked  with  a  granite  tablet.  Though  the  new 
fraternity  had  the  support  of  members  of  the  Miami 


PHI  DELTA    THETA  239 

faculty,  the  early  members  thought  they  could  best 
accomplish  their  objects  by  remaining  sub  rosa.  Meetings 
were  usually  held  in  the  rooms  of  members,  but  when  the 
active  members  ntimbercd  eleven,  all  could  not  assemble 
in  any  available  room  without  attracting  attention. 
Some  of  them,  therefore,  petitioned  for  a  charter  to 
establish  a  second  chapter  at  Miami,  and  the  petition  was 
granted  in  April,  1852.  At  commencement  in  1852,  the 
members  decided  to  make  the  fraternity's  existence 
publicly  known,  and  began  wearing  badges  openly.  The 
charter  of  the  second  Miami  chapter  was  resigned  in 
November,  1852,  because  there  was  no  longer  any  reason 
for  two  organizations. 

The  chapter  established  at  Indiana  University  in  1849 
chose  to  remain  sub  rosa,  and  it  did  not  publicly  announce 
its  existence  until  1854. 

Kentucky  Alpha,  established  at  Centre  College  in  1850, 
followed  the  example  of  the  Miami  chapter,  and  divided 
when  its  membership  had  reached  nineteen.  The  charter 
of  the  second  chapter  at  Centre  was  granted  in  1855,  and 
was  surrendered  in  the  same  year.  The  members  of  the 
second  chapters  at  Miami  and  Centre  affiliated  again  with 
their  original  chapters.  In  no  other  fraternity  has  there 
been  an  instance  of  bicameral  chapters  in  the  same  institu- 
tion. Kentucky  Delta  was  established  at  Central  Univer- 
sity in  1885.  In  1 90 1  Centre  College  and  Central  Univer- 
sity were  consolidated,  under  the  latter  name,  and  the 
chapters  at  the  two  institutions  were  combined,  under  the 
name  of  Kentucky  Alpha-Delta. 

Of  the  chapters  that  suspended  on  account  of  the  Civil 


240  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

war, the  chapter  at  Franklin  was  revived  in  1869,  suspended 
in  1872,  and  was  revived  in  the  same  year;  the  chapter  at 
Ohio  Wesleyan  was  revived  in  1 8  7 1 ,  suspended  in  1 8  7  7 ,  and 
was  finally  revived  in  1879;  the  chapter  at  Wisconsin  was 
revived  in  188 1,  and  the  chapter  at  Northwestern  in  1886; 
the  chapter  at  Lawrence  is  still  inactive.  The  Hanover 
chapter  was  not  organized  until  1868. 

During  the  first  thirty-five  years  of  the  fraternity,  anti- 
fraternity  laws' caused  a  number  of  chapters  to  be  sub  rosa 
for  years,  others  to  suspend  temporarily  and  some  to  sus- 
pend permanently.  The  Wabash  chapter  was  compelled 
to  find  means  of  circumventing  a  watchful  faculty  imtil 
1862-63.  In  1874  anti-fraternity  laws  were  enacted  at 
Ohio  Wesleyan,  and  their  enforcement  was  attempted  for  a 
year  or  two.  The  Nebraska  chapter,  chartered  in  1875, 
found  neither  faculty  nor  students  favorable  to  fraternities, 
and  suspended  in  1876;  it  was  revived  in  1883.  The 
Vanderbilt  chapter,  chartered  in  1876,  was  not  fairly 
organized  until  1877,  on  account  of  anti-fraternity  laws, 
which  rendered  sub  rosa  existence  necessary  until  1883. 
In  1877,  shortly  after  the  organization  of  the  chapter  at 
the  University  of  Alabama,  it  was  forced  by  adverse 
regulations  to  suspend;  it  was  re\dved  in  1883.  and  the 
restrictions  were  removed  two  years  later.  Because 
of  faculty  opposition,  the  Georgia  chapter  was  sub  rosa 
1875-78,  the  Missouri  chapter  1881-84,  and  the  chapter  at 
Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute  1881-83.  The  Knox 
chapter  suspended  in  1878,  on  accotint  of  anti-fratemity 
rules ;  these  having  been  annulled,  the  chapter  was  revived 
in  1880;    it  suspended  again  in  1882,  and  was  finally 


PHI  DELTA    THETA  241 

revived  in  1884.  The  chapters  at  North  Carolina  and 
Illinois  were  chartered  after  anti-fraternity  rules  were 
abolished. 

The  charter  of  the  chapter  at  Georgetown,  granted  in 
1857,  was  withdrawn  the  same  year  because  of  the  faculty's 
hostility ;  the  chapter  was  rechartered  in  1 8  7  5 ,  but  died  the 
next  year  for  the  same  reason.  The  chapters  at  Witten- 
berg, K.  M.  I.,  V.  M.  I.,  Monmouth,  Central  (Missouri), 
Trinity  (Texas),  and  Trinity  (North  Carolina)  were  killed 
by  anti-fraternity  laws.  The  chapter  at  Wofford  died  in 
1884,  and  the  chapter  at  South  Carolina  in  1893,  ^^d  sub- 
sequently fraternities  were  prohibited  at  each  of  those 
institutions.  The  isolated  chapter  at  Austin  College  sus- 
pended in  i854,was  revived  in  i857,and  died  the  next  year. 
The  Oglethorpe  chapter  died  on  account  of  the  closing  of 
the  institution.  The  Wooster  chapter  was  inactive 
1880-81,  and  surrendered  its  charter  in  1897.  The 
charters  of  the  chapters  at  Richmond,  Akron  and  Illinois 
Wesleyan  were  surrendered  because  of  the  decrease  in  the 
attendance  of  students.  The  charters  of  the  chapters  at 
Indiana  State  Normal  School,  Roanoke,  Hillsdale,  Michi- 
gan State,  C.  C.  N.  Y.,  and  Southern  were  withdrawn 
because  the  fraternity  did  not  desire  to  continue  at  those 
institutions.  The  Mississippi  chapter  was  killed  with  the 
other  chapters  at  the  State  University  by  anti-fraternity 
legislation. 

The  Miami  chapter  suspended  in  1857,  was  revived  in 
1865,  suspended  on  account  of  the  closing  of  the  university 
in  1873,  and  was  re\aved  in  1885,  when  the  tmiversity  was 
reopened.     The  Chicago  chapter  suspended  in  187 1,  and 


243  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

was  reestablished  in  the  new  University  of  Chicago  in  1897 ; 
For  various  reasons,  several  chapters  have  been  tempo- 
rarily inactive — the  Michigan  chapter,  1869-80,  and  1880- 
87;  the  DePauw  chapter,  1870-71,  1872-75  and  1876-80; 
the  Cornell  ."chapter,  1877-86;  the  California  chapter,  1877- 
86;  the  Lehigh  chapter,  1877-86;  the  Columbia  chapter, 
1890-93.  The  chapters  that  have  not  been  specially 
mentioned  have  held  their  charters  continuously. 

The  Lombard  chapter  was  formed  from  the  parent, 
and  then  only  surviving,  chapter  of  *  2.  All  the  at- 
tendant members  of  the  Centre  chapter  were  graduated 
in  1879,  but  the  chapter  was  continued  by  the  absorption, 
in  the  fall,  of  the  Centre  chapter  of  one  of  the  last  chapters 
of  A  K.  In  1885  the  active  members  of  the  W.  W.  W.,  or 
Rainbow,  chapter,  at  the  University  of  Texas,  were 
initiated  into  the  chapter  of  *  A  0  there,  and  *  A  0 
was  established  at  Southwestern  University  by  initiating 
the  members  of  the  Southwestern  chapter  of  W.  W.  W. 
These  two  chapters  had  disagreed  with  the  others  in  regard 
to  the  policy  of  uniting  with  ATA.  Ini887K2Ka 
fraternity  having  chapters  in  Virginia  disintegrated.  Its 
chapter  at  Washington  and  Lee  joined  *  A  0  establishing 
a  chapter  there  and  its  chapter  at  V.  M.  I.  and  members  of 
it  at  Randolph-Macon  and  Richmond  united  with  4>  A  0. 

The  chapter  at  the  University  of  the  South,  in  1884, 
the  next  year  after  its  establishment,  built  the  first  house 
owned  by  *  A  0,  and  the  first  house  built  by  any  fraternity 
at  any  Southern  institution. 

The  original  plan  of  government  provided  that  the 
parent  chapter  at  Miami  shotild  be  the  presiding  chapter. 


PHI   DELTA    THETA  243 

and  have  the  right  to  charter  other  chapters  in  Ohio  arid 
to  charter  the  first  chapter  in  each  other  State,  and  pro- 
vided that  the  first  chapter  in  each  State  should  have  the 
right  to  charter  other  chapters  in  that  State.  The  presid- 
ing chapter  was  called  the  Grand  Chapter  until  1868,  the 
Grand  Alpha  Chapter  1868-74.  the  National  Grand 
Chapter  1874-80.  The  presiding  chapter  was  the  Miami 
chapter  until  1857,  the  Indiana  University  chapter 
1858-60,  the  Chicago  chapter  1868-69,  the  Miami  chapter 
again  1869-73,  the  Wooster  chapter  1873-78,  and  the 
Lafayette  chapter  1878-80. 

An  Executive  Committee  was  established  in  1868.  It 
had  a  President,  a  Secretary  and  a  var>ang  number  of 
members  until  1876.  In  1872  its  powers  were  enlarged, 
and  a  Grand  Banker  was  added.  In  1876  and  1878,  its 
powers  were  again  enlarged,  and  from  1876  to  1880  it  was 
composed  of  a  President,  a  Secretary,  a  Grand  Banker  and 
one  member  chosen  by  the  National  Grand  Chapter. 
Until  1878  the  first  chapter  in  each  State  was  the  presiding 
chapter  in  the  State,  and  was  called  the  State  Grand  Chap- 
ter, but  in  that  year  State  Grand  Chapters  were  aboUshed. 
In  1880  the  National  Grand  was  abolished,  the  Executive 
Committee  was  changed  to  a  General  Cotmcil,  composed 
of  a  President,  a  Secretary,  a  Treasurer  and  a  Historian, 
and  the  fraternity  was  divided  into  provinces.  Full  execu- 
tive powers  were  then  conferred  on  the  General  Coimcil, 
and  it  was  directed  to  appoint  a  President  for  each  prov- 
ince. In  1896  a  fifth  member,  called  a  Reporter,  was 
added  to  the  General  Council,  and  he  was  made,  ex-officio, 
editor  of  the  fraternity  periodicals.     At  the  same  time  the 


344  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

office  of  Fraternity  Librarian  was  created.  In  1898  the 
offices  of  Editor  of  the  Catalogue  and  Editor  of  the  History 
were  made  permanent.  In  1902  a  chapter  House  Commis- 
sion and  an  Alumni  Commission,  each  with  two  members, 
were  created.  In  1908  the  commissions  were  reduced  to 
one  member  each.  The  five  cotmcilors,  two  commissioners, 
the  Editor  of  the  Catalogue  and  the  Fraternity  Librarian 
constitute  the  Board  of  Trustees,  which  acts  as  a  court  of 
appeals  in  questions  regarding  membership.  These 
general  officers  are  elected  by  each  biennial  General 
Convention.  The  general  officers,  including  the  Province 
Presidents  appointed  by  the  General  Council,  are  always 
alumni.  In  1881  the  fraternity  was  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  Ohio. 

The  first  convention  in  1851,  authorized  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  higher  order,  to  be  known  as  *The  Society  of 
the  Phi  Delta  Theta,''  in  distinction  from  *The  Phi  Delta 
Theta  Society.'*  The  former,  composed  of  alumni  chosen 
from  the  latter,  should  meet  annually  with  public  literary 
exercises,  and  should  have  the  power  of  granting  charters 
and  of  general  supervision.  Two  annual  meetings  were 
held  in  Oxford,  Ohio,  where  public  addresses  were  made 
by  distinguished  members,  but  after  1853  the  plan  was 
abandoned,  on  account  of  the  then  scarcity  of  alvimni. 

In  1865  an  Indiana  State  Convention  was  held  at 
Indianapolis.  It  was  the  first  State  convention  with 
chapter  representation  held  by  any  fraternity.  Province 
associations,  organized  since  1880,  meet  annually  or 
biennially  in  the  years  when  the  General  Convention  does 
not  meet. 


PHI  DELTA    THETA  345 

In  1876  an  alumni  chapter  was  organized  at  Franklin, 
Ind.  Charters  have  been  granted  to  alamni  at  many 
places. 

In  1898  altunni  organizations  were  designated  clubs, 
instead  of  chapters.  They  have  the  privilege  of  represen- 
tation in  conventions,  but  not  of  making  initiations.  In  a 
number  of  cities  the  alumni  meet  weekly  for  Itmcheon. 
There  are  also  alimini  clubs  at  Harvard  and  Yale. 

Eight  editions  of  the  fraternity  catalogue  have  been 
issued,  as  follows:  i860,  Louisville,  Ky.,  8vo.,  pp.  15,  292 
names;  1870,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  8vo,  pp.  22,  556  names; 
1872,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  8vo,  pp.  99,  925  names;  1878, 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  8vo,  pp,  172,  1,929  names;  1883, 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  royal  8vo,  pp.  230,  3,460  names;  1894, 
New  York,  N.  Y.,  royal  8vo,  pp.  475,  7,286  names;  1906, 
Evanston,  111.,  8  vo.  pp.  725,  14,525  names;  1918,  New 
York,  N.  Y.,  8  vo.  pp.  1,084,  21,777  names.  Directories 
of  the  members  residing  in  New  York,  Washington, 
Indianapolis,  Chicago,  Denver,  Portland,  Oreg.,  and  other 
cities  have  been  published  by  the  altimni  clubs  of  those 
cities.  A  Year  Book  containing  a  report  and  a  list  of  the 
alumni  and  active  members  of  each  chapter  was  issued 
annually  from  1905  to  1912. 

A  detailed  and  complete  history  of  the  fraternity  from 
1848  to  1906  by  Walter  B.  Palmer  was  published  in  the 
latter  year.  It  is  an  octavo  volume  of  966  pages,  with 
382.  illustrations. 

Two  editions  of  "A  Manual  of  Phi  Delta  Theta," 
containing  an  historical  sketch  of  the  fraternity,  college 
statistics  and  other  matter,  have  been  issued  in  1886  and 


246  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1897.  A  third  edition,  a  book  of  over  300  paees  called 
the  ** Olympian**  was  issued  in  191 2. 

A  preliminary  edition  of  the  fraternity  song-book  was 
issued  in  1874.  Six  editions  of  the  song-book  have  since 
been  published  in  1876,  1882,  1886,  1895,  1902,  and  1916. 
Ten  pieces  of  sheet  music  inscribed  to  the  fraternity  have 
been  published. 

The  fraternity  journal,  called  The  Scroll  of  Phi  Delta 
Theta,  was  first  issued  in  January,  1875.  During  1875 
and  1876,  it  was  a  quarterly  magazine,  published  at 
Indianapolis,  Ind.  During  1876-8  it  was  suspended. 
In  1878  it  was  revived  as  a  monthly  paper  at  Franklin, 
Ind.,  and  in  the  same  year  it  was  moved  to  Gettysburg, 
Pa.  In  1880  it  was  changed  to  magazine  form  again. 
In  1882  it  was  moved  to  Maysville,  Ky.;  in  1883  to 
Nashville,  Tenn.;  in  1884  to  New  York,  N.  Y.;  in  1889, 
when  it  was  changed  to  a  bi-monthly,  to  Coltmibus,Ohio; 
in  1897  to  Indianapolis,  Ind.;  in  1904  to  Menasha,  Wis. 
Until  1884  The  Scroll  was  a  sub  rosa  periodical.  From 
1889  to  191 7  it  was  published  five  times  a  year,  sin:e  191 7 
quarterly.  The  Palladium^  a  quarterly  bulletin,  devoted 
to  the  private  affaors  of  the  fraternity,  was  established  in 
1884.  Chapter  journals  have  been  published  by  a  number 
of  the  chapters. 

The  badge,  consisting  of  a  shield  with  a  scroll  bearing 
the  letters  **4>  A  0"  in  the  lower  part  of  the  field,  and  an 
eye  in  the  upper  part,  was  adopted  in  1849.  In  1866  an 
addition  to  it  was  made,  of  a  sword  attached  to  the  shield 
by  a  chain.  Argent  and  azure  were  selected  as  fraternity 
colors  in  1871.    A  coat-of-arms  was  adopted  in  1866,  and 


PHI  DELTA    THETA  247 

the  design  was  changed  in  1898.  A  fraternity  flag  was 
adopted  in  1889,  and  the  design  was  changed  in  1891  and 
1896.  The  last  (1906)  design  consists  of  three  vertical 
bars  of  equal  width;  the  outer  bars  blue  and  the  middle 
bars  white;  each  of  the  outer  bars  charged  with  three 
white  five-pointed  stars;  the  middle  bar  charged  with 
"*  A  0,"  the  letters  in  blue,  reading  downward;  the 
width  of  the  whole  being  two-thirds  of  the  length.  In 
1 89 1  the  white  carnation  was  adopted  as  the 
fraternity  flower.  A  fraternity  cheer  was  adopted 
in  1 89 1  and  a  fraternity  whistle  in  1894.  The 
colors  of  the  pledge-button  are  white  and  blue. 

In  1889  Altmini  Day  was  appointed  as  a  day  for  univer- 
sal observance  throughout  the  fraternity,  and  in  19 10 
Founders'  Day  also  was  appointed  to  be  celebrated  annu- 
ally. Foimders'  Day  is  March  15,  the  birthday  of  Robert 
Morrison,  one  of  the  founders,  and  Altmini  Day  is  October 
15.  On  these  two  days  every  year,  it  is  customary  for  each 
aliunni  club  to  have  a  social  and  business  meeting,  a  dinner, 
and  a  discussion  of  some  topic  of  fraternity  interest  chosen 
by  the  General  Council.  The  members  of  college  chapters 
wear  the  colors  and  celebrate  the  occasion  with  ritualistic 
exercises,  to  which  all  resident  alumni  are  invited.  Phi 
Delta  Theta  was  the  first  fraternity  to  appoint  such  a 
day,  and  it  is  now  the  only  fraternity  in  which  two  days 
during  the  year  are  generally  celebrated. 

The  custom  of  closing  a  letter  written  by  one  Phi  to 
another  with  the  words  "Yours  in  the  Bond'*  began  in 
1850.  The  custom  of  calling  the  members  who  are 
deceased  members  of  **The  Chapter  Grand"  began  in  1890, 


.  M  T.aT. 


248  MBirS  FRATERNITIES 

and  an  obittiary  motto,  **/n  Coelo  Quies  Est,*'  was  then 
adopted.  Persons  who  are  pledged  to  join  the  fraternity 
have,  since  1906,  been  called  "Phikeias.** 

Following  are  the  names  of  some  of  the  prominent  mem- 
bers of  Phi  Delta  Theta,  with  the  positions  which  they 
hold  or  have  held:  Benjamin  Harrison,  President,  and 
A.  E.  Stevenson,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States; 
J.  W.  Foster,  Secretary'  of  State;  W.  F.  Vilas,  Postmaster 
General  and  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  J.  C.  McReynolds, 
Attorney  General  of  the  United  States;  D.  F.  Houston, 
United  States  Secretary  of  Agriculture ;  E.  M.  Underwood, 
Assistant  Attorney  General  of  the  United  States;  G.  M. 
Lambertson,  and  Jouett  Shouse,  Assistant  Secretaries  of 
the  Treasury.  C.  C.  McChord,  Chairman  Inter-State 
Confimerce  Commission;  R.  E.  Cabell,  Commissioner  of 
Internal  Revenue;  T.  J.  Morgan,  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs;  J.  C.  Black,  President  and  M.  A.  Morrison,  Com- 
missioner, Civil  Ser\dce  Commission;  E.  A.  Conger, 
Minister  to  Brazil  and  China  and  Ambassador  to  Mexico; 
J.  W.  Foster,  Minister  to  Mexico,  Spain  and  Russia;  A.  C. 
Harris,  Minister  to  Austria-Hungary'-;  J.  S.  Ewing, 
Minister  to  Belgium;   C.  H.  Lewis,  Minister  to  Portugal. 

United  States  Senators  Benjamin  Harrison  of  Indiana; 
J.  C.  S.  Blackburn  of  Kentucky;  W.  F.  Vilas  of  Wisconsin; 
J.  B.  Allen,  of  Washington;  D.  U.Fletcher  of  Florida; 
T.  W.  Hardwick  of  Goergia;    X.  P.  Wilfley  of  Missouri. 

Congressmen  C.  L.  Moses,  J.  M.  Griggs,  W.  M.  Howard, 
W.  G.  Brantley,  T.  W.  Hardwick,  J.  G.  Lee,  J.  W.  Over- 
street  and  J.  S.  Tribble  of  Georgia;  A.  E.  Stevenson,  J.  C. 
Sherwin,  E.  H.  Conger,  J.  C.  Black,  J.  V.  Gaff,  G.  W. 


PHI  DELTA    THETA  249 

Prince  and  L.  F.  Henry  of  Illinois;  A.  H.  Hanciilton,  T.  B. 
Ward,  F.  M.  Griffith  and  M.  A.  Morrison  of  Indiana; 
J.  C.  S,  Blackburn,  J.  W.  Lewis,  S.  J.  Pugh,  C.  R.  Anderson 
and  King  Swope  of  Kentucky;  T.  M.  Paschal,  J.  G.  Russell 
andRtifus  Hardy  of  Texas;  W.  B.  Oliver,  0.  L.  Gray  and 
W.  B.  Bankhead,  of  Alabama;  L.  J.  Fenton,  Emmett 
Tompkins  and  I.  M.  Foster,  of  Ohio;  W.  S.  Hill  and  W.  W. 
Venable  of  Mississippi;  J.  A.  Anderson  and  Jouett  Shouse 
of  Kansas;  Willis  Sweet  and  B.  L.  French  of  Idaho;  J.  B. 
Allen  and  L.  H.  Hadley  of  Washington;  J.  F.  Philips  of 
Missouri;  J.  L.  Kennedy  of  Nebraska;  P.  D.  Norton  of 
North  Dakota;  R.  C.  Johnson  of  South  Dakota;  M.  R. 
Patterson  of  Tennessee. 

Governors  A.  C.  Mellette  and  S.  H.  Elrod,  of  South 
Dakota;  W.  H.  Elberbe  of  South  Carolina;  M.R.Patter- 
son of  Tennessee;  J.  T.  Morrison  of  Idaho;  Lieutenant- 
Governor  H.  T.  Miller  of  Indiana. 

Justices  J.  C.  McReynolds  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court,  W.  A.  Woods  and  C.  C.  Kohlsaat  of  the  United 
States  Circuit  Court;  W.  A.  Woods.  C.  C.  Kohlsaatg,  J.F 
Philips,  J.  T.  Dickinson,  J.  G.  Russell,  J.  M.  Mayer  and 
W.  H.  Thomas  of  the  United  States  District  Court; 
Chief  Justices  B.  K.  Elliott,  W.  A.  Woods  and  J.  V. 
Hadley  of  the  Indiana  Supreme  Court;  Chief  Jiistice 
N.  C.  Young  of  the  Nurth  Dakota  Supreme  Court; 
Justices  A.  A.  Evans  and  W.  H.  Thomas  of  the  Alabama 
Supreme  Court;  D.  F.  Simpson  and  Oscar  Hallam  of  the 
Minnesota  Supreme  Court;  M.  W.  Beck  of  the  Georgia 
Supreme  Court;  H.  F.  Mason  of  the  Kansas  Supreme 
Court;    H,  A.  Melvin  of  the  California  Supreme  Court; 


250  MEfTS  FRATERNITIES 

O.  G.  Ellis  of  the  Washington  Supreme  Court;  Norman 
Buck  of  the  Idaho  Supreme  Court;  W.  B.  Fleming  of  the 
New  Mexico  Supreme  Cohrt. 

College  Presidents:  P.  D.  Pollock  and  W.  L.  P^'ckard 
of  Mercer  University;  D.  F.  Houston  of  the  University  of 
Texas  and  Washington  Univers^'ty;  G.  P.  Benton  of 
Miami  University  and  the  University  of  Vermont;  F.  W. 
Hinitt  of  Central  University  and  Washington  and  Jefferson 
College;  Andrew  Sledd  of  the  University  of  Florida  and 
Southern  University;  H.  L.  Smith  of  Davidson  College 
and  Washington  and  Lee  University;  J.  N.  Powers  of  the 
University  of  Mississippi ;  M.  A.  Brannon  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Idaho;  W.  E.  Clark  of  the  University  of  Nevada; 
Alston  Ellis  of  Ohio  University;  J.  V.  Logan  of  Central 
University;  A.  J.  Roberts  of  Colby  College;  W.  T.  Stott 
and  C.  E.  Goodell  of  Franklin  College;  C.  E.  Nash  of 
Lombard  College;  J.  T.  McFarland  of  Iowa  Wesleyan 
College;  J.  P.  Ashley  of  Albion  College;  W.  A.  Webb  of 
Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College;  F.  S.  Kedzie  of 
Michigan  Agricultural;  H.  C.  Parmlee,  Colorado  School 
of  Mines. 

Among  clergymen:  C.  M.  Beckwith,  Bishop  of  Ala- 
bama; M.  E.  Fawcett,  Bishop  of  Quincy;  W.  L.  Gravatt, 
Bishop-Coadjutor  of  West  Virginia;  H.  C.  Mabie,  Secre- 
tary, American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society;  T.  J. 
Morgan,  Secretary  American  Baptist  Home  Mission 
Society;  M.  F.  Troxell,  Secretary,  Lutheran  Board  of 
Education;  H.  H.  Weber,  Secretary,  Lutheran  Board  of 
Church  Extension;  C.  E.  Nash,  Field  Secretary,  Univer- 
salist  Church;   J.  T.  McFarland,  Editor,  Sunday  School 


PHI   DELTA    THETA 


251 


Publications,  Methodist  Episcopal  Church;  J.  F.  Heisse, 
Editor,  Baltimore  Methodist;  David  Swing,  Founder  of 
Central  Church,  Chicago;  F.  P.  Turner,  General  Secre- 
tary, Students  Volunteer  Movement;  F.  S.  Brockman, 
General  Secretary,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  for  China  and  Korea. 

Literary  men:  Eugene  Field,  William  Allen  White, 
John  R.  Spears,  John  S.  Phillips,  Ray  Stannard  Baker, 
Frank  S.  Pixley,  Edwin  Emerson,  Jr. 

Scientists:  O.  W.  Caldwell,  M.  A.  Howe  and  0.  F. 
Cook,  Jr.,  botanists;  T.  J.  J.  See  and  Milton  UpdegraflE, 
astronomers;  V.  L.  Kellogg  and  C.  F.  Baker,  zoologists; 
E.  C.  Franklin,  chemist;  W.  S.  Franklin,  physicist;  E.  F. 
Smith,  plant  pathologist;  L.  H.  Bailey,  horticultiuist; 
W.  J.  Spillman,  agriculturist;  A.  W.  Butler,  ornithologist. 

C.  V.  Van  Anda,  managing  editor  New  York  Times; 
H.  U.  Brown,  managine  editor  Indianapolis  News;  H.  R. 
Johnson,  cartoonist  Saturday  Evening  Post;  E.  L.  Keen, 
European  manager  United  Press ;  Maior  General  Frederic 
Funston;  Brigadier  Generals  H.  V.  N.  Boynton  and  Edgar 
Jadwin;  W.  H.  Hays,  Chairman  Republican  National 
Executive  Committee;  Charles  ("Chick*')  Evans,  national 
amateur  golfist;    Grantland  Rice,  sports  writer. 


$i)i  epBtlon  $1 


pHI  Epsilon  Pi  was  founded  at  the  College  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  on  November  23d,    1903,  by  Max 

Shlivek,    Alvin    Block,    Adolph    Hamburger,    Siegfried 

Hartman,    Arthur    Hirschberg,    William    Hannig    and 

Abraham  E.  Horn. 
.The  following  is  the  roll  of  chapters: 

903.  A,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York 117 

905.  B,  Columbia  University 92 

910.  E.  Cornell  University 58 

912.  H,  University  of  Pennsylvania 65 

914.  0,  Pennsylvania  State  College 59 

914.  Z,  University  of  Pittsburgh 84 

914   I,    Dickinson  College 51 

914.  K,  New  York  University 34 

915.  A,  Rutgers  College 53 

915.  M,  University  of  Georgia 37 

915.  N,  University  of  Vu'ginia 25 

916.  S,  Georgia  School  of  Technology ^q 

916.  O,  Tufts  College 57 

916.  n,  University  of  Maine 31 

916.  P,  Rhode  Island  State  College 29 

916.  S,  Brown  University 22 

916.  T,  Alabama  Polirtechnic  Inst 23 


PHI  EPSILON  PI  2  S3 

1916.  T,  Conn.  Agricultural  College 24 

1916.  *,  Carnegie  Inst,  of  Tech 52 

1917.  X,  University  of  Syracuse 27 

Active  chapters  20,  inactive  none.     Total  membership 

979. 

A  nimiber  of  the  chapters  have  been  formed  from  local 
soceities. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  magazine  known  as  the  Phi 
Epsilon  Pi  Quarterly  and  issued  every  three  months. 

The  chapters  issue  monthly  papers,  which  dwell  on 
active  and  alumni,  scholastic  and  personal  doings  and 
which  are  distributed  to  all  chapters  and  alumni. 

In  1 9 13,  the  National  Council  consisting  of  five  officers 
was  organized.  This  body  assumed  complete  jurisdiction 
over  the  Chapters,  adopted  a  revised  National  Constitu- 
tion, standardized  the  Chapter  Constitutions  and  con- 
ducted general  Conventions  fo  the  Fraternity.  At  the 
191 7  convention,  amendments  to  the  National  Constitu- 
tion were  adopted  lodging  all  judicial  and  legislative 
powers  between  Conventions  in  a  Grand  Council,  consist- 
ing of  five  officers  to  be  elected  at  each  annual  convention. 

The  Chapters  were  divided  into  geographical  districts, 
each  district  presided  over  by  a  Province  Council,  and 
serving  as  an  auxiliary  organ  of  administration  to  the 
Grand  Coimcil.  Province  Conclaves  were  to  be  held 
annually  at  least  one  month  before  the  Grand  Convention. 

The  Alumni  are  organized  in  local  and  province  associa- 
tions and  have  voting  j)ower  at  both  Province  Conclaves 
and  General  Fraternity  Conventions.  Conventions  of  the 
Fraternity  have  been  held  annually  since  its  organizaton 
mostly  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 


254 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


The  fraternity  admits  both  associate  and  honorary 
members. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  an  oblong  shield  with 
concave  sides  and  the  four  comers  cut  on  the  diagonal. 
Pearls  are  set  in  gold  along  the  concave  sides,  the  center 
displaying  the  letters  4>  E  n  in  gold  on  a  black  enamel 
background,  the  letters  running  from  the  upper  left  hand 
comer  diagonally  across  the  field  to  the  lower  right  hand 
comer. 

The  colors  of  the  fraternity  are  purple  and  gold. 

A  silver  loving  cup  is  to  be  awarded  to  the  chapter 
having  the  best  scholastic,  literary  and  athletic  record  for 
the  previous  year,  possession  to  be  for  one  year,  unless  the 
cup  is  won  by  the  same  chapter  three  years  in  succession 
when  possession  becomes  permanent. 


$I)t  (Samma  Belta 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  in  the  room  of  John 
^  Templeton  McCarty  in  "Fort  Armstrong,"  a  dormi- 
tory of  Jefferson  College,  Canonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  night  of  April  22,  1848.  A  consti,tution  was  adopted 
on  May  i,  1848,  which  is  now  recognized  as  "Foimders* 
Day."  John  Templeton  McCarty  was  a  student  in  1845 
and  1846  at  Miami  University.  He  entered  Jefferson  in 
1847.  The  founders  were:  John  Templeton  McCarty, '48, 
James  Elliott,  Jr.,  '48,  Daniel  Webster  Crofts,  '48, 
Samuel  Beatty  Wilson,  '48,  Ellis  Bailey  Gregg,  '48,  and 
Naaman  Fletcher,  '49.  All  were  free  Masons  and  law 
students.  Fletcher  had  been  admitted  to  the  bar  before 
entering  Jefferson.  The  first  meeting  of  the  organization 
provided  for  the  establishment  of  "Foreign  Chapters." 
The  patronage  of  Jefferson  College  being  largely  from 
southern  states,  it  was  natural  that  the  establishment  of 
new  chapters  should  be  in  the  south,  and  of  the  first 
sixteen  chapters  organized  prior  to  the  war,  eleven  were 
in  southern  states. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

255 


^ 


256  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1848.  (A  and  B)  Washington  and  Jefferson  College.  .544 

1850.  r,  University  at  Nashville  (1850) 10 

1851.  A,  Union  University,  Tenn.  (1873) 83 

1851.  ■  E,  University  of  North  Carolina  (1898) 81 

1852.  Z,  Washington  College,  Tenn.  (1852) 7 

1855.    n.  Marietta  College  (1897) 84 

1855.  9,  University  of  Alabama 205 

1856.  I,    Centre  College  (1856) 5 

1856.     K,  Baylor  University  (1886) 53 

1856.     A,  DePauw  University 526 

1856.     M,  Howard  College  (1861) 26 

1856.     N,  Bethel  College  (1912) . 270 

1858.     S,  Pennsylvania  College .'328 

1858.     O,  University  of  Virginia 381 

i860,     n,  Allegheny  College 441 

i860.     P,  Kentucky  University  (1862) 11 

1863.  2,  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania 161 

(Revived  19 16  at  University  of  Pittsburgh  as  II 2) 

1864.  T,  Hanover  College 283 

1865.  r,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  (1906) 284 

1865.  *,  Baker  University  (1868) 20 

1866.  X,  Monmouth  College  (187 1) 17 

1866.     V,  Wabash  College 349 

1866.     Q,  Colimibia  University 413 

1866.  A  A,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University 363 

1866.  B  A,  Roanoke  College  (1905) 225 

• 

1867.  I^  ^.  Knox  College 295 

1867.  E  A,  Muhlenberg  College  (1894) 188 

1868.  Z  A,  Washington  &  Lee  University 182 

*Where  a  delta  ia  used  after  a  letter  it  ia  called  a  "deuteron." 


PHI  GAMMA    DELTA  257 

868.  H  A,  University  of  Mississippi  (1879) 54 

868.  A  A,  Northwestern  University    (1870) 20 

86p.  8  A,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 424 

869.  I  A,  Ctmiberland  University  (1878) 75 

870.  A  A,  Hampden-Sidney  College  (1904) 123 

871.  K  A,  University  of  Georgia  (1891) 72 

871.     Z,  Indiana  University 396 

87a.  A  A,  Thiel  College  (1873) 18 

873.  M  A,  University  of  Iowa 63 

875.  N  A,  Yale  University 525 

876.  S  A,  Western  Reserve  University 155 

878.  O  A,  Ohio  State  University 363 

879.  4>,  University  of  Maryland  (1883) 15 

880.  X,  Racine  College  (1887) 15 

880.      I,  Williams  College 141 

880.  B,  University  of  Pennsylvania 401 

881.  n  A,  University  of  Kansas 323 

882.  A,  Bucknell  University 310 

882.  P  A,  Wooster  College  (1913) 223 

883.  S  A,  Lafayette  College 290 

883.  T  A,  University  of  TexaS 238 

884.  S,  Wittenberg  College 235 

885.  A  4>,  University  of  Michigan 308 

885.  A  A,  Denison  University 302 

886.  A  S,  University  of  California 252 

886.  Z  4>,  William  Jewell  College 293 

887.  B  X,  Lehigh  University 223 

887. 8  »F,  Colgate  University   288 

888.  r*,  Peimsylvania  State  College 235 

888.  K  N,  Cornell  University 369 


35^  MEN*S  FRATERNITIES 

1889.  I M,  Massachtisetts  Institute  of  Technology 231 

1890.  MS,  University  of  Minnesota 258 

1890.  P  X,  Richmond  College 200 

1890.  K  T,  University  of  Tennessee 228 

1 89 1 .  n  I,  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute 293 

\,   1891.  BM,  John  Hopkins  University 215 

1892.  N  E,  New  York  University 266 

^    1893.  'A  X,  Amherst  College 226 

1893.  T  A,  Trinity  College 165 

1893.     X,  Union  University  (N.  Y.) 186 

1893.     M,  University  of  Wisconsin 333 

1893.  A  2,  Stanford  University 178 

1897.  XI,  University  of  Illinois 240 

1898.  A  N,  University  of  Nebraska 207 

1899.  QM,  University  of  Maine 370 

1899.  X  M,  University  of  Missouri 198 

1900.  2  T,  Washington  State  University 293 

1901.  A  N,  Dartmouth   College 275 

1901.  S  N,  University  of  Syracuse 196 

1902.  A  I,  Purdue  University 185 

1902.  n  P,  Brown  University 205 

1902.  X  T  University  of  Chicago 160 

1907.  A  I,  Iowa  State  College 152 

1908.  XS,  Colorado   College 177 

191 1.  E  O,  University  of  Oregon 97 

1912.  B  K,  University  of  Colorado 81 

1916.  N  Q,  University  of  Oklahoma 62 

1917.  N  B,  Rutgers  College 74 

1919.  T  2,  University  of  the  South 25 

Active  chapters  63 ;  inactive,  24.     Membership  18,360. 


PHI  GAMMA    DELTA  259 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Alabama,  Alle- 
gheny, Amherst,  Brown,  Bucknell,  California,  Colgate, 
Colorado  College,  Colorado,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Dart- 
moath,  Denison,  DePauw,  Hanover,  Illinois,  Illinois 
Wesleyan,  Indiana,  Iowa  State,  Kansas,  Lafayette, 
Maine,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Ohio 
State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania  College,  Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania  State,  Pittsburgh,  Purdue,  Stanford,'  Syra- 
cuse, Texas,  Union,  University  of  the  South,  Virginia, 
Wabash,  Washington,  Washington-Jefferson,  William- 
Jewell,  Williams  Wisconsin.  Wittenberg,  Worcester  Poly- 
technic, Yale.     Total  houses,  48 ;  total  valuation  $989,000. 

The  Jefferson  chapter  maintained  a  high  standing  and 
enjoyed  a  prosperous  existence  until  the  union  of  Wash- 
ington and  Jefferson  Colleges.  It  gradually  declined,  and 
became  extinct  in  1879.  It  was  revived  in  1880  by  the 
absorption  of  the  fraternity  of  *  A  K.  The  Beta,  estab- 
lished the  same  year  as  the  Alpha,  at  Washington  College, 
became  consolidated  with  that  chapter  when  the  colleges 
were  united.  The  first  Gamma  chapter,  located  at  the 
University  of  Nashville,  lived  but  a  year,  and  nearly  the 
entire  membership  is  now  deceased.  The  first  Delta  at 
Union  University,  Tennessee,  was  killed  by  the  war,  but 
was  revived  in  1870,  and  continued  to  flourish  imtil  1873, 
when  the  university  was  abandoned  and  the  faculty 
removed  to  Jackson,  Tenn. 

Epsilon,  at  North  Carolina,  was  killed  by  the  war. 
It  was  revived  in  1 887  after  the  repeal  of  the  anti-fraternity 
laws  but  surrendered  its  charter  in  1898.  Eta  chapter  was 
originally  estabHshed  at  the  University  of  Mississippi  in 


a6o  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1853,  but  all  record  of  this  chapter,  as  well  as  of  chapters 
established  at  Soule  University,  Chapel  Hill,  Texas, 
previous  to  the  Civil  War,  has  been  lost.  The  chapter 
letter  Eta  was  given  to  the  chapter  at  Marietta  in  1855. 
The  charter  of  this  chapter  was  withdrawn  in  1897. 

The  Theta,  at  the  University  of  Alabama,  after  the 
passage  of  anti-fraternity  laws  in  1859,  ran  sub  rosa  until 
1863,  when  it  was  killed  by  the  war.  In  1875  it  was 
revived,  but  was  again  killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws  in  1878. 
It  is  now  active.  Iota,  at  Centre,  was  established  by 
the  founder  of  Theta,  and  it  lived  but  one  year.  This 
letter  was  ^ven  in  1 880  to  a  chapter  established  at  Williams 
College.  This  chapter  became  inactive  the  next  year  but 
was  revived  in  1913  by  the  absorption  of  a  local  society 
called  A  Z  A.  Kappa,  at  Baylor  University,  killed  by  the 
war,  was  revived  several  years  ago,  and  finally,  its  charter 
was  withdrawn.  Lambda,  the  next  chapter,  was  estab- 
lished at  Greencastle,  Ind.,  and  marked  a  new  era  in  the 
extension  of  the  fraternity,  it  being  no  longer  confined  to 
the  South. 

Mu,  at  Howard  College,  Alabama,  was  killed  by  the  war. 
The  name  has  been  given  to  the  Wisconsin  chapter.  The 
Gettysbiu'g  and  Allegheny  chapters  had  almost  their 
entire  membership  in  either  army  during  the  war.  Rho, 
at  Kentucky  University,  was  killed  by  the  war.  Upsilon, 
at  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  Omega,  at 
Coltunbia,  were  for  a  long  while  the  only  Eastern  chap- 
ters. 

Phi  chapter  was  at  first  established  at  Baker  University, 
Kansas.     In  1868  the  members  became  dissatisfied  with 


PHI  GAMMA    DELTA  261 

the  condition  of  their  collee:e  and  moved  in  a  body  to  North 
western  University  where  a  chapter  of  the  fraternity  called 
A  A  was  already  in  existence.  The  two  chapters  existed 
side  by  side  for  some  time  and  finally  the  charter  of  A  A 
was  withdrawn.  The  Phi  chapter  finally  became  extinct. 
The  name,  Phi,  was  then  given  to  the  chapter  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  but  it  met  with  misfortune,  and  the 
chapter  is  inactive. 

The  Monmouth,  Georgia  and  Thiel  College  chapters 
were  killed  by  anti -fraternity  laws.  The  Georgia  chapter 
after  a  prosperous  career  ceased  to  exist.  The  Yale  chap- 
ter was  first  established  as  a  Sheffield  society  in  1875,  and 
for  some  years  enjoyed  great  prosperity.  The  charter  was 
withdrawn  by  the  Grand  Chapter.  It  was  afterward 
revived  as  a  university  chapter  and  so  continued  until  1909 
when  it  again  became  a  Sheffield  society.  The  second  Chi 
chapter,  at  Racine  College,  died  with  the  college.  The 
William  Jewell  chapter  was  formerly  the  Sigma  chapter  of 
the  fraternity  Z  4>,  which  disbanded,  and  the  I  M  chapter 
at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  was  formed 
from  a  local  society  called  A  A  X,  organized  in  1888. 

The  chapter  at  Bethel  College  surrendered  its  chaiter 
from  lack  of  material.  The  chapter  at  Washington  and 
Lee  suffered  at  one  time  with  the  college,  but  with  the 
revival  of  Southern  colleges  the  fraternity  re-estabUshed 
itself  there.  The  charters  of  the  Hampden -Sidney  and 
Roanoke  chapters  were  surrendered  because  of  the  decline 
of  fraternity  material. 

The  Syracuse  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  called 
ATA.  the  Brown  chapter  from  one  called  n  *,  the  Maine 


262  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

chapter  from  a  chapter  of  Q.  T.  Y..  the  Washington  State 
chapter  from  a  local  called  r  S,  the  Colorado  College  chap- 
ter from  X  S  r,  the  Iowa  chapter  from  "  Noit  Avrats;"  the 
Oregon  chapter  from  a  local  called  the  "  Beavers;"  and  the 
Colorado  University  chapter  from  B  K. 

Graduace  chapters  exist  in  forty  of  the  principal  cities. 

Graduate  associations  exist  at  Ir.dependence,  Kansas, 
Wichita,  Karsas,  Sprir.erfield,  Illi::ois,  Mead\'ille,  Pa.. 
Csnr. bridge,  Mass.,  Boulder.  Colorado,  Delaware,  Ohio, 
Wooster,  Chio,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  La  Junta,  Colo.; 
Milwaukee,  Colorado  Springs,  Salt  Lake  City.  Atlantic 
City,  Pawtucket,  Germantown,  Akron,  O.,  and  Canton,  O. 

A  fund  of  about  $15,000  is  used  in  emergencies  for 
making  loans  to  -chapters  for  house  building.  A  campaign 
is  under  way  to  raise  a  fund  of  $200,000  for  a  war  memorial 
building. 

The  New  York  Club  of  Phi  Gamma  Delta  situated  at 
34  West  44th  Street,  immediately  across  from  the  New 
York  Yacht  Club,  was  built  m  1908  after  plan  by  the  late 
Washington  Hull,  a  well  known  architect  and  member  of 
the  society. 

The  convention  called  the  Ekklesia,  meets  annually. 
Section  conventions  are  also  held. 

Until  1868  Alpha  at  Jefferson  College  was  the  grand 
chapter,  and  was  the  center  of  government  during  the 
recess  of  the  conventions.  When  the  faculty  abolished 
secret  fraternities  the  grand  chapter  was  transferred  to 
New  York  City.  In  1898  the  system  of  government  was 
entirely  chanired.  The  fraternity  is  now  governed  by 
the  three  general  officers,  president,  secretary  and  treas- 


PHI   GAMMA    DELTA  263 

urer,  and  two  others,  the  five  constituting  a  body  called 
the  Archons.  Since  191 3  the  fraternity  has  employed  a 
field  secretary  who  devotes  his  entire  time  to  visiting  the 
chapters  and  to  the  affairs  of  the  fraternity.  At  the  19 19 
convention  an  appropriation  was  made  for  an  assistant 
field  secretary. 

The  McMillan  Log  Cabin,  the  first  Jefferson  College 
building  at  Canonsburg,  is  in  the  perpetual  care  of  the 
fraternity  and  bears  a  bronze  tablet  in  memory  of  the 
founders.  In  1909  the  graves  of  all  the  founders  of  the 
fraternity  were  marked  by  suitable  memorials. 

The  latest  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  was  published  in 
1913.  Previous  to  this  edition  catalogues  were  issue d  in 
1856,  1862.  1865,  T870,  1878.  1886.  1895,  1898  and 
1907. 

The  song  book  was  first  issued  in  1886  (Easton,  Pa.)  by 
Walter  C.  Stier.  The  second  song  book  was  published 
in  1898  and  the  last  book  in  1908.  A  fourth  edition  is  in 
the  process  of  compilation.  A  general  history  of  the 
fraternity  in  five  volumes  of  350  octavo  pages  each  has 
been  written  by  William  F.  Chamberlin  of  the  Denison 
chapter.     The  first  volume  is"  now  being  printed. 

The  journal  of  the  fraternity  was  first  issued  as  a 
monthly  in  1879,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
chapter,  and  was  called  The  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  It  was  a 
quarto  in  form.  In  1884  it  was  removed  to  Greencastle, 
Ind.,  and  reduced  in  size  to  an  octavo.  Here  it  remained 
for  two  years,  when,  in  1886,  it  was  removed  to  New 
York,  and  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta 
Quarterly.     In  the  spring  of   1889  its  publication  was 


m    m^  ■ 


264  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

placed  under  the  direction  of  Frederic  C.  Howe,  who  was 
editor  for  eleven  years.  From  1901  to  1909  it  was  pub- 
lished in  Indianapolis  and  from  190Q  to  191 1  in  Louis\nlle 
by  Leon  P.  Lewis.  Its  name  was  changed  back  to  its 
original  style  in  1889.  It  is  published  eight  times  a  year. 
The  editorial  and  publication  office  is  now  in  Vermilion, 
Ohio,  where  it  is  published  by  George  Friebolin. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  diamond  less  than  an 
inch  in  length  having  a  black  background  and  surrounded 
by  a  border  of  gold  chain  and  displaying  the  letters  "*  r  A," 
above  which  is  a  single  star  in  white  enamel,  and  below  the 
letters  **a<i>/itTy.'*  The  color  is  royal  purple,  and  the  flower 
is  the  heliotrope.  The  flag  is  pennant-shaped,  bearing 
the  Greek  letters  *  r  A  across  the  face  of  the  flag  upon  a 
f\  white  background.  In  the  upper  left  hand  comer 
/v  ^  ^  is  a  purple  square  containing'  a  white  star.     The 

^^^^  pledge  1  ml  ton  is  a  five  pointed  star  in  white  enamel. 
/  The  Ekklesia  of  19 10  adopted  a  Recognition  Pin  of 
' ..  diamond  shape  and  black  background  with  a  star  in  the 
^center,  the  size  being  five  miUimeters  by  three  and  one- 
half  millimeters.  It  is  worn  on  the  left  lapel  of  the  coat. 
In  1884  individual  coats  of  arms  for  each  chapter  were 
devised  by  Major  Frank  Keck.  These  were  used 
secretly  until  the  pubUcation  of  the  catalogue  of  1890. 

Among  the  prominent  altunni  of  Phi  Gamma  Delta  are 
the  following:  Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 
Thomas  R.  Mai  shall;  former  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States,  Charles  W.  Fairbanks;  Postmaster- 
General,  Albert  S.  Burleson;  United  States  Senators, 
Henry  S.  Lane,  Charles  W.  Fairbanks,  Zebulon  B.  Vance, 


PHt  GAMMA    DELTA  265 

Thomas  N.  Patterson,  George  B.  Wright  and  Thomas  A. 
Sterling;  George  W.  Guthrie,  Ambassador  to  Japan; 
William  C.  Goodloe,  Minister  to  Belgium;  Thomas  H. 
Nelson,  Minist.er  to  Chili  and  Mexico;  Thomas  C.  Dawson 
Ministei  to  Santo  Domingo,  Colombia  and  Chili;  Samuel 
M.  Taylor,  Consul  at  Nottingham,  England;  E.  L.  Morey, 
Consul  at  Colombo,  Ceylon;  Alfred  D.  Jones,  Consul  at 
Shanehai;  Julius  D.  Drehcr,  Consul  at  Toronto.  Canada; 
Manual  V.  Domenech,  Commissioner  o^  the  Interior  of 
Porto  Rico;  Charleys  W.  Dabney,  Assistant  Secretary  of 
Aeriailture;  Rolx?rt  J.  Tracewell,  Comptroller  of  the 
Treasur}'';  O.  H.  Cheney,  former  Supei  intendent  of  Banks, 
State  ol  New  York;  Generals,  Jacob  Klein,  Lew  Wallace, 
Albert  G.  Jenkins,  J.  Q.  S.  Chenoweth,  Malvern  Hill 
Bamimi,  Hany^  S.  Svrnith,  Percy  P.  Bishop  and  Wilder  S. 
Metcalf. 

Congressmen,  John  A.  Sterling  of  Illinois  and  John  V. 
Lesher  of  Pennsylvania;  Former  Congressmen,  Jeremiah 
D.  Botkin,  James  T.  MalTett,  Fred  E.  Lewis,  Milton  W. 
Shreve,  Har\'ey  B.  Fergusson,  Albert  S.  Burleson,  Albert 
T.  Jenkins,  John  B.  Penington,  Eugene  M.  Wilson, 
Addison  Oliver,  James.  H.  Hopkins,  Ha>'Wood  Y.  Riddle, 
Zebulon  B.  Vance.  Georee  F.  Kribbs,  John  P.  C.  Shanks, 
Morton  C.  Hunter,  John  F.  Follett,  John  M.  Martin, 
Benjamin  A.  Enloe,  Gilbert  De  Lamatyr,  John  J.  Surley 
Constantine  J.  Erdman,  Robert  J.  Tracewell,  William 
McClelland,  Samuel  W.  Gould,  Sain  Welty,  George  J. 
Benner,  Gcn^rge  G.  Wright,  J.  Stanyame  Wilson. 

Governors,  Thos.  R.  Marshall  and  Henry  S.  Lane  of 
Indiana,  J.  Calvin  Coolidge  of  Massachusetts.  S.  R.  Van 


266  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Sant  of  Minnesota,  Job  A.  Cooper  of  Colorado,  Samuel  G 
Cos^ove  of  Washington,  Zebulon  B.  Vance  of  North 
Carolina,  Horace  F.  Graham  of  Vennont.  Judges,  Seth 
Shepard,  C.  J.  of  Court  of  Appeals  of  District  of  Columbia; 
Cyrus  L.  Pershing,  John  J.  Henderson  and  Dimmer  Beeber 
of  Pennsylvania;  Andrew  A.  Adams  of  Indiana;  Matthew 
M.  Neil  of  Tennessee;  Thomas  N.  McClennan  of  Ala- 
bama; W.  S.  Tisdale  and  George  G.  Wright  of  Iowa; 
William  Mitchell  of  Minnesota,  James  H.  McLeary  of 
Montana;  W.  S.  Bonnifield  and  L.  D.  Birm  of  Nevada; 
Rodney  J.  Hudson  of  California;  Herman  D.  Crow  of 
Washington. 

Among  College  Presidents  are:  James  D.  Moffat  of 
Washington  and  Jefferson,  Mitchell  of  the  University  of 
Delaware,  McVey  of  North  Dakota,  Dabney  of  Cin- 
cinnati, McCormick  of  Pittsburgh,  WiUiams  of  Alle- 
gheny, Andrus  of  DePauw,  Wilder  of  Illinois  Wesleyan, 
Coulter  of  Lake  Forest  and  Indiana,  Black  of  Iowa, 
McDowell  of  Denver,  Johnson  of  Wyoming,  Bovard  and 
Woodrow  of  Southern  California.  Tight  of  New  Mexico, 
HuUey  of  Stetson,  Dreher  of  Roanoke.  Shields  of  Bethel, 
Currell  of  the  University  of  vSouth  Carolina,  Hoffman  of 
Ohio  Wesleyan  and  Clark  W.  Chamberlain.  Denison. 

Among  railroad  officials:  John  W.  Thomas,  president 
ofN.  C.  &St.  L.  R.  R.;  James  W.Wilson,  president  of 
W.  N.  C.  R.  R.;  and  Gabriel  Morton,  president  of 
Mexican  R.  R.;  Elisha  Lee,  First  Vice-President  and 
Federal  Manager  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company. 

Among  divines:  Bishop  Wm.  E.  McLaren  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Diocese  of  Chicago;  Bishops  Joseph 


PHt   GAMMA    DELTA  267 

C.  Hartzell,  William  F.  McDowell,  Merriman  C.  Harris, 
N.  Luccock,  and  W.  F.  Oldham  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  The  Reverends  John  H.  Shedd,  Arthm*  Judson 
Brown,  J.  Ross  Stevenson,  and  J.  Wilbur  Chapman  of  the 
Presbyterian  church. 

Among  notable  men  in  civic  work:  Newton  T._Baker, 
Ex-Mayor  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  now  Secretary  of  War; 
George  W.  Guthrie,  first  Mayor  of  Greater  Pittsburgh; 
James  G.  Berryhill,  ori;;inator  of  the  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
Commission  Plan  of  City  Government;  and  Frederic  C. 
Howe.     Commissioner  of  immi^ation  at  New  York  City. 

John  Brashear  of  Pittsburgh  University  and  Charles  P. 
Steinmetz  of  Union  Colle.^e. 

Among  authors :  John  Clark  Ridpath,  Maurice  Thomp- 
son, Edward  Eggleston,  David  Kinley,  Frederic  C.  Howe, 
Edward  A.  Ross,  James  M.  Coulter;  playwrights  Otto  A. 
Hauerbach,  Frederic  Hatton,  Ernest  Neal  Lyon,  Frank 
Ngrris,  Meredith  Nicholson,  Avery  Hopwood,  Lewis  E. 
Theiss,  J.  Walker  McSpadden,  J.  H.  B.  Scherer. 

Other  prominent  alumni  are:  Ernest  P.  Bicknell, 
national  director  American  Red  Cross;  Thomas  H. 
Hemdon,  president  American  Cro<;s  of  Honor;  Union  N. 
Bethel,  president  New  York  Telephone  Co.;  N.  C. 
Kingsbury,  \ace-president  Qmerican  Telephone  &  Tele- 
graph Co.;  William  R.  Malone,  president  Postal  Life 
Insurance  Co.;  O.  H.  Cheney,  president  of  the  Pacific 
Bank,  New  York;  Harry  F.  Sinclair,  president  of  the  Sin- 
clair Oil  Comrany;  John  M.  Coulter,  president  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  advancement  of  science: 
Andrew  Fletcher,  president  of  the  American  Locomotive 


UE^Ai 


268 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


Company  and  Ambrose  Morrell,  president  of  the  Inter- 
national Nickel  Company. 

I  Among  the  many  men  who  saw  service  in  the  recent  war 
were  Brigadier  Generals  Harry  A.  Smith..  Percy  P.  Bishop, 
Malvern  Hill  Bamimi  and  Guy  L.  Eadie.  Chester  W. 
Cathbert  was  chief  counsel  to  the  Emergency  Fleet  Cor- 
poration and  Frank  (j.  Crowell  was  vice-president  of  the 
Hoover  Food  Commission. 


(Roman  Catholic  Students) 


DHI  kappa  was  organized   at  Brown   University   in 
1888  to  afford  social  opportunity  to  the  large  class 
of  students  attending  that  University  who  professed  the 
Roman  Catholic  faith. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 
1888.  A,  Brown  University 335 

191 2.  B,  University  of  Illinois 140 

1913.  r,  Pennsylvania  State  College   99 

1914.  A,  University  of  Iowa 76 

1915.  E,  University  of  Kansas 87 

1918.  Z,  Purdue  University 53 

1918.  H,  Mass.  Institute  of  Technolog\' 35 

Active   chapters    7.     Inactive   o.     Membership   825. 

The  Beta  and  Delta  chapters  were  formed  from  Loyola 
Clubs,  the  Gamma  cha])tcr  from  S  *  A. 

The  government  is  of  usual  form. 

The  badge  is  a  square  shield  displa^-img  a  monogram 
of  the  letters  **<!>  K"  arranged  along  one  diagonal  and 
having  a  jewelled  border. 

Among  the  altmini  are:  James  H.  Higgins,  Governor 
of  Rhode  Island,  John  J.  Fitzgerald,  Mayor  of  Pawtucket, 
R.  I.  and  Joseph  H.  Ganier,  Mayor  of  Providence,  R.  I. 

269  . 


■  -    T 


$ti  Happa  $fi(i 


TTHE  Phil  Kappa  Psi  fraternity  was  founded  at  Jefferson 
College,  February  19,  1852.  by  Charles  P.  T.  Moore 
and  William  H.  Lctterman.  At  the  time  of  its  foundation 
there  was  an  epidemic  of  typhoid  fever  in  the  college,  and 
day  after  day  those  who  were  not  prostrated  by  the 
disease  sat  at  the  bedsides  of  their  afflicted  friends, 
ministering  to  them.  The  warm  friendship  formed  in 
such  trying  times  ripened  into  the  fraternal  sentiment 
which  led  to  the  foundation  of  the  fraternity. 

Judge  Moore  entered  the  senior  class  at  Union  Col- 
lege in  1853,  with  a  view  to  founding  a  chapter  there.* 
Finding  it  impossible,  he  afterwards  entered  the  law 
school  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  there  established 
the  first  branch  of  the  fraternity,  the  Virginia  Alpha. 
To  his  efforts,  and  those  of  Tom  Campbell,  the  fraternity 
owes  its  wide  extension  during  its  early  years.  The 
chapter  roll  is  as  follows,  the  chapters  being  named  on  the 
State  system: 

1852.  Pa.  A,  Jefferson  College 495 

1853.  ^^-  A,  University  of  Virginia 458 

*White  at  Union  he  became  a  member  of  Delta  Phi. 

.270 


PHI  KAPPA   PSl  271 

1855.  Va,  B,  Washington  and  Lee  University 293 

1855.  Pa.  B,  Allegheny  College 535 

1855.  Pa.  r,  Bucknell  University 449 

1855.  Pa.  A,  Washington  College  (united  with  Jefferson)  78 

1855.  Pa.  E,  Pennsylvania  College 359 

1855.  Va.  r,  Hampden-Sidney  College  (1900) 173 

1857.  5.  C.  A,  South  Carolina  University  (1892) 114 

1857.  Miss.  A,  University  of  Mississippi  (1911) 196 

1859.  Va.  A,  Bethany  College  (1882) 162 

1859.  Tenn.  A,  La  Grange  College  (i860) 28 

1859.  Pa.  Z,  Dickinson  College 423 

i860.  Pa.  H,  Franklin  and  Marshall  College 321 

i860.  Tenn.  B,  Cumberland  University  (1879) 75 

i860.  Miss.  B,  Mississippi  College  (1861) 15 

1861.  Ohio  A,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 514 

1864.  Ills.  A,  Northwestern  University 384 

1865.  Ind.  A,  DePauw  University 520 

1865.  Ky.  A,  Transylvania  University  (1866) 13 

1865.  Ills.  B,  ifniversity  of  Chicago 306 

1866.  Ohio  B,  Wittenberg  College 379 

1867.  Iowa  A,  University  of  Iowa 319 

1868.  D.  C.  A,  George  Washington  University  (1899) . .  188 

1868.  Iowa  r,  Cornell  College  (187 1) 42 

1869.  A^.  y.  A,  Cornell  University 423 

1869.  Pa.  9,  Lafayette  College 369 

1869.  Ind.  B,  Indiana  University 522 

1869.  Missouri  A,  University  of  Missouri 218 

1870.  Va.  E,  Randolph-Macon  College  (1882) 37 

1870.  Tenn.  r,  University  of  Nashville  (1875) 18 

1870.  Ind.  r,  Wabash  College  (1901) 174 


if 2  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

871.  Ohio  r,  Wooster  University  (1892) 137 

871.  Ills,  r,  Monmouth  College  (1884) 77 

872.  N,  Y.  r,  Columbia  University 311 

875.  Wis.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 495 

876.  Kans,  A,  University  of  Kansas 387 

876.  Mich.  A,  University  of  Michigan 368 

876.  Wis.  B,  Racine  College  (1877) 11 

877.  Pa.  I,  University  of  Pennsylvania 407 

879.  Md.  A,  Johns  Hopkins  University 209 

880.  Ohio  A,  Ohio  State  University 312 

881.  Cal.  A,  University  of  the  Pacific  (1892) 75 

881.  N.  Y.  A,  Hobart  College  (1892) 48 

881.  Wis.  r,  Beloit  College 316 

882.  loit'a  A,  Simpson  College  (1889) 63 

883.  N.  Y.  B,  Syracuse  University 380 

883.  Minn.  A,  Carleton  College  (1888) 45 

887.  A^.  y.  E,  Colgate  University 350 

888.  Minn,  B,  University  of  Minnesota 261 

889.  Penn.  K,  Swarthmore  College 230 

890.  W.  Va.  Ay  University  of  West  Virginia 214 

891.  Cal.  B,  Stanford  University 258 

893.  N.  Y.  Z,  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute  (191 2)   130 
895.  Neb.  A,  University  of  Nebraska 256 

895.  Mass.  A,  Amherst  College 266 

896.  N.  H.  A,  Dartmouth  College 307 

899.  Cal  r,  University  of  California 227 

901.  Ind.  A,  Purdue  University 358 

901.  Tenn.  A,  Vanderbilt  University 162 

902.  R.  I.  A,  Brown  University 161 

904.  Tex.  A,  University  of  Texas 176 


PHI  KAPPA    PSI 


273 


1904.  Ills.  A,  University  of  Illinois 201 

1906.  Ohio  E,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science.  7. 189 

1 91 2.  Pa,  A,  Pennsylvania  State  College  . .  .1  J. 146 

1912.  lawa,  B,  Iowa  State  College // 85 

1914.  CoL  A,  University  of  Colorado // loi 

1 9 14.  Wash,  A,  University  of  Washington//. 84 

Active  chapters  46,  inactive  21.     Membership  16,403. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Allegheny,  Am 
herst,  Beloit,  Bucknell,  Case,  Chicago,  Colgate,  Cornell, 
Dartmouth,  De  Pauw,  Dickinson,  Franklin  and  Marshall, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa  University,  Iowa  State,  Kansas, 
Lafayette,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Northwestern, 
Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania 
College,  Purdue,  Stanford,  S\Tacuse,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  Wittenberg.  Total  34  houses. 
Total  valuation  $674,000 

The  parent  chapter  nearly  became  extinct  in  1863, 
owing  to  the  enlistment  of  all  but  one  member  in  the 
Federal  army.  It  was  united  with  Pennsylvania  Delta 
at  Washington,  when  the  two  colleges  were  consoli- 
dated. At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  all  the  South- 
em  chapters  became  extinct,  but  several  were  revived 
thereafter  and  are  now  prosperous.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  the  total  rhembership  of  the  fraternity  was 
only  about  600,  and  of  this  number  452  enlisted,  and  of 
these  about  100  were  killed.  During  the  war  about  200 
members  were  added  to  the  rolls  and  about  half  of  these 
were  in  the  service  either  North  or  South. 

Pennsylvania  Beta  was  the  first  fraternity  established  at 
Allegheny  College,  and  remained  5wi  rosa,  owing  to  the  op- 


274  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

position  of  the  faculty,  until  the  fall  of  1862.  The  Bucknell 
chapter  was  suspended  from  1874  to  1879  by  the  enforce- 
ment of  anti-fraternity  laws.  The  Pennsylvania  College 
chapter  was  the  first  chapter  in  the  fraternity  to  own  its 
own  house.  The  Franklin  and  Marshall  chapter  was 
formed  from  a  local  society  called  *  B  0.  The  Cornell  chap- 
ter was  broken  up  in  1877  by  internal  dissensions. 
It  was  revived  in  1885.  The  Colimibia  chapter  was 
inactive  for  some  twenty  years.  The  Missouri  chapter 
died  from  anti-fraternity  action  by  the  faculty,  but  was 
revived  in  1908.  The  Mississippi  College  chapter  was 
established  in  the  sprinp^  of  1861.  None  but  the  charter 
members  were  initiated,  and  of  they  all  but  two  were  killed 
in  the  Civil  War,  and  the  chapter  was  never  revived. 
The  charter  of  the  chapter  at  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi was  surrendered  in  1 9 1 1  on  account  of  anti-fraternity 
legislation  in  the  state. 

The  Monmouth  chapter  was  killed  by  anti-fraternity 
laws.  The  Simpson  chapter  found  it  impossible  to  main- 
tain a  chapter  up  to  the  standard  of  the  fraternity,  and 
in  1889  surrendered  its  charter,  in  accordance  with  the 
wishes  of  the  executive  council.  The  Carleton  College 
chapter,  after  running  sub  rosa  for  a  time,  petitioned  the 
faculty  for  recognition,  which  wa^  refused,  and  the  chap- 
ter was  disbanded,  nearly  all  of  the  members  leaving  the 
institution  to  become  members  of  the  chapter  at  the 
University   of   Minnesota. 

The  chapter  at  Io\va  State  College  called  Iowa  Beta,  was 
fonned  from  a  local  society  called  the  Ozarks  in  1 913.  As 
Iowa  Alpha  was  organized  in  1867  and  Iowa  Gamma  in 


PHI  KAPPA    PSI  275 

1868  it  was  lone  supposed  that  a  chapter  called  Iowa  Beta 
had  existed  in  Iowa  rnd  at  Iowa  State  College  but  no 
catalogue  of  the  fratcirity  has  ever  listed  a  member  and 
the  History  of  the  Fraternity  published  in  1902  says  (at 
page  205)  **  There  is  not  to  be  found  anywhere  a  scrap  of 
evidence  that  a  chapter  was  ever  really  established." 

The  Chicago  chapter  died  in  1884  \sith  the  university, 
but  was  revived  shortly  alter  the  new  University  of  Chi- 
cago was  oper.ed.  The  chapters  at  Trar^ylvania,  Racine, 
and  Cornell  Colleges,  were  killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws. 
The  charters  of  chc  cha]:)tcrs  at  Wooster  and  Hobart  Col- 
leges were  withdrawr.  The  South  Carolina  chapter  sur- 
rendeied  'ts  charter  v  hen  the  'nstitution  was  chani:ed  foi 
political  purposes.  The  members  of  the  chapter  at  the 
University  of  the  Pacific  moved  to  Stanford  University 
when  the  latter  institution  was  opened,  and  formed  a 
chapter  there,  permitting  the  chapter  of  their  origin  to 
become  inactive.  The  charters  of  the  chapters  at  Hamp- 
den-S^*dney,  Brooklyn  PoKiechn^c,  Gcx)rge  Washington 
University  and  Wabash  were  withdiawn.  The  Case  chap- 
ter w  as  formed  from  a  local  called  Q  V.  The  Pennsylvania 
State  chapter  from  0  T,  and  the  University  of  Washington 
chapter  from  *  4>. 

Alimmi  associations  are  located  at  many  of  the  important 
cities. 

The  original  system  of  government  was  by  means  of 
a  grand  arch  council,  composed  of  three  delegates  from 
each  chapter,  one  of  whom  was  a  graduate.  The  council 
met  biennially,  though  for  some  years  the  meetings  were 
held  once  in  every  three  years.     One  of  the  college  chap- 


37^  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

ters,  called  the  grand  chapter,  was  appointed  to  act  as 
executive  during  the  recess  of  the  G.  A.  C.  This  method 
became  imsatisfactory,  owing  to  the  fact  that  students 
could  not' deal  with  matters  of  importance  with  the  calm- 
ness and  judgment  required.  It  also  lacked  the  concen- 
tration of  power  essential  to  a  strong  organization.  In 
1886  a  new  system  was  adopted.  Its  principal  features 
were  the  continuance  of  the  grand  arch  council  to  meet 
biennially;  the  establishment  of  an  executive  council, 
composed  of  five  altunni  and  four  imdergraduates;  the 
division  of  the  fraternity  into  districts,  each  to  be  presided 
over  by  a  presiding  officer,  called  an  archon;  biennial 
district  councils  held  in  alternate  years  with  the  grand 
arch  coimcil ;  a  rearrangement  of  the  financial  and  judicial 
systems  of  the  fraternity;  and  the  granting  to  alumni 
associations  of  representation  in  the  G.  A.  C.  with  the 
same  powers  as  the  delegates  from  the  chapters.  The 
alumni  members  of  the  executive  council  are  elected  by 
the  grand  arch  council,  the  undergraduates  by  the  district 
councils.  By  an  amendment  made  in  1888  the  number  of 
alumni  in  the  council  was  reduced  to  four  (who  are  also  the 
general  officers  of  the  fraternity)  and  the  number  of  under- 
graduates increased  to  five.  The  executive  council  acts 
as  the  governing  body  of  the  fraternity  between  sessions 
of  the  grand  arch  council. 

Conventions  of  the  fraternity  have  been  held  biennially. 

The  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  was  first  published  at 
Philadelphia,  in  i860;  the  second  edition  was  issued  in 
1870,  a  third  in  1880.  None  of  these  contained  more 
than  mere  lists  of  the  names  of  the  members,  arranged 


PHI  KAPPA    PSI  277 

by  chapters.  A  new  edition  was  issued  in  1894,  which 
contains  all  of  the  best  features  of  modem  catalogues, 
and  is  complete  in  every  respect.  In  1902  a  pocket  edition 
was  issued  bringing  the  membership  lists  up  to  date  and 
giving  the  latest  address.  A  large  and  complete  edition 
was  issued  in  19 10,  giving  the  names,  addresses,  and 
biographies  of  the  members.  A  pocket  edition  was  issued 
^  19 1 5  giving  an  alphabetical  and  geographical  list  of 
the  members.  A  histoiy  of  the  Ohio  Alpha  chapter 
was  published  in  1885,  and  one  of  Indiana  Gamma 
in  1904;  a  third  edition  was  published  in  1914.  A  number 
of  chapters  have  pubhshed  small  journals  for  circulation 
biographies  of  the  members.  A  history  of  the  Ohio  Alpha 
chapter  was  published  in  1885,  and  one  of  Indiana  Gamma 
in  1886,  and  a  history  of  the  fraternity  was  published  in 
among  their  alumni. 

The  periodical  of  the  fraternity  was  first  called  the 
Phi  Kappa  Psi  Monthly,  and  was  pubUshed  during  a  part 
of  the  year  1875  at  Baltimore.  The  convention  of  1876 
made  the  journal  official,  and  it  was  published  as  the 
Phi  Kappa  Psi  Quarterly  at  Ashland,  Ohio,  in  1877, 
when  it  suspended  from  lack  of  support.  In  1879  two 
members  of  the  chapter  in  Philadelphia,  at  their  own 
expense,  began  the  publication  of  a  monthly  fraternity 
paper  called  the  Shield.  This  was  quarto  in  size,  and 
was  quite  successful.  It  was  reduced  to  the  usual  mag- 
azine form  in  its  third  volimie,  and  soon  afterwards  sus- 
pended, in  April,  1882.  In  1883  the  Shield  was  revived, 
made  the  official  organ  of  the  fraternity,  and  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  Ohio  Beta  chapter,  and  undergraduate  sub- 


278  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

scription  to  it  made  compulsory.  It  was  published  by  vari- 
ous chapters  imtil  1886,  when  it  was  put  in  charge  of  one 
man  as  editor.  This  form  of  management  has  been  main- 
tained since  that  time.  A  private  quarteriy  mae:azine 
called  the  Mystic  Friend  is  issued  to  members  only. 

The  original  badge  of  the  fraternity  was  a  monogram 

of  the  letters  ***  »F."    This  was  discarded  in  1854,  and 

the  present  style  adopted.    The  latter  is  a  shield  of 

gold,  displaying  near  its  top  an  eye.  on  each  side  of 

which  is  a  star.    Across  the  center  are  the  letters  *  K  V, 

In   1 914  the  badge  without  ornamentation  was  made 

standard  and  the  undergraduates  were  required  to  wear  no 

other  while  in  college.     The  colors  of  the  fratem- 

iBJM   ity  are  pink  and  lavender.      The  flower  is  the 

^^S  sweet  pea  of  pink   and  lavender  colors.      The 

^^^    pledge-button  is  gold  and  black. 

Among  the  prominent  alimini  are :  President  Woodrow 
Wilson;  United  States  Senators:  Joseph  B.  Foraker 
of  Ohio,  John  I.  Mitchell  of  Pennsylvania,  George  E. 
Chamberlain  of  Oregon,  Ellison  D.  Smith  of  South 
Carolina,  Charles  J.  Hughes,  Jr.,  of  Colorado,  James  E 
Watson  of  Indiana,  William  S.  Kenyon  of  Iowa,  Charles  B. 
Henderson  of  Nevada. 

United  States  Congressmen:  Addison  S.  McClure, 
George  A.  Jenks,  Gen.  H.  H.  Bingham,  Welty  McCuUough, 
Ernest  F.  Acheson,  Lloyd  Lowndes,  Arthur  L.  Bates. 
Simon  P.  Wolvcrton,  William  S.  Shallcnbcrger,  John  I, 
Mitchell,  Frank  E.  Bcltzhoover,  Daniel  B.  Heiner, 
Seth  H.  Yocum,  Joseph  M.  Beliord,  Thomas  H.  Dale, 
Laird  H.  Barber,  A.  Mitchell  Palmer,  Philip  W.  Dugro, 


PHI  KAPPA    PSI  279 

James  A.  Walker,  Boyd  Winchester,  Henry  Page,  Edward 
L.  Martin,  Dudley  G.  Wooten,  Charles  M.  Busbee,  D.  O. 
Smart,  William  H.  Perry,  Hamilton  G.  Ewart,  David  E. 
Finley,  George  S.  Legare,  John  S.  Jones,  Samuel  R.  Peters, 
John  Beatty,  Joseph  Warren  Keifer,  Martin  L.  Smyser, 
Newton  W.  Gilbeit,  Henry  T.  Bannon,  Charles  L.  Henry, 
George  W.  Paris,  James  E.  Watson,  William  H.  Calkins, 
R.  W.  Townshend,  James  R.  Williams,  Allen  C.  Durborro  , 
Charles  S.  Hartman,  Herschel  M.  Hogg,  James  McKinney, 
John  A.  Pickler,  James  Cooney,  Hugh  H.  Price,  James  C. 
Needham,  John  W.  Davis,  H.  D.  Stephens,  Clarence  B. 
Miller,  C.  C.  Dill,  Edward  C.  Little,  Hunter  H.  Moss, 
Frederick  C.  Hicks,  Thomas  J.  Henderson. 

United  States  Circuit  Judges:  Frank  E.  Baker,  David 
D.  Shelby  and  Channon  C.  Douglass;  District  Judges 
Albert  A.  Anderson,  Alfred  S.  Moore,  Edward  R. 
Meek,  John  H.  Btirford,  Frank  D.  Hutchings,  James  S. 
Young,  Hamilton  G.  Ewart,  Milton  D.  Purdy,  Allison  H. 
DeFrance;  Harry  M.  Clabaugh,  chief  justice  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

Ambassadors  and  Ministers:  John  W.  Davis  to  Great 
Britain,  Edward  P.  C.  Lewis  to  Portugal,  Boyd  Winchester 
to  Switzerland,  Bayliss  W.  Hanna  to  Argentine,  Marshal 
J.  Hanger  to  Barbadoes. 

Governors:  Joseph  B.  Foraker  of  Ohio,  Lloyd  Lowndes 
of  Maryland,  George  E.  Chamberlain  of  Oregon,  Herbert 
S.  Hadley  of  Missouri,  Woodrow  Wilson  of  New  Jersey, 
James  P.  Goodrich  of  Indiana,  William  C.  Sproal  of 
Pennsylvania. 


aSo  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Generals:  General  Tasker  H.  Bliss,  Brigadier  General 
Clinton  B.  Sears,  General  Robert  H.  Hall,  General  William 
T.  Campbell,  General  Charles  A.  Ballou,  General  Henry 
M.  Larey,  General  James  A.  Walker,  Brigadier  General 
William  C.  Langfitt,  Brigadier  General  William  Mitchell, 
Brigadier  General  William  M.  Black,  Admiral  David  W. 
Taylor. 

Chief  Justices  of  Highest  State  Courts:  C.  P.  T.  Moore 
of  Virginia,  Wright  Smith  of  Arkansas,  J.  H.  Burford, 
Oklahoma,  Joseph  C.  Helm  of  Colorado,  John  J.  Campbell 
of  Colorado. 

Bishops : Chaplain  C.  McCabe,  M.  E.  Church;  John  M. 
Walden,  M.  E.  Church;  William  P.  Eveland,  Collins 
Denny,  M.  E.  Church  South;  David  H.  Greer,  P.  E. 
Church;  William  X.  Ninde,  M.E.  Church. 

Presiding  Church  Executives:  J.  B.  Remensnyder, 
president  Lutheran  General  Synod  of  America;  Samuel  J. 
Nichols,  moderator  Presbyterian  Church;  Charles  A. 
Dickey,  moderator  Presbyterian  Chiu-ch;  R.  F.  Coyle, 
model ator  Presbyterian  Church;  Harvey  W.  McKnight, 
president  Lutheran  General  Synod  of  America. 

Lawyers:  S.  C.  T.  Dodd,  general  coimsel  Standard  Oil 
Co.;  Ira  C.  Belden,  general  attorney  Chicago  &  North- 
western Ry.;  William  S.  Kenyon,  general  counsel  Illinois 
Central  Ry. ;  George  D.  Penniman,  general  counsel  Balti- 
more &  Ohio  Ry.;  Charles  J.  Hughes,  mining  lawyer; 
James  W.  McKinley,  counsel  for  the  Southern  Pacific; 
James  W.  McKinley  and  Joseph  P.  Blair,  counsel  for  the 
Southern  Pacific;  Cyrus  Crane,  attorney  for  the  A.  T.  & 
S.  F.  Ry. ;  Frank  S.  Monnett,  attorney  general  of  Ohio. 


PHI  KAPPA    PSI  a8i 

College  Presidents:  Edmund  Janes  James,  Illinois; 
Woodrow  Wilson,  Princeton;  William  H.  Crawford, 
Allegheny;  Lemuel  H.  Murlin,  Boston;  Henry  H.  Apple, 
Franklin  and  Marshall;  Edwin  A.  Schell,  Iowa  Wesleyan; 
Joseph  E.  Stubbs,  Nevada;  William  W.  Guth,  University 
of  the  Pacific  and  Goucher;  Edgar  F.  Smith,  University  of 
Pennsylvania;  Franklin  B.  Gault,  University  of  South 
Dakota;  George  F.  Bovard,  University  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia; John  M.  McBryde,  University  of  South  Carolina; 
'H.  Tucker  Graham,  Hampden-Sidney  College;  Henry  M. 
McKnight,  Pennsylvania  College;  William  P.  Kane, 
Wabash  College ;  William  E .  Boggs,  University  of  Geoirgia ; 
William  C.  Spangler,  University  of  Kansas;  Samuel  A. 
Ort,  Wittenberg  College;  Joshua  C.  Chilton,  Texas  State 
College;  Edward  L.  Parks,  Simpson  College;  John  A. 
Simpson,  Baker;  James  H.  Morgan,  Dickinson  College; 
William  G.  Williams,  Ohio  Wesleyan;  William  0.  Allen, 
Doane;   Edward  C.  Elliot,  Montana. 

Authors  and  newspaper  men:  Robert  Lowrey,  the 
hynmologist;  Robert  J.  Biu-dette,  Henry  C.  DeMille, 
Roswell  M.  Field,  Herman  Knickerbocker  Viele,  Nevin  0. 
Winter,  William  P.  Trent,  Woodrow  Wilson,  Walter  A. 
Dyer,  Theodore  Tilton,  Frank  Chapin  Bray,  editor  of  the 
Chautauquan  and  the  World  Court;  Frank  Moore  Colby, 
editor  the  Bookman;  James  C.  Bergstresser,  editor  the 
Insurance  World;  Alvin  I.  Findley,  editor  the  Iron  Age; 
George  F.  James,  editor  University  Extension  Magazine; 
George  Smart,  editor  Iron  Age;  Stephen  J.  Herben,  editor 
Epworth  Herald;  Francis  S.  Hoyt,  editor  Western  Christian 
Advocate;    Edwin  House,  editor  Western  Christian  Advo- 


382 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


cate;  A.  J.  Rowland,  editor  Baptist  Review;  George  F. 
Speiker,  editor  Lutheran  Review;  Charles  M.  Stewart, 
editor  Northwestern  Christian  Advocate. 

Miscellaneous:  Amos  Dolbear,  scientist;  Col.  Dudley 
Evans,  president  Wells  Fargo  Express  Co. ;  Theodore  P. 
Shonts,  president  New  York  Interborough  Traction  Co. 


^ffi  ilappa  ^tgrna 


The  fraternity  of  Phi  Kappa  Sigma  was  founded  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  on  the  19th  day  of 
October,  1850,  by  Samuel  Bro\\Ti  Wylie  Mitchell,  James 
Bayard  Hodge,  Alfred  Victor  du  Pont,  Charles  Hare 
Hutchinson,  John  Thorn  Stone.  Duane  Williams  and 
Andrew  Adams  Ripka.  It  is  the  only  national  fraternity 
foimded  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  The  following 
is  the  roll  of  chapters : 

1850..     A,  University  of  Pennsylvania    464 

1^53.      B,  Princeton  University  (1876) 114 

1853.  r,  Lafayette  College  (1883) 151 

1854.  A,  Washington  and  Jefferson  College 358 

1854.      E,  Dickinson  College 313 

1854.  Z,  Franklin  and  Marshall  College 281 

1855.  H,  University  of  Virginia 256 

1855.      0,  Centenary  College  of  Louisiana  (1861). ...   40 

1855.  I,    Columbia  University 205 

1856.  K,  Emory  and  Henry  College  (1861) 46 

1856.      A,  University  of  North  Carolina  (1895) 123 

1858.  M,  Tulane  University  of  Louisiana 144 

1859.  N.  Cumberland  University  (1861) 34 

1859.      S,  University  of  Mississippi  (1861) 16 

283 


m 


384  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

i860.      O,  Centre  College  Ky.  (1862) 16 

1865.      n,  Hsirvard  University  (1867) 9 

1865.      P.  Austin  College  (1865) 4 

1870.      S,  Lehigh  University  (1887) 51 

1872.      T,  Randolph-Macon  College 221 

1872.  T,  Northwestern  University 281 

1873.  *,  Richmond  College 181 

1873.      X,  Racine  College  (1875) ^^8 

1876.      y,  Long  Island  Medical  College  (1878)   7 

1884.      O,  Haverford  College  (1890) 35 

1890.      y,  Pennsylvania  State  College   250 

1892.  P,  University  of  Illinois 199 

1893.  K,  Lake  Forest  University  (1894) . ." 9 

1894.  A  A,  Washington  and  Lee  University 157 

1895.  A  B,  University  of  Toronto  (1897)  11 

1896.  A  r,  West  Virginia  University 186 

1898.  A  A,  University  of  Maine 259 

1898.  A  E,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology    227 

1899.  A  Z,  University  of  Maryland    149 

1901.  AH,  College  of  Charleston  (1905) 16 

1901.  A  0,  University  of  Wisconsin    190 

1902.  A  I,    Vanderbilt  University 168 

1903.  A  K,  University  of  Alabama   119 

1903.  A  A,  University  of  California    1 70 

1903.  AM,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  ..131 

1904.  A  N,  Georgia  School  of  Technology    133 

1905.  A  E,  Purdue  University 129 

1905.  A  O,  University  of  Michigan 165 

1906.  A  n,  University  of  Chicago 136 

1911.  A  P,  Cornell  University 142 


PHI  KAPPA    SIGMA  285 

1915.  A  E,  Univers-'ty  of  Minnesota 106 

1915.  A  T,  Stanford  University 54 

Active  chapters,  29;    inactive,  17;   membership  6474. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  California,  Chi- 
cago, Columbia,  Cornell,  Dickinson,  Georgia  Tech., 
Illinois,  Maine,  Michigan,  Northwestern,  Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue,  Virginia,  Washington  &  Lee. 
Total  houses  15,  total  valuation  $366,000. 

The  original  constitution  of  the  parent  chapter  provided 
for  "branch  societies"  but  it  was  not  imtil  two  and  a  half 
years  after  the  parent  chapter  was  organized  that  the  Beta 
at  Princeton  was  established.  There  soon  followed 
four  other  chapters,  all  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  University  of  Pennsylvania  at  that  time  drew  largely 
from  the  South,  especially  in  its  medical  school,  and  the 
presence  of  many  Southern  members  in  the  Alpha  chap- 
ter was  responsible  for  the  establishment  of  eight  chapters 
in  the  South  between  1855  and  i860.  These  chapters 
were  all  in  a  flourishing  condition  when  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  war  almost  instantaneously  destroyed  over 
one-half  the  strength  of  the  fraternity.  Of  the  eight 
Southern  chapters  but  three  were  revived:  that  at 
the  University  of  Virginia  in  1872,  at  the  University 
of  North  Carolina  in  1877  and  at  Tulane  University  in 
1893.  The  charter  of  the  North  Carolina  chapter  was 
withdrawn  in  1895  ^^c  partly  to  the  prohibition  of  the 
initiation  of  freshmen  and  partly  to  a  sudden  loss  of 
members  in  the  upper  classes.  The  Alpha  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  has  always  been  a  strong  chapter 
and  holds  a  high  position  socially  in  Philadelphia.     In 


286  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1888  it  established  in  the  University  a  prize  in  honor  of 
the  founder  of  the  fraternity,  Samuel  Brown  Wylie 
Mitchell,  to  be  given  that  member  of  the  sophomore  class 
who  attains  the  highest  mark  in  English  literatiu^.  This 
was  probably  the  first  scholastic  prize  offered  by  a 
fraternity  in  any  American  college.  The  life  of  the  Beta 
was  threatened  from  the  outset  by  anti -fraternity  laws  at 
Princeton  to  which  it  finally  succumbed  after  existing  for 
many  years  sub  rosa.  The  Epsilon  at  Dickinson  was 
dormant  from  1879  to  1894  and  was  then  revived  by 
absorbing  a  local  society  A  Z  4>,  which  had  existed  for 
several  years.  The  Columbia  chapter  was  inactive  from 
1870  to  1905.  The  Harvard  chapter  was  largely  composed 
of  graduates  of  other  chapters  in  attendance  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School  and  during  its  brief  life  initiations 
were  confined  to  students  in  that  department.  The 
Racine  and  Haverford  chapters  were  killed  by  anti- 
fratemity  laws.  All  of  the  recent  chapters  of  the  fra- 
ternity were  admitted  only  after  they  had  existed  for 
several  years  as  local  clubs,  the  fraternity  requiring  appli 
cants  to  have  had  an  organized  local  existence  for  at  least 
two  years  before  a  petition  will  be  acted  upon. 

Until  1856  new  chapters  were  created  by  the  action  of 
Alpha  chapter  alone  and  until  1869  the  direction  of  the 
fraternity's  affairs  was  practically  In  its  hands.  Until 
that  time  conventions  of  delegates  from  the  different 
chapters  were  called  by  the  Alpha  and  met  usually 
annually,  but  there  was  no  permanent  executive.  Since 
1869  the  government  of  the  fraternity  has  consisted  of  a 
convention  of  delegates  from  the  different  chapters  held 


PHI  KAPPA    SIGMA  287 

annually,  which  constitutes  the  supreme  governing  body. 
Throughout  the  year  the  administrative  and  executive 
work  is  in  the  hands  of  an  executive  board  with  head- 
quarters in  PhiFadelphia. 

The    election    of    honorary    members    is    prohibited. 

General  catalogues  of  the  fraternity,  the  volume  being 
known  as  the  **General  Register,**  have  been  issued  in 
1872,  1882,  1894,  1900  and  19 10,  the  fraternity's  laws  now 
providing  for  such  publication  every  ten  years.  The  last 
volume  contained  948  pages,  consisting  of  a  general 
history  of  the  fraternity,  chapter  histories,  biographical 
data  of  members,  bibliography  and  various  information 
tables,  and  was  profusely  illustrated.  There  is  also 
published  every  two  years  a  geographical  directory  of 
living  members.  In  February,  1891  the  publication  of 
the  Phi  Kappa  Sigma  Quarterly  began.  The  first  number 
was  published  in  New  York  and  all  subsequent  numbers 
in  Philadelphia  until  1901,  when  it  was  discontinued  and 
succeeded  by  the  Phi  Kappa  Signia  News  Letter,  published 
by  the  executive  board  in  Philadelphia  four  times  a  year 
ana  sent  to  all  li\nng  members  free  of  cost.  In  addition 
to  this  general  fraternity  magazine,  ten  or  twelve  of  the 
chapters  issu^  regularly  chapter  periodicals.  Various 
songs  and  pieces  of  music  have  from  time  to  time  been 
published  by  members  of  the  different  chapters  and  in  1906 
an  official  song  book  was  printed.  A  new  edition  was 
issued  in  1912  containing  125  pages. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  Maltese  cross  with  black  enameled 
border,  displaying  a  skull  and  crossed  bones  in  the  center. 
In  the  upper  arm  of  the  cross  is  a  six  pointed  star  and  in 


288  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

the  other  arms  are  the  letters  Phi,  Kappa  and  ^igma. 
The  fraternity's  colors  are  old  gold  and  black.  The  flag 
has  a  black  background  displaying  at  the  left  of  the  field 
the  skull  and  crossed  bones  and  in  the  centre  the  letters 
Phi  Kappa  Sigma  in  old  gold.  The  coat  of  arms  is  a  shield 
displaying  symbols  of  the  fraternity  on  the  four  quarters, 
over  all  the  badge,  with  a  crest  of  the  skull  and  crossed  bones 
and  the  motto  Stellis  aequus  durando.  Jeweling 
of  the  badge  is  prohibited,  as  is  also  its  use  except 
as  the  official  sign  of  membership  to  be  worn  as  a 
pin.  The  color  on  the  ])ledge-button  is  black. 
Among  the  prominent  alumni  of  the  fraternity  are: 
United  States  Senators  Henry  A.  du  Pont  of  Delaware 
and  Claude  A.  Swanson  of  Virginia  and  the  late  Senators 
McEnery  of  Louisiana  and  McComas  of  Maryland. 
Among  Federal  Judges,  Olin  Wellborn  of  California, 
Harrv  T.  Toulmin  of  Alabama,  the  late  Charles  A.  Low  of 
the  Philix^pincs  and  the  late  Andrew  C.  Bradley  and  Louis 
E.  McComas  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Among  higher 
state  officials.  Governors  McEnery  of  Louisiana,  Swanson 
of  Virginia  and  the  late  Chief  Justice  Beatty  of  California. 
In  the  Civil  War,  Generals  BrowTilow,  Robeson,  La  Motte, 
Walker  and  Gcisy  of  the  Federal  forces,  and^ick,  Douglas 
and  Sears  of  the  Confederate  forces.  In  the  Regular 
Army  the  late  General  Charles  I.  Wilson,  General  George 
H.  Cameron  and  General  Robert  N.  Getty. 

Among  the  clergy,  Daniel  S.  Tuttle,  Bishop  of  Missouri 
and  Presiding  Bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church 
in  America;  Bishop  Perr>'  of  Rhode  Island,  and  the  late 
Bishops  Gallaher  of  Louisiana,  and  Strange  of  East  Caro- 


PHI  KAPPA    SIGMA  289 

Una.  In  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Bishop  Bristol 
of  Omaha.  At  the  Bar,  Hohnes  Conrad,  former  SoUcitor 
General;  the  late  William  U.  Hensel,  former  Attorney 
General  of  Pennsylvania;  Francis  I.  Gowen,  General  Coim- 
sel  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad ;  the  late  Samuel  Dickson 
and  Charles  E.  Morgan  of  the  Philadelphia  Bar.  Among 
educators.  President  Edwin  A.  Alderman  of  the  University 
of  Virginia,  William  Draper  Lewis,  Dean  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  Law  School;  William  Trickett,  Dean  of 
the  Dickinson  Law  School;  Howard  Edwards,  President 
of  Rhode  Island  State  College;  Hemy  J.  Waters,  Presi- 
dent of  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College  and  David  P. 
Barrows,  acting  President  of  the  University  of  California. 
Other  prominent  alumni  are  Charles  L.  Taylor  of  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Company,  Effingham  B.  Morris,  presi- 
dent of  the  Girard  Trust  Company  of  Philadelphia; 
Samuel  T.  Bodine,  president,  and  Randal  Morgan,  vice- 
president  respectively,  of  the  United  Gas  Improvement 
Company;  the  late  George  G.  Crocker,  chairman  of  the 
Boston  Subway  Commission :  the  late  Col.  William  Jay  of 
New  York;  the  late  General  Horatio  C.  King  of  New  York; 
the  late  John  C.  Sims,  secretary  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road Company ,  the  late  Alfred  C.  Lambdin,  editor-in-chief 
of  the  Philadelphia  Public  Ledger,  the  late  Francis  G. 
du  Pont  and  other  members  of  the  well  known  powder 
manufacttu-ing  family,  John  Price  Jackson,  ConMnissionei 
of  Labor  of  Pennsylvania;  Thomas  L.  Montgomery,  State 
Librarian  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Maxfield  Parrish,  the 
artist.  Among  physicians,  Dr.  Barton  C.  Hirst,  Dr. 
Joseph  S.  Neff  and  the  late  Dr.  Wharton  Sinkler  of  Phila- 


290 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


ddphia,  the  late  Dr.  Frank  Hartley  of  New  York,  Dr. 
Isaac  H.  Manning,  Dean  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina,  Dr.  Stuart  McGuire,  presi- 
dent of  the  University  College  of  Medicine  of  Richmond, 
Virg  nia  and  Dr.  Frank  Seward  Johnson,  Dean  of  the 
Northwestern  University  Medical  School. 


l^i  iuqijpa  Cat: 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  March  17,  1906  by  W.  H. 
Shideler,  T.  A.  Borradaile,  C.  T.  Boyd,  D.  I.  Douglas 
and  H.  C.  Brill,  at  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1906.  A,  Miami  University 183 

1910.   B,  Ohio  University 165 

1912.    r,  Ohio  State  University 163 

191 4.  A,  Centre  College  of  Kentucky 63 

191 5.  E,  Mount  Union  College 104 

1916.  Z,  University  of  Illinois 109 

1918.  H,  Muhlenberg  College 28 

1919.  0,  Transylvania  University 22 

Active  chapters,  8 ,  inactive,©;  membership,  837. 

The  Illinois  and  Mount  Union  chapters  own  their 
houses,  value  $20,000. 

There  are  aliunni  associations  at  Akron,  Ohio,  Columbus, 
Ohio,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  AUentown,  Pa.,  and  Dayton,  Ohio. 
The  government  of  the  Fraternity  is  by  the  convention 
of  delegates  from  the  chapters.  During  the  interim 
between  conventions  the  authority  is  vested  in  the  Grand 
Chapter  under  the  super\^ision  of  a  Grand  Executive 
Council. 

Conventions  have  been  held  annually. 

391 


'U. 


293 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


The  Fraternity  publishes  a  monthly  magazine  called 
the  Side  Lights.  Dtiring  the  period  of  the  war  it  was 
published  in  the  form  of  a  newspaper  and  sent  to  all  the 
fraternities  men  in  the  service.  The  badge  is  an  irr^^ular 
or  elongated  octagon  with  a  border  of  sixteen  pearls.  The 
center  is  a  black  oval  bearing  the  gold  letters  ^  K  T,  a  gold 
star  and  a  moimted  diamond.  The  colors  are  Harvard 
Red  and  Old  Gold.    The  flower  is  the  red  carnation. 


Ij^tti  0ln  Selta 


PHI  Mu  Delta  was  fouadsd  in  June,  1899  at  Wssleyan 
College,  Middletown,  Conn.,  existing  under  the 
name  of  Commons  Club  until  1918.  At  the  national 
convention,  March  4th,  1918,  the  majority  of  the  chapters 
finding  themselves  out  of  sympathy  with  the  previous 
policy  of  the  national  organization,  adopted  the  name  Phi 
Mu  Delta  and  established  a  definite  centralized  organiza- 
tion. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1918.  N  A,  Connecticut  State  College 135 

1918.  N  B,  New  Hampshire  State  College 107 

1918.  N  r,  University  of  Veimont 173 

1918.  M  A,  Union  College  (1918) 42 

Active  chapters  3;  inactive  i;  membership  457. 

The  Union  chapter  became  inactive  during  the  recent 
war. 

A  national  convention  is  held  every  year  during  the 
first  part  of  March.  Each  chapter  sends  two  tmder 
gradxiate  delegates  and  one  altimni  delegate.  The  work  is 
the  fraternity  during  the  year  is  carried  on  by  the  executive 
committee  which  is  made  up  of  the  alumni  and  active 
presidents,  vice-president,  two  secretaries,  treasurer, 
master  of  ceremonies  and  editor  of  the  national  publica- 

^93 


IH^ 


294 


MEN\S  FRATERNITIES 


tions.  The  vice-president  is  an  important  officer  havinj^ 
direct  charge  of  the  relations  with  almnni. 

The  fratemit}^  publishes  a  monthly  paper  known  as  the 
Phi  Mu  Delta  Triangle,  which  at  present  is  being  published 
in  Hartford,  Conn.  In  conjunction  with  the  paper  the 
fraternity  also  publishes  a  magazine  twice  a  year,  in 
December  and  Jime. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  shaped  like  the  Gredc 
letter  Delta,  black  with  gold  margins  upon  which  are  dis- 
played the  letters  <I>  M  A  in  gold,  one  letter  in  each  angle  of 
the  badge;  and  in  the  center  a  jewel  in  triangular  setting. 
The  colors  of  the  fraternity  are  black,  white  and  gold  and 
the  fraternity  flower  is  the  jonquill. 


(Jewish  Students) 


TPHIS  fraternity  was  fotinded  November  lo,   1910   at 
Columbia  University  by  Alfred  laason  assisted  by 
seven  other  students.  • 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1910.  A,  Colimibia  University 65 

1911.  B,  Cornell  University 26 

19 1 3.  r,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 49 

1913.  A,  New  York  University 60 

1914.  E,   Union  University  (N.  Y.) 43 

1916.  Z,  University  of  Pennsylvania 21 

1916.  H,  University  of  Michigan 31 

Active    chapters    7.     Inactive    o.     Membership    295. 

The  New  York  University  chapter  awards  an  annual 
prize  to  the  jimior  student  at  the  New  York  University 
School  of  Commerce  who  excels  in  scholarship  and  general 
influence.  The  Coltimbia  chapter  awards  two  medals 
each  year  for  scholarship. 

The  government  is  through  a  general  annual  conven- 
tion with  control  by  a  Central  Council  between  its 
sessions.  All  the  conventions  have  been  held  in  New  York 
City. 

295 


996 


MBirS  PRATERNJTtES 


There  is  a  periodical  published  called  the  Phi  Sigma 
Delta  QMorterly,  also  the  Bulletin  published  at  irregular 
intervals.  There  is  printed  an  annual  directory  list  of 
members. 

A  cup  is  annually  awarded  to  the  chapter  making  the 
best  record  in  scholarship  and  collegiate  activity. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  "*  S  A" 
obliquely  joined.     The  colors  are  purple  and  white. 


Ij^i  i^igma  ilappa 


This  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  Massachtisetts 
Agricultural  College,  March  15th,  1873,  by  Jabez  W. 
Clay,  Joseph  F.  Barrett,  Henry  Hague,  Xenos  Y.  Clark, 
Frederick  G.  Campbell  and  William  P.  Brooks  of  the  class 
of  1875.  It  was  at  first  known  as  the  'Three  T*s."  In 
1878  the  present  name  was  adopted.  Its  chapters  are  as 
follows: 
1873.      A,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 401 

1888.  B,  Union  University 294 

1889,  r,  Cornell  University 302 

1891.      A,  West  Virginia  University 283 

1893.      E,  Yale  University    303 

1896,  Z,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York 129 

1897,  H,  University  of  Maryland 211 

1897,      0,  Coliunbia  University   229 

1899,       I,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology 147 

1899,      K,  Pennsylvania  State  College 215 

1899,  A,  George  Washington  University 238 

1900,  M,  University  of  Pennsylvania 260 

1901,  N,  Lehigh  University    113 

1902,  S,  Saint  Lawrence  University 149 

1902,  O,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  ....  142 

1903,  n,  FrankUn  and  Marshall  College 150 

1903,      P,  Queen's  University  (Ontario)  (1914) 68 

297 


29.8  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1903,      S,  St.  John's  College  (Maryland) >. . .  143 

1905,  T,  Dartmouth  College    192 

1906,  T,  Brown  University 96 

1906,      *,  Swarthmore  College 139 

1906,  X,  Williams  College 139 

1907,  y,  University  of  Virginia 89 

1909,  Q,  University  of  California 166 

1910,  A  A,  University  of  Illinois    143 

1910,  B  A,  University  of  Minnesota 112 

191 1,  r  A,  Iowa  State  College > . .  89 

1915.  A  A,  University  of  Michigan 106 

191 5.  E  A,  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute 145 

1917.  Z  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 62 

1917.  H  A,  University  of  Nevada 60 

Active  chapters,  30;   inactive,    i;   membership,  5,315. 

The  following  chapters  own  their  houses:  California, 
Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Franklin  and  Marshall, 
Illinois,  Iowa,  Massachusetts  Agricultural,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Pennsylvania,  Stevens,  Williams,  Wisconsin, 
Worcester  Poly,  and  Yale.  Total  houses  16;  total  valxia- 
tion  $349,000. 

The  Alpha  chapter  was  known  as  the  Pi  chapter  from 
1878  to  1891.  Beta  was  estabUshed  as  the  "Alden  March" 
chapter,  the  name  being  taken  from  that  of  the  fotmder  of 
the  Albany  Medical  College,  and  was  chartered  to  initiate 
only  from  the  Medical  Department  of  Union  University; 
in  1 89 1  the  chapter  was  styled  the  Beta  and  was  given 
power  to  initiate  from  all  departments  of  the  University. 
Epsilon,  chartered  as  a  University  chapter  at  Yale,  was 


PHI  SIGMA  KAPPA  299 

reorganized  in  1904  wholly  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School.  A  number  of  the  other  chapters  were  formed 
from  locals. 

In  1894,  the  constitution  was  so  revised  that  the  parts 
relating  to  the  government  by  the  Grand  chapter  were 
made  non-secret,  and  have  since  been  published;  further 
revision  was  made  in  1902.  The  Grand  chapter  is  com- 
posed of  graduates  and  former  students  whose  class  has 
been  graduated,  and  meets  bi-ennially  in  general  conven- 
tion. Chapters  are  allowed  delegates,  one  to  every  ten 
active  members.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a 
Cotmcil  of  six  members  elected  from  the  Grand  chapter, 
while  the  Supreme  Court  of  six  members  is  elected  from 
ex-grand  officers;  both  bodies  are  chosen  by  the  general 
convention.  Charters  for  chapters  and  clubs  are  granted 
by  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
Council  and  ratification  by  the  Convention.  Chapters 
have  power  to  initiate  former  students  at  the  institution 
wherein  they  are  located,  with  the  concurrence  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Cotmcil. 
They  have  power  also  to  initiate  honorary  members  with 
the  concurrence  of  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  Cotmcil  and  the  ratification  of  a  General  Con- 
vention. The  Supreme  Cotirt  has  final  jiuisdiction  on  all 
matters  of  discipline  and  otherwise,  referred  to  it  by  the 
Cotmcil.  Amendments  to  the  constitution  adopted  by  a 
general  convention,  must  be  ratified  by  three-fourths  of 
the  chapters  and  the  clubs;  the  latter  are  formed  from  the 
membership  of  the  Grand  chapter. 


306  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

The  insignia  of  the  fraternity  are  an  onyx  ring,  upon 
which  are  engraved  three  arbitrary  characters,  resembling 
T's  and  a  monogram  badge  of  the  letters  ***  S  K".  The 
pledge  button  consists  of  a  round  badge  of  ma- 
genta enamel  surmotmted  by  the  three  T's.  The 
colors  are  silver  and  magenta  red. 

The  Signet  is  the  name  of  an  octavo  quarterly  issued  to 
therinembers  by  the  Council  and  without  advertisements. 
Three  issues  are  regular  numbers  and  the  fourth  is  a  locality 
directory.  General  catalogues  were  published  in  189 1  and 
1902.    A  song-book  is  in  preparation. 

Among  the  alumni  are:  the  late  Joseph  F.  Barrett, 
oflScer  of  fertilizer  corporations;  Arthur  A.  Brigham, 
Ph.D.,  agriculturist;  William  P.  Brooks,  Ph.D.,  former 
acting  president  of  the  Imperial  College  of  Agricul- 
ture, Japan  and  recipient  of  decoration  by  the  Mikado; 
Albert  F.  Burgess,  M.Sc,  entomologist;  Frederick  G. 
Campbell,  sheep  raiser  of  international  repute;  John  A. 
Cutter,  M.D.,  specialist  in  chronic  diseases;  the  late 
Reverend  Henry  Hague,  dean  of  the  central  convocation  of 
Massachusetts;  Josiah  N.  Hall,  M.D.,  climatologist  and 
internist;  Edwin  H.  Higgins,  congreessman  from  Connec- 
ticut; Charles  S.  Howe,  president  of  the  Case  School  of 
Applied  Science;  Archie  H.  Kirkland,  M.Sc,  entomologist; 
Charles  P.  Loimsbury,  government  entomologist.  Cape 
Town,  South  Africa;  Melville  Davison  Post,  author; 
George  E.  Stone,  botanist  and  Robert  F.  Wafi:iier,  of  the 
Senate  of  the  State  of  New  York,  Professor  Henry  Seidel 
Canby. 


$i  i^ppa  Sflptia 


lii? 


m^i 


K^cN 


npHE  Pi  Kappa  Alpha  fraternity  was  founded  on 
March  i,  1868,  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by 
Frederick  Southgate  Taylor  of  Norfolk.  Closely  asso- 
ciated with  him  in  the  conception  of  its  plan  and  in  its 
organization  were,  Littleton  Walter  Tazewell,  Julian 
Edward  Wood,  James  Benjamin  Sclater  and  Robertson 
Howard.  These  men  had  been  devoted  friends  while 
students  at  the  Virginia  Military  Institute  and  coming 
together  again  at  the  University  crystallized  their  attach- 
ment into  an  enduring  bond. 

Pi  Kappa  Alpha  was  not  organized  as  a  sectional  frater- 
nity but  became  so  by  constitutional  provision  in  1889, 
and  remained  exclusively  southern  until  the  New  Orleans 
Convention  in  1909. 

Like  many  other  fraternities,  Pi  Kappa  Alpha  exper- 
ienced a  hard  and  discouraging  struggle  for  existence  dur* 
ing  its  early  career,  on  account  of  the  disorganization  of 
Southern  colleges  due  to  the  Civil  War.  With  improved 
conditions  in  the  South,  the  fraternity  began  a  steady 
growth,  which  has  resulted,  not  only  in  the  establishing  of 
chapters  where  deemed  advisable  in  the  South,  but  to 
expansion  to  the  North  and  West. 

30X 


30a  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

m 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1868.  A,  University  of  Virginia 297 

1869.  B,  Davidson  College 155 

1871.     r,  College  of  William  and  Mary 148 

1871.     A,  Birmingham — Southern  University 100 

1873.  E,  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute  (1880) 64 

1874.  Z,  University  of  Tennessee 215 

1878.  H,  Tulane  University 92 

1878.  8,  Southwestern  Presbyterian  University 185 

1885.  I,   Hampdeji-Sidney  College 157 

1887.  K,  Transylvania  University 122 

1889.  A,  South  Carolina  Military  Academy  (1890) ...  13 

1890.  M,  Presbyterian  College  of  S.  C.  (1909) 73 

1891.  N,  Wofford  College  (1906) 83 

1891.  S,  University  of  South  Carolina  (1897) 28 

1891.  O,  Richmond  College 100 

1892.  n,  Washington  and  Lee  University 143 

1892.  P,  Cumberland  University  (1908) 163 

1893.  S,  Vanderbilt  University  (1906) 54 

1895.    T,  University  of  North  Carolina no 

1895.  T,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 232 

1896.  *,  Roanoke  College  (1909) 61 

1898.     X,  University  of  the  South  (1910) 57 

1900.  V,  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College 167 

1901.  Q,  Kentucky  University 145 

1901.  A  A,  Trinity  College  (N.  C.) 99 

1902.  A  B,  Centenary  College  (1905) 17 

1903.  A  r,  Louisiana  State  University 103 

1904.  A  A,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 144 

1904.  A  E,  N.  C.  Agricultural  &  Mechanical  College  . .  90 


PI   KAPPA    ALPHA  3^ 

1904.  A  Z,  University  of  Arkansas 117 

1904.  AH,  University  of  Florida i(k> 

1904.  A  9,  University  of  West  Virginia  (1909) 44 

C905.  AI,    Millsaps  College 133 

1905.  A  K,  Missouri  School  of  Mines 106 

1906.  A  A,  Georgetown  College 67 

1908.  AM,  University  of  Georgia  (1915) 76 

1909.  A  N,  University  of  Missouri 139 

1910.  A  S,  University  of  Cincinnati 100 

1910.  A  O,  Southwestern  University 8^5 

1911.  A  n,  Howard  College 77 

1912.  A  P,  Ohio  State  University 137 

1912.  A  2,  University  of  California 119 

1912.  A  T,  University  of  Utah r22 

1912.  A  A,  New  York  University 128 

1913.  A4>,  Iowa  State  College 98 

1913.  A  X,  Syracuse  University 131 

1913.  A  W,  Rutgers  College 89 

1 9 13.  A Q,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College 92 

1913.  B  A,  Pennsylvania  State  College 114 

1914.  BB,   University  of  Washington 94 

1915.  B  r,   University  of  Kansas in 

1915.  B  A,  University  of  New  Mexico 84 

191 5.  B  E,  Western  Reserve  University  64 

1 9 16.  B  Z,  Southern  Methodist  University 47 

1917.  B  H,  University  of  Illinois 65 

1917.  B  0,  Cornell  University 89 

1917.  B  I,  Beloit  College 46 

Active  chapters,  45;  inactive,  12;  membership,  61 51. 


304  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Alabama  Poly., 
Cincinnati,  Cornell,  Hampden-Sidney,  Howard,  Iowa 
State,  Louisiana  State,  North  Carolina,  Ohio  State, 
Rutgers,  Tennessee,  Transylvania  and  Virginia.  Total 
houses  13;  total  valuation  $164,000. 

The  adoption  of  hostile  faculty  regulations  was  responsi- 
ble for  the  death  of  Mu  and  Nu  chapters  and  Epsilon, 
Lambda  and  Xi  were  killed  by  anti-fratemity  laws.  The 
charters  of  Rho,  Phi,  Alpha  Theta  and  Alpha  Mu  were 
withdrawn.  Sigma  and  Alpha  Beta  became  extinct,  both 
from  the  failure  of  their  members  to  return  to  college. 

The  following  chapters  have  been  inactive  at  times: 
Davidson  from  1870  to  1894  on  account  of  anti-fratemity 
laws,  William  and  Mary  from  1878  to  1894,  Birmingham- 
Southern  from  1873  to  1905,  Tennessee  from  1887  to  1892. 
Tulane  from  1884  to  1903,  Kentucky  from  1889  to  1900, 
Richmond  from  1893  to  1901  and  Washington  and  Lee 
from  1898  to  1901. 

The  fraternity  is  governed  between  Conventions  by  a 
Supreme  Coimcil  of  officers  of  the  fraternity.  For  adminis- 
trative purposes  the  fraternity  is  divided  into  ten  districts, 
each  district  embracing  about  sevei^  active  and  aliunni 
chapters  and  presided  over  by  a  District  Princeps.  To 
further  facilitate  the  workings  of  its  organization  and  to 
promote  its  general  welfare,  the  plan  was  adopted  in  191 7, 
of  having  a  resident  alimmus  secretary  in  every  town  or 
commimity,  in  which  there  was  either,  an  active  chapter, 
an  aliunnus  chapter  or  five  or  more  alumni  members. 

The  establishment  of  chapters  is  by  the  unanimous  vote 
of  the  Supreme  Cotmcil  upon  the  recommendation  of  the 


PI  KAPPA   ALPHA  305 

cbl^pteisiin  .the  district  in  which  it  is  to  be  located  and  of 
,thB  District  Princ^ps. 

The  fraternity  also  maintains  a  chapter  house  fund 
.is^ch  is  u$ed  in  assisting  its  chapters  to  purchase  and 
build  chapter  houses. 

In  1891  Robert  A.  Smythe,  of  Lambda  Chapter  imder- 
took  on  his  own  responsibility  the  publication  of  a  bi- 
.monthly  known  as  the  Pi  Kappa  Alpha  Journal,  which 
appeai:ed  throughout  one  year.  In  1892  the  Grand  Coun- 
cil of  the  fraternity  started  The  Shield  and  Diamond^ 
which  has  been  regularly  published  ever  since.  It  ajfpears 
five  times  a  year.  In  1898,  the  publication  of  a  secret 
joujual  called  The  Dagger  and  Key,  containing  the  minutes 
of  the  conventions  and  the  reports  of  oflScers,  was  begun 
and  has  been  maintained  without  interruption.  In  1891 
Robert  A.  Smythe  compiled  a  catalogue  of  the  fraternity 
and  in  1916  John  Graham  Sale  published  The  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha  Fraternity  Register,  a  book  of  900  pages,  containing 
complete  and  exhaustive  lists  of  members,  arranged 
according  to  chapters,  alphabetically  and  geographically, 
together  with  a  history  of  the  fraternity.  In  1906  Lloyd 
R.  Byrne  published  a  Manual  of  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  interest- 
ing and  quite  complete,  but  badly  manufactured.  A  song 
book  is  in  preparation. 

The  design  of  the  badge  is  a  shield  of  white  surmotmted 
by  a  diamond  in  black.  Upon  the  diamond  are  the  three 
capitals  **n  K  A"  in  gold.  In  the  four  comers  of  the  shield 
are  the  small  Greek  letters***  *  k  a.'*  The  colors  of  the 
fraternity  are  garnet  and  old  gold  and  the  flower  the  lily- 
of-the-valley.      Friday    before    the    National    Mothers* 


3o6 


MBirS  FRATERNITIES 


r?  Day  is  celebrated  by  the  fraternity  as  mothers'  day, 
(^  with  appropriate  ceremonies  by  each  chapter.  The 
pledge-button  is  white. 
Among  the  prominent  alxmmi  of  the  fraternity  are: 
Oscar  W.  Underwood,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Alabanoa,  James 
Axistin  Cabell,  author,  Franklin  McNeil,  Chairman  of  the 
Corporation  Commission  of  North  Carolina,  United  States 
Judge  John  A.  Marshall  of  Utah,  Judge  James  M.  Ambler 
of  Baltimore,  Maryland,  Goodrich  Hatton,  General 
Counsel  for  the  Seaboard  Air  Line,  William  Alexander, 
former  Secretary  of  the  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society, 
Judge  Robert  O.  Purdy  of  South  Carolina,  George  Rust  B. 
Michie  and  Robert  Morton  Hughes,  writers  on  legal  topics. 
Robert  H.  Downman  of  New  Orleans,  President  Louisiana 
Cypress  Association,  Theron  Hall  Rice,  Jr.,  Minister  and 
Professor  in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Walter  L. 
Fleming,  professor  and  author,  William  Patton  Kent,  of 
Virginia,  formerly  Consul  to  Germany;  Henry  Dickson 
Brtms,  eye  specialist  and  writer;  Very  Rev.  Robert  K. 
Massie,  Dean  Christ  Church  Cathedral;  Dan  L.  Car- 
michael,  Chicago;  James  Robert  Howerton,  Joseph 
Thomson  McAllister,  James  Gray  McAllister,  Robert  M. 
Bird,  Thomas  Campbell  Darst,  Episcopal  Bishop;  William 
Henry  Stevenson,  Professor  and  Author;  Henry  Ruther- 
ford Houston,  Former  speaker  Virginia  House  of  Dele- 
gates. 


$1  Happa  fill 


pi  Kappa  Phi  was  founded  at  the  College  of  Charleston, 
Charleston,  S.  C,  December  lo,  1904  by  Andrew  A. 
Kro^,  Jr.,   Simon   Fogarty,   Jr.,   and  Lawrence  Harry 
Mixon. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
904.  5.  C  A,  College  of  Charleston 63 

907.  5.  C  B,  Presby.  Coll.  of  South  Carolina  (1912) . .  40 

908.  CcU.  r.  University  of  California 108 

908.  5.  C.  A,  Furman  University  (1912) 36 

910.  N.  C.  E,  Davidson  Colege  (1918) 51 

910.  5.  C.  S.  University  of  South  Carolina  (1913) 33 

911.  5.  C.  Z,  Wofford  College S4 

912.  Ga,  H,  Emory  University 61 

913.  Ohio  0,  Cincinnati  Cons,  of  Music  (1915) 26 

913.  Ga,  I,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 60 

914.  N.  C.  K,  University  of  North  Carolina 38 

915.  Ga,  A,  University  of  Georgia 42 

915.  N.C.M,  Trinity  College 29 

915.  Neb.  N,  University  of  Nebraska S3 

916.  Va.  S,  Roanoke  College 29 

917.  Ala.  O,  University  of  Alabama 31 

918.  Georgia,  n,  Olgethorpe  University 23 

Active  chapters  12;  inactive  5;  membership  776. 

307 


3o8 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


The  govemment  of  the  fraternity  is  through  a  bi-ennial 
convention  with  a  recess  administration  by  a  Supreme 
Council  of  five  officers.  The  last  Convention  was  held  at 
Savannah,  Ga. 

S.  C.  Alpha  chapter  was  inactive  from  191 1  to  1915,  but 
with  the  renewing  of  their  charter  in  191 5  became  one  of 
the  enthusiastic  chapters  of  the  fraternity. 

S.  C.  Beta  and  S.  C.  Delta  chapters  were  revoked  in  191 2 
owing  to  the  rulings  of  the  trustees  of  the  Presbyterian 
CoUege  of  South  Carolina  and  Furman  University  for- 
bidding fraternities  in  these  institutions. 

S.  C.  Sigma  flourished  for  three  years  openly  at  the 
University  of  South  Carolina,  but,  owing  to  state  anti- 
fraternity  laws,  was  forced  to  surrender  charter  in  19 13. 

S.  C.  Zeta  was  inactive  from  1913  to  1916,  due  to  anti- 
fraternity  rulings  of  the  trustees  of  Wofford  College.  The 
ban  being  removed  in  1 916  permitted  the  rejuvenating  of 
this  chapter. 

N.  C.  Epsilon's  chapter  was  revoked  in  1918  due  to 
luifavorable  conditions. 

The  fraternity  journal  was  published  xmder  the  title  of 
the  Pi  Kappa  Phi  Journal  in  1909,  1910  and  191 1.  In 
191 1  the  name  was  changed  to  The  Star  and  Lamp, 


$t  Uambba  $bi 


npHlS  fratefnity  was  founded  at  Yale  University.  March 
21,  1895,  by  Henry  Mark  Fisher,  Louis  Samter  Levy 
and  Frederick  Manfred  Werner. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1895.  I,  Yale  University 72 

1896.  A,  Columbia  University  170 

1896.  B,  College  of  the  City  of  N.  Y.  (1902) . .  .^ 32 

1896.  r,  New  York  University 164 

1896.  A,  Cornell  University 153 

1896.  A  E,  Harvard  University  (1901) 74 

1897.  N,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech.  (1900) 47 

1897.     O,  Chicago  University 58* 

1897.       *,  Union  College  (1900) 42 

191 2.  Z,  University  of  Pennsylvania 118 

1913.  E,  University  of  Michigan   29 

1914.  r  S,  University  of  Pittsburgh 112 

1915.  A,  Lehigh  University 65 

1916.  8,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology 41 

Active  chapters  10;  inactive  4;  membership  1177. 

309 


^  ....--^l^^' 


310 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  through  a  conven- 
tion with  a  recess  administration  by  a  national  executive 
Council,  composed  of  one  representative  from  each  chap- 
ter, and  as  many  alimini  representatives  as  there  are 
chapter  representatives,  these  being  elected  at  large  by  the 
Alunmi  Associations.  National  officers  are  members 
(graduate)  of  the  National  Executive  Cotmcil  and  are 
elected  by  that  body.  Conventions  are  held  annually 
usually  in  New  York. 

Purpose  of  the  founders  in  creating  the  organization,  as 
expressed  in  the  Founder's  Bulletin: — ^*We,  students  pur- 
suing courses  at  American  colleges,  appreciating  the  need 
of  a  fraternity  which  shall  eliminate  all  prejudice  and 
sectarianism,  and  desirous  of  affiliating  oiu'selves  in  spirit, 
in  feeling  and  in  action,  do  hereby  associate  ourselves  in 
this  Pi  Lambda  Phi  fraternity." 

The  official  publications  are:  The  Frater  and  Official 
Directory.  The  open  motto  is:  *'Nostros  amemus." 
The  colors  are:  ** Purple  and  gold.  The  flower  is  the 
woodbine.    The  popular  name  of  fraternity  is  **Pilam." 

Prominent  members:  Louis  K.  Anspacher,  author  and 
playright;  Dr.  Alfred  M.  Hellman,  noted  physician; 
Major  John  F.  W.  Meac^her,  noted  surgeon;  Arthiu: 
Garfield  Hays,  international  lawyer. 


Sj^Hi  WtfiiiUm 


\ 

The  Psi  Upsilon  fraternity  was  founded  in  November, 
1833,  at  Union  College  by,  Samuel  Goodale,  '36; 
Sterling  G.  Hadley,  '36;  Edward  Martindale,  '36 ; 
George  W.  Tuttle.  '36;  Robert  Barnard,  '37;  Charles  W. 
Harvey,  '37,  and  Merwin  H.  Stewart,  '37.  The  society 
grew  out  of  an  association  formed  among  its  members 
for  election  purposes.  The  letters  "V  Y"  were  first 
chosen,  and  a  suitable  motto  was  subsequently  framed 
for  them. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1833-      ®»  Union  University 627 

1837.      A,  New  York  University . .' 620 

1839.  B,  Yale  University 2,702 

1840.  2,  Brown  University 537 

1841.  r,  Amherst  College 870 

1842.  Z,  Dartmouth  College 962 

1842.  A,  Columbia  University 742 

1843.  K,  Bowdoin  College 695 

1843.     y,  Hamilton  College 429 

1843.      S,  Wesleyan  University 852 

311 


rri 


312  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

1850.      A,  Harvard  University  (1872) 184 

1858.      r,  University  of  Rochester 468 

i860.       I,  Kenyon  College 272 

1865.      *,  University  of  Michigan 599 

1869.      Q,  University  of  Chicago 301 

1875.  n,  Syracuse  University ."T 443 

1876.  X,  Cornell  University 475 

1880.  B  B.  Trinity  College 476 

1884.      H,  Lehigh  University  ^r.' 299 

189 1.      T.  University  of  Pennsylvania/. 273 

1891.     M.  University  of  Minnesota 307 

1896.      P.  University  of  Wisconsin 340 

1902.      E,  University  of  California 198 

1910.      O,  University  of  Illinois 334 

1913.  A  A,  Williams  College 88 

1916.  e  0,  University  of  Washington 47 

Active  chapters,  25;  inactive,  i;  membership,  14,140. 

The  following  chapters  own  hoases:  Amherst,  Bowdoin, 
Brown,  California,  Chicago,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Dart- 
mouth, Hamilton,  Lehigh,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  New 
York  University,  Pennsylvania,  Rochester.  Syracuse, 
Trinity,  Union,  Washington,  Wesleyan,  Williams,  Wis- 
consin, Yale.    Total  houses  23;  total  valuation  $667,000. 

The  name  "Theta"  was  chosen  for  the  Union  chapter 
after  the  chapter  at  the  New  York  University  was  formied. 
The  Union  chapter  was  probably  the  first  one  at  that 
college  to  take  members  from  all  four  undergraduate 
classes.  Theretofore  it  had  been  the  custom  to  confine 
the  membership  in  the  fraternities  to  upper  classmen. 


PSl   UPSILON  313 

The  Beta  was  founded  by  William  E.  Robinson,  of  the 
class  of  '41,  who  was  initiated  while  on  a  visit  to  Union 
College  during  his  sophomore  year.  He  chose  the  char- 
ter membeiiB  from  among  the  students  in  the  class  above 
him,  and  kept  his  connection  with  the  chapter  a  secret 
tmtil  elections  were  extended  to  members  of  his  own 
class.  The  Yale  chapter  has  always  been  prominent 
in  the  fraternity,  and  the  first  catalogue  and  first  song 
book  were  published  under  its  auspices.  The  Bowdoin 
chaptiBr  was  formed  from  a  local  society  called  **Q  *," 
organized  a  year  previous.  The  Hamilton  chapter  was 
formed  from  members  of  a  larger  organization  called  the 
«<l  rp  •»  rpjjg  Wesleyan  chapter  was  formed  from  the  K  A  *, 
a  local  society  which  had  originated  in  1840,  and  accepted 
a  charter  from  the  K  S  8,  a  sophomore  society  at  Yale, 
about  a  year  and  a  half  later.  The  Harvard  chapter 
was  formed  as  an  upper  class  society,  but  suspended  in 
1857,  at  a  time  when  the  conflict  between  the  local  clubs 
at  Harvard  and  the  fraternity  chapters  culminated  in  a 
resolution  of  many  of  the  students  not  to  enter  a  frater- 
nity. It  was  revived  in  1870,  but  soon  became  inactive, 
owing  to  its  imsatisfactory  relations  with  the  local  organ- 
izations. The  Rochester  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local 
society  called  the  "Innominata,"  established  in  1854;  a 
history  of  the  chapter  was  published  in  1883. 

The  Chicago  chapter  became  extinct  with  the  uni- 
versity in  1886.  In  1890  the  corporate  name  of  the 
inactive  imiversity  was  formally  changed  to  permit 
of  the  use  of  the  old  name  by  the  new  "University  of  Chi- 
cago," and  in  1897  the  chapter  was  revived  at  the  new 


314  MBirS  FRATERNITIES 

institution  by  the  absorption  of  a  local  society  called 
the  "Q"  club.  The  Syracuse  chapter  was  formed  from 
a  local  society  called  "  Y  K,"  which  had  originated  at  Gen- 
esee College  in  1863  as  a  rival  of  the  Mystical  Seven. 
The  Trinity  chapter  was  formerly  a  local  society  called 
"B  B,"  whose  name  it  bears.  The  Lehigh  chapter  was 
organized  by  two  of  the  professors  from  a  local  society 
*  ©  y.  The  Minnesota  chapter  was  formerly  a  local 
society  called  ©  *,  the  Wisconsin  chapter  was  organized 
from  a  local  society  called  P  K  T,  and  the  Williams 
chapter  from  a  local  A  A. 

Associations  of  aliunni  have  been  formed  at  a  number  of 
the  large  cities.    There  is  also  a  club  in  New  York  City, 

The  first  convention  of  the  fraternity  was  held  in 
1840,  at  New  Haven.  In  1869  an  executive  council  of 
five  members,  residing  in  New  York  and  vicinity,  became 
the  administrative  head  of  the  fraternity.  The  number 
of  members  in  this  Council  has  since  been  increased  to  ten. 

Conventions  have  been  held  yearly. 

Editions  of  the  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  were  issued  in 
1842,  1844,  1847,  1849,  1852,  1855,  1864,  1870,  1879,  1888, 
1902  and  1917.  The  edition  of  1879  was  mentioned  in  the 
introduction  as  having  made  a  great  advance  in  the  art  of 
cataloguing.  The  edition  of  1888  improved  upon  the  high 
standard  set  by  its  predecessor.  The  society  of  Beta  Beta 
issued  a  catalogue  in  1874.  Song  books  of  the  fratemiy 
have  been  issued  in  1849,  1853,  1857,  1861,  1866,  1870, 
1876, 1878, 1881, 1891  and  1909.  A  history  of  the  Upsilon 
chapter,  by  George  A.  Coe,  was  published  in  1883,  and  a 
bibliography,  by  Professor  Fiske,  of  Cornell,  was  issued  in 


PSI   UPSILON  3 IS 

1882,  The  Epitome,  published  in  1884,  by  Albert  P.  Jacobs, 
a  member  of  the  Phi  chapter,  contains  a  full  and  interesting 
accoxmt  of  the  history,  organization,  government,  member 
ship,  social  life  and  property  of  the  fraternity  down  to 
that  date.  The  Diamond,  a  journal  of  the  fraternity,  was 
first  issued  in  January,  1878,  in  four-page  newspaper 
style,  and  as  a  monthly,  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  by  private 
enterprise.  In  December  of  the  same  year  it  was  sur- 
rendered to  the  executive  council,  who  issued  but  one 
ntimber  in  March.  1880.  In  March,  1881,  it  was  revived 
by  a  member  of  the  Union  chapter,  and  in  November, 

1883,  a  brown  cover  was  added.  In  November  it  was 
removed  to  New  York  City,  and  changed  to  the  more 
usual  magazine  form.  It  then  became  a  quarterly,  edited 
by  a  committee  of  members.  After  a  career  of  nearly 
three  years  it  suspended  publication  with  the  first  niunber 
of  Volume  VI  (May,  1887),  and  its  pubUcation  has  not 
been  restmied.  In  1895  an  unofficial  journal,  called  the 
Psi  Upsilon  Review,  was  issued  by  an  alumnxis  of  the 
Michigan  chapter.  It  was  discontinued  after  the  issue 
of  six  numbers,  in  Jime,  1896. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is    a  lozenge,  displaying 

across  its  shorter  diagonal  the  emblem  of  the  clasped 

hands,  with    the  "V"  above  and  the  "T'*  below.    A 

/v    monogram  of  the  letters  is  sometimes  worn  as  a 

/  iA  graduate  symbol.     The  colors  are  garnet  and  gold. 

^w    The  colors  of  the  pledge-button  are  gold  and  red. 

Among  the  prominent  members  of  this  fraternity  are 
the  following:  The  Presidents,  Arthiu*  and  Taft,  U.  S. 
Senators,  Samuel  G.  Arnold,  Charles  H.  Bell,  Cornelius 


ii6  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Cole,  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  Alfred  B.  Kittredge,  Frank  G. 
Ncwlands,  Orris  S.  Feny,  William  P.  Frye,  Joseph  R. 
Hawley,  Anthony  Higgins,  George  B.  Wetmore,  and 
James  W.  Patterson. 

Congressmen,  William  T.  S.  Barry,  Lyman  K.  Bass, 
John  R.  Buck.  Cornelius  Cole,  John  Dalzell,  Benjamm 
T.  Eames,  Constantine  C.  Esty,  Orris  S.  Ferry.  Wal- 
hridge  A.  Field.  William  P.  Frye,  Charles  N.  Fowler, 
Daniel  L.  D.  Granger,  Galusha  A.  Grow,  Joseph  R. 
Hawley,  Waldo  Hut'chins,  George  B.  Loring.  Theodore 
Lyman,  George  W.  Patterson.  John  U.  Pettit,  William 
Walter  Phelps,  Clarkson  N.  Potter.  Alexander  H.  Rice. 
William  W.  Rice,  William  E.  Robinson,  Julius  H.  Seelye, 
James  S.  Havens,  Charles  Q.  Tirrell,  Francis  B.  Harrison, 
Amos  L.  Allen,  and  Eli  Thayer. 

Franklin  Mac  Veagh.  secretary  of  the  Treasury.  Henry 
L.  Stimson,  secretary  of  War;  George  B.  Loring,  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture ;  Edgar  M.  Marble.  Commissioner 
of  Patents ;  Amos  T.  Akerman,  Attorney  General ;  William 

C.  Whitney,  Secretary  of  the  Navy;  Gen.  W.  H.  Fitzhugh 
x^ee* 

United  States  Ministers,  James  B.  Angell,  Turkey; 
Arthur  S.  Hardy,  Spain;  Herbert  W.  Bowen,  Venezuela; 
G.  H.  HoUister,  Hayti;  William  W.  Phelps,  Austria; 
Eugene  Schuyler  and  Eben  Alexander,  Greece,  and  Andrew 

D.  White, *  Germany ;  Gifford  Pinchot  of  the  Conservation 
Association  and  his  successor  Herbert  S.  Graves. 

Governors,  Charles  B.  Andrews,  Simeon  E.  Baldwin 
and  Henry  Roberts,  Connecticut;   Charles  H.  Bell,  New 

^Alib  A  member  of  1  *. 


PSI    UPSIION  317 

Hampshire;  Daniel  H.  Chamberlain,  South  Caxx)UQa; 
Joseph  R.  Hawley,  Connecticut;  Charles  W.  Lippitt, 
Rhode  Island;  Pendleton  Murrah,  Texas;  Benjamin  B. 
Odell,  Jr.,*  New  York;  Benjamin  F.  Prescott,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Alexander  H.  Rice,  Massachusetts. 

Thomas  Durfee,  Chief  Justice  of  Rhode  Island ;  Charles 
Doe,  of  New  Hampshire;  Walbridge  A.  Field  of  Massa- 
chusetts; Charles  P.  Wisewell  of  Maine,  and  Simeon  E. 
Baldwin  and  Charles  B.  Andrews  of  Cor^ecticut;  U.  S 
Judges  Hugh  L.  Bond,  R.  R.  Nelson,  Addison  Brown, 
Le  Baron  B.  Colt,  William  H.  Taft,  Asa  W.  Tenney, 
William  K.  Townsend,  Ehner  B.  Adams,  Augustus  J. 
Ricks,  Walter  H.  Sanborn,  Robert  W.  Archibald,  Joseph 
Bufiington,  Loyal  E.  Knappen  and  Henry  C.  McDowell; 
Francis  N.  Bangs,  Isaac  Dayton,  George  Bliss,  Austin 
Abbott,  Frederic  R.  Coudert,  John  B.  Stanchfidd  and 
Daniel  G.  Rollins,  of  New  York. 

Bishops  Beckwith,  Littlejohn,  Whitaker,  Niles,  J.  A. 
Paddock,  B.  H.  Paddock,  R.  L.  Paddock,  Spalding,  Scar- 
borough, Brown,  Perry,  Seymour,  Knickerbocker,  Leonard, 
Nichols,  Talbot,  Nicholson,  Mott-Williams,  Davies,  Lmes, 
Mackay-Smith,  Brewster,  Elmsted,  Van  Buren,  Partridge, 
and  Darlington,  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 
Other  eminent  clergymen,  the  late  Theodore  T.  Mungerf  of 
New  Haven,  Morton  Dexter,  Maltbie  D.  Babcock,  L. 
Mason  Clarke,  Morgan  Dix,  Robert  S.  Mac  Arthur  and 
Charles  H.  Parkhurst.  Presidents,  White  of  Cornell; 
Seeyle,  of  Amherst;  Angell,  of  Michigan;  Aiken,  of 
Union;     Reed    of    Dickinson;     Bugbee    of    Allegheny; 

*Also  a  member  of  B  e  II.  fAlso  a  member  of  Beto  Theto  Pi. 


3i8 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


Butler,  of  Columbia;   Adams  of  Cornell  and  Wisconsin 
and  Herbert  Welch  of  Ohio  Wesleyan. 

Men  eminent  in  other  walks  of  life  are :  Charles  Dudley 
Warner,  William  Allen  Butler,  Edmund  C.  Stedman, 
Horacio  Alger,  Jr.,  Albion  W.  Tourgee,  John  Kendrick 
Bangs,  Eugene  Schuyler,  William  G.  Stunner,  the  late 
Henry  Stevens,  of  London;  John  G.  Holland,  E.  P. 
Whipple,  Orange  Judd,  of  New  York;  Wm.  Ordway 
Partridge,  the  sculptor;  Richard  Hovey,  the  poet:  John 
Crosby  Brown,  banker;  Poultney  Bigelow,  Timothy  L. 
Woodruff,  Dean  C.  Worcester,  Cornelius  Vanderbilt, 
Herbert  L.  Bridgman,  Secretary  of  the  Peary  Arctic  Club, 
Price  Collier;  Professors,  John  Ordronaux  of  Columbia; 
William  L.  Phelps  of  Yale:  Caleb  T.  Winchester  of 
Wesleyan;  Frederick  P.  Keppel.  Columbia,  James  M. 
Pierce  and  Alexander  Agassiz  of  Harvard. 


d>tgma  jSlIpda  1£piiltn 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  founded  March  9,  1856,  at  the 
University  of  Alabama.  The  founder  was  Noble 
Leslie  De  Votie,  '56,  assisted  by  Nathan  Elams  Cockrell, 
'56;  Samuel  Marion  Dennis,  '57;  Wade  Foster,  '56; 
John  Webb  Kerr,  '56;  John  Barratt  Rudulph,  '56;  Abner 
Edwin  Patton,  \s7.  and  Thomas  Chappell  Cook,  '57. 

Twenty-two  men  were  initiated  in  the  parent  chapter 
before  the  commencement  of  the  war,  and  of  this  number 
nineteen  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  army.  The 
fraternity  was  founded  with  the  idea  of  extension  to 
other  colleges,  and  this  work  was  vigorotisly  carried  on 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  which  caused  the 
majority  of  the  Southern  colleges  to  suspend  operations. 

The  roll  of  chapters  is  as  follows : 

1856.  Ala.  M,  University  of  Alabama 292 

1857.  Tenn,  N,  University  of  Nashville  (1876) 37 

1857.  N,  C.  E,  University  of  North  Carolina 285 

1857.  Vo.  O,  University  of  Virginia 342 

1857.  Ga.  n,  Georgia  Military  Institute  (1865) 40 

1857.  Tenn.  A,  Union  University 48 

319 


320  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

857.  Vo.  K,  College  of  William  and  Mary  (186 1 ) 16 

858.  Ky.  I,  Bethel  College 210 

858.  Tex.  0,  Baylor  University  (1861) 17 

858.  Ky,  X,  Kentucky  Military  Institute  (1887) 159 

858.  D,  C,  P,  George  Washington  University 230 

859.  Ga,  H,  Ogelthorpe  University  (1863) 13 

860.  Tenn.  A,  Cumberland  University 398 

860.  Va,  T,  Hampden-Sidney  College  (1861) ii 

860.  La,  T,  Centenary  College  (1861) 4 

866.  Ga.  B,  University  of  Georgia 490 

866.  Miss,  r,  University  of  Mississippi  (1913) 255 

867.  La,  E,  Louisiana  State  University 195 

867.  *Tenn,  H,  Southwestern  Baptist  University 318 

867.  Va.  2,  Washington  and  Lee  University 236 

868.  S.  C.  4>,  Furman  University  (1898) 120 

869.  Miss.  Z.  Mississippi  College  (1876) 18 

870.  Ga.  ^^  Mercer  University 372 

870.  Ala.  B  B,  Howard  College  (1876) 26 

874.   Va.  9,  Virginia  Military  Institute  (1911) 151 

876.  A^.  C  P  P,  Carolina  Mihtary  Institute  (1877)...    ^2 

877.  Ky.  A,  Forest  Academy  (1878) 9 

878.  Ala.  A  M,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 378 

878.  Tenn.  N,  Vanderbilt  University 42© 

878.  Ala.  I,  Southern  University 300 

879.  Tenn.  K,  University  of  Tennessee 259 

879.  Ga.  A,  N.  Georgia  Agricultural  College  (1888) .  .    7^ 

881.  S.  C.  r.  College  of  Charleston  (1882) g 

881.  Tenn.  Q,  University  of  the  South 324 

881.  Ga.  E,  Emory  College 310 


*This  chapter  was  united  with  TennesMe  Lambda. 


SIGMA    ALPHA    EPSILON  321 

1881.  Tex.  P,  Marvin  College  (1884) • 21 

1882.  S.  C.  A,  South  Carolina  University  (1897) 94 

1882.  Tenn.  Z,  Southwestern  Presbjiierian University. 246 

1882.  Ky.  K,  Central  University 250 

1883.  N.  C.  e,  Davidson  College 253 

1883.  Pa.  A,  Pennsylvania  College 160 

1883.  S.  C.  A,  S.  C.  Militliry  Academy  (1895) 37 

1884.  Fla.  T,  University  of  Florida 102 

1884.  Va.  n,  Emory  and  Henry  College  (1895) : .   57 

1884.  Mo.  A,  University  of  Missoiui 348 

1884.  Va.  T,  Richmond  College  (1887) 10 

1884.  S.  C.  M,  Erskine  College  (1894) 54 

1884.  Tex.  P.  University  of  Texas 264 

1885.  Ky.  E,  South  Kentucky  College  (1887) 9 

1885.  Ohio  2,  Mt.  Union  College 430 

1885.  5.  C.  r,  Wofford  College  (1909) 144 

1886.  La.  Z,  Thatcher  Institute  (1888) 19 

1887.  Mich.  A,  Adrian  College 211 

1887.  Pa.  Q,  Allegheny  College 280 

1887.  Miss.  9,  Miss.  Agricultural  College  (1892) 54 

1887.  Tex.  V,  Southwestern  University  (1888) 9 

1884.  Tex.  B,  Buffalo  Gap  College  (1888) 6 

1889.  Ohio  A,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 270 

1889.  Mich.  I  B,  University  of  Michigan 350 

1889.  Ohio  E,  University  of  Cincinnati 272 

1889.  la.  2,  Simpson  College  (1898) 151 

1890.  Ga.  4>,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 360 

1890.  Pa.  2  <I>,  Dickinson  College 224 

1891.  Col.  X,  University  of  Colorado 275 

1891.  N.  Y.  A,  Cornell  University 350 


yk 


322  MEN*S  FRATERNITIES 

1891.  CoL  Z,  University  of  Denver 255 

1892.  Ind,  A,  Franklin  College 230 

1892.  Cal,  A,  Stanford  University 223 

1892.  Pa,  A  Z,  Pennsylvania  State  College 265 

1892.  Mo.  B,  Washington  University,  Mo 210 

1892.  Mass.  B  T,  Boston  University 350 

1892.  Ohio  0,  Ohio  State  University 291 

1892.  Conn.  A,  Trinity  College  (Connecticut)  (1899). .  33 

1892.  Mass.  I T,  Massachusetts  Inst,  of  Technology . . .  280 

1893.  Mass.  r,  Harvard  University 424 

1893.  hid.  B,  Piu^due  University 290 

1893.  Neb.  A  n,  University  of  Nebraska 320 

1893.  Pa.  Z,  Bucknell  University 202 

1894.  Mass.  A,  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute 310 

1894.  Ark.  A  T,  University  of  Arkansas 265 

1894.  ///.  *r  Q,  Northwestern  University 270 

1894.  Cal.  B,  University  of  California 190 

1895.  N.  Y.  2  *,  St.  Stephen's  College 170 

1895.  N.  Y.  M,  Columbia  University 235 

1897.  La.  T  r,  Tulane  University 199 

1899.  ///.  B,  University  of  Illinois 270 

1900.  Ky.  E,  University  of  Kentucky 222 

1901.  Pa.  9,  University  of  Pennsylvania 268 

1901.  Me.  A,  University  of  Maine 270 

1902.  Minn.  A,  University  of  Minnesota 185 

1903.  Col.  A,  Colorado  School  of  Mines 168 

1903.  Wis.tA,  University  of  Wisconsin 268 

1903.  Kans.  A.  University  of  Kansas 235 

1903.  ///.  0,  University  of  Chicago 190 

1905,  Iowa  B,  University  of  Iowa 162 


SIGMA    ALPHA    EPSILON  323 

1905.  Ohio  P,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 181 

1905.  Iowa  r,  Iowa  State  College 210 

1906.  Wash.  A,  University  of  Washington 200 

1907.  Ind.  r,  University  of  Indiana 185 

1907.  N,  Y.  A,  Syracuse  University 250 

1908.  N.  H,  A,  Dartmouth  College 220 

1909.  Okla.  K,  University  of  Oklahoma 200 

191 1.  Ills.  A,  Millikin  University 150 

191 1.  S.  D,  S,  University  of  South  Dakota 141 

1913.  Pa.  X  O,  University  of  Pittsburgh 140 

1913.  Kans.  B,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College 156 

1915.  Wis.  *,  Beloit  College 85 

1915.  Wash.  B,  Washington  State  College no 

191 5.  Ore.  A,  Oregon  State  College 105 

1917.  Wyotn.  A,  University  of  Wyoming 90 

1917.  Colo.  A,  Colorado  State  College 80 

1917.  Ariz.  A,  University  of  Arizona 65 

1917.  Nev.  A,  University  of  Nevada 130 

1 91 7.  N.  H.B,  New  Hampshire  State  College: 102 

1 199.  A^  Y.  P,  St.  Lawrence  University 55 

1919.  Ohio  M,  Denison  University 40 

1919.  Ohio  T,  Miami  University 80 

1 91 9.  Pa.  *,  Camepe  Institute  of  Technology 60 

1919.  Pa.  r,  Lafayette  College 60 

1919.  Mont.  A,  University  of  Montana 45 

1919.  Idaho  A,  University  of  Idaho 35 

1919.  Ore  B,  University  of  Oregon 34 

Active  chapters,  90;  inactive,  31;  membership,  22,146. 

The  following  chapters  own  their  houses:    Alabama, 

Allegheny,  Beloit,  Bucknell,  Case,  Chicago,  Cincinnati, 


384  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Colorado.  Colorado  Mines,  Columbia,  Cornell  Dartmouth, 
Denver,  Georgia.  Illinois,  Iowa,  Iowa  State,  Kansas, 
Kansas  State,  Maine,  Michijran,  Minnesota,  Missoim, 
Mt.  Union,  Nebraska,  North  Carolina,  Northwestern,  Ohio 
State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Oklahoma,  Pennsylvania,  Pitts- 
burgh, Purdue,  Southern,  S>Tacuse,  Tennessee,  Texas, 
University  of  the  South,  Vanderbilt,  Washington  State 
College,  Washington  State  University,  Wisconsin,  Wor- 
cester Polytechnic,  Total  houses  43,  total  valuation, 
$703,000. 

The  building  ei"ected  at  Alabama  University  is  a 
memorial  to  Noble  L.  DeVotie  the  founder  of  the  Frater- 
nity and  is  used  as  a  lodge  by  the  chapter. 

All  of  the  chapters  existing  in  1861  were  killed 
by  the  Civil  War  except  the  one  at  Colimibian  (now 
George  Washington)  University.  It  died  soon  after, 
but  not  imtil  it  had  revived  other  chapters  at  Cumber- 
land, University  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky  Military 
Institute.  The  chapter  at  the  Georgia  Military  Institute 
continued  active  throughout  the  war,  even  when  the 
cadets  were  in  the  active  service  of  the  Confederacy 
in  the  field.  It  ceased  to  exist  when  they  were  mustered 
out  of  service  in  May,  1865.  The  chapter  at  Union  Uni- 
versity was  probably  first  called  the  Lambda.  It  died 
with  the  war,  and  was  revived  in  1870  under  the  name 
of  Omega,  but  died  with  the  college  two  years  later. 
The  Tennessee  N  was  first  established  at  the  Western 
Military  Institute,  the  undergraduate  department  of  the 
University  of  Nashville.  At  the  death  of  that  institu- 
tion, in  1876,  the  chapter  was  transferred  to  Vanderbilt 


SIGMA    ALPHA    EPSILON  323 

University.  Similarly  Tennessee  H  was  established  at 
the  Southwestern  Baptist  University,  when  it  was  called 
West  Tennessee  College,  and  Louisiana  E  at  the  Louisiana 
State  University,  when  it  was  known  as  the  Louisiana 
State  vSeminar^"  of  Learning  and  Military  Academy. 

The  charters  of  the  cha])tcrs  at  Erskine  College,  Wof- 
ford  College,  Southwestern  University,  Furman  University 
and  Ken  tuck  V  Military  Institute  were  withdrawn  or 
surrendered. 

The  charters  of  the  chapters  at  Pennsylvania  Collegia 
and  Cornell  University  were  withd.awn,  but  they  have 
been  restored  and  the  chapters  are  prosperous.  The 
chapters  at  Howard  College,  Marvin  College,  Mississippi 
College,  Carolina  Military  Institute,  South  Carolina  Mili- 
tary Academy,  Emory  and  Henry,  Mississippi  A.  and  M. 
College,  Erskine  College  and  Wofford  College,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Mississippi  and  South  Carolina  University  were 
killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws. 

The  chapters  were  not  known  by  the  names  of  the  States 
until  after  the  war.  There  was  for  a  time  a  branch  of 
the  chapter  at  the  University  of  Missouri  at  Central 
College,  Mo.,  but  it  did  not  receive  a  charter. 

The  chapter  at  Moimt  Union  College  was  formed  from 
a  chapter  of  ATA,  the  charter  of  which  had 
been  withdrawn,  unjustly,  as  claimed  by  the  active 
members.  The  chapter  at  Louisiana  University  was 
formed  from  a  local  society  called  *  A.  The 
St.  Stephens  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local 
society  called  S  4>,  Pennsylvania  from  T  n,  Maine 
from    1 4>,     Minnesota    from    A  K  *,    Wisconsin    from 


326  iMEN^S  FRATERNITIES 

*  *  O,  Kansas  from  Z  T,  Chicago  from  r  P,  Kentucky 
State  from  *  A,  Case  from  S  P,  George  Washington 
when  revived  from  BAB,  V.  M.  I.  when  revived  from 
A  B.  Florida  when  re\dved  from  AHA,  Dartmouth  from 
X  T  K,  Oklahoma  from  I  T,  Millikin  from  A  2  e,  South 
Dakota  from  P.  H.  P.,  Beloit  from  *  E  n,  Washington 
State  College  from  *  T  and  Oregon  State  College  from  A  Q. 
Some  over  enthusiastic  alumni  in  1905  attempted  to  revive 
the  chapter  at  Simpson  College  by  the  initiation  of  the 
members  of  a  local  called  K  9  V.  This  action  was  repu- 
diated by  the  fraternity  and  the  alimini  implicated  were 
expelled. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  was  at  first  vested  in 
one  chapter,  called  the  grand  chapter,  which  was  respon- 
sible only  to  the  general  conventions.  In  1885  this  sys- 
tem was  replaced  by  a  government  by  a  supreme  cotmcil 
of  six,  since  reduced  to  five.  The  fraternity  is  divided 
for  convenience  of  administration  into  provinces. 

The  grand  chapters  were  Alabama  Mu,  1856-58; 
North  Carolina  Xi,  1858-60;  Virginia  Kappa,  1860-61; 
Virginia  Omicron,  1865-66;  Georgia  Beta,  1869-76; 
Virginia  Sigma,  1877-88,  and  Tennessee  Omega  (Uni- 
versity of  the  South),  1883-85.  The  conventions  are 
now  biennial,  province  conventions  being  held  in  the 
alternate  years. 

Alumni  associations  exist  at  many  of  the  principal  cities. 

The  catalogue  has  been  published  seven  times. :  First,  in 
1859,  compiled  by  the  North  Carolina  chapter  and  printed 
at  Washington;  second,  in  1870,  compiled  by  the  Virginia 
chapter  and  printed  at  Baltimore ;  third,  ini87  7 ,  compiled 


SIGMA    ALPHA    RPSILON  327 

by  the  Kentucky  Military  Institute  chapter,  with  a  supple- 
ment in  1880;  fourth,  in  1887,  compiled  by  the  University 
of  Georgia  chapter;  fifth,  in  1892,  compiled  by  Joseph  D. 
Clemens,  and  sixth,  in  1904,  compiled  by  William  C. 
Levere.  The  seventh  in  19 18.  In  1906  the  publication  of 
an  annual  series  of  letters  from  the  chapters  accompanied 
by  chapters  lists  forming  a  catalogue  was  begun.  A 
Manual  of  information  concerning  the  fraternity  was 
published  at  Los  Angeles  in  1904.  It  was  edited  by 
George  H.  Kress.  It  contains  much  valuable  information, 
but  is  badly  arranged  and  poorly  printed  and  bound.  A 
very  full  and  much  detailed  history  of  the  fraternity  by 
William  C.  Levere  was  published  in  191 1.  It  was  in  three 
large  octavo  voluines  and  is  fully  illustrated.  It  devotes 
much  space  to  the  life  of  Noble  L.  De  Votie,  the  principal 
founder  of  the  fraternity.  A  song  book  was  issued  in  1907. 
In  191 2  William  C.  Levere  published  **  Who's  Who  in 
S.  A.  E.*'  a  series  of  biographical  sketches  of  living  men 
prominent  in  the  fraternity.  Among  other  books  published 
by  the  fraternity  is  "A  Paragraph  History  of  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon"  and  "The  A.  B.  C.  of  S.  A.  E." 

The  journal  of  the  fraternity  is  called  the  Record,  It 
was  first  published  in  March,  1880,  by  Maj.  R.  H.  Wild- 
berger.  It  has  had  a  nimiber  of  editors  and  is  now  a 
quarterly.  A  secret  jotunal,  called  at  first  the  Hustler 
and  since  1894  the  Phi  Alp}ta,  is  also  published.  The 
Lion's  Paw  is  published  as  a  pre-convention  paper  and  a 
convention  daily  is  issued. 

The  badge  is  diamond-shaped,  a  little  less  than  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  bears  on  a  grovmdwork  of  black  enamel 


1     rh 


328  MEN*S  FRATERNITIES 

the  device  of  Minerva,  with  a  lion  crouching  at  her  feet, 
above  which  are  the  letters  **S  A  E"  in  gold.  Below  are 
the  letters  *'*  A'*  on  a  white  ground  in  a  wreath.  The 
colors  of  the  fraternity  ^re  purple  and  old  gold, 
having  been  changed  from  royal  purple  in  1883. 
The  flower  is  the  violet.  The  color  of  the  pledge- 
button  is  white  and  purple. 
Among  the  altunni  are  Wm.  L.  Wilson,  Postmaster 
General;  Daniel  C.  Roper,  first  assistant  postmaster 
general;  Charles  B.  Howry,  U.  S.  Attorney  General; 
and  Jacob  M.  Dickinson,  Secretary  of  War;  Major- 
General  Henry  Jervey  oi  the  United  States  Army;  U.  S. 
Senators  William  A.  Harris,  Key  Pittman,  John  N. 
Heiskell,  William  M.  Kavanaugh,  A.  O.  Stanley,  John 
W.  C.  Beckham,  Bryson  Harrison,  Pleasant  A.  Stovall. 
Minister  to  Switzerland;  Congressmen,  Newton  N. 
Clements,  William  L.  Wilson,  William  H.  Fleming, 
Augustus  O.  Stanley,  Patrick  Henry,  John  W.  Lawson, 
Joseph  C.  Hutcheson,  Thomas  H.  B.  Browne,  James  W. 
Stokes,  Tho3nas  E.  Watson,  Henry  D.  Flood,  George  M. 
Gordon,  Thomas  W.  Sisson,  Stanley  H.  Dent,  Jr.,  Gilbert 
B.  Patterson,  W.  C.  Vail,  and  George  K.  Denton. 

Judge  C.  B.  Howry,  of  the  U.  S.  Court  of  Claims,  and 
Arthur  J.  Tuttle  of  the  U.  S.  District  Court;  Governors 
Vaughan,  of  Utah,  Atkinson,  of  Georgia,  Gilchrist  of 
Florida  and  Beckham,  of  Kentucky,  John  P.  Lee,  Lieuten- 
ant Governor  of  Arkansas;  Thcanas  C.  Barrett,  Lieuten- 
ant Governor  of  Louisiana;  Wilmot  H.  Gibson,  Secretary 
of  State  of  Idaho;  William  W.  Brandon,  State  Auditor  ot 
Alabama;   William  H.  Washington,  Attorney  General  of 


SIGMA    ALPHA    EPSILON 


329 


Tennessee;  Edgar  W.  Sutherlin,  Attorney  General  of 
Lotiisiana;  Thomas  E.  Watson,  Populist  candidate 
for  the  presidency;  Charles  A.  Collier,  President  of 
the  Cotton  States  Exposition;  Samuel  Spencer,  Rail- 
road President,  Robert  F.  Maddox,  Mayor  of  Atlanta; 
Julius  Kruttschnitt,  vice-president  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  System;  John  M.  Glenn,  Secretary  of  the 
Russell  Sage  Fotmdation;  Dr.  Otis  T.  Mason,,  Ethno- 
logist; Henry  Sydnor  Harrison,  the  author  of  **Queed;" 
Wilbur  D.  Steele  and  John  Russell,  widely  known  authors; 
Harr\'  Hansen,  war  correspondent;  Oliver  J.  Bond, 
Superintendent  of  the  South  Carolina  Military  Academy; 
Charles  M.  Bishop,  president  of  Southwestern  University; 
H.  W.  Wright,  president  of  Lake  Forest  University; 
Wm.  H.  McMaster,  president  of  Mt.  Union  College; 
Edward  K.  Graham,  president  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  and  George  R.  Grose,  president  of  DePauw 
University;  W.  T.  Capers,  Episcopal  Bishop  Coadjutor 
of  Western  Texas. 


(Jewish  Students) 


This    fraternity    was    founded    November    26,    1909 
at  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1909.  A,   College  of  the  City  of  New  York 126 

191 1,  B,   Cornell  University 116 

191 1,  r,    Columbia  University 120 

1911.  A,  Long  Island  College  Hospital 94 

1 91 2.  E,   Columbia  University — Medical  Department  80 

1912.  Z,    Cornell  University  Medical  School  (N.  Y.) . .   24 

1913.  H,   Syracuse  University 86 

1914.  0,   University  of  Pennsylvania 95 

1915.  I,    University  of  Kentucky 60 

1915.  K,  University  of  Minnesota 42 

1916,  A,  Harvard  University 60 

1916.  N,  University  of  Buffalo 45 

1917.  S,  Mass.  Institute  of  Technology 40 

1917.  O,  University  of  Cincinnati 45 

1917.  n,  Yale  University 50 

1918.  P,  University  of  Illinois 36 

Active  chapters  16;   inactive  chapters  o;   membership 

1,119. 

330 


SIGMA    A4.PHA    MU 


331 


There  are  altimni  clubs  at  New  York,  Boston,  Philadel- 
phia, Syracuse  and  Rochester. 

The  official  publications  are  The  Octagonian,  a  quarterly, 
and  The  Bulletin,  monthly. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  in  the  usual  form 
of  a  con\'cntion  of  dcle^^ates  held  annually  in  December 
with  an  ad  interim  administration  by  a  board  of  trustees 
of  eight  members,  four  of  whom  arc  elected  each  year. 

The  badge  is  an  octagon  of  black  enamel  displaying 
the  letters  SAM  and  surmounted  by  a  row  of  pearls. 
The  colors  are  purple  and  white. 


■Aril. 


i^igma  Cbi 


§IGMA  Chi  is  one  of  the  '*Miami  Triad,"  as  the  three 
societies  originating  at  Miami  are  frequently  called, 
the  other  members  being  B  0  n  and  *  A  0.  It  was 
established  June  28.  1855,  by  Thomas  C.  Bell,  James  P. 
Caldwell,  Daniel  W.  Cooper.  Benjamin  P.  Runkle, 
Frank  H.  Scobey,  Isaac  M.  Jordan  and  William  L. 
Lockwood,  who,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  named, 
had  been  members  of  the  Kappa  chapter  of  A  K  E.  A 
disagreement  arose  in  that  chapter  in  reference  to  the 
election  of  one  of  its  members  to  an  office  in  a  certain 
literary  society.  The  above-named  persons  refused  to 
cast  their  votes  for  their  brother,  alleging  as  their  reason 
his  incompetency  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  situation. 
The  chapter  being  evenly  divided  on  the  subject,  punish- 
ment could  not  be  extended  to  the  recalcitrants,  and  the 
trouble  ended  by  the  final  volimtary  withdrawal  of  the 
six  persons  named,  who  immediately  organized  another 
society  under  the  name  of  2  4>.  No  explanation  of  the 
adoption  of  that  name  has  ever  been  oflered.  save  that 
no  significance  attaches  because  of  the  identity  of  title 
with  the  fraternity  of  2  *  which  then  existed  at  Union. 

332 


SIGMA    CHI  333 

Of  the  beginning  the  Sigma  Chi  catalogue,  published 
in  1890.  says:  'The  cxwifidence  of  the  founders  of  Sigma 
Chi  was  based  upon  a  belief  that  the  principles  which 
they  professed,  and  the  ideals  of  fraternity  which  they 
sought,  were  but  imperfectly  realized  in  the  organizations 
by  which  they  were  surrounded.  The  establishment  of 
Sigma  Chi  was  a  protest  against  artificiality  and  pretense, 
a  plea  for  personal  independence,  and  for  congeniality 
and  genuine  friendship  as  the  only  natural  basis  of  asso- 
ciation in  a  college  bjx)therhood.  It  was  a  repudiation 
of  tBe  theory  that  would  subordinate  fraternity  to  strength 
of  organization,  or  of  nvunbers,  or  to  any  form  of  under- 
graduate ambition.  The  standard  with  which  the 
fraternity  started  at  the  beginning  was  declared  by  Hon. 
Isaac  M.  Jordan  to  be  that  'of  admitting  no  man  to 
membership  in  it  who  was  not  believed  to  be  a  man  of 
good  character,  of  fair  ability,  of  ambitious  purposes, 
and  of  congenial  disposition.*  It  was  established  upon 
no  narrow  ideal  of  manhood,  but  upon  the  principle 
that  true  strength  lies  in  a  well-rounded  and  symmetrical 
development  of  individual  character."  The  new  fra- 
ternity formulated  a  ritual,  adopted  by-laws,  and  per- 
formed the  other  preliminaries  necessary  to  a  permanent 
institution. 

A  secret  organization  was  maintained  for  a  short  time, 
but  its  existence  having  become  known  it  was  not  ac- 
corded a  hearty  welcome,  and  some  of  its  rivals  entered 
into  a  plan  to  steal  its  ritual  and  records,  which  was 
successfully  done  in  January,  1856.  Thereupon  a  new 
constitution  and  ritual  were  prepared,  and  the  name  £  X 


>«M 


334  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

adopted.  Previous  to  this  time  a  charter  had  been  granted 
to  petitioners  at  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  at  Dela- 
ware, and  on  Christmas-eve,  1855,  the  new  charter  was 
instituted  imder  the  name  Gamma.  On  June  28,  1857, 
the  first  biennial  convention  was  held  in  Cincinnati. 
During  the  same  year  the  Eta  chapter  was  foimded  at 
the  University  of  Mississippi,  and  in  1858,  Iota  was 
established  at  Jefferson  College  and  Lambda  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana.  During  this  year  the  parent  chapter 
at  Miami,  which  was  known  as  Alpha  decided  to  dis- 
band, and  by  common  consent  the  Gamma  was  niade 
its  successor,  the  name  Alpha  being  transferred  to  it, 
by  which  name  it  was  known  until  1892,  when  the 
original  Alpha  was  revived. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows  : 
1855."      A,  Miami  University 214. 

1855.  r,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 486 

1856.  E,  University  of  Nashville  (1857) 9 

1857.  H,  University  of  Mississippi  (1912) 369 

1858.  I,  Jefferson  College  (1869) 71 

1858.  A,  Indiana  University 532 

1859.  N,  Washington  College  (1863) , 29 

1859.       S,  DePauw  University 445 

1859.       O,  Dickinson  College 320 

i860.       n,  Erskine  College  (1861) 38 

i860.       r,  LaGrange  College  (1861) 11 

i860.       *F,  University  of  Virginia 354 

1863.  6,  Pennsylvania  College 247 

1864.  K,  Bucknell  University 415 

1864.       E,  George  Washington  University 259 


i86s. 

P, 

1865. 

T, 

1866. 

z, 

1867. 

*, 

1868. 

M, 

1869. 

Q> 

1869. 

S. 

1871. 

X, 

1872. 

2  2, 

1872. 

T, 

1872. 

n, 

1872. 

A, 

1872. 

N, 

1873- 

B, 

1873. 

B  B, 

1874. 

r  r, 

1874. 

E  E, 

1875. 

A  A, 

1875. 

*  *, 

1876. 

I  I, 

1876. 

Z  Z, 

1877. 

e  e, 

1879. 

X  X, 

1880. 

A  X, 

1880. 

A  B, 

1881. 

K  K. 

1882. 

Z  U^ 

1882. 

A  H, 

1882. 

A  e, 

1882. 

A  r, 

SIGMA    CHI  335 

Butler  College 287 

Pol5rtechnic  College  of  Penn'a  (1876) 92 

Washington  and  Lee  University 254 

Lafayette  College 241 

Denison  University 267 

Northwestern  University 374 

Princeton  University  (1882) 49 

Hanover  College  (191 8) 197 

Hampden-Sidney  College  (1902) 107 

Roanoke  College  (1901) 143 

Howard  College  (1885) 74 

University  of  Georgia 161 

Cumberland  University  (1880) 54 

Wooster  College  (1913) 193 

Mississippi  College  (1874) 25 

Randolph-Macon  College  (1901) 88 

Monmouth  College  (1878) 21 

Purdue  University 353 

University  of  Pennsylvania 259 

University  of  Alabama 86 

Central  University 242 

University  of  Michigan 473 

Southern  University  (1882) 23 

Wabash  College 130 

Richmond  College  (1880) 3 

University  of  Illinois 380 

University  of  Cincinnati 234 

University  of  Iowa 177 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology . . .  304 
Ohio  State  University 319 


SIGMA   CHI  337 

\  University  of  Washington 163 

\  Syracuse  University 125 

\  Colorado  College 224 

I,  University  of  Arkansas 141 

k,  University  of  Montana 163 

:,  University  of  Utah 169 

;,  University  of  North  Dakota 115 

[,  Case  and  Western  Reserve  University 178 

>,  University  of  Pittsburgh 112 

[,  University  of  Oregon ^ 144 

:,  University  of  Oklahoma. 140 

.,  Trinity  College  (N.  C.) 91 

,  University  of  Colorado 78 

\  Brown  University 109 

;,  University  of  New  Mexico 63 

I,  Iowa  State  College 39 

[,  Oregon  State  College 63 

\  Montana  State  College 62 

!,  University  of  Tennessee 52 

ctive  chapters,  71;,  inactive  chapters,  23 ;  member- 

,  17.631. 

he  following  chapters  own  their  houses:  Albion, 
it,  Bucknell,  California,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Denison, 
'auw,  Dickinson,  Illinois,  Illinois  Wesleyan,  Indiana, 
sas,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Maine,  Miami,  Michigan, 
nesota,  Missouri,  New  Mexico,  North  Dakota, 
thwestem,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania, 
isylvania  College,  Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue,  Stan-r 
,  Syracuse,  Utah,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia,  Washington 
e,  Western  Reserve  and  Case,  West  Vriginia,  Wisoo&- 
Total  houses  38;  total  valuatioa  $698,000. 


^ 

T  r. 

\' 

w. 

m 
>• 

B  r. 

• 

QQ, 

s. 

B  A, 

L 

B  E, 

). 

B  Z, 

K 

B  H, 

). 

B  e, 

>. 

B    I, 

t. 

B  K, 

\. 

B  A, 

[' 

BM, 

^. 

BN, 

BS, 

\, 

BO, 

• 

Bn, 

r 

• 

B  P, 

f 
• 

B  2, 

336 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


1882. 

A  Z, 

1882. 

X  'F, 

1883. 

A  E, 

1883. 

A  A. 

1883. 

A  I, 

1883. 

A  K, 

1884. 

A  A, 

1884. 

A  E, 

1884. 

A  N, 

1884. 

A  M. 

1886. 

A  0, 

1886. 

A  n, 

1886. 

A  B. 

1887. 

A  P, 

1888. 

A  S. 

1889. 

A  T, 

1889. 

A  r. 

1890. 

A  4>, 

I89I. 

A  X, 

I89I. 

A  »r, 

1 891. 

A  Q, 

1892. 

A  A, 

1893. 

H  H, 

1893. 

A  A, 

1894. 

N  N, 

1895. 

M  M, 

1896. 

1897. 

0  0, 

1902. 

p  p, 

1903. 

T  T, 

Beloit  College 286 

University  of  Louisiana  (1882) 3 

University  of  Nebraska.  •. 242 

Stevens  Institute  of  Technology  (1891) . . .   24 

Illinois  Wesleyan  University 243 

Hillsdale  College  (1886) 25 

University  of  Wisconsin 289 

University  of  Kansas 351 

University  of  Texas 223 

Virginia  Military  Institute  (1885) 19 

Tiilane  University 141 

Albion  College 266 

University  of  California 230 

Lehigh  University 179 

University  of  Minnesota 230 

University  of  North  Carolina 105 

University  of  Southern  California 182 

Cornell  University 302 

Pennsylvania  State  College 268 

Vandcrbilt  University. 266 

Stanford  University 172 

Hobart  College 139 

Dartmouth  College 391 

Kentucky  State  University 149 

Columbia  University 254 

University  of  West  Virginia 212 

University  of  Missouri 260 

University  of  Chicago 185 

University  of  Maine 225 

Washington  University 130 


SIGMA    CHI 


337 


\  University  of  Washington 163 

\  Syracuse  University 125 

',  Colorado  College 224 

I,  University  of  Arkansas 141 

.,  University  of  Montana 163 

:,  University  of  Utah 169 

;,  University  of  North  Dakota 115 

[,  Case  and  Western  Reserve  University. ...  178 

I,  University  of  Pittsburgh 112 

[,  University  of  Oregon ^ 144 

:,  University  of  Oklahoma. 140 

.,  Trinity  College  (N.  C.) 91 

,  University  of  Colorado 78 

,  BrouTi  University 109 

;,  University  of  New  Mexico 63 

►,  Iowa  State  College 39 

;,  Oregon  State  College 63 

*,  Montana  State  College 62 

;,  University  of  Tennessee 52 

Active  chapters,  71;,  inactive  chapters,  23 ;  member- 
ship, 17,631. 

The  following  chapters  own  their  houses:  Albion, 
Beloit,  Biicknell,  California,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Denison, 
DePauw,  Dickinson,  Illinois,  Illinois  Wesleyan,  Indiana, 
Kansas,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Maine,  Miami,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Missouri,  New  Mexico,  North  Dakota, 
Northwestern,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania  College,  Pennsylvania  State,  Ptirdue,  Stan- 
ford, S\Tacuse,  Utah,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia,  Washington 
State,  Western  Reserve  and  Case,  West  Vriginia,  Wiscon- 
sin.   Total  houses  38;  total  valuation  $698,000. 


1903. 

T  r, 

1904. 

'TV, 

1905- 

B  r. 

1905- 

Q  Q, 

1906. 

B  A, 

1908. 

B  E, 

1909. 

B  Z, 

1909. 

B  H, 

1909. 

B  e, 

I9IO. 

B  I, 

I9I2. 

B  K, 

I9I2. 

B  A, 

I9I4. 

B  M, 

I9I4. 

B  N, 

I9I6. 

B  E, 

I9I6. 

B  0, 

1916. 

B  n, 

I9I7. 

B  P, 

I9I7. 

B  2, 

338  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

The  Miami  house  is  a  memorial  to  the  founders  of  the 
fraternity.  An  endowment  ftmd  for  the  building  of 
chapter  houses  was  established  in  1897. 

All  of  the  Southern  chapters  were  killed  by  the  war. 
Those  at  the  Universities  of  Virginia  and  Mississippi 
were  revived,  the  latter  became  inactive  from  anti- 
fraternity  legislation.  The  Erskine  chapter  was  sidb  rosa 
during  its  brief  existence.  The  Nu  chapter,  at  Washing- 
ton College,  lost  most  of  its  members  by  their  enlistment 
in  the  army,  and  it  was  not  revived  after  its  extinction  in 
1863,  in  view  of  the  approaching  union  of  the  college  with 
Jefferson  College.  The  chapters  at  Princeton,  the 
University  of  Georgia,  Howard  College,  Mississippi  Col* 
lege,  Monmouth  College,  the  University  of  Alabama, 
V.  M.  I.,  Wooster  and  the  University  of  Illinois  were  killed 
by  anti-fraternity  laws,  the  last  named  chapter  being 
revived  in  1891  and  the  Alabama  chapter  in  19 14  (by  the 
absorption  of  a  local  society  called  *  E.)  The  Princeton 
chapter  was  first  established  in  1869.  About  a  year 
thereafter  it  was  disbanded  owing  to  a  beUef  on  the  part 
of  its  members  that  its  charter  had  been  withdrawn. 
It  was  reorganized  in  1875,  and  became  inactive,  owing 
to  the  prevalent  hostiUty  to  the  fraternities. 

The  chapter  at  the  Poljrtechnic  College  of  Pennsylvania 
was  permitted  by  its  charter  to  initiate  students  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1875  these  petitioned  to 
be  made  a  distinct  chapter,  and  their  withdrawal  weakened 
the  parent  chapter  to  such  an  extent  that  it  soon  became 
inactive.  The  University  of  Pennsylvania  chapter  died 
also  a  few  years  later,  but  was  revived  in  1896.    The 


SIGMA    CHI  339 

Denison  chapter  was  sub  rosa  for  many  years,  owing  to 
faculty  opposition.  The  chapters  at  George  Washington 
University,  Hampden-Sidney  College,  Ctmiberland  Uni- 
versity and  Richmond  College  became  inactive  from  what 
the  members  of  the  chapter  deemed  lack  of  suitable 
material  to  carry  them  on.  The  first  named  has  been 
revived.  The  Hampden-Sidney  chapter  was  revived  in 
1890,  but  died  in  1902.  The  North  Carolina  chapter 
became  inactive  in  1900  and  was  revived  in  19 14  by  the 
absorption  of  a  local  2  K  A. 

The  Theta  chapter  in  1874  absorbed  a  chapter  of 
r  B,  located  at  the  Pennsylvania  College,  and  indirectly 
caused  the  disruption  of  that  entire  fraternity.  The 
Kappa  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  society  called  the 
Iota,  the  Wabash  chapter  from  a  similar  organization 
called  the  ''Athenaeum,'*  and  the  Beloit  chapter  from 
a  local  called  Q  2  0.  The  Omega  chapter  was  formerly 
a  chapter  of  K  *  A,  the  Sigma  Chi  petitioners  having 
first  obtained  a  charter  from  that  fraternity  in  order  to 
maintain  their  organization.  The  Washington  Univer- 
sity, Albion  and  Chicago  chapters  were  formed  from 
local  organizations  not  bearing  Greek  names.  The  Dart- 
mouth chapter  was  formerly  the  society  of  *  Z  M,  which 
had  maintained  a  successful  career  since  1857  in  the 
Chandler  Scientific  School.  The  Maine  chapter  was 
formed  from  the  A  P,  the  Syracuse  chapter  from  X  A  S, 
the  Case  and  Western  Reserve  chapter,  which  is  a  joint 
chapter  located  at  both  institutions  which  adjoin  each 
other,  from  K  T  *  at  Case  and  X  O  at  Western  Reserve, 
the   Utah    chapter   from    A  2.    The   Montana    chapter 


340  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

was  formed  from  H  *  M,  the  Oklahoma  chapter  from  A  X. 
the  Colorado  chapter  from  8  T  and  the  Brown  chapter 
from  the  old  Kappa  chapter  of  X  *  which  had  existed  as 
a  local  society  from  1895  having  been  originally  established 
in  1872. 

The  Purdue  chapter  was  the  means  of  bringing  the 
question  of  faculty  opposition  to  the  fraternities  to  a 
judicial  determination,  and  its  long  struggle  with  the 
college  authorities  and  its  final  triumph  form '  a  most 
interesting  chapter  in   the  history  of  the  fraternities. 

The  chapter  at  the  Southern  University  became  inactive 
by  reason  of  the  failure  of  any  of  its  members  to  return 
to  college  after  the  close  of  a  vacation,  and  the  same 
reason  may  be  assigned  for  the  death  of  the  chapters  at 
Roanoke,  Randolph-Macon  and  North  Carohna.  The 
charter  of  the  Hillsdale  chapter  was  withdrawn.  The 
Miami,  Illinois,  Georgia  and  Lehigh  chapters  have  all 
been  inactive  for  a  period. 

A  imique  feature  in  the  history  of  Sigma  Chi,  and  one 
which  has  no  parallel  in  the  records  of  other  fraternities. 
was  the  existence,  during  the  war,  of  a  chapter  in  the 
Confederate  army,  composed  of  members  serving  under 
Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  in  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 
It  was  called  the  **Constantine  chapter,**  and  was  organ- 
ized by  several  Sigma  Chi  comrades  for  the  purpose  of 
perpetuating  the  fraternity  in  the  South  during  the  most 
intense  period  of  the  war.  It  made  a  few  initiations, 
was  never  officially  chartered  by  the  fraternity,  and  be 
came  inactive  upon  the  disbanding  of  the  army. 


SIGMA    CHI  341 

*  The  alumni  of  the  fraternity  have  formed  graduate 
chapters  at  many  of  the  important  cities.  There  is  an 
association  known  as  the  Harvard  Group  of  the  members 
of  the  fraternity  connected  with  that  University. 

Previous  to  1882,  the  executive  government  of  the 
fraternity  was  vested  in  the  parent  chapter,  subordinate  to 
the  decrees  of  the  general  convention,  and  to  the  votes  of  a 
majority  of  the  chapters  during  the  recess  of  that  assembly. 
In  1882  the  administration  of  the  fraternity's  affairs 
was  placed  in  the  hands  of  an  executive  council,  com- 
posed of  graduates,  and  the  fraternity  has  been  prosper- 
ous imder  its  guidance.  In  1897  this  system  was  some- 
what modified  in  details.  The  present  system  of  govern- 
ment is  through  a  biennial  convention  called  a  Grand 
Chapter  with  an  ad  interim  government  by  a  Grand 
Council  made  up  of  general  officers  and  some  others, 
and  an  executive  committee  of  five.  The  officials  are 
named  by  designations  peculiar  to  2  X. 

The  fraternity  was  incorporated  in  1899  under  the  laws 
of  Illinois  as  "The  Grand  Council  of  the  Sigma  Chi 
Fraternity." 

A  preliminary  catalogue  was  published  in  1872,  fol- 
lowed by  the  first  regular  edition  in  1876.  It  contained  a 
mere  list  of  1750  names.  The  next  edition,  after  hav- 
ing been  in  preparation  for  several  years,  was  issued  in 
1890.  It  contained  a  history  of  the  fraternity  and  rather 
full  data  concerning  each  member. 

In  1902  a  residence  directory  was  published  containing 
chapter  rolls,  geographical  and  alphabetical  indices  and 
the  history  brought  down  to  date.     In  1908  a  combined 


34a  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

Mantial  and  Directory,  edited  by  Fred  A.  Ferine  was  pub- 
lished at  Chicago.  Similar  volumes  were  published  at 
the  same  place  in  1910  and  1912.  A  hand  book,  a  manual 
of  information  for  members  only,  appeared  in  1905. 

A  history  of  the  Omega  chapter,  published  in  1885  at 
Chicago,  is  very  frank  and  interesting.  A  song  book 
was  published  in  1884  under  the  auspices  of  the  Wooster 
chapter.  Later  editions  were  issued  in  1898,  1894  and 
1909. 

The  journal  of  the  fraternity,  called  at  first,  the  Sigma 
Chi,  was  issued  under  the  editorship  of  the  Theta  chapter, 
in  188 1,  as  a  bi-monthly.  After  the  publication  of  three 
volumes  at  Gettysburg*  it  was  transferred  to  Hanover, 
Ind.,  and  in  1884  to  Chicago,  where  it  has  since  been 
published,  except  from  1898  to  1903,  when  it  was  issued  at 
Albion.  Mich.,  practically  under  the  same  management. 
In  1887  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Sigma  Chi  Quarterly. 
In  1887  the  fratenity  made  a  new  departure  in  fratenJty 
journalism  by  commencing  the  publication  of  a  secret 
monthly  journal  called  The  Bulletin,  printed  on  thin  paper 
and  sent  to  members  in  sealed  envelopes,  and  which 
contained  matters  deemed  too  private  for  insertion  in 
the  quarterly  journal,  which  was  read  by  outsiders  as 
well  as  members  of  the  fraternity.  The  Bulletin  was  a 
happy  thought,  and  has  been  very  successful. 

The  badge  of  the  Sigma  Chi  is  a  cross  of  gold 
and  white  enamel.  In  the  center  is  an  elliptical 
plate  of  black  enamel  displaying  the  letters  "2  X**  in  gold. 
On  the  upper  arm  of  the  cross  are  two  crossed  keys;  on 
the  right  arm  a  scroll,  and  on  the  left  an  eagle's  head.    On 


SIGMA    CHI  343 

the  lower  arm  is  a  pair  of  clasped  hands  above  seven  stars. 
Two  small  chains  connect  the  upper  arm  of  the  cross  with 
the  horizontal  bar.  The  colors  are  blue  and  gold.  The 
flower  is  the  white  rose.  The  flag  consists  of  two 
mm/  bars,  blue  and  gold,  displaying  the  2  X  cross. 
\^/  r^Yie  colors  of  the  pledge-button  are  blue  and 
white. 

*Among  the  prominent  members  of  the  fraternity  are: 
Cabinet  officers,  Walter  L.  Fisher,  Secretary  of  the  Interior ; 
George  D.  Meiklejohn,  Assistant  Secretary  of  War; 
George  H.  Gorman,  Assistant  Attorney  General. 

U.  S.  Senators  Alpheus  Felch  and  Johnson  M.  Camden. 
Congressmen,  Isaac  M.  Jordan,  William  Allen,  David  H. 
Mercer,  George  D.  Meiklejohn,  Edmund  H.  Hinshaw, 
Patrick,  O.  Hawes,  John  B.  Storm,  Lincoln  Dixon, 
David  K.  Watson,  George  L.  Yaple,  Arch  Lybrand, 
James  S.  Smart,  William  G.  Stahlnecker,  Edward  C. 
Venable,  John  H.  O'Neall,  George  W.  Cooper,  LaFayette 
Pence,  John  C.  Kyle,  Thomas  Spight,  Frank  L.  Coombs, 
Joseph  E.  Thropp,  Henry  A.  Cooper,  Francis  R.  Lassiter, 
James  F.  Burke,  Frank  T.  Shaw,  Frank  A.  McLain, 
Thomas  Reed  Cobb,  Thomas  Stout,  Harry  S.  New. 

Robert  S.  McCormick,  Ambassador  to  France,  Russia 
and  Austria;  Luther  Short,  Minister  to  Turkey;  Judsdn 
Kilpatrick,  Minister  to  Chili;  George  W.  Caruth, 
Minister  to  Portugal  and  Brand  Whitlock,  Minister  to 
Belgium. 

*Bz  President  Cleveland  is  not  included  in  this  list  because  he  was  not  an 
midergnMluate  membei  but  was  initiated  after  he  became  president. 


H^B 


344  MBirS  FRATERNITIES 

Governors,  John  M.  Hamilton  of  Illinois;  Andrew  H. 
Longino  of  Mississippi;  Alpheus  Felch  of  Michigan; 
William  E.  Glasscock  of  West  Virginia;  Charles  H. 
Aldrich  of  Nebraska  and  Isaac  P.  Gray  of  Indiana. 
Lieutenant  Governors,  James  T.  Ellyson  of  Virginia; 
Edmtind  B.  Fairchild  of  Michigan;  Harry  L.  Gordon  of 
Ohio;  Thomas  Hanna  of  Indiana;  James  T.  Harrison  of 
Mississippi,  Robert  S.  Robertson  of  Indiana;  Francis  G. 
Higgins  of  Montana. 

Judges  of  State  Supreme  Covuls,  Richard  W.  Walker, 
and  John  R.  Tyson,  Alabama;  James  H.  Price  and  Frank 
A,  McLain,  Mississippi;  Michael  W.  Jacobs  and  John  P. 
Elkins,  Pennsylvania;  George  W.  Caruth,  Arkansas; 
William  W.  Chase,  New  Hampshire;  Fletcher  M.  Doan, 
Arizona;  Leander  J.  Monks,  Oscar  H.  Montgomery, 
Cyrus  F.  McNutt  and  Quincy  A.  Myers,  Indiana. 

Among  college  presidents  are  James  H.  Smart,  Pur- 
due; Richard  C.  Hughes,  Ripon;  George  H.  Denny, 
Alabama;  Richard  H.  Jesse,  Missouri;  John  F.  Goucher, 
Woman's  College  of  Baltimore;  Edmund  B.  Fairchild, 
Nebraska;  Scot  Butler,  Butler;  John  H.  Harris,  Buck- 
nell;  Robert  G.  Ferguson,  Westminster;  Oscar  J.  Craig, 
Montana;  George  L.  Machintosh,  Wabash;  John  G. 
Bowman,  Iowa;  Winfield  S.  Matthews,  Southern  Cali- 
fornia; J.  M.  Hamilton,  Montana  State  College;  E.  H. 
Lindley,  University  of  Idaho;  E.  O.  Holland,  Washing- 
ton State  College. 

Authors,  writers  and  journalists,  George  Ade,  Booth 
Tarkington,  Brand  Whitlock,  Walter  Malone,  John  R. 
Soott,  Robert  S.  MacKenzie,  Edgar  L.  Wakeman,  Benja- 


SIGMA    CHI 


345 


xnin  G.  Lovejoy,  Edwin  Lefevre,  Thomas  C.  Shotwell  of 
the  New  York  Journal;  Wythe  Williams,  war  correspon- 
dent; Sttiart  A.  Walker,  John  T.  McCutcheon,  cartoonist 
of  Chicago  Tribufte;  Fontaine  T.  Fox,  Jr.,  cartoonist  of 
Chicago  Evening  Post, 

Publishers,  William  A.  Harper,  Charles  W.  Merrill  of 
the  Bobbs  Merrill  Co. 

Among  others  Burr  Mcintosh,  the  actor  and  publisher; 
James  E.  Deering,  president  of  International  Harvester 
Co.;  John  M.  Studebaker,  manufacturer  of  South  Bend, 
Ind.;  Alfred  I.  DuPont,  Maurice  DuPont  and  Thomas 
C.  DuPont  of  Delaware;  John  F.  Miller,  vice-president 
of  the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Co.;  John  E.  Watkins, 
superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum;  John  J. 
Piatt,  Librarian  of  Congress;  William  A.  Stead,  Attorney 
General  of  Illinois;  Merrill  Moores,  Indiana;  Stephen  T. 
Mather,  Director  of  National  Parks;  Walker  D.  Hines, 
Director  General  of  Railroads. 


i^igma  3ota 

(Spanish-American  Students) 

'T'HE  Sipna  Iota  Fraternity  was  established  in  1904  at 
the  Louisiana  State  University,  Baton  Rouge,  La., 
as  a  secret  society  for  the  Spanish-American  students, 
under  the  name  of  "Sociedad  Hispano-americana."  In 
191 1  it  was  changed  to  a  Greek  Letter  Fraternity. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

A  A,  Louisiana  State  University 

N  A,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 

N  B,  vSyracuse  Unix^ersity 

N  r,  Rensselear  Pol>'technic  Inst 

N  A,  Atlanta  Medical  School 

N  Z,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

E  A,  Universite  de  Geneva  (Switzerland) 

E  B,  Universite  de  Liege  (Liege,  Belgium) 

r  A,  Universidad  de  Guatemala  (Guatemala,  C.  A.) . . 


346 


AfQtna  ^u 


■yHE  Sigma  Nu  fraternity  was  founded  January  i, 
1869,  at  the  Virginia  Military  Institute.  The  fall 
of  1866,  and  the  two  years  followTng,  brought  to  the 
Institute  a  large  body  of  students,  who,  although  still 
boys  in  years  were  men  of  experience,  many  having  been 
in  the  Confederate  army.  The  times  were  still  troubled, 
and  a  general  feeling  oi  resilessr.ess  pervaded  the  Insti- 
tute. Numerous  organizations  were  formed,  and  out  of 
one  of  these  grew  the  Sigma  Nu  fraternity.  The  imme- 
diate cause  of  the  organization  was  opposition  to  tlie 
parent  chapter  of  A  T  Q,  founded  in  1865. 

The  founder  ot  £  N  was  James  Frank  Hopkins,  of 
Mablevale,  Ark.,  assisted  by  J.  W.  Hopson,  of  Memphis, 
Tenn.;  Greenfield  Quarles,  of  Helena,  Ark.,  and  J.  M. 
Riley,  of  St.  Lotus,  but  a  native  of  Kentucky.  An 
organization  was  perfected,  and  a  constitution,  badge, 
signs  and  symbols  were  adopted,  and  vigorous  measures 
for  establishing  of  other  chapters  were  undertaken. 
Success  was  not  easily  won  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
chapters  first  established  were  sub  rosa.  In  1883  but  tbiee 
were  active.  The  fraternity  then  took  a  firm  grip  on 
347 


348 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


things  and  since  then  its  growth  has  been  steady  and  its 

progress  consistent. 
The  roll 'of  chapters  is  as  follows: 

1869.      A,  Virginia  Mihtary  Institute  (191 1) 201 

i,  University  of  Virginia 208 

,  University  of  Georgia 356 

),  University  of  Alabama 432 

[,  Howard  College 289 

:,  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College 331 

.,  Washington  and  Lee  University 205 

;,  Central  University  (1901) loi 

1,  Bethany  College 169 

[,  Mercer  University 307 

f,  University  of  ICansas 334 

:,  Emory  College 319 

),  Bethel  College  (1904) 133 

[,  Lehigh  University 211 

>,  South  Carolina  University  (1897) 58 

^  University  of  Missouri 334 

I,  Vanderbilt  University 261 

',  South  Carolina  Military  Academy  (1891) . .  36 

',  University  of  Texas 236 

S  Louisiana  State  University 203 

:,  Cornell  College,  Iowa  (1913) 156 

',  University  of  North  Carolina 185 

►,  Ttdane  University 142 

L,  Yale  University  (1892) 43 

\,  University  of  the  South  (1893) 25 

t,  DePauw University 237 

),  Alabama  Polytechmc  Institute 273 


1870. 

1873. 
1874. 
1879. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1883. 

1884. 
1884. 
1884. 

1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1886. 
1886. 
1886. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1888. 

1888.  B  ^ 

1889.  B  A 

1889.  B  O 

1890.  B  B 
1890.  Be 


B, 
M, 

e. 
I, 

K, 

A, 

Zi 

E, 
H, 

N, 

s:, 
o, 
n, 

A, 
P, 
S, 
T, 
T, 

^f 
X, 

v. 


I89I. 

B  r, 

I89I. 

B  A, 

I89I. 

B  E. 

I89I. 

B  Z, 

I89I. 

B  N, 

I89I. 

B  X, 

1891. 

Ae, 

1892. 

BH, 

1892. 

BI, 

1892. 

BK. 

1892. 

B  A. 

1892. 

B'F, 

1893. 

BM, 

i894* 

B  S, 

1894. 

BP, 

1895. 

rp. 

1895. 

BT, 

1895. 

BT. 

1895. 

rr, 

1896. 

PA, 

1896. 

PX, 

1898. 

PB. 

1898. 

BS, 

1900. 

PA, 

1900. 

P  E, 

1900. 

P  z, 

1901. 

PH, 

1901. 

pe, 

1902. 

p  I, 

1902. 

PK. 

SIGMA    NU  349 

Missouri  Valley  College  (1896) 16 

Drake  University  (1894) 15 

Upper  Iowa  University  (1894) 9 

Purdue  University 282 

Ohio  State  University 263 

Stanford  University 213 

Lombard  College 185 

Indiana  University 282 

Mt.  Union  College 292 

Southwest  Kansas  College  (1897) 33 

Central  College,  Missouri  (1902) 57 

University  of  California 253 

University  of  Iowa 250 

William- Jewell  College 191 

University  of  Pennsylvania 228 

University  of  Chicago 186 

North  Carolina  A.  &  M.  College 166 

Rose  Polytechnic  Institute 169 

Albion  College 219 

Georgia  School  of  Technology 269 

University  of  Washington 221 

Northwestern  University 217 

University  of  Vermont 212 

Stevens  Institute  of  Technology 154 

Lafayette  College 177 

University  of  Oregon 159 

Colorado  School  of  Mines 151 

Cornell  University 238 

Kentucky  State  University 124 

University  of  Colorado 170 


3 so  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

902.  r  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 237 

902.  r  M,  University  of  Illinois 242 

902.  r  N,  University  of  Michigan 229 

903.  r  E,  Missouri  School  of  Mines 140 

903.  r  O,  Washington  University,  Mo 115 

904.  r  n,  West  Virginia  University 168 

904.  r  S,  Iowa  State  College 131 

904.  r  T,  University  of  Minnesota 137 

904.  r  T,  University  of  Arkansas 142 

905.  r  <>,  University  of  Montana 135 

906.  r  y,  Syracuse  University    168 

907.  A  A,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science loi 

907.  A  B,  Dartmouth  College 179 

908.  A  r,  Columbia  University 159 

909.  A  A,  Pennsylvania  State  College 158 

909.  A  E,  University  of  Oklahoma 150 

909.  A  Z,  Western  Reserve  University 96 

909.  A  H,  University  of  Nebraska 126 

910.  A  I,  Washington  State  College 134 

910.  A  K,  Delaware  State  College 151 

912.  A  A,  Brown  University 102 

913.  A  M,  Stetson  University 92 

913.  B  K,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College 130 

913.  A  N,  University  ot  Maine 159 

914.  A  S,  University  of  Nevada 43 

915.  A  O,  University  of  Idaho 99 

915.  A  n,  George  Washington  University 100 

915.  A  P,  Colorado  Agricultural  CoUej^e 83 

916.  A  2,  Came</ie  Institute  of  Technology 93 

917.  A  T,  Oregon  Agricultural  Collie 68 


SIGMA    NU  351 

1917.  A  Y,  Colgate  University 63 

1917.  A  4>,  Maryland  State  College 44 

1918.  A  X,  Trinity  College 50 

1918.  A  ^\  Bowdoin  College 52 

1918.  E  A,  University  of  Arizona 32 

Deductions  for  names  counted  more  than  once  873. 

Active  chapters  79,  inactive  13.     Membership  14,621. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Alabama,  Beth- 
any, Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  DePauw,  Delaware, 
Emor\%  Howard,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Iowa  State,  Kansas, 
Kansas  State,  Lehigh,  Lombard,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Michi- 
gan, Minnesota,  Missouri,  Mount  Union,  New  Hampshire, 
North  Carolina,  Northwestern,  Ohio  State,  Oregon, 
Pennsylvania,  Piu'due,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Vermont, 
Washington  State,  University  of  Washington,  William 
Jewell,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses  '36;  total  valuation 
8522,000. 

The  chapters  at  first  were  not  given  Greek-letter  names, 
but  were  designated  by  Roman  numerals  in  the  order  of 
their  establishment.  The  parent  chapter  granted  a  wide 
license  to  members  to  establish  branches;  and  two  chap- 
ters, Gamma,  at  the  Bailey  Law  School,  and  Delta,  at  Tar- 
boro,  N.  C,  the  latter  consisting  of  young  business  men  of 
the  town,  were  formed  in  a  somewhat  irregular  way. 
Gamma  admitted  but  one  member.  Delta  was  not 
considered  as  having  a  place  in  the  fraternity  roll  at  all. 
Both  chapters  were  almost  immediately  withdrawn.  In 
1879  the  Alpha  chapter  alone  survived. 

In  1 88 1  with  the  establishing  of  Kappa  chapter  at  Dahlo- 
nega,  Ga.,  the  fraternity  improved  its  condition,  and 


352  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

with  the  establishment  of  Lambda,  at  Washington  and 
Lee,  in  1882,  and  with  but  three  chapters  in  existence, 
Alpha,  Kappa  and  Lambda,  began  the  publication  of  a 
journal  called  the  Sigma  Nu  Delta,  the  triangular  name 
being  suggested  by  the  trio  of  active  chapters. 

Alpha,  at  the  Virginia  Military  Institute,  was  killed  in 
1888  by  anti-fratemity  laws;  was  revived  in  1909  but  is 
now  inactive  due  to  anti-fratemity  rules.  Mu,  at  the 
University  of  Georgia;  Theta,  at  the  University  of 
Alabama,  and  Iota  at  Howard  College  were  killed  by  anti- 
fratemity  laws  while  Epsilon  at  Bethany  College  and  Sigma 
at  Vanderbilt  University  died  from  indifference  but  all 
these  chapters  have  been  revived. 

Chi,  at  Cornell  College,  Iowa;  Tau,  at  the  South 
Carolina  Military  Academy;  Delta,  at  the  South  Carolina 
University;  Beta  Lambda,  at  Central  College,  Mo.;  Beta 
Gamma  at  Missouri  Valley  CoUege;  Beta  Epsilon  at 
Upper  Iowa  University,  and  Beta  Delta,  Drake  Univer- 
sity, were  all  killed  by  college  or  trustee  opposition  and 
have  not  been  revived.  Omicron,  Bethel  College,  K}.., 
was  withdrawn  owing  to  the  decline  of  the  college;  Beta 
Alpha  at  Yale,  was  withdrawn  when  it  was  discovered  that 
the  Yale  customs  were  not  compatible  with  the  customs  of 
Sigma  Nu  in  opposition  to  becoming  a  class  societ\'. 
Beta  Omicron,  at  the  University  of  the  South,  died  from 
internal  dissension  and  has  not  been  revived.  Beta  Kappa 
at  the  Southwest  Kansas  College  became  dormant  owing 
to  faculty  opposition  and  the  charter  has  been  given  to 
the  Kansas  State  College  at  Manhattan,  Kans. ,  and  the 
Southwest  College  men  given  alumni  connection  therein. 


SIGMA  NV 


353 


Zeta,  at  Central  University,  Ky.,  disbanded  upon  the 
merging  of  the  university  with  the  Center  College  at 
Danville.  » 

Alumni  chapters  have  been  established  in  many  of  the 
principal  cities. 

The  fraternity  has  a  fund  to  assist  chapters  in  securing 
homes  of  their  own. 

The  early  form  of  government  in  the  fraternity,  and 
which  remained  in  force  tmtil  1884,  was  through  a  grand 
lodge,  the  executive  officers  of  which  were  called  the 
regent  and  vice-regent,  elected  every  five  years  by  state 
presidents,  who  were  in  turn  chosen  by  the  chapters.  J. 
M.  Riley  was  the  first  regent  and  J.  F.  Hopkins  the  first 
vice-regent. 

This  system  was  changed  in  1884  to  the  familiar  one 
of  an  executive  body  called  the  High  Council,  with  Divi- 
sion Inspectors,  these  latter  being  subordinate  administra- 
tive officers  having  jurisdiction  over  the  chapters  within 
eight  districts,  into  which  the  territory  covered  by  the 
fraternity  is  divided. 

The  principal  publication  of  the  fraternity  has  been  a 
periodical  journal  called  the  Delta.  This  was  fotmded  in 
April,  1883,  by  John  Alexander  Howard,  at  Dahlonega, 
Ga.  In  1884  it  was  transferred  to  Lawrence,  Kansas,  in 
1890  to  Hiawatha,  Kansas,  in  1894  to  Richmond,  Ky.,  in 
.1911  to  Deland,  Fla.,  and  in  19 13  to  Columbus,  Ohio. 
The  Alimmi  in  New  York  City  publishes  a  quarterly 
called  "The  Fifth  Point." 

The  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  has  been  published  by 
Grant  W.  Harrington,  of  Hiawatha,  Kansas,  in  1890,  and 


354  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

in  1894,  by  F.  H.  Heywood,  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1902. 
by  S.  F.  Pegues  of  Chicago  in  191 1,  and  the  latest  edition 
was  issued  through  R.  L.  Polk  &  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  in 
1 9 18.  A  song  book  has  also  been  published  by  Dr.  Isador 
Dyer  of  New  Orleans  in  19 10.  A  history  and  manual  is 
in  preparation. 

The  badge  is  from  a  design  made  by  J.  F.  Hopkins. 

It  is  of  gold,  with  five  white  arms  meeting  in  a  center  of 

black  enamel,  on  which  is  coiled  a  golden  serpent;   each 

arm  displays  a  pair  of  crossed  swords  and  a  letter. 

forming  the  sequence  **S  N  K  T  T."    The  colors 

of  the  pledge- button  are  gold,  black  and  white. 

The  color  originally  chosen  for  the  fraternity  was  sky- 
blue,  but  it  has  since  been  superseded  by  black,  white  and 
^}  .  j  gold.  In  1892,  the  fraternity  chose  as  a  distinctive 
*  emblem  the  white  rose.  The  first  Stmday  in  November 
in  each  year  is  observed  as  a  Memorial  day. 

The  fraternity  has  no  honorary  members.  Among  its 
more  prominent  alumni  are  the  following:  U.  S.  Senator 
L.  H.  Ball  of  Delaware;  Governors  George  A.  Calrson  of 
Colorado,  Sidney  J.  Catts  of  Florida,  and  Westmoreland 
Davis  of  Virginia;  Congressmen  H.  D.  Clavlon  (now  U.  S. 
District  Judge),  J.  P.  Stallings  and  H.  B.  SteagaU  of 
Alabama,  Col.  Betram  F.  Clayton  of  New  York,  Oscar 
Bland  of  Indiana,  Tazewell  EUett  of  Virginia,  Samuel 
Barney  of  Wisconsin,  Harvey  Helm  of  Kentucky,  W.  H. 
Heald  of  Delaware,  George  K.  Favrot  of  Louisiana, 
Charles  J.  Edwards  of  Georgia,  and  C.  N.  McArthiu*  of 
Oregon;  A.  H.  Alford  of  Idaho,  Speaker  of  the  House; 
Walter  Murphy  of  North  Carolina,  Speaker  of  the  House; 


SIGMA   NV  3S5 

M.  L.  Smith  of  South  Carolina,  speaker  of  the  House; 
Wade  H.  Ellis  of  Ohio;  Harvey  H.  Hanna,  Attorney 
General  of  Tennessee;  Richard  J.  Hopkins,  Attorney 
General  of  Kansas;  J.  Q.  Smith,  Attorney  General  of 
Alabama;  Borden  Burr  of  Alabama,  Chairman  State 
Democratic  Committee  and  National  Committeman; 
W.  P.  Cobb,  Secretary  of  the  State  of  Alabama;  Dr. 
Thomas  M.  Owen,  State  Historian  of  Alabama;  L.  O. 
Gardner  and  Onnond  Somerville,  Supreme  Court  Judges 
of  Alabama;  and  John  A.  Graham,  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Court  of  Civil  Appeals  of  Texas ;  Generals  George  S.  Gibbs. 
Signal  Corps;  George  Allen,  Field  Artillery,  and  Robert  F. 
Steiner,  Infantry. 

Dr.  Isadore  Dyer  of  New  Orleans,  Leprologist;  Archi- 
bald Henderson,  Biographer  of  Bernard  Shaw;  Dr.  E.  S. 
Meany,  Secretary  of  the  American  Historical  Society;  Lee 
Worsham  of  Georgia,  President  of  the  Nattual  Conserva- 
tion Congress;  Frank  Aydelotte,  Secretary  of  the  Rhodes 
Scholarship  Trust;  Bruce  R.  Pajrne,  President  of  Peabody 
Teachers'  College,  Nashville,  Tenn.;  J.  C.  Woodward, 
President  of  Georgia  Military  Institute;  Dr.  George 
Harter,  President  of  Delaware  State  College;  Marion 
Letcher,  U.  S.  Consul  at  Chihuahua,  Mexico;  C.  C.  Lyon, 
War  Correspondent;  Zane  Grey,  Novelist;  Maurice  V. 
Samuels,  Playwright;  Archie  Austin  Coates,  Poet;  Rev. 
Paul  Mansfield  Spencer,  Pastor  of  the  Church  of  the 
Strangers,  New  York  City. 


i^igma  Ij^i 


CIGMA  PHI  was  founded  at  Union  College,  March 
4.  1827,  by  Thomas  F.  Bowie,  '27,  John  T.  Bowie, 
'29,  Thomas  S.  Witherspoon,  '28.  and  Charles  T.  Crom- 
well, '27.  It  is  next  to  the  oldest  of  the  modem  Greek- 
letter  fraternities,  and  was  the  first  of  them  to  establish 
a  branch  chapter  in  another  college.  The  fraternity 
has  grown  very  slowly,  and  in  the  matter  of  extension 
has  heretofore  exhibited  an  intense  conservatism.  The 
chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1827.  N,  Y.  A,  Union  College 501 

1831.  N.  y.  B,  Hamilton  College 491 

1834.  Mass,  A,  Williams  College 466 

1835.  N.  Y,  r.  New  York  University  (1848) 77 

1840.  N.  y.  A,  Hobart  College 392 

1845.  Vt.  A,  University  of  Vermont 372 

1853.  N.  J,  A,  Princeton  University  (1858) 45 

1858.  Mich.  A,  University  of  Michigan 343 

1887.  Pa.  A,  Lehigh  University 173 

1890.  N.  Y.  E,  Cornell  University 177 

1908.  Wis.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 60 

1912.  Cal.  A,  University  of  California 77 

Active  chapters,  10;  inactive,  2;  membership,  3,174. 

356 


SIGMA    PHI  357 

The  following  chapters  own  houses :  Cornell,  Hamilton . 
Hobart,  Lehigh,  Michigan,  Union,  Vermont,  Williams, 
Wisconsin.    Total  houses  9;  total  valuation  $261,000. 

Each  chapter  is  incorporated  under  the  law  of  its 
own  State,  and  the  fraternity  as  a  whole  was  incor- 
porated under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1885. 
The  house  of  the  Williams  chapter  was.  at  the  time  of  its 
erection,  the  first  chapter  house  built  of  the  modem  style 
and  comprising  a  dormitory.  It  contained  a 
memorial  of  the  deceased  Princeton  chapter.  It 
was  burned  in  1893,  and  was  replaced  in  1895.  The 
chapter  at  New  York  University  surrendered  its 
charter  in  the  belief  that  a  successful  chapter  could 
not  be  maintained  in  a  city  college,  where  the  students 
met  only  at  recitations.  The  Princeton  chapter  was 
killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws.  The  Williams  chapter 
was  formed  from  a  local  society  called  the  "*  A," 
the  Lehigh  chapter  from  a  similar  organization  called  the 
"B  B",  and  the  California  chapter  from  a  local  club  called 
"La  Junta." 

The  government  of  the  Society  as  a  whole  is  vested 
in  an  annual  convention  of  delegates  from  the  chapters, 
which  meets  with  each  chapter  in  tiun  at  the  time  and 
place  appointed  by  that  chapter.  During  the  interim 
between  conventions  the  society's  affairs  are  conducted 
by  a  Standing  Committee  composed  of  a  chairman 
appointed  by  the  convention  and  members  appointed  by 
each  chapter.  This  Committee  maintains  a  central  office 
and  a  paid  secretary  in  New  York  City.  Prior  to  1887 
annual  conventions  were  held  at  Schenectady,  N  .Y.,  on 
the  4th  of  March. 


35^  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Retinions  of  the  alumni  are  frequently  held  in  New 
York,  Detroit,  Boston,  Rochester,  Philadelphia.  Washing- 
ton, Utica,  Buffalo,  San  Francisco,  Seattle,  Los  Angeles, 
Minneapolis,  and  Chicago.    There  are  no  alumni  chapters. 

While  each  fraternity  claims  for  itself  that  its  alumni  are 
more  than  usually  loyal,  yet  each  would  probably  be  glad 
to  see  an  increase  in  the  strength  of  the  tie  that  unites  its 
graduate  and  undergraduate  members,  and  Sigma  Phi 
is  really  entitled  to  pre-eminence  in  this  respect.  There 
are  no  honorary  members. 

The  catalogue  of  the  society  has  been  issued  in  1834, 
1837,  1841,  1844,  1846,  1850,  1853,  1856,  185Q,  1862, 
1865,  1870,  1876,  1880,  1884,  1892  and  1915.  It  was  the 
first  society  to  print  a  geographical  distribution  of  its 
membership  in  its  catalogue.  Collections  of  songs,  the 
last  one  published  in  Boston  in  1909,  with  music  as  well  as 
words,  and  an  occasional  reunion  address,  have  been 
printed  for  private  circulation.  The  society  distributes 
annually  to  its  members  a  pamphlet  report  and  address  list. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  made  by 
y^\  placing  the  "S"  over  the  "<>.'*  The  former 
is  usually  jeweled.  The  colors  are  light  blue  and 
while. 

The  color  of  the  pledge-buttons  are  light  blue  and 
white. 

Among  the  prominent  alumni  of  the  fraternity  are: 
Vice-President  James  S.  Sherman;  U.  S.  Senators  J.  J. 
Ingalls,  and  Elihu  Root;  Charles  J.  Folger,  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury;  Elihu  Root,  Secretary  of  War  and 
of  State;    John  J.  Knox,  Comptroller  of  the  Currency; 


Ijpr 


SIGMA   PHI  359^ 

A.  D.  White,  U.  S.  Minister  to  Germany;  John  Bigdow, 
to  France;  John  N.  Pomeroy,  of  California. 

Congressmen  Thomas  F.  Bowie,  John  Cochrane,  C.  B. 
Cochrane,  C.  P.  Shaw,  T.  T.  Davis,  Charles  B.  Sedgwick, 
Andrew  Oliver,  G.  C.  Walker,  A.  B.  Olin,  A.  H.  Laflin,  O. 
Cole,  Samuel  Knox,  J.  Mullen,  W.  W.  Campbell,  E. 
Einstein,  T.  A.  Merriman,  A.  B.  Darragh,  James  S.  Sher- 
man, C.  A.  Talcott,  Norman  J.  Gould  and  Henry  E. 
Barbour. 

Andrew  D.  White,  President  of  Cornell ;  M.  H.  Buckham, 
of  the  Univej^ty  of  Vermont;  G.  W.  Eaton,  of  Colgate 
University ;  John  LeConte,  of  the  University  of  CaUf omia ; 
M.  W.  Stryker,  of  Hamilton  College;  W.  A.  Shanklin,  of 
Wesleyan  University  and  Israel  W.  Andrews  and  Geo  W. 
Hinman  of  Marietta. 

Governors  Beall  of  Wisconsin;  Hoffman  of  New  York; 
Hartranft  of  Pennsylvania;  Walker  of  Virginia  and  Foss 
of  Massachusetts.  Generals,  Daniel  Butterfield,  Lewis 
Benedict,  William  H.  Ludlow  and  William  vS.  Peirce. 
Admirals,  NicoU  Ludlow  and  A.  S.  Kenny.  Monsignor 
Thos.  S.  Preston;  Bishops  Worthington  of  Nebraska, 
Wells  of  Spokane  and  Cheney  of  Chicago.  General 
Emmons  Clark,  A.  Oakey  Hall,  Joel  B.  Erhardt  and  John 
E.  Parsons  of  New  York  City. 

Professors  Whitney  of  Yale;  A.  C.  Kendrick  of  Roches- 
ter; Elias  Peissner,  John  Foster  and  Howard  Opdyke  of 
Union;  Oren  Root  and  Arthur  P.  Saxmders  of  Hamilton; 
Jas.  R.  Wheeler  of  Columbia;  Mortimer  E.  Cooley 
and  C.  S.  Denison  of  the  University  of  Michigan;  Brainerd 
G.  Smith  and  Geo.  P.  Bristol  of  Cornell;   Theo.  Sterling 


56o 


MEirS  FRATERNITIES 


of  Kenyon;  Matthew  Hale  of  the  Albany  Law  School; 
Thos.  S.  Hastings  and  Geo.  W.  Knox  of  the  Union  Theo- 
logical Seaninary  and  Anson  J.  Upson,  Chancellor  of 
the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York. 

Editors,  Robt.  W.  Patterson  of  the  Chicago  Tribune; 
Chester  S.  Lord  of  the  New  York  Sun;  and  G.  W.  Hinman 
of  the  Chicago  Inter-ocean;  Rev.  Chas.  A.  Stoddard  of  the 
New  York  Observer;  and  Henry  M.  Field,  editor  of  the 
EvangeUst  and  author;  Dr.  Lewis  A.  Sayre,  the  surgeon; 
United  States  District  Judges,  P.  L.  Wickes  apd  C.  P.  On* 
of  Pennsylvania;  and  Charles  H.  Duell  of  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

Chief  Justice  George  F.  Comstock  of  the  New  York 
Court  of  Ap]Deals,  Orsamus  Cole  of  the  Wisconsin  Supreme 
Court  and  John  H.  Denison  of  the  Colorado  Supreme 
Court. 


ibigma  $()t  €psiilon 


V 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Richmond  College, 
Richmond,  Va.,  in  November,  1901,  by  Carter  A. 
Jenkins,  '02;  Benjamin  D.  Gaw,  '04;  W.  Hugh  Carter, 
'02;  William  A.  Wallace,  '03;  Thomas  T.  Wright,  '04; 
and  William  L.  Phillips,  '03,  the  basis  of  the  organization 
being  a  society  called  the  * 'Saturday  Night  Club." 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1901.  Va.  A,  Richmond  College iii 

1902.  Va.  B,  University  College  of  Medicine  (1904) ...     3 

1902.  Pa.  A,  Washington  and  Jefiferson  College(i9o6) .   25 

1903.  W.  Va.  A,  Bethany  College  (1905) 10 

1903.  Va.  r,  Roanoke  College  (1906) 13 

1903.  W.  Va.  B,  University  of  West  Virginia 157 

1903.  Pa.  B,  Jefiferson  Medical  College  (191 1) 84 

1903.  Pa,  r.  University  of  Pittsburgh,  (191 1) 74 

1903.  ///.  A,  University  of  Illinois 165 

1904.  Colo.  A,  University  of  Colorado 175 

1904.  Pa.  A,  University  of  Pennsylvania 199 

1904.  S.  C.  A,  University  of  South  Carolina  (1906) ...   13 

1904.  Va.  A,  College  of  William  and  Mary 105 

1905.  N.  C.  B,  North  Carolina  State  College 81 

361 


362  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1905.  Ohio  A,  Ohio  Northern  University 305 

1905.  Ohio  B,  Wittenberg  College  (1907) 7 

1905.  Indiana  A,  Purdue  University 171 

1905.  N.  Y,  A,  Syracuse  University 182 

1906.  Va,  E,  Washington  and  Lee  University 103 

1906.  Va.  Z.  Randolph-Macon  College 94 

1907.  Ga,  A.  Georgia  School  of  Technology 136 

1907.  Dela,  A,  Delaware  State  College 127 

1907.  Va,  H,  University  of  Virginia 83 

1907.  Ark.  A,  University  of  Arkansas 90 

1907.  Pa,  E,  Lehigh  University 123 

1908.  Va,  0,  Virginia  Military  Institute  (191 1) 44 

1908.  Ohio  r,  Ohio  State  University 140 

1908.  Vt,  A,  Norwich  University 145 

1908.  Pa,  Z,  Allegheny  College  (1908) 13 

1908.  Ala,  A,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 128 

1909.  N,  C,  r,  Trinity  College  ,N.  C 75 

1909.  N,  H.  A,  Dartmouth  College 144 

1909.  D.  of  C,  A,  George  Washington  University 115 

1910.  Kan,  A,  Baker  University 129 

1910.  Cal,  A,  University  of  California 112 

1911.  Neb.  A,  University  of  Nebraska 137 

1912.  Wash,  A,  The  State  College  of  Washington 124 

1912.  Mass,  A,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. . .  iii 

1912.  Ohio  A,  College  of  Wooster  (1913) 33 

1912.  N.  Y.  B,  Cornell  University 137 

1912.  R,  I.  A,  Brown  University 43 

1912.  Mich.  A,  University  of  Michigan 124 

1913.  Iowa  A,  Iowa  Wesleyan  College 78 

1913.  Colo.  B,  University  of  Denver 125 


SIGMA    PHI   EPSILON  363 

1913.  Tenn.  A,  University  of  Tennessee 79 

1914.  Mo,  A,  University  of  Missouri 91 

1915.  Wis.  A,  Lawrence  College 91 

191 5.  Penn.U,  Pennsylvania  State  College 95 

191 5.  Ohio  E,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 79 

191 5.  Colo,  r,  Colorado  Agricultural  College 78 

1916.  Minn.  A,  University  of  Minnesota 68 

1916.  Iowa  B,  Iowa  State  College 65 

1917.  Iowa  r,  University  of  Iowa 59 

1918.  Mont.  A,  University  of  Montana 34 

1918.  Oreg.  A,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 62 

1918.  Kan.  B,  Kansas  Agricultural  College 55 

Active  chapters  45 ;  inactive  1 1 ;  membership  5449. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Baker,  Cornell, 
Dartmouth,  Michigan,  Norwich,  Ohio  Northern,  Penn- 
sylvania, Purdue,  Syracuse,  Washington  State,  Total 
houses,  10;   total  valuation  $151,000. 

The  Wooster  chapter  was  killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws. 
The  South  Carolina  Chapter  was  sub  rosa.  Its  charter 
was  withdrawn. 

Originally  the  chapters  were  named  by  giving  the  state 
a  Greek  name  and  the  chapters  in  the  state  a  Greek  name 
in  the  order  of  establishment.  At  the  Chicago  Conclave 
in  April  1908,  the  Greek  names  for  the  states  were  dis- 
continued and  the  state  name  given. 

During  the  first  two  years  of  its  existence  the  parent 
chapter  met  with  much  opposition  even  to  attacks  on  its 
meeting  rooms.  At  the  time  of  its  inception  few,  if  any 
ministerial  students  were  made  fraternity  men  in  Rich- 
mond.   2  *  E  admitted  several  to  membership.     This 


564  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

departure  coupled  with  the  fact  that  the  badge  was 
heart-shaped  caused  them  to  be  called  the  "Sacred 
Hearts/* 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  was  vested  in  the 
parent  chapter  until  December,  1903,  when  the  first  con- 
vention or  '*Grand  Council''  assembled.  As  usual,  this 
consisted  of  one  delegate  from  each  chapter.  Until  1908, 
the  matter  of  granting  charters  was  in  the  hands  of  a 
committee  of  three,  known  as  the  Charter  Committee, 
when  the  committee  was  increased  to  five  and  named  the 
Executive  Committee.  This  body  governs  the  fraternity 
between  Conclaves.  The  fraternity  was  incorporated  in 
1902.  fn  October  1910,  the  fraternity  was  divided  into 
four  districts,  each  to  be  in  charge  of  a  Deputy,  in  191 4  a 
redistricting  increased  the  number  to  eleven. 

Several  of  the  early  chapters  were  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  becoming  chapters  of  2  *  E,  but  most  of  the  latter 
ones  were  local  clubs  or  fraternities.  Virginia  Beta  was  a 
local  called  *  I  2.  Pennsylvania  Delta  was  organized  to 
form  a  chapter  of  2  *  E,  but  when  the  chapter  of  Q  n  A 
resigned  from  that  fraternity,  twelve  of  its  fifteen 
members  were  initiated  into  2  *  E.  The  Pennsylvania 
Gamma  chapter  became  a  chapter  of  the  medical  fraternity 
A  K  K.  The  Ohio  Alpha  chapter  grew  out  of  a  chapter  of 
0  N  E.  The  Syracuse  chapter  was  the  local  Adelphian 
society  and  Randolph-Macon  the  Midnight  Marauders. 
The  Georgia  *'Tech*'  chapter  was  a  local  social  club  and 
the  Delaware  chapter  a  local  called  A  X.  The  Arkansas 
chapte. ,  as  a  local,  was  for  a  number  of  years  called  A  Z  4> 
and  then  A  A. 


SIGMA    PHI  EPSILON  365 

The  Lehigh  chapter  was  formed  by  the  resigning  mem- 
bers of  Q  n  A.  Most  of  the  other  chapters  were  formed  by 
absorbing  locals. 

The  Cornell  chapter  existed  for  five  years  as  a  chapter  of 
0  A  *.  By  mutual  agreement  the  law  students  withdrew 
and  the  remaining  members  became  the  N.  Y.  B  chapter. 
The  chapter  at  Brown  was  formed  from  a  society  called 
HAS  organized  in  19 10.  Later  it  affiliated  with  a  local 
of  the  same  name  at  Clark  University  and  this  union  lasted 
vmtil  the  Brown  Society  petitioned  S  *  E. 

The  fraternity  has  one  alimini  chapter  at  Denver  and 
associations  of  alumni  have  been  formed  at  Chicago,  Pitts- 
burgh, Boston,  New  York,  Washington,  Norfolk,  Atlanta, 
Richmond,  and  Birmingham,  Ala. 

Conclaves  have  been  held  at  Richmond,  Va.,  1904-1907 ; 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  Washington,  Pa.,  1905;  Philadelphia, 
1906;  Chicago,  1908;  Washington,  D.  C,  1910;  Detroit, 
Mich.,  1912;    Atlanta,  Ga.,  1914. 

Since  April  1908  a  paid  secretary  giving  his  entire  time  to 
the  work  has  been  employed. 

A  catalog  of  the  fraternity  was  published  in  April,  191 1, 
showing  the  date  of  initiation,  full  name  and  address, 
general  and  chapter  numbers  and  whether  or  not  a  gradu- 
ate of  every  initiate  as  well  as  the  name,  address  and 
occupation  of  the  alunmi.     A  second  edition  was  issued  in 

1915. 
A  history  of  each  chapter,  as  well  as  a  history  of  the 

fraternity  is  now  in  preparation. 

The  fraternity  issues  a  quarterly  periodical  called  the 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon  Journal.     It  was  published  at  Rich- 


366 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


mond,  Va.,  until  1910,  then  removed  to  Menasha,  Wis., 
for  one  year  then  returned  to  Richmond,  from  thence  to 
Lawrence,  Kans.,  and  Columbia,  Mo. 
The  badge  is  heart  shaped,  displaying  the  skuU  and 
cross-bones  and  the  letters  "2  4>  E"  in  gold  on  a 
background  of  black  enamel.    The  colors  are  pur- 
ple and  red.    The  pledge  button  is  red  and  gold. 


ibigma  pbi  i^tsma 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, April  13,  1908  by  Bryce  H.  Long,  Percy  H. 
Wood,  and  Guy  P.  Needham. 

The  chapter  roll  is: 

1908.  A,  University  of  Pennsylvania^ 136 

1910.  r,  Cornell  University 142 

1916.  A,  Maryland  State  College 68 

1916.  E,  University  of  California 131 

1919.  Z,  University  of  Illinois 61 

1919.  B,  Pennsylvania  State  College 64 

Active  chapters  6 ;  inactive  o.     Membership  602 . 

The  Gamma  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  society 
known  as  the  Cayuga  Club,  the  Delta  chapter  from  I  S, 
the  Epsilon  chapter  from  a  society  called  the  Casimir  Club, 
the  Zeta  chapter  from  an  organization  known  as  the  Acan- 
thus Fraternity,  the  Beta  chapter  from  I  X  A. 

The  Cornell  chapter  owns  a  house  ($35,000). 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  General 
Assembly  com])osed  of  the  past  and  present  Potentates  of 
the  chapters.  This  body  holds  annual  conventions. 
Dimng  the  intervals  between  conventions  the  govemmen- 

367 


368 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


tal  affairs  are  in  the  hands  of  a  Governing  Board  which  is 
composed  of  seven  members  of  the  General  Assembly. 

A  fraternity  paper  known  as  the  Sigma  Phi  Sigma  News 
was  published  until  191 5.  It  was  then  superseded  by  a 
quarterly  publication  known  as  the  Sigma  Phi  Sigma 
Monad. 

A  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  containing  a  list  of  the 
names  and  addresses  of  all  members  so  far  as  known  was 
issued  in  1916.     A  new  edition  was  issued  in  1919. 

The  colors  of  the  fraternity  are  white  and  gold.  The 
flowers  are  daffodils  and  lily-of-the-valley. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters 

0**2*2.*'  The  pledge  button  is  white  sur- 
rounded by  a  line  of  gold  and  divided  by  the 
sign  of  the  Monad  in  gold. 


ibfgma  $i 


T^HIS  fraternity  grew  out  of  the  union  or  consolidation 
of  the  local  societies,  viz:  S  n  at  the  University 
of  Vincennes,  4>  K  *  at  Ohio  State  University  and  the 
Sphinx  Club  of  the  University  of  Illinois.  A  meeting  of 
delegates  from  these  organizations  was  held  in  May  1908 
but  a  permanent  union  was  not  effected  until  a  year  later 
in  May  1909  when  delegates  from  these  sodeties  and  two 
others,  viz:  S  A  of  the  Temple  University  in  Philadelphia 
and  S  O  n  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  effected  a 
permanent  organization  and  adopted  a  constitution  and 
ritual. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1897.  A,  University  of  Vincennes  (1910) 75 

1908.  *,  University  of  Illinois 165 

1908.  r,  Ohio  State  University 166 

1909.  K,  Temple  University  (1918) 97 

1909.  A,  University  of  Pennsylvania 81 

1910.  E,  Ohio  University 127 

1912.  Z,  Ohio  Northern  University 170 

1912.  H,  Purdue  University 151 

1912.  0,  Pennsylvania  State  College 105 

1913.  1,    University  of  California 125 

1916.  A,  Kenyon  College 53 

369 


370  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

1917.  M,  Cornell  University 77 

1918.  N,  Franklin  and  Marshall  College 47 

1918.  S,  University  of  Iowa 34 

Active  chapters  12;  inactive  2;  membership  1473. 

The  chapters  at  Cornell  and  Purdue  owti  houses,  total 
valuation  $55,000. 

The  Epsilon  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  society 
called  S  e  r  and  the  Zeta  from  *  X  H^.  The  University 
of  Pennsylvania  chapter  was  inactive  for  a  time. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  quarterly  called  the  Efnerald, 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  through  a  Council 
called  the  **Cjrand  Chapter'*  comprising  several  national 
officers  and  an  executive  committee.  The  convention 
called  a  ** convocation**  meets  biennially. 

The  badge  is  a  Greek  cross  of  gold  bearing  in  the  center 
an  oval  of  blue  with  an  emerald  in  the  center  between  the 
letters  S  and  n.  The  corners  of  the  cross  display  respec- 
tively a  scroll,  a  balance,  a  wreath  and  ten  stars.  The 
flag  is  a  pennant  having  a  lavender  field  displaying  the 
letters  2  n  in  white. 

The  colors  are  lavender  and  white,  with  gold  as  an 
auxiliar^^ 

The  flower  is  the  lavender  orchid,  with  the  lilac  and 
white  rose  together  as  alternate.  The  goldenrod  may  be 
used  as  auxiliarv. 


tlTau  Selta  pbi 

(Jewish  Students) 

npHE  Tau  Delta  Phi  is  a  fraternity  composed  of  Jewish 
college  men.     It  was  founded  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York  in  19 lo. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1910.  A,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York. 
1 91 4.  r,  New  York  University. 

1917.  E;  Boston  University. 
1978.  Z,  Harvard  University. 

1918.  H,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 

Active  chapters  5;  inactive  o.     Membership  315. 


371 


tlTau  llamia  Cptfflon 


This  fraternity  was  organized  January  lo.   1899  by 
Joseph  L.  Settles,   Clarence  A.   Mayer,   Owen   I. 
Truitt.  James  C.  McNutt  and  Charles  R.  Atkinson  at  the 
Illinois  Wesleyan  University,  Bloomington,  111. 
The  chapter  roU  is  as  follows : 

1899.  A,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University 159 

1909.  B,  James  Millikin  University 121 

1912.  r,  University  of  Illinois no 

1912.   A,  Knox  College 90 

191 5.  E,  Iowa  State  College 61 

1916.  Z,  Coe  College 39 

1917.  H,  University  of  Chicago 22 

1917.  0,  University  of  Minnesota 50 

1917.  I,  Eureka  College 55 

1917.  K,  Beloit  College 67 

1917.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 32 

1919.  M,  Carroll  College 22 

1919.   N,  University  of  California 32 

Active  chapters,  13;   inactive,©;  membership.  860. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:    Beloit.   Illinois- 
Wesleyan,  Knox,    Total  3 ;  total  valuation  $30,000. 

There  are  alumni  chapters  at  Bloomington.  Chicago, 
Decatur,  Illinois,  and  Beloit,  Wisconsin. 

37« 


TA  U  KAPPA  ^BPSILON 


373 


The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  through  the  con- 
vention of  delegates  from  the  chapters.  During  its  recess 
it  is  in  the  hands  of  a  Grand  Coimcil  composed  of  seven 
members.  The  Conventions  have  been  held  annually. 
There  are  four  alumni  chapters  which  have  votes  at  the 
Conclaves. 

The  fraternity  publishes  quarterly  a  journal  called 
the  Teke,  In  191 4  the  alunmi  in  Chicago  published  a 
history  of  the  fraternity. 

The  badge  is  a  scroll  sixrmounted  by  a  triangle  display- 
ing a  skull  and  bones.  On  the  scroll  are  the  letters 
"T  K  E."  The  colors  are  cherry  and  gray.  The  flower  is 
the  red  carnation. 


tEteta  iaipfia 

This  fraternity  was  organized  at  Syracuse  University 
February  22,   1909. 

The  roll  is  as  follows: 

1909.  A,  Syracuse  University 154 

1914.  B,  Cornell  University 87 

Active  chapters  2.     Membership  241. 

The  Syracuse  chapter  owns  a  house  ($15,000).  The 
Cornell  chapter  was  formerly  a  local  O  S  O. 

A  periodical  is  published  called  the  Theta  Alphan.  The 
Beta  Alumni  Association  publishes  a  quarterly  called 
La  Reveille, 


374 


Zittta  Cfti 


T^HE  Theta  Chi  fraternity  was  organized  at  Norwich 
University  then  located  at  Norwich  but  now  at 
Northfield,  Vt.,  in  1856  by  Arthur  Chase,  '56  and  Frederick 
Norton  Freeman,  '57.  The  fraternity  name  and  badge 
were  suggested  by  Egbert  Phelps.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1888.  Although  its  constitution  provided  for  more  than 
one  chapter,  it  remained  a  local  society  for  forty-six  years. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1856.  A,  Norwich  University 543 

1902.  B,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 163 

1907.  r,  University  of  Maine 250 

1908.  A,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 122 

1909.  E,  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute 165 

1910.  Z,  New  Hampshire  State  College 152 

191 1.  H,  Rhode  Island  State  College 124 

191 1,  e,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 130 

1912.  I,  Colgate  University 109 

1912.  K,  University  of  Pennsylvania 137 

191 2.  A,  Cornell  University 97 

1913.  M,  University  of  California 126 

1914.  N,  Hampden-Sidney   College 63 

1914.  S,  University  of  Virginia 54 

375 


376  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

915.  O,  Richmond  College 46 

916.  n,  Dickinson  College 94 

916.  P,  University  of  Illinois 82 

916.  S,  Oregon  Agrictiltural  College S3 

916.  T,  jUniversity  of  Florida 81 

917.  T,  New  York  University 72 

917.  *,  North  Dakota  Agricultural  College. . .- 95 

918.  X,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 51 

918.  y,  University  of  Wisconsin 55 

919.  Q,  Pennsylvania  State  College 30 

919.  A  B,  University  of  Pittsburgh 51 

919.  A  r,  University  of  Michigan 55 

Active  chapters,  2  6;  inactive,  o;  membership,  3.000. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Colgate,  Hamp- 
den-Sidney,  Maine,  North  Dakota,  Norwich,  Worcester. 
Total  houses  6,  total  valuation  $68,000. 

Most  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  local  societies. 

There  are  alumni  chapters  in  Boston,  New  York, 
Pittsburgh,  Philadelphia,  Worcester,  Mass,  Pro\idcnce, 
and  other  cities.  Since  their  establishment  some  of  these 
chapters  have  held  an  almost  unbroken  record  of  monthly 
meetings. 

Questions  of  government  were  referred  to  the  parent 
chapter  previous  to  the  first  national  convention  December 
22,  1906,  and  after  that  date  to  the  convention  till  the 
organization  of  the  Grand  chapter,  February  22,  1908. 
The  Grand  Chapter  is  composed  of  graduates  and  was 
incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Massachusetts,  June  16, 
1908.  The  legislative  power  is  now  vested  in  the  conven- 
tion;   the  administrative,  executive  and  judicial  in  the 


TEETA    CHI  377 

Grand  Chapter.  The  Constitution  was  revised  in  1893 
and  again  in  1909. 

Four  rosters  of  the  fraternity  have  been  published,  two 
by  Alpha  chapter,  one  in  1894  and  the  other  in  1906,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  organization 
of  the  fraternity,  the  third  in  1910  and  a  fourth  in  1915  by 
the  Grand  Chapter.  Lists  of  members  were  published  in 
1914  and  1915. 

Collections  of  songs  have  been  printed.  In  19 12  the 
publication  of  a  quarterly  periodical  called  the  Rattle 
was  commenced.  A  history  of  Alpha  chapter  appeared  in 
1911. 

The  original  badge,  suggested  by  Egbert  Phelps,  displays 
in  gold  a  rattlesnake  with  ruby  set  eye  coiled  with  tail 
crossed  to  form  a  **©,*'  while  swords  crossed  diagonally 
over  the  body  form  a  **X.**  To-day  the  most  commonly 
used  badge  consists  of  a  reduction  of  this  design  raised  on  a 
diamond-shaped  field  of  black  enamel  with  a  **e"  above 
and  a  **x"  below  the  emblem. 

In  the  small  pledge-button  used,  the  red  oval  is  outlined 
and  crossed  diagonally  with  narrow  white  stripes,  which 
design  presents  a  close  resemblance  to  the  fraternity 
insignia. 

The  fraternity  colors  are  military  red  and  white;  the 
flower  is  a  red  carnation,  the  flag,  with  its  rectangular- 
shaped  field  of  white,  is  moimted  in  the  center  with  the 
red  "ex." 

Among  the  prominent  alumni  are  Burleigh  Franklin 
Spaulding,  Chief  Justice,  North  Dakota  Supreme  Court; 
Edward  Bancroft  WiUiston,  Brigadier-General  U.  S.  A. 


378  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Staff  and  Governor  of  Soldiers'  Home,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
George  Albert  Converse,  Rear  Admiral  U.  S.  N.;  Julius 
Jacob  Estey,  Captain  U.  S.  A.  and  bank  president;  Henry 
Moses  Phillips,  Captain  U.  S.  A.,  Mayor,  State  Senator  and 
State  Treasurer  of  Massachusetts;  Joseph  Hiram  Gould- 
ing,  Lieut.  U.  S.  A.  and  Military  Secretary  of  Vermont; 
Benjamin  Kearney  Roberts,  Brigadier-General  U.  S.  A. 
Staff,  Washington,  D.  C;  Colonel  Henry  Blanchard 
Hersey,  Meterologist  and  aerial  navigator;  Edward  Aiken 
Shuttleworth,  Colonel  U.  S.  A.;  DeWitt  Clinton  Webb, 
Commander  U.  S.  Navy,  Charleston,  S.  C;  Han-ey  B.  S. 
Burwell,  Colonel  U.  S.  Air  Service;  Ernest  W.  Gibson, 
Colonel,  U.  S.  A.;  Fred  Barnes  Thomas,  Colonel  U.  S.  A.; 
Burton  William  Sibley,  Lieut.  Col.  U.  S.  Marine  Corps; 
Robert  B.  Farquharson,  Major  U.  S.  Marine  Corps; 
Holland  Newton  Stevenson,  Chief  Engineer,  U.  S.  Navy; 
Charles  Foster  Sayles,  engineer  on  construction  of  Hoosac 
Ttmnel;  William  Henry  Wentworth,  Civil  Engineer; 
Henry  Elijah  Alvord,  College  President  and  prominent 
agriculturist;  Charles  Horace  Spooner,  President  of 
Norwich  University;  James  Henry  Curry  Winston,  Dean, 
Hampton-Sidney  College;  John  Robert  Benton,  Dean  of 
Engineering,  University  of  Florida;  Frederick  Child 
Biggin,  Dean  of  Architecture,  Alabama  Polytechnic 
Institute;  Samuel  W.  Shattuck,  Comptroller  University 
of  Illinois,  William  Richard  Cutler,  Librarian;  George 
Brainard  Blodgett,  Genealogist  and  Historian;  Walter 
Dole,  Clergyman;  Joseph  Stedman,  M.D.,  Boston;  Wil- 
liam Rutherford  Mead,  Architect. 


Wtttta  Selta  C||t 


Vr  ii 


^-  HA  X^^ 


■^i'^wr 


*5^^^ 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Union  College  in  the 
year  1847  by  Abel  Beach,  Andrew  H.  Green,  Theo- 
dore B.  Brown,  Wm.  G.  Aikin,  Wm.  Hyslop  and  Samuel 
F.  Wile,  of  the  class  of  1849,  of  whom  four  were  members 
of  *  B  K.  The  fraternity  has  documentary  evidence  of 
its  foundation  in  October,  1847.  Andrew  H.  Green  was 
the  chief  compiler  of  the  constitution  and  ritual.  He 
died  at  91  years  of  a:^e  in  19 18.  While  some  changes 
have  been  made  in  the  working  parts  of  the  constitu- 
tion, owing  to  the  growth  of  the  fraternity,  the  ritual 
of  initiation  remains  practically  without  change.  Union 
Collec^e  was  at  its  zenith  of  prosperity  in  1848,  and  the 
class  of  1849  was  the  largest  the  colle.^e  had  known. 

In  this  fraternity  the  word  "charges**  is  used  to  designate 
the  chapters.     The  list  of  charges  is  as  follows : 

1847.       A,  Union  College  (1867) 120 

1848. *B  P,  Ballston  Law  School  (1849)    14 

1852.  r,  University  of  Vermont  (1857) 24 

1853.  A,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  (1896) ...  163 
1853.      E,  William  and  Mary  College 154 

♦The  "P"  0tands  for  "Prot«ron.** 

379 


38o  *  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

1853.  Z,  Browh  University 352 

1854.  H,  Bowdoin  College 469 

1854.      e,  Kenyon  College  (1896) ....118 

1856.      I,   Harvard  University  (1916) 410 

1856.  K,  Tufts  College 459 

1857.  M,  University  of  North  Carolina  (i860) 27 

1857.  N,  University  of  Virginia 88 

1857.  E,  Hobart  College 264 

1857.  O,  Wesleyan  University  (1863) 28 

1858.  n.  Washington  and  Jefferson  College  (1872) . .  90 

1861.      2,  Dickinson  College  (1895) 116 

1863.      T,  Princeton  University  (1867) 12 

1865.      T,  Bucknell  University  (187 1) 37 

1867.  *,  Lafayette  College 305 

^67.      X,  University  of  Rochester 236 

1868.  T,  Hamilton  College 254 

1869.  O  A*,Dartmouth  College 575 

1869.  P,  Washington  and  Lee  University  (1872) 19 

1870.  B,  Cornell  University 414 

1877.      A,  Boston  University  (1912) 313 

1879.  r  A,  Wabash  College  (1882)  11 

1881.  n  A,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York   204 

1883.  P  A,  Columbia  University 285 

1884.  N  A,  Lehigh  University 202 

1885.  M  A,  Amherst  College 328 

1887.  E  A,  Sheffield  Scientific  School  (1900)  ;,'99 

1889.  r  A,  University  of  Michigan 232 

1890.  e  A,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 158 

1891.  I  A,   Williams  College   225 

The  "A"  stands  for  "Deuteron."  and  is  written  lika  an  szponent  in  algabra. 


THETA    DELTA    CHI  381 

1892.  T  A,  University  of  Minnesota 215 

1895.  S  A,  University  of  Wisconsin   240 

1896.  X  A,  George  Washington  University 185 

1900.  A  A,  University  of  California   150 

1901.  Z  A,  McGill  University 121 

1903.  H  A,  Stanford  University 118 

1908.  K  A,  University  of  Illinois 150 

1912.  A  A,  University  of  Toronto 74 

1913.  E  A,  University  of  Washington 81 

1915.  *  A.  University  of  Pennsylvania 70 

Active  charges,  28;  inactive,  16;  membership,  8,189. 

Chatper  houses  are  owned  by  the  charges  at  Amherst, 
Bowdoin,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmoath,  Hamilton, 
Lafayette,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Rochester,  Stanford, 
Tufts,  Williams,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses  14;  total 
valuation  $261,000. 

The  charter  of  the  Union  charge  was  siurendered  in  1867, 
owing  to  lack  of  suitable  material.  The  charter  of  the 
Beta  proteron,  at  the  Ballston  Law  School,  was  with- 
drawn in  1849,  and  the  members  affiliated  to  Alpha.  The 
Delta,  at  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  ceased  to 
exist  m  1870.  It  was  revived  November  2, 1883,  and  after 
a  checkered  existence,  surrendered  its  charter  in  1 896.  The 
Gamma,  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  died  in  1857  from 
lack  of  interest  and  isolation.  The  Epsilon,  at  William 
and  MaT^^  was  killed  by  the  Civil  War.  It  was  revived 
about  1870,  but  lived  only  a  short  time.  It  was  again 
revived  in  1004  by  the  active  members  of  a  chapter  of  the 
fraternity  of  M  n  A,  which  disbanded.  The  Zeta,  at 
Brown,  was  inactive  between  1878  and  1887.     It  was 


382  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

originally  formed  by  ex-members  of  A  V ,  who  had  resigned 
because  ot  a  misunderstandiner  with  their  fraternity.  The 
Rochester  charge  was  inactive  for  a  nimiber  of  yearr.  The 
Eta,  at  Bowdoin,  died  in  1866,  but  was  re-established  in 
1872.  The  Iota  retired  with  other  Harvard  societies  in 
1862.  It  was  revived  in  1880  and  died  in  1889,  but  was 
re-established  June  8, 1892,  and  died  in  1916.  Kappa  at 
Tufts,  and  Xi,  at  Hobart,  are  the  only  old  charges  which 
have  enjoyed  a  continuous  and  prosperous  existence.  The 
Mu,  at  North  Carolina,  the  Nu,  at  Virginia,  were  killed  by 
the  war,  the  latter  was  revived  in  19 10. 

The  Sigma,  at  Dickinson,  became  inactive  in  1876, 
was  re-established  in  1881,  and  surrendered  its  charter 
in  1896.  The  Tau,  at  Princeton,  and  Upsilon,  at  Buck- 
nell  (then  called  Lewisburg  University),  were  with- 
drawn on  account  of  anti-fraternity  laws.  The  Cornell 
charge  was  at  first  called  the  Alpha  Delta,  but  received 
its  present  name  in  187 1.  The  Pi  Deuteron,  at  the  Col- 
lege of  the  City  of  New  York,  was  composed  largely  of 
ex-members  of  the  extinct  fraternity  A  B  <I>;  the  Upsilon 
Deuteron,  at  Wabash  College,  of  ex-members  of  ATA. 
There  were  no  initiates  made  by  this  charge  there  being 
fewer  students  at  Wabash  .in  1879-80  than  at  any  time 
in  its  history.  The  Wisconsin  charge  was  formed  from  a 
local  society  called  S  A  2.  The  McGill  charge  was 
formed  from  a  local  society  called  S  *.  The  Psi,  at 
Hamilton  was  formed  from  a  local  society  called  Z  <I>, 
itself  the  successor  of  a  society  called  the  Phcenix,  almost 
coeval  with  the  existence  of  Hamilton  College,  but  the 
former  members  of  these  societies  were  not  initiated  or 


THETA    DELTA    CHI  383 

made  members.  The  Illinois  charge  was  formed  from  *a 
local  called  O  A  X,  the  Toronto  charp^e  from  2  A,  the  Penn- 
sylvania chapter  from  A  Q.  and  the  Hobart  charge  from 
one  called  Z  *.  There  was  a  New  York  Graduate  charge, 
called  the  A,  in  existence  from  1856  to  1858. 

Theta  Delta  Chi  has  established  a  fund  the  interest  of 
which  is  to  go  to  that  chapter  the  scholastic  standing  of 
which  is  highest  for  the  year  ending  at  each  annual  con 
vention.  If  a  chapter  loses  a  member  through  poor 
scholarship  such  chapter  is  debarred  from  participating 
in  the  fund  that  year. 

There  are  no  alumni  chapters,  but  alumni  associations 
exist,  covering  different  sections,  with  headquarters  at 
New  York,  Boston,  Pittsburgh,  Buffalo,  Minneapolis, 
Providence,  Los  Angeles,  Washington,  Chicago,  San 
Francisco,  Rochester,  Bangor,  Kansas  City,  Montreal, 
New  Haven,  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  Columbus,  O.,  Philadelphia, 
Portland,  Me.,  Springfield,  111.,  Seattle,  Cleveland,  Port- 
land, Ore.,  Richmond,  Va.,  and  Syracuse.  Each  ot  these 
associations  holds  an  annual  reunion  and  banquet  and  in 
fifteen  of  the  larger  cities  the  graduates  meet  once  a  week 
at  a  weekly  limcheon. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  Alpha  charge  (except  from  April,  1857  for  a  few  months, 
when  a  trial  of  graduate  control  resulted  in  a  rettim  to 
government  by  the  Alpha)  imtil  the  convention  of  1867, 
when  the  Alpha  surrendered  its  charter.  A  grand  lodge 
was  created  in  January,  1868,  composed  of  one  graduate 
and  two  undergraduate  members,  the  graduate  member 
bein^  ]^resident  thereof.     In  1908  a  graduate  secretary  and 


384  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

graduate  treastirer  were  added.  The  members  are 
elected  annually  by  the  convention  of  delegates  from  each 
chapter,  and  have  supreme  power  in  the  interim.  They 
also  have  sole  power  to  call  conventions,  and  act  as  officers 
of  the  same.  It  would  seem  that  0  A  X  was  the  first 
fraternity  to  thus  form  an  executive  governing  body. 

Since  the  administration  of  1882,  the  visitation  of 
charges  and  graduate  associations  by  the  president  has 
become  an  up-buildine:  force  of  the  fraternity.  The  presi- 
dents of  recent  years  also  meet  college  executives  to  dis- 
cuss complaints  and  criticisms. 

There  was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  New  York, 
in  1900,  ** The  Association  of  Theta  Delta  Chi,"  the  pur- 
pose of  the  same  being  **to  advance  the  interests  of  the 
B  A  X  fraternity,'*  chiefly  by  the  accumulation  of  money 
through  gifts,  bequests,  etc.  In  1 9 1 2  this  organization  was 
merged  with  the  Theta  Delta  Chi  Founders*  Corporation. 

One  manuscript  and  six  printed  catalogs  of  the  fraternity 
have  been  issued.  The  manuscript  catalog,  edited  by 
John  W.  Little,  appeared  in  1859,  and  the  first  printed 
catalog  was  published  in  1867,  by  Col.  Wm.  L.  Stone, 
of  New  York.  The  second,  in  1875,  was  in  charge  of 
Franklin  Burdge,  of  New  York,  who  illustrated  it  with 
a  series  of  imique  charge  cuts,  designed  by  himself,  repre- 
senting the  Greek  letter  by  which  the  charge  was  known. 
A  more  elaborate  catalog  was  compiled  and  published  in 
1891  by  Clay  W.  Holmes,  of  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  which  em- 
bodied in  addition  to  the  regular  charge  lists  an  alpha- 
betical list,  and  also  a  geographical  index.  In  1895  a 
revision  of  this  catalog  was  compiled  and  issued  by  Clay 


THETA    DELTA    CHI  385 

W.  Holmes.  In  1901  a  new  catalog  was  compiled  by  Fred- 
eric Carter,  which,  in  addition  to  the  material  of  the 
catalog  of  189s,  contained  a  table  of  relationships  and 
other  interesting  information.  The  seventh  catalog 
edited  by  Carl  Tombo,  was  published  in  1917.  Local  lists 
of  members  have  been  published  from  time  to  time. 

A  song  book  was  first  issued  in  1867.  Since  then  several 
of  the  chapters  have  issued  local  books.  Lately  the  Songs 
of  Theta  Delta  Chi  have  been  edited  and  published  by 
S  E.  Barrett.  Sheet  music  specially  compiled  for  and 
dedicated  to  0  A  X  has  been  issued  by  A.  Bushnell, 
Kansas  City,  and  others. 

The  fraternity  journal  is  called  The  Shield.  The  con- 
vention of  1868  directed  the  publication  of  a  periodical 
by  this  name,  and  one  number  was  published  under  date 
of  Jime,  1869.  As  it  failed  to  receive  support  it  was  not 
continued.  In  January,  1884,  a  periodical  under  the  same 
name  was  started  in  Boston,  and  published  there  for  two 
years.  It  was  then  removed  to  New  York,  where  it  was 
published  till  1889,  when  the  sole  editorial  and  business 
control  was  given  over  by  the  convention  to  Clay  W 
Holmes,  of  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  who  continued  to  edit  and 
publish  it  until  1898.  The  voltmie  for  1899  was  published 
by  Prof.  E.  W.  Huffcut,  of  Cornell.  For  the  next  eighteen 
months  it  was  edited  at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  and  since 
that  time  it  has  been  edited  in  New  York  City,  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  Washington,  D.  C,  Richmond,  Va., 
and  Philadelphia. 

In  1898  Clay  W.  Holmes  edited  and  published  at 
Elmira,  N.  Y.,  a  Memorial  History  of  the  fraternity.     In 


386 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


■\ 


■ 

1900  the  Cornell  charge  published  a  history  and  biograph- 
ical catalogue,  and  the  same  year  an  album,  containing 
portraits  of  all  but  six  of  its  members. 

The  badge  is  a  shield  of  gold  with  a  face  of  black 
enamel  displaying  the  letters  0  A  X,  surmounted  by  two 
five-pointed  gold  stars  with  diamond  center;  below  are 
two  arrows  crossed.  The  border  of  the  shield  is  studded 
with  pearls.  It  was  formerly  an  unwritten  law  that 
graduates  should  wear  a  monogram  badge,  but  it  was  not 
kept  up  because  not  practical.  In  1891  the  convention 
made  the  present  badge  official — in  one  size. 

The  pledge-button  is  white,  black  and  blue. 
The    colors   of    the   fraternity   are   black, 
white  and  blue.     The  ruby  is  the  emblematic 
gem,  and  the  ruby  red  carnation,  the  flower 
of  the  fraternity.     The  fraternity  flag  is  com- 


ll.  "^pbsed  of  three  vertical  stripes,  black,  white  and  blue, 
the  total  length  being  twice  the  width.  In  the  center  of 
the  black  stripe  is  the  letter  *'0'*  in  white,  in  the  white 
stripe  **A*'  in  black  and  in  the  blue  stripe  "X'*  in  white. 
This  flag  was  first  displayed  from  the  Astor  House,  in 
New  York  City,  in  Februar>',  1870,  having  been  adopted 
by  the  previous  convention.  It  is  probably  the  first  time 
a  flag  was  ever  adopted  or  displayed  by  a  college  fraternity. 
Among  the  prominent  members  of  the  fraternity  may 
be  mentioned  the  late  John  Hay,  Ambassador  to  Great 
Britain  and  Secrctar>'  of  State;  Gonzalo  de  Qucsada, 
Cuban  Minister  to  Gennany;  W.  W.  Thomas.  Minister 
to  Norway  and  Sweden;  H.  L.  Wilson,  Ambassador  to 
Mexico;  G.  H.  Bridgman,  Minister  to  Bolivia;  W.  H. 
Merriam,  Minister  to  Siam;    J.  L.  Ratlil>one,  Consul 


THETA   DELTA    CHI  387 

General  at  Paris;  John  W.  Griggs,  Attorney-General  of 
the  United  States,  and  Governor  of  New  Jersey;  W.  D. 
Bloxham,  Governor  of  Florida;  the  late  U.  S.  Senator 
Nathan  F.  Dixon,  Senator  Joseph  I.  France,  D.  N. 
Lockwood,  H.  J.  Spooner,  Henry  R.  Gibson,  J.  D.  Bellamy, 
T.  B.  Kyle.  F.  C.  Stevens,  J.  C.  Nicholls,  and  C.  H. 
Sinnickson,  members  of  Congress;  S.  F.  Nixon,  Speaker 
of  the  New  York  Legislature;  E.  W.  Huff  cut,  Dean 
Cornell  Law  School;  Hosea  M.  Knowlton,  late  Attorney- 
General  of  Massachusetts;  Allen  C.  Beach,  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  New  York;  and  Lieutenant-Governor  Henry 
C.  Brockmeyer  of  Missouri.  Among  federal  judges,  C.  F. 
Templeton,  and  J.  B.  McPherson. 

Rev.  Elmer  H.  Capen,  and  Frederick  W.  Hamilton, 
Presidents  of  Tufts  College;  Rev.  David  Gregg,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Western  Theological  Seminary;  Rev.  Rufus 
S.  Green,  President  of  Elmira  College;  Rev.  John  C.  Fergu- 
son. President  of  Nanyang  University;  Geo.  Williamson 
Smith,  President  of  Trinity  College;  Merrit  C.  Femald, 
.  President  of  the  University  of  Maine;  Wm.  L.  Stone,  the 
historian:  the  late  Alexander  L.  Holley,  author  and  steel 
expert;  Willis  S.  Paine,  New  York;  Rt.  Rev.  J.  D.  H. 
Wingfield,  Bishop  of  California;  Rt.  Rev.  M.  N.  Gilbert, 
Assistant  Bishop  of  Minnesota;  ^t.  Rev.  A.  M.  Randolph, 
Bishop  of  Virginia;  Rt.  Rev.  Cameron  Mann,  Bishop  of 
North  Dakota;  the  late  John  Goforth,  of  Philadelphia; 
Gen.  William  Smith,  Pa>Tnaster  General,  U.  S.  A.;  Thos. 
E.  Rogers  of  the  U.  S.  Treasury  Department;  Thomas 
of  Virgnina,  the  hero  of  Fort  Fishei ;  William  M.  Coleman. 
Attorney-General  of  North  Carolina. 


388 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


Charles  Macdonald,  President  Union  Bridge  Co. ;  C.  F. 
Nason,  President  Rhode  Island  Locomotive  Works; 
Elbert  S.  Carman,  editor  of  the  Rural  New  Yorker;  Oliver 
P.  Baldwin,  -editor  of  the  Baltimore  Sun;  Charles  R.  Mil- 
ler, editor  of  the  New  York  Times;  G.  P.  Upton,  editor  of 
the  Chicago  Tribune;  Rear  Admiral  B.  P.  Lamberton; 
Albert  W.  Smith,  Dean  of  Mechanical  Engineering,  Cornell 
University. 


(Students  of  EDEineerlng  snd  Science) 


'\\7AS  founded  at  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 
in  1864,  and  has  confined  its  members  to  students  of 
engineering  and  science.  It  is  a  rival  of  the  chapters  of 
the  refjular  undergraduate  fraternities  at  the  different 
institutions  where  it  is  located,  and  does  not  admit  their 
members  to  its  ranks;  in  short,  it  has  the  same  status  as 
the  general  fraternities,  with  the  one  restriction  that  it  is 
confined  to  technical  students.  The  fraternity  was  an 
offspring  from  a  local  society  at  Rensselaer  Polytechnic 
Institute  called  S  A.  Peter  Henry  Fox,  Ralph  Gooding  ■ 
Packard,  Christopher  Champlin  Waite,  George  Bradford 
Brainerd,  Samuel  Beuel,  Jr.,  Henry  Harrison  Famum, 
Thomas  Cole  Raymond  and  Nathaniel  Henry  Starbuck 
were  its  founders. 

Naturally  the  members  of  Theta  Xi  have  in  addition 
to  their  fraternal  tie  the  bond  of  a  mutual  interest  in  a 
common  pursuit. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
1864.  A,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 335 


390  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

1865.  B,  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  Yale 413 

1874.  r,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology 279 

1885.  A,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 257 

1899.  E,  Columbia  University 129 

1903.  Z,  Cornell  University 167 

1904.  H,  Lehigh  University 123 

1905.  ©,  Purdue  University 141 

1905.  I,  Washington  University,  Mo 108 

1907.  K,  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute 69 

1907.  A,  Pennsylvania  State  College 123 

1909.  M,  Iowa  State  College 100 

1910.  N,  University  of  California 152 

1912.  E,  University  of  Iowa 80 

1912.  O,  University  of  Pennsylvania 116 

1912.  n,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology 121 

1913.  P,   University  of  Texas 68 

1914.  S,   University  of  Michigan 75 

1914.  T,  Stanford  University 63 

1915.  V,  University  of  Washington. 52 

1917.'  *,  University  of  Wisconsin 50 

Active  chapters  21,  inactive  o.     Membership  3021. 

The  Yale  chapter  was  suspended  from  1899  to  1909. 
It  owns  a  house  called  Franklin  Hall.  The  Cornell 
Stevens,  Purdue  and  California  chapters  also  own  houses 
Total  houses  5;  total  valuation  $168,000. 

There  are  alimmi  clubs  in  Chicago,  Cleveland,  Bal- 
timore, St.  Louis,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Pittsburgh  and  Schenectady.  The  alumni  of 
this  fraternity  are  termed  in  its  literature  "honor- 
aries."    This  term  is  not  to  be  confused  with  the  word 


THETA    XI  391 

''honorary**  as  applied  to  members  of  other  fraternities. 

The  fraternity  is  governed  by  a  Grand  Lodge  of  seven  . 
elected  by  its  Convention.  It  has  held  a  Convention 
anntially.  Formerly  this  was  with  each  chapter  in  turn, 
then  for  twenty  years  it  was  held  in  New  York,  in  19 15 
it  was  held  in  San  Francisco.  The  convention  has  been 
held  in  New  York  City  for  the  past  four  years. 

The  catalogue  was  first  pubhshed  at  Chicago  in  1892. 
There  have  been  five  editions  since.  The  last,  a  pocket 
edition,  was  published  at  New  York  in  191 7. 

The  fraternity  began  the  publication  of  the  Theta  Xi 
Quarterly  in  1892.  It  was  a  small  quarto  in  size.  In  1902 
its  place  of  publication  was  changed  to  New  Haven,  Conn., 
where  it  was  published  imtil  1903.  "It  was  then  removed 
to  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  published  there  until  191 1  when  it  was 
again  transferred  to  New  Haven,  Conn.  In  191 2  it  was 
transferred  to  N.  Y.  and  has  been  published  there  ever 
since. 

The  badge  consists  of  a  monogram  made  by  placing  the 
0  diagonally  over  the  S.     The  rim  of  the  0  is 
set  with  pearls  and  its  bar  with  a  ruby.    The  . 
]3ledge -button  is  light  blue  and  white. 

Among  the  prominent  aliunni  are  Congressman  William 
H.  Wiley  of  New  Jersey;  Butler  Ames  of  Massachusetts, 
and  William  A.  Thomas  of  Ohio,  Admiral  Mordecai  Endi- 
cott,  U.  S.  N.,  President  Palmer  C.  Ricketts  of  the 
Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Generals  William  L. 
Haskin  and  Wm.  T.  McKec,  U.  S.  A.;  Past  president- 
M.  T.  Endicott  and  Onuard  Bates  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers;  Charles  F.  Scott  of  the  Amen- 


39^ 


MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


can  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  and  Frederick  W. 
Ta^'lor  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 
Arthur  Holmes,  Dean  Pennsylvania  State  College; 
Frederick  E.  Tiuiieaure,  Dean  School  of  Engineering 
University  of  Wisconsin. 


Zeta  IBeta  tKau 

(Jewish  Students) 


TTHE  Zeta  Beta  Tau  fraternity  was  founded  December 
29th,  1898,  at  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary, being 
originally  intended  as  an  organization  of  Jewish  college 
men  designed  to  foster  and  encoiu-age  the  spirit  of  Judaism. 
The  charter  members  were  David  Lewine,  Aaron  Eiseman, 
David  Liknoitz,  Aaron  Drucker,  Menachim  M.  Eichler, 
Bernard  C.  Ehrenreich,  Herman  B.  Sheffield,  Isidor 
Delson,  Louis  Posner,  Bemhard  Bloch  and  Bernard  Saxe. 
For  the  first  year  and  a  half  of  its  existence  the  organiza- 
tion flourished.  Monthly  meetings  in  the  style  of  the 
German  "Kneippe**  were  held,  at  which  addresses  on  dif- 
ferent phases  of  Jewish  endeavor  work  would  be  read,  or 
an  inspired  talk  given  by  some  Jewish  scholar.  The 
influence  of  members  was  felt  at  every  Jewish  gathering 
of  any  importance,  and  a  committee  on  Press  and  Propa- 
ganda worked  industriously  to  keep  the  fraternity  before 
the  Jewish  public.  The  reaction  soon  came.  The  small 
group  of  earnest  Jewish-endeavor  men  whose  influence  had 
been  strongest  in  the  beginning  gradually  became  scattered 
throughout  the  country,  and  the  society  came  into  the 

393 


3^4  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

control  of  those  who  saw  the  great  possibilities  of  a  Jewish 
college  fraternity.  However,  it  took  several  years  more 
for  the  ideas  of  this  group  to  prevail.  At  a  meeting  in 
I  go  I,  the  aim  and  object  of  the  fraternity  was  written  in 
its  constitution  as  being  to  promote  a  fraternal  union 
among  Jewish  college  men.  Efforts  were  then  made  to 
extend  the  fraternity,  and  from  this  period  its  activities 
centered  about  the  colleges,  the  parent  chapter  becoming 
known  as  the  "Home  Fraternity." 

Chapters  are  as  follows: 

1898.       The  Home  Fraternity  (J905) 40 

1902.  A,  College  of  City  of  New  York 1 29 

1903.  B,  Long  Island  College  Hospital  (1914) 89 

1904.  r.  University  and  Bellevue  Med.  College  (1913)  71 

1905.  A,  Coltmibia  University 98 

1906.  E,  New  York  University 90 

1907.  Z,  Jefferson  Medical  College  (1908) 10 

1907.  0,  University  of  Pennsylvania 88 

1907.  K,  Cornell  University 84 

1908.  M,  Boston  University 71 

1909.  A,  Western  Reserve  University 69 

1909.  Z,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 58 

1909.  2,  Tulane  University 58 

1909.  H,  Union  University  N.  Y 55 

1910.  I,   Polytechnic  Institute  of  Brooklyn 49 

1911.  N,  Ohio  State  University 66 

191 1.  S,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 42 

191 1.  O,  Syracuse  University 54 

1911.  IT,  Louisiana  State  University 38 


ZETA    BETA    TAU  395 

191 1.  P,  University  of  Illinois 49 

1912.  T,   Harvard  University 40 

1912.  4>,  University  of  Michigan 51 

1913.  T.   McGill  University 30 

1915.  X,  University  of  Virginia 20 

1917.  Q,  University  of  Missouri 25 

1918.  A  B,  University  of  Chicago 20 

1918.  A  r,  Vanderbilt  University 16 

1918.   A  A.  University  of  Southern  California 10 

Active  chapters,  24;  inactive  chapters,  4;  total  mem- 
bers, 1520. 

The  letter  "Zeta"  was  given  to  the  Case  chapter  upon 
its  installation,  due  to  the  revocation  of  the  charter  of 
the  Jefferson  chapter,  to  which  it  had  been  assigned 
originally,  because  of  the  lack  of  the  proper  spirit  in  its 
members. 

The  C.  C.  N.  Y.  chapter,  soon  after  its  organization, 
was  strengthened  by  the  absorption  of  O  E  n,  a  local 
fraternity,  and  has  ever  since  enjoyed  a  prosperous  career. 
The  Case  chapter  suffered  from  a  dearth  of  men  to  draw 
from  soon  after  its  installation,  and  in  the  early  part  of 
191 1  consisted  of  only  one  member,  but  it  has  since  been 
revived.  In  addition  to  the  imdergraduate  chapters, 
the  constitution  provides  for  the  formation  of  Graduate 
Clubs  in  any  city  where  there  may  be  gathered  together 
a  large  number  of  fraternity  graduates.  The  Home  Frater- 
nity is  now  known  as  the  Zeta  Beta  Tau  Club  of  New  York. 
It  has  a  membership  of  300.  The  Zeta  Beta  Tau  Clab  of 
Cleveland  has  a  membership  of  about  50.  The  New 
England  Club  established  at  Boston  has  been  inactive 
during  the  war. 


39^  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Up  to  1905  the  government  of  the  fraternity  was  wholly 
in  the  hands  of  the  "Home  Fraternity." 

All  the  governing  powers  of  the  fraternity,  including 
that  of  chartering  new  chapters,  are  vested  in  a  Supreme 
Council,  which  meets  at  stated  intervals  during  the  year 
in  New  York  City.  Chapters  were  formerly  represented 
by  delegates  or  proxies.  Now  all  administrative  work  is 
vested  in  the  Supreme  Council  which  consists  of  the 
National  Officers  and  five  members  appointed  at  large. 
The  actual  work  of  the  fraternity  is  accomplished  by 
several  standing  committees,  each  delegated  to  a  distinct 
department  of  activity  under  general  supervision  of  the 
Council.  The  activities  of  the  Supreme  Coimcil  are 
reported  to  the  fraternity  each  year  at  the  annual  con- 
vention. 

In  19 10  the  fraternity  issued  a  catalogue  of  all  its 
members  arranged  by  chapters,  including  a  short  account 
of  each  chapter.  In  191 1  a  similar,  but  more  complete 
catalogue  was  published,  in  which  the  names  of  the  mem- 
bers were  arranged  alphabetically,  the  names  of  under- 
graduate members  also  appearing  by  chapters.  In  19 12 
a  similar  list  was  issued  with  a  geographical  distribution 
of  the  names.  In  1913  the  fraternity  began  the  publica- 
tion of  a  quarterly  journal. 

The  badge  is  diamond  shaped  edged  with  pearls.  In 
the  center,  which  is  slightly  raised,  are  the  letters  Z-  B  T 
in  gold  on  a  black  background,  running  along  the  short 
diagonal.  Above  the  letters  are  a  skull  and  cross-bones  in 
white,  and  below  is  the  six-pointed  Star  of  David  in  light 
blue.    The  colors  are  light  blue  and  white. 


Zeta  $fifi 


The  Zeta  Psi  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  University 
of  the  City  of  New  York,  in  the  spring  of  1847,  by 
John  B.  Yates  Sommers,  '49;  William  Henry  Dayton,  '49^ 
and  John  M.  Skillman,  '49,  all  of  whom  are  now  deceased. 
Intimately  associated  with  these  was  Rev.  William  Henry 
Carter,  D.D.,  an  eminent  divine  of  Florida.  Dajrton 
engaged  in  the  enterprise  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
chapter  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  simultane- 
ously with  that  at  New  York  University.  An  illness 
which  induced  him  to  go  South  proved  fatal  before  he 
could  accomplish  his  purpose. 

The  fraternity  was  extended  rapidly,  and  its  chapter 
roll  is  as  follows: 

1847.  *,  New  York  University   488 

1848.  Z,  Williams  College 327 

1848.      A,  Rutgers  College 382 

1850.      O,  Princeton  University  (1882) 139 

1850.      2,  University  of  Pennsylvania 444 

1850.      X,  Colby  College 494 

1852.      E,  Brown  University 376 

1852,      P,  Harvard  University  (1892) 306 

397 


398  MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1853.  A,  Dickinson  College  (1856) 3a 

1853.  V,  Dartmouth  College  (1873) 94 

1855.  K,  Tiifts  College 430 

1856.  ©,  Union  University  (1871) 47 

1857.  T,  Lafayette  College 360 

1858.  T,  University  of  North  Carolina 257 

1858.  S,  University  of  Michigan 411 

1858.  n,  Amherst  College  (1859) 10 

1861.  H,  Pennsylvania  College  (1872) 39 

1864.  Q,  University  of  Chicago  (1887) 50 

1865.  n,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  (1893) ...  129 

1867.  A,  Bowdoin  College 390 

1868.  B,  University  of  Virginia 203 

1868.      V,  Cornell  University 450 

1870.      I,   University  of  California 352 

1875.      r,  Syracuse  University 252 

1879.  ©  S,  University  of  Toronto 286 

1879.      A,  Columbia  University 257 

1883.  A  V,  McGill  University 343 

1884.  N,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 230 

1889.      H,  Yale  University 840 

1892.      M,  Stanford  University 184 

1899.  A  B,  University  of  Minnesota 182 

1909.  A  E,  University  of  Illinois 131  . 

1910.  A  V,  University  of  Wisconsin   93 

Active  chapters,  24;    inactive,  9;    membership,  9,008 
The  following  chapters  own  houses:    Bowdoin,  Brown, 

California,  Case,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Lafayette,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania, 
Rutgers,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Toronto,  Txifts,  Williams, 


ZETA    PSI  399 

Wisconsin,    Yale.    Total    houses    20;     total    valxiation 

$553,000- 
The  Williams  chapter  died  in  1852,  but  was  revived  in 

1 88 1.  The  Princeton  chapter  continued  its  existence  for 
many  years  in  spite  of  the  ant'-fratemity  laws  at  Princet  on, 
initiating  its  members  at  Rutgers  and  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  The  charter  was  withdrawn  in  1 88 2 .  The 
Brown  chapter  was  suspended  in  1862,  by  the  enlistment  of 
the  entire  chapter,  with  one  exception,  in  the  First  Rhode 
Island  Light  Artillery.  It  was  re-established  in  1864  upon 
the  return  of  some  of  its  members  to  college,  but  was  sus- 
pended from  1876  to  1888.  The  Harvard  chapter  became 
inactive  through  the  operation  of  anti-fraternity  laws,  and 
remained  dormant  from  1856  to  1863 ;  it  was  revived  and 
again  suspended  in  1870.  It  was  again  revived  in  1881, 
and  was  prosperotis  for  a  time,  but  the  Harvard  Club  sys- 
tem seemed  incompatible  with  its  existence  in  harmony 
with  the  principles  ot  the  fraternity,  and  the  charter  was 
surrendered.  Its  members  formed  the  Spee  club.  The 
Dickinson  chapter  was  killed  by  faculty  opposition. 
The  Dartmouth  chapter  was  withdrawn  in  1863  on 
account  of  the  introduction  into  Dartmouth  of  the 
Yale  system  of  limiting  membership  to  the  two  upper 
classes.  It  was  revived  in  1871,  but  did  not  live  long. 
The  Union  chapter  never  recovered  from  the  loss  of 
its  best  men  during  the  war,  and  resigned  its  charter 
in  1868.  The  North  Carolina  chapter  was  one  of  the  few 
fraternity  chapters  in  the  South  that  survived  the  war. 
It  initiated  members  down  to  the  class  of  1868,  but  died 
during  the  days  of  reconstruction  in  North  Carolina.     It 


400  MEirS  FRATERNITIES 

was  revived  in  1885  by  the  absorption  of  a  local  society 
called  n  T  S. 

The  Amherst  chapter  surrendered  its  charter  after  a  brief 
existence.  The  chapter  at  Rensselaer,  which  was  organ- 
ized from  an  existing  local  organization,  voltmtarily  sur- 
rendered its  charter  in  1893.  The  Omega,  at  the  old 
University  of  Chicago,  was  suspended  from  1872  to  1878 
and  died  with  the  university.  The  Virginia  chapter  was 
suspended  from  1876  to  1893.  The  Cornell,  Toronto, 
McGill,  Tufts,  Stanford  and  California  chapters  weie  the 
pioneers  at  their  respective  institutions.  The  Syracuse 
chapter  became  inactive  in  1885,  and  was  re-established  in 
1905.  Gamma,  at  the  Naval  Academy,  was  obliged  to 
suspend  on  account  of  a  regulation  forbidding  the  existence 
of  secret  societies  in  the  Naval  Academy.  Zeta  Psi  was 
the  first  fraternity  to  enter  Canada  and  the  first  to  estab- 
lish a  chapter  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

The  fraternity  aims  to  make  good  fellowship  and  patriot- 
ism its  chief  charactersitics.  It  has  no  honorary  members. 
The  alimmi  have  organized  associations  at  New  York, 
Boston,  Chicago,  Cleveland,  Detroit,  Los  Angeles,  Minnea- 
polis, San  Francisco,  Philadelphia,  Toronto,  Montreal, 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Buflalo,  N.  Y.,  Seattle,  Pittsburgh, 
Portland,  Mr.,  Providence,  R.  I.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and 
Washington,  D.  C. 

The  fraternity  is  governed  by  a  grand  chapter,  consist- 
ing of  delegates  from  each  chapter  and  officers,  and 
past  officers  of  the  fraternity.  This  meets  annually, 
usually  as  the  guest  of  one  of  the  active  chapters.  Be- 
tween the  sessions  of  the  Grand  chapter  the  affairs  of  the 


ZETA    PSI  401 

fraternity  are  administered  by  a  board  of  trustees  with 
headquarters  in  New  York.  There  is  a  permanent  secre- 
tary and  assistant  who  devote  their  entire  time  to  visiting 
the  chapters  and  the  administration  of  the  fraternity's 
affairs  including  the  editing  of  The  Circle. 

The  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  has  been  issued  in  1859, 
1867,  1874  and  1883,  with  a  supplement  to  1889  and  1899. 
The  last  edition  contained  tmusually  full  data  concerning 
each  member.  It  also  contained  a  brief  history  of  each 
chapter  and  views  of  the  different  chapters  and  some  of 
the  chapter  houses.  Directories  of  members  were  issued 
in  1889,  1893,  1910,  1912,  1913  and  1916. 

A  periodical  called  the  Zeta  Psi  Monthly  was  first 
published  at  Toronto,  in  November,  1882.  After  the 
issue  of  four  numbers  it  was  removed  to  Newark,  N.  J., 
and  suspended  in  1883.  In  1884  the  first  number  of  a 
Quarterly  was  issued  from  New  York,  but  it  suspended  in 
April,  1886.  A  monthly  called  The  Circle  is  now  published 
from  the  central  office  of  the  fraternity.  The  first  nimiber 
was  issued  in  Jure,  1909.  It  does  not  exchange  with  the 
other  fraternity  journals.  There  are  several  pieces  of 
instrumental  music  dedicated  to  the  tratemity.  Song 
books  were  published  in  1872,  1890,  1897,  1903  and  1914. 
A  collection  of  the  poems  of  Zeta  Psi,  with  an  accoimt  of 
the  celebration  of  the  semi-centennial  of  the  fraternity  in 
1897,  was  published  in  1903  under  the  title  of  "The 
Jubilee  of  Zeta  Psi." 

Conventions  of  the  Zeta  Psi  have  been  held  generally 
annually.  Sometimes  two  conventions  were  held  in  the 
same  calendar  year. 


403  MEN*:>  FRATBRNITIES 

The  badge  is  formed  of  a  monogram  of  the  two  Greek 
letters  "Z"  and  **V/'  the  ''Z*'  over  the  "V;*'  on  the 
"V*  is  a  star  and  a  Roman  fasces;  above  the  lower  bar 
of  the  **Z"  is  an  "A,"  and  below  the  upper  bar  the  letter 
**0."    The  fraternity  color  is  white,  each  chapter  having  a 

O  distinctive  color.  The  flower  is  the  white  carnation. 
The  flag  is  white  with'*  Z  V  in  solid  color.  The 
pledge-button  is  white. 
Among  the  prominent  alumni  are:  Benedict  Crowell, 
Assistant  Secretary  of  War,  U.  S.  A.;  Major  General 
James  Parker,  U.  S.  A.;  Major  General  Edward  L. 
Mimson,  U.  S.  A;  Brig.  General  Charles  I.  DeBevoise, 
U.  S.  A.;  Brig.  General  Alex  MacDougall,  of  Canada; 
Brig.  General  Herbert  S.  Birkett,  of  Canada. 

Congressmen- — Nicholas  Longworth,  William  vS.  Kirk- 
patrick  and  John  S.  Henderson;  Edmund  J.  Bristol 
member  of  Canadian  Parliament;  Former  Governors — 
P.  T.  Congdon,  of  Yukon  Territory;  J.  E.  Pillsbiry,  of 
Illinois;  and  William  T.*  Cobb,  of  Maine;  Roland  S. 
Morris,  U.  S.  Ambassador^ to  Japan,  Lawrence  Townsend 
Pormer  Minister  to  Portugal  and  Belgium ;  Lloyd  Griscom 
Pormer  Ambassador  to  Italy  and  Brazil;  J.  E.  Craner 
Pormer  Minister  to  Denmark;  Jose  Custodio  Alves  de 
Lima,  Consul  General  for  Brazil;  Richard  A.  Ballinger, 
Pormer  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  Joseph  Nimmo,  Chief 
of  the  U.  S.  Btireau  of  Statistics;  Pederal  Judges,  Andrew 
Kirkpatrick,  of  New  Jersey;  Allen  McC.  Kimbroiigh,  of 
Mississippi;  R.  T.  W.  Duke,  Jr.,  of  Virginia;  Thomas 
Ives  Chatfield,  of  New  York;  and  George  T.  Garrison,  of 
Virginia;  ^Charles  W.  Cross,  Attorney  General  for  Alberta; 


ZETA    PSI 


403 


Stephen  B.  Leacock,  of  Montreal;  Wilfred  C.  Leland,  of 
Detroit;  Nicholas  F.  Brady,  of  New  York;  Marquis  B. 
Eaton,  of  Chicago;  Hon.  William  A.  Comstock,  Alpena, 
Michigan;  Francis  P.  Garvan  of  New  York;  Ellis  Ames 
Ballard  of  Philadelphia;  Henry  T.  Thomas  of  New  York; 
Charles  K.  Field,  Editor  of  the  Sunset  Magazine,  San 
Francisco;  Lewellys  F.  Barker  of  Baltimore;  William  B. 
Storey,  Vice-president  of  the  Sante  Fe  R.  R. ;  Rev.  John  H. 
Raven,  D.  D.,  of  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey;  Professor 
Hans  W.  Zinsser  of  Columbia  University;  /  Professor 
George  C.  Edwards  of  the  University  of  California; 
Professors  Harry  P.  Jepson,  Hollon  A.  Farr  and  J.  C. 
Adams  of  Yale  University;  Professors  Stephen  S.  Colvin 
and  John  Francis  Greene  of  Brown  University;  Professor 
Herbert  C.  Bell  of  Bowdoin  College;  Professors  Marshall 
S.  Brown  and  Lawrence  McLouth  of  New  York  University. 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES* 

We  have  already  stated  that  the  first  Greek  letter  society 
among  women  was  K  A  B  founded  at  DePauw  (then 
Indiana  Asbury)  University  in  1870  and  we  traced  the 
development  of  the  system  for  some  years  or  until  it  had 
become  a  common  form  of  organization. 

In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  women's  organiza- 
tions have  closely  copied  those  of  the  men,  in  criteria  for 
membership,  in  external  characteristics,  in  systems  of 
government  and  administration  and  in  all  essential 
details.  As  they  originated  after  the  Civil  War  they 
were  entirely  free  from  the  disturbance  incident  to  that 
struggle  and  consequently  they  have  had  opportimity 
to  develop  progressively  without  serious  interruption. 
The  multiplication  of  educational  facilities  for  women  has 
also  greatly  increased  their  field  of  operation. 

It  may  be  said  that  practically  every  women's  fraternity 
supports  a  journal  and  the  doings  of  most  of  them  are 
not  attempted  to  be  kept  secret.  They  have  been  some- 
what more  practical  than  the  men,  have  not  been  quite 
so  jealous  of  each  other  and  were  able  sooner  than  the 
men  to  form  an  inter-fraternity  organization.  Nearly 
every  sorority  is  endeavoring  to  do  some  useful  work  or  to 
accomplish  some  useful  purpose. 

INTER-FRATERNITY   RELATIONS 

In  1891,  at  the  call  of  K  K  r,  a  Pan-Hellenic  Convention 
o^  Women's  fraternities  met  at  5  Park  street,  Boston. 

♦The  word  "sorori'y"  has  wi'hin  'he  pas^  ten  year^come  into  somewh'^t  general 
use  to  denote  an  asiociaMor  of  wcmen  .-iniilar  *o  the  "fraternities"  am'  ng  men.  In 
this.book  the  tenns  "sorority"  and  "women's  fraternity"  are  used  as  synonyms. 

404 


WOMEirS   FRATERNITIES  405 

A  O,  r  O  B,  A  r,  A  A  A,  K  A  e,  K  K  r  and  n  B  O  were 
represented.  It  lasted  from  Wednesday  until  Friday  and 
concluded  with  a  banquet.  Several  committees  were 
appointed  and  several  topics  discussed  but  nothing  per- 
manent resulted  from  the  meeting. 

In  July,  1893,  a  College  Fraternity  Congress  was  held 
at  Chicago  during  the  World's  Fair  and  many  of  the 
sororities  were  represented.  Several  papers  were  read  and 
the  affair  also  concluded  with  a  banquet.  Nothing  further 
was  done  imtil  1902  when  the  first  Inter-Sorority  Con- 
ference met  May  24  at  Chicago  at  the  call  of  A  O.  Repre- 
sentatives were  present  from  K  A  9,  K  K  r,  r  *  B,  IT  B  ♦, 
AT,  AAA  and  A  O.  The  proceedings  were  ahnost 
entirely  devoted  to  the  question  of  pledging  members,  and 
the  efforts  of  those  present  seemed  to  be  devoted  mainly 
to  securing  the  organization  of  local  Pan-Hellenic  or  inter- 
fraternity  conferences  at  different  colleges  in  order  to 
regulate  rushing. 

The  second  Conference  was  held  Sept.  19,  1903,  at  St. 
Louis.  X  Q  and  A  X  Q  were  new  societies  represented. 
It  was  decided  that  local  Pan-Hellenic  Associations 
should  be  formed  in  every  institution  in  which  two  or 
more  National  sororities  existed,  that  they  should  consist 
of  one  alumna  and  one  active  member  from  each  society 
represented,  that  their  purpose  should  be  to  discuss  and 
act  on  all  matters  of  inter-sorority  interest  and  that  the 
chapter  first  established  at  each  institution  should  organize 
its  Pan-Hellenic  Association.  It  was  also  decided  that 
a  pledge  day  should  be  adopted  by  each  local  Pan-Hellenic 
Association  and  that  no  student  should  be  asked  to  join  a 
sorority  before  her  matriculation. 


4o6  WOMEirS  FRATERNITIES 

The  third  Conference  was  held  at  Chicago,  Sept.  i6, 17, 
X904.  A  Z  A  was  represented.  It  was  decided  that 
conferences  should  be  called  by  the  sororities  in  the  follow- 
ing order,  n  B  *,  K  A  e.  K  K  r.  A  r,  A  *,  r  O  B.  A  X  Q, 
AAA,  ASA  and  X  Q;  that  the  delegate  from  the 
sorority  calling  the  conference  should  act  as  chairman, 
and  the  delegate  from  the  next  sorority  in  order  should 
act  as  secretary,  with  a  view  to  presidin^'at  the  next 
Conference.  A  resolution  was  passed  iastructing  the 
several  chapters  that  the  ptupose  of  each  local  association 
was  **not  merely  to  promote  good  feeling  and  social 
intercoiuse,  but  especially  to  discuss  and  act  upon  all 
matters  of  inter-sorority  interest  with  a  view  to  raising 
fraternity  standards  and  ameliorating  existing  evils." 

The  fourth  Conference  met  at  Chicago,  Sept.  15,  16, 
1905.  A  O  n  was  represented.  Petitions  from  several 
sororities  were  presented  and  it  was  dedded  that  no 
sorority  with  less  than  five  chapters  should  be  admitted 
and  none  having  a  chapter  in  an  institution  below  col- 
legiate rank.    A  constitution  was  proposed. 

The  fifth  Conference  met  at  Chicago,  Sept.  14,  1906. 
2  K  was  represented.  A  revised  constitution  was  pro- 
posed, and  a  model  constitution  for  local  Pan-Hellenic 
Associations  was  adopted.  A  resolution  was  passed  dis- 
cotintenancing  high  school  sororities  and  recommending 
that  admission  be  refused  to  women  who  had  belonged  to 
such  societies.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  investigate 
the  laws  of  the  several  states  with  reference  to  the  un- 
authorized wearing  of  badges.  This  Conference  also 
manifested  a  desire  to  ftuther  social  service  work  and  to 
cooperate  with  the  college  authorities  to  tbatend. 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES  407 

The  sixth  Conference  met  at  Chicago,  Sept.  13,  1907. 
The  proposed  constitution  for  the  Conference  and  for 
local  associations  were  discussed.  The  matter  of  social 
service  was  discussed  and  alumnae  were  iu"ged  to  assist 
in  solving  local  Pan-Hellenic  differences.  An  application 
for  membership  by  A  A  O  (sorority)  was  rejected  on  the 
ground  that  it  did  not  meet  the  necessary  requirements. 
Local  associations  were  lu^ged  to  include  local  societies  as 
well  as  chapters  of  the  sororities. 

The  seventh  Conference  met  at  Chicago,  Sept.  11,  1908. 
The  proposed  constitution  for  the  Conference  was  at  last 
accepted  by  all  the  sororities  represented.  The  name  of 
the  organization  was  changed  to  the  National  Pan- 
Hellenic  Conference.  The  matter  of  exchanging  fraternity 
magazines  was  regulated.  The  matter  of  chaperons 
for  chapter  houses  was  discussed.  A  sophomore  pledge 
day  was  recommended.  The  local  Pan-Hellenic  Associa- 
tions were  tirged  to  require  a  definite  scholarship  attain- 
ment as  a  prerequisite  to  fraternity  membership,  and  to 
arrange  some  general  meetings  at  each  institution  at 
which  all  the  fraternity  members  should  be  present,  and  to 
restrict  the  expense,  number  and  diuration  of  social  ftmc- 
tions. 

The  eighth  Conference  met  at  Chicago,  Sept.  17,  18, 
1909.  Z  T  A  and  ATA  were  represented.  The  matter 
of  providing  proi:)er  chaperons  was  again  discussed  and  it 
was  suggested  that  each  chapter  living  in  a  house  should 
employ  a  chaperon  at  a  small  salary  under  a  definite 
contract.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  draw  up  a  code 
concerning  the  dismissal  of  members,  the  withdrawal  of 


4o8  WOMEN'S   FRATERNITIES 

invitations,  the  breaking  of  pledges,  etc.  An  extension 
comniittee  was  provided  for. 

The  ninth  Conference  was  held  at  Chicago,  Sept.  i6, 
19  lo.  A  A  *  (sorority)  and  A  Z  were  represented.  Model 
chapter  house  rules  were  submitted  for  consideration. 
The  fraternities  were  asked  to  vest  limited  legislative 
power  in  their  delegates,  and  that  a  seven-eighths  vote 
should  decide  matters  voted  upon  at  the  conference.  The 
members  were  lu-ged  not  to  allow  fraternity  loyalty  to 
conflict  with  college  loyalty,  to  limit  the  extent  of  tmder- 
graduate  activity  of  members,  to  control  the  place,  dura- 
tion and  time  of  social  ftmctions  and  similar  matters,  to 
include  non-fraternity  women  in  social  life,  to  limit  the 
cost  of  entertainment,  etc.  A  new  model  constitution 
for  local  associations  was  also  prepared. 

The  tenth  Conference  met  at  Evanston,  Ills.,  Nov.  3,  4, 
1 9 1 1 .  The  proposed  constitution  was  adopted.  It  changed 
the  name  of  the  organization  to  the  National  Pan-Hellenic 
Congress  and  appointed  an  executive  committee.  The 
matter  of  admitting  professional  fraternities  was  dis- 
cussed and  an  interesting  report  on  social  ctistoms  was 
received  and  printed. 

The  constitution  as  thus  finally  arrived  at  is  reprinted 
below: 

CONSTITUTION 

Art.  I — Name 
The  name  of  this  organization  shall  be  the  National  Pan-Hellenic 
Congress. 

Art.  II — Object 

The  object  of  the  Pan-Hellenic  Congress  shall  be  to  improve  the 
conditions  of  fraternity  life  and  inter-fraternity  relationships,  to 


WOMEN'S   FRATERNITIES 


409 


strengthen  the  position  of  fraternities  in  the  college  community,  to 
co-operate  with  college  authorities  in  all  efforts  to  improve  social 
and  scholarship  standards,  and  to  be  a  forum  for  the  discussion  of  all 
questions  of  general  interest  to  the  fraternity  world. 

Art.  Ill — Organization 

The  Congress  shall  be  composed  of  one  delegate  from  each  na- 
tional fraternity  represented. 

Art.  IV — Eligibility  to  Membership 

Sec.  I.  (Referred  to  a  committee.) 

Sec.  2.  Any  fraternity  meeting  three  Congress  fraternities  at  any 
institution  and  not  eligible  to  full  membership  in  the  Congress, 
shall  be  admitted  to  associate  membership — having  a  seat  and  a 
voice  but  not  a  vote. 

Sec.  3.  The  application  of  any  fraternity  for  membership  in  the 
National  Pan-Hellenic  Congress  shall  be  referred  to  a  committee  of 
three,  which  shall  investigate  the  standing  of  the  petitioning  body, 
and  upon  their  recommendation  it  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Con- 
gress upon  an  unanimous  affirmative  vote  of  the  delegates  present. 

Art.  V— Meetings 

Sec.  I .  The  Congress  shall  assembly  annually,  the  time  and  place 
of  the  following  meeting  to  be  arranged  each  year,  and  shall  be 
presided  over  by  the  fraternities  in  rotation. 

Sec.  2.  The  official  list  shall  be: 


1.  Pi  Beta  Phi. 

2.  Kappa  Alpha  Theta. 

3.  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma. 

4.  Alpha  Phi. 

5.  Delta  Gamma. 

6.  Gamma  Phi  Beta. 

7.  Alpha  Chi  Omega. 

8.  Delta  Delta  Delta. 


9.  Alpha  Xi  Delta. 

10.  Chi  Omega. 

11.  Sigma  Kappa. 

12.  Alpha  Omicron  Pi. 

13.  Zeta  Tau  Alpha. 

14.  Alpha  Gamma  Delta. 

15.  Alpha  Delta  Phi.  ' 


16.  Delta  Zeta. 

Sec.  3.  Additions  to  the  official  list  shall  be  made  in  order  of 
election  to  membership. 


4XO  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Art.  VI — Powers 

'Sec.  I.  The  powers  of  the  Congress  shall  be  five-fold: — First, 
to  make  laws  that  pertain  to  its  own  government.  Second,  to  admit 
at  its  discretion  petitioning  fraternities.  Third,  to  levy  annual  dues 
— not  to  exceed  $15.00  to  be  paid  by  the  fraternities  within  two  weeks 
of  notification  by  the  treasurer.  Fourth,  to  make  final  settlement 
of  a  dissention  in  a  local  Pan-Hellenic  reported  to  its  Executive 
Committee.  Fifth,  to  have  advisory  power  over  local  Pan- 
Hellenics. 

Sec.  2.  An  unanimous  vote  of  the  delegates  present  shall  be  neces- 
sary to  a  vote  in  the  Congress. 

Art.  VII — Government 

Sec.  I.  The  delegate  from  the  fraternity  calling  the  congress 
shall  act  as  chairman  of  the  same,  and  the  delegate  from  the  fratern- 
ity next  in  order  shall  act  as  secretary  of  the  Congress.  The  treas- 
urer shall  be  the  delegate  whose  fraternity  is  next  on  the  list  after 
that  of  the  secretary's. 

Sec.  2.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  consist  of  the  secretary  of 
the  last  Congress  as  chairman,  the  secretary  of  the  next  Congress  and 
the  treasurer. 

Sec.  3.  The  duties  of  the  Executive  Committee  shall  be  to  carry 
on  the  work  of  the  Congress  between  sessions:  to  appoint,  on  appli- 
cation from  a  Grand  President  of  any  chapter  involved  in  local 
Pan- Hellenic  difficulties,  a  member  of  the  Congress  whose  fraternity 
interests  are  not  involved  in  the  question  at  issue  to  investigate  and 
arbitrate  any  difficulty  arising  in  the  Pan-Hellenic,  expenses  of  the 
one  sent  to  be  defrayed  by  the  local  Pan-Hellenic;  to  make  final 
settlement  and  inflict  penalties,  if  necessary,  on  any  chapter  which 
withdraws  from  a  local  Pan-Hellenic  or  refuses  to  arbitrate  its  viola- 
tion of  any  Pan-Hellenic  contract  or  the  "lifting"  of  a  pledge,  after 
the  Grand  President  of  the  offending  chapter  has  been  duly  in- 
formed by  the  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

Sec.  4.  Chairman.  The  duties  of  the  chairman  shall  be  as 
follows: 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES  4x1 

She  shall  keep  the  minutes.  She  shall  send  reports  of  the  Con- 
gress promptly  to  the  members  of  the  Congress  and  to  all  Grand 
Secretaries  of  the  fraternities  represented  in  the  Congress  for  dis- 
tribution to  chapters  and  officers  of  their  fraternities. 

She  shall  issue  questions  proposed  by  the  Congress  to  the  Grand 
Secretaries  for  presentation  to  their  fraternities  and  shall,  upon 
receipt  of  the  result,  send  notices  of  the  same  to  all  Grand  Secretar- 
ies. She  shall  report  all  measures  of  inter-fraternity  interest  passed 
by  any  Grand  Qouncil  or  by  any  convention,  at  once  to  the  Congress. 
She  shall  send  to  each  Grand  Secretary  voting  blanks  for  all  motions 
submitted  to  the  fraternities  by  the  Congress. 

She  shall  prepare,  with  the  other  members  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, the  program  of  the  Congress  and  the  instructions  to  the 
delegates,  and  shall  issue  the  call  for  the  next  meeting.  She  shall 
send,  with  the  aid  of  the  Executive  Committee,  quarterly  bulletins 
of  Pan-Hellenic  interest  to  each  Grand  Secretary. 

Sec.  5.  Treasurer.  The  duties  of  the  treasurer  shall  be  to  collect 
and  hold  all  moneys,  subject  to  the  will  of  the  Congress  and  to  be 
expended  only  on  a  written  order  from  the  chairman. 


Art.  VIII — Methods  of  Procedure 

Sec.  I.  Actions  of  Pan- Hellenic  interest  passed  by  any  Grand 
Council  or  any  Grand  Convention  shall  be  reported  at  once  to  the 
chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  and  also  to  the  Grand  Secre- 
tary of  each  fraternity  represented  in  the  Congress. 

Sec.  2.  Suggestions  offered  by  the  Congress  shall  be  submitted 
as  soon  as  possible  by  the  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
to  all  the  Grand  Secretaries  of  the  fraternities,  and  the  result  of  the 
vote  announced  by  each  Grand  Secretary  to  the  chairman  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive Committee  of  the  Congress  within  two  months. 

Sec.  3.  The  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  shall  then  an- 
nounce the  result  to  all  Grand  Councils  and  chapters.  The  motions 
that  have  received  an  unanimous  vote  of  all  the  fraternities  shall 
at  once  become  binding  upon  all  chapters,  the  Grand  Coimcil  being 
responsible  for  the  observance. 


412 


WOMEN* S  FRATERNITIES 


Art.  IX — Legislation 

Legislation  enacted  by  a  fraternity  at  the  sugjj^estion  of  the  Con- 
gress can  be  repealed  or  modified  only  by  formal  action  of  the 
Congress. 

Art.  X — Amendments 

This  Constitution  may  be  amended  by  an  unanimous  vote  of  all 
the  fraternities  represented  m  the  National  Pan-Hellenic  Congress. 


The  proceedings  of  the  subsequent  meetings  are  too 
lengthy  to  be  restated  here.  They  may  be  read  quite 
generally  in  the  various  journals  published  by  the  so- 
rorities. 

The  data  concerning  the  sororities  is  arranged  in  the 
same  manner  as  that  relating  to  the  men's  fraternities. 


(Members  of  the  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star.) 

The  Achoth  sorority  was  organized  at  the  University 
of  Nebraska,  March  5,  1910,  by  fifteen  members  of 
the  Ordei'  of  the  Eastern  Star,  and  members  of  this  order 
in  pood  standing  are  the  only  persons  eligible  to  member- 
ship.   The  chapters  are  named  from  the  Hebrew  alphabet. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
1910.  Alefh,  University  of  Nebraska 101 

1910.  Beth,  University  of  Iowa 89 

191 1.  Gimel,  University  of  Illinois 87 

1912.  Daleth,  University  of  Kansas 82 

1913.  He,  Northwestern  University  (1914) 20 

1914.  WaWf  North  Dakota  Agricultviral  College,  Fargo  65 

191 5.  Zayifty  Iowa  State  Teachers  College,  Cedar  Falls  42 

191 5.  Kheth,  University  of  Wisconsin 47 

1917.  Teih,  University  of  Colorado 38 

1917.  Yodh,  University  of  Minnesota 33 

1919.  Kaph,  University  of  California 22 

Active  chapters,  10:    inactive,  i.     Membership,  626. 

The  sorority  has  the  usual  form  of  government.  The 
National  Conclave  is  held  biennially;  the  Governing 
Coimcil  meets  annually. 

The  colors  are  sapphire  and  white;  the  flower  is  the 
lily-of-the-valley.  The  magazine  is  called  Kochov,  and 
is  issued  quarterly. 


nr^ii 


The  pledge-button  is  black. 

413 


:.    ^^.^l* 


jaipda  Cfti  <^ega 


npHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  DePauw  University, 
October  15,  1885,  with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  James 
G.  Campbell,  B  9  n.  The  charter  members  were: 
Estella  Leonard,  Anna  Allen,  Amy  R.  DuBois,  Bessie 
Grooms,  Olive  Burnett,  Bertha  Deniston,  and  Nellie 
Gamble.  Since  its  establishment,  the  fraternity  has  had 
an  unusiial  interest  in  musical  education,  and  at  one  time 
certain  musical  qualifications  were  required  for  member- 
ship, in  addition  to  literary  qualifications.  This  aesthetic 
interest  has  developed  into  a  musical  tradition  that  has 
exerted  a  marked  influence  upon  the  moulding  of  the  ideals 
of  the  fraternity. 
The  roll  is  as  follows : 

1885.     A,  DePauw  University. 428 

1887.     B,  Albion  College 273 

1890.  r.  Northwestern  University 273 

1891.  A,  Allegheny  College 226 

1895.     E,  University  of  Southern  California 140 

1895.     Z,    New  England  Conservatory  of  Music 244 

1898.    H,  Bucknell  University  (1899) 15 

414 


ALPHA    CHI  OMBGA  4x9 

1898.  9,  University  of  Michigan 353 

1899.  I,    University  of  Illinois 199 

1903.     K,  University  of  Wisconsin 14^ 

1906.  A,  S3rracuse  University 155 

1907.  M,  Simpson  College 140 

1907.  N,  University  of  Colorado 133 

1907.  a,  University  of  Nebraska 147 

1907.  O,  Baker  University 151 

1909.  n,  University  of  California 145 

1910.  P,  University  of  Washington 117 

1911.  2,  University  of  Iowa 87 

1911.  T,  Brenau  College loi 

1913.  T,  MJUikin  University 89 

1914.  *  University  of  Kansas 66 

1915.  X,  Oregon  State  College 76 

1916.  V,  University  of  Oklahoma 4-2 

1916.    Q,  Washington  State  College 59 

1918.    A  B,  Purdue  University 46 

1918.  A  r,  University  of  New  Mexico 22 

1919.  A  E,  University  of  Pennsylvania 18 

Active  chapters,  26;  inactive,  i;  membership,  3,794. 
The  following  chapters  own  houses:    Albion,  Illinois, 

Michigan,  Syracuse,  Wisconsin.     Total  houses,  s;^total 
valuation  $103,000. 

The  chapter  at  Bucknell  University  became  inactive 
June,  1899.  The  Southern  California  chapter  was  inactive 
from  1898  to  1905.  The  Illinois  chapter  was  formed  from 
a  local  Z  X,  the  Simpson  chapter  from  A  A  r,  the  Baker 
chapter  from  N  A,  the  Washington  chapter  from  A  N,  the 
Milliken  chapter  from  *  n,  the  Brenau  chapter  from  a 


4i6  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIBS 

chapter  of  H  T  r,  the  Kansas  chapter  from  A  and  the 
Oregon  State  College  chapter  from  A  Q,  the  Iowa  chapter 
from  S  T  A,  the  Washington  State  College  chapter  from 
A  ^  2,  the  Purdue  chapter  from  A  B,  the  New  Mexico 
chapters  from  A  A,  the  California  chapter  from  the 
La  Solana  Club,  and  the  Oklahoma  chapter  from  A  P. 

Since  the  establishing  of  the  second  chapter,  the  supreme 
power  of  the  fraternity  has  been  vested  in  the  convention. 
The  DePauw  chapter  acted  as  the  governing  body  be- 
tween national  assemblies  until  1896.  At  that  time  the 
constitutional  form  was  adopted  whereby  the  convention 
became  the  National  Chapter.  It  is  composed  of  a  dele- 
gate from  each  collegiate  chapter,  each  altminae  chapter, 
the  province  president,  and  the  National  Coimcil.  This 
latter  body,  which  is  composed  of  the  National  oflBcers, 
meets  biennially,  alternating  with  the  National  Chapter 
sessions.  The  National  Inspector  is  the  fraternity's 
representative  at  the  Pan-Hellenic  Conference  and  makes 
a  biennial  visit  of  inspection  to  each  chapter. 

Alumnae  chapters  have  been  formed  at  a  nimiber  of 
the  principal  cities  and  alumni  clubs  at  many  more.  The 
alimmae  chapters  have  all  the  privileges  of  the  active 
chapters  excepting  that  of  making  initiations.  The 
aliminse  clubs  have  no  ritualistic  privileges  and  are  not 
entitled  to  voting  representatives  at  conventions. 

The  conventions  meet  biennially. 

The  Lyre,  the  fraternity  journal,  was  authorized  by  the 
annual  convention  at  Evanston,  111.,  in  March,  1894,  and 
the  first  number  appeared  in  June  of  that  year  tmder  the 
supervision  of  the  chapter  at  Greencastle,  which  con- 


ALPHA    CHI  OMEGA  417 

tinued  to  be  the  place  of  publication  until  1900.  Since 
then  it  has  been  published  at  Providence,  R.  L  and 
Menasha,  Wis.  The  numbers  are  printed  in  November, 
January,  April,  and  July.  The  Heraeum,  a  secret  annual 
publication,  was  first  issued  in  1910.  The  Argolid,  a 
private  bulletin,  was  issued  irregularly  from  1911  to  1915, 
since  the  latter  date  it  has  been  published  four  times 
during  each  college  year.  There  is  also  an  Alumna: 
Letter  sent  biennially  to  all  of  the  alumme,  which  was 
first  issued  in  1908. 

The  first  edition  of  the  Song  Book  was  published  in 
1894.  The  fourth  edition,  containing  53  songs,  43  to 
original  music,  was  issued  in  191 5. 

A  history  of  the  fraternity  was  compiled  by  Mabel 
H.  Siller  and  edited  by  Florence  A.  Armstrong  in  1911. 
The  history  was  revised  and  rewritten  by  Florence  A. 
Armstrong  in  1916.  It  contains  a  general  discussion  of 
the  development  of  fraternities,  especially  as  regards 
their  relationship  to  the  history  of  Alpha  Chi  Omega, 
the  history  of  each  chapter,  the  publications,  insignia, 
etc.  of  the  fraternity,  and  many  illustrations. 

Six  issues  of  the  directory,  gi\ang  the  fraternity  member- 
ship, have  been  published. 

A  resen'^e  fund  of  $11,000  has  been  collected  and  lent 
to  the  chapters  from  time  to  time,  and  a  scholarship  fund 
of  $2,500  has  been  raised  in  order  to  lend  money  to  worthy 
members  of  the  active  chapters.  The  life  subscriptions  to 
The  Lyre  have  been  protected  by  a  reserve  fund  of  more 
than  $5,000. 


4x8 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


In  191 1  the  fraternity  erected  the  Star  Studio  at  the 
Macdowell  Memorial  Association,  Peterborough,  N.  H., 
and  its  use  is  awarded  to  a  creative  worker  in  literature, 
music  or  art,  whether  a  member  of  the  fraternity  or  not, 
by  the  Association.  It  was  first  awarded  to  a  member 
of  the  fraternity  in  191 6. 

♦  The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  Greek  lyre, 
jeweled  and  displaying  the  letters  "A  X  Q"  on 
a  scroll  placed  diagonally  across  the  strings. 
The  colors  are  scarlet  and  olive.  The  flowers 
are  scarlet  carnation  and  smilax.  A  flag  was  adopted  in 
1910.     The  colors  of  the  pledge-button  are  red  and  green. 


iaiptia  lielta  $( 


A  LPHA  Delta  Pi  was  founded  at  the  Wesleyan  Female 

College  on  May  15,  1851  by  Octavia  O.  Andrew, 

Maria  J.  Esterling,  Mary  A.  Evans,  Oceana  L.  Goodall, 

Eugenia  Tucker,  and  Elizabeth  Williams,  and  was  called 

the  Adelphean  Society. 

It  was  not  until  August  1904  that  the  Adelphean  Society 
became  known  as  the  Alpha  Chapter  and  the  policy  of 
expansion  was  adopted.  At  that  time  the  organization 
was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Georgia  as  the  "Adel- 
phean Society,**  and  in  July  1905  amended  its  charter  **by 
inserting  after  its  name  wherever  it  occurs  in  said  charter, 
as  a  symbol  for  said  name,  the  following  Greek  letters 
'A  A  *.*  In  1913  it  changed  its  name  to  Alpha  Delta  Pi 
to  avoid  confusion  with  the  men*s  fraternity  of  A  A  *. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1851.  A,  Wesleyan  Female  College  (1915) *iooo 

1905.  B,  Salem  College  (1909) 31 

1906.  r,  Mary  Baldwin  Seminary  (1910) 42 

1906.  A,  University  of  Texas 179 

1906.  E,  Sophie  Newcomb  College  (Tulane) 52 

1907.  Z,  Southwestern  University 119 

1907.     H,  University  of  Alabama  (1909) 18 

*At  present  this  number  can  be  only  estimated.    The  19 17  dixectory  is  very 
incomplete. 


420 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


1908.  0,  Lawrence  College iii 

1909.  I,  Florida  State  College  for  Women 95 

1910.  K,  Judson  College 81 

1910.     A,  Brenau  College  (Ga.) 125 

1910.     M,  Women's  College  of  Alabama  (1913) 32 

1910.  N,  Randolph-Macon  Women's  College 57 

1911.  O,  Trinity  College  (N.C.),  ..  ., 38 

1911.     n,  Iowa  State  College 112 

191 1.  P,  Boston   University 60 

1912.  S,  University  of  Illinois 88 

1912.     T,  University  of  Kansas 88 

1912.  T,  Washington  State  College 71 

1913.  *,  Hanover  College 43 

1913.     X,  Wittenberg  College 48 

1913.  ^^  University  of  California 98 

1914.  Q,  Louisiana  State  University 43 

1914.     S,  Ohio  University 60 

1914.  A  A,  University  of  Colorado 65 

191 5.  A  B,  Iowa  State  University 85 

191 5.     A  r,  University  of  Missouri 53 

191 5.     A  A,  Colby  College 57 

191 5.     A  E,  University  of  Nebraska 44 

191 5.     A  Z,  Southern  Methodist  University 38 

191 5.     A  H,  Kansas  State  College 56 

191 7.     A  8,  University  of  Washington 56 

Active  chapters  27,  inactive  5.     Membership  3,145. 

The  Wesleyan  and  Alabama  Chapters  were  killed  by 
anti-fraternity  laws. 

Many  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  pre-existing 
locals. 


ALPHA    DELTA    PI  421 

The  Randolph-Macon  chapter  owns  a  bungalow 
($1,200). 

There  are  a  number  of  alumnaj  associations. 

The  government  is  bybiennial  conventions  with  a 
National  Council  and  Executive  Committee  acting  be- 
tween its  sessions. 

A  quarterly  jounial  called  Tlte  Adelpliean  was  begun  in 
Macon,  Ga.,  1907.  In  19 10  it  was  moved  to  Menasha, 
Wis.,  where  it  has  since  been  pubhshed.  A  secret  maga- 
zine knowTi  as  the  Adelpliean  Chronicle  was  first  issued  in 
185 1  in  the  handwriting  of  various  members.  After  a 
number  of  years  it  was  discontinued,  and  was  not  revived 
until  191 5.  It  is  issued  six  times  a  year  by  the  National 
Secretary.  A  song  book  was  issued  in  19 16,  and  a  direc- 
tory in  191 7. 

The  sorority  is  divided  into  five  Provinces,  each 
Province  being  presided  over  by  a  Province  President. 
Ever>'^  chapter  is  visited  once  in  two  years  by  its  Province 
President,  and  by  the  National  Inspector. 

The  1 5th  of  May  is  observed  by  the  chapters  as  **Foimd- 
ers'  Day."  The  day  is  usually  celebrated  by  a  banquet 
of  all  the  actives  and  as  many  of  the  alumnae  as  can  be 
present.  All  alumnae  who  cannot  attend  send  their  cards. 
Members  send  greetings  to  oiu*  one  livnng  Founder,  Eugenia 
Tucker  Fitzgerald. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  of  black  enamel  displaying 
along  the  longest  diagonal,  clasped  hands  on  each  side  of 
which  is  a  star  and  beneath  the  letters  "A  A  n.'*  The 
colors  are  pale  blue  and  white  The  flower  is  the  single 
purple  violet. 


Qlp^a  ^arnma  Belta 


A  LPHA  Gamma  Delta  was  founded  May  30,  1904,  at 
Syracuse  University  by  Jennie  Clara  Titus.  Mar- 
guerite Shcpard,  Estelle  Shepard,  Ethel  Evelyn  Brown, 
Flora  M.  Knight,  Georgia  Otis,  Emily  Helen  Butterfield, 
Georgia  A.  Dickover,  Mary  Louise  Snider,  Edith  E, 
MacConnell  and  Grace  Robertson  Mosher. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

904.  A,  Syracuse  University 170 

905.  B,  University  of  Wisconsin 150 

906.  r,  Wesleyan  University  (1912) 66 

908.     A.  University  of  Minnesota 138 

908.     E,  University  of  Kentucky 87 

908.     Z,  Ohio  University 128 

908.  H,  DePauw  University 92 

909.  6,  Goucher  College 83 

909.    I,    University  of  Washington 125 

912.  K,  Allegheny  College 104 

913,  A,  Northwestern  University 77 

913.    M,  Brenau  College 73 

913.  N,  Boston  University 82 

914.  E,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University 51 

915.  O,  University  of  California 102 

422 


ALPHA    GAMMA    DELTA  4^3 

_  _  _  • 

1917.  n,  Coe  College 27 

1917.  P,  Iowa  State  College 44 

1918.  S,  University  of  Illinois 31 

1919.  T,  University  of  Toronto 37 

1919.  T,  University  of  Oklahoma 30 

Active  chapters,  19;  inactive,!.    Membership  1597. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Minnesota,  Syra- 
cuse, Washington,  Wisconsin,  Total,  4,  total  valuation 
$60,000. 

Many  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  locals.  The 
Wesleyan  chapter  became  inactive  when  women  ceased 
to  attend  the  imiversity. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters  in  Central  New  York, 
Minnesota,  Connecticut,  Wisconsin,  Chicago,  Seattle, 
Boston,  Baltimore,  Pittsburgh,  Southern  California, 
San  Francisco,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
New  York  City,  Washington,  D.  C,  Georgia,  Cincinnati. 

The  fraternity  is  governed  by  a  convention,  a  Grand 
Council  and  a  Province  Council.  The  convention  is  com- 
posed of  two  delegates  from  each  collegiate  chapter,  one 
from  each  alumna  chapter,  the  members  of  the  council, 
the  secretary  of  the  convention,  not  a  delegate,  and  the 
editor  of  the  Alplia  Gamma  Delta  Quarterly.  The  Grand 
Council  consists  of  eight  members,  the  president,  first  and 
second  vice-presidents,  secretary,  treasurer  and  three  non- 
official  members.  The  cotmcil  has  all  power  diuing  the 
interval  between  conventions.  The  Province  Council 
is  composed  of  the  Grand  President  and  the  Presidents  of 
the  five  provinces.  All  province  affairs  as  such  are 
managed  by  the  Province  Council. 


4«4 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


The  fraternity  is  divided  into  provinces,  for  purposes 
of  administration,  and  province  conventions  are  held  dur- 
ing the  years  when  the  national  conventions  do  not  meet. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  quarterly  magazine  the  Alpha 
Gamma  Delta  Quarterly.  The  history  has  been  printed  in 
the  magazine  but  it  has  not  been  separately  published. 
There  is  also  a  secret  magazine.  Other  publications  are 
three  directories,  two  song  books  and  two  handbooks  of 
instruction.  A  complete  Manual  of  Fraternity  Education 
was  published  in  February'  1918  as  one  issue  of  the  Quart- 
erly  making  a  great  deal  of  scattered  fraternity  material 
available  for  all  members. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  in  gold  of  the  three  Greek 
letters,  which  give  the  fraternity  its  name,  with  the  "a" 
plain,  the  *'r'*  chased  and  the  *'a"  which  may  be  jeweled, 
superimposed  upon  the  other  two.  The  colors  are  red, 
buff  and  green ;  the  flowers,  red  and  buff  roses,  the  flag 
:  ed  and  buff  with  letters  in  green. 


iaiptia  <^micron  $t 


A  LPHA  Omicron  Pi  was  founded  at  Barnard  College, 
of  Columbia  University,  January  2,  1897,  by  Jessie 
Wallace  Hughan,   Helen  St.  Clair,  Stella  George  Stem 
and  Elizabeth  Hey  wood  Wyman,  all  of  the  class  of  1898. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1897.  A,  Barnard  College  (Columbia)  (1915) 89 

1898.  n,  Sophie  Newcomb  College  (Tulane) 92 

1900.     N,  New  York  University 85 

1902.  O,  University  of  Tennessee 82 

1903.  K,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College 127 

1903.     Z,  University  of  Nebraska 181 

1907.     S,  University  of  California 184 

1907.  6,  DePauw  University 163 

1908.  B,  Brown  University,  Woman's  College  (1909)     12 

1908.     A,  Jackson  College  (Tufts) 163 

1908.     r,  University  of  Maine 160 

1908.  E,  Sage  College  (Cornell) 96 

1909.  P,  Northwestern  University iii 

1910.  A,  Stanford  University 10^ 

1911.  I,    University  of  Illinois no 

1912.  T,  University  of  Minnesota 81 

1914.  X,  Syracuse  University 77 

1915.  T,  University  of  Washington 90 

425 


426 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


191 5.  N  K,  Southern  Methodist  University 26 

1916.  B  *,  Indiana  University 56 

191 7.  H,  University  of  Wisconsin 41 

1917.  A  *,  Montana  State  College 32 

191 7.  N  O,  Vanderbilt  University 19 

1918.  V,  University  of  Pennsylvania    24 

1918.  *,  University  of  Kansas 24 

1919.  Q,  Miami  University 46 

Active  chapters,  24;   inactive,  2.     Membership  2276. 
The  California,  Randolph-Macon  and  Stanford  chap- 
ters own  houses.     Total  valuation  $38,000. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters  in  a  number  of  cities. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  Grand 
Council.  During  the  recess  between  its  sessions  the  affairs 
of  the  fraternity  are  administered  by  an  Executive  Com- 
mittee. 

Until  1908,  conventions  were  held  in  New  York  City. 
They  then  became  biennial. 

The  fraternity  has  published  a  quarterly  journal  called 
To  Dragma  since  1905. 

SThe  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  **  A  O  n,*' 
a  ruby  or  a  garnet  appearing  on  the  apex  of  the 
**A  "  The  fraternity  color  is  cardinal  and  the 
flower  is  the  jacqueminot  rose.  The  jewel  is  the  ruby. 
The  pledge-button  is  of  gold 


iaiplia  $||i 


A  LPHA  Phi  was  founded  at  the  University  of  Syracuse 
October  20th,  1872,  by  Rena  Michaels,  Clara  Brad- 
ley, Martha  Foote,  Kate  Hogoboom,  Ida  Gilbert,  Louise 
Shepard,  Jane  S.  Higham,  Florence  Chidester,  Elizabeth 
Hubbell  and  Clara  Sittser.  This  was  called  the  Alpha 
chapter,  but  it  was  nine  years  before  a  second  chapter  was 
established. 

The  following  is  the  chapter  roll: 

1872.     A,  University  of  Syraaise 465 

1881.     B,  Northwestern  University 310 

1883.    H.  Boston  University 287 

1887.     r,  DePauw  University 301 

1889.  A.  Cornell  University 211 

1890.  E,  University  of  Minnesota 266 

1891.  Z,  Goucher  College 201 

1892.  6,  University  of  Michigan 237 

1896.    I,    University  of  Wisconsin 247 

1399.     K,  Stanford  University 159 

1901.     A,  University  of  California 192 

1903.    M,  Barnard  College  (Columbia)  (1915) 62 

1906.     N,  University  of  Nebraska 116 

1906.     E.  University  of  Toronto 96 

1910.  O,  University  of  Missouri 77 

1911.  n,  University  of  North  Dakota 96 

427 


428  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1912.  P,  Ohio  State  University 76 

1914.  2,  University  of  Washing^ton 48 

1915.  T,  University  of  Oregon 41 

191 7.  T,  Washburn  College,  Topeka,  Kans 46 

1917.  4>,  University  of  Oklahoma 20 

1918.  X,  University  of  Monatana 12 

Active  chapters,  21;   inactive,  i;  membership,  3.401. 
The  chapters  at  S>Tacuse,  Minnesota,  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin,  California,    and    Stanford    own    houses.      Total 
houses  6,  total  valuation  $97,000. 

The  Syracuse  chapter  was  the  first  chapter  of  a  woman's 
society  to  occupy  or  own  a  chapter  house.  This  was 
built  in  1886. 

No  charter  has  ever  been  withdrawn  from  a  chapter; 
the  Barnard  chapter  died  with  abolition  of  fraternities 
in  the  college. 

The  general  government  of  the  fraternity  is  centralized 
in  form,  and  is  vested  in  a  Board  of  five  officers,  alumnae  of 
the  fraternity,  who  are  elected  at  each  biennial  national 
convention  and  hold  office  through  the  next  convention. 
The  delegate  to  the  national  Pan-Hellenic  conference  is  a 
member  cx-officio  of  th^s  Board.  The  members  of  the 
Board  are  usually  chosen  from  one  locality.  Each  chap- 
ter is  visited  once  in  two  years  by  a  visiting  delegate 
appointed  by  the  Board. 

The  National  fraternity  maintains  an  Endowment 
Fund  in  charge  of  an  Endowment  Committee. 

A  National  Social  Servdce  Committee  suggests  and 
has  general  supervision  over  the  social  service  activities 
of  the  chapters. 


ALPHA    Pnt 


429 


A  Scholarship  Committee  receives  each  term  from  an 
Alimmae  advisor  of  each  chapter,  a  report  of  the  scholastic 
work  and  standing  of  the  initiates. 

Conventions  of  the  fraternity  are  held  bienally. 

The  journal  of  the  fraternity  is  the  Alpha  Phi  Quarterly 
first  published  in  July,  1888,  under  the  management  of 
the  Northwestern  chapter.  Here  it  remained  for  two 
years  when  it  was  transferred,  in  August,  1890,  to  the 
Syracuse  chapter,  where  it  was  publivShed  until  i8g2. 
From  this  time  until  1897,  the  publication  was  under  the 
control  of  the  chapter  at  Boston,  and  then  it  was  returned 
to  Syracuse  to  be  placed  under  a  new  kind  of  management 
imtil  1906.  From  1906  to  19 12  the  Quarterly  was  issued 
from  the  University  of  Michigan  under  the  direction 
of  the  general  board,  an  editor-in-chief,  seven  advisory 
editors,  and  a  business  manager.  From  1913  to  1919  it 
has  been  issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Wisconsin  chap- 
ter. It  is  published  at  Menasha,  Wis.  Thirty 
volumes  have  been  completed.  A  catalogue  is  issued 
every  two  years  as  a  supplement  to  the  January  number. 
A  card  catalogue  system  was  completed  in  1908  by  which 
method  an  account  of  each  alumna  is  received  every  four 
years.  A  song  book  of  96  pages  was  published  in  1892 
at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  In  1904  a  second  edition  was  issued, 
in  191 1  a  third. 

In  1908  the  convention  adopted  an  official 
badge  of  uniform  size.  It  is  a  plain  gold  mono- 
gram of  the  two  Greek  letters  A  and  *  with  the 
letters  A  E  O  in  black.  The  colors  are  silver 
gray  and  bordeaux.  The  flowers  are  lilies-of-the- valley 
And  forget-me-nots.    The  pledge-button  is  silver. 


nivU  3Ci  fielta 


sA^^^ja:*^.: 


T^HIS  society  was  founded  April  17,  1893,  at  Lombard 
College,  Galesburg,  Ills.,  by  Harriet  McCollum* 
Frances  Elizabeth  Cheney,  Almira  Lowrey  Cheney,  Lucy 
W.  Gilmer,  Elizabeth  Curtis,  Bertha  Cook,  Julia  Maud 
Foster,  Lewis  Strong,  Cora  Bollinger,  and  Alice  Bartlett. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1893.     A,  Lombard  College 150 

1902.     B,  Iowa  Wesleyan  College 175 

1902.  r,  Mt.  Union  College 235 

1903.  A,  Bethany  College no 

1903.  E,  University  of  South  Dakota 125 

1904.  Z.  Wittenberg  College 115 

1904.  H,  University  of  Syracuse 135 

1905.  6,  University  of  Wisconsin 125 

1905,     I,    University  of  West  Virginia 85 

1905.     K,  University  of  Illinois 150 

1907.     A,  Jackson  College  (Tufts) 125 

1907.     M,  University  of  Minnesota   130 

1907.  N,  University  of  Washington 150 

1908.  E,  Kentucky  State  University 65 

1909.  O,  University  of  California 150 

1911.  n,  Ohio  University no 

1912.  P,  University  of  Nebraska 80 

430 


ALPHA   XI  DELTA  431 

1912.      S,  Iowa  State  University 75 

1914.  T,  N.  H.  Agricultural  College 40 

1915.  T,  University  of  Vennont 45 

1915.  *,  Albion    College 60 

1916.  X,  University  of  Kansas 60 

1916.  y,  Ohio  State  University 35 

1917.  O,  Stetson  University 25 

1918.  A  A,  University  of  Pittsburgh 25 

1918.  A  B,  Cornell  University 30 

1918.  A  r,  Coe  College 30 

Active  chapters  27;  membership  2,480. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Albion,  Kansas, 
Lombard,  Mt.  Union,  Syracuse,  Wisconsin.  Total  hoases, 
6.     Total  valuation  $7 5,000. 

The  Iowa  Wesleyan  chapter  was  formed  from  the  "S" 
chapter  of  the  society  called  P.  E.  O.  when  it  decided  no 
longer  to  have  college  chapters.  Some  of  the  chapters 
have  been  formed  from  local  Greek  letter  societies. 

There  are  alimmae  chapters  at  a  ntmiber  of  important 
cities. 

The  government  is  through  a  convention  held  bien- 
nially and  a  Grand  Chapter  made  up  of  the  National 
Council  (comprising  the  general  officers  and  the  editor  of 
the  magazine)  and  representatives  from  each  chapter. 

Conventions  have  been  held  biennially. 

A  song  book  was  published  in  1908  and  19 18  at  Syra- 
cuse, N.  Y.  A  qtiarterly  journal  called  the  Alpha  Xi 
Delia  was  first  published  at  Galesburg  in  1904.  It  was 
then  moved  to  Alliance,  Ohio,  in  November,  1904,  where 
it  was  published  for  a  year.     In  1905  it  was  moved  to 


432 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


Syracuse  but  was  again  transferred  to  Alliance  in  1908. 
In  1 91 2  it  was  moved  to  Menasha,  Wis. 

The  badge  is  a  golden  quill  on  the  feathers 
of  which  are  the  letters  **A  S  A**  in  burn- 
ished gold.  The  flower  is  the  pink  rose.  The 
colors  are  light  and  dark  blue  and  gold.  The  pledge- 
button  is  black. 


AHA 


Cbi  <^mega 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  organized  at  the  University  of 
Arkansas,  April  5,  1895,  by  Ina  May  Boles,  Jobelle 
Holcx)mb,  Alice  Carey  Simonds  and  Jeanne  Marie  Vin- 
cenheller.  They  were  assisted  in  planning  their  organiza- 
tion by  Dr.  Charles  Richardson,  K  2,  who,  in  consideration 
of  this  service,  was  made  the  sole  honorary  member  of 
the  fraternity.  The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 
1895.       y,  University  of  Arkansas 220 

1898.  X,  Jessamine  Female  Institute,  Ky.  (1902) ...   23 

1899.  *.  Hellmuth  Woman's  College,  Can.  (1900)    9 
1899.       T,  Belmont  College,  Nashville,  Tenn.  (1903).   58 

1899.  T,  University  of  Mississippi  (1912) 82 

1900.  2,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College 140 

1900.       P,  Sophie  Newcomb  College  (Tulane) no 

1900.       n.  University  of  Tennessee H2 

1900.  O,  University  of  Illinois 210 

1901.  S,  Northwestern  University 180 

1902.  N,  University  of  Wisconsin 220 

1902.       M,  University  of  California «i» 178 

1902.  A,  University  of  Kansas 210 

1903.  K,  University  of  Nebraska 166 

1903.  *  A,  George  Washington  University 117 

433 


434  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

903.      X,  Transylvania  University 121 

903.  T,  Union  Univeriity  (Tcnn.)  (1911) 51 

904.  I,   University  of  Texas 160 

905.  H,  University  of  Midugan 163 

905.  0,  University  of  West  Virginia 137 

906.  Z,  University  of  Colorado 155 

906.       E,  Barnard  College  (Columbia)  (1915) 44 

906.  B,  Colby  College 210 

907.  A,  Dickinson  College m 

908.  r,  Florida  State  College  for  Women 1 16 

909.  A,  University  of  Washington 131 

909.  V  A,  University  of  Oregon 117 

910.  X  A,  Jackson  College  (Tufts) 120 

911.  T  A,  University  of  Syracuse 151 

913.  T  A,  Ohio  University 92 

913.  2  A,  Miami  University 79 

913.  P  A.  University  of  Missouri 100 

913.  n  A,  University  of  Cincinnati 57 

914.  O  A,  Coe  College 70 

914.  E  A,  University  of  Utah 107 

914.  A  A,  Kentucky  University 47 

915.  M  A,  New  Hampshire  College 69 

915.  N  A,  Stanford  University 78 

915.  K  A,  Kansas  Agricultural  College 51 

916.  I    A,  Southern  Methodist  University 21 

917.  ©  A,  Cornell  University 37 

917.  H  A,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 36 

919.  Z  A.  Ohio  State  University 31 

919.  A  A,  University  of  Chattanooga 15 

919.  T  A,  Swarthmore  College 21 


CHI  OMEGA  435 

1919.  B  A,  University  of  Pennsylvania 23 

1919.  V  B,  Iowa  University 41 

1919.  X  B,  Ptirdue  University 28 

Active  chapter,  42 ;  inactive,  6;  membership,  4.825. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Kansas,  Michigan, 
Randolph-Macon,  Syracuse,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses  5; 
total  valuation  $61,000. 

The  chapters  at  Jesamine  and  Belmont  were  discon- 
tinued because  of  faculty  opposition  and  unsatisfactory 
educational  standards  and  the  chapter  at  Hellmuth  be- 
cause of  the  lowering  of  the  educational  standard.  The 
Barnard  discontinued  on  account  of  the  abolishmeat  of 
fraternities. 

Many  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  pre-existing 
local  societies. 

There  are  a  nimiber  of  alumnae  chapters,  each  chapter 
taking  up  some  cultural  or  social  and  civic  service  work. 
There  are  in  effect  uniform  scholarship  blanks  for  the 
chapters  whereby  individual  work  in  each  study  is  set 
forth,  also  the  term  grade.  Outlines  concerning  vocations 
are  supplied  the  chapters  by  a  national  committee  on 
vocations.  The  open  declaration  of  the  fraternity  is 
"Hellenic  Culture  and  Christian  Ideals.'*  The  social  and 
civic  service  program  referred  to  above  reflects  the  latter, 
and  the  former  is  furthered  by  the  Grecian  program  which 
is  a  fixed  feature  of  conventions  and  by  the  observance 
of  the  Eleusinian  festivals. 

Each  active  chapter  awards  annually  a  prize,  generally 
of  $25,  to  the  woman  student  in  its  college  who  excels  in 
the  work  of  the  department  of  economics  or  sociology. 


436 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  the  con- 
vention, but  dtiring  the  intervals  between  conventions  this 
power  is  delegated  to  the  Council  composed  of  six  members 

Conventions  have  been  held  biennially. 

The  fraternity  journal,  the  Eleusis^  is  issued  quarterly. 
Its  publication  was  begun  in  1899  at  Fayetteville,  Ark. 
In  1904  it  was  transferred  to  Lynchburg,  Va.,  in  1905  to 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  in  191 1  to  Menasha,  Wis.  Song 
books  have  been  issued  in  1905  and  191 2.  A  Manual 
and  Directory  were  issued  in  1909  edited  by  Georgia  M. 
Shattuck,  Wisconsin,  '04,  and  Mattie  Craighill  Nichols, 
Randolph-Macon,  '03.  A  new  Directory  was  issued  in 
191 7.  Chi  Omega  was  the  first  woman's  fraternity  to 
issue  a  strictly  private  magazine.  It  is  called  the  Mysta- 
gogue  and  has  been  issued  regularly  since  1905. 

The  colors  are  cardinal  and  straw.  The  flower  is  the 
white  carnation.  The  fraternity  has  an  official  flag  and 
banner  and  an  official  seal. 

The  badge  is  a  go'd  monogram  of  the  letter 
*  X'*  over  the  *'Q"  which  letter  displays  on 
its  arch  the  letters  ''P  B  T  H  2,"  and  skull  and 
cross  bones  in  black  enamel.  The  '*X"  is  set  with  pearls 
or  diamonds,  no  other  stones  being  allowed.  The  pledge- 
button  is  in  gold  letters  on  a  black  backgroimd. 

The  fraternity  numbers  among  its  members  42  members 
of  college  faculties,  and  6  deans  of  women. 


Belta  Belta  Belta 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Boston  University, 
on  Thanksgiving-eve.  1888,  by  four  members  of 
the  class  of  '89,  Sara  Ida  Shaw.  Eleanor  Dorcas  Pond, 
Florence  Isabelle  Stewart  and  Isabel  Morgan  Breed. 
They  associated  with  them  seventeen  members  of  the 
lower  classes  and  with  this  as  a  nucleus  the  fraternity 
grew  rapidly.    The  roll  of  chapters  is  as  follows : 

1888.  A,  Boston  University 25^ 

1889.  Q  A,  Iowa  State  College 134 

1889.      A,  Simpson  College 248 

1889.  E,  Knox  College 268 

1890.  r,  Adrian  College 172 

1891.  B,  St.  Lawrence  University 176 

1892.  Z,  University  of  Cincinnati 215 

1893.  H,  University  of  Vermont 140 

1894.  0,  University  of  Minnesota 195 

1894.      I,    University  of  Michigan loi 

1894.  K,  University  of  Nebraska 265 

1895.  A,  Baker  University 230 

1895.      2,  Wesleyan  University  (1912) 54 

1895.  T,  Northwestern  University 208 

1896.  N,  Ohio  State  University 174 

437 


438  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1896.      O.  Syracuse  University 241 

1898.      M,  University  of  Wisconsin 204 

1898.      S,  Goucher  College 133 

1900.      n,  University  of  California 185 

1903       P,  Barnard  College  (Columbia)  (1915) 69 

1904.      T,  Bucknell  University 135 

1904.      X,  University.of  Mississippi  (1912) 51 

1904.      *,  University  of  Iowa 155 

1904.  y,  University  of  Pennsylvania   85 

1905.  A  S,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College 160 

1908.  B  Z,  Transylvania  University 102 

1908.  A  r,  Colby  College 135 

1908.  A  A,  DePauw  University 165 

1909.  Q,  Stanford  University 134 

1909.  0  A,  University  of  Washington 144 

1910.  0  B,  University  of  Colorado  122 

1910.  0  r,  University  of  Oklahoma  118 

1910.  0  A,  University  of  Oregon 105 

191 1.  A  B,  Miami  University    115 

191 1.  A  A,  Adelphi  College   68 

191 1.  A  r,  Vanderbilt  University 98 

1911.  0  E,  Southwestern  University    125 

1912.  0  Z,  University  of  Texas 98 

1912.  A  A,  Wooster  Collie  (1913) 49 

1912.  A  E,  Millikin  University 125 

1912.  A  Z,  Franklin  College 160 

1912.  A  H,  Coe  College 98 

1913.  0  H,  University  of  Wyoming 67 

1913.  0  0,  University  of  Nevada 90 

1913.  A  A,  Stetson  University 83 


DELTA    DELTA    DELTA  4S9 

913.  A  r,  Wesleyan  College  (1914) 51 

913.  A  I,  University  of  Arkansas 84 

913.  A  K,  Drury  College f 75 

L913.  A  B,  Cornell  University 76 

913.  A  e,  Judson  College 80 

914.  A  A,  Butler  College 76 

914.  A  E»  Brenau  College 95 

914.  A  M,  University  of  Alabama 35 

914.  A  Z,  Hollins  College 50 

914.  A  N,  Mt.  Union  College 122 

915.  A  S,  University  of  Missouri 50 

915.  0 1,   Kansas  State  Agricultiu-al  College 92 

916.  0  K,  Southern  Methodist  University 46 

916.  A  H,  Florida  State  Women's  College 66 

916.  A  0,  University  of  Pittsburgh 67 

917.  A  I,    Middlebury  College 41 

917.  0  A,  Colorado  State  College 50 

917.  A  K,  University  of  Maine 52 

917.  A  O,  University  of  Indiana 59 

918.  0  M,  Oregon  State  College 30 

918.  0  N,  Washington  State  College 36 

Active  chapters,  61 ;  inactive,  5;  membership,  7,770. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses :  Baker,  California, 
Iowa  State,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Randolph-Macon, 
St.  Lawrence,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Vanderbilt,  Washing- 
ton, State  College.  Total  houses,  11;  total  valuation 
$115,000. 

In  19 1 1  the  Randolph-Macon  chapter  absorbed  the  local 
diapter  of  S  2  £,  honorably  released  from  the  latter  when 
it  became  a  normal  fraternity.    The  Colby  chaptur  wa& 


440  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

formed  from  a  local,  A  T;  the  DePauw  from  A  A;  the 
Stanford  from  the  "Manteista**;  the  Washington  from 
A  P;  the  Oregon  from '*Klosche  Tillictmi*';  the  Adelphi 
from  n  K  *;  the  Vanderbilt  from  9  A  9;  the  Texas 
State  from  SAX;  and  the  Wooster  from  A  2  N.  The 
Miami  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  called  *  T,  which 
had  absorbed  another  local,  A  Z.  Later  A  Z  was  revived 
and  became  a  national  sorority;  hence  members  of  the 
old  A  Z,  alumnae  of  *  T,  are  aliminae  members  both  of 
A  Z  and  AAA.  The  chapter  of  Southwestern  was  one 
of  the  college  chapters  of  2  2  2,  honorably  released  from 
the  latter  when  it  became  a  normal  fraternity.  The  Iowa 
State  chapter  originally  called  the  Delta  chapter  was  killed 
In  1890  by  anti-fraternity  laws.  It  was  revived  in  1912 
by  the  absorption  of  a  local  Q  A ;  the  Michigan  chapter  was 
revived  in  191 5  by  the  absorption  of  Hilary  sorority.  The 
Cornell  chapter  was  formed  from  the  *'Sennightly  Club.** 

Many  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  locals. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters,  located  in  all  of  the  large 
cities  of  the  United  States. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  national 
coimcil,  composed  of  nine  officers.  The  president, 
secretary  and  treasurer  constitute  the  executive  com- 
mittee; the  vice-president  with  three  deputies  presides 
over  the  three  provinces  of  the  fraternity.  The  other 
officers  are  National  Historian,  National  Marshal, 
Alumnae  Officer,  Panhellenic  Director  and  Editor  of  the 
Trident,  and  its  allied  publications.  The  fraternity  is 
further  governed  by  nine  standing  boards,  which  are 
connected  directly  with  the  various  national  offices. 


DELTA    DELTA    DELTA  441 

Delta  Delta  Delta  issues  a  qtiarterly  journal,  The 
Trident,  the  first  issue  of  which  appeared  on  the  third 
anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  fraternity,  Thanks- 
giving, 1 89 1.  Volumes  I  to  IX,  inclusive,  were  published 
in  Boston,  Mass.;  Volume X  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  Volumes 
XI  to  XIV,  inclusive,  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  Volumes 
XV  to  XX  in  Galva,  111.,  and  subsequent  volumes  in 
Menasha,  Wis.  The  Triton,  a  private  quarterly  bulle- 
tin, was  published  first  in  1906.  It  appears  simulta- 
neously with  the  Trident  and  is  under  the  same  editorial 
management.  The  Trireme,  an  annual  private  bulletin, 
was  published  first  in  1908.  Besides  these  periodicals,  a 
history  of  Delta  Delta  Delta  was  published  in  1907,  and  a 
second  edition  is  in  preparation.  The  fraternity  has 
issued  eleven  catalogues,  nine  between  1894  and  1906,  and 
in  1907,  1910  and  1915.  In  1906  it  issued  a  pamphlet 
entitled  "Chapter  House  Ownership."  It  publishes 
uniform  record  books  in  sets  of  six,  with  model  pages, 
for  the  use  of  the  chapters.  The  Constitution  was  printed 
first  in  1897;  revisions  and  reprints  were  made  in  1900, 
1902,  1904,  1906,  1908,  1910  and  1916.  The  first  song 
book  was  published  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1905,  the  second 
at  Menasha,  Wis.,  in  1912. 

The  oflScial  badges  of  the  fraternity  are:  for  the  first 
degree,  a  silver  trident;  for  the  second  degree,  three  stars 
within  a  crescent  of  three  hundred  degrees,  bearing  three 
Deltas;  for  the  third  degree,  a  Delta  in  white  enamel, 
supported  by  three  Deltas  of  gold,  and  inscribed  in  a 
golden  circle,  surrounded  by  six  spherical  triangles  in  blue 


442 


WOMEirS  FRATERNITIES 


"^y^W  enamel.     The  pledge  pin  is  an  inverted   delta 
^W    surroundedby  three  deltas  all  in  green  enamel. 
▼  The  colors  are  silver,  gold  and  blue  (ceru- 

lean);   the  flower  is  the  pansy;   the  tree,  the  pine;   the 
jewel,  the  pearl. 


Belta  ^amrna 


J)ELTA  Gamma  was  founded  at  the  Louis  School  (later 
called  the  Oxford  Institute)  at  Oxford,  Mississippi 
on  January  2,  1874.  The  founder?  were  Anna  Boyd,  Eva 
Webb  and  Mary  Comfort.  These  three  g^'rls  had  stayed 
at  the  school,  a  "select  school"  for  giils  dunng  the  Christ- 
mas vacation  and  the  idea  came  to  them  at  that  time. 
They  organized  after  the  school  was  in  session  again  and 
that  year  th(  y  took  in  four  other  girls  The  oiganization 
was  known  as  the  Delta  Gamma  Society.  Without  con- 
sulting anyone  they  chose  their  name  and  badge  and  wrote 
their  constitution  and  ritual.  The  greater  part  of  this 
first  ritual  is  used  to-day.  Their  first  badge  was  a  gold 
letter  H  with  A  r  on  the  crossbar.  When  the  first  charter 
was  granted  to  Water  VaMey  the  mother  chapter  took  the 
name  Psi.    The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1874.   V.  The  Louis  School  (i88q) 75 

1877.  X,  Water  Valley  Seminary  (1880) 30 

1877.  0.  Fairmount  College  (1880) 19 

1878.  r.  Bolivar  College  (1881) 10 

1878.  *,  Franklin  College,  Ind.  (1883) 17 

443 


444  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

1879.  H,  University  of  Akron 216 

i88o.  A,  Trinity  University  (Tex.)  (1887) 17 

1880.  Q,  University  of  Wisconsin 391 

1881.  A,  Hanover  College  (1881) 12 

1882.  n,  Fulton  Synodical  College.  Mo.  (1885) 5 

1882.  A,  Mt.  Union  College  (1908) 76 

1882.  A,  University  of  Minnesota 282 

1882.  S,  Northwestern  University 302 

1883.  e,  Western  Reserve  University  (1888) 13 

1883.  Z,  Albion  College 299 

1884.  T,  St.  Lawrence  University  (1887) 12 

1885.  X,  Cornell  University 225 

1885.  E,  University  of  Michigan 240 

1885.  *,  University  of  Colorado 241 

1887.  T,  University  of  Iowa 246 

1887.  A,  University  of  Southern  California  (1896). ...  33 

1888.  K,  University  of  Nebraska 260 

1892.  'F,  Goucher  College 159 

1897.  T,  Stanford  University 200 

1898.  0,  University  of  Indiana 269 

1901.  P,  Syracuse  University 201 

1903.  B,  University  of  Washington 187 

1906.  I,  University  of  Illinois 150 

1907.  r,  University  of  California 153 

1908.  O,  Adelphi  College 77 

1909.  M,  University  of  Missotiri •. ...  142 

191 1.  E,  Ohio  State  University 77 

1911.  N,  University  of  Idaho 113 

1911.  n,  University  of  Montana 74 

1912.  A  B,  Swarthmore  College 89 


DELTA   GAMMA  445 

1913.  A  r,  University  of  Toronto  69 

1913.  A  A,  University  of  Oregon 85 

1914.  A  E,  Washington  University,  Mo 69 

1915.  A  Z,  Lawrence  College,  Appleton 67 

1916.  A  H,  Whitman  College 70 

1916.  A  0,  University  North  Dakota 60 

1918.  A  I,   University  of  Oklahoma  29 

Active  chapters,  30;  inactive,  12;  membership,  5,361. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  California,  Colo- 
rado, Illinois,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Stanford, 
Syracuse,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses,  9;  total  valuation, 
$165,000. 

The  chapters  at  the  Water  Valley  Seminary,  Fa^rmount 
and  Bolivar  Colleg^es  were  surrendered  and  those  at 
Franklm,  Trinity,  Hanover,  Fulton,  St.  Lawrence,  and 
Southern  California  were  withdrawn. 

Several  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  locals. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters  at  many  of  the  large  cities. 

The  15th  of  March  of  each  year  is  observed  by  all 
the  chapters  as  "Reunion  Day,"  at  which  date  the 
alumnae  try  to  visit  the  chapters,  and  where  that  is  not 
possible,  to  at  least  send  a  communication  to  them.  It 
is  a  plea5;ant  custom,  and  has  been  universally  observed. 

The  fraternity  is  governed  by  a  convention  and  a 
Coimcil.  The  convention  is  the  supreme  governing 
body  and  meets  biennially.  It  is  composed  of  one  del- 
egate from  each  collegiate  chapter,  the  members  of 
the  council,  the  province  secretaries  and  the  secretary  of 
the  convention.  The  Council  consists  of  five  members, 
the  president,  vice-president,  secretary-editor,  treasurer 


446  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

and  historian  of  the  fraternity.  The  Council,  when  the 
convention  is  not  in  session,  has  the  same  powers  as  the 
latter,  subject  to  its  ultimate  control.  The  province 
secretaries  serve  as  chapter  inspectors.  The  chapters 
are  geographically  divided  into  five  provinces.  Each 
province  is  under  the  supervision  of  a  province  secretary. 
Province  secretaries  are  elected  by  Coimcil  in  the  years 
when  convention  is  not  held.  Hold  office  for  two  years. 
Each  chapter  is  visited  at  least  once  in  two  years. 
Scholarship  reports  are  required  of  each  chapter  twice  a 
year.  A  national  scholarship  provides  fimds  to  assist 
worthy  undergraduates  to  complete  their  college  careers. 

Conventions  of  the  fraternity  have  been  held  biennially. 

The  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  was  published  in  1888, 
at  Chicago,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Omega  chapter. 
It  contained  the  names  of  all  of  the  members  of  the  then 
living  chapters.  A  second  edition  was  published  in  1901 
under  the  care  of  the  Baltimore  chapter  and  a  supple- 
ment to  it  was  compiled  by  the  Stanford  chapter  in 
1904,  and  a  third  edition  under  the  auspices  of  the  Syra- 
cuse chapter  in  191 1 .  A  fourth  edition  was  prepared  ar^d 
published  in  19 14  by  Ethel  M.  Tukey  of  the  Nebraska 
chapter.    A  supplement  was  published  in  191 7. 

The  joimial  of  the  fraternity  is  called  the  Anchora. 
Its  publication  was  begun  in  1884,  at  Akron,  Ohio, 
under  the  management  of  the  Eta  chapter,  and  continued 
imtil  the  end  of  the  third  volume,  in  1887,  when  it  was 
removed  to  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  enlarged  and  improved, 
and  placed  under  the  control  of  the  Lambda  chapter, 
at  Minnesota,  where  it  remained  until  the  end  of  the 


DELTA    GAMMA 


447 


thirteenth  volume,  in  1897,  when  it  was  placed  under  the 
control  of  the  chapter  at  the  Woman's  College  of  Balti- 
more. It  was  edited  by  the  Nebraska  chapter  from  1905- 
191 5  and  is  now  being  edited  by  the  Minnesota  chapter. 
A  song  book  was  published  in  1895,  and  a  second  edition, 
compiled  by  the  Cornell  chapter,  was  published  in  1904 
and  a  third  edition  in  191 1,  ^nd  a  fourth  in  1919. 

A  history  was  issued  as  a  supplement  to  the  catalogue 
ot  1901  and  a  more  elabcrate  history  in  1915  as  a  numbei 
of  the  Anchora, 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  was  changed  in  1878  to  a 

gold  anchor,  the  crossbar  ot  which  displays  the  letters 

**T  A  H'*  in  €:old  on  white  enamel,  and  abovs  the  flukes  is  a 

^^^^__^ shield  bearing  the  letters  "A  r.*'    The  colors  are 

nJMpink,  blue  and  bronze.    A  cream-colored  rose  is 

^s^the  fraternity  flower.    The  pledge  button  is  white. 


Belta  Zeta 


The  Delta  Zeta  sorority  was  founded  October  24,  1902, 
at  Miami  University  by  Alfa  Lloyd  Hayes,  Anna 
Simmonds  Freidline,  Anna  Keen  Davis,  Mabelle  Minton, 
Mary  Collins,  and  Julia  Bishop  Coleman,  who  weie  stu- 
dents at  that  University.  During  the  years  1904  to  1908 
the  Alpha  chapter  was  inactive.  In  1908  it  was  re-organ- 
ized and  about  the  same  time  the  Cornell  chapter  was 
established. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
1902.  A,  Miami  University 125 

1908.  B,  Cornell  University 130 

190Q.  A,  De  Pauw  Univeisity 121 

1909.  S,  Univeisity  of  Indiana 129 

1910.  Z,  University  of  Nebraska iii 

1910.  H,  Baker  University 38 

191 1 .  9,  Ohio  State  University 90 

1913.  1,   Iowa  State  University 78 

1914.  K,  University  of  Washington 7a 

1915.  A,  Kansas  State  College 55 

1915.  M,  University  of  California 57 

1915.  N,  Lombard  College 45 

1916.  S,  University  of  Cincinnati 43 

448 


DELTA    ZETA 


449 


1916.  O,  University  of  Pittsburgh 45 

1917.  n,  Eureka  College '.38 

1917.  P,  Denver  University 42 

191 7.  r,  Louisiana  University 24 

1918.  T,  University  of  Wisconsin 41 

1919.  T,  University  of  South  Dakota 14 

1919.  4>,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 32 

1919.  X,  State  College  of  Washington 33 

1919.       University  of  North  Dakota 23 

Active  chapters,  22;   membership,  1,386. 

There  are  aliminae  chapters  in  a  number  of  cities. 

Delta  Zeta  is  govemed_by  a  grand  cotmcil  consisting  of 
eight  members. 

The  Baker  chapter  was  inactive  from  1912  to  1918. 

Conventions  are  held  biennially  but  a  meeting  of  the 
Grand  Council  may  be  called  in  the  interim. 

The  magazine  of  the  fraternity  is  called  The  Lamp, 
It  was  first  published  in  19 10  and  is  now  published  quar- 
terly at  Colimibus,  Ohio. 

A  song  book  was  published  in  1913  and  catalogues  in 
1914  and  1917. 

The  badge  is  a  Roman  lamp  resting  on  an  Ionic  coltmm, 
At  the  base  of  the  lamp  are  four  pearls,  across  the  front 
appear  A  Z.  The  colors  are  old  rose  and  nile  green  and 
the  flower  is  the  pink  rose. 


I^amma  l^i  IKeta 


QAMMA  Phi  Beta  was  founded  Nov.  ii,  1874,  at  the 
University  of  Syracuse,  by  Frances  E.  Haven,  E. 

Adeline  Curtis,  Helen  M.  Dodge  and  Mary  A.  Bingham. 

The  roll  of  the  fraternity  is  as  follows : 

University  of  Syracuse 483 

University  of  Michigan 285 

University  of  Wisconsin 350 

Boston  University 253 

Northwestern  University 246 

( jouchcr  College 171 

University  of  California 219 

University  of  Denver 199 

l^aniard  College  (Columbia)  (191 5) 84 

University  of  Minnesota 217 

University  of  Washington 220 

Stanford  University 132 

University    of  Oregon 98 

Universitv  of  Idaho 128 

University  o^  Illinois 121 

UuiN-ersity  o^  Nebraska 66 

University  of  Iowa 49 

450 


1874. 

A, 

1882. 

H. 

1885. 

\\ 

1887. 

A. 

1888. 

K, 

1893. 

'/. 

i8q6. 

H, 

1897. 

H. 

1901. 

1. 

1902. 

K, 

1 003 . 

A, 

1905. 

M. 

1907. 

N, 

1909. 

lOKV 

0. 

1914. 

II. 

ipiS- 

p. 

GAMMA    PHI   BETA  451 

1915.  2,  University  of  Kansas 69 

1915.  T,  Colorado  Agricultural  College 60 

1916.  T,  Hollins  College 25 

1916.  *,  Washington  University 28 

191 7.  X,  Oregon  State  Agricultural  College 31 

1918.  V,  University  of  Oklahoma 20 

1919.  Q,  Iowa  State  College 27 

Active  chapters,  23;  inactive,  i;  membership,  3,581. 
The     following     chapters   own     houses:       California, 

Denver,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Nebraska, 
Stanford,  Syracuse,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses,  10;  total 
valuation,  $118,000. 

The  Denver  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  society 
called  '*A  I,"  the  Stanford  chapter  from  r  B,  the  Idaho 
chapter  from  A  A  n  (local),  the  Oregon  chaptei  from  T  n, 
Illinois  chapter  from  ^  B,  Nebraska  chapter  from  4>  B, 
Iowa  from  S  P,  and  the  California  chapter  from  T  A. 
There  are  no  honorary  members. 

There  are  alumna?  chapters  in  the  large  cities. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  the  con- 
vention held  biennially  with  the  sections  in  rotation. 
During  its  recess  a  Grand  Council  of  six  members  adminis- 
ters its  affairs  with  the  assistance  of  an  advisory  board 
of  twelve  members.  The  first  convention  was  held  at 
Syracuse  in  1883  and  the  second  at  Ann  Arbor  in  1884. 
From  1884  until  1907  conventions  were  held  annually 
with  the  chapters  in  the  order  of  their  founding  with  one 
exception.  This  was  when  Alpha  was  allowed  to  cele- 
brate the  twenty-first  anniversary  of  its  founding.  The 
twenty-eighth  convention  with  Eta  at  Berkeley,   Cal., 


452 


WOMEN'S   FRATERNITIES 


was  the  first  Greek  letter  convention  held  west  of  the 
Rockies  and  the  second,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  In 
1907,  the  chapters  were  divided  into  three  districts, 
East,  Middle  West  and  Pacific,  the  chapters  in  each  district 
being  arranged  according  to  date  of  founding  and  conven- 
tions are  held  with  each  district  in  regtdar  rotation. 

The  fraternity  published  a  directory  in  1894  and 
editions  in  19 13  and  191 7.  Its  song  book  was  first  pub- 
lished in  1887.  The  last  edition  was  issued  in  1909.  It 
issues  a  quarterly  journal  called  the  Crescent  which  was 
first  published  in  January,  1904  and  has  been  regularly 
published  since. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  three  letters,  surrounded 
by  an  enameled  crescent  displaying  Hebrew  characters. 
The  colors  are   fawn   and  seal  brown.      The 
flcwer   is    the    carnation.     The   colors   of  the 
pledge-button  are  light  and  dark  brown. 


ilappa  0lplia  Wiftta 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  organized  at  Indiana  Asbury  Uni- 
versity (now  DePauw  University),  Greencastle,  Ind., 
January  27,  1870.  The  moving  spirit  was  Bettie  Locke, 
'71,  and  associated  with  her  were  Alice  Allen,  '71,  Bettie 
Tipton,  '71,  and  Hanna  Fitch,  '73.  It  was  the  first 
society  of  women  organized  with  principles  and  methods 
akin  to  those  of  the  Greek-letter  fraternities,  and  the  first 
to  bear  a  Greek-letter  name. 

The  strong  doubts  which  then  prevailed  as  to  the 
advisability  of  higher  education  for  women,  the  small 
number  of  colleges  which  were  then  admitting  them  to 
equal  educational  facilities  with  men,  and  the  difficulties 
which  those  who  availed  themselves  of  this  privilege 
encountered,  rendered  the  establishment  of  such  a  society 
something  of  an  experiment.  Founded  in  a  co-educational 
institution,  where  the  same  needs  which  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  Greek-letter  societies  among  men  were  felt  by  the 
women,  the  fraternity  was  not  until  1896  extended  to 
women's  colleges,  in  which  theretofore  the  conditions 
no3c^ary  for  its  success  did  not  seem  to  exist. 

453 


454  WOMEN'S   FRATERNITIES 

The  following  is  the  roll  of  the  chapters : 

1870.       A-^'Pauw  University 530 

1870.  n,  Indiana  University 507 

187 1.  r.  Moore's  Hill  College  (1875 18 

1874.  r,  Butler  College 223 

1875.  A,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University  (1895) 131 

1875.  E,  Wooster  College  (1913) 233 

1876.  Z,  Ohio  University  (1886) 35 

1879.       H,  University  of  Michigan 235 

1879.       0,  Simpson  College  (1891) 94 

1881.       r,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University  (1881) 20 

1881.        I,  Cornell  University 245 

1881.      K,  University  of  Kansas 305 

1881.       A,  University  of  Vermont 256 

1881.  M,  Allegheny  College 237 

1882.  N,  Hanover  College  (1899) 50 

1883.  S,  Wesleyan  University  (1887) 20 

1887.  O,  University  of  Southern  California  (1895) . .   81 

1887.      n,  Albion  College  (1908) 134 

1887.      P,  University  of  Nebraska 211 

1887.      2,  University  of  Toronto loi 

1887.       T,  Northwestern  University 243 

1889.      T,  University  of  Minnesota 267 

1889.      *,  University  of  the  Pacific  (1890) 16 

1889.  X,  University  of  Syracuse 307 

1890.  y,  University  of  Wisconsin 270 

1890.      Q,  University  of  California 240 

1890.  <&,  Stanford  University    207 

1891.  A  B,  Swarthmore  College 174 

1892.  A  r,  Ohio  State  University 169 


KAPPA    ALPHA    THETA 


455 


A,  University  of  Illinois 216 

.,  Goucher  College 1 56 

J,  Bro\\Ti  University  (1912) 108 

;,  Barnard  College  (Columbia)  (191 5) 100 

[,  Vanderbilt  University 133 

I,  University  of  Texas 149 

[,  Washington  University 125 

:,  Adelphi  College 99 

.,  University  of  Washington 141 

,  University  of  Missouri 125 

,  University  of  Montana 89 

1,  University  of  Oregon 121 

University  of  Oklahoma 1 18 

:,  University  of  North  Dakota 96 

\  University  of  South  Dakota 98 

I,  Washin^on  State  College 95 

',  University  ot  Cincinnati 86 

',  Washburn  College 114 

>,  Tulane  University » 44 

:,  Purdue  University 64 

',  University  of  Pittsburgh 64 

I,  Lawrence  College 66 

I,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College 44 

',  Colorado  State  College 43 

,  University  of  Arizona 30 

),  Oregon  State  College 50 

Active  chapters  43,  inactive  12.     Membership  8,133. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  California,  Illi- 
nois, Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Stanford,  Syracuse, 


1895. 

A. 

1896. 

A  A, 

1897. 

A  E, 

1898. 

A  Z, 

1904. 

AH, 

1904. 

Ae, 

1906. 

A  I, 

1907. 

AK, 

1908. 

A  A, 

1909. 

AM, 

1909. 

AN, 

1909. 

AS, 

1909. 

Ae. 

I9II. 

An, 

I9I2. 

A  p. 

1913- 

A  2, 

1913- 

AT, 

I9I4. 

AT, 

I9I4. 

A  *, 

I9I5. 

A  X, 

1915- 

A  4^ 

I9I5. 

AQ, 

I9I6. 

B  B. 

I9I7. 

Br, 

I9I7. 

B  A, 

I9I7. 

B  E, 

4S6  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Vanderbilt,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses,  9;  total  valiiation 
$122,000. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters  at  many  of  the  larger  cities. 

The  chapters  were  named  upon  the  State  system 
until  1 88 1,  when  the  present  method  was  adopted.  In 
the  spring  of  1870,  a  number  of  ladies  from  the  State  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana  applied  for  a  charter,  and  were  admitted 
as  the  second  chapter.  The  first  Gamma,  at  Moore's 
Hill  College,  was  extinguished  by  anti-fraternity  laws. 
The  present  Gamma  was  inactive  from  1886  to  1906 
when  it  was  re-established  by  the  absorption  of  a  local 
called  2  A  e.  Delta,  at  Illinois  Wesleyan.  was  the  first 
chapter  established  outside  of  Indiana.  It  succeeded  for 
awhile,  but  died  in  1895.  The  charter  was  given  to  the 
University  of  Illinois.  Eta,  at  Ann  Arbor,  after  a  career  of 
seven  vears  surrendeted  its  charter.  It  was  re-established 
in  1893.  The  Wooster  and  Barnard  chapters  were  killed 
by  anti-fraternity  laws. 

Theta,  at  Simpson,  was  formerly  a  local  society  called 
e  r  X.  The  chapter  at  Ohio  Wesleyan  was  formed  from  a 
local  society  called  A  X  A,  and  was  killed  by  anti-fraternity 
laws.  Lambda,  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  was 
formed  from  a  local  society  called  A  P.  Pi,  at  Albion  was 
formed  from  one  called  2  0.  Its  charter  was  withdrawn  in 
1908.  Chi,  at  Syracuse,  was  formerly  a  local  society  called 
K  A  4».  In  1887  Xi  chapter,  at  Wesleyan  University, 
Middletown,  Conn.,  became  inactive,  and  the  following 
year  the  charter  was  withdrawn.  Sigma,  of  Toronto 
University,  became  inactive  in  1888.     It  was  revived  in 


KAPPA    ALPHA    THETA  457 

1903  from  a  local  called  A  6.  The  charter  of  Theta,  at 
Simpson  College,  Indianola,  Iowa,  was  recalled  in  189 1* 

In  1890  Phi,  of  the  University  of  the  Pacific,  was 
transferred  to  Stanford  University,  and  in  the  same  year 
Rho,  of  the  University  of  Nebraska,  gave  up  its  charter 
because  of  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  desirable  women 
who  entered  the  university,  and  the  difficulty  of  main- 
taining a  high  standard.  This  state  of  affairs  has  since 
changed,  and  the  charter  was  returned  to  the  chapter  in 
1896,  thus  restoring  Rho  once  more  to  the  list  of  active 
chapters.  In  1895  Omicron,  of  the  University  of  Southern 
California  resigned  its  charter.  This  chapter  was  re- 
established in  191 7  by  charter  to  A  P  (local).  The  Brown 
chapter  resigned  its  charter  on  account  of  the  unfriendly 
attitude  of  the  college  authorities. 

The  conventions  are  held  biennially.. 

Until  1883  the  government  of  the  fraternity  was  in 
the  hands  of  the  Alpha  chapter.  It  was  then  vested  in  a 
grand  chapter  composed  of  one  member  from  each  college 
chapter,  Alpha  remaining  permanent  head  of  the  order, 
and  the  secretaryship  being  held  by  the  chapters  in  turn. 
In  1 89 1  all  legislative  and  judicial  powers  of  the  fraternity 
were  vested  in  the  biennial  convention.  A  Grand 
Council,  elected  at  each  convention  administer  the 
affairs  of  the  fraternity  until  the  next  one  assembles. 
In  1893  another  change  was  made,  certain  powers  of 
district  legislation  being  granted  to  the  district  con- 
ventions. The  fraternity  was  also  di\nded  into  districts 
for  purposes  of  administration.  There  are  nine  districts 
no  one  of  which  is  to  contain  more  than  five  college  chap- 


■« 


Belta  Zeta 


The  Delta  Zeta  sorority  was  founded  October  24,  1902, 
at  Miami  University  by  Alfa  Lloyd  Hayes,  Anna 
Simmonds  Freidline,  Anna  Keen  Davis,  Mabelle  Minton, 
Mary  Collins,  and  Julia  Bishop  Coleman,  who  weie  stu- 
dents at  that  University.  During  the  years  1904  to  1908 
the  Alpha  chapter  was  inactive.  In  1908  it  was  re-organ- 
ized and  about  the  same  time  the  Cornell  chapter  was 
established. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
1902.  A,  Miami  University 125 

1908.  B,  Cornell  University 130 

1900.  A,  De  Pauw  Univeisity 121 

1909.  2,  Univeisity  of  Indiana 129 

1910.  Z,  University  of  Nebraska iii 

1910.  II,  Baker  University 38 

191 1 .  0,  Ohio  State  University  90 

1913.  1,   Iowa  State  University 78 

1914.  K,  University  of  Washington 73 

191 5.  A,  Kansas  State  College 55 

1915.  M,  University  of  California 57 

1915.  N,  Lombard  College 45 

1916.  S,  University  of  Cincinnati 43 

448 


DELTA    ZETA  449 

1916.  O,  University  of  Pittsburgh 45 

1917.  n,  Eureka  College '.38 

1917.  P,  Denver  University 42 

1917.  r,  Louisiana  University 24 

1918.  T,  University  of  Wisconsin 41 

1919.  Y,  University  of  South  Dakota 14 

1919.  4>,  Oregon  Agricultiu'al  College 32 

1919.  X,  State  College  of  Washington 33 

1919.       University  of  North  Dakota 23 

Active  chapters,  22;   membership,  1,386. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters  in  a  number  of  cities. 

Delta  Zeta  is  govemedjDy  a  crand  cotmcil  consisting  of 
eight  members. 

The  Baker  chapter  was  inactive  from  1912  to  1918. 

Conventions  are  held  biennially  but  a  meeting  of  the 
Grand  Coimcil  may  be  called  in  the  interim. 

The  magazine  of  the  fraternity  is  called  The  Lamp, 
It  was  first  published  in  19 10  and  is  now  published  quar- 
terly at  Columbus,  Ohio. 

A  song  book  was  published  in  19 13  and  catalogues  in 
1914  and  1917. 

The  badge  is  a  Roman  lamp  resting  on  an  Ionic  colunm, 
At  the  base  of  the  lamp  are  four  pearls,  across  the  front 
appear  A  Z.  The  colors  are  old  rose  and  nile  green  and 
the  flower  is  the  pink  rose. 


I^amma  l^i  IKeta 


r^AMMA  Phi  Beta  was  founded  Nov.  ii,  1874,  at  the 
University  of  Syracuse,  by  Frances  E.  Haven,  E. 
Adeline  Curtis,  Helen  M.  Dodge  and  Mary  A.  Bingham. 
The  roll  of  the  fraternity  is  as  follows  : 

1874.  A,  University  of  Syracuse 483 

1882.   B,  University  of  Michigan 285 

1885.   r,  University  of  Wisconsin 350 

1887.  A,  Boston  University 253 

1888.  E,  Northwestern  University 246 

1893.    Z,  Goucher  College 171 

1896.  H,  University  of  California 219 

1897.  0,  University  of  Denver 199 

1 90 1.  I,  Barnard  College  (Columbia)  (1915) 84 

1902.  K,  University  of  Mimiesota 217 

1903.  A,  University  of  Washington 220 

1905.  M,  Stanford  University 132 

1907.  N,  University    of  Oregon 98 

1909.  S,  University  of  Idaho 128 

19 13.  O,  University  o^  Illinois 121 

1914.  n,  University  o^  Nebraska 66 

1915.  P,  University  of  Iowa 49 

450 


GAMMA    PHI   BETA  451 

1915.  S,  University  of  Kansas 69 

191 5.  T,  Colorado  Agricultural  College 60 

1916.  T,  HoUins  College 25 

1916.  *,  Washington  University 28 

191 7.  X,  Oregon  State  Agricultural  College 31 

1918.  V,  University  of  Oklahoma 20 

1919.  Q,  Iowa  State  College 27 

Active  chapters,  23;  inactive,  i;  membership,  3,581. 
The     following     chapters   own     houses:       California, 

Denver,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Nebraska, 
Stanford,  Syracuse,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses,  10;  total 
valuation,  $118,000. 

The  Denver  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  society 
called  '*A  I,"  the  Stanford  chapter  from  r  B,  the  Idaho 
chapter  from  A  A  n  (local),  the  Oregon  chaptei  from  T  n, 
Illinois  chapter  from  ^  B,  Nebraska  chapter  from  4>  B, 
Iowa  from  S  P,  and  the  California  chapter  from  T  A. 
There  are  no  honorary  members. 

There  are  aliminae  chapters  in  the  large  cities. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  the  con- 
vention held  biennially  with  the  sections  in  rotation. 
During  its  recess  a  Grand  Council  of  six  members  adminis- 
ters its  affairs  with  the  assistance  of  an  advisory  board 
of  twelve  members.  The  first  convention  was  held  at 
Syracuse  in  1883  and  the  second  at  Ann  Arbor  in  1884. 
From  1884  until  1907  conventions  were  held  annually 
with  the  chapters  in  the  order  of  their  founding  with  one 
exception.  This  was  when  Alpha  was  allowed  to  cele- 
brate the  twenty-first  anniversary  of  its  founding.  The 
twenty-eighth  convention  with  Eta  at  Berkeley,   Cal., 


\^r^     -kX* 


452 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


was  the  first  Greek  letter  convention  held  west  of  the 
Rockies  and  the  second,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  In 
1907,  the  chapters  were  divided  into  three  districts, 
East,  Middle  West  and  Pacific,  the  chapters  in  each  district 
being  arranged  according  to  date  of  founding  and  conven- 
tions are  held  with  each  district  in  regtdar  rotation. 

The  fraternity  published  a  directory  in  1894  and 
editions  in  19 13  and  191 7.  Its  song  book  was  first  pub- 
lished in  1887.  The  last  edition  was  issued  in  1909.  It 
issues  a  quarterly  journal  called  the  Crescent  which  was 
first  published  in  January,  1904  and  has  been  regularly 
published  since. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  three  letters,  surrounded 
by  an  enameled  crescent  displaying  Hebrew  characters. 
The  colors  are  fawn   and  seal  brown.      The 
flower   is    the    carnation.     The  colors   of  the 
pledge-button  are  light  and  dark  brown. 


ilappa  0lplia  tCIieta 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  organized  at  Indiana  Asbury  Uni- 
versity (now  DePauw  University),  Greencastle,  Ind., 
January  27,  1870.  The  moving  spirit  was  Bettie  Locke, 
*7i,  and  associated  with  her  were  Alice  Allen,  '71,  Bettie 
Tipton,  *7i,  and  Hanna  Fitch,  '73.  It  was  the  first 
society  of  women  organized  with  principles  and  methods 
akin  to  those  of  the  Greek-letter  fraternities,  and  the  first 
to  bear  a  Greek-letter  name. 

The  strong  doubts  which  then  prevailed  as  to  the 
advisability  of  higher  education  for  women,  the  small 
nimiber  of  colleges  which  were  then  admitting  them  to 
equal  educational  facilities  with  men,  and  the  difficulties 
which  those  who  availed  themselves  of  this  privilege 
encountered,  rendered  the  establishment  of  such  a  society 
something  of  an  experiment.  Founded  in  a  co-educational 
institution,  where  the  same  needs  which  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  Greek-letter  societies  among  men  were  felt  by  the 
women,  the  fraternity  was  not  until  1896  extended  to 
women's  colleges,  in  which  theretofore  the  conditions 
noDc^sary  for  its  success  did  not  seem  to  exist. 

453 


454  WOMEN'S   FRATERNITIES 

The  following  is  the  roll  of  the  chapters: 

1870.       A-^'Pauw  University 530 

1870.  n,  Indiana  University 507 

1871.  r,  Moore's  Hill  College  (1875 18 

1874.  r,  Butler  College 223 

1875.  A,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University  (1895) 131 

1875.  K.  Wooster  College  (1913) 233 

1876.  Z,  Ohio  University  (1886) 35 

1879.       H,  University  of  Michigan 235 

1879.       0,  Simpson  College  (1891) 94 

1 88 1.       r,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University  (1881) 20 

1881.        I,  Cornell  University 245 

1881.      K,  University  of  Kansas 305 

1881.       A,  University  of  Vermont 256 

1881.  M,  Allegheny  College 237 

1882.  N,  Hanover  College  (1899) 50 

1883.  3,  Wesleyan  University  (1887) 20 

1887.  O,  University  of  Southern  California  (1895) . .   81 

1887.      n,  Albion  College  (1908) 134 

1887.      P,  University  of  Nebraska 211 

1887.       S,  University  of  Toronto loi 

1887.       T,  Northwestern  University 243 

1889.      V,  University  of  Minnesota 267 

1889.       4>,  University  of  the  Pacific  (1890) 16 

1889.  X,  University  of  Syracuse 307 

1890.  y,  University  of  Wisconsin 270 

1890.       Q,  University  of  California 240 

1890.  *,  Stanford  University    207 

1891.  A  B,  Swarthmore  College 174 

1892.  A  r,  Ohio  State  University 169 


KAPPA    ALPHA    THETA 


455 


A,  University  of  Illinois 216 

.,  Goucher  College 1 56 

:,  Brown  University  (1912) 108 

;,  Barnard  College  (Columbia)  (191 5) 100 

[,  Vanderbilt  University 133 

>,  University  of  Texas 149 

[,  Washington  University 125 

:,  Adelphi  College 99 

.,  University  of  Washington 141 

,  University  of  Missouri 125 

[,  University  of  Montana 89 

1,  University  of  Oregon 121 

University  of  Oklahoma 118 

[,  University  of  North  Dakota 96 

^  University  of  South  Dakota 98 

Wasbinjrton  State  College 95 

',  University  ot  Cincinnati  ....*. 86 

',  Washburn  College 114 

»,  Tulane  University t 44 

:,  Purdue  University 64 

\  University  of  Pittsbiu'gh 64 

I,  Lawrence  College 66 

t,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College 44 

\  Colorado  State  College 43 

.,  University  of  Ari2X)na 30 

;,  Oregon  State  College 50 

Active  chapters  43,  inactive  12.     Membership  8,133. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  California,  Illi- 
nois, Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Stanford,  Syracuse, 


1895. 

A, 

1896. 

A  A, 

1897. 

A  E, 

1898. 

A  Z, 

1904. 

AH, 

1904. 

AO, 

1906. 

A  I, 

1907. 

AK, 

1908. 

A  A, 

1909. 

AM, 

1909. 

AN, 

1909. 

AS, 

1909. 

AO. 

I9II. 

An, 

I9I2. 

AP, 

1913- 

A  S. 

1913- 

AT, 

I9I4. 

A  T, 

19 14. 

A  *, 

I9I5. 

A  X, 

1915- 

A  »F, 

1915- 

AQ, 

I9I6. 

BB, 

I9I7. 

Br, 

I9I7. 

B  A, 

I9I7. 

B  E, 

4S6  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Vanderbilt,  Wisconsin.  Total  houses,  9;  total  valuation 
$122,000. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters  at  many  of  the  larger  cities. 

The  chapters  were  named  upon  the  State  system 
imtil  1 88 1,  when  the  present  method  was  adopted.  In 
the  spring  of  1870,  a  number  of  ladies  from  the  State  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana  applied  for  a  charter,  and  were  admitted 
as  the  second  chapter.  The  first  Gamma,  at  Moore's 
Hill  College,  was  extinguished  by  anti-fraternity  laws. 
The  present  Gamma  was  inactive  from  1886  to  1906 
when  it  was  re-established  by  the  absorption  of  a  local 
called  SAO.  Delta,  at  Illinois  Wesleyan.  was  the  first 
chapter  established  outside  of  Indiana.  It  succeeded  for 
awhile,  but  died  in  1895.  The  charter  was  given  to  the 
University  of  Illinois.  Eta,  at  Ann  Arbor,  after  a  career  of 
seven  years  surrendeied  its  charter.  It  was  re-established 
in  1893.  The  Wooster  and  Barnard  chapters  were  killed 
by  anti-fraternity  laws. 

Theta,  at  Simpson,  was  formerly  a  local  society  called 
0  r  X.  The  chapter  at  Ohio  Wesleyan  was  formed  from  a 
local  society  called  A  X  A,  and  was  killed  by  anti-fraternity 
laws.  Lambda,  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  was 
formed  from  a  local  society  called  A  P.  Pi,  at  Albion  was 
formed  from  one  called  2  0.  Its  charter  was  withdrawn  in 
1908.  Chi,  at  Syracuse,  was  formerly  a  local  society  called 
K  A  *.  In  1887  Xi  chapter,  at  Wesleyan  University, 
Middletown,  Conn.,  became  inactive,  and  the  following 
year  the  charter  was  withdrawn.  Sigma,  of  Toronto 
University,  became  inactive  in  1888.     It  was  revived  in 


KAPPA    ALPHA    THETA  457 

1903  from  a  Icx^  called  A  0.  The  charter  of  Theta,  at 
Simpson  College,  Indianola,  Iowa,  was  recalled  in  iSgi* 

In  1890  Phi,  of  the  University  of  the  Pacific,  was 
transferred  to  Stanford  University,  and  in  the  same  year 
Rho,  of  the  University  of  Nebraska,  gave  up  its  charter 
because  of  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  desirable  women 
who  entered  the  imiversity,  and  the  difficulty  of  main- 
taining a  high  standard.  This  state  of  affairs  has  since 
changed,  and  the  charter  was  returned  to  the  chapter  in 
1896,  thus  restoring  Rho  once  more  to  the  list  of  active 
chapters.  In  1895  Omicron,  of  the  University  of  Southern 
California  resigned  its  charter.  This  chapter  was  re- 
established in  191 7  by  charter  to  A  P  (local).  The  Brown 
chapter  resigned  its  charter  on  account  of  the  unfriendly 
attitude  of  the  college  authorities. 

The  conventions  are  held  biennially.. 

Until  1883  the  government  of  the  fraternity  was  in 
the  hands  of  the  Alpha  chapter.  It  was  then  vested  in  a 
grand  chapter  composed  of  one  member  from  each  college 
chapter,  Alpha  remaining  permanent  head  of  the  order, 
and  the  secretaryship  being  held  by  the  chapters  in  turn. 
In  1 89 1  all  legislative  and  judicial  powers  of  the  fraternity 
were  vested  in  the  biennial  convention.  A  Grand 
Council,  elected  at  each  convention  administer  the 
affairs  of  the  fraternity  until  the  next  one  assembles. 
In  1893  another  change  was  made,  certain  powers  of 
district  legislation  being  granted  to  the  district  con- 
v'entions.  The  fraternity  was  also  divided  into  districts 
for  purposes  of  administration.  There  are  nine  districts 
no  one  of  which  is  to  contain  more  than  five  college  chap- 


tr'if^' 


■T-  .zi  •  ■  J      -T-jr  —     - 


458  WOMEN'S   FRATERNITIES 

ters.  All  routine  work  is  concentrated  in  the  office  of  the 
secretary  who  is  also  editress  of  the  magazine  and  gives  her 
tindivided  services  to  the  fraternity. 

In  191 5  an  alumnae  secretary  was  provided  for  who  is 
directly  responsible  to  the  president.  As  assistants  she 
has  a  state  chairman  in  each  state.  It  is  an  important 
part  of  her  work  to  keep  the  alumnae  in  contact  with  the 
fraternity. 

The  fraternity  has  a  scholarship  fund  to  assist  worthy 
undergraduates  to  complete  their  college  careers. 

There  is  a  Service  Board  established  in  1913  to  study 
fraternity  conditions  and  projects,  such  as  housing  condi- 
tions of  the  chapters,  vocational  and  scholarship  guidance 
o^  the  undergraduates,  the  collection  and  compilation  of 
histopcal  material  and  the  like. 

The  fraternity  catalogue  was  pubUshed  first  in  1888  at 
Indianapolis,  edited  by  Florence  Beck  and  Mary  Barwick, 
then  in  1890  at  Evanston,  Ills.,  edited  by  Lina  Kennedy 
and  Eva  Hall,  in  1895  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  edited  by  Grace  W 
Caldwell,  in  1902  at  Columbus,  O.,  edited  by  Edith  Bell, 
in  1904  at  Colimibus.  O.,  edited  by  Caroline  F.  Comly,  in 
1908  at  Ann  Arbor,  edited  by  Charlotte  H.  Walker,  in 
1916  at  Menasha,  Wise,  edited  by  L.  Pearle  Green. 

The  magazine  of  the  fraternity  is  called  the  Kappa 
Alpha  Theta,  It  has  been  published  usually  as  a  quarterly, 
though  in  some  years  only  three  nimibers  have  been  issued. 
Its  publication  began,  in  1885,  imder  the  direction  of  the 
Kansas  chapter,  at  Lawrence,  Kans.  In  January,  1890, 
it  was  moved  to  Minneapolis,  Minn. ;  in  October,  1 891,  to 
Meredith,  N.  H.;    in  January,  1894,  to  Burlington,  Vt. ; 


KAPPA    ALPHA     THETA 


469 


in  February,  1896,  to  Ithaca,  N.  Y.;  in  July,  1901,  to 
Columbus,  0.,  in  August,  1903,  to  Swarthmore,  Pa.,  in 
1904  to  Columbus,  0.,  in  1905  to  Minneapolis,  and  in  1909 
to  Mcnasha,  Wis.  A  song  book  has  been  published  in 
1884,  1890,  1902,  1908,  1912  and  1918.  There  are  pub- 
lished annual  reports  and  convention  minutes,  and  a 
Hmidbook  of  Kappa  Alpha  Theta  by  L.  Pearle  Green 
(Menasha,  Wis.,  191 1),  also  an  officers*  handbook  published 
ini9i2. 

The  badge  is  kite-shaped,  having  four  sides  It  is  of 
black  enamel,  inlaid  with  a  white  chevron,  on  which  are 
displayed  the  letters  **K  A  O."  Above  this  are  two  dia- 
mond stars,  and  below  are  the  letters  "a  w  o«"  The  colors 
are  black  and  gold.  The  flower  is  the  black- 
and  gold  pansy.  The  colors  of  the  pledge-but- 
ton are  black  and  gold. 


tmm* 


ilappa  Belta 


npHIS  fraternity  was  founded  October  23,  1897,  at  the 
Virginia  State  Normal   School,  Farmville,  Va.,  by 
Mary   S.    Sparks,    Kathleen   M.  Riley,  Julia  G.  Tyler, 
Lenora  D.  Ashn-.orc,  Eunice  Spires  and  Sara  Turner. 
Chai)ters  have  been  established  as  follows: 

i8q7.  a,  Va.  ?>malc  Normal  School  (1912) loi 

igo2.  H,  Chatham  Episcopal  Institute  (Va.)  (1904)  30 

iyo2.  r,  Hollins College  (Va.) 123 

1Q03.  2,  Gimston  Institute  (1912) 92 

1903.       <l>  V,  Fairmount  Seminary  (1912) 92 

1903.  0,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College  ....  132 

1904.  Z,  University  of  Alabama 107 

1Q04'      1>  A,  St.  Mary's  School  (N.  C.)  (191 1) 73 

1904."      K  A,  Florida  State  College  for  Women 102 

1904.  V  Q  4>,  Judson  College  (Marion,  Ala.) 154 

1905.  A ,  Presb\i:erian  College  for  Women  ( 1 9 1  o) .  34 
1907.  I,  Caldwell  College  (Danville,  Ky.)  (1908).     9 

1907.  A,  Northwestern  University 100 

1908.  O,  Illinois  Weslcyan  University 94 

1908:  '■    ^  X,  Iowa  State  College 117 

1909.  E,  Louisiana  State  University 68 

460 


KAPPA    DELTA  461 

909.      E  O,  University  of  Kentucky 79 

911.  A  r,  Coe  College 85 

912.  S  A,  Trinity  College,  N.  C 59 

913.  K,  Woman's  College  of  Alabama  (1913)  . . . .     9 
913.       Q  S,  University  of  Cincinnati 42 

913.  H,  Himter  College 78 

914.  M,  Millsaps  College 51 

914.  X,  University  of  Denver 49 

914.  P,  University  of  Wyoming 48 

915.  4>  T,  Bucknell  University 65 

916.  *  E,  Colorado  Agricultural  College 49 

916.  E  A,  Southern  Methodist  University 52 

917.  O  X,  Cornell  University 57 

917.      O  E,  University  of  Southern  California 53 

917.  4>,  University  of  California 65 

918.  S  B,  University  of  Minnesota 47 

918.        *r,  Lawrence  College,  Wis 44 

*     Active  chapters  24,  inactive  9.     Membership  2,360. 

The  Randolph-Macon  and  Louisiana  State  chapters 
own  houses.     Total  houses  2,  total  valuation  $6,000. 

There  was  a  sub  rosa  **E"  chapter  in  existence  for  some 
'  two  years  with  nine  members.  The  Hollins  chapter  was 
formed  from  a  local  called  K  A  E,  the  Fairmont  chapter 
from  a  local  called  M  *  V,  the  Judson  chapter  from  a  local 
from  P  O  K,  Millsaps  from  K  M,  Denver  from  A  2,  and 
Bucknell  from  *  E  T.  Several  of  the  recent  chapters 
were  formed  from  locals.  The  Judson  chapter  main- 
tains a  scholarship. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters  at  a  ntmiber  of  cities. 

Conventions  are  held  semiannually. 


I.i-.-J^w- 


462  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

The  chapters  at  Virginia  Normal,  Fairmount  Seminary 
and  Gunston  Institute  were  placed  upon  the  inactive 
list  by  order  of  the  Pan-Hellenic  Congress  when  Elappa 
Delta  joined  same,  because  those  institutions  were 
not  of  collegiate  rank.  The  Chatham  Episcopal,  St. 
Mary  School,  Presbyterian  College,  Caldwell,  Woman's 
College  of  Alabama  and  Judson  chapters  became  inactive 
when  the  faculties  of  those  institutions  abolished  fraterni- 
ties. 

A  song  book  was  issued  in  1914. 

The  usual  convention  of  delegates  from  the  chapters  and 
alumnae  associations  is  the  governing  body  of  the  frater- 
nity. Between  its  sessions  its  affairs  are  administered 
by  a  National  Coimcil  of  six  alimmae. 

A  journal  is  published  called  the  Angelas,  Its  publica- 
tion was  begun  in  1904.  A  secret  publication  is  issued 
after  each  convention,  known  as  La  Taktaz.  A  daily 
paper  is  published  at  Conventions. 

The  fraternity  in  191 7  endowed  a  Scholarship  fund, 
by  means  of  which  six  girls  have  been  sent  to  college. 

Kappa  Delta  was  incorporated  in  1902  under  the  State 
laws  of  Virginia. 

October  23  rd  of  each  year  is  celebrated  by  chapters 
and  alumna)  associations  as  Founders  Day.  The  aliminae 
associations  have  all  privileges  except  that  of  making 
initiations. 

The  fraternity  is  divided  geographically  into  six  pro- 
vinces, each  having  its  president,  much  of  the  detail  and 
routine  work  of  the  chapters  is  looked  after  by  the  Province 


KAPPA  DELTA 


463 


Presidents  under*  the  direct  supervision  of  the  National 

Council. 
The  badge  is  diamond  shaped  and  displays  the  letters 
K  A.'*    Above  this  is  a  dagger  and  below  it  the  letters 
A  O  T."    The  colors  are  olive  green  and  white  and  the 

flower  is  the  white  rose.    The  flag  is  a  pennant  of  three  bars 

displaying  a  white  rose,  a  dagger  and  three  gold  stars. 


(f 


<4 


llappa  ilappa  (gramma 


npHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Monmouth,  Ills.. 
October  13,  1870 — the  anniversary  of  which  day 
is  generally  celebrated  by  the  chapters.  The  founders 
were  Anna  Willits,  Minnie  Stewart,  Jennie  Boyd  and 
Louise  Bennett.  A  proposition  to  establish  a  chapter 
of  another  fraternity  suggested  the  idea  of  creating  this 
one.  The  idea  seems  to  have  occurred  to  the  several 
foimders  simultaneously,  and  was  at  once  put  into  concrete 
form.     The  following  is  the  chapter  roll  : 

1870.  A,  Monmouth  College  (1878) 31 

1871.  n,  Knox  College  (1874) 19 

1872.  r,  Smithson  College  (1875) 11 

1873.  A,  Indiana  University 490 

1873.  K,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University 304 

1874.  Z,  Rockford  Seminary,  Ills.  (1876) 13 

1875.  H,  University  of  Wisconsin 360 

1875.      0,  University  of  Missouri 351 

1875.  I,  DePauw  University 472 

1876.  B  r,  University  of  Wooster  (1913)    237 

1877.  A,  Municipal  University  of  Akron   250 

1878.  M,  Butler  College 241 

1879.  N,  Franklin  College  (1884) 42 

1879.  B  H,  St.  Lawrence  University 190 

464 


KAPPA    KAPPA   GAMMA 


46s 


1879. 

p, 

1880. 

n, 

1880. 

X, 

1880. 

K, 

1880. 

T, 

I88I. 

0, 

1882. 

*, 

1882. 

BZ, 

1882. 

r. 

1882. 

s, 

1883. 

BT, 

1883. 

»F, 

1883. 

Q, 

1884. 

s, 

1885. 

BP, 

1888. 

rp, 

1888. 

BN, 

1890. 

B  A, 

1890. 

BA, 

I89I. 

BE, 

1892. 

BH, 

1893. 

BI, 

1899. 

BA. 

I90I. 

BM, 

1902. 

BS, 

1904. 

BO, 

1905- 

BS. 

1905. 

Bn, 

1906. 

BT, 

1909. 

B*, 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University  (1884) 28 

University  of  California 228 

University  of  Minnesota 352 

Hillsdale  College 234 

Lassell  Seminary,  Mass.  (1882) 6 

Simpson  College  (1890) 64 

Boston  University 286 

University  of  Iowa 285 

Northwestern  University 328 

Adrian  College 216 

University  of  Syracuse 225 

Cornell  University 226 

University  of  Kansas 222 

University  of  Nebraska 295 

University  of  Cincinnati ,   79 

Allegheny  College 226 

Ohio  State  University 200 

University  of  Pennsylvania 156 

University  of  Michigan : . . . .  273 

Columbia  University  (Barnard)  (1915)  ....  124 

Stanford  University 214 

Swarthmore  College 155 

University  of  Illinois 214 

University  of  Colorado 223 

University  of  Texas 210 

Tulane  University  (Newcomb) 82 

Adelphi  College iii 

University  of  Washington 187 

University  of  West  Virginia 124 

University  of  Montana no 


466  WOMEN* S  FRATERNITIES 

1910.  B  X,  University  of  Kentucky 92 

191 1.  B  V,  University  of  Toronto 77 

1913.  B  Q,  University  of  Oregon 103 

1914.  B  B,  University  of  Oklahoma 82 

191 5.  B  K,  University  of  Idaho 75 

191 7.  FA,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College 68 

1918.  r  B,  University  of  New  Mexico 38 

1918.  r  r,  Whitman  College 44 

1919.  r  A,  Purdue  Kniversity 31 

1919.  r  E,  University  of  Pittsburgh 25 

Active  chapters  44,  inactive  10.     Membership  9,329. 

The  Wisconsin,  Indiana,  Michigan,  St.  Lawrence, 
Syracuse,  California,  Kansas,  Missouri  and  Stanford 
chapters  own  their  houses.  Total  houses  9 ;  total  valua- 
tion $135,000. 

Alpha,  at  Monmouth,  ceased  to  exist  openly  when 
anti-fraternity  laws  were  passed.  It  died  after  a  subse- 
quent brief  stib  rosa  existence.  The  first  Beta  shared  the 
decline  in  the  fortunes  of  Knox  College  during  the  early 
seventies,  and  has  not  been  re-established.  The  chapters 
at  Smithson  College,  Rockford  Seminary,  Simpson  Cen- 
tenary and  Lassell  Seminary  were  withdrawn  on  account 
of  the  low  standard  of  the  institutions  in  which  they  were 
placed.  Theta,  at  the  University  of  Missouri,  was 
inactive  from  1880  to  1884  on  accoimt  of  faculty  opposition 
and  Rho,  at  Ohio  Wesleyan,  became  extinct  from  the  same 
cause.  The  California  chapter  was  inactive  from  1885  to 
1897,  and  the  Cincinnati  chapter  from  1885  to  1914.  It 
was  revived  by  the  absorption  of  A  *  *r.  The  Wooster 
and  Barnard  chapters  were  killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws. 


KAPPA    KAPPA    GAMMA  467 

The  St.  Lawrence  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local 
society  called  the  "Browning  Society/*  the  altminae  of 
which  also  became  members.  In  1898  an  attempt  was 
made  to  withdraw  the  charter  of  this  chapter  without  com- 
plying with  the  legal  requirements.  The  chapter  began  a 
suit  to  restrain  the  officers  from  acting  and  won  the  case 
ii^  the  New  York  courts.  A  second  suit  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts courts  brought  against  one  of  the  officers  residing 
there  was  dismissed  on  the  groimd  that  no  property  rights 
being  involved  the  Court  was  without  jurisdiction.  Its 
right  to  retain  its  charter  having  been  vindicated  and  the 
grounds  alleged  for  its  withdrawal  having  been  judicially 
declared  to  be  imreasonable,  the  chapter  withdrew  from 
the  fraternity  and  formed  a  local  society  called  Z  *.  It 
owned  a  chapter  house.  In  191 5  the  fraternity  re-entered 
St.  Lawrence.  The  Montana  chapter  was  formed  from 
a  local  society  called  A  2. 

There  are  altminae  associations  at  fully  fifty  cities. 

From  the  foundation  of  the  fraternity  until  1878,  the 
executive  power  was  vested  in  the  parent  chapter,  and 
for  the  succeeding  three  years  in  the  chapter  at  Illinois 
Wesleyan.  The  convention  of  1881  found  this  system 
inadequate  and  replaced  it  by  a  grand  council,  composed 
of  four  elective  members,  who  manage  the  aflEairs  of  the 
fraternity  in  the  interim  between  the  conventions.  In 
1890  the  number  of  this  council  was  changed  to  five 
and  in  19 14  to  six. 

In  1902  the  offices  of  historian  and  catalogue  director 
were  created  and  filled  by  appointment  for  ten  years. 
In  1902  the  office  of  alumnae  officer  was  created.     The 


468  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

fraternity  is  divided  geographically  into  provinces,  the 
officers  in  charge  are  the  province  presidents  who  visit 
their  chapters  yearly,  and  the  province  xnce-presidents, 
who  are  the  alumnae  officers  of  the  districts. 

There  is  a  system  of  chapter  visitation  by  members 
of  the  council  which  is  to  be  warmly  commended.  By 
the  plan  adopted  every  chapter  receives  at  least  ope 
visit  from  a  member  of  the  coxmcil  or  the  province  presi- 
dent every  two  years. 

There  is  a  standing  Scholarship  Committee  which 
ascertains  the  standing  of  each  active  member  and  through 
whose  efforts  their  scholarship  has  been  much  improved. 

The  students*  Aid  Fund  is  open  to  all  women  college 
students. 

Conventions  of  the  fraternity  have  been  held  biennially. 

The  publication  of  a  journal  was  authorized  by  the 
convention  of  1881,  and  the  first  number  of  a  quarterly 
appeared  in  May,  1882,  under  the  title  of  the  Golden  Key. 
It  was  published  at  Greencastle  and  Indianapolis,  Ind., 
under  the  management  of  a  member  of  Iota  chapter, 
until  the  end  of  the  third  volume,  in  1886,  when  it  was 
enlarged  and  improved,  transferred  to  Boston,  placed 
imder  the  control  of  the  Phi  chapter,  and  its  name  changed 
to  The  Key.  It  remained  under  this  management  imtil 
1894,  when  it  was  transferred  to  the  Cornell  chapter.  In 
1900  its  management  was  given  to  the  Ohio  State  chapter. 
In  1904  it  was  decided  that  it  should  be  placed  under  the 
control  of  an  editor  rather  than  a  chapter.  It  was  the  first 
journal  published  by  a  women's  -fraternity.  The  first 
edition  of  the  song  book  was  published  at  Canton,  N.  Y.,  in 


KAPPA  KAPPA  GAMMA 


469 


1886.  It  was  edited  by  the  St.  Lawrence  chapter.  The 
second  edition  was  published  at  Minneapolis  in  1889, 
edited  by  Chi  chapter.  A  third  edition  was  published  at 
Boston  in  1897,  edited  by  the  Barnard  chapter.  This 
latter  contained  music  and  words,  much  of  the  music 
being  original.  An  imique  publication  has  been  the  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma  calendar  in  chart  form,  and  containing 
appropriate  daily  quotations.  It  has  been  published 
since  1888  with  one  or  two  interruptions. 

The  catalogue  was  compiled  in  1888,  and  a  supplement 
in  1890.  A  second  edition  was  published  in  1898  and  a 
third  in  1 9 13.  A  card  catalojrue  system  is  now  employed 
for  keeping  a  permanent  index  of  the  members  up  to  date. 

The  badge  is  a  golden  key  an  inch  in  length.     On  the 

stem  are  the  letters  **K  K  r,"  and  on  the  ward  the  letters 

"A  Q  O"  in  enamel.     Each  badge  bears  the  chapter  letter. 

It  is  unique  and  pretty.     The  colors  are  shades  of  light 

and   dark   blue.    The   flower   is    the    fleur-de- 

Alis.    The  colors  of  the  pledge-button  are  Ught 
and  dark  blue. 


mi  i«tt 


■^f'.i*.M 


**A*¥*y 


npHIS  society  in  its  present  form  was  organized  June  24, 
1904.  It  grew  out  of  a  local  society  called  the 
Philomathean  which  was  organized  at  Wesleyan  College, 
Macon,  Ga.,  in  1852,  by  Mary  Dupont  Lines,  Mary 
Myrick  Daniels  and  Martha  Hardaway  Redding. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1904.       A,  Wesleyan  College  (1914) *i236 

1904.       B,  Hollins  College 167 

1906.       r,  Winston-Salem  College  (1909) 45 

1906.       A,  Sophie  Newcomb  College  (Tulane) 68 

1906.  T  A,  St.  Mary's  CollegeXi9io) 45 

1907.  Z,  Chevy  Chase  College  (1910) 61 

T907.       H,  Hardin  College  (191 1) 60 

1907.  9,  Belmont  College  (191 1) 94 

1908.  S  K,  Southwestern  University 146 

1908.       K,  University  of  Tennessee 81 

1910.       A,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College. ......     84 

1910.  M,  Brenau  College 117 

191T.       N,  Shorter  College  (1912) 34 

191 1.  S,  University  of  New  Mexico 69 


*This  includes  all  of  the  members  of  the  old  local  ■ociety. 

470 


PHI   MV  471 

912.      O,  Municipal  University  of  Akron 67 

912.       n,  University  of  Maine   70 

912.  S,  Knox  College 58 

913.  P,  Hanover  College    59 

913.       T,  Ohio  State  University 72 

913.       *,  University  of  Texas 65 

913.       X,  University  of  Missouri 89 

913.      T,  Whitman  College 71 

913.  y,  Adelphi  College 59 

914.  T,  Millsaps  College 57 

914.      I,   Lawrence  College 55 

914.  Q,  Iowa  Wesleyan  College 49 

915.  B  A,  George  Washington  University 51 

915.  I  2,    University  of  So.  California 61 

915.  E  A,  Southern  Methodist  University 60 

916.  Z  A,  Baker  University 40 

916.  H  A,  University  of  California 70 

917.  H  B,  University  of  Washington 65 

917.  B  B,  Colby  College 30 

919.  B  r,  New  Hampshire  State  College 25 

919.  B  A,  Dickinson   College 19 

919.  B  E.  University  of  Wisconsin 28 

Active  chapters,  29;    inactive,  7.     Membership  3,527. 

The  Wesleyan,  Winston-Salem  and  Shorter  chapters 
were  killed  by  anti -fraternity  laws.  The  charters  of  the 
St.  Mary's,  Chevy  Chase,  Hardin  and  Belmont  chapters 
were  withdrawn.  The  chapters  at  St.  Mary's  South- 
western and  Southern  California  were  formed  from  local 
societies  indicated  by  their  chapter  names.  The  New 
Mexico  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  society  called 


:—   ^M.-* 


472 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


S  K  B,  Akron  from  e  2  X,  Maine  from  *  A,  Texas  from 
S  K,  Millsaps  from  4>  Z,  Hanover  from  *  8  N,  Adelphi 
from  4>  A.  The  chapter  at  Randolph-Macon  owns  a 
bungalow  ($1,500). 

The  government  is  in  the  hands  of  a  National  Council 
composed  of  eight  officers  elected  at  the  convention. 
They  are  assisted  by  a  General  Council  composed  of  the 
presidents  of  the  provinces  into  which  the  chapters  are 
divided  and  the  Custodian  of  the  Pin  and  Alumnae  Secre- 
tary. Each  National  Officer  is  chairman  of  a  Standing 
Board.     Conventions  have  been  held  nearly  every  year. 

There  are  alumnae  chapters  at  thirteen  cities  and  there 
are  also  state  associations  of  alumnae  in  five  states. 

A  history  was  published  in  1908.  The  publication  of  an 
annual  was  begun  in  1900.  In  1907  a  quarterly  called  the 
Aglaia  was  begim  and  has  since  been  issued.  In  1913 
the  issue  of  a  secret  annual  called  the  Philomathean  was 
commenced.  In  191 7,  a  Song  Book  was  published.  In 
1918,  a  Directory  was  published. 

The  badge  is  a  shield  of  black  enamel  displaying  a  hand 
holding  a  heart.  Above  is  a  band  of  gold  bearing  the 
letters  "  *  M  "  and  below  is  a  band  bearing  three  stars.  The 
colors  are  rose  and  white.  The  flower  is  the  Enchantress 
carnation. 


$i  iBeta  mi 


npHIS  society  was  founded  at  Monmouth  College  in 
April,  1867,  by  Libbie  Brook,  Clara  Brownlee, 
Emma  Brownlee,  Ada  Bruen,  Nancy  Black,  Jennie  Home, 
Ina  Smith,  Maggie  Campbell,  Fannie  Whitenack,  Rosetta 
Moore,  Jennie  Nicol  and  Fannie  Thompson.  The  society 
was  originally  called  the  I.  C.  Sorosis,  and  the  first  badge 
was  a  tiny  golden  arrow  with  the  letters  "I.  C."  engraved 
on  the  feather.     The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1867.  ///.  A.  Monmouth  College  (1884). 32 

1868.  la.  A,  Iowa  Wesleyan  College 447 

1870.  Ind  A,  DePauw  University  (1879) .^  ii 

1872.  Ill,  B,  Lombard  College 308 

1873.  Kans,  A,  University  of  Kansas 399 

1874.  7a.  B,  Simpson  College 299 

1877.  la.  r,  Iowa  State  College 268 

1881.  la.  E,  South  Iowa  Normal  School  (1887) 79 

1882.  III.  r,  Carthage  College  (1888) 26 

1882.  Id.  Z,  University  of  Iowa 333 

1884.  III.  A,  Knox  College 286 

1884.  Neb.  A,  York  College  (1888) 58 

1884.  Col.  A,  University  of  Colorado 286 

1885.  Col.  B,  University  of  Denver 269 

473 


474 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


886.  /a.  A,  Callanan  College  (1889) 15 

887.  Neb.  B,  Hastings  College  (1887) 8 

887.  Mich.  A,  Hillsdale  College 221 

888.  Ind.  A,  Franklin  College 251 

888.  Mich.  B,  University  of  Michigan 269 

889.  D.  C.  A,  George  Washington  University 183 

889.  Ohio  A,  Ohio  University 210 

:890.  Minn,  A,  University  of  Minnesota 207 

:89i.  La.  A,  Sophie  Newcomb  College  (Ttdane) 190 

892.  Pa.  A,  Swarthmore  College 176 

[893.  Vi.  A,  Middlebury  College 176 

[893.  Ind.  B,  University  of  Indiana 311 

893.  Cal.  A,  Stanford  University 160 

[894.  Ohio  B,  Ohio  State  University 148 

:894.  ///.  E,  Northwestern  University 220 

894.  Wis.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 302 

895.  Neb,  B,  University  of  Nebraska 235 

:895.  P(^'  B»  Bucknell  University 207 

:895.  ///.  Z,  University  of  Illinois 252 

[896.  N.  Y.  A,  Syracuse  University 284 

896.  Mass.  A,  Boston  University 184 

1897 .  Md.  A,  Goucher  College,  Baltimore 193 

897.  Ind.  r,  Butler  College 191 

898.  VU  B,  University  of  Vermont 119 

899.  Mo.  A,  University  of  Missouri 211 

:900.  Cal.  B,  University  of  California 211 

902.  Texas  A,  University  of  Texas 200 

1903.  Penn.  r,  Dickinson  College. no 

904.  N.  Y.  B,  Barnard  College  (Columbia)  (19 15) 96 

1907.  Wash.  A,  University  of  Washington 196 


PI  BETA    PHI  475 

907.  Mo,  B,  Washington  University 117 

908.  Ont,  A,  University  of  Toronto 84 

909.  Ark.  A,  University  of  Arkansas no 

910.  Ohio  r,  College  of  Wooster  (1913) 3.7 

910.  Wyo.  A,  University  of  Wyoming 97 

910.  Okla,  A,  University  of  Oklahoma 132 

912.  Ills. H,  Millikin  University 125 

912.  Wash,  B,  Washington  State  College 94 

913.  Fla,  A,  Stetson  University 80 

913.  Va,  A,  Randolph-Macon  Women's  College 74 

914.  Mo.  r,  Drury  College 128 

914.  N.  Y.  r,  St.  Lawrence  University 88 

915.  Kans.  B,  Kansas  State  College 81 

915.  Ore.  A,  University  of  Oregon 93 

915.  Nev.  A,  University  of  Nevada 6i 

916.  Tex.  B,  Southern  Methodist  University 26 

917.  Aril.  A,  University  of  Arizona 32 

917.  CaliJ.  r,  University  of  Southern  California 64 

917.  Ore.  B,  Oregon  State  Agricultural  College 53 

917.  Va.  B,  Hollins  College 32 

918.  Pa.  A,  University  of  Pittsburgh 24 

918.  W.  Va.  A,  University  of  West  Virginia 22 

919.  N.  Y.  A,  Cornell  University 26 

919.  Okla.  B,  Oklahoma  Agricultural  College 34 

919.  Wis.  B,  Beloit  College 20 

Active  chapters,  60 ;  inactive,  9;  membership,  10,571. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  California,  Colo- 
rado, Denver,  Iowa  State,  Kansas,  Kansas  State,  Lam* 
bard,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missoiui,  Randolph-Macon, 


476  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

St.    Lawrence,    Stanford,    S>Tacuse,    Wisconsin.     Total 
houses,  15;   total  valuation,  $211,000. 

The  society,  though  now  confined  to  collegiate  insti- 
tutions, was  not  always  so.  Under  the  first  form  of  gov- 
ernment, chapters  were  of  three  kinds:  collegiate,  asso- 
ciate and  alumnfie.  Associate  chapters  were  established 
in  towns  where  no  colleges  were  located,  but  where 
members  could  be  obtained  possessing  the  same  educa- 
tional attainments  as  those  possessed  by  members  of  the 
collegiate  chapters.  No  such  chapters  have  been  estab- 
lished since  1884,  and  those  formerly  active,  viz.:  Iowa 
A,  at  Burlington,  la.;  Iowa  H,  at  Fairfield,  la.;  Iowa  0, 
at.Ottumwa,  la. ;  Iowa  I,  at  Mt.  Pleasant,  la.,  and  Iowa  K, 
at  Iowa  City,  are  all  now  inactive.  Altminae  chapters 
had  all  the  privileges  of  active  chapters,  except  that  of 
making  initiations. 

The  chapters  at  Monmouth,  Wooster  and  Barnard 
were  killed  by  anti-fraternity  laws.  The  chapters 
at  Carthage  College  and  DePauw  University  died 
from  indifference.  The  charters  of  the  remaining  in- 
active chapters  were  withdrawn,  with  the  exception  of 
that  of  Nebraska  Alpha.  The  chapter  of  this  college 
was  very  prosperous,  and  undertook  the  work  of  estab- 
lishing a  library  in  the  college  town.  Before  this  was 
completely  accomplished,  the  college  was  removed,  but 
the  young  ladies,  feeUng  that  their  honor  was  at  stake, 
by  great  effort  completed  their  task,  and  provided  the 
library  as  they  had  tmdertaken  to  do.  By  the  conven- 
tion of  1890  they  were  permitted  to  become  an  associate 
chapter.    The  Iowa  State  College  chapter  was  inactive 


PI   BETA    PHI  477 

from  1891  to  1906,  the  Minnesota  chapter  from  1897  to 
1905  and  the  Stanford  chapter  from  1897  to  1905. 

Many  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  local  societies. 

Kansas  Alpha  has  maintained  a  scholarship  in  the 
state  University  for  some  years.  The  fraternity  estab- 
lished in  1906,  three  scholarships  aggregating  $1000  per 
year,  for  undergraduate  use.  Later,  half  of  the  amount 
was  converted  into  an  annual  fellowship  for  post-gradate 
study.  Since  1910,  the  fraternity  has  sec  apart  $200  each 
year  for  use  as  a  permanent  undergraduate  loan  fund. 
Since  191 5,  the  alumnae  department  has  supplemented 
this  fund  by  an  additional  annual  payment  of  $250. 

About  the  year  1883,  the  members  of  the  fraternity, 
feeling  that  they  were  placed  at  a  disadvantage  in  competi- 
tion with  their  rivals  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  they 
had  no  Greek  name,  adopted  for  the  Sorosis  the  sub- 
title n  B  4>,  which  was  carried  for  about  five  years,  when 
the  title  **I.  C*  was  dropped,  and  the  Greek  name  alone 
retained. 

Until  the  death  of  the  Monmouth  chapter,  in  1884, 
it  was  known  as  the  Grand  Chapter,  and  exercised  a 
parental  authority  over  the  other  chapters.  In  that  year 
a  convention  was  called  at  Iowa  City,  and  a  representa- 
tive scheme  of  government  was  planned  and  put  into  opera- 
tion. The  supreme  power  is  vested  in  conventions  held 
biennially,  usually  during  the  summer  vacations,  and 
during  their  recess  the  administration  of  the  fraternity's 
affairs  is  carried  on  by  a  Grand  Council,  consisting  of 
five  members  elected  by  the  convention.  Originally  the 
Council  consisted  of  the  president,  xnce-president,  secre- 


478  WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

tary  and  treasurer,  with  a  fifth  officer  known  as  a  "guide," 
the  latter  being  chosen  from  the  chapter  nearest  which 
the  ensuing  convention  was  to  meet.  In  1899  the  "guide" 
was  made  a  convention  officer,  appointed  by  the  president, 
and  the  editor  of  the  fraternity  journal  was  made  the 
fifth  member  of  the  council.  An  important  standing 
committee  of  the  fraternity  was  a  literary  biu'eau,  first 
organized  in  1890.  Its  work  consisted  in  keeping  the 
chapters  informed  concerning  matters  of  general  interest 
in  the  fraternity  world,  ])reparing  a  yearly  coiwse  of 
instruction  on  such  subjects,  suggesting  courses  of  reading 
upon  matters  of  interest  to  fraternity  women,  and  once  a 
year  in  preparing  an  examination  on  these  subjects.  In 
1901  the  bureau  was  abolished  and  its  work  turned  over 
to  the  province  presidents  and  to  various  standing  com- 
mittees. 

For  convenience  of  administration,  the  fraternity  is 
divided  geographically  into  ten  provinces,  each  having 
its  president,  who  is  consulted  in  all  matters  affecting 
the  active  chapters  of  the  fraternity  within  her  province 
and  a  vice-president  who  is  charge  of  the  alimmae  work 
of  her  province. 

Conventions  have  been  held  at  frequent  intervals. 

April  28  in  each  year  is  known  as  Founders*  Day,  and 
is  appropriately  celebrated. 

In  1892  an  altimnae  department  was  organized  under  a 
permanent  constitution.  There  are  alirninse  clubs  ac  all 
of  the  large  cities. 

In  1889  the  fraternity  was  incorporated  under  the 
laws  of  Illinois. 


PI   BETA    PHI  479 

A  preliminary  catalogue  was  published  in  September, 
1887,  and  a  complete  catalogue  was  issued  in  1901. 
Since  then  annual  supplements  have  been  published, 
and  revised  editions  of  the  catalogue  were  published  in 
1906,  191 1  and  1918.  In  1893  a  small  collection  of  songs 
without  music  was  compiled  and  published  by  the  Michi- 
gan chapter,  and  in  1899  a  complete  song  book  was 
published.  In  1904  a  second  edition  was  issued  and  in 
191 4  a  third.  An  historical  sketch  of  the  fraternity  was 
published  in  1893  and  another  in  19 10  and  a  history  by 
Elizabeth  Allen  Clarke-Helmick  was  published  in  1915. 
The  chapter  letters,  in  a  bound  volume,  made  the  first 
Yearbook,  191 2. 

The  periodical  journal  of  the  fraternity  is  called  The 
Arrow.  It  was  first  issued  in  May,  1885,  tmder  the  man- 
agement of  the  Kansas  chapter,  and  published  at 
Lawrence,  Kans.  In  December,  1886,  it  was  removed 
to  Iowa  City,  and  placed  under  control  of  the  chapter 
located  at  that  place.  It  was  printed  there  also  for  two 
years,  and  then  was  printed  at  Davenport,  la.,  until  the 
fall  of  1892.  It  was  then  placed  tmder  charge  of  the 
Michigan  chapter,  and  published  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich., 
tmtil  October,  1895.  The  November  number  for  that 
year  was  published  by  the  Swarthmorc  chapter.  In  1896 
it  was  removed  to  Madison,  Wis.,  where  for  twelve  years 
it  was  edited  and  published  by  the  Wisconsin  chapter. 
Mary  Bartol  Theiss,of  New  York,  was  the  editor  from  1908 
till  191 2  since  which  latter  date  it  has  been  edited  by  Sarah 
Gertrude  Pomcroy-Rug^  and  j)ubUshed  at  Menasha,  Wis. 


48o 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


The  fraternity  endorsed,  at  the  1910  convention,  a 
plan  to  establish  and  maintain  a  -Settlement  School 
for  moimtaineers*  children  somewhere  in  the  Appalachians, 
the  endowment  fund,  a  memorial  to  the  foimders  of  the 
fraternity,  to  be  raised  before  the  semi-centennial  year, 
191 7.  Catlinburg,  Tennessee  was  chosen  as  the  field. 
On  35  acres  of  land  they  have  two  cottages,  a  teacher*s 
residence  and  a  well-equipped  school  building.  With  a 
teaching  staff  of  five  instruction  is  given  in  manual  train- 
ing and  household  science,  they  also  have  an  1,800  volume 
library. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  tiny  gold  arrow  bear- 
ing the  letters  **n  B  4>'*  transversely  on  the  feather, 
with  a  loop  chain  pendant  from  the  shaft.  The  colors 
are  wine  red  and  silver  blue.  The  fraternity 
flower  is  the  dark  red  carnation.  The  pledge 
button  is  in  gold. 


IMgma  iliqipa 


The  Sigma  Kappa  sorority  was  founded  at  Colby  Col- 
lege, WaterviUe,  Maine  in  1874  by  Mar>'  C.  Lowe,  Louise 
H.  Cobum,  Elizabeth  G.  Hoag,  Francis  E.  Mann  and  Ida 
M.  Puller. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 


1874 
1904 

1905 
1906 

1906 

1906 

1908 

190.8 

1910 

1910 

1911 

1913 

1913 

191S 
1917 

X917 


A,  Colby  College 380 

A,  Boston  University 149 

E.  Sjn'acuse  University 155 

Z,  George  Washington  University 99 

H,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University 128 

0,  University  of  Illinois 151 

1,  University  of  Denver 98 

K,  Brown  Umversity(i9i2) 47 

A,  University  of  California 116 

M,  University  of  Washington 95 

N,  Middlebury  College 59 

E,  University  of  Kansas 77 

O,  Jackson  College  (Tufts) 71 

n,  Stanford  University 74 

P,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  Colle;;c 38 

2,  Southern  Methodist  University 45 

481 


482 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


1918.     1 ,  University  of  Indiana 44 

1918.  T,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 42 

1919.  <^,  Rhode  Island  State  College 18 

1919.        Ohio  State  University 22 

Active  chapters,  19;    inactive,  i;    membership,    1,908. 

The  Syracuse  chapter  owns  a  house  ($20,600).  The 
Washington  chapter  owns  a  bimgalow  at  Cr>'stal  Springs, 
Wash.,  the  gift  of  the  parents  of  a  deceased  member. 

The  Kansas  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  A  V, 
Middlebury  from  n  M  E  and  the  Jackson  chapter  from 
A  K  4>. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  Grand 
Coimcil  consisting  of  five  officers.  Conventions  were  held 
annually  until  19 14,  when  it  was  decided  to  make  them 
biennial. 

There  are  a  number  of  alumnae  chapters. 

At  the  convention  of  1918  a  national  philanthrophy 
was  adopted — that  of  caring  for  the  educaiton  of  the  lonely 
light-house  girls  of  the  Maine  Coast. 

The  fraternity  published  a  song  book  in  1907  and  in  that 
same  year  began  the  publication  of  a  quarterly  journal 
called  the  Triangle. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  triangle  displaying  the  letters 
**2  K"  on  a  ground  of  maroon  enamel.  The  colors  are 
maroon  and  lavender.     The  flower  is  the  violet. 


Ztta  H^u  laipta 


Zeta  Tau  Alpha  was  founded  October  29,  1898,  at  the 
Virginia  State  Normal  School,  Farmville.  Va.,  by  Alice 
Coleman,  Ethel  Coleman,  Helen  Crafford,  Mary  C.  Jones, 
Alice  M.  Jones,  Delia  E.  Lewis,  Ruby  B.  Leigh,  AKce 
Welsh  and  Frances  Y.  Smith. 

The  chapter  roll  is  : 

1898.     A,  Virginia  State  Normal  School  (1906) 58 

1900.     B,  Richmond  College  (1903) *.     9 

1900.     r,  Hannah  Moore  Academy  (1904) 10 

1902.  A,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College 120 

1903.  E,  University  of  Arkansas 153 

1904.  Z,  University  of  Tennessee 77 

1904.  H,  Mary  Baldwin  Seminary,  Va.  (1906) ...   19 

1905.  I,    Richmond  College  (1908) —   13 

1905.     B,  Judson  College ...;....  140 

1905.  0,  Bethany  CoUege 82 

1906.  K,  University  of  Texas 1 16 

1906.     A,  Southwestern  University 103 

1909.  M,  Drury  College 97 

1910.  N,  University  of  Alabama .56 

191 1.  S,  University  of  Southern  California .'.  6r 

191 1.     O,  Brenau  College 91 

1911.     U,Wesleyan  College,  Ga.  (1914)    53 

483 


484 


WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


1912.        P,  Boston  University 72 

1912.        2,  Baker  University 70 

1912.        T,  Millikin  University 78 

1914.  T,  University  ot  California 73 

1915.  *,  Trinity  College,  N.  C 15 

1916.  X,  University  of  Pittsburgh 38 

1916.  Q,  Southern  Methodist  University 31 

1917.  y,  University  of  Washington 23 

1917.  A  A,  Iowa  Wesleyan  College 20 

1918.  A  B,  University  of  Pennsylvania 10 

Active  chapters,  21;    inactive,  6;   membership,    1,688, 
The    Randolph-Macon    and    Brenau    chapters    own 

bungalows.    Total  valuation  $3,000. 

The  charters  of  the  inactive  chapters  have  been  with* 
drawn.  Several  of  the  chapters  were  formed  from  local 
societies. 

There  are  akimnae  chapters  at  a  number  of  cities. 

The  government  is  in  the  hands  of  a  Grand  chapter 
consisting  of  six  officers  during  the  recesses  between  the 
conventions.  Conventions  have  been  held  at  infrequent 
intervals. 

A  book  of  songs  was  published  in  1908  and  a  directory 
in  19 10.  The  journal  is  a  quarterly  called  the  Themis 
and  was  first  issued  in  1903. 

The  badge  is  a  shield  displaying  a  crown,  the  letters 
**Z  T  A"  and  the  word  "Themis"  in  Greek.  The  colors  are 
turquoise  blue  and  steel  gray.  The  flower  is  the  white 
violet. 


PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 

Explanatory  Note 

There  is  included  under  this  classification  all  of  the 
fraternities  which  confine  their  membership  to  students 
in  professional  schools.  Some  of  these  schools  are 
undergraduate  in  character  and  in  the  nature  of  the 
course  pursued  but  most  of  them  are  post-graduate. 
Almost  without  exception  the  professional  fraternities 
admit  to  membership  members  of  the  regular  under- 
graduate college  fraternities  and  they  have  largely  been 
built  up  by  the  efforts  of  such  members  with  prior  adminis- 
trative experience.  Some  of  them  have  well  managed 
systems  of  government  and  some  have  not;  some  devote 
much  time  and  attention  to  professional  work  inside  of 
their  chapters  and  some  do  not,  some  occupy  houses  and 
some  do  not. 

The  multiplication  of  fraternities  of  this  class  has  been 
the -striking  feattire  of  the  development  of  the  fraternity 
system  in  recent  years. 

An  endeavor  has  been  made  to  secure  a  complete  list  of 
the  fraternities  of  this  class  and  adequate  information 
about  them,  but  in  some  instances  the  fraternity  officials 
were  unable  to  furnish  the  information  desired  and  it  may 
be  that  some  fraternities  of  this  class  have  not  been  listed 
at  all.  Under  loose  systems  of  administration  inquiries 
are  passed  from  one  official  to  another  and  not  attended 
to. 

485 


4^6 


\ 


PROFESSIONA  L  FRA  TERNITIES 


The  fraternities  comprisinj;  students  of  Medicine 
organized  an  Inter-Medical  Fraternity  Conference  at 
Chicago,  February  27,  191 5.  It  included  A  M  n  Q, 
A  K  K,  A  *  1\  K  'F,  N  £  N,  *  A  T,  *  A  2,  *  B  O. 
*PS,  XZX,  or*  and  Aleph  Yodh  He. 

Owing  to  the  investigations  and  criticisms  of  the 
medical  schools  by  the  Carnegie  Foimdation,  there  were 
many  consolidations  and  reorganizations  of  such  schools, 
and  sotne  schools  are  now  running  under  different  names 
than  heretofore.  As  the  old  names  persist  in  the  fraternity 
literattire  there  is  considerable  confusion  which  it  seems 
impossible  to  avoid. 

The  few  professional  fraternities  among  the  women  have 
been  included  in  this  classification,  where  it  would  seem 
they  properly  belong. 


iaijptia  ilappa  ilappa 

(Medical — Regular) 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  medical  department 
of  Dartmouth  College,  September  28  1888.  In  1889 
it  was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire.  Honorary  members  are  provided  for.  but 
they  must  be  graduates  in  medicine. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1888.      A,  Medical  Department,  Dartmouth  College. 393 

1893.  r,  Tufts  Medical  School 349 

1894.  A,  University  of  Vermont 311 

1896.  Z,  L.  I.  Coll.  Hospital  Medical  School 294 

1897.  0,  Maine  Medical  School  (Bowdoin) 247 

1898.  V,  University  of  Minnesota 249 

1899.  B,  Coll.  P.  &S.,t  San  Francisco  (1918) 239 

1899.       2,  University  of  California 138 

1899.      H,  Coll.  P.  &  S.,  Chicago  (Univ.  of  111.) 299 

1899.  I,  University  of  Syracuse 217 

1900.  E,  Jefferson  Medical  College 320 

1900.       K,  Marquette  University 240 

fThe  expression  "College  of  Physicians  and   Surgeons"  so  freouently  used  tc 
designate  a  medical  school  is  in  some  of  these  lists  abbreviated  to  "P  and  S." 

487 


488 


PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 


Medical  Department  Cornell  Univ.,  N.  Y*.  142 

University  of  Pennsylvania 299 

Rush  Medical  College 254 

Northwestern  University 196 

University  of  Cincinnati 243 

Starling-Ohio  Medical  College 228 

University  of  Colorado 157 

University  of  Oregon 151 

University  of  Nashville  (191 1)   152 

Vanderbilt  University 173 

University  of  Tennessee  (Memphis) 181 

University  of  the  South  (1909) 28 

Tulane  University 188 

University  of  Georgia 141 

McGill  University 184 

University  of  Toronto .^  .  168 

George  Washington  University 134 

Yale  Medical  School 119 

University  of  Texas  (Galveston) 114 

University  of  Michigan 133 

Medical  College  of  Virginia 185 

Medical  College  of  South  Carolina  (191 2) . .  61 

St.  Louis  University 147 

University  of  Louisville 81 

Western  Reserve  University 93 

University  Med.  Coll.,  Kansas  City  (1913)  67 
University  of  Pittsburg 97 


♦This  melical  school  is  located  in  New  York  City.  There  is  also  a  medical 
department  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  It  frequently  happens  that  the  medical  department 
of  a  University  is  located  in  a  city  where  clinical  material  is  abun  hint,  far  distant 
from  the  site  of  the  other  departments. 


1901. 

A, 

I90I. 

M, 

1901. 

N, 

I90I. 

s, 

I90I. 

0, 

1902. 

H, 

1903. 

P, 

1903- 

r. 

1903. 

4>. 

1903. 

X. 

1903. 

Q, 

1903. 

T, 

1903. 

AB, 

1904. 

AT, 

1904. 

A  A, 

1905. 

AE, 

1905. 

A  Z, 

1906. 

AH, 

1906. 

A0, 

1906. 

A  I. 

1906. 

A  K, 

1908. 

A  A, 

1908. 

AM, 

1909. 

AN, 

1909. 

AS, 

I9II. 

A  0, 

I9II. 

An, 

ALPHA    KAPPA'  KAPPA  489 

1912.  A  P,  Harvard  University  (Boston) 103 

1913.  A  r.  University  of  Southern  California 66 

1914.  A  T,  Atlanta  Medical  College  (Emory  Univ.) ...  73 

1917.  A  Y,  Johns  Hopkins  University 49 

1917.  A  *,  University  of  Missouri 39 

Active  chapters  39,  inactive  5.     Membership  7,742. 

The  Michigan,  Syracuse,  McGill  and  Texas  chapter 
at  Galveston  own  houses.  Total  houses.  4;  total  valua- 
tion, $42,000. 

The  chapter  at  Pittsburg  was  formed  from  a  chapter 
of  S  4>  E.  The  South  Carolina  chapter  was  killed  by 
anti-fraternity  laws.  The  other  inactive  chapters  ceased 
to  exist  with  the  schools  in  which  thev  were  located. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  board  of 
six  officers  known  as  the  Council.  A  biennial  convention 
is  held,  at  which  each  chapter  is  entitled  to  be  represented 

> 

by  two  delegates. 

In  the  fall  of  1903  the  publication  of  a  quarterly,  called 
The  Cepttaur,  was  begim.  Its  first  volume  was  nimibered 
*X".  A  memorabilia  catalogue  compiled  by  Edward 
Louis  Heintz  was  pubHshed  at  Chicago  in  1909. 

The  badge  is  a  crescent,  between  the  horns  of  which 
is  held  a  book.  On  the  crescent  is  displayed  the  letters 
**A  K  K,"  and  two  serpents  are  coiled  around  the  crescent 
facing  each  other.     The  colors  are  dark  green  and  white. 


Wpfia  0in  $t  <^mega 

(Medical — ^Regular) 

TpHIS  fraternity  was  fotinded  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  January  7,  189 1,  by  Aaron  M.  Bill- 
stein,  Joseph  C.  Bloodgood,  Henry  H.  Doan,  S.  Potts 
Eagleton,  G.  T.  Lamson,  Arthur  J.  Patek,  W.  E.  Robert- 
son, G.  H.  Richardson  and  Fred  Wilson  then  under- 
graduates at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Roland  G.  Curtin. 

The  purpose  of  the  organization  was  to  have  an  asso- 
ciation in  which  practicing  physicians  and  students  could 
meet.  There  are  three  classes  of  chapters  viz.:  under- 
^  graduate,  imdergraduate  and  graduate  and  graduate 
(listed  below  in  Italics).  The  officers  of  the  two  former 
classes  may  be  either  graduates  or  undergraduates. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1891.  University  of  Pennsylvania 

1893.  Colimibia University 

1895.  Milwaukee,  Wis 

1898.  University  of  Texas 

1900.  Ohio  Medical  College,  Colimibus,  Ohio 

1901.  Denver,  Colo 

1908.  New  York,  N.Y 

1909.  Tulane  University  (1915) 

1912.  Portland,  Oregon 

1915.  University  of  Pittsburgh 

Collegiate  chapters,  5;  inactive,  i.   Membership,  1,100. 

The  chapters  in  Milwaukee,  Denver,  Portland  and  New 
York  are  not  connected  with  any  medical  school,  but  are 
composed  of  graduate  physicians. 

490 


ALPHA    MU   PI   OMEGA 


491 


The  charter  of  the  Columbia  chapter  was  withdrawn  and 
ceased  to  exist  from  1904  to  19 16,  when  it  was  re-estab- 
lished in  connection  with  the  New  York  chapter.  The 
Texas  chapter  owns  a  house  ($8,000). 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  Grand 
Chapter  or  convention  which  meets  triennially  and  consists 
of  the  original  foimders,  the  past  presidents,  the  present 
presidents  and  vice-presidents  and  one  delegate  for  every 
twenty  members  or  fraction  thereof. 

The  fraternity  issues  a  monthly  publication  called  the 
Bulletin  and  has  issued  catalogues. 

The  badge  is  a  shield  displaying  a  skull  in  front  of  rays 
of  lightning,  two  stars  and  the  letters  **A  M  n  Q."  The 
shield  is  encircled  by  a  serpent  with  its  tail  in  its  mouth. 
The  colors  are  blue  and  gold. 


^^^rggggrw 


Ci)t  Zeta  Ct)t 

( Medical — Regular) 


T^mS  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Georgia,  in  October,  1903, 
by  J.  Ansley  Griffin,  '05,  and  W.  W.  Battey,  Jr.,  '04. 

The  chapters  were  originally  named  after  distinguished 
physicians,  who  were  in  past  relationship  with  the  institu- 
tion at  which  the  chapter  is  located  but  the  alphabetical 
system  was  adopted  in  1907. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1903.  A,  University  of  Georgia 185 

1904.  B,  Columbia  University 115 

1904.   r,  N.  Y.  Polj'^clinic  Med.  School  (1905) 18 

1904.  A,  University  of  Maryland 172 

1905.  E,  Atlanta  Coll.  of  P.  &  S.  (1913) 105 

1905.   Z,  Baltimore  Medical  College  (19 13) 45 

1905.  H,  Johns  Hopkins  University  (1906) 12 

1906.  9,  Vanderbilt  University 125 

1906.    I,  University  of  South  Carolina  (1907) 12 

1906.  K,  Atlanta  School  of  Medicine  (1913) 70 

1906.  A,  Memphis  Coll.  of  P.  &  S.  (U.  of  Tenn.) 124 

1906.  M,  Tulane  University 182 

492 


CHI   ZETA    CHI  493 

1906.  N,  University  of  Arkansas 210 

1906.  S,  St.  Louis  University 96 

1907.  O,  Washington  University 88 

1907.  n,  University  of  Illinois  (Chicago)  (1909) 14 

1907.  P,  Baltimore  Coll.  of  P.  &  S 60 

1908.  S,  George  Washington  University  (1913) 50 

1908.  T,  Jefferson  Medical  College  (191  o) 13 

1908.  T,  Fordham  University 106 

1908.  *,  Lincoln  Memorial  University  (1914) 45 

1909.  X,  Long  Island  College  Hospital  ( 1913) 38 

19 10.  T,  Medical  College  of  Virginia 65 

191 1.  Q,  Birmingham  Medical  College  (19 13) 15 

1913.  A  A,  Emory  University 190 

Active  chapters  13,  inactive  12.     Membership  2,155. 

The  Epsilon  and  Kappa,  chapters  united  to  form  the 
Alpha  Alpha  cha])ter,  and  Phi  and  Lambda  chapters 
were  consolidated  as  the  Lincoln  Memorial  UnivcrsHy 
School  was  absorbed  by  the  one  at  Memphis. 

The  Xi  chapter  was  inactive  from  1909  to  191 1. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  Supreme 
Council  of  six  ofificers  chosen  at  the  annual  conventions. 
The  conventions  have  been  held  biennially. 

There  is  a  quarterly  journal  published  called  the  Chi 
Zeta  Chi  Medical  Record.    A  song  book  has  been  published. 

The  badge  comprises  two  triangles  one  over  the  other. 
The  rear  triangle  displays  the  letters  "X  Z  X"  and  on  the 
front  one  is  shown  the  skull  and  bones  and  the  word 
Physician  in  Greek.  The  colors  are  purple  and  gold.  The 
flower  is  the  white  carnation. 


ilaiipa  ^fii 

(Medical — Regular) 

(Including  the  Delta  Omlcron  Alpha  and  the  Phi  Delta 

Medical  Fraternities) 


Jk. 


^%\Or5kf<-T.     • 


IT APPA  Psi  was  founded  -at  the  Russell  Military  Aca- 
demy in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  May  30th,  1879  by 
F.  Harvey  Smith.  It  was  established  on  the  basis  of  an 
older  academic  society  of  the  same  name  in  which  Mr. 
F.  Harvey  Smith's  father  held  membership.  The  organi- 
zation was  entirely  literary  in  its  origin  and  expanded 
into  the  following  institutions : 

1879.  Russell,  Russell  Military  Academy  (New  Haven)  48 
1879.  Cheshire,  Cheshire  Mil.  Acad.  (Cheshire,  Conn.)  36 
1886.  Hillhoiise,  Hillhouse  High  School  (New  Haven)  32 

1886.  Yale,  Yale  College 14 

The  majority  of  the  members  of  these  chapters  entered 
medical  schools,  and  in  1887  it  was  decided  to  establish 
chapters  in  medical  schools,  to  discontinue  the  academic 
chapters,  and  to  continue  as  a  strictly  professional ,  fra- 
ternity. The  governing  body,  called  * 'Alpha  Chapter" 
was  placed  first  on  the  new  chapter  roll  which  grew  as 
follows : 

494 


KAPPA    PSI  495 

1879.  A,  Grand  Council 5 

1887.  Bi  Univ.  Coll.  of  Med.  (now  The  Med.  Coll,  of  Va)i9o 

1888.  r,  Columbia  University 484 

1898.  A,  University  of  Maryland 421 

1901 .  R,  Maryland  Medical  College  (1914) 178 

1902.  Z,  Georgetown  University  (1906) 94 

1903.  H,  Philadelphia  C.  of  P 435 

1904.  0,  Med.  Coll.  of  Va.  (consolidated  with  Univ.  Col. 

of  Med.,  1912) 20 

1905.  I,  University  of  Alabama  (Mobile) 203 

1906.  K,  Birmingham  Med.  Col.  (now  Grad.  Sch.  of 

Med.,  Univ.  of  Ala.,  191 5) 192 

1907.  A,  Vanderbilt  University 205 

1907.  M,  Massachusetts  C.  of  P 220 

1907.  N,  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina  (1914)  ..  ..  93 

1908.  S,  University  of  West  Virginia  (1914) 84 

1908.  O,  University  of  Nashville  (191 2) 86 

1908.  n,  Tulane  University 238 

1909.  P,  Emory  University 230 

1909.  2,  Baltimore  C.  of  P.  &  S.  (merged  with  Univ.  of 

Md.,  1915) 187 

1909.  T,  Univ.  of  Ala.   (Tuscaloosa)  (preclinic  school 

dicsontinued,    191 3) 14 

1909.  T,  Louisville  C.  of  P 121 

1910.  *,  Northwestern  University 197 

1910.  X,  University  of  Illinois 288 

1910.  V,  Baylor  University  (1914) 87 

1910.  Q,  Southwestern  University  (19 1 5) 102 

1 910.  B  B,  Western  Reserve  University 131 

1910.  B  r,  University  of  California 197 


4^ 


PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 


Union  University  (Albany,  N.  Y.) 255 

Rhode  Island  College  of  P,  &  A,  S 195 

Orej^on  State  College 140 

Jefferson  Medical  College 189 

University  of  Tennessee 195 

North  Pacific  College 97 

University  of  Pittsburgh  6^0 

George  Washington  University 118 

University  of  Louisville 135 

Creighton  University 46 

University  of  North  Carolina 86 

University  of  Washington 70 

Washington  State  College 47 

Loyola  LTniversity  (Chicago)  1 20 

Fort  Worth  School  of  Medicine  29 

Marquette  University 24 

Long  Island  Hospital  Medical  College  ....   30 

Universitv  of  Texas 18 

Thirty-one   active   chapters.      Membership,    including 
Delta  Omicron  Alpha  and  Phi  Delta,  9,680. 


I9IO. 

B  A, 

I9II. 

B  E, 

I9II. 

B  Z, 

I9I2. 

BH, 

1913- 

Be, 

1913- 

Bl, 

1913- 

B  K, 

I9I4. 

B  A, 

I9I4. 

BM, 

I9I4. 

B  N, 

1915- 

BS, 

I9I6. 

B  0, 

1916. 

B  n, 

I9I7. 

BP, 

I9I7. 

Bi:, 

1917. 

B  T, 

19IS. 

B  r. 

I9I8. 

B  <!>, 

C)n  November  17th,  191 7,  the  Delta  Omicron  Alpha 
Medical  Fraternity  was  merged  with  the  Kappa  Psi 
Fraternity.  This  organization  was  founded  in  the 
College  of  Medicine  of  Tulane  University  in  New  Orleans 
in  1907  and  established  the  following  chapter  roll  up  to 
the  time  of  the  merger : 

1907.  A,  Tulane  University 216 

1908.  B,  Columbia  University 84 

1910.  r,  University  of  Tennessee 129 


KAFFA  FSI  497 

1910.  A,  Southwestern  University  (1915) 98 

191 1.  E,  University  of  Alabama 169 

191 2.  Z,  Birmingham  Medical  College  (191 5) 77 

1912.  H,  Fort  Worth  School  of  Medicine 128 

1914.  0,  Chicago  College  of  Med.  &  Surg 162 

(Total  A  O  A  Chapters,  8.  Total  membership,  1,063.) 
The  A  O  A  fraternity  published  a  constitution  and  by- 
laws and  a  ritual.  The  government  was  of  the  usual 
"Grand  Chapter'*  form  and  conventions  were  held  an- 
nually. The  fraternity  badge  was  a  triangle  of  gold  and 
black  enamel,  with  the  Greek  letters  "Delta  Omicron 
Alpha"  in  the  center  of  a  blajk  enamel  field  with  a  star 
above  and  a  serpent  below;  the  margin  was  jewelled. 


On  January  26th,  19 18,  the  Phi  Delta  Medical  Frater- 
nity was  merged  with  the  Kappa  Psi  Fraternity.  This 
organization  was  founded  at  the  Long  Island  Hospital 
Medical  College  in  1901.  The  chapters  were  all  termed 
"Alphas"  and  the  roll  was  as  follows: 

1901.  A  A,  Long  Island  Hospital  Medical  College.  . .  .205 

1902.  A  B,  Ohio  State  University 102 

1902.  A  r,  Union  University  (Albany,  N.  Y.) 128 

1903.  A  A,  Wisconsin  College  of  P.  &  S 78 

1903.   A  E,  Kansas  University  Medical  College  (19 10)  54 
1903.   A  Z,  Washington  University 106 

1903.  A  H,  Michigan  College  of  Med.  &  Surg 89 

1904.  A  0,  Sioux  City  Medical  College  (1909) 41 

1904.   A  I.    Toronto  University  (1910) 31 

1904.  A  K,  Columbia  University  (191 1) 23 

1904.   A  A,  Dearborn  Medical  College  (1908) 35 


49^  PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 

1904.  A  M,  University  of  Minnesota 88 

1905.  A  N  Chicago  College  of  Med.  &  Surg 140 

1905.  A  E,  St.  Loui$  University 92 

1906.  A  O,  University  of  Illinois 84 

1912.   A  n,  Loyola  University 75 

(Total   Phi   Delta  Chapters,    16     Total  membership 

I.37I-) 

Each  of  the  Phi  Delta  Chapters  rented  a  house.  The 
fraternity  |:ublished  a  yearbook  called  **  Black  and  Gold," 
a  ritual,  and  a  constitution  and  by-laws.  The  govern- 
ment consisted  of  the  usual  **  Grand  Chapter,*'  and  conven- 
tions were  held  triennially  either  in  New  York  or  in  Chi 
cago.  The  fraternity  badge  was  a  monogram  of  the 
fraternity  letters  "Phi"  and  ** Delta",  with  the  former 
superimposed  o\'er  the  latter  and  the  chaj)ter  letters 
inserted  in  the  ring  of  the  letter  **Phi".  The  flag  was  a 
black  pennant  with  a  red  Geneva  cross  in  the  center,  with 
the  fraternity  letters  in  gold  to  the  right  and  left  of  the 
cross. 


The  followin^^  chapters  of  Kappa  Psi  were  formed  from 
local  organizations:  Eta  from  Delta  Gamma  Phi; 
Vpsilon  from  Pi  Mu;  Phi  and  Chi  from  the  Alpha  and 
Beta  chai^ters  of  Phi  Gamma  Sigma;  Omega  from  Kappa 
Lambda;  Beta-Epsilon  from  Psi  Beta;  Beta-Kappa  from 
the  Beta  chapter  of  Beta  Phi  Sigma;  Beta-Oniicron  from 
Beta  Psi;  Beta-Pi  from  Sigma  Gamma;  Beta-Rho  and 
Beta-Signia  from  the  Eta  and  Theta  cha])ters  of  D  O  A 
and  the  Al]3ha-Nu  and  Alpha-Pi  chapters  of  Phi  Delta; 


KAPPA  P:>I  499 

Beta-Upsilon  froni  A-A  of  Phi  Delta;  the  Phi  Zeta  Delta 
fraternity  was  merged  with  Eta  in  191 7. 

The  alumni  of  the  fraternity  are  organized  ifito  twenty- 
six  gradxiate  chapters  whijh  have  the  same  rights  and 
privileges  as  the  collegiate  chapters.  They  are  termed 
"Graduate-Beta,"  Graduate-Gamma,*'  etc. 

The  fraternity  is  divided  into  five  provinces.  It  pub- 
lishes its  Constitution  and  By-laws;  The  Agora,  an 
esoteric  publication  which  contains  the  directory  and 
which  was  published  annually  from  1903  to  19 10  and  since 
then  every  three  years;  The  Mask,  a  periodical,  issued 
every  month  during  the  collej?e  year  from  1903  to  19 10, 
and  since  then  issued  as  a  qtiarterly. 

The  fraternity  is  governed  by  "Alpha  Chapter"  or  the 
Grand  Coimcil  which  has  met  in  annual  conventions 
from  1886  to  1908,  and  since  then  biennially.  During 
the  interim  between  sessions,  the  administration  of  the 
fraternity  affairs  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Grand  OflScers. 
The  provinces  meet  in  biennial  conventions  on  the  alter- 
nate years  to  che  national  conventions. 

The  fraternity  colors  are  scarlet  and  cadet  grey.  The 
flower  is  the  red  carnation.  The  badge  is  a  diamond 
displaying  a  mask  raised  from  the  face  of  the  black  enamel 
center.  The  Greek  letters  "Kappa"  and  "Psi"  appear 
one  above  and  one  below  the  mask.  The  eyes  of  the 
mask  and  the  border  of  the  badge  may  be  jewelled. 


(Medica] — Regular) 


TpHIS  is  a  fraternity  composed  of  medical  students  and 
physicians.  It  was  organized  at  the  University  of 
Michigan,  in  the  regular  medical  department  March  2, 
1882,  by  B.  G.  Strong.  F.  C.  BaUey,  R.  D.  Stephens,  W.  J. 
Mayo,  C.  M.  Frye  and  John  L.  Gish. 

The  roll  of  chapters  is  as  follows: 

1882.  A,  University  of  Michigan 373 

1889.  B,  Detroit  College  of  Medicine 253 

1891.  A,  University  of  Pittsburg 251 

1891.  E,  University  of  Minnesota 327 

1891.  Z,  Northwestern  University 295 

1892.  H,  University  of  Illinois,  (Chicago) 303 

1892.  0,  University  of  Cincinnati 219 

1893.  I,  Columbia  University 197 

1893.  K,  University  of  Chicago 369 

1897.  A,  University  of  Peimsylvania 230 

1897.  M,  University  of  Syracuse 252 

1896.  N,  University  of  Southern  California  (19 10) .  103 

1897.  Z,  New  York  University 215 

1899.  O,  Union  University,  N.  Y.  (Albany) 165 

500 


NU  SIGMA    NU  SOI 

1900.  A  K  ^/Washington  University,  Mo 224 

1900.  P,  Jefferson  MedicalCollege 189 

1900.  r,  Western  Reserve  University 185 

1900.  T,  Cornell  University,  N.  Y 205 

1900.  T,  Cooper  Medical  College  (Stanford  Univ.)  159 

1900.  *,  University  of  Calif omia ^ 173 

1902.  X,  University  of  Toronto 168 

1904.      DM,  University  of  Virginia 131 

1904.  T5  A,  University  of  Maryland 117 

1905.  B  B,  Johns  Hopkins  University 188 

1905.  I.e.  I.,  University  of  Buffalo 255 

1906.  B  A,  University  of  Iowa 130 

1906.  B  E,  University  of  Nebraska 147 

1907.  A  E  I,  Yale  University 143 

1908.  B  H,  University  of  Indiana 125 

1909.  B  0,  University  of  Kansas 119 

1910.  B  I,  Tulane  University 69 

1913.      B  K,  Har\^ard  University 68 

1915.       B  A,  University  of  Texas 32 

1918.       B  M,  McGill  University 16 

Active  chapters  33,  inactive  i.     Membership  6,395. 

Chapter  houses  are  owned  by  the  Michigan,  Syracuse, 
Johns  Hopkins  and  Buffalo  chapters.  Total  houses  4; 
total  valuation  $80,000. 

The  charter  of  the  Gamma  was  withdrawn  and  all  the 
members  expelled  but  one.  The  charter  of  the  Nu  was 
also  withdrawn.  The  Washington  chapter  was  formed 
from  a  local  called  A  K  *;  the  Virginia  chapter  from  the 
parent  chapter  of  n  M,  which  has  since  been  reestablished; 
the  I.  C.  I.  chapter  from  a  society  of  that  name  which 


S02 


PROFESSIONAL  FRATBRNITIES 


dates  from  the  early  days  of  the  University,  ^nd  the  Yale 
chapter  from  a  local  called  A  B  I. 

The  govermnent  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  conven- 
tion of  delegates  from  the  several  chapters,  which  holds 
bieimial  sessions.  During  the  interval  between  its  sessions 
the  administration  of  the  fraternity  is  conducted  through 
its  general  officers,  elected  at  the  conventions.  Conven- 
tions have  been  held  bienniatty. 

The  fraternity  has  provisions  for  honorary  membership, 
but  has  created  very  few  of  this  class. 

A  catalogue  was  compiled  in  1894,  containing  an 
alphabetical  list  of  all  the  members  to  that  date,  with  a 
geographical  distribution  of  tlie  names.  It  was  published 
in  Detroit.  A  directory  was  published  in  1897  from 
Chicago.  It  contained  an  appendix  of  seven  songs.  In 
1899  there  was  published  a  complete  catalogue.  In  1903 
and  1907  directories  were  also  published  in  Chicago. 
Since  191 1  geographical  directories  have  been  published 
biennially.  In  191 1  the  custom  was  established  of  pub- 
lishing Chapter  Bulletins  yearly  which  are  sent  to  the 
alumni  of  each  chapter,  complete  bound  copies  being  sent 
to  each  chapter. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters, 
the  two  **N's"  being  superimposed,  with  the  "S"  between 
them. 


(Medical — ^Regular) 


TpHIS  fraternity  was'  founded  at  the  University  of 
Btiffalo,  Nov.  15,  1894,  by  Amos  T.  Baker,  John  M. 
Garratt,  Frank  0.  Garrison,  Lawrence  Hendee,  Elbert  W. 
LaWall,  Geo.  H.  Minard,  Geo.  S.  Staniland,  Edward  A. 
Southall,  Townsend  Walker,  Henry  Joslyn.  and  Ross  G. 
Loop. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
1894.      A,  University  of  Buffalo 343 

1896.  B,  Niagara  University  (transferred  to  A) 

1897.  r  Union  University  (Albany,  N.  Y.) 159 

1898.  A,  University  of  Colorado,  (Denver) 190 

1899.  E,  University  &  Bellcvue  Hospital  Med.  Coll. .  192 

1899.  Z,  University  of  Toronto 181 

1900.  H,  University  of  Colorado,  (Boulder) 122 

1900.  B,  University  of  Cincinnati 215 

1901.  B,  Cornell  University  (N.  Y.)   155 

1901.  I,  Stanford  University 146 

1902.  0  A,  Cornell  University,  (Ithaca)  (1910) 20 

1902.  K,  Columbia  University  (1913) 82 

1903.  A,  Miami  Medical  College,  (1906) 38 

503 


$04  PBOFESSIOHAL  fratermtties 


iyj4,      M,  N<Jrtb*we?*.^mi  Urfvershy   191 2 1 112 

1^5,      S.  hl*Aical  CoIJetfe  of  Mrgiaa 130 

1905.      2,  Univ.  O^  «  Medicine  transfexTBd  to  N  - . .  59 

1^7,      O,  Univenity  of  North  Carolina  ^  1913 ' 5a 

sf/oH.      II.  University  of  Pennsylvania 124 

i^^Jj.      P,  JefTerv>n  Medical  College  transferred  to  n)  136 

ir/'/6,      1,  University  of  Minnesota   1912 ' 35 

1908.      T,  N.C.  Medical  College  'transferred  to  N)  . .  34 

if/Ofj.       r,  Me^lico-Chirurgical  College  t'Phila.) 75 

Hjii.      i*,  Vanderbilt  Universitv 88 

tiji2,       X,  I'V/rdham  University 71 

if)i3        *^'r  University  of  Mar>'land 41 

1914.       U,  Univc-rsity  of  California 37 

Active  rhajitcrs  15,  inactive  6.     Membership  2,837. 

In  iH(j()  th'i  Medical  Department  of  Niagara  University 
wff;  ;i!>v;r!>crl  by  the  University  of  Buffalo  and  the  mem- 
fxfrii  of  lU'Xn  chapter  were  transferred  to  Alpha.  Gamma 
cliapU-r  was  inactive  from  1897  to  1903.  When  the  Medi- 
cal I  h'\)iiriu\r.ui  of  the  University  of  Denver  became  part  of 
tlu^  University  of  Colorrulo,  both  Delta  and  Eta  chapters 
voted  to  maintain  an  independent  existence.  Theta 
Dcnlcroii  chapter  at  C'omcll  University  became  inactive 
igio  when  the  medical  work  at  Ithaca  was  largely  trans- 
f<n*red  to  New  York  City.  With  the  union  of  the  medical 
<U'part.ment  of  tlu;  University  of  Cincinnati  and  Miami 
Medieiil  Collej^e,  Lambda  chapter  became  inactive. 

In  i()i8  Pi  and  Rho  were  made  one  chapter  with  the 
union  (»f  the  two  schools. 

The  Cincinnati  chafHor  was  fonncd  from  a  local  society 
I'ulUsl  H  N  K.     The  vStanford  chapter  was  a  local  called 


OMEGA    UBSILON  PHI 


50s 


n  r  E.  The  Pi,  Rho  and  Tau  chapters  were  derived  from 
the  Kappa  Phi  fraternity.  The  chapter  at  the  University 
of  Minnesota  was  a  local  K  A  *  existing  in  the  medical 
department  of  Hamline  University  when  it  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota.  The  Phi  chapter  was  organized  from  a 
local  AM. 

The  government  is  through  the  usual  system  of  conven- 
tions called  the  Grand  Chapter  and  composed  of  three 
delegates  from  each  chapter  together  with  the  officers  and 
past  officers  of  the  said  Grand  Chapter.  Conventions  are 
held  annually. 

Directories  of  the  fraternity  have  been  published  in  190 1 
1 91 2  and  191 5.  The  Omega  Upsilon  Phi  Quarterly  was 
first  issued  in  1901 ;  and  an  annual  in  1912. 

The  badge  is  a  shield  displaying  a  monogram  of  the 
letters  Omega  Upsilon  Phi  below  an  eye.  The  colors  of 
the  fraternity  are  crimson  and  gold.  The  flower  is  the  red 
carnation. 

There  are  four  degrees  in  the  ritualistic  work  of  the 
fraternity,  three  secret  tmdergraduate  degrees  and  one 
open  honorary  degree,  known  as  the  Hippocratic  Degree, 
which  is  conferred  by  vote  of  the  Grand  chapter. 


(Medical — Regular) 


DHI  Alpha  Sigma  was  founded  April  9,  1888  by 
Herman  A.  Haubold,  Edmund  Y.  Hill,  John  E. 
Hutcheson,  Jesse  T.  Duryea,  Walter  H.  Dade,  Frank 
HoUister  and  Nathan  B.  Van  Etten,  at  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College.  It  was  established  on  the 
basis  of  an  older  organization  called  K  A  *. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1888.  A,  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College 344 

1890.  B,  University  of  Pennsylvania 379 

1899.  r,  Cornell  University  (N.  Y.  City) 198 

1899.  A,  Jefferson  Medical  College 241 

1903.  E,  University  of  Texas 128 

1910.  Z,  Northwestern  University  (1912) 26 

Active  chapter  5,  inactive  i .     Membership  1,316. 

The  fraternity  is  incorporated  under  the  general  law  of 
New  York. 

The  fraternity  published  a  preliminary  catalogue  in 
1908,  a  directory  in  19 10  and  a  combined  manual,  cata- 

506 


PHI  ALPHA    SIGMA 


507 


logue  and  directory  in  191 2  (Philadelphia)  the  last  named 
edited  by  Dr.  E.  J.  G.  Beardsley.  Revised  editions  of 
the  catalogue  were  issued  in  1914  and  1916. 

The  government  is  vested  in  the  convention  and  be- 
tween its  sessions  in  an  Executive  Council. 

The  badge  is  a  caduceus  of  gold  with  two  winged 
serpents,  the  letters  "*  A  S"  in  platinum  being  arranged 
vertically  along  the  rod. 


(Medical — ^Regular) 


V 


pm  Beta  Pi  was  founded  at  the  West  Pennsylvania 
Medical  College,  now  adepartment  of  the  University 
of  Pittsburg,  March  lo,  1891,  by  a  number  of  students 
►who  organized  themselves  into  an  anti-fraternity  society, 
in  order  to  limit  the  influence  of  the  fraternities  existing  in 
the  institution.  It  was  at  first  called  n  B  *  but  changed 
its  name  out  of  deference  to  the  prior  existing  sorority  of 
that  name.  After  a  while  finding  that  the  society  pros- 
pered and  was  inculcating  the  same  fraternal  spirit  as  its 
rivals,  it  dropped  its  anti-fraternity  character  and  became 
a  fraternity. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1891.       A,  University  of  Pittsburg 414 

1898.       B,  University  of  Michigan 255 

1900.  r,  Starling-Ohio  Medical  College  (1905) 63 

1901.  A,  Rush  Medical  College  (Univ.  of  Chicago) .  .319 
1901.       E,  McGill  University  (1908) 22 

1901.  Z,  Baltimore  Coll.  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  .294 

1902.  H,  Jefferson  Medical  College 244 

50S 


PHI   BETA    PI  509 

1902.      0,  Northwestern  University  (Chicago) 244 

1902.  I,  University  of  Illinois  (Chicago) 253 

1903.  K,  Detroit  College  of  Medicine 197 

1903.    •  A,  St.  Louis  University 228 

1903.  M,  Washington  University,  Mo 213 

1904.  N,  Kansas  City  University  Med.  Coll.  (1913).  149 

1904.  S,  University  of  Minnesota 215 

1905.  O,  University  of  Indiana  (Indianapolis) 158 

1905.  n,  University  of  Iowa 146 

1906.  P,  Vanderbilt  University 120 

1906.  S,  University  of  Alabama  (Mobile)  (1918) ....  no 

1906.      T,  University  of  Missouri 174 

1906.       T,  Western  Reserve  University  (191 1) 43 

1906.      *,  Univ.  Coll.  of  Med.  (now  V) 

1906.      X,  Georgetown  University 7 117 

1906.  *  y,  Medical  College  of  Virginia 160 

1906.  Q,  Cooper  Medical  College  (1912) 67 

1907.  A  A,  Creighton  Medical  College 118 

1907.  A  B,  Tulane  University 134 

1907.  A  r,  Syracuse  University  (1918) 119 

1907.  A  A,  Medico-Chirurgical  College  (now  A  s) 

1907.  A  E,  Marquette  University ., 126 

1908.  A  Z,  University  of  Indiana  (Bloomington) 166 

1909.  A  H,  University  of  Virginia 96. 

1909.  A  2,  University  of  Pennsylvania 218 

'1910.  A  I,   University  of  Kansas 174 

1910.  A  K,  University  of  Texas  (Galveston) 151 

191 2.  A  A,  University  of  Oklahoma loi 

1913.  A  M,  University  of  Louisville 86 

1913.  A  N,  University  of  Utah 80 


5IO  PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 

1913.  A  E,  Harvard  University 91 

1913.  A  O,  Johns  Hopkins  University 73 

1915.  A  IT,  University  of  Wisconsin 133 

1916.  A  P,  Oakland  Medical  College 64 

1919.  A  T,  University  of  California 14 

Active  chapters  33,  inactive  6.     Membership  6,149. 

The  following  chapters  own  houses:  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Jefferson  Medical,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Texas. 
Total  houses,  7;   total  valuation  $77,000. 

The  University  Medical  school  chapter  merged  with  the 
Medical  College  of  Virginia  in  191 3  and  the  Medico- 
Chiriogical  College  chapter  merged  with  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  chapter  forming  the  Alpha  Sigma  chapter. 

The  fraternity  issues  a  quarterly  journal  now  in  its 
fifteenth  voltune  called  the  Phi  Beta  Pi  Quarterly,  It 
published  a  directory  in  1909  (Chicago)  intended  to  be 
reissued  every  four  years. 

The  government  is  through  the  conventions  called  the 
Supreme  chapter,  and  a  Supreme  Coimcil  of  Officers.  The 
latter  meets  two  or  three  times  a  year. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  of  gold  with  emerald  comers  and 
pearl  sides.  The  centre  is  of  black  enamel  displaying  in 
gold  the  skull  and  pelvis  and  the  letters  ***  B  11."  The 
.colors  are  green  and  white  and  the  flower  is  the  white 
chrysanthemiun . 


mi  Ctrl 


(Medical — Regular; 


Patented  U.  S. 


DHI    Chi,   as   at  present   constituted,   is   due   to   the 
union  of  two  fraternities  of  the  same  name,  a  North- 
em  and  a  Southern  society. 

The  Northern  society  was  organized  at  the  University 
of  Vermont  in  1886,  and  built  up  the  following  chapter  ndl: 

1886.       A,  University  of  Vermont 487 

1S93.    13  B,  University  of  Maryland  (B  A) 347 

1900.    r  r,  Medical  School  at  Bowdoin  College 336 

1902.  A  A,  Baltimore  College  of  P.  &  S  (B  a) 191 

1903.  e  0,  Maryland  Medical  College  (B  A) 125 

The  Southern  society  was  organized  at  the  Louisville 

Medical  College  in   1894,  and  established  the  following 
chapters: 

1894.  A  A,   Umversity  of  Louis\^lle 989 

1 896.       H,   Kentucky  School  ot  Mediane  (A  A) 

1896.  1',   University  of  Lotnsville  (A  Aj 

1897.  A,   Hospital  College  of  Medicine  (Ky.)  (A  A; 

1899.  H,    Univ.  Coll.  of  Med.,  \  a.  (1912)  0  H 

1900.  Ky   Kentucky  University  (A  A) 

1902.      K,    Oeorjjjctown  University  Medical  School.  ..211 

511 


ST2 


PROFESSIONAL   FRATBRNITIBS 


1903.       8H,  Medical  College  of  Virginia   234 

1903.  O,  Tulane  University 232 

1903.  M,  Indiana  University  (Indianapolis) 205 

1903.          N,  Birmingham,  Ala.,  Med.  College  (1912)    106 
1903.  Z,  University  of  Texas  . .' 135 

1903.  X,  Jefferson  Medical  College 257 

1904.  *,  George  Washington  University 189 

1904.  I,  University  of  Alabama 146 

1905.  n,  Vanderbilt  University 185 

The  two  societies  consolidated,  making  concessions  and 

compromises  concerning  many  details  and  the  following 
additional  chapters  have  been  established. 


190S 

1905 

1905 

1905 

1905 
190O 

1906 

1906 

1906 

1907 

1907 

1907 

1907 

1908 

1908 

1908 

1909 

1909 


A, 

2, 

P. 

2  e, 

V, 

Ae, 

ns, 

.   SM  X, 

T, 

s, 

T. 

*2, 

xe, 

K  T, 

.    II  A  *, 

vn, 

.  «r  p  2, 

IH, 

University  of  Pittsburgh  (191 2  j 1 11 

Atlanta  Medical  College 259 

University  of  Chicago 203 

University  of  North  Carolma J37 

University  of  Michigan 129 

Western  Reser\'e  University 107 

University  of  Maryland  ( B  A) 

Chattanooga  Medical  College  (1910) . . . .  82 
Medical  College  of  South  Carolina  (1912)112 

Texas  Christian  University  (1918) 144 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  Medical  College  (s) 96 

Valparaiso  Univei*sity  (Chicago) 300 

Medico-Chirurgical  College,  Philadelphiai3o 
Coll.  of  P.  &  S.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (1912)  . .    73 

Univ.  of  California iii 

University  of  Pennsylvania 219 

Northwestern  University 24 

University  of  So.  California 85 


PHI    CHI 


S13 


Temple  University 142 

Johns  Hopkins  University 121 

Indiana  University,  Bloomington  (19 18;  46 

University  of  Illinois  (1916) 69 

Stanford  University 36 

St.  Louis  University 141 

Tiifts  College 285 

University  of  Oregon 26 

Ohio  State  University  (191 7) 79 

Detroit  College  of  Med.  &  Surg.  (1918)  .   34 

University  of  Tennessee 32 

University  of  Kansas 69 

University  of  Arkansas 25 

Creighton  University 48 

University  of  Nebraska 32 

T  Z,  University  of  Cincinnati 20 

V  I,   University  of  Illinois 16 

Active  chapters,  36 ;  inactive,  6.  Membership,  78 1 1 . 
The  Beta  Beta  chapter  was  originally  at  the  Baltimore 
Medical  College  which  was  merged  into  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of  Maryland.  This  also 
absorbed  the  Mar>'land  Medical  College  where  the 
original  Theta  Theta  chapter  was  located  and  caused  a 
merger  with  the  Pi  Sigma  chapter.  All  the  Eastern  Phi 
Chi  chapters  in  Baltimore  are  now  consolidated  under 
Beta  Delta. 

The  five  medical  schools  in  Louisville  were  all  consoli- 
dated. Alpha  Alpha  originally  at  the  Louisville  Medical 
College,  Beta,  Gamma,  Delta  and  Eipsilon  were  thus 
merged  together.     The  Mu  chapter  was  at  the  Medical 


1909. 

er, 

I9IO. 

KA, 

I9I0. 

AM, 

I9I0. 

^B, 

I9II, 

SY, 

I9II. 

*P, 

1913- 

A, 

I9I4. 

B, 

I9I4. 

r, 

1914. 

E, 

1914. 

AB, 

iQiS" 

KT, 

1915- 

AP, 

1916. 

XT. 

1916. 

TN, 

1918. 

r  z, 

1918. 

VI, 

su 


PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 


College  of  Indiana  now  one  of  the  two  medical  depart- 
ments of  the  University  of  Indiana.  The  Sigma  and 
Upsilon  chapters  were  merged  into  one  when  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at  Atlanta  where  Sigma  was 
located  was  absorbed  by  the  Atlanta  Medical  College 
'  (Emory'  University).  The  Medical  School  at  which  the 
Alpha  Theta  chapter  is  located  was  formerly  a  department 
of  Ohio  Weslevan  but  is  now  connected  with  Western 
Reser\'e. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  the  usual  one  of  a 
convention,  called  the  **Grand  Chapter,**  the  sessions 
being  held  biennially.  An  Executive  Committee,  com- 
posed of  the  officers  of  the  Grand  Chapter,  constitute  an 
administrative  board  during  the  interim  between  the 
conventions. 

The  fraternity  journal  is  called  the  Phi  Chi  Quarterly. 
and  it  was  first  published  in  1904  by  the  Southern  society. 

The  badge  consists  of  a  skull  and  cross-bones  resting 
upon  the  Greek  letters  Phi  and  Chi  in  the  form  of  a 
monogram,  the  Phi  nuggeted  gold,  the  Chi  polished  gold. 
The  eyes  of  the  skull  are  rubies  and  the  letters  K  4>  A  are 
on  the  forehead  of  the  skull.  The  badge  is  patented  as 
to  design.  The  fraternity  coat  of  arms  is  copyrighted. 
The  colors  are  olive  green  and  white.  The  flower  is  the 
lilv-of  :the-vallcv  with  leaves. 


(Medical — Regular) 


DHI  Delta  Epsilon  was  founded  October  13,  1904  at  the 
Cornell  University  Medical  College. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : — 

Cornell  University  Medical  College 138 

University  and  Belle\aie  Hosp.  Med.  Coll. .  132 
College  of  P.  &  S.  of  Columbia  University  .143 
University  of  Mar^'^land  Medical  College  .  .207 

Long  Island  College  Hospital 118 

Fordham  Univcrsitv 122 

College  of  P.  &  S.  of  Baltimore 108 

University  of  Pennsylvania 102 

Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School 104 

Jefferson  Medical  College 87 

University  of  Pittsburgh 72 

Loyola  University  Medical  School 80 

N.  Y.  Homeopathic  Medical  College 62 

Har\-ard  Medical  School 79 

Temple  University  of  Philadelphia 74 

University  of  Illinois,  College  of  Medicine  96 
Northwestern  University  Medical  School  87 
Rush  Medical  College 86 

515 


1904. 

A. 

1905- 

B, 

1905- 

r, 

1906. 

A-E, 

1906. 

z. 

1907. 

e, 

1907. 

I, 

1907. 

Kn, 

1909. 

A, 

■ 

I9I6. 

M, 

19II. 

N, 

1913- 

E, 

1913- 

0, 

I9I6. 

1^ 

I9I6. 

i:, 

I9I8. 

A  A, 

I9I8. 

A  B, 

I9I8. 

A  V, 

5i6 


PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 


1918.  A  A,  Detroit  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  . .  75 

1918.   A  H,  University  of  Southern  California 75 

1918.  A  e,  Tufts  Maiical  School 62 

1918.  A  I,   Tulane  University  School  of  Medicine 47 

Active  chapters,  22;    inactive,  o.     Membership  2,081. 

Seven  chapters  were  added  by  amalgamation  with  the 
Alpha  Phi  Sigma  fraternity,  in  1918. 

The  government  of  the  Fraternity  is  vested  in  the  Senate 
and  the  Board  of  Trustees.  The  Senate  is  composed  of 
three  representatives  from  each  Chapter,  and  the  Board 
of  Trustees  consists  of  the  Past  Grand  Consuls. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  Year  Book,  and  a  monthly, 
called  The  News, 

The  colors  are  royal  purple  and  cream  of  white. 


( Medical — Regular) 


«*f^» 


DHI  Rho  Sigma  was  founded  at  the  Northwestern  Medi- 
cal School  then  the  Chicago  Medical  College,  October 
31, 1890,  by  Milbank  Johnson  assisted  by  T.  J.  Robeson, 
H.  H.  Forline  and  J.  A.  Poling. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1890.  A.  Northwestern  University , 332 

1894.  B,  University  of  Illinois 238 

1895.  r,  University  of  Chicago  (Rush  Medical) 293 

1896.  A,  University  of  Southern  California 146 

1897^  E,  Detroit  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  . .  .230 

1897.  Z,  University  of  Michigan 211 

1900.  H,  Creighton  University 261 

1900.  0,  Hamline  Medical  College  (united  with  T)  . . 

1901.  I,  University  of  Nebraska 183 

1901.    K,  Western  Reserve  University 149 

1901.  A,  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Phila 246 

1902.  M,  University  of  Iowa 186 

1902.  N,  Har\'ard  University 181 

1903.  S,  Johns  Hopkins  University  (1904) 13 

517 


5i8 


PROFESSIONA  L    FRA  TRR NI TIES 


1903.  O,  Marquette  University 147 

1903.  II,  Indiana  University  (Indianapolis; 199 

1904.  P,  Jefferson  Medical  College 158 

1904.  £,  University  of  Virginia 120 

1905.  0  T,  University  of  Minnesota 219 

1906.  T,  Medical  College  of  Virginia ^08 

1906.  *,  University  of  Pennsylvania 115 

1907.  S&S   Yale  University 107 

1908.  X,  University  of  Pittsburgh 179 

1909.  V,  University  of  Colorado 89 

1911.  A  O  A,  University  of  Buffalo 104 

1913.         Q,  Ohio  State  University 92 

1913.      A  B,  Columbia   University 75 

1913.      A  r,  McGill  University 82 

1918.  A  O  A,  Tulane  University 35 

Active  chapters  27,  inactive  i.     Membership  4,498. 

The  Nebraska  and  Michigan  chapters  own  houses. 
Total  valuation,  $38,000. 

Many  of  the  chapters  have  been  formed  from  prior 
existing  organizations.  Gamma  from  the  "Ancient  Order 
of  Ananias,"  Epsilon  from  M  K  *  founded  in  1890,  Eta 
from  T  2,  Iota  from  A  n,  Lambda  from  A  n  V,*  Mu 
from  A  £,  Omicron  from  4>  A  <^,  Rho  from  T  B  A,  Chi 
from  A  K  4>,  and  the  Buffalo  chapter  from  the  parent 
and  sole  surviving  chapter  of  A  O  A  the  name  of  which 
has  been  retained  as  a  chapter  name.  The  Yale  chapter 
was  formed  from  a  local  society  called  the  Skull  and 
Sceptre  which  had  been  founded  in  1894.  It  was  allowed 
to  retain  its  name  as  a  chapter  designation  although  its 
name  is  not  in  harmony  with  the  fraternity's  system  of 


PUI   RHO  SIGMA  519 

chapter  nomenclature.  The  Hamline  Medical  College 
where  the  Theta  chapter  was  located  united  with  the 
Medical  department  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  when 
the  Tau  chapter  was  located  and  the  two  chapters  united 
under  the  name  of  Theta  Tau.  In  1902  the  Omaha 
Medical  College  where  Iota  is  located  became  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Nebraska,  and  as  part 
of  the  instruction  was  carried  on  at  Lincoln  and  part  at 
Omaha,  the  chapter  divided  into  two  i)arts  Iota-Al])ha  at 
Lincoln  and  Iota-Beta  at  Omaha.  All  of  the  medical 
coiu'se  is  now  ^ivcn  at  the  State  University  and  chapter 
is  now  consolidated.  The  Iota  chai)ter  ])ublishes  a  small 
magazine  called  the  Iota.  The  Ohio  State  chapter  was 
formerly  a  chapter  of  4>  A.  The  U]3silon  was  originally 
at  the  University  College  of  Medicine  which* was  merged 
into  the  Medical  Colle;;e  of  Virginia.  Omicron  was 
ori^jnally  at  the  Wisconsin  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  which  was  merged  into  Marquette  University. 

Only  one  chapter  is  inactive  namely,  that  at  Johns 
Hopkins.     Its  charter  was  withdrawn  in  1904. 

The  Alpha  chapter  granted  charters  to  B  and  V  chapters 
and  was  the  head  of  the  fraternity  until  early  in  1896, 
when  three  members  from  each  of  the  then  existing 
chapters  were  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  affairs 
of  the  general  fraternity.  These  nine  representatives 
were  elected  yearly  and  the  body  was  known  as  the 
grand  chapter.  They  elected  their  own  officers  and  had 
full  power  to  grant  charters,  enact  laws,  and  perform 
other  duties  devolving  upon  them.  By  this  body  char- 
ters were  granted  to  A,  E  and  Z.     A  revised  constitution 


S20  PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

was  adopted  March  20,  1899,  which  specifies  that  the 
grand  chapter  shall  consist  of  two  delegates  from  each 
chapter,  and  that  it  shall  hold  its  meetings  biennially. 
In  accordance  with  this  act  the  first  general  convention 
was  called  to  Chicago,  July  3d,  4th  and  5th,  1899.  From 
this  meeting  dates  in  reality  the  national  scope  of  the 
fraternity.  In  the  interim  between  conventions  the 
executive  power  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  Grand 
Cotmcil  composed  of  seven  members  who  all  reside  in  the 
same  vicinity 

Conventions  have  been  held  recently  biennially. 

The  fraternity  issues  a  periodical  called  the  Phi  Rho 
Sigma  Journal,  Its  publication  was  begun  in  1901. 
After  some  little  irregularity  in  issue  it  became  a  quarterly 
in  19 10.  At  present  it  is  published  twice  a  year.  In 
19 1 2  a  history  and  directory  edited  by  Dr.  D.  E.  W. 
Wenstrand  of  Milwaukee  was  pubhshed.  This  is 
a  large  octavo  volume  with  many  illustrations. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  was  originally  a  gold  shield 
with  the  letters  4>,  P  and  £  in  black  enamel,  surroimding 
a  raised  pair  of  clasped  hands  in  gold  over  an  open  book 
in  gold.  The  *  was  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  the  P 
in  the  upper  right  hand  comer,  and  the  2  below  at  the 
apex  of  the  shield.  Now  the  official  badge  consists  of  a 
gold  monogram  outline  of  the  letters  4>,  P  and  2,  the  4> 
being  placed  on  a  separate  plane  above  the  other  two 
letters  and  its  face  set  with  pearls.  The  change  was 
made  in  1895.  The  colors  of  the  fraternity  are  scarlet 
and  gold. 


(Medical — Regular) 


]\.n-^l. 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  December  13,  1892,  at  the 
University  of  Virginia  by  John  W.  Mallet,  Hugh  I. 
Cimmiings,  Powell  C.  Fauntleroy,  Hugh  McGviire,  E.  L. 
Hobson,  Nicholas  Worthington,  Rawley  Penick.  Charles 
E.  Morrow,  James  S.  Irving,  Rawley  Martin  and  Hugh  H. 
Duke.  Dr.  Mallet  designed  the  name  and  motto.  Honor- 
ary members  are  provided  for.  They  are  always  dis- 
tinguished members  of  the  medical  profession. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1892.  A,  University  of  Virginia 258 

1893.  B,  University  College  of  Medicine 

1896.  B  r,  Medical  College  of  Virginia 431 

1904.      A,  Louisville  Medical  College 

1904.  E,  University  oj  Louisville 

1905.  Z,  University  of  Ke^itucky 

1907.  H,  Hospital  College  of  Louisville 

1908.  A  E,  University  of  Louisville 252 

1908.      9,  Jefferson  Medical  College  (1915) 53 

1908.       I,  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina  (1914)  . .   59 
1908.      K,  University  of  Nashville 109 

521 


522 


PROFESSIONAL    FRATERNITIES 


1910.      A,  Vanderbilt  University 79 

1910.      M,  Johns  Hopkins  University ..118 

1913.      N,  Columbia   University 75 

Active  chapters  7,  inactive  2.     Membership  i,.434 

The  Alpha  chapter  became  inactive  in  1904  on  account 
of  internal  dissensions.  Its  members  became  a  chapter 
of  N  S  N.  It  was  revived  in  1908.  In  1907  Eta  chapter 
combined  with  Delta  and  Epsilon  with  Zeta  on  account  of 
the  merging  of  the  medical  schools  in  which  they  were 
established  and  in  1908  owing  to  a  further  amalgamation 
these  two  chapters  were  united  and  now  form  the  Delta 
Epsilon  chapter.  In  19 13  Beta  and  Gamma  similarly 
combined  with  their  respective  schools. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  the 
conventions  which  meet  annually  at  Richmond,  Va. 
During  its  recess  the  administration  is  in  the  hands  of  a 
board  of  national  officers  called  the  Senior  Coimcil. 

The  fraternity  published  an  annual  called  The  Journal 
which  was  begun  in  1908.  It  contained  chapter  letters,  a 
directory  of  members  and  the  usual  contents  of  a  periodi- 
cal. It  will  hereafter  be  called  the  Cerebrum  and  will 
appear  quarterly. 

The  badge  is  a  Greek  cross  with  skull  and  bones  at  the 
center.  The  skull  is  set  with  emerald  eyes  and  the 
letters  **n  M"  are  displayed  on  the  horizontal  arm  of  the 
cross. 


I 

(Jewish  Students  of  Medicine) 

T^HIS  fraternity  is  an  organization  of  Jewish  students 
in  medical  schools.  It  seems  to  be  intended  to 
have  three  divisions  of  the  fraternity,  Eastern,  Middle 
Western  and  Western.  The  second,  or  Middle  Western 
Division  comi)rises  an  older  fraternity  called  Z  M  *,-  and 
the  other  divisions  seem  to  be  in  process  of  independent 
organization. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1908.  A,   Chicago  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

1910.  B,   College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (Chicago). 

191 2.  r,   Jenner  Medical  College. 

1913.  A,  Loyola  University  (Bennett  Med.  Coll.). 

1913.  E,   University  of  Pennsylvania. 

1914.  Z,   Jefferson  Medical  College. 

1914.  H,   Medico  Chirurgical  College  (Philadelphia). 
1914.  0,   University  of  Mar>dand. 
19 1 4,  I,     Temple  University. 
Active  chapters  9.  Inactive  o.   Membership  (estimated) 

350. 

The  publication  of  a  periodical  called  the  Medic  was 
commenced  in  Januar\',  191 5.  It  is  intended  to  be  a 
quarterly. 

♦This  is  a  reprint  from  the  8th  Edition.     We  have  been  unable  to  obtain  any 
new  facts. 


523 


(Medica] — ^Women) 


This   fraternity   was    founded   at   the   University   of 
Michigan,  February  3,  1890,  by  Lotta  RuthArwine, 
May  Belle  Stuckey,  Ada  Fenimore  Bock,  Anna  Ward 
Croacher  and  Lily  MacGowan. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : — 
1890.  A,  University  of  Michigan 119 

1898.  B,  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago 120 

1899.  r,  Miami  Medical  College,  Cincinnati  (1910)  ...   27 
1899.  A,  University  of  Illinois,  Chicago,  111 105 

1901.  E,  University  of  Minnesota 51 

1902.  Z,  Stanford  University,  San  Francisco 69 

1902.  H,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca  (1913) 35 

1902.  O,  Woman's  Medical  College,  Philadelphia 75 

1905.  I,    University  of  California  (San  Francisco) 66 

1906.  K,  University  of  California  (Los  Angeles) 45 

1909.  A,  Medical  Department,  University  of  Syracuse    14 

Active  chapters  9,  inactive  2.     Membership  726. 

The  conventions  (called  the  Grand  Chapter)  have  been 
held  at  different  cities. 

The  directory  of  the  fraternity  was  issued  in  1907,  1908, 
1911  and  1918. 

The  badge  is  a  five  pointed  star  displaying  in  gold  on  a 
black  background  a  serpent's  head  and  the  letters  "A  E  I." 
The  flower  is  the  white  carnation.  The  colors  are  black, 
white  and  green. 

524 


^u  msma  mi 

(Medical — Women) 


This  sorority  was  founded  at  the  Illinois  College  of 
Medicine  March  9,  1898,  by  Clara  Kellogg  Morse,  Jennie 
Lind  Phillips,  H.  Luella  Hukill,  Irene  Robinson  Pratt. 
Nina  Poison  Merritt,  Sally  Yingst  Howell,  Cora  White 
Carpenter,  Lora  L.  Beedy. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1898.  A,  University  of  Illinois 145 

1902.  B,  University  of  Chicago 45 

1909.  r,  Indiana  University 49 

1912.  A,  University  of  Nebraska 22 

1912.  E,  Valparaiso  University 31 

1914.  Z,  University  of  Southern  California 22 

1919.  H,  University  of  Iowa 8 

Active  chapters,  6;  inactive,  o.     Membership,  322. 

The  government  of  the  sorority  is  of  usual  form.  From 
1898  to  19 13  it  was  in  the  hands  of  the  parent  chapter. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  of  the  fraternity 
name.  The  colors  are  green  and  white.  The  flower  is 
the  rose.     The  News  is  issued  semi-annually. 


525 


Ztta  mi 

(Medical — Women) 

T^HIS  society  was  organized  May  29,  1900,*  at  the 
Syracuse  University  college  of  Medicine  by  Eliza- 
beth Blackwell,  Anna  T.  Bingham,  Mary  F.  Sweet, 
Elizabeth  L.  Shrimpton,  Emma  C.  Clark,  Phoebe  A. 
Ferris  and  Anna  B.  White.     The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1900.  A,  Syracuse  University 74 

1903.  B,  Women's  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania. ...  83 

1906.  r,  Johns  Hopkins  University  (1914) 22 

1907.  A,  University  of  Toronto 38 

1909.  E,  Tufts  College 40 

Active  chapters  4,  inactive  i.     Membership  257. 

The  system  of  government  is  through  a  convention 
with  an  intermediate  administration  through  five  national 
officers.     Conventions  are  held  biennially. 

A  monthly  bulletin  and  yearly  directory  are  published. 

The  badge  is  a  quatrefoil  displaying  a.  winged  caduceus 
in  white  with  the  serpents  in  gold,  and  the  letters  **Z  *.'* 
The  colors  are  white  and  gold.     The  flower  is  the  daisy. 


526 


(Medical — Homeopathic) 

A  LPHA  Sigma  is  a  professional  fraternity  among  homeo- 
pathic medical  students  and  was  founded  at  the  New 
York  Homeopathic  Medical  College  and  Flower  Hospital 
in  1893  by  George  Everett  Noble,  Lucius  L.  Button, 
Walter  G.  Crump,  J.  I.  Dowling,  Edwin  R.  Fiske,  Vemer 
S.  Gaggin,  Frederick  K.  HoUister,  Oscar  N.  Meyer, 
Howard  S.  Neilson  and  Thomas  Parsons. 
Its  chapter  roll  is : 

1893.  A,  N.  Y.  Homeopathic  Medical  College 213 

1897.   B,  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Philadelphia  .  .191 

1897.  r,  Atlantic  Medical  College,  Baltimore  (1910)  . .  47 

1898.  A,  Boston  University  School  of  Medicine 194 

1898.  E,  Cleveland  Pulte  Medical  College 87 

1900.  M  X  A,  Homeopathic  Med.  Coll.,  Univ.  of  Mich.  160 
1900.  «^,  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  the  Pacific    . .   82 

1902.  B,  Detroit  Homeopathic  Medical  College  (191 2)  22 

1903.  I,    Hering  Medical  College  (Chicago) 90 

1905.  K,  Hahnemann  Medical  College  (Chicago) 98 

Active  cha])ters,  8;   inactive,  2.     Membership  1,184. 

The  Gamma  chapter  became  inactive  when  the  Atlantic 
Medical  College  closed  its  dcx)rs.  (This  institution  was 
originally  called  the  Southern  Homeopathic  College,  but 
changed  its  name  in  1908). 

The  chapter  at  Boston  was  originally  called  the  Skull 
and  Cross  Bones  and  subsequently  Sigma  Chi  Beta  and 

527 


528 


PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 


was  founded  as  a  local  in  1 894 .  The  Epsilon  was  originally 
founded  at  the  Pulte  Medical  College  at  Cincinnati.  In 
1 9 10  this  institution  was  moved  to  Cleveland  and  con- 
solidated with  the  Cleveland  Homeopathic  Medical  Col- 
lege. Mu  Sigma  Alpha  was  a  local  organized  in  1888. 
The  Phi  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  called  Beta  Mu 
founded  in  1899. 

The  fraternity  published  in  191 2  a  catalog  called  the 
Register. 

The  badge  is  a  skull  displaying  the  letters  of  the  frater- 
nity name  on  its  forehead. 


(Medical — Homeopathic) 


DHI  Alpha  Gamma  was  founded  at  the  New  York 
Homeopathic  Medical  College,  March  25,  1894,  by 
Thomas  D.  Buchanan,  Thomas  F.  Davies,  Edmund  M. 
De  Vol,  Robert  M.  Jones,  Brooks  DeF.  Norwood,  Arthur 
B.  Smith  and  Harry  S.  Willard.  A  second  chapter  was 
founded  at  the  Boston  University  School  of  Medicine, 
November  26,  1896.  In  January  following  delegates  from 
these  chapters  met  delegates  from  a  similar  society  called 
K  T,  which  had  been  established  a  month  previous  at  the 
Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  two 
societies  were  united  under  the  name  of  4>  A  r.  The 
Minnesota  and  Iowa  chapters  were  formed  from  the  two 
chapters  of  a  fraternity  called  n  K  T,  established  with  the 
view  of  confining  it  to  homeopathic  schools  of  medicine 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 


1894 
1896 

1897 
1897 
1897 
1897 


A,  New  York  Homeopathic  Medical  College.  .405 

B,  Boston  University  School  of  Medicine 202 

r,  Hahnemann  Medical  Coll.  of  Philadelphia.  271 

A,  University  of  Minnesota  (1909) 67 

E,  University  of  Iowa 97 

Z  8,  Ohio  vState  University 182 

529 


530  PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 

1897.     H,  Chicago  Homeopathic  Medical  College 123 

(United  with  Lambda.) 
1899.      0,  Pulte  Medical  College  of  Cincinnati  (1901) .   i8 

1899.  I,  Homeopathic  Med.  Coll.  of  Missouri  (1909).  46 

1900.  K,  University  of  Michigan 159 

1900.  H  A,  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chicago. . .  164 

1906.      M,  Hahnemann  Med.  Coll.  of  The  Pacific 97 

1906.   I  N,  Kansas  City  Hahnemann  Med.  College. ...  142 

Active  chapters  9,  inactive  3.      Membership  1,973. 

The  Alpha  chapter  owns  its  house  ($25,000). 

The  Delta  and  Iota  chapters  were  killed  by  the  closing 
of  the  schools  in  which  they  were  located.  The  Eta  and 
Lambda  chapters  were  united  when  the  schools  in  which 
they  were  located  were  united.  The  charters  of  the 
Epsilon  and  Theta  were  revoked.  The  Epsilon  was 
revived  in  1906. 

There  are  a  number  of  alvunni  chapters. 

The  catalogue  was  issued  by  the  authority  of  the  grand 
chapter  in  1899.  A  directory  of  the  fraternity  was 
published  in  1905  and  a  history  in  191 2. 

The  Phi  Alpha  Gamma  Quarterly  is  also  published  under 
the  authority  of  the  grand  chapter.  It  was  founded  in 
1902,  and  is  now  published  in  New  York. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  through  a  Grand 
Chapter  composed  of  two  tmdergraduate  delegates,  and 
one  graduate  delegate  from  each  active  chapter.  It  elects 
its  own  oflBcers^and  meets  annuallv  in  November. 

Conventions  have  been  held  vearlv.  Between  the 
sessions  of  the  conventions  the  fratemilv's  alTairs  are 


Pill    ALPHA    GAMMA 


531 


administered  by  an  Executive  Council  composed  of  the 
three  general  officers. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  the  middle  phalanx  of  the 
little  finger  of  a  human  hand,  mounted  in  gold,  with  the 
letters  ^  A  P  in  gold  upon  a  field  of  black  enamel.  The 
color  of  the  fraternity  is  violet,  and  its  flower  is  the  violet. 


$t  Wipsinon  Sllio 

(Medical — Homeopathic) 

TpHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  Hahnemann  Medical 
College,  Chicago,  Ills.,  in  1876  by  Dr.  A.  E.  Rockey. 
The  chapters  are  called  "Vertebrae**  and  are  named  after 
the  Latin  numerals.  The  fraternity  was  originally  called 
the  **Ustion"  but  its  name  was  changed  to  the  present  one 
in  1909: 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1876.  Prima,  Hahnemann  Med.  Coll.,  Chicago 594 

1893.    Tertia,  Ohio  State  University 152 

1901.  Quaria,  Hahnemann  Med.  Coll.,  Phila 247 

1902.  QtttM/a.  Denver  Homeopathic  Med.  Coll.  (1906).   23 

1903.  Sexta,  Detroit    Homeopathic  Med.  Coll.  (com- 

bined with  the  Michigan  chapter) 

1905.  Sepia,  New  York  Homeopathic  Med.  Coll 50 

1906.  Ocia,  University  of  Michigan 128 

Active  chapters  5,  inactive  i.     Membership  1,194. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  through  a  conven- 
tion called  the  Supreme  Corpus.  It  meets  yearly  at  the 
same  time  and  place  as  the  American  Institute  of  Homeo- 
pathy. 

A  periodical  called  The  Torch  is  issued  quarterly. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  displaying  the  letters  "n  T  P" 
along  the  shortest  diagonal.  Above  these  are  three 
torches  and  below  two  crossed  bones. 


532 


9ota  Van  i&igma 

(Medical — Osteopathic) 

T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  December  3,  1902,  at  the 
American  School  of  Osteopathy,  Kirksville,  Missouri, 
by  Lamar  K.  Tuttle,  William  C.  Hall,  0.  S.  Miller,  Fred 
Graham,  R.  L.  Starkweather,  Harry  Gifford,  Louis  A. 
Myers,  Robert  Switzer  and  Alexander  F.  McWilliams. 

The  chapters  are  as  follows : 

1902.  A,  Amer.  Sch.  of  Osteopathy  (Kirksville,  Mo.)  .  .280 

1903.  B,  Des  Moines  College  of  Osteopathy 92 

1908.  r,  Los  Angeles  School  of  Osteopathy 115 

1909.  A,  Philadelphia  College  of  Osteopathy 71 

1910.  E,  Massachusetts  College  of  Osteopathy 56 

191 1.  Z,  Chicago  College  of  Osteopathy 48 

1911.  H,  Cen.  Col.  of  Osteopathy  (Kans.  City)  (1918)    46 

Active  chapters,  6,  inactive,  i.     Membership,  708. 

Beta  chapter,  which  is  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  was  inactive 
from  June,  1905,  until  March,  1908.  Delta  was  formerly 
the  Humerus  Club  of  the  Philadelphia  College. 

The  government  is  vested  in  an  Executive  Committee 
of  four  members  which  administers  the  affairs  of  the 
national  organization,  subject  to  the  vote  of  chapters  as  a 
whole. 

The  badge  is  a  black  enamelled  diamond  with  gold 
bevels  displaying  clasped  hands.  The  letters  **I  T  2" 
and  nine  stars  in  gold.  The  colors  are  emerald  green  and 
white. 

533 


$(lt  i&tgma  tf^amnta 

(Medical— Osteopathic) 

T^HIS  fraternity  was  fotmded  April  28,  191 5,  by  the 
union  of  the  Phi  Sigma  Beta  and  the  Phi'Omicron 
Gamma,  each  having  three  chapters  in  different  osteopathic 
schools.  One  new  chapter  has  been  established  since  the 
founding  of  this  fraternity. 

The  chapters  are  as  follows: 

1915.  A,  American  School  of  Osteopathy 

191 5.   B,  College  of  Osteopathic  Physicians  &  Surgeons 

191 5.    r,  Chicago  College  of  Osteopathy 

191 5.    A,  Des  Moines  College  of  Osteopathy 

191 5.   E,  Central  College  of  Osteopathy 

191 5.    Z,  Philadelphia  College  of  Osteopathy 

191 7.  H,  Massachusetts  College  of  Osteopathy 

Active  chapters,  7 ;  membership,  42 1 . 

The  fraternity  pin  is  triangular  in  shape  with  a  double 
bevel  whch  slopes  from  a  raised  center  on  which  is  a  cross 
section  of  the  spinal  cord  in  white  enamel.  The  second 
bevel  is  black  enameled  around  the  letters  4>,  2  and  r 
which  are  at  the  corners  of  the  triangle. 

The  colors  are  navy  blue  and  white;  the  flower  is  white 
carnation  and  the  annual  publication  is  The  Speculum. 


534 


Belta  <9mega 

(Osteopathic — ^Womcn) 

A  sorority  organized  at  the  American  School  of  Osteop- 
athy, Kirksville,  Mo.,  Oct.  15,  1904. 

There  are  three  chapters : 
1904.  A,  American  School  of  Osteopathy 185 

1913.  B,  Des  Moines  College  of  Osteopathy 75 

1914.  A,  Los  Angeles  College  of  Physicians  &  Surgeons  84 
Active  chapters,  3;  inactive,  o.     Membership,  344. 
The  badge  is  a  kite  shaped  shield  displaying  a  skull 

and  cross  bones  on  a  green  field  and  the  fraternity  letters 
on  a  white  chevron.    The  colors  are  olive  green  and  gold. 


535 


(Medical — Veterinary) 


A  LPHA  Psi  was  founded  at  the  College  of  Veterinary 
Medicine  of  the  Ohio  State  University,  January  i8, 
1907,  by  twenty-two  students  of  that  college.  The  stated 
purpose  of  the  organization  is  *'To  promote  a  stronger  bond 
between  the  veterinary  colleges  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  to  create  a  better  feeling  among  the  students  of  all 
veterinary  colleges,  and  to  infuse  a  deeper  interest  in  the 
study  of  veterinary  science." 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1907.  A,  Ohio  State  University 248 

1907.  B,  Cornell  University 182 

1907.  r,  Chicago  Veterinary  College 334 

1908.  A,  Kansas  City  Veterinary  College  (1918) 337 

1908.  E,  University  of  Pennsylvania 190 

1910.   Z,  Colorado  State  Agricultural  College 87 

1912.  H,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College 73 

191 2.  0,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute 59 

191 5.  I,    Michigan  Agncultural  College 29 

1915.  K,  Washington  State  CoUege 52 

536 


ALFRA  PSI 


537 


Active  chapters  9,  inactive  i.    Membership  1591. 

Delta  chapter  became  inactive  with  the  closing  of  the 
Kansas  City  Veterinary  College  in  1918. 

The  fraternity  is  governed  by  a  National  Council,  whose 
members  control  the  affairs  and  direct  the  poUcies  of  the 
fraternity  during  the  recesses  of  bi-annual  conventions. 

A  directory  of  the  members  was  issuea  in  191 2.  In 
1915  the  pubhcation  was  begun  of  the  Alpha  Pst  Quarterly. 

The  badge  is  diamond  shaped,  with  the  letters  A  T 
arranged  along  the  shorter  diagonal.  Below  is  a  horse- 
shoe and  above  is  a  star.  The  colors  are  dark  blue  and 
bright  gold.     The  flower  is  the  red  carnation. 


<9mega  Qtou  i&igma 

(Medical — Veterinary) 

Omega  Tau  Sigma  was  fcmnded  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1907  by  Frank  A.  Lentz,  George  A, 
Schwartz,  Edward  A.  Parker,  Jr.,  Howard  H.  Custes, 
William  G.  Haines  and  Gerrett  P.  Judd.  Membership  is 
limited  to  students  of  veterinary  medicine. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1907.  A,  University  of  Pennsylvania 175 

1911.  B,  Cornell  University 126 

1911.   r,  Ohio  State  University 105 

1913.  A,  University  of  Toronto 213 

1915.  E,  George  Washington  University  (1918) 33 

Active  chapters  4,  inactive  i.     Membership  652. 

The  Cgmell  chapter  owns  a  house,  value  $20,000. 

Conventions  have  been  held  at  infrequent  intervals. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  on  which  in  black  enamel  is 
displayed  a  square  panel  enclosing  the  letter  "Q"  above 
the  letters  *'T  2.'*  Above  and  below  the  square  are  stones 
incolors  corresponding  to  the  college  colors  of  the  institu- 
tion at  which  the  wearer  of  the  badge  was  initiated. 


538 


(Dental) 

T^HIS  fraternity  in  its  present  form  was  organized  in 
1909  at  Philadelphia.  It  was  a  combination  of 
the  Ramack  Fraternity  founded  at  the  Pennsylvania 
College  of  Dental  Surgery-  in  1907  and  the  Alpha  Omega 
Fraternity  which  was  founded  at  the  Baltimore  College 
of  Dental  Siwgery.  In  December,  1909,  it  was  incor- 
porated under  the  laws  of  Maryland. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

A,  University  of  Buffalo  Dental  Department. 

B,  University  of  Pennsylvania  Dental  Department. 
r,  Tufts  College  Dental  Department. 

A,  Harvard  University  Dental  Department. 
H,  College  of  Dental  and  Oral  Surgery  of  New  York. 
I,  New  York  College  of  Dentistry. 

K,  College  of  P.  &  S.  Dental  Department,  vSan  Francisco. 
Z,  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery. 
E,  George  Washington  University  Dental  Department. 
O,  Ramach,  Temple  University  Dental  Department. 

Chapters,  10;   membership  about  2,000. 

There  are  a  number  of  alumni  associations. 

Conventions  are  held  annually. 


539 


Selta  i&igma  Selta 

(Dental) 


J^ELTA  Sigma  Delta  was  founded  at  the  University  of 
Michigan  on  March  5,  1883,  by  Louis  M.  James, 
Charles  W.  Howard,  Louis  J.  Mitchell,  Clarence  J.  Hand 
and  E.  L.  Kern,  and  designed  to  be  confined  to  schools 
of  dentistry.     It  was  the  first  in  this  field. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows,  the  chapter  being  in  each 
case  in  the  dental  department  of  the  institution  referred  to: 

1883.    .  A,  University  of  Michigan 432 

1885.      B,  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery 751 

1891.       r,  Harvard  University 417 

1891.      E,  University  of  Pennsylvania 393 

1891.       Z,  University  of  California 231 

1893.  H,  Northwestern  University 501 

1894.  0,  University  of  Minnesota 264 

1895.  I,  Detroit  College  of  Medicine  (1909) 139 

1897.      K,  Vanderbilt  University 212 

1897.      A,  Western  Reserve  University 195 

1897.  M,  Tufts  College  (Boston) 287 

1898.  N,  Kansas  City  Dental  College 174 

1900.      S,  Indiana  Dental  College 208 

540 


DELTA    SIGMA    DELTA  541 

1901.      O,  St.  Louis  University 189 

1901.      n,  University  of  Buffalo 186 

1901.      P,  University  of  Illinois 214 

1903.  S,  University  of  Pittsburgh 172 

1904.  T,  Ohio  College  of  Dental  Siu'gery  (1908) ....   68 

1904.      T,  Washington  University,  Mo 149 

1906.      *,  Colorado  College  of  Dental  Surgery 116 

1906,  X,  University  of  Southern  California iii 

1907.  y,  North  Pacific  Dental  College 129 

1910.  Q,  Creighton  University 99 

191 1.  A  A,  Georgetown  (D.  C.)  University 57 

1913.  B  B,  Lincoln  University  (Neb.) 62 

1914.  n  r,  University  of  Iowa 61 

1915.  E  E,  Louisville  Dental  College 49 

1916.  Z  Z,  Loyola  University 41 

191 7.  H  H,  Marquette  University  (Wis.) 29 

Active  chapters  27,  inactive  2.     Membership  5,936. 
The  following  chapters  own  houses:    Colorado  College, 

Michigan,  Pennsylvania,  Pittsburgh.  Total  houses,  4; 
total  valuation,  $48,000. 

The  Iota  and  Tau  chapters  surrendered  their  charters 
for  lack  of  material. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  are  alimini  chapters 
(called  in  the  nomenclature  of  the  fraternity  ''auxil- 
iaries") in  large  cities  and  some  states.  These  chapters 
have  power  to  initiate  practicing  dentists  who  receive  a 
unanimous  vote  of  the  chapter  and  of  the  supreme  council. 

The  organization  of  this  fraternity  differs  from  all 
others.  The  aliunni  constitute  the  "supreme  chapter," 
with  its  own  ritual  and  body  of  law,  and  governed  by  a 
supreme  coimcil.     The  active  chapters"  are  termed  "sub- 


542  PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

ordinate*'  chapters  and  have  their  own  organization.  The 
convention  of  delegates  from  the  subordinate  chapters 
constituted  until  1908  a  "grand  subordinate  chapter," 
which  met  at  the  same  time  and  place  as  the  supreme  chap- 
ter, and  presented  the  results  of  its  deliberation  to  the 
supreme  chapter.  In  1908  there  was  created  a  Coimcil  of 
Deputies  comprising  practicing  dentists  residing  in  the 
places  where  the  subordinate  chapters  exist.  These 
Deputies  attend  the  meetings  of  these  chapters  and  advise 
and  assist  them  as  may  be  required  and  have  real  authority. 
There  is  one  deputy  for  each  subordinate  chapter.  They 
meet  annually  as  a  Council  at  the  same  time  and  place  as 
the  supreme  chapter.  Thus  chapter  problems  are  con- 
sidered by  men  who  are  with  the  students  year  after  year. 
About  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  subordinate  chapters 
join  the  supreme  chapter. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  quarterly  jotunal  called  the 
Desmos,  which  was  commenced  in  October,  1894,  and 
is  now  in  its  twenty-fifth  volume.  It  is  under  the  control 
of  the  coimcil.  The  first  three  volimies  were  published  in 
Chicago;  the  foiu-th  volume  was  issued  from  Aim  Arbor, 
Mich,  from  1900  to  1912,  it  was  published  at  Indianapolis 
and  since  19 12  at  Mcnasha,  Wis. 

This  fraternity  until  1901  held  semi-annual  as  well  as 
annual  conventions,  the  former  in  winter  and  the  latter  in 
summer. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters 
of  the  name,  the  "S"  being  superimposed  over  the  two 
crossed  "A's.*'  The  badge  of  members  of  the  supreme 
chapter  is  surmounted  by  a  crown  and  diamond.  The 
colors  are  turquoise  blue  and  garnet. 


Ij^sii  <9mega 

(Dental) 


npHIS  fraternity  was  organized  at  the  Baltimore  College 
of  Dental  Surgery  in  1892.  .  The  fraternity  aims  to 
maintain  the  standard  of  the  profession  and  to  encourage 
sdentific  investigation  and  literary  culture. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1892.  A,  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery 515 

1893.  B,  New  York  College  of  Dentistry 429 

1894.  r,  Penn'a  College  of  Dental  Surgery  (1910) .  .419 

1895.  A,  Tufts.Dcntal  College 389 

1896.  E,  Western  Reserve  University 239 

1896.        Z,  University  of  Pennsylvania 417 

1896.       H,  Philadelphia  Dental  College 423 

1896.         I,  Northwestern  University 428 

1896.       K,  Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery 401 

1896.  A,  University  of  Minnesota  (1903) 56 

1897.  M,  University  of  Denver 187 

1897.  N,  University  of  Pittsburg 411 

1897.  S,  Marquette  University 237 

1897.  O,  Louisville  College  of  Dental  Surgery 354 

1897.  M   A,  Harvard  University  Dental  School i  iS 

1898.  II,  Baltimore  Medical  College  (1913) 241 

543 


544 


PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 


1898. 
1899. 
1899. 
1900. 
1900. 
1900. 
1900. 
1901. 
1901. 

1903- 

1903. 

1903- 
1903. 

1903. 
1903. 

1904. 

1904. 

1904. 

1905- 
1906. 

1906. 

1906. 

1907. 

1908. 

1909. 

1910. 

1912. 

1913- 
1914. 


A 

r 


B  2,  San  Francisco  College  of  P.  and  S 295 

P,  Ohio  College  of  Dental  Siirgery 354 

2,  Medico-ChirurgicaJ  College  of  Phila.  (1917)237 

T,  Atlanta  Dental  College  (1918) 322 

T,  University  of  Southern  California 194 

*,  University  of  Maryland 321 

X,  North  Pacific  Dental  College 235 

0,  University  of  Buffalo  (191 2) 68 

^^  Ohio  State  University 290 

D,  Indiana  Dental  College 109 

,  University  of  Illinois  (Chicago) 167 

,  George  Washington  University 151 

,  University  of  California 172 

,  New  Orleans  College  of  Dentistry 147 

,  St.Louis  Dental  College 1 78 

,  Keokuk  Dental  College  (1909) 55 

,  Georgetown  University 141 

,  Southern  Dental  College,  Atlanta,  (19 18). 238 

,  University  of  Michigan 196 

,  Coll.  of  Dental  and  Oral  Surgery,  N.  Y 187 

,  University  of  Iowa 155 

,  Vanderbilt  University 144 

,  University  Coll.  of  Med.  (Va.)  (1913) ....    12 

,  Medical  College  of  Virginia 128 

,  Washington  University,  St.  Louis  (1912) . .     8 

,  Kansas  City  Dental  College 141 

,  Wis.  Coll.  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (19 12)   16 

,  Texas  Dental  College 87 

,  Western  Dental  College  (Kansas  City) ....    79 


B 
B 

B  A 

B  E 

B  Z 

B  H 

B  e 

r  I 

r  K 

r  A 

r  M 

r  N 

r  E 

r  o 

r  n 

A  p 

A  T 

A  r 

A  * 


PSI   OMEGA  545 

1 91 8.  r-T,  Atlanta-Southern  Dental  Col.,  Atlanta,  Ga.  1 1 1 
1918.  Z  K,  Univ.  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis 109 

Active  chapters,  36;  inactive,  10;  alumni  chapters,  32; 
membership,  10,270. 

The  Vanderbilt  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  called 
A  K  A  and  the  Gamma  Lambda  chapter  from  one  called 
♦  on.  The  Psi  chapter  was  formcrl>'  at  the  Ohio- 
Starling  Medical  College  which  institution  was  taken 
over  by  the  Ohio  State  University.  The  Delta  Tau 
chapter  was  merged  into  the  Xi  chapter  when  the  institu- 
tions were  consolidated.  In  the  same  way  Gamma  Xi 
was  merged  into  Gamma  Omicron.  Gamma  chapter 
was  absorbed  by  Zeta,  Sigma  by  Eta,  and  Pi  by  Phi. 
Gamma-Tau  is  a  combination  of  Tau  and  Gamma  Iota. 
Zeta  Kappa  was  formed  from  a  local  by  the  same  name. 

There  are  32  altmmi  chapters  and  10  state  associations. 
There  is  also  a  National  Alumni  Chapter,  which  convenes 
at  the  yearly  meetings  of  the  National  Dental  Association. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  through  a  triennial 
convention  called  the  Grand  Chapter  with  a  recess  ad- 
ministration by  a  board  of  officers  called  a  Supreme 
Coimcil. 

The  journal  of  the  fraternity  is  a  quarterly  called  the 
Frater,  the  publication  of  which  was  begun  in  1900. 

The  badge  is  an  heraldic  shield  of  gold  with  a  slightly 
curved  field  of  black  enamel,  on  which  is  displayed  a 
caduceus,  the  letters  *'H''  Q,"  and  three  ivy  leaves.  The 
colors  are  blue  and  white. 


'T'-  -■-i 


(Dtotel) 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  organized  February  8,  1889,  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  by  F.  P.  Watson,  A.  A. 
Deyoe,  L.  C.  Thayer,  W.  F.  Gary,  G.  G.  McCoy  and  E. 
Waterloo.  On  May  3,  1902,  it  was  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  Michigan.  The  chapter  roll  is  as 
follows : 


1889 

1893 

1893 

1893 

1893 

1893 

1893 

1893 
1894 

1^96 

1896 

1898 

1899 

1899 

1899 


A,  University  of  Michigan 388 

B,  New  York  College  of  Dentistry 350 

r,  Philadelphia  Dental  College 449 

A,  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery ^64 

E,  University  of  Iowa 204 

Z,  Penn.  College  of  Dental  Surgery  (1908). .  176 

H,  University  of  Maryland  (191 5) 341 

0,  Indiana  Dental  College 394 

I,  University  of  California 319 

K,  Ohio  State  University 311 

A,  Chicago  College  of  Dental  vSurgery 438 

M,  University  of  Buffalo 381 

N,  Harvard  University  Dental  School  (191 5) .  .  2 1 7 
O,  Royal  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Toronto. 333 
n,  University  of  Pennsylvania 355 

546 


XI  PS  I   PHI  547 

1900.  P,  Northwestern  University  Dental  School  ...351 

1901.  T,  Washington  University,  Mo 252 

1902.  2:,  University  of  Illinois  (Dental  Dept.) 98 

1904.  Z,  Medical  College  of  Virginia  (Richmond) . .  162 

1905.  T,  Ohio  College  of  Dental  Surgery 155 

1905.  *,  University  of  Minnesota 216 

1905.  X,  University  of  Nebraska 185 

1905.  V,  Lincoln  (Neb.)  Dental  College 181 

1905.  Q,  Vanderbilt  University 131 

1906.  A  A,  Detroit  Medical  College  (1910) 44 

1906.  A  B,  Baltimore  Medical  College  (1912) 58 

1908.  A  r,  University  of  Southern  California  (1911).    19 

1908.  A  A,  New  Orleans  College  of  Dentistry  (1911).   21 

1908.  A  E,  North  Pacific  Dental  College 177 

1912.  A  Z,  Southern  Dental  College,  (Atlanta)  (1916).  95 

1912.  A  H,  Atlanta  Dental  College 244 

1 913.  A  6,  University  of  Southern  California 119 

1914.  A  I,  Louis\nlle  College  of  Dentistry  (19 17). ...   39 

1915.  A  K,  Creighton  University 94 

1917.  A  A,  College  of  Jersey  City  (1918) 30 

191 7.  AM,  George  Washington  University 44 

1918.  A  N,  Tulane  University 20 

Active  chapters,  27 ;  inactive,  lo.     Membership  7,855. 
There  are  alumni  chapters  at  a  number  of  the  important 

cities  also  six  State  Associations. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  the  con- 
vention called  the  "Supreme  Chapter"  which  meets 
biennially  at  the  time  and  place  of  the  National  Dental 
Association.  During  its  recess  the  administration  is  in 
the  hands  of  a  Board  of  Directors. 


548  PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

Catalogues  have  been  published  in  1901,  1903  and  1906. 
The  journal  of  the  fraternity  is  called  the  Xi  Psi  Phi 
Quarterly  and  it  is  published  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  It  is  now 
in  its  eighteenth  volume. 

The  badge  is  a  shield  with  four  concave  sides  display- 
ing the  letters  3  4^  *  and  surrounded  by  a  border  com- 
posed of  four  semi-circular  cusps,  the  points  of  which 
are  in  a  line  with  the  diagonals  of  the  inner  shield. 
The  colors  are  lavender  and  cream.  The  flower  is  the 
rose. 


(Pharmaceutical) 

^    FRATERNITY    founded    in    the    Department    of 
Pharmacy  at  the  University  of  Buffalo,  in  1889,  by 
Dr.  Henry  G.  Bentz,  S.  Hobart  Dorr  and  Frederick  S. 
Marsh. 

The  chapter  roll  is: 

1889.  A.  Department  of  Pharmacy,  Univ.  of  Buffalo.  .474 

1900.   B,  Univ.  of  Pittsburg  (19 14) 462 

1911.   r,  Medico-Chirurgical  Coll.  Pharmacy,  Phila. . .   97 

Active  chapters  2.     Inactive  i.     Membership  1,033. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  *'B  4>  2."     The 
colors  are  blue  and  white. 


mi  Belta  Ciii 

( Pharmaceutical — Chemical) 


pHI  Delta  Chi  was  founded  in  the  department  of 
Phanriacy,  at  the  University  of  Michigan,  Novem- 
ber 2,  1883,  by  Charles  E.  Bond,  F.  H.  Frazee,  Llewellyn 
H.  Gardner,  Charles  P.  Godfrey,  Arthur  G.  Hoffman,  A.  G. 
Hopper,  G.  P.  Leamon,  A.  S.  Rogers,  Azor  Thurston,  A.  T. 
Waggoner,  and  Charles  F.  Hueber.  At  this  time  it  was 
known  as  the  *  X  Society  and  was  organized  largely  at  the 
suggestion  of  Dr.  A.  B.  Prescott  who  w-as  then  the  Dean 
of  the  College  of  Pharmacy. 

On  the  night  of  the  second  meeting  of  this  society  a 
motion  was  made  and  lost  to  change  the  name  to  *  A  X. 
This  was  reconsidered  in  March,  1909,  and  the  change  of 
name  then  made.  The  Society  was  reorganized  into  a 
Greek  letter  fraternity  in  the  year  1887,  at  which  time 
symbols,  signs,  ritual  and  regalia  were  adopted. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1887.  A,  University  of  Michigan 391 

1896.  B,  Northwestern  University 297 

1898.   r,  Columbia  University 295 

1900.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin  (1905) 54 

190T.  E,  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy 379 

1902.   Z,  University  of  CaHfomia 239 

549 


550  PROFESSIONAL    FRATERXITIKS 

1902.  H,  Massachusetts  College  of  Phannacy 260 

1904.  0,  University  of  Minnesota i98 

1905.  I,  University  of  Maryland  (1907) 33 

1905.  K,  University  of  Washington  (19 12) 46 

1905.  A,  University  of  Texas 168 

1907.  M,  University  of  Pittsburgh 251 

1907.  N,  University  of  Iowa j  28 

1908.  Z,  Ohio  State  University 119 

1909.  O,  University  of  Southern  CaHfornia 95 

1912.  n,  University  of  Nebraska 81 

1 9 13.  P,  University  of  Oklahoma 88 

1914.  2,  University  of  Colorado 79 

1916.  T,  Purdue  University  42 

1917.  V,  University  of  Kansas 37 

Active  chapters  17,  inactive  3.     Membership  3280. 
The  fraternity  is  governed  by  a  representative  body 

called  the  Grand  Council  consisting  of  one  alumnus  and 
one  active  member  from  each  chapter  who  meet  once  each 
year.  The  Grand  Council  has  met  yearly.  Between  the 
sessions  of  the  convention  an  Executive  Coimcil  adminis- 
ters the  affairs  of  the  fraternity. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  quarterly  known  as  the  Phi 
Delia  Chi  Cofmnumcator.  A  histor\^  and  direct or\'  were 
published  in  1912. 

The  badge  is  a  plain  gold  triangle  with  the  point  at  the 
bottom,  displaying  the  letters  **<h  A  X."  The  flower  is  the 
red  carnation.     The  colors  are  old  gold  and  dregs  of  wine. 


(Chemical) 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin in  December,  1902,  by  J.  Howard  Mathews, 
Joseph  G.  Holty,  Frank  J.  Petura,  Alfred  Kundert,  Harold 
E.  Eggcrs,  James  C.  Silverthom,  E.  G.  Mattke  and  R.  T. 
Conger.  Its  membership  is  drawn  from  students  of 
chemistry  who  intend  to  make  some  phase  of  chemistry 
their  life  work.  Members  of  the  undergraduate  fraterni- 
ties are  admitted.     Honorary  members  arc  provided  for. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1902.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 266 

1904.  B,  University  of  Minnesota 121 

1906.  r,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 87 

1907.  A,  University  of  Missouri 112 

1908.  E,  University  of  Indiana 127 

1908.   Z,  University  of  Illinois 165 

1908.  H,  University  of  Colorado 131 

1909.  B,  University  of  Nebraska 106 

1909.    I,  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute 39 

1909.  K,  University  of  Kansas 130 

1910.  A,  Ohio  State  University 73 

1911.  M,  New  Hampshire  College 62 

551 


SS2  PROFRSSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

191 1.       N,  Pennsylvania  State  College 91 

1911.  2,  University  of  Maine 92 

1912.  O,  Harvard  University 64 

191 2.       IT,  Syracuse  University loi 

191 2.  P,  University  of  North  Carolina 57 

1913.  iJ,  University  of  California 95 

1913.  T,  Cornell  University 105 

1913.  V,  Northwestern  University 67 

1 913.  *I>,  Allegheny  College 64 

19 1 4.  X,   Yale  University 70 

1 91 4.  4',  Louisiana  State  University 78 

191 5.  Q,    University  of  Pittsburgh 36 

1916.  A  A,  Stanford  University 45 

1916.  A  B,  University  of  Michigan 68 

191 7.  A  r,  University  of  Kentucky 22 

191 7.  A  A,  University  of  Cincinnati 31 

191 7.  A  E,  Washington  University 19 

1919.  A  Z,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  ...  15 

Active  chapters  30,  inactive  o.     Membership  2539. 

The  Minnesota  chai)ler  was  inactive  from  1905  to  1908. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  quarterly  called  the  Hexagon, 
the  first  ntimber  of  which  was  issued  in  19 10 

The  Government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  Supreme 
Council  of  five.  Conventions  are  held  biennially  in  the 
even  years. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  hexagon  displaying  in  gold  on  a  field 
of  black  enamel  the  letters  "A  X  S,"  skull  and  bones,  two 
stars  and  clasped  hands.  The  flower  is  the  dark  red 
carnation. 


Belta  Qllfeta  $f|t 

(Legal) 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  established  Sept.  26th,  1913,  by  the 
consolidation  or  union  of  three  previously  existing 
professional  fraternities,  \4z. :  Alpha  Kappa  Phi,  Delta 
Phi  Delta  and  Theta  Lambda  Phi. 

Delta  Phi  Delta  was  founded  at  the  Cleveland  Law 
School  of  Baldwin  University,  September,  1900,  by 
C.  E.  Schmick,  E.  Quigley,  F.  W.  Sinram,  J.  L.  Barrett, 
W.  P.  Mackay,  J.  H.  Orgill  and  Arthur  Bom. 

Alpha  Kappa  Phi  was  founded  at  the  law  school  of 
Northwestern  University  October  6,  1902.  Seeking 
to  secure  the  advantage  of  an  earlier  date  of  origin  its 
founders  took  the  name  of  an  old  undergraduate  fraternity 
called  Alpha  Kappa  Phi  which  originated  at  Centre 
College,  Ky.,  in  1858  and  established  a  number  of  chapters 
in  the  South,  the  last  one  of  which  at  the  University  of 
Mississippi  became  a  chapter  of  B  0  n  in  1879,  becoming 
extinct  a  few  years  later.  They  also  sought  to  seciure 
some  sanction  for  their  conduct  by  securing  permission 
of  the  living  members  of  the  extinct  society  to  such 
assumption  of  their  abandoned  name.  But  it  is  obvious 
that  no  expedient  of  this  kind  could  alter  the  actual 

553 


554  PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

date  of  the  organization  of  this  fraternity  or  serve  as  a 
basis  for  a  claim  to  an  earlier  date  than  1902. 

Theta  Lambda  Phi  was  foimded  February  18,  1903,  at 
the  law  school  of  Dickuison  College  by  Thomas  S. 
Lanard  and  Walter  P.  Bishop. 

Since  the  consolidation  fourteen  chapters,  called 
Senates  have  been  established. 

The  complete  list  of  active  Senates  is  as  follows : 

1900.  Ranney,  Cleveland  Law  School.  .  .• 

1904.  Harlan,  University  of  South  Dakota 

1907.  Cooley,  Detroit  College  of  Law 

1908.  University  of  Arkansas 

1910.  Ramsey,  St.  Paul  College  of  Law 

191 2.  Bryan,  Creighton  University 

1 91 2.    Benton,  Washington  University  (St.  Louis). . . 

1902.  Wigmore  Northwestern  University 

1904.  Warvelle  DePaul  University 

1909.  Douglas  John  Marshall  Law  School 

1909.  Lincoln  University  of  Chicago 

1909.  Mitchell  University  of  Minnesota 

1909.  Magrtider  Chicago — Kent  College  of  Law 

191 2.  Ingalls  Washburn  College 

191 2.  Christiaficy  University  of  Michigan 

1903.  Holmes,  Dickinson  College 

1903.  Cooky,  Detroit  College  of  Law 

1900.  Finch,  Cornell  University 

1904.  Bleckley,  University  of  Georgia 

1904.  Freeman,  University  of  Tennessee 

1907.  Kent,  New  York  Law  School 

1907.  Day,  Western  Reserve  University 


DELTA    r II ETA    PHI  555 

907.  Lurion,  Chattanooga  College  of  Law 

908.  Burks,  Washington  &  Lee  University 

910.  Marshall,  Ohio  Northern  University 

911.  Parker,  Union  College  (N.  Y.) 

911.  Von  Moschzisker,  University  of  Pennsylvania. . . 

911.  White,  Georgetown  University 

911.  Jefferson,  Richmond  College 

912.  Field  J  University  of  Southern  California 

912.  Fuller,  Fordhain  (N.  Y.)  Law  School   

913.  Deady,  University  of  Oregon 

913.  Chase,  Ohio  State  University 

914.  Wayne,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Law  School 

914.  Dwight,  Coltimbia  University 

915.  Webster,  Webster  College  of  Law. (Chicago) 

915.  Snyder,  Kansas  City  Law  School 

915.  John  Adams,  Boston  University 

915.  Howatt,  University  of  Utah 

915.  Pitftey,  New  Jersey  Law  School 

916.  Hosmer,  University  of  Detroit 

916.  Gibson,  University  of  Pittsburg 

916.  Russell,  New  York  University 

916.  Brewer,  University  of  Kansas 

916.  Wilson,  George  Washington  University 

916.  Houston,  University  of  Texas 

The  Fraternity  now  has  forty-five  active  Senates  and  a 
membership  of  4,006.     No  inactive  Senates. 

The  fraternity  publishes  its  official  organ  known  as 
The  Paper  Book  of  Delta  Theta  Phi  five  times  a  year. 


556 


PROFKSSJONAL   FRATERNITIES 


The  Delta  Theta  Phi  Law  Scholarship 
key  is  awarded  to  each  of  its  members 
attaining  a  degree  with  a  scholarship 
standing  among  the  highest  twenty  per 
cent  of  the  graduating  class,  provided 
said  standing  shall  be  not  less  than 
eighty-five  per  cent  or  its  equivalent  diu*- 
ing  the  law  course.  In  addition  to  the 
scholarship  key  a  certificate  of  scholarship  in  law  is  also 
awarded. 

The  official  badge  is  in  the  shape  of  a  triangle,  whose 
three  sides  are  interrupted  by  a  circle  in  the  center  of 
which  are  the  letters  A  C-)  <^.  Above  the  letters  is  a  scales 
of  Justice  while  below  them  is  an  open  book. 

The  official  pledge  button  is  a  geometric  shield  with  the 
dexter  and  sinister  corners  erased,  while  across  the  shield 
is  a  bend  dexter.  The  bend  dexter  is  green  and  the 
remainder  of  the  shield  white. 

The  chief  governing  body  of  the  fraternity  is  called  the 
National  Senate,  comprised  of  representatives  of  each 
active  senate.  The  National  officers  are  the  officers  of 
the  National  Senate.  The  National  Senate  holds  conven- 
tions biennially  and  is  legislative  in  capacity.  The  judicial 
functions  of  the  fraternity  are  exercised  by  a  duly  elected 
Supreme  Court. 

The  executive  functions  are  exercised  by  a  Supreme 
Senate  comprised  of  the  National  officers  of  the  Fraternity 
known  as;  Chancellor,  Prelate,  Master  of  Rolls,  Master 
Alumnus,  Master  Scholar,  Master  Inspector  and  Marshall. 


(Legal) 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  law  school  of  the 
University  of  Maine  in  1901  by  C.  Vey  Holman,  and 
fifteen  students. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1901.  A,  University  of  Maine  (1910) 122 

1902.  B,  Boston  University 220 

1904.  r,  Albany  Law  School  (Union  University) 171 

1908.  A,  Syracuse  University 180 

1909.  E,  Cornell  University 128 

191 1 .  Z,  University  of  Michigan 117 

1912.  H,  University  of  Indiana 85 

1912.  0,  Creighton  Univ.  Law  School 62 

1914.  I,  Georgetown  University  (D.  C.) 61 

1915.  K,  University  of  Oregon 50 

1 91 9.  A,  Northwestern  University  Law  School 9 

Active  chapters  10,  inactive  i.     Membership  1,083. 

The  charter  of  the  Alpha  chapter  was  withdrawn.  The 
Albany,  and  Cornell  chapters  own  houses.  Total  valua- 
tion $30,000. 

557 


558 


PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 


The  conventions  called  the  **Witan*'  are  now  held 
biennially.  During  the  interim  between  the  sessions  of 
the  convention  the  fraternity  is  governed  by  a  Council 
called  the  **Curia"  composed  of  ten  members  of  whom 
at  least  five  must  be  alumni. 

The  badge  is  a  shield  displa3dng  a  lamp,  a  star  and  a 
fleur-de-lis  above  a  triangle  enclosing  the  letter  **H." 
On  two  sides  of  the  triangle  are  the  letters  **r/*  "r." 
Beneath  the  triangle  is  a  balance. 

The  fraternity  published  a  song  book  in  1909.  An 
annual  called  the  Rescript  and  a  directory  are  in  prepara- 
tion to  be  published  in  1912. 


lailptia  Belta 

(Legal) 


T^HIS  fraternity  was  organized  in  1897  by  students  at 
several  of  the  Chicago  law  schools.  It  was  known  as 
A  E  down  to  1902  in  which  year  it  was  reorganized  and 
the  present  name  selected.  The  first  four  chapters 
named  below  constituted  the  A  E  organization.  The 
chapters  are  named  after  eminent  lawyers. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1897.  Blacksione,  Kent  College  of  Law 211 

1897.  Stary,  DcPaul  University 151 

1900.  Fuller y  Northwestern  University 97 

1901.  Webster,  Chicago  Law  School 239 

1902.  Marshall,  University  of  Chicago loi 

1903.  Ryan,  University  of  Wisconsin 129 

1903.  Magruder,  University  of  Illinois iii 

1905.  Campbell,  University  of  Michigan 142 

1906.  Hay,  Western  Reserve  University 76 

1907.  Garland,  University  of  Arkansas 125 

1908.  Beftioii,  Kansas  City  Law  School 258 

1908.  Capen,  Illinois  Wesley  an  University 112 

1908.  Chase,  University  of  Cincinnati 103 

1908.  Williams,  University  of  Oregon 97 

559 


i 


56o  PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

1908.  Hammond,  University  of  Iowa 123 

1909.  Lawson,  University  of  Missouri 72 

1909.  Rapallo,  New  York  University 139 

1909.  Tafi,  Georgetown  University 205 

1909.  CalhouHy  Yale  University 172 

1909.  Green,  University  of  Kansas 134 

1910.  Jeffers(yn,  University  of  Virginia 92 

1910.  Gunier,  University  of  Colorado 90 

19 10.  Hamlin,  University  of  Maine 125 

191 1.  Corliss,  University  of  North  Dakota. . .  *. 89 

191 1.  Ross,  University  of  Southern  California 91 

191 1.  Holmes,  Law  Depti  Stanford  University 87 

191 1.  Temple,  University  of  California  (S.  F.) 79 

191 2.  Staples,  Washington  &  Lee  University 61 

1913.  Hughes,  Denver  University 72 

1914.  Clay,  University  of  Kentucky 53 

191 4.  Kent,  University  of  Idaho 67 

1914.  Dunbar,  LTniversity  of  Washington 52 

191 5.  Reese,  University  of  Nebraska 102 

191 5.  Brewer,  Stetson  University 33 

1916.  Harlan,  University  of  Oklahoma 41 

1 9 16.  McReynolds,  University  of  Tennessee 22 

191 6.  Livingston,  Columbia  University 19 

Active  chapters  37,  inactive  o.     Membership  3,972. 

The  chapters  admit  law  students  only.  The  Idaho 
chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  IIAA.  In  1914  the 
Yale  chapter  absorbed  an  old  local  society  called  "Book 
and  Gavel."  The  fraternity  admits  to  honorary  member- 
ship men  eminent  in  the  law. 


PHI   ALPHA    DELTA 


S6i 


The  fraternity  is  governed  by  the  usual  convention 
with  an  ad  interim  government  by  a  board  of  national 
officers.     Conventions  are  now  held  biennially. 

Three  directories  have  been  published  at  Chicago  in 

1901,  1906  and  Fargo,  N.  D.,  1910.     In  these  the  names 

have  appeared  in  one  alphabetical  list  and  in  a  geographical 

•  distribution.    The  publication  of  a  quarterly  called  the 

Phi  Alpha  Delta  was  begun  in  1906. 

The  badge  is  an  oblong  hexagonal  shield  with  concave 
sidte  displaying  in  vertical  order  a  balance  and  the  letters 
*  A  A.  The  colors  are  old  gold  and  purple  and  the  flower 
is  the  red  carnation. 


^t  Selta  Selta 

(Legal — Women) 


This  sorority  was  organized  in  19 11  by  five  law  students 
at  the  University  of  Southern  California. 

The  roll  of  chapters  is  as  follows : 
191 1.  A,  Univ.  of  Southern  California,  Los  Angeles  ...   40 
1913.  B,  Washington,  D.  C.  College  of  Law  (1915)  ...   12 

1913.  r,  Chicago-Kent  Col.  of  Law,  Chicago,  111.  (1915)  10 

1914.  A,  University  of  Oregon  Law  School,  Portland  . .  16 
1916.  E,  Univ.  of  Washington  Law  School,  Seattle  ....  24 
1 9 18.  Z,  George  Washington  Univ.  Law  School 14 

Active  chapters  4;   inactive,  2;  membership,  116. 


Belta  mi 

(Legal) 


TpHE  fraternity  of  *  A  *  was  founded  at  the  law  depart- 
ment of  Michigan  University  in  1869,  by  John  M. 
Howard,  of  the  law  class  of  '71.  There  had  been  a  local 
society  called  the  "A  *,"  and  having  its  membership 
confined  exclusively  to  law  students  at  Ann  Arbor  for 
a  year  or  two  previous  to  this  time,  but  none  of  the 
original  members  of  *  A  *  seemed  to  have  known  about 
it,  or  designed  to  imitate  it.  Howard  was  a  graduate  of 
Monmouth  College  and  a  member  of  *  r  A,  and  when 
he  entered  the  University  of  Michigan  it  was  his  intention 
to  establish  there  a  chapter  of  his  fraternity  if  he  found  it 
possible,  but  seeing  that  the  undergraduate  department 
of  the  university  was  crowded  with  chapters,  he  abandoned 
this  idea  and  turned  his  attention  to  the  formation  of  a 
purely  legal  fraternity.  The  first  meeting  was  held 
November  22,  1869.  The  new  fraternity  was  called 
*  A  *.  Honorary  members  were  provided  for,  it  being 
required  that  such  members  should  belong  to  the  legal 
profession,  and  be  elected  and  initiated  in  the  usual  way. 
Persons  who  were  members  of  the  college  fraternities  were 

562 


PHI    DELTA    PHI  563 

encouraged  to  join  the  new  organization  and  as  the  fra- 
ternity does  not  resemble  the  regular  Greek  brotherhoods 
except  in  name,  there  is  no  conflict  of  allegiance.     The 
chapters  are  named  after  distinguished  lawyers. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1869.  Kent,  University  of  Michigan 710 

1878.  Benjamin,  Law  School,  Bloomington,  111 153 

1880.  Booth,  Union  College  of  Law,  Chicago 165 

1881.  Story,  Columbia  University  (1913) 566 

1882.  Cooley,  Washington  University 440 

1884.  Pomeroy,  University  of  California  (S.  F.) 365 

1884.  Marshall,  George  Washington  University 503 

1884.  Jay,  Albany  Law  School,  Union  Univ.  (1912).  .224 

1885.  Webster,  Boston  University 581 

1886.  Hamilton,  Cincinnati  Law  School 145 

1886.  Gibson,  University  of  Pennsylvania 252 

1887.  Choaie,  Harvard  Univef^ity  (1909) 358 

1887.  Waite,  Yale  University 548 

1888.  Field,  New  York  University 481 

1888.  Conkling,  Cornell  Law  School  University 463 

1890.  Tiedemann,  University  of  Missouri 386 

t89o.  Minor,  University  of  Virginia 468 

1891.  Dillon,  University  of  Minnesota 313 

1891.  Daniels,  Buff alo  Law  School 305 

1891.  Chase,  University  of  Oregon 355 

1891.  Harlan,  University  of  Wisconsin 473 

1893.  Swan,  Ohio  State  University 348 

1893.  McClain,  University  of  Iowa 415 

1895.  Lincoln,  University  of  Nebraska 409 

1896.  Osgoode,  Law  School  of  Upper  Canada 133 


S64  PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

1896.  Fuller,  Chicago — Kent  College  of  Law 269 

1897.  Miller,  Stanford  University 309 

1897.  Green,  University  of  Kansas 372 

1899.  Comstocky  Syracuse  University 198 

1899.  Dwight,  New  York  Law  School 237 

1900.  Foster,  University  of  Indiana 187 

1 90 1.  Ranney,  Western  Reserve  University 204 

1901.  Langdell,  University  of  Illinois 278 

1902.  Brewer,  University  of  Denver 188 

1903.  Douglas,  University  of  Chicago 165 

1907.  Ballinger,  University  of  Washington 209 

1907.  M alone,  Vanderbilt  University 98 

1907.  Evaris,  Brooklyn  Law  Sch., (St. Lawrence  Univ.) .  197 
1907.  Thomas,  University  of  Colorado 145 

1907.  Beatty,  University  of  Southern  Cal 165 

1908.  Reed,  University  of  Maine 106 

1908.  Tucker,  Washington  and  Lee  University 169 

1909.  Roberts,  University  of  Texas 136 

1909.  Shiras,  University  of  Pittsburg 116 

191 2.  Holmes,  University  of  Oklahoma 107 

191 2.  Ames,  University  of  South  Dakota 94 

1912.  Bruce,  University  of  North  Dakota 106 

1912.  White,  Tulane  University 59 

1913  Jones,  University  of  California  (Berkeley) 79 

Active  chapters  46,  inactive  3.     Membership.  13,752. 

The  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and  Yale  chapters  own  houses; 
total  3;    valuation  $60,000. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  through  the  con- 
ventions, and  a  Council  acting  during  the  time  between 
its  sessions.     The  fraternity  is  now  divided  into  provinces 


PHI  DELTA    PHI  565 

for  administrative  ptirposes,  and  they  hold  conventions 
between  the  sessions  of  the  general  conventions. 

The  Pomeroy  chapter  is  in  the  Hastings  Law  School 
the  law  department  of  the  University  of  CaHfomia  at 
San  Francisco.  The  Jones  chapter  is  in  the  School  of 
Jurisprudence  of  the  same  University  at  Berkeley,  Cal. 
The  Osgoode  chapter  was  inactive  from  1899  to  1909. 
The  charters  of  the  Jay,  Choate  and  Story  chapters  were 
withdrawn. 

The  exercises  of  the  chapters  vary.  Each  chapter,  at 
the  time  of  its  establishment,  is  recommended  to  frame 
such  a  schedule  of  work  as  will  supplement  the  regular 
course  of  instruction  in  its  law  school. 

There  are  altimni  chapters  in  a  number  of  the  large  cities. 

After  graduation,  the  members  form  a  widespread 
exchange  for  the  interchange  of  business  and  information. 
This  feature  is  facilitated  by  the  catalogue  of  the  frater- 
nity, of  which  ten  editions  have  been  published,  viz.,  in 
1880,  1881,  1883,  1886,  1889,  1892,  1897,  1909,  1911,  and 
1917.  During  1887-88  a  periodical  called  The  Brief  was 
issued  by  the  secretary  of  the  fraternity  council,  but  it  was 
suspended  after  the  publication  of  one  volume.  It  was 
revived  in  1900  as  a  quarterly.  A  small  song  book  was 
published  in  1896  with  subsequent  revisions  and  additions. 

The  badge  of  the  society  from  its  foundation  until 
1882,  was  a  shield-shaped  lozenge,  ending  in  a  sharp 
point  at  the  top,  and  with  a  rounded  curve  at  the  bottom. 
In  the  center  was  a  field  upon  which  was  displayed  five 
crosses;  above  this  were  the  letters  ***  A  4>,"  with  a  star 
in  each  comer.     The  badge  then  adopted,  and  now  in  use, 


S66  PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 

is  a  monogram     The  fraternity  colors  are  wine  color  and 
pearl  blue.    The  flower  is  the  jacquemioot  rose. 

The  flag  is  a  pennant  with  three  diagonal  panels^  the 
upper  and  lower  ones  are  plain  and  wix^  red  in  color, 
the  middle  one  is  pearl  blue  in  color  and  displays  the 
letters  *'<!>  A  *'*  in  wine  red. 

Among  the  prominent  alumni  of  the  fraternity,  and 
exclusive  of  honorary  members  are  the  following:    Presi^ 
dent  Roosevelt,  Story;    John  B.  Jackson,   Minister  to 
Rotunania,   Field;     Irving   B.   Dudley,   Ambassador   to 
Brazil,  Marshall;    Frank  H.  Hitchcock,  late  Postmaster 
General,  Marshall;  Elliott  Northcott,  Envoy  to  Nicaragua 
Kent;  Beekman  Winthrop,  formerly  Assistant  Secretary  of 
Navy,  Choate;    William  B.  Gilbert,  U.  S.  Circuit  Judge, 
Kent;    Arnold  Shanklin,  late  Consul  General  in  Mexico, 
Cooley;    W.  F.  Frear,  formerly  Chief  Justice  of  Hawaii, 
Waite;   Ashley  M.  Gould,  Judge  Supreme  Court  of  the 
District  of  Coltimbia,  Marshall;    Pliny  L.  Soper,  U.  S. 
Attorney  Indian  Territory,  Story;    Charles  S.  Thomas, 
Governor  and  now  Senator  from  Colorado,  Kent;  Richard 
Yates,   ex-Governor  of  Illinois,  Kent;    John  L.   Bates, 
ex-Governor  of  Massachusetts,  Webster;   Herbert  8.  Had- 
ley,  ex-Governor  of  Missouri,  Booth;   Charles  E.  Hughes, 
formerly  Governor  of  New  York,  later  of  U.  8.  Supreme 
Court,    Story;     Wilder   S.    Metcalf,    Brigadier   General, 
Green;  Colonel  Edwin  F.  Glenn,  23d  Infantr\%  U.  8.  Army, 
Dillon;    Norman  Hapgood,   editor  of  Collier's  Weekly, 
Story;    Harry  A.  Garfield,  president  of  Williams  CoU^e, 
Story;    Arthur  C.  Denison,  U.  S.  Circuit  Judge,  Kent, 
And  the  following  members  of  Congress :    Alfred  G.  Allen, 


PHI  DELTA    PHI 


567 


Warren  Gard,  and  Robert  Grosser,  HamiUon;  Edward 
Evarts  Browne,  Harlan;  Daniel  R.  Anthony,  James  W. 
Good,  and  Edward  T.  Taylor,  Kent;  Burton  Erwin  Sweet, 
McClain;  Edward  H.  Mason  Webster;  Edward  Everett 
Dennison,  Marshall;  Theron  E.  Catlin  and  Andrew  J. 
Peters,  Choate;  Ira  C.  Copley  and  Henry  T.  Rainey, 
Booth;  J.  Harry'  Covington,  Gibson;  Robert  L.  Henry,  Jr., 
Douglas;  Clarence  B.  Miller,  Dillon;  A.  C.  Mitchell, 
Green;    W.  D.  Stephens,  Beatty,  and  John  Q.  Tillson, 

WaiU; 

Ex-Senator  Luke  Lea,  of  Tennessee,  Story;  Chief 
Justice  Andrew  A.  Bruce,  of  North  Dakota,  Harlan; 
William  Raymond  Baird,  Story;  Frank  O.  Loveland, 
author  inj^bankruptcy  practice,  Hamilton;  George  R. 
Greary,  mayor  of  Toronto,  Osgoode;  Paul  D.  Cravath, 
one  of  leaders  of  N.  Y.  bar,  Story;  Chief  Justice  Arthur  P. 
Rugg  of  Massachusetts,  Webster;  Senator  Atlee  Pomerene 
of  Ohio,  Hamilton. 


i^ignta  Belta  ilappa 

(Legal) 

T^HIS   fraternity  was  founded  at  the  University  of 
Michigan  by  Francis  S.  Rosenthal,  James  T.  Sloan, 
John  G.  Gutekunst,  Walter  E.  Morris,  Russell  D.  Calkins 
and  Arthur  A.  Morrow. 

The  roll  is  as  follows: 

1914.  A,  University  of  Michigan 87 

1914.  B,  Chicago  Law  School 54 

1915.  r,  Benjamin  Hairison  Law  School 62 

1915.  A,  Hamilton  College  of  Law  (Chicago) 16 

1915.  E,   Benton  College  of  Law  (St.  Louis) 15 

1916.  Z,  Valparaiso  University 49 

191 7.  H,  University  of  Indianapolis 39 

191 7.  0,  Chattanooga  College  of  Law 27 

Active  chapters  8.     Membership  349. 

The  fraternity  has  started  the  publication  of  a  journal 
called  the  Si-De-Ka,  intended  to  be  a  quarterly. 

There  is  an  annual  convention  with  an  ad  interim 
administration  by  the  president  and  the  secretary. 

The  badge  is  a  coffin  shaped  shield  displaying  the  letters 
2  A  K  in  gold  on  a  black  background.  The  colors  are 
red  and  black. 


568 


(Legal) 

QiGMA  Nu  Phi,  a  legal  fraternity,  was  organized  at  the 
National  University  Law  School,  Washington,  D.  C, 
in  1903.     Its  chapters,  named  after  eminent  lawyers,  are 
as  follows: 
1903.  Choate,  National  University  Law  School 

1914.  HugheSy  Georgetown  Law  School 

191 5.  Green,  Cimiberland  University  Law  School 

191 5.  Hamilton,  Hamilton  School  of  Law 

1915.  Taft,  Detroit  College  of  Law 

Active  chapters  5;  membership  175. 
The  publication  of  a  periodical  called  the  Owl  was  com- 
menced in  191 6. 


569 


9eta  $t  i^mega 

(Musical — Women) 

T^HE  Beta  Pi  Omega  musical  fraternity  was  founded 
at  the  College  of  Music  of  Cincinnati,  O. 
It  has  two  chapters: — 

1914    A,  College  of  Music  (Cincinnati) 88 

19 18.   B,  Louisville  Conservatory  of  Music 0 

Active  chapters,  2;  membership  97. 

The  Alpha  chapter  was  the  outgrowth  of  a  local  musical 
sororitv  called  the  Theta  Beta  Gamma. 


570 


Belta  ^mittm 

(Musical — Women) 

This  society  was  organized  September  6,  1909,  by  three 
students  at  the  Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  lollows : 

1909.  A,  Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music 140 

19^0.  B»  Detroit  Institute  of  Musical  Art 75 

19H.  r,  Southern  Conserv.,  Buena  Vista,  Va.  (1915).   21 
1915.  A,  Denison  University 55 

191 7.  E,  G.  H.  Morey  School  of  Music,  Columbus.  ...  32 

1918.  Z,  Louisville  Conservatory  of  Music 12 

1918.  H,  Cincinnati  College  of  Music 15 

Active  chapters,  6;  inactive,  i.     Membership,  350. 

The  Gamma  chapter  was  organized  from  a  local  A  9  X, 
and  the  Delta  chapter  from  the  Cler  society. 

The  government  is  of  usual  form,  the  affairs  of  the  soror- 
ity being  administered  by  a  board  of  general  officers  in 
the  recess  between  conventions. 

The  publication  of  a  journal  called  the  Wheel  was  begun 
in  191 5.     It  is  edited  by  a  National  Board  of  Dii^ectors. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  lyre,  with  a  cross  bar  bearing  the 
society  letters  in  raised  gold  letters.  It  may  be  jewelled 
with  pearls  or  diamonds.  The  colors  are  old  rose  and 
silver. 


571 


(Musical) 


T^HIS  fraternity  which  is  commonly  called  Sinfonia  was 
organized  October  6,  1898,  at  the  New  England 
Conservatory  of  Music  by  Ossian  E.  Mills  and  thirteen 
associates.  Its  organization  at  first  was  that  of  a  club,  but 
in  1900  it  was  determined  to  expand  and  form  a  regular 
college  fraternity,  in  musical  schools  of  approved  excellence. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1898.  A,  New  England  Conservatory  of  Music 247 

1900.  B,  Broad  St.  Conservatory,  Philadelphia 128 

1900.  r,  American  Institute  of  Applied  Music  (1900) . .   16 

1901.  A,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  Conservatory  of  Music 142 

1904.  r,  Detroit  Conservatory  of  Music  (1912) 43 

1902.  E,  University  of  Michigan 185 

1902.  Z,  Chicago  Auditorium  Conservatory  (1904). .    18 

1903.  H,  Cincinnati  College  of  Music 112 

1904.  0,  Syracuse  University(i9i5) 114 

1907.  Z,  University  of  Missouri 79 

1910.  I,  Northwestern  University 55 

191 1.  K,  Peabody  Conservatory  of  Music,  (i  915) 26 

1911.  A,  DePauw  University  (1913) 17 

1912.  M,  University  of  Oklahoma 69 

1912.  N,  Denison  University 48 

572 


PHI   MU  ALPHA  573 

191 4.  O,  Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music 49 

1914.  S,  University  of  Kansas 62 

1915.  n,  Simpson  College 39 

Active  chapters  12,  inactive  6.     Membership  1,439. 
The  Michigan  chapter  owns  a  house  ($10,000).     Other 

chapters  would  but  for  the  problem  of  practicing  during 
study  hotu-s.     The  Omicron  chapter  was  formed  from  a 
local  A  K  ^^.     There  are  alumni  clubs  in  New  York  City, 
Cincinnati  and  Boston. 
*  The  fraternity  admits  honorary  members. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  in  the  hands  of  a 
board  of  * 'Supreme*'  oflScers  constituting  with  a  member  of 
each  chapter  a  Supreme  Coimcil.  Conventions  are  held 
annually. 

The  fraternity  offers  a  gold  prize  medallion  for  the  best 
musical  composition  from  among  yoimg  American  musi- 
cians. It  also  offers  prize  certificates  to  its  members  for 
musical  compositions  and  essays. 

The  fraternity  issued  an  annual  from  1901  to  1914. 
This  contained  chapter  letters,  portraits  of  the  members, 
lists  of  initiates  and  the  Uke.  It  also  issues  four  times  a 
year  a  periodical  called  the  Sinfonian.  It  has  issued  two 
song  books  the  words  and  music  being  by  the  members. 

The  badge  is  a  triangle  with  the  point  at  the  top.  It 
displays  an  antique  letter  **S"  with  one  of  the  letters 
*'<!>  M  A  "at  each  point  of  the  triangle.  The  colors  are  red 
and  black  and  gold. 


i^tgma  saiptia  Iota 

(Musical — Women) 

T^HE  Sigma  Alpha  Iota  sorority  was  organized  Jime  12, 
1903,  at  the  School  of  Music  of  the  University  of 
Michigan,  by  Elizabeth  Campbell,  Frances  Caspari, 
Minnie  Davis,  Leila  Farlin,  Nora  Hunt,  Georgia  Potts 
and  Mary  Storrs. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1903.  A,  University  of  Michigan 118 

1904.  B,  Northwestern  University 137 

1906.  r,  American  Conservator^'  of  Music,  Chicago ...   77 

1907.  A,  Detroit  Conserv^atory  of  Music 80 

1909.  E,  Ithaca  Conservatory  of  Music 139 

191 1.  Z,  Indiana  College  of  Music  and  Fine  Arts 74 

1914.  H,  College  of  Music,  Cincinnati,  0 45 

1914.  0,  Washburn  College  of  Music,  Topeka,  Kans. .   48 

1915.  I,  Cincinnati  Conservator}'^  of  Music 49 

191 5.  K,  University  School  of  Music,  Lincoln,  Neb ....   24 
191 5.  A,  New  England  Conser\'ator>%  Boston 32 

191 7.  M,  Wesley  Coll.  Conservatory^  Grand  Forks,  N.  D.27 

1918.  X,  Millikin  Con.  of  Music,  Decatur,  111 22 

1918.  3,  Lawrence  Con.  of  Music,  Appleton,  Wis 20 

Active  chapters  14,  inactive  o.     Membership  892. 

The  government  of  the  society  is  through  national 
conventions,  the  officers  chosen  at  such  conventions 
serving  as  a  governing  1x)ard  between  its  sessions. 

574 


SIGMA  ALPHA  IOTA 


575 


Conventions  are  held  yearly. 

The  society  publishes  a  journal  called  Pan  Pipes.  A 
song  book  is  in  preparation. 

The  pin  is  seven  Roman  gold  pan  pipes  encircled  by  a 
gold  band  bearing  the  letters  2  A  I  on  black  enamel, 
set  with  fifteen  whole  pearls.  The  colors  are  crimson 
and  white  and  the  flower  the  red  rose. 


iaiptia  i^tgma  9lpt)a 

(Pedagogical — Women) 

A  LPHA  Sigma  Alpha  was  founded  in    1901    at   the 
Virginia  State  Normal  School,  Farmville,  Va.,  by 
Virginia  Boyd.  Juliette  Hundley,  May  Hundley,  Louise 
Cox,  Ursula  Boyd  and  Calva  Watson. 

The  chapter  roll  was  as  follows: 

1901.     A,  Virginia  State  Normal  School 90 

1903.  B,  Lewisburg  (W.  Va.)  Seminary  (1904) 22 

1904.  r,  College  for  Women(Columbia,S.C.)(i909). .  64 

1905.  A,  Mary  Baldwin  Seminary  (1907) 34 

1905.  E,  Fauqtiier  Institute  (Warrenton,  Va.)(i907).  11 

1905.  Z,  Fairmont  Seminary  (Wash.,  D.  C.)  (1906).  8 

1905.  H,  Ward  Seminary  (Nashville,  Tenn.)  (1909). .  45 

1908.  I,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College  (1913).   50 

1909.  2  ^  E,  Brenau  College  (1914) 80 

1909.     K  ^,  Mt.  Union  College  (1914) 65 

1909.  TBS,  St.  Mary's  School  (Raleigh,  N.C.)  (1910)  44 

1910.  M,  Shorter  College,  Rome,  Ga.  (191 2) 36 

191 1.  XI,  Hamilton  School  (Washington,  D.C.)  (1912)     9 

The  chapters  at  Brenau,  Mt.  Union  and  St.  Mary^s 
were  formed  from  local  societies  whose  names  were 
perpetuated  in  the  chapter  designations. 

The  chapters  at  Lewisburg,  Columbia  (S.  C),  Mar>' 
Baldwin,  Fairmount,  St.  Man^'s  and  Shorter  were  killed 
by  anti-fraternity  laws.  The  other  chapters  died  from 
various  causes  so  that  in  1914  A  I,  i:  4>  E  and  K  *  were 

576 


ALPHA    SIGMA    ALPHA  577 

the  only  chapters.    At  a  convention  then  held  it  was 
determined  to  change  the  character  of  the  organization. 
Iota  was  released  to  n  B  *,  and  2  *  E  and  K  ^  to  A  A  A, 
and  the  fraternity  started  anew. 
The  roll  now  is : 

1 901.       A,  The  Virginia  State  Nonnal  School 150 

1 914.  A  A  , Miami  University  Normal  School 80 

1 9 14.  A  B,  Mo.  State  Normal  School,  Kirksville,  Mo.  .240 
1 91 4.  A  r,  Penn.  Stale  Normal  School,  Indiana,  Pa. .  90 
1 91 6.   B  B,  Colorado  State  Teachers  College 60 

1916.  r  r,  Oklahoma  State  Normal  School,  Alva      .90 

1917.  A  A,  Ohio  University,  Athens,  Ohio 35 

1918.  E  E,  Kansas  State  Nonnal  School,  Emporia    ...   60 
Old  membership  468  (not  counting  A  chapter) ;  ])rcscnt 

.membership  805.     Active  chapters,  8. 

The  government  is  by  a  Central  Board  consisting  of  the 
general  officers.     (Conventions  have  l^een  held  biennially. 

There  are  alumnre  associations  at  a  number  of  cities. 

A  catalogue  was  ])ublished  in  Boston,  1915.  A  song 
book  was  publishc<'l  in  1910  at  Columbia,  S.  C.  A  journal 
called  the  Aegis  was  commenced  in  1906  and  continued 
until  1 91 2  when  it  was  succeeded  by  the  Phoenix,  a  four 
page  weekly,  now  a  thirty-five  page  monthly. 

I'he  badge  is  a  concave  square  of  black  enamel  dis] claying 
in  gold  the  letters  **A  S  A.'*  a  crouni  and  a  star.  This  is 
surroimded  by  sixteen  pearls.  The  recognition  pin  is  a 
small  Phoenix,  poised  as  if  ready  for  flight.  The  colors 
are  pearl  white,  crimson,  palm  green  and  gold. 


(Normal — Women) 

r^ELTA  Sigma  Epsilon  was  foiinded  at  Miami  Univer- 
sity in  19 14  and  is  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
Ohio. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : — 

A.  Miami  University 

B,  Normal  School,  Indiana,  Pa 

r.   Teachers  College,  Greeley,  Colo 

A.   Oklahoma  State  Normal,  Alva,  Okla 

E.   Kansas  State  Normal,  Emporia 

Z.   New  Mexico  Normal,  Las  Vegas 

Active  chapters  6;  membership  150. 

The  fraternity  issues  two  magazines,  the  Shield  pub- 
lished quarterly  and  Phi  Omega,  a  secret  issue,  published 
semi-annually. 


578 


^t  SlaiHNi  i^igma 


(Normal) 


QRGANIZED  November  17,  1894  at  Ypsilanti,  Michi- 
gan. 

The  active  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : — 

A,  Michigan  Normal,  Yysilanti,  Mich 

B,  Northwestern  Normal,  Alva,  Okla    

H,   Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio 

0,  Cincinnati  University 

1,  Kansas  State  Normal 

Active  chapters  5;  inactive  2;   membership  750. 

The  badge  is  a  modified  triangle,  shield  form,  of  black 
enamel  displaying  the  letters  17  K  S  and  a  lamp,  carrying 
a  diamond  surrounded  by  thirteen  gold  rays.  The  colors 
are  turquoise  and  blue,  flowers,  forget-me-not  and  jonquil. 
A  book,  The  Laurel,  is  published  four  times  a  year. 


579 


ftisma  fttstna  fttsnta 

(Nonnal — ^Women) 

This  sorority  was  founded  at  the  Virginia  State  Normal 
School  at  Farmville,  Va.,  in  1898.     It  was  at  first 
organized  as  a  general  sorority,  but  later  became  purely 
professional  as  hereafter  stated. 
The  chapter  roil  is  as  follows: 

1898.       A,  Virginia  State  Normal  School 

1903.       B,  Lewisburg  (W.  Va.)  Female  Institute  (1908) 
1905.       r,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College  (191 1) . 

1905.      A,  Peabody  formal  College 

1905.      E,  Hollins  College  (1914) 

1905.      H,  Searcy  (Ark.)  Female  Institute  (1907) 

1905.  A  A,  Southwestern  University  (191 1) 

1906.  0,  Woman's  College,  Frederick,  Md.  (1907). 

1909.  S  *,  Union  University,  Tenn 

191 1.       Z,  Buffalo,  N.  Y,,  Normal  College. 

191 1.  K,  Ohio  State  Normal  College,  (Miami) 

191 2.  *,  Ohio  State  Normal  College  (Athens,  O.)   . . 

191 5.        I,  Colorado  Women's  Teachers  College 

1915.  A,  Penn.  State  Normal  (Indiana,  Pa.) (19 19). . 

1915.     M,  State  Normal  School,  Kirks ville,  Mo 

1 91 5.  N,  State  Normal  School,  Warrensburg,  Mo  .... 

1915.     S,  State  Normal  School,  Alva,  Okla 

1917.     O,  Mich.  State  Normal  College,  Ypsilanti 

191 7.     n,  State  Normal  School,  Emporia,  Kans 

Active  chapters,  12;  inactive,  7.     Membership,  1,500. 

5«# 


SIGMA    SIGMA    SIGMA 


S8i 


Until  1907  the  sorority  made  no  distinction  as  to  the 
class  of  institutions  it  should  enter.  It  then  decided  to 
enter  collegiate  institutions  and  to  admit  no  one  under 
seventeen  years  of  age.  This  age  limit  compelled  the  Beta, 
Eta  and  Theta  chapters  to  become  inactive.  In  191 1  the 
society  found  itself  unwilling  to  drop  its  normal  chapters 
so  it  decided  to  become  a  piu-ely  professional  Normal 
School  organization  and  to  that  end  it  turned  its  two  chap- 
ters at  Randolph  Macon  Woman's  College  and  South- 
western University  over  to  Delta  Delta  Delta  and  has 
since  restricted  its  chapters  to  Normal  Schools.  The 
Hollins  chapter  entered  Delta  Delta  DeUain  1914.  The 
Sigma  Phi  chapter  has  not  yet  been  provided  for. 

Conventions  are  held  biennially. 

A  magazine  called  the  Triangle  has  been  published  semi- 
annually since  1905.  A  song  book  was  published  in  1906 
and  a  directory  in  1909,  1912  and  1914.  A  secret  monthly 
is  published  called  the  Sigma  Script. 

The  badge  is  a  triangle  displajdng  a  skull  and  crossed 
bones  and  the  letters  **2  2  S.**  The  flag  is  of  purple  with  a 
diagonal  band  of  white  displaying  the  letters  2  2  S  in 
purple.  Above  the  band  is  a  white  triangle  and  below  a 
white  circle.  The  flower  is  the  purple  violet.  The  colors 
are  purple  and  white. 


Selta  ilappa  IfiH^i 

(Textile) 

This  fraternity  was  organized  November  i6,  1899,  ^i^ 

the  Philadelphia  Textile  School  by  J.  Patol  Jones, 

Chas.  E.  Washburn,  Harris  A.  Solomon  and  Leon  H.  Buck. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1899.  A,  Philadelphia  Textile  School 171 

1902.  B,  Lowell  Textile  School 206 

1917.  A,  New  Bedford  Textile  vSchool 59 

Active  chapters  3,  inactive  o.     Membership  436. 

The  government  is  through  a  convention  of  delegates 
from  the  chapters  with  an  interim  control  by  the  officers 
elected  at  the  conventions. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  directory  of  its  members. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  displaying  the  lettei^  "A  K  *'* 
a  shield  and  a  star.    The  colors  are  white  and  piuple. 


582 


mi  mi 

(Textile) 

npHIS  fraternity  was  founded  March  i8,  1903  at  the 
Philadelphia  Textile  School  by  Harold  H.  Hart  of 
Racine,  Wis.,  with  the  following  Charter  Members: — J. 
Ellsworth  Fite,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  J.  A.  Clay  pool,  Worth - 
ington,  Pa.;  Robert  L.  Dawson,  Ne\^  York  City;  and 
Paul  Benninghofen,  Hamilton,  Ohio.  It  was  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  on  April  14, 

1905- 
Membershi])  is  confined  to  students  in  textile  schools  or 

colleges    with    textile    departments.     They    also    admit 

to   honorary   membership   men    eminent   in   the    textile 

industry. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1903.  A,  Philadelphia  Textile  School 196 

1904.  B,  New  Bedford  Textile  School 95 

1904.   r,  Lowell  Textile  School 177 

1909.  A,  Bradford-Durfee  Textile  School 57 

1 9 16.  E,  North  Carolina  State  College 28 

1017.  Z,  Georgia  School  of  Technology 20 

Active  chapters  6.     Membership  573. 

The  Lowell  Textile  School  chapter  owns  its  own  house 
($10,500). 

The  government  is  by  "Grand  Council,"  which  meets 
annually  in  convention  in  the  city  in  which  the  active 
chapters  are  located. 

.S83 


584  PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

It  publishes  a  complete  Directory  of  active  and  alumni 
and  honoran''  members  evety  two  years. 

The  official  publication  is  The  Phi  Psi  Quarterly, 
founded  in  1913  and  issued  four  times  each  college  year. 

The  official  coat-of-arms  is  i8th  centur\''  shield  quartered 
surmounted  >^dth  a  crown  of  Denmark,  on  a  roll  of  the 
colors  of  the  shield  with  motto,  **Semper  ad  Perfectum/' 
below  the  shield. 

The  official  pin  of  this  Fraternity  is  a  diamond  shape 
with  a  gold  border  and  four  perpendicular  gold  bars  on  a 
black  face  containing  the  Greek  letters  4>  »r  in  gold. 

The  official  recognition  button  is  a  small  oval  of  black 
enamel  with  a  narrow  gold  edge  in  the  center  of  which  is  a 
relief  in  gold  representing  four  pillars  mounted  on  a  proper 
base  and  with  a  proper  cap. 


QTau  Selta  ^tgrna 

(£ngiiieering) 

This  is  a  professional  engineering  society  founded  at 
the  University  of  Syracuse  in  1905. 

The  chapters  are: — 

1 905.  Syracuse  University 

1909.  Lehigh  University 

I  Qi  I .  Brown  University 

Total  chapters  3 ;  membership  322. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  gear  wheel  circumscribed  around  a 
triangle  inclosing  a  monogram  of  the  letters  "T  A  S.'* 


(Engineeriiig) 


npHETA  Tau  was  founded  at  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota on  October  1 5,  1904,  by  Erick  J.  Schrader,  Edwin 
L.  Vinal,  W.  Murray  Lewis  and  Isaac  B.  Hanks.  It  was 
intended  to  be  a  piu-ely  professional  engineering  fraternity 
and  it  has  admitted  to  membership  persons  belonging  to 
the  undergraduate  Greek  Letter  fraternities.  Membership 
is  limited  to  students  of  engineering  and  the  policy  has 
been  to  enter  no  institution  where  mining  or  metallurgical 
engineering  is  not  taught,  but  each  chapter  is  at  liberty  to 
select  its  members  from  students  following  any  course  in 
engineering.  Honorary  membership  is  provided  for. 
Originally  the  fraternity  was  called  the  "Hammer  & 
Tongs.*'  The  name  was  changed  in  1910. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1904.  A,  University  of  Minnesota 190 

1906.  B,  Michigan  College  of  Mines 186 

1908.   r,  Colorado  School  of  Mines 130 

1911.  A,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 105 

1911.  E,  University  of  California 135 

1912.  Z,  University  of  Kansas 115 

1912.  H.  Mass.  Institute  of  Technology 116 

1913.  0,    Columbia  University 51 

58s 


586  PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 

19 16.     I,  Missouri  School  of  Mines 50 

19 16.  K,  University  of  Illinois 90 

Active  chapters  10,  inactive  o.     Membership  1,168. 

The  Beta  chapter  owns  a  house.  ($18,000).  The  Beta 
chapter  was  formed  from  the  Rhombohedron  Club,  the 
Gamma  from  the  Square  Set  Club,  the  Delta  from  SKA 
and  the  Eta  from  the  Delta  Club. 

There  are  alimmi  associations  in  Chica^^o,  in  the  twnn 
cities  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  Cleveland,  O.,  and 
Globe,  Arizona. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  through  a  biennial 
convention  of  delegates  from  the  active  and  alunmi 
chapters.  Between  its  sessions  the  government  is  in  the 
hands  of  an  Executive  Council  of  fi\c  members. 

The  fraternity  published  through  the  Beta  chapter  an 
annual  called  the  Gear  which  contained  chapter  letters, 
portrait  groups,  and  a  directory  of  the  members.  It  is 
now  published  directly  by  the  fraternity. 

The  badge  is  a  golden  gear  wheel  with  a  garnet  at  the 
hub,  the  lower  side  of  the  wheel  being  crossed  by  a  hammer 
and  a  pair  of  tongs.  The  letters  "0  T'*  are  displayed  be- 
tween the  spokes  of  the  upper  part  of  the  wheel.  The 
colors  are  dark  red  and  gold.  The  flower  is  the  Jac- 
queminot rose.  The  badge  was  formerly  a  skull  displaying 
the  letters  of  the  fraternity  on  the  forehead  and  siumount- 
ing  a  crossed  tongs  and  hammer.  The  fraternity  has  a 
coat  of  arms  showing  a  bridge  and  three  gear  wheels; 
crest,  a  hand  grasping  hammer  and  tongs.  Designed 
according  to  heraldic  customs. 


V 


(Students  of  Civil  Engineering) 

nPHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois May  15,   1907.     Scholarship  is   the   chief   cri- 
terion in  the  selection  of  members. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows,  the  chapters  being  named 
after  the  institutions  in  which  they  are  located. 

1907.  University  of  Illinois 196 

1910.  Purdue  University 168 

1911.  Ohio  State  University 172 

1913.  University  of  Wisconsin 102 

Active  chapters  4.     Inactive  o.     Membership  638. 

The  Illinois  chapter  ($15,000)  owns  its  house. 
Conventions  are  held  with  the  chapters  in  rotation. 

A  quarterly  is  published  called  the  Triangle  Review. 


\ 


587 


i^igma  6amma  Cps^iton 

(Geology,  Mining,  Metallurgy) 


TpHlS  fraternitx'  was  founded  at  the  University  of 
Kansas  in  191 5  by  W.  H.  Twenhofel,  Glenn  S.  Allen, 
Walter  E.  Rohrer,  Hugh  R.  Brown.  Clark  B.  Carpenter, 
Harry  E.  Crum,  Leland  Fiske,  George  Sammons,  A.  C. 
Ctdbertson.  Sherwin  Kelly. 

The  roll  is  as  follows : 
1915.   A,  University  of  Kansas 62 

1915.  B,  University  of  Pittsburgh 52 

1916.  I\  University  of  Oklahoma 50 

1917.  A,  University  of  Nebraska 72 

1919.  F^:,  University  of  Missouri 13 

Active^chapters  5,  inactive  o,  membership  249. 

The  go\'emment  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  general 
conventions  and  the  Grand  Coimcil. 

The  badge  is  diamond  shaped  bearing  hammer,  shovel, 
and  compass.  The  colors  are  blue  and  gold  on  a  field  of 
silver.     The  flower  is  the  white  carnation. 


588 


(Students  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy) 

npHIS  fraternity  is  ptirely  professional .     It  was  organized 
in  1894  at  the  Michigan  College  of  Mines. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1894.  A.   Michigan  College  of  Mines 301 

1910.  B,   University  of  Minnesota 125 

Active  chapters  2.     Inactive  o.     Membership  426. 

The  Alpha  chapter  owns  a  house  ($16,000). 


589 


(Public  Speakers  and  Acton) 


'M  W 


DHI  Alpha  Tau  was  organized  at  the  Emerson  School  of 
Oratory,  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1902  by  Herbert  D. 
Bard,  Frederick  H.  Koch,  Newton  B.  Hammond,  Lynn  B. 
Hammond,  Louis  J.  Rader,  and  Frederick  C.  Patterson. 
It  is  a  fraternity  of  persons  professionally  engaged  in 
all  forms  of  the  "Speech  Arts.'* 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1902.  A,  Emerson  College  of  Oratory. 
1904.  r,  University  of  Nebraska. 
191 2.  Z,   Carroll  College. 

1 914.  H,   University  of  Puget  Soimd. 

1915.  8,  Northwestern  College. 
191 5.  I,  University  of  Kansas. 
191 5.  K,  Syracuse  University. 

19 1 5.  A,  University  of  Texas. 

1916.  M,  University  of  Oklahoma. 
191 6.   N,  Pacific  University. 
1916    S,  University  of  Michigan. 

1 91 6.  O,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College. 

191 7.  n,  University  of  Arkansas. 

Active  chapters  13,  membership  1,017. 

590 


591 


PHI  ALPHA    TAU 


At  a  convention  held  at  Chicago  in  igio  a  constitution 
was  drafted.  At  a  meeting  held  at  Dcs  Moines.  Iowa,  in 
191 1  it  was  adopted  and  a  National  Council  provided  for. 

The  badge  is  a  large  *'*"  displaying  the  letters  *' A"  and 
T"  on  its  vertical  bar. 


(^mega  WipsHlon 

(Women) 

(Schools  of  Oratory  and  Physical  Culture) 

This  society  was  organized  in  1904  at  Northwestern 
University.     Members  of  the  Undergraduate  Sorori- 
ties arc  admitted. 

Following  is  the  chapter  roll: 

1904.     A,  Northwestern  University 165 

1909.     B,  Chicago  School  of  Physical  Expression.  ...    137 

191 2.     r,  Dr.  Savage's  Normal  School  (N.  Y.) 69 

1918.     A,  Chaffee  Noble  School  of  Expression,  Detroit  22 

Active  chapters  4;  membership  393 

The  badge  is  a  triangle  displaying  a  monogram  of  the 
letters  which  form  the  society's  name. 


Zeta  W  <£ta 

(Oratorical — Women) 

TpHIS  sorority  was  organized  at  the  Emerson  School  of 
Oratory  in  1893. 

The  chapters  are : 

1893.  A,  Emerson  School  of  Oratory  (Boston) 146 

1893.  B,  Northwestern  University 182 

1915.  A,  Syracuse  University 65 

1916.  E,  Brenau  College,  Gainesville,  Ga 42 

1919.  Z,  Southern  Methodist  University,  Dallas 26 

Chapters,  5.     Membership,  461. 

The  Syracuse  chapter  was  formed  from  the  local  society 
of  X  T. 

Conventions  have  been  held  annually. 

The  badge  is  an  oval  cameo  dis]:)laying  the  letters 
*Z  *  H"  in  white  and  surrounded  by  a  row  of  pearls. 
The  colors  are  rose  red  and  white. 


592 


(Dramatic) 

TpHIS  organization  was  founded  at  the  University  of 
Illinois  by  Mask  and  Bauble  in  191 4. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
191 4.  University  of  Illinois,  Mask  and  Bauble. 
1914.  University  of  Chicago,  Black  Friars  (1917). 
1 914.  Northwestern  University,  Campus  Players. 
1914.   University  of  Wisconsin,  Strut  and  Fret. 
1916.   Ohio  University  (Athens),  Revelers. 

1916.  University  of  Washington,  Mask  and  Quill. 

1917.  University  of  Oregon,  Masque  and  Buskin. 
Active  chapters  7.  inactive  i. 

The  system  of  government  is  through  a  convention  with 
an  intermediate  administration  of  five  national  officers. 
Conventions  are  held  yearly. 

Official  pubHcation,  The  Cue. 

The  badge  is  a  head  combining  the  symbols  of  tragedy 
and  comedy  with  a  band  across  theforehead  bearing  the 
letters  A.  U.  P. 


593 


i^tgma  Selta  Cbi 

(JoumAlistic) 


1 

^  PROFESSIONAL  society  organized  at  DePauw 
University,  April  17,  1909,  by  Roy  Millikan,  Edward 
Lockwood,  Aldis  Hutchins,  Marion  Hedges,  Paul  Riddick, 
Charles  Fisher,  Eugene  Pulliam,  William  H.  Gleen  and 
Laurence  H.  Sloan.  Its  members  are  chosen  from  the 
senior  and  junior  classes,  and  from  sophomores  during  the 
latter  half  of  the  sophomore  year,  and  must  have  given 
evidence  of  intellectual  ability  in  the  field  of  journalism 
and  have  a  definite  intention  of  following  journalism  as  a 
profession.  Honorary  members  are  admitted. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1909.  DePauw  University 

1910.  University  of  Kansas 

1910.     University  of  Michigan 

1910.     Denver  University 

1910.  University  of  Virginia  (191 1) 

191 1.  University  of  Washington 

1911.     Purdue  University 

594 


SIGMA    DELTA    CHI  595 

911.  Ohio  State  University 

911.  University  of  Wisconsin 

912.  University  of  Iowa 

912.  University  of  Illinois 

912.  University  of  Pennsylvania  (1914) 

913.  University  of  Missouri 

913.    University  of  Texas 

913.    University  of  Oregon 

913.  University  of  Oklahoma 

914.  Indiana  University 

914.    University  0/  Nebraska 

914.  Iowa  State  College 

915.  Stanford  University 

915.  University  of  Montana 

915.  Louisiana  State  University  

915.  Kansas  State  College 

915.  University  of  Maine 

915.  University  of  Chicago  (1917) 

915.  Beloit  College 

916.  University  of  Minnesota 

916.  Miami  University 

917.  Knox  College 

917.  Western  Reserve  University 

919.  Grinnell  College 

Active  chapters  28;  inactive  chapters  3;  membership 
1,800. 

The  government  of  the  society  is  through  a  biennial 
convention  of  delegates  with  a  recess  government  by  an 
Executive  Council  of  fiva  national  officers. 


596 


PROFESSIONAL   FRATERNITIES 


The  Quill  is  the  name  of  a  quarterly  journal  now  in  its 
seventh  volume  and  published  at  Detroit. 

The  badge  is  a  shield  with  concave  sides  displaying  a 
scroll  inscribed  with  the  letters  **2  A  X."  The  scroll  is 
pierced  with  a  quill.  To  the  left  is  a  Greek  lamp  and 
to  the  right  a  five  pointed  star.  The  colors  are  black  and 
white. 


Al;tlfa  111)0  (Elfi 

(Architecturo) 


npHIS  fraternity  is  a  professional  one  comprising  stu- 
dents of  architecture.     It  was  formed  in  19 14  by 
the  tmion  of  S  Y  at  the  University  of  Michigan  and  the 
Arcus  Club  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 
1914.  Anthentios,  University  of  Illinois 78 

1914.  Iktinos,  University  of  Michigan 86 

1915.  Demetrios,  Ohio  State  University 64 

191 6.  MnesideSy  University  of  Minnesota 38 

Active  chapters' 4.     Inactive  o.     Membership  266. 
The  Ohio  State  chapter  was  formed  from  a  local  society 

TEX,  the  Minnesota  chapter  was  formed  from  and 
absorbed  the  Cyma  Club. 

The  government  is  of  usual  form. 

A  publication  called  the  Archi  is  issued  semi-annually. 
The  badj^e  is  an  inverted  triangle  supporting  an  Ionic 
colimin  and  capital,  displaying  sundr>'  architectural 
elements  and  the  letters  A  P  X.  The  colors  are  maroon 
and  nav}'  blue. 


5>7 


i^catafa 

(Architecture) 

TH  is  fraternity  is  a  professional  fraternity  founded  at 
the  University  of  Illinois  in  1909. 

It  has  the  following  chapters  or  temples: 

1909.  Karnack,  University  of  Illinois 

Edfou,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 

Ipsim  Boule,  Washington  University 

Thebes,  Pennsylvania  State  College 

Chapters  4;  membership  150 


598 


9elta  i^tgma  $i 

(Commerce) 


A  fraternity  organized  to  foster  the  study  of  business  in 
luiiversities;  to  encourage  scholarship  and  the  asso- 
ciation of  students  for  their  mutual  advancement  bv 
research  and  practice;  to  promote  closer  affiliation  be- 
tween the  commercial  world  and  students  of  commerce 
and  to  further  a  higher  standard  of  commercial  ethics 
and  culture  and  the  civic  and  commercial  welfare  of  the 
community. 

This  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  School  of  Commerce, 
Accounts  and  Finance  of  New  York  University  in  1907 
by  Alexander  F.  Makay  and  three  other  students.  The 
chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1907.  A,  New  York  University 280 

1914.  B,  Northwestern  University 125 

1916.  r,  Boston  University 50 

Active  chapters,  4;   membership,  455. 

Conventions  have  been  held  annually.  During  the 
interim  between  the  sessions  of  the  convention  the  fra- 
ternity is  governed  by  a  Council  called  the*'  National  Body" 
composed  of  six  members  all  of  whom  must  be  alumni. 

The  national  body  publishes  a  monthly  called  the 
Deltasig,  and  the  chapters  publish  weeklies.     A  directory 

was  published  in  191 7. 

599 


HONORARY    FRATERNITIES 

Explanatory  Note 

All  of  the  honorary  fraternities  have  to  some  extent 
been  patterned  after  Ph*  Beta  Kappa  as  it  is  now  consti- 
tuted. Generally  membership  in  them  is  determined 
primarily  by  ability  in  some  chosen  field  of  intellectual 
endeavor  and  if  social  qualities  are  considered  they  are 
secondary. 

All  of  these  fraternities  admit  the  members  of  all  other 
fraternities,  including  those  of  other  honorary  fraternities. 
Some  of  them  are  confined  to  students  pursuing  certain 
courses  and  it  is  difficult  to  draw  the  line  between  them 
and  a  professional  fraternity,  and  others  like  Tau  Beta  Pi 
are  emphasizing  the  social  element  and  encouraging  their 
members  to  enter  houses  and  to  assume  some  or  all 
of  the  characteristics  of  a  regular  undergraduate  organi- 
zation. 

In  many  colleges  membership  in  the  professional 
fraternities  is  highly  coveted  and  regarded  as  an  honor 
and  the  professional  fraternities  like  *  A  O  and  N  S  N  are 
In  such  institutions  often  classed  as  honorary  ^latemities. 

1 1  mieht  be  said  that  there  are  too  many  cf  these  frater- 
nities in  conflicting  fields  and  their  consolidation  or  sim- 
plification would  be  of  benefit  to  all. 


600 


^i  Veta  llamta 


•"T^HE  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  was  organized  on  the  gth 

day  of  December,  1776,  at  the  College  o£  William 
and  Mary,  Williamsburg,  Virginia.  The  founders  were 
John  Heath,  Thomas  Smith.  Richard  Booker,  Armistead 
Smith,  and  John  Jones.  Heath  was  the  moving  spirit 
and  first  president  of  the  society.  Their  first  meeting 
was  held  in  the  Apollo  Room  in  the  Raleigh  Tavern, 
which  Patrick  Henry  had  made  famous  by  his  great 
speech.  At  this  meeting  the  Greek  motto,  from  the 
initial  letters  of  which  the  society  derived  its  name,  was 
adopted  and  a  square  silver  medal  was  made  its  distinctive 
emblem.  This  was  to  be  engraved  on  one  side  with  the 
initials  "S.  P."  and  on  the  other  with  the  letters  "*  B  K.'' 


niMi^Mit; 


other  the  tettni  "P.  H.C'inB  monoi»m  and  btneath  mi  the  dittg  "Nov.  XI. 
MDCCL"  and  motto  "Stobilitas  et  Pidei."  AmoiiB  the  membeii  were  St.  Georae 
Tucker,  Thomii  Jofler«n.  Geoige  Wj-ihe,  Robert  Birlor  nod  Bdmund  Randolph 
Tha  lodetT  hbiiu  to  have  been  sociil  and  Utscary  and  much  like  Phi  Del* 
Kappa  lod  tb*  wrlier  tratwoltUi  at  Uoloa. 


6o2  HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 

On  the  early  medals  the  date  "December  5, 1776/*  appears. 
Gradually  this  form  of  emblem  was  replaced  by  the 
familiar  key. 

On  January  5,  1777,  the  founders  added  to  their  num- 
ber Daniel  Fitzhugh,  John  Stuart,  Theodoric  Fitzhugh, 
and  John  Stark,  and  entered  into  a  solemn  covenant  to 
preserve  the  secrets  of  the  society  and  to  promote  and 
advance  its  interests.  They  designed  a  rather  drastic 
**oath  of  fidelity,"  which  was  administered  to  all  the 
members.  They  likewise  adopted  a  number  of  * 'resolves,*' 
which,  taken  as  a  whole,  formed  a  constitution  or  body 
of  organic  law. 

Meetings  were  first  held  monthly,  then  semi-monthly, 
and  finally  weekly,  and  seem  to  have  possessed  the  same 
character  as  the  meetings  of  the  college  fraternities  of 
today,  although  there  was  probably  more  of  a  literary 
element  than  usually  obtains  at  modem  chapter  meetings. 
Essays  were  read,  orations  spoken  and  subjects  for  dis- 
cussion debated.  In  addition  all  of  the  essential  charac- 
teristics of  the  Greek-letter  fraternity  were  adopted. 
They  developed  a  ritual  and  a  grip  and  had  ideas  of 
making  a  widespread  organization. 

In  December,  1778,  a  resolution  was  passed  that  non- 
collegians  be  admitted  to  the  privileges  of  the  society, 
and  also  that  branches  should  be  established  elsewhere 
for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  extension  of  the  society.  In 
July,  1779,  a  charter  was  granted  to  Samuel  Hardy  to 
institute  a  **B**  branch,  and  shortly  afterwards  another 
to  William  Short  for  a  'T,"  and  a  third  to  William  Cabel 
for  a  "A."     In  the  meantime  Elisha  Parmele,  a  yotmg 


PHI  BETA   KAPPA  603 

graduate  of  Harvard,  who  had  also  been  a  student  at 
Yale,  had  been  initiated,  and  in  December,  1779,  he  asked 
that  a  charter  be  granted  to  him  for  an  *'E"  at  Harvard, 
and  a  **Z*'  at  Yale.  In  March,  1780,  a  charter  was 
granted  to  John  Beckley  to  establish  an  **H"  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  and  in  May,  one  to  George  L.  Turberville  to  institute 
a  "e**  at  Westmoreland,  Va.  Of  the  fate  of  these  local 
chapters  nothing  further  is  known.  In  January,  1781, 
the  meetings  of  the  society  were  suspended,  owing  to 
the  approach  of  the  contending  armies.  The  papers  of 
the  society  were  sealed  up  and  placed  in  the  custody  of 
the  college  steward,  and  the  parent  chapter  of  ^  B  K 
ceased  to  exist.  Probably  nothing  more  would  have  been 
heard  of  the  society  had  it  not  been  for  the  granting  of 
charters  to  Yale  and  Harvard.  In  April,  1780,  Mr. 
Parmele  made  his  first  move  toward  the  establishment  of 
the  chapter  at  Yale  by  initiating  four  men  at  Goshen, 
Conn.,  his  native  place,  and  in  November,  1780,  the  chap- 
ter was  organized  at  New  Haven,  when  a  dozen  graduates 
and  a  large  ntmiber  of  seniors  and  juniors  were  admitted. 
This  chapter  was  called  the  ''Alpha  of  Connecticut,"  and 
not  the  '*Zeta''  as  had  been  contemplated.  It  seems  to 
have  had  little  or  no  intercourse  with  the  parent  chapter 
after  its  establishment.  In  September,  1781,  after  the 
death  of  the  parent  chapter,  the  * 'Alpha  of  Massachusetts 
Bay'  *  was  established  at  Harvard.  Each  of  these  branches 
was  given  the  power  of  establishing  inferior  branches 
within  their  own  States,  while  the  original  Virginia  chapter 
retained  the  right  of  introducing  the  society  into  new 
States.     In   September,    1787,   however,   the  Yale  and 


6o4  HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 

Harvard  chapters  joined  in  establishing  the  "Alpha 
of  New  Hampshire'*  at  Dartmouth.  The  members  of 
the  Yale,  Harvard  and  Dartmouth  chapters  were  all 
chosen  from  the  senior  and  jtmior  classes.  The  scholar- 
ship record  of  the  candidates  came  more  and  more  to  be 
a  controlling  factor  in  their  selection. 

At  Yale,  the  meetings  were  held  semi-monthly  and 
then  monthly,  and  the  exercises  consisted  of  an  oration 
and  debate.  There  was  usually  a  supper  provided  on 
the  night  of  December  5,  when  the  anniversary  of  the 
society  was  celebrated.  After  a  while,  however,  the 
supper  was  abolished,  and  the  annual  jollification  took 
place  at  the  time  of  the  initiation. 

In  18 1 7  the  three  existing  chapters  joined  in  charter- 
ing the  "Alpha  of  New  York**  at  Union  College.  Until 
the  re-organization  of  1883  the  rule  prevailed  that  the 
co-operation  of  all  the  "Alpha"  chapters  was  required  to 
establish  an  Alpha  in  a  new  State,  but  that  each  Alpha 
could  charter  other  chapters  in  its  own  State.  The 
"Alpha  of  New  Jersey**  at  Rutgers  College  was  the  last 
Alpha  established  imder  this  rule,  and  the  "0**  of  New 
York  at  Cornell  was  the  last  chapter  to  receive  its  charter 
from  an  Alpha. 

In  183 1  as  a  result  of  the  agitation  against  all  secret 
societies  then  prevalent,  the  Harvard  chapter  gave  up 
its  secrets.  With  the  charm  of  mystery  gone,  its  attrac- 
tion as  an  active  imdergraduate  organization  ceased,  and 
it  assimied  a  somewhat  formal  character. 

In  all  of  the  chapters,  the  custom  grew  up  of  holding 
formal  meetings  at  commencement  time  only,  when  the 


PHI  BETA   KAPPA  605 

new  members  were  initiated  and  an  oration  and  poem 
by  some  distinguished  member  were  listened  to.  It 
became  a  matter  of  course  that  all  the  honor  men  and 
other  distinguished  students  in  a  class  should  be  elected 
to  membership.  Down  to  188 1,  all  of  the  chapters  seem 
to  have  possessed  the  following  characteristics,  viz.,  the 
delivery  of  an  oration  and  poem  in  public  at  commence- 
ment time,  and  the  holding  of  a  business  meeting  in  pri- 
vate, when  the  officers  and  members  for  the  ensuing  year 
were  chosen,  the  former  being  graduates  and  the  latter  the 
best  scholars  of  the  incoming  senior  class. 

In  1 88 1,  the  Harvard  chapter  invited  the  other  chap- 
ters, twenty-three  in  nimiber,  to  send  delegates  to  attend 
the  celebration  of  the  centemiial  anniversary  of  its  estab- 
lishment, and  requested  that  such  delegates  be  given 
power  to  represent  their  chapters  and  constitute  them- 
selves into  a  convention.  Twenty-nine  delegates,  repre- 
senting twelve  chapters,  accordingly  met  at  Cambridge 
Jiine  30,  188 1. 

The  inactive  condition  of  affairs  was  discussed  and 
the  inactivity  of  the  chapters  deplored,  but  nothing 
was  done,  and  the  meeting  adjourned  to  meet  at  New 
York  City  in  October.  At  the  second  meeting,  sixteen 
chapters  were  represented.  It  was  resolved  to  recom- 
mend the  creation  of  a  national  council,  and  to  adopt  a 
constitution,  to  go  into  effect  upon  its  ratification  by 
twelve  chapters.  A  third  meeting  was  held  at  Saratoga 
Springs,  Sept.  6,  1882.  The  constitution  was  adopted 
by  the  convention,  and  aften\^ards  by  sixteen  chapters. 

The  constitution  thus  adopted  was  called  the  constitu- 


6o6  HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 

tion  of  the  "United  Chapters  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
Society."  It  has  fourteen  articles.  It  provides  for  a 
national  council  (convention)  consisting  of  senators  and 
delegates.  Each  chapter  is  entitled  to  send  three  dele- 
gates, each  of  whom  must  be  a  graduate  of  at  least  five 
years*  standing.  The  senators  are  twenty  in  ntimber,  and 
are  divided  into  two  classes,  the  terms  of  which  expire  at 
the  adjournment  of  alternate  sessions  of  the  council.  The 
senators  are  elected  by  the  delegates.  The  president  of 
the  council  must  be  chosen  from  among  the  senators. 
During  the  sessions  of  the  council,  the  senate  has  no 
separate  existence,  its  members  being  simply  members  of 
the  council,  but  when  the  council  is  not  in  session  the 
senate  constitutes  a  permanent  executive  for  the  society, 
holding  its  own  meetings.  The  council  meets  in  Septem- 
ber of  every  third  year. 

The  first  meeting  imder  the  new  constitution  was  held 
at  Saratoga  Springs,  September  5,  1883,  and  thirteen 
chapters  were  represented.  The  first  senate  was  then 
.  elected,  and  arrangements  were  made  to  raise  a  fund 
wherewith  to  administer  the  affairs  of  the  society.  Since 
then  the  administration  of  the  fraternity  has  been  regu- 
larly carried  on,  and  the  following  is  the  present  roll  of 
chapters.  All  of  the  chapters  positively  known  to  have 
existed  have  joined  the  leorganized  society. 

1776.  A  oj  Va.,  William  and  Mary  College.* 

1780.  A  oJ  Conn,,  Yale  University. 

1 781.  A  of  Mass,,  Harvard  University. 


*As  this  is  purely   an  honorary  society  and  members  of  the  undergraduate 
f  ratemitiei  join  it,  no  enumeratipn  is  attempted  of  its  members. 


PHI  BETA   KAPPA  607 

1787.  AofN.H.,  Dartmouth  College. 

181 7.  A  of  N.  y.,  Union  University. 

1825.  A  of  Maine,  Bowdoin  College. 

1830.  A  of  R,  /.,  Brown  University. 

1845.  B  of  Conn.,  Trinity  College. 

1845.  r  of  Conn.,  Wesleyan  University. 

1847.  A  of  Ohio,  Western  Reserve  University. 

1848.  A  of  VU,  University  of  Vermont. 
1 85 1.  A  of  Ala.,  University  of  Alabama. 
1853.  B  of  Mass.,  Amherst  College. 
1858.  B  of  Ohio,  Kenyon  College. 
1858.  B  of  N.  Y.,  New  York  University. 
i860,  r  of  Ohio,  Marietta  College. 
1864.  r  of  Mass.,  Williams  College. 

1867.  r  of  N.  Y.,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

1868.  B  of  VL,  Middlebury  College. 

1869.  A  of  N.  J.,  Rutgers  College. 

1869.  A  of  N.  Y.,  Columbia  College. 

1870.  E  of  N.  Y.,  Hamilton  College. 

187 1.  Z  of  N.  Y.,  Hobart  College. 
1878.  H  of  N.  y.,  Colgate  University. 
1882.  e  of  N.  Y.,  Cornell  University. 
1887.  A  of  Pa.,  Dickinson  College. 
1887.  B  c{/Po.,  Lehigh  University. 
1887.  '  of  N.  Y.,  Rochester  University. 

1889.  A  of  Ind.,  DePauw  University. 

1890.  A  of  Ills.,  Northwestern  University. 
1890.  A  of  Kans.,  University  of  Kansas. 
1890.  r  of  Pa.,  Lafayette  College. 

1892.  A  of  Mass.,  Tufts  College. 


6o8  HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 

1892.  A  0]  Minn.,  University  of  Minnesota. 

1892.  A  of  Pa.,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

1895.  k  of  Md.y  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

1895.  A  of  Iowa,  University  of  Iowa. 

1895.  K  oj  Neb.,  University  of  Nebraska. 

1896.  B  of  Me.,  Colby  College. 

1896.  K  of  N.  Y.,  Syracuse  University. 

1896.  ¥j  of  Pa.,  Swarthmore  College. 

1898.  B  of  hid.,  Wabash  College. 

1898.  A  of  Cal.,  University  of  California. 

1899.  M  of  N.  Y.,  Vassar  College. 
1899.  Z  of  Pa.,  Haverford  College. 
1899.  A  of  Wis.,  University  of  Wisconsin. 
1899.  K  of  Mass.,  Boston  University. 
1899.  A  of  Ohio,  University  of  Cincinnati. 
1899.  B  of  N.  J.,  Princeton  University. 
1899.  A  of  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  University. 
1899.  B  of  Ills.,  University  of  Chicago. 

1 90 1.  A  of  Tenn.,  Vanderbilt  University. 

1 90 1.  A  of  Mo.,  University  of  Missouri. 

1902.  H  of  Pa.,  Allegheny  College. 

1904.  A  of  Colo.,  University  of  Colorado. 

1904.  Z  of  Mass.,  Smith  College. 

1904.  B  of  Cal.,  Stanford  University. 

1904.  A  of  N.  C,  University  of  North  Carolina. 

1904.  E  of  Ohio,  Ohio  State  University. 

1904.  II  of  Mass.,  Wellesley  College. 

1904.  B  of  Colo.,  Colorado  College. 

1905.  H  of  Mass.,  Mt.  Holyoke  College. 
1905.  A  of  Tex.,  University  of  Texas. 


PHI  BETA    KAPPA  609 

1905.  B  of  Md.,  Goucher  College.  •» 

1907.  A  of  Mick.,  University  of  Michigan. 

1907.  r  of  III.,  University  of  Illinois. 

1907.  Z  of  Ohio,  Oberlin  University. 

1907.  H  of  Ohio,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University. 

1908.  B  of  Iowa,  GrinncU  College. 

1908.  e  of  PetiM.,  Franklin  and  Marshall  College. 

1909.  A  of  La.,  Tulane  University. 

1909.  B  of  Va.,  University  of  Virginia. 

1910.  A  of  W.Va.,  University  of  West  Virginia. 

1911.  B  of  Wi3.,  Beloit  College. 

1911.  r  of  Ind.,  University  of  Indiana. 

1911.  r  of  Va.,  Washington  and  Lee  University. 

1911.  ©  of  Ohio,  Denison  University. 

1911.  I  of  Ohio.  Miami  University. 

1914.  if  o/JV/(H«.,  Carleton  College. 

1914.  Af/Ga.,  Univcrsityof  Georgia. 

1Q14.  riT/iy/j.,  Lawrence  College. 

1914.  \of  N.  D.,  University  of  North  Dakota. 

1914.  r  of  CaL.  Pomona  College. 

1914.  [  of  Alass..  Radcliff  College. 

1914.  A  of  Wash.,  Un-vcrsity  of  Washington. 

IQ14.  B  of  Mo..  Washington  University. 

1917.  i  of  III.,  Knox  College. 

1917.  A  of  Va.,  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College. 

1917.  V  of  Maine.  Bates  College. 

No  charters  are  now  granted,  unless  the  students 
at  the  institution  to  be  chartered  are  pursuing  a  course 
terminating  in  an  "A.  B."  degree,  or  its  equivalent. 
Women  are  admitted  on  an  equality  with  men.     This 


6io 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


was  obvioiisly  not  intended  by  the  founders,  but  fidelity 
to  the  test  of  scholarship  required  it. 

The  older  chapters  have  quite  generally  printed  cata- 
logues of  their  members.  The  newer  chapters  usually 
tender  elections  to  the  honor  men  of  previous  classes,  and 
so  the  membership  is  out  of  proportion  to  the  age  of  the 
society.  An  interesting  pamphlet,  describing  the  society, 
was  issued  by  the  then  secretary,  Rev.  E.  B.  Parsons,  of 
Williamstown,  Mass.,  in  1897,  and  a  general  catalogue, 
compiled  by  the  same  gentleman,  in  1900. 

In  191 1  the  publication  of  a  quarterly  periodical  called 
the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Key  was  commenced  at  New  York. 

The  badge  of  the  society  is  an  oblong  key  of  gold,  on 
one  side  of  which  are  engraved  the  letters  ***  BK,"  and 
a  hand  pointing  to  three  stars;  on  the  reverse  is  the 
owner's  name  and  **S.  P.,  Dec.  5,  1776." 


(Schools  of  Commerce) 


A  LPHA  Kappa  Psi  was  founded  Oct.  5,  1904,  at  the 
School  of  Commerce,  Accounts  and  Finance  of  New 
York  University  by  Nathan  Lane,  Jr.,  Daniel  V.  Duff, 
George  L.  Bergen,  Wm.  0.  Tremaine,  Morris  S.  Rachmie, 
Frederick  R.  Leach,  Irving  L.  Camp,  Robert  S.  Douglas, 
Herbert  M.  Wright,  and  Howard  M.  Jefferson. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
904.  A,  New  York  University 

910.  B,  University  of  Denver ' 

911.  r,  Northwestern  University 

912.  A,  University  of  Pittsburgh. 

913.  R,  University  of  Illinois. 

914.  Z,  University  of  Nebraska  . . . 
914.  11,  University  of  Cincinnati. 
<;i4.  0,  Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

914.  1,    University  of  Texas. 

915.  K,  University  of  Oregon. 
915.  A,  University  of  Oklahoma. 

915.  M,  Ohio  State  University. 

916.  N,  Boston  University. 

916.  S,  Harvard  University  (1918). 

917.  B.  University  of  Montana. 

918.  n,  Georgia  School  of  Technology. 
Active  chapters  1 5 .     Inactive  i .     Membership  725. 
The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  three  letters  A  K  NT. 

611 


6l2 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


The  colors  are  blue  and  gold.     The  flower  is  the  chry- 
santhemtmi. 

The  conventions  are  held  anntially. 

A  periodical  is  issued  called  the  Alpha  Kappa  Psi  Diary. 


(Schools  of  Medicine) 


An  honorary  medical  senior  society,  organized 
August  25,  1902,  somewhat  after  the  style  of  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa.  The  active  workings  of  the  society 
are,  however,  in  the  hands  of  the  imdergraduate  members, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  faculty  members.  Member- 
ship is  based  upon  scholarship.  The  founder  is  William 
W.  Root. 

The  chapters  are : 
1902.  A,  of  Ills.,  University  of  Illinois. 

1902.  B,  of  Ills.,  University  of  Chicago. 

1903.  r,  of  Ills.,  Northwestern  University. 
1903.  A,  of  Ohio,  Western  Reserve  University. 
1903.  A,  of  Penna.,  Jefferson  Medical  College. 
1903.  B,  of  Penna.,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

1905.  A,  of  Mo.,  Washington  University. 

1906.  A,  of  Mass.,  Harvard  University. 
1906,  A,  of  Cal.,  University  of  California. 

613 


6i4 


1:0 NORA  R  Y  FRA  TERNITIKS 


1906.  A,  oj  Md.,  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

1906.  A,  of  Ow/.,  University  of  Toronto. 

1907.  A,  of  N.  y.,  Columbia  University. 

1907.  A,  of  Mich.  University  of  Michigan. 

1908.  A,  of  Minn.,  University  of  Minnesota. 

1910.  B,  of  N.  Y.,  Cornell  University. 

1911.  r,  of  N.  y.,  Syracuse  University. 
191 1.  A,  of  Que.,  McGill  University. 

19 1 4    A,  0/  Neb. ,  University  of  Nebraska. 
1 9 1 4.  A,  of  La. ,  Tulane  University. 
191 6.  B,  of  Ohio,  University  of  Cincinnati. 
1 91 6.   r,  of  Pa.,  University  of  Pittsburgh. 
1916.  A,  of  Ind.,  Indiana  University. 

Honorary  members  are  provided  for  but  their  election 
is  restricted.  The  government  of  the  society  is  vested 
in  a  board  of  seven  directors  six  of  whom  are  chosen 
by  the  chapters  and  one  by  the  board.  Conventions  are 
he'd  coincident  with  the  meetings  of  the  American  Medical 
Association.  The  society  is  not  social  in  its  nature  and  is 
intended  to  elevate  the  standard  of  the  medical  profession. 
Women  are  admitted  upon  the  same  terms  as  men. 

The  badge  is  a  golden  watch  key  displaying  the  letters 
•*A  Q  A'*  and  the  date  1902. 


icilpfia  Ki  ftigma 

(Forestry) 

npHIS  fraternity  was  established  at  Syracuse  University 
in  19 1 6.     It  is  a  purely  honorary  organization. 

The  chapters  are: 

19 16.  A,  Syracuse  University. 

1 91 7.  B,  Pennsylvania  State  College. 


615 


9Ip()a  2eta 

(Agricultural) 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  established  October  28,  1897,  at  the 
College  of  Agriculture  of  the  Ohio  State  University 
by  John  F.  Ctinningham  and  Charles  W.  Burkett.  It  is 
a  purely  honorary  organization  and  does  not  conflict 
with  the  undergraduate  fraternities.  The  chapter  roll  is 
as  follows,  the  chapters  being  usually  named  for  persons 
prominent  in  some  way  with  respect  to  agriculture  or 
after  the  locality  of  the  chapter: 

1897.  Townshend,  Ohio  State  University 

1898.  Morrill,  Pennsylvania  State  College 

1900.  Morr(m\  University  of  Illinois 

1901.  Cornell,  Cornell  University 

1903.  Kedzie,  Michigan  Agricultural  College 

1903.  Granite,  New  Hampshire  Agricultural  College. . 

1904.  Nebraska,  University  of  Nebraska 

1904.  North  Carolina,  N.  C.  A.  &  M.  College 

1905.  La  Grange,  University  of  Minnesota 

1905.  Green  Mountain,  University  of  Vermont 

1906.  Wilson,  Iowa  State  College 

1907.  Babcock,  University  of  Wisconsin 

1907.  Centennial,  University  of  Colorado 

616 


ALPHA  ZETA  617 

1908.  Maine,  University  of  Maine 

1908.  Missouri,  University  of  Missouri 

1909.  Ellicott,  Washington  State  College 

1909.  Calijornia,  University  of  California. .' 

1910.  Purdue,  Purdue  University 

191 1.  Kansas,  University  of  Kansas 

191 1.  Dacotah,  N.  Dakota  Agricultural  College 

191 2.  Scovell,  University  of  Kentucky,  r' 

191 2.  Morgan,  University  of  Tennessee 

1914.  Georgia,  University  of  Georgia 

1916.  Louisiana,  Louisiana  State  University 

1 9 16.  Oklahmna,  Oklahoma  Agricultural  College 

191 7.  Arkansas,  University  of  Arkansas 

Active  chapters  26. 

The  Cornell,  Pennsylvania  State  and  Minnesota 
chapters  owti  houses.     Total  3;   total  valuation  $65,000. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  **High 
Council'*  consisting  of  the  five  officers  of  the  conventions. 
The  conventions  are  biennial. 

There  are  four  classes  jof  membership  (i)  active,  (2) 
alumni,  (3)  associate,  (4)  honorary.  Any  white  male 
student  receiving  instruction  in  Agriculture  in  an  institu- 
tion having  a  chapter  of  Alpha  Zeta  may  be  elected  to 
membership  in  that  chapter,  provided  he  has  completed 
at  least  three  semesters  of  his  college  work,  and  that  the 
average  of  his  grades  shall  place  him  in  the  upper  two-fifths 
of  his  class,  and  that  he  be  of  good  character  and  shall 
have  qualities  of  leadership. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  journal  called  the  Alpha  Zeta 
Quarterly. 


6i8 


HONORARY  i^RATERNITlES 


The  badge  worn  by  undergraduate  members  is  a  mono- 
gram of  the  *'A'*  over  the  **Z."  The  colors  are  mauve 
and  blue. 

The  key  is  worn  by  alumni,  associate  and  honorary 
members. 


(Schools  of  Commerce) 


RETA  Gamma  Sigma  was  founded  February  23,  1913, 
by  the  Union  of  three  local  societies,  viz.,  Beta 
Gamma  Sigma  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin;  Delta 
Kappa  Chi  at  the  University  of  Illinois  and  the  Economics 
Club  at  the  University  of  California.  The  chapter  roll 
is  as  follows: 

19 13.  A  of  Wis,,  University  of  Wisconsin 89 

1913.  A  of  Ills,,    University  of  Illinois 105 

1913.  A  of  CaL,    University  of  California 89 

1916.  A  of  Pa.,       University  of  Pennsylvania 62 

1917T  AoiN.  y.,  Coltmibia  University 24 

1918.  A  of  Ga.,       University  of  Georgia 10 

1918.  A  of  Wash.,  University  of  Washington 22 

The  government  is  of  usual  form  by  a  convention  meet- 
ing biennially  and  an  intermediate  administration  by 
national  officers.  The  badge  is  a  rectangular  shield  dis- 
playing the  society's  name  on  a  diagonal  band.  , 


619 


ielta  9«i  liappa 

( Gsrmnastic — Women) 

T^HIS  fraternity  is  an  honorary  professional  organization 
of  physical  education  for  women.  It  was  founded 
at  the  Normal  College — North  American  G>Tnnastic  Union 
at  Indianapolis  on  October  23,  1916.  There  were  twelve 
in  the  group  of  founders. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : — 

1916.  A,  Normal  College  N.  A.  G.  U 76 

191 7.  B,  Stetson  University 23 

191 7.  r,  University  of  Oklahoma 73 

1 918.  A,  Posse  School  of  Gymnastics,  Boston 46 

1918.  E,  University  of  Southern  California 17 

Active  chapters  5,  membership  235. 

The  government  is  by  a  convention  held  every  four 
years. 

A  periodical  called  The  Foil  is  issued  three  times  during 
the  year. 

The  colors  are  old  gold  and  turquoise  blue.  The  flower 
is  the  Aaron  Wood  rose. 


620 


(Forensic) 


npHIS  society  was  organized  at  Chicago,  April  13,  1906, 
by  representatives  from  the  following  universities, 
viz.:  Chicago,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
Nebraska  and  Wisconsin.  The  organization  grew  out  of 
the  simultaneous  conception  of  the  idea  by  professors  E.  E. 
McDermott  of  Minnesota,  and  H.  E.  Gordon  of  Iowa. 
Their  correspondence  resulted  in  the  organization  referred, 
to. 

A  simple  constitution  was  adopted.  The  purpose  of 
the  society  is  **to  encourage  sincere  and  effective  public 
speaking."  The  constitution  provides  that  charters  shall 
be  granted  only  to  such  institutions  which  have  for  at  least 
five  consecutive  years  preceding  its  application  participated 
in  at  least  one  intercollegiate  contest  in  each  year  in  which 
it  shall  ha\^e  displayed  a  high  grade  of  efficiency  in  public 
speaking  and  whose  forensic  contests  arc  under  faculty 
supervision,  provided  the  general  standard  of  scholarship 
at  such  institution  is  high  enough  to  have  its  degrees  fully 
accredited  at  any  of  the  standard  post  graduate  schools. 
There  are  no  honorary  members  as  only  those  persons  are 

6ai 


622  HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


« 


•  • 


eligible  who  have  represented  their  college  in  a  speaking 
capacity  in  an  intercollegiate  contest. 
The  roll  of  the  chapters  is  as  follows : 

1906.  University  of  Chicago 

1906.  University  of  Illinois 

1906.  University  of  Iowa 

1906.  University  of  Michigan 

1906.  University  of  Minnesota 

1906.  University  of  Nebraska 

1906.  Northwestern  University 

1906.  University  of  Wisconsin 

1907.  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 

1908.  George  Washington  University 

1908.  University  of  Indiana 

1908.  University  of  Virginia 

1908.  University  of  Missouri 

1909.  Beloit  College 

'1909.  Brown  University 

1909.  Harvard  University 

1909.  Iowa  State  College 

1909.  University  of  Pennsylvania 

1909.  University  of  Texas 

1909.  Yale  University 

1910.  University  of  Colorado 

1910.  Columbia  University 

19 10.  Dartmouth  College 

1910.  University  of  Kansas 

1910.  Ohio  State  University 

1910.  Syracuse  University 

1910.  Wesleyan  University 


DELTA   SIGMA   RHO  623 

910.  Williams  College 

911.  Albion  College 

9 1 1^  Carleton  College 

911.  Cornell  University 

911.  Knox  College - 

911.  University  of  North  Dakota 

911.  Princeton  University 

911.  Stanford  University 

911.  Swarthmore  College 

911.  Western  Reserve  University 

913.  Allegheny  College 

913.  Amherst  College 

913.  Iowa  State  Teachers*  College 

913.  University  of  Oklahoma 

913.  Colgate  University 

913.  Washington  and  Lee  University 

915.  Bates  College 

915.  DePauw  University  

915.  University  of  Southern  California 

917.  Vassar  College 

917.  Moimt  Holyoke  College 

917.  Pennsylvania  State  College 

917.  Washington  State  College 

917.  Washington  and  Jefferson  College 

917.  Wyoming  State  University 

The  government  of  the  society  is  vested  in  a  General 
Council  comprising  the  general  officers  and  one  representa- 
tive from  each  chapter.  The  meetings  of  this  council  are 
biennial. 


624 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


Between  the  sessions  of  the  General  Council  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  affairs  ot  the  Sodety  is  in  the  hands  of  an 
Executive  Con^mittee  consisting  of  the  general  officers  ^nd 
five  others.  For  convenience  the  chapters  are  grouped 
into  districts. 

The  publication  of  a  quarterly  called  The  Gavel  was  com- 
menced in  191 2  at  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

The  badge  of  the  society  is  a  watch  key  displaying  the 
etters  "A  2  P".     The  colors  are  maroon  and  black. 


(Electrical  Engineering) 

ii  N  honorary    society   among    students    of    electrical 
engineering  and  others  practicing  that  profession. 
It  was  organized  at  the  University  of  Illinois  in  1904. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
1904.  A,  University  of  Illinois 

1906.  B,  Purdue  University 

1907.  r,  Ohio  State  University 

1909.  A,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 

1909.  E,  Pennsylvania  State  College 

1910.  Z,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 

1910.  0,  University  of  Wisconsin 

191 1.  I,  University  of  Missouri 

191 2.  K,  Cornell  University 

1913.  A,  University  ot  Pennsylvania 

1915.  M,  University  of  California 

The  government  is  through  an  annual  convention  of 
delegates  from  the  several  chapters  with  a  recess  govern- 
ment by  a  national  coimcil. 

A  year  book  called  the  Bridge  is  published. 

The  badge  is  a  Wheatstone  bridge  bearing  in  the  center 
an  oval  representation  of  a  galvanometer  displaying  the 
letters  *'H  K  N."     The  colors  are  navy  blue  and  scarlet. 


625 


(Oraduate-Sdeiitific) 


npHIS  fraternity  was  organized  at  Cornell  University  in 
March,  1899,  by  Judson  F.  Clark,  Jacob  H.  Cowen, 
James  C.  McDonald,  William  A.  Riley,  Franklin  Sherman, 
Jr.,  and  Charles  B.  Simpson,  students  in  the  various  scien- 
tific departments  of  the  University.  The  object  of  the 
organization  is  to  bring  together  men  who  are  engaged  in 
scientific  work.  .Chapters  are  established  only  in  those 
institutions  which  have  successful  graduate  schools  in 
science  and  the  members  are  drawn  from  the  instructing 
staff  or  students  holding  baccalaureate  degrees  who  are 
candidates  for  higher  degrees.  The  society  is  social 
rather  than  honorary  but  a  high  grade  of  scholarship  and 
promise  for  the  future  are  necessary  for  membership. 

In  1908  this  society  absorbed  a  similar  society  called 
A  A  E  which  had  originated  at  Johns  Hopkins  and  had  a 
second  chapter  at  Dartmouth. 

The  chapter  roll  is  now  as  follows: 

1899.  Cornell  University 

1904.  Johns  Hopkins  University 

1906.  Dartmouth  College 

1908.  University  of  Chicago 

1908.  University  of  Illinois 

'  626 


GAMMA    ALPHA 


627 


1910.  University  of  Wisconsin 

1914.  University  of  Michigan 

1914.  University  of  MiSvSouri 

191 5.  Yale  University 

1916.  University  of  Missouri  ..  . ; 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  vested  in  a  National 

Council  comprising  the  general  officers  and  one  representa- 
tive from  each  chapter.  Its  sittings  immediately  precede 
those  of  the  convention  which  are  held  simultaneously 
with  the  meetings  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science.  Conventions  have  been  held 
yearly. 

A  quarterly  called  the  Gamma  Alpha  Record  was  issued 
at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  1908-1912  and  since  then  at  Chicago. 
One  of  its  annual  issues  contains  the  list  of  members. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  of  black  enamel  displajdng  a 
star  and  pair  of  white  wings  above  the  letters  **r  A." 


^arnma  fttgma  Selta 

(Agriculture) 

npHIS  is  a  purely  honorary  society  for  agricultural  men. 
It  was  foimded  at  the  Ohio  State  University,  Dec.  i, 
190S,  by  Homer  C.  Price,  Arthur  C.  McCall,  Alfred 
Vivian  and  Vernon  H.  Davis,  under  the  name  of  Delta 
Theta  Sigma.  There  are  three  types  of  membership, 
student,  faculty  and  alunmi.  Student  members  may  be 
chosen  from  the  senior  class  or  the  post  graduate  class  of 
the  college.  Senior  students  to  be  eligible  to  election, 
must  be  within  one  semester  of  graduation  and  must 
have  been  in  residence  at  least  one  year.  Their  scholar- 
ship record,  as  shown  by  the  official  records  of  the  institu- 
tion must  be  such  as  to  place  them  among  the  upper  one- 
fourth  of  the  graduating  class.  Faculty  members  must 
have  shown  exceptional  ability  as  teachers  or  investiga- 
tors. Alumni  members  may  be  chosen  from  the  alumni 
who  have  rendered  signal  service  to  agriculture. 

The  chapter  roll  is: — 
1905.  Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  O.  (1913). 

1907.  Iowa  State  College,  Ames,  Iowa. 

1908.  University  of  Missotui,  Columbia,  Mo. 

1909.  Utah  Agricultural  College,  Logan,  Utah. 
1909.  Oregon  Agricultural  College,  Corvallis,  Ore. 

191 5.  Kansas  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan,  Kansas. 

191 5.  Alabama  Polytechnical  Institute,  Auburn,  Ala. 

1916.  University  of  Minnesota,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
1918.  University  of  Nebraska,  Lincoln,  Neb. 

6a8 


GAMMA    SIGMA    DELTA 


629 


Because  the  parent  chapter,  Ohio,  refused  to  maintain 
the  high  standards  that  the  othgrc  chapters  desired,  and 
maintained  a  chapter  house,  she  was  expelled  in  1913. 

The  government  of  the  society  is  through  an  executive 
committee  and  a  legislative  council.  The  executive 
ofl5ces  constitute  the  executive  committee,  and  the  legis- 
lative council  consists  of  one  delegate  from  each  local 
chapter. 

This  fraternity  was  known  as  Delta  Theta  Sigma  until 
1913  when  it  was  changed  to  Gamma  Sigma  Delta. 


(Musical — Women) 


\4U  PHI  Epsilon  was  founded  at  the  Metropolitan 
College  of  Music,  Cindnnati,  Ohio,  Nov.  13,  1903, 
by  Elizabeth  Mathias,  Alma  Sterling,  Ethel  Kimball, 
Edith  White,  Jennie  Bellis,  Elizabeth  Steward,  Jessie 
Yuille,  and  Lilian  Sutton,  assisted  by  W.  D.  Sterling, 
dean  of  the  College,  and  Calvin  Vos  and  Simon  Jordan, 
members  of  *  M  A  (Sinfonia). 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1903.  A,  Metropolitan  College  of  Music,  Cincinnati . .  1 10 

1903.  B,  New  England  Conservatory,  Boston 116 

1904.  r,  Michigan  University  School  of  Music 184 

1905.  A,  Detroit  Conservatory  of  Music 94 

1905.     E,  Toledo  Conservatory  of  Music 83 

1905.     Z,  DePauw  University 61 

1905.  H,  S5n:^cuse  University  (191 7) 148 

1906.  e,  Kroeger  School  of  Music,  St.  Louis 92 

1906.      I,  Chicago  Conservatory  of  Music  (1910) 32 

1906.  K,  Metropolitan  Conservatory,  IndianapoUs. . .   78 

1909.  A,  Ithaca  Conservatory  of  Music 136 

1910.  I  A,  Chicago  Musical  College 88 

191 1.  M,  Brenau  College  (Gainesville,  Ga.)  (1913) ...  131 
1911.    N,  University  of  Oregon 80 

630 


MU  PHI  EPSILON  631 

911.  S,  University  of  Kansas 123 

912.  O,  Combs  Broad  Street  Conservatory,  Phila. .  .^  80 
912.  n,  Lawrence  Conservator\%  Appleton,  Wis. ...  85 
914.  P,  Von  Unschuld  Univ.  of  Music,  (1917) 14 

914.  2,  Northwestern  Univ.,  School  of  Music 102 

915.  T,  University  of  Washington 44 

915.       T,  Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music 62 

915.       *,  Mt.  Union  College,  Alliance,  0 41 

915.  X,  Penn.  Musical  College,  MeadviUe,  Pa 70 

916.  T,  Bucknell  University,  Lewisburg,  Pa 39 

917.  Q,  Drake  University,  Des  Moines,  la 37 

917.  MA,  Simpson  Conservatory,  Indianola,  la 32 

918.  P  B,  Wash.  Coll.  of  Music,  Washington,  D.  C  . .  19 

919.  M  B,  Washington  State  College,  Pullman,  Wash.  18 

919.  M  r.  University  of  Nebraska,  Lincoln,  Neb 20 

919.  M  A,  Horner  Inst,  of  Fine  Arts,  Kans.  City,  Mo.  18 

Active  chapters  27.     Inactive  i.     Membership  2,284. 

The  Beta  was  inactive  from^905  to  1909.  The  Zeta  an  d 
Eta  chapters  were  the  two  chapters  of  the  4»  M  E  a  society 
originating  in  1892  and  which  was  thus  absorbed.  The 
Iota  was  withdrawn  and  its  location  changed  and  it  was 
renamed  Iota  Alpha.  The  Chi  and  Phi  chapters  were 
known  as    K  A  R.     The   Rho  charter  was    withdrawn, 

transferred  to  another  school  and  renamed  Rho  Beta. 

* 

Zeta  was  inactive  from  1909  until  1919  when  it  absorbed  a 
local  honorary  musical  sorority. 

Realizing  that  the  fraternity  was  not  achieving  the 
results  which  were  desired  and  that  the  aims  and  objects 
of  the  fraternity  to  raise  standards  and  advance  the  pro- 
gress of  the  art  of  music  were  not  being  fulfilled,  in  191 5 


6s 2  HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 

the  National  policy  of  Mu  Phi  Epsilon  was  changed  from 
that  of  a  professional  musical  to  an  honorary-musical 
fraternity;  in  which  membership  is  based  upon  musician- 
ship and  a  definite  uniform  standard  of  musical  qualifica- 
tions is  required  of  members.  While  the  fraternity  is  not 
social  in  character,  it  seeks  to  form  strong  fraternal  ties 
between  members,  and  to  promote  a  democratic  spirit 
and  loyalty  to  the  Alma  Mater.  Members  of  the  regular 
undergraduate  fraternities  are  admitted  to  membership. 

The  aims  and  objects  of  the  organization  are :  to  advance 
the  progress  of  the  art  of  music  in  America;  to  raise  the 
standards  in  musical  schools;  to  raise  the  standards  of 
individual  members  by  competitive  scholarships; 
encouragement  of  composition,  etc.;  and  to  stimulate 
musical  achievement  by  the  prize  of  membership.  Active 
membership  is  limited  to  students,  teachers  and  those 
actively  engaged  in  musical  pursuits.  Honorary  member- 
ship is  conferred  upon  persons  who  have  won  distinction 
in  musical  art. 

The  government  is  administered  by  a  Grand  Council  of 
the  five  officers  of  the  convention  who  act  until  the  next 
convention  assembles. 

The  publication  is  known  as  the  Triangle  and  is  pub- 
lished in  the  months  of  November,  February  and  May. 

The  badge  is  a  triangle  enclosing  a  lyre  and  displajring 
the  letters  '*M  *  E,"  one  on  each  side  of  the  triangle. 
The  colors  are  royal  purple  and  white.  The  flower  is  the 
violet. 


0mitxon  Belta  Ikappa 

"The  Circle" 

FMINENCE  in  scholarship,  athletics,  campus  life,  liter- 
ary and  forensic  attainments,  and  college  publications. 

Chartered  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Virginia. 

Founded  at  Washington  and  Lee  University,  Lexington, 
Virginia,  in  1914,  by  J.  Carl  Fisher,  W.  M.  Brown,  R.  N. 
I^tttire,  C.  S.  Davison,  and  J.  E.  Martin,  in  order  to  bring 
together  into  one  body  for  the  general  good  of  the  Institu- 
tion all  leaders  in  the  various  forms  of  college  activity. 

The  chapter  list  is  as  follows: 
191 4.  A,  Washington  and  Lee  University. 

1 91 6.  B,  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

191 7.  r,  University  of  Pittsburgh. 
191 7.  A,  Davidson  College. 

Constitution  and  By-Laws  adopted  December  3,  19 14. 

General  policy  of  the  organization  controlled  by  a 
Board  of  seven  members. 

Badge,  a  key,  composed  of  the  letters  OAK  between 
two  bars  enclosed  in  a  circle,  five  stars  on  the  upper  bar; 
date  (19 1 4)  on  lower. 

Membership  confined  to  men. 


^3 


0mivmi  0u 

(Home  Economics — Women) 

T^HIS  society  was  established  at  Michigan  Agricultural 
College  in  191 2.  Maude  Gilchrist,  then  Dean  of 
Home  Economics,  and  Agnes  Himt-Cade,  then  professor 
of  Home  Economics,  together  with  other  members  of  the 
Faculty  of  the  College  were  instrumental  in  its  foimding. 
It  is  an  honorary. oganizat ion.  The  chapter  roll  is  as 
follows: 

1912.  A,  Michigan  Agricultural  College 165 

1 91 3.  B,  New  York  State  College  for  Teachers 63 

1913.  r,  Iowa  State  College 125 

1913.  A,  Purdue  University 74 

1914.  E,  University  of  Illinois 122 

1915.  H,  University  of  Wisconsin 131 

1914.  Z,  University  of  Nebraska no 

191 5.  e,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College 90 

1915.  1,   University  of  Kansas 48 

1919.  K,  Washington  State  College 23 

1919.  A,  Oregon  Agricultural  College 24 

1919.  M,  Cornell  University 7 


634 


^htt  of  tbt  Coif 

(Formerly  called  Theta  Kappa  Nu) 
(Legal) 

T^HIS  IS  an  honorary  society  formed  from  the  amalgama- 
tion of  a  society  called  Theta  Kappa  Nu  ^oimded  at 
the  University  of  Illinois  in  1902,  and  a  society  called  the 
Order  of  the  Coif  founded  at  the  Law  School  of  North- 
western University  'n  1907. 

Membership  is  based  upon  scholarship. 

The  roll  of  chapters  is  as  follows : 

902.     University  of  Illinois 

904 

90s 
906 

906 

907 

907 

908 

911 

911 

913 
914 

914 

914 

915 
915 


University  of  Nebraska 

University  of  Missouri 

University  of  Michigan 

University  of  Virginia 

Northwestern  University 

University  of  Wisconsin 

University  of  Iowa 

Stanford  University 

University  of  Chicago 

Western  Reserve  University 

University  of  Pennsylvania 

Cornell  University 

Ohio  State  University 

Yale  University 

University  of  Minnesota 

The  government  of  the  society  is  by  a  convention  and  an 
Executive  Committee. 

^35 


636 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


The  badge  is  a  Key  bearing  on  one  side  the  words 
'Order  of  the  Coif"  and  in  relief  a  representation  of  the 
btist  o^  a  Sergeant-at-Law  wearing  a  wig  and  coif,  and  on 
the  opposite  side  the  owner's  name,  chapter,  and  year  of 
his  adm'ss'on  to  the  society. 


p^t  jBelta  iuippa 

(Educational) 

T^HIS  society  grew  out  of  the  consolidation  of  three  prior 
independent  organizations  all  organized  as  frater- 
nities among  those  devoted  to  the  cause  of  education. 
These  were  n    KM,    organized   at  the    University   of 
Indiana  in    1906   and    which   established    chapters   at 
Stanford  and  Iowa  in  1909;  OAK,  organized  at  Columbia 
in  1908  and  which  established  a  chapter  at  Chicago  in  1909 
and  N  P  B,  organized  at  Missouri  in  1909.    Representa- 
•  tives  of  these  societies  met  at  Indianapolis  in  19 10  and 
effected  a  consolidation  under  the  name  of  O  A  K. 
The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1906.  A,  University  of  Indiana .* 

1908.  B,  Colvunbia  University 

1909.  r.  University  of  Missotui 

1909.  A,  Stanford  University 

1909.  E,  University  of  Iowa 

1909.  Z,    University  of  Chicago 

1910.  H,  University  of  Minnesota 

191 1.  9,  Cornell  University 

191 1.  I,    Harvard  University 

1912.  K,  University  of  Kansas 

1913.  A,   University  of  California 

1913.  M,   University  of  Texas - 

1913.  N,  University  of  Washington 

1914.  S,   University  of  Pittsburgh 

1914.   O,  University  of  Nebraska 

637 


638 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


1914.  n,  University  of  Illinois 

1915.  P,  New  York  University 

1917.  T,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

1917.  2,  Ohio  State  University 

1918.  T,  Northwestern  University 

The  government  of  the  society  is  through  a  National 

Council  comprised  of  delegates  from  the  several  chapters, 
plus  an  executive  committee  of  five  members,  president, 
vice-president,  secretary,  treastirer  and  historian,  which 
executive  committee  conducts  affairs  between  coimdl 
meetings.     Council  is  to  meet  biennially. 

A  combined  history  and  directory  was  issued  in  191 2, 
a  directory  in   1918.     A  magazine  quarterly,  called  the  * 
Phi  Delta  Kafpan. 

The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  ***  A  K.*' 


mi  Cta 

A  FRATERNITY  confined  to  universities  having 
organized  graduate  schools  and  conferring  member- 
ship only  upon  students  in  such  graduate  schools.  It  was 
established  February  13th,  1904,  by  W.  B.  Selvage,  E.  J. 
Phillips,  W.  W.  Pierson,  Warren  Shuman,  R.  O.  Smith, 
R.  H.  Gault,  R.  D.  Hall  and  I.  F.  Fox. 

Chapters  are  as  follows: 

1904.  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

1909.  University  of  Wisconsin. 

191 4.  University  of  Illinois. 

191 5.  University  of  Chicago. 
191 7.  Columbia  University. 

The  Chicago  chapter  was  organized  from  a  local  called 
Psi  Chi. 


639 


DHI  Kappa  Phi  is  an  honor  society  composed  of 
graduate  and  undergraduate  members  of  all  depart- 
ments of  American  universities  and  colleges.  Its  prime 
object  is  to  emphasize  scholarship  in  the  thought  of  college 
students,  to  hold  fast  to  the  original  purpose  for  which 
institutions  of  learning  were  founded,  and  to  stimulate 
mental  achievement  by  the  prize  of  membership. 

As  a  secondary  object,  it  seeks  to  bind  more  closely  the 
Alumni  to  their  Alma  Mater,  to  furnish  an  additional  tie 
of  college  friendship,  and  to  interest  its  members  in  the 
promotion  of  a  more  thorough  education. 

In  order  to  gain  these  objects,  membership  is  restricted 
to  a  ntunber  of  students  in  any  school  or  department,  not 
exceeding  one-third  of  the  whole  graduating  class,  who 
have  distinguished  themselves  by  scholarship  or  intellec- 
tual service  to  their  college  or  tmiversity.  These  members 
are  elected  one  year  before  graduation.  Persons  may  also 
be  elected  to  honorary  membership  who  have  won  distinc- 
tion in  science,  literature  or  education. 

Other  honor  societies  usually  confine  their  membership 
to  some  particular  kind  of  degree  or  course  of  study;  this 
society  by  imposing  no  such  restriction  aims  to  stand  for 
the  unity  and  democracy  of  learning.  Membership  in  it  is 
open  to  members  of  other  honor  societies  and  fraternities, 
and  to  women. 


64« 


PHI  KAPPA    PHI 


641 


It  was  founded  at  the  University  of  Maine  in  1898 
principally  through  the  efforts  of  Prof.  A.  W.  Harris  then 
president  of  that  tmiversity. 

The  chapters  are  located  as  follows: 

1898.  University  of  Maine. 

1899.  Pennsylvania  State  College. 

1900.  University  of  Tennessee. 

1 901.  Massachusetts Agricultiu-alCoUege. 
1904.  Delaware  State  College. 

191 1.  Iowa  State  College. 

1 9 1 2 .  University  of  Florida. 

19 1 2.  University  of  Nevada. 

1913.  Rhode  Island  State  College. 

1913.  North  Dakota  Agricultural  College. 

1 9 1 4.  Nebraska  Wesleyan  University. 
1914.  Georgia  School  of  Technology. 

1 91 4.  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute. 

191 5.  Kansas^ Agricultural  College 

1916.  Syracuse  University. 

1 9 16.  University  of  Arizona. 
1916.  University  of  New  Mexico. 

The  badge  is  an  eight-rayed  representation  of  the  sun 
surrounding  the  earth,  across  which  there  is  a  band  dis- 
playing the  letters  '*0  K  *.'* 


(Chemical) 


T^HIS  society  was  foxinded  at  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois in  1899,  by  Paul  F.  A.  Rudnick,  F.  C.  Koch, 
Horace  C.  Porter,  Harry  Hasson,  Arthur  R.  Johnston 
and  E.  Brigham  Saflford.  It  chooses  its  members  on  a 
basis  of  high  scholarship  in  chemistry.  Its  members  are 
elected  from  the  graduate  students,  the  seniors  and  the 
juniors  in  their  second  semester.  The  honor  man  of  the 
sophomore  class  in  the  chemical  curriculums  is  also  elected 
at  the  end  of  that  year.  It  does  not  conflict  with  the 
undergraduate  fraternities.  The  organization  is  incor- 
porated in  Illinois  as  an  honorary  Chemical  society. 

The  chapter  roll  is : 
1899.  A,  University  of  Illinois. 

1906.  B,  University  of  Wisconsin. 

1909.  '        r,  Columbia  University. 

1909.  A,  University  of  Michigan. 

1910.  E,  University  of  Washington. 

1910.  Z,  University  of  Minnesota. 

1 9 1 1 .  H,  Ohio  State  University. 

191 2.  0,  Iowa  State  College. 
191 2.  I,  Stanford  University. 

642 


PHI  LAMBDA    EPSILON 


643 


1913.  K,  Denver  University. 

1 9 13.  M  KM,  University  of  California. 

1914.  M,  Pennsylvania  State  College. 
1 9 1 7 .  N,  Purdue  University. 

1 9 1 7 .  S .  University  of  Pittsburgh. 

There  is  an  alumni  chapter  in  Chicago. 

There  is  an  annual  publication  called  the  Register. 

The  badge  worn  as  a  key  is  a  hexagon  at  the  top  of  which 
are  crossed  retorts  and  a  Liebig  bulb.  Across  the  center  is 
a  gold  band  displaying  the  letters  **0  A  Y.'*  Around  the 
edge  is  written  the  formula  of  an  organic  compound.  The 
colors  are  blue  and  red. 


(Biological) 

PHI  Sigma  is  an  honorary  biological  society  founded  at 
the  Ohio  State  University  with  twelve  charter  mem- 
bers on  March  17,  191 5.  Students  in  any  department 
of  biological  science  are  eligible  if  they  have  shown  them- 
selves proficient  in  scientific  research.  Membership 
is  not  necessarily  confined  to  graduate  students  and  is 
open  to  both  sexes.  For  the  present  government  of  the 
national  body  is  vested  in  the  Grand  Coimcil,  consisting 
of  the  national  officers,  with  referendxmi  vote  by  the 
Chapters. 

The  Chapters  are: 

191 5.  A,  Ohio  State  University. 

1916.  B,  University  of  Michigan. 

191 7.  A,  University  of  Maine. 

1918.  E,  University  of  Denver. 
1918.  Z,  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Delta  chapter  has  temporarily  suspended  activities 
during  the  war  but  will  doubtless  resume  acti\'ities  soon. 
Several  other  chapters  are  in  course  of  organization  at  the 
present  time. 

A  publication,  The  Biologist,  was  started  in  191 6  but 
only  ran  through  five  numbers  and  was  then  discontinued 
on  account  of  the  war.     It  was  issued  quarterly  and  con- 


644 


PHI  SIGMA 


64s 


tained  articles  of  an  original  nature  along  lines  of  biological 
research  and  news  of  the  Chapters. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  key  with  the  letters  Phi  and  Sigma, 
the  former  superimposed  on  the  latter.  The  colors  are 
yellow  and  green  and  the  jewel  is  the  pearl. 


^i  S>tgma  Cdt 

( Commerce — Women ) 

PHI  Sigma  Chi,  the  national  honorary-professional 
commerce  fraternity  for  women  enrolled  in  Schools 
of  Business  administration,  was  founded  February  17, 
19 1 9  at  thje  University  of  Washington  by  Anna  Marie 
Brueggerhoff,  Marguerite  Mann,  Lettie  Lee  Rochester, 
Marguerite  Brueggerhoff,  Flora  Rice  Oswalt,  Barbara 
Gamwell,  Charlotte  Winter  and  Helen  Hanson. 

Chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1919.  University  of  Washington 14 

1919.  University  of  Texas 10 

Active  chapters,  2.     Membership  24. 

Colors — yellow  and  blue.     Flower — the  jonquil. 


$i  Belta  <£p«tIon 

Journalistic) 

This  society  was  organized  at  Syracuse  University, 
December  6,  1909,  by  Sydney  H.  Coleman,  Neil  D. 
Cranmer  and  Paul  L.  Benjamin.  The  purpose  of  the 
society  is  to  encourage  undergraduates  to  compete  for 
positions  on  the  editorial  boards  of  college  publications,  to 
train  them  in  writing,  to  conduct  lectures  on  journalism 
and  to  give  dignity  and  standing  to  journalistic  work  and 
study. 

Its  chapters  are: 

909.  A  A,  Syracuse  University 65 

910.  A  B,  University  of  Nebraska  (1918) 60 

910.  A  r,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  ...  62 

911.  A  A,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 53 

914.   A  E,  Columbia  University $8 

916.  A  I,    Colgate  University 30 

917.  A  K,  University  of  Michigan 37 

917.  B  A,  Lawrence  College 35 

917.  B  B,  Coe  College 31 

917.  B  r,  University  of  Arkansas 20 

918.  A  N,  Dartmouth  College 20 

918.  A  O,  University  of  Illinois 22 

918.  A  n,  University  of  Toronto 15 

919.  r  A,  University  of  California 15 

919.  B  A.  University  of  Tennessee 12 

In  191 7,  a  union  was  effected  between  Pi  Delta  Epsilon 
and  Eta  Theta  Epsilon,  a  fraternity  with  similar  ideals. 

646 


PI   DELTA    EPSILON 


647 


This  arrangement  brought  to  the  fraternity  its  chapters 
at  Lawrence  College,  Coc  College,  and  the  University  of 
Arkansas  The  charter  of  the  chapter  formerly  at  the 
University  of  Nebraska  was  withdrawn  in  1918. 

The  membership  is  purely  honorary  in  the  sense  that 
achievement  in  journalistic  work  is  always  an  essential 
qualification,  but  the  fraternity  strives  to  maintain  a 
social  organization  in  all  colleges  and  universities  where  it 
is  established.  Its  official  organ  is  the  Epsilog,  a  quarterly 
magazine.  The  badge  is  a  trapezoidal  watch  charm  of 
gold,  displaying  on  one  side  in  black  enamel  the  Greek 
letters,  n  A  E. 


$t  iiappa  Belta 

(Forensic) 


This  society  was  developed  from  the  plans  of  Professor 
E.  R.  Nichols  of  Ripon  College,  in  co-operation  with 
the  following  from  the  colleges  named;  viz. :  E.  A.  Vaug  • 
han,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College;  John  A.  Shields, 
Ottawa  University;  J.  H.  Krenmyre,  Iowa  Wesleyan 
College;  C.  J.  Boddy,  Kansas  Wesleyan  University; 
P.  C.  Sommerville,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University;  Arthur 
L.  Crookham,  Southwestern  (Kansas)  College;  M.  M. 
Maynard,  Monmouth  College;  H.  0.  Pritchard,  Cotner 
College;  Dan.  C.  Lockwood,  Emporia  College;  and  Frank 
P.  Johnson,  Momingside  College. 

The  purpose  of  the  organization  is  to  stimulate  progress 
in  and  to  promote  the  interests  of  intercollegiate  oratory, 
debate,  and  public  speaking  by  encouraging  a  spirit  of 
intercollegiate  fellowship,  of  brotherly  co-operation  and 
interest,  and  by  conferring  upon  deserving  candidates  a 

648 


V 


PHI  KAPPA    DELTA  649 

badge  of  distinction,  proficiency,  and  honor,  varied  and 
graduated  according  to  merit  and  achievement. 

Pi  Kappa  Delta  recognizes  as  its  special  field  those 
colleges  and  technical  schools  in  which  forensic  work  of  a 
high  order  is  maintained  rather  than  the  large  imiversities. 
Its  growth  in  the  past  three  years  has  been  rapid,  especially 
in  institutions  of  the  type  mentioned  above. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

913.  Kans.  A,  Ottawa  University 46 

913.  Iowa  A,  Iowa  Wesleyan  University 28 

913.  Kans.  B,  Washburn  College 51 

913.  Nebr.  A,  Nebraska  Wesleyan  Univ.  (inactive)  ..  20 

913.  Wis.  A,  Ripon  College 32 

914.  ///.  A,  Illinois  Wesleyan  University 28 

914.  Kans.  r,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College  ....  50 

914.  Iowa  ^,  Central  College  (inactive) 11 

914.  Cal.  A,  University  of  Redlands 32 

914.  Cal.  B,  Occidental  College  (inactive) 12 

915.  Colo.  A,  Colorado  Agricultural  College i8 

915.  Kans.  A,  Southwestern  University 47 

915.  III.  B,  Eureka  College i8 

915.  S.  Dak.  A,  South  Dakota  Wesleyan  University  43 

915.  Iowa  r,  Highland  Park  College 22 

916.  Ala.  A,  Alabama  Polytechnic  Inst,  (inactive)  ...   14 
916.  Ka>ts.  E,  Fairmount  College 19 

916.  Okla.  A,  Oklahoma  A.  &  M.  College 20 

917.  Kans.  Z,  Kansas  State  Normal  School 20 

917.  Iowa  A,  Momingside  College 32 

918.  5.  Dak.  B,  Huron  College 10 

918.  Colo.  B,  Colorado  State  Teachers*  College 13 


6sb 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


1918.  Mich,  A,  Kalamazoo  College 13 

1918.  Iowa  K,  Simpson  College 18 

1919.  S.  Dak.  r,  Yankton  College 23 

1919.  Mo.  A,  Westminster  College 15 

The  society  began  in  191 5  the  publication  of  a  periodical 
called  The  Forensic.  It  is  issued  four  times  in  the  year 
and  is  printed  at  Manhattan,  Kansas. 

Conventions  are  held  biennially.  The  government  of 
the  society  was  elaborate  at  first,  but  at  the  last  Conven- 
tion was  considerably  simplified.  Generally  speaking 
it  consists  of  a  National  Convention  and  an  intermediate 
administration  by  National  officers,  constituting  the 
National  Council.  Province  presidents  act  in  an  advisory 
realtion  to  the  National  Coimcil. 

The  badge  is  a  pear  shaped  key  displaying  a  trifoliate 
scroll,  an  eye,  and  the  letters  **n  K  A." 


•K- 


t 


$i  tCau  ^igma 

(Mechanical  Engineering) 

T^HIS   fraternity  was   founded   at    the   University   of 

Illinois  March  i6,  191 5,  and  combined  with  a  similar 

organization  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  the  spring 

of  191 6,  the  name  of  the  Illinois  chapter  being  retained. 

The  organization  was  founded  to  foster  the  high  ideals 
of  the  engineering  profession,  to  stimulate  interest  in 
co-ordinate  departmental  activities  in  the  Universities, 
and  to  promote  the  mutual  welfare  of  its  members. 

The  badge  has  the  form  of  a  Camot  cycle.  In  the 
upper  part  is  supported  a  flaming  torch,  and  below  the 
letters  n  T  E  is  a  steel  H-section.  The  colors  are  murrey 
and  azure.     The  flower  is  the  white  rose. 

Active  members  are  chosen  on  a  basis  of  engineering 
ability,  scholarship,  and  personality,  from  the  Senipr  and 
Junior  classes.  Honorary  members  are  chosen  from 
professors  of  mechanical  engineering,  and  from  technical 
graduates  actively  engaged  in  engineering  work 


651 


d>cabbatti  &  ?Blabe 

(Military) 


T^HE  National  Society  of  Scabbard  and  Blade  was 
founded  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  the  fall 
of  1904,  by  Charles  A.  Taylor,  Leo  M.  Cook,  V.  R.  Griggs, 
Harold  K.  Weld  and  A.  W.  Foster,  senior  officers  in  the 
Cadet  Corps. 

The  organization  of  the  Society  is  modeled  upon  that 
of  the  United  States  Army.  The  various  chapters  are 
designated  as  ''Companies"  and  are  organized  into  a 
Brigade  of  two  regiments  as  follows: — 

First  Regiment: 

1904.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 172 

1905.  B,  University  of  Minnesota 194 

1906.  C,  Cornell  University  ..(19 1 6) 125 

1906.  D,  University  of  Iowa   43 

1908.  E,  Purdue  University 140 

1909.  F,  University  of  Illinois 181 

191 1.  G,  University  of  Missouri 88 

1912.  H,  Pennsylvania  State  College 92 

1913.  I,  University  of  Washington 52 

191 4.  K,  Michigan  Agricultural  College 55 

1 9 14.  L,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College 6c 

652 


SCABBARD  AND  BLADE  653 

1915.  M,  Ohio  State  University 48 

Second  Regiment : 

1915.  A,  Iowa  State  College 65 

1916.  B,  University  of  Arkansas 33 

1916.  C,  University  of  West  Virginia 42 

1916.  D,  University  of  Maine 48 

1916.  E,  Washington  State  College 37 

Active  16.     Inactive  i.     Membership  1,475. 

In  addition  to  the  Companies,  three  Alumni  Posts  have 
been  established,  at  Chicago,  111.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  and 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  the  latter  serving  the  Twin  Cities. 

Company  D,  ist  Regiment,  University  of  Iowa,  was 
deprived  of  its  charter  by  the  Third  Annual  Convention  of 
the  Society,  but  was  reinstated  in  1916. 

Company  C,  ist  Regiment,  at  Cornell  University, 
became  inactive  in  the  fall  of  19 16  due  to  local  conditions 
at  the  University. 

The  government  of  the  society  rests  in  a  regular  or 
special  convention,  which  has  been  convened  annually 
up  to  and  including  the  year  19 16,  at  which  time  the  con- 
vention was  made  biennial.  Each  company  and  alimini 
post  is  entitled  to  equal  representation  and  the  brigade 
officers  are  delegates  ex-oflficio.  In  the  interim  between 
conventions,  the  governing  power  of  the  society  is  vested 
in  the  Brigade  Officers,  assisted  by  an  advisory  board. 
This  board,  entitled  the  General  Staff,  was  created  at  the 
1 9 16  Convention  and  is  composed  of  past  Colonels  of  the 
Society,  each  serving  for  a  term  of  six  years. 


654  HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 

The  purpose  of  Scabbard  and  Blade  is  primarily  to  raise 
the  standard  of  military  training  in  American  Colleges 
and  Universities,  to  imite  in  closer  relationship  their 
military  departments,  to  encourage  and  foster  the  essen- 
tial qualities  of  good  and  efficient  officers  and  to  promote 
intimacy  and  good  fellowship  among  the  cadet  officers 
Fiuther,  the  Society,  stands  for  a  virile,  progressive 
Americanism  and  through  its  alumni  endeavors  to  stimu- 
late interest  in  a  sane  degree  of  military  preparedness  for 
the  Coimtry. 

The  qualifications  for  membership  are  not  based  on 
display  of  military  efficiency  alone,  but  qualities  of  charac- 
ter and  manhood  are  given  equal  importance,  it  being 
considered  that  the  man  who  aspires  to  a  commission  must 
possess,  together  with  a  knowledge  of  military  science  and 
tactics,  all  the  attributes  of  a  gentleman  before  he  can 
become  a  successful  officer. 

Membership  is  active,  alimmi  and  honorary.  Active 
members  are  chosen  from  the  cadet  commissioned  officers. 
Honorary  members  are  usually  those  who  have  been  or 
still  are  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  Country, 
including  the  National  Guard,  but  certain  exceptions 
are  made  to  include  those  with  non-military  affiliations, 
who  have  had  a  special  interest  in  or  performed  valuable 
work  for  the  ftirtherance  of  military  science. 

Two  general  directories  of  the  society  have  been  issued, 
one  in  December,  19 13,  and  one  in  March  191 5,  w4th  a 
supplement  thereto  in  May,  191 6. 

The  Scabbard  and  Blade,  the  quarterly  journal  of  the 
Society  was  first  issued  in  October,  19 13,  under  the  direc- 


SCABBARD   AND   BLADE 


655 


tion  of  Van  L.  Bohnson,  as  editor.  Beginning  with  the 
first  number  of  the  next  volume,  issued  in  October,  1914, 
the  work  of  editing  and  publishing  the  quarterly  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Major  and  Adjutant,  with 
assistant  editors  to  be  appointed  by  him,  and  this  office 
has  since  continued  the  task  of  publication  in  connection 
with  its  other  duties. 

The  conventions  were  annual  but  are  now  biennial. 

The  badge  of  the  society  is  a  gold  representation  of  the 
American  Eagle  bearing  certain  symbolic  letters  upon  a 
shield,  over  whose  breast  are  crossed  two  sheathed  sabers. 
Upon  one  of  the  scabbards  are  placed  five  small  jewels, 
representing  the  five  five-pointed  stars  that  appear  in 
similar  position  upon  the  Coat-of-Arms.  The  colors  are 
red,  white,  and  blue. 

Recognition  should  be  given  to  the  first  Honorary  mem- 
ber of  Scabbard  and  Blade,  namely,  Colonel  Charles  A. 
Curtis,  who  was  Commandant  at  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin at  the  time  of  the  founding  of  the  Society,  and  to 
whose  suggestions,  wisdom,  counsel  and  support  in  its 
early  days,  the  Society  is  greatly  indebted. 


(Athletics) 


THIS  athletic  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  University 
of  Indiana  in  1912.  The  object  of  the  society 
is  the  encouragement  of  physical  development  and  train- 
ing among  college  students.  For  admission  to  full  mem- 
bership a  student  must  attain  certain  proficiency  in  a 
number  of  events. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 
Indiana  University. 
University  of  Minnesota. 
Hanover  College. 
Wabash  College. 
Butler  College. 
University  of  Maine. 
Whitman  College. 
University  of  Utah. 
DePauw  University. 
Lombard  College. 

«S6 


SIGMA    DELTA    PSI 


6S7 


University  of  Colorado. 

Colorado  College. 

University  of  Texas, 

North  Dakota  Agritultural  College. 

State  University  of  Kentucky. 

Yale  University. 

The  emblem  is  in  the  shape  of  a  key  showing  the  three 
letters  S  i  T. 


d>tgma  Wan 

(Engineermg) 

^N  HONORARY  society  founded  at  the  University  of 
Nebraska,  February  24,  1904.     It  admits  junior  and 
senior  students  in  engineering  who  have  displayed  ability 
in  scholarship.     The  chapters  are: 

1904.  A,  Univeistiy of  Nebiaska 246 

1908.  B,   University  of  Iowa  (1912) 51 

1911.  r,  University  of  Pennsylvania 126 

1912.  A,  University  of  South  Dakota 44 

1912.  E,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College  117 

1913.  Z,   Oregon  State  College 6$ 

1913.  H,  Washington  State  College 70 

1914.  ©,  University  of  Illinois 124 

1914.  I,    University  of  Colorado 66 

1915.  K,  Pennsylvania  State  College 74 

1915.  A,  University  of  Kansas 72 

1916.  M,  University  of  Oklahoma 06 

1916.     N,  Swarthmore  College 33 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  is  in  the  usual  form  of 
a  biennial  convention  called  a  Grand  Conclave  and  an 
intermediate  administration  by  a  Grand  Council  compris- 
ing three  general  officers  and  two  others. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  quarterly  periodical  called 
the  Pyramid. 

The  badge  is  a  diamond  with  bevelled  indented  edges 
displaying  the  letters  "S  T*'  above  which  is  a  pyramid 
and  below  whidi  is  a  section  of  a  T-rail.  The  colors  are 
blue  and  white. 

658 


^igrna  WipsHhm 

(Litenuy) 


CIGMA  Upsilon  grew  out  of  a  federation  of  literary 
societies  in  various  colleges  in  the  Southern  States. 
It  is  due  to  the  efforts  of  Paul  Jones  of  the  Sopherim  Club 
of  the  University  of  the  South  and  Neil  Cullom  of  the 
Calumet  Club  of  Vanderbilt  University  that  the  union  was 
brought  about. 

Membership  is  based  primarily  upon  literary  ability  and 
elections  are  usually  made  once  a  year  from  members  of  the 
jimior  class.  Each  chapter  is  allowed  to  choose  its  own 
name  and  the  original  federating  chapters,  comprising  the 
first  five  on  the  roll,  kept  their  original  names  as  chapter 
designations. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1906.  Sopherim,  University  of  the  South 

1906.  Calumet,  Vanderbilt  University 

1906.  Osiris,  Randolph-Macon  College 

1906.  Senior  Round  Table,  University  of  Georgia 

1906.  Odd  Number,  University  of  North  Carolina 

1909.  Boards  Head,  Transylvania  University 

1909.  Scribblers,  University  of  Mississippi 

1910.  Kit  Kat.    Millsaps  College 

1 9 13.  Fortnightly,  Trinity  College  (N.  C.) 

659 


66o 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


1913.  Cofee  House,  Emory  College 

1914.  Scarabs,  University  of  Texas 

1914.  Attic,  University  of  Alabama 

1914.  Grub  Street,  University  of  Washington 

19 14.  Gordon  Hope,  College  of  William  &  Mary 

1915.  Blue  Pencil,  Davidson  College 

19 1 5.  Sphinx,  Hampden-Sidney  College 

191 5.  Ye  Tabard  Inn,  University  of  Oregon 

1916.  Ye  Mermaid  Inn,  University  of  Montanna 

1916.  Utah  Scribblers,  University  of  Utah 

1918.  Sesame,  Washington  and  Lee  University 

The  conventions  have  been  held  yearly. 
The  fraternity  publishes  the  Journal  of  Sigma  Upsilon, 
The  badge  is  a  triangular  shield  surmounted  by  a  dark 
green  scarab  displaying  the  letters  "S  T."    The  colors  are 
dark  green  and  old  gold.    The  flower  is  the  jonquil. 


(Scientific) 


CIGMA  Xi  was  founded  at  Cornell  University  in 
November,  1886,  by  Prof.  Henry  S.  Williams, 
assisted  by  William  A.  Day,  William  H.  Riley,  Frank 
Van  Vleck,  Henry  E.  Smith,  Willianl  A.  Mosscrop,  Charles 
B.  Wing,  John  Knickerbacker,  John  J.  Berger  and  Edwin 
N.  Sanderson,  with  the  intention  of  establishing  in  scientific 
and  technical  institutions  a  society,  the  badge  of  which 
should  have  the  same  significance  of  scholarly  merit  as  that 
of  *  B  K  among  the  classical  students.  It  is  not  secret. 
Its  aims,  as  expressed  in  its  constitution  are  as  follows: 
**The  object  of  this  Society  shall  be  to  encourage  original 
investigation  in  science,  pure  and  applied,  by  meeting  for 
the  discussion  of  scientific  subjects;  by  the  publication  of 
such  scientific  matter  as  may  be  deemed  desirable;  by 
establishing  fraternal  relations  among  investigators  in  the 
scientific  centers;  and  by  granting  the  privilege  of  mem- 

66x 


662  HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 

bership  to  such  students  as  have,  during  their  college 
course,  given  special  promise  of  future  achievement. 

The  active  membership  of  the  chapter  is  chosen  from  the 
faculty,  graduate  students,  and  undergraduates  in  the 
fourth  year  class.  The  ntmiber  of  undergraduates  elected 
dtiring  any  one  year  by  any  chapter  shall  not  exceed  one- 
fifth  of  the  senior  class  in  scientific  and  technical  coiu-ses. 
Each  chapter  holds  four  or  more  meetings  yearly. 

Chapters  may  be  established  at  any  educational  insti- 
tution in  which  scientific  research  work  is  cultivated  and 
promoted.  An  alimini  chapter  may  be  established  at  any 
other  place  where  the  objects  of  the  society  would  be 
furthered.  Petitions  for  new  chapters  are  communicated 
to  the  president,  by  him  to  the  executive  committee  and 
if  favorably  received  are  recommended  to  the  convention 
in  which  a  three-fourths  vote  is  essential  for  the  granting 
of  the  charter. 

The  roll  of  chapters  is  as  follows:* 

i886.  Cornell  University 1371 

1887.  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 354 

1887.  Union  College 272 

1890.  University  of  Kansas 405 

1895.  Yale  University 828 

1896.  University  of  Minnesota 536 

1897.  University  of  Nebraska 398 

1898.  Ohio  State  University 529 

1899.  University  of  Pennsylvania 780 

1900.  Brown  University 243 

*The  roll  of  chapters  is  according  to  the  Statistical  Report  for 
1916-17. 


SIGMA 'XI  663 

1900.  University  of  Iowa 326 

1901.  Stanford  University 367 

1902.  University  of  California 605 

1903.  Columbia  University 548 

1903.  University  of  Chicago 540 

1903.  University  of  Michigan 606 

1904^  University  of  Illinois 753 

1904.  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 259 

1904.  University  of  Indiana 160 

1905.  University  of  Missouri 289 

1905.  University  of  Colorado i86 

1906.  Northwestern  University 198 

1906.  Sjrracuse  University 162 

1907.  University  of  Wisconsin 338 

1907.  University  of  Washington 158 

1908.  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute i6o 

1909.  Purdue  University 158 

1910.  Washington  University  (Mo.) 170 

1914.  District  of  Columbia  (alumni) i6o . 

1914.  University  of  Texas 40 

The  catalogue  of  1888  contained  rolls  of  members  at 
the  Stevens  Institute  and  Rutgers  College,  but  these 
chapters  died  soon  after  their  establishment. 

The  government  of  the  society  is  by  the  usual  conven- 
tion. The  affairs  of  the  society  are,  between  its  sessions, 
administered  by  the  officers  with  the  co-operation  and 
approval  of  an  Executive  Committee  of  five. 

The  Constitution  has  been  published  in  1887,  1893, 
1897,  1904,  1907,  1911,  1912,  1915.  A  general  catalogue 
of  the  Society  was  published  in  1888  and  a  Quarter  Cen- 


664 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


tennial  History  and  Record  in  191 2.  A  number  of 
addresses  and  other  pamphlets  have  also  been  published. 

A  quarterly  journal  was  first  issued  in  March,  19 13. 

The  badge  is  a  watch  chain  pendant,  formed  of  a  mono- 
gram of  the  letters  **2*'  and  *'S.**  The  colors  are  electric 
blue  and  white. 


(Colleges  of  Engineering) 


9- 


/^n  r^ 


An  honorary  society  founded  at  Lehigh  University  in 
June,  1885,  under  the  auspices  of  Prof.  E.  H.  Wil- 
liams, Jr.  Its  purpose  is  to  comer  distinction  upon  those 
students  who  have  maintained  a  high  grade  ot  scholarship 
and  to  foster  a  spirit  of  liberal  culture  in  the  engineering 
stucjents  of  the  institutions  in  which  its  chapters  are 
located.  When  a  chapter  is  established  it  may  confer  its 
Key  upon  its  alumni  and  students  of  earlier  years  in 
analogy  to  a  similar  custom  in  *  B  K.  Associate  member- 
ship may  be  offered  to  graduates  of  engineering  colleges 
where  there  is  no  chapter,  provided  the  recipient  fulfilled 
the  regular  eligibility  requirements  as  a  student.  Honor- 
ary membership  may  be  conferred  upon  prominent 
engineers,  who  are  especially  interested  in  engineering 
education. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows: 

1885.  Pa.  A,  Lehigh  University 678 

1892.  Mich.  A,  Michigan  Agricultural  College 262 

665 


666  HONORARY  FRATBRNITIBS 


893.  Ind.  A,  Purdue  University 671 

896.  N,  J.  A,  Stevens  Institute 359 

897.  Ills.  A,  University  of  Illinois 562 

898.  Wis.  A,  University  of  Wisconsin 403 

900.  Ohio  A,  Case  School  of  Applied  Science 342 

901.  Ky.  A,  University  of  Kentucky 221 

902.  N.  Y.  A,  Columbia  University 415 

904.  Mo.  A,  University  of  Missouri 281 

904.  Mich.  B,  Michigan  College  of  Mines 193 

905.  Colo.  A,  Colorado  School  of  Mines 147 

905.  Colo.  B,  University  of  Colorado 214 

906.  Ills.  B,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 282 

906.  N.  Y.  B,  Syracuse  University 212 

906.  Mich,  r,  University  ot  Michigan 404 

906.  Mo.  B,  Missouri  School  of  Mines   144 

906.  Cat.  A,  University  of  California 257 

907.  Iowa,  A  Iowa  State  College 251 

908.  N.  Y.  r,  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  (191 5)  209 

909.  Iowa  B,  University  of  Iowa 95 

909.  Minn.  A,  University  of  Minnesota 241 

910.  N.  Y.  A,  Cornell  University 374 

910.  Mass.  A,  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute 211 

910.  Me.  A,  University  o^  Maine 138 

912.  Pa.  B,  Pennsylvania  State  College 154 

912.  Wash.  A.  University  of  Washington 114 

914.  Ark.  A,  University  of  Arkansas 43 

914.  Kans.  A,  University  oi  Kansas ()3 

915.  Ohio  B,  University  of  Cincinnati 99 

916.  Pa.  r,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology 85 

916.  Texas  A,  University  of  Texas 61 


TAU  BETA    PI  661 

The  chapter  at  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Inistttute  was 
withdrawn  because  access  to  the  college  records  to  deter- 
mine the  comparative  standing  of  the  students  in  scholar- 
ship was  refused  by  the  college  authorities. 

There  are  alimmi  chapters  in  Chicago,  Pittsburg, 
Schenectady,  Boston,  Washington,  San  Francisco,  Seattle, 
and  New  York. 

There  is  an  annual  convention.  During  the  recess 
between  its  sessions  an  executive  council  of  three  altimni 
from  different  chapters  administers  the  affairs  of  the 
society.     Conventions  have  been  held  yearly. 

A  catalogue  was  published  by  the  executive  council  in 
1898,  from  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  and  a  new  edition  was 
issued  in  191 1  in  loose-leaf  form,  followed  by  a  similar 
edition  in  1916. 

The  fraternity  pubUshes  a  quarterly  journal  called  the 
Bent  which  was  first  issued  from  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  in 
1905.     It  is  now  published  at  Menasha,  Wis. 

The  badge  is  a  watch  key  in  the  form  of  the  bent  of  a 
trestle.  It  displa)rs  certain  secret  characters,  and  the 
name  and  chapter  of  the  owner. 

The  colors  are  seal  brown  and  white. 

The  official  banner  is  a  flag  two  units  high  by  three  units 
wide,  with  three  vertical  stripes  one  unit  wide,  the  two 
end  ones  of  seal  brown,  the  middle  one  white  bearing  an 
official  badge  in  brown  one  and  one-fourth  units  high. 


H^u  ilappa  iaipf)a 

(Orators  and  Debaters) 

TpAU  Kappa  Alpha  was  organized  May  13,  1908,  at 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  priinarily  through  the  efforts  of 
Hugh  Th.  Miller  and  Oswald  Ryan,  assisted  by  James  J. 
Boyle,  G.  Claris  Adams,  Herbert  R.  Hyman,  William 
Heilman  and  Roger  W.  Wallace. 

The  principal  qualification  for  membership  is  participa- 
tion in  an  Intercollegiate  oratorical  or  debating  contest. 
Members  are  elected  by  the  several  State  Coimcils  in  their 
respective  States,  and  Alumni  of  accredited  institutions 
may  also  be  elected. 

The  scheme  of  organization  was  a  peculiar  one.  Char- 
ters were  not  granted  to  institutions  of  learning  as  such, 
but  to  eligible  persons  in  each  State  upon  the  petition  of 
students  from  a  representative  institution  or  institutions  in 
such  State  and  expansion  within  that  State  was  entrusted 
to  the  charter  members  of  the  State  Chapter.  The  pur- 
pose of  this  plan  was  to  enable  the  election  of  desirable  men 
from  colleges  not  large  enough  or  perhaps  not  strong 
enough  to  warrant  the  installation  of  or  to  maintain  a 
separate  chapter.  It  was  found  to  be  impracticable  and  at 
a  convention  hold  in  1914  the  society  was  reorganized  and 
chapters  given  an  independent  existence  in  the  usual  way. 

The  chapter  roll  is  as  follows : 

1908.     Butler  College 

1908.     University  of  Cincinnati 

1908.     DePauw  University  (1917) 

668 


TAU  KAPPA    ALPHA  669 


1908.  Harvard  University  

1908.  Miami  University 

1909.  Vanderbilt  University 

1909.  University  of  North  Carolina.  . . . 

1909.  Columbia  University 

1909.  University  of  Denver 

1 9 10.  University  of  Montana 

19 10.  University  of  Utah 

1912.  Muskingum  College 

191 2.  New  York  University 

1912.  Richmond  College 

191 2.  Louisiana  State  University 

1912.  Lawrence  College 

19 1 2.  University  of  Vermont 

1 9 13.  University  of  Kentucky 

1913.  Randolph-Macon  College 

1913.  Wabash  College 

1913.  Trinity  College 

19 14.  University  of  Washington 

19 14.  University  of  Southern  California 

1914.  University  of  Oregon 

1915.  Indiana  University 

1914.  University  of  Arkansas 

191 5.  University  of  Alabama 

1915.  Dickinson  College 

1916.  Clark  College 

1916.  Colorado  College 

1916.  Ohio  University 

1916.  Purdue  University 

1 91 6.  St.  Lawrence  University 


670 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


1916.  University  of  South  Dakota 

1916.  University  of  Tennessee 

1916.  Westminster  College 

1917.  Bethany  College. 

1917.  Emory  and  Henry  College 

1917.  University  of  Mississippi 

1917.  Monmouth  College 

1917.  Occidental  College 

1917.  Pennsylvania  College 

1917.  Richmond  College 

1917.  Southern  Methodist  University 

1918.  Lafayette  College 

The  Government  is  of  usual  form. 

In  191 4  the  publication  of  a  periodical  called  The 
Speaker  was  commenced.    It  is  intended  to  be  a  quarterly. 

The  badge  of  the  society  is  a  gold  watch  key.  It  is  in 
the  form  of  a  scroll  and  displays  the  letters  of  the  society's 
name  within  a  wreath  with  groups  of  stars  above  and 
below  the  wreath  and  the  date  of  the  society's  fotmding 
in  Greek.    The  colors  are  light  and  dark  purple. 


tEatt  ftigma  Selta 

(Architecture  and  Allied  Arts) 

TAU  Sigma  Delta  was  organized  at  the  University  of 
Michigan  as  an  honorary  fraternity  in  architecttire 
and  landscape  design  in  May  19 13,  at  the  proposal  and 
under  the  direction  of  the  faculty  members  of  the  Depart- 
ments of  Architecture  and  Landscape  Design  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.  It  was  first  known  as  Tau  Delta 
Sigma  and  continued  imder  that  name  until  the  fall  of 
1 9 14  when  it  was  decided  to  change  the  name  to  the  pre- 
sent one  there  being  Greek  letter  societies  already  bearing 
the  first  name.  It  was  the  intention  of  the  founders  that 
the  organization  should  be  a  national  society  as  oppor- 
tunity for  its  extension  to  other  schools  and  tmiversities 
could  be  had. 

As  quoted  from  the  Constitution  of  Tau  Sigma  Delta, 
the  purpose  of  the  society  is  stated  as  follows:  "It  shall 
be  the  purpose  of  Tau  Sigma  Delta  fraternity  to  unite  in 
a  firm  bond  of  friendship,  such  students  of  architecture 
and  the  allied  arts,  whose  marked  scholastic  ability, 
moral  character  and  pleasing  personality  has  shown  them 
worthy  of  distinction,  and  to  foster  and  promote  high  stand- 
ards of  study  in  the  schools  and  colleges  of  architecture 
and  the  allied  arts."  The  society  is  a  purely  honorary 
organization,  and  only  a  very  limited  number  of  new 
members  are  elected  each  year. 

Each  chapter  has  a  definite  plan  of  government  and 
elects  its  members  who  are  chosen  only  upon  the  approval 
of  the  faculty  of  the  school  at  which  the  chapter  is  located. 

671 


672 


HONORARY  FRATERNITIES 


The  chapters  are: 

1913.  A,  University  of  Michigan 

1917.  13,  University  of  Minnesota 

1918.  A,  University  of  Syracuse 

1918.  X,  University  of  Illinois 

19 1 8.  E,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

1919.  Z,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology 

The  total  membership  of  the  society  is  88. 

The  motto  of  the  fraternity  is  ''Techniiai,  Sophoi  kai 
Dexioiy  The  system  of  colors  is  gold  and  white.  The 
flower  of  the  society  is  the  red  rose. 

The  pledge  button  consists  of  an  outer  scalloped  band 
of  gold  within  which  is  one  concentric  ring  of  gold  and  two 
concentric  rings  of  white. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  gold  key  consisting  of 
the  crossed  letters,  Tau  Sigma  Delta,  a  suspension  ring  at 
the  top  and  a  pendant  at  the  bottom.  The  crossed 
letters  of  the  same  arrangement  as  on  the  key  is  the  crest 
of  the  fraternity. 

The  fraternity  publishes  a  quarterly  bulletin. 


(Efieta  ftigma  Ij^x 

( Women — Journalistic) 

npHlS  is  an  honorar>'  society  founded  at  the  University 
of  Washington,  April  8,  1909,  by  Helen  Ross,  Helen 
Graves,  Irene  Somerville,  Blanche  Brace,  Georgia  Mc 
Dougall,  Olive  Mauerman  and  Rachael  Marshall  to 
recognize  ability  among  women  students  s])ecializing  in 
journalism.     Honorary  members  are  elected. 

The  chapters  are: 

909.     A,  University  of  Washington 

910 
911 

913 

913 

913 

915 

915 
916 

916 

916 

916 

917 

917 

918 

918 

919 


B,  University  of  Wisconsin 

r,  University  of  Missouri 

A,  Indiana  University 

E,  University  of  Kansas 

H,  Ohio  State  University 

Z,  University  of  Oklahoma 

0,  University  of  Oregon 

I,  Stanford  Universitv 

K,  University  of  Montana 

A,  University  of  Nebraska 

M,  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College 

N,  University  of  Minnesota 

O,  Iowa  State  College 

n.  University  of  Illinois 

P,  University  of  Iowa 

X,  Universitv  of  Texas 


673 


674 


HONORA  R  Y  FRA  TERNITIES 


The  official  imblication  is  The  Matrix,  which  is  a 
quarterly. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  linotype  matrix,  displaying  a  torch 
and  the  letters  Hi:*.     The  colors  are  violet  and  green. 

The  conventions  are  held  every  two  vears. 


(Forestry) 

"V I  SIGMA  Pi  was  founded  at  the  College  of  Forestry  at 
the  University  of  Washington,  vSeattle,  as  an  honor- 
ary fraternity  in  1908  and  was  reorganized  as  a  national 
fraternity  in  1915. 

It  has  the  following  chapters: 

1908.     A,  University  of  Washington 

T916.     13,  Michigan  Agricultural  College 

1917.      r,  University  of  Maine 

The  membership  is  contined  to  men  possessing  **not 
only  a  high  standard  of  scholarshij)  but  an  abiHty  and 
personality  suited  to  active  forestry  practice." 


MISCELLANEOUS  FRATERNITIES 

TJNDER  this  heading  there  are  included  a  number  of 
organizations,  the  existence  of  which  has  been  re- 
ported but  which  wc  are  unable  properly  to  classify. 

Alpha  Kappa  .  Psi — This  woman's  fraternity  was 
founded  in  1904  at  St.  Mar>''s  School,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 
Its  active  chapters  are:  Fairmont  Seminary (  Monteagle, 
Tenn.);  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology ;  Gunston  Hall, 
(Washington,  D.  ,C.);  Synodical  College  (Fulton,  Mo.) 
The  inactive  chapters  are:  St.  Mary's  School;  Stuart 
Hall;  Wesleyan  Female  College;  Florida  State  College  for 
Women;  Stetson  University;  Shorter  College.  Member- 
ship about  487. 

Alpha  Omega — This  men's  fraternity  was  founded  at 
Durham,  N.  C.  in  1900  by  W.  Braxton  Wajl.  It  has  four 
active  chapters.  Alpha  at  Whitted  School.  Durham, 
N.  C;  Beta  at  Kittrcll  College,  Kittrell,  N.  C;  Delta  at 
A.  &  J.  College,  Greensboro,  N.  C.  and  Sigma  at  National 
Training  School,  Durham,  N.  C.  It  also  has  three 
chapters  that  are  Sub-Rosa,   The  total  membership  is  793. 

BivTA  Samach-A  fraternity  of  Jewish  students  or- 
ganized at  Cornell  University  in  19 10.  It  has  a  second 
chajjter  established  at  Pennsylvania  State  College  in  191 4. 

Beta  Suima  Omkron — This  woman's  fraternity  was 
founded  at  Columbia,  Mo.  in  1888.  It  is  of  the  Junior 
class  fratcniitics.  The  active  chapters  are: — Synodical 
r\inalc  College;  Hardin  College;  Stephens  College; 
Traiisyhania  University;  Central  College  (Liberty,  Mo.); 

675 


676  MISCELLANEOUS  FRATERNITIES 

Centenary  College  (Cleveland,  Tenn.) ;  Colorado  Women's 
College;  Greenville  Woman's  College  (Greenville,  S.  C); 
Lindenwood  College  (St.  Charles,  Mo.);  Belhaven 
College  (Jackson,  Miss.);  Grenada  College  (Grenada, 
Miss.).  The  inactive  chapters  are:  University  of  Miss- 
ouri; Missouri  Valley  College;  Sedalia  (Mo.)  High  School; 
Pueblo  (Colo.)  High  School;  Ward-Belmont  College; 
Mary  Baldwin  Seminary  (Staunton,  Va.);  Fairmont 
Seminary  (Washington,  D.  C);  Brenau  College;  Potter 
College  (Bowling  Green,  Ky.);  Liberty  Ladies  College 
(Liberty,  Mo.) ;  Crescent  College  (Eureka  Springs,  Ark.) ; 
Christian  College  (Colimibia,  Mo.) ;  Women's  College  of 
Alabama;  Hollins  College  (Va.).  There  are  eleven  active 
chapters  and  the  membership  is  1,134. 

Commons  Club,  The — This  is  an  association  the  first 
member  of  which  was  organized  at  Wesleyan  University 
in  1899.  Originally  it  was  an  eating  club  and  included  all 
of  the  students  who  were  not  members  of  the  various  fra- 
ternities and  who  did  not  board  at  the  fraternity  tables. 
Since  its  organization  it  has  assimied  something  of  the 
character  of  a  fraternity  and  similar  organizations  at  other 
colleges  ha\c  affiliated  with  it.  The  roll  of  members  or 
chapters  reported  is  as  follows:  1899,  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity; 1909,  Tufts  College;  1913,  Hobart  College.  It  does 
not  admit  members  of  the  general  fraternities,  but  its 
members  individually  or  in  groups  join  such  fraternities, 
naturally  thus  terminating  their  membership  in  this 
organization. 

Cosmopolitan  Cli^b — Was  organized  at  Syracuse 
University   in    1907.     The   purposes   were   the   bringing 


MISCELLANEOUS  FRATERNITIES  (>Tf 

together  in  an  organization  foreign  students  which  would 
give  thein  an  active  part  and  interest  in  university  life 
and  break  down  race  barriers  by  actual  daily  intercourse. 
The  movement  proved  such  a  success  that  there  are  at 
present  2q  of  these  clubs  in  the  following  institutions: 
California  University,  Chicago  University,  Coe  College, 
Columbia  University,  Cornell  University,  Drake  College, 
Harvard  University,  Iowa  State  College,  Illinois  Uni- 
versitv,  Kansas  University,  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  Michigan  University,  Missouri  University, 
Nebraska  University,  Oberlin  College.  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity, Ohio  Wesle^'an  University,  University  of  Oregon, 
University  of  Penns^^lvania,  Purdue  University,  Radcliffe 
College,  S>Tacuse  University,  Union  College,  Vanderbilt 
University,  William-Jewell  College,  University  of  Wis- 
consin, Wooster  University  and  Yale  University. 

Eta  Upsilon  Gamma — This  woman's  fraternity  was 
founded  at  Christian  College,  Cojumbia,  Mo.,  in  1901. 
It  is  a  fraternity  of  the  Jimior  grade.  The  active  chapters 
are:  Hardin  College,  Central  College  (Mo.),  Lindenwood 
College,  Colorado  Woman's  College;  Greenville  College 
(S.  C),  Centenary  College  (Tenn.),  Belhaven  College 
Qackson,  Miss.),  Stephen's  College  (Columbia,  Mo.), 
Synodical  College  (Fulton,  Mo.).  The  inactive  chapters 
are:  Christian  College,  Liberty  Ladies  College,  Forest 
Park  University,  Potter  College,  Boscobel  College,  Judson 
College,  Brenau  College,  Ward-Belmont  College.  There 
are  nine  active  chapters  and  the  membership  is'  1,046. 

Kappa  Phi — ^A  medical-Pharmaceutical  fraternity  or- 
ganized at  the  University  of  the  South  in  1909.     It  has 


6  7  8  M  ISC  ELLA  NEO I  \S  FRA  TERNITIES 

the  foUowiu)^'  chapters:  Uni\xTsily  of  the  South;  Lincohi 
Memorial  University;  University'  College  of  Medicine  and 
University  of  Alabama.  Letters  regarding  this  fraternity 
have  been  returned  to  us  and  it  may  have  ceased  to  exist. 

Kappa  Pi — An  honorary  art  students  society  with  the 
following  chapters:  igii,  A,  University  of  Kentucky; 
1914,  B,  Centre  College;  1914,  \\  Columbia  University 
(1914);  1914,  A,  Vanderbilt  University  (1914);  1914,  E, 
Purdue  University.  The  colors  are  purple  and  gold. 
Seniors  and  juniors  are  eligible  to  membership. 

Omicron  Delta  Gamma  (Artus) — This  is  a  men's 
honorary  fraternity  founded  at  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin in  1 9 13.  It  admits  junior  and  vSenior  and  graduate 
students  in  Economics  and  Political  Economy.  There  are 
chapters  at  Wisconsin,  Harv^ard,  Washington  University 
(St.  Louis)  and  Denver  University.  The  badge  of  the 
fraternity  is  a  key  on'  the  face  of  which  appears  an  arm 
extending  from  a  body  of  water,  brandishing  a  sword 
above  which  is  the  word  "Artus"  and  on  the  reverse  side 
are  the  letters  O  a  r. 

Phi  Alpha — A  men'^  fraternity  composed  of  Hebrew 
men  which  has  three  chapters:  Alpha  at  George  Wash- 
ington University,  Beta  at  the  University  of  Maryland; 
Gamma  at  Georgetown  University.  Established  on 
October  3,  19 14. 

Phi  Mu  Gamma — This  woman's  fraternity  was  founded 
at  Hollin's  College,  Va.  in  1898.  The  chapter  roll  is 
Hollins  College,  Misses  Ely  School  (New  York  City), 
Brenau  College,   Misses  Graham's  School    (New  York 


MISCELLANEOUS  FRATERNITIES  679 

City),  Potter  College  (Ky.),  The  Veltin  School  (New  York 
City),  New  England  Consen'atory  of  Music,  Judson 
College,  Emerson  School  of  Oratory  (Boston),  Centenary 
College  (Cleveland,  Tenn.);  Shorter  College  (Rome,  Ga.), 
Newcomb  College  (Tulane) ,  Women's  College  of  Alabama, 
Christian  College,  Ward-Belmont  College;  Richmond 
Woman's  College.  All  or  nearlv  all  of  these  chapters  are 
now  inactive. 

Sigma  Iota  Chi — This  sorority  was  organized  in  1903 
at  Alexandria,  Louisiana.  It  is  one  of  the  Junior  grade. 
The  active  chapters  are:  Cincinnati  Conserv^atory  of 
Music,  Lindenwood  College,  Stej^hens  College  (Colum- 
bia, Mo.),  Hardin  College,  Belhaven  College  (Jackson, 
Miss.),  St.  Katharines  (Bolivar,  Tenn.),  Grenada  College 
(Grenada,  Miss.),  Central  College  (Lexington,  Mo.); 
Colorado  Woman's  College,  Greenville  Woman's  College 
(Greenville,  N.  C).  The  inactive  chapters  are:  Win- 
chester College  (Tenn.),  Ward's  Seminary,  Hannah  Moore 
Academy,  Belmont  College  (Nashville),  National  Cathe- 
dral Academy,  Potter  College,  Virginia  College  (Roanoke, 
Va.),  Campbell -Hageman  College  (Ky.),  Gunston  Hall, 
Crescent  College  (Ark.),  Brenau  College,  Shorter  College, 
Ward-Belmont  College.  There  are  ten  active  chapters 
and  the  membership  is  856. 

Theta  Nr  Epsilon — This  was  founded  at  Wesleyan 
University  in  1870.  The  aim  of  the  society  was  social 
enjoyment  and  the  promotion  of  class  allegiance.  It 
was  the  intention  to  unite  a  small  nimiber  of  the  sopho- 
mores, who  were  members  of  the  leading  fraternities. 
Chapters  have  been  established  at  many  colleges,  and 


68o 


MISCELLA  NEO  US  FRA  TERNITIES 


there  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  many  of  them  have 
been  a^^tablished  without  the  consent  of  the  organization 
as  such. 

The    badge    is  a  skull   with  two    keys 
crossed  behind  the  jaw-bone.    The  eyes  are 
jeweled.     Upon    the    forehead    are     the 
letters  "0  N  E'*.    The    colors    are    green 
and   black.   The  society  for   many    years 
took  a  very  active  part  in  college  politics 
in  some  of  the  colleges  where  it  is  established,  and  was 
severely  commented  upon  in  consequence.     The  frater- 
nities quite  generally  forbade  their  members  to  join  this 
organization. 

In  1909  an  effort  was  made  to  reorganize  this  society  and 
it  is  believed  that  many  engaged  in  this  effort  were  sincere. 
It  had  a  new  adm-nislratioii  and  began  the  publication  of  a 
journal  but  it  scHjms  to  have  been  discontinued.  It  admits 
to  membershij^  members  of  other  fraternities.  It  is  not 
seen  that  the  society  accomplishes  any  useful  purpose. 
The  paiv:it  chapter  was  abolished  in  1909,  Chapter?* 
have  recently  been  granted  to  professional  schools. 

Theta  Pi  Alpha — A  sorority  composed  of  women  of 
the  catholic  faith.  It  was  founded  at  the  University  of 
Michigan  in  191 2  and  a  second  chapter  at  Ohio  State 
University  established  in  iotq.  It  is  said  to  have  a  third 
chapter. 


MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

AcoMOS — ^At  University  of  Kansas,  established  in  191 7. 

Alpha  Beta  Gamma — Established  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York  in  191 1. 

Alpha  Chi — Established  in  1909  at  Marquette  Uni^r- 
sity. 

Alpha  Chi  Beta — At  Iowa  State  College. 

Alpha  Delta — Established  at  the  University  of  New 
Mexico  in  191 5. 

Alpha  Delta — At  Washburn  College. 

Alpha  Delta  Alpha — Established  at  the  University 
of  Montana  in  1913. 

Alpha  Delta  Epsilon — Established  at  Utah  State 
College  in  1916. 

Alpha  Delta  Phi — A  society  of  Spanish  speaking 
students  at   Louisiana  State  University.     Organized  in 

1913. 

Alpha  Delta  Sigma— At  Pennsylvania  State  College. 
Organized  in  19 11. 

Alpha  Digamma — A  society  founded  at  Marietta  Col- 
lege, Ohio,  in  February,  1859.  It  arose  from  an  organiza- 
tion formed  to  take  part  in  literar>^  society  politics.  A 
"Beta*'  chapter  was  established  in  1864  at  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University,  which  afterwards  resigned  its  charter.  A 
catalogue  of  the  fraternity  was  issued  in  1880.  A  semi- 
annual pamphlet  called  the  Digamma  Record  is  issued. 
The  total  membership  of  the  Marietta  chapter  is  341. 
The  badge  of  the  fraternity  is  a  crescent-shaped  disc. 

681 


682  MEN'S  LOCAL   FRATERNITIES 

in  the  broadest  i)art  of  which  is  a  shield  bearing  a  lighted 
lamp.  To  the  left  and  right  are  the  letters  "A"  and  'T.*' 
Beneath  the  "A"  are  clasped  hands,  while  beneath  the 
"F"  are  a  key  and  dagger  crossed.  The  colors  are  black 
and  gold. 

Alpha  Epsilon  Delta — At  the  U/niversity  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Alpha  (jamma  Mu — Organized  at  the  University  of 
Illinois  in  1918. 

Alpha  Gamma  Phi — At  Marquette  University,  estab- 
lished in  1908. 

•    Alpha  Kappa  Epsilon — At  the  University  of  Idaho. 

Alpha  Kappa  Lambda. — Organized  at  the  University 
of  California  on  the  basis  of  a  previous  literary  organiza- 
tion with  the  purpose  of  becoming  a  chaptered  fraternity. 

Alpha  Kappa  Phi — Established  at  North  Dakota 
Agricultural  College  in  1916. 

Alpha  Kappa  Psi — At  Boston  University. 

Alpha  Kappa  Zeta — Organized  at  the  University  of 
North  Dakota  in  1908.  The  badge  is  a  triangle  bearing  a 
shield  displaying  the  letters  "A  K  Z."  The  colors  are 
maroon  and  green. 

Alpha  Lambda  Rho — At  the  University  of  North 
Dakota,  founded  in  191 2. 

Alpha  Mu  Sigma — Established  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York  in  191 7. 

Alpha  Nu  Sigma — At  the  University  of  Cincinnati. 
Established  in  1910. 


MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES  683 

Alpha  Phi  Delta — Orji;anized  at  Columbia  University 

in  1915. 

Alpha  Phi  Delta — At  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Alpha  Phi  Omega — Established  at  North  Georgia 
A^iailtural  College  in  1916. 

Alpha  Phi  Sigma — A  society  founded  at  Harvard  in 
1904. 

Alpha  Pi  Delta — Established  at  the  University  of 
Cincinnati  in  1916. 

Alpha  Pi  Lambda — Organized  at  Colorado  State  Agri- 
cultural College  in  1908. 

Alpha  Pi  Nu — At  the  University  of  Denver,  organized 
in  1913. 

Alpha  Sigma — At  Boston  University. 

Alpha  Sigma  Phi — Organized  at  Middlebxuy  College  in 
1 911  on  the  basis  of  a  Commons  Club  which  had  been 
established  in  1906.  The  badge  is  an  eight  sided  shield 
displaying  the  letters  *'A  S  *"  in  vertical  sequence.  The 
colors  are  black  and  scarlet.     The  membership  is  106. 

Alpha  Sigma  Pi — A  fraternity  foimded  at  Norwich 
University,  Vermont,  in  1857,  by  H.  Kilbom,  J.  A. 
Richardson,  Edgar  Parker,  Robert  C.  Hitchcock,  Charles 
Morton,  George  W.  Field  and  W.  J.  Clark.  It  owns  its 
own  house.  Owing  to  the  military  character  of  the  college, 
military  features  were  incorporated  in  its  ritual  making  its 
extension  or  its  absorption  by  another  fraternity  impractic- 
able.    There  arc  three  degrees  in  its  secret  work. 


684 


MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 


The  badge  is  a  shield  of  gold  with  an  embossed  border 
enclosing  a  field  of  blue  enamel,  upon  which  are  displayed 
a  crossed  flag  and  musket  over  a  drum;  to  the  left  is  the 
letter  "A,"  above  the  letter  "2."  and  to  the  right  the  letter 
"n."     The  colors  are  blue  and  white. 

A  catalogue  was  published  in  1888.  The  total  member- 
ship is  441.  Among  them  are:  Admiral  George  Dewey, 
Col.  Charles  A.  Curtis,  Gen.  Grenville,  M.  Dodge,  formerly 
Superintendent  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad ;  Gen.  George 
W.  Balloch,  of  Washington,  D.  C;  Gen.  Newell  Gleason, 
Henr>^  O.  Kent,  late  Naval  Officer  at  Boston;  Gen.  Levi 
G.  Kingsley,  Capt.  Dwight  H.  Kelton,  of  the  Regular 
Army,  and  Malvard  A.  Howe,  of  Dartmouth  College. 

Alpha  Tau  Alpha — A  society  organissed  at 
New  Hampshire  State  College,  March  2,  1906, 
and  confined  to  students  ptu'suing  the  two^ear 
course  in  Agriculture  at  that  Institution.  It 
admits  honorary  members  and  is  semi-professional  in  its 
character.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  ATA 
so  arranged  as  to  be  formed  into  a  -circular  outline.  The 
colors  are  black  and  green.     The  membership  is  131. 

Alpha  Theta  Chi — A  fraternity  founded  at 
the  University  of  Nebraska,  May  9,  1895.  It 
confines  itself  to  the  College  of  Literature, 
Science  and  Arts.  The  badge  is  a  crescent  and 
scimeter,  the  former  displaying  the  letters 
**A  H  X."  The  colors  are  moss  green  and 
gold.  A  quarterly  called  the  Crescent  and  Scimeter  is 
published.  It  owns  a  house  ($8,000).  Over  45  per  cent, 
of  its  members  have  been  elected  to  <l>  B  K  or  S  Z. 


Ij»l.l 


MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES  685 

Alpha  Theta  Chi — Established  at  Kansas  State  Col- 
lege in  191 7. 
Alpha  Theta  Pi — At  Temple  University. 

Alpha  Zeta  Phi — Established  at  Trinity  College,  N.  C, 
in  1915. 

Aztec — At  Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

Berzelius — A  society  established  at  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  in  1848.  It  has  been  and  is  prosperous, 
and  numbers  among  its  altmini  ,many  of  the  prominent 
graduates  of  the  school.  Its  badge  is  a  combination  of 
potash  bulbs  surmoimted  by  the  letter  *'B.''  It  owns  a 
handsome  chapter  house.  The  membership  to  date  is  47  2 . 
Among  the  prominent  alumni  are:  Prof.  W.  H.  Brewer, 
Henry  D.  Manning,  Prof.  George  J.  Brush. 

Beta  Alpha  Chi — Established  at  Ohio  State  University 
in  1 91 4,  composed  of  Baptists. 

Beta  Kappa — Established  at  Hamilton  College  in 
1 91 8.     It  was  formerly  the  Emerson  Literary  Society. 

Beta  Kappa — Organized  at  Hamline  University  in 
1898. 

Beta  Phi — Organized  at  Rhode  Island  State  College 
in  1911. 

Beta  Phi  Omega — A  society  organized  at  Coe  College 
in  1909. 

Beta  Pi  Epsilon — Organized  in  1906  at  Carroll  College. 
Its  membership  to  date  is  96. 

Beta  Sigma  Phi — Organized  at  Lawrence  College, 
Jime  12,  1902,  by  J.  H.  Farley,  N.  E.  Richardson,  A.  S. 


686  MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Bennett,  H.  M.  Peck,  R.  N.  Ketchum,  S.  D.  Switzer,  C.  O. 
Meller,  M.  McNill,  A.  D.  Andrus  and  W.  H.  Spaulding. 
It  has  published  a  song  book  and  issues  a  semi-annual 
periodical.  The  badge  is  a  crescent  displaying  two  statrs 
and  a  scroll  nearing  the  letters  "B  S  *."  The  colors  are 
crimson  and  black.  The  membership  is  159.  It  owns  a 
house  ($8,000). 

Beta  Upsilon — At  University  of  Illinois. 

Chi  Alpha  Epsilon — Organized  at  Cole  College  in 
1917. 

Chi  Alpha  Pi — Organized  at  Pennsylvania  State  College 
in  1917. 

Chi  Alpha  Pi — Established  at  Washington  University 
in  1917. 

Chi  Beta — Organized  at  the  University  of  Illinois, 
November  12,  1906,  by  Cecil  E.  Williams,  '09.  The  badge 
is  a  five  pointed  shield  displaying  the  letters  "X  B'*  in 
gold  on  a  field  of  blue  enamel.  The  colors  are  blue  and 
white.  It  publishes  semi-annually  the  Log  of  Chi  Beta. 
The  membership  is  1 50. 

Chi  Delta — Organized  at  Drake  University  in  1907. 
Membership  129. 

Chi  Delta — Founded  at  Har\'ard  in  1913. 

Chi  Delta  Psi — Organized  at  the  University  of  Toronto 
in  1901.     Its  membersip  is  156. 

Commoner's  Club— Established  at  Whitman  College 
in  1916. 


MEN*S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES  687 

CuHEco — Organized  at  Pennsylvania  State  College  in 
191 5.     Called  the  Cuheco  Club. 

Delta  Alpha — Established  at  the  College  of  the  City 
of  New  York  in  1913.  They  own  a  house  valued  at 
$20,000. 

Delta  Alpha  Psi — Organized  at  Rhode  Island  State 
College  in  191 1. 

Delta  Beta  Tau — At  the  University  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia.     Egtablished  191 5. 

Delta  Epsilon  Omega — Established  at  Carnegie 
Institute  of  Technology  in  1916. 

Delta  Gamma  Rho — Organized  at  Coe  College  in  191 7. 

Delta  Iota — A  society  organized  at  Lawrence  College 
Appleton,  Wis.,  in  1903.  To  date,  it  has  a  membership 
of  220.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  **a'*  and 
"I".  The  colors  are  purple  and  gold.  The  society  pub- 
lishes a  bulletin  three  times  a  year,  called  the  ** Delta'* 
The  active  chapter  also  publishes  a  bi-weekly  letter,  which 
is  sent  out  to  each  alumnus.  Alumni  and  active  mem- 
bers formed  a  Delta  Iota  Association  in  1910  (incorpo 
rated).     It  owns  a  house  valued  $10,000. 

Delta  Nu — Established  at  Utah  State  College  in  1914. 

Delta  Phi  Beta — Organized  at  North  Dakota  Agri- 
cultural College  in  1908. 

Delta  Phi  Epsilon — Organized  at  Coe  College  in  1901. 

Delta  Phi  Epsilon — Established  at  University  of 
Wisconsin  in  191 6. 


68S  ,]fHN\s  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Delta  Pi — Established  at  North  Dakota  Agricultttral 
College  in  191 3. 

Delta  Psi — At  the  Colorado  State  Teachers  Collie. 

Delta  Psi — The  fraternity  of  this  name  was  founded 
at  the  University  of  Vermont  in  1850,  by  L.  E.  Barnard, 
O.  D.  Barrett,  H.  B.  Buckham,  G.  I.  Gilbert,  J.  E.  Good- 
rich, J.  B.  Hall,  A.  E.  Leavenworth,  O.  D.  Smith  and  H. 
M.  Wcillacc.  The  original  society  was  anti-secret,  and 
during  185 2-' 53  it  was  a  member  of  the  Anti-Secret  Con- 
federation, a  league  embracing  societies  at  Williams,  Am- 
herst, Union  and  other  colleges.  The  connection  with 
this  confederation,  however,  was  a  very  loose  one,  and 
was  entirely  dissolved  in  1854,  when  the  constitution  was 
changed  and  the  word  "anti-secret"  rejected.  The  first 
catalogue  was  a  triennial,  issued  in  1854,  and  again  in  1856. 
The  first  quadrennial  catalogue  was  published  in  1879,  and 
the  latest  in  191 5.  Tlie  total  number  of  members  is  524. 
Among  those  who  are  eminent  may  be  mentioned  the 
following:  II.  H.  Powers,  Congressman  from  Vermont; 
Isaac  N.  Camp,  late  of  Chicago;  R.  N.  Hall,  Judge  of 
the  King's  Bench,  P.  Q.;  Professor  C.  A.  Kent,  of  Michi- 
gan; Frank  Gilbert,  late  editor  of  the  Chicago  Inter- 
Ocean;  Dr.  Edward  S.  Peck,  of  New  York;  Professor 
Charles  H.  Tut  tie,  late  of  Cornell;  Seneca  Haselton, 
and  George  M.  Powers,  Judges  of  the  Vermont  Supreme 
Court;  William  N.  Ferrin,  President  of  Pacific  Univer- 
sity; Oscar  Atwood,  President  of  Straight  University; 
Henry  W.  Hill,  New  York  State  Senator;  Professor  D.  R. 
Dewey,  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology; 
Professor  John  Dewey  of  Columbia;  Darwin  P.  Kingsley, 


MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES  689 

President  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Company. 
The  fartemity  owns  a  chapter  house  ($15,000).  The 
badge  is  a  monogram,  made  by  placing  the  **A"  over  the 
**  V.     The  colors  are  old  gold  and  dregs  of  wine.- 

Delta  Rho — At  the  University  of  Montana. 

Delta  Sigma — Organized  at  Bucknell  University,  Jan. 
27,  1899.  The  badge  is  a  lyre  supporting  a  wreath  and 
trtmipet  and  displaying  the  letters  **A  S."  The  colors  are 
black  and  red.  A  publication  called  the  Trumpet  is  issued 
three  times  a  year.  A  history  and  directory  was  published 
in  1909.     The  membership  is  146. 

Delta  Sigma — Organized  at  the  University  of  North 
Dakota  in  191 1. 

Delta  Sigma — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &.  M.  Col- 
lege in  1908. 

Delta  Sigma — At  Washington  vState  College. 

Delta  Sigma  Alpha — Established  at  North  Georgia 
Agricultural  College  in  1899. 

Delta  Tau — Organized  February,  1906,  at  the  Wor- 
cester Polytechnic  Institute,  by  Wallace  T.  Roberts  and 
ten  others.  The  badge  is  a  diamond  displaying  the  letters 
A  T  and  two  stars.  The  colors  are  purple  and  gold.  It 
issues  a  monthly  called  the  Deltaurian.     The  membership 

is  133- 

Delta  Tau  Phi — At  Ohio  Northern  University. 

Delta  Theta — At  Muhlenberg  College.     Organized  in 

1898. 

Digamma  Alpha  Upsilon — At  Lake  Forest  College 
since  1906. 


690  MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Drl'ids — At  Pennsylvania  College. 

Epsilon  Phi — Organized  at  McGill  University,  Nov. 
14,  1904.  The  badge  is  a  golden  key  bearing  a  shield  dis- 
playing the  letters  "E  4>"  in  black.  The  colors  are  erimson 
and  gold.  There  is  a  biennial  publication.  The  member- 
ship is  77.     It  rents  a  house. 

Epsilon  Psi  Epsilon — Organized  at  Columbia  Uni- 
versity in  1 9 10. 

Fellows — Organized  at  Hamline  University  in  1908. 

Flip  Flap — A  non-secret  fraternity  composed  of 
Chinese  students  organized  at  Colimibia  University  in 
1908.     Among  the  founders  was  Dr.  Wellington  V.  Koo. 

Forum — A  local  fraternity  at  Bucknell  University, 
organized  in  19 10. 

Friar's  Club — Established  at  Louisiana  State  Uni- 
versity in  1901.     Owns  its  house. 

Gamma  Epsilon — At  the  University  of  Southern 
California.     Established  1918. 

Gamma  Phi  Delta — Established  at  Carroll  College  in 
1912. 

Gamma  Sigma  Alpha — Founded  in  19 19  at  Iowa  State 
College,  its  members  are  veterans  of  the  Worlds  War  and 
its  aim  is  to  become  a  national  organization. 

Gamma  Sigma  Kappa — A  local  society  at  Drake  Uni- 
versity.    Organized  in  1906. 

Gamma  Tau  Beta — At  Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

Gamma  Theta  Chi — Established  at  the  University  of 
Wyoming  in  1916. 


MEN'i;  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES  6qi 

Gamma  Zeta — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M. 
College  in  1916. 

Iota  Chi  Delta — At  Pennsylvania  State  College. 

Iota  Delta — Organized  at  Denver  University  in  191 7. 

Iota  Nu — Organized  October  15,  1908,  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Montana.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the 
letters  forming  the  society's  name.  The  colors  are 
maroon  and  green.     The  membership  is  112. 

Ivy  Club — Established  at  Rutgers  College  in  19 13. 

Kanza — Established  at  the  University  of  Kansas  in 
1912. 

Kappa  Beta  Phi — Established  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York  in  191 4. 

Kappa  Beta  Psi — At  the  University  of  Michigan. 
Organized  in  1912. 

KIappa  Delta  Chi — ^A  society  at  Millikin  University. 
Organized  in  1913.    Owns  a  house  valued  at  $15,000. 

KIappa  Delta  Psi — Established  at  Iowa  Wesleyan 
College  in  1917. 

KIappa  Delta  Sigma — At  Oregon  Agriculttiral  College. 

Kappa  Gamma  Chi — This  is  a  fraternity  at  St.  Stephen's 
College,  Annandale-on-Hudson,  N.  Y.,  organized  in  1868. 
It  grew  out  of  an  older  open  organization  of  a  literary 
nature.  Its  membership  to  date  is  about  275.  Its  color 
is  corn-yellow,  and  its  flower  is  the  lily-of-the-valley. 

Kappa  Gamma  Phi — Organized  at  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College  in  1909.     It  owns  a  house  ($6,000.) 

Kappa  Kappa  Chi — A  society  at  Washburn  College. 


._.-.!, -^^H- 


692  MEN*S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

K.  K.  K.  (tri-kap) — This  fraternity  was  founded  at 
Dartmouth  in  1842.  The  founders  were  six  in  number, 
but  the  active  membership  has  always  been  large.  The 
society  was  one  of  two  parties  into  which  sundry  stu- 
dents divided  over  certain  points  in  college  politics,  the 
opposing  party  becoming  a  chapter  of  V  T.  The  faculty 
appointed  Prof.  Chas.  B.  Haddock  as  a  mentor  for  the 
organization.  He  became  much  interested  in  it,  and 
wisely  directed  its  policy.  It  has  been  a  successful  rival 
of  the  other  fraternity  chapters  at  Dartmouth.  It  built  ^ 
the  first  hall  in  Hanover  in  1862,  and  in  1894  the  fitst 
chapter-house.  This  was  reconstructed  in  1 910  ($15,000). 
The  catalogue  of  the  society  was  published  in  1869, 
1876,  1882,  1893,  1903  and  1915  and  a  collection  of  [songs 
has  been  printed  for  the  use  of  the  members.  The 
badge  is  a  gold  Corinthian  column  surmounted  by  a 
capital;  at  the  base  are  the  letters  "K.  K.  K.,**  from 
which  the  society  receives  its  name.  The  membership 
is  1,100,  of  which  about  600  are  living.  Among  the  more 
prominent  alimmi  living  may  be  mentioned:  Irving  W. 
Drew,  '70,  formerly  U.  S.  Senator  from  New  Hampshire; 
Hon.  T.  W.  D.  Worthen,  '72,  Member  of  the  N.  H.  Public 
Service  Commission;  Hon.  Samuel  W.  McCall,  '74, 
former  Member  of  Congress  and  Governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts; Henry  L.  Moore,  '77,  and  Dr.  John  M.  Gile,  '87, 
present  trustees  of  the  college;  Hon.  Clarence  B.  Little, 
'81,  President  of  the  Dartmouth  Alimmi  Council;  Hon. 
Samuel  D.  Felker,  '82,  former  Governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire; Hon.  George  H.  Bingham,  '87,  Judge  of  the  U.  S. 
Circuit  Court  of  Appeals;   Hon.  John  Barrett,  '89,  Direc- 


MEN'S  LOCAL^^ FRATERNITIES  693 

tor  General  of  the  Pan-American  Union;  Hon.  Sherman 
E.  Burroughs,  '94,  Member  of  Congress  from  New  Hamp- 
shire; Hon.  Louis  S.  Cox,  '96,  and  Hon.  Nelson  P.  Brown, 
99,  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Massachusetts; 
Ernest  W.  Butterfield,  '97,  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  of  New  Hampshire;  Walter  S.  Adams,  '98, 
Director  of  the  Wilson  Solar  Observatory;  Rev.  Dr. 
Walter  P.  Sttmner,  '98,  Bishop  of  Oregon;  Hon.  Channing 
H.  Cox,  '01,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Massachusetts. 

•    Kappa  Lambda — ^At  Drake  University. 

Kappa  Phi  Alpha — Organized  at  Boston  University  in 
191 5,  by  the  members  of  the  Boston  Chapter  of  Beta  Theta 
Pi,  the  charter  of  which  has  been  withdrawn. 

Kappa  Psi — A  society  organized  at  Cornell  University 
in  1907.  It  owns  a  house  ($25,000).  Its  badge  is  a 
monogram  of  the  letters  constituting  the  fraternity's 
name.  Its  colors  are  royal  blue  and  gold.  Its  member- 
ship is  160. 

Kappa  Psi  Gamma — Organized  at  the  University  of 
Southern  California  in  191 2. 

Kappa  Theta  Psi — Organized  November  12,  1902,  at 
Simpson  College,  by  sixteen  undergraduates.  It  publishes 
an  annual  called  the  Diamond.  A  song  book  was  pub- 
lished in  1909.  The  badge  is  a  diamond  displaying  the 
letters  "K  *  ^".  The  colors  are  black  and  gold.  The 
membership  is  170.     It  owns  a  house  ($6,000). 

Kappa  Theta  Rho — At  Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

Lambda — A  society  at  Boston  University  formed  by 
the  members  of  0  A  X  when  the  charter  of  its  chapter 
there  was  withdrawn. 


694  MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Lambda  Gamma  Kappa — At  the  Colorado  State  Teach- 
ers College. 

Lambda  Iota  (the  owl) — This  society  was  founded 
April  23,  1836,  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  by  John 
S.  Adams,  Daniel  Buck,  Edward  A.  Cahoon,  John  F. 
Deane,  Chas.  G.  Eastman,  Orange  Ferris,  James  For- 
syth, William  Higby,  Geo.  H.  Peck,  G.  W.  Reed,  John 
G.  Smith,  Benjamin  J.  Tenny  and  George  H.  Wood. 
For  nine  years  it  remained  without  a  rival  and  has  been 
very  prosperous,  except  during  the  war.  The  first  cata- 
logue was  issued  in  1874,  a  finer  edition  in  1886,  and  a 
third  edition  in  1903.  The  badge  of  the  society  is  of 
gold,  and  represents  an  owl  perched  on  a  pillar  between 
the  letters  '*A"  and  *'I".  It  is  chartered  by  the  State. 
The  total  membership  is  about  592.  Among  the  more 
prominent  members  are:  Governors  Croswell,  Famham 
and  John  G.  Smith,  of  Vermont;  Congressmen  Orange 
Ferris  and  W.  C.  Smith;  Charles  E.  FoUett,  of  St.  Louis; 
W.  B.  Howe,  Bishop  of  South  Carolina;  Bishop  Pannelee, 
of  Trebizond,  Ttirkey;  President  Forsyth,  of  Rensselaer 
Polytechnic  Institute;  James  O'Halloran,  K.  C,  of 
Quebec;  Rev.  Geo.  B.  Spaulding,  editor  of  the  Congrega- 
tionalist;  Ed.  H.  Bennett  and  Wilder  May,  the  well- 
known  legal  writers,  and  Profs.  Bliss,  Thompson,  Bradley, 
Limd,  Petty,  Loomis,  Starrs,  and  Maynard,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Vermont.     It  owns  a  house  ($30,000). 

Lambda  Phi — Organized  February  17,  1907,  at  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  by  Willis  G.  Wal- 
do, G.  R.  Jones,  Willis  Ranney  and  W.  J.  Kelly.  The 
badge  is  a  catyl  superimposed  on  an  arrow  and  display- 


rt 


MEN'S  LOCAL   FRATERNITIES  695 

ing  the  letters  **A  *".    The  colors  are  black  and  Venetian 
green. 

Lambda  Sigma  Phi — At  Iowa  State  College. 

Lambda  Tau  Alpha — At  Iowa  State  College. 

Mu  Omega  Beta — At  the  Southern  Methodist  Uni- 
versity. 

Mu  Phi  Alpha — At  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Nu  Sigma  Omicron — Established  in  1916  at  Maryland 
State  College. 

Obelisk — At  Dniry  College,  established  in  19 11. 

Omega — At  Washington  State  College. 

Omega  Alpha — Organized  at  Delaware  College  in  19 11. 

Omega  Beta  Chi — Organized  at  Roanoke  College  in  1914. 

Omega  Delta  Phi — Organized  in  191 2  at  Lafayette 
College. 

Omega  Epsilon — Organized  at  Pennsylvania  State 
College  in  19 14. 

Omega  Kappa — Established  at  the  University  of 
Arizona  in  19 19. 

Omega  Lambda — Organized  in  the  Fall  of  1908  at  the 
Armour  Institute  of  Technology.  The  badge  is  a  small 
gold  square  with  concave  sides  displaying  the  letters  of  the 
society's  name  in  gold  on  a  black  background.  The  colors 
are  maroon  and  white.  It  rents  a  house  and  publishes  a 
small  quarterly.     Its  membership  to  date  is  157. 

Omega  Phi — Organized  at  Wesleyan  University  in  1913. 

Omega  Phi — Established  at  the  Southern  University  in 
191 5.     Membership  is  48. 


696 


MEirS  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 


Omega  Pi  Alpha — Organized  at  the  College  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  January  i,  1901.  It  was  established  with 
the  idea  of  admitting  to  membership  both  Jews  and 
Christians.     It  established  the  following  chapter  roll : 

1901 .  A,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York 144 

1902.  B,  Columbia  University  (1907)  * 41 

1903.  r,  University  of  Pennsylvania  (1907) 39 

1904.  A,  Lehigh  University  (1907) 33 

1904.  E,  Rutgers  College  (1907) ^  . .    .30 

1905.  Z,  Cornell  University  (1907) 24 

As  all  of  the  chpaters  except  the  parent  one  have 

become  inactive,  .it  is  now  a  local  organization.  It  con- 
templates resuming  the  role  of  a  general  fraternity  and 
again  establishing  chapters.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of 
the  letters  forming  the  society's  name.  The  colors  are 
orange  and  black.  Conventions  were  held  in  New  York 
in  1903,  1904  and  1907,  and  in  Philadelphia  in  1906. 

Omega  Pi  Epsilon — Organized  at  Denison  University 
in  1915. 

Omega  Psi — A  society  at  Lake  Forest  University, 
organized  in  the  Fall  of  1900.  Its  membership  is  127. 
Its  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  "Q  *r."  Its  colors 
are  green,  black  and  gold. 

Omega  Upsilon — At  Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

Omicron  Pi  Omicron — A  society  organ- 
ized Nov.  7,  1903,  by  seven  students  at  the 
Thomas  S.  Clarkson  School  of  Technology. 
The  membership  is  170.  The  badge  is  a 
monogram  of  the  letters  "O  n  O".  The 
colors  are  old. gold  and  purple.  It  publishes  an  annual 
bulletin. 


toga^giig.aa 


L-  I 


MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES  697 

Opheleum — ^At  the  Caniegie  Institute  of  Technology. 

Phi  Alpha — Organized  at  the  University  of  Southern 
California  in  1898. 

Phi  Alpha — At  the  Southern  Methodist  University. 

Phi  Alpha — At  Temple  University. 

Phi  Alpha  Epsilon — Organized  at  the  University  of 
Utah  in  191 4. 

Phi  Alpha  Pi — Organized  at  Coe  College  in  1914. 

Phi  Alpha  Pi — A  local  fraternity  at  Franklin  College, 
Indiana.     Organized  in  1909. 

Phi  Alpha  Psi — A  local  fraternity  at  Miami  University. 

Phi  Alpha  Sigma — Organized  at  Drury  College,  Spring- 
field, Mo.,  in  November,  1910.  Its  badge  is  a  shield  of 
black  enamel  displaying  a  crescent  bearing  the  letters 
constituting  the  fraternity  name.  The  colors  are  silver 
gray  and  dark  green.     The  membership  is  loi. 

Phi  Beta  Delta — Organized  at  Columbia  University 
in  1912. 

Phi  Beta  Epsilon — Organized  in  1890  at  the  Masssa- 
chusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  It  owns  a  house 
($40,000). 

Phi  Beta  Psi — At  Stetson  University. 

Phi  Beta  Sigma. — This  fraternity  is  an  outgrowth  of 
the  Orophilian  Literary  Society  established  at  Nebraska 
Wesleyan  University,  University  Place,  Neb.  in  1887. 
Its  alimini  numbers  over  200. 

Phi  Chi  Delta — ^At  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Phi  Delta — Organized  at  Hamline  University  in  1910. 


698  MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Phi  Delta  Omega — Established  at  Richmond  College 
in  1915. 

Phi  Delta  Pi — ^A  non-sectarian  fraternity  at  Brooklyn 
Polytechnic  Institute.     Established  in  191 7. 

Phi  Delta  Psi — ^At  Harvard  University. 

Phi  Delta  Sigma — Organized  at  Cornell  University  in 
1902  as  the  Bandhu  fraternity,  the  name  was  subsequently 
changed  to  Phi  Delta  Sigma,  incorporated  in  1908.  It 
owns  a  house  valued  at  $40,000.  The  badge  is  a  jeweled 
monogram  of  the  letters  of  the  fraternity  name.  The 
total  membership  is  152. 

Phi  Delta  Tau — At  the  University  of  Nevada,  or- 
ganized in  191 2. 

Phi  Epsilon — At  the  University  of  Rochester.  Owns  a 
house  valued  at  $10,000. 

Phi  Eta  Kappa — Organized  at  the  University  of  Maine 
in  1906.  The  ntmiber  of  its  members  to  date  is  about  190. 
The  badge  is  a  shield  displaying  a  field  of  black  enamel  on 
which  is  a  skull  and  cross  bones  surmounted  by  the  letters 
of  the  fratemity^s  name.  The  colors  arc  green  and  white. 
It  owns  a  house  ($18,000). 

Phi  Gamma  Lambda — At  Drake  University. 

Phi  Kappa  Alpha — At  Lawrence  College. 

Phi  Kappa  Delta — At  Norwich  University.  Estab- 
lished in  1909. 

Phi  KIappa  Delta — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M. 
College  in  1914. 


MEirS  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES  699 

Phi  Kappa  Delta — Organized  at  Stetson  University  in 

1895. 
Phi  Kappa  Epsilon — Organized  at  Harvard  in  1910. 

Phi  Kappa  Iota — Established  at  Utah  State  College  in 
1907. 

Phi  Kappa  Pi — Organized  in  1906,  at  the  Stevens  In- 
stitute of  Technology.  Its  membership  is  107.  The 
badge  is  a  spherical  triangle  displaying  the  letters  forming 
the  fraternity's  name  and  a  diamond.  The  colors  are 
gold  and  black.  It  publishes  a  monthly  bulletin  in  the 
nature  of  a  circular  letter. 

Phi  Kappa  Tau — A  society  organized  at  the  College  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  December  26,  1898,  by  Albert  A. 
Agramonte,  Joseph  W.  Lee,  John  J.  Leonard,  Edw.  H. 
Mohr,  Edw.  P.  Hooper,  John  R.  Le  Conte  and  Leslie  V. 
Huber.  Since  1902  it  has  admitted  students  at  other 
colleges  with  a  view  to  establishing  other  chapters.  The 
badge  is  a  triangle  displaying  the  letters  ***  K  T." 

Phi  Nu  Delta — Organized  at  the  University  of  South- 
em  California  in  1906. 

Phi  Nu  Theta  (eclectic) — This  society  is  located  at 
Wesleyan  University,  was  founded  by  the  class  of  1837, 
shortly  after  the  fotmdation  of  the  parent  chapter  of  the 
Mystical  Seven,  with  the  idea  of  establishing  a  society 
which  should  bring  together  a  few  members  of  each 
class  for  mutual  helpfulness  and  support.  The  word 
'*'ExA€XT05"  which  appears  on  the  badge  was  intended 
to  indicate  a  purpose  of  choice.  The  society  has  now 
but  one  chapter,  though  a  **Beta"  chapter  existed  at 


700  MEN*S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University  from  1861  to  1864.  As  re- 
gards the  number  and  character  of  its  members  it  has 
long  stood  equal  to  the  other  fraternity  chapters  at  Wes- 
leyan. The  membership  is  about  763.  The  society  owns 
a  house  ($45,000). 

The  badge  is  a  watch-key  in  the  form  of  a  scroll,  on 
one  side  of  which  are  displayed  the  letters  "4>  N  9'*  near 
the  bottom  the  word  *'Ex^^X^^5"  near  the  top,  and  "A" 
enclosed  in  a  star  of  raye  in  the  upper  right-hand  comer. 
On  the  reverse  side  is  the  name  of  the  University  and  of 
the  owner.  The  colors  are  garnet  and  gold.  Catalogues 
were  issued  in  1865,  1876,  1890  and  1908;  a  song  book  has 
also  been  published. 

Among  its  deceased  members  have  been:  Three  presi- 
dents of  Wesleyan  University,  Joseph  Cimimings,  Cyrus 
D.  Foss  (later  Bishop  of  M.  E.  Church),  and  John  W. 
Beach;  Bishops  Erastus  O.  Haven  and  Gilbert  Haven, 
M.  E.  Church;  Chester  D.  Hubbard,  minority  member 
of  convention  which  passed  the  Secession  Ordinance  in 
Virginia,  member  of  convention  which  organized  State  of 
West  Virginia;  George  G.  Reynolds,  Judge  of  City  Court, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.;  Alexander  Winchell,  Professor  of 
Geology,  University  of  Michigan,  and  State  Geologist; 
Professors  John  M.  Van  Vleck  and  Wilbur  O.  Atwater, 
Wesleyan  University;  Albert  S.  Hunt,  Secretar}^  of  Ameri- 
can Bible  Society;  G.  Brown  Goode,  Assistant  Secretary 
of  Smithsonian  Institute,  and  Director  of  National 
Museum. 

Among  its  living  members  are:  James  M.  Buckley, 
many  years  editor  of  Christian  Advocate;    Thomas  B. 


MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES  701 

Wood,  missionary  in  South  America,  some  years  Superin- 
tendent of  Missions  of  M.  E.  Church  in  that  continent; 
Professor  Wm.  North  Rice,  Wesleyan  University;  Stephen 
Henry  Olin,  lawyer,  some  years  Colonel  and  Chief  of  Staff, 
New  York  National  Guard;  Martin  A.  Knapp,  chairman 
of  Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  later  Judge  of 
Circuit  Court  of  United  States;  Frank  Mason  North, 
president  of  Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America;  Frederick  M.  Davenport,  professor  in  Hamilton 
College;  Professors  Ashley  H.  Thomdike  and  Edward 
L.  Thomdike,  Coltimbia  University. 

Phi  Phi  Delta — A  society  organized  at  Hobart  Collie 
in  1900  imder  the  name  Phi  and  which  has  since  changed 
its  name  to  the  present  designation. 

Phi  Pi  Chi — Organized  at  Transylvania  University  in 
1912. 

Phi  Pi  Epsilon — A  society  at  Lake  Forest  University. 

Phi  Pi  Theta — A  non-sectarian  fraternity  at  Brooklyn 
Polytechnic  Institute. 

Phi  Rho — Established  at  Illinois  Wesleyan  University 
in  1918. 

Phi  Sigma — at  Pennsylvania  College. 

Phi  Sigma  Epsilon — Established  at  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity in  191 5. 

Phi  Sigma  Tau — Organized  at  the  University  of 
Toronto  in  1907. 

Phi  Tau  Alpha — Organized  at  Pennsylvania  State 
College  in  1914. 


702  MEN*S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Phi  Tau  Beta — Foiinded  in  191 7  at  the  Collie  of 
William  and  Mary. 

Phi  Theta  Upsilon — Organized  at  Bowdoin  College 
in  191 5.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  Greek  letters 
forming  the  society's  name.  The  colors  are  purple  and 
gold.    Total  membership  to  date  52. 

Phi  Upsilon  Omicron — Established  at  North  Dakota 
Agricultural  College  in  191 3. 

Phi  Zeta  Epsilon — at  the  University  of  Iowa.  Estab- 
lished in  1 9 14. 

Pi  Alpha  Chi — EstabKshed  at  Ohio  State  University 
in  1 9 13,  composed  of  Presbyterians. 

Pi  Delta  Pi— At  Colby  College. 

P.  I.  E.  vS. — Established  at  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute 
in  1900. 

Pi  Kappa  Chi — Organized  at  Johns  Hopkins  University 
in  1905. 

Pi  Kappa  Epsilon — This  society,  also  called 
the  "Lone  Star"  fraternity,  was  organized  at 
Buchtel  College,  Akron,  Ohio,  January  a,  1882, 
by  W.  V.  N.  Yates.  Its  membership  to  date 
is  197.  The  badge  is  an  oblong  octagonal  shield  of  black 
displaying  the  single  star  above  two  arbitrary  symbols. 
Its  colors  are  garnet  and  emerald.  Its  flower  is  the  red 
carnation.  It  is  the  oldest  local  fraternity  outside  of  the 
New  England  States  and  owns  its  house  valued  at  $20,000. 

Pi  Mu  Epsilon — Established  at  Illinois  Wesleyan 
University  in  191 8. 


MEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 


703 


Pi  Pi  Rho — Organized  at  the  University  of  Illinois  in 

1915- 

Pi  Upsilon — Organized  at  the  University  of  Kansas, 
April  26,  1909.  It  publishes  a  quarterly.  The  badge  is 
a  monogram  of  the  letters  '*n  T".  The  colors  are  dark 
green  and  old  gold.     The  membership  is  203. 

Pi  Zeta  Pi — Established  at  Utah  State  College  in  1905. 

Psi  Delta — ^At  Howard  College. 

Psi  Delta  Psi — Organized  November,  1906,  at  the 
University  of  Toronto.  Membership  to  date  is  loi. 
The  cx)lors  are  garnet  and  gray. 

Psi  Sigma — Organized  at  the  Brooklyn  Polytechnic 
Institute  in  1901.  It  was  incorporated  in  1907.  Its 
membership  to  date  is  130.  The  badge  is  a  gold  mono- 
gram of  the  letters  comprising  the  society's  name.  The 
colors  are  blue  and  white.  The  society  publishes  a 
monthly  bulletin  called  the  Wood  Bird. 

Pyramid  Club. — At  Union  College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

Q.  T.  V. — This  society  was  founded  May 
12,  1869,  by  Frederick  M.  Sommers,  George 
Mackie,  William  R.  Peabody,  Lemuel  L. 
Holmes,  Russell  W.  Livermore  and  Edward 
R.  Fiske,  at  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College.  It  established  the  following  chaj)- 
ters : 
1869.  Amherst,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  . .  .389 

1874.  Orono,  University  of  Maine  (1899) 

1 88 1.  Granite,  New  Hampshire  State  College |(i 901)  . . 


704  MEN'S^  LOCAL  FRA  TERNITIES 

1885.  Keystone,  Pennsylvania  State  College  (1890)  .... 

1886.  H^(7rc:^5ter,  Worcester  Polytechnic  Inst.  (1889)  . . 
1888.  Cornell,  Cornell  University  (1889) 

After  the  establishment  of  these  chapters  dissensions 
arose  owing  to  the  conser\-ative  extension  policy  practiced. 
The  Keystone  chapter  resigned  its  charter  and  became  a 
chapter  of  *  K  Z.  The  Cornell  chapter  disbanded  owing 
to  the  resignation  of  members  who  had  joined  under  a 
misunderstanding  of  the  character  and  location  of  the 
other  chapters.  The  Worcester  chapter  disbanded,  the 
Orono  chapter  entered  *  r  A,  and  the  Granite  chapter 
K  2,  leaving  the  parent  chapter  only  surviving.  There  is 
an  alumni  chapter  in  Boston.  The  fraternity  published  a 
quarto  journal  called  the  Q.  T.  V,  Quarterly,  at  Boston. 
The  first  number  was  issued  in  1888  and  it  lasted  some 
three  years.  The  catalogue  of  the  fraternity  was  issued  in 
1886.  The  badge  of  the  society  is  a  diamond  upon  which 
is  engraved  a  monogram  of  the  letters  **Q.  T.  V."  The 
colors  of  the  fraternity  are  white  and  brown.  The  flower 
is  the  white  carnation. 

Rex — Established  at  North  Georgia  Agricultural  Col- 
lege in  1 91 8. 

Rho  Iota  Kappa — Organized  at  Rhode  Island  College 
in  1908. 

Rho  Psi — Established  at  Cornell  University  in  191 5 
and  is  composed  of  Chinese  students.  They  maintain  a 
house. 

Rho  Sigma  Gamma — Organized  at  Iowa  vState  College 
in  1909. 


MEN'S  LOCAL    FRATEHMITIES  705 

Shamrock — Established  at  Kansas  State  College  in 
1917. 

Sigma  Alpha — At  Marquette  University. 

Sigma  Alpha — Established  at  Utah  State  College  in 
1904. 

Sigma  Alpha — Established  at  the  University  of  Oregon 
in  1913. 

Sigma  Alpha  Phi — Established  at  Carroll  College  in 
1910. 

Sigma  Beta — Established  at  Akron  University  in  1914. 

Sigma  Beta — At  Syracuse  University.  Established 
in  1911. 

Sigma  Beta  Chi — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M. 
College  in  1909. 

Sigma  Beta  Kappa — At  Drake  University. 

Sigma  Delta — At  Colorado  State  Agricultural  College. 
Organized  in  1907. 

Sigma  Delta — Established  at  University  of  Utah  in 
1918. 

Sigma  Delta — A  fraternity  organized  at  Clarkson 
School  of  Technology,  March  19,  1904.  The  member- 
ship is  173.  It  admits  honorary  members.  Its  badge 
is  a  diamond  displaying  a  scroll  on  which  are  shown  the 
letters  of  the  society's  name.  The  colors  are  green  and 
white.     It  publishes  an  annual. 

Sigma  Delta  Chi — A  fraternity  foimded  at  the  Shef- 
field Scientific  School  in  1876.  It  has  been  generally  pros- 
perous, and  a  successful  rival  of  the  other  fraternity  chap- 


7o6  MEN'S  LOCAL   FRATERNITIES 

ters.  Its  badge  is  an  open  book,  across  which  are  dis- 
played the  letters  **S  A  X,"  siirrounded  by  a  coiled 
serpent  and  it  is  locally  called  the  **Book  and  Snake" 
society.  It  owns  a  house  ($85,000).  The  membership 
is  411. 

SuiMA    Delta    Pi — Organized    at    the    University    of 
Cincinnati  in  1913. 

Sigma  Delta  Rho — Organized  at  Amherst  College  in 
1909.     Owns  a  house  ($10,000). 

Sigma  Kappa  Delta — Organized  at  the  Armour  Insti- 
tute of  Technology  in  191 2. 

Sigma  Kappa  Pi — Organized  at  the  University  of  Pitts- 
burgh in  1 916. 

Sitjma  Kappa  Tau — Established  at  Kansas  State  Col- 
lege in  1916.  — 

Sigma  Nu  Kappa — Organized  at  the  New  York  State 
College  for  Teachers  in  19 10. 

Sigma  Omicron  Beta— At  the  University  of  Arkansas. 

SiGxMa  Phi  Alpha — Established  at  the  University  of 
Cincinnati  in  191 7. 

Sigma  Phi  Delta^ — Organized  at  Coe  College  in  19 16. 

Sigma  Phi  Delta  —Established  at  Kansas  State  College 
in  19x4. 

Sigma    Phi    Sigma — Organized   at    thu   University    of 
Kansas  in  191 2.     Its  membership  is  65. 

Sigma  Rho — At  the  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology, 
established  1906. 
Sigma  Rho — Organized  at  Roanoke  College  in  191 6. 


MEirS   LOCAL    FRATERNITIES  707 

Sigma  Rho — Established  at  North  Carolina  A.  &  M. 
College  in  191 2. 

Sigma  Rho  Delta — Organized  at  Colorado  State 
Agricultural  College  in  191 3. 

Sigma  Sigma — ^At  Iowa  State  College. 

Sigma  Tau — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M.  College 
in  1917. 

Sigma  Tau — At  the  University  of  Southern  California. 
Organized  in  19 10. 

Sigma  Tau  Alpha — Organized  at  Tufts  College,  Jan- 
uary 22,  1906.  Membership  to  date  is  150.  The  badge  is 
a  six-pointed  shield  displaying  the  letters  of  the  frater- 
nity's name.     The  colors  are  gold  and  black. 

Sigma  Tau  Delta — A  local  society  organized  in  1909 
at  the  Case  School  of  Applied  Science.  Its  membership  is 
98. 

Tau  Delta  Phi — At  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Tau  Delta  Psi — Established  at  the  University  of 
Arizona  in  191 7. 

Tau  Epsilon  Pi — At  the  University  of  Indiana. 

Tau  Gamma  Phi — At  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology, 
established  in  191 7. 

Tau  Psi — At  Drake  University. 

Theta  Alpha — Organized  February  22,  1909,  at  the 
University  of  Syracuse.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the 
letters  fonning  tlie  fraternity's  name.  The  colors  are 
royal  purple  and  orange.  Its  membership  is  iii.  It 
owns  a  house. 


MM 


708  MEN'S  LOCAL   FRATERNITIES 

Theta  Beta  Gamma — Established  at  North  Carolina 

A.  &  M.  College  in  191 7. 

Theta  Chi — At  the  University  of  Washington. 

Theta  Gamma — At  St.  Lawrence  University  (State 
School  of  Agriculture).     Organized  in  191 1. 

Theta  Gamma  Rho — Established  at  Wittenberg  College 

in  1918. 

Theta  Phi — A  society  organized  at  Lawrence  College, 
Applet  on,  Wis.,  in  1897.  The  body  is  a  monogram 
formed  of  the  letters  **e"  and  "*''.  The  colors  are  black 
and  gold.     The  membership  is  387.     It  owns  a  house 

($15,000). 

Theta  Pi — At  Pennsylvania  College.  Organized  in 
1912. 

Theta  Psi — Organized  at  the  University  of  Southern 
California,  Nov.  11,  1897,  by  Fred  Brown,  H.  L.  Leland, 
E.  H.  Miller,  J.  D.  Van  DenBergh,  C.  A.  Williams  and 
Will  A.  Wood.  The  badge  is  a  Maltese  cross  displaying 
the  letters  "0  V ' .  Tlte  colors  are  pink  and  green.  Mem- 
bership, 142. 

Tri  Phi — Established  at  Richmond  College  in  i9r6. 

Upsilon  Sigma  Alpha — At  Iowa  State  College  and  is 
composed  of  men  taking  the  two  year  collegiate  course. 

Xi  Psi  Theta — Established  at  the  University  of 
Minnesota  in  1914. 

Xi  Sigma  Upsilon — At  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy, established  1908. 


MEfrS  LOCAL    FRATERNITIES  709 

Zeta  Alpha  Epsilon — A  society 
organized  at  Buchtel  College,  now  the 
Municipal  University  of  Akron,  in 
1897,  by  members  of  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
for  the  purpose  of  securing,  if  possible,  the  re-establish- 
ment of  that  fraternity's  inactive  chapter  at  that  col- 
lege. The  membership  to  date  is  103 ,  The  badge 
is  a  bone  surmounted  by  a  crescent  with  depressed  horns 
displaying  the  letters  of  the  society's  name.  The  colors 
are  green  and  lavender.  It  owns  a  -lodge  valued  at 
JiS.ooo. 

Zeta  Alpha  Psi — Established  in  1014  at  St,  Lawrence 
University  (School  of  Agriculture). 

Zeta  Chi — Organized  at  Baker  University  in  May, 
1905.  A  high  standard  of  scholarship  has  been  aimed 
at.  It  admits  a  Umited  number  of  graduates  of  Baker 
University  as  honorary  members.  The  membership  is 
104. 

Zbta  Cm—At  William  Jewell  CoUege. 

Zeta  Epsilon — At  Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

Zeta  Kappa  Epsiuin — At  the  University  of  Southern 
California.     Established  191a. 

Zeta  Lambda  Epsilon— At  Carnegie  Institute  of 
Technology,  established  1908. 

Zeta  Thbta — Organized  at  Pennsylvania  State  Collie 
in  191^. 


WOMEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Aloquin  -Established  at  Ohio  University  in  191 2, 
also  has  a  branch  at  Ohio  State  University. 

Alpha  Chi— Orjjjanized  at  Middlebtiry  College  in  1889. 
It  is  called  the  "A  Z"  chapter.  The  founders  were 
Louise  Edgerton,  Blossom  Palmer,  May  Bolton,  Grace 
Seely,  Harriet  Bolton  and  Belle  Chellis.  The  badge  is 
a  circular  disc  displaying  ten  stars  enclosing  a  monogram 
of  the  letters  "A  X".  The  colors  are  white  and  gold. 
The  flower,  the  white  water  lily.     Total  membership,  233. 

Alpha  Chi  Beta — At  Iowa  State  College. 

Alpha  Epsilon  Phi — Established  at  Adelphi  College  in 
1916. 

Alpha  Epsilon  Phi — Established  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  191 7. 

Alpha  Epsilon  Phi — Established  at  Tulane  University 
in    1016. 

Alpha  Gamma  Phi — At  Lawrence  College  since  1903. 
The  badge  is  a  monogram  and  the  colors  are  blue  and 
gold. 

Alpha  Gamma  Psi — Established  at  Dickinson  College 
in  1919. 

Alpha  Gamma  Tau — At  Drake  University. 

Alpha  Nu  Sigma — Organized  May  28,  1907,  by  seven 
undergraduates  at  Marietta  College.  The  badge  is  a 
square  shield  with  inwardly  curved  sides  displaying  the 
letters  *'A  N  S"  beneath  a  pearl.  The  colors  are  green 
and  white.     The  membership  is  85. 

710 


WOMEN'S  LOCAL    FRATERNITIES  711 

Alpha  Ombga — At  Florida  College  of  Women  since 

Alpha    Phi — Established   at   Hamline   University   in 

1898. 

Alpha  Phi  Sigma— Established  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1919. 

Alpha  Rho— At  Or^qn  Agricultural  College. 

Alpha  Rho  Omega — At  Drake  University. 

Alpha  Sigma — Established  at  the  University  of  Arizona 
in  1916. 

Alpha  Sigma — ^Established  at  the  University  of  Roches- 
ter in  1903. 

Alpha  Theta — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M. 
College  in  1910. 

Alpha  Theta  Pi — Established  at  Swarthmore  College 
in  1918. 

Beta  Chi  Theta — At  Carroll  College. 

Beta  Chi  Upsilon — At  Drake  University. 

Beta  Kappa — At  Hpllins  College. 

Beta  Lambda — At  Pennsyli/ania  College. 

Beta  Phi — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M.  College 
in  1911. 

Beta  Phi — At  University  of  Southern  California* 
Established  in  1911. 

Beta  Phi — Established  at  the  University  of  Maine  in 
1917. 


712  WOMKN\S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Beta  Theta — Organized  September,  1909,  by  Bessie 
Painter  and  Juliette  C.  Gaines  at  Marietta  College.  The 
badge  is  an  oval  in  black  displaying  the  letters  "B  ©**  in 
gold.     The  colors  are  stone  grey  and  peacock  blue. 

Browning — Established  at  Hamline  University  in 
1883. 

Chi  Delta  Phi — Established  at  the  University  of 
Southern  California  in  191 7. 

Chi  Delta  Phi — Established  at  University  of  Idaho  in 
1916. 

Chi  Epsilon — At  Beloit  College. 

Chi  Phi — Established  at  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy in  191 7. 

Chi  Psi  Delta — A  society  organized  at  Denison  Uni- 
versity, Oct.  30,  TQoo,  by  Lee  Holcombe,  Ray  Gilpatrick, 
Sarah  E.  Stranathan,  Louise  Jones  and  Conine  Metz. 
The  membership  is  157.  The  badge  is  a  shield  displaying 
two  stars  above  the  letters  *'X  *F  A".  The  colors  are 
maroon  and  lemon-yellow.     It  owns  a  house  ($2,500). 

Delta  Delta — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M. 
College  in  1916. 

Delta  Epsilon — Organized  at  the  University  of  Utah 
in  1912. 

Delta  Gamma  Gamma — At  the  University  of  Arkansas. 

Delta  Kappa  Phi — Organized  April  4,  1909,  at  the 
University  of  Colorado.  The  membership  is  67.  The 
badge  is  a  scimitar  displaying  the  letters  of  the  fraternity's 
name.     The  colors  are  pink  and  white. 


WOMEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERStTtES  713 

Dblta  Kappa  Tau — Established  at  the  University  of 
North  Dakota  in  1916. 

Delta  Mu  Sigma — Established  at  DePauw  University 
in  1910. 

Delta  Phi  Omega — ^At  Colorado  State  Teachers 
College. 

Delta  Pi  Alpha — Established  in  1916  at  Cornell 
University. 

Delta   Pi  Omega— Established  at  Butler  Collie  in 

1013. 

Delta  Pi  Phi— At  Washington  State  College. 

Delta  Psi — At  Oregon  Agricultta-al  College. 

Delta  Psi  Delta— At  Beloit  College. 

Delta  Sigma  Chi — At  the  University  of  Montana. 

Delta  Sigma  Sigma— Established  at  West  Virginia 
University  in  1918. 

Delta  Sigma  Th  eta— Established  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  iijtS. 

Delta  Theta — I^stablishwl  at  Union  University  in 
1917- 

Delta  Thbt.\  DELTA^)rganized  at  Mills  College, 
California,  in  1899.  The  badge  is  a  shield  displaying  the 
society  name.  The  colors  are  green  and  black.  The 
membership  is  86. 

Epsilon  Rho— Established  at  Illinois  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity in  lyiy. 


714  WOMEN'S  LOCAL  FRATERNITIES 

Epsilon  Tau  Sigma — Orj^anized  at  Drake  University  in 
1905. 

Gamma  Chi — Established  at  Oklahoma  A.  &  M.  College 
in  1915. 

Gamma  Delta  Phi — At  Drake  University. 

Gamma  Iota — At  Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

Gamma  Phi — Established  at  the  University  of  Roches- 
ter in  1909. 

Gamma  Phi — At  the  University  ..of  Utah  established 
1910. 

Iota  Alpha  Omega — At  Drake  University. 

Iota  Delta  Omicron — At  Drake  Unixensity. 

Iota  Pi— At  William  Jewell  College. 

Iota  Psi  Nu — At  Franklin  College  191 3. 

Kappa  Beta  Gamma — Established  at  Marquette  Uni- 
versity in  I 9 16. 

Kappa  Delta  Mu — Established  at  the  University  of 
New  Mexico  in  19 16. 

Kappa  Gamma  Phi — At  Carroll  College. 

Kappa  Kappa  Chi — At  Washburn  College. 

Kappa  ICappa  Upsilon — At  Drake  University. 

Kappa  Phi — Organized  Sept.  28,  1897,  at  Denison 
University.  The  membership  is  193.  The  badge  is  a 
square  shield  with  concave  sides  displaying  the  letters 
*'K  *"  in  gold  on  a  field  of  black  enamel.  The  colors  arc 
cerise  and  blue.     The  flower  is  the  carnation. 


WOMEN'S  LOCAL    FRATERNITIES  715 

I,A.\ii;i)A  BETvt  Psi — Established  at  Brcnau  College  in 
[<;lS. 

La.mhua  Iota— Established  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1916. 

Ml  Sigma  Sigma — Organized  at  Mills  College,  Cali- 
fiirnia,  upon  the  basis  of  a  previously  existing  literary 
organization.  Its  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters 
"M  2  1".  The  colors  are  white  and  gold.  The  member- 
ship is  89. 

Nv  Phi — Established  at  Marietta  College  in  1917.         ' 

Omega  Delta — At  Drake  University, 

Omicron  Alpha  Alpha— Established  at  Rhode  Island 
State  College  in  1918. 

Phi  Chi — Established  at  Ohio  Northern  University  in 
1909. 

Psi  Omega  Psi — Established  at  the  University  of  North 
Dakota  in  1916. 

Phi  Sigma  Phi — Established  at  Swarthmore  College  in 
1918. 

Phi  Zeta  Chi — At  Colorado  State  Agricultural  College. 

Pi  Alpha  Phi — ^At  the  New  Hampshire  College  of 
Agriculture  1913. 

Pi  DRi.TA^Established  at  New  Hampshire  College  in 
1917. 

Pi  Lambda  Sigma — Organized  at  Syracuse  University 
in  1903.  The  membership  to  date  is  127.  The  badge  is  a 
broad-bladed  dagger  with  an  oblique  guard  and  display- 
ing the  letters  of  the  society's  name  on  the  blade  only 
library  students  are  eligible. 


7i6 


WOMEN'S  LOCAL    FRATERNITIES 


Pi  Mu  Alpha — Established  at  Washington  University 
in  1917. 

Pi  Nu  Epsilon — Established  in  191 4  at  St.  Lawrence 
•  University  in  the  Domestic  Science  Department. 

Sigma  Delta — Established  at  Hamline  University  in 
1917. 

Sigma  Delta  Phi — Denison  University  1905. 

Sigma  Phi — At  Boston  University. 

Sigma  Tau — Lake  Forest  College  1901. 

Sigma  Tau  Delta — At  Howard  College. 

Si(;ma  Theta  Phi — Established  at  Utah  State  College 
in    1912. 

Sigma  Upsilon — At  Colorado  State  Teachers  College. 

SoROSis — EstabHshed  at  Utah  State  College  in  1897. 

Tau  Delta  Theta — Wittenberg  College. 

Tau   Kappa   Alpha — Established  at   Ohio   Northern 
University  in  1909. 

Tau  Kappa  Pi — A  society  organized  at 
Goucher,  in  itS92,  by  Grace  Griffing,  Caro- 
line Wilson,  Katharine  Hilliard,  Stella  Mc- 
Carty,   Jeannette   Van   Meter,    and  Anna 
Heubeck.     The  membership  to  date  is  229. 
Its  colors  are  old  rose  and  white.     The  badge 
is  the  facade  of  an  Egyptian  tomb,  displaying  the  letters 
*'T  K  n"  over  the  portal  and  a  sphinx  head  in  the  entrance. 
The  fraternity  published  several  nimibers  of  a  Tau  Kappa 
Pi  Quarterly.     It  now  issues  an  annual  called  the  Spkynx, 

Theta  Delta  Sigma — At  Hanover  College  191 2. 


^/i^ 


r^l 


WOMEN'S  LOCAL    FRATERNITIES 


717 


Theta  Eta — Established  at  the  University  of  Rochester 
in  1903. 

Theta  Gamma — Established  at  the  Uiliversity  of 
Rochester  in  191 1. 

Theta  Phi  Alpha — At  the  University  of  Michigan. 

Theta  Phi  Delta — Established  at  Carroll  College  in 
1918. 

Theta  Phi  Delta — EstabHshed  at  Ohio  Northern 
University  in  1909. 

Theta  Pi  Gamma — At  Beloit  College  since  1896. 
It  publishes  a  semi-annual  called  the  Star  and  Candle. 
The  badge  is  a  three  legged  shield  displaying  the  fraternity 
letters. 

Theta  Psi — At  Lake  Fot)fest  College,  organized  in  1905. 

Theta  Sigma — ^Wittenberg  College. 

Theta  Tau  Theta — Founded  in  1906  at  the  University 
of  Rochester. 

Zeta  Chi — At  Oregon  Agricultural  College. 

Zeta  Nu — At  Boston  University. 

Zeta  Omega — At  Howard  College. 

Zeta  Pin — ^At  Washington  State  College. 

Zeta  Phi — At  Drake  University. 


LOCAL  PROFESSIONAL  SOCIETIES 

Alpha  Delta  Nu — A  sorority  in  Mark  Hopkins  Art 
School,  a  department  of  the  University  of  California. 

Alpha  Delta  Sigma — A  society  in  the  advertising  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Missouri. 

Alpha  Pi  Upsilon — A  forestry  society  organized  at 
Ohio  State  University  in  19 13. 

Alpha  Sigma  Delta — A  society  in  the  law  department 
of  the  University  of  Alabama. 

Alpha  Zeta  Gamma — A  dental  society  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois.- 

Chi  Beta  Phi — A  scientific  society  founded  at  Ran- 
dolph-Macon College  in  191 6. 

Delta  Mu — A  society  organized  among  the  students 
taking  the  regular  course  in  medicine  at  the  University 
fo  Vermont  in  1880.  Its  membership  is  about  800.  The 
badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  of  the  fraternity  name. 

Delta  Phi  Psi — Established  at  the  Philadelphia 
Textile  School  in  1901. 

Delta  Theta-  -A  le^'al  society  organized  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Utah  in  191 3. 

Delta  Theta  Chi — A  society  in  the  l)i\init\-  School  of 
the  University  of  Chicago  organized  in  191 2. 

Epsilon  Epsilon  Epsilox— In  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Nebraska. 

Iota  Chi  Delta — Organized  at  Penns\lvania  vStato 
College  in  1913. 

718 


LOCAL   PROFESSIONAL   SOCIETIES  719 

■ 

Kappa  Beta  Pi — ^A  woman's  legal  fraternity  estab- 
lished at  the  University  of  California  in  191 7. 

Kappa  Beta  Pi — A  woman's  legal  fraternity  at  the 
Chicago-Kent  College  of  Law  established  in  1908. 

Kappa  Gamma  Chi — At  the  Emerson  School  of  Oratory. 

Kappa  Gamma  Psi — A  society  organized  in  191 4  at  the 
New  England  Conservatory  of  Music. 

Omega — A  society  organized  in  1911  at  Washington 
State  College  among  the  students  of  mining. 

Omega  Upsilon — A  society  organized  among  the  stu- 
dents of  music  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1909. 
The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  letters  of  the  society's 
name.     The  membership  is  77. 

Omega  Upsilon  Nu — ^At  the  Medical  Department  of 
New  York  University. 

Omicron  Pi — A  society  organized  at  the  Lowell  Textile 
School  in  1902. 

Phi  Alpha  Zeta — Established  in  1918  at  the  College 
of  William  and  Mary,  it  is  composed  of  men  pledged  to 
the  ministry. 

Phi  Beta — Established  at  the  Cincinnati  Conservatory 
of  Music  in  1918. 

Phi  Sigma  Tau — A  medical  society  organized  in  19 13  at 
the  University  of  Michigan. 

Phi  Theta  Chi — A  society  organized  at  the  Tufts 
College  Medical  School  in  1902. 

Pi  Lambda  Sigma — A  society  among  the  women  stu- 
dents doing  literary  work  at  Syracuse  University. 


< 


20 


LOCAL    PROFESSIONAL    SOCIETIES 


Pi  Theta  Sigma — A  society  organized  in  1902  at  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy. 

Sigma  Alpha  Phi — An  agricultural  society  at  Louisiana 
State  University. 

Sigma  Mu  was  founded  March  7,  i<>o5  at  the  Mark 
Hopkins  Institute  of  Art  which  in  1911  became  a  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  California  under  the  name  of  the 
San  Francisco  Institute  of  Art.  The  badge  is  a  monogram 
of  the  letters  **ZM." 

Sigma  Phi  Tau — EstabHshed  at  the  Philadelphia 
Textile  School  in  191 7.  It  is  composed  of  Jewish  stu- 
dents. 

Sigma  Sigma — In  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin. 

Tau  Epsilon  Chi — A  society  organized  in  1913  at  Ohio 
State  University  among  the  students  of  Architecture. 

U-Techs — An  engineering  society  at  the  University  of 
Utah. 

Zeta  Delta  Chi — A  society  established  in  1905  at  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmac\'. 


LOCAL  HONORARY  SOCIETIES 

Alpha  Delta  Sigma — In  the  undcrj^raduate  depart- 
ment of  Baker  University. 

Alpha  Sigma  Epsilon — A  society  among  the  women 
students  of  Journalism  at  the  University  of  Missouri. 

Alpha  Tau — Organized  at  the  Carnegie  Institute  of 
Technology  May  22,  1916  and  chartered  in  191 7.  Its 
purpose  is  to  promote  the  cause  of  Industrial  Education. 
There  are  three  classes  of  members;  active,  faculty  and 
honorary.  The  membership  is  100.  In  the  near  future 
chapters  will  be  established  at  other  institutions. 

Delta  Alpha  Delta — Organized  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  19 16. 

Delta  Eta  Sigma — In  the  undergraduate  department 
of  Albion  College. 

Delta  Mu  Delta — A  society  among  the  students  in 
the  School  of  Commerce  at  New  York  University,  or- 
ganized in  19 13. 

Delta  Nu  Epsilox  — At  DePauw  Universitv. 

Delta  Phi  Alpha — An  honorary  fraternity  of  the 
Life  Insurance  profession,  the  members  of  the  first 
graduating  class  of  the  Carnegie  School  of  Life  Insurance 
at  Carnegie  Institute  were  initiated  as  charter  members 
on  December  15,  191 9. 

Gamma   Phi — An  athletic  society  at   Ohio  Wesleyan 
University,  established  in  191 2. 
Gamma  Sigma — A  society  organized  in  1909. 

,721 


7«a  LOCAL   HONORARY  SOCIETIES 

Iota  Phi — A  society  in  the  undergraduate  department 
of  Iowa  Wesleyan  College,  similar  to  Phi  Beta  Kappa. 

Kappa  Pi  Sigma — A  pedagogical  society  organized  at 
the  University  of  Syracuse  in  191 2. 

Lambda  Alpha  Psi — ^A  society  at  the  University  of 
Minnesota  to  promote  the  study  of  languages  and  litera- 
tures. 

Mu  Phi  Epsilon — A  musical  fraternity  at  Brenau 
College,  foimded  in  19 16. 

Omega  Kappa  Pi — An  educational  society  founded  in 
February,  1918. 

Phi  Beta  Sigma — A  literary  society  at  Brenau  College 
founded  in  1909. 

Phi   Sigma   Alpha — At   the   Municipal   University   of 
Akron. 

Pi  Beta  Omega — ^A  biological  society  organized  at 
Denver  University  in  191 2. 

Pi  Kappa  Delta — A  debating  sorority,  organized  at 
the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College  in  19 14. 

Pi  Lamhda  Theta — A  sorority  at  the  Texas  University 
organized  in  19 13. 

Pi  Lambda  Theta — ^A  sorority  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  organized  in  191 7. 

Sigma  Beta  Phi — An  engineering  society  organized  at 
the  University  of  Virginia  in  1908. 

Sigma  Mu  Rho — ^A  society  among  the  medical  students 
at  the  University  of  Illinois. 


LOCAL  HOmRARY  SOCIETIES 


733 


Sigma  Phi  Alpha — A  society  in  the  tindergradtiate 
department  of  Denver  University  organized  in  1909. 

Sigma  Sigma — A  men's  society  at  the  University  of 
Cincirmati. 

Tau  Delta  Pi — A  society  among  the  undergraduates  at 
Washburn  College. 

Theta  Alpha — A  sorority  at  Lawrence  College,  estab- 
lished 1913. 

Theta  Psi — A  society  organized  among  the  students  of 
engineering  in  1911  at  the  University  of  West  Virginia. 

Zeta  Kappa  Psi — In  the  tmdergraduate  department  of 
Kansas  State  Agricultural  College. 


CLASS  SOCIETIES 

I N  addition  to  the  regular  fraternities,  there  are  in  many 
colleges  societies  which  draw  members  from  only  one 
of  the  undergraduate  classes,  and  which  have  a  few 
features  of  the  general  fraternity  system.  The  most 
prominent  of  these  are  known  as  Senior  Societies,  the  men 
being  chosen  from  the  Jimior  class  in  the  spring  of  the  year 
on  account  of  prominence  in  college  activity.  Most  of 
the  men  so  chosen  are  picked  from  the  College  Fraterni- 
ties. In  a  few  colleges  there  are  also  Junior  Societies; 
they  are  omitted  in  the  list  herewith  given.  As  the 
senior  societies  at  Yale  have  been  much  longer  established 
they  are  mentioned  first. 


SENIOR  SOCIETIES 

Chi  Delta  Theta — This  was  established  at  Yale 
College  in  182 1  as  a  literary  society.  It  flourished  for  some 
time  and  then  disbanded,  its  library  being  made  a  present 
to  the  college.  It  was  revived  in  1868  at  the  suggestion 
of  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Yale  Literary  Magazine,  and  its 
membership  has  since  been  confined  to  that  board.  Its 
badge  is  a  gold  triangle,  upon  the  lower  side  of  which  is 
inscribed  "X  A  8,  182 1'*;  on  the  reverse  arc  the  owner's 
name  and  class,  and  **Yale  Lit.,  1836". 

Skull  AND  Bones — This  society  originated  in  1832  at 
Yale,  its  founders  being  fifteen  members  of  the  class  of 

724 


/ 


-I 


CLASS  SOCIETIES  725 

'33,  among  whom  were  General  Russell  and  ex-Attomey- 
General  Taft.  The  membership  is  always  fifteen  each 
year.  There  is  no  electioneering  or  pledging  connected 
with  its  management.  The  society  endeavors  to  select 
the  most  prominent  men  in  each  class  in  every  way,  and  is 
usually  successful.  Its  elections  are  offered  equally  to  all, 
whether  fraternity  men  or  not.  The  society  owns  a  hall, 
and  is  said  to  possess  a  very  complete  collection  of  Yale 
"memorabilia."  Its  badge  is  of  gold,  and  consists  of  a 
skull  supported  by  the  crossed  bones,  and  having  the 
figures  "322"  in  place  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Scroll  and  Key — This  was  fotmded  in  1841  at  Yale, 
by  members  of  the  class  of  1842.  It  has  copied  in  many 
respects  the  customs  and  usages  of  Skull  and  Bones. 
The  badge  is  a  plain  scroll,  across  which  a  key  is  placed. 
It  owns  a  hall.  • 

Wolf's  Head — This  society,  so  called  from  the  prom- 
inent feature  of  its  badge,  originated  at  Yale  in  1884. 
It  owns  a  hall  in  New  Haven  and  approximates  the  other 
two  senior  societies  in  standing  and  influence. 

Elihu  Club — ^This  club  was  founded  in  1903.  While 
the  three  socie4es  previously  mentioned  are  taken  in 
on  Tap  Day  this  society  take  their  men  at  a  later  date. 
The  number  taken  in  is  not  always  fifteen,  sometimes 
more  and  sometimes  less.  The  essential  characteristic 
of  Elihu  Club  is  its  open  house  quite  unlike  the  **  tombs'* 
of  the  other  senior  societies. 


726  CLASS  SOCIETIES 

Amherst  College — Scarab. 

California,  University  of — Skull  and  Keys,  1892; 
Golden  Bear,  1901. 

Chicago,  University  of — Owl  and  Serpent. 

Colgate  University — Skull  and  Scroll,  1908;    Gor- 
gon's Head,  1913. 

Columbia  University — Nacoms. 

Cornell    University — Aleph    Samach;     Quill    and 
Dagger. 

Dartmouth  College — Sphinx;  Casque  and  Gauntlet; 
Dragon. 

DePauw  University — Kappa  Tau  Alpha. 

Illinois,  University  of — Ma-wan-da. 

Indiana  University — Sphinx. 

ICansas,  University  of — Sachems. 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology — Osiris. 

Michigan,  University  of — Michigamua. 

Minnesota,  University  of — Grey  Friars ;  Iron  Wedge. 

Missouri,  University  of — Q.  E.  B.  H. 

Nebraska,  University  of — Innocents. 

Northwestern  University — Deru,  1895 

Ohio  State  University — ^Sphinx. 

Pennsylvania,  University  of — ^Friars;   Sphinx. 


CLASS  SOCIBTIBS 


Pennsylvania  Statb  College — Lion's  Paw;    Parmi 
Nous. 

Stanford  University — Skull  and  Snakes;  Quadrangle. 

Syracuse,  University  op — Tau  Theta  Upsilon;    Phi 
Kappa  Alpha. 

Washington,     University  of  (Seattle) — Fir    Tree; 
0\'al;  Quad. 

Wesleyan  University— M>-stical  Seven;    Skull  and 
Serpent. 

Williams  Collbge— Gai^oyle. 

Wisconsin,  University  of — Iron  Cross. 


INACTIVE   FRATERNITIES 


laiptia  <(&amma 

npHIS  was  a  fraternity  founded  at  Cumberland  Uni- 
versity, Lebanon,  Tenn.,  in  1867.  It  established 
some  twenty-one  chapters,  the  most  prominent  of  which 
were  at  Washington  and  Jefferson  College,  Trinity  Uni- 
versity, Mercersburg  College,  Southwestern  Presbyterian 
University,  Cumberland  University,  and  the  University 
of  West  Virginia.  The  chapters  at  Trinity  and  West 
Virginia  Universities  were  killed  by  anti-fratemity  laws; 
those  at  Washington  and  Jefferson  College  and  South- 
western Presbyterian  University  accepted  charters  from 
A  T  Q,  and  the  remainder  disbanded. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  was  a  shield  of  gold  dis- 
playing a  globe  encircled  by  a  pennant  bearing  the  letters 
"a  r,"  and  surmounted  by  six  stars. 


laiptia  <(&amma  Ctii 

This  was  a  musical  sorority  established  at  Ottawa,  O. 
in  1898.     It  had  chapters  at  the  New  England  Conserva- 
tory of  Music,  the  Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music 
and  possibly  Richmond,  Va. 


iaiptia  ilappa  $tii 

T^HIS  fraternity  was  fotmded  at  Centre  College,  Ken- 
tucky, about  1858,  and  established  chapters  at  La 

728 


INACTIVE   FRATERNITIES 


729 


Grange  College,  Ciunberland  University,  Bethel  College, 
Oakland  College,  and  perhaps  at  other  places;  the  dates 
of  their  establishment  being  iinknown,  as  the  records  were 
lost  diiring  the  Civil  War.  After  the  war,  a  few  of  the 
chapters  were  revived,  but  all  soon  again  became  dormant, 
except  the  Psi  chapter  at  the  University  of  Mississippi, 
which  had  been  re-established  in  1867.  This  chapter, 
after  existing  for  some  time  as  a  local  society,  became 
the  Beta  Beta  of  B  e  IT  in  1879.  The  badge  of  the  society 
was  a  shield  with  concavely-curved  sides,  displaying 
at  the  top  a  pair  of  clasped  hands,  in  the  center  the  letters 
"A  K  4>**  and  below  a  chain  of  three  links  encircling 
the  letters  "oar." 


This  was  a  law  fraternity  organized  at  the  Northwestern 
Law  School  in  1902:  In  1914  it  united  with  0  A  *  and 
A  *  A  to  form  A  0  *  (see  page  540). 


laipda  i^mega  Belta 

(Modical— Regular) 

This  was  a  fraternity  founded  in  September,  1879,  at 
the  University  of  Buffalo.    This  chapter  was  called 
the  "A".    Other  chapters  were  established  as  follows: 

1879.  A,  University  of  Buffalo. 

1902.  B,  Baltimore  Medical  College. 

1903.  r,  Syracuse  University. 

1903.  A,  Detroit  College  of  Medicine. 


730  INACTIVE    FRATERNITIES 

1904.  E,  University  of  Maryland. 

1904.  Z,  Georgetown  University. 

1905.  H,  George  Washington  University. 

The  society  existed  until  19 10  when  dissensions  arose 
among  the  chapters  and  they  became  inactive  one  by  one 
except  the  parent  chapter  which  continued  to  flourish  and 
became  again  a  local  organization.  April  17,  191 1,  it 
became  a  chapter  of  *  P  2  retaining  its  old  name  as  a 
chapter  designation. 

The  badge  was  a  monogram  surmounting  a  skull  and 
bones.     The  membership  was  almost  1 500. 


^    FRATERNITY  organized  simultaneously  at   Rut- 
gers College  and  Cornell  University,  by  Elbridge 
Van  Syckel  and  Ellis  D.  Thompson.  The  chapter  roll  was 
as  follows: 

187 1.  A,  Rutgers  College. 

1874.  B,  Cornell  University. 

1875.  r,  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology. 
1875.  A,  Princeton  University. 

1875.  E,  St.  Lawrence  University. 

1877.  Z,  Columbia  University. 

1878.  H,  University  of  Maine. 

The  St.  Lawrence  and  Maine  chapters  were  formed 
from  local  societies.  The  Columbia  chapter  did  not  agree 
with  the  remainder  of  the  fraternity,  and  was  expelled  in 
1878.     In  1879,  after  negotiations  extending  over  some 


INACTIVE    FRATERNITIES  731 

months,  the  active  chapters  of  the  fraternity  united  with 
B  0  n,  it  being  part  of  the  scheme  that  the  Princeton 
chapter  should  be  allowed  to  die  tmder  the  operation  of 
the  anti-fraternity  laws.  The  Coliunbia  chapter  was  re- 
vived in  1 88 1  as  a  Beta  chapter.  Its  badge  was  a  mono- 
gram of  the  letters  "A  S  X**. 


Belta  9tta  mi 

npHIS  fraternity  was  founded  in  1878,  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, by  J.  D.  Hamrick,  I.  W.  Kelly,  J.  S.  Monroe 
and  Willard  Olney.     Chapters  were  established  as  fol- 
lows: 

1878.    A,  Cornell  University. 

1878.    4>,  Lehigh  University. 

1878.    S,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

1878.  'F,  Lafayette  College. 

1878.   A,  College  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

i88i.   n,  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

The  Psi  and  Delta  were  formed  from  local  societies. 
The  entire  society  was  broken  up  and  disbanded  in  1882, 
though  the  Delta  existed  as  a  local  society  for  two  years 
longer. 

The  badge  was  a  diamond-shaped  lozenge,  displaying 
the  letters  "A  B  *"  above  a  pair  of  crossed  keys.  There 
was  a  star  at  each  comer  of  the  diamond.  The  colors 
were  garnet  and  black.  The  society  published  one  num- 
ber of  a  journal  called  the  Delta  Beta  Phi  Quarterly,  *n  1881. 


732  INACTIVE   FRATERNITIES 

Selta  €9ii\m 

npHIS  society  was  established  at  Roanoke  College,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1862.  It  was  intended  to  confine  it  en- 
tirely to  Virginia  colleges.  After  establishing  three  weak 
chapters,  it  became  defunct.  The  'ast  chapter  joined 
B  e  n  at  Hampden-Sidney  in  1868. 


Selta  C^micron  iaiplba 

This  medical  fraternity  was  foimded  at  the  College 
Medicine  of  Tulane  University  in  1907.  It  had  the 
following  chapter  roll:  1907,  Tulane  University;  ipo8, 
Columbia  University;  19 10,  University  of  Tennessee; 
1 910,  Southwestern  University;  191 1,  University  of 
Alabama;  1912,  Birmingham  Medical  College;  1912, 
Fort  Worth  School  of  Medicine;  191 4,  Chicago  School  of 
Medicine  and  Surger>^  The  chapters  at  Southwestern 
University  and  Birmingham  Medical  College  ceased  to 
exist  in  1915.  This  fraternity  was  merged  into  the  Kappa 
Psi  fraternity  on  November  17,  191 7. 


Selta  $tii  Selta 

A  law  fraternity  organized  at  the  Cleveland  Law  School 
in  1900.     In  19 14  it  united  with  A  K  *  and  8  A  *  to  form 

A  e  *  (seepage  553). 


Selta  fttgma 

npHIS  sorority  was  the  outcome  of  the  imion  of  A  A  2, 
a  local   society  originatng   at  Tufts   College,  and 
A  S,  a  similar  local  at  Brown  University. 


--I 


INACTIVE   FRATERNITIES  733 

Its  chapters  were  as  follows:  1895.  A,  Tufts  College,  77; 
1896.  B,  Brown  University,  68;  1902.  r,  University  of 
Maine,  19. 

The  badge  was  a  square  of  black  enamel,  with  concave 
sides  outlined  in  gold,  and  displaying  the  letters  *'A  E" 
in  gold.  This  square  was  encircled  by  a  jeweled  golden 
circle.     The  colors  were  pale  green  and  white. 

The  Maine  and  Tufts  chapters  entered  A  O  n  and  the 
Brown  chapter  became  inactive  when  the  sororities 
were  abolished  at  Brown  in  191 1. 


TpHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  University  of 
Virginia  about  1855,  and  had  chapters  also  at 
Washington  College,  Va.,  University  of  North  Carolina, 
University  of  Mississippi,  William  and  Mary,  Emory 
and  Henry,  and  elsewhere.  All  of  its  chapters  were 
Pl^bably  killed  by  the  Civil  War,  although  the  Washing- 
ton College  chapter  died  in  1868.  Its  badge  was  a  large 
three-sided  shield,  entirely  covered  with  black  enamel, 
except  for  emblems  in  other  colors,  as  follows:  A  gold 
star  in  each  upper  comer;  a  colored  rainbow  encircling 
the  top  of  the  badge,  under  which  was  a  crescent  in  white 
enamel;  a  large  bundle  of  arrows,  wnth  points  upwards, 
occupied  the  center  of  the  badge,  on  each  side  of  which 
were  the  letters  E  and  A;  at  the  extreme  lower  part  of 
the  badge  in  a  semicircle  were  the  words  *'Univ.  of  Va." 
This  badge,  as  printed  on  its  Membership  Certificate, 
omits  reference  to  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  substi- 


734 


INACTIVE    FRATERNITIES 


tutes  ail  upper  ami  and  forearm,  bent,  to  fit  the  lower 
point  of  the  badge,  with  the  forearm,  with  clenched  fist, 
extending  up  towards  the  letter  *'A'*. 


3ota  9Iptia  luippa 

T^HIS  was  a  society  which  possessed  several  chap- 
ters during  its  active  lite,  and  did  not  confine 
its  membership  to  college  students.  At  a  convention  held 
at  Easton,  Pa.,  in  1874,  the  organization  was  disbanded. 
There  were  chapters  at  Lafayette  College,  Lehigh,  Wash- 
ington and  Jefferson  College,  Colimibia  College  and 
Norwich  University,  Vt.  The  major  part  of  the  Lafayette 
chapter  became  the  founders  of  the  chapter  of  Chi  Phi. 
The  chapter  at  Washington  and  Jefferson  changed  its 
name  to  Phi  Delta  Kappa  (which  see). 


ilappa  iaiptia* 

The  first  Kappa  Alpha  was  founded  in  181 2,  at  tte 
University  of  North  Carolina.  Its  constitution, 
ritual,  and  secrets  were  so  similar  to  those 
of  the  original  Phi  Beta  •  Kappa  as  to 
indicate  strongly  that  it  was  a  descend- 
ant of  one  of  the  community  branches 
chartered  by  Phi  Beta  Kappa  before  its 
dissolution  at  William  and  Mary  in  1781. 
Kappa  Alpha's  chapters,  called  "  circles,'  * 
were,  so  far  as  known,  as  follows: 

♦For  this  sketch  and  that  ot  Phi  Nf  u  Omicron  we  are  intebted  to  LeRoy  S. 
Boyd,  Kappn_ Alpha  (Southern). 


'  r_T.-H 


INACTIVE  FRATERNITIES  735 

1812,  Alpha,  University  of  North  Carolina  (1866); 
Delta,  Fumian  University,  (1861);  Epsilon,  University  of 
South  Carolina  (1861);  Wofford  College  (1861);  1842, 
LaGrange  College,  Ala.  (1855);  1848,  University  of  Ala- 
bama (1855);  Howard  College,  Ala,  (1861);  Centenary 
Institute,  Summerfield,  Ala.  (1861);  1855,  Florence 
Wesleyan  University,  Ala.  (1861);  1855,  Lambda, 
Centenary  College,  La.  (1858) ;  Omicron,  Louisiana 
College  (r86i);  1855,  University  of  Mississippi  (1858); 
Union  University,  Tenn.  (1861);  Phi,  Emory  and  Henry 
College,  Va.  (1861).  It  is  believed  that  there  were  also 
circles  at  the  University  of  Georgia,  Emory  College,  Centre 
College,  Western  Military  Institute  of  Tennessee,  William 
and  Man-  College  and  Washington  and  Lee  University. 

The  correct  order  of  the  estabHshment  of  the  circles  is 
unknown.  If  they  were  named  in  alphabetical  order, 
the  Emory  and  Henry  chapter  was  the  twenty-first 
established,  making  a  large  chapter-roll  for  those  times. 
Circles  were  organized  in  coimty-seat  towns,  as  well  as 
in  colleges.  These  community  circles  were  composed  of 
the  professional  and  gentry-  classes,  united  for  social  and 
]iterar\'  purposes. 

The  LaGrange  College  circle  was  moved  to  Florence 
Wesleyan  University,  in  Januar>-,  1855,  when  the  literary 
department  of  the  former  was  transferred  to  the  latter. 
Internal  dssensions  in  the  cirelc  at  the  University  of 
Alabama  resulted,  in  the  spring  of  1855,  in  members  of  the 
minority  faction  disclosing  the  secrets,  in  the  consequent 
dissolution  of  that  and  other  circles,  and  in  the  majority 
faction  accepting  a  charter  from  Phi  Gamma  Delta  at  the 
University  of  Alabama.    The  circle  at_Centenary  College 


736  INACTIVE  FRATERNITIES 

accepted  a  charter  from  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  in  January. 
1858;  the  circle  at  the  University  of  Mississippi,  a  charter 
from  Chi  Psi,  in  the  fall  of  1858.  The  circle  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  South  Carolina,  followed  by  the  one  at  Emory 
and  Henry  College  and  others,  reorganized  under  the  name 
of  Phi  Mu  Omicron,  in  1858.  The  mother  circle  at  North 
Carolina  also  was  dissolved  by  the  exposure  in  1855,  and 
most  of  its  members  joined  Chi  Psi,  establishing  that 
fraternity  there  in  that  year.  It  was  revived  as  Kappa 
Alpha  at  North  Carolina,  in  1859,  and  was  the  only  circle 
that  did  not  suspend  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  It 
died,  in  1866,  as  a  result  of  a  second  exposure  of  the  secrets. 

The  badge  of  old  Kappa  Alpha,  also  called  "Kuklos 
Adelphon"  or  the  "Alpha  Society,*'  was  of  diamond  shape, 
enclosing  a  circular  band,  within  which  was  the  letter  A, 
with  openings  between  the  inside  of  the  diamond,  the 
circular  band  and  the  letter  A.  On  the  band  or  circle  was 
"Kuklos  Adelphon,"  in  Greek;  on  the  right  leg  of  the 
letter  A  were  the  letters  "N  E  C  S  J  A,"  initials  of  the 
secret  Latin  motto;  on  the  cross  bar  of  the  letter  A  were 
clasi  ed  hands.  The  seal  was  an  equilateral  triangle 
containing  an  open  eye  and  the  letters  **  K.  A." 

Kappa  Alpha  had  many  prominent  members,  among 
them  James  K.  Polk,  President  of  the  United  States; 
Wm.  M.  Lowe  and  John  M.  Martin,  Re]:resentatives  in 
Congress  from  Alabama;  Thos.  R.  Stockdale,  Representa- 
tive from  Mississippi;  Bishops  Wm.  W.  Duncan  and 
Robt.  K.  Hargrove  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South;  Dr.  Wm. 
H.  Whitsitt,  President  Southern  Baptist  Theological 
Seminar}';  and  J.  C.  Rich,  Mayor  of  Mobile,  Ala. 


INACTIVE  FRATERNITIES  737- 

iiaptu  Selta  tfpifilim 

A  Musical  Soronty  having  chapters  at  the  Pennsylvania 
College  of  Music  and  Mt.  Union  College.  It  was  absorbed 
by  M  4>  E  in  1915 

Siappa  $1^1  lUmbba 

"TpHIS  was  a  fraternity  founded  at  Jefferson  College, 
Aug.  3,  i86a,  by  J.  J.  Belville.  Chapters  are  known 
to  have  existed  at  Mt.  Union  College,  Ohio,  the  University 
of  Michigan,  Monmouth  College,  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, Moore's  Hill,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  University  of 
Virginia,  Denison  University,  and  the  Western  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  The  fraternity  became  extinct 
in  1874.  The  Michigan  chapter  joined  V  T,  the  Mt. 
Union  chapter  ATA,  the  Northwestern  chapter  S  X, 
and  the  Denison  chapter  B  6  IT.  The  badge  was  a  shield, 
displaying  at  the  top  a  balance;  immediately  below,  a 
stinburst  and  mountain,  and  beneath,  a  pennant  bearing 
the  letters  "K  *  A". 


iuppa  i^igma  iUppa 

TpHE  above  fraternity  was  founded  at  the  Virginia  Mil- 
itary Institute  in  September,  1867.  Chapters  were 
established  at  the  Virginia  Military  Institute  (r),  Wash- 
'rgton  and  Lee  University  (E),  Virginia  Agricultural 
College  (Z),  University  of  Virginia  (i),  Randolph-Macon 
College  (H),  State  University  of  Louisiana  (A),  Emory 
and  Henry  College,  Richmond  College,  and  the  Bethel 
Military  Academy._, 


73«  INACTIVE   FRATERNITIES 

The  chapters  at  the  Virginia  Agriculttxral  College, 
Emory  and  Henry,  Bethel  Academy  and  the  University 
of  Virginia  became  inactive  by  1886.  The  other  chapters 
except  the  one  in  Louisiana,  entered  *  A  9,  and  that 
chapter  received  a  charter  from  2  N. 

The  badge  of  the  fraternity  was  a  Greek  cross,  in  the 
center  of  which  was  placed  a  circular  disk,  displaying  the 
letters  "K  2  K".  The  fraternity's  color  was  light  blue. 
The  membership  was  about  380. 


iHu  $i  Hambba 

T^HIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Washington  and  Lee 
University,  in  1895,  by  M.  G.  Perrow,  R.  S.  Mar- 
tins, and    H.    H.  Larimore.     Chapters  were  established 
as  follows: 
1895.  Washington  and  Lee  University. 

1897.  University  of  Virginia. 

1898.  Harvard  University. 

1898.  University  of  West  Virginia. 

1899.  William  and  Mary  College. 

The  government  was  by  means  of  an  arch  chapter,  to 
consist  of  not  more  than  1 1  members. 

The  badge  was  a  five-sided  shield  displaying  the  letters 
"M  n  A,"  beneath  an  eye  and  above  the  skull  and  bones. 

The  Harv^ard  chapter  and  the  West  Virgim'a  chapter 
lived  but  a  few  months.  In  1903  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia chapter  disbanded,  part  of  its  members  joining  K  S 
and  part  4>  A  8.  In  1904  the  fraternity  disbanded.  The 
Washington  and  Lee  chapter  joined  K  S  and  the  William 
and  Mary  chapter  0  A  X. 


INACTIVE    PRATERNITIBS  739 

■yms  fraternity  was  organized  in  1837,  at  Wesleyan 
University,  by  Hamilton  Brewer,  It  soon  established 
chapters  elsewhere,  and  its  two  Georgia  chapters  were 
the  first  fraternity  chapters  in  the  South.  The  chapters 
were  called  Temples  and  were  named  after  the  emblems 
of  the  fraternity's  ritual.    The  chapter  roll  was  as  follows : 

1837.  Wand.  Wesleyan  University. 

1841.  Sword,  Emory  College, 

i844.  5fei*//,  University  of  Georgia. 

1853.  5cTo//awdP«i,  University  of  Syracuse. 

1855.  Wreath,  Centenary  College. 

1858.  Star,  University  of  Mississippi. 

1867.  Serpenl,  Cumberland  University. 

1867.  Hands  and  Torch.  University  of  Virginia. 

1884.  Star  of  the  South,  University  of  North  Carolina. 

1885,  Siwjrd  anrf  5/iicU,  Davidson  College. 

The  government  of  the  fraternity  was  extremely  loose. 
The  charters  were  granted  by  the  parent  chapter  until  its 
suspension  in  1867,  and  afterwards  by  the  oldest  living 
chapter.  The  fraternal  spirit  in  the  members  was,  how- 
ever, unusually  strong,  and  the  personnel  of  the  fraternity 
of  an  unusually  high  character.  The  practices  of  the 
fraternity  were  quaint  and  interesting;  much  was  made 
of  the  number  seven  and  of  the  primary  colors. 

The  Emory  chapter  died  in  1858,  owing  to  anti-frater- 
nity laws.  The  Georgia  chapter  ceased  to  exist  a  year 
later  from  similar  regulations.  The  Mississippi  and 
Centenary  chapter  was  killed  by  the  war,  but  Uie  former 


..^^.a-' 


740  INACTIVE   FRATERNITIES 

was  revived  in  1867.  The  Cumberland  chapter  suspended 
in  1873.  The  Wesleyan  chapter  became  extinct  in  1867, 
most  of  its  undergraduate  members  entering  the  chapter 
of  A  K  E,  then  forming  at  Wesleyan,  Similarly  the  active 
members  of  tlie  Syracuse  chapter  entered  A  K  E. 

The  Southern  chapters,  after  the  death  of  the  chapters 
at  Wesleyan  and  Syracuse,  continued  a  peaceable  and 
prosperous  career.  They  established  a  journal  called  the 
Mystic  Messenger,  centralized  their  form  of  government, 
and  revived  the  Wesleyan  chapter  in  1889. 

In  1890.  after  somewhat  prolonged  negotiations,  the 
living  chapters  united  with  B  9  n.  The  Mystic  chapters 
at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  and  Davidson  served 
to  revive  chapters  of  B  9  n,  then  inactive,  at  those  institu- 
tions, and  the  Beta  chapters  at  Cumberland,  Mississippi 
and  S}Tacuse  served  a  similar  office  for  the  Mystical  Seven. 
The  alimini  of  the  Mystical  Seven  have  been  received  into 
full  fellowship  in  B  9  n. 

The  Mystics  who  deserted  the  parent  chapter  at  Wes- 
leyan to  enter  A  K  E,  organized  a  senior  society,  using  its 
ritual  as  a  basis,  called  the  **Owl  and  Wand,"  and  in  1882 
this  organization  appropriated  the  name  of  the  "Mystical 
Seven." 


it^mega  t^£(t 


This  was  a  society  founded  in  1894  at  the  Medical 
Department  of  Northwestern  University.  It  established 
a  chapter  in  1896  at  the  University  of  Michigan, 


INACTIVE    FRATERNITIES 


741 


mi  laiplia  Clit 

TpHIS  fraternity  is  known  to  have  existed  at  a  number 
of  Virginia  colleges  between  1883  and  1895.     Chap- 
ters were  reported  at  Randolph-Macon,  University  of  Vir- 
ginia and  Richmond  College.    Nothing  more  is  known  of  it. 


mi  Belta 

'TPPIIS  medical  fraternity  was  organized  at  the  Long 
Island  Hospital  Medical  College  in  1901.  The 
chapters  were  all  termed  **  Alphas."  The  chapter  roll  was : 
1 90 1,  Long  Island  Medical  College;  1902,  Starling  Medi- 
cal College;  1902,  Union  University  (Albany);  1903, 
Wisconsin  College  of  Physicians  and  Stirgeons;  1903, 
University  Medical  College  (Kansas  City);  (19 10); 
1903,  Washington  University;  1903,  Michigan  College  of 
Medicine  and  Surgery;  1904,  Sioux  City  Medical  College 
(1910);  1904,  Toronto  Medical  College  (1910);  1904, 
Columbia  University  (191 1);  1904,  Dearborn  Medical 
College  (1908);  1904,  University  of  Minnesota;  1905, 
Chicago  College  of  Physicians  and  Stu-geons;  1905, 
St.  Louis  Medical  College;  1906,  University  of  Illinois 
(Chicago) ;  1 9 1 2 ,  Loyola  University.  Of  the  1 6  mentioned 
chapters  five  had  ceased  to  exist.  This  fraternity  was 
merged  with  the  Kappa  Psi  fraternity  on  January  26  19 18. 


pdt  Belta  ilappa 

TpHIS  fraternity  was  founded  at  Washington  and  Jeffer- 
son College  in  1874.    The  founders  were  members 
of  a  chapter  of  I  A  K,  which  had  been  placed  at  Wash- 


742  INACTIVE  FRATERNITIES 

ington.  Pa.,  during  the  previous  year.  When  the  I  A  K  dis- 
banded this  chapter  resolved  to  continue  their  organiza- 
tion, and  did  so.  The  chapters  established  were:  Alpha, 
Washington  and  Jefferson  College,  1874;  Beta,  Western 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1876;  Gamma,  Thiel  College, 
1876;  Delta,  Lafayette  College,  1876;  and  Epsilon,  Univer- 
sity of  Louisiana,  1878.  The  chapters,  with  the  exception 
of  the  Alpha  had  become  defunct  from  various  causes  by 
the  year  1880.  In  1881  the  Alpha  entered  *  r  A.  thus 
reviving  the  then  inactive  Alpha  chapter  of  that  fraternity. 


Pdi  ilappa  ^\^a 

IN  1870  a  society  called  the  **Wayland  Literary  So- 
ciety" was  foimded  at  Brown  University.  In  1873  ^ 
tmion  was  effected  with  the  "Literary  Union"  of  Roches- 
ter University.  The  name  of  the  society  was  changed  to 
Sigma  Phi.  The  Brown  chapter  was  called  the  Alpha, 
and  the  one  at  Rochester  the  Beta.  In  1874  the  name 
was  changed  to  *  K  A.  The  Beta  became  extinct  in  1879, 
and  in  1880  the  Alpha  entered  Ben,  reviving  the  Kappa 
chapter  of  that  fraternity.  The  badge  was  a  three-sided 
shield  displaying  the  letters  ***  K  A"  above  an  open  book. 
The  shield  was  bounded  by  circular  arcs,  the  upper  one 
bearing  the  name  of  the  college. 


TpHIS  society  was  organized  in  1892  as  a  musical  sorority 
at  DePauw  University.  It  established  a  second  chap- 
ter at  Syracuse.    In  1 905  the  two  chapters  became  chapters 
of  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  a  similar  organization  of  later  origin. 


INACTIVE   FkATEKNITIES 


POLLOWING  the  exposure  of  the  secrets  of  the  old 
"southern  order  of  Kappa  Alpha,  in  1855,  several  of 
its  circles  or  chapters  disbanded.  To  perpetuate  the 
order,  it  was  reorganized,  under  the  name  of  Phi  Mu 
Oraicron,  at  the  University  of  South  Carolina  in  1858. 
The  reorganized  circle  there  being  named  Alpha,  other 
circles  were  soon  established,  among  them  the  following: 
Beta,  Charleston  College;  Zeta,  Wofford  College;  Kappa, 
Emory  College;  Omicron,  Emory  and  Henry  College; 
Sigma,  Newberrj'  College.  The  drcles  at  South  Carolina 
and  Emory  and  Henry  had  been  circles  of  Kappa  Alpha, 
and  other  Phi  Mu  Omicron  circles  doubtless  grew  out  of 
disbanded  Kappa  Alpha  circles.  None  of  them  survived 
the  civil  war.  An  attempt  to  revive  the  circle  at  Emory 
and  Henry,  in  1879,  resulted  in  several  of  the  Kappa  Alpha 
and  Phi  Mu  Omicron  alumni  going  into  Kappa  Sigma 
which  was  then  revived  there.  No  members  of  other 
chapters  went  into  Kappa  Sigma. 

The  badge  of  Phi  Mu  Omicron  was  a  Maltese  cross, 
with  black  enameled  arms,  on  each  of  which  were  three 
gold  stars;  and  with  a  circular  field  of  gold  in  the  center, 
on  which  were  an  open  eye,  clasped  hands,  and  a  dagger, 
the  central  field  surrounded  by  a  wreath.     On  the  reverse 


744  INACTIVE    FRATERNITIES 

were  **A.  D.  1812/*  the  year  that  Kappa  Alpha  had  been 
founded,  at  the  top,  the  owner's  name  across  the  center, 
and  the  letters  ***  M  O"  at  the  bottom.  This  is  the  only 
known  instance  of  the  name  of  a  fraternity  appearing  on 
the  reverse  instead  of  the  obverse  of  its  badge. 

mi  mi  mi 

Tri-Phi 
'TpHIS  fraternity  was  organized  at  Austin) College,  Sher- 
man, Texas,   November  22,   1894.     The  fraternity 
was  started  with  the  idea  of  establishing  chapters  in  the 
West  and  South,  and  more  especially  in  small  colleges 
affording  material  for  one  good  chapter.     The  chapter 
roll  was  as  follows: 
1894.  A  A,  Austin  College. 
1894.  A  B,  Southwestern  University. 
1896.  B  A,  Presbyterian  College  of  South  Carolina. 

1896.  T  A,  Centenary  College. 

1897.  A  T,  University  of  Texas. 

The  chapter  at  the  University  of  Texas  joined  *  K  V  in 
1904.  The  remaining  chapters  became  one  by  one  inac- 
tive. 

The  badge  was  an  open  book  of  w^hite  enamel  bearing 
a  hand  and  an  anchor  of  gold,  and  resting  upon  two 
crossed  lances  between  the  heads  of  which  extends  a 
scroll    bearing   the   letters    **4>  *  <t>'\ 

mi  ^igma 

T^HIS  secret  Phi  Sigma  League  was  founded  at  Lom- 
bard University,    Galesburg,    Illinois,    by   several 
students  of  the  class  of  1857.  It  established  chapters  at 


INACTIVE   PtUTERJflTIBS  Ui 

Knox  College,  Monmouth  College,  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, Hedding  College,  Abingdon  College.  Eureka  College 
and  Jefferson  College  (Wis.),  but  none  were  prosperous 
except  the  parent  one,  and  they  soon  ceased  to  exist. 
This  chapter  entered  the  fraternity  of  4  A  6  in  1879,  and 
thus  extinguished  the  society.  There  were  three  degrees 
in  the  society.  The  two  lower  ones  were  for  under- 
graduates, and  were  called  the  "Anchor"  and  "Harp," 
and  these  emblems  were  worn  as  badges. 


$i  Selta  £apjpa 

.\  sorority  organized  at  Ohio  University  in  1907.  It 
had  chapters  at  Miami  and  the  University  of  Cincinnati. 
It  vrasi  absorbed  by  X  Q. 


A    SOCIETY  organized  in  the  homeopathic  department 
of  the  University  of  Iowa,  by  R.  E.  Peck,  and  I.  B. 

Hoskins,  in  October,  1895.  A  second  chapter  was  es- 
tablished at  the  University  of  Minnesota  in  1896.  In 
1897  the  two  chapters  became  chapters  of  *  A  r. 


$0i  Slpita  ll^ppa 

pSI  Alpha  Kappa  was  a  fraternity  having  chapters  at 
,:        Lehigh,  Lafayette  and  the  Massachusetts  Institute 
of  Technologj',     The  parent  chapter  joined  A  T  Q  and  the 
Lafayette  chapter  A  X  P. 


746  INACTIVE   FRATERNITIES 

This  was  a  fraternity  founded  about  the  year  1885 
at  Washington  and  Lee  University.  It  had  chapters 
at  Roanoke,  Randolph-Macon,  University  of  Virginia, 
Hampden-Sidney,  and  perhaps  one  or  two  other  colleges. 
It  disbanded  in  1895.  The  chapter  at  Washington  and 
Lee  entered  ATA.  Its  badge  was  a  Maltese  cross 
with  a  circtdar  center  enclosing  a  crown.  The  arms  of 
the  cross  displayed  the  letters  "*  0  ^*\  During  1893, 
1894  and  1895,  it  published  from  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia a  very  creditable  little  journal  called  The  Crount. 


(Black  Badge) 
TpHIS  society  was  organized  at  Roanoke  College,  Salem, 
Va.,  in  1859.     Soon  after  its  foundation  the  war 
put  an  end  to  college  studies,  and  the  society  was  not  reor- 
ganized imtil  1868.     Chapters  were  established  as  follows  : 

1859.  A.  Roanoke  College  (1879). 

1869.  B,  Hampden-Sidney  College  (1873). 

1 8  7 1 .  r.  University  of  Virginia  (1877). 

1873.  E,  Virginia  State  College  (1880). 

1873.   Z,  Salado  College  (1882). 

1873.  H,  University  of  Maryland  (1882). 

1873.  9,  Washington  and  Lee  University  (1882). 

1873.    I,  Kings  College  (1882). 

1875.  E,  Somerville  Institute,  Miss.  (1882). 

In  addition  to  these  chapters,  organizations  of  alumni 
existed  at  Bristol,  Tenn.;  Lynchburg,  Va.;  Galveston, 
Texas;  Wytheville,  Va.,  and  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 


INACTIVE    FRATERNITIES  747 

The  organization  of  the  society  was  elaborate,  and  con- 
sisted of  several  degrees.  It  was  completely  in  the  hands 
of  the  alumni,  and  controlled  mainly  by  the  chapter  at 
Lynchburg.  The  badge  was  of  black  enamel,  and  dis- 
played the  letter  "S,"  skull  and  bones  and  crossed  swords. 
The  fraternity  disbanded  in  1883. 


'T'HIS  was  the  name  of  a  fraternity  existing  in  some  of 
the  colleges  of  Indiana  during  the  war,  and  for 
some  little  time  thereafter.  There  was  a  chapter  at 
Hanover  College,  which  entered  ATA,  and  two  at 
De  Pauw  and  Indiana  Universities,  which  entered 
Ben. 

£>fgma  Selta  J^i 

This  society,  known  also  as  the  "Vitruvian,"  was 

founded  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1858,  by  Augustus 

Livingstone,  Wm.  H.  Fessenden,  Henry  L.  Bartholomew, 

W.  U.  Potter,  John  A.  Staples  and  Charles  W.  Thompson. 

The  parent  chapter  was  called  the  Alpha.  In  1871  a 
Beta  chapter  was  established  at  Cornell,  which  died  in 
1874,  and  a  Gamma  chapter,  placed  at  Wooster  Univer- 
sity in  1873,  died  in  1877.  The  Dartmouth  chapter  re- 
mained in  good  condition  until  1889,  when  it  became  a 
chapter  of  B  ©  n,  carrying  with  it  its  alumni. 

The  badge  was  a  gold  shield,  on  which  was  an  enclosed 
shield-shaped  space,  displaying  a  sextant;  above  the 
sextant  were  the  letters  "S.  D,  P.,"    and,  below,  "S" 


U^  INACTIVE    FRATERNITIES 

and  **D*'  on  either  side  of  a  clenched  hand.  Above  the 
shield  was  a  scroll,  upon  which  was  the  date  **i858," 
and,  below,  a  similar  scroll  bearing  the  word  "Dartmouth". 
The  membership  was  about  400. 


Wbeta  Hambba  Ij^ffi 

T^HIS  society  was  foundedn  1903  at  the  Dickinson  Law 
School  and  a^ter  a  prosperous  career  of  eleven  years 
um'ted  with  A  K  O  and  A  O  A  in  1914  to  form  A  0  *  (see 
page  540). 


Wipsiilon  J&tta 

A  SOCIETY  by  this  name  was  foimded  at  Pennsyl- 
vania College  about  the  year  1863.  Chapters  were 
established  at  Muhlenberg,  Franklin  and  Marshall, 
Wabash,  Lehigh,  Lafayette,  Westminster  (Pa.),  and  Lewis- 
burg  University.  The  defection  of  the  parent  chapter  at 
Gettysburg  led  to  the  disorganization  of  the  society) 


V&.  V&.  V&.,  or  3aatntiotti* 

This  fraternity  was  organized  in  1849,  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Mississippi,  by  John  B.  Earle,  John  B. 
Herring,  James  |H.  Mason,  Robert  Muldrow,  Joshua  L. 
Halbert,  Marlborough  Pegues  and  Drew  W.  Byntmi. 
These  yotmg  men  had  been  students  at  LaGrange  Col- 
lege, Tenn.,  and  had  removed  to  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi.    The  name  of  the  Society,   was  to  themselves, 

*Por  many  of  the  facts  in  this  article  credit  should  be  given  to  a  history  of 
W.  W.  W..  by  C.  R.  Churchill,  published  in  the  Delia  Tau  Delta  Rainbow,  in  189^ 


INACTIVE   FRATERNITIES  749 

the  "Mystic  Sons  of  Iris".  It  later  became  known  as  the 
Rainbow,  or  **W.  W.  W."  society.  Its  ritual  and  many 
of  its  practices  were  based  upon  the  ntunber  seven.  The 
resemblances  between  this  organization  and  the  Mystical 
Seven  were  many  and  striking.  Neither  was  Greek  in 
nomenclature  or  symbols,  each  had  the  rainbow  as  an 
emblem,  each  used  the  word  * 'mystic**  in  a  peculiar  sense, 
and  each  used  **W.  W.  W."  as  a  pass-word.  The  writer 
has  inquired  of  nearly  all  the  living  members  of  the  Mysti- 
cal Seven  who  were  initiated  previous  to  1848  in  regard  to 
this  matter,  but  without  result.  The  chapter  roll  of  the 
Rainbow  was  as  follows : 

848.        S.  A.,  University  of  Mississippi. 
858.  A.,  LaGrange  College  (1861). 

871.  L.  K.  S.,  Ftuman  University  (1874). 

872.  L.  T.,  Erskine  College  (1884). 

872.  I.  P.,  Southern  Presbyterian  Univ.  (1873). 

873.  L.  S.,  Wofford  College  (1875). 

874.  D.  v.,  Neophogen  College  (1874). 

880.  A.,  Chamberlain-Himt  Academy  (1886). 

881.  LP.,  Vanderbilt  University. 

882.  L.  S.,  Southwestern  University  (1886). 

883.  D.  v..  University  of  Texas  (1886). 

884.  A.,  Emory  and  Henry  College  (1886). 
884.       D.  v.,  University  of  Tennessee  (1886). 

The  chapters  were  named  after  the  designations  of  the 
chapter  oflBcers. 

After  a  checkered  career,  negotiations  were  entered 
into  between  this  fraternity  and  ATA  with  a  view  to 


7 so  INACTIVE  FRATERNITIES 

consolidating  the  two  societies,  and  the  union  was  ef- 
fected in  1886.  The  journal  of  A  T  A,  theretofore  called 
The  Crescevt,  was  rechristened  The  Rainbow,  out  of  com- 
pliment to  the  older  order.  At  the  time  of  the  tmion 
only  two  chapters,  viz.,  those  at  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi and  Vanderbilt,  were  actually  alive.  The  chapters 
at  Southwestern  and  the  University  of  Texas  went  into 
*  A  8.  The  chapter  at  Emory  and  Henry  disbanded, 
most  of  its  members  joining  S  A  E.  The  chapter  at  Wof- 
ford  was  revived  in  1889  by  an  alumnus,  in  whose  keep- 
ing the  charter  had  been  placed,  but  it  disbanded  on 
learning  of  the  fate  of  the  fraternity  three  years  before. 

Zeta  ^t 

T^HIS  society  was  founded  at  the  University  of  Mis- 
souri, Nov.  7,  1870,  by  Oren  Root,  S  4>,  then  a  pro- 
fessor at  the  University.     It  was  called  the  Alpha  chap- 
ter, and  others  were  established  as  follows : 

1870.  A,  University  of  Missouri  (1890). 

187 1.  S,  William  Jewell  College  (1886). 

1872.  A,  Washington  University  (1874). 

The  Delta  chapter  disbanded  voluntarily,  the  Sigma 
surrendered  its  charter  and  subsequently  accepted  a  char- 
ter from  *  FA,  and  the  Alpha,  after  a  prosperous  career 
of  twenty  years,  became  a  chapter  of  B  0  n  carrying  with 
it  into  that  fraternity  all  of  its  alumni.  The  badge 
was  a  monogram  of  the  letters  of  the  society  name,  and 
much  resembled  the  badge  of  S  *.  The  color  of  the 
fraternity  was  white. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

^  COMPILATION  of  publications  relating  to  fraterni- 
ties was  made  by  Walter  B.  Pabner  for  his  history 
of  Phi  Delta  Theta.  Before  this  work  was  published,  in 
1906,  a  copy  of  the  bibliography  was,  on  request  of  Mr. 
Baird,  furnished  to  him  and  permission  granted  that  it 
should  appear  in  American  College  Fraternities.  It  was, 
therefore,  included  in  the  edition  of  1905,  and  has  been 
retained  in  later  editions. 

BOOKS  RELATIIfG  TO  FRATERNITIES  IN  GENERAL 

Secret  Societies  in  Colleges:  Sotne  Opinions  Concerning 
Them.  Pp.  4.  No  cover  or  title  page;  above  printing  at  top 
of  first  page.  An  article  disapproving  college  secret  societies, 
reprinted  November  20,  1850,  from  an  article  headed  "Narrative  of 
Review  of  Religions  in  Williams  College,"  which  appeard  first  in  the 
American  Quarterly  Register ,  May,  1841.  See  first  title  under 
"Magazine  Articles  Relating  to  Fraternities." 

Review  of  a  Tract  Entitled  "Secret  Societies  in  Colleges 
— Some  Opinions  Concerning  Them."  Pp.  4.  No  cover  or 
title  page;  above  printing  at  top  of  first  page.  An  article  uphold- 
ing college  secret  societies,  answering  arguments  in  the  above 
mentioned  tract,  quoting  favorable  opinions  of  such  societies  from 
some  of  their  distinguished  members,  and  referring  to  speeches 
made  before  the  K  A,  23  *,  V  T  and  A  *  societies.  Dated  "Union 
College,  November  21,1 850. ' '    Reflector  prin t . 

Review  of  the  "Review."  No  cover  or  title  page;  above 
printing  at  top  of  first  page.  An  answer  to  the  tract  last  mentioned 
above.  Not  dated,  but  printed  probably  in  December,  1850,  as 
it  refers  to  said  tracts  as  having  been  issued  "a  short  time  since." 
Presents  arguments  against  college  secret  societies,  especially  on 

751 


•mill  IIW^I 


as 


752  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

account  of  the  expense  they  incurred  for  halls,  badges,  suppers,  etc, 
and  their  "deleterious  effect  upon  religious  young  men." 

(The  three  tracts  above  mentioned  are,  so  far  as  known,  the 
earliest  prints  relating  to  college  secret  societies  in  general.  All 
three  are  in  the  library  of  Union  University.  The  first  and  third 
were  reprinted  in  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta^  December,  1904.J 

Act  to  Incorporate  the  Phi  Kappa  SIgma  Male  College 
AT  MoNTiCELLO,  Ark.  Acts  of  Arkansas,  Feb.  21,  1859,  page  249. 
(See  historical  article  in  Banta's  Greek  Exchange,  July,  1919,  by 
Leroy  S.  Boyd,  K.  A.) 

Four  Years  at  Yale.  By  a  graduate  of  '69.  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  1871:  Charles  C.  Chatfield  Co.  Cloth,  pp.  713.  The 
author  is  Lyman  H.  Bagg,  W  T.  Chapters  i  to  4,  pp.  51  to  190, 
are  devoted  to  a  most  minute  and  painstaking  account  of  the 
society  system  at  Yale. 

College  Secret  Societies:  Their  Customs,  Character ,  and 
Efforts  for  their  Suppression.  By  H.  L.  Kellogg.  Chicago:  Ezra 
A.  Cook,  1874.  Paper,  pp.  88.  A  bitter  attack  on  fraternities, 
emanating  from  a  committee  appointed  by  the  National  Christian 
Association,  1873.  Second  edition,  with  6  pages  of  additional 
matter.     1894. 

American  Colleges:     Their  Students  and  Work.     By  Charles 

F.  Thwing,  President  Western  Reserve  University.     New  York: 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  1878.  Cloth.  Second  edition,  1883. 
Chapter  y  treats  of  fraternities. 

The  Greek-Letter  Societies.  By  Albert  P.  Jacobs,  ^  T, 
Detroit:  Gulley  Printing  House,  12,  14,  16  Lamed  St.,  East. 
March,  1879.     Cloth,  pp.  51. 

The  Secret  Society  System.  By  E.  E.  Aiken.  New  Haven: 
O.  H.  Briggs,  publisher;  Tuttle,  Morehouse  &  Taylor,  Printers. 
1882.  Paper,  pp.  no.  An  attack  on  fraternities,  especially  those 
at  Yale.  Revised  and  enlarged  from  five  articles  printed  in  the 
Yale  Critic,     1882. 

The  Greek  Fraternity  Issue.  By  E.  E.  White,  President  of 
Purdue  University.  Indianapolis:  Wm.  B.  Burford,  State  Printer. 
1882,  1883  and   1884.    Paper.     Included  in  the  seventh  annual 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  7J3 

report  (pp.  7,  8  and  27-76)  of  the  President  of  Purdue  to  the  board 
of  trustees,  the  eighth  annual  report  (pp.  11  and  12)  and  the  ninth 
annual  report  (pp.  12,  13,  19,  29-56),  for  the  coU^e  years  ending 
June  30,  1 88 1,  1882,  and  1883,  respectively.  An  argument  against 
fraternities  with  the  special  object  of  suppressing  S  X  at  Purdue. 

Reports  of  Cases  Argued  and  Determined  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Judicature  of  the  State  of  Indiana.  Volume  82. 
Indianapolis:  Carlon  &  Hollenbeck.  1883.  Contains  decision 
in  case  styled.  The  State  ex  rd  Stallard  vs.  White  et  al.  Held, 
that  the  President  of  Purdue  University,  E.  E.  White,  must  permit 
T.  P.  Hawley  to  matriculate  as  a  student  at  the  University,  although 
he  was  a  member  of  2  X,  and  that  the  faculty  had  no  legal  right 
to  compel  a  student,  as  a  condition  of  such  matriculation,  to  sign  a 
pledge  that  he  would  disconnect  himself  from  a  college  fraternity 
while  attending  the  institution,  as  Purdue  was  a  public  institution, 
and  the  condition  sought  to  be  imposed  constituted  a  discrimination 
against  a  certain  class  of  students  within  the  State,  which  the  faculty 
had  no  right  to  impose. 

An  Account  of  the  Greek-Letter  Fraternities  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California,  republished,  corrected  and  brought  down 
to  date  from  the  files  of  the  Occident,  newspaper,  for  the  year  ending 
June  I,  1883.  Berkeley  (Cal.):  Occident  Publishing  Company. 
1883.  Paper,  pp.  44.  A  vinilent  attack  on  fraternities  at  the 
University  of  California. 

The  College  Students'  Manual.  By  H.  E.  Moseley.  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.:  H.  E.  &  A.  B.  Moseley.  1884.  Cloth,  pp.  195, 
^^ixjyi.  Contains  a  list  of  all  colleges  and  imiversities  in  the 
United  States,  and  treats  of  requirements  for  admission,  libraries, 
college  societies,  etc. 

A  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language.  New 
York:  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Company.  1890.  The  first  dictionary 
to  mention  college  fraternities.  Under  the  word  "Fraternity," 
is  the  following  entry:  "Greek-Letter  fraternities  (U.  S.),  college, 
literary  or  social  organizations,  known  by  the  initial  letters  of  a 
C^reek  motto,  or  the  like,  and  consisting  usually  of  afi&liated chapters; 
very  numerous  in  American  colleges  where  they  often  own  costly 


Mi 


754  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

halls  or  club  houses,  which  in  some  instances  include  dormitories 
for  members.'* 

The  World  Almanac  for  1892.  New  York:  The  Press  Pub- 
lishing Company.  Contains  statistics  of  fraternities,  reprinted 
from  the  1890  edition  of  ''American  College  Fratemties,"  Same 
also  in  edition  for  1893. 

[Practically  all  the  Almanacs  now  print  similar  statistics  of  little 
value.] 

Johnson's  Universal  Cyclopedia.  New  York:  A.  B.  John- 
son Company.  1893.  Volume  II  contains  an  article  on  '"College 
Fraternities,"  by  W.  R.  Baird,  B  6  11.  The  first  cyclopedia  to 
contain  such  an  article. 

Colleges  in  America.  By  John  Marshall  Baker,  Ph.D. 
Cleveland,  Ohio:  Cleveland  Printing  and  Publishing  Company. 
1894.  Cloth,  pp.  265,  ^%\6yi.  Discusses  the  origin,  develop- 
ment and  characteristics  of  colleges.  Chapter  V,  on  "Student 
Life  in  College,"  refers  to  fraternities.  Contains  a  brief  bibli- 
ography. 

Acts  and  Joint  Resolutions  of  the  General  Assembly  of 
THE  State  of  South  Carolina:  Passed  at  the  Regular  Session 
0}  i8q7,  page  508.  Columbia:  Charles  A.  Calvo,  Jr.,  State  Printer, 
1897.  Contains  an  act,  approved  March  5, 1897,  entitled  "An  act  to 
prohibit  Greek-Letter  Fraternities  or  any  organization  of  like 
nature  in  State  institutions." 

The  College  Year-Book  and  Athletic  Record,  for  the 
Academic  Year  iSgd-gy.  Compiled  and  edited  by  Edwin  Emer- 
son, Jr.  New  York:  Stone  &  Kimball.  1897.  Cloth,  pp.  592. 
Contains  descriptions  of  colleges,  statistics  as  to  buildings,  income, 
students,  volumes  in  libraries,  list  of  professors  in  each,  college 
publications,  colors  and  cheers,  a  list  of  fraternities,  athletic  records, 
etc. 

Folly,  Expense  and  Danger  of  Secret  Societies.  By  Charles 
A.  Blanchard,  President  of  Wheaton  College  (lU.).  Chicago: 
National  Christian  Association.  1897.  Paper,  pp.  32.  College 
fraternities  as  well  as  other  secret  orders  are  condemned.  [The 
National  Christian  Association  publishes  much  anti-secret  society 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  755 

literature  and  alleged  exposures  of  the  rituals  of  the  Free  Masons, 
Odd  Fellows,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  many  other  orders;  also 
a  monthly  jouAal  called  the  Christian  Cynosure ,  which  "represents 
the  Christian  movement  against  the  secret  lodge  system."] 

The  Cyclopedia  of  Fraternities.  A  compilation  of  existing 
authentic  information  and  the  results  of  original  investigation  as 
to  the  origin,  derivation,  founders,  development,  aims,  emblems, 
character  and  personnel  of  more  than  six  hundred  secret  societies 
in  the  United  States;  supplemented  by  family  trees  of  groups 
of  societies,  comparative  statistics  of  membership,  charts,  plates, 
maps,  and  the  names  of  many  representative  members.  Compiled 
and  edited  by  Albert  C.  Stevens,  associate  editor  of  "The  Standard 
Dictionary,"  and  formerly  editor  of  "Bradstreet's";  assisted  by 
more  than  one  thousand  members  of  living  secret  societies.  New 
York,  N.  Y.,  and  Paterson,  N.  J.:  Hamilton  Printing  and  Publish- 
ing Company.  1899.  Cloth,  pp.  XXIV +444.  Thirty-jseven  pages 
devoted  to  college  fraternities.  There  was  a  second  edition  with 
many  corrections  published  in  1905.  The  author  is  a  member  of 
A  A  *. 

The  International  Year-Book  for  1899.  New  York:  Dodd. 
Mead  &  Company.  1900.  Contains  (pp.  347-348)  an  article  on 
"College  Fraternities,"  inserted  by  permission  of  the  author  of 
"American  College  Fraternities,"  and  paraphrased  from  the  edi- 
tion of  1898. 

Fraternity  Men  op  Chicago.  Compiled  by  Will  J.  Maxwell. 
Chicago:  The  Umbdenstock  Publishing  Co.  1898.  Half  mo- 
rocco, pp.  204.  Contains  sketches  of  the  fraternities  and  lists  of 
members  resident  in  Chicago  and  vicinity.  Only  members  of  the 
men*s  general  fraternities  were  included.  Illustrated  with  half- 
tone views  of  chapter  houses  and  many  portraits. 

This  was  the  first  of  a  series  of  similar  books  issued  under  the 
Fame  management,  using  substantially  the  same  front  matter  and 
illustrations,  botmd  in  the  same  style  and  containing  lists  of  fraternity 
men  in  the  following  localities:  St.  Louis,  1898,  pp.  140;  Phila- 
delphia, 1899,  pp.  544;  New  York,  1899,  pp.  758;  Cleveland,  1900, 
pp.  304;    Washington,  D.  C,   1900,  pp.  396;    Cincinnati,  1900, 


7S6  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

pp.  308;  Baltimore,  1900,  pp.  348;  Boston,  1900,  pp.  416;  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  1900,  pp.  304;  Rhode  Island,  1901,  pp.  304;  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  1901,  pp.  304;  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  1901,  pp.  302;^ Albany,  N.  Y., 
1901,  pp.  300;  Utica,  N.  Y.,  1 90 1,  pp.  300;  Central  New  York, 
1901,  pp.  300;  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  1901;  pp  310,  Michigan,  1901, 
pp.  312;  Wisconsin,  1901,  pp.  312;  Troy,  N.  Y.,  1901,  pp.  298; 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  1901,  pp.  300;  Minnesota,  1902,  pp.  340; 
The  Pacific  Coast,  1903,  pp.  696,  and  Kansas  City,  1904,  pp.  366. 
These  books  were  sold  by  subscription  and  are  all  out  of  print. 

Reports  of  Cases  Heard  and  Determined  in  the  Appellate 
Division  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
Official  edition.  Volume  LI.  Albany:  Banks  &  Company. 
1900.  Contains  decision  in  case  styled,  Lucia  E.  Heaton  and 
others,  respondents,  vs.  Mary  J.  Hull,  appellant,  impleaded  with 
others,  which  involved  the  right  of  the  grand  council  of  the  K  K  P 
sorority  to  withdraw  the  charter  of  its  chapter  at  Saint  Lawrence 
University.  Held,  that  members  of  a  chapter  of  a  college  fraternity, 
may  maintain  an  action  against  the  grand  council  thereof  to  restrain 
it  from  unlawfully  withdrawing  the  charter  of  the  chapter,  although 
no  member  is  thereby  sought  to  be  expelled  from  the  fraternity 
and  no  property  rights  are  appropriated.  Where  there  is  no  provi- 
sion in  the  charter  of  the  chapter,  or  in  the  Constitution  or  By-Laws 
of  the  fraternity,  authorizing  the  revocation  of  the  charter  except 
for  a  violation  of  the  rules  and  usages  of  the  fraternity,  the  fact  that 
the  college  at  which  the  chapter  is  located  has  not  proper  material 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  chapter,  and  that  disclosures  have  been 
male  of  the  Constitution  and  of  certain  secrets  of  the  fraternity,  will 
not  authorize  the  revocation  of  the  charter,  especially  if  it  appears 
that  the  disclosures  were  rendered  necessary  for  the  defense  of  the 
chapter  against  the  attempted  revocation. 

*TwixT  Greek  and  Barb:  A  Story  of  University  Life.  By 
William  C.  Levere.  Evanston,  111.:  William  S.  Lord.  1900. 
Cloth,  pp.  187.  The  author  is  Eminent  Supreme  Archon  of  S  A  E. 
Deals  with  fraternity  conditions  and  customs  at  Northwestern 
University.  The  only  novel  in  which  fraternities  are  the  leading 
theme. 


SiBLtOCRAPny  7S7 

Acts  and  Resolutions  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
State  of  Arkansas.  Little  Rock:  The  Democrat  Company. 
1901.  Contains  an  act,  approved  May  23,  1901,  entitled:  "An 
Act  to  prohibit  the  organization  of  secret  soreties  in  the  University 
of  Arkansas  and  for  other  purposes,  page  276." 

Student  Life  and  Customs.  By  Henry  D.  Sheldon.  New 
York:  D.  Appleton  &  Company.  1901.  Cloth,  pp.  XXII  +366. 
Discusses  among  other  subjects  fraternities,  class  societies,  literary 
societies,  college  religious  sodeties,  and  athletics.  A  unique  and 
very  interesting  work;  valuable  especially  on  account  of  its  full 
bibliography. 

Universal  Cyclopedia  and  Atlas.  New  York:  D.  Appleton 
&  Company.  1901.  Volume  III  contains  (pp.  63,  64)  an  article 
on  "CoUege  Fraternities,"  by  W.  R.  Baird. 

The  College  Student  and  His  Problems.  By  James  H. 
Canfield,  Librarian  of  Columbia  University.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Company.  1902.  Cloth,  pp.  197,  4^x7 >i.  Chapter 
V  treats  of  fraternities. 

A  Thesaurus  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language.  Pre- 
pared under  the  supervision  of  Francis  Andrews  March,  LL.D. 
Philadelphia:  Historical  Publishing  Company.  1902.  Contains 
three  colored  plates  showing  the  seals  of  33  colleges  and  tmiver- 
sities  and  one  colored  plate  showing  the  badges  of  45  fraternities 
and  sororities. 

Reports  of  Cases  Heard  and  Determined  in  the  Appellate 
Division  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
Official  edition.  Volume  LXXIV.  Albany:  J.  B.  Lyon  Com- 
pany. 1902.  Contains  decision  in  case  styled,  The  People  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  ex  rel.  The  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  Society 
of  Hamilton  College,  Respondent,  vs.  E.  F.  Lawler  and  others, 
as  Assessors  of  the  town  of  Kirkland,  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  Appel- 
lants. Held,  that  a  house  owned  by  the  Hamilton  College  chapter 
of  a  Greek-Letter  college  fraternity,  organized,  as  stated  in  its 
certificate  of  incorporation,  for  literary  purposes  and  the  promotion 
of  the  fine  arts,  which  house,  with  the  exception  of  the  society  room, 
is  primarily  used  as  a  boarding  place  for  the  active  members  of  the 


7S8  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

chapter,  at  which  they  may  enjoy  the  privileges  of  home  life  and  meet 
for  social  recreation  and  fellowship  without  intrusion  from  un- 
invited guests,  and  which  is  incidentally  used  for  literary,  educa- 
tional or  scientific  purposes,  is  not  exempt  from  taxation  under  the 
tax  law,  which  provided:  *'The  real  property  of  a  corporation  or 
association  organized  exclusively  for  the  moral  or  mental  improve- 
ment of  men  or  women  or  for  educational,  scientific,  literary,  or 
library  purposes,  or  for  two  or  more  such  purposes,  and  used  ex- 
clusively for  carrying  out  thereupon  one  or  more  of  such  purposes, 
and  the  personal  property  of  any  such  corporation  shall  be  exempt 
from  taxation." 

Cases  Argued  and  Determined  in  the  Supreme  Judicial 
Court  of  Massachusetts.  Volume  182.  Boston:  Little,  Brown 
&  Company.  1903.  Contains  decision  in  case  styled.  Phi  Beta 
Epsilon  Corporation  vs.  City  of  Boston.  Held,  that  the  keeping? 
of  a  dormitory  and  boarding  house  for  students  of  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology  by  a  literary  or  scientific  corporation  other 
than  the  institution  itself,  is  not  an  educational  purpose  within 
the  meaning  of  the  statute,  exempting  from  taxation  the  property 
of  such  corporation  used  for  an  educational  purpose;  and  if  some 
literary  or  scientific  work  is  done  in  the  building  this  does  not  change 
the  result  if  the  principal  use  of  the  building  is  for  a  dormitory  or 
boarding  house. 

The  American  College  Fraternity.  Paper,  pp.  33,  6x9. 
No  title  page;  above  printed  at  top  of  first  page;  same  words  on 
cover.  Contains  48  replies  to  circular  letters  addressed  by  W.  A. 
Crawford,  K  S,  to  the  Presidents  of  the  leading  collegiate  institu- 
tions throughout  the  United  States,  asking  for  their  opinions  of 
fraternities,  nearly  all  of  such  replies  being  favorable.  Prefatory 
statement  dated  Arkadelphia,  Ark.,  March  10,  1903.  Press  erf 
Arkadelphia  Herald-Sif tings  Printing  Company.     1903. 

Shall  Fraternities  Live?  Pap^r,  pp.  48.  Contains  articles 
favorable  to  fraternities,  intended  to  influence  the  members  of 
the  Legislature  o(  Mississippi  to  vote  against  a  bill  to  prohibit 
fraternities  at  the  University  of  Mississippi,  which  had  been  intro- 
duced in  the  House  of  Representatives.  Issued  by  the  fraternities 
at  the  University  of  Mississippi,  February,  1904. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  759 

Another  edition,  January,  1910,  by  V.  Otis  Robertson,  K  A  (S), 
Jackson,  Miss.,  pp.  40. 

The  New  International  Encyclopedia.  New  York:  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Company.  1903.  Volume  VII  contains  an  article  on 
"Fraternities,"  with  colored  plate  illustrating  fraternity  badges. 

Patterson's  College  and  School  Directory.  Compiled  by 
Homer  L.  Patterson.  Chicago:  American  Educational  Company. 
1904.  Cloth,  pp.  346,  6^x8^.  Contains  a  list  of  collegiate 
institutions,  professional  schools,  seminaries  and  academies  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  a  list  of  college  papers,  information 
about  college  fraternities,  a  list  of  universities  in  Europe,  and  other 
matter.  The  information  regarding  fraternities  includes  the  date 
and  place  of  founding  of  each  fraternity,  the  title  and  location  of 
each  of  its  chapters,  describes  its  badge,  and  mentions  its  colors, 
flower,  and  the  name  of  its  open  magazine. 

American  College  Fraternities:  A  descriptive  analysis  oj 
the  social  system  in  the  Colleges  of  the  United  States* with  a  detailed 
account  of  ea4:h  fraternity.  By  Wm.  Raimond  Baird.  Philadelphia. 
J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.  1879.  Cloth,  pp.  212.  Frontispiece 
displays  "Badges  of  the  chaptered  fraternities.'*  The  author  was 
a  member  of  A  S  X,  which  united  with  B  9  11,  October,  1879. 

In  1880  new  articles  about  some  fraternities  were  printed  on 
sheets,  which  were  substituted  for  some  of  the  sheets  as  originally 
printed,  and  changes  in  other  fraternities  were  noted  in  five  sup- 
plemental pages.  This  was  afterward  called  the  first  revised  edition 
or  second  edition. 

Second  revised  edition.  New  York:  Frank  Williams,  64  Duane 
Street.  1883.  Cloth,  pp.  265,  3J^X5^.  Instead  of  a  frontispiece 
showing  all  the  badges,  the  article  on  each  fraternity  is  preceded  with 
an  engraved  illustration  of  its  badge  or  emblematic  cut.  Later  called 
the  third  edition. 

Fourth  edition.     New  York:    James  P.  Downs.     1890.    Cloth, 

pp.  359- 

Fifth    edition.    Harrisburg,    Pa.:    Mount    Pleasant    Printery. 

1898.     Cloth,  pp.  438. 

Sixth  edition  published  in   1905.      New  York:    The  Aloolm 

Company.    ClQth,  pp.  574. 


76o  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Seventh  edition  published  in  19 12.  New  York:  The  CoUei^e 
Fratemity^Publishing  Company.    Cloth,  pp.  802. 

Eighth  edition  publishoi  in  191 5.  New  York:  The  College 
Fraternity  Publishing  Company.    Cloth,  pp.  888. 

A  supplement  to  the  eighth  edition  bringing  it  up  to  date  was 
published  in  October,  1916,  pp.  46. 

Ninth  edition  published  in  1920., 

The  Sorority  Hand-Book.  Canton,  Mass.  1907.  By  Ida 
Shaw  Martin.  Published  by  the  author.  Paper  and  cloth.  Con- 
tains essays  on  the  higher  education,  the  Evolution  of  the  Sorority 
System,  the  Mission  of  the  Sorority,  names  and  addresses  of  officers 
of  each  sorority,  its  roll  of  living  chapters,  approximate  generalized 
statistics  and  insignia.  Also  a  general  list  of  inactive  chapters, 
an  essay  on  honorary  societies,  and  a  directory  of  institutions  at 
which  sororities  are  located. 

Second  edition  of  the  above  1907.  It  adds  a  list  of  men's  frater- 
nities with  roll  of  their  active  chapters  and  a  half  tone  plate  of  23 
badges. 

Third  edition  of  the  above  1909.  Substantially  the  same  in 
style  and  scope  as  the  second  but  with  some  additional  illustrations. 

Fourth  edition  of  the  above  191 1.  Menasha,  Wis.  Adds  an 
illustration  of  sorority  flags  and  some  additional  information  about 
the  men's  fraternities. 

Fifth  edition  of  the  above  19 13. 

An  Act  to  Abolish  and  Prohibit  Greek  Letter  Fraterni- 
ties and  sororities  and  all  secret  orders  among  students  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Mississippi  and- in  all  other  educational  institutions 
supported,  in  whole  or  in  part,  by  the  State.  Acts  of  Mississippi, 
1912,  page  192,  approved  February  27,  1912.  (Upheld  by  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court,  237  U.  S.  589). 

A  History  of  Higher  Education  in  America.  By  Charles  P. 
Thwing.  New  York.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  1906.^  Contains  some 
slight  references  to  fraternity  life  and  nomenclature. 

Individual  Training  in  Our  Colleges.  By  Clarence  F.  Birds- 
eye.     New  York.     1907.    The  Macmillan  Co. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  7<5i 

The  Reorganization  of  Our  Colleges.  By  Clarence  F. 
Birdseye.     New  York.     1909.    The  Baker-Taylor  Co. 

Both  of  these  books  contain  much  of  interest  relating  to  college 
fraternities  and  especially  to  chapter  house  life. 

The  ENCYCLOPiEDiA  Britanica.  Eleventh  edition.  Cam- 
bridge, England.  At  the  University  Press.  New  York.  1910. 
Vol.  XI.  Article.  Fraternity  College  at  pages  40,  41.  By 
William  R.  Baird. 

Who's  Who  in  S.  A.  E.  By  William  C.  Levere,  Evanston,  III. 
Published  by  the  author,  1912.  *'A  biographical  dictionary  of 
Notable  Living  Members  of  the  Fraternity. 

Betas  of  Achievement.  Being  Brief  Biographical  Records  of 
Members  of  the  Beta  Theta  Pi  who  have  Achieved  distinction  in 
various  fields  of  Endeavor.  By  Wm.  Raimond  Baird.  New  York, 
1914.     The  Beta  Publishing  Co.    Cloth  pp.  372. 

Leading  Greeks.  An  Encyclopedia  of  the  Workers ^in  the 
American  College  Fraternities  and  Sororities.  By  Wm.  C.  Levere, 
Evanston,  111.,  19 15. 

The  Fraternity  and  the  College.  A  series  of  papers  deal- 
ing with  fraternity  problems.  By  Thomas  Arkle  Clark,  Dean  of 
Men,  University  of  Illinois.  Menasha,  Wisconsin,  The  George 
Banta  Publishing  Company,  19 15.    Board,  pp.  223. 

The  Fraternity  and  the  Undergraduate,  with  thirteen  ad- 
ditional papers  on  fraternity  life.  By  Thomas  Arlde  Clark,  Dean 
of  Men,  University  of  Illinois.  Menasha,  Wisconsin,'^The  George 
Banta  Publishing  Company,  19 17.     Board,  pp.  273. 

MAGAZINE  ARTICLES  RELATING  TO  FRATERNITIES 

Narrative  of  Review  of  Religion  in  Williams  College.  By 
Albert  Hopkins;  American  Quarterly  Register,  (Boston),  May, 
1 84 1.  Refers  to  hindrances  which  college  secret  societies  were 
alleged  to  have  caused  to  a  religious  revival  at  WiUiamstown, 
Mass.;  adduces  objections  to  sucii  societies,  and  quotes  opinions 
antagonistic  to  them  from  college  presidents  and  professors  and 
other  persons.  [See  first  three  titles  under  "Books  Relating  to 
Fraternities  in  General."! 


762  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

College  Secret  Societies.  By  W.  W.  Lathrop;  University  Quar- 
terly, April,  1861.     An  argument  against  the  secret  society  principle. 

My  Objections  to  Secret  Societies  in  Colleges.  By  Howard 
Crosby,  A  O,  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  New  York;  The 
Congregationalisl,  April  20,  1871. 

Discipline  in  American  Colleges.  By  James  McCosh,  Pres- 
ident of  Princeton  College;  Norih  American  Review,  May- June, 
1878.     Considers  fraternities  harmful. 

A  Fossil  from  the  Tertiary.  By  E.  E.  Hale,  A  A  *;  Atlantic 
Monthly,  July,  1879.     An  historical  sketch  of  4»  B  K. 

A  College  Camp  at  La|ce  George.  By  R.  R.  Bowker,  A  A  ^; 
Scribner's  Monthly,  March,  1879.  An  account  of  a  summer  camp 
maintained  by  Manhattan  (C.  C.  N.  Y.)  chapter  of  A  A  4». 

Secret  Societies  in  College.  The  Critic,  March  8,  1884. 
Editorial  criticising  societies  at  Yale;  answered  by  Scroll  and  Key 
in  issue  for  March  22. 

The  Secret  Society  System  of  Yale  College.  By  John 
Addison  Porter,  A  K  E;  The  New  Englander,  May,  1884.  Re- 
printed in  pamphlet,  pp.  19. 

College  Fraternities.  By  A.  D.  White,  ^  T,  President  of 
Cornell  University;  The  Forum,  May,  1887.  A  strong  argument 
in  favor  of  fraternities.  (Reprinted  in  pamphlet  form  by  Wm.  C. 
Levere,  Evanston,  111.) 

Secret  Societies  in  College.  By  C.  S.  Robinson,  X  ^,  B  0  11; 
The  Century,  October,  1887.  Refers  to  the  formation  of  the  Anti- 
Secret  Confederation.     See  page  140. 

Interchange  Symposium  on  Fraternities).  By  James 
McCosh,  President  of  Princeton  College:  J.  H.  Seelye,  ^  T,  Presi- 
dent of  Amherst  College;  C.  K.  Adams,  4*  T,  President  of  Cornell 
University;  Prof.  Oren  Root,  S  4»  (B  0  U),  of  Hamilton  College,  and 
Prof.  T.  C.  Burgess,  of  Fredonia  (N.  Y.)  State  Normal  and  Training 
School;  The  Academy  (Syracuse,  N.  Y.),  November,  1887.  Argu- 
ments for  and  against  fraternities. 

College  Fraternities.  By  J.  A.  Porter,  A  K  E;  The  Century, 
September,  1888.     Illustrated  with  views  of  chapter  houses. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  763 

The  Fast  Set  at  Harvard.  By  "Aleck  Quest:"  North  Ameri" 
can  Review^  November,  1888.  An  arraignment  of  A  K  E;  answered 
by  "One  of  the  Fast  Set"  in  issue  for  December. 

The  Advantages  of  College  Fraternities.  By  A.  F.  San- 
born; The  Academy  (Syracuse,  N.  Y.),  October,  1890. 

The  Original  Records  of  the  4»  B  K  Society,  i  776-1 781, 
together  with  the  original  charter  granted  to  the  Harvard  chap- 
ter, sketches  of  the  original  fifty  members,  and  lists  of  the  officers 
and  chapters  of  the  present  organization.  By  L.  G.  Tyler,  President 
of  William  and  Mary  College;  William  and  Mary  College  Quarterly 
Historical  Magazine,  April,  1896. 

College  Fraternities.  By  P.  F.  Piper;  The  Cosmopolitan, 
April,  1897.     Illustrated  with  the  badges  of  the  various  fraternities. 

Greek-Letter  Societies  in  American  Colleges.  By  E.  H. 
L.  Randolph,  4>  A  0;  New  England  Magazine,  September,  1897. 
The  author  of  "Student  Life  and  Customs"  says  it  is  the  "best 
general  sketch  of  the  fraternities,  written  from  a  sympathetic  stand- 
point."    Illustrated  with  views  of  chapter  houses. 

College  Fraternities.  By  E.  J.  Ridgwayt  Munsey's  Maga- 
zine, February,  1901.  Illustrated  with  the  badges  of  the  various 
fraternities  and  with  views  of  chapter  houses. 

The  University  Magazine.  New  York.  Volumes  I-X. 
1 887-1894.  Merged  into  The  American  University  Magazine. 
"University  Societies"  department  edited  by  A.  P.  Jacob?.  V  T 

The  American  Universtiy  Magazine.  New  York.  Volumes 
I-VI,  1894-1897.  Suspended,  1897.  "University  Societies"  de- 
partment edited  by  A.  P.  Jacobs. 

The  College  Fraternity.  Edited  by  E.  H.  L.  Randolph, 
4»  A  6.  New  York.  Volumes  I-II,  1892,  1893.  Merged,  1893 
into  the  University  Review,  which  soon  suspended. 

Western  University  Magazine.     Kansas  City.     "Fraternity 
Department"  of  Volumes  II  and   III,  1 897-1 898,  edited   by  R.  H 
Switzler,  *  A  6. 

[There  are  many  other  such  articles  but  they  contain  nothing  of 
value.] 


764  BIBUOCRAPHY 

HISTORIES  OF  FRATERNITIES 

The  Psi  Upsilon  Epitome:  Studies  addressed  to  the  Society 
concerning  its  outward  growth ^  characteristics  and  results  from  its 
origin t  in  the  latter  part  of  1833,  to  the  installation  of  %ts  youngest 
chapter  early  in  1884,  By  Albert  Poole  Jacobs,  Phi  (Michigan),  •73. 
Boston:  Rand,  Avery  &  Company.  1884.  Cloth;  pp.  264. 
Illustrated. 

A  Manual  of  Phi  Delta  Theta.  By  Walter  B.  Palmer. 
Nashville:  Southern  Methodist  Publishing  House.  Printed  for 
the  author.  1886.  Cloth;  pp.  54.  Contains:  I.  Sketch  of  the 
Fraternity.  II.  Prominent  Members.  III.  Statistics  of  Frater- 
nities.    IV.  Statistics  of  Colleges.     Preface  dated  May  i,  1886. 

Fraternity  Studies.  A  Manual  of  Information  Concerning 
the  Fraternity  of  Beta  TketcT  Pi.  By  William  Raimond  Baird, 
M.E.,  LL.B.,  author  of  "American  College  Fraternities/*  etc. 
Harrisburg,  Pa.:  Mount  Pleasant  Printery.  1894.  Cloth;  pp. 
370.  Illustrated.  Contains  a  history  of  B  6  n  to  1893  ^^^  chapters 
relating  to  the  social  life,  publications  and  membership  of  that 
fraternity;  also,  a  chapter  on  the  general  fraternities. 

Hand-Book  of  Beta  Theta  Pi.  By  William  Raimond  Baird. 
N  ew  York.     1907.     A  second  edition  of  "Fraternity  Studies." 

A  Manual  of  Phi  Delta  Theta.  Second  edition.  By  Walter 
Benjamin  Palmer.  Indianapolis:  Carlon  &  Hollenbet.k.  1897. 
Paper;  pp.  No  title  page;  above  printed  on  cover.  Illustrated. 
Preface  dated  September,  1897. 

Memorial  History  of  the  Theta  Delta  Chi  Fraternity, 
With  an  Account  of  the  Semi- Centennial  Convention  and  BanqueL 
Clay  W.  Holmes,  Phi  (Lafayette)'  '87,  Editor  and  Publisher, 
Elmira,  N.  Y.     1898.     Cloth;  pp.294.     Illustrated. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa  Hand-Book  and  General  Address  Cata- 
logue OF  THE  United  States.  By  E.  B.  Parsons.  North  Adams, 
Mass.     1900. 

The  History  of  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi  Fraternity,  Front  It^ 
Foundation  in  1852  to  Its  Fiftieth  Anniversary.  By  Charles  Li£[gett 
Van  Cleve,  Ohio  Alpha  (O.  W.  U.),  '79.  Philadelphia:  FraaJdin 
Printing  Company.     1902.    Cloth;  pp.  304.     Illustrated. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  765 

Kappa's  Record:  A  Short  History  of  the  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma 
Fraternity.  By  Minnie  Royse  Walker,  Iota  (DePauw).  New 
York:   Edward  V.  Brokam  &  Bro.     1903.     Paper;  pp.  67. 

Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon  Manual.  By  George  H.  Kress.  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.:  Baumgardt  Publishing  Company.  1904.  Cloth; 
pp.  X-hi86.  Contains  an  historical  sketch  of  S  A  E,  also  a  para- 
graph about  each  other  general  college  fraternity  for  men  or  women. 

Men  and  Days  in  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  By  Arthur  Copeland, 
Newark,  N.  J.     1907.     Contains  an  essay  in  several  chapters. 

The  Kappa  Sigma  Book.  By  Boutwell  Dunlap.  Nashville, 
Tenn.     1907.     Profusely  illustrated. 

A  Detailed  Record  of  Delta  Delta  Delta.  By  Bessie 
Leach  Priddy,  Galesburg,  111.  1907.  Profusely  illustrated.  Con- 
tains also  Chapter  histories  and  catalogues  of  members. 

The  Manual  of  Pi  Kappa  Alpha.  By  Lloyd  R.  Byme^  Fort 
Smith,  Ark.     1908. 

The  Manual  of  Chi  Omega.  By  Georgia  M.  Shattuck  and 
Mattie  Craighill  Nicholas.  Washington,  D.  C.  1909.  Contains 
a  history  and  directory. 

The  Manual  of  the  Alpha  Tau  Omega  Fraternity.  By 
Claude  T.  Reno.    Allentown,  Pa.     191 1.     Contains  a  history  of 

Axa 

The  Olympian  of  Phi  Delta  Theta  (third  edition  of  the 
Manual).  By  Walter  B.  Palmer,  Menasha,  Wis.:  George  Banta 
Publishing  Company.     1912.    Cloth   pp.  316.    Illustrated. 

The  History  of  Alpha  Chi  Omega.  By  Mabel  H.  Siller.  19 1 1 . 
Published  by  the  fraternity.  It  contains  a  history  of  the  fraternity, 
many  chapter  histories  and  a  catalogue  of  the  members.  It  is 
illustrated  with  reproductions  of  photographs. 

The  History  of  the  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon  Fraternity.  By 
William  C.  Levere.  Chicago.  191 1.  In  three  large  volumes  pro- 
fusely illustrated  with  reproductions  of  photographs  and  documents. 

Phi  Rho  Sigma  History  and  Directory  19 12.  By  D.  E.  W. 
Wenstrand.     Contains  many  illustrations. 

Forty  Years  of  Fraternity  Legislation.  Being  the  Minutes 
of  the  several  conventions^of  the  Beta  Theta  Pi  from  1839  to  1879. 


766  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Reprinted  with  notes  by  Wm.  Raimond  Baird.  New  York.  The 
Beta  Publishing  Company.     191 6.    pp.  388. 

A  Decade  of  Fraternity  Reconstruction.  Being  the 
minutes  of  the  conventions  of  the  Beta  Theta  Pi  from  1879  to  1888 
inclusive.  Edited  by  Wm.  Raimond  Baird.  New  York.  The 
Beta  Publishing  Company,  1918.     pp.  410. 

Beta  Letters.  Being  correspondence  passing  between  chapters 
or  members  of  the  Beta  Theta  Pi  fraternity,  1 839-1 884.  Selected 
and  edited  by  Wm.  Raimond  Baird,  New  York.  The  Beta  Publish- 
ing Company,  1918.     pp.  648. 

The  Catalogues  of  A  A  *,  X  y,  Z  ^,  *  K  S,  S  A  E.  S  *, 
S  X,  S  N,  X  *,  K  A  (Northern),  K  A  (Southern)  and  A  T  con- 
tain more  or  less  historical  matter  about  their  respective  fraternities. 

Sketches  of  Chapters  have  been  published  by  the  Dartmouth, 
Brown,  Wesleyan,  Rochester  and  Michigan  chapters  of  V  T,  the 
Wabash  and  Ohio  Wesleyan  chapters  of  O  K  ^ ,  the  Denison  chapter 
of  B  e  n,  Cornell  chapter  of  6  A  X,  the  Cornell  chapter  of  O  £  K, 
the  Williams  chapter  of  K  A,  the  Williams  chapter  of  S  O,  the 
Bowdoin  and  Colgate  chapters  of  A  K  E,  the  Trinity  chapter  of  K  S. 
The  Amherst  chapter  of  A  A  4»  published  an  account  of  its  semi- 
centennial exercises  in  1887. 

•There  are  a  number  of  books  which  are  not  specifically  men- 
tioned above  and  yet  which  contain  some  reference  to  the  college 
fraternities.  Among  them  are:  College  Administration,  by 
Professor  Thwing,  of  Western  Reserve  University  (Scribners); 
Colby  Stories  (Rumford  Press,  Concord,  N.  H.);  Stories  of 
Bowdoin,  J.  C.  Minot  (A  K  E),  Augusta,  Me.;  Harvard  Epi- 
sodes, C.  M.  Flandrau,  (Small  Maynard  Co.);  Pennsylvania 
Stories,  Arthur  H.  Quinn  (B  6  n),  (Pennsylvania  Publishing 
Co.,  Philadelphia);  Diary  of  a  Freshman,  by  C.  M.  Flandrau, 
(Doubleday  Page  Co.)  relates  to  Harvard  experiences  and  describes 
some  of  the  workings  of  the  Dickey  Club;  Ann  Arbor  Tales, 
K.  E.  Harriman  (Geo.  W.  Jacobs  Co.);  Cornell  Stories,  James 
J.  Sanderson  (Scribners). 

♦Additions  to  this  list  will  be  gratefully  received  and  noted  in  future  editions. 


STATISTICAL  TABLES 


T^HE  following  tables,  so  far  as  they  relate  to  1883, 1890 
1898,  1905,  1912,  and  1915,  are  reprints  of  the  tables 
which  appeared  in  previous  editions.  They  will  afford 
some  measure  of  comparison  of  certain  obvious  facts.  The 
scope  of  the  table  was  somewhat  enlarged  in  1898, 
the  number  of  houses  owned  and  rented  being  stated. 
In  the  tables  for  191 5  the  number  of  houses  rented  are 
omitted  and  the  total  house  valuation  given.  Where  the 
statistics  in  this  table  differ  from  those  given  in  the  body 
of  the  book,  the  figures  in  the  table  are  derived  from  later 
information,  and  are  to  be  preferred. 


767 


STATISTICAL  TABLE— 188S. 


Alpha  Delta  Phi 

Alpha  Tau  Omega 

BetaThcta  Pi 

Chi  Phi 

Chi  Psi 

Delta  Kappa  Epsilon . . 

Delta  Phi 

Delta  Psi 

Delta  Tau  Delta 

Delta  Upsifon 

Kappa  Alpha 

Kappa  Alpha  (S.  0.)  . . 

Kappa  Sigma 

Kappa  Sigma  Kappa  . , 

Phi  Alpha 

Phi  Delta  Phi 

Phi  Delta  Theta 

Phi  Gamma  Delta 

Phi  Kappa  Psi 

Phi  Kappa  Sigma 

Pi  Kappa  Alpha 

PsiUpsilon 

Q.  T.  V 

Rainbow 

Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon  .. 

Sigma  Chi. 

Sigma  Nu 

Sigma  Phi 

Theta  Delta  Chi 

Theta  Xi 

Zeta  Phi 

Zeta  Psi 


3.367 

3.819 
1.536 


Total 67.941  505K55,  39: 


—  Mass.  State  . 

—  U- of  Miss.  .. 

—  U,  of  Ala...,! 
■ —  Miami I 

—  V.  M.I I 

3Union ' 

—  R.  P.  i.'.'/.'.'] 

—  V.  i-.f  Mo I 

,lN,  Y.  U : 


_3?__ 


STATISTICAL  TABLE— 1888. 

WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


Alpha  Beta  Tau 

Sigma  Kappa 

Alpha  Phi 

Delta  Gamma 

Gamma  Phi  Beta 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta . . . 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma. 


Total 


126 
271 

558 


1.033 


2 
I 

2 
10 

2 
II 
18 


46 


2  — 

'7!= 


Ill  — 


U.  of  Miss 
Colby.. . . 
Syracuse . 
dxford  In. 
Syracuse  . 
Asbury.. . 
Monmouth 


1880 

1874 
1872 
1872 

1874 
1870 

1870 


SUIIMARY. 
Gbmbral  FrATBENITI£S 

Wombn's  Fratbrnitibs. 
Local  Praterkitibs..  . . 


67.941 

504 

255 

30 

1.033 

46 

II 

4.077 

16 

17 

3 

32 

7 


Total 73.051  !566'283    33! 


39 


1^ 


A4> 

Al^ 

ATA 

AT 

KA 

KA  (s) 

K2 

*AX 

4>Ae 

*rA 
nKA 

SAE 
2X 

2N 
2* 
TA2 
eAX 


STATISTICAL  TABLE— 1890. 


GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN 


I 

V 

£a 

i 

i? 

^5 

:g 

AA* 

6.236 

ATQ 

2,061 

Ben 

6.995 

X4> 

3.147 

XS^ 

2.930 

AKE 

10,353 

t 


2,205 

2,504 
4.044 
4,871 

997 
2.057 
2,048 

t200 

6,803 

4.244 
5.302 
1.878 

ti70 
>3io 

7.124 

2,342 

3.999 

971 
1,820 

f  61 

2.817 

3,590 


^ 


I 


92.279 


19 

35 
60 

21 

16 

34 
II 

9 
39 
26 

4 
26 

22 

3 
66 

40 

35 
II 

4 
17 
31 
38 
20 

7 

3 

18 

20 


638 


1-0 


8 
21 

19 
23 

9 

13 

4 
10 

26 

6 

2 

12 

20 

4 

17 

23 
16 

15 

7 

2 

33 
21 

7 

2 

17 
10 


353 


SI'S 


7 
I 

I 

I 

5 
9 
2 

8 

/ 
3 


2 
4 


64 


I  Hamilton 
V.  M.  I. 
Miami 
Princeton 
Union 
Yale 
Union 
Columbia 
Bethany 
Williams 
Union 
W.  &  L.  U. 
Virginia 


Miami 
Jeflferson 
Jefferson 
U.of  Pa. 

U.  of  Va. 

Union 

Alabama 

Miami 

V.  M.  I. 

Union 

U.  of  South 

Union 

N.  Y.  U. 


28 


1832 

1865 

1839 

1854 
1841 
1844 

1827 

1847 
i860 

1834 
1825 

1867 

1867 

1848 
1848 
1852 
1850 

1868 

1833 
1856 

1855 
1869 
1827 

1889 
1847 
1846 


fBitiinated. 


770 


STATISTICAL  TABLES— 1890. 

GENERAL  FRATERNITIES-WOMEN 


ABT 

A<& 

B2:0 

AAA 

Ar 

r*B 

KAO 

KKr 

DB* 

SK 

PEO 


If 


212 

II 

190 

632 

272 

1,180 

1.523 

1.344 
tl.500 


d 


a 

ja 


7.303 


2 

5 
I 

5 
12 

5 
20 

22 

I 

5 


97 


6 

9 
8 


a  so 


Oxford,  Miss 

Syracuse 

Missouri 

Boston 

Mississippi 

Syracuse 

iSePauw 

Monmouth 

Monmouth 

Colby 

Iowa 


1881 
1872 
1889 
1889 
1872 

1874 
1870 
1870 
1867 
1874 


32 


II 


SUMMARY. 


Men's 
Women's 
Prof. 
Local 


Total 


92,279 

7.303 
3.364 
3.876 


106,822 


638 

353 

64 

97 

32 

I 

45 

3 

— 

17 

•^ 

5 

797 

388 

70 

28 

II 

16 


55 


t  Estimated. 


771 


ahsAdtaiB**  — *<ita 


762  BIBUOGRAPHY 

CCNLLEGE  S£CE£T  Scx:iETi£s.  By  W.  W.  Lathrop :  Vntversity  Quar- 
terly, April,  1 86 1.     An  argument  against  the  secret  society  principle. 

My  Objections  to  Secret  Societies  in  Colleges.  By  Howard 
Crosby,  A  *,  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  New  York;  The 
Congregaiionalisi,  April  20, 1871. 

Discipline  in  American  Colleges.  By  James  McCosh,  Pres- 
ident of  Princeton  College;  North  American  Remrw,  May-June, 
1 878.    Considers  fraternities  harmful. 

A  Fossil  from  the  Tertiary.  By  E.  E.  Hale,  A  A  <&;  Atlantic 
Monthly,  July,  1879.    An  historical  sketch  of  4>  B  K. 

A  College  Camp  at  La^  George.  By  R.  R.  Bowker,  A  A  <&; 
Scribner's  Monthly,  March,  1879.  An  account  of  a  summer  camp 
maintained  by  Manhattan  (C.  C.  N.  Y.)  chapter  of  A  A  *. 

Secret  Societies  in  College.  The  Critic,  March  8,  1884. 
Editorial  criticising  societies  at  Yale;  answered  by  Scroll  and  Key 
in  issue  for  March  22. 

The  Secret  Society  System  of  Yale  College.  By  John 
Addison  Porter,  A  K  E;  The  New  Englander,  May,  1884.  Re- 
printed in  pamphlet,  pp.  19. 

College  Fraternities.  By  A.  D.  White,  V  X,  President  of 
Cornell  University;  The  Forum,  May,  1887.  A  strong  argiunent 
in  favor  of  fraternities.  (R^rinted  in  pamphlet  form  by  Wm.  C. 
Levere,  Evanston,  IlL) 

Secret  Societies  in  College.  By  C.  S.  Robinson,  X  'F,  B  9  IT; 
The  Century,  October,  1887.  Refers  to  the  formation  of  the  Anti- 
Secret  Confederation.    See  page  140. 

Interchange  Symposium  on  Fraternities).  By  James 
McCosh,  President  of  Princeton  College:  J.  H.  Seelye,  V  T,  Presi- 
dent of  Amherst  College;  C.  K.  Adams,  V  T,  President  of  Cornell 
University;  Prof.  Oren  Root,  2  *  (B  0 II),  of  Hamilton  College,  and 
Prof.  T.  C.  Burgess,  of  Fredonia  (N.  Y.)  State  Normal  and  Training 
School;  The  Academy  (Syracuse,  N.  Y.),  November,  1887.  Argu- 
ments for  and  against  fraternities. 

College  Fraternities.  By  J.  A.  Porter,  A  K  E;  The  Century, 
September,  1888.    Illustrated  with  views  of  chapter  houses. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  763 

The  Fast  Set  at  Harvard.  By  "Aleck  Quest:'*  North  Ameri- 
can Review,  November,  1888.  An  arraignment  of  A  K  E;  answered 
by  "One  of  the  Fast  Set"  in  issue  for  December. 

The  Advantages  of  College  Fraternities.  By  A.  F.  San- 
born; The  Academy  (Syracuse,  N.  Y.),  October,  1890. 

The  Original  Records  of  the  *  B  K  Society,  i  776-1 781, 
together  with  the  original  charter  granted  to  the  Harvard  chap- 
ter, sketches  of  the  original  fifty  members,  and  lists  of  the  officers 
and  chapters  of  the  present  organization.  By  L.  G.  Tyler,  President 
of  William  and  Mary  College;  William  and  Mary  College  Quarterly 
Historical  Magazine,  April,  1896. 

College  Fraternities.  By  P.  F.  Piper;  The  Cosmopolitan, 
April,  1897.     Illustrated  with  the  badges  of  the  various  fraternities. 

Greek-Letter  Societies  in  American  Colleges.  By  E.  H. 
L.  Randolph,  *  A  0;  New  England  Magazine,  September,  1897. 
The  author  of  "Student  Life  and  Customs"  says  it  is  the  "best 
general  sketch  of  the  fraternities,  written  from  a  sympathetic  stand- 
point."   Illustrated  with  views  of  chapter  houses. 

College  Fraternities.  By  E.  J.  Ridgwayt  Munsey's  Maga- 
zine, February,  1901.  Illustrated  with  the  badges  of  the  various 
fraternities  and  with  views  of  chapter  houses. 

The  Univbrsity  Magazine.  New  York.  Volumes  I-X. 
1 887-1894.  Merged  into  The  American  University  Magazine. 
"University  Societies"  department  edited  by  A.  P.  Jacob?,  T  T 

The  American  Universtiy  Magazine.  New  York.  Volumes 
I-VI,  1894-1S97.  Suspended,  1897.  "University  Societies"  de- 
partment edited  by  A.  P.  Jacobs. 

The  College  Fraternity.  Edited  by  E.  H.  L.  Randolph, 
^  A  O.  New  York.  Volumes  I-II,  1892,  1893.  Merged,  1893 
into  the  University  Review,  which  soon  suspended. 

Western  University  Magazine.    Kansas  City.     "Fraternity 
Department"  of  Volumes  II  and  III,  1897-1898,  edited  by  R.  H 
Switzler,  *  A  9. 

[There  are  many  other  such  articles  but  they  contain  nothing  of 
value.] 


STATISTICAL  TABLE. 
GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN,   1898 




1 

Ch.pt. 

■; 

— ■ 

EIOUK 

S 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

& 

■5 

l«3l 

AA* 

7.93,^ 

i3 

7 

y> 

10 

4 

14 

12 

I»S 

AXI- 

3  1  — 

3 

- 

3 

I86S 

ATU 

4,1(11 

43 

39 

71 

3 

13 

16 

'7 

1839 

JUiU 

io.?77 

62 

ig 

ii 

JO 

30 

a8 

l»S4 

X* 

4,048 

19 

24 

43 

5 

9 

14 

12 

1B41 

X*- 

.1.7"  8 

19 

9 

28 

1 

5 

13 

13 

1844 

AKE 

12,948 

35 

13 

48 

9 

J3 

44 

30 

iSr, 

A* 

».9"4 

12 

4 

16 

4 

6 

7 

1847 

AH' 

J,98g 

8 

19 

7 

7 

7 

I860 

ATA 

5,670 

38 

29 

67 

:l 

13 

1834 

AT 

fi,i75 

3' 

5 

36 

10 

13 

l«« 

KA 

1.395 

6  1     I 

8 

3 

I 

4 

4 

1K6S 

KA 

3.8^5 

37      10 

47 

5 

7 

1867 

Kl 

,1,4<* 

47  1    '6 

63 

ir 

23 

1895 

Mil  A 

43 

4  1  — 

4 

3 

1848 

*AB 

i},^09 

f>3      23 

86 

6 

18 

24 

;« 

1848 

*rA 

f-i.Vlo 

44  1  37 

7' 

14 

16 

185J 

*K'r 

7.435 

3S  1    18 

56 

9 

"S 

i8;o 

*K1 

J.I  53 

12      19 

31 

'! 

3 

5 

1894 

^,4,4. 

74 

4        ■ 

5 

3 

1873 

*SK 

.'i'^4 

«      — 

% 

1868 

IIKA 

1.061 

13         M 

5 

■833 

TT 

".sws 

^3 

4 

17 

IS 

18S6 

SAK 

5,*,6N 

54  1  30 

84 

2 

18 

23 

I8S5 

SX 

6,0  SI 

-50      21 

71 

5 

14 

10     aa 

1(69 

£N 

2.8(.4 

39      13 

5a 

11 

13      18 

18J7 

S* 

J.iqo 

S       3 

7 

- 

7       5 

1847 

eAx 

'        3.4" 

21      17 

38 

3 

9 

■ij  1  ir 

1846 

■/A- 

4.«J7 

30       II 

31 

7 

_j_ 

.o|.4 

Total 

^9 

1   jjCgHo 

78i_l369_ 

nso 

'34 

i^ 

^-= 

STATISTICAL  TABLE. 
GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— WOMEN.  1898 


Chipter. 

Hottw 

|5 

1 

1 

7. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1873 

A* 

831 

9 

_ 

Q 

•  , 

1 

4 

ft 

i88a 

AAA 

6M 

II 

187a 

1 

1874 

633 

H 

4 

K 

KAe 

1170 

2.937 

27 

't 

3<> 

7 

7 

"4 

1I67 

3.119 

^7 

37 

— 

4 

4 

16 

Tot^ 

7 

11.708 

■33 

39 

161 

_  3_ 

jo 

33  1 

SUMMARY 


Ch.p« 

, 

HouM 

•B. 

a 

r 

a 

1-    1 

" 

3 
1 

1 

Men's    

., 

130,980 

781 

16Q 

1.150 

1^4 

-4 

14* 

Women's 

7 

T) 

I6i 

1 

10 

11 

n 

11,140 

119 

9 

m 

10 

Local  Men's  . , 

38 

—- 

560 

14 

— 

14 

Grand  Total  .  - 

59 

159.217 

a.o64_ 

t'7 

1,481 

143 

382  '434 

STATISTICAL  TABLE. 
GENERAL^  FRATERNITIES— MEN,  1905 


1 

\ 

Chapien 

dOIUH 

ll 

1^ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1833 

AA*. 

9.406 

34 

31 

18 

6 

24 

■»95 

AXP 

258 

6 

7 

1865 

ATU 

6.486 

SI 

82 

3 

31 

24 

i8m 

Ben 

14.046 

67 

88 

23 

31 

54 

1854 

X* 

4.4^2 

10 

46 

8 

1 

15 

1»4I 

XV 

4459 

iS 

29 

5 

>7 

1844 

AKE 

15,000 

41 

54 

a 

9 

31 

■  8!7 

i* 

3.341 

n 

16 

6 

5 

1S47 

4T 

2.989 

i 

19 

8 

8 

1901 

AS* 

loS 

5 

5 

1860 

ATA 

7.486 

47 

75 

8 

28 

36 

1834 

AT 

9,169 

36 

4" 

14 

16 

31 

1825 

KA 

1,666 

7 

9 

5 

2 

7 

•  865 

KA  (s) 

6.146 

49 

60 

7 

16 

23 

1867 

KS 

6.357 

70 

88 

13 

23 

36 

1901 

ariA 

99 

6 

6* 

1848 

*Ae 

13.16; 

69 

95 

23 

^ 

49 

I84S 

*rA 

9.979 

57 

81 

i3 

25 

43 

I85J 

*KT 

9,So6 

4> 

63 

15 

ao 

35 

1850 

*KS 

3,123 

24 

41 

3 

14 

i«73 

*SK 

1.551 

19 

- 

19 

2 

14 

1858 

HKA 

2427 

n 

4 

33 

— 

■833 

Tr 

10,428 

jj 

23 

IS 

3 

21 

1856 

EAE 

9.383 

66 

94 

9 

.11 

40 

■855 

sx 

6.358 

53 

76 

16 

36 

♦^ 

1869 

SN 

54 

69 

10 

36 

36 

1837 

s* 

'■fji 

8 

8 

8 

1901 

S*E 

'.^ 

14 

3 

3 

1856 

ex 

34f 

1847 

SAX 

5."4' 

24 

41 

9 

20 

.846 

Zf 

5.9^4 

aa 

32 

5 

17 

31 

17_9.35' 

970 

379_ 

'349 

290 

3M_ 

658 

STATISTICAL  TABLE. 
GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— WOMEN,  1905. 


ChBplB. 

Hoowi 

§^ 

- 

•9 

1^ 

J 

= 

1 

1 

i 

1 

i 

1 

1885 

AXQ 

QI2 

<> 

, 

10 

, 

1 

4 

AOn 

174 

6 

■  871 

A* 

'■443 

13 

a 

fl 

1901 

H 

1 888 

BZO 

289 

fl 

■895 

XQ 

IS 

■888 

1,360 

23 

7 

IS7J 

&r 

16 

TO 

3 

1895 

164 

1 

3 

1874 

1,331 

t 

5 

,870 

KAe 

It 

i 

13 

l«97 

II 

.870 

w 

.867 

3.788 

U 

t) 

4,1 

H 

273 

SSE 

1898 

ZTA 

104 

6 

a 

8 

— 

— 

— 

17 

^0,065 

3» 

50 

373 

10 

71 

81 

SUMMARY 

3' 
17 

50 

"79-351 
30,065 
5.830 
1,170 
3«.o8s 

970 

70 
47 
377 

1 

17 

1349     390     368 
27a       10      71 
70        9       13 
47         1       II 
394        7      90 

IS 

33 

13 

97 

Women's 

Local,  Men's  . . . 
Local.  Women's 
Prof  es^onal  .... 

Grand  Total 

98 

>42.50" 

1686 

446 

213a     317  1  553 

870 

STATISTICAL  TABUB  1912 

GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN 


ft 

( 

Chapters     1 

Hooaei 

Pounded 

§ 

Member- 
ship 

Active 

1 

Total 

1                         ~7 

Owned 

Rented 

1 

1895 

AXP 

882 

12 

0 

12 

4 

1 
6 

12 

1832 

AA* 

11,424 

25 

7 

32 

19 

4 

23 

1907 

A2* 

876 

10 

0 

10 

3 

7 

*o 

1865 

ATQ 

10,128 

62 

24 

86 

15 

36 

51 

1839 

Ben 

18.371 

72 

22 

94 

47 

22 

69 

1854 

X* 

5.762 

21 

14 

35 

15 

4 

19 

1 841 

XV 

5.3^ 

18 

12 

30  : 

la 

6 

18 

1844 

AKE 

17.683 

42 

14 

56 

32 

6 

38 

1827 

A4> 

3.995 

12 

5 

17 

7 

4 

II 

1847 

AV 

3,755 

7 

12 

19 

6 

I 

7 

I9OI 

Ai:4> 

731 

9 

4 

13 

0 

6 

6 

1859 

ATA 

11,331 

56 

25 

81 

24 

28 

f>^ 

1834 

AT 

11,656 

40 

4 

44 

25 

15 

38 

1825 

KA 

1,977 

7 

2 

9 

5 

2 

7 

1865 

KA(s) 

8.258 

47 

16 

63 

9 

21 

30 

1869 

K2 

11,298 

79 

20 

99  ' 

24 

38 

62 

1848 

*A0 

17,845 

74 

26 

100 

45 

24 

69 

1849 

*rA 

15,290 

59 

25 

84  , 

34 

20 

64 

1852 

*KH^ 

12,602 

43 

20 

63 

aa 

15 

43 

1850 

*K£ 

4.693 

27 

17 

44 

10 

16 

26 

1873 

*2K 

3,363 

27 

0 

27 

6 

14 

ao 

1868 

RKA 

2.934 

33 

II 

44 

4 

16 

20 

1904 

nK<i> 

123 

4 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

1833 

»!'r 

12.093 

23 

I 

24 

19 

3 

a2 

1856 

5:ak 

14.784 

72 

30 

102 

29 

»3 

5* 

1855 

SX 

11.925 

64 

23 

87 

29 

13 

42 

1869 

SN 

9.227 

67 

12 

79 

22 

37 

59 

1827 

S* 

2,744 

IQ 

2 

12 

8 

2 

1 

10 

19OI  1 

2*E 

2,039 

29 

10 

39 

0 

21 

21 

1908  ! 

£4>2 

105 

2 

0 

2 

0 

2 

2 

1909  ! 

sn 

257 

6 

X 

7 

0 

0 

0 

1899 ; 

TKE 

147 

3 

0 

3 

I 

I 

2 

1856 . 

ex 

930 

10 

0 

10 

3 

7 

IQ 

1847 ' 

eAx 

6.389 

36 

15 

41 

15 

9 

24 

1898 

ZBT 

715  1 

19 

2 

21 

I 

I 

2 

1847 , 

36 

7.476 
249.124 

24 

1.141 

10 
386 

34 
1,527 

14 

5 

^9 

.1 

513 

437 

950 

776 

STATISTICAL  t^LE,  1912 

MEN'S  FRATERNITIES— UNCLASSIFIED 


1«85 
1904 
1904 
1904 

1897 
1872 

1901 

1893 
1888 

1895 
1888 
1872 
1902 

1874 
1870 

1897 
1870 

1904 

1867 

1907 
1904 
1898 


1 

umber 

Cha|>ters 

Hotties 

1 

1     1  ' 

1 

1 

1 

1 

h 

z 

Z 

<          0 

1 

f3 

^ 

H 

1904 

Acacia 

1,967 

25 

1 

I : 

26 

3 

19 

22 

1890 

AX 

3,264 

21 

4 

25 

5 

15 

20 

1903 

eA* 

868 

15 

0 

15 

I 

5 

6 

1909 

£AM 

107 

5 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

1864 

es 

1.477 

14 

0 

14 

I 

13 

14 

5 

7.673 

80 

5  i 

85 

10 

52 

62 

GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— WOMEN 


AXO 

2,020 

18 

I 

19 

I 

12 

13 

AA* 

2,205 

15 

3 

18 

2 

6 

8 

APA 

537 

9 

I 

10 

0 

5 

5 

AKV 

304 

7 

2 

9 

0 

0 

0 

Aon 

881 

14 

0* 

14 

I 

5 

6 

A* 

2.316 

17 

0 

17 

5 

5 

10 

ASA 

522 

6 

7 

13 

0 

4 

4 

ASA 

1,082 

16 

0 

16 

I 

8 

9 

BSO 

713 

13 

6 

19 

3 

I 

3 

XO 

2,181 

24 

4 

28 

5 

8 

13 

AAA 

3.152 

38 

3 

41 

2 

H 

16 

AF 

3.121 

22 

12 

34 

4 

10 

14 

AZ 

246 

7 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

r*B 

1,221 

H 

0 

14 

4 

7 

II 

KAO 

4,876 

33 

II 

44 

8 

10 

18 

KA 

1,006 

15 

4 

19 

0 

2 

2 

KKr 

5.626 

36 

10 

46 

4 

H 

18 

^M 

1.705 

9 

4 

13 

I 

I 

2 

nB* 

6.253 

43 

7 

50 

8 

12 

20 

DAK 

72 

3 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

ZK 

884 

10 

I 

II 

I 

3 

4 

ZTA 

65 

12 

5 

17 

0 

0 

0 

22 

41.578 

381 

81 

462 

49 

127 

176 

777 


STATISTICAL  TABLE.  1915 

MEN'S  FRATERNITIES— SECONP  DIVISION 


•8 


1^ 


1904 

1906 
I9II 
1890 

1905 
I912 
1692 
I9IO 
1904 
1909 
1908 

1899 
1909 

1864 

1898 


Alpha  Phi  Alpha 
Beta  Phi 
Delta  Chi 
Kappa  Delta  Rho 
Phi  Chi  Delta 
Phi  Kappa 
Phi  Sigma  Delta 
Pi  Kappa  Phi 
Sigma  Alpha  Mu 
Sigma  Phi  Sigma 
Tau  Kappa  Epsilon 
Theta  Alpha 
Theta  Xi 
Zeta  Beta  Tau 


3.209 
780 

135 
3.872 

105 
226 

383 
122 

333 
367 
163 

332 

134 

2.197 
1,022 


Chapters 


I 


Houses 


24 
14 

7 

23 

2 

14 

4 

5 

5 
8 

2 

5 

2 

20 
20 


15 


13.380       155 


3 

2 

6 

4 
o 

o 

o 

o 

4 
o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

4 


8 


23 


I 

2 
I 

4 


25 


GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— WOMEN 


S 


$129,500 


143.000 


35.OPO 
i7.a>o 
i5«opo 

i43>ooo 


(489.£PO 


1885 
1904 
1904 

1897 
1872 

1893 
1895 
1888 

1874 
I  1902 

1874 
1870 

1897 
1870 

1904 

1867 

1874 
1898 


Alpha  Chi  Omega 

2,862 

21 

I 

I 

Alpha  Delta  Pi 

2,787 

24 

5 

I 

Alpha  Gamma  I>elta 

1,002 

H 

I 

2 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi 

1.467 

16 

I 

2 

Alpha  Phi 

2.954 

18 

I 

6 

Alpha  Xi  Delta 

1,496 

20 

0 

3 

Chi  Omega 

3.154 

32 

6 

6 

Delta  Delta  Delta 

4.560 

52 

5 

5 

Delta  Gamma 

4,026 

26 

"     i 

8 

Delta  Zeta 

526 

II 

1 
I 

Gamma  Phi  Beta 

2,518 

16 

I     ' 

• 

7 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta 

6,066  , 

38 

13 

9 

Kappa  Delta 

1.378 

18 

8 

2 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma 
PhiMu 

6,816 

38 

10 

9 

2,512 

21 

7     i 

I 

Pi  Beta  Phi 

8.162 

48   : 

9 

II 

Sigma  Kappa 
ZetaTau  Alpha 

1,140 

13 

I 

I 

1,068  , 

16 

6 

3 

95.200 

I05.?50 

9.100 

ia5.?50 
t.500 

113,200 

20.000 

3.000 


780 


STATISTICAL  TABLB,  I6I6 

WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES— SECOND  DIVISION 


1910   Achoth 
1904  'Alpha  Kappa  Psi 
1888  jBeta  Sigma  Omicron 
1 90 1    Eta  Upsilon  Gamma 
1898    Phi  Mu  Gamma 
1903   Sigma  Iota  Chi 

!  7, 


1 

1 

§ 

^l 

& 

S 

268 

377 

886 

838 

643 

618 

5fi 

1,124 

Chapters 


% 


Houses 


5 
5 

9 

8 

9 

5 


I 


483 


I 

5 

12 

6 

7 
12 


131 


76      ;  $875,300 


PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 


908    AlephYodhHe 

902  .Alpha  Chi  Sigma 

890  I  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota 

903  I  Alpha  Gaihma  Rho 
888  !  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa 
1^4  'Alpha  KsLppsL  Psi 

891  AlphaMu  Pi  Omega 
907  'Alpha  Psi 


914 
901 
889 

3 


904 


3 
9bo 

901 

902 


8 

903 

882 


Alpha  Rho  Chi 
Alpha  Sigma  Alpha 
Beta  Phi  Sigma 
Chi  Zeta  Chi 
Delta  Kappa  Phi 
Delta  Omega 
Delta  Omicron 
Delta  Sigma  Delta 
Delta  Theta  Phi 
Gamma  Eta  Gamtna 
Iota  Tau  Sigma 
Kappa  Phi 
Kappa  Psi 
Mu  Phi  Epmlon 
Nu  Sigma  Nu 


350 

1.405 
562 

539 

5.644 
198 

500 

1. 135 
144 

293 
968 

1.526 

381 

157 
219 

4.863 

2,775 

957 

501 

41 

4.493 

1.359 
5.203 


I 
I 


2 
I 

2 


$51,500 

8,000 
20,000 


20,000 
18,700 
27,000 


26,000 


781 


STATISTICAL  TABl^. 
GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN,   1898 


T 

Chipte 

■^ — 



Hc,»„ 

J' 

■s 

~ 

1      1 

1 

s 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

■3 

1832        AA* 

7.933 

33 

7 

30      'O 

4 

14 

,2 

1895        AX1> 

3 

3     - 

3 

1865  1     ATQ 

4,261 

4' 

19 

7'  !    3 

13 

'6 

'7 

1839 

Ben 

'0,577 

67 

[9 

81 

JO 

30 

28 

■854 

X* 

4,048 

19 

H 

43 

S 

9 

'4 

.841 

XH- 

3,7'8 

"9 

9 

38 

s 

5 

13 

13 

1844 

AKE 

'3.948 

35 

13 

48 

9 

13 

1827 

A* 

3,9 14 

4 

16 

4 

6 

10 

7 

1847 

A1- 

2.989 

8 

19 

7 

7 

7 

1S60 

ATA 

S,670 

38 

39 

67 

a 

13 

■834 

iV 

ft.275 

31 

■i 

36 

"3 

1825        KA 

i,.W5 

ft 

a 

3 

4 

iSbs        KA 

3.H=iS 

57 

10 

47 

5 

7 

12 

15 

1867        KZ 

.■\.i(>f> 

47 

16 

63 

33 

1895  1    MnA 

43 

4 

3 

1848        itAH 

y.tog 

63 

33 

86 

6 

iS 

34 

28 

1848   '     <PI'A 

i>,330 

44 

37 

71 

'4 

16 

IS 

1852  '     ^KT 

7.43S 

38 

18 

56 

9 

'5 

i8;o 

•Phi: 

2.1  S3 

13 

■9 

31 

3 

5 

1894 

**<i' 

74 

4 

s    — 

1B73 

*i:k 

S'4 

8 

8 

5 

1868 

HKA 

i.oGi 

13 

8 

5 

1833 

rr 

M.S«fi 

32 

>3 

4 

J7 

1856 

SAK 

S.Of>H 

54 

30 

«4 

3 

18 

20 

33 

I8S5 

EX 

50 

71 

5 

14 

If  69 

UN 

2,864 

39 

13 

53 

1 

la 

13 

iS 

1827 

s* 

2,190 

8 

10 

7 

7 

5 

1847 

eix 

1         3.411 

17 

38 

3 

9 

12 

ltJ46 

7A- 

4."7 

20 

31 

7 

3 

.0 

"4 

Total 

^9__ 

1    .30.980 

K 

3^ 

ilSo'i3_4_ 

^^ 

iSL 

= 

STATISTICAL  TABLE. 
GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— WOMEN,  1898 


Chtptsn 

Houv 

1 

1 

1 

s 

i\l 

1 

l;l 

1 

1871 

A* 

832 

9    — 

9 

■  1   1     3 

4 

8 

1888 

AAA 

6W 

3 

1872 

1874 

633 

8      — 

« 

H 

1870 

KAB 

1870 

S.937 

27  1     9 

to 

7 

'4 

1867 

3.1 '9 

27  1   10 

37 

-T        4 

4 

16 

TotiJ 

7 

11.708 

121  1  39 

161 

3     30 

33 1 

SUMMARY 


Ch«pte 

t                   1               HOUH 

■3.| 

1 

II 

l-J 

1 

1 

I 

Men's    

29 

130.980 

781   I369 

'.ISO 

1,14 

2.4 

148 

Women's 

7 

11,708 

12a  ,  39 

161 

1 

10 

^■^ 

23 

11,140 

119       9 

128 

ig 

10 

Local  Men's  .. 

28 

Local  Women's 

— 

560 

14      — 

Grand  TotRl  . . 

_59_ 

159.217 

1.064  ,417 

1.481 

i4?_ 

'8^.  ^J3± 

STATISTICAL  TABLE. 
GENERAL^  FRATERNITIES— MEN,  1905 


" 

Ctwpun 

HouM 

n 

1 

1 

7 

I 

I 

1 

1 

1 

IIJJ 

Ai*- 

9,406 

24 

7 

31 

18 

6 

24 

la^s 

AXP 

258 

6 

7 

1865 

ATIJ 

6,486 

5' 

3" 

83 

3 

24 

1839 

Ben 

14.046 

67 

88 

23 

31 

54 

i«54 

X* 

4.422 

36 

46 

8 

7 

'5 

1841 

X*' 

4.459 

18 

29 

5 

>7 

i8m 

4KE 

15,000 

4« 

13 

S 

9 

31 

1827 

4* 

3.341 

5 

6 

5 

1S47 

AT 

2,989 

8 

19 

& 

8 

1901 

AS* 

108 

5 

5 

i860 

ATA 

7,486 

47 

3S 

75 

8 

28 

36 

l!34 

AT 

9.i6g 

36 

5 

41 

14 

]6 

3> 

18JS 

KA 

1,666 

7 

3 

9 

5 

2 

7 

1865 

KA(s) 

6,146 

49 

60 

? 

t6 

33 

1867 

KS 

6.357 

JO 

18 

88 

13 

23 

36 

1901 

DHA 

99 

6 

6- 

1848 

4>Ae 

13.161 

69 

36 

95 

23 

36 

49 

1848 

*rA 

9.979 

57 

24 

81 

18 

25 

43 

.851 

*KV 

9.806 

42 

63 

IS 

35 

1850 

*KS 

3."" 

24 

17 

4' 

3 

14 

■873 

*EK 

1.551 

19 

19 

12 

14 

1868 

HKA 

a.4Z7 

29 

4 

33 

1833 

•Fr 

10,428 

3! 

23 

18 

3 

18J6 

SAE 

9.383 

66 

28 

94 

9 

31 

40 

1855 

EX 

8.35a 

53 

23 

76 

16 

26 

42 

186, 

£N 

5.357 

54 

15 

69 

10 

^6 

36 

1817 

2* 

2.685 

8 

& 

8 

IQOI 

E«E 

248 

13 

'4 

3 

3 

1856 

ex 

341 

I847 

eax 

5.141 

H 

^ 

41 

9 

11 

ao 

1846 

w 

5.924 

23 

10 

32 

5 

'7 

3. 

I79,.15i 

970 

379 

1349 

290 

368 

658 

STATISTICAL  TABLE. 
GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— WOMEN,  1905. 


"    1 

Chiptar. 

Hoom 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1885 

AXQ 

913 

Q 

1 

10 

, 

^ 

4 

,857 

Aon 

fi 

1872 

A* 

3 

."i 

1902 

217 

1 

B20 

>4 

fl 

? 

to 

1S95 

61a 

IS 

1 

f> 

1888 

AAA 

1.360 

31 

I 

,87a 

1.71S 

Ifl 

,1 

1895 

1 

3 

,874 

r*B 

I,Zil 

13 

a 

.^ 

,870 

24 

11 

.1.S 

3 

239 

II 

,870 

KKF 

TO 

,867 

3.788 

^ 

14 

IS 

S73 

3 

EES 

•^ 

s 

.8,8. 

ZTA 

104 

6 

i 

— 

— 

— 

17 

ao.065 

3J2 

^0 

373 

10I71 

81 

SUMMARY 

31 
17 

50 

3o!o6s 
5.830 

36|^ 

970 

333 
70 

47 
377 

379 
_^ 

«7 

1349     290     368 
373       10       71 
70        9       '3 
47         I       "' 
394        7  j    90 

1 

97 

Women's 

Local.  Men's  . . . 
Local,  Women's 
Professional  .... 

Grand  Total.... 

98 

342,501 

1686 

446 

a"33     317  '  553 

870 

STATISTICAL  TABUE  1912 

GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN 


ISOI 

AXP 

882 

1«11 

"« 

1907 

,86, 

ATQ 

lO.iaS 

1839 

18,371 

I8S4 

5Jfe 

1841 

S.3a4 

■844 

17.683 

18!7 

1847 

19OI 

731 

.8« 

ATA 

1814 

i.ijfi 

I8J, 

KA 

186, 

KA(s) 

8.258 

I86<1 

1848 

*Ae 

184« 

15.290 

I8« 

18TO 

4.693 

3,363 

1904 

nK* 

123 

1811 

IBW 

14.784 

185,1 

18M 

9,z»7 

a.744 

1901 

S*E 

1008 

105 

1909 

»57 

1809  ■ 

TKE 

1816 

930 

!gl 

ZBT 

6.389 

715 

79  I    2o       99  '    34 


44        10  I     16 


:    J49.U4     I1I41;  386  i  1,537    513  I  «7      950 


I 

1904 

1890 

1903 
1909 

1864 


i««5 
1904 

1904 

1904 

1897 
1872 
1901 

1893 
1888 

1895 
1888 
1872 
1902 

1874 
1870 

1897 
1870 

1904 
1867 
1907 
1904 
1898 


STATISTICAL  TABLE.  1912 

MEN'S  FRATERNITIES— UNCLASSIFIED 


Chapters 


I 


I 


Acacia 
AX 

eA4» 

SAM 


1.967 
3,254 

868 
107 

1.477 


I 

< 


1 


25 
21 

5 
H 


7.673  I    80 


I 

4 
o 

o 

o 


26 

25 
15 

5 
14 


HottfM 


5  i    85 


3 

5 
I 

o 

I 


10 


I 


19 
15 

5 
o 

13 


52 


GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— WOMEN 


22 

20 

6 

o 

14 


62 


AXO 

2,020 

18 

I 

19 

I 

12 

•i 

AA4> 

2,205 

15 

3 

18 

2 

6 

AFA 

537 

9 

I 

10 

0 

5 

5 

AK»F 

304 

7 

2 

9 

0 

0 

0 

Aon 

881 

14 

0- 

14 

I 

5 

6 

A* 

2,316 

17 

0 

17 

5 

5 

10 

A2A 

522 

6 

7 

13 

0 

4 

4 

ASA 

1,082 

16 

0 

16 

I 

8 

9 

BSO 

713 

13 

6 

^S 

2 

I 

3 

XO 

2,181 

24 

4 

28 

5 

8 

13 

AAA 

3.152 

38 

3 

41 

2 

14 

16 

AF 

3.121 

22 

12 

34 

4 

10 

14 

AZ 

246 

7 

0 

7 

0 

0 

0 

r*B 

1,221 

14 

0 

14 

4 

7 

II 

KAe 

4,876 

33 

II 

44 

8 

10 

18 

KA 

1,006 

15 

4 

19 

0 

2 

2 

KKF 

5.626 

36 

10 

46 

4 

14 

18 

4>M 

1,705 

9 

4 

13 

I 

I 

2 

nB4> 

6,253 

43 

7 

50 

8 

12 

20 

nAK 

72 

3 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

£K 

884 

10 

I 

II 

I 

3 

4 

ZTA 

65 

12 

5 

17 

0 

0 

0 

22 

41.578 

381 

81 

462 

49 

127 

176 

777 


WOMEN'S    FRATERNITIES:      ACADEMIC— COLLEGIATE 


I90I 

Hrr 

•    695 

9  1 

a  i 

11  ' 

I 

0 

I 

1898 

*Mr 

504 

II 

2 

13 

0 

3 

3 

1903 

SIX 

513 

9 

6  . 

15 

I 

I 

2 

1,712  1    29 


10 


39 


STATISTICAL  TABLE.  1912 


SUMMARY 

Men's 

Men's  Un- 

36 

249,124 

1,141    386 

1.527 

513 

437 

950 

classified 
Men's  Pro- 

5 

7.673 

80         5 

85 

10 

52 

62 

fessional  . . 
Women's  . . . 
Wora'n'sAca- 

39  , 
22  > 

68,360 
41.578 

589       55 
381       81 

:  644 
462 

22 
49 

218 
127 

240 
176 

demic  Coll. . 
Women's 

3i 

1,712 

• 

29       10 

,     39 

2 

4 

6 

profess.    . . . 
Local  Men's 
Local  Wo- 

7 

2.549 
13.735 

45       II 
163       - 

,     56 
163 

0 
24 

i 

4 

men's  .... 

4.875 

96       - 

96 

8 

12 

20 

Grand  Total 

112 

389,606 

2.524'  548 

:  3.072 

628 

897 

1525 

77« 


STATISTICAL  TABLE,   1915 
GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— MEN 


1 

i  1 

Chapters 

y 

Houses 

1 

1                g 

1                                    ' 

1 
^ 

J 

1 

2: 

Z      S 

$ 

1895 

Alpha  Chi  Rho 

1,186 

13 

0 

6 

$116:500 

1832 

Alpha  Delta  Phi 

12,260  ; 

24 

10 

19 

569.250 

1907 

Alpha  Sigma  Phi 

1.347  i 

16 

0 

5 

75.500 

1865 

Alpha  Tau  Omega 

".854 

63 

25 

25 

356,000 

1839 

Beta  Theta  Pi 

20,992 

77 

24 

51 

977.500 

1854 

Chi  Phi 

6.235 

21 

14 

18 

383.000 

1 841 

ChiPsi 

5.749 

18 

12 

14 

476,000 

1844 

Delta  Kappa  Bpsilon 

18.923 

43 

14 

38 

840,000 
282.965 

1827 

Delta  Phi 

4.418 

12 

5 

7 

1847 

Delta  Psi 

4.001 

7 

12 

6 

360.500 

I90I 

Delta  Sigma  Phi 

976 

10 

7 

I 

15,000 

1859 

Delta  Tau  Delta 

13.061 

59 

24 

28 

512.500 

1834 

Delta  Upsilon 
Kappa  Alpha 

13.209 

42 

4 

28 

531.500 

1825 

2,174 

8 

2 

5 

178,500 

1865 

Kappa  Alpha  (S) 

9.281 

46 

18 

8 

65,500 

1869 

I9II 

Kappa  SigmsL 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha 

13.654  J 
995 

.    82 
23 

20 
0 

29 

5 

381,600 
83,000 

1848 

Phi  Delta  Theta 

20,016 

78 

24 

57 

900,500 

1848 

Phi  Gamma  Delta 

15.362 

58 

26 

43 

738,000 

1852 

Phi  Kappa  Psi 

14.176 

46 

21 

34 

581,600 

1850 

Phi  Kappa  Sigma 

,     5.471 

29 

17 

12 

285.500 

1873 

Phi  Sigma  Kappa 

4.083 

28 

I 

9 

188,000 

1868 

Pi  Kappa  Alpha 

3.853 

41 

II 

8 

52.700 

1833 

Psi  Upsilon 

13.117 

24 

I 

21 

622.000 

1856 

Sigma  Alpha  Bpsilon 

16,948 

78 

30 

30 

459.200 
662,500 

1855 

Sigma  Chi 

14.678 

68 

23 

37 

1869 

Sigma  Nu 

11.719 

72 

13 

29 

409.950 

1827 

Sigma  Phi 

2,929 

10 

2 

9 

239,000 

I90I 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon 

3.303 

36 

12 

3 

58,000 

1909 

Sigma  Pi 

846 

9 

I 

1856 

Theta  Chi 

1.492 

15 

0 

4 

37.500 

1847 

Theta  Delta  Chi 

7.058 

29 

15 

14 

256,750 

1847 

ZetaPsi 

8,177 

24 

10 

15 

447.000 

33 

283,543 

1.209 

398 

618 

!    $13,143,015 

779 


STATISTICAL  TABLE,  1915 

MEN'S  FRATERNITIES— SECOND  DIVISION 


•8 


1904 

1906 
I9II 

1890 
1905 

I9I2 

1892 
I9I0 

1904 
1909 
1908 

1899 
1909 

1864 
1898 


Alpha  Phi  Alpha 
Beta  Phi 
Delta  Chi 
Kappa  Delta  Rho 
Phi  Chi  Delta 
Phi  Kappa 
Phi  Sigma  Delta 
Pi  Kappa  Phi 
Sigma  Alpha  Mu 
Sigma  Phi  Sigma 
[TsLVL  Kappa  Epsilon 
Theta  Alpha 
Theta  Xi 
Zeta  Beta  Tau 


15 


$129,500 


143.000 


163 

2 

0 

I 

3$.«>o 

332  , 

5 

0 

2 

17.000 

134    ! 

2 

0 

I 

15.OPO 

2,197    ! 

20 

0 

4 

I43>0P0 

1,022    i 

1 

20 

4 

1 

I3.J8O 

155 

23 

25 

(489.8PO 

GENERAL  FRATERNITIES— WOMEN 

1885 

Alpha  Chi  Omega 

2.862  1 

21 

I 

I 

$    3»«» 

1904 

Alpha  Delta  Pi 

2.787 

24 

5     ; 

I 

I, too 

1904 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta 

1,00c 

14 

I 

2 

26,000 

1897 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi 

1.467 

16 

I 

2 

i5.«>o 

1872 

Alpha  Phi 

2,954 

18 

I 

6 

97,000 

1893 

Alpha  Xi  Delta 

1,496 

20 

0 

3 

i«95 

Chi  Omega 

3.154 

32 

6 

6 

1888 

Delta  Delta  Delta 

4.560 

52 

5 

5 

1874 

Delta  Gamma 

4,026 

26 

12 

8 

118,500 

I  1902 

Delta  Zeta 

526 

II 

I 

1874 

Gamma  Phi  Beta 

2.518 

16 

t     ' 

7 

95.aoo 

1870 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta 

6,066 

38 

13     , 

9 

105.^50 

1897 

Kappa  Delta 

1.378 

18 

8 

2 

5.100 

1870 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma 

6,816 

38 

10 

9 

i35.9$o 

1904 

PhiMu 

2,512 

21 

7 

I 

t,500 

1867 

Pi  Beta  Phi 

8,162 

48 

I      9 

II 

113,200 

1898 

Sigma  Kappa 
ZetaTau  Alpha 

1,140 
1,068  : 

13 
16 

I 
6 

I 
2 

2Q.0Q0 

3.000 

780 


STATISTICAL  TABLE.  1915 

WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES— SECOND  MVISION 


1910 
1904 
1888 
1901 
1898 

1903 


.i 

Achoth 

Alpha  Kappa  Psi 
'Beta  Sigma  Omicron 
I  Eta  Upsilon  Gamma 
jPhi  Mu  Gamma 
I  Sigma  Iota  Chi 


24 


i  I 


268 

377 
886 

838 

643 
618 


58.124 


Chapters 


HouMg 


% 


I 


5 
5 

9 

8 

9 

5 


483 


I 

5 
12 

6 

7 
12 


131 


76 


$875,300 


PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 


908    AlephYodhHe 

902  Alpna  Chi  Sigma 

890  Alpha  Epsilon  Iot& 

903  Alpha  Gathma  Rho 

888  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa 
y64  •  Alpha  KsLpjya,  Psi 

89 1  AlphaMu  Pi  Omega 
907  'Alpha  Psi 

914    Alpha  Rho  Chi 
901    Alpha  Sigma  Alpha 

889  Beta  Phi  Sigma 
3    ChiZetaChi 

Delta  Kappa  Phi 
Delta  Omega 
Delta  Omicron 
Delta  Sigma  Delta 
Delta  Theta  Phi 
Gamma  Eta  Gamma 
Iota  Tau  Sigma 
Kappa  Phi 
Kappa  Psi 
Mu  Phi  Epmlon 
Nu  Sigma  Nu 


904 


3 

901 
902 


8 

903 

882 


350 

9 

0 

— 

1.485 

24 

0 

562 

9 

5 

■ 

539 

7 

0 

5.644 

40 

2 

4 

$51,500 

198 

3 

0 

— 

500 

•  4 

I 

I 

8»ooo 

1. 135 

10 

0 

I 

20,000 

144 

3 

0 

293 

4 

0 

968 

2 

I 

1.526 

13 

12 

— 

381 

2 

0 

157 

2 

•  0 

219 

3 

I 

4.863 

25 

2 

2 

20,000 

2,775 

39 

0 

I 

18.700 

957 

9 

I 

2 

27,000 

501 

6 

0 

41 

2 

2 

— 

4.493 

30 

6 

1.359 

20 

3 

5.203 

31 

2 

I 

26,000 

7«I 


STATISTICAL  TABLE.  1916 

PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 
Continued 


1 


1898 
1907 
1894 

1897 
1894 

1888 

1891 

1889 

1901 

1887 

1911 

1904 

1869 

1898 

1890 

1903 
1892 
1876 
1892 

1903 
1914 

1894 
1898 
1904 
1907 
1889 
1900 
1893 


Nu  Sigma  Phi 
Omega  Tau  Sigma 
I  Omega  Upsilon  Phi 
'Phi  Alpha  Delta 
Phi  Alpha  Gamma 
Phi  Alpha  Sigma 
Phi  Beta  Pi 
Phi  Chi 
I  Phi  Delta 
Phi  Delta  Chi 
Phi  Delta  Delta 
Phi  Delta  Epsilon 
Phi  Delta  Phi 
Phi  Mu  Alpha 
Phi  Rho  Sigma 
Phi  Psi 
PiMu 

Pi  Upsilon  Rho 
Psi  Omega 
Sigma  Alpha  Iota 
Sigma  Delta  Kappa 
Sigma  Rho 
Sigma  Sigma  Sigma 
Theta  Tau 
Triangle 
Xi  Psi  Phi 
ZetaPhi 
Zeta  Phi  Eta 

5^ 


i  I 


Chajytera 


204 
160 

2.505 
2,601 

1,664 

M45 

4.959 
7,088 

825 
2,557 
78 
1,215 
12.058 
1,049 
3,430 

345 
1,022 

939 

8,281 

573 

143 
296 

399 
736 
466 
4.858 
189 
286 

94.364 


I 


6 

3 
17 
34 
9 
5 
33 
38 
II 

15 

4 

14 
46 

13 
26 

4 
7 
6 

38 

II 

6 

2 

8 
8 

4 

25 

4 

3 

697 


o 
o 
6 
o 

3 
I 

8 

4 

5 

3 
o 

o 

3 

4 
I 

o 

2 
I 

7 
o 

o 

o 

6 

o 

o 

8 

I 

o 

lOI 


\ 

1 

Hooaes 

^1 

1 

Valist 

1       ""~ 

I 

4 


I 
I 

2 


1 
I 
I 


25 


$25,000 
52.000 


25.000 
10,000 
38.000 


16,000 

18.000 

15.000 

7.000 


$377,200 


78a 


STATISTICAL  TABLE  1916 


SUMMARY 


.8 


Men's  33 

Men's — Second 
Division   ....    15 

Women's i  24 

Professional |  51 

Local  Men's  ...    — 
Local  Women's  .  — 


.1 

2:  a 


283.543 

13.380 
58.124 

94.364 

16.773 

5.170 


Chapten   I 


123  471.354 


1.209 

155 
483 

697 
198 
112 


2854 


I 


398 

618 

$12,143,015 

23 

25 

482.500 

131 

76 

875.300 

lOI 

25 

377.200 

25 

430.400 

■' 

3 

1 

18,500 

653 1  772  $14,326,915 


783 


STATISTICAL  TABLE,  1920 
MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


'        Chapters 

Houses 

1 

Name 

I 

•0 

I 

1 

s 

1 

1904 

Acacia 

4,198 

24 

4 

10 

$220,000 

1895 

Alpha  Chi  Rho 

1.975 

17 

0 

6 

128,000 

*i832 

Alpha  Delta  Phi     ' 

I3»234 

25 

10 

20 

627,000 

1904 

Alpha  Gamma  Rho 

1.249 

14 

0 

3 

90,000 

1906 

Alpha  Phi  Alpha 

940 

18 

2 

i860 

Alpha  Sigma  Phi 

3.445 

20 

I 

10 

175,000 

1865 

Alpha  Tau  Omega 

14,676 

70 

24 

27 

388,000 

1912 

Beta  Phi 

721 

8 

0 

.1839 

Beta  Theta  Pi 

24.552 

80 

23 

62 

1,261,000 

1854 

Chi  Phi 

7.664 

22 

14 

18 

412,000 

184 1 

Chi  Psi 

6.387 

19 

II 

15 

501,000 

1890 

Delta  Chi 

5,169. 

22 

6 

6 

150,000 

1841 

Delta  Kappa  Bpsilon 

'   21,206 

43 

H 

40 

965,000 

1827 

Delta  Phi 

4,682 

13 

5 

9 

363.000 

1847 

Delta  Psi 

4,549 

7 

12 

7 

395.000 

1899 

Delta  Sigma  Phi 

1,492 

19 

6 

2 

40,000 

1859 

Delta  Tau  Delta 

^  15.646 

62 

24 

29 

559.500 

1834 

Delta  Upsilon 
Kappa  Alpha 

^'^  15.264 

44 

4 

35 

673,000 

1825 

2.350 

8 

2 

6 

179,000 

1865 

Kappa  Alpha  (Sj 

11,271 

50 

18 

16 

160,000 

191 1 

Kappa  Alpha  Psi 

384 

10 

0 

1905 

Kappa  Delta  Rho 

385 

5 

0 

3 

55,000 

1911 

Kappa  Nu 

247 

13 

0 

1869 

Kappa  Sigma 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha 

17,438 

85 

19 

39 

675.000 

1911 

3,116 

50 

0 

7 

101,000 

1912 

Phi  Chi  Delta 

226 

13 

I 

1848 

Phi  Delta  Theta 

24,119 

85 

24 : 

64 

1,246,000 

1903 

Phi  Epsilon  Pi 

979 

1      20 

0 

1848 

Phi  Gamma  Delta 

18,360 

^      63! 

24  1 

48 

989,000 

1888 

Phi  Kappa 

825 

7 

1 

0 . 

1852 

Phi  Kappa  Psi 

1    16,403 

46 

31 

34 

674,000 

1850 

.  Phi  Kappa  Sigma 

'     6474  _ 

29 

'7  ..- 

15 

366,000 

7«4 


STATISTICAL  TABLE,  1920 

MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 
Continued 


Chapters 

Houses 

e 

u    e 

« 

n   X 

0) 

•0 

Value 

c 

Name 

Numl 

of 

Mem' 

> 

•0 

1 

«> 

1906 

Phi  Kappa  Tau 

837 

8 

0 

2* 

20,000 

1918 

Phi  Mu  Delta 

457 

3 

I 

- 

1910 

Phi  Sigma  Delta 

295 

7 

0 

1873 

Phi  Signia  Kappa 

5,315 

30 

I 

16 

349,000 

1868" 

Pi  Kappa  A.pha 

6,151 

45 

12 

13 

164,000 

1904 

Pi  Kappa  Phi 
Pi  Lambda  Phi 

776 

12 

5 

1895 

1,177 

10 

4 

1833 

Psi  Upsilon      >j;^ 

14,140 

25 

I 

23 

667,000 

1856 

Sigma  Alpha  Elpsilon 

22,146 

90 

il 

43 

703,000 

1909 

Sigma  Alpha  Mu 

1,119 

16 

0 

1855 

Sigma  Chi 

17,631 

71 

23 

38 

698,000 

.1904 

Sigma  Iota 

300 

6 

0 

1869 

Sigma  Nu 

14,621 

79 

13 

36 

522,000 

1827 

Sigma  Phi 

3,174 

10 

2 

9 

261,000 

1901 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilun 

.  5,449 

45 

II 

10 

151,000 

1908 

Sigma  Phi  Sigma 

602 

6 

0 

I 

^    35.000 

1908 

Sigma  Pi 

1.473 

12 

2 

2 

55.000 

1910 

Tau  Delta  Plii 

315 

5 

0 

1899 

Tau  Kappa  Epsilon 

860 

13 

0 

3 

30,000 

1909 

Theta  Alpha 

,  241 

2 

0 

I 

15,000 

1856 

Theta  Chi 

3,000 

26 

0 

6 

68,000 

1847 

Theta  Delta  Chi 

8,189 

28 

16 

14 

261,000 

1864 

Theta  Xi 

3,021 

21 

0 

5 

168,000 

1898 

Zeta  Beta  T^u ' 

1,520 

24 

4 

# 

1847 

Zeta  Psi      X 

9,008 

24 

9 

20 

553.000 

57 


371,633  1,629  421   773   $16,112,500 


785 


MM 


STATISTICAL  TABLE  1920 

WOMEN'S  FRATERNITIES 


Name 

pi 

Chapters 

1            ^ 

'  1 " 

Houses 

1 

s 

t^ 

1  ^ 

^ 

& 

* 

1 

I9IO 

Achoth 

626 

1 

10 

I 

i 

1885 

Alpha  Chi  Omega 

3»794 

26 

I 

5 

$105,000 

1904 

Alpha  Delta  Pi 

3,145 

27 

5 

I 

1,200 

1904 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta 

1,597 

19 

I 

4 

60,000 

1897 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi 

2,276 

24 

2 

3 

38,000 

1872 

Alpha  Phi 

3.401 

21 

I 

6 

97,000 

1893 

Alpha  Xi  Delta 

2,480 

27 

6 

75.000 

1895 

Chi  Omega 

4,825 

42 

6 

5 

61,000 

1888 

Delta  Delta  Delta 

7.770 

61 

5 

II 

115,000 

1874 

Delta  Gamma 

5.361 

30 

12. 

9 

165,000 

1902 

Delta  Zeta 

1,386 

22 

1874 

Gamma  Phi  Beta 

3.581 

23 

I 

10 

118,000 

1870 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta 

a,i33 

43 

12 

9 

122,000 

1897 

Kapi)a  Delta 

2.360 

24 

9 

2 

6,000 

1870 

#  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma 
PhiMu 

9,329 

44 

10 

9 

135.000 

1904 

3,527 

29 

7 

I 

1.500 

1867 

Pi  Beta  Phi 

10,571 

60 

9 

15 

211,000 

1874 

;  Sigma  Kappa 

1,908 

19 

I 

2 

24.000 

1898 

Zeta  Tau  Alpha 
.    _       ^9 

1,688 

21 

6 

2 

3.00O 

__    ._ . 

77»7M 

__.572_ 

89 

100 

?>.335f7oo 

786 


STATISTICAL  TABLE  1920 
PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 


Chapters 

1 

Houaea 

1                             1 

1 

Name 

&    1 

1 

1 

1          ^ 

u* 

Z    S     1 

^ 

^ 

> 

1908 

Aleph  Yodh  He 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma 

350 

9 

1902 

2,539 

30 

1890 

Alpha  Epsilon  Iota 
Alpha  i  Lappa  Kappa 
Alpha  Mu  Pi  Omega 

726 

9 

2 

1888 

7,742 

39 

5 

4                S42.OOO 

I89I 

1,100 

5 

I 

I                 8,000 

1909 

Alpha  Omega 

2,000 

10 

1907 

Alpha  Psi 

1. 59 1 

9 

I 

I9I4 

Alpha  Rho  Chi 

266 

t 

1893 

Alpha  Sigma 

1. 184 

2 

X90I 

Alpha  Sigma  Alpha 

805 

8 

j 

I9I4 

A.  U.  Players 
Beta  Phi  Sigma 

220 

7 

I 

1889 

1,033 

2 

I 

I9I4 

Beta  Pi  Omega 

97 

2 

i 
1 

1903 

ChiZetaChi 

2.155 

13 

12 

, 

1899 

Delta  Kappa  Phi 

436 

3 

1904 

Delta  Omega 

344 

3 

j 

1909 

Delta  Omicron 

350 

6 

I 

1883 

Delta  Sigma  Delta 

5.936 

27 

2 

4  '            48,000 

I9I4 

Delta  Sigma  Epsilon 

150 

6 

1907 

Delta  Sigma  Pi 

455 

4 

1900 

Delta  Theta  Phi 

1     4.006 

1      ^5 

I90I 

Gamma  Eta  Gamma 

'     1.083 

1       10 

I 

2  >            30,000 

1902 

Iota  Tau  Sigma 

708 

6 

I 

1 

1887 

Kappa  Psi 
Nu  Sigma  Nu 

9,680 

31 

1882 

6,395 

33 

I 

4              80,000 

1898 

Nu  Sigma  Phi 

322 

1        6 

1 

1 

■ 

1907 

Omega  Tau  Sigma 

652 

4 

I 

1904 

Omega  Upsilon 

393 

4 

1 

1894 

Omega  Upsilon  Phi 
Phi  Alpha  Delta 

2.837 

15 

6 

1897 

3,972 

37 

I 

, 

1894. 

Phi  Alpha  Gamma 

1,973 

i        9 

3 

i 

I               25,000 

1           1 

787 


STATISTICAL  TABLE  1920 

PROFESSIONAL  FRATERNITIES 

Continued 


Chapters 


Houses 


*rt 

^    e 

§ 

Name 

•V4 

1 

1 

H 

o 

3       4, 

1 

t 

& 

1 

^ 

5 

! 

1888 

Phi  Alpha  Sigma 

1,316 

5 

1 
I 

1 

1902 

Phi  Alpha  Tau 

1,017 

13 

1 891 

Phi  Beta  Pi 

6.149 

33 

6 

7 

$77,000 

1886 

Phi  Chi 

7,811 

36 

6 

1887 

Phi  Delta  Chi 

3,280 

17 

3  , 

I9II 

Phi  Delta  Delta 

116 

4 

2  ! 

1904 

Phi  Delta  Epsilon 

2,081 

22  ' 

1869 

Phi  Delta  Phi 

13,752   ' 

46  I 

3  i 

3 

60,000 

1898 

Phi  Mu  Alpha 

1,439 

12 

6 

1903 

Phi  Psi 

573 

6 

I 

10,500 

1890 

Phi  Rho  Sigma 

4,498 

27 

I 

2 

38.000 

I9I5 

Phi  Sigma  Gamma 

421 

7 

1894 

Pi  Kappa  Sigma 

750 

5 

2 

1892 

Pi  Mu 

1.434 

7 

2 

1876 

Pi  Upsilon  Rho 

1,194 

5 

I 

1892 

Psi  (3mega 

10,270 

36 

10 

1909 

Scarab 

150 

4 

1903 

Sigma  Alpha  Iota 

892 

14 

1909 

Sigma  Delta  Chi 

1,800 

28 

3 

I9I4 

Sigma  Delta  Kappa 

349 

8 

I9I5 

Sigma  Gamma  Epsilon 

249 

5 

1903 

Sigma  Nil  Phi 

175 

5 

1894 

Sigma  Rho 

426 

2 

I 

16.000 

1898 

Sigma  Sigma  Sigma 

1,500 

12 

7 

1905 

Tau  Delta  Sigma 

322 

3 

1904 

Theta  Tau 

1,168 

10 

I 

18.000 

1907 

Triangle 

638 

4 

I 

I 

15.000 

1889 

Xi  Psi  Phi 

7,855 

27 

10 

1900 

Zeta  Phi 

257 

4 

I 

1893 

Zc-ta  Phi  Eta 

461 

5 

• 

61 


133,843    816      105 


32 


-?4^7!5o*^ 


788 


STATISTICAL  TABLE,  1920 

SUMMARY 


Men's 

Women's 

PrOi.essional 

Local  Men's  .... 
Local  Women's  . . 
Local  Professional 

Grand  Total .  .  . 


•5 

a 

u 

2 


57 
6i 


en 


371,633 

77.758 

133,843 

19.579 
5,266 

2,697 


137,  610,776 


Chapters 



0) 

•0 

> 

•0 

«i 

(4 

& 

^ 

1,629 

421 

773 

572 

89 

100 

816 

105 

32 

258 

22 

109 

I 

33 

3.417 

615 

928 

Houses 


s 
I 


$16,112,500 

1.335,70 

467,500 

491,000 

2.500 


$18,409,200 


789 


DIRECTORY  OF  COLLEGES  AND 

CHAPTERS 

T^HE  name  of  the  college*  or  other  institution  is  first 
given,  then  its  location  and  the  date  of  its  opening, 
and  the  religious  denomination  under  the  auspices  of 
which  it  is  administered,  when  known.  Within  the  last 
few  years  many  of  the  denominational  colleges  have 
become  non-sectarian.  As  a  matter  of  fact  most  of  them 
have  been  practically  so  long  prior  to  such  formal  action. 

Then  follows  a  list  of  fraternity  chapters  arranged  in 
substantially  the  following  order:  First,  themen's fraterni- 
ties, listed  where  practicable,  in  the  order  of  their  original 
establishment;  then  the  women's  fraternities,  similarly 
arranged;  and  finally,  the  professional  and  then  the 
honorary  societies. 

Societies  not  belonging  to  the  fraternity  system,  but 
bearing  Greek  names,  are  omitted  and  societies  belonging 
to  the  fraternity  system  and  not  bearing  Greek  names  are 
usually  omitted  imless  their  classification  is  certain. 

Corrections  of  the  order  in  which  the  chapters  should 
be  listed  and  of  other  data  are  solicited. 


*Man7  colleges  are  seHom  called  by  their  correct  names.  "The  College  of 
New  Jersey"  was  univeisallv  called  "Princeton",  until  finally  the  coUoqaial 
desitriation  was  made  the  official  one.  The  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute  is 
usually  called  "Auburn":  the  University  of  the  So-ath  "Sewanee":  Iowa  State 
College  'Ames"  to  distinguish  it  from  Iowa  State  University  at  Iowa  City;  "Colom- 
bia" means  the  University  of  M i^iouri  in  the  West  on  account  of  its  location  at 
Columbia.  Mo.,  and  "Madison"  means  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 


790 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        791 

Abingdon  College,  Abingdon,  111.,  1853 — Delta  Tau  Delu, 
1875-76. 

Adblbert  College,  sec  Western  Reserve  University. 

Adelphi  College,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. — Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1905;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1907;  Delta  Gamma,  1908;  Delta 
£>elta  Delta.  191 1;  Phi  Mu,  1913;  Alpha  Epsilon  Pi,  1916  (local 
women). 

Adrian  College,  Adrian,  Mich.,  1859,  Meth.  Prot. — Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1878-84;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1881;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
T887;   Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1882;   Delta  Delta  Delta,  1890. 

Akron,  Municipal  University  of  (formerly  called  Buchtel 
Collie),  Akron,  O.,  1872,  non-sectarian,  formerly  Universalist. — 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1873-95;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1875-96;  Pi  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1882  (local);  Zeta  Alpha  Epsilon,  1897;  Lambda  Chi 
Alpha,  1919;  Sigma  Beta,  191 4  (local);  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1877;  Delta  Gamma,  1879;  Phi  Mu,  191 2;  Phi  Sigma  Alpha 
(honorary  local),  1910. 

Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute,  Auburn,  Ala.,  1872 — Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon,  1878;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1879;  Alpha  Tau  Om^;a, 
1879;  Kappa  Alpha,  1883;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1895;  Sigma  Nu, 
1890;  Kappa  Sigma,  1900;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1908-ij;  Sigma  Phi 
Epsilon,  1908;  Alpha  Psi,  1912;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1915;  Phi 
Epsilon  Pi,  1916;  Theta  Chi,  191 8;  Sigma  Iota;  Alpha  Gamma 
Rho,  1919;  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1914. 

Alabama,  University  of.  University  P.  O.,  Ala.  1831. — Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1847;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1850-57;  Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1855;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1856;  Kappa  Sigma,  1869;  Sigma 
Nu,  1874;  Phi  Delta  Theta  1877;  Sigma  Chi,  1876;  Alpha  Tau 
Om^a,  1885;  Kappa  Alpha,  1885;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1903.  Pi 
Kappa  Phi,  191 7;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 8;  Alpha  Sigma  Delta 
(local,  legal),  19 12.  Medical  Department  at  Mobile.  Phi  Chi,  1904; 
Kappa  Psi,  1905-1 3 ;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1906 ;  Kappa  Phi,  19 1 1 .  Women* s 
Department,    Kappa    Delta,    1904;      Alpha    Delta    Pi,    1907-09; 


792         DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1910;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  19 14.    Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1 851;  Sigma  Upsilon,  191 4. 

.  Alabama  Woman's  College,  Montgomery,  Ala. — Alpha  Delta 
Pi,  1910-13;  Phi  Mu  Gamma,  191 1-15;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron, 
1911-14;    Kappa  Delta,  1912-13. 

Albion  College,  Albion,  Mich.,  1861,  M.E. — Delta  Tau  Delta* 
1876;  Sigma  Chi,  1886;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1889;  Sigma  Nu,  1895; 
Delta  Gamma,  1883;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1887-1908;  Alpha  Chi 
Omega,  1887;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1915;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1917;  Delta 
Sigma  Rho,  191 1;    Delta  Eta  Sigma  (honorar>'  local). 

Allegheny  College,  Meadville,  Pa.,  18 17,  M.E. — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1855:  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  i860;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1863;  Phi 
Delta  Theta,  1879;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1887;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon, 
1908-08;  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  19 14;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1876;  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma,  1888;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1891;  Alpha  Gamma 
Delta,  1912;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1902;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1913;  Alpha 
Chi  Sigma,  19 13. 

American  Conservatory  of  Music,  Chicago,  111. — Sigma 
Alpha  Iota,  1906. 

American  Institute  of  Applied  Music,  New  York,  N.  Y. — Phi 
Mu  Alpha,  1900-01. 

American  School  of  Osteopathy,  Kirksville,  Mo. — Iota  Tau 
Sigma,  1902;  Delta  Omega,  1904;  Phi  Sigma  Gamma,  191 5. 

Amherst  College,  Amherst,  Mass.,  1821,  non-sect,  (formerly 
Cong.) — Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1836;  Psi  Upsilon,  1841;  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1846;  Delta  Upsilon,  1847:  Zeta  Psi  1858-59;  Chi  Psi, 
1864;  Chi  Phi,  1873;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1883;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1885; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1888;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1893;  Phi  Kappa  Psi. 
1895;  Kap^  Theta,  1909,  (local);  Sigma  Delta  Rho,  1909  (local), 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  I918;   Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1853;   Delta  Sigma  Rho, 

1913. 

Arizona  University  of,  Tucson,  Ariz. — Kappa  Sigma,  1915; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1917:  Sigma  Nu,  1918;   Tau  Delta  Psi,  1917 


DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        793 

(local);  Omega  Kappa,  1919  (local).  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1917; 
Pi  Beta  PhHi9i7;  Alpha  Sigma,  1916  (women's  local);  Phi 
Kappa  Phi,  191 6. 

Arkansas,  University  of,  Fayetteville,  Ark.,  1872 — ^Alpha  Tau 
Omega,  1882-82;  Kappa  Sigma,  1890;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1894; 
Kappa  Alpha,  1895;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1904;  Sigma  Nu,  1904; 
Sigma  Chi,  1905;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1907;  Sigma  Omicron  Beta 
(local);  Chi  Omega,  1895;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1903;  Chi  Zeta  Chi, 
1906-12;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1909;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 3;  Delta  Gamma 
Gamma  (lo^al  women);  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1907;  Delta  Theta  Phi, 
1908;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1912;  Phi  Chi,  1915;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1914; 
Phi  Alpha  Tau,  191 7;  Alpha  Zeta,  1917. 

Armour  Institute  of  Technology,  Chicago,  111. — Phi  Kappa 
Sigma,  1898;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1901;  Omega  Lambda  (local),  1910; 
Sigma  Kappa  Delta,  1912  (local);  Beta  Phi,  1913;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1906; 
Eta  Kappa  Nu,  1909.     Scarab. 

Atlanta  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Atlanta,  Ga., 
1854 — Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1905-13;  Phi  Chi,  1905;  Kappa  Psi,  1909. 

Atlanta  Medical  College,  Atlanta,  Ga. — See  Emory  Univer- 
sity. 

Atlanta  School  of  Law,  Atlanta,  Ga. — Delta  Theta  Phi,  19 14. 

Atlanta  School  of  Medicine,  Atlanta,  Ga. — Chi  Zeta  Chi, 
1906-13;  Phi  Chi,  1907. 

Atlanta  Southern  Dental  College,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  1893 — Psi 
Omega,  1900;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  19 12.     Psi  Omega,  1918. 

Austin  College,  Sherman,  Tex.,  1849 — Phi  Delta  Theta,  1853- 
58;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1865-65;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1895-00. 

Bailey  Law  School,  Asheville,  N.  C. — Sigma  Nu,  1871-71. 

Baker  University,  Baldwin,  Kans.,  1858,  M.E. — Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1865-68;  Kappa  Sigma,  1903;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1903;  Zeta 
Chi,  1905  (local);  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  191  o;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1895; 
Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1907;  Delta  Zeta,  1910;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1912; 
Phi  Mu,  1916;    Alpha  Delta  Sigma  (local  honorary). 


794         DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Ballston  Law  School,  Ballston  Spa.,  N.  Y. — ^Theta  Delta  Chi, 
1848-49. 

Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1839- 
Psi  Omega,  1892;   Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893. 

Baltimore  C<».lege  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Baltimore, 
Md.,  1872 — Now  University  of  Maryland. 

Baltimore  Medical  College,  Baltimore,  Md.  1881 — Now 
University  of  Maryland. 

Barnard  College,  The  Women's  Department  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. 

Bates  College,  Lewiston,  Me. — Delta  Sigma  Rho,  191 5;  Phi 
Beta  Kappa,  191 7. 

Baylor  University,  Independence,  Tex.,  1845 — Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1856-86;   Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1858-61;   Kappa  Psi,  1910- 

Belmont  College,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  see  Ward-Belmont  College. 

Beloit  College,  Beloit,  Wis.,  1846,  non-sect,  (formerly  Cong.) — 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  i860;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1881;  Sigma  Chi,  1882; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1915;  Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  1917;  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha,  191 7;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  19 19;  Theta  Pi  Gamma  (local  sorority); 
Delta  Psi  Dela  (local  sorority);  Chi  Epsilon  (local  sorority); 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1909;   Phi  Beta  Kappa,  191 1;   Sigma  Ddta  Chi, 

1915. 

Benjamin  Harrison  Law  School,  Indianapolis,  Ind. — Sigma 
Delta  Kappa,  19 15. 

Benton  College  of  Law,  St.  Louis,  Mo. — Sigma  Delta  Kappa, 
1915. 

Bethany  College,  Bethany,  W.  Va.,  1840,  Christian — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1859-82;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1859-95;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  i860; 
Sigma  Nu,  1883;  Kappa  Alpha,  1903;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1903— 
05;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1903;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1905. 

Bethel  Academy,  Va. — ^Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1873-75;  Kappa 
Alpha,  1878-79;    Kappa  Sigma,  1880-82. 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS         795 

Bbthel  College,  Russellville,  Ky.,  1854,  Pres. — Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1856-12;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1858;  Alpha  Tau  Omega, 
1872-72;  Sigma  Nu,  1884-04;   Kappa  Sigma,  1894-02. 

Bingham  High  School,  N.  C. — ^Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1881-96. 

Birmingham  Medical  College,  Birmingham,  Ala.,  1894 — Phi 
Chi,  1905;  Kappa  Psi,  1906;  ChiZetaChi,  1911-13;  Delta  Omicron 
Alpha,  191 1. 

Bolivar  College,  Bolivar,  Tenn. — Delta  Gamma,  1878-81. 

BoscoBBL  College,  Nashville,  Temi. — ^Eta  Upsilon  Gamma, 
1910-15. 

Boston  University,  Boston,  Mass.,  1865,  M.E. — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1876-15;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1877-1912;  Delta  Tau  Delta.  1889-92; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1892;  Lambda,  1912  (local);  Lambda  Chi 
Alpha,  191 1 ;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1908;  Elappa  Nu,  1917;  Tau  Delta 
Phi,  191 7;  Alpha  Sigma  (local);  Alpha  Kappa  Psi  (local);  Kappa 
Phi  Alpha  (local);  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1882;  Alpha  Phi,  1883; 
Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1887;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1888;  Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1896;  Sigma  Kappa,  1904;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1912;  Alpha  Delta  Pi, 
191 1 ;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1913;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1885;  Phi  Alpha 
Gamma,  1896;  Gamma  Eta  Gamma,  1902;  Zeta  Nu  (local);  Sigma 
Phi  (local  women);  Alpha  Sigma,  1898;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1899; 
Delta  Theta  Phi,  1915;  Kappa  Phi  Alpha,  191 5. 

BowDOiN  College,  Brunswick,  Me.,  1802,  non-sect,  (formerly 
Cong.) — ^Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1841;  Psi  Upsilon,  1843;  Chi  Psi,  1844; 
Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1844;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1854;  Delta  Upsilon 
1857;  Zeta  Psi,  1868;  Kappa  Sigma,  1895;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1900; 
Sigma  Nu,  191 8;  Phi  Theta  Upsilon,  1915  (local);  Alpha  Kappa 
Kappa,  1897;  Phi  Chi,  1900;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1825. 

Bradford-Durfee  Textile  School,  Fall  River,  Mass. — Phi 
Psi,  1909. 

Brenau  College,  Gainesville,  Ga.,  1878. — Phi  Mu  Gamma, 
1902-14;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1907-14;  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha, 
1909-14;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  19 10;  PhiMu,  1910;  Eta  Upsilon  Gamma 
1910-11;  Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1910-14;  Alpha  Chi  Om^a,  191 1;  Mu 
Phi  Epsilon,  1911-13;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  191 1 ;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta, 


796         DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

191 3;    Delta  Delta  Delta,   19 14;    Lambda  Beta  Psi,   191 8  (local 
women);   Zeta  Phi  Eta,  191 6;   Phi  Beta  Sigma  -Oocal  honorary). 

Broad  St.  Conservatory  of  Music,  Philadelphia,  Pa. — See 
Combs  Broad  St.  Conservatory. 

Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1893-12;  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  1896;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1910;  Psi  Sigma 
(local),  1901;   Phi  Delta  Pi,  1917  (local). 

Brown  University,  Providence,  R.  I.,  1765,  Bap. — Alpha  Delta 
Phi,  1836;  Delta  Phi,  1838;  Psi  Upsilon,  1840;  Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1849;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1850;  Delta  Psi,  1852-53;  Zeta  Psi, 
1852;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1853;  Chi  Psi,  1860-71;  Delta  Upsilon, 
1868;  Chi  Phi,  1872-95;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1889;  Alpha  Tau  Omega, 
1894;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1896:  Phi  Kappa,  1892;  Kappa  Sigma, 
1898;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1902;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1902;  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa,  1906;  Sigma  Nu,  1912;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1912;  Sigma 
Phi  Epsilon,  191 2;  Sigma  Chi,  19 14;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1897- 
191 2;  Sigma  Kappa,  1908-12;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1908-09;  Phi 
Epsilon  Pi,  19 16. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1830;  Sigma  Xi,  1900;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1909; 
Tau  Delta  Sigma,  19 11. 

Buchtel  College,  Akron,  O.,  1872,  see  Akr6n,  Municipal 
University  of. 

Bucknell  Univer3ITy,  Lewisburg,  Pa.,  1848,  Bap. — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1855;  Sigma  Chi,  1864;  Theta  Delta  Chi.  1865-71;  Phi 
Ganmia  Delta,  1882;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1893;  Kappa  Sigma, 
1896;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1913;  Forum  1910  (local);  Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1895;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1898-99;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1904;  Kappa 
Delta,  191 5;    Delta  Sigma  (local),  1890. 

Buffalo  Gap  College,  Buffalo,  Tex. — Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
1888-88. 

Buffalo  Normal  College,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. — Sigma  Sigma  Sigma, 
1911. 

Buffalo,  University  of,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  1887 — Beta  Phi  Sigma, 
1889;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1891;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  1895;  Delta  Chi, 
1897;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1898;   Psi  Omega,  1901-12;    Delta  Sigma  Ddta, 


DIRECTORY-'COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        797 

1901 ;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1905;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  191 1 ;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu, 
1916;    Kappa  Nu,  1917. 

Burlington  College,  N.  J.,  Epis. — Delta  Psi,  1849-54. 

Butler  College  (formerly  called  Northwestern  Christian  Uni- 
versity, then  Butler  University) — It  is  the  academic  department  of 
the  University  of  Indianapolis,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  non-sect, 
(formerly  Christian) — Phi  Delta  Theta,  1859;  Sigma  Chi,  1865; 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1875;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1878-81 ;  Kappa  Sigma, 
1891-93;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 6;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1874; 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1878;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1897;  Delta  Delta  Delta, 
19 1 4;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1908;  Delta  Pi  Omega,  191 2  (local  soror- 
ity). 

Caldwell  College,  Danville,  Ky. — Kappa  Delta,  1907-08. 

California,  University  of,  Berkeley,  Cal.,  1868 — Zeta  Psi,  1870, 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1873;  Chi  Phi,  1875;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1876; 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1879;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1886;  Sigma  Chi.  1886; 
Si'gmQ  Mil  Tftr^offtjjg^  Alph?  Fpctir»f^.Tftf^>|-  CLl  Pbl,  iSysi  Kappa 

j^ha,  i89fr;-D^i»-Up6i}o»,-i896;  Delta-Tath-Dekftri^S;  Phi 
Kftppft4^,  18994.  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1900;  Alpha  Tau  Onaogar^900; 
•Kappa  Sigma,  1901;  Pyi  Upbiluii,  1902;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1903; 
-Acada,  1905;  Aliahn  Dulta  riiirioo8;  Pi  Kapoa  Phi.^iflj»^:— Phi 
Sigma  Kappa,  1909;  Stgiiia  Plii  Bp5lluu''~i9io;  ia-Ka^a-Al^^wt; 
1912;  Sitiino  Phi,  191 2;  Alpha.  Sig^»a  Phi,  1913;  Sigma  Pi,  1913; 
Thota43hi,  1913;  I  ambd^  Chi  Alpha '-1913;  DeHa  Sigiua  Phi,  1916; 
Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  1916;  Ttm  Kappa  Bpailon,  1919;  Alpha-Kappa 
"fcaiiibdii,   1914;    (local). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1880;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1890;  Gamma 
Phi  Beta,  1896;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1900;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1900;  Alpha 
Phi,  1901;  Chi  Omega,  1902;  Delta  Gamma,  1907;  Alpha  Chi 
Omega,  1909;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1907;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1909; 
Sigma  Kappa,  19 lO;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  191 3;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  19 14; 
Delta  Zeta,  191 5;  Alpha  Gamma  Dolta,  1915;  Achoth,  1919; 
Kappa  Delta,  1917;   Phi  Mu,  1916. 

Phi  Delta  Phi  (San  Franciscuj,  i»84;  (Berkeley)  1913;  Delta 
Sigma  Delta,  1891;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1894:  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1899; 


798         DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1900;  Psi  Omega,  1903;  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  1905; 
Phi  Chi,  1908;  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota  (Los  Angles),  1909;  Alpha  2^eta, 
1909;  Theta  Xi,  1910;  Kappa  Psi,  1910;  Delta  Chi,  1910;  Theta 
Tau,  191 1 ;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  191 1 ;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1913;  Om^;a 
Upsilon  Phi,  191 4;  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon,  1913. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1898;  Sigma  Xi,  1902;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha, 
1906;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1906;  Beta  Gamma  Sigma,  1913;  Phi  Delta 
Kappa,  1913. 

C  ALLAN  AN  COLLEGE,  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  1879 — Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1886-89. 

Campbell-Hageman  College,  Lexington,  Ky. — Sigma  Iota 
Chi,  1907-12. 

Carleton  College,  Northfield,  Minn.,  1867,  Cong. — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1883-88;   Delta  Sigma  Rho,  191 1;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1914, 

Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. — Sigma 
Nu,  1916;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1916;  Delta  Upsilon,  191 7;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1 9 19;  Sigma  Rho,  1906  (local);  Xi  Sigma  Upsilon,  1908 
(local);  Zeta  Lambda  Epsilon,  1908  (local);  Alpha  Kappa  Psi, 
1910;  Chi  Phi,  191 7  (women's  local);  Delta  Epsilon  Omega,  191 6 
(local);  Tau  Ganmia  Phi,  1917  (local);  Theta  Xi,  1912;  Tau  Beta 
Pi,  1916. 

Carolina  Military  Institute,  Charlotte,  N.  C. — Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1876-77. 

Carroll  College,  Waukesha,  Wis. — Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  19 19; 
Beta  Pi  Epsilon,  1906  (local);  Sigma  Alpha  Phi,  1910  (local); 
Gamma  Phi  Delta,  19 12  (local);  Beta  Chi  Theta  (local  women); 
Kappa  Gamma  Phi  (local  women);  Theta  Phi  Delta,  19 18  (local 
women);    Phi  Alpha  Tau,  19 12. 

Carthage  College,  Carthage,  III.,  1869,  Luth. — Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1882-88. 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleveland,  O. — ^Zcta  Psi,  1885; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1896;  Kappa  Sigma,  1903;  Sigma  Alpha  EpsQon, 
1905;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1905;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1906'  Sigma  Nu,  1907; 
Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1909;  Sigma  Chi  1909,;  Theta  Tau,  1911;  Sigma 
Tau  Delta  (local),  1909. 


DIRECTORY'-COLLEGBS  AND  CHAPTERS        799 

Tau  Beta  Pi,  1900;  Sigma  Xi,  1904;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1906. 
Eta  Kappa  Nu,  19 10. 

Centenary  College,  Jackson,  La.,  1893,  M.E.,  moved  to 
Shreveport,  La. — ^Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1855-61 ;  Delta  Kappa  Epnlon, 
1857-62;  Chi  Phi,  1858-61;  Kappa  Sigma,  i885--04;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1860-61;  Kappa  Alpha,  1 891-13;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1902- 

05. 

Centenary  College,  Cleveland,  Tenn. — Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1909; 
Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1909;  Eta  Upsilon.Gamma,  1914. 

Central  College,  Iowa — Pi  Kappa  Ddta,  1914. 

Central  College,  Fayette,  Mo.,  1857,  M.E. — ^Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1876-78;  Sigma  Nu,  1892-1902. 

Central  College  for  Women,  Lexington,  Mo. — ^Eta  Upsikm 
Gamma,  1903;  Beta  Sigma  Omicion,  1908. 

Central  University  of  Kentucky,  Danville,  Ky.,  formed  by 
the  union  of  two  Presbyterian  collies,  viz.:  Central  University 
and  Centre  College.  The  academic  department  is  still  called  Centre 
Collie. 

♦Central  University,  Richmond,  Ky.,  1874,  Pres. — Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1882;  Sigma  Nu,  1883-1901;  Alpha  Tau  Om^a,  1884-90; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1885;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1885. 

♦Centre  College,  Danville,  Ky.,  18 19,  Pres. — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1848;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1850;  Phi  Ganuna  Delta.  1856-56;  Phi 
Kappa  Sigma,  1860-62;  Sigma  Chi,  1876;  Kappa  Alpha,  1883;  Phi 
Kappa  Tau,  1914. 

Chatham  Institute,  Chatham,  Va. — Kappa  Delta,  1902-04. 

Chattanooga  College  of  Law,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. — Delta 
Theta  Pi,  1907;  Sigma  Delta  Theta,  1917. 

Chattanooga  Medical  College,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. — Phi 
Chi,  1906-10. 

Chattanooga,  University  of,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. — Chi  Omega, 
1919. 


*Theie  oollaget  were  united  in  1901  under  the  name  of  Central  Univertlty,  but 
located  at  DanviHe.    The  CoIleeJate  department  is  called  Centre  Colles«* 


8oo        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Chevy  Chase  College,  Chevy  Chase,  Md. — Phi  Mu,  1907-10. 

Chicago  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  1883.  Now  a  depart- 
ment of  Valparaiso  University  at  one  time  independent  and  for  a 
time  connected  with  the  University  of  Illinois — Delta  Sigma  Delta, 
1885;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1896;  Psi  Omega,  1896;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha, 
1902;  Phi  Delta,  1904;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1907-09. 

Chicago  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Chicago,  111. — 
Phi  Chi,  1907;   Phi  Delta,  1908;   Aleph  Yodh  He,  1908. 

Chicago  College  of  Osteopathy,  Chicago,  111. — Iota  Tau 
Sigma,  191 1 ;   Phi  Sigma  Gamma,  191 5. 

Chicago  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  now  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  College  of  Medicine. 

Chicago  Conservatory  of  Music,  Chicago,  111. — Mu  Phi  Ep- 
silon,  1906-10. 

Chicago  Homeopathic  Medical  College,  Chicago,  III. — Phi 
Alpha  Gamma,  1897. 

Chicago  Kent  College  of  Law,  Chicago,  111. — Delta  Chi, 
1894;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1896;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1897;  Delta  TheU 
Phi,  1909;  Phi  Delta  Delta,  191 5  (sorority);  Kappa  Beta  Pi,  1908 

(sorority). 

Chicago  Law  School,  Chicago,  111.,  1S96 — Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1901; 
Sigma  Delta  Kappa,  1914. 

Chicago  Musical  College,  Chicago,  111. — Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  i9io» 

Chicago  School  of  Physical  Expression,  Chicago,  Ills. — Omega 
Upsilon,   1909. 

*  fCiiicAGO,  University  of,  Chicago,  III.,  Bap. — Zeta  Psi,  1864-87; 
Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1865;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1865;  Beta  Theta  Pi. 
1868;    Psi  Upsilon,  1869;    Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1871 ;    Sigma  Nu, 


♦The  old  University  of  Chicago  became  inactive.  The  new  University  is  an  en- 
tirely different  institution  but  the  Fraternity  chapters  have  continued  to  recard 
the  institution  as  the  same  and  so  far  as  known  are  all  acting  under  the  original 
charters. 

tThere  are  a  number  of  local  women's  clubs  which  are  not  considered  as 
sororities.  These  are  Mortar  Board,  1894;  Esoteric,  1894;  Quadranglers,  1895; 
Sigma  Club,  1895;  Wyvem.  I898:  Phi  Beta  Delta.  1899;  Chi  Rho  Sigma.  1903: 
Pi  Delta  Phi,  19045  Deltho  Club,  1905.     Delta  Sigma  1915- 


DIRECTORY'-COLLEGMS  AND  CHAPTERS       Soi 

1895;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1896;  Sigma  Chi,  1897  ;  Pi  Lambda  Phi. 
1897;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1898;  Chi  Psi,  1898;  Delta  Upsiloii,  1901; 
Phi  Gaxmna  Delta,  1902;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1903;  Delta  Chi 
1903;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1904;  Kappa  Sigma,  1904;  Phi  Kappa 
Sigma,  1906;  Acacia,  1908;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1910;  Beta  Phi, 
1912;  Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  191 7;  ^ppaAlphaPsi,  1918;  Zeta  Beta 
Tau,  1918. 

Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1893;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1895;  Alpha  Epsilon 
Iota,  1903-13;  Alpha  Kau..*  l^pus,  1901:  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1901; 
Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1902;  Phi  Delta  Phi  1902;  Phi  Chi,  1905;  Delta 
Theta  Phi,  1909;  Delta  Theta  Chi  (divinity  school),  191 2;  Mu 
Sigma  Phi,  1902;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1918;  A.  U.  P.,  1914, 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1899;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1902  (at  Rush 
Medical  College);  Sigma  Xi,  1903;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906; 
Gamma  Alpha,  1908;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1910;  Sigma  Delta  Chi 
1915;   Coif,  1904. 

Christian  College,  Columbia,  Mo. — Eta  Upsilon  Gamma 
1901-15;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  191 0-15;  Phi  Mu  Gamma,  191 4-1 5 

Cincinnati  College,  Cincinnati,  O. — ^Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1840-51; 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1840-43. 

Cincinnati  College  Law  School,  Cincinnati,  O.,  18 13 — Phi 
Delta  Phi,  1886. 

Cincinnati  College  of  Music,  Cincinnati,  O. — Phi  Mu  Alpha, 
1903;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  191 4:  Beta  Pi  Omega,  191 4;  Delta 
Omicron,  191 8 

Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music,  Cincinnati,  O. — Sigma 
Iota  Chi,  1904-15;  Pi  Kappa  Phi,  1913-15;  Delta  Omicron,  1909; 
Phi  Mu  Alpha,  1914;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  1915;  Mu  Phi  Epsilon, 
1915;  Phi  Beta,  1918. 

Cincinnati,  University  of,  Cincinnati,  O.,  187;,— Sigma  Chi, 
1882;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1889;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1890;  Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1898;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1909;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1910; 
Alpha  Nu  Sigma  (local),  1912;  Sigma  Delta  Pi  (local),  1913;  Sigma 
Alpha  Mu,  1917;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1919;  Alpha  Pi  Delta  (local); 
1916;   Sigma  Phi  Alpha  (local),  1917. 


8o2         DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma.  1885;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1892;  Kappa 
Djlta,  1 91 3;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1913;  Chi  Omega,  191 3;  Delta 
Zota,  1 916;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1908;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1892;  Alpha 
Kappa  Kappa,  1901 ;  Pi  Kappa  Sigma,  19 16;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha, 
ic)o8;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1899;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1915;  Alpha  Chi 
Sigma,  1917;    Phi  Chi,  1918. 

Clarkson  Collkc.k  f)F  Technology,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. — Omicron 
Pi  Omicron,  1903;   Sij^ma  Delta,  1904. 

Ci.KVKLAND    Law     School,    Cleveland,   O. — Delta    Theta   Phi, 

Cleveland  Pulte  Medical  College,  Cleveland,  O. — ^Alpha 
Sigma,   1898. 

CoE  College,  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa — Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  1916; 
Delta  Phi  Epsilon  (local).  1901;  Beta  Phi  Omega  (local),  1909; 
Phi  Alpha  Pi  (local),  1914;  Sigma  Phi  Delta  Qocal),  1916;  Chi 
Alpha  Epsilon  (local),  1917;  Delta  Gamma  Rho  (local),  191 7; 
Kapi)a  Delta,  191 1;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1912;  Chi  Omega,  1914: 
Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  191 7;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1918. 

Colby  College.  Watorville,  Me.,  1820,  Bap. — Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1846;  Zeta  Psi,  1850;  Delta  Upsilon,  1852;  Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1884;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1892;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  19 18; 
Pi  Delta  Pi  (local);  Sigma  Kappa,  1874;  Chi  Omega,  1906;  Delta 
Delta  Delta,  1908;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1915;  Phi  Mu,  1917;  Phi  Beta 
Kappa,  1896. 

CoLciATE  Umvkk>itv,  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  1846,  non-sect.,  fomierly 
Bap.  (formerly  ealle<l  Madison  University)  -Alpha  Delta  Phi, 
1^^50-51;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1856;  Delta  Upsilon,  1865;  Delta 
Phi,  1874-76;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1880;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1887; 
I'hi  Kappa  I^si,  1887;  Theta  Chi,  191 2;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 6; 
Sigma  Xu,  191 7;  Kappa  Delta  Rho,  191 7;  Alpha  Tau  Omega, 
1918;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1918;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1878;  Delta  Sigma 
Rho,  1913. 

College  for  Women,  Columbia,  S.  C. — Alpha  Sigma  Alpha. 
1904-09;   Kappa  Delta,  1905-10. 


DIRECTORY'-COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        803 

College  of  Charleston,  Charleston,  S.  C,  1785 — Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1881-82;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1889;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 
1901-05;   Kappa  Alpha,  1904;   Pi  Kappa  Phi,  1904. 

College  of  Dental  and  Oral  Surgery,  New  York,  N.  Y. — 
Psi  Omega,  1906. 

College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  see  New  York,  College  of  the 
City  of. 

Colorado  College,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo.,  1874,  Cong. — Kappa 
Sigma,  1904;  Shigma  Chi,  1905;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1908;  Phi 
Delta  Theta,  191 3;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1914;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1905. 

Colorado  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Denver,  Colo. — Delta 
Sigma  Delta,  1906. 

Colorado  State  Agricultural  College,  Fort  Collins,  Colo. — 
Alpha  Psi,  1 9 10;  Sigma  Nu,  1915;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  191 5;  Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon,  191 7;  Sigma  Delta,  1907  (local);  Alpha  Pi  Lambda, 
1908  (local);   Sigma  Rho  Delta,  1913  (local). 

Pi  Kappa  Delta,  191 5;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  191 5;  Kappa  Delta, 
1916;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  9117;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1917;  Phi 
Zeta  Chi  (local  women). 

Colorado  State  School  of  Mines,  Golden  Colo.,  1874 — Sigma 
Nu,  1901;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1903;  Kappa  Sigma,  1904, 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1908;  Theta  Tau,  1908;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1905. 

Colorado  State  Teachers  College,  Greeley,  Col.,  1899 — Delta 

Psi  (local);  Lambda  Gamma  Kappa  (local);  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma, 
1914;  Delta  Phi  Omega  (local  sorority);  Sigma  Upsilon  (local 
sorority);    Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1916;    Delta  Sigma  Epsilon,  1916. 

Colorado,  University  of,  Boulder,  Colo.,  1877 — Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1883;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1891;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1900; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1901;  Sigma  Nu,  1902;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1902; 
Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1904;  Acacia,  191 1;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1912; 
Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1914;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1915;  Sigma  Chi,  1914; 
Kappa  Sigma,  191 6. 


8o4       DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Delta  Gamma,  1885;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1884;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1901;  Chi  Omega,  1906;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1907;  Delta  Delta 
Delta,  1 9 10;  Eta  Upsilon  Gamma,  19 10-12;  Delta  Kappa  Phi 
Oocal  sorority),  191 1;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1914;  Achoth,  1917. 

Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  1900;  Alpha  Zeta,  1907;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1907; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1908;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1909;  Phi  Alpha  Dslta, 
1 910;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1903;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  19 14. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1904;  Sigma  Xi,  1905;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1905; 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  19 10;    Sigma  Tau,  191 4. 

Colorado  Woman's  College,  Denver,  Colo.,  1909,  Baptist — Eta 
Upsilon  Gamma,  1910;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1914. 

Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  1754 — Alpha  Delta  Phi. 
1836;  Psi  Upsilon.  1842;  Delta  Phi,  1842;  Chi  Psi,  1846-85;  Delta 
Psi,  1847;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1855;  Pl^  Gamma  Delta,  1866; 
Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1872;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1874;  Zeta  Psi,  1879; 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1881;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1881-1910;  Delta  Tau 
Delta.  1882;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1883;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1884;  Delte 
Upsilon.  1 88s;  Sigma  Chi,  1894;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1895; 
Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1896;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1897;  Alpha  Chi  Rho, 
1900;  Omega  Pi  Alpha,  1902-07;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1903-14;  Zeta 
Beta  Tau,  1905;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1905;  Sigma  Nu,  1908;  Acacia, 
1909;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1910;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1909-12;  Phi 
Sigma  Delta,  1910;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  191 1;  Kappa  Nu,  1915; 
Flip  Flap,  1908  (Chinese);  Epsilon  Psi  Epsilon,  1910  (local);  Alpha 
Phi  Delta,  1915  (local);   Phi  Beta  Delta,  1912  (local). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1891-15;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1 897-1 5^ 
Kappa  Alpha  Theta.  189S-15;  Gamma  Phi  Beta.  1901-15;  Alpha 
Phi,  1903-15;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1903-15;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1904-15; 
Chi  Omega  1906-15. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1 881 -13;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1893;  Alpha  Mu  Pi 
Omega.  1893-04;  Theta  Xi.  1899;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  1902-13; 
Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1904;  Phi  Delta,  1904-11;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1898; 
Kappa  Psi,  1898;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1905;  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon, 
1909;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1913;  Pi  Mu,  1913;  Sigma  Alpha  Mtt«  1912; 
Delta  Theta  Phi,  1914;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1916. 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS      '805 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1869:  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1903;  Sigma  Xi,  1903; 
Alpha  Ome^a  Alpha,  ignj;  E)elta  Sigma  Rho,  1910;  Phi  Delta 
K^>pa,  1910;   Theta  Tau,  1913;    Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1909. 

Columbian  University — See  George  Washington  University. 

CouBS  Broad  St.  Cokservatorv,  Philadelphia,  Pa.— Phi  Mu 
Alpha,  19001   Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1913. 

Connecticut  Agricultural  College,  Storra,  Conn. — Phi 
Epsilon  Pi,  1916;   Phi  Mu  Delta,  1918. 

Cooper  Medical  Coluegr,  San  Francisco,  Cal..  1858 — See  Stan- 
ford University. 

Cornell  College,  Mt.  Vemon,,Iowa,  1857,  M.E. — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1868-71;  Sigma  Nu,  1888-13. 

■CoRNBLL  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  1865— Chi  Phi,  1868; 
Kappa  Alpha,  1868:  ZeU  Psi,  1869;  Chi  Psi,  1869;  Phi  Kappa  Pd, 
i8«9;  Delta  Upsilon,  1869;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1869;  Delta  Kappa 
Ep^on,  1870;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1870;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1872; 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1874;  Psi  Upsilon,  1876;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  18S7; 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1888;  Phi  Sigma'Kappa,  1889;  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1890;  Sigma  Chi,  1890;  Sigma  Phi,  1890;  Delta  Phi,  1891; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1891;  Kappa  Sigma,  1892;  Sigma  Nu,  1901; 
Phi  Delta  Sigma,  1903  Qocai);  Delta  Kgma  Phi,  1906-10;  Pi 
Lambda  Phi,  1896;  Acacia,  1907;  Zela  Beta  Tau,  1907;  Alpha  Chi 
Rho,  1908;  Sigma  Phi  EpsUon,  1913;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1909; 
Phi  Kappa  Sgma,  1911;  Kappa  Psi  (local),  1907;  Theta  Cbi, 
1913;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  19061  Phi  Sigma  Delta,  19111  FhiEpsilon 
Pi,  1910;  Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  19101  Theta  Alpha,  1910;  Kappa 
Delta  Rho,  1913;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  1911;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha, 
1913;  Sigma  Pi,  1917;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1917;  Rho  Psi,  1915 
(Chinese). 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  18811  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  18831  Delta 
Gamma,  1885;  Alpha  Phi,  1889;  Delta  Zeta,  1908;  Alpha  Omicron 
Pi,  1908;    Delta  Delta  Delta,  1913;    Chi  Omega,  1917;    Kappa 


8o6^     DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Delta,  1917;   Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1918;    Delta  Pi  Alpha.  1916  Oocal); 
Pi  Beta  Phi,  19 19. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1888;  Phi  Alpha  Sigma.  1899;  Delta  Chi.  1890; 
Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1900;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1901;  Omega  Upsilon 
Phi,  1901,  (same  New  York  City  department,  1902);  Alpha  Zeta, 
1901;  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  1903;  Theta  Xi,  1903;  Thcta  Delta  Phi, 
1900;  Omega  Pi  Alpha,  1905;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1904;  Alpha  Psi, 
1907;  Gamma  Eta  Gamma,  1909;  Omega  Tau  Sigma,  191 1;  Alpha 
Chi  Sigma,  191 5;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  1914;  Medical  Dept.  N.  Y., 
Si^ma  Alpha  Mu,  19 12. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1882;  Sigma  Xi,  1886;  Gamma  Alpha,  1899; 
Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1910;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  19 10;  Delta  Sigma  Rho, 
1911;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  191 1 ;  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  1912;  S.  &  B.,   1906. 

Creighton  University,  Omaha,  Neb.,  1892 — Phi  Rho  Sigma, 
1900;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1907;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1910;  Gamma  Eta 
Gamma,  1912;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1912;  Kappa  Psi,  1914;  Phi  Chi, 
1916;   Xi  Psi  Phi,  1915. 

Crescent  College,  Eureka  Springs,  Ark. — Beta  Sigma  Omicron, 
1909-14;   Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1909-12. 

Cumberland  College,  Va. — Kappa  Sigma,  1880-84. 

Cumberland  University,  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  1842,  non-sect., 
formerly  Cumb.  Pres. — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1854-99;  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1857-73;  Delta  Psi,  1858-61;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1857-61; 
Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1859-61;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  i860;  Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1860-79;  Chi  Phi,  1861-61;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1868-02; 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1869-78;  Si.^ma  Chi,  1872-80;  Kappa  Sigma, 
1887-17;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1 892-1 908;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  19 12; 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 8;  Sigma  Nu  Phi,  191 5. 

Dartmouth  College,  Hanover,  N.  H.,  1770,  non-sect  (formerly 
Cong.)— Psi  Upsilon  1842;  K  K  K,  1842  (local),  ;  Alpha  Delta 
Phi,  1846;  Zeta  Psi,  1853-73;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1853;  Theta 
Delta  Chi,  1869;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1884;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1889; 
Sigma  Chi,  1893;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1896;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  190 1; 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1901;  Chi  Phi,  1902;  Kappa  Sigma,  1905;  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa»  1905;    Acacia,  1906-08;    Sigma  Nu,  1907;    Sigma 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS         80^ 

Alpha  Epsilon  1908;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1909;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha, 
1914;  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  19 19;   Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1888. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1787;  Gamma  Alpha,  1906;  TJelta  Sigma^ho, 
1910. 

Davidson  CoLLE(iE,  Davidson,  N.  C,  1837,  Prcs. — BetaTheta  Pi. 
1858;  Chi  Phi,  1859-69;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1869;  Kappa  Alpha. 
1880;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1883;  Kappa  Sigma,  1890;  Pi  Kappa 
Phi,  1910-18;   Sigma  Epsilon,  1915. 

Dearborn  Medical  College,  Chicago,  111.,  1893 — Phi  Delta, 
1904-08. 

Delaware  State  College,  Newark,  Del.,  1824 — Kappa  Alpha, 
1904;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1907;  Sigma  Nu,  19 10;  Omega  Alpha 
(local),  1911;   Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1904. 

Denison  University,  Granville,  Ohio,  1832,  Bap.  (formerly 
called  Granville  College)— Sigma  Chi,  1868;  Beta  Theta  Pi^  1868; 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1885;  Kappa  Sigma,  191 1;  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1915;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1919;  Kappa  Phi,  1897  (local  sorority); 
Chi  Psi  Delta,  1900  (local  sorority) ;  Sigma  Delta  Phi  (local  sorority), 
1905;  Omega  Pi  Epsilon  (local),  191 5;  Phi  Mu  Alpha,  191 2;  Phi 
Beta  Kappa,  191 1;    Delta  Omicron,  1915. 

Denver  and  Gross  Medical  College,  Denver,  Colo.,  1881 — 
(Now  Medical  and  Dental  Departments,  University  of  Colorado) — 
Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  1898;    Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1903. 

Denver  Homeopathic  Medical  College,  Denver,  Col. — Pi 
Upsilon  Rho,  1902-06. 

Denver,  University  of,  Denver,  Colo.,  1880,  M.E. — Beta  Theta 
Pi,  1888;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1 891;  Kappa  Sigma,  1902;  Sigma 
Phi  Epsilon,  19 13;  Alpha  Pi  Nu.  1913  (local);  Lambda  Chi  Alpha, 
191 8;    Iota  Delta,  191 7  (local). 

Pi  Beta  Phi,  1885;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1897;  Sigma  Kappa,  1908; 
Kappa  Delta,  19 14;  Delta  Zeta,  191 7;  Psi  Omega,  1897;  Phi  Delta 
Phi,  1902;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1913;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1905;  Tau 
Kappa  Alpha,  1909;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  1910;  Sigma  Delta  Chi, 
1910;  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon  (chcm.  honorary),  1912;  Pi  Beta  Omega 
(local  biology);   Sigma  Phi  Alpha  (local  scholarship). 


8o8        3tItECrORy— COLLEGES  AMD   CHAPTERS 

DbPauw  University,  Greencastle,  Ind.,  1837,  M.E.  (formerly 
called  Indiana  Asbury  University) — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1845;  Phi 
Gamma  Delta,  1S56:  Sigma  Chi.  1859;  Phi  KagpaPsi,  1865;  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1866;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1868;  Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1 871;  Delta  Upsilon,  1887;  Sigma  Nu,  1890;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha 
1915;   Beta  Phi,  1915. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1870;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1870-79;  Kappa  Kappa 
Gamma,  1875;  Alpha  Phi,  1888;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1885;  Mu  Phi 
Epsilon,  1905-09;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1907;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta, 
1908;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1908;  Delta  Zeta,  1909;  Delta  Mu  Sigma, 
19 10  (local  sorority). 

Delta  Chi,  1892-96;    Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1908;    Phi  Mu  Alpha, 

I9II-I3- 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1889;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1909;  Delta  Sig^ma  Rho, 

1915.  • 

DesMoines  College  of  Osteopathy,  Des  Moines,  Iowa — Iota 
Tau  Sigma,  1903;    Delta  Omega,  19 13;   Phi  Sigma  Ganmia,  191 5. 

Detroit  College  ok  Law,  Detroit,  Mich. — Delta  Theta  Phi,  1903. 
Sigma  Nu  Phi,  191 5. 

Detroit  College  of  Medicine,  Detroit,  Mich.,  1867 — Nu  Sigma 
Nu,  1889;  *Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1 895-1909;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1897; 
Phi  Beta  Pi,  1902;  ♦Xi  Psi  Phi,  1906-10;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1913;  Phi 
Chi,  1914-18;    Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1918. 

Detroit  Conservatory  of  Music,  Detroit,  Mich. — Phi  Mu 
Alpha,  1901-12;  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1905;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  1907; 
Delta  Omicron,  19 10. 

Detroit  Homeopathic  Medical  College,  Detroit,  Mich. — Pi 
Upsilon  Rho,  1903  ;  Alpha  Sigma,  1902-12. 

Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  1783,  non-sect,  (formerly 
M.E.) — Zeta  Psi,  1852-56;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1854;  Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1859;  Sigma  Chi,  1859;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1861-95;  Chi  Phi, 
1869-94;  Bete  Thete  Pi,  1874;  Phi  DelteThete,  1880;  Sigma  Alpha 


iTha  dental  department  in  which  theae  societies  were  located  has  been  moT»d 
to  the  University  of  Michigan. 


blRECTORY^COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS         S09 

Bpsilon,  1890;  iCappa  Sigma,  1902;  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  1905;  Phi 
BpsilonPi,  1914;  Theta  Chi  1916;  Delta  Chi,  1893;  Delta  Theta 
Phi,  1903;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1903;  Chi  Omega,  1907;  Phi  Mu,  1919; 
Alpha  Qamma  Pd,  1919  Gocal  sorority);  Phi  Beta  iCappa,  1887. 

Drake  University,  Des  Moines,  la.,  1880,  Christian — Sigma  Nu, 
1891-94:  Gamma  Sigma  Kappa  (local),  1906;  Chi  Delta  (local); 
Tau  Psi  (local);  Kappa  Lambda  (local);  Phi  Gamma  Lambda 
(local);  Sigma  Beta  Elappa  (local). 

Epsilon  Tau  Sigma,  1905  (local  sorority);  Iota  Alpha  Omega 
(local  sorority);  Beta  Chi  Upsilon  (local  sorority);  Omega  Delta 
(local  sorority) ;  Gamma  Delta  Phi  (local  sorority) ;  Alpha  Gamma 
Tatt  (local  sorority);  Iota  Delta  Omicron  (local  sorority);  Zeta 
Phi  Oocal  sorority);  iCappa  iCappa  Upsilon  Gocal  sorority);  Alpha 
Rho  Omega  -(local  sorority);  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  191 7. 

Drury  College,  Springfield,  Mo.,  1873 — Kappa  Alpha,  1906; 
Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1909;  Phi  Alpha  Sigma  (local);  Delta  Delta 
Delta,  1913;   Pi  Beta  Phi,  1914;  Obelisk  Gocal)  191 1. 

Edinburgh,  University  of,  Edinburgh,  Scotland — Chi  Phi, 
1867-70. 

Ely's  School,  Misses,  New  York,  N.  Y. — Phi  Mu  Gamma, 
1903-07- 

Emerson  College  of  Oratory,  Boston,  Mass. — 2^eta  Phi  Eta, 
1893;  Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1907;  Phi  Alpha  Tau,  1902;  iCappa  Gamma 
Chi  (local  women). 

Emory  University,  Emory  Universtiy  P.  O.,  Ga.,  1836,  M.E. — 
Kappa  Alpha,  1869;  Chi  Phi,  1869;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1871;  Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  1881;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1881;  Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1882;  Sigma  Nu,  1884;  ICappa  Sigma,  1887-91;  Pi  Kappa  Phi, 
19 12;    Sigma  Upsilon,  19 13;   Sigma  Iota  (Spanish). 

Phi  Chi,  1905;   Chi  2^ta  Chi,  1913;  Alpha  ICappa  Kappa,  1914. 

Emory  and  Henry  College,  Emory,  Va.,  1837,  M.E. — Phi 
Elappa  Sigma,  1856-61;  Kappa  Sigma,  1873-95;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1884-95;   ICappa  Alpha,  1893-95. 


■I    I   iM 


8io        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Episcopal  High  School  of  Virginia,  Alexandria,  Va. — Kappa 
Sigma,  1880-84. 

Erskine  College,  Due  West,  S.  C,  1841,  Ref.  Pr. — Sigma  Chi. 
1860-61;    Kappa  Alpha,  1883-93;    Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1884-94. 

Eureka  College,  Eureka,  Ills. — Pi  Kappa  Delta,  191 5;  Tau 
Kappa  Epsilon,  191 7;   Delta  Zeta,  1917. 

Fairmount  College,  Mont  Eagle,  Tenn. — Delta  Gamma,  187 7-80; 
Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  1906. 

Fairmount  Seminary,  Washington,  D.  C. — Kappa  Delta,  1903- 
II;   Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1904-11;   Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1905-06. 

Fauquier  Institute,  Warrenton,  Va. — Alpha  Sigma  Alpha. 
1905-07. 

Florida  State  College  for  Women,  Tallahassc,  Fla. — Kappa 
Delta,  1904;  Chi  Omega,  1908;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  1908-15;  Alpha 
Delta  Pi,  1909;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1916;  Alpha  Omega,  1915  (local). 

Florida,  University  of,  Gainesville,  Fla.,  1857 — Alpha  Tau 
Omega,  1884;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1884;  Kappa  Alpha,  1904; 
Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1904;  Theta  Chi,  1916;  Phi  Kappa  Phi  (hon.), 
1912. 

Fordham  University,  New  York,  N.  Y. — Phi  Delta  Epsilon* 
1907;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1908;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  19 12;  Delta  Theta 
Phi,  1912. 

Forest  Academy,  Anchorage,  Ky. — Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1877- 
78. 

Forest  Park  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. — Eta  Upsilon  Gamma, 
1903-12. 

Fort  Worth  School  of  Medicine,  Fort  Worth,  Tex. — ^Kappa 
Psi,  19 1 7. 

Franklin  College,  Franklin,  Ind.,  1837. — Phi  Delta  Theta,  i860; 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1872-77;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1892;  Phi  Alpha 
Pi,  1909  (local);  Kappa  Delta  Rho,  1919;  Delta  Gamma,  1878-83; 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1879-84;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1888;  Iota  Psi  Nu. 
191 1  (local  sorority);  Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 2. 


r>i RECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS         8ii 

Franklin  and  Mak^hall  College,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1853,  ReF.— 
Phi  Kapiu  Sigma,  1854;  Chi  Phi,  1854:  Phi  Kappa  Pd,  i860; 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1874-96;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1903;  Delta  Sigma 
Phi,  1916;  lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1918;  Sigma  Pi,  1918;  Phi  BeU 
Kappa,  1908,  / 

Fulton  S^nodical  College,  Fulton,  Mo.,  Pres. — Delta  Gamma, 
1882-85;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1891. 

FuRMAN  University,  Greenville,  S.  C,  1850.  Bap.— Chi  Psi. 
1858-98;  Sigma  Alpha  Bpsilon,  1868-98:  Kappa  Alpha,  1873-98; 
Pi  Kappa  Phi,  1908-12. 

Georgetown  College,  Georgetown,  Ky.,  1829,  Bap. — Phi 
Delta  Theta,  1857-76;  Kappa  Alpha,  1904;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha, 
1906. 

Georgetown  University,  Washington,  D.  C.,  1851,  R.  C. — Phi 
Chi,  1902;  Kappa  Psi,  1903-06;  DeltaChi,  1903;  Psi  Omega,  1904; 
Plii  Beta  Pi,  igo6;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1909;  Delta  Sigma  Delta, 
1911:  Theta  Delta  Phi,  1911;  Gamma  Eta  Gamma,  1914;  Sigma 
NuPhi  1914. 

George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C.  1821 
(formerly  and  down  to  1904  called  Columbian  University) — Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon,  1858;  Sigma  Chi,  1864;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1868-99, 
Alpha  Tau  Omefia,  1874-88;  Kappa  Sigma,  1892;  Kappa  Alpha, 
1894;  ThcU  Delta  Chi,  I8g6;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1899;  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1903:  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1909;  Sigma  Nu,  1915;  Pi  Beta 
Phi,  1889;  Sigma  Kappa,  1906:  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1884;  Chi  Om^a, 
1903;  Psi  Omega,  1903;  Phi  Chi,  1904;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1905; 
Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1908-13;  Kappa  Psi,  1913;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1908; 
Phi  Mu,  1915;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1917;  Delta  TheU  Phi,  1916;  Phi  Delta 
Delta,  1918;    Sigma  Xi,  1914. 

Georgia  Military  Institute,  Marietta,  Ga.^igma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1857-65. 

GEomiiA  School  of  Technology,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  1888 — Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  1888;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1890;  Kappa  Sigma,  1895; 
Sigma  Nu,  1896;  Kappa  Alpha,  1899;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1902; 
Chi  Phi,  1904:    Phi  Kappa  Sigma,   1904;    Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1904; 


!*adMHi 


Si 2         DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1907;  Pi  Kappa  Phi,  1913;  Phi  Bpsilon  Pi,  1916; 
Beta  Thota  Pi,  1917;  Phi  Psi,  1917  (textile);  Phi  Kappa  Phi  (ban.) 
1914. 

Georgia,  University  of,  Athens,  Ga.,  1785 — Sigma  Alpha  Ep- 
silon, 1866;  Chi  Phi,  1867;  Kappa  Alpha,  1868;  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1871;  Sigma  Chi,  1872;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1871-91;  Sigma  Nu, 
1873;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1878;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1882;  Chi  Psi, 
1890;  Kappa  Sigma,  1901;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1908-15;  Lambda 
Chi  Alpha,  1915;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1915;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1903;  Delta 
Theta  Phi,  1904;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa;  1904;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha, 
1911-12;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1906;  Alpha  Zeta,  1914;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
19 1 4. 

Gordon    Institute,  Barnesville,    Ga. — Kappa  Alpha,   1879-83. 

GoucHER  College,  Biiltim  )re,  Md.,  non-sect,  (formerly  M.E.) 
(formerly  called  the  Women's  College  of  Baltimore) — ^Alpha  Phi, 
1 89 1;  Delta  Gamma,  1892;  Tau  Kappa  Pi,  1892;  Gamma  Phi 
Beta,  1893;  Kappa  iVlpha  Theta,  1896;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1897;  Delta 
Delta  Delta,  1898;    Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1909;    Phi  Beta  Kappa 

1905- 
Graham's,  Misses,  New  York,  N.  Y. — Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1902. 

Greenville  College,  Greenville,  S.  C. — Eta  Upsilon  Gamma, 
1913. 

Grinnell  College,  Grinnell,  Iowa,  1848 — Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1919; 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1908. 

Gunston  Institute,  Washington,  D.  C. — Kappa  Delta,  1903—12; 

Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1 908-1 1 ;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  191 1. 

Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Chicago,  111.,  i86o — Pi  Upsilon 
Rho,  1876;   Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1900;  Alpha  Sigma,  1905. 

Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. — ^Alpha 
Sigma,  1897. 

Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  the  Pacific,  San  Prandsoo, 
Cal. — Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1906;  Alpha  Sigma,  1900. 


DIRECTORY'-COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        813 

Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  181 2,  Pres. — Sigma  Phi, 
1831;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1832;  Psi  Upsilon,  1843;  Chi  Psi,  1845; 
Delta  Upsilon,  1847;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1856;  Theta  Delta  Chi, 
1868;  Beta  Kappa  (local)  191 8;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1870. 

Hamilton  College  (Women's  Department  of  Transylvania 
University),  Lexington,  Ky. — Chi  Omega,  1903;  Beta  Sigma 
Omicron,  1906;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1908. 

Hamilton  College  of  Law,  Chicago,  Ills. — Sigma  Delta  Kappa, 
191 5;   Sigma  Nu  Phi,  191 5. 

Hamilton  School,  Washington,  D.  C. — Alpha  Sigma  Alpha, 
1911-12. 

Hamline  University,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  1883 — Beta  Kappa 
1898  (local);  Fellows,  1908  (local);  Phi  Delta,  1910 .(local) ;  Brown- 
ing. 1883  (local  women);    Alpha  Phi,  1898  Gocal  women);    Sigma 
Delta,  191 7  (local  women). ♦ 

Hampden-SidnEy  College,  Prince  Edward  Co.,  Va.,  1776,  Pres. — 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1 850-191 2;  Phi  Kappa  Psi.  1855-00;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1860-^1;  Chi  Phi,  1867;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1870-04; 
Sigma  Chi,  1 872-1902;  Kappa  Sigma,  1883;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha, 
1885;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1890-94;  Kappa  Alpha,  1899;  Theta  Chi, 
1914;  Sigma  Upsilon,  191 5. 

Hannah  Moore  Academy,  Reisterstown,  Md. — Zeta  Tau  Alpha, 
1900-04;  Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1905-07. 

Hanover. College,  Hanover,  Ind.,  1833,  Pres. — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1853;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1864;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  186 1;  Sigma  Chi, 
1871-18;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1872-95;  Delta  Ganmia,  1881-81; 
Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1882-99;  Phi  Mu,  1913;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1913; 
Theta  Delta  Sigma,  19 12  (local  sorority). 

Hardin  College,  Mexico,  Mo. — Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1902; 
Eta  Upsilon  Gamma,  1902;  Phi  Mu,  1907-IT;  Sigma  Iota  Chi, 
1914. 

Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1638 — Alpha  Delta 
Phi,  1837-07;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1843-01;  Delta  Phi,  1845-01;  Psi 
Upsilon,  1850-72;   Zeta  Psi,  1852-92;   Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  185 1- 


8l4        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

91;  Theta  Ddta  Chi,  1856-16;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1865-67;  Delta 
Upsilon,  1880;  Chi  Phi,  1885-87;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1893;  Phi 
Delta  Phi,  1887-09;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1891;  Pi  Lambda  Phi, 
1896-01;  Psi  Omega,  1897;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1899-12;  Phi  Rho  Sigma, 
1902;  Kappa  Sigma,  1905;  Acacia,  1906;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1911; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  191 2;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1908;  Lambda  Chi 
Alpha,  1916;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  1916;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1916; 
Kappa  Nu,  191 8;  Tau  Delta  Phi,  191 8;  Alpha  Phi  Sigma,  1904 
(local);  Chi  Delta,  1913  (local);  Phi  Kappa  Epsilon,  1910  Qocal); 
Phi  Delta  Psi  (local);  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  191 2;  Zcta  Beta  Tau, 
1912;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1913;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1913;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon, 
1916. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1781;   Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1906;   Delta  Sigma 
Rho,  1909;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  191 1. 

Hastings  College,  Hastings,  Neb. — Pi  Beta  Phi,  1887-87. 

Haverford  College,  Haverfonl,  Pa. — Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1891- 
92:   Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1884-90;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1899. 

Hellmuth  Women's  College,  I>ondon,  Ont. — Chi  Omega,  1899- 
00. 

HiGHi.AND  Park  College,  Des  Moines,  Iowa — Pi  Kappa  Deita, 
1915. 

Hillsdale  College,  Hillsdale,  Mich.,  1855,  non-sect,  (formerly 
Bap.)— Delta  Tau  Delta,  1867;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1882-98;  Sigma 
Chi,  1883-86;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1888;  Kapi)a  Kappa  Gamma, 
1880;    Pi  Beta  Phi,  1887;    Delta  vSii^ma  Phi.  1915. 

HoBART  College,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  1822,  Epis.  -Alpha  Delta  Phi. 
1840-76;  Sigma  Phi,  1840;  Kappa  Alpha,  1844;  Theta  Delta  Chi, 
1857;  Chi  Phi,  1860-80;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1881-92;  Sigma  Chi, 
1892;    Phi  Phi  Delta  (local),  1900;    Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1871. 

HoLLiNS  College,  Hollins,  V'a.,  1842 — Kappa  Delta,  1902; 
Phi  Mu,  1904;  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma,  1905-14;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron, 
1913;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1914;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1916;  Pi  Beta. 
Phi,  191 7;   Beta  Kappa  (local). 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS         815 

Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  Missouri,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
1857 — Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1899-09. 

Hospital  College  op  Medicine,  Louisville,  Ky.,  1872 — Phi  Chi 
1897;  Pi  Mu,  1907. 

Howard  College,  Birmingham,  Ala.  (formerly  at  Marion,  Ala. 
and  at  East  Lake,  Ala.),  1842,  Bap. — Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1856-61; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1870-76;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1872-79;  Sigma  Chi, 
1 872-85 ;  Sigma  Nu,  1 879 ;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  191 1 ;  Psi  Delta  Oocal) ; 
Zeta  Omega  (local  women);  Sigma  Tau  Delta  (local  women). 

Howard  University,  Washington,  D.  C,  1867  (Colored) — Alpha 
Phi  Alpha,  1907. 

Hunter  College,  New  York,  N.  Y.  (formerly  New  York  City 
Normal  School) — Kappa  Delta,  1913. 

Idaho,  University  op,  Moscow,  Idaho,  1892 — Kappa  Sigma, 
1905;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1908;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1914;  Sigma  Nu, 
1915;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1919;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1909;  Delta 
Gamma,  191 1;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1914;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
191 5;  Chi  Delta  Phi,  19 16  (women's  local);  Alpha  Kappa  Epsilon, 
1913  (local). 

Illinois  College,  Jacksonville,  111.,  1835 — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1856- 
66. 

Illinois  College  op  Law,  Chicago,  111.  (Law  Department  of 
DePaul  University)— Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1897;  Delta  Theta  Phi. 
1904. 

Illinois,  University  op,  Urbana,  III..  1868 — Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1872;  Sigma  Chi,  1881;  Kappa  Sigma,  1891;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 
1892;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1893;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1895;  Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1897;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1899;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1902; 
Sigma  Nu,  1902;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1903;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1904; 
Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1904;  Delta  Upsilon,  1905;  Acacia,  1906; 
Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  1906;  Theta  Delta  Chi.  1908;  Sigma  Pi,  1908; 
Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1908;  Zeta  Psi,  1909;  Psi  Upsilon.  1910;  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa,  1910;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  191 1;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  191 1; 
Tau  Kappa  Epsilon  1912;  Beta  Phi  1913;  Phi  Kappa  1912;   Chi 


-^^        ..  Urn 


804       DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Delta  Gamma,  1885;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1884;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1901;  Chi  Omega,  1906;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1907;  Delta  Delta 
Delta,  1910;  Eta  Upsilon  Gamma,  1910-12;  Delta  Kappa  Phi 
(local  sorority),  191 1;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  191 4;  Achoth,  191 7. 

Omega  Upsiloa  Phi,  1900;  Alpha  Zeta,  1907;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1907; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1908;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1909;  Pht  Alpha  D3lta, 
1910;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1903;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1914. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1904;  Sigma  Xi,  1905;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1905; 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1910;    Sigma  Tau,  1914. 

Colorado  Woman's  College,  Denver,  Colo.,  1909,  Baptist — Eta 
Upsilon  Gamma,  1910;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1914. 

Columbia  University,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  1754 — Alpha  Delta  Phi, 
1836;  Psi  Upsilon.  1842;  Delta  Phi.  1842;  Chi  Psi,  1846-85;  Delta 
Psi,  1847;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1855;  Phi  Ganmia  Delta,  1866; 
Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1872;  Delta  Kappa  Epdlon,  1874;  Zeta  Psi,  1879; 
Beta  Theta  Pi.  1881;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1881-1910;  Delta  Tau 
Delta.  1882;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1883;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1884;  Delta 
Upsilon,  1885;  Sigma  Chi,  1894;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1895; 
Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1896;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1897;  Alpha  Chi  Rho, 
1900;  Omega  Pi  Alpha,  1902-07;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1903-14;  Zeta 
Beta  Tau,  1905;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1905;  Sigma  Nu,  1908;  Acacia, 
1909;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  19 10;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1909-12;  Phi 
Sigma  Delta.  1910;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  191 1;  Kappa  Nu,  1915; 
Flip  Flap,  1908  (Chinese);  Epsilon  Psi  Epsilon,  1910  (local);  Alpha 
Phi  Delta,  1915  (local);   Phi  Beta  Delta,  1912  Oocal). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1 891-15;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1897-15* 
Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1898-15;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1901-15;  Alpha 
Phi,  1903-15;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1903-15;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1904-15; 
Chi  Omega  1906-15. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1881-13;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1893;  Alpha  Mu  Pi 
Omega,  1893-04;  Theta  Xi,  1899;  Om^;a  Upsilon  Phi,  1902-13; 
Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1904;  Phi  Delta,  1904-11;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1898; 
Kappa  Psi,  1898;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1905;  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon, 
1909;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1913;  Pi  Mu,  1913;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  191 2; 
Delta  Theta  Phi,  1914;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1916. 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        805 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1869:  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1902;  .Sigma  Xi,  1903: 
Alpha  Ome^a  Alpha,  191)7;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  igio;  Phi  Delta 
Kappa,  1910;   Theta  Tau,  1913;    Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1909. 

Columbian  University — See  George  Washington  University. 

Combs  Bboad  St.  Conservatory,  Philadelphia,  Pa. — Phi  Mu 
Alpha,  1900:   Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1912. 

Connecticut  Agricultural  Collbge,  Storrs,  Conn. — Phi 
Epalon  Pi,  1916;  Phi  Mu  Delta,  1918. 

Cooper  Medical  College,  San  Francisco,  C.al..  1858 — See  Stan- 
ford University. 

Cornell  College,  Mt.  Vemon,.Iowa,  1857,  M.E. — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1868-71;  Sigma  Nu,  1888-13. 

•CoRHBu.  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y..  1865— Chi  Phi.  1868; 
Kappa  Alpha,  1868;  Zeta  Psi,  1869;  Chi  Psi,  1869;  Phi  Kappa  Psi, 
1869;  Delta  Upsilon,  1869;  Alpha  Delu  Phi,  1869;  Delta  Kappa 
EpdloQ,  1870;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1870;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1873; 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1874;  Psi  Upsilon,  1876;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1887; 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1888;  Phi  Sigma^Kappa,  1889:  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1890;  Sigma  Chi,  1890;  Sigma  Phi,  1890;  Delta  Phi,  1891; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1891;  Kappa  Sigma,  1893;  Sigma  Nu,  1901; 
Phi  Delta  Sigma,  1903  (local);  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1906-1O;  Pi 
Lambda  Phi,  1896;  Acacia,  19071  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1907;  Alpha  Chi 
Rho,  1908;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1913;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1909; 
Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1911;  Kappa  Psi  (local),  1907;  Theta  Chi, 
1913;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1906;  Phi  Sigma  Delta,  191 1;  Phi  Epsilon 
Pi,  1910;  Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  1910;  Theta  Alpha,  1910;  Kappa 
Delta  Rho,  1913;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  1911;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha, 
1913;  Sigma  Pi,  1917;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1917;  Rho  Psi,  1915 
(Chinese). 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1881;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  18831  Delta 
Gamma,  1885;  Alpha  Phi,  1889;  Delta  Zeta,  1908;  Alpha  Omicron 
Pi,  1908;    Delta  Delta  Delta,  1913;    Chi  Omega,  1917;    Kappa 


8i6       DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Phi  1912;  Chi  Psi  1912;  Chi  Beta  (local)  1906;  Lambda  Chi 
Alpha  1915;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi  1913;  Alpha  Chi  Rho  1916;  Theta 
Chi  1916;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha  1916;  Phi  Kappa  Tau  1916;  PiEIappa 
Alpha  191 7;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon  191 7;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu  191 8; 
Delta  Sigma  Phi  1919;  Sigma  Phi  Sigma  1919;  Pi  Pi  Rho  1915 
(local);  Alpha  Gamma  Mu   19 18  (local);  Beta  Upsilon  (local). 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta  1895;  Pi  Beta  Phi  1895;  Kapi>a  Kappa 
Gamma  1889;  Alpha  Chi  Omega  1899;  Chi  Omega  1900;  Alpha 
Xi  Delta  1905;  Sigma  Kappa,  1906;  Delta  Gamma,  1906;  Alpha 
Omicron  Pi,  191 1;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1912;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1913: 
Achoth,  1911;  Nu  Sigma  Phi,  1898;  Triangle,  1907;  Alpha  Gamma 
Delta,  19 18. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1901;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1903;  Kappa  Psi,  1910; 
Kappa  Delta  Chi  (educational);  Phi  Chi  ,1910;  Alpha  Rho  Chi, 
19 14;  Alpha  Zeta  Gamma  (dental  local);  Theta  Tau,  1916;  Phi 
Chi,  1918;   Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1918;  A.  U.  P.,  1914;  Scarab,  1909. 

Tau  Beta^  Pi,  1897;  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  1904;  Sigma  Xi,  1904; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1908;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1907;  Gamma  Alpha,  1908;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  191 2;  Plii  Lambda 
Upsilon,  1889;  Sigma  Tau,  1914;  Sigma  Mu  Rho  (med.  local  hon.); 
Beta  Gamma  Sigma,  19 13;  Coif,  1902;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  191 4; 
S.  &  B.,  1909. 

Illinois,  UNn^RsixY  of.  College  of  Medicine,  Chicago,  111.— r 
Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1892;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1899;  Phi  Rho  Sigma, 
1900;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1902;  Alpha  Phi  Sigma,  1908;  Phi  Chi,  1909; 
Aleph  Yodh  He,  1910;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1902  (honorary). 

Illinois  Weslevan  University,  Bloomington,  111.,  1850,  M.E. — 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1866;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1877-80;  Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1878-97;  Sigma  Chi,  1883;  Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  1899; 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1873;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1875-95;  Sigma 
Kappa,  1906;  Kappa  Delta,  1908;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  19 14; 
Phi  Delta  Phi,  1878;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1908;  Pi  Kappa  Delta,  1914; 
Pi  Mu  Epsilon,  1918  (local  men);  Phi  Rho,  1918  (local  men);  Epsi- 
lon Rho,  1 9 19  (local  women). 

Indiana  College  of  Music  and  Fine  Arts,  Indianapolis,  Ind. — 
Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  191 1. 


DIRECTORY-^COLLBGES  AND  CHAPTBRS        8x7 

Indiana  Medical  College  (medical  departmeiit  of  the  Univer* 
sity  of  Indiana  located  at  Indianapolis.  It  was  formerly  a  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Indianapolis) — Phi  Chi,  1903;  Phi  Rhp 
Sigma,  1903;   Phi  Beta  Pi,  1905. 

Indiana  State  Normal  School,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. — Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1869-72. 

Indiana  University,  Bloomington,  Ind.,  1828 — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1845;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1849;  Sigma  Chi,  1858;  Fhi  Kappa  Psi, 
1869;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1870;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1871;  Kappa 
Sigma,  1887;  Sigma  Nu,  1892;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1907; 
Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  191 1;  Alpha  Tau  Om^a,  1915;  Delta  Upsilon, 
191 5;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 8. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1870;  Kappa  Kappa  Ganmia,  1873;  Pi 
Beta  Phi,  1893;  Delta  Gamma,  1898;  Delta  Zeta,  1909;  Alpha 
Omicron  Pi,  1916;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 7;  Sigma  Kappa,  19 18. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1900;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1908;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1908; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1908;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1908;  Phi  Chi,  1910; 
Tau  Epsilon  Pi,  Gocal);  Gamma  Eta,  1912;  Theta  Sigma  Phi,  1913 
(journalism);  Sigma  Delta  Psi,  191 5  (athletics);  Nu  Sigma  Phi, 
1909. 

Sigma  Xi,  1904;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1908;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1910; 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  191 1 ;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  191 5;  Sigma  Delta  Chi, 
1914;  Theta  Sigma  Phi. 

Indianapolis,  University  of,  IndianapoUs  and  Irvington,  Ind., 
1894,  the  Academic  Department  is  called  Butler  Collie — Indiana 
Dental  College.  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1900;  Psi 
Omega,  1903;   Sigma  Delta  Kappa,  191 7. 

Iowa  State  College,  Ames,  Iowa,  1858 — Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1875;  Sigma  Nu,  1904;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1905;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
1905;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1907;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1908;  Acacia 
1909;  Kappa  Sigma,  1909;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  191 1;  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha,  1913;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1913;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1912;^  Delta 
Upsilon,  19 13;  Rho  Sigma  Gamma,  1909;  Tau  Kappa  Epsikm, 
191 5;   Beta  Phi,  1914;   Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1914;   Sigma  Chi,  1916; 


-  .r^^ 


818        DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Theta  Xi,  1909;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  19 14;  Sigma  Phi  Bpsilon,  1916; 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1918;  Sigma  Sigma  (local);  Lambda  Sigma 
Phi  (local);  Lambda  Tau  Alpha  Gocal);  Alpha  Chi  Beta  Gocal); 
Upsilon  Sigma  Alpha  (local);   Gamma  Sigma  Alpha,  1919  (local). 

Pi  Beta  Phi,  1877;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1889;  Kappa  Delta,  1908; 
Alpha  Delta  Pi,  191 1;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  191 7;  Gamma  Phi 
Beta,  19 19;  Alpha  Chi  Beta  (local). 

Alpha  Zeta,  1905;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1907;  Gamma  Delta  Sigma, 
1905;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1909;  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  191 1;  Phi  Lambda 
Upsilon,  191 2;  Omicron  Nu  (econ.  hon.),  1913;  Sigma  Delta  Chi, 
1914;  S.  &  B.,  1915. 

Iowa  State  Teacher's  College,  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa — Deha 
Sigma  Rho,  191 3;   Achoth,  1915. 

Iowa  University  of,  Iowa  City,  luwa,  1857 — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1866;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1867;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1873;  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1880;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1882;  Sigma  Chi,  1882;  Sigma  Nu 
1893;!  Kappa  Sigma,  1902;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1905;  Acada, 
1909;]^ Delta  Chi,  1912;  Theta  Xi,  1912;  Phi  Kappa,  19 14;  Kappa 
Alpha ^Xi  (colored),  1914;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  191 5;  Sigma  Phi 
Epsilon,  191 7;  Sigma  Pi,  191 8;   Phi  Zeta  Epsilon,  19 14  (local). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1882;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1882;  Delta  Gamma, 
1887;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1904;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  191 1;  Alpha 
Xi  Delta,  1912;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1915;  Achoth,  1910;  Delta  Zeta 
1913;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  191 5;  Chi  Omega,  1919. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1893;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893;  Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1897; 
Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1902;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1905;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1906; 
Psi  Omega,  1906;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1907;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1908; 
Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1915;   S.  &  B.,  1907-10;   Nu  Sigma  Phi,  1919. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1895;  Sigma  Xi,  1900;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906; 
Sigma  Tau,  1906-11;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1909;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1910: 
Sigma  Delta  Chi,  191 1;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  1913;  Coifj  1908. 

Iowa  Wesleyan  College,  Mt.  Pleasant,  Iowa,  1842,  M.E. — Beta 
Theta  Pi,  1868-1915;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1871;  Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1874-80;    Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1913;    Pi  Beta  Phi,  1868;   Alpha  Xi 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        819 

Delta,  1902;  Iota  Phi  (hon.  scholarship);  Pi  Kappa  Delta,  191 3; 
Phi  Mu,  1914;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1917;  Kappa  Delta  Psi,  1917 
(local  men). 

Ithaca  Conservatory  of  Music,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. — Phi  Mu  Alpha, 
1904;  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1909;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  1909. 

Jackson  College,  Medford,  Mass.  (formerly*  the  Women's 
Department  of  Tufts  College) — ^Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1907;  Alpha 
Omicron  Pi,  1908;  Chi  Omega,  1910;  Sigma  Kappa,  1913. 

Jamestown  Collegiate  Institute,  Jamestown,  N.  Y. — Delta 
Tau  Delta,  1868-71. 

Jefferson  College,  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  united  with  Washington 
College  under  the  name  of  Washington  and  Jefferson  College,  which 
see. 

Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1825 — Phi 
Alpha  Sigma,  1899;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1900;  Nu  Sigma  Nu, 
1900;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1902;  Phi  Chi,  1903;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon, 
1903-11;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1904;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1907-08;  Omega 
Upsilon  Phi,  1908;  Pi  Mu,  1908-15;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  190S-10;  Phi 
Delta  Epsilon,  1909-12;  Kappa  Psi,  1912;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha, 
1903;   Phi  Chi  Delta,  1914;  Aleph  Yodh  He,  1914. 

Jbnner  Medical  College — ^Aleph  Yodh  He,  19 12. 

Jessamine  Female  Institute,  Nicholasville,  Ky.,  1874 — Chi 
Omega,  1898-02. 

John  Marshall  Law  School,  Chicago,  111. — Delta  Theta  Phi, 
1909. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1876 — Beta  Theta 
Pi,  1877;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1879;  Delta  Phi,  1885;  Alpha  Delta  Phi, 
1889;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1891;  Kappa  Alpha,  1891;  Pi  Kappa  Chi 
(local),  1905;  Phi  Rho  Epsilon,  1902-04;  Zeta  Phi,  1906-14;  Nu 
Sigma  Nu,  1905;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1905-06;  Pi  Mu,  19 10;  Phi  Chi, 
1910;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1910;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1913;  Alpha  Kappa 
Kappa,  19 17. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1895;  Gamma  Alpha,  1904;  Alpha  Omega 
Alpha,  1906. 


Sao        DIRECTORY^-COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTEitS 

JuDSON  College,  Marion,  Ala. — Elappa  Delta,  1904—19;  ZcU 
Tau  Alpha,  1905;  Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1904-14;  Delta  Delta  D«lt», 
1913;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1910;  Eta  Upsilon  Gamma,  1910-14. 

Kansas  City  Dental  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  iSSo—Delta 

Sigma  Delta,  1898;  Psi  Omega,  19 10. 

Kansas  CitV  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
— Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1906. 

Kansas  City  Law  School,  Kansas  City,  Mo. — Phi  Alpha  Ddta, 
1908;    Delta  Theta  Phi,  1915. 

Kansas  City  University  Medical  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo.— 
—Phi  Beta  Pi,  1904-13. 

Kansas  City  Veterinary  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo. — ^Alpha 
Psi,  1908-18. 

Kansas  State  Normal  School,  Emporia,  Kan. — Sigma  Sigoaa 
Sigma,  191 7;  Pi  Kappa  Sigma,  191 8. 

Kansas,  University  of,  Lawrence,  Kan.,  1864 — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1872;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1876;  Phi  Ganmia  Delta,  1881;  Phi  Ddta 
Theta,  1882;  Sigma  Nu,  1884;  Sigma  Chi,  1884;  Alpha  Tau  Omeg*, 
1901;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1903;  Acacia,  1904;  Kappa 
191 2;  Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  1912;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1914;  Pi 
Alpha,  1915;  Pi  Upsilon  (local),  1909;  Phi  Kappa,  1915; 
Phi  Epsilon,  1918;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1918;  Kanza,  1912  Oocal); 
Acomos,  19 1 7  (local). 

Pi  Beta  Phi,  1873;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1881;  Kapi>a  Kappa 
Gamma,  1883;  Chi  Omega,  1902;  Mu  Phi  Epsil<»i,  191 1;  Alpha 
Delta  Pi,  1912;  Sigma  Kappa,  1913;  Achoth,  1912;  Alpha  Chi 
Omega,  1914;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1915;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1916; 
Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  19 18. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1897;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1909;  Phi  Alpha  Delta, 
1909;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1909;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1910;  Alpha Zeta,  1911; 
Theta  Tau,  1912;    Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  191 1;    Delta  Phi  Delta,  1912; 


DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        821 

Pi  Gamma  Sigma,  i9i2;YPhi  Alpha  Tau,  1915;  Phi  Chi,  1915;  Phi 
Delta  Chi,  1917;    Delta  Theta  Phi,  1916;   Sigma  Gamma  Bpsilon, 

1915- 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1890;  Sigma  Xi,  1890;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1909; 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1910;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1912;  Sigma  Tau,  1915; 
Tau  Beta  Pi,  1914;  Omega  Kappa  Pi,  191 8  (local  educationaL) 

Kansas  State  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan,  Kans. — 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1913;  Sigma  Nu,  1913;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha, 
1913;  Acacia,  1913;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1914;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1919; 
Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1919;  Sigma  Phi  Delta,  1914  (local);  Sigma 
Kappa  Tau,  1916  (local);  Alpha  Theta  Chi,  191 7  (local);  Sham- 
Tock,  1917  (local). 

Delta  Zeta,  1915;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1915;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1915; 
Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 5;  Chi  Omega,  1915;  K!appa  Kappa  Gamma, 

1917. 
Alpha  Zeta,  1910;    Alpha  Psi,  1912;    Sigma  Tau,  191 2;    Zeta 

Kappa  Psi,  1914  (debating);   Pi  Kappa  Delta,  1914;   Sigma  Delta 

Chi,  1915;  S.  &  B.,  1914;  Phi  Alpha  Tau,  1916. 

Kansas  State  Normal  School,  Emporia,  Kans. — ^Alpha  Sigma 
Alpha,  1918;  Delta  Sigma  Epsilon,  1918;  Sigma  ^igma  Sigma,  1917. 

Kentucky  Military  Institute,  Lyndon,  Ky.,  1846 — Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1854-56;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1854-61;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1858-87;   Chi  Phi,  1872-83;   Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1870-87. 

Kentucky  School  of  Medicine,  Louisville,  Ky.,  1850 — Phi  Chi, 
1896. 

Kentucky,  University  of,  Lexington,  Ky.,  1866 — Kappa  Alpha, 
1893;  Sigma  Chi,  1893;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1900;  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha,  1901;  Kappa  Sigma,  1901;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1901;  Sigma 
Nu,  1902;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1909;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  191 5;  Alpha 
Sigma  Phi,  19 17. 

Alpha  Ganuna  Delta,  1908;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1908;  Kappa  Delta, 
1910;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1910;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1901 ;  Delta  Chi, 
1914;  Al^a  Zeta,  191 2;  Chi  Omega,  1914. 

Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1913;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1917. 


Si 2         DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1907;  Pi  Kappa  Phi,  1913;  Phi  Bpsilon  Pi,  1916: 
Beta  ThetA  Pi,  1917;  Phi  Psi,  1917  (textile);  Phi  Kappa  Phi  (hon.) 
1914. 

Georgia,  University  of,  Athens,  Ga.,  1785 — Sigma  Alpha  Ep- 
silon, 1866;  Chi  Phi,  1867;  Kappa  Alpha,  1868;  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1871;  Sigma  Chi,  1872;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1871-91;  Sigma  Nu, 
1873;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1878;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1882;  Chi  Psi, 
1890;  Kappa  Sigma,  1901;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1908-15;  Lambda 
Chi  Alpha,  191 5;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  191 5;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1903;  Delta 
Theta  Phi,  1904;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa;  1904;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha, 
1911-12;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1906;  Alpha  Zeta,  1914;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1914. 

Gordon    Institute,  Barnesville,    Ga. — Kappa  Alpha,   1879-83. 

GoucHER  CoLLEtiE,  Baltim  JFC,  MJ.,  non-sect,  (formerly  M.E.) 
(formerly  called  the  Women's  College  of  Baltimore) — ^Alpha  Phi, 
1 891;  Delta  Gamma,  1892;  Tau  Kappa  Pi,  1892;  Gamma  Phi 
Beta,  1893;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1896;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1897;  Delta 
Delta  Delta,  1898;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1909;  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
1905. 

Graham's,  Misses,  New  York,  N.  Y. — Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1902. 

Greenville  College,  Greenville,  S.  C. — Eta  Upsilon  Gamma, 
1913. 

Grinnell  College,  Grinnell,  Iowa,  1848 — Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1919; 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1908. 

GuNSTON  Institute,  Washington,  D.  C. — Kappa  Delta,  1903—12; 

Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1908-1 1 ;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  191 1 . 

Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Chicago,  III.,  i860 — Pi  Upsilon 
Rho,  1876;   Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1900;  Alpha  Sigma,  1905. 

Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. — ^Alpha 
Sigma,  1897. 

Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  the  Pacific,  San  Francisco, 
Cal. — Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1906;  Alpha  Sigma,  1900. 


DIRECTORY'-COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        813 

Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  1812,  Pres. — Sigma  Phi. 
1831;  Alplia  Delta  Phi,  1832;  Psi  Upsilon,  1843;  Chi  Psi,  1845; 
Delta  Upsilon,  1847;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1856;  Theta  Delta  Chi, 
1868;  Beta  Kappa  (loc&l)  1918;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1870. 

Hamilton  College  (Women's  Department  of  Transylvania 
University),  Lexington,  Ky. — Chi  Omega,  1903;  Beta  Sigma 
Omicron,  1906;   Delta  Delta  Delta,  1908. 

Hamilton  College  of  Law,  Chicago,  Ills. — Sigma  Delta  Kappa, 
191 5;   Sigma  Nu  Phi,  191 5. 

Hamilton  School,  Washington,  D.  C. — Alpha  Sigma  Alpha, 
1911-12. 

Hamline  University,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  1883 — Beta  Kappa 
1898  (local);  Fellows,  1908  (local);  Phi  Delta,  19 10 .(local);  Brown- 
ing, 1883  (local  women);    Alpha  Phi,  1898  (local  women);    Sigma 
Delta,  191 7  (local  women). « 

Hampden-SidnEy  College,  Prince  Edward  Co.,  Va.,  1776,  Pres. — 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1850-1912;  Phi  Kappa  Psi.  1855-00;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1860-61;  Chi  Phi,  1867;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1870-04; 
Sigma  Chi,  1 872-1902;  Kappa  Sigma,  1883;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha, 
1885;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1890-94;  Kappa  Alpha,  1899;  Theta  Chi, 
1914;  Sigma  Upsilon,  191 5. 

Hannah  Moore  Academy,  Reisterstown,  Md. — Zcta  Tau  Alpha, 
1900-04;  Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1905-07. 

Hanover. College,  Hanover,  Ind.,  1833,  Pres. — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1853;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1864;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  186 1;  Sigma  Chi, 
1871-18;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1872-95;  Delta  Gamma,  1881-81; 
Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1882-99;  P^i  Mu,  191 3;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  191 3; 
Theta  Delta  Sigma,  191 2  (local  sorority). 

Hardin  College,  Mexico,  Mo. — Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1902; 
Eta  Upsilon  Gamma,  1902;  Phi  Mu,  1907-11;  Sigma  Iota  Chi, 
1914. 

Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1638 — Alpha  Delta 
Phi,  1837-07;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1843-01;  Delta  Phi,  1845-01;  Psi 
Upsilon,  1850-72;   Zeta  Psi,  1852-92;   Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1851- 


8l4        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

91;  Theta  Delta  Chi.  1856-16;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1865-67;  Delta 
Upsilon,  1880;  Chi  Phi,  1885-87;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1 893 ;  Phi 
Delta  Phi,  1887-09;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1891;  Pi  Lambda  Phi, 
1896-01;  Psi  Omega,  1897;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1899-12;  Phi  Rho  Sigma, 
1902;  Kappa  Sigma,  1905;  Acacia,  1906;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  191 1; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1912;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1908;  Lambda  Chi 
Alpha,  1916;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  1916;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1916; 
Kappa  Nu,  191 8;  Tau  Delta  Phi,  191 8;  Alpha  Phi  Sigma.  1904 
(local);  Chi  Delta,  191 3  (local);  Phi  Kappa  Epsilon,  19 10  (local); 
Phi  Delta  Psi  (local);  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  19 12;  Zeta  Beta  Tau, 
1912;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1913;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1913;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon. 
1916. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1781;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1906;  Delta  Sigma 
Rho,  1909;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  191 1. 

Hastings  College,  Hastings,  Neb. — Pi  Beta  Phi,  1887-87. 

Haverford  College,  Haverford,  Pa. — Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1891- 
92:   Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1884-90;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1899. 

Hellmuth  Women's  College,  London,  Ont. — Chi  Omega,  1899- 
00. 

Highland  Park  College,  Des  Moines,  Iowa — Pi  Kappa  Delta, 
1915. 

Hillsdale  College,  Hillsdale,  Mich.,  1855,  non-sect,  (formerly 
Bap.)— Delta  Tau  Delta,  1867;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1882-98;  Sigma 
Chi,  1883-86;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1888;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1880;    Pi  Beta  Phi,  1887;    Delta  Si^ma  Phi,  IQ15. 

HoBART  College,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  1822,  Ii^pis.  Alpha  Delta  Phi, 
1840-76;  Sigma  Phi,  1840;  Kappa  Alpha,  1844;  Theta  Delta  Chi, 
1857;  Chi  Phi,  1860-80;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1881-92;  Sigma  Chi, 
1892;    Phi  Phi  Delta  (local),  1900;    Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1871. 

Hollins  College,  Hollins,  Va.,  1842 — Kappa  Delta,  1902; 
Phi  Mu,  1904;  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma,  1905-14:  Beta  Sigma  Oraicron, 
1913;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1914;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1916;  Pi  Beta 
Phi,  191 7;   Beta  Kappa  (local). 


N 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS         815 

HouEOPATHic  Medical  College  of  Missouri,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
1857— Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1899-09. 

Hospital  College  of  Medicine,  Louisville,  Ky.,  187a — Phi  CM 
1S97;  PiMu,  1907. 

Howard  College,  Birmingham,  AU.  (fonnerly  at  Marion,  Ala. 
and  at  East  Lake,  Ala.),  1842,  Bap.— Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1856-61; 
Sigma  rUphaEpsilon,  1870-76;  Beta  ThetaPi,  1872-79:  Sigma  Chi, 
1872-85;  Sigma  Nu,  1879;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1911:  Psi  Delta  flocal) ; 
Zeta  Omega  Oocal  women) :  Sigma  Tau  Delta  Qocal  women). 

Howard  Univebsity,  Washington,  D.  C,  1867  (Colored) — Alpha 
Phi  Alpha,  1907. 

HuNTBR  College,  New  York,  N.  Y.  (formerly  New  York  CSty 
Normal  School) — Kappa  Delta,  1913. 

Idaho,  University  op,  Moscow,  Idaho,  1892 — Kappa  Sigma, 
1905:  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1908;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1914;  Sigma  Nu, 
191S;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1919;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1909;  Delta 
Gamma,  1911;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1914:  Kappa  Kappa  Gamms, 
1915;  Chi  Delta  Phi,  1916  (women's  local);  Alpha  Kappa  Epsilon, 
191 3  (local). 

Illinois  College,  Jacksonville,  111.,  1835— Beta  Theta  Pi,  1856- 
66. 

Illinois  College  of  Law,  Chicago,  III.  (Law  Department  of 
DePaul  University)— Phi  Alpha  DelU,  1897;  Delta  Theta  Phi, 
1904. 

Illinois,  Universctit  of,  Urbana,  III,  1868— Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1871:  Sigma  Chi,  1881;  Kappa  Sigma,  1891;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 
1892:  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1893;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1895;  Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1897;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1899;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1902; 
Sigma  Nu,  1902;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1903;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1904; 
Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1904;  Delta  Upsilon,  1905;  Acacia,  1906: 
Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  1906;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1908;  Sigma  Pi,  1908: 
Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1908;  Zeta  Psi,  1909;  Psi  Upsilon,  1910;  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa,  1910:  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1911;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1911; 
Tau  Kappa  Epsilon  1912;  Beta  Phi  1913;  PhiKappa  1912;   Chi 


8i6       DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Phi  191 2;  Chi  Psi  191 2;  Chi  Beta  (local)  1906;  Lambda  Chi 
Alpha  1915;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi  1913;  Alpha  Chi  Rho  1916;  Theta 
Chi  1916;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha  1916;  Phi  Kappa  Tau  1916;  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha  1917;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon  1917;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu  1918; 
Delta  Sigma  Phi  1919;  Sigma  Phi  Sigma  1919;  Pi  Pi  Rho  1915 
(local);  Alpha  Gamma  Mu  19 18  (local);  Beta  Upsilon  (local). 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta  1895;  Pi  Beta  Phi  1895;  Kappa  Kappa 
Gamma  1889;  Alpha  Chi  Om^^  1899;  Chi  Omega  1900;  Alpha 
Xi  Delta  1905;  Sigma  Kappa,  1906;  Delta  Gamma,  1906;  Alpha 
Omicron  Pi,  191 1;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1912;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1913; 
Achoth,  1911;  Nu  Sigma  Phi,  1898;  Triangle,  1907;  Alpha  Gamma 
Delta,  191 8. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1901;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1903;  Kappa  Psi,  1910; 
Kappa  Delta  Chi  (educational);  Phi  Chi  ,1910;  Alpha  Rho  Chi, 
19 1 4;  Alpha  Zeta  Gamma  (dental  local);  Theta  Tau,  19 16;  Phi 
Chi,  1918;   Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1918;  A.  U.  P.,  1914;  Scarab,  1909. 

Tau  Beta^  Pi,  1897;  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  1904;  Sigma  Xi,  1904; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1908;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1907;  Gamma  Alpha,  1908;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1912;  Phi  Lambda 
Upsilon,  1889;  Sigma  Tau,  1914;  Sigma  Mu  Rho  (med.  local  hon.); 
Beta  Gamma  Sigma,  1913;  Coif,  1902;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1914; 
S.  &  B.,  1909. 

Illinois,  UNU^Rsixv  of.  College  of  Medicine,  Chicago,  111.— r- 
Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1892;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1899;  Phi  Rho  Sigma, 
1900;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1902;  Alpha  Phi  Sigma,  1908;  Phi  Chi,  1909: 
Aleph  Yodh  He,  1910;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1902  (honorary). 

Illinois  Wesleyan  University,  Bloomington,  111.,  1850,  M.E. — 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1866;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1877-80;  Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1878-97;  Sigma  Chi,  1883;  Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  1899; 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1873;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1875-95;  Sigma 
Kappa,  1906;  Kappa  Delta,  1908;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1914; 
Phi  Delta  Phi,  1878;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1908;  Pi  Kappa  Delta,  1914; 
Pi  Mu  Epsilon,  191 8  (local  men);  Phi  Rho,  191 8  (local  men);  Epsi- 
lon Rho,  191 9  (local  women). 

Indiana  College  of  Music  and  Fine  Arts,  Indianapolis,  Ind. — 
Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  191 1. 


DIRECrORr—COLUBGES  AMD   CSAfTOlU         St; 

Indiana  Medical  College  (medical  d^Mutmeot  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Indiana  located  at  Indianapolit.  It  was  formerly  a  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Indianapolis) — Phi  Cbj,  1903;  Phi  Rbo 
Sigma,  1903;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1905. 

Indiana  State  Nouial  Schocx.,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. — Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1869-72. 

Indiana  Universitv,  Bloomington,  lad.,  1828 — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1645;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1849;  Sigma  Chi,  1858;  Phi  Eappa  Psi, 
1869;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1870;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1871;  Eappa 
Sigma,  J887;  Sigma  Nu,  1893;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1907; 
Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  191 1;  Alpha  Tau  Om^a,  1915;  Delta  Upsilon, 
1915:  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1918. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1870;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1873;  Pi 
Beta  Phi,  1893;  Delta  Gamma,  1898;  DelU  Zeta,  1909;  Alpha 
OmicronPi,  1916;   Delta  Delta  Delta,  1917;   Sigma  Kappa,  1918. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1900;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1908;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1908; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1908:  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1908;  Phi  Chi,  1910; 
Tau  Epsilon  Pi,  Oocal);  Gamma  Eta,  1912;  Theta  Sigma  Pld,  1913 
(journalism);  Sigma  Delta  Psi,  1915  (athletics);  Nu  Sigma  Phi, 
1909. 

Sigma  Xi,  1904;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1908;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1910; 
PhiBetaKappa,  1911;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  [915;  Sigma  Ddta  Chi, 
1914;   Theta  Sigma  Phi. 

Indianapolis,  University  of,  Indianapolis  and  Irvington,  Ind,, 
1894,  the  Academic  Department  is  called  Butler  CoU^e — Indiatia 
Denial  College.  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1900;  Pa 
Omega,  1903;   Sigma  Delta  Kappa,  1917. 

Iowa  State  Collbcb,  Ames,  Iowa,  1858 — Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1875;  Sigma  Nu,  1904:  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1905;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
1905;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1907;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1908;  Acada 
1909;  Kappa  Sigma,  1909;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1911;  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha,  1913;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1913;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1912;!  Delto 
Upsilon,  1913;  Rho  Sigma  Gamma,  1909;  Tau  Kappa  Epsilon, 
1915;  Beta  Phi,  1914;  Kappa  Alfdia  M,  1914;  Sigtan  Cbi,  1916; 


8i8        DIRECl  OR  Y— COLLEGES  A ND  CHAPTERS 

Theta  Xi,  1909;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  19 14;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  19 16; 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 8;  Sigma  Sigma  (local);  Lambda  Sigma 
Phi  (local);  Lambda  Tau  Alpha  (Local);  Alpha  Chi  Beta  Oocal); 
Upsilon  Sigma  Alpha  (local);   Gamma  Sigma  Alpha,  19 19  (local). 

Pi  Beta  Phi,  1877;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1889;  Kappa  Delta,  1908; 
Alpha  Delta  Pi,  191 1;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  191 7;  Gamma  Phi 
Beta,  1919;  Alpha  Chi  Beta  (local). 

Alpha  Zeta,  1905;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1907;  Gamma  Delta  Sigma, 
1905;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1909;  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  191 1;  Phi  Lambda 
Upsilon,  191 2;  Omicron  Nu  (econ.  hon.),  1913;  Sigma  Delta  Chi, 
1914;  S.  &  B.,  1915. 

Iowa  State  Teacher's  College,  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa — Delta 
Sigma  Rho,  191 3;   Achoth,  191 5. 

Iowa  University  of,  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  1857 — Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1866;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1867;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1873;  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1880;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1882;  Sigma  Chi,  1882;  Sigma  Nu 
1 893;  J  Kappa  Sigma,  1902;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1905;  Acada, 
1909;]^ Delta  Chi,  1912;  Theta  Xi,  1912;  Phi  Kappa,  1914;  Kappa 
Alpha  ^Xi  (colored),  19 14;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  191 5;  Sigma  Phi 
Epsilon,  191 7;   Sigma  Pi,  191 8;   Phi  Zeta  Epsilon,  19 14  (local). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1 882 ;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1 882 ;  Delta  Gamma, 
1887;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1904;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  191 1;  Alpha 
Xi  Delta,  191 2;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1915;  Achoth,  1910;  Delta  Zeta 
1913;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1915;  Chi  Omega,  1919. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1893;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893;  Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1897; 
Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1902;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1905;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1906; 
Psi  Omega,  1906;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1907;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1908; 
Delta  Sigma  Delta,  191 5;   S.  &  B.,  1907-10;    Nu  Sigma  Phi,  1919. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1895;  Sigma  Xi,  1900;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906; 
Sigma  Tau,  1906-11;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1909;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1910; 
Sigma  Delta  Chi,  191 1;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  1913;  Coifj  1908. 

Iowa  Wesley  an  College,  Mt.  Pleasant,  Iowa,  1842,  M.E. — Beta 
Theta  Pi,  1868-1915;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1871;  Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1874-80;    Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1913;    Pi  Beta  Phi,  1868;   Alpha  Xi 


DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        819 

Delta,  190a;  Iota  Pfai  (hon.  Gcholarship);  Pi  Kappa  Delta,  1913; 
Phi  Mu,  1914:  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1917;  Kappa  Delta  Psi,  1917 
(local  men). 

Ithaca  Conservatorv  of  Music,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. — Phi  Mu  Alpha, 
1904;  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1909;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  1909. 

Jackson  College,  Medford,  Mass.  (formerly*  the  Women's 
Department  of  Tufts  College)— Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1907;  Alpha 
Omicron  Pi,  1908;  Chi  Om^a,  191O;   Sigma  Kappa,  1913. 

Jamestown  Collegiate  Institute,  Jamestown,  N.  Y. — Delta 
Tau  Delta,  1868-71. 

Jefferson  College,  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  united  with  Washington 
College  under  the  name  of  Washington  and  Jefferson  College,  which 

Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1825 — Phi 
Alpha  Sigma.  1S99;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1900;  Nu  Sigma  Nu, 
1900;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  190a;  Phi  Chi,  1903;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon, 
1903-11;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1904;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1907-08;  Omega 
Upsilon  Phi,  1908;  Pi  Mu,  1908-15;  Chi  Zeta  Chi.  1908-to;  Phi 
Delta  Epsilon,  1909-12;  Kappa  Psi,  1913;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha, 
1903:  Phi  Chi  Delta,  1914;  Aleph  Yodh  He,  1914. 

Jbnnbb  Medical  Collbgb — Aleph  Yodh  He,  1913. 

Jessamine  Female  Instttutb,  Nicbolasville,  Ky.,  1874 — Chi 
Omega,  1S98-03. 

John  Marshall  Law  Schoch.,  Chicago,  111. — Delta  Theta  Phi, 
1909. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1876 — Beta  Theta 
Pi,  1877;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1879";  Delta  Phi.  1885;  Alpha  Delta  Phi, 
1889:  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1891;  Kappa  Alpha,  1 89 1;  Pi  Kappa  Chi 
Oocal),  1905;  Phi  Rho  Epsilon,  1902-04:  Zeta  Phi,  1906-14;  Nu 
Sigma  Nu,  1905:  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  iqo,s-o6;  Pi  Mu,  1910:  Phi  Chi, 
1910:  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1910;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1913;  Alpha  Kappa 
Kappa,  19 1 7. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1S95;  Gamma  Alpha,  1904;  Alpha  Omega 
Alpha,  1906. 


Sao        DIRECTORY^COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

JuDSON  College,  Marion,  Ala. — Kappa  Delta,  1904—19;  Zcta 
Tau  Alpha,  1905;  Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1904-14;  Delta  Delta  DoKa, 
1913;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1910;  Eta  Upsilon  Gamma,  I9i(>-i4. 

Kansas  City  Dental  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  1880— Delta 
Sigma  Delta,  1898;  Psi  Omega,  19 10. 

Kansas  CitV  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
— Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1906. 

Kansas  City  Law  School,  Kansas  City,  Mo. — Phi  Alpha  Delta, 
1908;    Delta  Theta  Phi,  1915. 

Kansas  City  University  Medical  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo.— 
— Phi  Beta  Pi,  1904-13. 

Kansas  City  Veterinary  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo. — AlpStitL 
Psi,  1908-18. 

ICansas  State  Normal  School,  Emporia,  Kan. — S^gma  Sigp» 
Sigma,  191 7;  Pi  Kappa  Sigma,  191 8. 

Kansas,  University  of,  Lawrence,  Kan.,  1864 — ^Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1872:  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1876;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1881;  Phi  Ddta 
Theta,  1882;  Sigma  Nu,  1884;  Sigma  Chi,  1884;  Alpha  Tau  Omega, 
1 901;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1903;  Acacia,  1904;  Kappa  Sigma, 
1912;  Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  1912;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1914;  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha,  1915;  Pi  Upsilon  (local),  1909;  Phi  Kappa,  1915;  Sigma 
Phi  Epsilon,  1918;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1918;  Kanza,  1912  Qocal); 
Acomos,  191 7  (local). 

Pi  Beta  Phi,  1873;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1881;  Kappa  Kappa 
Gamma,  1883;  Chi  Omega,  1902;  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  191 1;  Alpha 
Delta  Pi,  1912;  Sigma  Kappa,  1913;  Achoth,  1912;  Alpha  Chi 
(}mega,  1914;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1915;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1916; 
Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  191 8. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1897;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1909;  Phi  Alpha  Delta, 
1909;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1909;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1910;  Alpha  Zeta,  1911; 
Theta  Tau,  1912;    Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1911;    Delta  Phi  Delta,  1912; 


DIRECTORY'-COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        821 

Pi  Gamma  Sigma,  i9i2;T^Phi  Alpha  Tau,  191 5;  Phi  Chi,  191 5;  Phi 
Delta  Chi,  191 7;    Delta  Theta  Phi,  191 6;   Sigma  Gamma  Epsilon, 

1915. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1890;  Sigma  Xi,  1890;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1909; 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  19 10;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  191 2;  Sigma  Tau,  1915; 
Tau  Beta  Pi,  191 4;  Omega  Kappa  Pi,  191 8  Gocal  educational.) 

Kansas  State  Agricultural  College,  Manhattan,  Kans. — 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1913;  Sigma  Nu,  19 13;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha, 
1913;  Acacia,  1913;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1914;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1919; 
Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  191 9;  Sigma  Phi  Delta,  191 4  (local);  Sigma 
Kappa  Tau,  1916  (local);  Alpha  Theta  Chi,  1917  (local);  Sham- 
rock, 191 7  (local). 

Delta  Zeta,  191 5;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  191 5;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  191 5; 
Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 5;  Chi  Omega,  1915;  Kappa  Kappa  Ganmia, 
1917. 

Alpha  Zeta,  1910I  Alpha  Psi,  1912;  Sigma  Tau,  1912;  Zeta 
Kappa  Psi,  19 14  (debating);  Pi  Kappa  Delta,  1914;  Sigma  Delta 
Chi,  1915;  S.  &  B.,  1914;  Phi  Alpha  Tau,  1916. 

ICansas  State  Normal  School,  Emporia,  Kans. — ^Alpha  Sigma 
Alpha,  191 8;  Delta  Sigma  Epsilon,  191 8;  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma,  19 17. 

Kentucky  Military  Institute,  Lyndon,  Ky.,  1846 — Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1854-56;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1854-61;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1858-87;   Chi  Phi,  1872-83;   Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1870-87. 

Kentucky  School  of  Medicine,  Louisville,  Ky.,  1850 — Phi  Chi, 
1896. 

Kentucky,  University  of,  Lexington,  Ky.,  1866 — Kappa  Alpha, 
1893;  Sigma  Chi,  1893;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1900;  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha,  1901;  Kappa  Sigma,  1901;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1901;  Sigma 
Nu,  1902;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1909;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  191 5;  Alpha 
Sigma  Phi,  191 7. 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1908;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1908;  Kappa  Delta, 
1910;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1910;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1901 ;  Delta  Chi, 
1914;  Ali^a  Zeta,  191 2;  Chi  Omega,  1914. 

Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1913;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1917. 


«22        DIRECTORY-COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Kentucky  Univbrsity,  Lejongton,  Ky.,  now  Transylvania  College 
which  see. 

Kentucky  University  Medical  Department,  Louisville,  Ky. — 
Phi  Chi,  1900;   Pi  Mu,  1908. 

Kentucky  Wesleyan  College,  Winchester,  Ky.,  1866,  M.E. 
So. — Kappa  Alpha,  1902-06. 

Kenyon  College,  Gambier,  O.,  1824,  Epis. — Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1852;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1854-96;  Alpha  Delta  PhS,  1858, 
Psi  Upsilon,  i860;  Chi  Phi,  1861-^;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1879;  Delta, 
Tau  Delta,  1881 ;  Sigma  Pi,  1916;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1858. 

Keokuk  Dental  College,  Keokuk,  Iowa,  1897 — Psi  Om^a* 
1904-09. 

Knox  College,  Galesburg,  III.,  1837 — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1855; 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1867;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1871;  Tau  Kappa 
Epsilon,  191 2;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 5;  Kappa  Kappa  Ganuna, 
1871-74;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1884;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1889;  Phi  Mu, 
191 2;  Delta  Sigma  Rhp,  191 1;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1916;  Phi  Beta 
Kappa,  1917. 

Kroeger  School  of  Music,  St.  Louis,  Mo. — Mu  Phi  Epsilon, 
1906. 

Lafayette  College,  Easton,  Pa.,  1826,  Pres. — Phi  Kappa 
Sigma,  1853-83;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1855;  Zeta  Psi,  1857;  Theta 
Delta  Chi,  1867;  Sigma  Chi,  1867;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1869;  Phi 
Delta  Theta,  1873;  Chi  Phi,  1874;  Delta  Tau  Dtelta,  1874;  Phi 
Gamma  Delta,  1883;  Delta  Upsilon,  1885;  Sigma  Nu,  1900;  Alpha 
Chi  Rho,  1903;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  19 19;  Omega  Delta  Pi  0O(^), 
1 9 1 2 ;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1 890. 

LaGrange  College,  Tenn.,  Luth. — Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1859-60; 
Sigma  Chi,  1 860-6 1 . 

Lake  Forest  College,  Lake  Forest,  111.,  1876,  Pres. — Kappa 
Sigma,  1880;  Phi  Kappa* Sigma,  1893-94:  Omega  Psi,  1902,  (local); 
Phi  Pi  Epsilon,  1895,  (local);  Digamma  Alpha  Upsilon  Oocal),  1906; 
Sigma  Tau  (local  sorority),  1901 ;  Theta  Psi  (local  sorority),  1905. 


DIRECTORY— COLLIES  AND  CHAPTERS         883 

Lake  Srorb  Sbhihasv,  North  East,  Pa.— Delta  Tau  Delta, 
"87 '-75. 

Lassbll  Seminary,  Auburndale,  Mass. — Kappa  Kappa  Gamim, 
1880-82. 

Laura  Mehokial  MemcAt  College,  Cincinnati,  0.,  1890— 
Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  1899-03. 

Lawrence  College,  Appteton,  Wis.,  1847,  M.E. — Phi  Delta 
TbeU,  1859-61;  Sigma  Phi  Epsiloa,  1915;  Alpha  DelU  Pi,  1908; 
Thcta  Phi  (local),  1897;  Delta  lola  (local),  1903;  Beta  Sigma  Phi 
(local),  1903;  Phi  Kappa  Alpha  (local);  Alpha  Gamma  Phi  (iocal 
sorority),  1903;  Theta  Alpha  (local  sorority),  1913;  Phi  Mil,  1914; 
Mu  Phi  Epsiion,  1913;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1915;  Delta  Gamma 
1915;  Kappa  Delta,  1918;  Sigma  Alpha  tota,  1918;  Phi  Beta 
Kappa,  1914:  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  191Z. 

Lehigh  Universitv,  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  18A6,  Epis.— Phi 
Kappa  Sigma,  1870-87;  Chi  Phi,  1872;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1874; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1876;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1882;  Delta  Phi,  1884; 
Psi  Upsilon,  1884;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1884;  Delta  Upsilon, 
Sigma  Nu,  1885;  Sigma  Phi,  1887;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1887;  Sigma 
Chi,  1887;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1891;  ChiPsi,i893;  Kappa  Alpha,  1894; 
Kappa  Sigma,  1900;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1901:  Theta  Xi,  1904; 
Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1907;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1915:  Alpha  Chi  Rho, 
1918. 

Tau  Beta  Pi,  1885;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1887;  Tau  Delta  Sigma, 
1909. 

Leland  Stanford,  Jr..  University,  see  Stanford  Univeraty. 

Lewisburg  Female  Institute,  Lcwisburg,  \V.  Va. — Sigma 
Sigma  Sigma,  1903-08;   Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1903-04. 

Lewisburgh  University,  now  Buckncll  University. 

Liberty  Ladies'  College,  Sedalia,  Mo. — Eta  Upsikm  Gamma, 
1903-13;   Beta  Sigma  Omocron,  1908-13. 

Lincoln  Dental  College,  Lincoln,  Neb. — Xi  Psi  Phi,  1905 
Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1913, 

Lincoln  Mehokial  University,  Cumberland  Gap,  Tenn,-'— Chi 
ZetaChi,  1908-14;  Kappa, Phi,  1909. 


am 


8f4        DIRECTORY-^COLLEeES  AND  CHAPTERS 

LiNCOLN''nNiVB&8iTT,  Chester,  Pa.  (Colored).— Alpha  Phi  Alpha, 
1912;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  19 1 5. 

LiNDENWOOD  CCHJ.BGB,  St.  Charles,  Mo. — Eta  Upsilon  Gamma 
1905;  Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1909. 

Lombard  College,  Galesburg.  111.,  1852,  Univ. — Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1869-85;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1878;  Sigma  Nu,  1891;  Pi  Beta 
Phi,  1872;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1893;  Delta  Zeta,  1915. 

Long  Island  College  Hospital,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  i860 — 
Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1876-78;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1896;  Phi  Delta, 
1901;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1903-14;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1906;  Chi 
Zeta  Chi,  1909-13;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  191 1;  Kappa  Pd,  1918. 

Los  Angeles  School  of  Osteopathy,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. — lota 
Tau  Sigma,  1908;   Delta  Omega,  19 14. 

Louisiana  State  University,  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  1858 — Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon,  1867;  Kappa  Alpha,  1885;  Kappa  Sigma,  1887, 
Sigma  Nu,  1887;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1903;  Sigma  lota,  19 12  (Span- 
ish); Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1914;  Friar's  Club,  1901  (local);  Alpha 
Delta  Phi,  191 3  Ooeal)  Spanish;  Sigma  Alpha  Phi  (local  agricul- 
tural); Zeta  Beta  Tau,  19 11;  Kappa  Delta,  1909;  Alpha  Delta  Pi, 
1914;  Delta  Zeta,  191 7;  Phi  Chi  Delta,  1912;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma 
1 91 4;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  191 2;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  191 5;  Alpha 
Zeta,  1916. 

Louisiana,  University  of.  New  Orleans,  La.,  merged  into  the 
Tulane  University  of  Louisiana. 

Louisville  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Louisville,  Ky.,  1887 — 
Psi  Omega,  1897. 

Louisville  College  of  Dentistry,  Louisville,  Ky. — ^Xi  Psi 
Phi,  19 14. 

Louisville  College  of  Pharmacy,  Louisville,  Ky. — Kappa  Psi, 

1909. 

Louisville  Conservatory  of  Music,  Louisville,  Ky. — Beta  Pi 
Omega,  1918;   Delta  Omicron,  1918. 

Louisville  Medical  College,  Louisville,  Ky.,  1837 — ^Phi  Chi. 
1894;   Pi  Mu,  1904;   Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1909. 


DIRECTORY--COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS       8a S 

LouisviLLB,  University  op,  Louisville,  Ky. — Kii  Beta  Pi,  1913; 
Kappa  Psi,  19 14. 

Lowell  Textile  School,  Lowell,  Mass. — Delta  Kappa  Phi, 
1902;  Phi  Psi,  1904;  Omicron  Pi,  1902. 

Loyola  University,  Chicago,  111.,  1869,  Roman  Catholic — Phi 
Delta,  1912;  Phi  Chi  Delta,  1913;  Aleph  Yodh  He,  1913;  Phi  Delta 
Epsilon,  1913;  Kappa  Psi,  191 7;   Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1916. 

Madison  University,  now  Colgate  University. 

Maine,  University  of,  Orono,  Me.,  1863 — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1878, 
Kappa  Sigma,  1886;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1891;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 
1898;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1899;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1901;  Sigma 
Chi,  1902;  Theta  Chi,  1907;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1908;  Lambda  Chi 
Alpha,  1913;  Sigma  Nu,  1913.  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1916; 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1908;  Phi  Mu,  1912;  Gamma  Eta  Gamma, 
1901-10;  Alpha  Zeta,  1908;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 7;  Beta  Phi 
1917  (women's  local);  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1908;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1910; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1911 ;  Phi  Eta  Kappa  (local),  1906. 

Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1898;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  19 10;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  19 15. 

Marietta  College,  Marietta,  O.,  1835 — Phi  Gamma  Delta, 
i^55~97;  Alpha  Digamma,  1859;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  i860;  Delta 
Upsilon,  1870;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1890-98;  Alpha  Nu  Sigma 
Gocal  sorority),  1907;  Beta  Theta,  1908  (local  sorority);  Phi  Beta 
Kappa,  i860. 

Marion  Sims  Beaumont  College  of  Medicine,  St.  Louis,  Mo. — 
See  St.  Louis  University. 

Marquette  University,  Milwaukee,  Wis. — Psi  Omega,  1897; 
Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1900;  Alpha  Gamma  Phi  (local),  1908;  Alpha 
Chi,  1909  (local);  Sigma  Alj^ia  (local);  Kappa  Beta  Gamma,  1916 
(woman's  local).  Kappa  Psi,  191 7;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  191 7;  Phi 
Beta  Pi,  1907. 

Marvin  College,  Waxahachie,  Tex.,  1872 — Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
1881-84. 

Mary  Baldwin  Seminary,  Staunton,  Va. — Beta  Sigma  Omicron, 
1903-07;  2^ta  Tau  Alpha,  1904-06;  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1905-07; 
Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1906-10. 


826        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Maryland  Medical  College,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1898 — ^Kappa 
Psi,^i90i-i4;    Phi  Chi,  1903. 

Maryland  Military  and  Naval  Academy,  Oxford,  Md. — ^Kappa 

Sigma,  1885-87. 

Maryland  State  College,  College  Park,  Md.,  1859 — ^Kappa 
Alpha,  1914;  Sigma  Nu,  1917;  Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  1916;  Nu  Sigma 
Omicron,  191 6  (local). 

Maryland,  University  of,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1812 — Kappa  Sigma, 
1874;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1879-83;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1897;  Phi 
Kappa  Sigma,  1899;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893;  Psi  Omega,  1900;  Phi  Beta 
Pi,  1 901;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1904;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1904;  Phi  Delta  Chi, 
1905-07;  Kappa  Psi,  1898;  Phi  Chi,  1902;  Phi  DdtaEpsilon,  1906; 
Phi  Chi,  1893;  Omega  Epsilon  Phi,  1913;  Phi  Chi  Delta,  1913; 
Aleph  Yodh  He,  1914. 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  Amherst,  Mass.,  1867 
— Q.  T.  v.,  1869;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1873;  Kappa  Sigma,  1904, 
Theta  Chi,  191 1;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  191 2;  Kappa  Gamma  Phi, 
1909  (local);  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1913;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1912; 
Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1901  (local). 

Massachusetts  College  of  Osteopathy,  Cambridge,  Mass. — 
Iota  Tau  Sigma,  1910;  Phi  Sigma  Gamma,  191 7. 

Massachusetts  College  of  Pharmacy,  Boston,  Mass.,  1823 — 
Phi  Delta  Chi,  1902;   Kappa  Psi,  1907. 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Cambridge,  Mass., 
1861— Chi  Phi,  1873;  Sigma  Chi,  1882;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1885; 
Theta  Xi,  1885;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1889;  Delta  Psi,  1889;  Delta 
Tau  Delta,  1889;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1890;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon, 
1890;  Delta  Upsilon,  1891;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1892;  Phi  Beta 
Epsilon,  1895;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1897-00;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  19Q2; 
Theta  Chi,  1902;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1903;  Delta  Sigma  Plii,  1904- 
09;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1912 ;  Kappa  Sigma,  1914;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  191 1 ; 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1912;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  191 7;  Phi  Kappa, 
1918;  Tau  Delta  Phi,  1918;  Pi  Delta  Epsilon,  1911  (Joumalist 
honorary);  Theta  Tau,  191 2  (engineering  honorary);  Lambda  Phi 
(local),  1907;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1919. 


-^  f*^ 


DIRECTORY-'COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        827 

McGaL  University,  Montreal,  Canada. — ^Zeta  Psi,  1883;  Alpha 
Delta  Phi,  1897;  Delta  Upsilon,  1898;  Kappa  Alpha,  1899;  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1900;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1901;  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1902;  Epsilon  PhiGocal),  1904;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1901-08;  Alpha  Kappa 
Kappa,  1904;  AlphaOmega  Alpha,  1911;  ZetaBetaTau,  1913;  Phi 
Rho  Sigma,  1913;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1918. 

Medical  College  of  South  Carolina,  Charleston,  S.  C. — 
Phi  Chi,  1906-12;  Kappa  Psi,  1907-14;  Alpha  Kapp^  Kappa,  1908- 
12;   Pi  Mu,  1908-14. 

Medical  College  of  Virginia,  Richmond,  Va.,  1838 — Pi  Mu 
1896;  Phi  Chi,  1903;  Kappa  Psi,  1904-06;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi 
1905;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1906-13;  Psi  Om^a,  1908;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  19 10; 
Xi  Psi  Phi,  1904;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1906;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1906; 
Phi  Chi  Delta,  1913;    Phi  Beta  Pi,  1913. 

Medical  Schools  in  Chicago  of  the  Universities  of  Chicago, 
Illinois  and  Northwestern — ^Alpha  Phi  Alpha  (colored),  19 10  (a 
joint  chapter). 

Medical  Schools  in  Philadelphia  of  the  Temple  University, 
University  of  Pennsylvania  and  Medico-Chirurgical  College — ^Alpha 
Phi  Alpha  (colored),  1914  (a  joint  chapter). 

Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  1 881 — Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1890-13;  Psi  Omega,  1899;  Phi  Rho 
Sigma,  1901;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1907;  Phi  Chi,  1907;  Phi  Beta  Pi, 
1907;  Om^a  Upsilon  Phi,  1909;  Beta  Phi  Sigma,  191 1;  Phi  Chi 
Delta,  19 14;   Aleph  Yodh  He,  19 14. 

M  EH  ANY  Medical  College,  Nashville,  Tenn. — ^Kappa  Alpha 
Psi,  19 1 9. 

Mercer  University,  Macon,  Ga.,  1857,  M.E. — Chi  Phi,  1869-80; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1870;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1872;  Kappa  Alpha, 
1873;  Kappa  Sigma,  1874;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1880;  Sigma  Nu, 
1884. 

Metropolitan  College  of  Music,  Cincinnati,  O. — Mu  Phi 
Epsilon,  1903. 

Metropolitan  Conservatory,  Indianapolis,  Ind. — Mu  Phi 
Epsilon,  1906. 


rihi^ii 


8a8         DJRECTORY-^COLLBGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Miami  Medical  College,  Cindimati,  O.,  Medical  DqiartmMit 
of  the  University  of  Cincinnati,  1852 — ^Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1892;  Alpha 
Kappa  Kappa,  1901;  Omega,  Upsilon  Phi,  1^3;  Alpha  Epsilon 
Iota,  1903-06. 

Miami  University,  Oxford,  0.,  18 19,  Pres. — ^Alpha  Delta  Phi' 
1833-73;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1839;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1848;  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1852;  Sigma  Chi,  1855;  Delta  Upsilon,  1868;  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1916;  Phi  Kappa  Tau,  1916;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1919; 
Delta  Zeta,  1902;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 1 ;  Chi  Omega,  1913; 
Phi  Alpha  Psi  (local),  191 1 ;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1919;  Sigma  Sigma 
Sigma,  191 1 ;  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  191 4;  Ddta  Sigma  Epsikm, 
1914;  Pi  Kappa  Sigma,  1915;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1916;  Phi  Beta 
Kappa,  191 1 ;    Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1908. 

Michigan  Agricultural  College,  East  Lansing,  Mich.  1855 — 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1872-97;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1873-98;  Omicron 
Nu,  191 1 ;  Alpha  Psi,  1915;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1892;  Alpha  Zeta,  1902; 
Scabbard  and  Blade,  19 14. 

Michigan  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Detroit,  Mich., 
1888— Phi  Delta,  1903. 

Michigan  College  of  Mines,  Houghton,  Mich.,  1886 — ^Theta 
Tau,  1908;  Sigma  Rho,  1894;  '^^^  ^^^  ^h  1904* 

Michigan  State  Normal  School,  Ypsilanti,  Mich. — Stgnia 
Sigma  Sigma,  191 7;   Pi  Kappa  Sigma,  1894. 

Michigan,  University  of,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  1836 — Beta  Theta 
Pi,  1845;  Chi  Psi,  1845;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1846;  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1855;  Delta  Phi,  1855-77;  Zeta  Psi,  1858;  Sigma  Phi, 
1858;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1864;  Psi  Upsilon,  1865;  Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1871;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1876;  Delta  Upsilon,  1876;  Sigma  Chi,  1B77; 
Chi  Phi,  1882-85;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1885;  Alpha  Tau  Om^a, 
1888;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1889;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1889;  Kappa 
Sigma,  1892;  Sigma  Nu,  1902;  Acacia,  1904;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 
1905;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1908;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1912;  Sigma  Phi 
Epsilon,  1912;  Theta  Xi,  1914;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1915;  Alplia 
Phi  Alpha,  1909;    Beta  Phi,  191 5;   Kappa  Beta  Psi,  1912  Oooal); 


DIRECTORY'-'COLLEOES  AND   CHAPTERS        829 

Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1913;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1913;  Phi  Sigma  Delta 
i9i6;^Kappa  Nu,  1919;  Theta  Chi,  1919. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1879;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1882;  Delta 
Gamma,  1885;  Sorosis,  1886;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1888;  Kappa  Kappa 
Gamma,  1890;  Alpha  Phi,  1892;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1894;  Alpha 
Chi  Omega,  1898;  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1904;  Chi  Omega,  1905; 
Theta  Phi  Alpha,  1913  (women's  local). 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1869;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1882;  Delta  Sigma  Delta, 
1882;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1883;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1889;  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota, 
1890;  Delta  Chi,  1892;  Omega  Psi,  1896;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1897; 
Phi  Beta  Pi,  1898;  Alpha  Sigma,  1900;  Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1900; 
Phi  Mu  Alpha,  1902;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  1903;  Phi  Alpha  Delta, 
1905;  Phi  Chi,  1905;  Psi  Om^;a,  1905;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1906; 
Pi  UpsiloQ  Rho,  1906;  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon,  1909;  Delta  Theta 
Phi,  1912;  Gamma  Eta  Gamma,  191 1;  Alpha  Sigma,  1893;  Phi 
Sigma  Tau,  1913;  Theta  Kappa  Nu  (Order  of  the  Coif),  1912; 
Phi  Chi  Delta,  1913:  Alpha  Rho  Chi,  1914;  Sigma  Delta  Kappa, 
1914;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1914;  Omega  Upsilon  ,1909;  Alpha  Psi,  191 5; 
^pha  Chi  Sigma,  1916;   Phi  Alpha  Tau,  1916. 

Sigma  Xi,  1903;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1906;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906; 
Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1907;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1907;  Sigma  Delta 
Chi,  1909. 

MiDDLBBURY  0)LLEGB,  Middlebury,  Vt.,  1800 — Chi  Psi,  1843, 
Delta  Ka]>pa  Epeilon,  1854;  Delta  Upsilon  ,1856;  Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1893;  Alpha  Chi,  1889  (local  women);  Sigma  Kappa,  191 1 ;  Kappa 
Delta  Rho,  1905;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi  (local),  191 1 ;  Delta  Delta  Delta, 
191 7;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1868. 

Middle  Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural  College,  Mil- 
ledgeville,  Ga.,  1880 — ^Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1888-90. 

Millikin,  James,University,  Decatur,  111. — Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
191 1 ;  Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  1909;  Kappa  Delta  Chi  (local);  Delta 
Delta  Delta,  1912;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1912;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1912; 
Alpha  Chi  Omega,  19 13;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  19 18. 

Millsaps  College,  Jackson,  Miss.,  1892,  M.E. — Kappa  Alpha, 
1893;  Kappa  Sigma,  1895;  ^^  Kappa  Alpha,  1905;  Phi  Mu,  19 14; 
Kappa  Delta,  191 4;   Sigma  Upsilon,  19 10. 


830       DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Mills  College,  Mills  College,  Cal. — Delta  Theta  Delta  (local 
sorority),  1899;   Mu  Sigma  Sigma  (local  sorority). 

Minnesota,  University  of,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  1868 — Chi  Psi, 
1874;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1881;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1883;  Sigma  Chi, 
1888;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1888;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1890 ;  Beta  Theta 
Pi,  1890;  Delta  Upsilon,  1890;  Delta  Kappa  Epdlon,  1890;  Psi 
Upsilon,  1 891;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1892;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1892; 
Zeta  Psi,  1899;  Kappa  Sigma,  1901;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1902; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1902;  Sigma  Nu,  1904;  Acacia,  1906;  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa,  1910;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  191 5;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu, 
1915;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1916;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1916;  Alpha 
Gamma  Rho,  191 7;  Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  191 7;  Xi  Psi  Theta  Oocal). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1880;  Delta  Ganmia,  1882;  Kappa 
Alpha  Theta,  1889;  Alpha  Phi,  1890;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1890;  Delta 
Delta  Delta,  1894;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1902;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  IQ07; 
Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1908;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  191 2;  Alpha^Phi 
Alpha,  1912;   Achoth,  1917;   Kappa  Delta,  1918. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1891 ;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1891 ;  Delta  Chi.  1892;  Delta 
Sigma  Delta,  1894;  Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1897-09;  Psi  Omega,  1896- 
03;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1898;  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  1901;  Phi 
Delta  Chi,  1904;  Phi  Delta,  1904;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1904;  Theta  Tau, 
1904;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma.  1904;  Alpha  Zeta,  1905;  Phi  Rho  Sigma, 
1905;  Omega  Psi  Phi,  1908-12;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1905;  Phi  Lambda 
Upsilon,  19 10;  Sigma  Rho,  19 10;  Psi  Omega,  19 18;  Sigma  Delta 
Chi,  191 6;  Alpha  Rho  Chi,  1916. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1892;  Sigma  Xi,  1896;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906; 
Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1908;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1909;  Phi  Delta  Elappa, 
T910;    Lambda  Alpha  Psi;  S.  &  B.,  1905. 

Mississippi  Agricultural  College,  Miss. — Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1887-92. 

Mississippi  College,  Clinton,  Miss.,  1850 — Phi  Kappa  Psi, 
1860-61;   Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1869-76;   Sigma  Chi,  1873-74. 

Mississippi,  University  of,  University  P.O.  Miss.,  1844 — Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1850-191 1 ;  Delta  Psi,  1855-1912 ;  Sigma  Chi,  1857-12 ; 
Phi  Kappa^Psi,  1857-1911;    Chi  Psi,  1858-95;    Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS       831 

1859-61;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1866-1813;  Phi  Gamma  Delta, 
1868-79;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1877-1912;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1879-01; 
Kappa  Alpha,  1900-1912;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1886-12;  Chi  Omega, 
1 899-1912;   Delta  Delta  Delta,  1904-12;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1909. 

Missouri  School  of  Mines,  RoUa,  Mo. — ^Kappa  Alpha,  1903; 
Sigma  Nu,  1903;  Kappa  Sigma,  1903;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1905; 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1918;    Theta  Tau,  1916:    Tau  Beta  Pi,  1906. 

Missouri  State  Normal  School,  Kirksville,  Mo. — ^Alpha  Sigma 
Alpha,  1914;   Sigma  Sigma  Sigma,  191 5. 

Missouri  State  Normal  School,  Warrensburg,  Mo. — Sigma 
Sigma  Sigma,  191 5. 

Missouri,  University  of,  Columbia,  Mo.,  1839 — P^i  Kappa 
Psi,  1869;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1870;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1884, 
Sigma  Nu,  1886;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1890 ;  Kappa  Alpha,  189 1;  Sigma 
Chi,  1896;  Kappa  Sigma,  1898;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1899;  Delta 
Tau  Delta,  1905;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1906;  Acacia,  1907;  Pi 
Kappa  Alpha,  1909;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1914;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho, 
19 14;    Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1917. 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1875,  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1888-04;  Pi 
Beta  Phi,  1899;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1909;  Delta  Gamma,  1909; 
Alph  Phia,  1910;  Phi  Mu,  1913;  Chi  Omega,  1913;  Alpha  Delta 
Pi,  191 5;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 5. 

Phi  Delta  Phi.  1890;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1906;  Phi  Mu  Alpha,  1907; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1907;  Alpha  Zeta,  1908;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1909. 
Sigma  Kappa  Zeta  Gocal);  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1912;  Alpha  Kappa 
Kappa,  191 7;   Sigma  Gamma  Epsilon,  19 19. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1901;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1904;  Sigma  Xi,  1905; 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1908;  Gamma  Sigma  Delta,  1908;  Phi  Delta 
Kappa,  1910;  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  191 1;  Gamma  Alpha,  1914;  Sigma 
DeltaChi,  1913;  Coif,  1910;  Alpha  Sigma  Epsilon;  S.  &  B.,  1911; 
Theta  Sigma  Phi,  191 2. 

Missouri  Valley  College,  Marshall,  Mo.,  1889,  Cumb.  Pres. — 
Sigma  Nu,  1891-96;    Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1892-93. 

Monmouth  College,  Monmouth,  III.,  1857,  Un.  Pres. — Beta 
Theta  Pi,  1865-78;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1865-72;  Phi  Gamma  Delta, 
1866-71;    Pi  Bete  Phi.  1867-84;    Phi  Delte  Thete.  1871-84;    Phi 


itiH 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS  832 

Kappa  Psi,  1871-^4;  Sigma  Chi,  1874-78;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1870-78. 
Montana  State  College,  Bozeman,  Mont. — Sigma  Chi,  191 7. 

Montana  University  of,  Missoula,  Mont. — Sigma  Nu,  1905: 
Sigma  Chi,  1906;  Iota  Nu,  1908  Oocal);  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon  •1918: 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  191 9;  Alpha  Delta  Alpha,  1913  (local); 
Delta  Rho  (local). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1909;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1909;  Delta 
Gamma,  191 1;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi.  191 7;  Alpha  Phi,  1918;  Delta 
Sigma  Chi  (local);  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1910;  Sigma  Delta  Cbi,  1914. 

Moore's  Hill  College,  Moore's  Hill,  Ind.,  1854 — Kappa  Alpha 
Theta,  1871-75. 

Mt.  Holyoke  College,  South  Hadley,  Mass.,  1837 — Phi  Beta 
Kappa,  1905. 

Mt.  Union  College,  Alliance,  Ohio,  1846,  M.E. — Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1875-84;    Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1882;    Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon 
1885;  Sigma  Nu,  1892;  Phi  Kappa  Tau,  191 5;  Delta  Ganmia,  1882- 
08;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1902;   Deita  Delta  Delta,  1914;  Alpha  Sigma 
Alpha,  1909-14;   Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1915. 

Muhlenberg  College,  Allentown,  Pa.,  1867,  Luth. — Chi  Phi, 
1868-84;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1867-94;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1881; 
Phi  Kappa  Tau,  1918;  Delta  Theta  (local),  1898. 

Municipal  University  of  Akron — See  Akron. 

Muskingum  College,  Ohio — Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1912. 

Nashville  University,  Nashville,  Tenn. — Delta  Kappa  Epsilon, 
1847-61;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1850-50;  Sigma  Chi,  1856-57;  Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon,  1857-76;  Chi  Phi,  1860-61 ;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1870-75; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1871-72;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1903-11;  Pi 
Mu,  1908;   Kappa  Psi,  1908-12. 

National  Cathedral  Academy — Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1907-09. 

National  University  Law  5>chool,  Washington,  O.  C. — Sigmt 
Nu  Phi,  1903. 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS         S33 

Nebraska,  Universitv OF,  Lincoln,  Neb.,  1869 — PhiDdlaThet', 
1H75;  Sigma  Chi,  1683:  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1888;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsi Ion, 
1893;  DelU  Tau  Delta  1894;  Phi  Kappa  Psi  1695;  Alpha  Tan 
Omega  1897;  Kappa  Sigma  1897:  Delta  Upsilon  1898;  Phi, 
Gamma  Delta  1S98:  Acacia  1904:  Sigma  Nu,  1909:  Delta  Chi 
1909;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1911;  Alpha  Theta  Chi  (ItXai),  1S95: 
Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  19131  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  1916:  Pi  Kappa  Phi 
1915;   Kappa  Alpha  Pst,  1916. 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1684;  Kappa  Alpha  TheUi,  1887;  Deltn 
G;imma.  1888;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1894;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1895;  Chi 
Omega,  1903:  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1903;  Alpha  Phi,  1906;  Aiph;i 
Chi  Omega,  1907;  Delta  Zeta,  1910;  Achoth,  1910:  Alpha  Xi 
[}elta,  1912;   Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1914;   Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1915. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  (895;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1901 ;  Pi  Alpha  Phi;  Al|.h:i 
Zeta,  1904;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1906;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma.  1909;  Phi 
Delta  Chi,  1913;  Phi  Alpha  Tau,  1904;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1914: 
Epsilon  Epsilon  Epsilon,  igii  (local  medical];  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1912; 
lota  Sigma  Pi,  1914;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1915:  Sigma  Ali-ha  lolii. 
■915;  Nu  Sigma  Phi,  1913;  Phi  Chi,  1916;  Sigma  Gamma  Epsilon, 
1917. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1895;  Sigma  Xi,  1897;  Sigma  Tau,  1904; 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906;  Pi  Delta  E;»ilon,  1910;  Alpha  Rho  Sigma 
(h<in.  pharmacy);  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1914;  Theta  Kappa  Nu  (hoi 
law);  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1914;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1914;  Coif, 
iqil;   Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1914. 

Nebraska  Weslevan  Univhrsity,  University  Place,  Neb.— 
L'hi  Kappa  Phi,  1914;  Pi  Kappa  E>elta,  1914. 

Nevada  University  of,  Reno,  Nev.— Sigma  Nu,  1914;  Signia 
Alpha  Epsilon,  1917;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1917;  Phi  Delta  Tau 
(local),  1911;  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1913;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1913; 
Pi  Beta  Phi,  1915. 

New  Bedford  Textile  Schocx.,  New  Bedford,  Mass.— Phi  Psi, 
1904:    Delta  Kappa  Phi,  1917. 

Ngwberrv  College,  Newberry.  S.  C,  1858,  Luth.— Kappa 
Alpha,  1873-74. 


834         DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

New  England  Conservatory  of  Music,  Boston,  Mass. — Alpha 
Chi  One:ja,  1895;  Phi  Mu  Alpha,  1898:  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1903: 
Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1908-15;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  1915;  Kappa  Gamma 
Psi,  1914. 

Nbw  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculjure,  Darham,  N.  H., 
1868 — Kappa  Sigma,  1901;  Alpha  Zeta,  1903;  Theta  Chi,  1910; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1911;  Alpha  Tau  Alpha  (local),  1906;  Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon,  191 7;  Alpha  Tau  Omsga,  1917;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha, 
1918;  Phi  Mu  Delta,  1918;  Pi  Alpha  Phi  (local  sorority),  1913; 
Alpha  Xi  Delta,  19 14:  Chi  Omega,  191 5;  Phi  Mu,  19 19;  Pi  Delta 
191 7  (local  sorority. 

New  Jersey  Law  School,  Newark,  N.  J. — Delta  Theta  Phi, 

1915 

New  Mexico,  University  of,  Albuquerque,  N.  Mex. — Pi  Kappa 
Alpha,  1915;  Sigma  Chi,  1916;  Alpha  Delta,  1915  (local);  Phi  Mu, 
191 1 ;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1918;  Alpha  Chi  Chnega,  1918: 
Kappa  Delta  Nu,  1916  (local  sorority);    Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1916. 

New  Orleans  College  of  Dentistry.  New  Orleans,  La.,  1899 — 
Psi  Omega,  1903;   Xi  Psi  Phi,  190S-1 1. 

New  York  College  of  Dentistry,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  1866 — 
Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893-08;    Psi  Omega,  1893. 

New  York  College  of  Pharmacy.  New  York,  N.  Y.,  1829  — 
See  Columbia  University. 

New  York,  College  of  the  City  ok,  .\ew  York,  N.  Y.,  1866, 
(formerly  the  New  York  Free  Academy,  and  the  name  is  now  usually 
abbreviated  tu  "C  C.  \  Y.")  -Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1855-13;  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1856;  Chi  Psi,  1H57-73;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1865- 
06;  Delta  Upsilon,  1874-79:  Thota  Delta  Chi,  1881;  Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1884-91;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1896;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1896-02; 
Phi  Kappa  Tau,  1898  (local);  Omega  Pi  Alpha,  1901;  Delta  Sigma 
Phi,  1901;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1898;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1903;  Sigma  Alpha 
Mu,  1909;  Tau  Delta  Phi,  1910;  Alpha  Beta  Gamma,  191 1  (local); 
Delta  Alpha,  1913  (local);  Kappa  Beta  Phi,  1914  (local);  Alpha  Mu 
Sigma,  1 91 7  (local).;   Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1867. 


DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        835 

New  York  Homeopathic  Medical  College  and  Flower 
Hospital,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  1860-1889 — ^Alpha  Sigma,  1893; 
Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1894;  Pi  UpsilonRho,  1905;  Alpha  Sigma;  Phi 
Delta  Epsilon,  19 13. 

New  York  Law  School,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  1891 — ^Phi  Delta  Phi, 
1899;   Delta  Chi,  1902-05;   Delta  Theta  Phi,  1907. 

New  York  Polyclinic  Medical  School,  New  York,  N.  Y. — 
Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1904-05. 

New  York  State  College  for  Teachers,  Albany,  N.  Y. — 
Sigma  Nu  Kappa,  1910;  Kappa  Delta  Rho,  1915;  Kappa  Nu,  1918. 

New  York  University  (formerly  called  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York),  New  York,  N.  Y..  1830.  Pres. — Sigma  Phi,  1835-48: 
Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1835-39;  Psi  Upsilon,  1837;  Delta  Phi,  1841; 
Zeta  Psi.  1847;  Delta  Psi,  1847-53;  Delta  Upsilon,  1865;  Phi 
Gamma  Delta,  1892;  -17;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1896;  Delta  Sigma  Phi, 
1903;  Kappa  Sigma,  1905;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1914;  Tau  Delta  Phi, 
1914;   Kappa  Nu,  1915;   Theta  Chi.  1917. 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi.  1900;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  191 2;  Phi  Delta  Phi, 
1888;  Delta  Chi,  1891;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1906:  Phi  Alpha  Delta, 
1909;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  1904;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha.  191 2;  Phi  Sigma 
Delta,  191 3;  Omega  Upsilon  Nu  (local);  Delta  Mu  Delta,  191 3; 
Delta  Theta  Phi,  1916;   Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1838;   Phi  Delta  Kappa, 

Niagara  University,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  1856,  R.  C. — Omega  Upsilon 
Phi,  1896  (merged  with  the   University  of  Buffalo). 

North  Carolina  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic 
Arts.  Raleigh.  N.  C,  1889,  Non.  Sec. — Sigma  Nu.  1895:  Kappa 
Sigma,  1903;  Kappa  Alpha.  1903;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1904:  Sigma 
Phi  Epsilon,  1905;  Alpha  Zeta.  1904;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  191 5; 
Alpha  Gamma  Rho.  1919;  Sigma  Rho,  1912  (local);  Phi  Psi,  1916 
(textile);   Theta  Beta  Gamma,  19 17  (local). 

North  Carolina  Medical  College,  Charlotte,  N.  C. — Omega 
Upsilon  Phi,  1908. 


836        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

North  Carolina,  University  of,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C,  1789 — 
Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1850;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1851-98;  Beta 
Theta  Pi,  1852;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1857;  Delta  Psi,  1854-62; 
Delta  Phi,  1855-61;  Chi  Psi,  1855-61 ;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1856-95; 
Theta  Delta  Chi,  1857-60;  Zeta  Psi,  1858;  Chi  Phi,  1858-68; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1879;  Kappa  Alpha,  1881;  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1885;  Sigma  Nu,  1888;  Sigma  Chi,  1889;  Kappa  Sigma,  1893; 
Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1895;  Phi  Chi,  1905;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  1907-13: 
Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  19 10;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1912;  Kappa  Psi, 
191 5;    Pi  Kappa  Phi,  191 5. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1904;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1906. 

North  Dakota  Agricultural  College,  Aj^ricultural  College 
N.  Dak. — Alpha  Zeta,  191 1 ;  Theta  Chi,  1917;  Phi  Upsilon  Omicron, 
1913  (local);  Alpha  Kappa  Phi,  1916  (local);  Delta  Pi,  1913  (local); 
Delta  Phi  Beta  (local),  1908;    Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  1912;    Achoth, 
1914;    Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1913. 

North  Dakota,  University  of,  Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak.,  1884 — 
Sigma  Chi,  1909;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  191 3;  Alpha  Kappa  Zeta,  1908 
(local);  Delta  Sigma,  1911  (local);  Alpha  Lambda  Rho,  191 2  (local); 
Alpha  Phi,  191 1;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  191 1;  Delta  Gamma,  1916; 
Delta  Zeta,  1919;  Psi  Omega  Psi,  19 16  (local  sorority);  Delta 
Kappa  Tau,  1916  (local  sorority);  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  191 1;  Phi 
Delta  Phi,  1912;    Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1911;    Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1914. 

North  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  Dahlonega,  Ga.,  1872 — 
Sigma  Alpha  Epiilon,  1879-88;  Sigma  Nu,  1881;  Kappa  Sigma. 
1885-91;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1900;  Delta  Sigma  Alpha,  1899  (local); 
Alpha  Phi  Omega,  1916  (local);   Rex,  1918  (local). 

North  Pacific  Dental  College,  Portland,  Ore.,  1893 — Psi 
Omega,  1900;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1907;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1908;  Kappa 
Psi,  1913. 

Northwestern  College,  Naperville,  111.,  1861. — Phi  Alpha  Tau. 
1915- 

Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111.  (professional  schools 
in  Chicago),  1851— M.E.— Phi  Delta  Theta,  1859;  Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1864;    Phi  Gamma  DelU,    1860-70;   Sigma  Chi,   1869;  Phi 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        837 

Kappa  Sigma,  1872;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1873;  Delta  Upsilon,  1880; 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1893;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1894;  Sigma  Nu, 
1898;  Acacai,  1910-14;  Beta  Phi,  1913;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1917; 
lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 7*. 

Alpha  Phi,  1881;  Delta  Gamma,  1882;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1882;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1887;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1888;  Alpha 
Chi  Omega,  1890;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1894;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1895; 
Chi  Omega,  1901;  Kappa  Delta,  1907;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1909; 
Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  191 3. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1886;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1890;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1891; 
Delta  Chi,  1893  12:  Delta  .^i^^ma  Delta,  1893;  Zeta  Phi  Eta,  1893; 
Psi  Omega,  1H94;  Rhi  Delta  Chi,  1896;  Psi  Omega,  1896;  Alpha 
Epsilon  Iota,  1898-03;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1900;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1900; 
Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1901;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1902;  Phi  Beta  Pi, 
1902;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  1904-12;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  1904;  Phi 
Chi,  1909;  Phi  Mu  Alpha,  1910;  Kappa  Psi,  1910;  Alpha  Kappa 
Psi,  191 1 ;  Phi  Alpha  Sigma,  1910-12;  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  1914; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  19 13;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  191 8;  Gamma  Eta 
Gamma,  1919;  A  U  P,  1914. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1890;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1902;  Sigma  Xi, 
1906;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1906;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1913;  Ome;^a 
Upsilon,  1904  (orat.  local);    Coif,  1907. 

Norwich  University,  Northfield,  Vt.,  1819 — Theta  Chi,  1856; 
Alpha  Sigma  Pi,  1857  (local);  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1908;  Phi  Kappa 
Delta,  1909  Gocal). 

Notre  Dame  University,  Notre  Dame,  Ind. — Tau  Kappa  Alpha, 
1908. 

Oakland  College,  Miss. — Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1852-61. 
Oakland  Medical  College,  Oakland,  Cal. — Phi  Beta  Pi,  19 16. 

Oberlin  College,  Oberlin,  O.,  1833 — Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1907. 
OccmENTAL  College,  Pasadena,  Calif. — Pi  Kappa  Delta,  19 14. 

*There  are  men's  locals  also  called  the  Wranglers.  1903,  and  the  Scriblers,  1008 
(f  35.000). 


8^8        DIRECTORY—COLLOGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Oglethorpe  University,  Atlanta,  Ga. — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1859-^1; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1859-63;  Chi  Phi,  1871-72;  Kappa  Alpha, 
1871;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1871-72;  Pi  Kappa  Phi,  19 18. 

Ohio  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Cincinnati,  O. — Psi  Omega, 
1899;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1905-08;  Delta    Sigma  Theta,  1904-08. 

Ohio  Medical  UNiVERSiTY,Columbus,  O.,  consolidated  with 
Starling  Medical  College. 

Ohio  Northern  University,  Ada,  Ohio,  1871 — Kappa  Sigma, 
1886-88;  Si.^ma  Phi  Epsilon.  1905;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1910;  Sigma 
Pi,  191 2;  Delta  Tau  Phi  Gocal);  Theta  Phi  Delta,  1909  Oocal. 
sorority);  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1909  (local  sorority);  Phi  Chi,  1909 
Oocal  sorority).  • 

Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  O..  1868 — Phi  Gamma  Delta, 
1878;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1880;  Sigma  Chi,  1882;  Chi  Phi,  1883; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1883;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1885;  Sigma  Nu,  1891; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1892;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1892;  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1894;  Kappa  Sigma,  1895;  Delta  Upsilon,  1904;  Alpha 
Gamma  Rho,  1904;  Acacia,  1906;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1908;  Sigma 
Phi  Epsilon,  1908;  Sigma  Pi,  1908;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  191 1;  Pi 
Kappa  Alpha,  191 2;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1911;  Phi  Kappa  Tau,  1912; 
Kappa  Alpha  Psi.  1915;  Pi  Alpha  Chi,  1913  (local) ;  Beta  Alpha  Chi, 
1914  (local);  Phi  Sigma  Epsilon,  1915  (local);  Aloquin,  1917. 

Kap  a  Kappa  Gamna,  1888;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1892;  Pi  Beta 
Phi.  I  9^.  Delta  D  Ita  Delta,  1896;  Delta  Ganma,  1911;  Delta 
Zeta.  loir:  Ab^ha  Phi,  1012;  Phi  Mu.  IQ13;  Aloha  Gamma  Theta 
(local  sorority).  19 14;  Alpha  Xi  D 'Ita,  19 16;  Chi  Omsga,  19 19; 
Sigma    Kappa.  1919;    Theta  Pi  Alpha,  1919. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1893;  Alpha  Zeta,  1 897 ;  Delta  Chi.  1902;  Gamma 
Sigma  Delta,  1905;  Alpha  Psi,  1907;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  iqo^f  Alpha 
Chi  Sigma,  19 10;  Omega  Tau  Sigma,  1911;  Phi  Lambda  Upsiloa, 
1911;  Alpha  Pi  Upsilon,  1913  (local  forestry):  Tau  Epsilon  Chi, 
19 1 3.  (arch.):  Delta  Theta  Phi,  191 3;  Theta  Sigma  Phi,  191 3, 
(soror.  Jour.):  Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1897;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1913; 
Alpha  Rho  Chi,  191 5;   Triangle,  191 1. 

Sigma  Xi,  1898;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1904;  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  1907. 
Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1911;  S.  &  B.,  1915. 


DIRECTORY  -COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        8,i<> 

Mem. — The  Medical  fraternities  are  listed  under  Starling  Medical 
College. 

Uiiii)  Universitv,  Athens,  O..  1804— Beta  Tlieta  Pi,  1841; 
Delta  TaoDelU,  1862;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1868;  Sigma  Pi,  1910:  Phi 
Kappa  Tau,  1910;  l^imbda  Chi  Alpha,  1918;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha. 
1919. 

Kappa  Alpha  Tlieta,  1876-86;  Pi  Beta  Phi.  1889;  Alpha  Gamma 
Delta,  1908;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1911;  Chi  Omega,  1913;  Sigma 
Sigma  Sigma,  191Z;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1914;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  190S: 
Theta  Sigma  Phi,  1913;  Aloquin,  igia;  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1907; 
A  U  P,  1916. 

Ohio  Wbslevan  University,  Delaware,  O.,  184a,  M.E. — Beta 

Theta  Pi,  1853;  Sigma  Chi,  1835;  jPhi  Delta  Theta,  i860:  Phi 
Kappa  Psi.  1861;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1866;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1869; 
Chi  Phi,  1873;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1887;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilom, 
1889;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1913;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1915;  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma,  1879-84;  Kappa  Alpha  Thcla,  1881-81;  Phi 
Beta  Kappa,  1907;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1907;  Gamma  Phi  (hon. 
athletics), 

Oklahoua  AGmcfLTUKAL  AND  Mecbanical  College,  Stillwater 
Okla.— Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1918;  DelU  Sigma.  1908  (local);  Stgnia 
BetaChi,  1909  (local);  PhiKappaDelta,  1914  (local);  GammaZeta 
1916  (local);   Sigma  Tau,  1917  (local). 

Alpha  Theia,  1910  (local  sorority);  Beta  Phi,  1911  (local  sorority); 
Gamma  Chi,  1915  (local  sorority);  Delta  Delta,  1916  (local  sorority); 
Pi  Beta  Phi,  1919. 

Alpha  Zeta,  1916, 

Oklahoma  State  Nokmal  School,  Alva,  Okla.— Alpha  Sigma 
Alpha,  19 1 6:  Delta  Sigma  Ei)siIon,  1916;  Pi  Kappa  Sigma;  Sigma 
Sigma  Sigma,  1915. 

Oklahoma,  Umversitv  of,  Norman,  Okla. — Kappa  Alpha.  1905; 
Kappa  Sigma,  1906;   Beta  Theta  Pi,  1907;   Sigma  Nu,  1909;   Sigma 


.S40        nt RECTORY— COLLEGES  AtiD   CHAPTER.') 

Alpha  Epsilon,  1909;  Sigma  Chi,  191 2;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  19 16: 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1918. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1909;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1910;  Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1910;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1914;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1916; 
Alpha  Phi,  1917;  Delta  Gamma,  1918;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1918; 
Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1919. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1912;  Phi  Mu  Alpha,  1912;  Sigma  Delta  Chi. 
191 3;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  191 3;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  191 3;  Phi  Beta  Pi, 
1912;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1916;  Sigma  Txamma  Epsilon,  1916;  Phi 
Alpha  Tail,  1906. 

Orkgon  Agricultural  College,  Corvallis,  Ore.,  1872 — ^Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  1882;  Kappa  Psi,  191 1 ;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  191 5: 
Kappa  Sigma,  191 5;  Sigma  Chi,  1916;  Theta  Chi,  1916;  Sigma  Nu. 
191 7;  lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1917;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1918;  Phi 
Delta  TheUi,  191 8;  Kappa  Theta  Rho  (local);  Gamma  Tau  Beta 
(local);  Aztec  (local);  Kappa  Delta  Sigma  (local);  Omega  Upsilon 
(local);    Zela  I'^psilon  (local). 

Alpha  Chi  OmoKa,  1915;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1917;  Kappa  Alpha 
Theta,  191 7;  Pi  lUta  Phi,  1917;  Chi  Omega,  1917;  Delta  Delta 
Delta,  1918;  vSigma  Kappa,  1918;  Delta  Zeta,  1919;  Alpha  Rho 
(local);   Delta  Psi  (local);  Gamma  Iota  (local);  Zeta  Chi  (local). 

Gamma  Sigma  Delta,  1909;   Sigma  Tau,  19x3;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi 
|(>I5;    Alpha  Z  ta,  1918. 

Oregon,  University  ok,  Eugene,  Ore. — Sigma  Nu,  1900, 
Kappa  Sigma,  1904;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1909;  Acacia,  1909-13;  Sigma 
Chi,  1910;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1910;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1911; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1912;  Delta  Tau  D^'lta,  191 3;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1 9 19;    Sigma  Alpha,  191 3  (loail;. 

Oiimma  Phi  Beta,  1907;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1909;  Chi  Omega, 
1 909;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1910;  Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  191 1;  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma,  191 3;  Delta  Gamma,  1913;  Alpha  Phi,  1915; 
V\  Beta  Phi,  1915;   Phi  Delta  Delta,  1914. 

IMii  Delta  Phi,  1891 ;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1913;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa, 
1903;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1908;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1913;  Phi  Alpha 
Delta,   1914;   Phi  Chi,  1914;   Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1913;   Tau  Kappa 


niREC  TORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        841 

Alpha,  1914;    Delta  Theta  Phi,  1913;    Gamma  Eta  Gamma,  191 5; 
Sigma  Upsilon,  1915;  A  U  P,  1917. 

Ottawa  University,  Ottawa,  Kans. — Pi  Kappa  Delta,  19 13. 

Pbabody  Conservatory  of  Music,  Baltimore,  Md. — Phi  Mu 
Alpha,  1 91 1. 

Pbabody  Normal  School,  Nashville,  Tenn. — Sigma  Sigma 
Sigma,  1905. 

Pennsylvania  College,  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  1832,  Luth. — Phi 
Kappa  Psi,  1855;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1858;  Zeta  Psi,  1861-72; 
Sigma  Chi,  1863;  Chi  Phi,  1867-72;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1875-; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1882;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1883;  Theta  Pi, 
1 91 2  (local);  Druids  (local) ;  Phi  Sigma  (local) ;  Beta  Lambda  (local 
sorority). 

Pennsylvania  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  1856 — Kappa  Alpha  ,1877-79;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893-08;  Psi  Omega, 
1894-10. 

Pennsylvania  College  of  Music,  Meadville,  Pa. — Mu  Phi 
Kpsilon,  19 1 5. 

Pennsylvania  Polytechnic  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa.— Sigma 
Chi,  1865-76. 

Pennsylvania  State  College,  State  College,  Pa. — Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1872-73  (revived  in  1912);  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1888;  Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1888;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1890;  Sigma  Chi,  1891;  Kappa 
Sigma,  1892;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1892;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1899; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1904;  Delta  Sigma  Phi  1905-08;  Sigma  Nu  1909; 
Acacia,  1909;  Delta  Upsilon,  191 1;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  191 1; 
Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1912;  Sigma  Pi,  191 2;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 2; 
Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1913;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  191 4;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon, 
1915;  Phi  Kappa,  1913;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  1911;  Alpha  Chi 
vSigma,  1911;  Alpha  Zeta,  1898;  Theta  Xi,  1907;  Phi  Chi  Delta, 
1912-18;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1 91 4;  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  1917;  Alpha  Sigma 
Phi,  191 8;  Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  1919;  Theta  Chi,  19 19;  Alpha  Delta 
Sigma,  191 1  (local);  Omega  Epsilon,  191 4  (local);  Zeta  Theta,  191 4 


842         DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

(local);  Phi  Tau  Alpha,  191 4  (local);  Cuheco,  191 5  (local);  Chi 
Alpha  Pi,  191 7  (local);  Iota  Chi  Delta,  191 7  Oocal  professional). 
Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1899;  Gamma  Sigma  Delta,  1908;  Kta  Kappa 
Nu,  1909;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1912;  Phi  Kappa,  1913;  Beta  Samacb, 
1914;  Sigma  Tau,  1915;  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon,  1914;  S.  &  B.,  1912; 
Scarab. 

Pennsylvania  State  Normal  School,   Indiana,    Pa. — Sigma 
Sigma  Sigma,  191 5;   Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  19 14. 

Pennsylvania,  University  ok,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1748 — Delta 
Phi,  1849;  Zeta  Psi,  1850;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1850;  Delta  Psi, 
1854;  Sigma  Chi,  1875;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1877;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  i88o; 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1880;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1881 ;  Chi  Phi,  1883-85; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1883;  Delta  Upsilon,  1888;  Psi  Upsilon,  1891; 
Kappa  Sigma,  1892;  Sigma  Nu,  i8i?^4;  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  1896: 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1897;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1898;  Phi  Sigma 
Kappa,  1900;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1901 ;  Omega  Pi  Alpha,  1903- 
07;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1904;  Acacia,  1906;  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1907; 
Sigma  Phi  Sigma,  1908;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1908;  Sigma  Pi,  1909; 
Theta  Chi,  1912;  Theta  Xi,  1912;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1912;  Phi 
Epsilon  Pi,  191 2;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1912;  Kappa  Alpha,  19 13; 
Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1914;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  191 5;  Phi  Gamma  Delta, 
1916;  Kappa  Nu,  1919;  Sigma  Iota  (Spanish).  Alpha  Epsilon 
Delta  (local);  Alpha  Phi  Delta  (local);  Phi  Chi  Delta  (local); 
Tau  Delta  Phi  (local);   Mu  Phi  Alpha  (local). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1890;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1904;  Alpha 
Omicron  Pi,  1918;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  191 8;  Chi  Omega,  19 19;  Alpha 
Chi  Omega,  1919;  Alpha  Epsilon  Phi,  1917;  Delta  Sigma  Theta, 
1918;  Lambda  Iota,  1916  (local  sorority);  Alpha  Phi  Sigma,  1919 
(local  sorority). 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1886;  Alpha  Mu  Pi  Omega,  1891;  Delta  Sigma 
Delta,  1891;  Nu  Sijjma  Nu,  1896;  Phi  Alpha  Sigma,  1893;  Psi 
Omega,  1896;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1899;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1901;  Delta 
Chi,  1904;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1906;  Omega  Tau  Sigma,  1907;  Omega 
Upsilon  Phi,  1908;  Phi  Chi,  1908;  Alpha  Psi,  1908;  Phi  Beta  Pi, 
1909-13;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1911;  Phi  Chi,  1914;  Sigma  Alpha 
Mu,  1914;  Aleph  Yodh  He,  1913;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1915. 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        843 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1892;  Sigma  Xi,  1899:  Alpha  Omega  Alpha, 
1903;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1909;  Sigma  Tau,  1909;  Pita  Kappa  Nu, 
1913;  Coif,  1914;  Phi  Eta,  1914;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  191 1;  Delta 
Alpha  Delta,  19 16;  Beta  Gamma  Sigma,  19 16;  Pi  Lambda  Theta, 
191 7  (women). 

Philadelphia  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  1856 — Kappa 
Alpha,   1877-79. 

^    Philadelphia  College  of   Osteopathy,   Philadelphia,   Ph. — 
Iota  Tau  Sigma,  1909;   Phi  Sigma  Gamma,  191 5. 

Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1821 — 
Phi  Delta  Chi,  1901;  Kappa  Psi,  1903;  Pi  Theta  Sigma  (local) 
1902;  Zeta  Delta  Chi  (local),  1905;  Beta  Phi  Sigma,  191 1. 

Philadelphia  Dental  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1863  (now 
a  department  of  Temple  University) — Xi  Psi  Phi,  1893;  Psi  Omega, 
1896. 

Philadelphia  Homeopathic  MediCal  College,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  1848 — Phi  Alpha  Gamma,  1897;   Pi  Upsilon  Rho,  1910. 

Philadelphia  Textile  School,  Philadelphia,  Pa. — Delta  Kappa 
Phi,  1899;  Phi  Psi,  1903;  Delta  Phi  Psi,  1901  (local);  Sigma  Phi 
Tau,  191 7  (Jewish). 

Pittsburgh,  University  of,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  formed  from  the 
Western  University  of  Pennsylvania — Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1863; 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1864;  Sigma  Chi,  1909;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
1913;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1914;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1914;  Phi  Delta 
Theta,  191 8;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  19 19;  Theta  Chi,  1919;  Alpha  Chi 
Sigma,  1915;   Sigma  Kappa  Pi,  191 6  (local). 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  191 5;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  191 6;  Delta  Zeta, 
1916;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1916;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1918;  Pi  Beta  Phi, 
191 8;    Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1919. 

Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1891;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1891;  Psi  Omega,  1897;  Beta 
Phi  Sigma,  1900-14;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1903;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon, 
1903-11;  Phi  Chi,  1905-12;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1907;  Phi  Rho  Sigma, 
1908;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1913;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1909;  Alpha  Kappa 
Kappa,  191 1-13 ;  Phi  Delta  Epsilon  Qocal),  191 1 ;  Kappa  Psi,  1913 ; 


844         DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Alpha  Mu  Pi  OmeRa,  191 5;   Delta  Theta  Phi,  1916;  Sigma  Gamma, 
Epsilon,  191 5. 

Pomona  College,  Claremont,  Calif. — ^Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1914; 
Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1914. 

Potter  College,  Bowling  Greea,  Ky. — College  inactive.  Phi 
Mil  Ciamma,  1908-08;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1907-09;  Eta  Upsilon 
(lamma.    1908-09;    Sigma  Iota  Chi,   1907-09;    Delta  Phi  Kappa 

(hx^al);    Sigma  Theta  Phi  (local). 

Poughkeepsie  Collegiate  Institute,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. — 

IMta  Tau  Delta,  1865-67. 

Presbyterian  College  of  South  Carolina,  Clinton,  S.  C. 
1880,  Prcs. — Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1890-1908;  Pi  Kappa  Phi, 
1007-12. 

Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J.  (formerly  called  the 
College  of  .New  Jersey),  1746,  Pres. — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1843-46; 
Delta  Kappa  Epsilon.  1845-57;  Zeta  Psi,  1850-82;  E>elta  Psi,  1851- 
53;  Chi  Psi,  1851-57;  Kappa  Alpha,  1852-56;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 
1853-77;  Sigma  Phi,  1853-58;  Delta  Phi,  1854-77;  Chi  Phi,  1854- 
68;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1863-67;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1865-65;  Sigma 
Chi,  1869-82.     Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1899;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  191 1 . 

Pueblo  Hicin  vSchool,  Pueblo,  Colo. — Beta  Sigma  Omicron, 
1902-07. 

PuGET  Sound,  UNiVERsirv  of,  Tacoma,  Wash.,  1903  M.E. — Phi 
Alpha  Tau,  1914. 

PuLTE    Medical    College,    Cincinnati,    0.,    1872 — ^Phi   Alpha 
lamma,  1899-01. 

Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  Ind.,  1869 — Sigma  Chi,  1875. 
Kappa  Sigma,  1885;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1893;  Sigma  Nu,  1891; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1893;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1901;  Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1902;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1903;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1904;  Theta 
Xi,  1905;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1905;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1905;  Delta 
Tau  I3elta,  1907;  Acacia,  1907;  Phi  Chi  Delta,  1913;  Sigma  Pi. 
1 91 2;  Delta  Upsilon,  191 4;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  19 16;  Phi  Kappa, 
1918; 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS         S45 

Kappa  Alpha  Tbeta,  1915;  Alpha  Chi  Omega.  1918;  Chi  Omega, 
1919:  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1919. 

Oraicron  Nu,  1913;  Alpha  Zcta,  1910;  Alpha  Gamma  Rho,  191 1; 
Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1909;  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  1913;  Triangle,  1910: 
Scabbard  and  Blade,  1908;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1915;  Phi  Lambda 
Upsilon,  1917:  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1916. 

Tau   Bata   Pi,  1S93;  Si^ma  X',  193^;  S\gim  Dalta  Chi,  I9ii>. 

QuEBNsUH[VBRSiTr,Kinjitoi,Ont.— Phi  Si^ma  Kappa,  1903-14. 

Racihb  Collbge,  Racine,  Wis.,  1852,  Epis.  (closed)— Phi  Kippa 
Sigma.  1873-75;  PW  Kappi  Psi,  1S76-77;  Phi  Gammi  Djlt;i. 
1B80-87. 

Radcliffe  Coi.UF.oe  (WoTtien's  Department  at  Harvard),  Ca'ii- 
bridge,  Mass. — Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1914. 

Randolph-Macon  Collegb,  Ashland,  Va.,  1832,  M.E.— Delta 
Psi,  1853-61:  Kappa  Alpha,  1869;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  r87o-8j;  Phi 
Kappa  Sigma,  1871;  Beta  TheU  Pi.  1873-W;  Siyiiia  Chi.  1874-01 ; 
Phi  Delta  TheU.  T874:  Kappa  Sigma,  1888;  Si^ma  Phi  Epsilon. 
1906:  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1913:  i^igma  Upsilon,  1906;  Chi  Beta 
Phi,   1916   (scientific). 

Randolpb- Macon  Woman's  College,  Lynchburg,  Va. — Chi 
Om^a,  1900;  Zcta  Tau  Alpha,  1903:  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1903; 
Kappa  Delta,  1903;  Sigma  Sigma  SiEma,  1905-13;  Delta  Delta 
Delta.  1905;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1910;  Phi  Mu,  1910;  Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1913;  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1908-13;  Kappa  .Mpha  Theta.  191*1; 
Sigma  Kappa,  1917;    Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1917. 

Redlauds  Universitv,  Calif.— Pi  Kappa  Delta,  1914- 

Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  i8j6— Theta 
Delta  Chi.  1853-96;  TheU  Xi,  1864;  Delta  I'hi,  1864:  Zeta 
Psi,  1865-93:  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1867:  Chi  Phi,  1878: 
DelU  Tau  Delta,  1879;  Theta  Chi,  1908;  Sigma  Xi,  1887;  Tan 
BeUPi,i9o3:  Phi  Sigma  Delta,  1913;  Kappa  Nu,  1918;  Sigma  loU 
(Spanish). 

Rhode  Island  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I. — Kappa  Psi,  1911. 


846        DIRECrORY-^COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Rhode  Island  State  College,  Kingston,  R.  I. — ^Theta  Chi,  191 1; 
Rho  Iota  Kappa  (local),  1908;  Beta  Phi  (local),  191 1;  Delta 
Alpha  Psi  (local),  1911;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 4;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi, 
1916;  Sigma  Kappa,  1919;  Omicron  Alpha  Alpha,  191 8  (local 
sorority);    Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1913.* 

Richmond  College,  Westhampton,  Va.,  1844,  Bap. — ^Beta  Theta 
Pi,  1870-96;  Kappa  Alpha,  1870;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1873;  Phi 
DelUi  Theta,  1875-95;  Alpha  Tau  Ome^ia,  1878-84;  Sigma  Chi, 
1880-80;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1884-87;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1890; 
Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1891;  Kappa  Sigma,  1898;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon, 
1901;  Theta  Chi,  1 91 5;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1900-03;  Delta  Theta  Phi, 
191 1 ;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1912;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1918;  Phi 
Delta  Omega,  191 5  (local);   Tri  Phi,  19 16  (local). 

RiPON  College,  Ripon,  Wis. — Pi  Kappa  Delta,  1914. 

Roanoke  College,  Salem,  Va.,  1842,  Luth. — Sigma  Alpha,  1859- 
79;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1866-05;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1869-96;  Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  1869-92;  Sigma  Chi,  1872-01;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1896- 
09;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1903-06;  Pi  Kappa  Phi,  1916;  Om^a  Beta 
Chi,  1914  (local);   Sigma  Rho,  1916  (local.) 

R  CHESTER.  University  ok,  Rochester.  N.  Y..  1850,  Bap. — Alpha 
Delta  Phi,  1850;  Delta  Psi,  1851-95;  Delta  Upsilon,  1852;  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1856;  Psi  Upsilon,  1858;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1867; 
Chi  Psi,  1884-89;  kappa  Nu,  191 1;  Phi  Epsilon  Qocal);  Phi  Beta 
Kappa,    1887. 

Theta  Eta,  1903  (local  sorority);  Alpha  Sigma,  1903  (local  soror- 
ity); Theta  Tau  Theta,  1906  (local  sorority);  Gamma  Phi,  1909 
(local  sorority);    Theta  Gamma,  191 1  (local  sorority). 

RccKFORD  Seminary,  Rockford,  111. — Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1 874-76. 

Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre  Haute,  Ind. — Alpha  Tau 
Omega,  1893;  Sigma  Nu,  1895;  Theta  Xi.  1907;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma, 
1909;   Beta  Phi,  1916;   P.  I.  E.  S.,  1900  (local). 

Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  1770,  non-sect.,  form- 
erly Ref-  Delta  Phi,   1845;    Delta  Psi,  1848-50;    Zeta  Psi,  1848; 


i.  H^' 


DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        847 

Delta  Upsilon,  1858;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1861;  Chi  Phi,  1867; 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1871;  Chi  Psi,  1879;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1913;  Lamb- 
da Chi  Alpha,  1913;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1915;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1917; 
Kappa  Sigma,  191 8;  Ivy  Club,  19 13  (local)  :j|  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1869. 

St.  John's  College,  Annapolis,  Md.,  1789,  Non.  Sect. — Ph 
Sigma  Kappa,  1903;  Kappa  Alpha,  19 16. 

St.  John's  College,  Little  Rock,  Ark. — Chi  Phi,  1873-74. 

St.  Lawrence  University,  Canton,  N.  Y.,  1856,  Univ.— Beta 
Thcta  Pi,  1875;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1882;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1902; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  191 9;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1879;  Delta 
Gamma,  1884-87;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1891;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1914; 
Theta  Gamma,  191 1  (Agr.  local);  Zeta  Alpha  Phi,  1914  (Agr. 
local) ;  Pi  Mu  Epsilon,  1914;  (Domestic  Science  local) ;  (at  the  Law 
School  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.);  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1907;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1899 

St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  St.  Louis 
Mo. — Phi  Chi,  1908-12. 

St.  Louis  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. — 'Delta  Sigma  Phi,  19 16. 

St.  Louis  University  Medical  School,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (includ- 
ing the  Marion  Sims-Beaumont  College  of  Me-iicine) — Dilta  Sigma 
Delta,  1901;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1903;  Psi  Ome^a,  1903;  Phi  Delta, 
1905;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1906;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1908;  Phi  Chi, 
1911. 

St.  Mary's  School,  Raleigh,  N.  C. — Kappa  Delta,  1904-11; 
Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  1904-10;  Phi  Mu,  1906-10;  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha 
1909-10. 

St.  Paul  College  of  Law,  St.  Paul,  Minn. — Delta  Theta  Phi, 
1910. 

St.  Stephens  College,  Annandale,  N.  Y.,  i860,  Epis. — Kappa 
Gamma  Chi,  1868  (local);    Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1895. 

Salem  College,  Winston  Salem,  N.  C. — Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1905-09; 
Phi  Mu,  1906-09. 

San  Francisco  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  vSan 
Francisco,  Cal.,  1896 — Psi  Omega,  1898;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1899 


S48        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

San  Francisco  Institute  of  Art  (formerly  called  the  Mark 
Hopkins  Institute) — Sigma  Mu,  1905;    Alpha  Delta  Nu. 

Savage's  Normal  School  (for  the  traininy;  of  Physical  Directors) 
New  York,  N.  Y. — Omega  Upsilon,  19 12. 

Searcy  Fkmale  Institute,  Searcy,  Ark. — Sigma  Sigma  Sigma, 
1905-07. 

Sedalia  High  School,  Seilalia,  Mo. — Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1898- 
07. 

Sheffield  S(  ientific  School — See  Yale  University. 

Shorter  College,  Rome,  Ga. — Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1910-iJ: 
Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1910-14;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  1911-12;  Phi  Mu, 
1911-12;    Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1911-12. 

Simpson  Collecje,  In^hanola,  la.,  1867,  M.E. — Delta  Tau  Dclt  a 
i^73"94:  P^»i  Kappa  Psi,  1882  8<>;  Alpha  Tau  Ome^a,  1885, 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1889-98;  Kappa  -tMpha  Theta,  1879-91; 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  i88i-<)o;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1874;  Delta  Delta 
Delta,  1889;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  i<>07;  Kappa  Theta  Psi,  1902 
(local);   Phi  Mu  Alpha,  1 91 5. 

Sioux  City  College  of  Medicine,  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  1889 — Phi 
Delta,  1904-09. 

Smith  College,  Northamptdii,  Mass.,  1871 — Phi  Beta  Kai)pa, 
1904. 

Smituson  College,  I^o^^ansport,  Iinl. — Kappa  Kappa  Gamma 
i«72-75. 

South  Carollna  College,  Columbia,  S.  C,  1801  (formerly 
called  the  South  Carolina  University) — Delta  Psi,  1850-61;  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1852-61;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1857-92;  Chi  Psi,  1858^ 
97;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1858-61;  Kappa  Alpha,  1880-97;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1882-97;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1882-^3;  Alpha  Tau  Omej;a. 
1883-97;  Sigma  Nu,  1886-97;  Chi  Phi,  1889-97;  Kappa  Sigma. 
1890-97;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha  1891-97;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1904-06. 
Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1906-07;  Pi  Kappa  Phi,  1910-12;  Sigma  Upsilon,  191 4. 

South  Carolina  Military  Academy,  Charleston,  S.  C,  (known 
as  the  "Citadel"  Academy) — ^Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1 883-91;    Kappa 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        849 

Alpha,  iH83->9o:  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1883-^5:  Signm  Mu,  18B6- 
91;    Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1885-90. 

South  Dakota,  University  of,  VertoilUon,  S.  Dak. — Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1906;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  191I;  Beta  Theta  Pi,fl9i2: 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1916;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1903;  Kappa  Alpha 
Theta,  1912;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1904;  Phi  Delta  |Phi,  191a;  Delta 
Zeta,  1919;   Sigma  Tan,  1912. 

Southern  California.  Ukivbrsiiv  of,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  1880 
M.E.— Sigma  Chi,  1889;  Theta  Psi  (local),  1S97;  Phi  Alpha 
(local),  1898;  Phi  Nu  Delta  (local),  1906;  Sigma  Tavi  (local),  1910; 
Kappa  Psi  Gamma  (local),  1912:  Zeta  Beta  Tau.  1918;  ZeU 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1913  (local);  Delta  Beta  Tau,  1915  (local);  Gamma 
Epsilon,  1918  (local);  Delta  Gamma,  1887-97;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta, 
1887:  Alpha  Chi  Ome^a,  1695;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1911;  Phi  Mu, 
1915;  Pi  BetaPhi,  1917;  KappajDelta,  1917;  Beta  Phi,  1911  (local 
aorority);  Chi  Delta  Phi,  1917  (local  sorority);  Nu  Sigma  Nu, 
1896-07;  Psi  Omega,  1900;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1S96;  Delta  Sigma 
Delta,  1906;  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  1906-og;  Phi  E)elta  Phi,  1907. 
Xi  Psi  Phi,  1908-11;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1909;  Phi  Chi,  1909;  Deha 
Chi,  1910;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1911;  Delta  TheU  Phi,  1912;  Alpha 
Kappa  Kappa,  1913;  Nu  Sigma  Phi,  1914;  Phi  Delta  Delta,  191a; 
Xi  Psi  Phi,  1913;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1914;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1915; 
Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1918. 

SOUTKEHN  CoNSERVATORV,  Buena  Vista,  Va. — DelA  Omicron, 
1911. 

Southern  Dental  College.  Atlanta,  Ga.,  1887 — Psi  Omega, 
1904;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1912. 

SuuTHEH\  Methodist  Ukiversitv,  Dallas,  Tex.  —Kappa  Alpha, 
1915;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha.  1916;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1916;  Alpha  Tau 
Omega,  1918;  Omega  Phi,  191s  (local);  Phi  Alpha  (local);  Mu 
Omega  Beta  (local). 

Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1915;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1915;  phi  Mu,  I9"5i 
Chi  Omega,  1916;," Delta  Delta  Delta,  1916;  Kappa  Delta,  1916; 
Pi  Bfia  Phi,  1916;    Sigma  Kappa,  1917;    ^eta  Tau  Alpha,  1916; 

Kappa  Psi,  1910;  Zeta  Phi  EU,  1919. 


rift 


850        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Southern  University,  Greensboro,  Ala.,  1856,  M.E. — Merged 
into  Birmingham  College  in  191 8 — Pi  Kappa  Alpha  1871;  Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon,  1878;  Sigma  Chi,  1879-82;  Kappa  Alpha,  1882-14: 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1885;   Phi  Delta  Theta.  1887-96. 

South  Iowa  Normal  School.  Bloomfield,  Iowa — Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1881-87. 

South  Kentucky  College,  Hopkinsville,  Ky..  1881 — Sigma 
Alpha  Epsilon,  1885-87. 

Southwestern  Baptist  University,  Jackson,  Tenn.,  1871  (now 
united  with  Union  University) — Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1867-1911; 
Alpha  Tau  Omeja,  1894-1911;  Kappa  Sigma,  1892-08;  Chi 
Ome^a,  1 903-1 1. 

Southwestern  Presbyterian  University,  Clarksville,  Tenn., 
1875   (formerly  called  Stewart  College) — Pi   Kappa   Alpha,    1878; 
Kappa  Sigma,  1882;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1882;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon 
1882;    Kappa  Alpha.  1887-04. 

Southwestern  University,  (reor^jetown,  Tex.,  1873,  M.E. — 
Kappa  Alpha,  1883;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1886;  Kappa  Sigma,  1886: 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1887-88;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  19 10;  Zeta  Tau 
Alpha,  1906;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1907;  Phi  Mu,  1908;  Delta  Delta 
Delta,  191 1. 

Southwest  Kansas  College,  Winfield,  Kans.,  M.E.  1886 — 
Sigma  Nu,  1892-97. 

Stanforw  University,  (the  legal  title  is  The  Leland  Stanford 
Junior  University).  Palo  Alto,  Cal.,  1891 — Zeta  Psi,  1891;  Phi 
Delta  Theta,  1891;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1891;  Sigma. Ny,  1891 ;  Sigma 
Chi,  1 891;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  189 1;  Sig^ma  Alpha  Epsilnn,  1892'; 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1893;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1891;  Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1894;  Chi  Psi,  1894;  Kappa  Alpha,  1895;  Delta  Upsilon,  1896; 
Kappa  Sigma,  1899;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1901;  Theta  Delta 
Chi,  1903;  Acacia,  1904-16;  Theta  Xi,  191 4;  Phi  Kap^a  Sigma, 
1915;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1916;  Alpha  Sigma  Plii,  1917.  r  A      ■\|(.\    <  ^* 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1892;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1892;  Pi 
Beta  Phi,  1893:  Delta  Gamma,  1897;  Alpha  Phi,  1899;  Gamma 
Phi  Beta,  1905;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1909;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi.  1910; 
Sigma  Kappa,  1915;   Chi  Omega,  191 5. 


DIRECTORY-^-COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS         8si 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1897;  Nu  Siema  Nu,  1900:  Ome<'a  U'^silon  Phi. 
1901;  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  1902;  Delta  Chi,  1905:  Phi  Beta  Pi, 
1906-12;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  191 1;  Phi  Chi,  191 1;  Delta  Sigma  Rho, 
19 13;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1916. 

S  gma  Xi,  1901;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1904;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1910; 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  191 1;  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon,  1913;  Sigma  Delta 
Chi,  19 14;    Coif,  1909. 

Starling  Medical  College,  Columbus,  O.,  1847  (Medical 
Dental  and  Pharmacal  Department  of  Ohio  State  University) — 
Phi  Beta  Pi,  1900-05;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1896;  Psi  Omega,  1901;  Alpha 
Kappa  Kappa  1902;  Phi  Chi,  19 14;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  19 13. 

Stephens  College,  Columbia,  Mo. — Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  I902« 
Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1911. 

Stetson,  John  B.,  Univkbsity,  DeLand,  Fla. — Phi  Kappa  Delta 
(local),  1895;  Sigma  Nu,  1913;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1913;  Pi  Beta 
Phi,  19 13;  Phi  Beta  Psi  (local);  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  191 5;  Alpha 
Kappa  Psi,  1909-13;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1917. 

Stevens  Institute  of  Technology,  Hoboken,  N.  J..  1871 — 
Theta  Xi,  1874;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1874;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1875; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1881-94;  Sigma  Chi,  1883-91;  Chi  Psi,  1883; 
Chi  Phi,  1883;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1899;  Sigma  Nu,  1900;  Phi 
Kappa  Pi  (local),  1906;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1916;   Tau  Beta  Pi,  1896. 

Stuart  Hall,  Staunton,  Va. — Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  1905-08. 

Swarthmore  College,  Swarthmore,  Pa.,  1869,  non-sectarain 
(formerly  Quaker) — Kappa  Sigma,  1888;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1889, 
Delta  Upsilon,  1893;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1906;  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1918;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1891;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1892;  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma,  1893;  Delta  Gamma,  1912;  Chi  Omega,  1919; 
Phi  Sigma  Phi,  1918  (local  sorority);  Alpha  Theta  Pi,  1918  (local 
sorority);  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1896;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  191 1. 

Syracuse  University  of,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  1870,  M.E. — Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1871;  Delta  Upsilon,  1873;  Zeta  Psi,  1875;  Psi 
Upsilon,  1875;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1883;  Phi  iDelta  Theta,  1887;  Beta 
Theta  Pi,  1889;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1901;  Sigma  Chi,  1904;  Sigma 
Phi  Epsilon,  1905;  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  1905;  Sigma  Nu,  1906;  Kappa 


852         DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Sigma,  1906;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1907;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1910; 
Acacia,  191 1 :  Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1911;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  19 13;  Sigfna 
Beta,  191 1  (local);  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  19 13;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1910; 
Theta  Alpha,  1909;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1917;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha, 
191 8;    Sigma  Iota  (Spanish). 

Alpha  Phi,  1872;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1874;  Kappa  Kappa  Gazmzia, 
1883;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta.  1889;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1896;  Pi 
Beta  Phi,  1896;  Delta  Gamma,  1901;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1904: 
Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1904;  Sigma  Kappa,  1905;  Alpha  Chi  Omega^ 
1906;  Chi  Omega,  191  x;  Pi  Lambda  Sigma  (sorority);  Alpha  Omi- 
cron  Pi,  19 14. 

Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1896;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1899:  Delta  Chi, 
1899-17;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1899;  Zeta  Phi,  1900;  Sigma  Rho  Alpha, 
1902;  Beta  Mu  Delta,  1903;  Phi  Mu  Alpha,  1904;  Phi  Beta  Pi, 
1907;  Gamma  Eta  Gamma,  1908;  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  1909; 
Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1912;   Phi  Alpha  Tau,  1915;   Tau  Delta  Sigma, 

1905. 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1896;    Sigma  Xi,  1906;    Tau  Beta  Pi,  1906; 

Pi  Delta  Epsilon,  1909;    Delta  Sigma  Rho,  19 10;    Alpha  Om^a 

Alpha,   191 1 ;    Kappa  Pi  Sigma,  19 12  (hon.  pedagogical);    Alpha 

Chi  vSigma,  191 2;  Alpha  Tau;  Zeta  Phi  Ete,  19x4;   Phi  Chi  DdU, 

19 13;   Nu  Phi  Epsilon,  1905-17;  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  19x6. 

Temple  University,  Philadelphia,  Pa.— Sigma  Pi,  1909-18;  Phi 
Chi,  1909;  Aleph  Yodh  He,  1914-17;  Alpha  Theta  Pi  Oocal);  Phi 
Alpha  (local);    Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  19x6. 

Tennessee,  University  of,  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  1807 — Alpha  Tau 
OmcRa,  1872;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1874;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  X879; 
Kappa  Sigma,  1880;  Kappa  Alpha,  1883;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1890; 
Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1913;  Sigma  Chi,  19x7;  Chi  Omega,  1900; 
Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1902;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  X904;  Phi  Mu,  1908; 
Delta  Theta  Phi,  1904;  Phi  Kappa  Phi,  1900;  Alpha  Zeta,  19x2. 
Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1916;  College  oj  Medicine  at  Memphis — ^Alpha 
Kappa  Kappa,  1903;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1906;  Kappa  Psi,  1913;  Phi 
Chi,  1 9 14. 

Texas  ClIkI^^IIA^•  UMVKKbirY,  Purt  Worth,  Tex. — Plii  Chi,  1907. 

Texas  Dental  College,  Houston,  Tex. — Psi  Onega,  X913. 


^^H  .dfl^^^B^MT 


DtRBCrORY—COtLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        853 

Texas.  University  of,  Austin,  Te\..  i88.i— Kappn  Alpha,  1883; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1883;  Phi  Gamma  DelU,  1883;  Kappa  Sigma, 
1884;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1884;  Sigtna  Chi.  ie84;-Beta  TheU 
Pi,  1885:  Sigma  Nu,  1886;  Chi  Phi,  iSga;  Alpha  Tau  Omega, 
1897;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1904;  Phi  Kappa  Pri,  1904;  DelU  Sigma 
Phi,  1906;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1913:  Theta  Xi,  1913;  Acacia, 
1915;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1916. 

Pi  Beta  Phi.  1902;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1902;  Kappa  Alpha 
Theta,  1904;  Chi  Omega.  1904;  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1906;  Alpha 
Delta  Pi,  1906;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1912;  Phi  Mu,  1913. 

Alpha  Mu  Pi  Omega,  1898;  Phi  Chi,  1903;  Phi  Alpha  Sigma, 
1963:  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1905;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1906;  Delta  Chi, 
1907:  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1909;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1910;  Phi  Alpha  Tau, 
1915;  Kappa  Psi,  1918;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1915:  Delta  Theta  Phi, 
1916. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1905;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1909;  Sigma  Delta 
Chi,  1913;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1913;  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1913;  Pi 
IfOmbda  Theta,  1913  (women's  hon.  local);  Sigma  Xi,  1914;  Tau 
Beta  Pi,  1916; . 

Thatcher  Institute,  Shreveport,  La. — Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
1866-88;    Kappa  Sigma,   188S-91. 

Thibl  Collbge,  Greenville,  Pa„  1870,  Luth. — Phi  Gamma  Delta, 
1872-73;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1915. 

Toledo  Cohsebvatory  of  Music,  Toledo,  O. — Mu  Phi  Epsilon, 
1905- 

Toronto  Medical  College,  Toronto,  Ont,— Phi  Delta,  1904-10. 

Toronto,  University  of,  Toronto,  Ont.— Zeta  Psi,  1879, 
Kappa  Alpha,  1891;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1893;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 
1895-97;  Delta  Upsilon,  1899;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1898;  Phi 
Delta  Theta,  1906;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1906;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1912; 
Phi  Kappa  Pi,  1910;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1908-12;  Chi  Delta  Psi 
(local),  1901;  Psi  Delta  Psi  flocal),  1906;  Phi  Sigma  Tau  (local), 
1908. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1887;  Alpha  Phi,  1906;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1908; 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1911;  Delta  Gamma,  1913;  Alpha  Gamma 
Delta,  1919. 


rift 


8S4       DIRECTORY-'COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Omega  Upsilon  Phi.  1899:  Nu  Sigma  Nu.  1902;  Alpha  Kappa 
Kappa.  1905;  Xi  Psi  Phi.  1899;  Phi  Delta  Phi.  1896;  Delta  Chi, 
1897;  Zeta  Phi.  1907:  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1906;  Omega  Tau 
Sigma.  1913. 

Tr.\nsyi-Vania  Umivbrsity,  Lsxin^ton,  Ky.  (for  a  time  this  was 
callei  iCentuc'<y  University).  The  Wom2n's  Departme.it  is  called 
Ha-nilton  Calle^'e— Beta  Theta  Pi,  184.2-4.7;  Phi  Gamma  Dilta. 
1860-62;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1865-66;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1887;  Kappa 
Alpha,  1 891;    Kappa  Sigma,  1894-ox;  Phi  Pi  Chi,  19 12  (local). 

Trinity  College,  Durham,  N.  C,  1853,  M.E. — Chi  Phi,  1871-79; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1872;  Kappa  Sigma,  1873;  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1878-79;  Kappa  Alpha,  1901;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha.  1901;  Si^ma  Phi 
Epsilon,  1909;  Sigma  Chi,  191 2;  Pi  Kappa  Phi.  191 5;  Alpha  Zeta 
Phi,  191 5  (local);  Alpha  Delta  Pi.  1911;  Kappa  Delta,  19 12; 
Sigma  Upsilon,  1913;   Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  191 5. 

Trinity  College,  Hartford,  Conn.,  1823,  non-sect,  (formery) 
Epis.)--Delta  Psi,  1850;  Delta  Upsilon,  1869-76;  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1879;  Psi  Upsilon,  1880;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1877:  Phi 
Gamma  Delta,  1893;  Sigma  Apha  Epsilon,  1892-99;  Alpha  Chi  Rho 
1895;  Delta  Phi,  1917;  Sigma  Nu,  1918;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1845; 
Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  19 13. 

Trinity  University,  Waxahachie,  Texas,  1869,  Presb. — Beta 
Theta  Pi,  1873-81;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1878-83;  Delta  Gamma, 
1881-87;    Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1909-09. 

Troy  University,  Troy,  N.  Y.  (closed)  M.E. — Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1861-62. 

Tufts  College,  Medford,  Mass.,  1852.  non-sect,  (formerly 
Univ.) — The  Women's  Department  was  called  Jackson  College 
and  is  now  no  longer  a  part  of  Tufts.  Zeta  Psi,  1855;  Theta  Delta 
Chi,  1856;  Delta  Upsilon.  1886;  Delta  Tau  Delta.  1889;  Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  1892;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1916;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa. 
X893;  Phi  Theta  Chi,  1902;  Alpha  Delta.  1894;  Psi  Om^a,  1895; 
Sigma  Tau  Alpha.  1906  (local);  Zeta  Phi,  1909;  Delta  Sigma 
Delte  (Boston),  1897;  Phi  Chi  (Boston),  1913;  Phi  DelU  Epsilon 
(Boston),  1918;   Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1892. 


DIRECTORY—COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        855 

TuLANE  Univbrsxty  OF  LOUISIANA,  Ncw  Orleans,  La.,  1853-86 — 
Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1858-61,  also  1893;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1878; 
Kappa  Alpha,  1882;  Sigma  Chi.  1882-82,  also  1886;  Alpha  Tau 
Omega',  1887;  Sigma  Nu,  1888;  Kappa  Sigma,  1889;  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1889;  PW  Delta  Theta,  1889;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1897; 
Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1899;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1908;  Zeta  Beta  Tau, 
1909;   Phi  Chi  Delta,  1912;   Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1916. 

Pi  Beta  Phi,  1891;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1898;  Chi  Omega.  1900: 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1904;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1906;  Phi  Mu,  1906; 
Phi  Mu  Gamma,  1910-14:  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1914;  Alpha 
Epsilon  Phi,  1916  (local  sorority). 

Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1903;  Phi  Chi,  1903:  Chi  2^ta  Chi,  1906; 
Phi  Beta  Pi,  1907;  Kappa  Psi,  1908;  Alpha  Mu  Pi  Omega,  1909; 
Psi  Omega,  1912;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1910;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1912;  Phi 
Delta  Epsilon,  1918;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1918;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1918^; 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1909;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1914. 

Union  University,  Schenectady,  N.  Y..  1795 — Kappa  Alpha, 
1825;  Sigma  Phi,  1827:  Delta  Phi,  1827;  Psi  Upsilon,  1833;  Delta 
Upsilon,  1838;  Chi  Psi,  1841;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1848-67;  Zeta  Psi, 
1856-71;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1857-69;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1859; 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1881:  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1883;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa, 
1888;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1893;  Pi  Lambda  Phi,  1897-00;  Zeta 
Beta  Tau,  1909;  Phi  Sigma  Delta,  1914;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1915; 
Kappa  Nu,  191 7. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1884-12;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1888;  Delta  Chi, 
1892;  Phi  Delta,  1902;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1898;  Omega  Upsilon 
Phi,  1897;  Gamma  Eta  Gamma,  1904;  Kappa  Psi,  1910;  Delta 
Theta  Phi,   191 1. 

Union  University,  Jackson,  Tenn.  (for  some  time  an  independent 
institution  at  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  then  united  with  South-western 
Baptist  University  at  Jackson,  Tenn.,  and  finally  assuming  its  old 
name  at  the  new  location) — Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1851-73;  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1861-62;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1867;  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  1857;  Kappa  Sigma,  1892-08;  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma,  1909; 
Delta  Theta,  1917  Oocal  sorority). 


856        DJRBCTORY— COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

United  Statbs  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  Md. — Beta  Thcta 
Pi,  1863-63. 

University  and  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  Collpxir,  New- 
York,  N.  Y.  (Medical  Department  of  New  York  University)  —Phi 
Alpha  Sigma,  1886;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1897;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi, 
1899;   Zeta  Beta  Tau,  1904-13;   Phi  Delta  Epsilon,  1905. 

University  College  of  Medicine,  Richmond,  Va.,  1893 — Pi 
Mu,  1893;  Kappa  Psi,  1898;  Phi  Chi,  1899-12;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1904; 
Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1902-04;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  1905;  Alpha 
Kappa  Kappa,  1906;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1906-13;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1906; 
Psi  Omega,  1907  (consolidated  with  the  chapter  at  the  Virginia 
Medical  College);   Kappa  Phi,  1910-11. 

University  Medical  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  1881 — Phi 
Delta,  1903-10;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1903;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1911-13. 

University  of  the  Pacific,  Napa,  Cal.,  1853,  M.E. — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1881-92;    Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1889-91. 

University  of  the  South,  Sewanee,  Tenn.,  1868,  Epis. — Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  1877;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1881;  Kappa  Sigma, 
1882;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1883;  Delta  Tau  Ddte,  1883;  Kappa 
Alpha,  1883;  Sigma  Nu,  1889-93;  PiKappa  Alpha,  1898-10;  Alpha 
Kappa  Kappa,  1903-09;  Kappa  Phi,  1909-1 1 ;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1906; 
Phi  Gamma  Ddta,  1919. 

Upper  Iowa  University,  Fayette,  Iowa,  1857,  M.E. — Sigma  Nu 
1891-94. 

U.  S.  Orant  University,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  1867,  M.E. 
(formerly  East  Tennessee  Wesleyan  University) — ICappa  Sigma 
1882-98. 

Utah  State  College,  Logan,  Utah,  1890 — Sigma  Alpha,  1904 
(local);  Pi  Zeta  Pi,  1905  (local);  Phi  Kappa  Iota,  1907  (local); 
Delta  Nu,  1914  (local);  Alpha  Delta  Epsilon,  1916  Oocal);  Sorosis, 
1897  (local  sorority);  Sigma  Theta  Phi,  1912  Oocal  sorority);  Gam- 
ma Sigma  Delta,  1909. 

Utah,  University  of.  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  1850— Sigma  Chi 
1908;    Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1912;    Beta  Theta  PI,  1913;    Phi  DeHa 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        857 

Theta,  1915;    Phi  Alpha  Epsilon  (local),  1914;    Sigma  Delta,  1918 
(local). 

Chi  Omega,  19 14;  Gamma  Phi  (local  sorority),  19 10;  Delta 
Epsilon  (local  sorority),  19 12. 

Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  1910;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1913;  Delta  Theta  (local 
law),  1913;    Delta  Theta  Phi,  1915. 

Valparaiso  University,  Valparaiso,  Ind. — Nu  Sigma  Phi,  1912; 
Phi  Chi,  1907,  (Chicago);   Sigma  Delta  Kappa,  1916. 

Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville,  Temi.,  1873 — Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1876;  Kappa  Sigma,  1876;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1878; 
Kappa  Alpha,  1883;  Chi  Phi,  1883-99;  Beta  Theta' Pi,  1884;  Delta 
Tau  Delta,  1886;  Sigma  Nu,  1886;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1^89;  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1890;  Sigma  Chi,  1891;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1893-06; 
Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1901;  Phi  Kappa  vSigma,  1902;  Zeta  Beta  Tau, 
1918. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1904;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  19 11;  Alpha 
Omicron  Pi,   191 7. 

Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1897;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1903;  Phi  Chi, 
1905;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1905;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1906;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1906; 
Psi  Omega,  1906;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1907;  Kappa  Psi,  1907;  Tau 
Kappa  Alpha,  1909;   Pi  Mu,  19 10;  Omega  Upsilon  Phi,  191 1. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1901 ;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1906. 

Vassar  College,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  1865 — Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1898. 

Veltin  School,  New  York,  N.  Y. — Phi  Mu  Gamma.  1909. 

Vermont,  University  of,  Burlington,  Vt.,  1791 — Lambda  Iota 
(local),  1836;  Sigma  Phi,  1845;  Delta  Psi  (local),  1850;  Theta  Delta 
Chi,  1852-57;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1879;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1887; 
Kappa  Sigma,  1893;  Sigma  Nu,  1898;   Phi  Mu  Delta,  19 18. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1881 ;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1893;  Pi  Beta  Phi, 
1898;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1915;  Delta  Mu,  1880;  Phi  Chi,  1886; 
Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1894;  Alpha  Zeta,  1905;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1848:   Tau  Kappa  Alpha,  19 12. 

ViNCBNNBS,  University  of,  Vincennes,  Ind. — Sigma  Pi,  1897-10. 


858        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  Blacksburg,  Va.,  1872 — Pi 
Kappa  Alpha,  1873-80;  Kappa  Sigma,  1874-89;  Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1877-80;   Kappa  Alpha,  1877-77. 

Virginia  College,  Roanoke,  Va. — Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1907-10. 

Virginia  Military  Institute,  Lexington,  Va. — Alpha  Tau 
Omega,  1865-81;  Kappa  Alpha,  1868-13;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1869-80; 
Sigma  Nu,  1869-11;  Kappa  Sigma,  1874-83;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
1 874-11;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1878-89;  Sigma  Chi,  1884-85;  Sigma 
Phi  Epsilon,  1908-11. 

Virginia  State  Female  Normal  School,  Farmville,  Va. — Kappa 
Delta,  1897-11;' Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1898-06;  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma, 
1898;  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1901. 

Virginia  University  of,  Charlottesville,  Va.,  1819 — Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon,  1852;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1853;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma, 
1855;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1855;  Kappa  Alpha  (Northern),  1857-61 ; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1857;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1857;  Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1858;  Chi  Phi,  1859;  Chi  Psi,  1860-70;  Sigma  Chi,  i860; 
Delta  Psi,  i860;  Zeta  Psi,  1868;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1868;  Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  1868;  Kappa  Sigma,  1869;  Sigma  Nu,  1870;  Kappa 
Alpha  (S.  O.),  1873;  Phi  Delta  Thete,  1873;  Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1888;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1907;  Sigma  Phi  Epsdlon,  1907;  Alpha  Chi 
Rho,  1907;  Delta  Phi,  1908;  Theta  Chi,  19 14;  Zeta  Beta  Tau, 
1915;  Phi  Epsilon  Pi,  1915. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1890;  Pi  Mu,  1892;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1904;  Phi  Rho 
Sigma,  1904;  Delta  Chi,  1905;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1909;  Phi  Alpha  Delta 
1910. 

Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1908;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1909;  Sigma  Delta 
Chi,  1910;    Coif,  1912;    Sigma  Beta  Phi  (local  engineering),  1908. 

Virginia  Union  University,  1865,  Baptist,  Richmond,  Va., 
(colored) — ^Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1907. 

Von  Unschuld  University  of  Music,  Washington,  D.  C. — Mu 
Phi  Epsilon,  1914. 

Wabash  College,  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  1833,  Pres. — Beta  Theta 
Pi,  1846;    Phi  DelU  Theta,  1850;    Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1866;    Phi 


DIRECTORY-'COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS        859 

Kappa  Psi,  1870-01;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1872;  Thete  Delta  Chi, 
1879-82;  Sigma  Chi,  1880;  Kappa  Sigma,  1895;  Tau  Kappa  Alpha, 
1913;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 8;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1898. 

Wake  Forest  College,  Wake  Forest,  N.  C,  1834 — iCappa  Alpha 
18^1-94. 

Ward-Eelmont  College,  Knoxville,  Tenn.  (formed  by  the  union 
of  Ward  Seminary  and  Belmont  College — ^At  Ward  Seminary  there 
were  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  1905-09;  Sgima  Iota  Chi,  1905-14;  Eta 
Upsilon  Gamma,  191 2-1 5;  At  Belmont  College  there  were:  Chi 
Omega,  1899-03;  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  1903-15;  Sigma  Iota  Chi 
1905-14;   Phi  Mu,  1 907-1 1. 

Ward  Seminary,  Knoxville,  Tenn. — See  Ward-Belmont. 

Washburn  College,  Topeka,  Kan. — Kappa  Sigma,  1909;  Phi 
Delta  Theta,  19 10;  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,  1914;  Alpha  Delta  (local), 
1 91 2;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  19 14;  Alpha  Phi,  191 7;  Kappa  iCappa 
Chi  (local);  Tau  Delta  Pi  (honorary);  Pi  Kappa  Delta,  1913 
(debating);    Delta  Theta  Phi,  19 12. 

Washington  and  Jefferson  College,  Washini<ton  Pa.,  1802, 
non-sect,  formerly  Pres.  (formed  by  the  union  of  Jefferson  College 
and  Washington  College) — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1842;  Phi  Gamma  Delta, 
1848;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1852;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1854;  Sigma  Chi, 
1858-69;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1858-65;  Delta  Upsilon,  1858-70; 
Delta  Tau  Delta.  1 861;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1858-72;  Phi  Delta  Theta, 
1875;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1882;  Kappa  Sigma,  1898;  Sigma  Phi 
Epsdlon,  1902-06. 

Washington  and  Lee  University,  Lexington,  Va.,  1782,  non- 
sect,  (formerly  Pres. — )Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1855;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1856; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1865;  Kappa  Alpha,  1865;  Sigma  Chi,  1866; 
Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1867;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1867-78;  Phi 
Gamma  Delta,  1868;  Delta  Psi,  1869-88;  Theta  Delta  Chi,  1869- 
72;  Chi  Phi,  1872-75;  Kappa  Sigma,  1873;  Sigma  Nu,  1882;  Phi 
Delta  Theta,  1887;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1892;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1894; 
Delta  Tau  Delta,  1896;  Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1905-14;  Sigma  Phi 
Epsilon,  1906;   Alpha  Chi  Rho,  1907;   Phi  Delta  Phi,  1908;   Deha 


86o         DIRECTORY'-COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Ttaeta  Phi,  1908;    Phi  Alpha  Delte,  1912;    Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1911; 
Delta  Sigma  Rho,  1913. 
Washington  College,  Tcnn. — Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1852-52. 

Washington,  University  of,  Seattle,  Wash. — Sigma  Nu,  1896, 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1900;  Phi  Delta  Thete,  1900;  Beta  Theta  Pi. 
1901;  Sigma  Chi,  1903;  Kappa  Sigma,  1903;  Alpha  Tau  Omega, 
1906;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1906;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1908;  Delta 
Clu,  1908;  Delta  Upsilon,  1910;  Acacia,  1910;  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon,  1911;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1912;  Thete  Delta  Chi,  1915; 
Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1914;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1914;  Theta  Xi,  1915;  Psi 
Upsilon,  1916;   Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1918;   Theta  Chi  (local),  1910. 

Delta  Gamma,  1903;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1903;  Kappa  Kappa 
Gamma,  1905;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1907;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1907;  Kappa 
Alpha  Theta,  1908;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1909;  Chi  Omega, 
1909;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1909;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1910; 
Sigma  Kappa,  1910;  Alpha  Phi,  1914;  Delta  Zeta,  1914;  Mu  Phi 
Epsilon,  1915;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  1915;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1917; 
Phi  Mu,'  1917;   Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  1917; 

Phi  Delta  Chi,  1905-12;  Phi  Delta  Phi,  1907;  Tau  Kappa 
Alpha,  1 9 13;  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon,  1910;  Kappa  Psi,  191 6;  Phi 
Delta  Delta,  1916  (sorority);  A.  U.  P.,  1916. 

Sigma  Xi,  1907;  Theta  Sigma  Phi,  1909;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1910; 
Phi  Delta  Kappa,  1913;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  19 14;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1914;  Sigma  Upsilon,  1914;  Tau  Beta  Pi,  1912;  S.  &  B.,  1913; 
Theta  Sigma  Phi,  1909. 

Washington  State  College,  Pullman,  Wash. — Kappa  Signui, 
1909;  Sigma  Nu,  1910;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1911;  Sigma  Phi 
Epsilon,  191 2;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1914;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon, 
1915;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1918;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1919;  Alpha  Zeta. 
1909;  Omega,  191 1  (mining  local);  Sigma  Tau,  1913;  Alpha  Psi, 
191 5;    Delta  vSigma  (local). 

Pi  Beta  Phi,  191 2;  Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1912;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta, 
1913;  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  1916;  Delta  Delta  Delta.  191 8;  Delta  Zeta, 
1919;  Delta  Pi  Phi  (local  sorority);  Zeta  Phi  (local  sosority). 
Sigma  Tau,  1913;   Sigma  Upsilon.  1914;  Kappa  Psi.  1916. 


BIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        S6l 

Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1853 — Beta  Theta  Pi 
1869;   Phi  D3lta  Theta,  1891;   Si^ma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1892;   Kappa 
Sigma,  1902;    Sigma  Chi,  1903;    Sigma  Nu,  1903;    Kappa  Alpha, 
1905;    Alpha  Tau  Omega,  191 8;    Chi  Alpha  Pi,  191 7  (local). 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1906;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1907;  Delta  Gamma, 
1914;  Gamma  Phi  Beta,  1916;   Pi  Mu  Alpha,  191 7  (local  sorority). 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1882;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1900;  Xi  Psi  Phi,  1901; 
Phi  Delta,  1905;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1903;  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1904; 
Theta  Xi,  1905;  Delta  Chi,  1906-10;  Chi  Zeta  Chi,  1907;  Psi 
Omega,  1909-12;  Delta  Theta  Phi,  1912;  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  1917; 
Scarab. 

Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1905;  Sigma  Xi,  1910;  Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1914. 

Waynesburgh  College,  Waynesburgh,  Pa. — Delta  Tau  Delta 
1865-66;   Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1910. 

Webster  College  of  Law,  Chicago,  III. — Delta  Theta  Phi,  19 15. 

Wellesley  College,  Wellesley,  Mass.,  1875 — Phi  Beta  Kappa, 
1905.  There  are  a  number  of  societies  at  Wellesley  bearing  Greek 
names  but  they  are  not  sororities  but  literary  and  social  societies. 

Wesleyan  Female  College,  Macon,  Ga. — Phi  Mu,  1904-14; 
Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1904-14;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  1907-13;  Zeta  Tau 
Alpha,  1911-14;    Delta  Delta  Delta,  1913-14. 

Wesleyan  University,  Middletown,  Conn.,  1831,  non-sect. 
(formerly  M.E.)— Phi  Nu  Theta,  1837;  Psi  Upsilon,  1843;  Chi 
Psi,  1844;  Delta  Upsilon,  1850-52;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1856;  Theta 
Delta  Chi,  1857-63;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1867;  Beta  Theta  Pi, 
1890;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1902;  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  191 1;  Omega 
Phi  (local),  191 3;  Kappa  Alpha  Tlieta,  1883-87;  Phi  Sigma,  1893- 
02;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1895-12;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  iqo6- 
12;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1845;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  19 10. 

Western  Dental  College,  Kansas  City,  Mo. — Xi  Psi  Phi,  1905 
Psi  Omega,  1914. 

Westers  Reserve  University  fAlelhjrt  Collc^ej,  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  1826,  Pres.  (formerly  located  at  Hudson,  Ohio) — Alpha  Delta 
Phi,  1841;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1841;   Delta  Upsilon,  1847;   Delta  Kappa 


86a        DIRBCrORY-'COLLEGES  AND  CHAPTERS 

Epsilon,  1868;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1876;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1882; 
Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1901;  Sigma  Chi,  1909;  Sigma  Nu,  1909;  Zeta 
Beta  Tau,  1909;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1914;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1915; 
Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  191 8;  Kappa  Nu,  1919. 

(Professional  schools)  Delta  Sigma  Delta,  1897;  Psi  Omega, 
1896;  Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1900;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1901;  Phi  Delta  Phi, 
1901;  Phi  Beta  Pi,  1906-11;  Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1906;  Delta  Theta 
Phi,  1907;  Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1909;  Kappa  Psi,  19 10;  Phi  Chi, 
1906;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  1917. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1847;  Alpha  Omega  Alpha,  1903;  Delta  Sigma 
Rho,  191 1 ;    Coif,  1913. 

West  Liberty  College,  West  Virginia  (closed) — Delta  Tau 
Delta,  1859-62. 

Westminster  College,  Fulton,  Mo.,  1853 — Beta  Theta  Pi,  1867; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1880;  Kappa  Alpha,  1890. 

West  Virginia  University,  Morgan  town,  W.  Va.,  1868 — Kgppa 
Sigma,  1883;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1890;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1891 ;  Sigma 
Chi,  1895;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1896;  Kappa  Alpha,  1897;  Beta 
Theta  Pi,  1900;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1901;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1903; 
Sigma  Nu,  1904;   Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  1904-09. 

Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1905;  Chi  Omega,  1905;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma, 
1906;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  191 8;  Delta  Sigma  Sigma,  19 18  (local  sorority); 
Delta  Chi,  1902-08;  Kappa  Psi,  1908;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1910; 
Theta  Psi  (local  eng.)  191 1. 

Whitman  College,  Walla  Walla,  Wash. — 1866,  non-sect. — 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  191 5;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  191 5;  C9mmoner's  Chib, 
1916  (local). 

PhiMu,  1913;  Delta  Gamma,  191 6;  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  191 8. 

WiLBERFORCE  UNIVERSITY,  WilberfoFce,  Ohio,  Methodist,  1856; 
(colored) — Alpha  Phi  Alpha,  1912;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1915. 

William  and  Mary,  College  of,  Williamsburg,  Va.,  1693, 
— Theta  Delta  Chi,  1853;  Figma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1857-61;  Pi  Kappa 
Alpha,  1871;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1876-77;  Kappa  Alpha,  1890;  Kappa 
Sigma,  1890;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon,  1904;  Phi_Tau  Beta,  191 7  (local); 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1776;   Sigma  Upsilon,^i9i4. 


DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS        863 

William  Jewell  College,  Liberty,  Mo.,  1830,  Bap. — Phi 
Gamma  Delta,  1886;  Kappa  Alpha,  1887;  Sigma  Nu,  1894;  Kappa 
Sigma,  1897;   Zeta  Chi  (local);   Iota  Pi  (local  sorority). 

Williams  College,  Williamstown,  Mass.,  1793,  Cong. — Kappa 
Alpha,  1833;  Sigma  Phi,  1834;  Delta  Upsilon,  1834;  Chi  Psi,  1842; 
Beta  Theta  Pi,  1847;  Zeta  Psi,  1848;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1851;  Delta 
Psi,  1853;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1855;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1880; 
Phi  Delta  Theta,  1886;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1891-96;  Theta  Delta  Chi. 
1 891;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1906;  Psi  Upsilon,  191 3. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1864;  Delta  Sigma  Rho,  19 10. 

Winchester  College,  Tenn. — Sigma  Iota  Chi,  1904-07. 

Winston-Salem  College,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C. — Alpha  Delta 
Pi,  1905-09;   Phi  Mu,  1906-09. 

Wisconsin  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  1893 — Phi  Delta,  1903;  Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1903;  Psi  Omega 
1912-12. 

Wisconsin,  University  of,  Madison,  Wis.,  1848 — Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1857;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1873;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1875;  Chi  Psi. 
1878;  Sigma  Chi,  1884;  Delta  Upsilon,  1885;  Delta  Tau  Delta, 
1888;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1893;  Theta  Delta  Chi  1895;  Psi 
Upsilon,  1896;  Kappa  Sigma,  1898;  Phi  Kappa  Sigma,  1901; 
Sigma  Nu,  1902 ;  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  1902 ;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1903 ; 
Acacia,  1906;  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1906;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1907; 
Sigma  Phi,  1908;  Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1909;  Zeta  Psi,  1910;  Alpha 
Gamma  Rho,  1916;  Chi  Phi,  1916;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha,  1917; 
Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1 9 1 7 ;  Tau  Kappa  Epsilon,  1 9 1 7 ;  Theta  Xi,  1 9 1 7 ; 
Theta  Chi,  1918;   Delta  Phi  Epsilon,  1916  (local). 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  1875;  Delta  Gamma,  1880;  Gamma  Phi 
Beta,  1885;  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  1890;  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1894;  Alpha 
Phi,  1896;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1898;  Chi  Om^a,  1902;  Alpha  Chi 
Omega,  1903;  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  1905;  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  1905.; 
Achoth,  191 5;  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  191 7;  Delta  Zeta,  19 18;  Phi 
Mu,  1919. 

Phi  Delta  Phi,  1891;  Phi  Delta  Chi,  1900-05;  Alpha  Chi  Signa. 
1902;     Phi  Alpha  Delta,   1903;    Alpha  Zeta,   1907;    Phi   Lambda 


864        DIRECTORY— COLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 

Upsilon,  1908;    Sigma  Sigma  (local  medical);    Phi  Beta  Pi,  191 5; 
Triangle,  1913;  A.  U.  P.,  1914. 

Tail  Beta  Pi,  1898;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1899;  Delta  Sigma  Rhr», 
1906;  Sigma  Xi,  1907;  Eta  Kappa  Nu,  1910;  Gamma  Alpha,  1910; 
Theta  Sigma  Phi,  19 10;  Sigma  Delta  Chi,  191 1 ;  Beta  Gamma  Sigma 
I913;     Coif,    1914;  S.  &  B.,  1904;  Theta  Sigma  Phi,  19 10. 

Wittenberg  College,  Springfield,  O.,  1845,  Luth.— Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1852-54;  Phi  Kappa  Psi,  1866;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1867;  Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  1883;  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  1884;  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon, 
1905-07;  Theta  Gamma  Rho,  191 8  (local);  Alpha  Xi  Delta.  1904; 
Alpha  Delta  Pi,  1913;  Tau  Delta  Theta  (local  sorority);  Tau 
Kappa  Alpha,  1908;  Theta  Sigma  (local  sorority). 

WoFFORD  College,  Spartanburg,  S.  C,  1851,  M.E. — Kappa 
Alpha,  1869-09;  Chi  Psi,  1869-09;  Chi  Phi,  1871-07;  Phi  Delta 
Theta,  1879-84;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1885-09;  Pi  Kappa  Alpha, 
1891-06;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1891-96;  Kappa  Sigma,  1894;  Pi 
Kappa  Phi,  191 1;   Delta  Sigma  Phi,  1916. 

Woman's  College,  Frederick,  Md. — Sigma  Sigma  Sigma,  1906- 
07. 

Woman's  College  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  (now  Goucher  College). 

Woman's  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  1850 — Zeta  Phi,  1902;   Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  1904. 

Wooster,  College  of,  Wooster,  Ohio,  i860,  Pres. — Phi  Kappa 
Psi,  1871-92;  Beta  Theta  Pi,  1872-13;  Phi  Delta  Theta,  1872-97' 
Sigma  Chi,  1873-13;  Delta  Tau  Delta,  1879-13;  Phi  Gamma 
Delta,  1882-13;  Alpha  Tau  Omega,  1888-13;  Si.i'.ma  Phi  Epsilon, 
1912-13;  Kappa  Alpha  Thetii,  1875-13;  Kappa  Kappa  Gairnia, 
1876-13;    V\  Beta  Phi,  1910- 13;    Delta  Delta  Delta,  1912   13. 

Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute,  Worciister,  Mass. — Phi 
Gamma  Delta,  1891;  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  1894:  Alpha  Tau 
Omega,  1906;  Theta  Chi,  1909;  Phi  Sigma  Kappa,  1915;  Lambda 
Chi  Alpha,  1913;  Delta  Tau  (local),  1906;  Sigma  Xi,  1908;  Tau 
Beta  Pi,Ji9io. 


-.Mfk 


DIRECTORY^CpLLEGES  AND   CHAPTERS 


865 


Wyoming,  University  of,  Laramie,  Wye,  1887 — Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon,  191 7;  Gamma  Theta  Chi,  1916  (local);  Pi  Beta  Phi,  1910; 
Alpha  Tau  Om^a,  1913;  Delta  Delta  Delta,  1913;  Kappa  Delta, 
1914;    Delta  Sigma  Rho,  191 7. 

Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Comi.,  1701 — *Alpha  Delta  Phi, 
1836;  *Psi  Upsilon,  1839;  *Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  1844;  *Zeta  Psi, 
1889;  ^Beta  Theta  Pi,  1892;  fBerzelius,  1848;  fTheta  Xi, 
1865;  tDelta  Psi,  1868;  fP^i  Gamma  Delta,  1875;  fSigma  Delta 
Chi,  1876;  tChi  Phi,  1877;  fTheta  Delta  Chi,  1887-00;  JSigma  Nu, 
1889-92;  t Delta  Phi,  1889;  fPhi  Sigma  Kappa.  1893;  JAlpha  Chi 
Rho,  1905;  tAcacia,  1909;  {Alpha  Sigma  Phi,  1907;  Alpha  Phi 
Alpha,  1909;  fPhi  Delta  Phi,  1887;  {Phi  Kappa  Epsilon  (or  Book 
&  Snake);  || Alpha  Kappa  Kappa,  1906-12;  ||Nu  Sigma  Nu,  1907; 
t|Phi  Rho  Sigma,  1907;  §Phi  Alpha  Delta,  1909;  Pi  Lambda  Phi, 
1895;   IIAIpha  Chi  Sigma,  1914;  Sigma  Alpha  Mu,  1917. 

*Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1780;  fSigma  Xi,  1895;  *Delta  Sigma  Rho, 
1909. 

York  College,  York,  Neb..  M.E.— Pi  Beta  Phi.  1884--88. 


*In  academic  department  only;  fin  the  ShefSeld  Scientific  School  only;  tin  all 
departments,  including  the  professional  sdiools;  |in  the  law  school;  Din  the 
medical  school. 


ADDENDA 

The  following  chapters  have  been  reported  as  having 
been  recently  established: 

MEN'S  FRATERNITIES 

Delta  Phi — ^At  Universitv  of  Illinois. 

Delta  Sigma  Phi — ^At  Georgia  School  of  Technology-. 

Delta  Upsilon — ^A  new  chapter  has  been  established  at 
Wesleyan  University  which  revives  the  chapter  that  died 
in  1852.  Also  a  chapter  has  been  installed  at  Kansas 
University. 

Lambda  Chi  Alpha — ^At  the  University  of  Pittsbiirgh, 
Washington  and  JefTerson  College;  and  Denison  Uni- 
versity. 

Sigma  Alpha  Mu — ^At  Dickinson  College. 

Sigma  Chi — ^At  Washington  State  College. 

Sigma  Nu — At  Drury  College. 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon — ^At  Pennsylvania  State  College. 

WOMEN\S   FRATERNITIES 

Alpha  Chi  Omega — ^At  University  of  Wisconsin. 
Alpha  Delta  Pi — ^At  Howard  College. 
TCappa  Delta — ^At  Oklahoma  Agricultxiral  College. 
Sigma  Kappa — At  University  of  Wisconsin. 


866 


INDEX 


Page 

I 

Acacia Si  Alpha 

Achoth    \. . .  4x3  Alpha 

Acomos 68x  Alpha 

Adelphean,  The 431  Alpha 

Adelphean  Society 4x9  Alpha 

Aglaia,  The 473  Alpha 

Aleph  Saxnach 736  Alpha 

Aleph  Yodh  He 533  Alpha 

Aloquin 7x0  Alpha 

Alpha  Alpha  Omega , X3i  Alpha 

Alpha  Beta  Gamma 681  Alpha 

Alpha  Chi 681.  710  Alpha 

Alpha  Chi  BeU 68x,  710  Alpha 

Alpha  Chi  Omega 414  Alpha 

Alpha  Chi  Rho 55  Alpha 

Alpha  Chi  Sigxna 551   '  Alpha 

Alpha  DelU 681  Alpha 

Alpha  Delta  Alpha 68x  Alpha 

Alpha  Delta  Epsilon 681  Alpha 

Alpha  Delta  Na 718  Alpha 

Alpha  DelU  Phi 60.681  Alpha 

Alpha  Delta  Pi 419  Alpha 

Alpha  Delta  Sigma  .. 681.7x8.  731  Alp^ 

Alpha  Digamma 681  Alpha 

Alpha  Bpsilon  Delta 683  Alpha 

Alpha  Bpsilon  Iota $34  Alpha 

Alpha  Bpsilon  Phi 710  Alpha 

Alpha  Gamma 88.  738  Alpha 

Alpha  Gamma  Chi 738  Alpha 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta 433  Alpha 

Alpha  Gamma  Mu 683  Alpha 

Alpha  Gamma  Phi 683,  710  Alpha 

Alpha  Gamma  Psi 710  Alpha 

Alpha  Gamma  Rho 73  Alpha 

Alpha  Gamma  Tau 710  Alpha 

Alpha  Kappa  Bpdlon 683  Alpha 

Alpha  Kappa  Kappa 487  Alpha 

Alpha  Kappa  Lambda 683  Alpha 

Alpha  Kappa  Phi 683.738.739  Alpha 

(867) 


Page 

Kapi>a  Pii. .  ^ 611,  675*  683 

Kappa  2ieta 683 

Lambda  Rho 683 

Mu  Pi  Omega 400 

Mu  Sioma 68a 

Nu  Sigma 683,710 

Omega S39.  67s.  7" 

Omega  Alpha 6x3 

Omega  Delia 739 

Omicron  Pi 435 

Phi 437.7x1 

Phi  Alpha 76 

Phi  DelU 683 

Phi  Omega 683 

Phi  Quarterly 4^9 

Phi  Sigma 683.  7xx 

Pi  DelU 683 

PiUmbda 683 

PiNu 683 

Pi  Upsilon 718 

Psi 536 

Rho 7x1 

Pho  Chi 597 

Rho  Omega 7x1 

Sigma 537.683.7x1 

Sigma  Alpha 576 

Sigma  Chi X03,  730 

Sigma  DelU 7x8 

Sigma  Bpsilon 7ax 

Sigma  Phi 78.  683 

Sigma  Pi 683 

Tau 72X 

Tau  Alpha 684 

Tau  Omega 83 

Theta    7x1 

Theta  Chi 684,  685 

TheU  Pi 68s.  7XI 

Xi  DelU 430 

Xi  Sigma 6x5 


Pace 

Alpha  ZcU  616 

Alptw  ZeU  Alplu 1«0  1 

Alpha  Zeu  Gunou 7iS  ', 

A]pb«  Zet»  Phi 6»s  1 

Aocto™.  The 446  j 

Aagaliu,  Tbc , 4bi 

AoodBticHi  Univtnitr  Playen. . .  593   . 

Airtm 6«S   ! 

Bent,Th« Wj 

Befseliu* 6»s    | 

BeU  Alpha  Chi At5  | 

B*U  Chi  Theta 

BeiaChi  Upiilon 

Bcia  Gamma  Sigma 1 

Beu  Kappa 6»S,  ■ 

Bets  Lambda ' 

BeUPtii fl6,  685.  ' 

BcU  Phi  OmeEa 1 

Beta  Phi  Sigma 

BtU  Pi  SpBlon I 

BeU  Pi  Omega 

Beta  Samach  1 

Beta  Sigma  Omicrcm- , .  ^  - -  * 

Btia  Sigma  Phi ' 

BeU  TheU 

Beta  Theta  Pi 

BataUpulon 1 

Bibliosrapby   ....  ^ .  ^  ..-.<■-.<-  ■ 

Blacli  Badge 

BCKik  and  Gavel 

Bridge,  the  • 

Browning. 

Bulletin,  The 

Caduceoi.  The 

Carnation.  The 

Cuque  and  Gauntlet 

CenUur,  The 

Cerebrum.  The 


Chapter-housei  and  Halla 31 

Chi  Alpha  Epulon (M, 

~     AlphaPi 686 


Chi& 


.   686 


Chi  Beta  Phi 718 

Chi  Delta 6«6 

Chi  Delia  Phi Ill 

Chi  Delta  Pli M6 

Chi  Delta  Theta 714 

Chi  Epsilon 7ia 

Chi  Omega - 433 

Chi  Phi  ,. IIS.7" 

Chi  Phi  Quarterly I J  J 

ChiPai I»8 

Chi  PiiDdt* 7>» 

Coi  Z*t8  Chi 4»» 

CiccU,  The *»< 

Qau  Sodetiel 714 


.  ue 


rommonet's  Club  .  . 
ComnionsClub       . . 

ConEtituIiona  ol  Prat 
OwnopoUlan  Club  . 

CiweentTha 

Croea  and  CiMceot.. 
Cue.  The 


Dagger  and  Key 30S 

Delta  Alpha M7 

Delta  Alpha  Delta T' 

Delta  Alpha  Pri 6«7 

Delta  Beta  Phi 73> 

Delta  Beta  Tao 687 

Delta  Chi "36 

Delta  Chi  Quaitcriy ijS 

Delta  Delta 7ia 

Delia  Delta  Delta 4J7 

Delta  Bpdon 7".  73' 

Delta  BpsOon  Omega U7 


Delta  Gumma  Rlio  . 


Kappa  Epa&on i 

Kappa  Bpolon  Ouartelly.-  I 

Kappa  Phi se».  7 

Kappa  Tau 7 


Phi  Alpha., 
PhiBeia... 
Phi  Delta  . . 


I  Sigma  Delta 

I  Sigma  Epcilon .  ■ 
I  Sigma  Pbi 


Delta  Tau  DelU,. 


DaluTanPhi 

Paci 
6*9 

DelU  TheU  Chi 

.    ...  lis 

Digamma  Alpha  Updloo... 

6*9 

Eprilon  Tau  Sigma 

Equitable  Fr*.«.iity 

7t4 

.-18J.  i»J 
6SS 

Fifth  Point.  The 

3SJ 

870 


INDEX 


Pagb 

Flip  FUp 690 

PlyQub 6s 

Forensic,  the 650 

Forum 690 

Frater.  the 310.  545 

Frian   726 

Friar's  Club 690 

Gamma  Alpha 626 

Gamma  Chi 714 

Gamma  Delta  Phi 7x4 

Gamma  Epsilon    690 

Gamma  Eta  Gamma 557 

Gamma  Iota   714 

GammA  Phi 714,  721 

Gamma  Phi  Beta 450 

Gamma  Phi  Delta 690 

Gamma  Sigma 721 

Gamma  Sigma  Alpha 690 

Gamma  Sigma  Delta 628 

Gamma  Sigma  Kappa 690 

Gamma  Tau  Beta 690 

Gamma  Theta  Chi 690 

Gamma  2^ta 691 

Gargoyle 727 

Garnet  and  White 58 

Gavel,  the 624 

Gear,  the 586 

Golden  Bear 726 

Golden  Key 468 

Gorgon's  Head 726 

Government  of  Fraternities 17 

Grey  Friars 726 

Heraeum,  The 417 

Hexagon,  the 552 

Hilgard  Club 167 

Home  Fraternity,  The 39s 

Honorary  Fraternities 600 

Hustler,  the 327 

I.  C.  Sorosis 473 

I  K  A  Society 157 

Inactive  Fraternities 738 


Pace 

Innocents 726 

Insignia,  Fraternity 3 

Inter-Fraternity  Conference 42 

Inter-Fraternity  Relations,  Women  404 
Inter-Fraternity  Relationships ....     41 

Inter-Medical  Conference 486 

Inter-Sorority  Conference 405 

Iota  Alpha  Kappa 121,  734 

Iota  Alpha  Omega 7x4 

Iota  Chi  Delta 691.  7x8 

Iota  Delta    691 

Iota  Delta  Omicron 714 

Iota  Nu    691 

Iota  Phi   722 

Iota  Pi    7x4 

Iota  Pi  KapiMt 64 

Iota  Psi  Nu 714 

Iota  Tau  Sigma 533 

Iron  Cross 727 

Iron  Wedge  726 

Ivy  Club 691 

Judicial  Decisions 33 

Kanza 691 

Kappa  Alpha 194.  734 

Kappa  Alpha  Psi 213 

Kappa  Alpha  Journal 208 

Kappa  Alpha.  Southern 201 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta 453 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  The 458 

Kappa  Beta  Gamma 714 

Kappa  BeU  Phi 691 

Kappa  BeU  Pi 719 

Kappa  BeU  Psi 691 

Kappa  DelU 460 

ICappa  DdU  Chi 691 

Kappa  Ddte  Bprilon 737 

Kappa  DdtaMu 7x4 

Kappa  Ddte  Pli 691" 

Kappa  Ddte  Rho 2x5 

Kappa  Delte  Sigma 691 

Kappa  Gamma  Chi 691.  7x9 


INDEX 


871 


Page 

Kappa  Gamma  Phi 691.  714 

Kappa  Gamma  Pbi 710 

Kappa  Kappa  Chi 691.  714 

Kappa  KappA  Gamma 464 

Kappa  Kappa  Upsilon 7 14 

Kappa  Lambda 693 

Kappa  Nu    217 

Kappa  Phi 677.  7i4 

Kappa  Phi  Alpha 693 

Kappa  Phi  Lambda 737 

Kappa  Pi 678 

Kappa  Pi  Sigma 72a 

Kappa  Psi    494.  693 

Kappa  Psi  Gamma 693 

Kappa  Sigma 319 

Kappa  Sigma  Kappa 737 

Kappa  Sigma  Tbeta 79 

Kappa  Theta  Alpha 726 

Kappa  Theta  Psi 693 

Kappa  Theta  Rho 693 

Key,  The 468 

KKK 693 

Labarum 58 

Lambda    693 

Lambda  Alpha  Psi 732 

Lambda  Beta  Psi 71s 

Lambda  Chi  Alpha 339 

Lambda  Gamma  Kappa 694 

lambda  Iota 694,  715 

Lambda  Phi 694 

Lambda  Sigma  Phi 695 

Lambda  Tau  Alpha 695 

Lamp.  The 449 

La  Taktaz 463 

Legislative  Acts 33 

Link.  The 96 

Lion's  Paw 337,  737 

Local  Fraternities.  Men's 681 

Local  Fraternities.  Women's 710 

Local  Honorary  Societies 731 

Local  Professional  Societies 718 

Lyre.  The 4x6 

Ma-wan-da 736 


Page 

Membership  and  Chapters 14 

Men's  General  Fartemities 47 

Michigamua 7^6 

Miscellaneous  Fraternities 675 

Monad  of  Sigma  Phi  Sigma 368 

Mu  Omega  Beta 695 

Mu  Phi  Alpha 69s 

Mu  Phi  Bpsilon 630.  722 

Mu  Pi  Lambda 738 

Mu  Sigma  Sigma 715 

Mystagogue.  The 436 

Mystic  Friend 378 

Mystic  Messenger 107 

Mystic  Sons  of  Iris 749 

Mystical  Seven 103,  103.  737.  739 

Nacoms 736 

Nomenclature.  Fraternity t 

NuPhi 71S 

Nu  Sigma  Nu 500 

Nu  Sigma  Omicron 695 

Nu  Sigma  Phi 5»S 

Obelisk 69S 

Octagnian.  The 33i 

Omega -695.7X9 

Omega  Alpha 695 

Omega  Beta  Chi 695 

Omega  Delta  7X5 

Omega  Delta  Phi 69S 

Omega  Bpsilon 695 

Omega  Kappa  695 

Omega  Kappa  Pi 733 

Omega  Lambda 695 

Omega  Phi 695 

Omega  Pi  Alpha 696 

Omega  Pi  Epsilon 696 

Omega  Psi .,-696.  740 

Omega  Tau  Sigma 538 

Omega  Upsilon S9i.  696.  7^9 

Omega  Upsilon  Nu 7>9 

Omega  Upsilon  Phi 503 

Omicron  Alpha  Alpha 715 

Omicron  Delta  Gamma 678 


872 


INDEX 


Page 

Omicron  Delta  Kappa 633 

Omicron  Nts 634 

Omicron  Pi 719 

Omicron  Pi  Omicron 696 

Opheleum     697 

Order  of  the  Coif 63s 

Organization  of  Fraternities 17 

Oniis 7a6 

Oval    727 

Owl,  The 694 

Owl  and  Serpent 726 

Palladium  The 246 

Palm,  The 91 

Pan*He11enic  Anociations 405 

Pan  Pipes 575 

Parmi  Nous 727 

Phi  Alpha 678.  697 

Phi  Alpha  Chi 741 

Phi  Alpha  Delta SS9 

Phi  Alpha  Epsilon 697 

Phi  Alpha  Gamma 529 

Phi  Alpha  Pi 697 

Phi  Alpha  Psi 697 

Phi  Alpha  Sigma 506,  697 

Phi  Alpha  Tau 590 

Phi  Alpha  Zeta. .  .^. 719 

Phi  Beta 719 

Phi  Beta  Delta 697 

Phi  Beta  Epsilon 697 

Phi  BeU  Kappa 601 

Phi  Beta  Pi S08   i 

Phi  Beta  Psi 697 

Phi  BeU  Sifona 697.  7sa 

Phi  Chi Sii.  71S 

Phi  Chi  DelU asa,  697 

Phi  Chi  Quarterly 514 

Phi  Delta 497.  697,  74i    ; 

Phi  Dclu  Ch 549   \ 

Phi  DdU  Delta 561   ' 

Phi  Delu  Epsilon 5x5 

Phi  Delta  Kapi)a 637.  74i 

Phi  Delta  Omega 698   ' 

Phi  Delta  Phi 562   I 


Page 

Phi  Delta  Pi 698 

Phi  Delta  Psi 698 

Phi  Delu  Sigma 698 

Phi  Delu  Tau 698 

Phi  Delu  TheU '23^ 

Phi  Epsilon 698 

Phi  Epsilon  Pi 252 

PhiEu 639 

Phi  Eu  Kappa 698 

Phi  Gamma  DelU 255 

Phi  Gamma  Lambda 698 

Phi  Kappa 66.  269 

Phi  Kappa  Alpha 698,  727.  742 

Phi  Kappa  Chi 20X 

Phi  Kappa  Delta 698,  699 

Phi  Kappa  Epsilon 699 

Phi  Kappa  loU 699 

Phi  Kappa  Phi 640 

Phi  Kappa  Pi 699 

Phi  Kappa  Psi 270 

Phi  Kappa  Sigma 283 

Phi  Kappa  Sigma  Quarterly 287 

Phi  Kappa  Sigma  News  Letter. . .    287 

Phi  Kappa  Tau 291,  699 

Phi  Lambda  Upsilon 642 

Phi  Mu 470 

Phi  Mu  Alpha 572 

Phi  Mu  Delta 293 

Phi  Mu  Epsilon 742 

Phi  Mu  Gamma 678 

Phi  Mu  Omicron 743 

Phi  Nu  Delta 699 

Phi  Nu  Theu 699 

Phi  Phi  Delia -f  i 

Phi  Phi  Phi 744 

Phi  Pi  Chi 701 

Phi  Pi  Epsilon 701 

Phi  Pi  ThcU 701 

Phi  Psi   S83 

PhiRho 701 

Phi  Rho  Sigma 517 

Phi  Sigma 644.  70i.  744 

Phi  Sigma  A]i»ha 722 

Phi  Sigma  Chi 645 


INDEX 


»?3 


Pagb 

Phi  Sigma  DelU 295 

Phi  Sigma  Bpsilon 70Z 

Phi  Sigma  Gamma 534 

Phi  Sigma  KapiMt 297 

Phi  Sigma  Phi 71S 

Phi  Sigma  Tau 701.719 

Phi  Tatt  Alpha 701 

Phi  Tau  BeU 70a 

Phi  Thcta  Chi 719 

Phi  Theta  Upailon 703 

Phi  Upsilon  Omicron 70a 

Phi  Zeta  Chi 71S 

Phi  Zeta  Bpsilon 70a 

Philomathean.  the 473 

Pi  Alpha  Chi 70a 

Pi  Alpha  Phi us 

Pi  Beta  Omega 73a 

Pi  BeU  Phi 473 

Pi  DelU  715 

Pi  DelU  Bpsilon 646 

Pi  DelU  Kappa 745 

Pi  DelU  Pi 70a 

Pi  Kappa  Alpha 301 

Pi  Kappa  Chi 70a 

Pi  Kappa  DelU  648,  723 

Pi  Kappa  Bpeilon 70a 

Pi  Kappa  Phi 307 

Pi  Kappa  Sigma 579 

Pi  Kappa  Tau 745 

Pi  Lambda  Phi 309 

Pi  Lambda  Sigma 7i5.  7i9 

Pi  Lambda  Theta 7aa 

Pi  Mu 531 

Pi  Mu  Alpha 716 

Pi  Mu  Bpsilon *.  70a 

Pi  Nu  Bpsilon 716 

Pi  Pi  Rho 703 

Pi  Tau  Sigma 651 

Pi  TheU  Sigma 720 

Pi  Upsilon    703 

Pi  Uptilon  Rho 532 

Pi  ZeU  Pi 703 

Professional  Pratemicies 485 


Pagb 

Psi  Alpha  Kappa 56,  745 

Psi  DelU 703 

Psi  DelU  Psi 703 

Psi  Omega 543 

Psi  Omega  Psi 715 

Psi  Sigma    703 

Psi  TheU  Psi 746 

PsiUpeilon 311 

Publicadons  of  Pratemities ai 

Purple  and  Gold 132 

Purple.  Green  and  Gold 331 

Pyramid,  the 658 

Pyramid  Club 703 

0.  B.  B.  H 726 

O.T.V 703 

Quad 737 

Quadrangle 72? 

Quarterly  of  TheU  Xi 391 

Quill,  The 596 

Quill  and  Dagger 736 

Rainbow  The 174.  I75.  748 

Rattle,  The 377 

Record,  The 337 

Rex 704 

Rho  lou  Kappa 704 

Rho  Psi 704 

Rho  Sigma  Gamma 704 

Sachems 726 

Scabbard  and  Blade 65a 

Scarab 598.  736 

Scroll  and  Key 735 

Scroll  of  Phi  Delta  Theta 246 

Senior  Societies 724 

Shamrock 705 

Shield.  The 277.  385 

Shield  and  Diamond 305 

Sickle  and  Sheaf 74 

Side  Lights 292 

Sigma  Alpha 705.  746 

Sigma  Alpha  Bpsilon 319 

Sigma  Alpha  loU 574 


,-  t^ 


874 


INDEX 


Page 

Sigma  Alpha  Mu 330 

Sigma  Alpha  Phi 70s.  720 

Sigma  Alpha  Theta 747 

Sigma  Beta    70s 

Sigma  BcU  Chi 70s 

Sigma  Beta  Kappa 70s 

Sigma  Beta  Phi 722 

Sigma  Chi    332 

Sigma  Delta 70s.  716 

Sigma  Delta  Chi   594.  70S 

Sigma  Delta  Kappa s68 

Sigma  Delta  Phi 716 

Sigma  Delta  Pi 103,  706,  747 

Sigma  Delta  Psi 6s6 

Sigma  Delta  Rho 706 

Sigma  Gamma  Bpsilon 588 

Sigma  Iota 34^ 

Sigma  Iota  Chi 679 

Sigma  Kapi>a 481 

Sigma  Kappa  Delta 706 

Sigma  Kappa  Pi 706 

Sigma  Kappa  Tau 706 

Sigma  Mu    720 

Sigma  Mu  Rho 722 

Sigma  Nu 347 

Sigma  Nu  Kappa 706 

Sigma  Nu  Phi 569 

Sigma  Oraicron  Beta 706 

Sigma  Phi 3S6.  716 

Sigma  Phi  Alpha 706.  723 

Sigma  Phi  DelU 706 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon 361 

Sigma  Phi  Epsilon  Journal 365 

Sigma  Phi  Sigma i  ^7,  700 

Sigma  Phi  Tau 720 

Sigma  Pi 369 

Sigma  Rho 589.  706,  707 

Sigma  Rho  Delta    707 

Sigma  Sigma 707.  l^o,  723 

Sigma  Sigma  Sigma 580 

Sigma  Tau 658.  707.  7 16 

Sigma  Tau  Alpha Toy 

Sigma  Tau  Delta 716 

Sigma  Theta  Phi     716 


Pack 

Sigma  Upsilon 65^,  716 

Sigma  Xi   661 

Signet,  The 300 

Sinfonia    630 

Skull  and  Bones 724 

Skull  and  Keys 726 

Skull  and  Sceptre 518 

Skull  and  Scroll 726 

Skull  and  Serpent   727 

Skull  and  Snakes 727 

Social  Fraternity 182 

Sorosis 716 

Speaker,  the 670 

Speculum,  the 534 

Sphinx 726,  726,  726.  726 

Star  and  Crescent 2a6 

Star  and  Lamp 308 

Statistical  Tables 767 

Tau  Beta  Pi 665 

Tau  Delta  Phi 371.  707 

Tau  Delta  Pi 723 

Tau  Delta  Psi 707 

Tau  Delta  Sigma 584 

Tau  Delta  Theta 6s.  716 

Tau  Epsilon  Chi 720 

Tau  Epsilon  Pi 707 

Tau  Gammi  Phi 707 

Tau  Kappa  Alpha 668,  716 

Tau  Kappa  Epsilon 372 

Tau  Kappa  Pi 716 

Tau  Psi 707 

Tau  Sigma  Delta 67 1 

Tau  Theta  Upsilon 727 

Tcke.  The 373 

Themis.  The 484 

Theta  Alpha 374.  707.  723 

Theta  Beta  Gamma 708 

Theta  Chi 375.  7o8 

Theta  Delta  Chi  379 

Theta  Delta  Sigma 716 

Theta  Eta    717 

Theta  Gamma 708,  7 1 7 

Theta  Gamma  Rho v .   708 


INDEX 


87s 


Pagb 

Theta  Lambda  Phi 748 

Theta  Nu  Bpdlon 679 

Theta  Phi 708 

Theta  Phi  Alpha 717 

TheU  Phi  DelU 717 

TheU  Pi 708 

TheU  Pi  Alpha 680 

Theta  Pi  Gamma 7x7 

Theta  P»i 717.  7*3.  708 

Theta  Sigma   7x7 

TheU  Sigma  Phi 673 

TheU  Tau 585 

TheU  Tau  TheU 717 

TheU  Xi 389 

Tomahawk 79.  80 

Torch,  the S32 

Trian^  587 

Triang^,  The 48a,  581.  63a 

Trident.  The 441 

TriPhi 708 

Triton,  The 441 

University  Quarteriy 186 

University  Review 190 

Upcilon  BeU 748 

Up<(ilon  Sitnna  Alpha 7^8 

U  Tech     7ao 


Page 

Vitruvian 747 

War,  Fraternity  Men  in 38 

Wolfs  Head 72S 

Women's  Fraternities xx,  404 

W.  W.  W 748 

Xi  Psi  Phi , 546 

XiPsiTheU 708 

Xi  Sigma  Pi 674 

Xi  Sigma  Upsilon 708 

ZeU  Alpha  Epsilon 709 

ZeU  Alpha  Psi 709 

ZeU  BeU  Tau 393 

ZeU  Chi 709,  7x7 

ZeU  DelU  Chi 720 

ZeU  Epsilon 709 

ZeU  Kappa  Epsilon 709 

ZeU  Kappa  N 733 

ZeU  Lambda  Epsilon 709 

ZeU  Nu   717 

ZeU  Omega  717 

Zeta  Phi 103,  526.  717.  7S0 

ZeU  Phi  Et  • 592 

ZeU  Psj    397 

ZeU  Tau  Alpha 483 

ZeU  ThetH 701 


BAIRD'S  MANUAL 

of 

AMERICAN  COLLEGE 
FRATERNITIES 

The  book  best  known  among  college 
f rateimity  people 

Tht  nirUh  (1920)  Edition 

The  price  is  $4.00  per  copy,  postage  prepaid,  or  for 

six  copies  to  be  taken  in  one  shipment 

to  one  address  $20.00 

JAMES  T.  BROWN 

Publisher 
363  W.  Twentieth  Street  NEW  YORK 


The  History  of  the  Phi  Delta 
Theta  Fraternity 

By  WALTER  B.  PALMER 

Nearly  1,000  pages.  Nearly  400  illustrations 

Price  $5  postpaid.    Address  the  author  at 
555  West  147th  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


876 


Intercallegiate  Bureau  of 
Academic  Costume 


COTRELL  &  LEONARD 

EslaillilieJ  1132 
ALBANY.  N.  Y. 


CAPS.    GOWNS    AND    HOODS 
for  the  American  Colleges 


FRATERNITY  GOWNS 


RICH  ROBES  FOR  THE  PULPIT  AND 
THE  BENCH 


CHOIR  GOWNS  AND  CHOIR  CAPS 


UbitUattd  BuUtlim  upon  itqutil 


MANUFACTURER 
DESIGNER  IMPORTER 


J.  F.  NEWMAN 

JEWELER 

NBW  YORK 

CHICAGO 

SAN  FRANCISCO 

ST.  LOUIS 


11  JOHN  STREET 


MAIN  OFFICB 
FACTORY 

NEW  YORK 


NEW  YORK 


The  house  of  J.  F.  NEWMAN  is  the  largest  and  oldest 
of  its  kind  in  the  country  and  its  productions  include 
special  order  work  of  all  kinds  in  which  precious  metals, 
bronze,  enamel  and  jewels  are  employed  in  artistic 
rendering  of  Emblems,  Insignia,  Testimonials,  Jewelry, 
Souvenirs,  etc.,  also  makers  and  designers  of  finest  class 
Stationery,  Leathers  and  Art  Goods  of  other  materials. 

• 

Comiilete  CAtaloguef  and  price 
Utta    of    COLLBGB    and 

fraternity  BADOBS 

and  JBWBLRY  on  application 

DESIGNS  AND  ESTIMATES  FURNISHED 
WITHOUT  CHARGE 


878 


BALFOUR  BLUE  BOOK 

1920 

The  Standard  Reference  for  Fra- 
ternity Jewelry,  together  with 
individual  Badge  Price  List/  will 
be  mailed  on  application. 

L.  G.  BALFOUR  CO. 

ATTLEBORO,  MASS. 

BADGES     JEWELRY      STATIONERY 


Excellence  of  Workmanship  and 
Quality  of  Materials 

have  made  the 

Fraternity   Badges 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

BURR,  PATTERSON  &  CO. 

Fraternity  Jewelers 

DETROIT.  MICHIGAN 
The  Standard  by  which  all  other  Badges  are  judged 

879 


THE  JENNER  COMPANY 

INCORPORATED 

815-827  West  Market  St. 
LOUISVILLE.  KENTUCKY 

JAMES  W.  JENNER 
Preaideat  and  General  Manager 


Steel  and  Copper  Engravers 

Makers  of  Fine  Stationery 

Commercial  and  Social 

College  and  Fraternity  Stationery,  Coimnencement 
Invitations,  Menus,  Banquet  Invitations,  Dance 
Programs  and  Invitations,  Coat  of  Anns,  Crests,  etc. 
— ^in  fact,  all  kinds  of  Engraved  Stationery. 

We  have  stock  dies  of  emblems  of  the  leading  colleges, 
fraternities  and  sororities,  for  the  use  of  which  we  do 
not  make  any  charge. 

Our  line  is  on  display  with  representative  Book 

Stores,  Jewelers  and  Printers  all  over  the  United 

States. 

We  prefer  not  to  serve,  directly,  the  consumer,  except 
it  should  occur  that  a  Stationer  handling  our  line 
cannot  be  foimd,  then  we,  gladly,  do  so. 


8So 


INITIATION   ROBES 

and 

Paraphernalia 


Costumes  for 

Officers 

InUiaies  and 

Members 


Official  Patterns  on 
file  for: 

Ben  SAE 

SX  UN 

4>Ae  AE4> 

ATA  KA 

4>PS  Acacia 

others  in  preparation 


Add  dignity  and  uniformity  to  your  ceremonies 
Deepen  the  impressions.  Let  us  help  you. 

Ihling  Rros.  Fvebabd  (^o. 


KALAMAZOO,  MICH. 


A.    H.    PETTING 

MANUFACTURING  JEWELRY  CO. 
Manu^turers  of 

Greek  Letter  Fraternity 

Jewelry 

DIAMONDS    •••    FINE  JEWELRY 

213  N.  Liberty  St.,  Baltimore,  Md. 


Mi 


RECOGNIZED     OFFICIAL 
FRATERNITY    PUBLISHERS 

IIIZE  have  been  so  appointed  by  more  than  forty 
fraternities  and  sororities  and  we  are  supplying 
an  understanding  service  which  is  the  only  one  of 
its  kind.  Our  experience  can  be  of  immense  value 
to  you. 

Fraternity  magazines,  catalogues,  directories,  histo- 
ries, constitutions,  rituals,  certificates,  blank  forms 
and  stationery. 

Publishers  of  Banta's  Greek  Exchange 


(ll|t  (Btflifgtatt  firm 

Geo.  Banta  Publishm^  Co. 

450-454  Ahnaip  St.,   Menashfi,   Wis. 


882 


^                                                          EBlablished    1847 

1^^^.      ANNIN  &  CO. 

imnSC^           '^^^  MAKERS 

^^Q^^Q                   Old  Glory  Cointi 

^SS^^SSt "'"" ''''"°"  ^'^  '^^  ''"^  ""''^ 

Make  the                ^^^BI^^^^^^V 
Grades                ^^P^^It^^I^^V 

BANNERS                  ^BA^^^Uif 
PENNANTS                ^^m^SJ^m 
PILLOWi  COVERS,    ^^^H^^^H 

WOOL,  BUNTING,        VKl^V 
FELT,  SILK  AND            ^^BSV 
OTHER  FABRICS            ■fiuV 
FOR                        ^^Eb 
COLLEGES,   SCHOOLS,  Wj9H 
FRATERNITIES,                   ll^9 
SOCIETIES,  CLUBS             iJ&B 
AND  ALL  OTHER   \              I^H 
ORGANIZATIONS                   ^B 

ANNIN  &  CO.                   W 
N«w  York                          W 
DEPT.  ALPHA                               T 

o 


FOUNTAIN  PEN 


Parker  Pens  have  main- 
tained their  standard  of 
excellence  for  over  thirty 
years.  More  than  six 
million  of  them  are  in 
daily  use  in  every 
country  of  the  world. 


THE  PARKER  PEN  COMPANY 

JANE3VILLE,  WISCONSIN 

NEW  YORK        CHICAGO        SAN  FRANCISCO 


884 


THE  D.  L.  AULD  CO. 

MANUFACTURING  JEWELERS 
COLIMBUS.  OHIO 

ESTABLISHED    OVER    FORTY- FIVE    YEARS 


THE     LARGEST     MAinJFACTUSERS     OF 
FRATERHITY  JEWEIAY  IN  THE  WORLD 

•  

Official   Jewelers  to  the  Leading  Greek  Letter  Fraternities 


WRITE  FOR  A  CATALCX5  OP  BADGES 
STATIONERY,  NOVELTIES 


BRANCHES 

150  Post  St.,  San  Francisco,  California 
60  W.  Randolph  St.,  Chicago,  HI. 


FRATERNITY  DINNER  WARE 

Make  your  chapter  houses  more  attractive  by 
using  a  distinctive  dinner  service  with  your 
sorority  or  fraternity  emblem  in  combination 
with  other  decoration. 

Write  us  your  ideas  and  wc  shall  submit 
sketches  and  samples. 

Shipments  made  direct  from  factory. 

LEE  F.  WILLIAMS  CO.,  Coshocton,  Ohio 


885 


616  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Penna. 


Official 

Fraternity 

Jewelers 


Specializing  in  fraternity  jewelry  has  so 
developed  our  workmen  that  they  are  able 
to  produce  finer  results  in  this  line.  We 
have  always  maintained  the  quality  of  the 
work  and  an  examination  of  our  goods  will 
convince  you  of  this,  and  we  feel  siu*e, 
secure  us  vour  order. 


Catalogue  on  Request 


886 


It 


To  avDul  fioe,  this  book  should  be  returiKd  o 
or  before  tbe  date  last  itamped  below 


ftBlM'! 


mm  ^^i