BALTZELL'S
DICTIONARY OF
MUSICIANS
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
IN MEMORY OF
MRS. VIRGINIA B. SPORER
BALTZELL'S
DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS
CONTAINING CONCISE BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
OF MUSICIANS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT
WITH THE PRONUNCIATION OF FOREIGN NAMES
BY
W. J. BALTZELL
BOSTON
OLIVER DITSON COMPANY
NEW YORK CHICAGO
CHAS. H. DITSON & Co. LYON & HBALY
Copyright MCMXI by Oliver Dltson Company
EDITOR'S NOTE
THE present work has been prepared in response to many
inquiries and a frequently expressed need for a concise dictionary
in one volume, compact in size and moderate in price, that shall
include biographical sketches of eminent musicians and persons
connected with musical work, past and present, with special
attention to Americans.
No attempt has been made to present lengthy sketches of the
great masters, as there is abundant material in the larger diction-
aries and the many biographies now on the market. The aim has
been rather to gather data about musicians, especially contem-
poraries, who are not mentioned in the books previously published.
This material has been taken from magazine and newspaper
articles, clippings from various sources and from available works
of reference. When possible, data have been secured direct from
the subjects of the sketches. These latter have been made as
concise as possible, yet sufficiently comprehensive to show the
main facts in a musician's career, those which contributed toward
musical development, such as early environment, education (both
literary and musical), various fields of professional activity, com-
positions, literary works, etc.
The Editor and the Publisher are greatly indebted to Miss
Marguerite Barton, of Boston, who rendered valuable assistance
in gathering the material upon which the sketches were based and
in preparing the first draft of the manuscript.
Care has been exercised to include only authenticated dates.
When the available material did not agree the Editor has chosen
the date most inherently probable. In the case of Russian com-
posers, when possible, dates have been made to conform with the
calendar as used by Western Europe, instead of the " old style "
followed in Russia.
It will be esteemed a favor if readers will call our attention to
positive errors. With the best intentions in preparing the original
manuscript, and the utmost care in proof-reading, errors may have
been made.
THE EDITOR.
BOSTON, MASS., November, 1910.
NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF
FRENCH COMPOSERS
RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION
VOWELS
a as in fat. i as in pine.
a as in fate. o as in not.
a as in father. 6 as in note,
a as in fair. 6 as in move,
e as in met. 6 as in or.
e as in mete. *6
e" as in err. ii like u in quip, almost whistled;
i as in in. German vi.
* 6 has a rounder sound than the 6 in or, and is followed by the French
nasal n.
CONSONANTS
g as in gap. z as in zoo.
fi like first n in onion. r is usually trilled in French, except
s as in see. at the end of some words.
An accent (d') after a consonant in French names indicates that this is to
be sounded.
The preceding phonetic table gives the approximate sounds of
the French letters as nearly as the English language will permit.
It is impossible to reproduce the exact shades and differences of
vowel sounds, or of the nasal sounds, of the French language.
They can be learned only from a competent, native instructor;
and, even so, great care must be exercised in the choice of a teacher,
— that he be not a provincial, but one who is a native of Tours
or of Paris.
The chief peculiarity of French pronunciation, as opposed to
English, is the absolute absence of any stress or emphasis upon any
syllable of a word. The less emphasis (or accent, as it is termed
in French) used, and the more evenly the syllables are pronounced
(all of even length, and weight, and pitch) the purer the pronun-
ciation. It is for this reason that the purest French is that spoken
in the towns of Tours, Chinon, Loches, Amboise, and a few others,
in the old province of la Touraine, now known as the department
of Indre-et-Loire. There the language is spoken by everyone with-
out the least syllabic emphasis and without any drawling.
While in other respects the language as spoken in Paris by the
educated classes is excellent, yet the Parisians have a tendency
to drawl their words somewhat. However, since Paris society
2042033
sets the style in speech, as in all other things French, so Parisian
French is considered to be super-excellent.
Apart from their other peculiarities of accent, Americans and
English are readily recognized by their sing-song, inordinate
drawling way of speaking. This is well exemplified by the word
"Trocade'ro," pronounced (English) Trocade'ro, while in French
it is Tro-ca-da-ro — all the syllables of even pitch and equal
length, without any emphasis.
The syllables, therefore, of all these names should flow rapidly
from one to the other, without any syllabic stress whatever, and
without dwelling upon any final syllables.
In the case of the phonetics (6-a) for ois, oil, they must be
pronounced smoothly like one composite vowel (wah).
As a general rule final consonants are never pronounced
(except the letters c, f, I) save in some names of foreign origin.
When a final s is preceded by an e it is sounded, as well as the
final s in names from the Catalan, Basque, and Spanish. "Gil
Bias," for example, the Parisian newspaper, is pronounced zhil'-
blas' — both the I and the s being sounded, because of Spanish
origin.
Formerly II was pronounced as in William. This is no longer
the custom, and the sound of y is given to II; Ih (Paladilhe) takes
the same sound.
J, ge, and gi, have the sound of zh. Gn is like n in onion.
S, between two vowels, is pronounced like z. Ch has always the
sound of sh, save in some words of foreign origin.
Difficult sounds to acquire are the so-called nasal combinations
of an, am, en, em, in, im, ain, aim, on, om, un. From following-
printed phonetics many have treated these as guttural sounds
and pronounced them as ang, ong, etc., while others have gone to
another extreme and placed them in the nose. As a matter of
fact they are semi-nasals; that is, the letter n is not plainly pro-
nounced, but it is sketched, as it were, by projecting it towards
the upper pharynx, or towards the nasal cavities (but not in them),
in the same way that the covered or head tones are correctly pro-
duced in singing. In like combinations the letter m is treated
in the same way and has the same sound as the letter n.
Finally, too much attention cannot be given to the practice
of speaking on the lips, with the lips, and with a forward forma-
tion for att the syllables. It is only by observing this recommen-
dation that a fluent, pretty, and accurate accent can be obtained.
It is the only way to acquire the letter u, that most difficult
vowel for English speakers — by the forward, whistling position
of the lips.
ARTHUR DE GUICHARD.
NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF
RUSSIAN COMPOSERS
(Including other Slavonic Nationalities)
As a rule the emphasis lies upon the penult; for example,
David'off . Exception is made when the first syllable (or syllables)
has a definite meaning as in Glazounoff, where glaz means "the
eye."
Another exception is when the final syllable "off" does not
indicate the genitive, like the French "de," but is part and parcel
of the name itself; for example Rachman'inoff, from rachmannyi,
meaning "heavy, awkward"; or Reb'ikoff, from rebyonok, "a
child."
In many names ending in "eff " or "ev" the pronunciation is
not that of the English short "e," but about that of "off"; for
example: Alabieff is pronounced A-la-byoff, three syllables;
Soloviev is Sol-o-vyoff; but Taneiev is Tan-e-yeff.
The ending " vitch," " witsch," means "the son of," if it occurs,
as it always does, in a man's forename or Christian name; it is
then not emphasized. In a family name, however, the emphasis
changes from the antepenult to the penult; for example, Gabrilov'-
ich, Gregorov'ich.
The i in a diphthong (ia, ie), has the force of y; for example,
Liadov is pronounced Lya'doff ; Liapounoff becomes Lya'pounoff ;
Taneiev, Tane'yeff; Scriabine, Skrya'bin.
CONSTANTIN VON STERNBERG.
op. Opera
orch. Orchestra
org. Organ
orgt. Organist
gt. Pianoforte
hilh. Philharmonic
pst. Pianist
qt. Quartet
Roy. Royal
sch. School
Soc. Society
sop. Soprano
symph. Symphony, Symphonic
th. Theatre
Univ. University
via. Viola
vln. Violin
vlt. Violinist
Accomp.
Accompaniment
b.
Born
bar.
Baritone
Cath.
Cathedral
capellm
Capellmeister
ch.
Church
Coll.
College
comp.
Composed
compr
condr.
Composer
Conductor
Cons.
Conservatory
d.
Died
dir.
Director
dram
Dramatic
instr.
Instrument
harm.
Harmony
mue.
Music
Mus. B.
Bachelor of Music
Mus. Doc.
Doctor of Music
Op.
Opus
BALTZELL'S DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS
ABBEY
Abbey, John, org. builder, b. Whilton,
Eng., Dec. 22, 1785; d. Versailles,
Feb. 19, 1859. Trained under Davis
and Russell; went to France at invi-
tation of S6b. Erard; improved
French organs by English mechan-
ism; among many orgs. built first in
Paris Ope'ra. Left sons E. and J.
in same business.
Abbott, Emma, dram. sop. b. Chicago,
Dec. 9, 1850; d. Salt Lake City, Jan.
5, 1891. After early struggles as
concert singer and guitar player, was
assisted by Clara Louise Kellogg;
studied under Erani in N. Y., San
Giovanni and Delle Sedie in Europe;
d6but, London, May, 1876; Ameri-
can d<§but, N. Y, Feb., 1877; won
great success in Europe and America.
Abeille (ab-a-ye1), Johann Christian
Ludwig, pst., orgt., condr., compr. b.
Bayreuth, Ger., Feb. 20, 1761; d.
Stuttgart, Mar. 2, 1838. Composed
2 operas, harpsichord and chamber
music, and school songs.
Abel (ii-bel), Karl Friedrich, last viola
da gamba player, compr. b. Co then,
Ger., 1725; d. London, June 20,
1787. Trained by father, Christian
Ferdinand (at court of Co then, 1720-
1737) and at the Thomasschule,
Leipzig, by J. S. Bach; lived in Lon-
don after 1759; gave concerts there
with J. C. Bach; composed concertos,
sonatas, etc., and works (many un-
published) for viola da gamba. J. B.
Cramer a pupil.
Abel, Ludwig, vlt., compr., condr. b.
Eckartsberge, Thuringia, Jan. 14,
1835; d. Neu-Pasing, near Munich,
Aug. 13, 1895. Pupil of Ferd.
David; leader of Munich orch.;
teacher at Royal School of Music;
composed violin method, studies, etc.
ACKTE
Abert (a-bert), Johann Joseph, compr.
b. Kochowitz, Bohemia, Sept. 21,
1832. Educated as chorister at
Gastdorf, at Leipa monastery, pupil
at Prague Cons, under Kittl and
Tomaczek; member of Stuttgart
court band, 1852-1888; composed
symph., symph. poem Columbus, 4
operas, songs, etc. Son Hermann
mus. historian.
Abranyi (a-bran'-ye), Kernel, compr.,
writer, b. Szent Gyorgz Abranyi,
Hungary, Oct. 15, 1822; d. Bu-
dapest, Dec. 20, 1903. Pupil of
Chopin and Kalkbrenner; founded
first Hungarian music journal 1860;
prof, at Nat. Mus. Acad., Pesth;
promoter of national music; com-
posed songs, choruses, etc., in na-
tional vein. Son Emil (b. 1880),
composer.
Abt (abt), Franz, compr. b. Eilenburg,
Ger., Dec. 22, 1819; d. Wiesbaden,
Mar. 31, 1885. Son of a clergyman,
studied music instead of theology,
at the Thomasschule, Leipzig, and
at Leip. Univ.; capellmeister at Bern-
burg, Zurich, and Brunswick, 1841-
1882; visited America, conducted
choral society concerts, 1872; retired
1882. Composed over 500 works,
forgotten pf. pieces, 7 secular can-
tatas, innumerable songs and part-
songs, distinguished for melodic
facility rather than depth. Some
songs, as Wenn die Schwalben heim-
warts ziehn, are so popular that they
have become veritable folk-songs.
Son Alfred (1855-1888) conductor.
Ackte (ak-ta/), Aino, dram. sop. b.
Helsingfors, Finland, Apr. 23, 1876.
Mother, Emmy Stromer, popular
opera singer, and father, condr. and
teacher, first trained her; she studied
under Duvernoy, Paris Cons., 1894-
1897, winning 3 prizes; d6but Oct.
ADAM
1897, at Paris Ope"ra; member Paris
Ope"ra, and 1904 of Metropolitan,
N. Y.
Adam (ad-on), Adolphe Charles, opera
compr. b. Paris, July 24, 1803; d.
there, May 3, 1856. Studied at
Paris Cons, under Boieldieu; founded
Theatre National; was ruined by
Revolution of '48; succeeded father
(Louis) as teacher Paris Cons. 1848;
composed graceful ballets and 53
sparkling light operas; Le postilion
de Longjumeau (1836) still widely
popular; Le brasseur de Preston
and Leroi d'Yvetot deserve revival;
published essays. Souvenirs d'un mu-
sicien, and Dernier s souvenirs.
Adam (ad-on), Louis, pf. teacher, b.
Miittersholtz, Alsace, Dec. 3, 1758;
d. Paris, Apr. 8, 1848. Taught
himself harp, vln., and composition;
formed own pf. style from study of
German masters; taught pf. Paris
Cons. 1797-1842, Kalkbrenner and
Harold among pupils; published pf.
music and method.
Adam de la Halle [or Hale], (ad-on de"-
la-al'), trouvere. b. Arras, abt. 1240;
d. Naples, 1287. His works, chan-
sons, etc., of great historical value,
especially Le jeu de Robin et de
Marion, an early forerunner of
comic opera.
Adamowski (a-dam-of'-ski), Josef, 'cel-
list, b. Warsaw, Poland, 1862.
Pupil of Fitzenhagen and Tchaikov-
ski (in comp.); member of Bost.
Symph. Orch. 1889-1907. His wife,
Antoinette Szumowska (tsu-mof-
ska), pst. b. Lublin, Poland, Feb.
22, 1868. Pupil of Strubel, Michal-
ovski in Poland, and of Paderewski
in Paris; first Boston appearance
1895; successful concert-player, es-
pecially delicate and sympathetic.
Timothee, vlt. b. Warsaw,- Mar. 24,
1858. Studied Warsaw Cons, and
Paris Cons, under Massart; success-
ful concerts in Europe and America;
member Bost. Symph. Orch. 1895-
1907; condr. of popular summer
concerts; leader of Adamowski Quar-
tet (varying members) and of A.
Trio (with his brother Josef and
the latter's wife).
Adams, Charles R., dram. ten. b.
Charlestown, Mass., 1848; d. W.
AGRICOLA
Harwich, Mass., July 3, 1900. Pupil
of Barbieri; sang in opera in Berlin,
Vienna, London, and N. Y.; after
1879 taught in Boston.
Adams, Stephen, see Maybrick, Michael.
Adams, Thomas, orgt., compr. b. Lon-
don, Sept. 5, 1785; d. there, Sept. 15,
1858. Pupil of Busby, superintend-
ent of Apollonicon Concerts, orgt.
at several churches; composed vol-
untaries, fugues, etc., and anthems.
Adler (ad'-ler), Guido, writer. b.
Eibenschiitz, Moravia, Nov. 1, 1855.
Educated Vienna Cons, under Bruck-
ner and Dessoff; teacher at Vienna
Univ. and Prague; founder, with
others, of Vierteljahrschriftfur Musik-
wissenschaft, 1884; editor of Denk-
maler der Tonkunst in Oesterreich.
Adler, Vincent, pst., compr. b. Raab,
Hungary, Apr. 3, 1826; d. Geneva,
Jan. 4, 1871. Studied with his
father and with Erkel in Vienna
and Paris; prof, at Geneva Cons.
1865; composed pf. music.
Aegidius (e-jid'-ius), Johannes, theor-
ist. Spanish Franciscan friar about
1270; wrote Ars musica.
Agazzari (a-gat-za'-re), Agostino, com-
pr. b. Siena, Dec. 2, 1578; d.
there, Apr. 10, 1640. Influenced by
Viadana; composed masses, motets,
etc., one of first to give instructions
about execution of figured basses.
Agostini (a-gos-te-ne), Paolo, compr.
b. Valerano, 1593; d. Rome, Sept.,
1629. Pupil of Nanino; among first
to employ large numbers of voices
in divided choirs; composed ch. mus.
which combines marvelous contra-
puntal skill with real beauty.
Agramonte (a-gra-mon'-te), Emilio,
condr., singing teacher, b. Puerto
Principe, Cuba, Nov. 28, 1844.
Studied in Spain and Paris, singing
with Roger, Selva and Delle Sedie;
teaching and conducting choral
societies in N. Y. since 1868.
Agricola (a-gri'-co-la), JohannFriedrich,
orgt., writer, b. Dobitz, Saxony,
Jan. 4, 1720; d. Berlin, Dec. 1, 1774.
Studied under J. S. Bach; court
composer to Frederick the Great;
successor of Graun as director of
AGRICOLA
ALDRICH
Royal Chapel; wrote music of no
lasting value, and critical works of
some historical interest.
Agricola, Martin, theorist, b. Sorau,
Saxony, 1486; d. Magdeburg, June
10, 1556. Music teacher and cantor
at Magdeburg; wrote many treatises
of great value to history of instru-
ments and notation.
Agujari (a-go-ya'-re), Lucrezia (16-
cra-tsi-a), sop., known as La Bastar-
della. b. Ferrara, 1743; d. Parma,
May 18, 1783. Pupil of Lambertini;
d6but Florence 1764; extraordinary
success throughout Italy, owing to
wonderful range (up to C in altis-
simo) .
Ahna (a'-na), Heinrich Karl Hermann
de, vlt. b. Vienna, June 22, 1835;
d. Berlin, Nov. 1, 1892. Pupil of
Mayseder and Mildner; d£but Vien-
na, 1847; leader Berlin Royal Orch.,
1868; teacher Royal High School
for Music; member Joachim Quartet.
Sister Eleonore, dram, mezzo sop.
(1838-1865).
Alabieff (a-la-byof), Alexander Alexan-
drovitch, corner, b. Moscow, Aug.
16, 1787; d. there, 1852. Composed
• many songs in melodious, popular
style, of which The Nightingale is
especially well known.
A. L., see Lehmann, Amelia.
Alard (al'-ar'), Jean Delphine, vlt.,
compr. b. Bayonne, Mar. 8, 1815;
d. Paris, Feb. 22, 1888. Pupil of
Habeneck at Paris Cons.; teacher
there 1843-1875, Sarasate among
pupils; leader royal orch.; published
vln. method, Etudes, concertos, etc.
for vln.; edited Les MaUres Classigues
de Violon.
Albani (al-ba-ne), [pseud, of Mile.
Marie Louise Cecile Emma Lajeu-
nesse], dram. sop. b. Chambly,
Canada, Nov. 1, 1850. Daughter
of a harp professor, she was taught
singing at convent, and sang in
cathedral choir in Albany, N. Y.
Studied with Duprez in Paris and
with Lamperti m Milan; de"but
Messina 1870; first London appear-
ance 1872. Has sung with great
success in opera throughout Europe
and in U. S., in a repertory which
varies from Lucia, to Isolde; is an
especial favorite in London and
England, where she has sung in many
oratorios, at festival concerts.
Albert (d'al'-bar), Eugen Francis
Charles d', pst., compr. b. Glasgow,
Apr. 10, 1864. Son of Charles Louis
Napoleon d'Albert (1809-1886), com-
poser of dance music and teacher
of dancing. Eugen at first father's
pupil; elected to scholarship at Nat.
Training School, London, studied
there under Pauer, Prout, Stainer
and Sullivan; early compositions
produced at concerts; having won
Mendelssohn Scholarship, went to
Vienna, studied with Richter, and
Liszt at Weimar; married Teresa
Carreno, and after divorce, 1895,
singer Hermine Fink; now having
repudiated all English antecedents,
lives in Germany, except for occa-
sional successful concert tours. Dis-
tinguished as pianist by great
breadth and nobility of style, es-
pecially in interpreting Beethoven;
as composer, fluent and earnest, but
lacking in marked individuality;
composed symphony, 2 pf. concertos,
chamber music and 9 operas.
Alberti, Domenico, compr., voc., pst.
b. Venice, 171-, d. 1740. Pupil of
Lotti; won fame as a singer and
harpsichord player, and wrote a
number of operas in the prevailing
style and sonatas which were popular
with dilettanti. He is credited with
the invention of the so-called Alberti
bass, an accompaniment figure much
in use in his time and later.
Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg, orgt.,
teacher, b. Klosterneuberg, Austria,
Feb. 3, 1736; d. Vienna, Mar. 7,
1809. Studied under Emmerling;
court orgt. Vienna, 1772; had dis-
tinguished career as teacher; among
his pupils were Beethoven, Hummel,
Weigl, and Seyfried. Very few com-
positions are printed but his theo-
retical work Grundliche Anweisung
zur Komposition, 1790, is widely
known.
Aldrich, Henry, compr. b. Westmin-
ster, 1647; d. Oxford, Dec. 14, 1710.
Scholar, architect, dean of Christ
Church, collected large mus. library,
wrote theoretical works, composed
many anthems and services, as well
as glees and catches.
ALDRICH
Aldrich, Richard, author, musical critic.
b. Providence, R. I., July 31, 1863.
His father a gifted musical ama-
teur; showed aptitude for music as
a boy; educated at Providence High
School and Harvard College, gradu-
ated 1885; studied music there with
Prof. J. K. Paine; 1888-89 in
Europe for study, giving much atten-
tion to music; entered journalism,
Providence Journal, 1885, acting as
musical critic; 1889 in Washington,
D. C., private secretary to U. S.
Senator Dixon, music critic for.
Washington Star; in 1891 joined
the staff of New York Tribune and,
with other work, acted as assistant
to H. E. Krehbiel until Oct. 1902,
when he became regular musical
critic for the Times, a position he
still fills (1910); translated Lilli
Lehmann's Meine Gesangskunst
(English title How To Sing); wrote
A Guide to Parsifal, a Guide to the
Ring of the Nibelung; contributor
to various magazines.
Alembert (al'-on-bar'), Jean le Rond d',
theorist, b. Paris, Nov. 16, 1717;
d. there, Oct. 29, 1783. Wrote works
on mus. theory according to Ra-
meau, investigations in acoustics,
history of mus., and mus. articles in
his monumental Dictionnaire Ency-
dopedique, 1751-72.
Alfven (alf'-ven), Hugo, vlt., compr. b.
Stockholm, 1872. Pupil at Stock-
holm Cons.; under government aid,
studied with Ce"sar Thomson, at
Brussels. Composed 2 symphonies,
choral works, songs, etc.
Alkan (al'-kon), [pseud, of Charles
Henri Valentin Morhange], pst.,
compr. b. Paris, Nov. 30, 1813; d.
there, Mar. 29, 1888. Pupil at Paris
Cons, of Zimmermann 1819-1830,
winning many prizes; pf. teacher in
Paris after 1833. Published 2 con-
certos, several sonatas and other pf.
pieces, among them eludes of amaz-
ing technical difficulty.
Allegri (al-la'-gre), Gregorio, compr. b.
Rome, 1584; d. there, Feb. 18, 1652.
Pupil of Nanini, member of Papal
Choir, composed Miserere in 9 parts,
which was performed annually at
Sistine Chapel, (written down from
memory by Mozart in 1770).
ALYPIOS
Allen, Charles N., vlt. b. York, Eng.,
1837; d. Boston, April 7, 1903.
Studied under Saenger in Paris; first
vlt. Paris Grand Ope>a; in Boston
after 1871; organized Beethoven
Club; joined Mendelssohn Quin-
tet, 1877; member of Philharmonic
Orch. Bost., of Harvard Mus. Ass'n,
Boston Symph. Orch. H. K. Hadley
among pupils.
Allitsen, Frances, compr. Gained schol-
arship at Guildhall School of Mus.,
studied there under Gadsby, win-
ning prize for orchestral composi-
tion; d6but as concert singer, Lon-
don, 1882; since failure of voice
has composed exclusively; published
many charming songs, of great vari-
ety of subjects.
Almenrader (al-men-ra'-der), Karl, bas-
soon virtuoso, b. Ronsdorf, near
Diisseldorf, Oct. 3, 1786; d. Bie-
brich, Sept. 14, 1843. Self-taught;
prof, at Cologne Mus. Sch.; mem-
ber of orchestras at Frankfort and
Biebrich; made improvements in his
instrument, wrote treatise on it and
method and mus. for it.
Alpheraky (al-fe-ra'-ky), Achilles N.,
compr. b. Charkov, 1846. Com-
posed charming pf. mus., mazurkas
and characteristic oriental pieces,
and more than a hundred songs.
Alvarez (al'-va-reth), [pseud, of Albert
Raymond Gourron], dram, tenor, b.
Bordeaux, France. After military
service as bandmaster, studied, at 22,
with A. de Martini in Paris; debut in
Paris, 1892; first London appearance,
1893; first American appearance,
Boston, Feb. 7, 1899; later at Paris
Ope'ra, where he has created many
roles.
Alvary (al-va'-ry), Max [pseud, of M. A.
Aschenbach], dram, tenor, b. Diissel-
dorf, May 3, 1858; d. Datenberg,
Thuringia, Nov. 7, 1898. Son of
celebrated painter; pupil of Stock-
hausen; d6but, Weimar, 1881; great
success, especially in Wagner roles;
member Metropolitan Opera, N. Y.
1884-1889, 1891.
Alypios (a-lip'-ios), Greek writer, about
360 A. D. Chief source of informa-
tion about vocal and instrumental
notation of Greek scales.
AMATI
Amati (a-ma'-ti), celebrated family of
violin-makers, founders of Cremona
School. As a whole, their violins
mark advance on the Brescia School
in beauty of shape and delicacy of
tone. Andrea (abt. 1530- Apr. 10,
1611), eldest, pupil of Brescia mak-
ers, originated improvements on
their work; very few of his violins
are extant; they are small, graceful,
clear in tone but not strong. His
brother Nicolo (fl. 1568-1635) made
basses chiefly. .Andrea's sons, An-
tonio (1550-1638) and Geronimo
(1551-1635), improved on their fa-
ther's work; Geronimo especially
seems to have designed his violins
with particular care for geometrical
accuracy and graceful beauty; they
are sometimes larger than his father's
and have a similarly sweet tone. His
son, Nicolo, b. Sept. 3, 1596; d. Aug.
12, 1684, most famous even in his
own day, increased still further the
grace of outline and added the needed
power and intensity of tone; he
made, also, some violins on a larger
model (known as grand Amatis) and
beautiful tenors and 'cellos. Though
his son Geronimo (1649-1740) was
an inferior maker, Nicole's work was
carried on to perfection by his pupils
Andrea Guarnerius and Antonio
Stradivarius.
Ambros (am'-bros), August Wilhelm,
historian, b. Mauth, near Prague,
Nov. 17, 1816; d. Vienna, June 28,
1876. Nephew of Kiesewetter; stud-
ied law and entered government ser-
vice; wrote pamphlet on aesthetics
and history of music from begin-
nings to time of Palestrina, a remark-
ably accurate and authoritative
work, unfortunately unfinished at
his death; prof. Prague and Vienna
Cons.; composed some music.
Ambrose, Saint, b. Treves, 333; d.
Milan, Apr. 4, 397. Bishop of Milan
from 374; arranged revised mode of
singing service for Milan Cathedral
about 384; had much influence in
development of orderly ritual in
Western Church; introduced antiph-
onal singing and established a plain-
chant, which cannot now easily be
distinguished from Gregorian; wrote
many beautiful rhythmical hymns,
but not the Te Deum to which his
name is often attached.
ANSCHttTZ
Amiot (a'-mi-6), writer, b. Toulon,
1718; d. Pekin, 1794. Jesuit priest,
missionary to China. Translated
and wrote works on Chinese music.
Anderton, Thomas, compr. b. Bir-
mingham, Apr. 15, 1836; d. Edg-
baston, Sept. 18, 1903. Teacher of
mus.; conducted singing classes and
orchestral concerts; 1874 became
editor of paper, gave mus. lectures,
wrote cantatas, John Gilpin's Ride,
Wreck of the Hesperus, etc., and
. songs.
Anerio (a-na'-rio), Felice (fe-le'-che),
compr. b. Rome, abt. 1560; d. there,
abt. 1630. Pupil of Nanini; suc-
ceeded Palestrina as compr. to Papal
Chapel, 1594; composed masses,
motets, madrigals, etc.
Anger, Joseph Humfrey, orgt., compr.
b. Ashbury, Eng., 1862. Mus. train-
ing under private teachers; Mus. Bac.
Oxford 1889; orgt. Bristol, 1891 at
Ludlow, and musicmaster in King
Edward VI School there; 1893 head
of theory dept. Toronto Cons., orgt.
Ch. of the Ascension; works include
Psalm 96, madrigals, pf . pieces; auth-
or of Treatise on Harmony.
Anglebert (ongle'-bar'), Jean Baptiste
Henri d', clavecinist, compr. b. abt.
1628; d. Paris, Apr. 23, 1691. Pupil
of Champion; chamber musician to
Louis XIV; 1689 published Pieces
de Clavecin, collection of contempo-
rary airs for harpsichord and org.,
with preface which gives valuable in-
formation about playing ornaments
of the time.
Animuccia (a-ni-mo-che'-a), Giovanni,
compr. b. Florence, abt. 1500; d.
Rome, 1571. Pupil of Goudimel;
predecessor of Palestrina at the Vati-
can and also in the movement to-
ward greater clearness in music ; from
Laudi, hymns of praise which he
composed for Oratorio of St. Philip
Neri, modern oratorio takes its
name, and A. gets title " Father of
Oratorio."
Anschiitz (an'-shiitz), Karl, condr. b.
Koblenz, Feb., 1815; d. New York,
Dec. 30, 1870. Son of Johann
Andreas (1772-1856, pst., condr.,
compr.); pupil of Friedr. Schneider;
director of school founded by father;
ANSORGE
ARENS
conducted in London and New York
where he made an attempt at Ger-
man opera in 1862.
Ansorge (an'-sor-ge), Konrad Eduard
Reinhold, pst. b. Buchwald, Silesia,
Oct. 15, 1862. Pupil at Leip. Cons.;
of Liszt, 1885; many successful
tours in Eastern Europe and Amer-
ica; teacher in Klindworth-Schar-
wenka Cons, in Berlin; comp. pf.
pieces.
Antipov (an-te-poff'), Constantino, com-
pr. b. Jan. 18, 1859.
Aprile (a-pre-le), Giuseppe, contralto, b.
Bisceglia, Apulia, Oct. 29, 1738; d.
Martina, 1814. Pupil of Avos; sang
in principal theatres of Germany and
Italy after 1763; taught singing in
Naples, Cimarosa among pupils;
composed songs, and a method, with
solfeggi, still valued.
Apthorp, William Foster, critic, b.
Boston, Mass., Oct. 24, 1848. Pupil
of J. K. Paine at Harvard, and of B. J.
Lang; taught pf. and harmony;
wrote dramatic and mus. criticisms
for several magazines and papers,
especially Boston Transcript (1881-
1903); edited program-books of
Bost. Symph. Orch. 1892-1903; pub-
lished essays, translations, etc.;
removed to Europe 1903. He con-
tributed much by pleasant and witty
writings to the development of mus.
interest and mus. culture in Boston.
Wrote Hector Berlioz, Autobiography
and Musical Grotesques, Musicians
and Music Lovers, By the Way, The
Opera, Past and Present, etc.
Aptommas, John, harpist, b. Brid^-
end, Eng., 1826. Thomas, his
brother, also harpist, b. Bridgend,
1829; in N. Y. 1851-56. Both
remarkable players and teachers;
composed for harp; wrote history
of the harp.
Arban (ar'-bon), Joseph Jean Baptist e
Laurent, cornet player, b. Lyons,
Feb. 28, 1825; d. Paris, Apr. 9,
1889. Teacher at Paris Cons. 1869-
1874; inventor of several wind
instruments; wrote method and
arrangements.
Arbuckle, Matthew, cornet player, b.
1828; d. New York, May 23, 1883.
Came to America about 1853; leader
of military bands in Troy and Wor-
cester; went to front with 24th
Mass.; asst. of P. S. Gilmore in
concerts and in Peace Jubilee; band-
master in N. Y.
Arcadelt, Jacob, compr. b. Nether-
lands, abt. 1514; d. Paris, between
1570 and 1575. One of the Nether-
land musicians who taught in Italy;
singingmaster at St. Peter's, 1539;
member of Papal Choir, 1540-1549;
went to Paris with Duke of Guise,
1555; published while in Italy five
books of madrigals on which fame
chiefly rests; in Paris composed
masses and church music; well-
known Ave Maria attributed to
him, probably not correctly.
Archer, Frederick, orgt., condr. b.
Oxford, England, June 16, 1838; d.
Pittsburg, Oct. 22, 1901. Taught by
his father; also student in London
and Leipzig; concert orgt. and con-
ductor in London; orgt. Brooklyn,
1881, and N. Y.; founded and
edited Key- Note, 1885; conductor
of Bost. Oratorio Society 1887;
founder of Pittsburg Orch. and con-
ductor, 1896-1898. Excellent orgt.,
composed method, works for org.,
songs, etc.; by innumerable concerts
did much to popularize good music,
both for organ alone and for orch.
Archytas (ar-ke'-tas), mathematician, fl.
Tarentum, abt. 400-365 B. C. Dis-
ciple of Pythagoras, probably first
to fix ratio of the third; extant
writings only fragmentary.
Arditi (ar-de'-ti), Luigi, impresario, b.
Crescentino, Piedmont, Italy, July
16, 1822; d. Brighton, England,
May 1, 1903. Studied at Milan
Cons.; at first violin player; com-
posed overture and opera, 1841, 1842;
debut as director of opera, 1843;
went to Havana, 1846; brought
Havana Opera Co. in 1847-50 to
N. Y. and other Am. cities, con-
tributing much to early growth of
interest in opera; after 1858, con-
ducted in London and toured with
many companies in many capitals.
Composed vocal and pf. pieces; II
Bacio, waltz-song, universally known.
Arens (ar-enz), Franz Xavier, condr. b.
Neef, Prussia, Oct. 28, 1856. Came
to America at 11 as immigrant; in
midst of hard work studied mus.
ARENSKY
ARNE
with his father and Singenberger
in Milwaukee; then with Rhein-
berger, Wiillner, and others in Ger-
many; conducted in Cleveland and
Indianapolis; vocal teacher in N. Y.
since 1896; founded (1900) People's
Symph. Concerts, a successful at-
tempt to give good orch. concerts,
with simple instruction, at low rates.
Arensky (a-re"n-ski), Anton Stepano-
vitch, compr. b. Novgorod, July 30,
1862; d. Terioki, Finland, Feb. 25,
1906. Son of a physician; pupil of
Johannsen and Rimsky-Korsakov at
St. Petersburg Cons.; prof, of
harmony and comp. Imperial Cons.
Moscow 1883; member of Council of
Synodal School of Church Mus.;
conductor, succeeding Balakirev, of
Imperial Court Choir, 1895-1901;
instructor at St. Petersburg Cons.
Composed 3 operas, cantatas, songs,
2 symphonies, chamber music (pf.
trio especially well-known). Supe-
riority appears chiefly in chamber
mus. and songs; operatic style is
said to be a compromise between
declamatory and melodic; church
mus. rather florid; often made
effective use of folk-tunes.
Ariosti (a-ri-os'-te), Attilio, compr. b.
Bologna, 1660; d. there, abt. 1740.
Composed opefa Dafne, 1686, at
Venice; conducted court theatre,
Berlin; went to London, 1716; wrote
Muzio Scevola with Bononcini and
Handel; outshone by Handel, was
honorably dismissed from Italian
opera, 1727, and withdrew to Italy.
Composed 15 operas, 2 oratorios, and
possibly volume of cantatas.
Aristides (ar-is-ti-des), Quintilianus,
writer, fl. Greece, abt. A. D. 160.
One of most satisfactory writers on
Greek music; author of treatise in
three books in which the theory of
the Aristoxenean School is presented
in detail.
Aristox'enos, writer, b. Tarentum, abt.
354 B. C. To him we owe almost
entirely our knowledge of ancient
Greek music. He came in con-
tact with Socrates, was pupil of
Xenophilus, the Pythagorean, and of
Aristotle. "His services to music
consisted in, firstly, the accurate de-
termination of the scope of musical
science lest it should on the one hand
degenerate into empiricism or on
the other hand lose itself in mathe-
matical physics; and, secondly, in
the application to all the questions
and problems of music of a deeper
and truer conception of the ultimate
nature of music itself. By these
two discoveries he accomplished a
revolution in the philosophy of the
art." (H. S. Macran. The Harmon-
ics of A., Oxford, 1902.)
Armes, Philip, orgt. b. Norwich, Aug.
15, 1836; d. Durham, Feb. 10, 1908.
Son of a singer, chorister at Norwich
and Rochester Cathedrals; asst.
orgt. at latter under J. L. Hopkins;
orgt. at Chichester and Durham;
introd. mus. at Univ. of Durham
and was professor there; composed
3 oratorios, services, etc.
Armstrong, Nellie, see Melba.
Armstrong, William Dawson, teacher,
compr. b. Alton, 111.. Feb. 11,
1868. Studied under Clarence Eddy,
G. M. Garrett, Chas. Kunkel, E. R.
Kroeger, and others; has held vari-
ous positions as orgt. and teacher
in St. Louis and Alton; composed
a large number of works in nearly
all forms, orchestra works in MS.,
and 2 operas, The Specter Bride-
groom (presented in St. Louis) and
Claudia.
Arnaud (ar-no), Abbe Francois, theor-
ist, b. Aubignan, July 27, 1721; d.
Paris, Dec. 2, 1784. Wrote essays
on various subjects, ardently sup-
ported Gluck in partisan war about
his reforms.
Arne (arn), Thomas Augustine, compr.
b. London, Mar. 12, 1710; d. there,
Mar. 5, 1778. Learned to play
harpsichord and vln. by secret prac-
tise; having gained father's consent,
he began open career by setting to
mus. Addison's Rosamund; married
Cecilia Young, favorite opera singer,
1736; set to music Comus, As You
Like It, Tempest, adapted for
English use Metastasio's Artaserse;
composed and arranged in all music
for about 50 pieces. Chiefly distin-
guished for many charming songs,
notably the Shakespearean lyrics
and Rule Britannia (the Finale of
Alfred, 1740). His sister, Susanna
Maria, afterwards Mrs. Gibber, was a
ARNOLD
ATTENHOFER
famous actress. His son, Michael
(1741-1786), was also a composer of
dramatic music and songs.
Arnold, Samuel, compr. b. London,
Aug. 10, 1740; d. there, Oct. 22, 1802.
Educated as chorister under Gates
and Nares; remarkable early talent
for composition; wrote about 40
operas, oratorios, etc.; most impor-
tant work editing Cathedral Music,
collection of services by English
composers.
Arnoldson, Sigrid (seegree), dram. sop.
b. Stockholm, Mar. 20, 1863. Daugh-
ter of Oscar A. tenor (1843-1881);
pupil of M. Strakosch; de"but, 1886,
Moscow; prima donna in St. Peters-
burg, London (as successor of Patti,
1888), Paris, Budapest, and the
Netherlands, New York, 1893; then
in Paris.
Artchibousheff (ar-chib'-oo-shoff), Nich-
olas Vassilievitch, pst., compr. b.
Tsarskoye-Selo, Mar. 7, 1858. Law-
yer as well as musician; studied with
Soloviev and Rimsky-Korsakov.
Arthur, Alfred, singing teacher, b.
Pittsburg, Oct. 8, 1844. Pupil in
Mus. School, Boston, of Baker,
Arbuckle, etc., at Bost. Cons, of
Eichberg; choirmaster, conductor of
Vocal Society, director of school of
music in Cleveland; composed 3
operas, vocal studies, etc.
Artot (ar'-to), Marguerite Josephine
Desiree Montagney, dram. sop. b.
Paris, July 31, 1835; d. Berlin, Apr.
3, 1907. Daughter of Jean Desire
Montagney (Sept. 23, 1803-Mar. 25,
1887), who was also called Artot, as
were his brother, Alexandre (1815-
1845), and their father, Maurice
(1772-1829), all musicians. Mar-
guerite was pupil of Mme. Viardot-
Garcia; concert d^but Brussels, 1857;
opera de"but, Paris, 1858, where she
was engaged at Meyerbeer's request;
toured as star throughout Europe,
especially successful in Italian opera.
Her voice from mezzo soprano be-
came after persistent practise of
high enough register for the great
soprano parts.
Asancheyski (az-an-choff'-ski), Michael
Paulovitch von, compr. b. Moscow,
1838; d. there, Jan. 24, 1881. Studied
composition at Leipzig under Haupt-
mann and Richter and piano at
Rome with Liszt; lived in Paris,
1866-70; director 1871-76 St. Peters-
burg Cons, to which he gave valu-
able library; retired 1876; published
sonata for pf. and 'cello, trio, etc.
Ascher (ash'-er), Joseph, compr. b.
Groningen, Holland, June 24, 1829;
d. London, June 4, 1869. Pupil of
Moscheles; court pianist to Empress
Eugenie; fashionable pianist and
composer of drawing-room pieces
which were extremely popular, es-
pecially song Alice, Where Art Thou ?
Ashton, Algernon Bennet Langton, pst,
compr. b. Durham, Eng., Dec. 9,
1859. Pupil 1875-79 at Leipzig
Cons, of Jadassohn and Reinecke
and at Frankfort, 1880-81, of Raff;
prof. Royal Coll. Mus., London, 1885;
has written mus. of almost every
kind.
Asioli (a-se'-6-li), Bonifacio, compr. b.
Correggio, Aug. 30, 1769; d. there,
May 18, 1832. Of inconceivable
precocity in composition; took les-
sons of Morigi at Parma; lived in
various Italian cities; prof, of coun-
terpoint and censor at new Milan
Cons. 1808; composed 7 operas,
masses, songs, symph., etc.; wrote
also several remarkably accurate
and clear text-books on harmony
and counterpoint. Biog. by Conti.
Astorga (as-tor'-ga), Emanuele, Baron
d', compr. b. Palermo, Dec. 11,
1681; d. Prague, Aug. 21, 1736. Son
of insurgent Sicilian nobleman who
was executed in 1701; pupil of F.
. Scarlatti and further trained in
music, by the assistance of a powerful
patroness, at monastery in Astorga,
Spain, whence he obtained title; led
a life of romantic adventure in courts
of Parma, Vienna, and Spain; com-
posed opera Dafne, famous Stabat
Mater for 4 voices, and many beau-
tiful cantatas.
Attenhofer (a-ten-ho'-fer), Karl, teacher,
condr. b. Wettingen, Switzerland,
May 5, 1837. Pupil of D. Elster,
and of Richter and others, at Leipzig
Cons.; condr. of various choral
unions; composer of choral music,
songs, etc.
ATTWOOD
AVISON
Attwood, Thomas, compr. b. London,
Nov. 23, 1765; d. Chelsea, Mar. 24,
1838. Chorister under Nares and
Ayrton; studied in Italy (by assist-
ance from George IV, then Prince of
Wales) under Cinque and Latilla
and in Vienna under Mozart; orgt.
at St. Paul's and Chapel Royal; orig-
inal member Philharm. Soc.; friend
of Mendelssohn. Composed music
for 21 plays, famous church music,
numerous popular songs and glees.
Auber (6-bar'), Daniel Frangois Esprit,
compr. b. Caen, Jan. 29, 1782; d.
Paris, May 12, 1871. Son of a
painter who had gone into trade
after the Revolution, he refused to
follow any line but that of his talent.
His first dramatic music, resetting
of Julie, attracted attention of Cher-
ubini who assisted his further de-
velopment. First opera to gain
public performance was Le Sejour
d' Amour, 1813, but success was first
won by La Bergere Chatelaine, J820.
Increasing skill in clever treatment
of light comic opera style is shown
in series ending with Le Mafon, 1825.
With first grand opera La Muette de
Portici (Masaniello), 1825, he at-
tained greatest height; in this work,
says Apthorp, he brought all the
brisk, nimble dash of his style to
bear on a tragic subject. He outdid
himself, showing unwonted dramatic
fire, picturesqueness in orchestra-
tion, skilful handling of choral
masses. The old forms are there,
but managed with dramatic ap-
positeness. This opera, with Ros-
sini's William Tell and Meyerbeer's
Robert le Diable, changed the r£per-
toire of the Paris Ope>a; the produc-
tion in Brussels was the signal for
revolutionary riots which ended in
separation of Holland and Belgium.
Most popular opera at home and
abroad was Fra Diavolo, 1830. For
many years A. composed about one
opera a year, most frequently to
libretti by Scribe, sustaining his
powers at a remarkable level of
graceful tunefulness and polish. He
succeeded to Gossec's chair in the
Academy, 1835; followed Cherubini
as director of Cons. 1842.
Audran (6-dron), Edmond, compr. b.
Lyons, April 11, 1842; d. Tierceville,
Aug. 17, 1901. Son of Marius Pierre,
operatic tenor and song composer
(1816-1887); pupil at Ecole Nieder-
meyer, Paris, with prize for com-
position; orgt. at Marseilles, 1861;
composed a mass, motet and songs,
but is known as composer of many
successful examples of ope>a-bouffe,
37 in all, of which the best known to
Americans are Olivette and La Mas-
cotte; Le Grand Mogol, Les Noces
d' Olivette, La Cigale et la Fourrni,
Miss Helyett, and La Poupee were
especially popular both in French
and English versions.
Auer (ou'-er), Leopold, vlt. b. Veszprim,
Hungary, May 28, 1845. Pupil at
the Prague and Vienna Cons.; of Joa-
chim, 1863-65; conductor in Dussel-
dorf and Hamburg 1863-67; since
1868 at St. Petersburg as solo vio-
linist to the court, prof, at Cons,
and occasional conductor of Im-
perial Mus. Assn. Exceptionally
fine violinist, with noble style and
extended repertoire; teacher of Mis-
cha Elman; Tchaikovski's concerto
dedicated to him.
Augustine, Saint, writer, b. Tagaste,
Numidia, Nov. 13, 354; d. Hippo,
Algeria, Aug. 28, 430. Bishop of
Hippo, one of the fathers of the
Latin Church, friend of St. Ambrose.
His writings give valuable informa-
tion about the condition of music
in the early church and especially
about Ambrosian chant; his work en-
titled De Musica treats of rhythms
only.
Aulin (ou-lin), TorJ vlt. b. Stockholm,
Sept. 10, 1866. Pupil of Emile Sauret
and Ph. Scharwenka in Berlin; since
1889 concertmaster Royal Opera,
Stockholm; founded famous Aulin
Quartet, 1887; distinguished virtuoso.
Aus der Ohe (ous'-der-o-e), Addle, pst.
Father professor in Hanover Univ.;
pupil under Kullak at age of 7 by
advice of Von Billow; played with
orch. in Berlin at age of 10; pupil of
Liszt from 12 to 19; American d£but,
1886. Successful career as concert
pianist of unusual strength and
power.
Avison, Charles, compr., writer, b. New-
castle-upon-Tyne,1710; d. there, May
9, 1770. Pupil of Geminiani, organist
AYLWARD
BACH
in Newcastle, 1736; composer of
instrumental music, concertos and
sonatas; author of Essay on Musical
Expression, 1752, pamphlet which was
strongly and successfully assailed by
W. Hayes; edited Marcello's Psalms
with English words. Mentioned in
Browning's Parleyings.
Aylward (al'ward), Theodore, compr. b.
about 1730; d. London, Feb. 27,
1801. Organist in London; prof, in
Gresham College, 1771; asst. director
of Handel Commemoration, 1784.
Composed g^ees and catches very
popular in his day, and some unpub-
lished church music.
Bach (bak). Distinguished family of
musicians bearing this name were
descended from Hans Bach who lived
at Wechmar about 1561; his son,
Veit (d. 1619), was fond of music and
Veit's son, Hans (b. about 1580; d.
Dec. 26, 1626), was a professional
musician, the real founder of the
family. The sons of Hans settled in
different towns, Johannes (1604-
73) in Erfurt, Heinrich (1615-92)
in Arnstadt, and Christoph (1613-
61) at first in Erfurt, and later in
Arnstadt. Almost all the members
of the family were musicians; even
those who at first turned to law or
some other study end.ed their lives
in musical service; some were vio-
linists, more were organists, two at
least, Johann Michael (1648-1694)
and his nephew, Johann Nikolaus
(1669-1753), experimented in instru-
ment making and made improve-
ments in pianoforte construction;
almost all of them were, to a greater
or less extent, composers. In private
life the family seems to have been
characterized by devotion to a high
standard of moral purity and quiet
dignity — an attitude maintained
with remarkable consistency. This
mood found most frequent expres-
sion in the composition of church
music of a lofty elevation and of
organ and piano music of conspicu-
ous clearness and intellectual inge-
nuity. For detailed accounts of all
the Bachs, see Philipp Spitta's Johann
Sebastian Bach, 3 vols.; Grove's
Dictionary, Vol. I; Eitner's Quellen-
Lexikon. The most noted will be
mentioned here in alphabetical order.
Bach, Johann Christian. There were
two of this name of whom the earlier
(1640-1692) was the son of Johannes
in Erfurt. The later, b. Leipzig,
1735; d. London, Jan. 1, 1782, was
known as the Milanese or English
Bach. He was eleventh son of Joh.
Sebastian; after his father's death
he lived with brother Karl Philipp
Emanuel in Berlin, studying piano
playing and composition. He went
to Milan, became pupil of Martini
and was organist at the Cathedral
there 1760-1762; in Italy he com-
posed sacred music and some operas.
In 1762 he went to London, where
he gave subscription concerts in
partnership with Abel, 1765-1782;
married Cecilia Grassi, the singer;
composed several successful operas
in light Italian style, and elegant,
brilliant pianoforte works.
Bach, Johann Christoph. There were
several of this name: One (1645-
1693) was son of Christoph and
twin brother of Joh. Ambrosius, a
violinist, who devoted himself with
his uncle Heinrich to church music
at Arnstadt. Another (1671-1721)
was a brother of Joh. Sebastian, a
Sjpil of Pachelbel, and organist at
hrdruf. Another (1685-1735) was
the son of Joh. Aegidius (1645-1717)
of Erfurt, both directors of the town
music. The most famous, b. Arnstadt,
Dec. 8, 1642; d. Eisenach, Mar. 31,
1703, was the son of Heinrich of
Arnstadt and uncle of Joh. Sebastian.
He was the greatest of the older
generation, one of the most famous
organ players and contrapuntists of
his day, and was highly regarded as
an individual by all; as a composer
he was neglected by contemporaries
outside of his family, but he is now
considered of great importance for
his individuality in solving problems,
his high sense of form, and depth of
expression. There are extant of his
some instrumental works and 9
motets.
BACH
BACH
Bach, Johann Sebastian, b. Eisenach,
Mar. 21 (or 22), 1685; d. Leipzig,
July 28, 1750. Grandson of Chris-
toph who was town musician to
Count Schwarzburg and prominent
in town music at Arnstadt; son of
Job. Ambrosius (1645-1695), violin-
ist, who settled in Eisenach in 1671,
and of Elizabeth Lammerhirt of
Erfurt. At the age of ten, both
parents having died, Seb. went to
Ohrdruf where he lived and studied
with his brother Johann Christoph;
this elder brother is reputed to have
been harsh, denying to the eager
youth access to a volume of music,
and taking away from him a copy
which he had made in secret by
moonlight. After the death of this
brother Seb. went on his own
responsibility to Liineberg where he
became a chorister and received
free instruction in other branches;
he paid great attention to the work
of the organist Bohm and walked
often to Hamburg to hear Reinken;
he also walked to Celle where he had
an opportunity to hear French music
in the royal chapel. By similar
persistence and application he in-
creased his skill on the violin and
pianoforte, as well as in composition.
After a few months at Weimar, he
became organist at Arnstadt in 1703.
In 1705, having walked to Ltibeck
to meet Buxtehude, he overstayed
his leave of absence in his enthusi-
asm, until the church authorities at
Arnstadt were angry. Further ap-
pointments followed: in 1707 he
was organist at Miihlhausen; in
1708 court organist at Weimar, in
1714 concertmeister there; in au-
tumn vacations he made many
professional tours to other cities,
Kassel, Halle, and Dresden (where
he challenged the French organist
Marchand who, at the last moment,
refused to meet him); in 1717 he
was made capellmeister and director
of chamber music to Prince Leopold
of Co then; in 1723 he succeeded
Kuhnau as cantor at the Thomas-
schule, Leipzig, and became organist
at two principal churches there,
without entirely severing his con-
nection with Cothen. He remained
at Leipzig 27 years, with frequent
visits to Dresden and a memor-
able one to Potsdam at the request
of Frederick the Great, whom he
amazed by his skill in improvising.
He became blind in 1749. His char-
acter was like that of his family in
general, one of conspicuous upright-
ness, cheerful simplicity and marked
singleness of purpose. He married
twice: first, in 1707, his cousin Maria
Barbara Bach, daughter of Johann
Michael; and secondly, in 1721,
Anna Magdalene Wulken. His home
life was always happy and he took
pleasure and satisfaction in the edu-
cation of his 13 children and the
(frequently musical) pleasures of
his domestic circle. Beside his own
sons he had many distinguished
pupils among whom were Krebs,
Agricola, Kirnberger, Marpurg and
Vogler. Always eager to embrace
every opportunity of hearing great
contemporaries (he twice journeyed
to Halle in vain attempts to meet
Handel), he was in every way inde-
fatigably industrious. Before 1717
he was chiefly occupied in writing
organ music; during the time at
Cothen he composed instrumental
music, concertos, suites, etc. and
the Wohltemperirtes Clavier, 1722,
1724; the Inventions and Sym-
phonies for clavier, 1723; in the
Leipzig period he wrote almost all
of the more than 200 extant church
cantatas. The St. John Passion
was performed in 1724, the Matthew
in 1729, the B minor Mass between
1732 and 1738. All of his music
commands admiration by the dis-
play of masterly contrapuntal skill,
by the fertility and dexterity of his
methods; but his is more than the
skill of the juggler, in that he really
combines the different parts into
an organic whole which has a definite
meaning of its own. By the " con-
stant application of matchless tech-
nic to the highest artistic ends,"
he is able to find the " right word
for every occasion," so that he
completely satisfies ' people of the
most dissimilar tastes. The skill of
all his successors rests on knowledge
of his works, and their charm is still
inexhaustible. Historically also his
music is of vast importance; he
settled the dispute between the old
church modes and the modern har-
monic scales; his works represent
BACH
BAERMANN
a fusion of both systems, but the
modern one predominates. More-
over he required " equal tempera-
ment " for instruments with fixed
intonation, and had a great influ-
ence on the technic of piano
playing by introducing a new system
of fingering. He was appreciated
by his contemporaries as an organist
only; it was not until 1829 that
Mendelssohn drew general attention
to his compositions. The Bach-
Gesellschaft, founded in 1850 by
Schumann, Jahn, and others, issued
a definitive edition of his complete
works in 146 volumes.
Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel. b. Wei-
mar, Mar. 8, 1714; d. Hamburg,
(Sept.) Dec. 14, 1788. Called the
Berlin or Hamburg Bach, son of Joh.
Sebastian. Studied law at Frank-
fort and Leipzig Universities, but
abandoned it for music in which he
had been thoroughly instructed by
his father. He entered the service
of Frederick the Great in 1738, and
continued therein until 1767 when
he succeeded Telemann as director
of church in Hamburg. He was
one of the most brilliant composers
of a period which prized brilliance
more than profundity. His instru-
mental music is especially valuable
because it shows the origin of the
modern forms which Haydn and
Mozart were to bring to perfection.
He composed a great number of
works in almost every form.
Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann. b. Wei-
mar, Nov. 22, 1710; d. Berlin,
July 1, 1784. The eldest and ap-
parently the most talented son of
Joh. Sebastian, trained by his father
and, in violin playing, by Graun.
He distinguished himself in mathe-
matics at Leipzig Univ. and held
posts as organist and musical director
at Dresden and Halle. In 1764 he
was dismissed from his post because
of his dissolute habits and died in
want. He was a brilliant organ-
player, a profound theoretician, a
famous improviser, a skilful and
fluent composer and at the same
time the one black sheep of his
race. Most of his compositions
exist in manuscript only. (See,
especially, Eitner's Lexikon.)
Bache, Francis Edward, compr. b.
Edgbaston, Birmingham, Sept. 14,
1833; d. there, Aug. 24, 1858.
Showed unquestionable talent as a
child; studied under Bennett and
in Leipzig under Hauptmann and
Plaidy. Composed before untimely
death 2 operas, concerto, trio, etc.
His brother, Walter, pst. b. Edg-
baston, Birmingham, June 19, 1842;
d. London, Mar. 26, 1888. Studied
piano and theory with Stimpson and
with Plaidy, Moscheles, Reinecke,
and Richter. Pupil in Rome, after
1862, of Liszt of whom he became
ardent disciple and whose works he
largely introduced to English public.
Prof, of pf. at Royal Acad. Mus.
Bachmann (bak'-man), Georges, compr.
b. about 1848; d. Paris, Dec. (?) 1894.
Composed many light pf. pieces.
Backer- Grbndahl (bak'-er-gren-dal'),
Agathe Ursula, pst., compr. b. Hol-
mestrand, Norway, Dec. 1, 1847; d.
Christiania, Aug., 1907. Pupil of
Kjerulf and Lindemann, of Kullak,
Von Biilow, and, later, of Liszt;
married 1875 O. A. Grondahl, of
Christiania (b. 1847), singing teach-
er; has toured successfully in Scan-
dinavia, London, and Paris. Com-
posed charming songs, pf . pieces, etc.
Backhaus (bak-hous), Wilhelm, pst.
b. Leipzig, Mar. 26, 1884. Pupil of
A. Reckendorf at Leipzig Cons, and
of d' Albert; won Rubinstein Prize
for pf. playing, 1905; prof, of pf. at
Manchester (Eng.) Royal Coll. of
Music; remarkably popular with
London audiences, but German
critics say that his amazing technical
ability is not used for artistic ends.
Badarczevska (ba-dar-chef'-shka), Tek-
la, compr. b. Warsaw, 1838; d. there,
1862. Composed " salon " pf. works,
popular in their day, now practically
forgotten, except La Priere d'une
merge (The Maiden's Prayer).
Baermann (bar'-man), Carl, pst. b.
Munich, July 9, 1839. Grandson of
Heinrich Joseph (1784-1847), friend
of Weber and Mendelssohn, and son
of Karl (1820-1885), both clarinet
players of distinction; studied under
Lachner and Liszt; d6but at 15;
teacher in Royal Mus. Sch. in
Munich; came to America in 1881;
BAI
BALAKIREV
has attained high rank as teacher in
Boston, among pupils being C. H.
Morse, Mrs H. H. A. Beach and
F. S. Converse; his few published
works, mostly for pf., are worthy
expressions of his sound, conserva-
tive spirit.
Bai [or Baj], (ba'-i), Tommaso, com-
pr. b. Crevalcuore, about 1650; d.
Rome, Dec. 22, 1714. Tenor singer
and maestro in Vatican choir; fol-
lower of Palestrina; composed Mis-
erere sung alternately with those of
Allegri and Baini in Holy Week.
Bailey, Lilian, see Henschel, Mrs.
Georg.
Bailey, Marie Louise, pst. b. Nashville,
Oct. 24, 1876. Studied 1889 with
C. Reinecke in Leipzig Cons., win-
ning scholarship; later with Leschet-
izky; de"but at Gewandhaus 1893;
played with Damrosch orch., and
toured successfully in U. S. and
Canada; at present in Vienna.
Baillot (ba-yo), Pierre Marie Fran$ois
de Sales, vlt. b. Passy, Oct. 1, 1771;
d. Paris, Sept. 15, 1842. Remark-
able early talent; first instruction
from Italian Polidori; in 1780 pupil
of Sainte-Marie, who insisted on
severe taste and exactness; in 1783
studied under Pollani; 1791 through
influence of Viotti became first violin
- at Th. Feydeau, Paris; 1791-1795
seems to have neglected music for
small government appointment; pro-
fessor at new Cons. 1795; after
further study with Catel, Reicha
and Cherubini, he made tour to
Russia and later others to England,
Holland, Switzerland and Italy; in
1821 leader of orch. at Grand OpeYa;
1825 solo player in royal band. He
had many distinguished pupils,
notably Habeneck, Mazas, the two
Danclas, etc. Composed many
works, chiefly very difficult vln.
pieces, preludes, quartets, etc.; his
chief works are L'art du Violon
(1834) and Methode de Violon, pub-
lished jointly with Rode and Kreut-
zer, still standards.
Baini (bae-ni), Giuseppe, compr., writer,
b. Rome, Oct. 21, 1775; d. there,
May 21, 1844. Pupil of his uncle
Lorenzo, and of Jannaconi whom he
succeeded 1817 as maestro of St.
Peter's; composed Miserere sung in
turn with those of Allegri and Bai at
Sistine Chapel. He lived entirely
in spirit of 16th century music and
his chief work is life and criticism of
the works of Palestrina (1828), not
wholly accurate by standards of
modern scholarship.
Baker, Benjamin Franklin, teacher, b.
Wenham, Mass., July 16, 1811; d.
Boston, Mar. 11, 1889. Sang in
churches in Salem, Portland, and
Boston; 1841 succeeded Lowell
Mason as teacher of music in public
schools; was vice-president Handel
and Haydn Society; established
Boston Music School; edited Boston
MusicalJournal; composed cantatas,
part-songs, etc.
Balakirev (ba-la'-ke-reff), Mili Alexei-
evitch, compr., pst. b. Novgorod,
(Dec. 31, 1836, O. S.) Jan. 2, 1837;
d. St. Petersburg, June 24, 1910.
Early youth passed in the country,
where Oulibishev,_ author of Life of
Mozart, instructed him in music;
went at age of 20 to St. Petersburg
where he met Glinka, and the
younger composers, Cui, Mous-
sorgski, Borodin and others. B.
became the peculiarly influential
center of a small group, some of
whom were older than he in years,
to whom he gave instruction in
analysis of older masters and counsel
in appreciation of the new — espe-
cially Schumann, Liszt, and Berlioz.
He also exerted a great influence
toward " national " music, by col-
lecting folk-songs and by urging
use of characteristic rhythms and
ideas. In 1863 B. founded a free
school of music; before retirement
in 1872 he was director Russian
Musical Society, and director of
singers at Imperial Chapel. His
own works are few in number; the
principal ones are symph. poems
Thamar and Russia, overture and
music to King Lear, symph. in C
major, two series of songs, and pf.
pieces nearly all of which demand
the ability of a virtuoso — most not-
able being the fantasia Islamey.
" His romances are distinguished by
pure and large melodies, by elegant
accompaniments, often by passion
and great interest." [Cui.] " He
is an orchestral magician; he suc-
ceeds, by harmonious wedding of
BALATKA
BANTOCK
timbres, in giving changing and sur-
prising color to sound. He excels
in the descriptive poem, the instru-
mental tale." [Bruneau.] Though
he has written nothing for the stage,
his most remarkable compositions
are those with a definite program,
as the symph. poems and Lear.
Balatka, Hans, condr. b. Hoffnungs-
thal, Moravia, March 5, 1827; d.
Chicago, Apr. 17, 1899. Pupil of
Sechter and Proch at Vienna; came
to America 1849; founded and con-
ducted Milwaukee Musikverein,
conductor of Chicago Philh. Soc.
1860, and various societies in Mil-
waukee, St. Louis and Chicago; dis-
tinguished among pioneers of music
in the West.
Baldwin, Samuel Atkinson, orgt., compr.
b. Lake City, Minn., Jan. 25, 1862. At
12 moved to St. Paul where he was
orgt.at 15; studied in Europe 1880-84
(with one year at home) at Dresden
Cons, with G. Merkel, Nicode', Risch-
bieter, and Wullner; orgt. Chicago
1885-89; orgt. dir. of choral ass'n,
St. Paul 1889-95; orgt. in New York
1895, in Brooklyn since 1902; head
of dept. of mus. in Coll. of City of
N. Y., 1907, where he gives semi-
weekly recitals; compositions include
songs, anthems, 18th Psalm for voices
and orch., cantata Triumph of Love,
concert overtures, suite for orch.,
and symphony.
Balfe, Michael William, compr. b.
Dublin, May 15, 1808; d. Rowney
Abbey, Hertfordshire, Oct. 20, 1870.
Son of William (died 1823), a danc-
ing master; he first learned to play
the violin for dancing as a pupil of
Meadows and O'Rourke (Rooke);
articled pupil of C. E. Horn in
London; played in theatre band;
went to Italy 1825 where he studied
with Paer and Federici; in Paris
Rossini engaged him as baritone in
Italian opera and he sang in London
and Paris with success until about
1833; after 1835, he composed
operas, managed, and conducted
them in London, Paris, and Berlin;
retired to country 1864. First
dramatic composition was ballet La
Perouse 1827; first English opera
Siege of Rochelle 1835; his suc-
cesses thereafter were almost con-
tinuous; he wrote about 30 operas, j
the one most widely known to-day
being The Bohemian Girl, first pro-
duced 1843. Macfarren (quoted in
Grove) says B. possessed quick-
ness of ear, readiness of memory,
executive facility, fluent invention,
remarkable and experienced com-
mand of orchestra, and, on the other
hand, want of conscientiousness;
that in his music, however, " the
element which makes it evanescent
is that which also makes it popular."
Banister, John, vlt. b. London, 1630;
d. there, Oct. 3, 1679. Taught rudi-
ments by his father, sent to France
by Charles II; leader of the King's
band 1662; first musician to estab-
lish successful concerts in London,
holding them at his own house every
afternoon 1672-1678. Composed mu-
sic to " Circe," songs, and lessons
for violin. Son John (1677-1735)
distinguished violinist in days of
first Italian operas. Henry Charles
(1831-1897) successful teacher of
harmony and instructive writer.
Banti-Giorgi (ban'-ti-ge-or'-gi), Brigida,
dram. sop. b. Crema, Lombardy,
1758; d. Bologne, Feb. 18, 1806.
Discovered singing in street cafe",
she was engaged for Paris Ope"ra,
where she made d6but; 1799-1802
made great success in London; Sac-
chini, Piozzi, Abel all tried to teach
her in vain; she remained to the last
a natural singer, learning parts by
ear, but singing them with great
effect; favorite in England 1789-
1798, when succeeded by Mrs.
Billington. (See article by C. Lozzi,
Rivista Musicale Italiana, 1904.)
Bantock, Granville, compr. b. London,
Aug. 7, 1868. Pupil of F. Corder at
Royal Acad. of Music 1889 winning
Macfarren Scholarship; while still
a student he had works performed;
editor of New Quarterly Music
Review 1893-96; tour of the world
as conductor of Gaiety Th. Com-
pany 1894-95; conductor of various
companies and orchestras, in New
Brighton, near Liverpool, where he
effected great improvements, at Ant-
werp and Birmingham; principal
Sch. of Mus. Birmingham and Mid-
land Institute since 1900; succeeded
Edward Elgar as professor in Bir-
mingham University 1908; has al-
ways shown himself hospitable to
BARBIERI
BARNETT
work of young composers, and to
those of British composers. His own
compositions, cantatas, large choral
works, symphonic poems, pf. pieces,
etc. are usually of marked oriental
coloring (often dealing with Eastern
subjects) and of romantic tone; he
combines a remarkably sure orches-
tral technic with subtlety of feel-
ing for tone, color and great poetic
sensibility (Newman); he prefers the
looser forms of program music.
Barbieri (bar-bi-a'-ri), Francesco Asen-
jo, compr. b. Madrid, Aug. 3, 1823;
d. there, Feb. 17, 1894. Pupil Madrid
Cons., clarinetist in theatre orch.,
chprusleader at opera; secretary and
chief director of society for encourag-
ing the Zarzuela, the distinctly na-
tional Spanish type of operetta, of
which he wrote 75; edited coll. of
15th century songs; critic and
teacher at cons., promoter of good
concerts.
Bardi, Giovanni, Count of Vernio. b.
1534; d. 1612. Patron of music in
Florence in 16th century, at whose
house took place the earliest per-
formances of opera; may have writ-
ten words for some.
Bargiel (bar'-gel), Woldemar, compr.
b. Berlin, Oct. 3, 1828; d. there,
Feb. 23, 1897. Son of Adolf (died
1841) teacher of music and of di-
vorced wife of Fr. Wieck, so he was
Clara Schumann's step-brother;
trained by parents and at Leipzig
Cons, by Hauptmann, Moscheles,
Gade, etc.; teacher at Cologne;
director 1865 of society for promoting
music at Antwerp; teacher at Berlin
Hochschule 1875. CarefuJ if not
romantically inspired composer of
the school of Schumann; works in-
clude pf. pieces, orchestral works,
and choral works, especially settings
of 13th and 23d Psalms.
Barnard, Charlotte Alington [known as
Claribel], song compr. b. Dec. 23.
1830; d. Dover, Jan. 30, 1869.
Taught by Holmes; married Chas.
C. Barnard, 1854; composed over
100 popular songs — Five o'clock in
the morning, I cannot sing the old
songs, etc.
Barnard, D'Auvergne, compr. b. Isling-
ton, London, Apr. 24, 1867. Though
not of musical parents, early showed
gifts as choir boy in Temple Church;
trained there by E. J. Hopkins;
self-taught as pianoforte player,
gained many appointments as ac-
companist; began composition at
19; soon after became widely known
as compr. of songs Bid Me to Love
and Plains of Peace; under various
pseudonyms has written over 100
songs and 200 pianoforte pieces; of
dance music under name " Clo-
thilde," most popular perhaps is
waltz Whisper and I shall hear.
Barnby, Sir Joseph, compr. b. York,
Aug. 12, 1838; d. London, Jan.
28, 1896. Son of Thomas, organ-
ist; himself organist and choir-
master at age of 12; entered Royal
Acad. of Mus. 1854; organist at
several London churches; director
of Barnby's Choir, inaugurated by
Novello 1867-1872; conducted daily
concerts also for Novello 1874-^75;
conductor London Mus. Society
1878-86; precentor at Eton 1875-
92; principal Guildhall School 1892;
conductor Royal Choral Society.
Wrote very large number of hymn
tunes, services, part-songs, etc., more
or less uninspired; chiefly of im-
portance for introducing works of
Bach and Gounod into England;
he also conducted first performance
of Parsifal 1884. Gained widest
reputation as a choral leader, and
maintained his high standard every-
where by force of character and per-
sonality. " Of his music sweetness
rather than strength is its salient
characteristic. Technically it is
masterly. ... He will be known as
the composer of the most popular
part-song ever written, Sweet and
Low ." (Monthly Mus. Record 1896.)
Barnett, John, compr. b. Bedford,
Eng., July 1, 1802; d. near Chelten-
ham, Apr. 17, 1890. Of Prussian-
Hungarian parentage. Son of Ber-
nard Beer, watchmaker, second
cousin to Meyerbeer; showed
marked ability as singer as child;
articled at 11 to S. J. Arnold; de'but
on stage 1813; taught also by Horn
and Price; from 1825-1831 com-
posed several musical farces, best of
which was The Pet of the Petticoats;
1834 published collection of songs;
produced successive operas, The
Mountain Sylph 1834 first English
BARRETT
BATTISHILL
opera in style of Weber, extremely
successful, Farinelli 1839, etc.;
taught singing after 1841. His
nephew John Francis, compr. b.
London, Oct. 16, 1837. Studied
Royal Acad. Mus. winning scholar-
ship twice; de"but 1853; studied
with Moscheles, Plaidy, and Haupt-
mann at Leipzig Cons.; played at
Gewandhaus 1860. Composed suc-
cessful cantatas, The Ancient Mari-
ner 1870 and many others for English
festivals, also symph., pf. pieces,
etc.; published Musical Reminis-
cences and Impressions 1908 (?).
Barrett, William Alexander, writer, b.
Hackney, England, Oct. 15, 1836;
d. London (?), Oct. 17, 1891. Chor-
ister and organist; writer on church
music; author of Life of Balfe; joint
editor with Stainer of Diet, of Mus.
Terms; editor of Monthly Mus.
Record and of Mus. Times for 1887.
Barri, Odoardo, see Edward Slater.
Barth (bart),KarlHeinrich, pst., teacher.
b. Pillau, Prussia, July 12, 1847.
Pupil of father, of Steinmann and
of Von Biilow, Tausig, etc.; teacher
at Stern Cons., Berlin, 1868, and
. at Royal High School 1871. Ad-
mired in solo concerts in Germany
and England and also in trio con-
certs with De Ahna and Hausmann.
Bartlett, Homer Newton, compr. b. Ol-
ive, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1845. Precocious
talent; pupil of S. B. Mills, Braun,
Jacobsen, etc.; organist at various
• N. Y. churches ; has composed a great
many songs and pf . pieces, a cantata,
sextet, etc. His work is always skil-
ful, often brilliant (especially in or-
chestration) ; at its best, as in A Love
Song, I Hear the Brooklet's Murmur,
etc., it is original, rich, and sincere;
best known work for piano, Polka di
Concert.
Bartlett, James Carroll, compr., tenor,
b. Harmony, Maine, June 14, 1850.
Entered N. E. Cons. 1869 where he
studied singing under O'Neill, pf . and
theory under Stephen Emery; later a
pupil of Guilmette and Shakespeare ;
1875-76 went on first professional
tour with Camilla Urso; was musical
director for Edwin Booth and Bar-
rett; singer and teacher in Boston;
orgt. at Worcester; composer of
graceful, singable songs.
Basil, Saint, b. Cesarea, 329; d. there,
379. Bishop in Cappadocia; said
to have introduced congregational
singing and antiphons which Am-
brose learned from him.
Bassani (bas-sa-ne), Giovanni Battista,
vlt., compr. b. Padua, about 1657;
d. Ferrara, 1716. Pupil of Castro-
villari; maestro at Bologna Cathe-
dral; distinguished violinist, teacher
of Corelli; composer of 6 operas,
sonatas, suites, etc.
Bassford, William Kipp, pst., orgt. b.
New York, April 23, 1839; d. 1902.
Pupil of S. Jackson; successful con-
cert tours as pianist; organist, com-
poser and teacher in N. Y.
Bassi (bas-se), Luigi, dram, baritone,
b. Pesaro, 1766; d. Dresden, 1825.
In Prague 1784-1806, and again,
after stay in Vienna, in 1814;
director of Dresden Opera under
Weber; B. was singer for whom
Mozart wrote Don Giovanni.
Bateson, Thomas, compr. b. England,
about 1575; d. Dublin (?), Mar. or
April, 1629 (30) . Organist at Chester
Cathedral 1599 and after 1608 of
Trinity Cathedral in Dublin; re-
ceived mus. degree from Trinity
College late in life, being the first
mus. graduate there. His fame rests
on two sets pf madrigals for 3, 4,
5, and 6 voices, which give him
a high place among Elizabethan
composers.
Batiste (ba-test), Antoine Edouard,
orgt. b. Paris, Mar. 28, 1820; d.
there, Nov. 9, 1876. Son of a come-
dian, page in chapel of Chas. X;
after 1830 went to Cons, where he
won four first and four second prizes
and in 1840 the 2d Prix de Rome as
Hal6vy's pupil; appointed deputy
teacher at Cons, while still a student;
held many classes; also orgt. at St.
Nicolas des Champs and notably at
St. Eustache 1854-1876. Educa-
tional works, introd. to solfeggio
method, etc., of great value; organ
compositions, once popular, are not
now so highly rated.
Battishill, Jonathan, compr. b. Lon-
don, May, 1738; d. Islington, Dec.
10, 1801. Chorister under W. Sav-
age and his articled pupil; assistant
of Dr. Boyce at Chapel Royal;
BATTMANN
BEACH
harpsichord player at Covent Gar-
den, married Miss Davies, singer;
with M. Arne composed Almena;
later when organist in different
churches, composed several anthems
and many favorite catches and songs.
Battmann (bat'-man), Jacques-Louis,
orgt. b. Maasmunster, Alsace, Aug.
25, 1818; d. Dijon, July 7, 1886.
Qrgt. at Belfort and Vesoul; wrote
method and works for harmonium,
works for piano, and treatise on
harmony.
Bauer (bou'-er), Harold, pst. b. Lon-
don, Apr. 28, 1873. Son of an Eng-
lish mother and German father, he
first studied vln. with his father and
Pollitzer; de'but as vlt. London,
1883; after successful tours for 9
years, settled in Paris, 1892, where
by persistent application with some
instruction from Paderewski he
gained extraordinary technical abil-
ity as pianist; in 1893-94 he toured
Russia and since then has continued
remarkably successful throughout
Europe and America (including
South America); his first appear-
ance in America was witn the
Boston Symph. Orch. Dec. 1, 1900.
Baumbach (bourn '-bak), Adolph, compr.
b. Germany, 1830 (?); d. Chicago,
1880. Piano pieces and a collection
of quartets for church choir.
Baumf elder (boum'-f elder), Friedrich,
pst. b. Dresden, May 28, 1836.
Pupil of Otto and Joh. Schneider,
and at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles,
Hauptmann, etc.; composer of
brilliant salon music; director at
Schumann Smgakademie in Dresden.
Bausch (boush), Ludwig Christian
August, vln.-maker. b. Naumburg,
Jan. 15, 1805; d. Leipzig, May 26,
1871. Maker and repairer of violins,
especially famed for his bows, in
Dresden, Dessau, Wiesbaden, and
Leipzig. Sons Ludwig (182971871)
at first in N. Y. then in Leipzig and
Otto (1841-1874) continued busi-
ness, now owned by A. Paulus at
Markneuki rchen .
Bayer (by-er), Josef, vlt., compr. b.
Vienna, Mar. 6, 1852. Educated
at Realschule, Handelsakademie,
and Vienna Cons.; capellmeister at
Vienna Opera; has composed a great
deal of dance music and several
operettas and opera-ballets.
Bazzini (bat-ze'-ne), Antonio, vlt.,
compr. b. Brescia, March 11, 1818;
d. Milan, Feb. 10, 1897. Pupil of
Camisoni; played in principal towns
of Italy, France and Spain; lived in
Germany 1841-45; 1873 prof, of
comp. at Milan Cons.; director 1882.
Composed opera Turandot, sacred
cantatas, symph., overtures, Saul
and King Lear, and vln. pieces.
Works show graceful Italian spirit
deepened by German influence.
Beach, Amy Marcy Cheney (Mrs. H.
H. A.), compr. b. Henniker, N. H.,
Sept. 5, 1867. She inherits musical
ability from her mother's family
and mathematical accuracy from
her father's; has the gift of absolute
pitch; from early childhood was
remarkably precocious in memory
for tunes and interest in them.
Lessons on the piano began with
her mother at the age of six and
were continued at eight in Boston
under E. Perabo, J. W. Hill, and
C. Baermann; she studied harmony
with Prof. Hill in 1881-82, and
studied counterpoint, fugue, and
instrumentation by herself, making
her own translations of Gevaert and
Berlioz. First public appearance in
Boston 1883; played with Bost.
Symph. Orch. Mar. 28, 1885; since
marriage with Dr. H. H. A. Beach
1885 she has played only rarely in
public. She began to compose as a
mere child; her first large work was
a mass in E flat 1892; then followed
Eilende Wolken, a scene from Schil-
ler's " Mary Stuart "; Festival Ju-
bilate for chorus and orchestra, for
the dedication of the Woman's Build-
ing at the Chicago World's Fair,
1893; the Gaelic symphony 1896;
a violin sonata 1896; there are also
many pf. compositions and songs.
Goetschius says " the salient char-
acteristics of Mrs. Beach's style [are]
strong, passionate conception and
powerful emotional impulse tem-
pered and controlled by never-
failing command of the means of
expression, hand in hand with an
exquisite sense of melodic and rhyth-
mic beauty." In larger works her
technical skill often leads to an
BEAUMARCHAIS
BEETHOVEN
overweight of elaborate detail; she
is at her best in the smaller forms
(songs and pf. pieces) where her
delicate sense of melody finds charm-
ing and sincere expression.
Beaumarchais (bo-mar-sha) , Pierre-Au-
gustin-Caron de, librettist, b. Paris,
Jan. 24, 1732; d. there, May 19, 1799.
Dramatist from whose plays were
drawn libretti for Mozart's Marri-
age of Figaro and Rossini's Barber
of Seville.
Beaumont (bo-mon), Paul, compr. b.
Mayence, Jan. 13, 1853. Son of flute-
player in orchestra; showed early
inclination for music; entered at 14
office of B. Schott's Sons, publish-
ers, who assisted him in his educa-
tion and have published many of
his works; compositions largely for
piano, many of them for young
players.
Beck, Johann Heinrich, vlt. b. Cleve-
land, Sept. 12, 1856. Studied at
Leipzig Cons., violin, and composi-
tion with Reinecke and Jadassohn;
after return to Cleveland estab-
lished violin school and works in
large forms, overtures to Lara and
to Romeo and Juliet, music-drama
SalammbS, etc., all unpublished, per-
formances of which from Ms. have
excited great admiration.
Becker, Albert Ernst Anton, compr. b.
Quedlinburg, June 13, 1834; d.
Berlin, Jan. 10, 1899. Pupil at
Quedlinburg of Bonicke and in
Berlin of Dehn; teacher of comp.
at Scharwenka Cons.; composed
many works for orch. with vln. and
with org., songs (Friihlingszeit), and
especially symph., grand mass, and
oratorio Selig aus Gnade, and a
Reformations-Cantata.
Becker, Hugo, 'cellist, b. Strassburg,
Feb. 13, 1864. Son of Jean (1833-
1884) eminent violinist; pupil of
father, and on 'cello of Grutzmacher,
De Swert and Piatti; first appear-
ance Leipzig; solo 'cellist in Frank-
fort opera 1884-*86, and teacher in
Cons, there when not engaged on
numerous and successful tours as
soloist and as member of Frankfort
Quartet led by H. Heermann; first
appeared in Boston, Jan. 12, 1901,
with Bost. Symph. Orch. Playing
is described as of " classic nobility."
[Riemann.]
Bedford, Herbert, see Lehmann, Liza.
Beer, Jakob Liebmann, see Meyerbeer,
Giacomo.
Beethoven (ba'-to-ven), Ludwig van,
compr. b. Bonn, Dec. 16, 1770 (gave
date himself as 1772); d. Vienna,
Mar. 26, 1827. Grandson of Ludwig,
bass singer and capellmeister in
electoral band; son of Johann, tenor
singer, and of Maria Magdalene
Laym (nee Keverich). B. was edu-
cated in common schools until age
of 14, after which he received nc
regular instruction; about 1780 a
friend, Zambona, taught him Latin,
French, and Italian, and helped him
in other branches. His musical edu-
cation was more thorough; at first
his father taught him violin and
piano playing with great strictness
and severity; after 1779 he was the
pupil of Pfeiffer, music director and
oboist; he learned to play the
organ from Van den Eeden and
from his successor Neefe. In 1782 B.
became Neefe's deputy as organist;
in 1783 cembalist for rehearsals of
the opera orchestra; in 1784 assist-
ant organist; and in 1788 he also
played 2d viola in orchestra of
theatre and at church under Reicha's
leadership. In 1787 he went to
Vienna and excited much interest
as a pianist; Mozart, hearing him,
foretold that he would have a great
future. About 1790 his home life
became very miserable because of
the death of his mother and the
bad habits of his father; he had
made, however, some good friends,
notably Count Waldstem, who gave
him early encouragement, and the
refined and cultured family of Von
Breunings. In 1792 the elector sent
Beethoven to Vienna for study.
Dissatisfied with instruction he re-
ceived from Haydn, the impatient
Beethoven took lessons from Schenk
at the same time, without Haydn's
knowledge. He also took regular
lessons in counterpoint, etc. from
Albrechtsberger, whose strict for-
malism disapproved of the student's
originality; he also received " hints "
on vocal style from Salieri and on
BEETHOVEN
BELICZAY
quartet writing from Aloys Forster.
In 1795 he first played in public in
Vienna, and until the end of his
life he lived there, with occasional
trips to other cities and frequent
excursions to the country. Events
are not many in his later years; after
about 1800 he was increasingly
troubled by deafness which became,
about 1816, so bad that his playing
and conducting were most un-
pleasant. After 1818 he was the
guardian of his brother's son, an
apparently worthless youth whose
incapacity, wildness, and ingratitude
caused his uncle serious distress of
mind. His first years in Vienna
were prosperous, but after about
1810 his affairs did not go so well,
though he was never, it seems, as
near actual want as some of his
expressions have led biographers to
think. Beethoven was short, thick-
set, and very strong. He was
unceremonious in manner, often
brusque and rude, easily irritated
by real or fancied slights and often
boisterous over his own practical
jokes. He seems to have been
unpopular with his fellow-musicians,
but he made good friends among the
members of the Vienna aristocracy,
who bore with his strange ways.
As a player, he was chiefly remark-
able for the fertility of his ideas in
improvisation and for depth of ex-
pression. He was an indefatigable
worker and his many note books
(one of which he had always with
him) bear witness to the number of
his ideas and to their slow and pains-
taking development.
Beethoven's works have been
divided by Von Lenz into three
periods, according to their style,
not according to strict chronology.
The first period, extending roughly
to 1800, includes the works which
are like those of his teachers and
contemporaries, — the earlier string
quartets, piano sonatas, etc. The
second period, up to about 1815,
was the freest and fullest; the
works here include the third to
the eighth symphonies, Fidelia, Eg-
mont, Prometheus, pf. concertos in
G and E flat, vln. concerto, the great-
est sonatas, etc. During this period
B. was unhampered by illness and
family cares and his originality and
powers of execution had full play.
Fidelia, first produced in 1805, was
practically rewritten for its per-
formance in 1806 and again for 1814.
The third period includes the ninth
symph., the Missa Solemnis, the
great string quartets, etc.; this is a
period of struggle in his life, and,
in his music, of loftiness and eleva-
tion which at times seem almost too
great to be contained. The notable
characteristics of his music as a
whole are inexhaustible originality
of musical idea, and power of mighty
expression coincident with a regard
for the existing sonata form. To
his contemporaries B. was a daring
innovator because of the freedom
of his modulations and his habit of
fusing into one whole the different
parts of a movement or a work, and
of introducing new material in
unusual places, and, moreover, be-
cause he regarded music preemi-
nently as a vehicle of expression
rather than as an exhibition of skill.
To his successors, however, he
belongs to the " classic " age,
because although he filled the con-
ventional forms more deeply than
any other with noble thought, he
still did so with constant regard to
the form.- He represents the great-
est achievement on both sides, con-
sideration for purity of form, and
expression of high thought.
Behnke (ban'-ke), Emil, teacher, b.
Stettin, 1836; d. Ostende, Sept. 17,
1892. Lived in London; taught
and wrote about voice training and
voice production, wrote Mechanism
a/the Human Voice (1880) and other
books.
Behr (bar), Franz, compr. b. Liib-
theen, Mecklenburg, July 22, 1837.
Under pseudo. William Cooper,
Charles Morley, Francesco d'Orso,
has published many popular and
instructive pf. pieces.
Behrend (bar'-end), Arthur Henry, b.
Danzig, Oct. 2, 1853. Composer of
songs.
Beliczay (be-li'-chay), Julius von, com-
pr. b. Komorn, Hungary, Aug. 10,
1835; d. Pesth, Apr. 30, 1893.
Originally an engineer; studied with
Joachim, Hoffmann and Krenn;
BELLERMANN
BENDIX
taught mus. theory at Acad. of Mus.
Pesth. Composed mass, symph.,
string quartets, etc.
Be Hermann, Johann Friedrich, writer.
b. Erfurt, Mar. 8, 1795; d. Berlin,
Feb. 4, 1874. Wrote works explan-
atory of theory and practise of music
among the Greeks. His son, Johann
Gotfried Heinrich, compr. b. Berlin,
Mar. 10, 1832; d. Potsdam, Apr. 10,
1903. Pupil of Grell and at the
Royal Inst. of Church Mus.; teacher
of singing; prof, of mus. at Berlin
Univ. Composed many vocal works
and wrote theoretical and historical
works and articles.
Bellini (bel-le'-ni), Vincenzo, opera-
compr. b. Catania, Sicily, Nov. 1,
1801; d. Puteaux, near Paris, Sept.
23, 1835. [Many authorities give
these dates as Nov. 3 and Sept. 24,
respectively.] Son of organist, who
gave him first lessons; sent by
nobleman to Naples Cons.; his first
opera produced 1825 while still a
student; 1826 Bianco, e Fernando,
written on commission, had success
at Naples and II Pirata in 1827
excited enthusiasm at Milan and
all over Europe — a result partly due
to singing of Rubini for whom tefior
part was composed. After La Stran-
iera and Zaira, a flat failure, in 1829,
his version of Romeo and Juliet,
/ Capuletti ed i Montecchi (1830) was
followed by his masterpieces La
Sonnambula and Norma in 1831.
The former is the work most fre-
quently heard nowadays; the part
of Amina has been a favorite with
debutantes; the simplicity of the
plot and the extreme tunefulness of
the music are the qualities most
praised. In 1833 B. went to London
and to Paris where he received assist-
ance and advice from Rossini; he
produced there in 1834 / Puritani.
He was an eager and hard worker.
Pougin says: " His complete igno-
rance of theoretical rules and of the
resources which a clever musician
may gain from them, his almost
absolute lack of knowledge of form
and his naive and still almost affected
disdain for it, were the very reasons
for his creating for himself a special
form, which, although awkward and
lacking in movement and variety,
was essentially personal." The
modern auditor, however, is not
compensated for the monotonous
lack of ingenuity in his orchestration
by the tender sweetness of his melo-
dies, though singers of the Italian
School will long delight in his arias.
Bemberg (ban-bar') , Herman, compr. b.
Paris, Mar. 29, 1861. Son of consul
from Argentine Republic; pupil at
Paris Cons, of Dubois and Massenet;
has written songs, a cantata, comic
opera Le Baiser de Suzon and opera
Elaine, produced London 1892 and
N. Y. 1894.
Benda, Georg, compr. b. Jungbunz-
lau, Bohemia, June 30, 1722; d.
Kostritz, Nov. 6, 1795. Son of Hans
Georg; pupil of father and of brother
Franz (1709-1814) violinist and com-
poser; 2d violin in royal band in
Berlin; capellmeister to Duke of
Gotha; traveled to Italy, Paris,
and Vienna. Composed church and
instrumental music, 5 operas, and
4 melodramas, (i.e., plays where
spoken words are accompanied by
music). Rousseau may have in-
vented the form but B. brought it to
success. Other brothers Johann
(1713-1752) and Joseph (1724-1804)
both violinists; son Friedrich Lud-
wig (1746-1792), composer.
Bendall, Wilfred Ellington, compr. b.
London, Apr. 22, 1850. Pupil of
Lucas and Silas, and at Leipzig
Cons.; now living as teacher and
composer in London; has written
'operettas, songs, etc.
Bendel, Franz, pst., compr. b. Schon-
linde, Bohemia, Mar. 23, 1833; d.
Berlin, July 3, 187*4. Pupil of
Proksch and of Liszt for five years;
visited America as pst. for Peace
Jubilee; teacher in Berlin. Com-
posed pf. pieces, concerto, trio,
etudes, etc.
Bendix, Max, vlt. b. Detroit, Mar. 28,
1866. Pupil of Jacobsohn, but after
15 his own master; left family and
supported himself by odd jobs at
theatres and concerts in Philadel-
phia; in Damrosch orch., N. Y..
1887; concertmeister of Germania
Orch.; concertmeister for Thomas
1886-1896; organized Max Bendix
Quartet; since 1896 teaching and
solo playing in New York; Chicago
1909.
BENDEX
BENNETT
Bendix, Otto, pf. teacher, b. Copen-
hagen, July 26, 1845; d. San Fran-
cisco, March 1, 1904. Pupil of Ree,
Gade, Kullak, and Liszt. After
1880, settled in Boston, taught at
N. E. Cons.; founded Cons, in San
Francisco. His brother Victor
Emanuel, pst., compr. b. Copen-
hagen, May 17, 1851. Pupil of
Gade; teaching pf. in Copenhagen,
and conducting choral society. Com-
posed pf. pieces, and 3 symphonies.
Bendl, Karl [Karel], compr. b. Prague,
April 16, 1838; d. there, Sept. 20,
1897. Pupil of Blazok and Pitsch
at Organists' School; chorusmaster
in opera at Amsterdam, 1864; con-
ductor of choral soc. Composed
5 operas, choruses, pf. music all
tending to expression of Czech senti-
ments; with Smetana and Dvorak
he gained recognition for the Czech
in art.
Benedict, Sir Julius, compr. b. Stutt-
gart, Nov. 27, 1804; d. London,
June 5, 1885. Son of Jewish banker;
pupil of Abeille, then of Hummel,
pupil and proteg6 of Weber 1821-
1824; conductor at Vienna 1823 and
at Naples; after visiting Paris,
settled in London 1835; conducted
there operas, concerts, and festivals;
came to America with Jenny Lind
in 1850; knighted 1871. Com-
posed in almost all forms, successful
operas, especially Brides of Venice
1843 and Crusaders 1846, sym-
phony, cantatas, pf. pieces, etc.
Walker (History of Music in Eng-
land) says " works of Balfe . . .
and Benedict are all far more worthy
of name of opera than any work of
Bishop and his contemporaries."
Benevoli (ben-e-vo'-li), Orazio, compr.
b. Rome, 1602; d. there, June 17,1672.
Pupil of Ugolini (some say of Nanini) ;
resided in Vienna 1643-45; maestro
di cappella at various churches and
finally 1646 at Vatican. Composed
great deal of church music, chiefly
remarkable for skill and ingenuity
in managing a great many parts;
for example, a mass and hymn in
56 parts (vocal and instrumental),
and a mass for 48 voices in 12 choirs.
Bennet, John, compr. b. Lancashire
(?) 16th century. [1570-1615.] His
madrigals are included in famous
English collections from 1599-1614;
admiration of posterity for his
charming work has not made it
possible to discover any details of
his life.
Bennet, Theodore, see Ritter, Theo-
dore.
Bennett, George John, compr. b.
Andover, Hants, Eng., May 5, 1863.
Studied at Royal Acad. of Mus.
under G. A. Macfarren and others
and in Germany under Kiel,
Barth, Rheinberger, and Bussmeyer.
Teacher at Royal Acad., organist at
several places, now at Lincoln
Cathedral; conductor Lincoln Festi-
vals. Composed serenade, overtures,
trio, pf. pieces, etc.
Bennett, Joseph, writer, b. Berkeley,
Gloucestershire, England, Nov. 29,
1831. Organist at Westminster
Chapel, etc.; author of many Eng-
lish libretti; wrote analyses for
programs of Philh. Soc., Monday
and Saturday Popular Concerts
1885-1903; edited Concordia; has
contributed to various journals,
written several books (History of
Leeds Festival, etc.); now music
critic on London Daily Telegraph.
Bennett, Sir William Sterndale, compr.
b. Sheffield, Apr. 13, 1816; d.
London, Feb. 1, 1875. Son of
Robert, organist at Sheffield and
composer; grandson of John, lay
clerk at Cambridge, where B. lived
after father's death in 1819; member
of King's College Chapel Choir 1824;
pupil at Royal Acad. of Mus. of
Lucas, Crotch, Holmes, and Cipri-
ani Potter; played concerto of his
own at Acad. concert at age of 17;
in 1836 in response to invitation
from Mendelssohn whom his playing
had interested and by the financial
aid of the firm of Broadwood he
went to Leipzig for a year; there he
met both Schumann and Mendels-
sohn; 1849 founded Bach Soc.;
1856-1866 conductor of Philh. Soc.;
1856 prof, of mus. at Cambridge;
1866 principal of Royal Acad.; 1871
knighted. Composed pf. music (3
concertos, caprice for pf. and orch.,
sonata, studies, etc.) of a character
remarkably consistent with the gen-
ius of the instrument; cantata The
May Queen and oratorio The Woman
BENOIST
BERINGER
of Samaria, songs, anthems, etc. —
on the whole very little for one of his
ability. " The character of all his
art [was] that of high finish of form
and grace of expression, not without
deep feeling at times, but marked
in general rather by a calm and
placid beauty, and appealing to the
fancy, the sentiment, and the
intellect, rather than to the more
passionate emotions." [Grove.]
Benoist (b6-n6-a), Francois, orgt. b.
Nantes, Sept. 10, 1794; d. Paris,
May 6, 1878. Pupil of Paris Cons.
1811-1815; Grand prix de Rome
1815; orgt. at Chapel Royal; prof,
of organ at Cons.; 1819-1872, chefdu
chant at Ope"ra; pensioned 1872.
Wrote 2 operas, ballets, organ works.
Benoit (be'-no-a), Pierre-Leonard-Leo-
pold, compr. b. Harlebecke, Bel-
gium, Aug. 17, 1834; d. Antwerp,
Mar. 8, 1901. Studied at Brussels
Cons, under Fe'tis; wrote opera and
music to melodramas; theatre-
condr. 1856; won government grant
1857; after study in Germany
conducted at Paris; after 1867
director Antwerp Cons. He wrote
many songs and pf. pieces and
many large choral works, Lucifer
and De Oorlog (War) being perhaps
best known. His scores are large,
sometimes majestic through mere
weight; their real grandeur and
impressiveness is sometimes marred
by B's " blind nationalism," his
desire to free himself from all out-
side influence; he worked for many
years to establish a school of Flemish
composers, although there seem to
be few distinctive traits.
Berber, Felix, vlt. b. Jena, Mar. 11,
1871. Pupil at Dresden Cons, and
pf Brodsky at Leipzig Cons.; 1889
in London; 1891-96 concertmaster
at Magdeburg, 1898-1902 at Ge-
wandhaus, Leipzig; 1904 teacher in
Royal Acad. in Munich.
Berens (ba'-rens), Hermann, pst. b.
Hamburg, Apr. 7, 1826; d. Stock-
holm, May 9, 1880. Pupil of 'father
Karl, flutist (1801-1857), of Reis-
siger, and Czerny; went to Stock-
holm 1847; founded Quartet Soirees,
conducted at court and theatres,
taught comp. at Academy. Com-
posed opera, overtures, chamber
music and songs. His technical
work, Neueste Schule der Geldu-
figkeit, Op. 61, is much used.
Berger, Francesco, pst. b. London,
June 10, 1835. Pupil of L. Ricci,
Lickl, Hauptmann and Plaidy; prof,
of pf. at Guildhall School and Royal
Acad.; director and secretary of
Philh. Composed one opera, masses,
part-songs, and First steps at piano-
forte.
Berger, Ludwig, pf. -teacher, b. Berlin,
Apr. 18, 1777; d. there, Feb. 16,
1839. Pupil for harmony of Giirr-
lich, for pf. of Clementi with whom
he traveled to St. Petersburg, to
Stockholm and London 1815; in-
fluenced by Field; taught in Berlin,
after 1815, among others Taubert,
Henselt, Fanny and Felix Mendels-
sohn, wrote pf. studies of value and
considerable music of various kinds.
Berger, Wilhelm, compr. b. Boston,
Mass., Aug. 9, 1861. Of German
parentage he left America when
only a year old; studied 1878-82 in
Berlin Hochschule with Kiel; lived in
Berlin as teacher; 1903 capellm. at
Meiningen and composer, chiefly of
choral works and chamber music,
popular Lieder.
Bergmann, Karl, condr. b. Ebers-
bach, Saxony, 1821; d. New York,
Aug. 16, 1876. Pupil of Zimmer-
mann and Hesse. Came to America
1850 with Germania Orch., which he
later conducted till 1854; also con-
ducted Handel and Haydn 1852-
54; and Philh. Orch., N. Y. 1855-
1876 (1855-66 alternately with Eis-
feld), and Germ, chorus " Arion."
Introduced much important music
to America; Theodore Thomas's
tastes and talents developed under
B's influence (Krehbiel, in Grove).
Bergonzi (bar-gon-tsi), Carlo, vln.-
raaker at Cremona, about 1716-55;
best pupil of Stradivari, whose
models he imitated; especially dis-
tinguished as a 'cello-maker. Son
Michel Angelo, nephews Niccolo and
Carlo all makers of no importance.
Beringer (ba-ran-zha), Oscar, pst. b.
Fiirtwangen, July 14, 1844. Pupil
until 19 of elder sister, then at
Leipzig Cons, of Plaidy, Moscheles,
and Reinecke, and at Berlin of
B£RIOT
BERLIOZ
Tausig and Weitzmann. Teacher of
pf. playing in Berlin and London,
since 1894 at Royal Academy,
published some pf. music and very
valuable technical exercises, also
Recollections (1908). Brother Robert
(b. 1841) also pst., and lecturer.
Beriot (ba-ri-6), Charles Auguste de,
vU. b. Louvain, Feb. 20, 1802; d.
Brussels, Apr. 8, 1870. Pupil of his
guardian, Tiby, a provincial teacher;
precocious public performance of
Viotti concerto at age of 9; went to
Paris, 1821, and studied " under
advice of " Viotti and Baillot;
brilliant success in Paris, Brussels,
and London until 1830; concert
tour for five years throughout
Europe with Malibran, who became
his wife in 1836. After her sudden
death the same year, he retired until
1840. In 1842 refused offer of
professorship at Paris Cons., and
accepted one in 1843 at Brussels
Cons., which he kept until failure
of eyesight in 1852; became totally
blind in 1858. Violinist of the
modern French-Belgian school, of
brilliant technic and facility.
Compositions, once very popular
(seven concertos, various duos bril-
lants for pf. and vln., etc.) are pleas-
antly melodious, but superficial in
style; he wrote also a method and
exercises. Vieuxtemps one of his
pupils. Son Charles (b. 1833) pst.
Berlioz (bar-li-6z') , Louis Hector, com-
pr. b. La Cote St. Andre, near
Grenoble, Dec. 11, 1803; d. Paris,
Mar. 8, 1869. Son of a country
doctor, forbidden to think of music
as a career, he received almost no
training; had studied Catel's Har-
mony and learned to play flageolet
before coming to Paris in 1822 as
medical student. Despite violent
opposition from his parents, who
finally stopped his allowance, he gave
up medicine for music, and, after
some lessons with Lesueur, he was
admitted to Paris Cons, in 1823.
There he combined personal dislike
for the director, Cherubini, with the
romanticist's deep scorn for con-
ventional methods and academic
theories. After a continuous strug-
gle for seven years against opposi-
tion from every side added to
extreme poverty (he supported
himself at one time by singing in the
chorus of a theatre), his heroic per-
sistence was rewarded when, in
1830, his cantata La mort de
Sardanapale won him the Prix de
Rome. During eighteen months'
stay abroad, he composed Sym-
phonie fantastique, Lelio, La captive,
and planned the overtures to Lear
and Le Corsair. He married in 1833
Henrietta Smithson, an Irish actress,
whose career was soon after ended
by an accident; and B. had another
seven years of struggle gaining liveli-
hood for self and family by writing
criticisms and musical essays. In
scant spare time he composed
Harold en Italic, Symphonic funebre,
Romeo et Juliette, opera of Ben-
venuto Cellini, the Requiem, and
several songs.
After separation from his wife,
having by this time begun to receive
some money for his works, he trav-
eled in Germany, Russia, and Eng-
land— appreciated everywhere but
in Paris. The works of this period
are Le traite d' instrumentation, La
damnation de Faust, and Tristia.
His Te Deum for the exhibition 1855
at last aroused some recognition from
Paris, and in 1856 B. was elected to
the Academy; in 1859 made librarian
of Cons. He married singer Martin
Recio, but end of his life, despite
success of opera Beatrice et Benedict,
was lonely and sad; Les Troyens,
1863, which he considered his mas-
terpiece, had only a short run.
His critical writings are still of
value for sound judgment and strik-
ing expression; Memoir -es is one of.
the great autobiographies. His inter-
est in literature revealed by the titles
of his works is shown, too, by his
preoccupation with the intellectual
meaning, the idea to be expressed
by the music. He is chiefly remark-
able, however, for the great rich-
ness and variety of his orchestral
" color " effects. Philip Hale says
(Modern French Songs): "He was
the inventor, the creator of the
modern orchestra, and there is
nothing in the history of music more
remarkable than the courage, the
audacity, the imagination of this
man, who was without marked
melodic gift, without a thorough
technical education, and without
BERNACCHI
BIBER
practical mastery of any one im-
portant instrument. He shaped the
future of orchestral expression."
Bernacchi (ber-nak'-ki), Antonio, sing-
er, b. Bologna, about 1690; d. there,
Mar. 1756. Pupil of Pistocchi;
gained fame in Italy; sang in Lon-
don 1717 and returned " esteemed
best singer in Italy " 1729; revived
the custom of adorning singing with
roulades, thus openly sacrificing
expression to technical execution;
after about 1730 taught in Italy,
among others, Raff, Mancini, and
Guarducci.
Bernard (bar-nar'), [Jean] Emile [Au-
guste], compr. b. Marseilles, Nov. 28,
1843; d. Paris, Sept. 11, 1902.
Pupil at Paris Cons, of Marmontel,
Reber, and Benoist, winning prizes
for pf ., counterpoint, and org. Organ-
ist at Notre-Dame des champs.
Serious, meditative composer of
works in various forms, suite for
violin and piano, Divertissement for
wind instruments, etc.
Bernard!, Francesco, see Senesino.
Bernhard der Deutsche [or Bernardino],
orgt. at St. Mark's, Venice,. 1419-45;
reputed inventor of organ pedals,
but since evidence has shown that
pedal organ existed in Frankfort in
1418, B's credit is limited to having
introduced them in Italy.
Bertini (ber-te'-ni), Henri- Jerome, pst.,
compr. b. London, Oct. 28, 1798;
d. Meylan, near Grenoble, Oct. 1,
1876. Taken to Paris in infancy,
taught by father, and brother Benoit
Auguste (b. 1780; date of death un-
known) pupil of Clementi; played
in public at 12; repeated successful
tours from Paris to Germany and Eng-
land until retiring in 1859. Many
compositions distinguished from su-
perficiality then in vogue ; chief work
of value his technical studies.
Berwald, William Henry, compr., teacher.
b. Schwerin-Mecklenburg, Dec., 1864.
Studied at Munich and Stuttgart
under Rheinberger and Faisst;
conducted orch. in Russia for two
years; came to U. S. 1892; profes-
sor pf. and theory at Syracuse Univ.
Has published pf. pieces, songs, part-
songs and anthems.
Besson (bes'-son), Gustave Auguste,
instr .-maker :. b. Paris, 1820; d. there,
1875. Early in 1838 began series of
inventions improving valves, bore,
etc., of wind instruments; greatest
invention, 1859, Prototype System,
by which perfection of tone is
secured for bass instruments by the
mechanical process of construction.
Best, William Thomas, orgt. b. Car-
lisle, Eng., Aug. 13, 1826; d. Liver-
pool, May 10, 1897. Son pf solicitor,
pupil of cathedral organist Young;
abandoned original intention of
becoming civil engineer in 1840 and
devoted himself to study of organ.
Various appointments in and near
Liverpool; after about 1860 was
much in demand as solo player, at
London Monday Popular Concerts,
at Albert Hall, at Handel Festivals,
etc.; went to Sydney, Australia,
1890; retired 1894. Remembered
as brilliant solo player, who early
insisted on Bach and older masters;
wrote org. mus., Art of Organ Play-
ing; edited many classics for org.
Bettini, see Trebelli.
Bevan, Frederick Charles, orgt. b.
London, July 3, 1856. Pupil of
Willing and Hoyte; several church
appointments; after studying sing-
ing with Schira, Deacon, and Walker,
became 1877 gentleman of Chapel
Royal; composed several popular
songs.
Bevignani (bev-in-yan'-e) , Enrico, con-
dr. b. Naples, Sept. 29, 1841.
Pupil in composition of Albanese
and Lillo; produced successful opera
Caterina Bloom, 1863; conductor
in London since 1864, at Co vent
Garden since 1870; also in Russia
and at Metropolitan, N. Y.
Beyer (bl'-er), Ferdinand, compr. b.
Querfurt, July 25, 1800; d. May-
ence, May 14, 1863. Composer of
easy pf . music of the sort apparently
which pleases the young person by
facile tunefulness, without any real
idea; many opera transcriptions.
Biber (be'-bar), Heinrich Johann
Franz von, vlt., compr. b. Warten-
burg, Bohemia, Aug. 12, 1644; d.
Salzburg, May 3, 1704. Ennobled
by Emperor Leopold, 1690; also in
service of Archbishop of Salzburg;
BIEDERMANN
BISHOP
apparently skilful performer, judg-
ing by technical difficulty of his
writings, and a composer of more
artistic and deeper feeling than any
German contemporary.
Biedermann (be'-der-man), Edward
Julius, orgt. b. Milwaukee, Nov. 8,
1849. Son of A. Julius who taught
him; after study in Germany has
held various appointments in N. Y.
and has taught there.
Biehl (bel), Albert, compr., teacher, b.
Rudolstadt, Germany, Aug. 16, 1833.
Has published songs, pf. pieces, and
especially valuable technical exer-
cises.
Billema (bil-la-ma), Carlo, pst., compr.
b. Naples about 1822, and his
brother Raffaele (1820-1874) both
brilliant psts. and composers of
salon music.
Billings, William, compr. b. Boston,
Oct. 7, 1746; d. there, Sept. 29, 1800.
Apprentice to a tanner, with slight
general education and no musical
training, he was led from his work
by genuine enthusiasm for music;
published in 1770 New England
Psalm Singer and in 1778 Singing
Master's Assistant, both works of
some influence in fostering an early
interest in original music; it is said
that he introduced use of pitch-pipe
and that he first used violoncello in
church in N. E. Elson says: " One
can forgive Billings his hundreds of
errors of harmonic construction
because of his devotion to his chosen
art and to his country."
Billington, Elizabeth [Weichsel], dram,
sop. b. London, about 1768; d.
Venice, Aug. 25, 1818. First taught
by father, clarinet player, and later
by Joh. Chr. Bach; appeared in
concerts as child; in 1784 married
James Billington, double-bass play-
er; dramatic dSbut in Dublin; 1st
appearance in London, 1786; sang
there, except for two seasons in
Italy, until 1817 when she retired.
Though a poor actress, her personal
beauty and wonderful voice with
range of 3 octaves brought her
great success.
Binchois (ban-sho-a), Egidius [or Gilles
de Binch], compr. b. Binche, near
Mons, about 1400; d. Lille, 1460.
At first a soldier, then in holy orders
where he rose to some prominence.
Known as a composer of secular
songs, usually in 3 parts, of the
school of Dufay.
Bird, Arthur, pst., compr. b. Cam-
bridge, Mass., July 23, 1856. Pupil
of Haupt, Loeschhorn and Rohde,
Berlin, 1875-77; orgt. and teacher
at Halifax, N. S. 1877-81; pupil of
H. Urban 1881, and of Liszt 1885-86;
successful concert 1886, in Berlin
where, with exception of one visit to
America, he has since lived; won
Paderewski Prize 1901.. Works in-
clude symph., 3 orchestral suites,
an opera Daphne, pf. pieces, etc.
Bischoff (bish'-of), Hans, pst., teacher.
b. Berlin, Feb. 17, 1852; d. Nieder-
schonhausen, near Berlin, June 12,
1889. Pupil of Kullak and Wuerst;
teacher at Kullak and Stern Cons.;
conductor Monday concerts of Sing-
akademie; edited works by Kullak,
compositions by Bach, etc.
Bischoff (bish-off), J. W., orgt., compr.
b. Chicago, 1850; d. Washington, D.
C., June 2, 1909. Blind from infancy;
educated at Wisconsin Institute for
the Blind, and at Fond du Lac;
musical talent, inherited from accom-
plished father, trained by W. W.
Ludden and Carlo Bassini for sing-
ing and Creswold of London for org. ;
orgt. at 1st Cong, church in Wash-
ington, D. C., from 1875; especially
successful as teacher of singing;
composed about 150 songs, piano
pieces and anthems.
Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, compr. b.
London, Nov. 18, 1786; d. there,
Apr. 30, 1855. Pupil of Bianchi;
early talent for writing; first con-
spicuous success Circassian Bride
1809; compr. and director at Co vent
Garden, King's Theatre, V.auxhall;
conductor Philharmonic Society;
professor at Edinburgh and Oxford.
Composed or arranged about 125
works, including abridgments of
Rossini and others, music for Shakes-
peare's plays. Also famous for glees
and songs, whether single or in larger
works, notably Home, Sweet Home
in Clari (1823). Wife Anna (1814-
1884), daughter of singingmaster
Riviere, appeared as singer in
London; eloped with harpist Bochsa
BISPHAM
BLAZE
1839 and toured almost all the rest
of her life in America and remote
lands.
Bispham, David Scull, singer. b.
Philadelphia, Jan. 5, 1857. At first
an amateur, singing in private per-
formances at church, and local
oratorios; studied with Vannuccini,
Lamperti and Shakespeare 1886-
1889; delmt London 1891; after
1897 member of opera companies
in London and New York; has sung
all the leading baritone roles; and
has been very successful, too, in
giving concerts of an individual
artistic quality; distinguished as a
singer who is also an excellent actor.
Bitter, Karl Hermann, writer. b.
Schwedt-on-Oder, Feb. 27, 1813;
d. Berlin, Sept. 12, 1885. Studied
law and finance at Berlin and Bonn
Univ., held various official positions
culminating in that of Minister of
Finance 1879-1882. Many literary
works, biographies of the Bachs,
studies on Mozart, Gluck, Handel, etc.
Bizet (be-za), Georges [real name
Alexandre Cesar Leopold], compr.
b. Paris, Oct. 25, 1838; d. Bougival,
near Paris, June 3, 1875. Pupil at
Paris Cons. 1848-1857, piano with
Marmontel, harmony with Zimmer-
mann, composition with Halevy;
won Prix de Rome 1857; wrote
various operas, Vasco di Gama (not
performed), Les pecheurs de perles
(1863), LajoKe fille de Perth (1867),
Djamileh (1872), none of which was
a great success. In orchestral music
— overture to Patrie, incidental
music to Daudet's L'Arlesienne and
suites formed from it, the suites
Roma and Jeux d'enfants — he was
more successful at the time, and the
popularity of these works and of his
too few songs has increased. With
Carmen, produced Mar. 3, 1875, he
reached greatest height; opera was
not at first successful, but frequent
statement that Bizet's death was
due to its failure seems to be a senti-
mental exaggeration. His music is
essentially dramatic in its sharpness
of outline, sense of contrast, and in
the definite appropriateness of char-
acterizing phrases. He was thor-
oughly modern in his appreciation
of tone values and orchestral color
and in his technical skill.
Blake, Charles Dupee, orgt., compr. b.
Walpole, Mass., Sept. 13, 1847.
Pupil of J. C. D. Parker, J. K. Paine,
and others; orgt. at Bromfield St.
and Union Ch. Boston; composed
pf. music, songs, opera, etc.
Blanc (blon), Claude [called Claudius],
compr. b. Lyons, March 20, 1854;
d. there, June 13, 1900. Pupil of
Duprato, Bazin, and Massenet at
the Paris Conservatory; 1st har-
mony and accomp. prize 1875; 2d
Grand prix de Rome, 1877; director
School of Music, Marseilles, 1887-
89; chorusmaster Paris Opera; com-
posed operatic works and songs.
Blangini (blan-je'-ne), Giuseppe Marco
Maria Felice, singer, teacher, b.
Turin, Nov. 18, 1781; d. Paris, Dec.
1841. Choir boy at Turin Cathedral
1789; pupil of Ottani; precocious
'cellist and composer; at Paris 1799
became fashionable teacher; pro-
duced operas in Paris, Munich and
Kassel; chapelmaster to Princess
Borghese, music director to King
Jerome ; height of demand as teacher
in Paris after 1814; prof, at Cons.;
lost prestige after 1830. Wrote 30
operas, 174 romances, etc., and auto-
biography, Souvenirs (1834).
Blass (bias), Robert, dram. bass. Pupil
pf Stockhausen at Frankfort; debut
in Lohengrin at Weimar; sang at
Bremen, London, 1899, Dresden 1900,
and New York 1900.
Blauvelt, Lillian Evans, sop. b. New
York, March 16, 1873. Played vio-
lin in public at age of eight; at
fifteen became pupil of Bouhy in
N. Y. Cons.; after 1889 sang in
concerts in France, Belgium, and
with conspicuous success in Russia;
dramatic d6but Brussels 1891; sang
in concerts with increasing success
in U. S., Italy, and England where
she first appeared in drama in 1903;
married W. F. Pendleton 1899; she
has a pure, clear voice, which she
uses intelligently.
Blaze (blaz), Frangois Henri Joseph
[called Castil-Blaze], writer, b. Cav-
aillon, Dec. 1, 1784; d. Paris, Dec.
11; 1857. Taught by his father;
went to Paris to study law, became
pupil at Cons, but gave up practise
of law for musical criticism in 1820;
BLECH
BLUMENFELD
beside influential contemporary com-
ment as critic for the Journal des
debate and the periodicals, he wrote
several books mostly relating to the
history of the opera and attendant
arts in France, translated words of
many German operas, arranged con-
siderable music and composed 3
operas and smaller pieces of no
great distinction.
Blech (blek), Leo, compr. b. Aix-la-
Chapelle, Apr. 21, 1871. After try-
ing a business career, studied music
for one year at Hochschule in Berlin
under Rudorff and Bargiel; con-
ductor at Aix Theatre 1893-96, with
lessons from Humperdinck in vaca-
tion; 1899-1908 capellm. at Prague;
achieved European fame in 1902
by one-act opera Das war Ich; has
also written symph. poems, choruses,
etc. and 4 or 5 operas.
Blind Tom [Thomas Greene Bethune],
musical phenomenon, b. near Co-
lumbia, Georgia, about 1849; d.
Hoboken, N. J., June 17, 1908.
Parents slaves of James N. Bethune,
" whose name he took; blind and
idiotic from birth, about 1860 he
displayed remarkable powers . of
playing and improvising on the
piano; he is said to have repeated
difficult music after one hearing
and to have supplied secondo parts
to new airs; gave many concerts
and exhibitions.
Bliss, Philip Paul, compr. b. Clearfield
Co., Pa., July 9, 1838; d. Ashtabula,
O., Dec. 29, 1876. Few advantages
of schooling, worked on farms and
lumber camps; after three seasons
at Genesee Normal Acad. of Music
under Perkins and Zundel, he became
music teacher; held conventions
with G. F. Root in Chicago and
the West after 1865; after 1874
associated with D. F. Moody as
evangelist; wrote a great many
stirring revival hymns, Pull for the
Shore, Hold the Fort, etc.
Blockx (bloks'), Jan, compr. b. Ant-
werp, Jan. 25, 1851. Pupil of
Callaerts and Benolt in Flemish
Mus. Sch. and of Brassin; also
studied at Leipz. Cons.; in 1886 he
became teacher of harmony at
Antwerp Cons, and in 1902 director;
also director of Cercle artistique
and other musical societies; has
composed Flemish songs, chamber
music, etc. but is chiefly known for
a series of successful operas, Milenka,
Princesse d'auberge, Thiel Uylen-
spiegel, and La fiancee de la mer
which have gained for him a wider
and wider circle of admirers. He is
one of the promoters of Flemish
" national " music, but his own
works are liberally modern.
Bloomfield-Zeisler (zis'-ler), Fanny, pst.
b. Bielitz, Silesia, July 16, 1866.
Parents moved to Chicago 1868;
taught by Ziehn and Wolfsohn and
appeared in public 1876; Mme.
Essipoff having heard her play
advised her to go to Leschetizky,
with whom she studied 1878-1883;
married Sigmund Zeisler 1885; since
1883 she has played constantly at
concerts in all parts of U. S., with
frequent tours in England and
Germany; her virile force, highly
developed technic, and musicianly
comprehension have made her tours
invariably successful.
Blow, John, compr. b. N. Colling-
ham, Nottinghamshire, 1648; d.
Westminster, Oct. 1, 1708. One of
first set of choristers at Chapel
Royal at its reestablishment 1660;
while a chorister studied under
Hingeston and Chr. Gibbons and
composed anthems; orgt. at West-
minster Abbey 1669-1680 when he
gave up post to Purcell, possibly
voluntarily; resumed it 1695-1708;
master of children and orgt. at
Chapel Royal 1674; held other
appointments (see Grove); prolific
composer of more than 100 anthems,
many for special occasions; pub-
lished (1700) collections of airs for
harpsichord and Amphion Anglicus,
collection of songs, etc., a masque
(1687) and fourteen services. His
fame has been overshadowed by
that of his pupil, H. Purcell, and
much of his music has not been
printed.
Blumenfeld (blo-men-felt), Felix Mikh-
ailovitch, pst. b. Kovalevska, Rus-
sia, Apr. 23, 1863. Studied 1881-85
at St. Petersburg Cons, under Stein;
taught there since 1885, prof. 1895;
since 1898 director St. Petersburg
Opera; distinguished performer,
BLUMENSCHEIN
BOELLMANN
compr. of songs, and music for pf.
and pf . and orchestra, which, though
skilful and touched by national feel-
ing, is said to be lacking in variety
and personality. Brother Sigismund
(b. Dec. 27, 1852) also pst. and
compr. of pf. music.
Blumenschein, William Leonard, compr.
b. Brensbach, near Darmstadt, Dec.
16, 1849. Father vlt. in orch. and
compr. of dance music, mother
excellent singer; family moved to
Pittsburg, Pa., 1851; B. sang in
choir and concerts, studied vln.,
guitar, cabinet org., and pf.; at
Leipzig Cons. 1869-72, pf. and
theory under Paul, Richter, and
Reinecke, directing under Ferd
David; taught pf. and singing in
Pittsburg with success; now orgt.
and condr. of Philharmonic Society
in Dayton, O.; has conducted vari-
ous societies, and was chorusmas-
ter of Cincinnati Festivals under
Thomas 1891-96; has composed
chiefly in smaller forms, pf. pieces,
songs, and protestant ch. music,
with considerable success.
Boccherini (bok-ke-re'-ne), Luigi, com-
pr. b. Lucca, Feb. 19, 1743; d.
Madrid, May 28, 1805. Taught by
father and Abbe' Vannucci; played
'cello in theatre orch.; became
famous as player and compr. from
early travels with vlt. Manfredi in
Italy and southern France; after
great success in Paris 1768, went to
Madrid and became compr. to
Infanta; 1787-97 compr. to Fr.
Wilhelm II of Prussia; at his death
B., having fallen from favor, in
Spain where he lived in increasing
poverty (except for a short period
under patronage of Lucien Bona-
parte) until his death. B. composed
467 instrumental works, mostly for
two or more instruments, and some
vocal works; chiefly remarkable as
a contemp. of Haydn with whose
chamber music B's bears compari-
son in charming simplicity and facile
melody, though it lacks force and
sense of contrast. His Minuet is
well known.
Bochsa (bok'-sa), Robert Nicolas
Charles, harpist, compr. b. Mont-
m6dy, Aug. 9, 1789; d. Sydney, Jan.
6, 1856. Son of Carl (d. Paris, 1821),
oboe player and music seller; pupil
of father on flute and clarinet; ap-
peared in public at 7, opera per-
formed before he was 16; pupil at
Paris Cons, of Catel and Mehul,
and on the harp of Nadermann and
Marin whose instructions he soon
outgrew, as he " revolutionized "
harp playing; harpist to Napoleon
and to Louis XVIII; fled from
France before charge of forgery,
gave lessons in London, to Parish-
Alvars, Chatterton, etc.; prof, of harp
and secretary Roy. Acad. of Mus.
from which post he was dismissed;
managed annual concerts in London ;
eloped 1839 with Anna Bishop;
extensive tours in Europe and
America. Prolific composer, chiefly
of works for harp of transient
popularity.
Bock, see Schroder-Devrient.
Bocquillon (bok-i-yon), see Wilhem,
G. L.
Boehm (bem), Joseph, vlt. b. Pesth,
Mar. 4, 1795; d. Vienna, Mar. 28,
1876. Pupil of father and of Rode;
played in Vienna, toured Italy; prof,
at Vienna Cons. 1819-1848; mem-
ber imperial band 1821-1868; chiefly
famous as teacher of Ernst, Hellmes-
berger, L. Straus, Joachim, and Auer.
Boehm, Theobald, flute player, b.
Munich, Apr. 9, 1794; d. there,
Nov. 25, 1881. Court musician at
Vienna and composer of works for
his instrument; chiefly famous for
inventions in construction of flutes
and other wind instruments; his
system increases mechanism and
alters tone of flute, but makes its
accurate range wider and its tones
more even.
Boekelman (be'-kel-man) , Bernardus,
pst. b. Utrecht, Holland, June 9,
1838. Pupil of his father, and at
Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, Richter
and Hauptmann, and at Berlin of
Weitzmann and Von Billow; since
1866 teaching in New York, and at
Farmington, Conn. Composed for •
gf. and edited analytical edition of
ach, printed in several colors, which
is very valuable.
Boellmann (bo-el-man') , Leon, orgt.,
compr. b. Ensisheim, Alsace, Sept.
25, 1862; d. Paris, Oct. 11, 1897.
BOETHIUS
Pupil of Gigout at Niedermeyer
School; orgt. at Ch. of St. Vincent
de Paul; remarkable org. player;
composed music in almost every
form, all graceful, clear, pure in
style; best known single comp.
Variations symph. for 'cello and orch.
Boethius, Anicius Manilas Torquatus
Severinus, writer, b. Rome, about
475; d. there (?), 524. Counsellor of
Theodoric, ' executed for treason;
philosopher and mathematician ;
wrote treatise De Musica on Greek
music, chief source of information
during Middle Ages.
Bohlmann (bol'-man), Theodor Hein-
rich Friedrich, pst. b. Osterwieck
am Harz, June 23, 1865. Studied
with Barth, Klindworth, d'Albert,
and Moszkowski; successful concert
tours in Germany; prof, at Cin-
cinnati Cons, after Sept. 1890.
Bohm (bom), Carl, pst., compr. b.
Berlin, Sept. 11, 1844. Pupil of
H. Bischoff, Mmes. Reissmann, and
Geyer. Composer of salon music;
living in Berlin.
Boieldieu (bo-a-el'-di-^), Francois Adri-
en, compr. b. Rouen. Dec. 15,
1775; d. Jarcy, Oct. 8, 1834. Son of
an unhappy marriage between an
archbishop's secretary and a milliner;
taught exclusively by Broche, orgt.
at cathedral, pupil of Martini, whose
brutal treatment caused his pupil to
run away to Paris; after being
brought back B. composed opera
to words by his father, produced in
Rouen, and several successful songs;
operatic career in Paris began with
Les deux lettres 1796; after great
success of Le calife de Bagdad 1800,
and of some chamber music, B. was
' made prof, of pf. at Paris Cons.
1800; as a result of a jest from Cher-
ubini about his " undeserved " suc-
cess, he submitted to instruction from
Me"hul and probably from Cherubini,
the marked results of which appeared
in Ma tante aurore 1803; possibly
as result of unhappy marriage with
the dancer Mafleuroy, B. spent 8
years in Russia, as conductor of
Italian opera; returned to Paris
1811, brought out Jean de Paris 1812
and La dame blanche, his master-
piece, 1825. He had been prof, of
comp. at Paris Cons, since 1820;
BOITO
retired in 1828, but failure of Les
deux nuits 1828 and temporary
cessation of pension due to change
in government forced him to resume
teaching 1834. One of greatest
French comprs. of ope'ra comique;
especially in later period, his char-
acteristic touches, poetic grace, and
freshness of melody are such that
Elson calls him " a French Mozart."
Son by second wife, Adrien Louis
Victor (Nov. 3, 1815-July 9, 1883),
pupil of father, composer of several
successful comic operas, mass, etc.
Boise (bois), Otis Bardwell, orgt. b.
Oberlin, O., Aug. 13, 1845. Edu-
cated at public schools of Cleveland ;
orgt. at 14; pupil in Leipzig of
Hauptmann, Richter, and others,
and in Berlin of Kullak; later
advised by Liszt, orgt. in Cleveland,
and N. Y.; teacher in N. Y. and
from 1888 to 1902 in Berlin; Brock-
way and Huss among pupils; now
prof, in Peabody Conservatory,
Baltimore; composed orch. works,
harmony method, and author of The
Masters of Miisic.
Boi'to (bo-e-to'), Arrigo, compr. b.
Padua, Feb. 24, 1842. Son of an
Italian painter and a Polish mother,
brother of an architect and critic;
studied at Milan Cons, under Maz-
zucato with so little success at first
that he narrowly escaped dismissal;
composed with Faccio very successful
cantata, of which the score is lost;
apparently for lack of initiative
self-confidence B. gave Jip music for
critical and literary work in Paris
and Milan until 1868 when the
managers of La Scala offered to
produce his Mefistofele. The work
was hastily completed and its pro-
duction was the occasion of an almost
riotous demonstration; the work
is undoubtedly original and has
moments of tremendous force; it
differs from Gounod's Faust in that
it includes both parts of Goethe's
poem, and its great length is not
justified by intensity of sustained
interest or by technical mastery of
effects. In a revised form the opera
had considerable success at Bologna
and Milan in 1875. It is said that
Boi'to has completed two other
operas, Nerone and Orestiade, neither
of which has ever been performed;
BONAWITZ
BORDOGNI
the greatest admiration is expressed
by those who have heard portions of
the works, but their characteristics
are wrapped in a curious mystery.
B., under anagram Tobia Gorrio, has
published charming poems and has
written several admirable librettos —
notably those of Verdi's Othello and
Falstaff.
Bonawitz (vitz), Johann Heinrich,
compr. b. Durkheim-on-Rhine, Dec.
4,1839. Pupil at Li6ge Cons.; after
sojourn in America gave concerts in
London and Paris 1861-66; con-
ducted Popular Symphony Concerts
in N. Y. 1872-73, and after failure of
that undertaking gave concerts with
some success throughout U. S.
Produced two operas in Philadel-
phia 1873, 1874, and since 1876 has
lived in Europe.
Bonci, Alessandro, operatic tenor, b.
Casena, Italy, 1874?. Educated in the
Rossini Conservatory at Pesaro, under
Pedrotti and Felice Coen; in three
years he was called to the position of
solo tenor in the church of Santa
Maria, in Loreto, one of the most
prominent churches in Italy with an
exceptionally high musical standard;
after six years of hard work he com-
pleted his studies and became the
leading tenor at the Royal Theatre
in Parma; from this place he went
to a theatre in Milan and finally to
the famous La Scala Theatre in the
same city. His European tours in-
cluded all the leading cities; he also
won great success at Buenos Ayres,
and later at the Manhattan and
Metropolitan Opera House, New
York. In the season of 1910-1911
he made a concert tour of the United
States.
Bononcini (bp-non-che-ne), [Buonon-
cini], Giovanni Battista, opera compr.
Son of G. M. Bononcini (1640-167.8)
church compr. b. Modena, 1660,
date and place of death uncertain,
probably Venice in 1750; pupil of
nis father and Colonna, and Buoni
('cello); 1690 at Vienna as court
'cellist; Rome 1694 producing his
first opera; at Vienna 1699-1703;
Berlin 1703-<)5; again at Vienna and
various Italian cities; in London as
rival to Handel 1716-1731; falling
into the hands of an alchemist he
was swindled out of his fortune and
never recovered his once high posi-
tion; lived at Vienna and Venice
until his death. He is credited with
22 operas, a number of church
works, madrigals and divertimenti.
Bontempi, Giovanni Andrea Angelini,
compr. b. Perugia, about 1630; d.
Bruso, July 1, 1705. Adopted name
B. from his godfather; artificial
soprano, asst. capellmeister to Hein-
rich Schiitz in Dresden; 1690 back
to Perugia; wrote 3 operas, 2 theoret-
ical works and a history of music.
Booth, Josiah, org., compr. b. Cov-
entry, March 27, 1852. Studied at
Coventry and Oxford and at Roy.
Acad. Mus. London, under Brinley
Richards and Macfarren; org. at
Banbury 1867, orgt. at Crouch End
1877.
Boott, Francis, compr. b. Boston, June
24, 1813; d. Cambridge, Mar. 1, 1904.
Attended school in Waltham; grad.
Harvard 1831; never in active
business; lived abroad after 1847;
studied comp. with Picchianti in
Florence; composed, under name
Telford, mass, Miserere, songs ( Here's
a Health to King Charles, etc.).
Borch, Gaston, compr., 'cellist. b.
Guines, France, March 8, 1871.
Father prominent in mining and en-
gineering affairs; received instruction
in languages, and in music under
Massenet, in Paris, and under Grieg
in Norway; conductor of the Phil-
harmonic Society of Christiania and
of the Musikverein, Bergen; came
to the United States and is now
(1910) a member of the faculty of
the Pennsylvania College of Music,
Philadelphia; compositions include
three operas, symphony, piano con-
certo, orchestral works, piano pieces,
songs and choruses, about 150 num-
bers in all.
Bordese (bor-da'-ze), Luigi, compr. b.
Naples, 1815; d. Paris, Mar. 17,
1886. Studied at Naples Cons.;
failed as dramatic composer; after
1850 taught singing and composed
innumerable songs, vocalises, wrote
2 methods.
Bordogni (bor-don'-yi), Giulio Marco,
singer, b. Gazzaniga, 1788; d. Paris
July 31, 1856. Pupil of Mayr;
BORDONI
BORWICK
d6but at Milan 1813; singer in
Paris 1819-33; teacher at Cons.
1819-24, 1830-56, Sontag among
pupils; published vocalises, etc.
Bordoni, Faustina, see Hasse, F.
Borodin (bo-ro-din') , Alexander Por-
phyrievitch, compr. b. St. Peters-
burg, Nov. 12, 1834; d. there, Feb.
27, 1887. Illegitimate son of Prince
of Imeretia; brought up with every
advantage; student of medicine and
science; army surgeon; professor
of chemistry, founder of School of
Medicine for women and lecturer
there. In 1862 B., then merely an
amateur, became one of the circle
influenced by Balakirev; in 1877
visited Lis/t and described him
vividly in letters afterwards pub-
lished. He began to compose his
1st symph. in the same year that
he met Balakirev and before his
untimely death he had composed a
second symph., part of a third, 2
?uartets, a suite, the symph. poem
n the Steppes of Central Asia, several
songs and an opera Prince Igor,
finished after his death by Rimsky-
Korsakov and Glazounov. His best-
known works are the symph. poem
and the quartets. His songs are
full of national feeling; in his oper-
atic work, however, he did not
follow his " school " in their extreme
fondness for recitative.
Borowski, Felix, compr. b. Mar. 10,
1872, at Burton, Eng. Father, a
Polish nobleman who fled to England
during the Polish rebellion, was his
first teacher on the piano and violin;
after a general education at private
schools in London and Tunbridge
Wells he began the study of the
violin with Jacques Rosenthal and
later with Adolf Pollitzer in London,
musical theory with Dr. Charles W.
Pearce; in 1888 he went to the
Cologne Conservatory (Germany),
where he studied theory and com-
position with Gustave Jensen, violin
with Georg Japha and piano with
Ernst Heuser; on his return to
England he was first a violin teacher
at Aberdeen, and during this time
brought out his first published com-
positions, the mazurkas in C major
and C minor; in 1894 he located in
London devoting his time principally
to composition, the most striking
v/ork of the period being A Rus-
sian Sonata which attracted the
attention of Grieg. In 1897 he ac-
cepted the position of professor of
composition in the Chicago Musical
College, and has resided in that city
up to the present time (1910); in
addition to the composition classes
he taught violin for several years
and has conducted the classes in
history of music. He has been
Chicago critic for the N. Y. Musical
Courier, of the Chicago Evening Post
and is now (1910) connected with
the Record- Her old, and at one time
prepared the program notes for the
Theodore Thomas Orchestra. Com-
positions cover various branches:
Marche Triomphale and two suites
for orchestra, and two pieces for
string orchestra; Suite in E minor,
two sonatas, and small pieces for the
organ; for the piano, a Russian
Sonata, seven Preludes and more
than 60 smaller works; for violin,
a number of pieces of which Adora-
tion is the best known; six songs; a
concerto for piano and orchestra in
D minor and a string quartet in A
minor are still in manuscript.
Bortnianski (bort-nyan'-ski), Dimitri
Stepanovitch, compr. b. Gloukoff,
1752; d. St. Petersburg. Sept. 25
(9ct. 8), 1825. Studied with Galup-
pi and followed him to Italy by aid
of Empress Catherine; composed
operas in Italy; but on return to
Russia in 1779 became director of
the choir in St. Petersburg (which
became " imperial choir " in 1796),
for wh. he composed 45 psalms and
a mass; he first reduced Russian
church music to system, and made
his choirs famous by care in select-
ing remarkable voices and training
them to great skill.
Berwick, W. Leonard, pst. b. Wal-
thamstow, Essex, Feb. 26, 1868.
Son of Alfred, amateur 'cellist and
friend of many musicians; first
lessons at age of 5; later pupil of
Bird and Clara Schumann; d£but
Frankfort 1889; since then popular
in London concerts (some with
P. Greene); he is said to be espe-
cially great as a player of Liszt and
Saint-Saens.
BOSSI
BRADBURY
Bossi, Enrico Marco, orgt., compr. b.
Salo, Apr. 25, 1861. Son of orgt.;
studied at Liceo Musicale, Bologna,
and at Milan Cons, under Pon-
chielli and Fumagalli; orgt. at
Como, teacher at Naples; teacher,
director, and conductor at Venice,
1902 director of Liceo Musicale;
made early attempts at dramatic
composition, but boldness and sever-
ity of his style is better shown in
numerous cantatas, org. pieces, and
oratorio Le Paradiso Perduto. He
is considered the most proficient
performer on the organ in Italy.
Bottesini (bot-tes-se'-ne), Giovanni,
double-bass player, compr. b. Crema,
Dec. 24, 1823; d. Parma, July 7,
1889. Son of clarinet player; singer
in choir; entered Milan Cons, at
age of 11, studied harmony and
comp. with Basili and Vaccai, d.
bass with Rossi; traveled with
Arditi; member of orch. at Havana
many years; conductor at Paris,
1855-57, in London 1871, and -at
numerous other places (conducted
1st performance of Aida at Cairo).
Composed 6 operas, an oratorio,
quartets; had marvelous skill as a
virtuoso.
Boucher (bo-sha), Alexandra Jean, vlt.
b. Paris, Apr. 11, 1778; d. there,
Dec. 29, 1861. Appeared at court at
age of 6, and at concerts at 8; 1787-
1805, solo vlt, to Charles IV of
Spain; later gave concerts through-
out Europe; successful both because
of his really fluent playing and
because of his cheap methods of
advertisement; he called himself
" L'Alexandre des violons."
Bouhy (bo-e), Jacques, Joseph Andre,
singer, teacher, b. Pepinster, Bel-
gium, June 18, 1848. Pupil at
Li6ge and Paris Cons.; d6but at
Paris 1870; created many impor-
tant parts, among them Escamillo
in Carmen; 1885-89 head of N. Y.
Cons.; returned to stage 1890 but is
now (1910) teaching in Paris.
Bourgault-Ducoudray (bdr'-go-dii-ko-
dra), Louis Albert, compr. b. Nantes,
Feb. 2, 1840; d. Vernouillet, July 4,
1910. Finished legal studies 1859;
entered Cons., as pupil of A. Thomas;
won Prix de Rome in comp. 1862;
has written 3 operas (Thamara. Paris
1891), orchestral pieces, Stabat Mater,
etc.; chief work has been study of
early primitive music and revival
of it; has published collection of
Greek folk-lore and written about it;
lecturer on history of music at Cons,
since 1878.
Bouval (bo-val'), Jules Henri, compr.,
orgt. b. Toulouse, June 9, 1867;
pupil of Dubois and Massenet at the
Paris Conservatory; 1st prize for
harmony 1889, honorable mention
for Prix de Rome 1893; organist of
St. Pierre de Chaillot; composer of
dramatic works, ballets and songs.
Bovy, C. S., see Lysberg, C. S.
Bowman, Edward Morris, orgt., theorist.
b. Barnard, Vt., July 18, 1848.
Pupil of Wm. Mason and J. P.
Morgan; orgt. in St. Louis; studied
in Berlin with Bendel, Rohde, Haupi,
and Weitzmann and in Paris with
Batiste; again in St. Louis, with
period of study in England; founder
of Amer. Coll. of Musicians; orgt.
in N. Y., professor at Vassar 1891-
1895; condr. of various choirs in N. Y.
and Brooklyn; has translated and
prepared for English use Weitz-
mann's Manual of Music Theory.
Boyce, William, orgt., compr. b. Lon-
don, Feb. 7, 1710; d. Kensington,
Feb. 7, 1779. Chorister at St. Paul's;
articled pupil of M. Greene, later
pupil of Pepusch; held various org.
appointments in London; com-
posed many fine anthems, serenatas
and odes; increasingly deaf from
early years, after 1769 he devoted
himself to editing Cathedral Music,
collection of services by English
masters.
Brackett, Frank H., compr. b. Fall
River, Mass., Apr. 8, 1859; studied
at Harvard University under John
K. Paine, and under John W. Tufts;
commenced professional work as
singer, organist, and composer in
1881, filling positions as organist in
Boston, Somerville, Dorchester, and
other suburbs; compositions num-
ber about 300, including piano pieces,
songs and anthems; lives at Ash-
mont, a suburb of Boston.
Bradbury, William Batchelder, compr.
b. York, Me., Oct. 6, 1816; d. Mont-
clair, N. J., Jan. 7, 1868. Pupil of
BRAGA
S. Hill, L. Mason, and at Leipzig of
Hauptmann and Moscheles. Taught,
wrote, conducted conventions, made
pianos, composed 2 cantatas, edited
collections of music which (The Key-
note, The Jubilee, etc.) were enor-
mously popular.
Braga (bra-ga), Gaetano, 'cellist, b.
Giulianova, June 9, 1829; d. Milan,
Nov., 1907. Pupil of Ciandelli for
'cello, Mercadante for comp. at
Naples Cons.; lived and played in
many capitals; friend of Rossini
and others but died in poverty;
composed 3 unsuccessful operas, a
method, and several smaller pieces, of
which Angel's Serenade most popular.
" He wrote with much intelligence
but more feeling."
Braham, John, tenor, b. London, 1774;
d. there, Feb. 17, 1856. Son of poor
Jews (real name probably Abraham) ;
pupil of Leoni; d6but 1787; later
pupil of Rauzzini, second d6but 1796;
after period of success on the Conti-
nent, he enjoyed career of great
popularity in England 1801-1826;
composed several operas and wrote
parts for himself in many others;
lost fortune in speculations; many
songs still popular, as Death of Nel-
son; toured America 1840.
Brahms (brams), Johannes, compr. b.
Hamburg, May 7, 1833; d. Vienna,
Apr. 3, 1897. Son of Johann Jacob
(1806-72), oontrabassist at Ham-
burg theatre, he studied with his
father and Cossel until he was ten,
then with Marxsen pianoforte and
some theory. He appeared in public
in 1849, at a concert of Wachtel's
and at one of his own. Touring
through North Germany with Rem-
enyi in 1853 he met Joachim who
introduced him to Liszt and Schu-
mann, both of whom greeted him
enthusiastically, S. in a famous
article Neue Bahnen (New Paths).
From 1854-1858 B. was court con-
ductor at Lippe-Detmold, then he
returned to Hamburg where he
stayed except for occasional concert
trips until 1860 when he went to
Winterthur. In 1862 he moved
finally to Vienna; he conducted at
the Singakademie for one season and
at the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde
for three, 1872-75; the rest of his life
BRAHMS
with some holiday trips and increas-
ingly rare public appearances was
taken up by composition.
The early accounts of his playing
describe it as fluent and brilliant,
but later, perhaps from lack of care,
it became incoherent and blurred.
Schumann's enthusiasm for his early
pf. pieces was not shared by all, and
there was much discussion about
them and about the first pf . con-
certo, which B. brought out himself
in Leipzig in 1859. The early
chamber music, two orchestral sere-
nades (1860), the German Requiem
(1865, and with added movements
1868), Variations on a theme by
Haydn made his name familiar to
audiences, so that his first sym-
phony (not produced until 1876)
was awaited with great eagerness.
Its appearance caused a renewal of
discussion; B. was accused of imi-
tating Beethoven, and praised for
continuing the master's work. He
was also used, with some injustice,
to support the cause of absolute
music against the ardent Wagner-
ites. His later orchestral works,
Akademische and Tragische over-
tures, the 3 other symphonies, 3
other concertos, later chamber music
have placed him beyond question
among the great masters. His songs
once declared " un vocal " are uni-
versally recognized as expressing the
soul of the poetry. Present discus-
sion of him is between those who
complain of lack of color, of the
appreciation of the sensuous quali-
ties of music, a dry formalism and
those who exalt the intellectual con-
tent, the purity of form, originality
of scheme, and technical skill. His
admirers find broad and deep emo-
tional feeling, an impersonal passion
subordinated to a lofty sense of
form. To Hadow, Brahms fulfils
the desire for " a composer who
while he maintains and develops the
harmonic traditions of the Romantic
School shall even more devote him-
self to the restoration and evolution
of musical structure, who shall take
up the classical form where Bee-
thoven left it .... and raise it
to a fuller organization." So Hun-
eker calls him " the greatest con-
trapuntist after Bach, the greatest
architectonist after Beethoven."
BRAMBACH
BREWER
Brambach (bram-bak), Kaspar Joseph,
compr. b. Bonn, July 14, 1833; d.
there, June 20, 1902. Studied under
A. Zur Nieden and Ferd. Hiller and
at Cologne Cons., where later he
taught; director and teacher at
Bonn. Composed secular cantatas
Fruhlingshymnus, Prometheus, etc.,
pf. concerto, and chamber music.
Brandeis (bran-dls), Frederick, pst.,
compr. b. Vienna, July 5, 1835
(or 1832?); d. New York, 1899.
Pupil of J. Fischhof, Czerny, Rufi-
natscha, and of Meyerhofer in N. Y.;
debut N. Y. 1851; toured as pst.,
various positions as orgt. Several
comp. for orch. and chamber music.
Brandt (brandt), Marianne [pseud, of
Marie Bischof], dram, contralto, b.
Vienna, Sept. 12, 1842. Pupil of
Frau Marschner at Vienna Cons, and
of Viardot-Garcia in Paris; de"but
Graz 1867; Berlin 1868-86; sang
Kundry in Parsifal 1882, alter-
nating with Materna; 1886-1890,
N. Y.; now teaching in Vienna. At
her best during Berlin period, com-
pass of voice so extensive that she
sang both soprano and contralto
parts.
Brassin (bras-san), Louis, pst., compr.
b. Aix-la-Chapelle, June 24, 1840; d.
St. Petersburg, May 17, 1884. Son
of baritone, who changed name from
De Brassine, nephew of Drouet,
flute player; pupil at Leipzig Cons,
of Moscheles; teacher 1866 at
Stern Cons, in Berlin, at Brussels
Cons. 1869-78, and at St. Petersburg
Cons. 1878-84. Appeared early in
public, and made tours with brothers
Leopold (1843-1890) pst. and Ger-
hard (b. 1844) vlt. Louis composed
Ecolemoderne du piano, pf. eludes,
transcriptions, 2 operas, etc.
Braun, Mrs. A., see Brema, Marie.
Bree (bra), Jean Bernard van, vlt.,
compr. b. Amsterdam, Jan. 29,
1801; d. there, Feb. 14, 1857. Pupil
of Bertelmann; orch. player at Am-
sterdam; founded " Cecilia " 1840;
director of music-school ; composed 3
operas, masses, cantatas, chamber
music.
Breitaer (brit-ner), Ludovic, pst. b.
Trieste, Mar. 22, 1855. Studied at
Milan Cons, and with Rubinstein
and Liszt; composed music to
Wilhelm Meister, song cycles, etc.;
established and conducted Phil-
harmonic Society in Paris; visited
America in 1900. Went to Berlin
1909 to teach in the Stern Cons.
Brema (bra-ma), Marie [pseud, of
Minnie Fehrmann], dram, mezzo
sop. b. Liverpool, Feb. 28, 1856.
Father of German origin, mother
from Virginia; early taste for music
not cultivated until after marriage
to A. Braun 1874; after study with
Henschel, d6but at Monday Pop.
Concert 1891 under name of Bremer;
dram. de"but same year; first appeared
at Bayreuth 1894; since then has sung
Wagnerian roles with success in Eng.,
America, and Paris ; has created parts
in many operas and oratorios, chiefly
at English festivals where her rich
voice has made her a great favorite.
Breslaur (bres-lowr), Emil, teacher, b.
Kottbus, May 26, 1836; d. Berlin,
July 27, 1899. Studied at Stern
Cons.; teacher at Kullak's Acad.;
founder and director of Piano-
Teachers' Seminary; editor of Kla-
vierlehrer, and author of several
important books on pf. playing and
pf. literature.
Breval (bra-val'), Lucienne [pseud, of
Bertha Agnes Lisette Schilling], dram,
sop. b. Berlin, Nov. 4, 1869.
Pupil of Warat, Obin, Giraudet at
Paris Cons., where she took first
prize for opera 1890; de"but 1892,
Paris Ope"ra, where she has since
sung, except for season at Ope"ra
Comique in 1901; in America 1900,
1902.
Breville (bra-vil'), Pierre Onfroy de,
compr., condr. b. Feb. 21, 1861.
Pupil at the Paris Conservatory and
of C6sar Franck; studied for the
bar and a diplomatic career; music
critic Mercure de France 1898-1901;
teacher at Schola Cantorum; com-
positions include orchestral and
choral works, masses, motets, songs,
piano and organ pieces.
Brewer, John Hyatt, orgt., compr. b.
Brooklyn, Jan. 18, 1856. Boy
soprano in several churches, pupil
Navarro (harm.) and Buck and
others (org.); various positions as
orgt. in N. Y.; active member of
BRIDGE
BRONSART
many musical societies; has con-
ducted several choral societies;
teaches singing, org., and theory.
Has composed church and organ
music, glees, songs, and choral works,
suite for orchestra (Ms.).
Bridge, Sir John Frederick, compr. b.
Oldbury, near Birmingham, Dec. 5,
1844. Chorister in Rochester Cathe-
dral, where his father became lay
clerk in 1850, articled to John
Hopkins, orgt.; held various org.
appointments at Windsor (where he
was pupil of J. Goss), at Manchester,
and finally at Westminster Abbey
as deputy 1875 and in full 1882;
in consequence of this office he had
charge of the music for Queen
Victoria's jubilee 1887 and King
Edward's coronation 1902. He took
degree Mus. Doc. at Oxford 1874;
was knighted 1897 and has received
many honorary titles. He taught
at Owens College while in Man-
chester, is Gresham Prof., prof, at
Univ. of London, examiner in sev-
eral colleges. Composed oratorios,
anthems, etc., collected " Abbey
Chants," wrote Primer of Counter-
point, etc. " His works show the
vivacity of his mercurial tempera-
ment." [Grove.] His brother,
Joseph Cox B., orgt. b. Rochester,
Aug. 16, 1853. Pupil of Hopkins,
and pupil and assistant of brother
at Manchester; Mus. Doc. Oxford
1885; since 1877 orgt. at Chester
Cathedral; prof. mus. Durham
Univ. 1908; revived Chester Fes-
tivals, founded Chester Mus. Soc.
Composed festival cantatas, sym-
phony, pf. music, songs, and part-
songs.
Brink, Jules ten, compr. b. Amster-
dam, Nov. 4, 1838; d. Paris, Feb. 6,
1889. Pupil of Dupont in Brussels,
Richter in Leipzig; director Lyons
1860-68, after that in Paris; wrote
symphonic poems, one-act opera, etc.
Brisson (bris'-son), Frederic, pst. b.
Angouleme. Dec. 25, 1821; d.
Orleans, June or July, 1900. Pupil
of Garandet; an elegant pianist,-
a distinguished performer on har-
monium, for which he wrote much;
published, beside operetta and organ
method, more than 150 slight pf.
pieces.
Bristow, George Frederick, compr. b.
Brooklyn, Dec. 19, 1825; d. New
York, Dec. 13, 1898. Studied in
London with Macfarren; condr.
Harm. Soc., Mendelssohn Union,
orgt. in several churches, head of
mus. dept. N. Y. public schools,
original member and condr. of N. Y.
Philharmonic. Composed opera Rip
Van Winkle 1855, a cantata Niag-
ara, and symphonies, quartets, etc.
Made an early stand for American
music.
Brirton, Thomas, amateur, b. Higham
Ferrers, or Wellingborough, North-
ampton, about 1651; d. London,
Sept. 27, 1714. Known as " Musical
Small-coal Man," because he dealt
in coal; 1678 established weekly
concerts over his shop and a musical
club for practise, both frequented
by aristocratic and famous people,
Handel, Pepusch, etc. Also known
in book collecting circles.
Brockway, Howard A., compr., pst. b.
Brooklyn, Nov. 22, 1870. Studied
pf. with Kortheuer and in Berlin
1890-1895 with Earth and O. B.
Boise; conducted concert of own
works Berlin, 1895; teaching in
New York, and Peabody Conserva-
tory, Baltimore. Equipped by un-
usually thorough training, he has
composed early in difficult forms,
symph., symph. ballad, romanza for
vln. and orch., etc. Sylvan Suite for
orch. best known.
Brodsky, Adolf, vlt. b. Taganrog,
Russia, Mar. 21, 1851. Studied at
Vienna Cons. 1862-63 with J. Hell-
mesberger, of whose quartet he
became a member; studied also with
Laub in Moscow, where he taught
at Cons.; condr. at Kieff 1879; taught
at Leipzig Cons. 1882-83, in N. Y.
1891-94, in Berlin 1894, at Manches-
ter Royal Coll. pf Mus., of which he
became director in 1895.
Broekhoven (bre'k-ho-fen), John A.,
teacher, theorist, b. Beek, Holland, in
1852. Prof, pf harmony and coun-
terpoint at Cincinnati Coll. of Music;
has written text-books, Suite cr6ole
for orch., overture Columbia, etc.
Bronsart, Hans von [really B. von
Schellendorf], condr. b. Berlin,
Feb. 11, 1830. Studied at Berlin
BROSCHI
BRUMEL
Univ., lessons in theory from Dehn,
piano with Kullak and Liszt; con-
ducted " Euterpe " Leipzig; " Gesell-
schaft der Musikfreunde " Berlin; is
"Hofmusikintendant" Berlin; comp.
opera Der Corsdr, symph., well-
known pf. concerto. His wife Inge-
borg (nee Starck) pst., compr. b. St.
Petersburg, Aug. 24, 1840. Pupil
of Henselt and Liszt; first concert
at 12; married Hans von B. 1862;
composed 3 operas, pf. music in
all forms.
Broschi (bros-ke), Carlo, see Farinelli.
Broustet (bro-sta), Edouard, pst. b.
Toulouse, Apr. 29, 1836. Studied
with Stamaty, Litolff, and Ravina;
after tours to St. Petersburg, Spain,
and Portugal, settled in Toulouse
where he has composed pf. concerto,
chamber music, pf. pieces.
Brown, Obadiah Bruen, teacher, b.
Washington, D. C., July 2, 1829;
d. Maiden, Mass., Mar. 5, 1901.
Pupil in Boston of Zerrahn, Parker,
David Paine; in Leipzig of Lobe
and Plaidy; teacher in several Mass.
state normal schools, orgt. in Bos-
ton; director of music, public
schools, Maiden; edited several
collections for school use, composed
choruses, anthems, etc.
Bruch (briik). Max, compr. b. Cologne,
Jan. 6, 1838. Mother (nee Almen-
rader), a singer, guided his education;
first lessons in theory from Breiden-
stein at Bonn; having gained four-
year scholarship at Frankfort-on-
Main, studied under Hiller, Rein-
ecke, and Breuning; taught and
brought out first operetta at Cologne;
produced opera Loreley on libretto
written for Mendelssohn at Mann-
heim 1863; has held various posi-
tions as director at Coblenz, of Stern
• Singing Soc. Berlin, of Liverpool Har-
monic Society, of Orchesterverein at
Breslau; married singer Emma Tuc-
zek 1881; came to America 1883,
brought out Arminius at Boston by
Cecilia Society. Has composed
several cantatas of epic nature,
Odysseus, Arminius, AchUleus,
Frithjof; his Fair Ellen a favorite
with choral societies; songs; 3 vln.
concertos, of which the 1st, in G, is
very popular; pieces for 'cello (nota-
bly Kol Nidrei a Hebrew melody).
His music is marked by clearness and
purity of melodic idea and unusual
skill in combinations of vocal and
orchestral masses.
Bruckner (brok-ner), Anton, orgt.,
compr. b. Ansfelden, Austria, Sept.
4, 1824; d. Vienna, Oct. 11, 1896.
Earliest lessons from father, a
village school-master; while orgt.
at Linz Cathedral after 1855 he
studied in Vienna with Sechter and
Kitzler; 1867 orgt. in Vienna and
prof, at Cons., 1875 lecturer at
Univ.; 1869 and 1871 played in
France and England as org. virtuoso.
His compositions include a string
quartet, 3 grand masses, a Te Deum,
8 symphonies, and 3 movements of
a 9th. He lived, even in the capital,
the simple life of a villager, dis-
tressed by the violent hostility
which his works aroused, but never
permitting this to move his earnest
persistence. He was a devoted
adherent of Wagner's theories and
in his symphonies he aimed to
apply them to absolute music.
Much of the hostility which he
encountered was due to the fact
that he was regarded probably
against his wish as the symphonist
selected by the Wagnerites to oppose
Brahms. Viewed apart from their
contemporary critical quarrel, his
music appears as a somewhat uneven
combination of passages showing
power, nobility, and imagination
with passages of tedious length and
heavy and pedantic dryness.
Briill (briil), Ignaz, pst., compr. b.
Prossnitz, Moravia, Nov. 7, 1846;
d. Vienna, Sept. 17, 1907. Pupil of
Epstein, Rufinatscha, and Dessoff;
successful concerts in Vienna and
other cities, notably in London in
1878; teaching in Vienna after 1872;
opera Das goldene Kreuz, Berlin
1875, had wide success in other
cities; has composed 9 other operas,
a symph., an overture, 3 concertos,
etc.
Brume! (bru-mel'), Anton, compr. b.
about 1480; d. about 1520. Pupil
of Okeghem; lived at courts of
Dukes of Sora and Ferrara; com-
posed at least 15 masses, motets,
and other sacred music; said by
contemporaries to have excelled by
BRUNEAU
BULL
industry rather than genius; wrote
a comp. in 8 parts, each in different
church mode.
Bruneau (brii-no), [Louis Charles Bon-
aventure], Alfred, compr. b. Paris,
Mar. 3, 1857. Of musical parents;
studied at Paris Cons, 'cello with
Franchomme, comp. with Massenet;
critic for Gil Bias and Figaro;
conductor Op4ra Comique 1903.
Has composed overture, 3 choral
symphonies, 2 collections of songs,
and a Requiem mass beside the 5
operas which are his chief works.
Of these Le reve, L'Attaque du mou-
lin, Messidor and L' Ouragan are on
texts either written by Zola or based
on his works, the last two being in
prose. Music at first was considered
very difficult and harsh, because of
effort made at accurate delineation of
characters, which is strikingly suc-
cessful; each work has a characterized
and influential setting, like the storm
in L' Ouragan, which gives atmos-
pheric unity. Has published also 3
volumes of acute musical criticism.
Brunner (broo-ner), Christian Trau-
gott, orgt., condr. b. Briinlos, Erzge-
birg, Dec. 12, 1792; d. Chemnitz,
Apr. 14, 1874. Organist and con-
ductor of choral societies; composed
instructive pf. pieces, variations, etc.
Bucalossi (boo-ca-los'-si) , Ernest, compr.
Composed from early years; pupil at
Royal Acad. Mus.; in 1881 succeeded
his father as conductor at London
theatre; conductor with traveling
company; compr. of popular dance
music, notably La Gitana waltz.
Buck, Dudley, orgt., compr. b. Hart-
ford, Conn., Mar. 10, 1839; d. Oct.
6, 1909, at Orange, N. J. Pupil of
Babcock, at Leipzig Cons, of Plaidy,
Moscheles, Hauptmann, and Rietz,
at Dresden of Schneider, and at
Paris; organ appointments in Hart-
ford, Chicago, Boston (where his
recitals as orgt. of Music Hall Ass'n
had great influence), and in N. Y.;
asst. cOndr. of Thomas Concerts,
N. Y.; director of Apollo Club;
retired from all but theoretical and
comp. work 1902. Composed ora-
torios Golden Legend, Light of Asia,
cantatas Legend of Don Munio, Cen-
tennial Meditation of Columbia (for
Exposition 1876), several excellent
short sacred cantatas, songs, anthems,
org. pieces. His music shows skill,
intelligence, freedom from pedantry,
and much of the elements of popu-
larity. Has had wide influence in
extending respect for American music
and in training younger men, Chad-
wick, Gleason, Eddy, Neidlinger being
his pupils.
Buhlig, Richard, pst. b. Chicago, 1880
of German parents. Went to Vienna
1887 as pupil of Leschetizsky.
D6but 1900, London 1905, in the
U. S. 1907. Thoughtful and serious
artist, of unusual executive ability.
Bull, John, orgt., compr. b. Somerset-
shire, about 1563; d. Antwerp, Mar.
12 (13?), 1628. Pupil of Blitheman;
orgt. at Hereford Cathedral and
1591 of Chapel Royal; Mus. Doc.
Oxford 1592; Gresham Prof, of
Mus. 1597; in service of Prince
Henry 1611 although Roman Cath-
olic; 1613 left England without leave
under questionable circumstances,
and in 1617 became orgt. at Ant-
werp Cath. Comp. anthems and
music for org. or virginal " unequal
in character, and generally more
ingenious than beautiful." So brill-
iant a performer that he has been
called " the Liszt of his age."
Bull, Ole Borneman, vU. b. Bergen,
Feb. 5, 1810; d. Lyso, near Bergen,
Aug. 17, 1880. Father, physician,
who disapproved of musical career,
but uncle and other members of
family eager amateurs; lessons from
Paulsen and Lundborg, but mainly
self-taught; abandoned study of
theology at Univ. of Christiania to
conduct mus. society there; at
Paris 1831, by hearing Paganini
inspired to great efforts, which with
poverty brought on illness; 1832 he
reappeared in public and thereafter
had great success in Europe and
especially in the U. S.; 1848 founded
national theatre in Bergen; 1870
again in U. S., where he married a
second time, and where he lost a
considerable fortune in an attempt
to found a colony for his poor
countrymen. Technical skill was
fairly amazing and gave adequate
expression to the patriotic spirit of
the North in his compositions, which
were the only ones he played.
BULLARD
BURMEISTER
Bullard, Frederic Field, compr. b.
Boston, Mass., Sept. 21, 1864; d.
there, June 24, 1904. Gave up study
of chemistry; studied 4 years with
Rheinberger in Munich; taught in
Boston after 1892; published many
expressive songs, anthems and vig-
orous part-songs, some of which, Stein
Song, etc., are very popular.
Billow (bii-lo), Hans [Guido]von, pst.,
condr. b. Dresden, Jan. 8, 1830; d.
Cairo, Feb. 12, 1894. Taught pf.
and harmony at 9 by Wieck and
Eberwein; studied law at Leipzig
Univ., counterpoint with Haupt-
mann; adopted Wagner's radical
theories after performance of Lohen-
grin at Weimar; followed him to
exile and learned conducting from
him; pupil of Liszt at Weimar;
first tour 1853 in Germany and
Austria; held various appointments
as teacher (Stern Cons. 1855, etc.);
court pst., and condr. in several
places, notably Meiningen, where he
brought the orch. to height of
excellence 1880-85; married 1857
Cosima Liszt (later the wife of
Wagner) from whom he separated
1869; married actress Marie Schan-
zer 1882; gave 139 concerts in
America 1875-76. His wonderful
power of intellectual analysis of
music not only appeared in his
finished playing but is preserved in
his admirable critical editions, as
those of Beethoven's sonatas and
such pianoforte arrangements as
that of Tristan and Isolde. His
phenomenal memory enabled him
to do justice to the largest possible
repertoire; he also set the fashion
of conducting without score. His
playing seems to have been a tri-
umph of careful analytical prepara-
tion combined with an apparently
spontaneous emotional expression.
Bungert, August, compr. b. Miilheim-
on-Ruhr, Mar. 14, 1846. Pupil of
Kufferath and at Cologne Cons.;
music director at Kreuznach; fur-
ther studies in counterpoint with
Kiel in Berlin 1873-81; living in
Italy since 1882. Has written pf.
quartet which took prize in Flor-
ence 1878, comic opera produced
Leipzig 1884, etc.; his great \vorks
are two dramatic cycles not yet
completed based on the Iliad and the
Odyssey, after Wagnerian models;
Odysseus Heimkehr, first part pro-
duced 1896, excited considerable
comment.
Buonamici (bu-o'-na-me'-che), Giusep-
pe, pst. b. Florence, Mar. 19, 1846.
First taught by uncle Ceccherini;
by Von Billow and Rheinberger at
Munich Cons. 1868-70; teacher
there 1870-73; conductor of choral
soc. in Florence, and founder of trio
society and teacher there; his great-
est work is editing of Beethoven
sonatas and composition of technical
studies based on difficulties in
Beethoven. Son Carlo, b. Florence,
June 20, 1875. Pupil of mother and
father, and of Van Zeil at Wiirzburg;
came to Boston 1896, as teacher and
concert pianist ; 1908, with Felix
Fox, founded Fox-Buonamici School.
Buranello, see Galuppi.
Burdett, George Albert, orgt. b. Boston,
June 17, 1856, Trained under J. W.
Hill, and Paine at Harvard where he
was graduated with ' ' highest musical
honors" in 1881; studied in Germany
under Haupt in Berlin and at Han-
over; since 1895 orgt. at Central Ch.,
Boston; founder of Am. Guild of
Orgts., first dean N. E. Chapter;
published anthems, organ music, and
pf. pieces.
Burgmuller (bu rg-mii Her), Johann
Friedrich Franz, compr. b. Regens-
burg, 1806; d. Beaulieu, France,
Feb. 13, 1874. Composer of pf. music
mainly for young people and useful
early studies Brother Norbert (1810
-1836), composer of great promise
but immature achievement.
Burgstaller, Alois, dram, tenor, b. Holz-
kirchen, Sept. 27, 1871. Pupil of
Kniese; Bayreuth 1894-1901; Metro-
politan, N. Y., 1902-08, first Parsifal
in N. Y. 1904.
Bunneister (bur-ml-ster), Richard, com-
pr., pst. b. Hamburg, Dec. 7, 1860.
Studied with Liszt in • Weimar,
Budapest or Rome 1880^1883; teach-
er in Hamburg Cons; director of pf.
at Peabody Conservatory, Balti-
more, 1885-1897; then in New
York, now in Europe; a brilliant
pianist and compr. of skill; has
written symph. poem, etc., re-scored
BURMESTER
BUSSLER
Chopin's F minor concerto, added
orch. part to Liszt's Concerto Pathe-
tique, etc.
Burmester, Willy, vlt. b. Hamburg,
Mar. 16, 1869. First pupil of father,
later of Joachim; brilliant player
of virtuoso class; made debut when
a child; has toured since 1886; in
1890 conductor at Sondershausen ;
greater success on the Continent than
in England or America.
Burnand, A. B., see Strelezski, Anton.
Burney, Charles, writer, b. Shrews-
bury, Apr. 12, 1726; d. Chelsea,
Apr. 12, 1814. Pupil on org. of
Baker and Arne; orgt. at various
provincial stations; Mus. Doc. Ox-
ford 1769, F. R. S. 1773; composed
music for few dramas, sonatas, can-
tatas, etc., adapted The Cunning
Man from Rousseau's Devin du
village. Chief works are Present
State of Music in France and Italy,
Present State of Music in Germany,
the Netherlands, etc., which are
accounts of his own tours, and his
General History of Music, in 4
volumes, 1776-89, which contains
much information and reflects ad-
mirably the 18th century point of
view.
Burrowes, John Freckleton, writer, b.
London, Apr. 23, 1787; d. there,
Mar. 31, 1852. Pupil of Horsley;
for 40 years orgt. in London; com-
posed forgotten instrumental music;
wrote much used Piano Primer.
Burton, Frederick Russell, compr. b.
Jonesville, Mich., Feb. 23, 1861; d.
Sept. 30, 1909, Lake Hopatcong,
N. J. Graduated at Harvard 1882;
organizer and condr. of Choral
Society at Yonkers, N. Y.; mus. crit.
N. Y. Sun; composer of Hiawatha,
dramatic cantata based on actual
Indian themes, as result of special
study.
Busby, Thomas, writer. b. West-
minster, Dec., 1755; d. London,
May 28, 1838. Pupil of Knyvett
and Battishill; orgt. at Newington.
Composed oratorio The Prophecy
on Pope's Messiah and music for
other odes and some plays; wrote
several musical articles and essays,
Dictionary of Music, History of
Music (compiled from Hawkins and
Burney), and 3 volumes of Concert-
room and Orchestra Anecdotes, of
much interest about contemporaries.
Busch (bush), Carl, compr. b. Bjerre,
Denmark, Mar. 29, 1862. Studied
at Cons., vln. with Tofte, comp. with
Hartmann and Gade; played in
orch. and studied in Paris under
Godard and Gounod; settled in
Kansas City 1889; established Phil-
harmonic Orch. there; composed
works for orchestra, symphonic
rhapsody, symphony, vln. music, the
dramatic cantatas League of the Alps,
King Olaf, and songs.
Busnois (bii-no-a), Antoine, compr.
b. Picardy, France; d. Bruges, Nov.
6, 1492. Pupil of Okeghem, musi-
cian in service of Charles the Bold;
cited as authority by contemporary
theorists; 2 magnificats, a mass,
and some secular songs are extant.
Busoni (bu-zo'-ni), Ferruccio (fer-ru-
chi-o) Benvenuto, pst., compr. b.
Empoli, near Florence, Apr. 1, 1866.
Father played clarinet, mother (Anna
Weiss) pianist gave him first les-
sons; d6but Vienna. at age of 9,
studied there with Hans Schmitt and
in Graz with Remy (Meyer); at 17
so successful in Italy that a medal
was struck in his honor by Florence
and he was elected a member of
Accademia Filarmonica at Bologna;
1886 Leipzig; teaching Helsingfors
1888; at Moscow 1890, after taking
Rubinstein prize; at Boston, Mass.
1891-93; in 1894 located in Berlin;
1908-1909 at Vienna, with occa-
sional tours; about 1905 established
Orchestral Evenings with new and
seldom heard works which he
conducts.
Bussler, Ludwig, theorist, b. Berlin,
Nov. 26, 1838; d. there, Jan. 18,
1901. Son of Robert, painter,
author, and statesman, grandson of
Karl, singer; choir boy under Von
Hertzberg; taught theory by Dehn
and Grell, instrumentation by Wie-
precht, teacher of theory at Berlin.
Theatre conductor there; musical
critic for National Zeitung. Has
written many useful books on har-
mony and composition, several of
which have been translated into
English.
BUTT
CADY
Butt, Clara, contralto, b. Southwick,
near Brighton, Eng., Feb. 1, 1873.
Pupil of Rootham at Bristol; 1889
of J. H. Blower at Royal Coll. of
Mus., where she gained scholarship;
de"but London 1892; studied with
Bouhy at Paris 1895; voice of great
depth and beauty and commanding
stage presence have made her much
in demand for festivals and concerts;
many compositions written for her,
among them Elgar's Sea Pictures.
Married, 1900, R. Kennerley-Rum-
ford, baritone, b. London, Sept. 2,
1870. Pupil of Henschel, Beume, and
Sbriglia; d6but London 1893; known
as fine, really artistic singer.
Butter field, James Austin, compr. b.
Hertfordshire, Eng., May 18, 1837;
d. Chicago, July 6, 1891. Taught by
father, a 'cellist, learned to play vln.
before 10; sang in Harm. Soc. of town,
where he studied mus. of Handel's
and other oratorios; at 15 deputy
leader of orch.; parent's refusal to
allow him to follow music drove him
to U. S., where he settled in Chicago
at 19; taught vln. and singing;
induced parents to emigrate; pub-
lished journal in Indianapolis; taught
in Chicago 1867-80, conducted Chi-
cago Jubilee 1873; 1880 director of
Norwich (Conn.) School of Vocal Art;
1888 returned to Chicago; composed
many popular songs (When You and
I were Young, Maggie, etc.), conven-
tion singing books, cantatas, notably
the spectacular Belshazzar.
Buxtehude (bux-te-hii-da), Dietrich,
orgt., compr. b. Helsingor, Denmark,
1637; d. Lubeck, May 9, 1707.
Father Johann, orgt. died 1674, may
have been his teacher; 1668 became
orgt. at Marienkirche, Lubeck, and
held the post until his death; 1673
organized Abendmusiken, concerts
on Sunday afternoons in Advent of
concerted pieces for chorus and
orchestra and organ works. These
concerts were deservedly famous and
widely influential (Bach walked 50
miles to hear them). As composer,
he is important for having developed
purely instrumental music, even
before Bach, in his organ works and
clavier pieces. Many of the clavier
pieces are lost; two vols. of organ
works published by Spitta; also wrote
a large number of vocal works.
Byrd, William, compr. b. London,
Eng., 1542 or 1543; d. there, July 4,
1623. Said to have been pupil of
Tallis; orgt. at Lincoln Cathedral
about 1563; shared post of orgt. at
Chapel Royal with Tallis; and
these two also held patent for selling
and publishing music; held his
position and estates, by singular
favor, although he and his family, as
Catholics, were in constant danger
of prosecution. Composed madri-
gals, masses, and services for the
Catholic ritual as well as a collection
of music for the virginal, published
in the Fitz William Virginal book
and in Lady Nevill's work.
Cabezon, Felix Antonio de, orgt., harp-
sichord player, b. Madrid, Mar. 30,
1510; d. there, May 24, 1566.
Blind from birth, yet eminent per-
former; chamber musician to Philip
II; arranged works of other men
for his instruments; edition of his
works by Pedrell include ricercari,
motets, exercises, chiefly for organ.
Caccini (ka-che'-ni), Giulio [known as
Giulio Romano], compr. b. Rome,
about 1550; d. Florence, Dec., 1618.
Pupil of Scipione della Palla in
singing and lute playing; served
Duke of Tuscany as singer after
1578; followed Galilei in composing
for single voice; then composed solos
in recitative form, performed with
great success in houses of Bardi
and Corsi in Florence; then, after
some detached dramatic scenes, col-
laborated with Peri in producing the
first real opera, Euridice, 1600; in
treatise Le Nuove Musiche C. ex-
plains theory of recitative on which
was based the new form of which he
was, though not the inventor, an
early supporter.
Cady, Calvin Brainard, teacher, b.
Barry, 111., June 21, 1851. His father
was a pioneer minister in the West,
so that the boy's early education
CADMAN
was in the old-fashioned country
singing school and convention
choruses; graduated from Oberlin
(Ohio) Conservatory of Music, 1872;
went to Leipzig and studied with
Plaidy, Paul, Richter, and Papperitz;
taught music in public schools of
Oberlin 1870; teacher of piano and
harmony, Oberlin Conservatory,
1874; prof, of music, University of
Michigan, 1880-88; in charge of
work with children and teachers,
Chicago Conservatory of Music,
1888-1894; lives in Boston, head
of School of Music Education, and
also lectures on musical pedagogy
at Institute of Musical Art, New
York and Teachers' College, Co-
lumbia University. Author of a
course in Music Education, in three
volumes, and Student's Reference
Work; was a charter member of the
Music Teachers' National Associa-
tion, founded in 1876. The main
object of his professional labor is
" to establish music as a genuinely
educational subject and to bring out
its correlation with other major
subjects of study."
Cadman, Charles Wakefield, compr. b.
Johnstown, Pa., Dec. 24, 1881;
moved to Pittsburg 1884; musical
education under Pittsburg teachers,
Walker, Steiner, Oehmler and Von
Kunits, with advice and criticism
from Emil Paur; first published
compositions, semi-popular style, in
1898; became interested in the
music of the American Indians and
spent considerable time among them,
securing material for use in com-
position and in a lecture recital
American Indian Music Talk; organ-
ist East Liberty Presbyterian Church
and musical critic of Pittsburg Dis-
patch; contributor to musical peri-
odicals; published works include
The Vision of Sir Launfal, male
voices, Four American Indian Songs,
song cycles The Morning of the Year,
Sayonara, Three Moods for orchestra,
organ pieces, songs, part-songs and
piano pieces; lives in Pittsburg.
Caffarelli (kaf-fa-rel'-li), [pseud, of Gae-
tano Majorano], singer. b. Bari,
Naples, Apr. 16, 1703; d. Santo
Dorato, near Naples, Feb. 1, 1783
[Eitner; others give Nov. 30, 1783].
Son of peasants, adopted name C.
CALLCOTT
in gratitude to Caffaro or Cafaro,
who first aided him; studied five
years with Porpora; debut Rome
1724, followed by brilliant success
in Italy and Paris; appearances in
London 1737-38 seem to have been
disappointing; purchased dukedom
and title of Santo Dorato; rival of
Farinelli whom some say he excelled
in slow airs and chromatic scales;
many stories are told of his ridiculous
vanity and presumptuous pride.
Caldara (kal-da'-ra), Antonio, compr.
b. Venice, about 1670; d. Vienna,
Dec. 28, 1736. Chorister at St.
Mark's; pupil of Legrenzi; held
various posts in Italy and Spain
before becoming vice-capellmeister
in Vienna under Fux; composed
dignified church music, showing
florid tendency of times; very pro-
lific, having written 36 oratorios, 66
operas, besides smaller works.
Caldicott, Alfred James, compr. b.
Worcester, Eng., Nov. 26, 1842; d.
near Gloucester, Oct. 24, 1897.
Chorister Worcester Cath., articled
pupil of Done; studied at Leipzig
Cons, under Moscheles, Hauptmann,
etc.; orgt. in Worcester, teacher of
harmony at Royal Coll., and director
at Albert Hall and theatres in
London; composed cantatas (Widow
of Nain 1881), operettas, part-songs.
Caletti-Bruni, see Cavalli, Francesco.
Calkin, John Baptiste, orgt., compr. b.
London, Mar. 16, 1827; d. Apr. 15,
1905. Pupil of father James C.; orgt.
and precentor in several churches;
teacher at Guildhall School of Music;
composed anthems, glees, etc.
Callaerts (kal'-lar-ts') , Joseph [Jacques],
orgt. b. Antwerp, Aug. 22, 1838; d.
there, Mar. 3, 1901. Pupil of Lem-
mens at Brussels Cons.; orgt. at Jesuit
College 1851-56; later of cathedral at
Antwerp and teacher of org. at music
school; composed comic opera, sym-
phony, cantata, masses, etc.
Callcott, John Wall, compr. b. Ken-
sington, Nov. 20, 1766; d. Bristol,
May 15, 1821. Son of builder, first
intended to be surgeon; learned
music from observation and ac-
quaintance with Henry Whitney,
orgt. at Kensington, Arnold, Cooke
and Sale, without receiving any
CALV£
CAMPANINI
regular instruction; member of orch.
of Academy of Ancient Music; com-
posed for Catch Club in 1789, win-
ning all four prizes offered by them;
studied instrumental music under
Haydn 1791; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1800;
began a dictionary, published Musi-
cal Grammar 1806; mind failed 1807;
chief works glees. His son William
Hutchins C. (1807-1882) also compr.,
chiefly of anthems, and his grandson
William Robert Stuart C. (1852-1886)
orgt. of great promise.
Calve (kal-va), Emma, dram. sop. b.
Aveyron, 1864 [1866?]. Real name de
Roquer; daughter of simple peas-
ants; educated at convent in Mont-
pellier; left at 15, renouncing relig-
ious aspirations to help support
family; after study in Paris under
Puget's direction, made concert
debut at charity concert, Nice, 1881,
in place of Cruvelli; debut Brussels
1882; after year's study with
Marchesi made Paris de"but at Th.
Italien, Dec. 16, 1884; sang at
Ope>a Comique 1884-86 and in
Milan without great success; after
more study in Paris with Mme.
Laborde, created Santuzza in Cav-
alleria Rusticana 1890, returned to
Opera Comique, singing her great
part, Carmen, first in 1892; ap-
peared in London and New York
1893, toured Russia and Spain
1894-95; created parts in La Navar-
raise 1894 and Sapho 1897; not
only singer of wide and well-founded
popularity, but actress of unusual
originality, as is shown in Carmen
and Marguerite.
Cambert (kon'-bar'), Robert, compr.
b. Paris, 1628; d. London, 1677.
Pupil of Chambonnieres; orgt. at
St. Honore", intendant of music to
Anne of Austria; composed La
pastorale, first French opera after
Italian fashion, 1659; when Perrin
received letters patent for establish-
ing national opera in 1669 Cambert
was associated with him; comppsed
Pomone 1671, and other works; after
32 years, driven from France by
intrigues of Lully, he became master
of music to Chas. II of England.
Camp, John Spencer, orgt., compr. b.
Middletown, Conn., Jan. 30, 1858.
Graduated Wesley an Univ. 1878;
studied mus. with Parsons, Shelley,
Buck and Dvorak; dir. Hartford
(Conn.) Philh. Orch.; orgt. and
choirmaster 1st Cong. Ch., Hartford;
founder Guild of Organists; com-
posed cantatas, orch. works, string
qt., pf. and organ pieces, songs,
anthems and services.
Campagnoli (kam-pan-yo-li), Barto-
lomeo, vU. b. Cento, Sept. 10,
1751; d. Neustrelitz, Nov. 6, 1827.
Pupil of Dall' Ocha, Guastarobba,
and Nardini; led various bands in
Italy, finally conductor at Gewand-
haus, Leipzig, 1797-1815; gave suc-
cessful concerts in Italy; friend of
Cherubini.
Campana (kam-pa'-na), Fabio, compr.,
singing teacher, b. Leghorn, Jan. 14,
1819; d. London, Feb. 2, 1882.
Educated at the Liceo in Bologna;
produced several unsuccessful operas;
settled in London about 1850;
taught singing there and produced
operas Almina 1860 and Esmeralda
1869 which seem to have been
successful more because of the casts
than the music.
Campanari (kam-pa-na'-ri), Giuseppe,
dram, baritone, b. Veneto, Italy,
1859. First a 'cellist in orch. at
La Scala, Milan, and in Boston
Symph. Orch. until 1893, when
he definitely became opera singer;
member of Hinrichs Opera Co., of
Metropolitan after 1899; successful
in many concerts; now living in New
York. His brother, Leandro, vlt.
b. Rovigo, Oct. 20, 1857. Studied at
Milan Cons.; after European tours,
made American d6but with Bost.
Symph. Orch. 1881; teaching and
playing as member of orch. in Boston
until 1887; teacher in Cincinnati
College of Music 1890-97; director
and concert-conductor at Milan; has
written text-books and songs.
Campanini (kam-pa-ne'-ni), Italo, dram .
tenor, b. Parma, June 29, 1846.
d. Vigatto, near Parma, Nov. 22,
1896. Studied at school of Griffini,
and at Cons, of Parma; debut, 1869,
Odessa; after study with Lamperti,
won success at production of Lohen-
grin at Florence 1871; sang in
London 1872-1882; toured America,
lived several years in New York.
CAMPRA
CARL
Campra (kon-pra), Andre, opera compr.
b. Aix, Dec. 4, 1660; d. Versailles,
July 29, 1744. Pupil of Guillaume
Poitevin; master of music Toulon
Cathedral 1680, at Aries 1681,
at Toulouse, 1683-1694; thence
he went to Paris, filling several
church appointments, leaving to
begin a secular career as opera com-
poser; conductor Royal Orchestra
1722; he wrote 18 works for the
stage, a number of cantatas and
motets.
Cannabich, Christian, vlt., condr. b.
Mannheim, 1731; d. Frankfort,
Feb. 22, 1798. Son of Matthias,
flute player; pupil of Stamitz and
in Italy of Jommelli; leader of orch.
at Munich 1765; condr. at Mann-
heim 1775; by bringing this orch. to
then unequalled height of exactness
he raised standard of expressive
power; friend and admirer of
Mozart; successful teacher; compr.
of some popular symphonies and
quartets.
Cantor, Otto, compr. b. Kreuznach,
Prussia, 1857. Pupil of Lux, Mann-
stadt, and Rupp; living in London;
compr. vocal music.
Capocci (ka-pot'-chi), Gaetano, orgt.
b. Rome, Oct. 16, 1811; d. there,
Jan. 11, 1898. Pupil of Sante
Pascoli, Fioravanti, and Cianciarelli;
orgt. at S. Maria Maggiore, and,
after 1855, director at the Lateran;
published large amount of facile,
conventional church music. His son
Filippo, also orgt. b. Rome, May 11,
1840. Learned org. and harmony
from father whom he succeeded at
the Lateran 1875; under influence
of Guilmant developed technique
to degree which has won him fame;
compositions, original, and modern
in idea, consist of organ works and
an oratorio.
Capoul (ka-pol), Joseph Amedee Vic-
tor, dram, tenor, b. Toulouse, Feb.
27, 1839. Pupil at Paris Cons, of
R£vial, and Mocker under whom
gained 1st prize in light opera;
d6but 1861 at Ope>a Comique, where
he stayed until 1872; sang in Eng-
land 1871-75, and Am. 1879-80;
prof, of operatic singing in Nat'l
Cons. N. Y.; now stage director at
Paris Ope>a.
Caracciolo (ka-ra-chi-6'-lo) , Luigi Maria,
compr., teacher, b. Andria, Bari,
Aug. 1, 1847; d. London, July 22,
1887. Pupil of Cesi, Conti, and
Mercadante at Naples Cons. ; teacher
in Dublin 1878-1881, and London;
comp. opera and many popular songs
( Un Sogno fu!, etc.).
Carestini (ka-res-te'-ni), Giovanni [call-
ed Cusanino], singer, b. Monte
Filatrano, Ancona, about 1705; d.
there, 1760. At age of 12, Cusani
family at Milan became patrons,
hence his stage name; debut Rome
1721; sang at various places in
Italy until 1733, when he made
English d6but. Engaged by Handel
from 1735 when he left England to
retirement in 1758; sang with brill-
iant success at Venice, Berlin, St.
Petersburg, etc. Voice at first
soprano, became strong, deep con-
tralto of wide range.
Carey, Henry, compr. b. about 1690;
d. London, Oct. 4, 1743. Reputed
son of Marquis of Halifax; mostly
self-taught, though he had lessons
from Linnert, Roseingrave, and
Geminiani; taught and wrote music
for farces, and also words to some
for which Lampe wrote music —
chiefly burlesques and ballad operas;
claim that he wrote God save the
King has never been proved or
disproved; his greatest work is
charming, original ballad, Sally in
our Alley.
Carissimi (ka-ris'-se-me), Giacomo, com-*,
pr. b. Marino, near Rome, about
1604; d. Rome, Jan. 12, 1674.
Maestro at Assisi 1624—28, and at
S. Apollinare, Rome, 1628-1674;
among his pupils were A. Scarlatti,
Kerll, Bernnard, M. A. Charpentier;
though many of his works are lost,
it is known that he contributed
largely to the development of
recitative with a more expressive
and varied accompaniment than
that of his predecessors; his cantatas
show that he transferred to church
music the pathetic emotional style
of dramatic music; his fluent melo-
dies are among the earliest examples
of characteristic Italian song.
Carl, William Crane, orgt. b. Bloom-
field, N. J., Mar. 2, 1865. Pupil of
S. P. Warren, Mme. Schiller (pf.)
CARMICHAEL
GARY
and Guilmant; orgt. in N. J. and
N. Y.; founder of Am. Guild of
Orgts.; successful concert player;
compiled collection of org. mus.
Carmichael, Mary Grant, pst., compr.
b. Birkenhead, Eng. Studied under
O. Beringer, W. Bache, Hartvigspn,
and Prout; excellent accompanist;
composed many songs, The Stream
song-cycle, Snow Queen operetta;
translated Ehrlich's Celebrated Pian-
ists and other works.
Caron (ka-ron), Rose [Lucile, nee
Meuniez], dram. sop. b. Monerville,
France, Nov. 17, 1857. Married
before entering Paris Cons, in 1880;
studied there until 1882, taking
minor prizes, also with Sasse in
Brussels; d£but Brussels 1882; from
then to 1900 sung there and in Paris;
1902 prof, of singing at Cons.
Carr, Frank Osmond, compr. b. York-
shire about 1857. Mus. Doc. Oxford
1891; composed farces and success-
ful comic operas Morocco Bound
1893, His Excellency 1894 (book
by W. S. Gilbert).
Carre (kar-ra), Albert, director, b.
Strassburg, June 22, 1852. Studied
at Strassburg Lycee; actor in Paris;
director of several Paris theatres,
finally 1898 of Opera Comique,
where he has brought forth a dis-
tinguished series of new and im-
portant operas.
Carrefio (kar-ra'-nyo), Teresa, pst. b.
Caracas, Venezuela, Dec. 22, 1853.
Father, Minister of Finance, her
first teacher; afterward studied
with L. Gottschalk in New York,
with G. Mathias in Paris, and with
Rubinstein; after d6but and tour
at age of 9, gave concerts until
about 1875 when she went on the
stage; on tours with opera com-
panies, she played, sang, and, at
one time, conducted; resumed work
as concert pst. 1889; married E.
Sauret 1872, G. Tagliapietra 1892, E.
d' Albert 1895, and A. Tagliapietra
1902; composed Venezuelan national
anthem, string quartet and piano
pieces; known as a strong, virile
performer, with masterly technic;
E. A. MacDowell her pupil. Daugh-
ter Teresita Carrefio Tagliapietra,
also pst., debut 1906.
Carrodus, John Tiplady, vlt. b. Braith-
waite, Yorkshire, Jan. 20, 1836; d.
London, July 13, 1895. Father violin
player and leader of amateur society;
C. for 6 years pupil of Molique;
member, for many years leader, of
Coven t Garden orch.; also leader
of Philharmonic Orch.; leader, with
Wilhelmj, at Wagner Festival 1877;
excellent teacher, at National Train-
ing School for Mus., etc.; recitals in
England and S. Africa; pioneer of
classical mus. in Eng.
Carulli (ka-rul'-le) , Ferdinando, guitar
player, b. Naples, Feb. 10, 1770;
d. Paris, Feb., 1841. Self-taught,
he worked out modern methods of
guitar playing, and attained remark-
able technic; lived in Paris after
1808, teaching, playing; composed
more than 300 pieces, and method.
Caru'so (ka-ru-zo), Enrico, dram, tenor.
b. Naples, Feb. 25, 1873. Son of
a mechanic, and brought up to
father's trade; as choir boy pupil
of Vergine, and later of Lamperti
and Concone; after singing at
Caserta, made Naples debut 1896;
began career, Milan, 1898; success-
ful seasons at St. Petersburg, Buenos
Ayres, Milan, and Monte Carlo
followed; first appearance London
and New York 1903; though not
distinguished as an actor, C. has a
powerful and rich voice, especially
suited for brilliant performance of
Italian opera, both old and new.
Carvalho (kar-va-lo), [really Carvaille],
Arthur Leon, opera manager, b.
Port Louis, He de France, Jan. 18,
1825; d. Paris, Dec. 29, 1897.
Educated at Paris Cons.; played
small parts at Ope>a Comique,
manager of other theatres and of
Ope>a Comique from 1876 to time
of fire in 1887, after which he was
tried and condemned to prison but
acquitted on appeal and reinstated
1891 . Married in 1853 Marie Caroline
Felix-Miolan, dram. sop. b. Mar-
seilles, Dec. 31, 1827; d. Puys, July
10, 1895. Entered Paris Cons. 1839,
first prize in 1847; d£but 1850; favor-
ite at Op6ra Comique from 1872-75,
1879-85; at Opera 1875-79.
Gary, Annie Louise, contralto. b.
Wayne, Me., Oct. 22, 1842. Studied
after 1859 with Wetherbee and
CASALS
CAVALIERI
Wheeler in Boston and with Corsi in
Milan; de"but Copenhagen 1867,
sang in Scandinavia 2 years, study-
ing in vacations with Viardot-
Garcia; after further study in Paris
with Strakosch and Bottesini, came
to U. S. for 3 years in 1870; extreme-
ly popular in opera and concerts in
America, in London, and St. Peters-
burg; married C. M. Raymond
and retired 1882; now living (1910) in
Norwalk, Conn.
Casals (ka-zal'), Pablo, 'cellist, b.
Veudrell, Catalonia, Spain, Dec. 30,
1876. Pupil of father on ore.;
studied pf., vln., and clarinet; 'cello
with Jose" Garcia in 1887; on pension
from the queen, studied at Madrid
with Jesus de Monasterio and Tomds
Breton; prof, of 'cello at Barcelona
Univ.; founded chamber music
society there; member Paris OpeYa
Orch. 1895-98; de"but as soloist 1898;
member of Lamoureux Orch. 1900;
concert tours in Europe, U. S. 1901
and 1903, and S. America; published
symphonic poems, works for org.
and 'cello.
Castil-Blaze, see Blaze, F. H. J.
Castle, William, opera tenor, b. Eng.,
Dec. 22, 1836; d. Chicago, March 31,
1909; studied in N. Y., London and
Milan; de" but 1858; in concert 1861;
retired from stage 1891; director
of opera dept. Chicago Musical
College; best known for his work
in Maritana, Bohemian Girl, Fra
Diavolo, II Trovatore and The Hugue-
nots.
Castrucci (kas-tru'-chi), Pietro, vlt.
b. Rome, 1689; d. Dublin, Mar. 7,
1752 [according to records quoted
Mits. Times, Oct., 1904; others give
Rome, 1769]. Pupil of Corelli;
came to London 1715; leader of
Handel's opera orch. 1718; invented
and played on violetta marina, like
viola d'amore; composed vln. con-
certos and sonatas; forced out of
place by Handel, who wrote a
concerto with a second part so
difficult that Clegg's execution mor-
tified C.; died in great want.
Catalani (ka-ta-la'-ni), Alfredo, compr.
b. Lucca, June 19, 1854; d. Milan,
Aug. 7, 1893. Early composed for
church; studied at Paris Cons, and
at Milan; composed 5 operas
(Dejanire and La Watty especially
successful), symph. poem Ero e
Leandro.
Catalani, Angelica, dram. sop. b.
Sinigaglia, May 10, 1780; d. Paris,
June 12, 1849. Taught at convent
of Santa Lucia at Gubbio; d6but at
Venice 1795; sang with success at
Milan and other Italian cities, at
Lisbon 1804, where she married
Valabregue; tremendous popular
success in London 1806-1813; man-
aged Theatre Italien in Paris 1814-
1817, with neither artistic nor
financial success; until retirement
1827 sang in concerts throughout
Europe; voice was of extraordinary
strength and range, she excelled in
chromatic scales and bravura pas-
sages, and was accused of lack of
expressiveness and over-ornamen-
tation; earned large sums of money,
which she scattered in charity and
extravagant living.
Catel (ka-tel'), Charles Simon, compr.
b. L'Aigle, Orne, France, June 10,
1773; d. Paris, Nov. 29, 1830.
Studied under Sacchini, Gobert, and
Gossec in Ecole Royale, which be-
came Paris Cons.; accompanist and
teacher there; accomp. at Opera
1790; prof, of harmony at Cons, when
founded 1795, inspector 1810-14;
wrote military music for Garde
Nationale, of which he was director,
and pieces for Revolutionary occa-
sions; wrote 11 operas 1802-1819,
Les bayaderes best known, none
especially successful; treatise on
harmony, for some time standard.
Cavaille-Coll (ka-va-ya-kol'), Aristide,
org. builder, b. Montpellier, Feb.
2, 1811; d. Paris, Oct. 13, 1899.
Son. of Dom. Hyacinthe [1771-1862]
also org. builder; came to Paris
1833; built orgs. at St. Denis, St.
Sulpice, Madeleine, and other fa-
mous churches in France, Holland,
etc.; invented improvements and
wrote some articles.
Cavalieri (ka-val-i-a'-ri), Emilio del,
compr. b. Rome, about 1550; d.
Florence, Mar. 11, 1602. Inspector
of arts under Fernando de Medici;
one of earliest to support music for
voice with harmonic instrumental
accomp., stilo rappresentivo, and to
CAVALLI
CHADWICK
use figured bass; his Rappresenta-
zione di Anima e di Corpo, 1660,
regarded as first oratorio; contrib-
uted largely to development of
opera; wrote 4 operas.
Cavalli (ka-val-li), Pietro Francesco,
compr. b. Cremo, Venice, 1599 or
1600; d. Venice, Jan. 14, 1676.
Real name Caletti-Bruni, Cavalli
name of patron; singer at St.
Mark's under Monteverde; organist
there; wrote many operas (27
extant), of greater expressive and
rhythmic force than those of Monte-
verde; orgt. of merit and compr. of
valued church music.
Cecilia, Saint, martyred Rome, about
229. Despite religious vows com-
pelled to marry Valerianus, she
converted him and his brother to
Christianity; all three put to death;
church built on site of her house
about 821; though early writers
make no mention of her musical
skill, C. has been patron saint of
art since very early in 16th century;
celebrations of her day, Nov. 22
(in Normandy by Puys, or contests,
in England by specially written odes,
in France by newly composed
masses), have called forth much
famous music.
Cederstrom, see Patti, Adelina.
Cellier (sel-ia), Alfred, compr., condr.
b. Hackney, London, Dec. 1, 1844;
d. London, Dec. 28, 1891. Son of a
French teacher, chorister under
Helmore; orgt. at 2 churches; condr.
at Belfast, Manchester, and London
(Opera Comique 1877-79 and Prom-
enade Concerts, with Sullivan, 1878-
79); wrote several operas, greatest
successes Dorthy 1886, and The
Mountebanks; lived in America and
Australia, London after 1887.
Cesi (cha-ze), Beniamino, pst. b.
Naples, Nov. 6, 1845; d. 1907.
Studied at Naples Conservatory
under Mercadante and Pappalardo;
private lessons from Thalberg; prof,
there after 1866; concerts in Italy,
France, Egypt; wrote pf. pieces,
songs, method, unpublished opera.
Cesti (chas'-ti), Marc Antonio, compr.
b. Florence, 1620; d. Venice, 1669.
Pupil of Carissimi; maestro di
capella, Florence, 1646; member of
Papal Choir 1660; vice-capellmeis-
ter Vienna 1666. Though an eccle-
siastic, some say a Franciscan, wrote
several operas of which it has been
said that he improved the monoton-
ous style of operas by introducing
adapted church music; best known
operas are La Dori and II porno d'oro.
Chabrier (sha-bri-a), Alexis Emmanuel,
compr. b. Ambert, Jan. 18, 1841;
d. Paris, Sept. 13, 1894. While
studying and practising law studied
pf. with Wolff and harmony with
Hignard, but was mostly self-
taught; devoted himself to music
after 1879; chorusmaster under
Lamoureux 1884-85; wrote 2 suc-
cessful operettas, 2 operas, Gwendo-
line 1886 and Le.roi malgre lui 1887,
one unfinished opera Briseis 1899,
pf. pieces, and widely known orch.
rhapsody Espana; during last years
brain was diseased; ardent admirer
of Beethoven and Wagner, whose
works he helped introduce into
France; his own music shows skill
in orchestration and strong, original
sense of rhythm and color, at times
leading to extravagance and at other
times to beauty and delicacy.
Chadwick, George Wnitefield, compr.
b. Lowell, Mass., Nov. 13, 1854. His
family, though of musical tastes, did
not encourage adopting music as a
profession, and his studies with his
brother, Dudley Buck, Geo. Whit-
ing, and Eugene Thayer were carried
on coincidently with public school
education and office work up to
1876, when he became head of
musical department of Olivet Col-
lege, Mich. In one year he saved
enough to go to Leipzig where he
studied at Cons, with Reinecke and
Jadassohn and in 1879 with Rhein-
berger at Munich. In 1880 came
to Boston, taught composition at
N. E. Cons., of which he became
director in 1897; conducted Boston
Orch. Club, Springfield Festivals,
Worcester Festivals; orgt. Second
Church. As a teacher C. had great
influence, among his pupils having
been H. W. Parker, Wallace Good-
rich, H. K. Hadley, etc.; he has
written a text-book on harmony,
and as director has introduced in
the N. E. Cons, the high standards
CHAMBERLAIN
CHARPENTIER
and something approaching the
" atmosphere " of foreign schools.
As a composer he has been most
versatile; in the larger forms his
comic opera Tabasco (1894) was
widely successful, the lyric drama
Judith, given as an oratorio 1901,
with its graphic orchestration is his
most ambitious work, but his over-
tures, string quartets, esp. E minor,
and F. symph. most widely known
and most admired of his instrumental
works. One of the most celebrated
American composers, C. gives typ-
ical expression to the qualities of
American music in the deliberate-
ness, learning, and wide variety of
his work.
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, writer.
b. Portsmouth, Eng., Sept. 9, 1855.
Son of naval officer, educated in
France and at Cheltenham; student
of natural science and philosophy
at German univ.; living in Vienna
since 1881; admirer of Germanic
civilization, and of Wagner, he has
written articles in several languages,
and studies of principle in Das
Drama R. Wagners and Richard
Wagner 1897. Married a daughter
of Wagner.
ChambonniSres (shon-bon-ni-ar'),
Jacques Champion de, harpsichord
player, b. about 1600; d. 1670.
Father Jacques and grandfather
Antoine distinguished orgts.; C.
first harpsichord player to Louis
XIV; Anglebert and elder Couper-
ins his pupils; playing excelled
in delicacy of touch; compositions
praised for correctness of style, ele-
gance of melody, and appropriate-
ness of ornaments.
Chaminade (sham-i-nad') , Cecile
[Louise Stephanie], pst., compr. b.
Paris, Aug. 8, 1861. Pupil of Le-
couppey, Savart, Marsick, and God-
ard. Since d£but at 18 she has won
distinction as virtuoso in France
and England; her compositions
include Callirhoe (ballet-symph.),
Les Amazones ( symph. lyrique),
popular Concertstuck for pf. and orch.,
and many agreeable songs and pf.
Eieces (Scarf Dance, etc.) which show
er charming talent better than
larger works; made tour of U. S.
as pst. 1908.
Chanot (sha-no), Francois, vln.-maker.
b. Mirecourt, 1787; d. Brest, 1823.
Son of vln.-maker, entered army as
engineer; during temporary retire-
ment, made vln. of a new model
shaped like guitar, without sound-
post, based on theory that fiber of
wood should be kept as long as
possible to increase vibratory power;
mstr. was pronounced by Institut de
France 1817 not inferior to most
famous vlns., but decision not sup-
ported by quality of other vlns. on
same model made by C's brother
Georges (1801-18), skilful vln.-maker.
G's wife, nee Florentine Demoliens,
also vln.-maker, assisted him in his
work.
Chapman, William Rogers, condr. b.
Hanover, Mass., Aug. 4, 1855.
Educated in N. Y.; after trip to
Europe in 1875 orgt. there and for
10 years teacher of vocal mus. in
public, schools; conductor Apollo
and Rubinstein Clubs and of an-
nual Maine festival, where his force
as choral condr. is shown.
Chappell, William, editor, b. London,
Nov. 20, 1809; d. there, Aug. 20,
1888. Son of Samuel, who founded
firm of Chappell and Co. 1812; Wm.
inherited share in business 1834;
projected 1840 and encouraged Mu-
sical Antiquarian Society; edited
Dowland's songs, and Collection of
National English Airs, with hist,
accounts of songs, very valuable
for Shakesperean and earlier songs;
some inaccuracies about Scotch
songs removed in later editions under
other titles Popular music of the
olden time, etc.
Chapuis (sha-pti-i), Auguste Paul Jean
Baptiste, compr. b. Dampierre-sur-
Salon, Apr. 20, 1858. Pupil of
Dubois, Massenet, Ce"sar Franck at
Paris Cons., where he took several
prizes; orgt. at St. Roch, Paris;
teacher of harm, at Cons, since 1894,
inspector of mus. in Paris schools
since 1895; composed opera Enguer-
rande, not very successful.
Charpentier (shar-pan-ti-a), Gustave,
compr. b. Dieuze, Lorraine, June
25, 1860. Worked as factory assist-
ant; after success at Lille Cons
studied at Paris Cons. 1881-87 under
Massart (violin), Pessard (harmony),
CHAUSSON
CHEVILLARD
and MasseiMst; won Grand prix de
Rome 1887 with scene lyrique Didon.
Orch. suite Impressions d'ltalie
became popular for daintily pict-
uresque orchestrations; La vie du
poete, symph. drama for orch. soli
and chorus, struck the note of
protest, later given more full expres-
sion in Louise, roman musical (said
to be first of a trilogy), produced at
OpeYa Comique 1900, widely else-
where on the continent and in N. Y.
1908; the opera is musically skil-
fully composed, of marked original-
ity, and freedom from conventional
models; it is also remarkable for
its libretto, in which C. himself has
expressed his socialistic interest in
the working girl as an individual
and his enthusiasm for Montmartre;
music is skilful, vivid, and, like his
theories, effective, but not deeply
original or convincing.
Chausson (shos-son), Ernest, compr.
b. Paris, 1855; d. Limay, June 12,
1899. Pupil of Massenet at Paris
Cons, and of Ce"sar Franck; secre-
tary of Socie'te' Nationale de Mus-
ique; composed Le Roi Arthus,
opera, 1903, 2 smaller dramatic
works, several songs, 3 symph.
Eems, of which Viviane is best
own, a string quartet, etc. Broad-
minded admirer of works of Wagner
and of contemporaries; mood of his
music is that of an " affectionate,
dreamy sensitiveness," not weak but
seeming self -consciousness.
Cherubini (ker-u-be'-ne), Maria Luigi
Carlo Zenobi Salvatore, compr. b.
Florence, Sept. 14, 1760; d. Paris,
Mar. 15, 1842. > Taught by his
father, cembalist in theatre, by B.
and A. Felice, Bizarri, and Castrucci,
then sent to Milan by Duke (after-
wards Emperor) Leopold to study
with Sarti, from whom he gained
thorough proficiency in part-writing
after manner of Italian contra-
puntists. Between 1780-1784 he
composed 8 operas gaining consider-
able renown in Italy; 1784-86 he
was in England, for one year com-
poser to the King. After another
year in Italy, he settled in Paris in
1788; his first French opera Demo-
phoon was not very successful, but
it foreshadows his later work.
From 1789-92 he conducted the
" Bouffons," Italian opera estab-
lished in Paris by the Queen's hair-
dresser, Leonard; and in 1791 pro-
duced Lodoiska, whose rich ensem-
bles and striking harmonic effects
made great impression. Up to 1804
he composed his most popular operas
Medee 1797, Les deux journees
1800, Anacreon 1803. Summoned
to Vienna 1805, he met Beethoven,
but, embittered by failure of his
plans, returned to France, where
after 1809 he composed chiefly
sacred music. He had been ap-
pointed inspector when the Cons,
was founded in 1795, but gained no
higher honors owing to Napoleon's
dislike of him; after the restoration
he gained honor and wealth and in
1822 became director of the Cons.;
resigned 1842. As teacher and au-
thor of Counterpoint and Fugue, C.
influenced Auber, Halevy, Carafa,
etc.; the qualities of his music —
chaste learning, lofty and pure
spirit — which kept his dramatic
music from exerting a wide influ-
ence are the very qualities which
make his church music admirable.
Chevalier (she-val'-ya), Albert Onesime
Britannicus Gwathveoyd Louis,
singer, b. Notting Hill, London,
Mar. 21, 1862. D6but as comedian
1877, toured with Kendals and Hare;
private entertainer; since 1891 mu-
sic-hall performer of great popularity
in England, provinces, and America;
specialty coster songs, many of
which are composed by brother
Auguste, under pseudonym Charles
Ingle.
Cheve (she-va), Emile Joseph Maurice,
teacher, b. Douarnenez, Finistere,
1804; d. Paris, Aug. 26, 1864.
Physician; married Nanine, sister
of Aime' Paris, and with her wrote
numerous pamphlets in support of
Galin-Paris-Chev6 system of mus.
instruction and sight reading, by
which numbers are used to represent
the notes of the scale; bitterly
attacked Conservatoire professors
for opposing the system.
Chevillard (she'-ve-yar'), Paul Alex-
andre Camille, compr. b. Paris, Oct.
14, 1859. Son of Pierre Alexandre
Frangois (1811-1877), famous 'cellist,
teacher at Paris Cons., founder of
CHLADNI
CHOPIN
Soci6t6 des derniers quatuors de
Beethoven; pf. pupil at Cons, of
Mathias, chiefly self-taught in com-
position; assistant and successor
1899 of Lamoureux as director of
concerts; has composed 2 symph.
poems, some songs, and chamber
music remarkable for its dignity
and personal charm.
Chladni (klad'-ne), Ernst Florens Fried-
rich, physicist, b. Wittenberg, Nov.
30, 1756; d. Breslau, Apr. 3, 1827.
Student of law and medicine at
Leipzig, abandoned them for phys-
ics, especially acoustics; discovered
tone-figures, made by vibrations in
sand scattered on glass, and made
other discoveries relating to acoustic
properties of buildings, classifica-
tion of instruments, etc.; also
invented clavicylinder, in which
sound was produced by friction on
glass, much praised by Napoleon
but of no musical importance.
Chopin (sho-pan), Frederic Francois,
compr. b. Zelazowa Wola, near
Warsaw, Feb. 22, 1810 [some auth.
give Mar. 1, 1809]; d. Paris, Oct.
17, 1849. His mother was a Pole,
but his father was a native of
Nancy, France, who having failed
in business and retired from the
army, taught French at several
schools, and at a boarding-school
of his own, where his son received
his rather slight general education.
He had thorough musical instruc-
tion from Adalbert Zywny, and,
while at the Warsaw Lyceum, from
Joseph Eisner. In 1818 he won
much praise by playing a Gyrowetz
concerto in public; in 1825 he pub-
lished the rondo Op. 1; in 1829 gave
a successful concert in Vienna, and
in 1830, after three farewell concerts
in Warsaw, he had a not very suc-
cessful tour across Europe, arriving
in Paris early in 1832. He soon
formed many friends among literary
and musical circles, such as Balzac,
Heine, Liszt, Cherubini, Bellini,
Meyerbeer, etc. Up to 1835 he
gave infrequent recitals, which seem
to have declined in popularity. As
a performer he was at his best only
in his own music, and from the
contradictory reports of contem-
poraries emerges an impression
that his playing was remarkable i
for quality of touch and tone,
smoothness and delicacy, rather than
force; his use of tempo rubato,
strongly condemned by some as a
sentimental exaggeration, was evi-
dently a technical device well con-
trolled and may have been one
source of the haunting charm of his
performance. C. visited Germany
again in 1835-36, when he met
Mendelssohn and Schumann, and
in 1837 and again at the time of the
Revolution of '48 he visited and
played in England, returning to
Paris about a year before his death.
Throughout his life C. was beloved
by many women, the most famous
of them being the novelist George
Sand (Mme. Dudevant); his inti-
macy with her lasted from 1837-47;
in her Hiver a Majorque, Histoire de
ma vie and Lucrezia Floriani
(where one of the characters repre-
sents Chopin), and in many works
of and about the period, the details
may be read. From about 1837 C.
was troubled with the pulmonary
disease of which he finally died;
much evidence has been produced
to refute the once current idea that
he was always a neurotic invalid;
but the frequency of such contem-
porary remarks as Berlioz's " II se
mourait toute sa vie " prevents us
from thinking of him as actually
robust.
His works are practically all for
the pianoforte. A posthumous vol-
ume of 17 Polish songs, mostly
arrangements of old tunes, is his
only vocal music; one pf. trio Op. 8,
a polonaise Op. 3, sonata Op. 65, and
duet for pf. and 'cello represent
chamber music, and even here
Franchomme rearranged probably
the 'cello parts. In the two con-
certos for pf. and orch., Op. 11 in E
minor and Op. 21 in F minor, the
orchestration is so thin that later
composers and editors have rewritten
it. But in his own field of solo piano
music, between 1833-47, he effected
a real and permanent revolution,
and it is interesting to note that this
accomplishment was deliberate and
self-conscious, and moreover recog-
nized by his contemporaries. Schu-
mann's review of Op. 2 in 1831,-with
the phrase "Hats off, gentlemen!
a genius! " started the vogue in
CHORLEY
CMAROSA
Germany, and in Paris admiration
for him and his music was decidedly
deeper than mere fashion. His
music shows thorough knowledge of
construction, and inexhaustible orig-
inality; its content is romantic in
its restlessness, its lack of conven-
tionality, its predisposition toward
despair; it is intensely personal, not
because it voices C's particular
feelings, but because it expresses the
intimate moods of individual hearers.
Chorley, Henry Fothergill, critic, b.
Blackley Hurst, Lancashire, Dec. 15,
1808; d. London, Feb. 16, 1872.
Wrote some novels, plays, and
literary reviews; translated libretti,
and wrote those of Amber Witch,
Kenilworth, etc.; on staff of the
Athenaeum 1830-1871 wrote mus.
criticisms and other papers; also
wrote books Modem German Music,
etc. Though not a trained musi-
cian, and often prejudiced, notably
against Schumann and in favor of
Mendelssohn, works reflect inter-
estingly intelligent contemporary
attitudes; Autobiography and Let-
ters published.
Choron (sho-ron), Alexandra Etienne,
theorist, b. Caen, Oct. 21, 1772;
d. Paris, June 29, 1834. Student of
languages and mathematics, applied
himself with great earnestness to
mus. theory; music publisher 1805;
director Grand Opera, 1816-17;
founded and directed 1824-1830
Institution royale de musique, clas-
sique et religieuse, where many
famous musicians, Dietsch, Duprez,
Rosine, Holz, etc., were trained; had
influence also on Fe"tis, Kastner, etc.;
wrote books on mus. theory and
education, dictionary of musicians,
translated Albrechtsberger's treatise.
Chouquet (sho-ka'), Adolphe Gustave,
writer, b. .Havre, Apr. 16, 1819; d.
Paris, Jan. 30, 1886. From 1840-60
teaching in New York; after 1871
keeper of museum at Paris Cons.,
of which he published catalogue;
beside contributions to French mus.
papers, wrote valuable Histoire
general de la musique dramatique en
France 1873.
Chretien (kra'-ti-an), Hedwige Louise
Marie, compr. b. Compiegne, France,
July 5, 1859. As pupil of Guiraud
and Lenepveu, took prizes at Paris
Cons, in solfeggio, harmony, coun-
terpoint, composition, and piano;
rehearser of solfeggio at Cons.; mar-
ried P. Gennaro 1887; has com-
posed chamber music, mus. for wind
instrs., pf., and songs.
Chrysander (kris-an'-der), Carl Franz
Friedrich, historian, b. Liibtheen,
Mecklenburg, July 8, 1826; d.
Bergedorf, Sept. 3, 1901. Ph. D.
University of Rostock; devoted
most of his life to study of Handel,
whose works he edited with con-
summate accuracy and wisdom for
the Handel Gesellschaft, working
quite alone after 1860; biog. of
Handel remains unfinished; part
editor of Vierteljahrsschrift fur
musikwissenschaft with Adler and
Spitta; contributed to Allgemeine
Zeitung articles extolling Handel
above all musicians, protesting
against re-editing, and opposing
modern tendencies in music.
Chwatal (kva-tal), Franz Xaver, compr.
b. Rumburg, Bohemia, June 19,
1808; d. Soplbad (Elmen), June 24,
1879. Music teacher at Merseburg
and Magdeburg; wrote 2 pf. meth-
ods and more than 200 pf. pieces.
Brother, Joseph (b. 1811), organ
maker in Merseburg, made several
valuable improvements in mechanism
of org.
Cilea (chi-la-a), Francesco, compr. b.
Palmi, Calabria, 1867. Despite
opposition of father entered Cons,
at 14, where won gold medal for
orch. suite; began early to write
operas; L ' Arlesiana 1897 and Adri-
enne Lecouvreur, Milan 1902, New
York 1907, especially successful;
resigned prof, harmony at Royal
Inst. Florence 1905.
Cimarosa (chim-a-ro'-za) , Domenico,
compr. b. Aversa, Naples, Dec. 17,
1749; d. Venice, Jan. 11, 1801. Son
of poor people (his father was a
mason) he received education in
charity school of Minorites and at
Cons. Santa Maria di Loreto, where
he studied under Manna, Sacchini,
and Piccini. After his first opera
was produced in 1772, he lived alter-
nately in Rome and Naples, his
works growing in popularity until
he rivaled Paisiello; after 3 years
CIPOLLONE
CLAY
as court composer in St. Petersburg,
he went as court capellmeister in
1792 to Vienna, where he pro-
duced his masterpiece II matri-
monio segreto. Returning to Naples,
he was banished for sympathizing
with the Revolution in 1799.
Though his operas are said to be
of purest Italian vein of melody
without monotony, and with deli-
cacy of humor surpassed by none
but Mozart, only Matrimonio se-
greto among 66 has survived.
Cipollone (chip-o-lo-ne), Alfonso, com-
pr. b. Fara S. Martino (Chieti),
Nov. 25, 1843. Pupil of Ruta at
Naples; teaching at Teramo; has
composed songs, chamber music,
and pieces for pf.
Claassen (Idas-sen), Arthur, condr. b.
Stargard, Prussia, Feb. 19, 1859.
Studied at music school in Weimar
under Miiller-Hartung, A. W. Gott-
schalg, and B. Sulze; attracted
interest of Liszt 1878; condr. at
Gottingen and Magdeburg; condr.
Brooklyn, N. Y., Arion and other
societies, established Claassen Mu-
sical Institute for classical music
only; has composed choruses, orch.,
and chamber music.
Claribel, sec Mrs. C. C. Barnard.
Clark, Rev. Frederick Scotson, orgt. b.
London, Nov. 16, 1840; d. there,
July 5, 1883. Taught by his mother
and by Sergent in Paris; orgt. in
London at 14; studied with E. J.
Hopkins and at Royal Academy with
Bennett, Goss, and others; founded
London Organ Sch.; after taking
.orders he studied abroad, returning
to London 1875; skilful player on
org. and harmonium; versatile compr.
for both instruments.
Clarke, Hugh Archibald, compr. b.
near Toronto, Aug. 15, 1839. Pupil of
father James Patton C. (1808-1877,
prof, of music in the University of
Upper Canada, and a Mus. Doc.
Oxford, orgt.). Moved to Philadel-
phia 1859; orgt. in several churches;
conducted The Abt Singing Society;
prof, of music Univ. of Penn. since
1875; W. W. Gilchrist among pupils;
composed music to Aristophanes'
Acharnians, and to Euripides' Iphi-
genia in Tauris, an oratorio Jerusa-
lem, pf. pieces, etc.; has written
text-books on harmony and counter-
point, Music and the Comrade Arts
and Highways and Byways of Music;
as lecturer and educator his mature
scholarship has been widely felt.
Clarke, Jeremiah, orgt. b. London (?)
before 1669; d. there, Dec. 1, 1709.
Chorister under Blow; orgt. at Win-
chester College, St. Paul's Cathedral,
joint orgt. at Chapel Royal; com-
posed several anthems, the original
music to Dryden's Alexander's Feast,
now lost, music to several plays,
cantatas, and songs; remembered
because of original psalm-tunes and
anthems.
Clarke, John Whitfeld [afterwards
known as Clarke- Whitfeld], compr.
b. Gloucester, Dec. 13, 1770; d.
Holmer, near Hereford, Feb. 22,
1836. Pupil of Ph. Hayes; orgt. at
Ludlow, Dublin, Armagh, Cam-
bridge; prof, at Cambridge; com-
posed services, anthems, an oratorio,
etc.; first arranged Handel's ora-
torios for voice and pf.; edited
Beauties of Handel, Beauties of
Purcell, and many others.
Clarke, William Horatio, orgt. b. New-
ton, Mass., Mar. 8, 1840. Educated
at Dedham; orgt. there, and in
Boston at Berkeley St. Church and
Tremont Temple 1878-87; superin-
tendent of schools in Dayton, O.;
after 1887 gave private lessons;
retired from professional life 1892;
written works on construction of
org., short voluntaries, anthems,
essays (Cheerful Philosophy for
Thoughtful Invalids, etc.).
Clausz - Szarvady (klous-shar-va-di) ,
Wilhelmine, pst. b. Prague, Dec. 13,
1834; d. Paris, Sept., 1907. Studied
at Proksch Inst.; tour to Dresden
and Leipzig 1850; although noticed
by Berlioz she did not attract atten-
tion in Paris until about 1853,
after which had great success there
and in London and Germany;
executed classic music, Scarlatti,
Bach, and Beethoven with con-
scientious fidelity and comprehend-
ing spirit.
Clay, Frederic, compr. b. Paris, Aug. 3,
1840; d. Great Marlow, Bucks, Nov.
24, 1889. Son of James C., M. P.;
studied at Paris under Molique and
CLEMENS
COAXES
at Leipzig under Hauptmann; held
post in Treasury; taught music in
London; composed several success-
ful operas and songs.
Clemens, Charles Edwin, orgt. b.
Plymouth, Eng., Mar. 12, 1856.
Pupil of Weeks, Martin, and Pauer
at Royal Coll. of Mus.; orgt. at
Davenport at 11, of Eng. church at
Berlin, teacher in Scharwenka Cons.;
since 1895 in Cleveland, O., teach-
ing, lecturing at Western Reserve
Univ., condr. Singers' Club; pub-
lished Pedal Technique, and Modern
School for Organ, of great value.
Clemens Jacob [called Clemens non
Papa to distinguish him from Pope
Cl. VII], compr. b. about 1500;
d. Vienna (?) before 1558. Definite
facts of life unknown, probably dir.
of mus. at Antwerp Cathedral;
a prolific and versatile compr. of
Netherland School; his numerous
masses and motets are extraordi-
narily melodious for his day, without
lacking contrapuntal skill.
Clement, Edmond, operatic tenor. Ed-
ucated at the Paris Conservatoire
where he won first prize at eighteen
years of age, making his d£but in
Mireille at the Opera Comique, of
which company he was a member
up to the time he came to New York
Metropolitan Opera House, during
the season of 1909-1910.
Clement (kla-man), Felix Auguste,
historian, b. Paris, Jan. 13, 1822;
d. there, Jan. .23, 1885. Studied
music secretly; orgt. at Sorbonne
and director at Sainte Chapelle;
edited early music; wrote method
for plainsong, a history of music
and one of religious music, and
Dictionnaire lyrique (1868, supple-
ments to '81, re-edited by Pougin
1897), valuable reference list of
operas, with dates of performance,etc.
dementi, Muzio, pst., compr. b.
Rome, 1752; d. Evesham, War-
wickshire, Eng., Mar. 10, 1832.
Father a silversmith with musical
tastes had child taught early by
orgt. Buroni and Cordicelli; at 9 C.
won position as orgt. in competitive
test; later taught by Carpani and
Santarelli. Performance of mass
composed at 14 attracted attention
of Peter Beckford, who took boy
to England to be educated. In 1770
C. burst upon London as remark-
ably equipped pst. and from 1777-
1780 was cembalist at Italian opera.
In 1781 traveled to Paris and ulti-
mately to Vienna, where he and
Mozart played together in rivalry;
though the victory was awarded
to neither, C. thereafter adopted
smoother and less mechanical
methods of playing. On return to
England C. gained large fortune
from interest in mus. publishing
(both with others and at establish-
ment of his own), and by teaching.
In 1802 he took John Field to St.
Petersburg, taught Meyerbeer, and
met Beethoven who admired his
works in Germany, and in 1810
returned to England for most of the
rest of his life. As a teacher he had
wide influence on Field, Cramer,
Berger, Moscheles, Meyerbeer, etc.;
as a player and composer, he estab-
lished modern pf. playing. His
sonatas fixed the form of pf. sonata
and his Gradus ad Parnassum, 100
pf. studies, are still indispensable to
a thorough training. He wrote
about 100 sonatas, other pf. pieces,
some unpublished orch. mus.; his
works are marked by precision of
form, fresh quickness of movement,
and lack of sentimentality.
Clough-Leighter, H., compr. b. Wash-
ington, D. C., May 13, 1874. Studied
harmony and pf. with mother at
five, and later with Henry Xandcr
and Humfrey Anger. Boy soprano;
organist at fifteen, holding positions
in Washington and Providence; de-
voted chiefly to composition of
church and secular cantatas and
songs, some with orchestral accomp. ;
lives in Boston.
Clutsam, George H., pst., compr. b.
Australia. Member of concert com-
pany; accompanist for Melba in
English tour 1893. Compositions
include symph., songs, etc.
Coates, John, tenor. Educated Brad-
ford Grammar Sch.; first London
appearance Savoy Th. 1894; for
5 years leading parts in comic opera,
with two trips to America ; attracted
attention 1900 when singing in The
Gay Pretenders; first appearance at
COBB
COLERIDGE-TAYLOR
Covent Garden 1901, since then in
Cologne, Berlin, Paris, and at most
important English festivals.
Cobb, Gerard Francis, compr. b.
Nettlestead, Kent, Oct. 15, 1838.
Educated at Marlborough College
and Trinity Coll. Cambridge, of
which he became Fellow 1863; Pres.
of Camb. Univ. Mus. Soc.; Chair-
man of Board of Mus. Studies.
Musical education in Dresden; pub-
lished anthems, part-songs, songs,
suite, etc.
Coenen (ke-nen), Willem, pst. b.
Rotterdam, Nov. 17, 1837. Trav-
eled in S. America and W. Indies;
since 1862 settled in London; com-
posed oratorio Lazarus, etc. Brother
Franz (1826-1904), vU., pupil of
Vieuxtemps and Molique who, after
tours in S. America, became direc-
tor of Amsterdam Cons.; resigned
1895.
Coerne (kern), Louis Adolphe, compr.
b. Newark, N. J., Feb. 27, 1870.
From 6 to 10 he studied chiefly violin
in Stuttgart and Paris; after prep-
aration in Boston public schools,
studied at Harvard under Paine
and at same time with F. Kneieel;
1890-93 with Rheinberger in Munich ;
played abroad, at Chicago Exposi-
tion, orgt. in Boston, Cambridge,
Buffalo, and Columbus, also director
of choral societies; 1903 mus. dir. at
Smith Coll.; at Olivet Coll. 1909;
prof . Univ. Wisconsin 1910; composed
2 operas Woman of Marblehead
and Zenobia (Bremen 1905), symph.
poem Hiawatha, played in Cam-
bridge 1894, and many smaller works,
of which those for the org. are
especially praised for contrapuntal
skill; published Evolution of Modern
Orchestration 1908.
Cole, Belle, contralto, b. Chautauqua,
N. Y.; d. London, Jan. 5, 1905.
Taught by her father; soloist N. Y.
church, contralto with Thomas mu-
sical festival tour 1883; popular at
concerts and festivals in England;
successful tours to Australia, New
Zealand, and round the world; U. S.
1901.
Cole, Rossetter Gleason, compr., teacher.
b. Clyde, Mich., Feb. 5, 1866. As a
boy he showed talent for composition,
but his systematic training did
not begin until he was fifteen;
educated in the public schools of
Ann Arbor, Mich., and graduated
from the University of Michigan in
1888, taking the theoretical course
in music as part of his college work
for the degree of Ph.B.; taught in
the High Schools of Ann Arbor and
Aurora, 111., for two years and then
went to Berlin; pupil in composition
of Max Bruch; prof, of music Ripon
College (Wis.) 1892-94; Grinnell
College (Iowa) 1894-1901; teacher
in Chicago 1901-1907; prof, of
music, University of Wisconsin,
1907-09; lecturer on music, Colum-
bia University Summer Session,
1908-1910; President of Music
Teachers' National Association 1903,
1909, 1910; lives in Chicago; pub-
lished compositions number about
60; well-known works are Novellette
in Gb, and From a Lover's Note-Book
for piano, the songs Auf Wiedersehen,
A Kiss and A Tear, and Dearie and
the musical recitations King Robert
of Sicily and Hiawatha's Wooing.
Cole, Samuel Wlnkley, teacher, b.
Meriden, N. H., Dec. 24, 1848.
Studied with J. W. Tufts and at
N. E. Cons.; orgt. at Portsmouth
and Boston; teacher of sight-sing-
ing N. E. Cons, since 1883; super-
visor of public school music in
Dedham 1886-1906 and in Brook-
line since 1884; director of People's
Singing Class and conductor Peo-
ple's Choral Union in Boston, and
has been very successful with these
organizations; author of books on
sight-singing and public school text-
books; charge of music Boston
Univ. since 1906.
Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel, compr. b.
London, Aug. 15, 1875. Father,
West African, a physician, mother
English; studied vln. at 6 with
Beckwith and later at Royal Coll.
of Mus., where he also studied comp.
under C. V. Stanford; living in Lon-
don; teacher in Trinity College and
conductor of the Handel Society;
attained early remarkable success,
commissioned at one time to write
for three festivals; compositions:
triple cantata on portions of Long-
fellow's Hiawatha, charming in sim-
plicity, vigor and unusual rhythms;
COLLAN
cantatas Meg Blane, Endymioris
Dream, etc.; an oratorio The Atone-
ment, Five Choral Ballads with or-
chestra; nonet for piano, strings and
wind, quintet for clarinet and strings,
string quartet, Five Negro Melodies
for violin, 'cello and piano; symphony
in A minor, orchestral rhapsody En-
dymion, Ballade in A minor, Solemn
Prelude for orchestra; incidental
music to Herod, Ulysses, Nero and
Faust; some forty songs, 24 Negro
Melodies transcr. for piano; various
piano solos, anthems and part songs,
and works in large and small form
for violin with orchestra or piano.
Visited United States in 1904, 1906
and again in 1910 to direct the first
production of Bamboula Rhapsody
Dance for orch. at the Norfolk
(Conn.) Festival.
Collan, Karl, compr., author, b. Jan. 3,
1828; d. Helsingfors, Sept. 2, 1871;
dr. phil. and librarian at the Uni-
versity; translated the Kalevala,
the national epic of Finland, into
Swedish; compositions are mainly
songs.
Colonna, Giovanni Paolo, compr. b.
Brescia or Bologna about 1637; d.
Bologna, Nov. 28, 1695. Son of
Antonio, org. maker; studied at
Rome under Carissimi, Abbatini,
and Benevoli; orgt. at Rome and
Bologna; four times president of
Accademia Filarmonica; Bononcini
among pupils; wrote one opera
Amilcare 1693, 2 books of motets,
6 oratorios, etc.
Colonne (ko-lan'), Judas [called Edou-
ard], vlt., condr. b. Bordeaux, July
24, 1838; d. March 28, 1910. Took
prizes in harmony and violin at
Paris Cons.; first violin at Ope'ra,
resigned to establish Concert Na-
tional, later Concerts du Chatelet,
famous for production of works of
Berlioz and younger French com-
posers; condr. at exhibition of '78,
at Grand Ope'ra 1892, in London
1896. Married Eugenie Elise Ver-
gin (b. 1854), singer and successful
teacher.
Concone (con-co'-ne), Giuseppe, teacher.
b. Turin, 1810; d. there, June 1,
1861. Taught singing and pf. in
Paris 1832-48; orgt. court choir at
Turin; published 2 operas, pf. music,
COOKE
and especially solfeggi and vocalises,
which are not only valuable but
melodious and free from monotony.
Conradi (kon-ra'-di), August, compr.
b. Berlin, June 27, 1821; d. there,
May 26, 1873. Pupil of Rungen-
hagen; orgt. at Berlin; intimate of
Liszt in Weimar, condr. in various
cities and at various Berlin theatres;
composed 8 operas, 5 symphonies,
made many arrangements and pot-
pourris, by which chiefly he is known.
Conti, Gioacchino [called Gizziello],
singer, b. Arpino, Naples, Feb. 28,
1714; d. Rome, Oct. 25, 1761.
Celebrated soprano, named after nis
teacher, Gizzi; debut Rome 1729;
famous in Italy and successful in
London in 1736 where he supported
Handel; 1753 withdrew to Arpino.
Converse, Charles Crozat, compr. b.
Warren, Mass., Oct. 7, 1832. Studied
at Leipzig law, philosophy, and music
with Richter, Hauptmann, Plaidy,
etc.; practised law in Erie, Pa.; now
living in New Jersey; has published
under names Karl Redan, C. O.
Nevers, C. E. Revons; chief works
American Overture on Hail Columbia,
widely popular hymn What a friend
we have in Jesus, etc.
Converse, Frederick Shepard, compr.
b. Newton, Mass., Jan. 5, 1871.
After graduating from Harvard
where he studied with Paine, he
continued with Baermann and Chad-
wick, then at Royal School in Munich
with Rheinberger; returning to
Boston 1898, taught at N. E. Cons.
and at Harvard College (1906-
1907); chief works are sonata for
vln. and pf.; string quartet, pf.
pieces, symphony, Festival of Pan
romance for orchestra; two poems
for pf. and orch., La Belle Dame
sans Merci, ballad for barit. and orch.,
Mystic Trumpeter, fantasy for orch.,
Pipe of Desire, opera (Boston 1906),
Job, oratorio 1907. C's music is
scholarly and often freely modern.
Cooke, Benjamin, compr., orgt. b.
London, 1734; d. there, Sept. 14,
1793. Son of music publisher, pupil
of Pepusch; deputy orgt. at West-
minster at 12, orgt. 1762; Mus. Doc.
at both Cambridge and Oxford; asst.
director of Handel commemoration
COOMBS
COREY
1784; resigned conductorship of
Acad. of Ancient Mus. to Arnold;
beside excellent church music, com-
posed especially fine glees (Hark,
hark! the lark) and canons.
Coombs, Charles Whitney, orgt., compr.
b. Bucksport, Me., Dec. 25, 1859.
Studied 12 years in Germany and
England, piano with Speidel, com-
position with Draeseke, Jansen, and
John; orgt. at Amer. Ch. in Dresden,
now in New York. Composed
cantata Vision of St. John, several
sacred and secular songs, some very
popular.
Cooper, George, orgt. b. Lambeth,
London, July 7, 1820; d. London,
Oct. 2, 1876. Son of asst. orgt. at
St. Paul's, at 11 he took services for
his father and at 13 held first of
many positions at different London
churches, asst. at St. Paul's and
finally 1867 orgt. at Chapel Royal;
chief publications valuable organ
arrangements, Organist's Manual,
etc.; an able executant, he helped
to familiarize audiences with Bach
and others; left no compositions of
his own.
Coquard (kok-ar'), Arthur, compr., crit.,
teacher, b. Paris, May 26, 1846; d.
there, Aug., 1910. At first lawyer,
secretary, and librarian, he studied
with Cesar Franck; mus. dir. at
Institut des jeunes aveugles 1891-99;
author of a pamphlet on Ce"sar
Franck (1891) and of De la musique
en France depuis Rameau 1891; com-
positions include operas, incidental
music to plays, orchestral works,
chamber music, motets, organ pieces,
and songs.
Corder, Frederick, compr., writer, b.
Hackney, London, Jan. 26, 1852.
Forbidden to study music until after
18, finally obtained Mendelssohn
Scholarship 1875 at Royal Acad.
and studied with F. Hiller at Co-
logne; on return, as condr. at
Brighton Aquarium, raised concerts
there to high level ; teacher of comp.
and curator at Royal Acad.; has
composed several operas, some suc-
cessful cantatas, Bridal of Trier-
main, Sword of Argantyr, and songs;
has done good work as critic, and
translator, notably of Wagner li-
brettos. Son Paul W. (b. 1879),
also composer. Pupil of father in
comp. and of Beringer and Matthay
in pf.; teacher at Royal Acad.;
comp. for piano, an opera, fantasy,
and orch. works.
Corelli, Arcangelo, vlt., compr. b.
Fusignano, Italy, Feb. 12 or 13,
1653; d. Rome, Jan. 10, 1713.
Pupil in vln. of Bassani, counter-
point of Simonelli; after traveling
in Germany and possibly in France,
settled in Rome about 1685, under
patronage of Cardinal Ottoboni,
a charming and amiable man, a
connoisseur of pictures, who was a
favorite in Roman society and his
Monday concerts important events;
he had many famous pupils, among
them Locatelli, Geminiani, Baptiste.
In 1708 he yielded to urgent invita-
tion of King of Naples, but his
playing did not please the King and
he made some humiliating mistakes.
The discovery that Valentini had
become popular in Rome seemed to
him so much an added mortification
that his health gave way. Without
being an innovator, he established
vln. technic upon a firm basis.
His works, several sets of twelve
sonatas for vln. and other instru-
ments, are of great historical im-
portance, as early examples of less
severely contrapuntal manner, after-
ward developed by Bach.
Corey, Newton J., orgt., lecturer, teacher.
b. Hillsdale, Mich., 1861. Parents
were talented amateurs; showed
musical inclinations as a boy,
" picking up " instruction in a desul-
tory way until at the age of thirteen
he had a course of lessons in pipe
organ playing; organist in Hillsdale
College until 1880, when he went to
Boston to study music; pupil under
J. C. D. Parker, B. J. Lang, S. B.
Whitney, G. W. Chadwick, and W.
F. Apthorp; graduate of literary
department of Hillsdale College;
began professional career in Boston
1881 as organist in various churches;
in 1891 went to Detroit as organist
of Fort St. Pres. Church which posi-
tion he still fills (1910); has played
organ recitals in the leading American
cities, and has given many lecture
recitals since 1885, being the first to
introduce lecture recitals with the aid
of stereopticon views of Richard
CORNELIUS
COURVOISIER
Wagner and his operas; his lecture on
Edward MacDowell has also been
well received; musical editor Detroit
Saturday Night.
Cornelius, Carl August Peter, compr.,
writer, b. Mayence, Dec. 24, 1824;
d. there, Oct. 26, 1874. Grand-
nephew of painter of same name;
failure as actor turned his attention
to music; studied with Dehn 1845-
1850; in 1852 went to Weimar,
where became intimate with Liszt
and an ardent worker in the New
German School which propagated
Wagner's theories; C. wrote many
articles, esp. in Neue Zeitschrift fur
Musik; failure of his opera Barbier
von Bagdad caused Liszt to leave
Weimar; C. met Wagner at Vienna
and followed him to Munich as
reader to Ludwig and teacher at
Cons.; composed 2d opera Cid,
prod. 1865 and 3d Gunlod (orches-
trated after his death and prod.
1891), as well as many songs, some
of which have charm despite occas-
ionally forced writing.
Cornell, John Henry, orgt., writer, b.
New York, May 8, 1828; d. there,
Mar. 1, 1894. Studied in N. Y.
and abroad; orgt. several churches
in N. Y.; conservative compr. of
church mus.; author of useful edu-
cational works, notably Theory and
Practice of Musical Form.
Cortesi (kor-ta'-si), Francesco, teacher.
b. Florence, 1830; d. there, Jan. 3,
1904. Studied at Bologna under
Rossini, etc., conducted, composed
light dramatic works; head of vocal
dept. in gov't school in Florence
after 1880.
Costa, Sir Michael [Andrew Agnus],
condr. b. Naples, Feb. 4, 1808;
d. Brighton [London?], Apr. 29, 1884.
Taught by his father Pasquale,
himself a composer, by Tritto,
and Zingarelli; in 1829, having
already composed 4 operas, a can-
tata, an oratorio, 3 symphonies, and
a mass, he was sent to Eng. to con-
duct comp. of Zingarelli's, but was
allowed only to sing in it; from
1830-46 he conducted opera in
London, producing several operas,
Don Carlos being the best; he
conducted the Philharmonic, Sacred
Harmonic Society, Birmingham and
Leeds Festivals, Her Majesty's Opera
after 1871. Beside opera and ballets,
wrote oratorios Naaman, Eli. Son
Carlo (1826-1888), teacher of theory
at Naples Cons.
Couperin (ko-pe"-ran), distinguished
family of French musicians, all of
whom were orgts. at St. Gervais,
Paris. First musical generation con-
sisted of three brothers, sons of
Charles I and Marie of Chaume in
La Brie. Louis, the eldest (1630-
1665), was 1st vlt. in the king's
band and left 3 harpsichord suites.
The second was Francois I (1631-
1698); his son was Nicolas (1680-
1748), and his son in turn Armand-
Louis (1725-89), who, in addition to
the family post, was orgt. at two
other churches, at the private
chapel, and one of four orgts. at
Notre Dame; he published some
music for harpsichord and violin.
His two sons Pierre Louis (d. 1789)
and Francois Gervais (d. 1823?) were
the last to hold position.
The third of the 3 sons of Charles I,
Charles II (1638-1669), was the
father of the greatest, Francois II,
surnamed Le Grand, b. Paris, Nov.
10, 1668; d. there, 1733. He was
pupil of Thomelin; orgt. at Ver-
sailles 1693, at St. Gervais probably
before 1693; clavecinist and organist
to the king 1701. He was the first
great composer for the harpsichord
as distinct from the organ; by the
melodic content of his music, his
wealth of idea, sense of what was
suitable to his instr. he had impor-
tant influence on his time; tried to
represent customs of his country (rus-
tic fetes, etc.) in music, even to give
Eictures of individuals famous in
istory and mythology; especially
perfected rondo form.
Couppey, Le, see Le Couppey.
Courvoisier (kor-vo-a-zi-a), Carl, vlt.
b. Basel, Nov. 12, 1846; d. Liverpool,
Apr., 1908. Pupil at Leipzig Cons,
of David and Rontgen, and of Joa-
chim; while conducting in Frank-
fort studied singing with G. Barth;
condr. of theatre and choral soc. in
Dusseldorf; teacher of singing in
Liverpool since 1885; has published
symph., vln. concerto, etc., and
valuable Die Violintechnik.
COUSSEMAKER
CRESCENTINI
Coussemaker (kos-mak-ar'), Charles
Edmond Henri de, ivriter. b. Bailleul,
France, Apr. 19, 1835; d. Bourbourg,
Jan. 10, 1876. Father, a judge;
showed precocious ability on pf., vln.,
and 'cello; while studying at Douai
Lycee learned harmony from Mo-
reau, and later comp. from Reicha
and others in Paris; while acting as
judge in various towns, he carried
on valuable researches in musical
history, especially harmony of the
Middle Ages.
Coverley, Robert, compr. b. Oporto,
Portugal, Sept. 6, 1863. Studied
composition in London with Ludwig,
Jacquinot, and Weisthill, etc.; came
to New York 1884, returned to Lon-
don 1897; has composed many pf.
works and very many widely popu-
lar songs.
Coward, Henry, chorus condr. b. Liver-
pool, Nov. 26, 1849. From 9-22
worked in Sheffield at cutlery; from
22-39 taught school, having pre-
pared himself in spare time; at 39
devoted himself to music; Mus. Doc.
1894; compositions, cantatas, etc.
of no importance compared to re-
markable success, due to original
methods, as a trainer of choruses,
evidenced especially in Sheffield
Mus. Festival.
Cowen, Frederic Hymen, compr. b.
Kingston, Jamaica, Jan. 29, 1852.
Very early showed love for music;
pupil in England of Goss and Bene-
dict; gave a concert 1859; 1865 won
but abandoned Mendelssohn Scholar-
ship; studied at Leipzig Cons, with
Plaidy, Moscheles, Reinecke, etc.;
after few appearances in Eng. 1866,
went to Berlin 1867, where he studied
conducting under Kiel; accompanist
under Mapleson and Costa; 1888-
1892 condr. of Philharmonic Soc.;
1888 condr. at Melbourne Exhibi-
tion, also at Manchester, Liverpool,
and various festivals; reappointed
at Philharmonic 1900, he instituted
valuable reforms. He has composed
4 operas, all of which have been per-
formed, and several successful can-
tatas, The Rose Maiden, The Cor-
sair, chamber music, suites, over-
tures, and 5 symph., of which No. 3
" Scandinavian " first brought C.
into prominence in 1880. No. 4
"Welsh" also has interest gained
by local color, which C. handles with
dexterity and ease.
Cowles, Eugene, singer, compr. b.
Stanstead, Canada. Father, a phy-
sician, and mother were both excel-
lent singers; showed early aptitude
for music, studied vln.; educated at
Stanstead Wesleyan College; at 19
went to Chicago, clerk in First Na-
tional Bank, studied singing and
harmony with A. E. Ruff, sang in
church choir and concerts; 1888
joined the Bostonians as leading
basso, making d£but as Squire Ban-
tam in Dorothy; with the Bostonians
ten years, created role of Scarlett
in Robin Hood; sang with Alice
Nielsen, Fritzi Scheff and others;
1910 with Victor Herbert's opera
Sweet Sixteen. Has written many
songs, the most successful being the
ballad Forgotten; also five bass songs,
A Gipsy King am I, etc.
Cramer (kra-mer), Johann Baptist, pst.,
teacher, b. Mannheim, Feb. 24,
1771; d. London, Apr. 16, 1858.
Son of Wilhelm (1745-Oct. 5, 1799),
vlt. and condr.; brother of Franz or
Frangois (1772-1848), vtt., and of
Carl (b. 1780), pst. Brought to Lon-
don when a year old, he always
considered it as home. He was
taught by his father, by Benser,
Schroeter, Clementi, and, though he
had some lessons in thorough-bass
from Abel, taught himself composi-
tion. After d6but as player in 1781,
he made professional tours on the
Continent, spending some time in
Munich and Paris, earning fame as
player and teacher. In 1824 he
established a publishing house still
known as Cramer & Co. He retired
in 1835. His playing was remark-
able for his legato touch and his
ability to distinguish inner parts;
Beethoven admired it above all
others. His music, sonatas, etc. is
solid and often dry; his chief claim
to fame rests on his polished and
solid studies, which are second only
to dementi's in practical usefulness,
without loss of musical interest.
Crescentini (kres-shen-te'-ni),Girolamo,
singer, b. Urbania, near Urbino,
Feb. 2, 1766; d. Naples, Apr. 24,
1846. Gibelli trained his beautiful
CRISTOFORI
CROWEST
mezzo soprano voice, and after his i
de"but in Rome in 1783 he sang in
London (where he had no success) j
and all the Italian capitals; Napo- ]
leon heard him at Vienna and
engaged him for Paris where he sang
1806-12; after 1816 taught at
Naples. One of the last of his
school, he was evidently of the finest,
for his singing is praised not only
for richness of tone but for force of
expression; he also composed songs,
vocalises, and method.
Cristofori, Bartolommeo di Francesco
[incorrectly written Christofani], in-
ventor of pf. b. Padua, May 4,
1653; d. Florence, Mar. 17, 1731.
Harpsichord maker in Padua; in-
duced to go to Florence by Prince
Ferdinand, son of Grand Duke
Cosimo III; after Prince's death, in
charge of instruments he had left.
In 1711 Maffei published an account
of four " gravicembali col piano e
forte " which C. had made, and gave
diagram to show the action of the
key, lever, hopper, and hammer
upward against the string, in place
of quills which plucked the strings
in the usual harpsichord. The exist-
ence of this diagram and of actual
instruments bearing C's name as
" inventor " and dates as early as
1720 and 1726 seem to prove the
right of the instrument to its Italian
name by proving C. the actual
inventor of its distinguishing feature.
(But see Schroeter, C. G.)
Croce (kro-che), Giovanni dalla, compr.
b. Chioggia, about 1557; d. Venice,
May 15, 1609. Pupil of Zarlino,
chorister and leader at St. Mark's;
maestro 1603; also ordained priest;
composed madrigals, motets, fine
but not remarkably original; Triaca
Musicale, volume of comic part-
songs in Venetian dialect, including
dialogue between cuckoo and night-
ingale, has unique interest.
Croft [or Crofts], William, compr. b.
Nether Ettington, Warwick, 1678
(baptized Dec. 30); d. Bath, Aug.
14, 1727. Chorister in Chapel Royal
under Blow; orgt. at St. Anne's, at
Chapel Royal, and (1708) at West-
minster, and composer to Chapel
Royal; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1713;
composed many fine anthems and
psalm tunes; published 1712 Divine
Harmony, words of anthems with
historical account; 1724 Musica
Sacra, 30 anthems of his own, first
volumes, he says, engraved in score
on plates; at least first in England.
Cross, Michael Hurley, orgt. b. Phila-
delphia, Apr. 13, 1833; d. there,
Sept. 26, 1897. Pupil of B. Cross,
Meignen, etc.; orgt. at St. Patrick's,
the Cathedral, and for 17 years at
Holy Trinity; director of societies
in Phila. and N. Y.; had many
pupils (J. G. Huneker among them)
and great influence on musical life
in Phila.
Crotch, William, compr. b. Norwich,
Eng., July 5, 1775; d. Taunton,
Dec. 29, 1847. Son of a carpen-
ter, his extraordinary precocity (he
played on a small organ at a little
over 2, and performed in public at 4)
was the subject of articles by Daines,
Barrington, and Burney; he studied
music and theology at Oxford; was
orgt. and prof, at Oxford Univ.,
lectured at Mus. School; 1822 1st
principal Royal Acad. Composed
3 oratorios, one at age of 14, glees,
odes (Methinks I hear most popular),
Elements of Mus., etc.
Crouch, Frederick Nicholls, 'cellist, b.
London, July 31, 1808; d. Balti-
more, Md., Aug. 18, 1896. Pupil
of grandfather and father, of Bochsa,
and at Royal Acad. of others;
'cellist in various orch. in England
and America after 1849; condr.
Mrs. Rush's Saturday Concerts,
Phila.; founder unsuccessful acad.
in Washington; Confederate soldier;
teacher in Baltimore; famous as
composer of Kathleen Mavourneen.
Crow, Edwin John, orgt. b. Sitting-
bourne, Kent, Eng., Sept. 17, 1841;
d. Dec., 1907. Pupil of E. J. Hop-
kins; orgt. of 3 churches in Leicester,
and Ripon cathedral; Mus. Doc.
1882; comp. cantata and ch. music;
examiner for Incorp. Soc. of Mus.
Crowest, Frederick J., writer, b. Lon-
don, 1850. For some years had
success as tenor, under name of
Arthur Vitton. Orgt. and compr.,
but chiefly known as author of
readable books of biography and
CRUVELLI
CUZZONI
anecdote, The Great Tone Poets,
Phases of Musical England, Story of
British Music, etc.
Cruvelli, Johanne Sophie Charlotte,
singer, b. Bielefeld, Mar. 12, 1826;
d. Nice, Nov., 1907. Real name
Criiwell; sister Friedericke Marie
(1824-1868); enjoyed short-lived suc-
cess as natural singer; Sophie's
voice beautiful but full of faults
owing to lack of training; brilliant
d6but Venice 1847; partial failure
in London 1848 (due to greater
charms of Jenny Lind) was fol-
lowed by success in Paris, where she
was finally engaged at the Ope"ra
1854; married Count Vigier and
retired 1856; especially successful
in Verdi's operas; her great triumph
at Paris in '51 was in Ernani.
Cui (kooi'), Cesar Antonovitch, compr.
b. Vilna, Poland, Jan. 18, 1835.
By profession a military engineer,
he is an authority on fortification
on which he lectures at the Artillery
School; in 1857 his early taste for
music was revived by meeting with
Balakirev, whose disciple he be-
came; chief works are Angela 1876,
Flibustier 1889, 4 orch. suites, about
200 songs, and pf. pieces. Despite
fact that he is exponent of theories
of New Russian School (La musique
en Russie) his own music lacks
. definite national coloring; he in-
clines to small and elaborated forms,
even in larger choral works, with a
resulting feeling of affectation; crit-
ical writings of value to Russia, in
calling attention to German music,
and of interest to others in their
revelation of Russian opinions.
Cummings, William Hayman, singer, b.
Sidbury, Devon, Aug. 22, 1831. Chor-
ister in St. Paul's, singer in the Tem-
ple Ch., Westminster, Chapel Royal;
opera singer 1870; concert singer
at various festivals, in U. S. 1871;
teacher at Royal Acad. and prin-
cipal 1896-1910 Guildhall School;
founder of Purcell Society; author
of Life of Purcell, Primer of Rudi-
ments of Mus., biog. diet., the usual
compositions, — cantata, part-song,
etc.; learned in antiquarian details.
Curschmann, Karl Friedrich, compr.
b. Berlin, June 21, 1804; d. Lang-
fuhr, near Danzig, Aug. 24, 1841.
Turned his attention from law to
music in 20th year; after study
with Spohr and Hauptmann settled,
with occasional concert tours, in
Berlin; before Schubert and Schu-
mann were known, composed about
90 simple songs, melodious and
worthy of the place they have held
in the amateur's repertoire.
Curwen, John, teacher, b. Heckmond-
wike, Yorkshire, Nov. 14, 1816; d.
Manchester, May 26, 1880. A non-
conformist minister, seeking simple
method of teaching people to sing,
he adopted system invented by Miss
S. A. Glover, which he developed as
Tonic-Sol-Fa method; gave up min-
istry 1864; Ass'n founded 1853, and
College 1875, opened 1879; numer-
ous publications relate chiefly to
the method and to the art of teach-
ing; many arrangements in Sol-Fa
of masterpieces.
Cusins, Sir William George, orgt. b.
London, Oct. 14, 1833; d. Remou-
champs (Ardennes), Aug. 31, 1893.
Chorister at Chapel Royal, pupil of
F£tis at Brussels Cons., and of
Potter, Sterndale Bennett, etc. at
Royal Acad.; orgt. Queen's Private
Chapel; vlt. Roy. Italian Opera;
prof. Royal Acad. and Guildhall;
examiner Queen's Coll. and Nat'l
Training Sch.; condr. Philharmonic
1867-83; composed 2 concert over-
tures, oratorio, marches, etc.
Cutter, Benjamin, compr. b. Woburn,
Mass., Sept. 6, 1857; d. May 10,
1910. Son of physician; studied vln.
with Eichberg and harmony with
Emery, comp. with Seifriz in Stutt-
gart; member of Bost. Symph. Orch. ;
teacher of vln. and harmony N. E.
Cons.; has written text-books on
harmony and vln. playing, chamber
music, a cantata Sir Patrick Spens,
a Mass in D, Harmonic Analysis,
and How to Study Kreutzer.
Cuzzoni (koot-zo'-ne), Francesca, dram,
contralto, b. Parma or Modena,
about 1700; d. Bologna, 1770.
Pupil of Lanzi; debut Venice 1719;
appeared in London 1722, where she
married Sandoni, attained such suc-
cess in Handel's operas that she
became rival of Faustina; in 1728,
dismissed by being offered a guinea
less than Faustina, sang in Venice,
CZERNY
DAMROSCH
and again in London in 1734, and
for an unsuccessful benefit in 1750;
imprisoned for debt in Holland, she
ended her life in Bologna as a button-
maker, in great poverty.
Czerny (char'-ni), Carl, pst., teacher.
b. Vienna, Feb. 20, 1791; d. there,
July 15, 1857. Taught by his
father, Wenzel, and by Beethoven,
who took great interest in him;
influenced by acquaintance with
dementi and Hummel; professional
tour planned for 1804 having been
abandoned he gave up concert play-
ing and remained in Vienna all his
life, except for a short trip to Leip-
zig 1836, one to Paris and London
1837, and one to Lombardy 1846.
His gentle nature shrank from the
harshness of the world and he lived
with his parents in a charming
domesticity which Beethoven envied
and wished to share; his days and
nights were filled with industrious
work. He was a most prolific com-
poser; beside nearly a thousand
printed compositions, he left many
Mss. Though he composed in all
forms, the only works now used are
his pf. studies which are of perma-
nent value. His great success as a
teacher is shown by the fact that
he taught Ninette von Belleville
(Mme. Oury), Jaell, Thalberg, Doh-
ler, Theod. KulJak, and Liszt.
Czibulka (tche-bool'-ka), Alphons,
compr. b. Szeges-Varallya, Hun-
gary, May 14, 1842; d. Vienna, Oct.
27, 1894. Pst., condr. at Karl-
theater; bandmaster Viennese regts.;
composed pf. music, dance music,
and 6 operettas.
Dalayrac (da-la-rak'), Nicolas, compr.
b. Muret, Haute-Garonne, June 13,
1753; d. Paris, Nov. 27, 1809. Musi-
cal tastes persisting despite his
father's efforts to turn him to law
or the army, he became pupil of
Langl6; wrote first operetta Le petite
souper 1781 and thereafter wrote
one or two a year, even Curing the
Revolution; about 60 in all, which
seem to have been popular, but
none permanent, Les deux Savoyards
perhaps best known; also distin-
guished as chess player.
D'Albert, Eugen, see Albert, Eugen d'.
Dalcroze, Emile Jaques-, compr. b.
Vienna, July 6, 1865. Of Swiss
parentage, educated at univ. and
cons, of Geneva; pupil of R. Fuchs
and Bruckner at Vienna, and of
Delibes in Paris; teacher at Geneva
Cons. 1892; comp. 2 operas and 3 can-
tatas, a boldly revolutionary vln. con-
certo, popular string quartet, and,
especially, various collections of
songs, Chansons enfantines, Chez
nous, etc., which are extremely pop-
ular in Switzerland and Germany be-
cause of their humorous and local
characteristics; author of a method
of training children which embodies
rhythmic movements; removed to
Dresden, 1910.
Damm, G., see Steingraber.
Damoreau (da-mo-ro), Laure Cinthie,
[nee Montalant], singer, b. Paris, Feb.
6, 1801 ; d. there, Feb. 25, 1863. Pupil
at Paris Cons, at age of 7; debut
Paris at 18 as Mile. Cinti; sang in
London with indifferent success 1822;
had success at Op£ra 1826-35, espe-
cially in parts which Rossini comp.
for her (Siege de Corinth and Moise) ;
at Ope>a Comique 1835-43, where
Auber also wrote for her; married
actor Damoreau 1827; retired 1843,
but made tours after that to U. S.,
St. Petersburg, etc.; prof, at Cons.
1833-34, 1836-56; published songs
and method.
DaMotta (da-mot' -ta), JoseVianna, pst.
b. Isle of St. Thomas, Africa, 1868.
Went at early age to Lisbon, where
studied at Cons.; after d^but at 14
King Ferdinand sent him to Berlin,
where he studied with Ph. and X.
Scharwenka; later with Liszt, Schaf-
fer, and Von Biilow; successful tours
in Europe and S. America 1902; com-
posed for pf. and orch. (Portuguese
Scenes, and Rhapsodies)', written on
Von Biilow, Liszt, etc.; now in Berlin.
Damrosch (dam'-rosh), Leopold, condr.
b. Posen, Oct. 22, 1832; d. New
York, Feb. 15, 1885. Took degree
DANA
DA PONTE
of M.D. at Berlin Univ., but did
not practise; pupil of Ries, Dehn,
and Bohmer; appeared as solo vlt.
Magdeburg 1855; leading vlt. at
Weimar 1855-59, where he became
intimate with Liszt and Wagner, and
where he married singer Helene v.on
Heimburg; 1859-60 condr. Breslau
Philh.; toured with Von Billow and
Tausig; 1871 called to N. Y. to con-
duct Arion Soc.; organized Oratorio
Soc. and Symphony Soc.; conducted
Philharmonic 1876-77; conducted
first Mus. Festival N. Y. 1881; toured
West 1883; established and con-
ducted season of German opera at
Metropolitan; his wonderful organ-
izing powers and keen interest in
newer music inspired and encouraged
music in N. Y. His son Frank also
condr. b. Breslau, June 22, 1859.
Pupil of his father, Pruckner, Mosz-
kowski, etc.; condr. Denver Chorus
Club 1882-85; chorusmaster at Met-
ropolitan 1885-91; condr. of Mus.
Art Soc., and many other organiza-
tions; 1892 organized People's Sing-
ing Classes, for instruction of wage-
earners in sight and chorus singing,
an institution which has been ex-
tremely successful. Now director of
Institute of Musical Art, N. Y. His
brother Walter Johannes, condr.,
compr. b. Breslau, Jan. 30, 1862.
Studied with his father, Draeseke, and
Von Biilow; asst. condr. Metropoli-
tan under father and Seidl; condr.
Oratorio and Symph. Soc.; 1894 or-
ganized Damrosch Opera Co., which
gave German opera throughout U. S.
until 1899; condr. Metropolitan
1900-1902; Philh. 1902-03; New
York Symphony Orchestra; com-
posed opera The Scarlet Letter, one
of few American operas actually
produced (Boston, 1896).
Dana, Charles Henshaw, orgt. b. West
Newton, Mass., Feb. 7, 1846; d.
Worcester, Feb. 5, 1883. Pupil of
Dresel in Boston; studied in Paris
and Stuttgart; d6but as pst. Stutt-
gart and in America in Worcester;
orgt. at Ch. of Immaculate Con-
ception, Boston, and in Worcester;
composed church music and songs.
Dana, William Henry, teacher. b.
Warren, O., June 10, 1846. Pupil
of Aug. Haupt, and at Kullak's
Cons., Berlin, and Royal Acad.,
London; director Dana's Mus. Inst.
in Warren; one of founders Mus.
Teachers' Nat'l Ass'n; has published
text-books on harmony and orches-
tration and church music.
Dancla (don-kla) , Jean Baptiste Charles,
vlt., compr. b. Bagneres, Dec. 19,
1817; d. Tunis, Nov. 8 or 9, 1907.
At Paris Cons, studied with HaleVy
and Berton, vln. with Baillot; 1834
member Op6ra Comique orch.; made
prof, at Cons. 1857-1892; famous for
playing at Soci6t6 des Concerts and
at his Quartet Soire'es; his 130 com-
positions are graceful and well suited
to his instrument but are not of en-
during worth; Etudes of value; as a
player he was last representative of
old French school; many pupils,
among them C. Loeffler and Adam-
owski.
Danks, Hart Pease, compr. b. New
Haven, Apr. 6, 1834; d. Philadel-
phia, Nov. 20, 1903. Pupil of L. E.
Whiting; in Chicago 1854-64, then
in N. Y.; singer and director in sev-
eral churches, prolific compr. of songs
and hymns; one operetta, Pauline,
produced 1872.
Dannreuther (dan'-roi-ter), Edward
George, condr., writer, b. Strass-
burg, Nov. 4, 1844; d. London, Feb.
12, 1905. Taught by F. L. Ritter in
Cincinnati, by Richter, Moscheles,
and Hauptmann at Leipzig Cons.; pf.
teacher in London; founder and
condr. London Wagner Soc.; has
written on Wagner, translated some
of his works, and written articles on
various subjects. His brother Gus-
tav, vlt. b. Cincinnati, July 21, 1853.
Studied with De Ahna and Joachim
in Berlin; member of (Boston, Mass.)
Mendelssohn Quintet Club on tour
1877-1880; of Bost. Symph. Orch.
1880-82; condr. in Buffalo and under
Damrosch in N. Y.; well known as
teacher and member of excellent
Dannreuther Quartet.
Da Ponte, Lorenzo, librettist, b. Ceneda,
near Venice, Mar. 10, 1749; d. New
York, Aug. 17, 1838. While poet
laureate to Joseph II wrote librettos
for Mozart's Don Giovanni and Cosl
fan tutte; career in London as poet to
Ital. Opera and after 1805 in America
as impresario and teacher of Italian.
DAQUIN
DAVIES
Daquin (da-kan), Louis Claude, orgt.
b. Paris, July 4, 1694; d. there, June
15, 1772. Pupil of Marchand, orgt.
at St. Antoine at age of 12; 1727 won
in competition with Rameau position
of orgt. St. Paul's, which he held till
his death; published pieces for harp-
sichord, Coucou being one, a volume
of Noels, for the organ or clavichord,
and a cantata.
Dargomyzski (dar-go-mizh'-ski), Alex-
ander Sergeivitch, compr., pst. b. in
prov. of Toula, Russia, Feb. 14, 1813;
d. St. Petersburg, Jan. 29, 1869.
Educated in St. Petersburg; of good
family; for four years in gov't service;
taught as an amateur by Schober-
lechner, and deeply influenced by
friendship of Glinka; composed
Esmeralda 1839 (prod. 1847) and
Roussalka 1856, and many beautiful
and expressive songs; after visit to
France and Germany became asso-
ciated with Balakirev and New
School, of whose doctrines his opera
The Stone Guest has been called
" The Gospel "; in this work (or-
chestrated after D's death by Rim-
sky-Korsakov and performed 1872)
older forms are abandoned entirely
for continuous recitative. Though
none of his works were especially
successful, D. is regarded by some
as the apostle of a new cult.
David (da-ved), Felicien Cesar, compr.
b. Cadenet, Vaucluse, Apr. 3, 1810;
d. St. Germain-en-Laye, Aug. 29,
1876. Of precocious talent, he was
educated at the Maitrise of St. Sau-
veur at Aix, where in 1829, after
three years in Jesuit college and one
as theatre condr., he became maitre
de chapelle; 1830 entered Paris Cons,
where he studied with Millot and
F4tis, and took private lessons of
Reber; 1831-33 lived with a brother-
hood of St. Simoniens; 1833-35 wan-
dered with some of the brothers to
Egypt and the East; the strong im-
pressions received were expressed
in Le desert, " ode symphonic," 1844,
which had great success; later he
composed 7 or 8 operas, of which
Lalla Rookh was perhaps most suc-
cessful; 1869 succeeded Berlioz as
member of Academy and librarian of
Cons. Le desert best expression of
his characteristic note of picturesque
and melancholy quiet.
David, Ferdinand, vlt. b. Hamburg,
June 19, 1810; d. near Klosters, Swiss
Alps, July 18, 1873. Of precocious
talent he studied with Spohr and
Hauptmann at Kassel; 1827-28 mem-
ber of orch. at Berlin Theatre; 1829-
35 in Russia, as member of private
quartet, and concert player; by in-
fluence of Mendelssohn was ap-
pointed concertmaster of Gewand-
haus Orch. 1836, and, when Cons,
was opened 1843, teacher of vln. As
teacher he had wide influence over
many distinguished pupils, among
them Joachim and Wilhelmj; as a
player he combined solid technic
with remarkable facility of expres-
sion; as a leader and especially as a
quartet player he was unrivaled.
He wrote a valuable Violin School,
edited numerous works of older
masters, composed for vln., 2 sym-
phonies, etc.; had great influence
over compositions of others, esp.
Mendelssohn's vln. concerto.
Davidov (da-vid'-off), Charles, 'cellist.
b. Goldingen, Courland, Mar. 17,
1838; d. Moscow, Feb. 15, 1889.
Studied mathematics at Moscow
Univ., 'cello with Schmidt in Mos-
cow and Schuberth at St. Peters-
burg; debut 1859 at Leipzig where he
became 'cellist in Gewandhaus Orch.
and teacher at Cons.; 1862 'cellist
at St. Petersburg Opera, professor,
and 1876-86 director St. P. Cons.;
wrote admirable method, concertos,
symph. poem, etc.
Davies, Benjamin Grey, tenor, b.
Pontardawe, near Swansea, Wales,
Jan. 6, 1858. Son of an engineer;
chorister in Wales ; at 20 he earned
a prize which enabled him to
study at Roy. Acad. with Fori and
Randegger; operatic debut 1881;
then in various English opera com-
panies; married Clara Perry 1885;
since about 1890 has been increas-
ingly in demand for festival and
concert engagements to exclusion of
dramatic work.
Davies, [David Thomas] Ffrangcon,
baritone, b. Bethesda, Carnarvon,
Dec. 11, 1860. After taking M.A.
from Oxford he took orders, but relin-
quished them later; received instruc-
tion in singing at Guildhall School
from Latter and from Shakespeare
DAVIES
DELACOUR
and Randegger; concert and operatic
debuts 1890; since 1893 has kept to
concert and festival singing.
Davies, Fanny, pst. b. Guernsey, June
27, 1861. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of
Reinecke, Jadassohn, and Paul (pf.),
and of Clara Schumann, from whom
she learned "accurate technique, full
tone, and power of phrasing " that
have made her concerts successful
since her d6but in England in 1885;
chiefly distinguished as player of
Schumann and Brahms.
Davison, Arabella, see Goddard.
Dawson, Frederick H., pst. b. Leeds,
July 16, 1868. Taught by his father
and by Ch. Halle at whose concerts
he appeared in 1890 encouraged by
Rubinstein; later continued suc-
cess as a concert player.
Day, Dr. Alfred, theorist, b. London,
Jan., 1810; d. there, Feb. 11, 1849.
After studying medicine in London,
Paris, and Heidelberg, practised in
London; after years of reflection
published 1845 Treatise on Harmony,
which urged reforms in terminology,
in bass-figuring, and offered original
propositions about permitted dis-
cords.
Dayas (das), William Humphries, teach-
er, b. New York, Sept. 12, 1864; d.
Manchester, May 3, 1903. Studied
in N. Y. with Mills, Joseffy, etc., in
Germany with Kullak, Haupt, and
Liszt; taught at Cons, of Helsingfors,
Wiesbaden, and Cologne; comp. org.
sonata, string quartet, pf. mus., etc.
De Ahna, see Anna, Heinrich Carl
Hermann de.
Debussy (de-bxis'-si), Claude Achille,
compr. b. St. Germain, Paris, Aug.
22, 1862. As pupil of Guiraud at
Paris Cons, won Prix de Rome with
cantata L'enfant prodigue; his La
demoiselle elue, setting of Blessed
Damosel for female chorus and orch.
was refused as too modern in style;
in later works for orch. Prelude to
L'apres-midi d'un faune, Nocturnes,
Le mer, in pf. pieces, in many songs
which well suit words by Verlaine,
Baudelaire, etc., and in opera Pelleas
et Melisande (Paris 1902, N. Y.
1907) he has continued to develop
an original method whose purpose
is to underline the emotion of the
words (in the opera the voices carry
continuous recitative above orches-
tral phrases), to hint mysteriously
at elusive moods. Technically his
melodies are not remarkable in
themselves; his "utterance is purely
harmonic," and ultra-modern, con-
fined by no traditions, limited in its
ceaseless modulation by no estab-
lished key-relations.
Dehn (dan), Siegfried Wilhelm, writer.
b. Altona, Feb. 25, 1799; d. Berlin,
Apr. 12, 1858. Law student at
Leipzig Univ.; studied music with
Klein in Berlin; 1842, at Meyer-
beer's recommendation, made libra-
rian of musical portion of Berlin
Royal Lib,; scored, copied for press,
and edited many works of Lassus,
Bach, and earlier musicians; edited
Cecilia 1842-48; wrote several im-
portant treatises on matters of
research and mus. theory of which
he was successful teacher; Glinka,
Kullak, and Anton Rubinstein were
among pupils.
Deiters (di'-ters), Hermann, writer, b.
Bonn, June 27, 1833; d. Coblenz,
May 1, 1907. Studied law and
philology, held various appoint-
ments; beside important contribu-
tions to mus. papers on Beethoven,
Schumann, etc., published in 1880
first authoritative life of Brahms;
chiefly notable for translation into
German of A. W. Thayer's great
Life of Beethoven, pub. 1866-79, and
for revision.
De Koven, [Henry Louis] Reginald,
compr. b. Middletown, Conn., Apr.
3, 1859. Educated in Europe, degree
from Oxford Univ.; studied in
early years with Speidel at Stuttgart,
later with Lebert, Pruckner, and
Hauff , singing with Vannuccini in
Italy, and operatic comp. with
Gen6e and Delibes; mus. critic in
N. Y.; his first successful operetta
was The Begum 1887; Robin Hood,
the third (1890), is still popular after
more than 3000 performances; later
works Fencing Master, Rob Roy, etc.,
though successful have not touched
this highwater mark; composer of
over 150 songs (Oh. promise me) and
incidental music.
Delacour, Victor, see Smith, E. S.
DELATTRE
DEPRES
De Lattre, Roland, see Lasso, Orlando di.
Delibes (de~-leb'), Clement Philibert Leo,
compr. b. St. Germain du Va'l,
France, Feb. 21, 1836; d. Paris,
Jan. 16, 1891. Studied solfeggio, pf.,
org., comp. at Paris Cons, under
Benoist, Bazin, A. Adam, at same
time singing at the Madeleine; 1853
accompanist at Th. Lyrique; orgt.
at several churches, at St. Jean, St.
Frangois 1862-71; 1863 accom-
panist; 1865-72 2d chorusmaster
at Op6ra; 1881 prof, of comp. at
Cons.; after 1855 wrote successful
short comic operas Le jardinier
et son seigneur, etc.; also comp.
part-songs, melodies, Bonjour Suzon,
etc.; Le roi I' a dit 1873 and Lakme
1883 most successful of longer
works ; chief distinction lies in charm-
ing and original ballets Coppelia
1870, Sylvia 1876.
De Lisle, Rouget de, see Rouget de Lisle.
Delius (da-lius), Frederick, compr. b.
Bradford, Eng., 1863. In 1884 went
to Florida to be orange grower,
studied mus. alone; 1886-88 studied
at Leipzig Con's.; since then has
lived in Paris and Fontainebleau;
concert of own works London 1899;
opera Koangu produced Elberfeld
1904; Village Romeo and Juliet
produced Berlin 1907; has com-
posed for orch. Norwegian Suite,
Life's Dance, Paris; for voice with
orch. Seven Danish Songs, Whit-
man's Sea-drift, Mass of Life from
Nietsche's Zarathustra, Dowson's
poems, a pf. and a vln. concerto;
highly praised for originality of
expression, arrived at independently.
Delle Sedie (del'-la-sa-di-a), Henri,
baritone, teacher, b. Leghorn, June
17, 1826; d. Garennes-Colombes,
Nov. 29, 1908. While. still student
of Galeffi, Persanola, and Domeni-
coni imprisoned as revolutionist;
d6but Florence 1851; after singing
in Italy engaged at Th. Italien, Paris
1861; prof, at Cons. 1867-71; pub.
valuable Arte e fisiologia del canto,
in Eng. as Vocal Art; voice was
remarkable for its color and range
of emotional expression; many fa-
mous pupils.
Del Valle de Paz (der-va-la-da-paz'),
Edgardo, pst., compr. b. Alexandria,
Egypt, Oct. 18, 1861. Studied at
Naples Cons, with Cesi and Serrao,
after tours in Italy and Egypt
settled in Florence, where he directs
La nuova musica, and teaches in
Cons.; pub. method, orch., chamber,
and pf. music.
De Munck, Francois, 'cellist, b. Brus-
sels, Oct. 6r 1815; d. there, Feb. 28,
1854. Pupil and successor of Platel
in Brussels Cons.; after tours in
Germany 'cellist in London theatre,
but returned to Brussels 1853. Son
Ernst (b. Dec. 21, 1840) 'cellist.
Dennee (den-na'), Charles Frederick,
compr. b. Oswego, N. Y., Sept. 1,
1863. Studied at N. E. Cons. pf.
with A. D. Turner, and, after an
interval, harm, with S. A. Emery;
later pf. with Mme. Schiller; 1888
accident to wrist made him give up
playing; teaches successfully at
Cons, as Turner's successor, and has
written Progressive Technic; also
composed comedy operas Little Red
Riding-hood, Children's Festival, and
many pf. solos and duets.
Denza (den-tsa), Luigi, compr. b.
Castellammare di Strabbia, Feb. 24,
1846. Studied at Naples Cons, with
Serrao and Mercadante; living in
London since 1879; director of
Lond. Acad. of Mus., teacher of
singing at Royal Acad.; comp.
unsuccessful opera, and over 500
songs, many in Neapolitan dialect,
of which Funiculi-Funicula has at-
tained universal popularity.
Deppe (dep'-p6), Ludwig, pf. teacher.
b. Alverdissen, Lippe, Nov. 7, 1828;
d. Pyrmont, Sept. 5, 1890. Pupil
of Marxsen and Lobe; founded and
conducted singing society at Ham-
burg; court capellm. Berlin 1886-88;
conducted court orch., and Silesian
mus. festivals; account of his
method in Amy Fay's Music Study
in Germany.
Depres, Josquin (zhos-kan-da-pra),
compr. b. Hainault, Burgundy,
about 1450; d. Conde", Aug. 27,
1521. Name given in many forms
Despres, Dupr6, Del Prato, etc.
Chorister, pupil of Okeghem, singer
in Sistine Chapel 1471-84, and in
Ferrara; considered by contempo-
raries and by historians greatest of
Netherland School, because first to
DE RESZKE
DDEMER
bring real beauty out of intricate
counterpoint; comp. many masses,
some motets, and some French
chansons.
De Reszke, see Reszke, De.
Destinn, Emmy [real name Kittl], dram,
sop. b. Prague, Feb. 26, 1878. Pupil
of Loewe-Destinn whose name she
took; de"but 1898 at Berlin; engage-
ments there, at Bayreuth (1901), and
at Paris; N. Y. d<5but 1908.
De Swert (de-svarf), Jules, 'cellist.
b. Louvain, Aug. 15, 1843; d.
Ostende, Feb. 24, 1891. D6but at
9; pupil of Servais at Brussels
Cons.; after tours and positions at
Diisseldorf and Weimar became
concertmaster, solo 'cellist, prof, at
Hochschule, Berlin 1869-1873; after
further tours director of Ostende
Mus. Sch.; prof, at Bruges and Ghent
Cons.; comp. 2 operas, symph., con-
certo and other 'cello works.
Diabelli (de-a-bel'-li) , Antonio, compr.
b. Mattsee, near Salzburg, Sept. 6,
1781 ; d. Vienna, Apr. 7, 1858. Choir
boy at Michaelbeurn and Salzburg;
studied for priesthood and entered
monastery; when convents were sec-
ularized went to Vienna; encouraged
in music by Michael and Joseph
Haydn; composed an opera, cantatas,
etc., and many sonatinas and easy
pieces still popular; 1818 entered
publishing business, assumed control
1824; published much of Schubert's
music, treating the composer rather
shabbily.
Dibdin, Charles, compr. b. Southamp-
ton, March (baptized Mar. 4), 1745;
d. London, July 25, 1814. Chorister
at Winchester Cathedral; taught by
orgts. Kent and Fussell the rudi-
ments of music; at 15 went to
London, became singing-actor at
Covent Garden; composed Shep-
herd's Artifice, pastoral, 1762; acted
at Birmingham, Vauxhall, Drury
Lane, where he composed The
Padlock and other successful pieces;
after various unsuccessful ventures
as manager and the tour described
in his Musical Tour of Mr. Dibdin,
he gave in London " table entertain-
ments," in which he sang, played,
acted, and accompanied; many
famous songs (such as Tom Bowling)
included in these pieces; after 1805
he was supported by pension and,
when that failed, by a public sub-
scription; composed nearly 100
operas and plays with music; his
sons, Charles and Thomas, were
dramatists.
Dick, Charles George Cotsford, compr.
b. London, Sept. 1, 1846; d. 1895.
Studied at Worcester Coll. Oxford;
wrote successful operettas Our
Doll's House 1876, Doctor D. 1885,
and some children's operas, pf.
pieces, etc.
Dickinson, Edward, teacher, b. W.
Springfield, Mass., Oct. 10, 1853.
Studied mus. at N. E. Cons. 1871-72
with J. C. D. Parker and S. A.
Emery, private lessons from F. H.
Torrington and later from Thayer;
grad. Amherst Coll. 1876, A. M.
1881; orgt. at Springfield and
Elmira, N. Y.; private teacher and
director of mus. Elmira Coll. 1883-
92; in Berlin, mus. hist, under Ph.
Spitta and Wm. Langhans, pf. with
Klind worth; at Oberlin Coll. since
1893 as instructor and prof, of
history and pf. playing; since 1905
prof, of mus. hist, and criticism
exclusively (probably only American
prof, with so specialized a field);
also has classes for students at
Cons.; has written Study of History
of Music and very valuable Music
in the History of the Western Church.
Dickson, Ellen, compr. b. Woolwich,
1819; d. Lyndhurst, July 4, 1878.
Under pseud. "Dolores" composed
popular songs.
Didymus (did'-i-mus), writer, b. Alex-
andria (?), B. C. 63. Author of
treatise on harmony, only preserved
in epitome by Porphyry and quota-
tions by Ptolemy; the " comma of
D." is the difference between the
major and minor whole tone (81:80)
which he recognized.
Diehl (del), Louis, compr. b. Mann-
heim, 1838. Teaching in London;
married pst. Alice Mangold 1863;
compr. of songs and operettas for
amateurs, Our Bazaar, etc.
Diemer (di-a-mar), Louis, pst., comp.
b. Paris, Feb. 14, 1843. Studied pf.
at the Paris Cons, with Marmontel
(1st prize 1856), with Ambroise
Thomas and Bazin in comp., also
DEPPEL
DOMMER
winning prizes; played with success
in concerts; as prof, of pf. -playing
at the Cons., where he succeeded
Marmontel in 1887, he formed a
number of distinguished pupils; his
compositions include two piano con-
certos, chamber music and a number
of fine piano pieces.
Dippel, Andreas, dram, tenor, b. Kassel,
Nov. 30, 1866. Pupil of Hey, Leoni,
and Rau; singer at Bremen 1887-92,
Bayreuth, Vienna, London, and
Berlin; popular in New York for
several seasons; with Gatti-Casazza,
manager of Metropolitan Opera 1908,
where D. had charge of German
opera; 1910 manager Chicago Opera
Company.
Ditters von Dittersdorf, Karl, vlt.,
compr. b. Vienna, Nov. 2, 1739;
d. Rothlhotta, near Neuhaus, Bo-
hemia, Oct. 24, 1799. Taught by
Konig and Ziegler and, after admis-
sion to band of Prince von Hildburg-
hausen, by Bonno and Irani;
accompanied Gluck on tour to
Italy 1761; on return defeated
Lolli; intimate with J. Haydn;
successor of Michael Haydn as
director at Pressburg, where he
wrote first opera Amore in Musica;
as capellm. at Johannisberg, set up
theatre and wrote many operas and
oratorios (Davide); on various visits
to Vienna opera Doktor und Apotheker
(only one surviving) was performed,
and in 1786 symphony on Ovid's
Metamorphoses, remarkable early
program music; real comic vein
gave him contemporary popularity;
his Autobiography pub. 1801.
Dodd, John, maker of vln. bows. b.
Stirling, 1752; d. Richmond, Surrey,
Oct. 4, 1839. Called the "English
Tourte " whose bows he equaled in
excellence, but not quite in elegance;
his bows have single fault of being
too short; unwilling to share his
secrets he would have no pupil; and
persisting in refusal to sell them died
in poorhouse; father Edward and
brother Thomas both made violins.
Doebber (ddb-ber), Johannes, compr.
b. Berlin, Mar. 28, '1866. Studied
at Stern Cons, under Radecke, Buss-
ler, and Agghazy; taught pf . Kullak's
Cons.; capellm. at Kroll's Theatre,
at Darmstadt, and at Coburg-Gotha;
composed 6 operas (Die Grille 1899,
etc.), few pf. pieces, several songs.
Doehler (dealer), Theodor, pst., compr.
b. Naples, Apr. 20, 1814; d. Florence,
Feb. 21, 1856. Studied at Naples
with J. Benedict, at Vienna with
Czerny and Sechter; pst. to Duke
of Lucca from 1831; 1836-48 made
several tours to Germany, Holland,
London, Paris, and Russia; after 1848
lived in Florence, ennobled, married
Russian countess; chief works for
pf.; etudes de concert, etudes de salon,
etc., showy but empty.
Doering (deV-ing), Carl Heinrich, pf.
teacher, b. Dresden, July 4, 1834.
Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Haupt-
mann, Plaidy, and Richter; taught
in Leipzig and Dresden Cons, since
1858; distinguished compr. and ad-
mirable teacher; composed many
valuable collections of studies and
special exercises.
Dohnanyi (don-an'-yi), Ernst von, pst.
b. Pressburg, Hungary, July 27,
1877. Educated at Gymnasium
where his father, prof, of math.,
taught him music; later studied with
C. Forstner, and, after 1894, at
Royal Hungarian Acad. of Mus. with
Thoman (pf.) and Koessler (comp.);
at Budapest symph. in F took king's
prize 1897; after few lessons from
d1 Albert de"but Berlin 1897; won
distinguished success in Germany,
Austria, England 1898, U. S. 1899,
1900; of late years living in Berlin;
has devoted more time to comp. than
performance; works include symph.,
pf. solos, pf. quintet, string quartet,
etc., which show fertility of inven-
tion and ingenuity and skill of com-
bination.
Dolby, Helen, see Sainton-Dolby, Char-
lotte Helen.
Dolores, see Dickson, Ellen.
Domrner, Arrey von, writer, b. Danzig,
Feb. 9, 1828; d. Treyse (Thuringia),
Feb. 18, 1905. After some time as
theological student, after 1851
studied at Leipzig with Richter,
lobe, and Schellenberg; taught at
Leipzig; resided in Hamburg after
1863; critic to Correspondent; with-
drew to retirement at Marburg 1889;
wrote Elemente der Musik, Handbuch
der Musikgeschichte.
DONATI
DRAGONETTI
Donati (do-na'-ti), Baldassaro, compr.
b. Venice, about 1530; d. there, June,
1603. Chorister, choirmaster, maes-
tro at St. Mark's; especially dis-
tinguished as compr. of madrigals
and motets, of which several collec-
tions are extant.
Donizetti (don-i-tset'-ti), Gaetano,
compr. b. Bergamo, Nov. 29, 1797;
d. there, Apr. 8, 1848. Father, a
weaver, wished him to be lawyer or
teacher; studied at Naples Cons,
with Mayr, and at Bologna Liceo;
to escape demands of father entered
army; composed first opera in quar-
ters at Venice; his fourth Zordide di
Granata won him exemption from
further service; after series of suc-
cessful but imitative operas, com-
posed Anna Bolena, 1830, for Pasta,
Rubini, and Lablache; Elisir d'a-
•more 1832, Lucrezia Borgia 1833, Lu-
cia di Lammermoor 1835 followed;
director Naples Cons. 1837; left
Milan angered by judgment of
censor against Poliuto; went to
Paris, where were produced La fille
du regiment, La favorita, Linda di
Chamounix, Don Pasquale; stricken
with paralysis 1845, from which he
never recovered. He wrote in all
about 67 operas, many merely imita-
tive of his contemporaries Bellini
and Rossini, some distinguished by
great originality of melody and
skilful composition of concerted
numbers; Lucia probably the most
famous and the one that is now most
often given, largely because of
famous sextet.
Dont (don), Jacob, vlt. b. Vienna, Mar.
2, 1815; d. there, Nov. 17, 1888.
Son of 'cellist Joseph Valentin (1776-
1833); pupil at Vienna Cons, of
Bohm and elder Hellmesberger;
played in orchestras and as soloist;
distinguished as teacher at Vienna
Cons, of Auer, Gregorowitch, and
others; pub. very valuable Studies
for Violin.
Door (dor), Anton, pst. b. Vienna,
June 20, 1833. Pupil of Czerny and
Sechter; successful tours in Italy and
Germany; court pst. at Stockholm
1857; teacher at Imp. Inst. Moscow
1859, at Cons. 1864; 1869 at Vienna
Cons.; now teaching in Vienna;
among pupils are Fischoff, Mottl,
Steinbach, etc.; has made valuable
editions of older works, and intro-
duced new ones.
Dorn, Eduard, see Rockel, Joseph Leo-
pold.
Dorn, Heinrich Ludwig Egmont, compr.,
writer. b, Konigsberg, Nov. 14,
1804; d. Berlin, Jan. 10, 1892. While
law student studied music at Konigs-
berg, later at Berlin with Berger
and Klein; director at Leipzig, where
he taught Schumann 1829-31; 1843
dir. at Cologne, founder of Rhein-
ische Musikschule which became
Cologne Cons.; director of Rhein-
ischeMus. Festivals; capellm. Royal
Opera Berlin 1849-69; wrote 13
operas (Die Nibelungen 1854 best
known), church music, orch. works,
etc.; edited Berliner Post, contrib-
uted to Berliner Musikzeitung, wrote
autobiog. Aus.meinem Leben,
Dowland, John, compr. b. Westmin-
ster, 1562; d. London, Apr., 1626.
Distinguished lute player; in service
of English ambassador at Paris
about 1580, became Roman Catho-
lic; Mus. Bac. Oxford 1588; left
England because of religion, traveled
in Italy and Germany; lutenist to
Christian IV of Denmark 1598; re-
turned to England 1605 and finally
in 1609; 1612 King's musician; works
1st, 2d, 3d Books of Songs of 4 parts
with Tablature for the Lute, etc., re-
ferred to by Shakespeare. Son
Robert (15987-1641?) also lutenist
and compr.
Draeseke (dra'-se-ke), Felix August
Bernhard, compr. b. Coburg, Oct. 7,
1835. Pupil of Rietz at Leipzig
Cons.; friend of Liszt and member of
" New German School " at Weimar;
teacher at Lausanne Cons. 1864-74
(with one year with Von Biilow at
Munich Cons.) ; lived in Geneva and
1884 became teacher at Dresden
Cons.; early works too radical to be
popular, but later more in classic
style, especially 3 symph., overtures
(Das Leben ein Traum), and chamber
music have won success.
Dragonetti, Domenico, double-bass play-
er. b.Venice, Apr. 7, 1763; d. London,
Apr. 16, 1846. Few lessons from
Berini, but largely self-taught; after
playing in several Italian orchestras,
DRESEL
DUKAS
went to London 1794, where he
was engaged at King's Theatre;
with Lindley, the 'cellist, his com-
panion for 52 years, played at An-
cient Concerts, Philharmonic, etc.;
played at Beethoven Festival, Bonn,
1845; friend of Haydn and acquaint-
ance of Beethoven; compr. of works
for own instr. and for the voice; re-
markable for technical virtuosity
and for depth and steadiness of tone.
Dresel (dra-sel), Otto, pst. b. Ander-
nach, 1826; d. Beverly, Mass., July
26, 1890. Pupil of Hiller at Cologne
and of Mendelssohn at Leipzig;
came to N. Y. 1848; settled in Boston
1852, where as teacher and player
he contributed very largely to the
awakened appreciation of German
music, especially works of Bach and
songs of Franz; published only a few
songs.
Dressier, Louis Raphael, compr. b.
N. Y. City, Dec. 8, 1861. (Father,
William Dressier, a composer of some
distinction.) Graduated Lyons Col-
legiate Institute, N. Y. City, 1877;
educated in music by his father, be-
ginning professional work at 16; or-
ganist and choirmaster, All Souls'
Unitarian Church; editor The World's
Best Music; composer of successful
songs, anthems; conductor of choral
societies and glee clubs; connected
with Charles H. Ditson and Co., mu-
sic publishers, New York City.
Dreyschock (dri-shok), Alexander, pst.
b. Zak, Bohemia, Oct. 15, 1818; d.
Venice, Apr. 1, 1869. Appeared in
public at 8; later pupil of Tomaschek
in Prague; from 1838-1862 tours
through Germany, Austria, Paris,
London, and Russia; 1862 prof, at
St. Petersburg Cons., director of j
Imperial School, court pst.; retired j
to Italy 1868; played chiefly his own
compositions which are not now in-
teresting; though cold as an inter-
preter he was remarkable for tech-
nical ability, esp. for facility in play-
ing octaves, and for solo work in the
left hand. His nephew Felix, pst. b.
Leipzig, Dec. 27, 1860. Son of Rai-
mund, vU. (1824-1869); studied at
Berlin Hochschule with Ehrlich, !
Taubert, and Kiel; now prof, at
Stern Cons.; successful as performer
and as compr. of pf. pieces.
Dubois (dii-bo-a), Clement Francois
Theodore, compr. b. Rosnay, Marne,
Aug. 24, 1837. After teaching at
Rheims studied at Paris Cons.
After 1853 under Marmontel, Be-
noist, Bazin, and Ambroise Thomas;
took 1st prizes in all departments and
Prix de Rome 1861; maitre de cha-
pelle at Ste. Clothilde, orgt. at Made-
leine 1877, prof, of harm, at Cons.
1871, of comp. 1891; member of
Acad. 1894, director of Cons. 1896-
1905. Numerous compositions in-
clude oratorios (Les sept paroles du
Christ, Le paradis perdu), operas
(Aben Hamet, Xaviere), songs, pf.,
and org. pieces, orch. works (over-
ture to Frithjof, etc.); music is
conscientious rather than inspired;
successful as teacher.
Ducis (du-se), Benoit [Benedictus Ducis],
compr. b. Bruges, about 1480; date
and place of death unknown. Pupil of
Josquin Depres; orgt. at Antwerp;
went to England 1515; some say
lived in Germany later, but no certain
facts; there are extant some 80 songs,
and several part-songs and motets;
not to be confounded with Bene-
dictus Appenzelders, Swiss musician
of later date.
Dufay (dii-fa), Guillaume, compr. b.
Hainault (?), about 1400; d. Cambrai,
Nov. 27, 1474. Chorister in Papal
Chapel 1428; in service of Duke of
Burgundy 1437; took holy orders,
1437 became canon at Cambrai; one of
the most distinguished of early French
contrapuntists; many of his works
(masses, motets, chansons, etc.) still
extant; also said to have introduced
white (open) notes and to have made
other changes in notation. See Stai-
ner's Dufay and his Contemporaries
for account and examples.
Duiffopruggar (dwef-fo-pru-gar), [Tief-
fenbriicker], Caspar, instrument-mak-
er, b. Freising, Bavaria, 1514; d.
Lyons, before Dec., 1571. Reputation
as first maker of violins was destroyed
by Vidal who brought proof that
instruments attributed to him were
made by Vuillaume after 1827; D.
made violas da gamba and lutes in-
laid after certain fashion.
Dukas (dii-ka), Paul, compr. b. Paris,
Oct. 1, 1865. Pupil at Paris Cons,
after 1882 of Dubois, Mathias, and
DULCKEN
Guiraud; second Prix de Rome;
musical critic of Gazette des beaux
arts and Revue hebdomadaire; works
include overtures Lear, Goetz von
Berlichingen, Polyeucte, symphony,
distinguished pf. sonata, variations,
etc.; symph. poem L'apprenti sor-
cier, ingenious orchestral scherzo,
best known work outside of France;
also opera Ariane et Barbe-bleue;
shows unusual technical ability in the
expression of ultra-modern ideas.
Dulcken (dul-ken), Ferdinand Quentin,
B?<. b. London, June 1, 1837; d.
ew York, 1902. Pupil at Leipzig
Cons, of Mendelssohn, Moscheles,
Gade, etc., and at Cologne of F.
Hiller; prof, at Warsaw Cons.;
lived in Paris and N. Y.; made
tours with distinguished artists Wien-
iawski, Vieuxtemps, Remenyi, Essi-
poff, etc.
Dunham, Henry Morton, orgt. b.
Brockton, Mass., July 27, 1853.
Pupil of J. C. D. Parker and Whit-
ing; graduated from N. E. Cons,
and Boston Univ. Coll. of Mus.;
taught in both; published Organ
School and many works for instr.;
as orgt. at Ruggles St. Ch., Shaw-
mut Ch., and Harvard St., Brookline,
has given many recitals in Boston
and elsewhere.
Dunkley, Ferdinand Luis, orgt. b.
London, July 16, 1869. Pupil of
G. A. Higgs, and at Trinity Coll.
London, under Parry, etc., at Royal
Coll.; after holding several positions
in England became teacher of mus.
at St. Agnes's School, Albany, N. Y.
and orgt. there; later moved to
New Orleans; in 1909, Vancouver,
B. C.; composed cantata, Wreck of
the Hesperus, many songs, and orch.
suite which won prize at Promenade
Concerts 1889.
Dunn, John F., vlt. b. Hull, Feb. 10,
1866. Pupil of brother; played in
theatre orch. at 11; studied at
Leipzig Cons, with Schradieck, Jad-
assohn and Richter; after concerts
in Germany, made London de"but
1882; since has played with success
throughout England.
Dunstable, John, compr. b. Dunstable,
Bedfordshire, about 1370; d. Wai-
brook, Dec. 24, 1453. Nothing
known of life, and comparatively
DUSSEK
few works extant, but referred to
by contemporaries in terms of
highest praise; an early contem-
porary of Dufay and Binchois; a
leader in their school of contra-
puntal composition, a forerunner of
Okeghem and others.
Duparc (dii-park), Henri, compr. b,
Paris, 1847. Studied for the bar,
and music with C£sar Franck;
became a disciple of Wagner's ideas;
on account of ill health retired from
active professional work; although
he wrote in the large forms he has
been most successful with his songs.
Dupont (dii-pon), Auguste, compr. b.
Ensival, near Lie"ge, Feb. 9, 1828;
d. Brussels, Dec. 17, 1890. Educated
at Li6ge Cons., toured as pst.,
taught at Brussels Cons, after 1850;
compositions slight but pleasing.
Duprez (dii-pra), Gilbert Louis, dram,
tenor, b. Paris, Dec. 6, 1806; d.
there, Sept. 23, 1896. Studied at
Choron's Inst.; d6but 1825 without
marked success; after further study
in Italy reappeared at Paris Ope"ra
1836; prof, declamation Cons. 1842
to 1850, when he founded school of
his own; retired 1855 from stage;
compositions, operas, mass, etc., of
no importance, works on singing of
great value.
Durand (dii-ron), Marie Auguste, orgt.,
publisher, b. Paris, July 18, 1830;
d. May, 1909. Pupil of Benoist;
held various organ appointments in
Paris; in partnership with Schone-
werk, and alone, published large
amount of mod. French music.
Durante (du-ran'-te) , Francesco, compr.
b. Fratta Maggiore, Naples, Mar. 15,
1684; d. Naples, Aug. 13, 1755.
Studied at Naples under Greco, and
under A. Scarlatti at Cons. San
Onofrio; director in 1718; maestro
Santa Maria di Loreto; composed
church music of " Neapolitan
School," animated and strong, rather
than inspired; had many distin-
guished pupils, Duni, Jommelli,
Sacchini, Pergolese, Paisiello.
Dussek (du'-shek), Johann Ladislaus,
compr. b. Czaslav, Bohemia, Feb.
9, 1761; d. Saint Germain-en-Laye,
Mar. 20, 1812. Educated at Jesuit
Coll., where he studied music and
DUVERNOY
EBERL
acted as orgt.; continued mus.
studies while student of theology at
Prague; orgt. at Mechlin, Amster-
dam, The Hague; after studying
with C. Ph. E. Bach won renown
as pianist; played at many Euro-
pean courts; driven from Paris by
the Revolution returned in 1808;
remarkable for his singing touch on
the pf., and in comp. for early ex-
pression of Bohemian spirit, and
for extending resources of piano
toward greater richness; important
works are largely for pf., concertos,
sonatas, fugues, etc.
Duvernoy (dti-var-no-a), Jean Baptiste,
compr., teacher, b. Paris (?), 1797 (?) ;
d. Passy, 1880. After about 1825
published large number of pf . works,
of which Weitzmann says that they
belong to a class of works which
" though easy to play sounded brill-
iant in the ears of amateurs," and
which are musically superficial.
Dvorak (dvor'-zhak), Antonin, compr.
b. Miihlhausen, Bohemia, Sept. 8,
1841; d. Prague, May 1, 1904.
Father an innkeeper wished him to
be a butcher; having learned vln.
from schoolmaster went at 16 to
Prague Org. School, where he studied
under Pitzsch, while he played vln.
in orch.; later played viola at
National Theatre; studied scores
borrowed from Smetana; 1873 comp.
hymn for male chorus which won
gov't pension; 1877 approbation of
Brahms led to hearing in Germany;
Slavonic dances 1878, Stabat Mater
1883 firmly established him; 1890
prof, at Prague Cons.; 1892-95
director of Nat'l Cons. New York;
thereafter lived and composed in
Prague. His music is marked by
strong national spirit, love of exotic
color, odd rhythms, " sudden excur-
sions in tonality," curious melodic
intervals; but it is on the whole
simple in intention, never morbid,
seldom intellectual; he composed
several symphonic poems, concerto
for vln, for pf., for 'cello, string
quartets, and five symph.; the 5th
symph. Aus der neuen Welt, quartet
Op. 96 and quintet Op. 97 are based
on themes of negro type.
Dwight, John Sullivan, critic, b. Bos-
ton, Mass., May 13, 1813; d. there,
Sept. 5,- 1893. Grad. at Harvard
1832; entered ministry 1836; mem-
ber of Brook Farm Community; after
1848 returned to Boston; one of
founders of Harv. Mus. Ass'n; 1852-
1881 edited Dwight's Journal of
Music, which published essays by
Thayer and others, criticisms and
records of awakening musical life in
America; D's taste was good, though
intolerantly classical.
Dykes, Rev. John Bacchus, compr. b.
Kingston-upon-Hull, Eng., Mar. 10,
1823; d. St. Leonard's-on-Sea, Jan.
22, 1876. Pupil of Skelton and
Walmisley; educated at Cambridge;
canon and precentor at Durham
Cath., andcondr. of mus. soc.; compr.
of some especially good hymn tunes
(Lead, Kindly Light).
E
Eames (ams), Emma, dram. sop. b.
Shanghai, China, Aug. 13, 1867, of
American parentage. Brought to
Maine at 5; taught by her mother,
by Clara Mungerin Boston 1883-86;
by Marchesi and Pluque (stage
deportment) 1886-88; although en-
gaged at Ope>a Com. in 1888 did not
make d6but until 1889 at Ope>a
where she sang 2 years; London
de"but 1891, New York same year;
since then regularly appearing in
both cities; though an indifferent
actress, lacking in emotional power,
her beautiful voice has made her
successful in an extended repertoire;
married 1891 artist Julian Story,
from whom she separated 1907.
Eberl (a-berl), Anton, pst., compr. b.
Vienna, June 13, 1766; d. there,
Mar. 15 (or 11), 1807. Lived in St.
Petersburg 1769-1800, then in Vien-
na; two operas produced 1782 and '83
made him friend of Mozart and
Gluck; concert tour with Mozart's
widow; lived and traveled in Russia
1796-1800 and 1803, and Germany;
composed other operas, chamber
music, songs, etc.; distinguished as
pst. and as compr., by contemporaries
classed very high.
ECCARD
EIBENSCHttTZ
Eccard (ek'-kard), Johannes, compr.
b. Miihlhausen, Thuringia, 1553; d.
Konigsberg, 1611. Pupil of Von
Burgk and of Orlando di Lasso;
capellm. at Konigsberg and Berlin;
eminent as compr. of sacred songs
for 4 and 5 voices, written with real
religious feeling as well as musical
skill.
Eck (ek), Franz, vlt. b. Mannheim,
1774; d. Strassburg, 1804. Pupil
of brother Johann Friedrich (1766-
1809); member of Munich Orch.;
director and solo player at St.
Petersburg court concerts; teacher
of Spohr 1802-03; insane at time of
death; powerful and skilful per-
former, but poor interpreter.
Eckert (6k'-ert), Carl Anton Florian,
compr. b. Potsdam, Dec. 7, 1820;
d. Berlin, Oct. 17, 1879. Prodigy
at 6; educated under patronage of
Forster by Rechenberg and Greulich
for pf., Botticher and Ries for vln.,
and Rungenhagen for comp.; wrote
opera at 12, oratorio at 13; studied
with Mendelssohn at Leipzig, 1839;
accompanist at Th. Italien, Paris
1851, condr. 1852; capellm. Vienna
1853, Stuttgart 1860-67, Berlin
1869; came to U. S. with Sontag;
of numerous comp. only few songs
have lasting interest; distinguished
as condr.
Eddy, Clarence, orgt. b. Greenfield,
Mass., June 23, 1851. Pupil of
J. G. Wilson, and Dudley Buck, of
Haupt and Loeschhorn in Berlin;
after tour of Europe, settled in
Chicago 1874 as orgt., director of
Hershey School of Mus. Art., condr.
Philharm. Vocal Society, etc., organ-
ist Tompkins Ave. Church, Brooklyn,
1908-1910; frequent tours in Amer-
ica and Europe; composed chiefly
for org. ; as player distinguished for
extent of repertoire.
Edwardes [or Edwards], Richard, compr.
b. Somersetshire, 1523; d. Oct. 31,
1566. Poet, playwright, scholar,
master of children at Chapel Royal,
member of Lincoln's Inn; one
madrigal, In going to my naked bed,
one of the finest extant.
Edwards, Henry Sutherland, writer, b.
Hendon, Middlesex, Sept. 5, 1829;
d. London (?), Jan. 21, 1906. Author
of History of Opera, Life of Rossini,
The Prima Donna, etc.; critic for
St. James Gazette, and special corre-
spondent abroad; works are pleas-
antly readable, but not scientifically
accurate.
Edwards, Julian, compr. b. Man-
chester, Eng., Dec. 11, 1855; d.
Yonkers, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1910.
Pupil of Oakeley and Macfarren;
1880 produced overture Corinne;
condr. Eng. Opera Co. 1883; in
N. Y. 1888; compr. of several comic
operas: Magic Kiss Boston 1894;
Brian Boru N. Y. 1896, Princess
Chic 1900, etc.
Eeden (a-den), Jean Baptiste van den,
compr. b. Ghent, Dec. 26, 1842. Pupil
at Ghent and Brussels Cons.; director
at Mons Cons. 1878; works, opera,
oratorios, Jacob van Artevelde, trilogy
Judith, etc.; also suite, songs, etc.
Ehlert (a'-lert), Louis, compr., writer.
b. Konigsberg, Jan. 23, 1825; d.
Wiesbaden, Jan. 4, 1884. Pupil of
Schumann and Mendelssohn at
Leipzig Cons.; studied at Vienna
and Berlin; condr. of Societa
Cherubini at Florence; teacher in
Tausig's school in Berlin; tutor to
princes in Meiningen; lived in
Wiesbaden; comp. symph., sonatas,
and overture; wrote Letters to a Lady
and Letters from the Tone World.
Ehrlich (ar'-lik), Alfred Heinrich, pst.,
writer, b. Vienna, Oct. 5, 1822; d.
Berlin, Dec. 29, 1899. Pupil of
Henselt and Thalberg; court pst. at
Hanover; lived in London and
Frankfort; taught at Stern Cons,
in Berlin, Dreyschock a pupil; music
critic for several journals, editor
Tausig's Studies, compr. unimpor-
tant pf. works, and author of inter-
esting books on pf. playing. [Not
the author of Celebrated Violinists and
Celebrated Pianists, who used pseud.
A. Ehrlich.]
Eibenschiitz (I-ben-sheetz), Albert, pst.
b. Berlin, Apr. 15, 1857. Pupil of
Reinecke and Paul at Leipzig Cons.;
prof. Mus. School at Charkoff,
Russia, at Leipzig Cons. 1880-84,
at Cologne 1893, at Stern Cons.
1896. Cousin Dona (b. Pesth, May
8, 1873), pst. Pupil of Mme. Schu-
mann; great favorite in London 1891-
1902, where she married.
EICHBERG
ELSENHEIMER
Eichberg (Ik-berg), Julius, vlt., compr.
b. Diisseldorf, June 13, 1824; d.
Boston, Jan. 18, 1893. Pupil of
Rietz, and, at Brussels Cons., of
F^tisand De Be>iot; prof . at Geneva
Cons.; came to N. Y. 1857; director
Museum Concerts, Boston, 1859-
1866; director Boston Cons., super-
intendent public sch. mus., founder
School for Vln.; wrote 4 operettas,
Doctor of Alcantara, The Two Cadis,
etc., chamber music, and vln. method.
Eitner (It'-ner) , Robert, editor, writer, b .
Breslau, Oct. 22, 1832; d. Berlin, Jan.
22, 1905. Pupil of Brosig; taught
Rf. in Berlin; distinguished as care-
il and accurate editor of music of
16th and 17th centuries, notably
works of Sweelinck, Publikationen
alterer praktischer und theoretischer
Musikwerke, and Quellenlexikon iiber
die Musiker und Musikgelehrten
(1899-1904).
Elgar, Sir Edward William, compr. b.
Broadheath, near Worcester, Eng.,
June 2, 1857. Son of W. H. Elgar,
orgt., vlt., and music dealer; while
a mere boy he assisted his father
at org., attended meetings of Wor-
cester Glee Club, often conducting;
few vln. lessons from Pollitzer in
London in 1877, almost only regular
instruction; as member of Three
Choirs orch., as conductor of band
at County Lunatic Asylum 1879-84,
member of Stockley's orch. at Bir-
mingham, condr. of Worcester Ama-
teur Instrumental Soc., and orgt.,
he had exceptionally wide chances
of intimate acquaintance with vari-
ous instruments; London from 1889,
in Malvern 1891-1904, when he
moved to Hereford, taught, con-
ducted, and composed; came to
America 1905 to receive degree at
Yale, 1906 to direct Gerontius at
Cincinnati; prof, of mus. Birming-
ham University, 1904-1908. Several
cantatas had been given in Wor-
cester, notice was first attracted to
him by Scenes from King Olaf 1896;
after that Imperial March, Banner
of St. George 1897, Sea Pictures and
Orch. Variations 1899 showed in
ascending scale his originality of
expression and mastery of orches-
tral resources; Dream of Gerontius
(Birmingham, 1900), his most im-
portant work up to that time, has
been criticised as lacking sublimity
and unity, and has been highly
praised for beauty of certain parts,
especially by R. Strauss and Conti-
nental critics; at 3-day Elgar Fes-
tival (London, 1904) were produced
old works, new overture In the
South and The Apostles, first given
at Birmingham 1903, first and
second parts of uncompleted trilogy,
the second part being The Kingdom;
military march Pomp and Circum-
stance has swing of real popularity;
his first symphony (1908) awakened
both favorable and unfavorable
comment.
Ella, John, vlt. b. Thirsk, Yorkshire,
Dec. 19, 1802; d. London, Oct. 2,
1888. Son of vlt., became lawyer,
but at 19 turned to music; lessons
in vln. from Ferny, in harm, from
Attwood, and comp. from F£tis in
Paris; member of orch. at King's
Theatre 1822, and of Philharmonic,
Antient Music Soc., etc. until retire-
ment 1848; 1845-1880 established
and directed morning concerts of
chamber music; 1850-59 similar
mus. winter evenings; analytical pro-
grams, written by himself, intro-
duced at these concerts were not
of his invention, but here first
attracted notice; wrote for Athe-
nceum.etc.; 1855 lecturer at London
Inst.; author of Mus. Sketches at
Home and Abroad.
Ellis, Alexander John [real name
Sharpe], writer, b. Hoxton, June 14,
1814; d. Kensington, Oct. 28, 1890.
Educated at Cambridge; at first in-
terested in philology; after mus. les-
sons under Donaldson at Edinburgh,
began extensive investigations into
scientific aspect of tones, chords,
and pitch; translated Helmholtz'
On the Sensations of Tone; contrib.
many papers to Royal Soc. and to
Mus. Ass'n; published Basis of Music,
Pronunciation in Music, Speech in
Song.
Elsenheimer (el'-sen-hlm-er), Nicholas
J., compr., teacher, b. Wiesbaden,
June, 1866. Taught by his father
and Jakobsthal; LL.D. at Heidel-
berg; came to America 1890; 1891
prof, theory and mus. lit. at Cin-
cinnati Coll. of Mus.; now living in
N. Y. ; comp. part-songs, cantatas
Valerian, Belshazzar.
ELSNER
ENGEL
Eisner, Joseph Xaver, compr. b. Grott-
kau, Silesia, June 29, 1769; d.
Warsaw, Apr. 18, 1854. Son of
carpenter and instr. maker; origin-
ally intending to be doctor; had
lessons in harm, from Forster, after
visit to Vienna in 1791 became
member of theatre orch. at Briinn,
condr. at Lemberg, and 1799 at
Warsaw, where he composed 22
operas in 20 years; 1815 founded
soc. which resulted in Cons.; works
in many styles, popular in Poland;
was the teacher of Chopin.
Elson, Louis Charles, critic, b. Boston,
Mass., Apr. 17, 1848. Pupil of
Kreissmann in singing and at Leip-
zig of Gloggner-Castelli in theory;
editor of Vox Humana, critic on
Musical Herald, mus. editor of
Boston Courier, later and until pres-
ent, of Advertiser; prof, of theory,
lecturer on orch. and history N. E.
Cons.; extremely popular as lect-
urer; author of Curiosities of Music,
Theory of Music, German Songs
and Song-writers, National Music of
America and Its Sources, History
of American Music, Elson's Music
Dictionary, etc.; most original work
has been in connection with early
Am. music; all his work is interest-
ing and readable. His son Arthur
also writer, b. Boston, Nov. 18,
1873. Studied at Boston schools,
Harvard, and Inst. of Technology;
has been teacher of textile chem-
istry in Atlanta and of drawing at
Mass. Inst. of Tech. and at New
Hampshire College; studied mus.
with father and J. K. Paine; frequent
contributor to papers and magazines;
wrote Critical Hist, of Opera, Orches-
tral Instruments, Woman's Work in
Music, Modern Composers of Europe,
and Music Club Programs from all
Nations.
Elterlein (el-ter-Hn), Ernst von [pseud,
of Ernst Gottschald], writer. b.
Elterlein, Saxony, Oct. 19, 1826. A
lawyer, author of popular analysis
of Beethoven's sonatas for pf.
Elvey, Sir George Job, compr. b. Can-
terbury, Mar. 27, 1816; d. Windles-
ham, Surrey, Dec. 9, 1893. Chorister
at Canterbury Cath.; pupil of broth-
er, Stephen, compr. (1805-1860), and
of Potter and Crotch; 1835-1882
orgt. of St. George's, Windsor; condr.
Glee and Madrigal Soc.; 1834 won
Gresham Prize; 1840 Doc. of Music;
1871 knighted; works chiefly an-
thems, The Lord is King, Sing O
Heavens, etc.
Elwart, Antoine Aimable Elie, compr.,
writer, b. Paris, Nov. 19, 1808; d.
there, Oct. 14, 1877. Chorister at St.
Eustache, ran away from apprentice-
ship and played in theatre orch.;
pupil at Cons, of F6tis and Lesueur;
Prix de Rome 1834; asst. prof, and
prof, at Cons. 1832-1872; condr.
concerts in Paris; retired 1871; com-
posed 3 oratorios, music for Alcestis,
chamber and orch. music, etc.; wrote
Duprez, sa vie, etc., treatises on
theory, and interesting records,
Histoire de la Societe des Concerts
and Histoire des Concerts populaires.
Emerson, Luther Orlando, compr.,
condr. b. Parsonfield, Mass., Aug.
3, 1820; now living (1910) at Hyde
Park, near Boston; a pioneer in
American musical work for the
masses, compr. of church music,
condr. of conventions, indefatigable
compiler of collections of songs and
hymns, The Romberg Collection, The
Wreath, etc.
Emery, Stephen Albert, teacher, b.
Paris, Maine, Oct. 4, 1841; d. Boston,
Apr. 15, 1891. After lessons from
Edwards in Portland, studied with
Plaidy, Richter, and Hauptmann at
Leipzig and with Spindler at Dres-
den; came to Boston 1866; taught
in N. E. Cons, from 1867; prof, of
harm. Bost. Univ. Coll. of Music;
asst. editor Mus. Herald; composed
some songs, wrote text-books, Studies
in Pf. Playing and Elements of Har-
mony.
Enckhausen (enk-how-sen), Heinrich
Friedrich, orgt. b. Celle, Aug. 28,
1799; d. Hanover, Jan. 15, 1885.
Pupil of Aloys Schmitt, and his
successor as court orgt. and director
of Singakademie ; composed opera
Der Savoyard; orch., church mus., pf.
mus., and book of chorals.
Engel, Carl, writer, b. Thiedenweise,
near Hanover, July 6, 1818; d.
Kensington, Eng., Nov. 17, 1882.
Studied with Enckhausen and Hum-
mel; 1846 gave pf. lessons in Man-
chester, Eng.; soon after moved to
ENGELMANN
ERNST
London; collector of books and rare
instruments; author of Music of
Most Ancient Nations, Introduction
to study of National Music, Musical
Instruments of All Countries, A Cata-
logue of Instr. in South Kensington
Museum (designed to be accomp. by
lengthy notes), Musical Myths and
Facts, etc., all accurate and at same
time readable.
Engelmann, Hans, compr. b. Berlin,
1872; father and uncle professional
musicians; began musical education
at seven, pupU of Reinecke, Loesch-
horn, Mashel, and Hermann Mohr;
received a good literary education
before coming to the United States
in 1892; located in Philadelphia
where he still lives (1910); profes-
sional work consists of teaching, con-
ducting and composing; his compo-
sitions number over 1200 pieces,
mostly intended for teaching pur-
poses; has written some successful
pieces in the salon style, notably
Forget-me-nots and Melody of Love.
Enna, August, compr. b. Nakskov,
Denmark, May 13, 1860. Almost
entirely self-taught; about 1880,
when member of small traveling
orch., composed 1st opera A Village
Tale; played for dancing and taught
in Copenhagen until in 1883 became
condr. of provincial company; some
compositions attracted attention of
Gade who helped him to study in
Germany 1888-89; after his return
opera Die Hexe met with great suc-
cess; Cleopatra was unsuccessful
until its second season; Aucassin
and Nicolette 1896 and vln. con-
certo have continued his popularity.
Epstein (ep-stln), Julius, pst., teacher,
b. Agram, Aug. 7, 1832. Pupil of
Lichtenegga, Halm, and Rufinatscha;
prof, of pf. at Vienna Cons. 1867,
Briill and Sembrich among pupils.
Daughters Rudolfine, 'cellist, and
Eugenie, vlt., toured Austria and
Germany 1876-77.
Eratosthenes (er-a-tos'-then-es), writer.
b. Cyrene, 276 B. C.; d. Alexandria,
Egypt, 195 B. C. Custodian of
Alexandria Library; wrote on mathe-
matics; Katasterismoi contains notes
on Greek music, but his work on
music is lost, except for quotations
in Ptolemy.
Erk, Ludwig Christian, compr. b.
Wetzlar, Jan. 6, 1807; d. Berlin, Nov.
25, 1883. Lessons from father Adam
Wilhelm, orgt. (1779-1820) and from
Andr£; 1826, as prof, at seminary at
Moers on Lower Rhine, started
festivals of popular and part-song
music; 1836 prof, of royal seminary,
Berlin; 1843 founded Manner gesang-
verein; 1857 director of mus.; 1877
resigned; collection Deutsche Lieder-
hort (vol. 1 Modern Folk-songs; vol. 2
those of 13-18th centuries) of great-
est value; published several other
collections.
Erkel (ar-kel), Ferencz, compr. b.
Gyula, Hungary, Nov. 7, 1810; d.
Pesth, June 15, 1893. Taught by
father; gave pf. recitals; condr. of
traveling company; 1838 of Nat'l
Theatre, Budapest; first opera Bath-
ori Maria 1840 at once success-
ful, but greatest success was Hun-
yady Laszld 1844; of later operas,
Bank Ban 1861 most popular;
founder of Philh. Concerts and prof,
of instrumentation at Nat'l Acad.;
his numerous songs, like most of his
operas, are too intensely national
in feeling to have cosmopolitan
interest.
Erlanger (ar'-lon-zha), Camille, compr.
b. Paris, May 25, 1863. Pupil at
Paris Cons, of Delibes; Prix de Rome
1888; won success with St. Julien
I'hospitalier, dram, legend 1894; Le
juif polonais opera 1900, and Le fils
de I etoile 1904, moderately success-
ful; orchestral music and some songs.
Ernst, Alfred, writer, b. Perigueux,
April 9, 1860; d. Paris, May 15,
1898. Wrote, beside many articles,
L'oeuvre dramatique de Berlioz, and
several books on Wagner, whose
theories he defended and whose
Nibelungen Ring and Meistersinger
he translated.
Ernst, Heinrich Wilhelm, vlt. b.
Briinn, Moravia, May 6, 1814; d.
Nice, Oct. 14, 1865. At Vienna
Cons, studied comp. with Seyfried,
vln. with Bohm, later with Mayseder;
on his first tour at 16 followed Paga-
nini about to learn his style; after
6 years in Paris 1832-38, he toured
throughout Europe until he settled
in London about 1850; playing re-
markable for technical ability and
ESCHMANN
FALCKE
strerfgth of tone; compositions, Ele-
gie, Carnaval de Venise, are brilliant
and difficult.
Eschmann (esh'-man), Johann Carl,
pst. b. Winterthur, Switzerland,
Apr. 12, 1826; d. Zurich, Oct. 27,
1882. Pupil of Moscheles and Men-
delssohn; teacher at Kassel and
Zurich; composed some pf. music
and valuable method Wegweiser
durch die Klavierliteratur.
Esipoff, Stepan [pseud, of Burnand,
Arthur Bransby], compr. b. Croydon,
Eng., Dec. 5, 1859. Composer of
popular vocal and instrumental
music.
Essipoff, Annette, pst. b. St. Peters-
burg, Feb. 1, 1851. Pupil at St. P.
Cons, of Wielhorski and Leschetizky;
1874 began series of successful con-
cert tours, playing in London, Paris
1875, America 1876; wife of Leschet-
izky, later divorced; 1885 pst. to
Prussian court; 1893-1908 prof, at
St. P. Cons.; playing marked by
unusual skill and artistic feeling,
sometimes exaggerated.
Este [pron. and often spelled East],
Michael, compr. Conjecturally son of
Thomas. Comp. madrigals, anthems,
duets for viols, and Ayerie Fan-
cies of four parts that may be sung
as well as played; best-known madri-
gal How Merrily We Live; retainer
of Lady Hutton; Mus. B. Cambridge
1606; master of choristers Lichfield
Cathedral.
Este [or Est or East], Thomas, printer.
Important early English publisher
and printer; greatest work Whole
Booke of Psalmes, " with tunes, in
four parts," harmonized by 10 noted
contemporaries.
Eyken (l-ken), Jan Albert van, orgt.
b. Amersfoort, Holland, Apr. 26,
1823; d. Elberfeld, Sept. 24, 1868.
Pupil at Leipzig Cons, and at Dres-
den, of Schneider; orgt. at Amster-
dam 1848-1853, when he became
orgt. and prof, in mus. school at
Rotterdam; till death at Elberfeld;
successful concert player, compr. of
excellent org. mus. and of Lucifer
(tragedy), chamber music and songs.
Faelten (fel'-ten), Carl, pst., teacher,
b. Ilmenau, Thuringia, Dec. 21, 1846.
Studied with Montag and Schoch,
chiefly learned from association with
Raff at Frankfort Cons.; after
military service in Franco-Prussian
war taught in Raff's Cons., and after
1882 at Peabody Inst. Baltimore;
1885 taught at N. E. Cons., of
which he was director 1890-1897,
when he founded school of pf. play-
ing in Boston.
Fahrbach (far-bak), Philipp, compr. b.
Vienna, Oct. 25, 1815; d. there, Mar.
31, 1885. Pupil of Lanner, condr.
of orch. of his own and of military
band; compr. of operas and popular
dance music. Son Philipp compr.
b. Vienna, 1843; d. there, Feb. 15,
1894. Bandmaster at Pesth, suc-
cessor of father in Vienna; also pro-
lific compr. of popular marches and
dance music.
Fairlamb, James Remington, compr
b. Philadelphia, Jan. 23, 1837; d. N.
Y., April, 1908. After being orgt. in
several churches studied at Paris
Cons, and in Florence; II. S. con-
sul at Zurich; orgt. in New Jersey
and New York, notably St. Ignatius';
has composed 2 operas and consider-
able sacred music.
Faisst (fist), Emmanuel Gottlob Fried-
rich, orgt. b. Esslington, Wurttem-
berg, Oct. 13, 1823; d. Stuttgart,
June 5, 1894. Taught himself org.
before 9; after studying theology
continued to work alone with Men-
delssohn's advice; 1844 settled in
Stuttgart where he gave concerts;
founded soc. for classical ch. music
and with others Cons, of which he
became director; composed cantatas,
motets, org. mus.; edited, with
Lebert, Cotta Ed. classical pf. mus.
Falcke (falk), Henri [Theodore Oscar],
pst. b. Paris, Feb. 27, 1866. Pupil
of Saint-Saens, Massenet, Dubois,
and Mathias at Paris Cons., taking
1st prize in pf.; studied also in Ger-
many; combines methods of both
countries in successful teaching, pub-
lished Ecole des arpeges, pf. pieces,
etc.
FANING
Faning, Joseph Eaton, compr. b.
Helston, Cornwall, May 20, 1850.
Pupil at Roy. Acad. of Mus., of
Bennett and Steggall; Mendelssohn
Scholarship 1873; Mus. Doc. Camb.
1900; teacher at Royal Acad. and
Guildhall School; director of mus.
at Harrow School 1885-1901; condr.
London Male Voice Club and Madri-
gal Society; composed 2 operettas,
symph., anthems, part-songs, the
popular Miller's Wooing, and the
Song of the Vikings.
Farinelli (fa-ri-nelli), [pseud, of Carlo
Broschi], singer, b. Naples, Jan. 24,
1705; d. Bologna, July 15, 1782.
Artificial soprano, taught by Por-
pora, early favorite in Naples under
name " il ragazzo "; d6but in Rome
1722 was followed by success in
other Italian cities; defeated in
contest with Bernacchi at Bologna,
he took lessons of B.; after second
visit to Vienna 1731 added to
bravura abilities those of pathetic
expression; went to England in
1734 to lend his aid to Porpora and
Senesino in their opposition to
Handel; after their victory F. re-
mained in London for 2 years win-
ning great fortune; 1736 went to
Spain where he cured Philip V of
melancholy by singing, and remained
as his pensioner; in 1759 he was
sent to Bologna where he lived in
elegant seclusion; probably the most
wonderful of all singers in the sono-
rous richness and skilful manipula-
tion of his voice.
Farmer, Henry, vlt. b. Nottingham,
Eng., May 13, 1819; d. there, June 25,
1891. Self-taught player on vln. and
org., in music business for 50 years;
orgt. and condr. of Sacred Harmonic
Soc. in Nottingham; compr. of mass
and vln. concertos, author of New
Violin School, and other methods.
Farnaby, Giles, compr. b. Truro, Corn-
wall, about 1560 (?); d., place and
date unknown, prob. after 1620.
Graduated Mus. B. Oxford 1592;
contributed to Este's Whole Booke
of Psalmes, published canzonets, and
some pieces included in Fitzwilliam
Virginal Book.
Farrar, Geraldine, sop. b. Melrose,
Mass., Feb. 28, 1882. Studied with
Mrs. J. H. Long in Boston, with
Trabadello in Paris, and Lilli Lfehmann
in Berlin; d6but Berlin Oct. 15, 1901,
followed by engagement at Royal
Opera; N. Y. debut 1906; remark-
able popularity in Berlin, continued
in N. Y. 1906-1910.
Farwell, Arthur, compr., publisher,
writer, b. St. Paul, Minn., Apr. 23,
1872. Graduated Mass. Inst. of
Technology 1893; studied with
Homer Norris in Boston and Hump-
erdinck, Pfitzner and Guilmant in
Europe; lecturer on mus. at Cornell
Univ.; founder 1901 of " Wa-Wan
Press," which aimed to issue original
American music, whether that of
Indians or of ultra-modern com-
posers; F. himself has composed
pieces on Indian themes, songs, etc.
and written many articles on Indian
music; 1909 in New York on edi-
torial staff of Musical America;
1910 music commissioner for public
parks and recreation piers, N. Y.
Fasch (fash), Carl Friedrich Christian,
compr. b. Zerbst, Nov. 18, 1736;
d. Berlin, Aug. 3, 1800. Son of
capellm. Johann Friedrich (1688-
1758); cembalist to Frederick the
Great, as C. P. E. Bach's assistant
1756 taught during Seven Years'
War; capellm. at opera 1774-76;
established choral reunions which led
to Singakademie; composed 16-part
mass, and some other works, most of
which he had burned before his death.
Faulkes, William, orgt., pst., compr. b.
Liverpool, Nov. 4, 1863. Pupil of
Wm. Dawson and of Dillon-New-
man; orgt. and teacher at Liver-
pool since 1886; composed pf. con-
certo, vln. concerto, chamber mus.,
pf. and org. pieces.
Faure (fo-ra), Gabriel Urbain, compr.
b. Pamiers, Ariege, May 12, 1845.
Pupil of Niedermeyer, Dietsch, and
Saint-Saens; orgt. at Rennes, at
several churches (finally Madeleine)
Paris; 1896 prof, counterpoint and
fugue at Cons.; director there 1905;
inspector of Beaux-Arts 1892; has
written music to several plays
(Pelleas et Melisande, Promethee),
a symphony, opera, cantata (La
Naissance de Venus), pf. pieces, and
especially beautiful songs, notably
La bonne chanson, En priere, Au
cimetiere, Les roses d'Ispahan; music
FAURE
FETIS
is distinguished for original harmonies,
and depth of expression, especially
in songs.
Faure (for'), Jean Baptiste, dram,
baritone, b. Moulins, Allier, Jan. 15,
1830. Choir boy at Madeleine under
TreVaux; pupil at Cons, of Ponchard
and Moreau-Sainti, winning 1st prize
for comic opera; sang with success at
Ope'ra Comique 1852-60, at Ope"ra
1861-76; taught at Cons. 1857-60;
after 1876 sang in concerts; published
valuable L'art du chant; his voice
was remarkable for its range, flexi-
bility, and adaptability to different
roles; composer of The Palms; mar-
ried 1859 Caroline Letebvre (b. 1828)
singer at Opera Comique.
Faustina, see Hasse, Faustina.
Favarger (fa-var-zha), Rene, compr.
b. Paris, 1815; d. Etretat, near
Havre, Aug. 3, 1868. For many
years teacher in London; compr. of
graceful and popular pf. pieces.
Fay, Amy, pst., writer, b. Bayou
Goula, Miss., May 21, 1844. Pupil
of Tausig, Kullak, Deppe, and Liszt;
related experiences with different
methods in popular Music Study in
Germany; teaching in New York.
Fayrfax, Robert, compr. b. Bayford,
Hertfordshire, 1470(7); d.St.Albans,
Feb., 1529. Mus. Doc. Cambridge
1504; gentleman of the chapel under
Henry VIII ; accounted chief musician
of time by contemporaries; composed
masses, motets, two songs, etc.
Feo (fa-o), Francesco, compr., teacher.
b. Naples, about 1685; d. after 1740
(?). Pupil and successor of Ghizzi
at Naples Cons, della Pieta; com-
posed opera L'Amor tirannico and
five others; chief importance .in
church mus., masses, etc.
Ferrabosco, Alfonso, compr. b. Bologna,
about 1525; d. Turin, May 8, 1589.
Settled in England 1562, already at-
tached to queen's service; while in
disgrace at court accused of murder-
ing musician attached to Sir Philip
Sidney; 1568 again in queen's favor;
traveled abroad, returned 1572, left
the country 1578; wrote much
admired madrigals, pieces for lute,
music for masques, etc. Son Alfonso
(1575-March, 1628) compr. of music
to Jonson's masques.
Ferrari (fer-ra-ri), Gabrielle, pst., compr.
b. Paris, pupil of Ketten in piano
and Duprato in composition; also
studied with Dubois and Gounod;
appeared in public as a virtuoso at
twelve to fourteen years of age;
her compositions consist of orchestral
suites, piano pieces and songs.
Fern, Baldassare, singer, b. Perugia,
Dec. 9, 1610; d. there, Sept. 8, 1680.
Artificial sop.; choir boy in service
of Cardinal Crescenzio at Orvieto,
and later 1665-80 of Ferdinand III
at Vienna; retired to Italy 1675;
surpassed in brilliance, endurance,
quality of tone, pathos of expres-
sion; probably greatest singer that
ever lived.
Fesca, Alexander Ernst, pst. b. Carls-
ruhe, May 22, 1820; d. Brunswick,
Feb. 22, 1849. Son of Friedrich
Ernst (1789-1826), distinguished vlt.;
pupil of Rungenhagen, Schneider,
and Taubert; concert tours 1839-40
of brilliant success; composed 4
operas, chamber mus., and songs, all
of which gave promise.
Festa, Costanzo, compr. b. Rome,
about 1490; d. there, Apr. 10, 1545.
Singer in Pontifical Chapel 1517-
1545; composed in style somewhat
like Palestrina's, motets, madrigals
(of which Down in a flow'ry vale
was long most popular in England),
Te Deum, still sung at election of
new pope.
Fetis (fa-tis'), Frangois Joseph, his-
torian, theorist, b. Mons, Belgium,
Mar. 25, 1784; d. Brussels, Mar. 26,
1871. After lessons on org. from
father, and on vln., and after preco-
cious compositions, studied at Paris
Cons, under Rey, Boieldieu, and
Pradher; 1803 in Vienna; published
symph. overture, octets, sonatas;
began study of hist, of notation,
uncompleted; revised ritual of Ro-
man church, never published; after
loss of wife's fortune orgt. and
teacher at Douai; 1821 prof, at
Paris Cons.; 1827 librarian there;
1827-1832 edited Revue musicale;
1833 director of Brussels Cons.;
music of transitory interest; wrote
useful manuals of song, pf. play-
ing, etc., classical text-book on
counterpoint and fugue, very re-
markable Biographic universelle des
FIBICH
FIORAVANTI
musiciens, Histoire generate de la
musique, Musique mise a la portee de
tout le monde, many articles and
reviews, all marred by partiality of
judgment, but all distinguished by
clearness of statement, originality
of thought and research.
Fibich (fe'-bik), Zdenko, compr. b.
Seborschitz, Bohemia, Dec. 21, 1850;
d. Prague, Oct. 10, 1900. Studied
at Vienna and Prague, composed
and conducted symph. at 14; pupil
at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles,
Richter, and Jadassohn; greatly
influenced by Schumann; studied
with V. Lachner at Mannheim;
after 1874 in Prague, teaching, con-
ducting at theatre and at Russian
church; retired 1881; wrote about
700 works, operas, chamber music,
symph. poems, songs, etc.; as nation-
al compr. less important than Sme-
tana or Dvorak.
Fiedler (fed-ler), August Max, pst.,
condr. b. Zittau, Dec. 31,. 1859.
Lessons from father; first appear-
ance at 10; won scholarship at
Leipzig Cons, where studied with
Reinecke, Paul, and Jadassohn;
1882 teacher at Hamburg Cons.,
since 1894 director; cpndr. in Ham-
burg of concerts of his own and of
Philharmonic Soc., and as guest in
St. Petersburg, Dresden, Berlin,'
London, and Italy; condr. N. Y.
Philharmonic 1904, Boston Symph.
Orch. (1908-11); has comp. symph.,
songs, pf. and chamber mus.
Field, John, pst., composer, b. Dublin,
July 26, 1782; d. Moscow, Jan. 11,
1837. Son of vlt., grandson of orgt.
who was first teacher and a merci-
lessly severe one; apprenticed to
Clementi in London, where he dis-
played pf. for sale and received pf. |
lessons; de'but London 1794; ac-
companied C. to Paris 1802, to
Germany, then to Russia where he
remained on C's return 1804, and
where he won great success as
player and teacher; 1823 similar
success at Moscow; 1832-33 toured
to London, Paris, and Italy, there
unappreciated and ill he was taken
back to Moscow by Russian family;
especially important in pf. playing
and pf. music as link between '
Clementi and Chopin; of his many \
compositions most important are
poetic, graceful Nocturnes which led
way to all later free compositions;
as performer remarkable for ful-
ness of tone, variety of expression,
and repose of manner.
Fielitz (fe-lits), Alexander von, compr.
b. Leipzig, Dec. 28, 1860. Pupil of
Kretschmer and Schulhoff ; 1886-87
condr. under Nikisch; prof, at Stern
Cons, in Berlin, and theatre condr.
at Zurich and Leipzig; for several
^ears at a Chicago conservatory;
then returned to Berlin; compr. of
two orch. suites and many songs
(cycle Eliland).
Fillmore, John Comfort, teacher, b.
New London, Conn., Feb. 4, 1843;
d. there, Aug. 15, 1898. Stud-
ied with G. W. Steele at Oberlin
Coll., and at Leipzig Cons.; director
at Oberlin, Ripon Coll., Milwaukee,
and Claremont, Cal.; author of
History of Pianoforte Music, with
biog. sketches, etc., and Study of
Omaha Indian Music; articles on
mus. history and Indian music in
Etude and Music, his researches in
which were based on personal investi-
gation for several years.
Finck, Henry Theophilus, writer, b.
Bethel, Mo., Sept. 22, 1854. Lived
in Oregon, graduated at Harvard
where he studied with Paine; went
to 1st Bayreuth festival 1876,
studied in Munich; also student
of anthropology and psychology;
author of Romantic Love and Per-
sonal Beauty, Wagner and his Works,
Chopin and Other Essays, Songs and
Song Writers, Life of Grieg, etc.;
critic for N. Y. Evening Post; his
Wagner and his Works has had great
influence in spreading cult in U. S.
Success in Music (1910) a mine of
practical suggestion to musicians.
Findeisen (fint'-I-sen), Otto, compr. b.
Brunn, 1862. Capellm. at Leipzig Th.;
compr. of successful operettas, Der
alte Dessauer 1890, Kleopatra 1897.
Fioravanti (fi-or-a-van'-ti), Valentino,
compr. b. Rome, Sept. 11, 1764;
d. Capua, June 16, 1837. Studied
under Jannaconi and Sala; first
opera produced Rome 1784; wrote
about 50 others, most popular Le
Cantatrice villane 1806 and / virtuosi
FIORILLO
FOOTE
ambulanti, Paris 1807; 1816 maestro
at St. Peter's; ch. music of poorer
quality than really original though
superficial operas.
Fiorillo (fi-o-ril'-lo) , Federigo, vlt., compr.
b. Brunswick, 1753; d., after 1823
when he was still living in Paris.
Taught by father Ignazio, Neapoli-
tan, condr. of opera; went to Po-
land 1780; 1785 played at concerts
spirituels in Paris; 1788 in London
played viola in Salomon's quartet;
after 1794 left London, lived in
Amsterdam and Paris; of many
compositions Caprices or Etudes de
violon are of great value to vlts.
Fisher, William Arms, compr. b. San
Francisco, Apr. 27, 1861. Studied
with J. P. Morgan, Horatio Parker,
Wm. Shakespeare and with Dvorak
at Nat. Cons. N. Y., where he also
taught; since 1895 living in Boston,
musical editor for Oliver Ditson
Company; compr. of attractive songs,
anthems, etc.
Flagler, Isaac Van Vleck, orgt. b.
Albany, N. Y., May 15, 1844; died
March 16, 1909. Studied under
H. W. A. Beale, Batiste in Paris,
etc.; orgt. in Poughkeepsie, Chicago,
Albany, and Auburn; orgt. and
lecturer at Chautauqua; org. teacher
and lecturer at Syracuse and Cor-
nell Univs., at Utica Cons.; pub.
pieces and collections for org.
Flemming, Friedrich Ferdinand, compr.
b. Neuhausen, Saxony, Feb.28, 1778;
d. Berlin, May 27, 1813. Practising
doctor of medicine, member of
Zelter's Liedertafel, for which he
wrote choruses, notably music to
Horace's Integer vitce.
Floersheim (fle"rs-him), Otto, compr.
b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Mar. 2, 1853.
Studied with F. Hiller at Cologne;
in N. Y. after 1875; editor Musical
Courier 1880; manager of Berlin
branch for a number of years;
compr. of pf. pieces and small orch.
works, Consolation, etc.
Floridia (flo-re'-dia), Pietro, compr.
b. Modica, Sicily, May 5, 1860.
Studied at Naples with Cesi, Serrao,
Polidori, and Rossi; comic opera
successful in 1882; toured Italy as
pst.; taught in Palermo Cons.;
dir. Bergamo Cons.; 1902 elected
dir. of Benedetto Marcello Cons.,
Venice; came to N. Y. 1904; later
teacher at Cincinnati Coll. Mus.;
opera Maruzza success at Venice
etc., 1894, La Colonia libera 1899,
Padletta, produced at Cincinnati 1910.
Composed beside pf . pieces, suite, etc.
Flotow (flo-to), Friedrich Freiherr
von, compr. b. Teutendorf, Meck-
lenburg, Apr. 27, 1812; d. Darm-
stadt, Jan. 24, 1883. Study in Paris
with Reicha begun 1827, interrupted
by July Revolution 1830; wrote
first opera Pierre et Catherine in
retirement; after return to Paris
1836 began long series of operas
produced with varying success in
Paris, Berlin, and London; with-
drew to estate near Vienna about
1868; has certain gift for tuneful
melody, but lacks originality of
rhythm and skill in orchestration;
Martha and Alessandro Stradella
only operas which have lived; are
both revised from earlier versions.
Foerster (fe>s-ter), Adolf Martin,
teacher, compr. b. Pittsburg, Pa.,
Feb. 2, 1854. Taught by his mother
and at Leipzig Cons, by Richter,
Papperitz, Grill, etc.; after teaching
at Fort Wayne, Ind., settled in Pitts-
burg as teacher of singing and
compr.; compr. occasional music
(Festival overture, Dedication march),
orch. music, songs, etc.
Foerster (fe>ster), Alban, compr. b.
Reichenbach, Ger.,Oct. 23, 1849. Pu-
pil at Dresden Cons., dir. Singakad-
emie at Neustrelitz; 1881 teacher
and dir. at Dresden; 1903 prof, and
court capellm.at Dessau; composed
chamber music, instructive pf. works
and 3 operas.
Foley, Allan James [known as Foli],
bass. b. Cahir, Tipperary, Ireland,
Aug. 7, 1835; d. Southport, Eng.,
Oct. 20, 1899. Lived in Hartford,
Conn., as boy; pupil of Bisaccia at
Naples; after de"but at Catania
1862 played in Turin, Milan, Paris,
and London, where he continued
for several seasons after 1865; sang
also in America, South Africa, Russia,
etc.; also successful in concerts; voice
of unusual range and power.
Foote, Arthur William, compr. b.
Salem, Mass., Mar. 5, 1853. Pupil
of B. J. Lang, S. A. Emery, and J.
K. Paine; graduated at Harvard
FORCHHAMMER
FOX
1875; 1878-1910 orgt. in Boston;
composed symphonic poem Fran-
cesco, da Rimini, cantatas Wreck of
the Hesperus, Skeleton in Armor,
chamber music; lacking in directness
and dramatic force necessary for
larger works, he has shown great
skill in composition and grace and
ease of melody in orchestral suite in
D minor, in string quartet, pf . quin-
tet, and in songs, notably some set-
tings of Shakesperean words; has
also had wide influence on mus. cul-
ture in Boston as a teacher, and as
president of Cecilia Society; influ-
ence always tending toward a sober,
intelligent classicism.
Forchhammer (fork-ham-mer), The-
ophil, orgt. b. Schiers, Gray Cantons,
July 29, 1847. Pupil at Stuttgart
Cons.; orgt. at Magdeburg; compr.
of org. mus.; author of Fuhrer durch
die Orgel-Ltteratur.
Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, writer, b.
Meeder, near Coburg, Feb. 22, 1749;
d. Gottingen, Mar. 17, 1818. Son
of shoemaker; chorister at Liineberg;
chorprafect at Schwerin; began to
study law at Gottingen, but became
orgt. and mus. director of Univ.;
works on theory and history of
music not always accurate and large-
ly out-of-date; his AUgemeine Liter a-
tur der Mus., and his Ueber Joh. Seb.
Bach's Leben, Kunst und Kunst-
werke are interesting as the first of
their respective classes.
Formes (for'-mes), Karl Johann, boss.
b. Mulheim-pn-Rhine, Aug. 7, 1816;
d. San Francisco, Dec. 15, 1889. Son
of sexton, member of choir; sang at
concerts for Cathedral fund at
Cologne 1841, where he made oper-
atic delmt 1841; sang at Mannheim,
London 1852-57; in America 1857;
then alternating between continents;
Berlin 1874; remarkable voice and
good presence apparently were not
developed to the highest point possi-
ble. Brother Theodor, tenor (1826-
1874), also successful singer in Ger-
many, came with K. J. to America.
Foster, Muriel, contralto, b. Sunder-
land, Eng., Nov. 22, 1877. Pupil of
Anna Williams at Royal Coll. of
Mus. 1896-1900; winning prizes and
scholarship; since d6but at Bradford
1896 has gained increasing popularity
at English concerts and festivals;
girt of Angel in Dream of Gerontius
usseldorf 1902, and London 1903;
has toured in Germany 1902, Canada
and U. S. 1904.
Foster, Myles Birket, orgt., compr. b.
London, Nov. 29, 1851. Son of artist
Birket; after being articled to Hamil-
ton Clarke was pupil at Roy. Acad.
of Mus. of Sullivan, Prout, and
Horton (org.); various org. appoint-
ments in London; mus. editor to
Boosey, publisher; composed symph.,
cantatas for children, Cinderella,
Beauty and the Beast; songs, a service
and about 40 anthems; author of
Anthems and Anthem Composers.
Foster, Stephen Collins, compr. b.
near Pittsburg, July 4, 1826; d. New
York, Jan. 13, 1864. Student at
Athens Acad., Pa., and Jefferson
Coll., but his own mus. teacher;
learned to play flageolet at 7; comp.
waltz at 14, published Open thy Lat-
tice, Love 1842; between 1845-1864
he wrote about 175 songs, almost all
to words of his own; many of these
were introduced to public at " min-
strel shows "; Old Uncle Ned, Mas-
sa's in the cold, cold ground, Ellen
Boyne (tune to which was set John
Brown's body), The Old Folks at
Home (or Swanee River) are few of
best known; his songs have so largely
the simple pathetic melodies of real
folk-song that his frequent use of the
negro dialect has led to an assertion
that he borrowed his tunes from
negroes.
Fox, Felix, pst. b. Breslau, May 25,
1876. Began study of music at an
early age; family moved to Boston,
U. S. A., in 1881; returned to Ger-
many for study in 1892, at Leipzig
Cons, under Jadassohn and Reinecke;
received Helbig Prize on graduation
when he performed Widor's F minor
concerto; later spent two years in
Paris with Philipp where he appeared
in various concerts and played for
the first time in Paris. MacDowell's
Sonata Tragica; after he returned to
U. S. in 1897 made concert tour sea-
son 1897-98; located in Boston as
teacher and pianist, playing recitals
in various cities; 1898 with Carlo
Buonamici organized the Fox-Buo-
namici Piano School in Boston.
FRANCHETTI
FRESCOBALDI
Franchetti (fran-ket'-ti), Alberto, Ba-
ron, compr. b. Turin, Sept. 18, 1860.
Pupil of Coccon and Magi, of Drae-
seke at Dresden, and at Munich
Cons.; though skilful in orchestra-
tion and brilliant handling of spec-
tacular scenes, owes presentation
of operas largely to means and posi-
tion [Grove]; composed symph. and
operas, Asraele 1888, Germania 1902.
Franck, Cesar (sa-zar' fron), Auguste,
compr. b. Liege, Dec. 10, 1822; d.
Paris, Nov. 8, 1890. Studied at
Lie"ge Cons.; gave concerts at 11; at
Paris Cons. 1835-1842 under Zim-
mermann on pf., Berton comp.,
Benoist org.; took prizes in all but
was prevented by father from com-
peting for Prix de Rome; taught in
Brussels 1842^44, then in Paris
where he became orgt. at Ste. Clo-
thilde in 1857 and teacher of org. at
Cons, in 1872; his works include
operas Hulda, Ghiselle; oratorios
Ruth et Boaz, La redemption, Les
beatitudes; symph. poems Psyche
(with chorus), Les Bolides, Le chas-
seur maudit, Les Djinns (for pf . and
orch.), symph. in D min., chamber
music, notably sonata for vln. and pf .,
and quintet for pf. and strings; pf.
mus., two operas, and songs. Little
appreciated during his life, he lived
quietly in Paris delighting in his hard
work, his org. playing, and his classes
in org. and comp. where he taught
most of the noteworthy members
of the present generation, — d'Indy,
Chausson, Ropartz, Holmes, and
others. His compositions are dis-
tinguished for simplicity of spirit
and absolute sincerity of expression;
for the utterance of a calm, strong,
uplifting, resigned philosophy; his
org. music breathes lofty mysticism,
his chamber music is of almost or-
chestral richness; technically the
qualities of his style are abundance
of melody, richness and originality
of harmony, architectural dignity
of rhythm ; its defects are monotony,
occasional too great length. (See im-
portant life by his pupil, d'Indy.)
Franck, Melchior, compr. b. Zittau,
about 1573; d. Coburg, June 1, 1639.
Lived in Augsburg 1601, Nuremberg
1602, capellm. to Duke of Coburg
after 1603; composed sacred and
secular songs, now mostly unknown;
paid special attention to instrumental
accomp. of his songs, which prede-
cessors had neglected; extraordi-
narily prolific, with great influence
on contemporaries.
Franco, early writer on mus., commen-
tator on and possibly inventor of
time-table in music; for statement
of arguments for and against the
existence of three of the name and
identity of any one with philosopher
of llth century see Grove and articles
there referred to.
Franz (frantz), Robert, compr. b.
Halle, June 28, 1815; d. there, Oct.
24, 1892. Son of Christoph Franz
Knauth (surname dropped with
royal permission in 1847); learned
pf. ana org. playing in secret, against
wishes of parents who grudgingly
permitted him to have instruction
from Schneider in Dessau 1835-37;
on return to Halle, enforced leisure
was spent in profitable study of Bach,
Handel, etc.; 1st set of 12 songs, pub.
1843, won praise from Schumann,
Mendelssohn, and Liszt; received
various appointments at Halle, orgt.,
condr. of Singakademie, mus. air.
at Univ. ; deafness which had begun
in 1841 and nervous disorders dating
from 1858 forced him into retirement
in 1868; his pecuniary needs were
relieved by fund from concerts given
in Germany by Helene Magnus,
Joachim, Liszt, etc., and in America
by Lang, Dresel, etc.; wrote some
articles and arranged accomp. for
much of Bach and Handel; pre-
eminent as compr. of songs, of which
he wrote about 350, remarkable
for unswerving fidelity to meaning
and text of poems, and extraordinary
variety of expression, from simplic-
ity and tender pathos to romantic
suggestions of subtler moods.
Frescobaldi, Girolamo, orgt., compr. b.
Ferrara (baptized Sept. 9), 1583;
d. Rome, Mar. 2, 1644. While youth-
ful chorister under Luzzaschi was
known as singer and orgt. ; at
Mechlin 1607; at Antwerp 1608,
where he published collection of mad-
rigals; orgt. at St. Peter's in Rome
after 1608 except period 1628-33
when he was court orgt. at Florence;
Froberger a pupil 1637-41; his
works, madrigals and toccatas, etc.,
for org. are of great value foi
FREY
FUX
" daring innovations in harmony, new
developments in fugal form, and
improvements in notation." [Baker.]
Frey (fri), Adolph, compr., pst. b.
Landau, Rheinfahr, Germany, Apr.
4, 1865. Graduated at Stuttgart;
studied with Mme. Schumann,
Brahms, and Faisst; mus. teacher
and accompanist to Prince Alexan-
der Friedrich of Hesse; prof, of music
at Syracuse University, N. Y.
Friedheim (fred'-hlm), Arthur, pst. b.
St. Petersburg, Oct. 26, 1859. Early
completed university education; di-
rected theatre orch. in Dresden;
attracted attention of Liszt, whom
he followed to Weimar, Rome, and
Naples; successful career as pst.
throughout Europe; in America 1891 ;
teacher Chicago Coll. Mus. 1897;
now living in Munich.
Fries (frez), Wulf Christian Julius, 'cel-
list, b. Garbeck, Holstein, Germany,
Jan. 10, 1825; d. Roxbury (Boston),
Mass., Apr. 29, 1902. Taught him-
self; played in theatre orch. in Bergen
after 1842; also at Ole Bull's concerts ;
came to Boston 1847; 1847-1870
member of Mendelssohn Quintet
Club, with A. Fries, Gerloff, Leh-
mann, and Greiner; also member of
Mus. Fund Orch. and Harvard Mus.
Ass'n; played with Rubinstein 1873;
after about that year ceased exten-
sive traveling, but continued to play
in public at intervals up to 1901.
Froberger, Johann Jakob, orgt. b.
Halle, 1605(7); d. Hericourt, Haute-
Saone, France, May 7, 1667. Court
orgt. to Ferdinand III at Vienna
1637-1657, except 1637^11 when he
was studying with Frescobaldi at
Rome; visited London 1662; at last
in service of Duchess of Wurttem-
berg on her French estates; wrote
many toccatas, etc., for org.
Frost, Charles Joseph, orgt. b. West-
bury-on-Trym, Eng., June 20, 1848.
Pupil of father, Cooper, Goss, and
Steggall; several positions as orgt.;
Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1882; teacher
at Guildhall School; composed can-
tata By the Waters of Babylon, Festi-
val Te Deum, org. music, etc.
Frugatta (fru-gat'-ta), Giuseppe, pst.
b. Bergamo, May 26, 1860. Pupil
of Bazzini and Andreoli at Milan
Cons.; prof, there and at Collegio
reale; pst. of considerable fame and
compr. of chamber mus. which has
won prizes in Milan and in London;
also of pf. works, Croquis poetiques,
Pastels, etc.
Fry, William Henry, compr. b. Phila-
delphia, Aug. 10, 1813; d. Santa
Cruz, Sept. 21, 1864. Son of pub-
lisher; pupil of Meignen; began to
compose early, and in 1845 produced
first American opera Leonora, after-
ward given in N. Y. 1858; also wrote
symphonies, cantatas, and 2d opera
Notre Dame de Paris 1863; chiefly
notable for influence on musical
taste in America; as foreign corre-
spondent and musical editor of N. Y.
Tribune and as lecturer.
Fuchs (fooks), Karl Dorius Johann,
pst., critic, b. Potsdam, Oct. 22,
1838. Pupil of father, Von Billow,
Weitzmann, and Kiel; 1871-75 living
at Berlin; 1875-79 at Hirschberg;
after 1879 condr. of Gesangverein at
Danzig; orgt. and teacher; author
of several works, chiefly with Rie-
mann of Praktische Anleitung zum
Phrasieren 1886 (N. Y. 1892) ; as per-
former of great intellectual inten-
sity, with breadth of phrasing.
Fuchs, Robert, compr. b. Frauenthal,
Feb. 15, 1847. Brother of Johann
Nepomuk (1842-1899), dir.; pupil
and prof, since 1875 at Vienna Cons.;
composed 2 operas, pf. concerto,
trios, etc., but especially 5 serenades
for string orch. widely popular.
Fursch-Madi (fursh-madi) .Emmy, dram,
sop. b. Bayonne, France, 1847; d.
Warrenville, N. J., Sept. 20, 1894.
Pupil at Paris Cons.; sang in Paris,
created Alda in Brussels; visited
America 1874, London 1879; later
seasons in New York.
Fux (fooks), Johann Joseph, theorist.
b. Hirtenfefd, Upper Styria, 1660;
d. Vienna, Feb. 13, 1741. Nothing
is known of his early life or studies;
after 1696 he held various positions as
orgt. and capellm. in Vienna; wrote
operas and not very original church
music much of which not published;
chief works a re Gradus ad Parnassum,
dialogue on theory and practice of
composition, studied and followed
by many distinguished successors,
and Missa canonica, and an o cappetta
mass, containing all kinds of canons.
GABRIEL
GADSKI
Gabriel [Mary Ann], Virginia, compr.
b. Banstead, Surrey, Feb. 7, 1825;
d. London, Aug. 7, 1877. Pupil of
Thalberg and Molique; composed
cantata Evangeline, several operas,
Widows Bewitched, Who's the Heir?
etc.; and many songs; married
1874 G. E. March who wrote many
of her librettos.
Gabrieli (gab-ri-a'-li), Andrea, compr.
b. Venice, about 1510; d. there,
1586. Pupil of Willaert, chorister
and later 2d orgt. at St. Mark's;
teacher of his nephew, Giovanni,
Hasler, and Sweelinck; of great
fame in Germany and Netherlands
as well as in Italy; composed
Cantiones Sacrae, Psalmi Poeni-
tentiales, masses, ricercari, etc., for
org.
Gabrieli, Giovanni, compr. b. Venice,
1557; d. there, Aug. 12, 1612 or 1613.
Pupil of his uncle and 1st orgt. of
St. Mark's; teacher of Schiitz and
Michael Praetorius; unusual contra-
puntal skill is shown in motets of
16 and 19 parts; difficulty of parts
suggests that they were to be played
rather than sung [Grove]; especially
remarkable for handling of two or
more choirs of voices in dialogue
form, and for variety of accom-
paniment.
Gabrilovitch (ga-bril-o'-vitch), Ossip
Salomonovitch, pst. b. St. Peters-
burg, [Jan. 26] Feb. 7, 1878. After
first pf . lessons from brother, studied
under Tolstoff at St. Petersburg
Cons., where he was advised and
superintended by Rubinstein; won
Rubinstein Prize 1894; studied with
Leschetizky and Navratil at Vienna;
since 1898 has had successful career
as virtuoso, playing in America 1900,
1901, 1902, 1903, and every year
since 1906; has published some
small pf. works. Married, 1909,
Clara Clemens (daughter of " Mark
Twain"), concert singer.
Gabussi (ga-boos'-si), Vincenzo, compr.
b. Bologna, 1800; d. London, Sept.
12, 1846. Pupil of Mattei; pro-
duced 3 operas without great success,
one, Ernani, Paris 1841; 1825-1840
taught singing in London; chiefly
known for vocal duets.
Gade (ga-da), Niels Wilhelm, compr.
b. Copenhagen, Feb. 22, 1817; d.
there, Dec. 21, 1890. Refused to
follow father's trade of instrument-
maker; after study under Wexschall,
Berggreen and Weyse, became vlt.
in royal orch. at Copenhagen, where
he gained much from practical
experience; Ossian overture, on
approval of Spohr and Schneider,
won prize 1841 and royal stipend for
travel; except for trip to Italy,
G. lived in Leipzig 1842-48, as
friend of Schumann and Mendels-
sohn; assistant and successor 1847
of latter as condr. at Gewandhaus;
after 1848 lived in Copenhagen as
orgt., condr. of Musikverein, court
capellm., prof.; though somewhat
influenced by his friends the German
romanticists, G's music has some
originality, and a Scandinavian flavor
of its own; he was the precursor of
composers who have more definitely
brought out that flavor and the one
who aroused international interest in
Northern music. He wrote 8 symph.,
many part-songs, and cantatas Com-
ala, Erlkonigs Tochter, etc.
Gadsby, Henry Robert, compr. b.
Hackney, London, Dec. 15, 1842;
d. Putney, Nov. 11, 1907. Instruc-
tion received as member of St.
Paul's choir from W. Bayley all he
had; orgt. at Brockley; prof, of
harmony at Queen's Coll., London,
prof, at Guildhall, member of Philh.
Soc.; composed many cantatas, The
Lord of the Isles, etc., part-songs, etc.
Gadski, Johanna [Emilia Agnes], dram,
sop. b. Anclam, Pomerania, June 15,
1871. Pupil of Schroeder-Chaloupa;
de"but Berlin 1889, followed by
engagements in Berlin, Mayence,
Bremen, concerts in Holland; Amer-
ican season with Walter Damrosch
1895, subsequent seasons at Metro-
politan, London after 1899; 1899
at Bayreuth; married H. Tauscher,
1892.
GAFORIO
GANZ
Gaforio (ga-fo'-rio), [sometimes spelled
Gafori, Gafuri, etc.], Franchino, theor-
ist, b. Lodi, Jan. 14, 1451 ; d. Milan,
June 24, 1522. Lived in many Italian
cities, Mantua, Verona, Naples
(whence he was driven by plague),
finally at Milan, where he was singer
and master of boys in cath., first
singer in choir of Ludovico Sforza,
founder of music-school; writings
on theory valuable at time, histor-
ically interesting for evidence in
contest between schools of Milan
and Bologna.
Gagliano (gal-yi-a'no), Marco da,
compr. b. Gagliano, near Florence,
about 1575; d. there, Feb. 24, 1642.
From father's name called Marco di
Zanobia, but family name really
quite unknown. Pupil of Bati,
became maestro at S. Lorenzo; 1607
founder of Accademia degV elevati
in Florence; his opera Dafne,
performed Mantua 1607, an early
example of effort toward dramatic
expression in music; wrote responses
for Holy Week, madrigals, etc.
Galilei (ga-li-la'-i), Vincenzo, writer.
b. Florence, about 1533; d. there,
about 1600. Father of Galileo G.,
the astronomer; distinguished lute-
player, vlt.; one of those who dis-
cussed revival of Greek dramatic
theories at house of Count Bardi in
Florence; said to be one of first who
composed music for single voice
with instr., — experiment which led
to opera; wrote discourses chiefly
directed against his former teacher,
Zarlino, and his theories about the
scale and tuning of lutes.
Galin (ga-lan), Pierre, theorist, b.
Samatan, Gers, P>ance, 1786; d.
Bordeaux, Aug. 31, 1821. Teacher
of mathematics at Bordeaux, who
invented Meloplaste, method of
teaching sight-reading adopted by
Galin-Paris-Chev6 system; it con-
sists in referring all notes to the
tonic (" movable do " principle), and
in using figures to represent the
various notes of the scale.
Gallico (gal'-le-co), Paolo, pst. b.
Trieste, May 13, 1868. Debut with
recital at 15; a pupil at Vienna Cons.
of Epstein, won several prizes; after
success on Continent settled in N. Y.
1892, as teacher.
Galuppi (ga-loop'-pi), Baldassare [called
II Buranello], compr. b. Burano, near
Venice, Oct. 18, 1706; d. Venice,
Jan. 3, 1785. First lessons from his
father; after failure of an opera,
studied under Lotti; 1741 visited
England, went twice to St. Peters-
burg; was maestro at St. Mark's,
director of Cons., and orgt. besides
compr. of some 74 operas, many
written to librettos by Goldoni, all
quite obsolete; composed also for
harpsichord. (Poem by R. Browning
does not refer to any particular
toccata.)
Gand (gan), Charles Nicholas Eugene,
vln.-maker. b. Paris, June 5, 1825;
d. Boulogne-sur-Seine, Feb. 5, 1892.
Son of Charles Frangois, eminent
maker and remarkable repairer of
vlns.; pupil in vln. "playing of
Baillot at Cons., 1st prize 1839;
partner of his brother Charles
Adolphe and after C. A's death of
Bernardel brothers; among most
distinguished of modern makers;
keen knowledge of old instr.
Ganne (gan), Gustave Louis, compr.
b. Buxieres-les-Mines?, Allier, France,
Apr. 5, 1862. Pupil at Paris Cons,
of Dubois and Franck; condr. orch.
Nouveau Theatre Paris; compr. of
waltzes, marches, songs, ballets, comic
operas Rabelais, Les saUimbanques,
Hans, the Flute-player.
Gansbacher (gens'-bak-er), Johann
Baptist, compr. b. Sterzing, Tyrol,
May 8, 1778; d. Vienna, July 13,
1844. Studied under Albrechts-
berger, and under Vogler at Vienna
and Darmstadt, where Meyerbeer
and Weber were companions; after
wandering life as soldier part of
time, capellm. in Vienna 1823; com-
posed 216 works, masses, offertories,
marches, serenades, etc.; only few
published.
Gantvoort (gant'-vort), Arnold J.,
teacher, b. Amsterdam, Dec. 6, 1857.
Came to U. S. 1876; taught in
various places; 1894 head of normal
dept. for public school music teachers,
Cincinnati Coll. of Mus.; has pub-
lished public school readers.
Ganz (gans), Rudolf, pst. b. Zurich,
1877. First appearance as 'cellist at
10; began study of pf. at 16 with
GANZ
GASPARO DA SAL6
uncle, Eschmann-Dumur; later stud-
ied pf. and comp. with Busoni, at
one of whose concerts he appeared
as soloist and compr. 1899; 1901-
1905 taught in Chicago; resigned
to lead virtuoso life.
Ganz, Wilhelm, pst. b. Mayence,
Nov. 6, 1833. Son of chorusmaster
at theatre in London, where he
settled in 1850; pupil of Eckert,
Anschiitz, etc.; after 1856 accom-
panist for Jenny Lind and for many
other prominent singers; 2d vln.,
joint condr. at Wylde's New Phil-
harmonic Soc. Concerts, continued
1880-83 as Ganz's Orch. Concerts
where many works were first per-
formed; prof, of singing at Guildhall
School of Music.
Garat (ga-ra), Pierre Jean, singer, b.
Ustaritz, Apr. 25, 1764; d. Paris,
Mar. 1, 1823. Pupil of Beck at
Bordeaux; studied law at Univ. of
Paris, but abandoned it; private
secretary to Count of Artois, favorite
of Marie Antoinette; after Revolu-
tion sang at concerts Feydeau;
prof, of singing at Cons, after 1799;
taught Roland, Nourrit, and Mile.
Duchamp whom he married; his
remarkable voice included both
tenor and baritone registers; prodig-
ious memory on which he chiefly
relied rather than on knowledge.
Garcia (gar-si' -a or gar-the'-a), Manuel
del Popolo Vicente, singer [real name
Rodriguez]. b. Seville, Jan. 21,
1775; d. Paris, June 9, 1832.
Cathedral chorister, pupil of Ripa
and Almarcha; known as singer,
condr. and compr. at 17; great
success in Paris 1808-1811; 1811-
1816 in Naples, singer in Murat's
chapel, profiting by advice from
Anzani, composing, singing in Ros-
sini's operas (part of Almaviva was
written for him); 1816 in Paris,
until Catalani's mismanagement
drove him in 1817 to London; 1819-
24 again in Paris, then again in
London until 1825 when he brought
family and troupe to N. Y., where
they gave Italian operas with great
success; after short season in Mex-
ico, of the profits of which they were
robbed, returned to Paris, where
G. continued to compose and teach;
his own children Marie [see Malibran ]
and Pauline [see Viardot-Garcia],
Nourrit, Rimbault among pupils;
of his 43 operas none is remembered.
His son, Manuel Garcia [Patricio
Rodriguez], teacher, b. Madrid, Mar.
17, 1805; d. London, July 1, 1906.
After lessons from his father and
F6tis, went to N. Y. as bass in
father's troupe; 1829 taught in
Paris, among his pupils were Jenny
Lind, Henriette Nissen, Catherine
Hayes, Mme. Marchesi, Santley,
Son tag; invented laryngoscope;
wrote Memoire sur la voix humaine;
taught at Paris Cons. 1842; leave
of absence 1849, resigned 1850;
1848 teacher at Royal Acad. Lon-
don, where he remained until 1895;
hundredth birthday celebrated with
international compliment.
Garden, Mary, dram. sop. b. Aberdeen,
'Scotland, Feb. 20, 1877. Came to
Chicago very young; pupil of Mrs.
Duff, of Bangor, Me.; coached by
Trabadello and Fugere at Paris;
d6but at Op£ra Comique in Char-
pentier's Louise, 1900, led to engage-
ment; created Melisande and other
parts; one of few foreign singers
really accepted by French audiences;
N. Y. debut Manhattan Opera, 1908,
reengaged 1909-10.
Garlandia, Johannes de, writer, b.
England, or Ireland, about 1190.
Studied at Oxford and Paris; 1218-
1232 at Toulouse; after 1229 at
Univ.; still living in Paris 1245;
poet and grammarian as well as
author of treatises on mus. theory
and notation, printed in Cousse-
maker's Scriptores.
Garrett, George Mursell, compr. b.
Winchester, Eng., June 8, 1834; d.
Cambridge, Apr. 8, 1897. Pupil of
Elvey and Wesley; orgt. at Madras
1854-1856; 1857 at St. John's Coll.
Camb.; 1873 orgt. to Univ.; Univ.
lecturer and examiner; condr. St.
John's Mus. Soc.; composed ora-
torio Shunammite and distinguished
church services.
Gasparo da Salo (gas-pa'-ro-da-sa-lo'),
[family name Bertolotti], vln.-maker.
b. Salo, province of Brescia, about
1542; d. Brescia, April 14, 1609.
After about 1563 gained renown at
Brescia as maker of viols, viola da
gambas, and contrabasses; said to
GASTALDON
G£DALGE
have modernized form of vln. by
giving / holes present shape, etc.;
vlns. of his make not remarkable.
Gastaldon (gas-tal'don), Stanislas, com-
pr. b. Turin, Apr. 7, 1861. Has
published since early youth great
number of popular pf. pieces, fan-
tasias, etc.; composed one-act opera
Le Pater 1894.
Gatty, Sir Alfred Scott, compr. b.
Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, Apr. 25, 1847.
Son of vicar; studied at Cambridge;
poursuivant of arms, Herald's Col-
lege, London, 1880; composed 2
operettas, Sanford and Merlon's
Christmas Party, Not at Home, songs
and books for children, many other
songs and pf. pieces.
Gaul, Alfred Robert, compr. b. Nor-
wich, Eng., Apr. 30, 1837. Choris-
ter in Cath., then articled to Dr.
Buck; various appointments as orgt.;
condr. Walsall Philh. Soc.; teacher
of harmony at Birmingham and
Midland Inst.; works include can-
tatas Hezekiah, Ruth, many psalms
and tunes of popular sentimentality;
The Holy City best known work.
Gauntlett, Henry John, orgt. b. Wel-
lington, Shropshire, July 9, 1805; d.
Kensington, London, Feb. 21, 1876.
Though showing early aptitude for
music (was orgt. in his father's
church at 9) he became lawyer and
practised until about 1842, holding
various positions as orgt. at same
time; brought about introduction of
C organ in Eng., instead of old F
and G instruments; drew attention
to Gregorian music; compiled many
collections of psalm-tunes, composed
favorite hymn-tunes.
Gavinies (ga-vi-ne-az'), Pierre, vlt. b.
Bordeaux, May 11, 1728; d. Paris,
Sept. 9, 1800. Appeared in Paris
1741 at Concerts spirituels; directed
them 1773-77; teacher at Cons, after
1795; called French Tartini; although
probably inferior to T. in originality
and. ability, yet G. had great influ-
ence, as result of virtuosity, in found-
ing French school; composed 24 Mati-
nees, difficult and interesting studies,
also other vln. works and one opera.
Gayarre (ga-yar-ra), Julian, dram,
tenor, b. Roncal or Pampeluna, Jan.
9, 1844; d. Madrid, Jan. 2, 1890.
Son of blacksmith, educated by
Eslava at Madrid Cons.; de"but at
Varese followed by engagements in
Rome, Milan, Vienna, St. Peters-
burg, South America, and London
(1877-1881), and in Madrid, where
he founded a school of singing for
poor youths.
Gaynor, Mrs. Jessie L., compr. b. St.
Louis, Mo., Feb. 17, 1863. Early pf.
lessons from Mrs. Ralston, later
theory and pf. from Maas, and
theory with C. B. Cady, A. J. Good-
rich, and A. Weidig; also had vocal
lessons with J. D. Mehan, and Ida
Lurig in Berlin; taught in Iowa
City, in Chicago, and at school of
her own in St. Joseph, Mo., where
she now lives (1910); composed a
great number of songs and pf. pieces;
though she has written some songs
for adults (Album of Rose Songs), her
specialty is works for children and
about them; beside many single
songs (Discontented Duckling, etc.)
she has written a Mother Goose
operetta The House that Jack Built,
and has had share in many collec-
tions, Songs of the Child World,
Melody Pictures for Little Players,
Lilts and Lyrics for Kindergarten, etc.
Gebhard, Heinrich, pst. b. Germany,
1878. Studied with a local bandman,
moved to the U. S. 1888, the family
locating in Boston, where he became
a pupil of Clayton Johns in piano
playing, theory, and composition;
later studied four years in Vienna
with Leschetizky; began his profes-
sional career in Boston in 1900; since
then has played with the leading
orchestras and chamber music organ-
izations, and is considered one of the
foremost American pianists; while
he presents excellent interpretations
of the classics he is especially inter-
ested in the works of modern com-
posers, such as Strauss, Faure",
D'Indy, Franck, Loeffler and Con-
verse; his compositions include a
string quartet, a sonata for violin
and piano (performed at Vienna),
and a number of piano pieces.
Gedalge (zha-dalzhe'), Andre, compr.
b. Paris, Dec. 27, 1856. Pupil at
Cons, of Guiraud; 2d Prix de Rome
1886; composed several successful
operas, Le petit Savoyard, etc., 2
symph., pf. concerto, and Traite de
fugue.
GEIBEL
Geibel (gl-bel), Adam, compr., orgt.
b. Neuenhein, near Frankfort, Ger-
many, Sept. 15, 1855. Became blind
in infancy; came to America 1862;
studied at Penna. Inst. for the Blind
until 1874, chiefly org. with D. D.
Wood; taught there until 1901; orgt.
in Philadelphia since 1873; publisher
Geibel and Lehmann, 1887-1906,
then as A. G. Mus. Co.; since 1902
was lecturer on his own life; known
as compr. since 1875 of songs, pf.
pieces and choruses; some of the very
popular ones are Over the Hills at
Break of Day, My Kentucky Babe,
etc.; cantata The Nativity has been
successful.
Gelinek, Hermann Anton [called Cer-
vetti], compr. b. Horzeniowecs, Bo-
hemia, Aug. 8, 1709; d. Milan, Dec.
5, 1779. Priest who fled from mon-
astery and lived in Naples under
name C., gaining distinction as vlt.
and compr. of vln. and church music.
Geminiani (jem-in-i-a'-ni), Francesco,
vlt. b. Lucca, about 1680; d. Dublin,
Sept. 17, 1762. Pupil of Lunati,
Corelli, and possibly of A. Scarlatti;
after playing in band at Lucca, came
to England 1714, where he estab-
lished himself as teacher and infre-
quent concert player; lived in Dublin
1736-42, in Paris 1749-55, otherwise
in London; important as introducer
of Corelli's method and vln. tech-
nic into England, as author of Art
of Playing the Violin, first written
method; wrote other theoretical
treatises, and composed vln. music,
esteemed at time very difficult.
Gemiinder (ge-mun'-der), August [Mar-
tin Ludwig], vln.-maker. b. Ingel-
fingen, Wiirttemberg, Mar. 22, 1814;
d. New York, Sept. 1, 1895. Pupil
of father; after working in several
places, shop of own at Regensburg;
came to America 1846; first estab-
lished at Springfield, Mass., and
after 1860 in .N. Y.; international
reputation as maker; especially
expert in copying old violins.
Genee (zhe"-na), Franz Friedrich Rich-
ard, compr. b. Danzig, Feb. 7, 1823;
d. Baden, near Vienna, June 15,
1895. Son of music director at
theatre; first studied medicine; pupil
in mus. of Stahlknecht at Berlin;
capellmeister at theatres in many
GERLACK
cities, finally at Vienna, from 1868
to retirement 1878; clever author of
librettos of which he wrote many,
some with F. Zell [pseud, of C. Wal-
zelj. Composed popular but transi-
tory operas (Nanon, etc.).
Georges (zhor-zhe), Alexandre, compr.,
orgt., teacher, b. Arras, Feb. .25,
1850. Pupil at the Ecole Nieder-
meyer, Paris, where he took prizes;
orgt. of St. Vincent de Paul and
teacher at the Ecole Niedermeyer;
compositions include operatic and
choral works, incidental music to
plays, orchestral pieces, and songs.
Gerardy (zha-rar'-di), Jean, 'cellist.
b. Spa, Belgium, Dec. 7, 1877. Pupil
of Bellman and at Verviers Cons.;
after occasional appearances as solo-
ist, made tours as virtuoso after
1888; has played in England, France,
Germany, Russia, Australia, America
(3 times) notably with Marteau and
Ysaye and with Kreisler and Hof-
mann.
Gerber (ger-ber), Ernst Ludwig, lexicog-
rapher, b. Sondershausen, Sept. 29,
1746; d. there, June 30, 1819. Son
of Heinrich Nikolaus (1702-1775),
compr., orgt.; pupil and successor of
father as orgt. and court secretary;
beginning with idea of bringing up
to date Walther's Lexikon, he wrote
under considerable difficulties His-
torisch-biographische Lexikon der
Tonkiinstler 1742, enlarged and cor-
rected 1812; though necessarily out
of date, his work is foundation of all
succeeding ones, and still has value.
Gericke (ge'-rik-g), Wilhelm, condr.
b. Graz, Styria, Apr. 18, 1845.
Pupil of Dessoff at Vienna Cons.;
theatre condr. at Linz, 2d condr. of
Vienna court opera; condr. of Gesell-
schaft concerts after Brahms 1880;
1884-89 condr. of Bost. Symph.
Orch.; 1889-95 again of Gesellschaft
concerts, and 1898-1906 again of
Bost. Orch.; to his remarkable effi-
ciency in drilling the Boston Orch.
owes perfection of ensemble; as in-
terpreter, though sometimes ac-
cused of dryness, he was painstaking
and broad-minded.
Gerlack (ger'-lak), Theodor, compr.
b. Dresden, June 25, 1861. Student
at Berlin Univ. ; pupil of Fr. Wiillner;
cantata Luthers Lob der Musica
GERMAN
GIBBONS
brought him into notice; theatre
condr. in Sondershausen and in
Posen, now at Carlsruhe; composed
chamber mus., several cantatas, suc-
cessful opera Matteo Falcone.
German, Edward [pseudonym of James
E. German- Jones], compr., condr. b.
Whitchurch, Shropshire, Feb. 17,
1862. Early organized local band,
for which he arranged and composed
music and for whose concerts he
taught himself to play vln. solos; in
1880 took lessons of Hay, and entered
Royal Acad., where he studied org.
under Steggall, vln. under Weist-
Hill and A. Burnett; taught vln.
there; vlt. in several theatre orch.;
1888 mus. director of Globe Th.,
London, where he began to write
incidental music; among this music,
Henry VIII (for the Lyceum 1892)
is notable and has become popular
as suite; completed Sullivan's music
for The Emerald Isle 1901 ; composed
Princess of Kensington 1903, Tom
Jones 1907.
Germer (gar'-mer), Heinrich, pf. teacher.
b. Sommersdorf, Saxony, Dec. 30,
1837. Pupil at Berlin Akademie;
after a period of teaching; settled
in Dresden where he has been busy
teaching and writing valuable books
on pf . playing.
Gernsheim (garns'-hlm), Friedrich, pst.,
compr. b. Worms, July 17, 1839.
After lessons on pf. from mother,
Pauer, and Rozenheim, and in theory
from Hauff, he studied at Leipzig
Cons, under Moscheles, Richter, etc.,
and then for a year in Paris; teaching
at Saarbruck and Cologne, conductor
at Rotterdam, teacher at Stern Cons.
1890-97; and director Stern Gesang-
verein 1890-94; composed 4 symph.,
concertos for pf. and vln., choral
works, and chamber music.
Gerster (gars'-ter), Etelka, dram. sop.
b. Kaschau, Hungary, June 25, 1857.
Pupil of Marchesi at Vienna Cons.;
de"but Venice 1876; success at Genoa,
Marseilles, Berlin 1877, Pesth (where
she married impresario Gardini),
London, and America (1878, 1883,
1887); last appearance in London
1890; after period of retirement at
Bologna, opened school for singers,
Berlin, 1896; remarkable for colora-
tura singing and dramatic ability.
Gesualdo (zha-swal'-do) , Carlo, Prince
of Venosa, compr. b. about 1560;
d. Naples, 1614. Pupil of Nenna;
one of so-called chromaticists (Ban-
chieri, Vincentino, etc.); in seeking
to establish Greek system, came upon
many originalities; chiefly notable
for better adaption of music to words.
Gevaert (ga-vart'), Franjois Auguste,
compr., writer, b. Huysse, near Oude-
narde, July 31, 1828; d. Brussels,
Dec. 24, 1908. Son of a baker, who
finally permitted him to follow
marked musical bent; studied 1841
at Ghent Cons., under Mengal and
Sommere; while orgt. at Jesuits' ch.,
compositions won praise and 1846
prize for 2 years' travel; after pro-
ducing 2 operas, went to Spain,
whence reports on Spanish music are
of value, to Italy and Germany; after
series of successful operas, became
chef de chant at Acad. of Mus., Paris,
until war closed Ope'ra 1870; 1871
director Brussels Cons.; composi-
tions include operas and cantatas
for national occasions; important
works are researches in history,
Histoire et theorie de la musique
dans I'antiquite, Les origines du chant
liturgique, collections Les gloires
d' Italic, etc. and Trailed' instrumenta-
tion.
Giardini (zhiar-de'-ni), Felice de, vlt.
b. Turin, Apr. 12, 1716; d. Moscow,
Dec. 17, 1796. Chorister at Milan
Cath.; pupil of Paladini for singing,
comp., and harpsichord, of Somis for
vln.; after playing in theatre orch. in
Rome and Naples, appeared in Lon-
don with great success about 1750;
became leader of Ital. opera there
1752, manager 1756 and 1763-65,
and again after period of concert
giving and leading other orch., 1782-
83; 1784 retired to Italy; 1790, after
failure of comic opera in London,
took troupe to Russia; not much
success as composer or manager; as
virtuoso he was remarkable for brill-
iancy and absolute purity of into-
nation.
Gibbons, Orlando, compr. b. Cam-
bridge, 1583; d. Canterbury, June
5, 1625. Chorister at King's Coll.
1596-97; orgt. Chapel Royal 1604;
Mus. Bac. Cambridge 1606 and Mus.
Bac. and Mus. Doc. Oxford 1622;
1623 orgt. at Westminster Abbey;
GIGOUT
GILSON
1625 composed music for reception of
Henrietta Maria at Canterbury,
where he died suddenly; of his music,
Fantasias, especially those printed
in Parthenia (first music for virginal
1611) are as masterly as anything
before Bach; his madrigals (The
Silver Swan, O That the Learned
Poets, etc.) and anthems show the
influence of Italian music and an
effort to adapt the music to expres-
sion of the words. His son Christo-
pher, orgt. b. London (baptized
Aug. 22), 1615; d. there, Aug. 20,
1676. Chorister in Chapel Royal
and under uncle, Edward, at Exeter
Cath.; orgt. at Winchester Cath.
1638-1644 when he joined royalist
army; 1660 orgt. at Chapel Royal,
and at Westminster Abbey; com-
posed some motets, but is said to have
been more distinguished as performer.
Gigout (zhi-go), Eugfcne, orgt., compr.
b. Nancy, Mar. 23, 1844. Pupil at
maltrise of Nancy Cath. and at
Niedermeyer School in Paris, where
he also taught for more than 20
years, and which he reentered as
prof, of org. 1902; 1863 became orgt.
at ch. of St. Augustin; 1885 founded
famous school for org., with state
subsidy; very successful as concert
orgt. throughout Europe, as teacher,
and as composer chiefly of org.
music, notably Album gregorien.
Gilchrist, William Wallace, compr. b.
Jersey City, Jan. 8, 1846. Pupil of
H. A. Clarke at University of Penn-
sylvania, Philadelphia; after teaching
in Cincinnati, choirmaster in Phila.
1873-1877; teacher at Phila. Mus.
Acad.; at present (1910) engaged in
private teaching in Philadelphia;
founder and condr. of Mendelssohn
Club, Phila.; has composed widely
notable choral works, 4Qth Psalm
which won Cincinnati Festival prize,
Legend of Bended Bow, and others,
songs of considerable charm, Heart's
Delight, Dirge for Summer, Bugle
Song, etc., orchestral and chamber
music, mostly unpublished, showing
originality and skill in orchestration,
and much valuable church music.
Gillet (zhil'-la), Ernest [Vital Louis],
'cellist, b. Batignolles, Sept. 12, 1856.
Pupil at Niedermeyer School and
at Cons., 1st prize 1874; 'cellist
at Grand Opera 1875-82; living in
London; compr. of dance music, no-
tably popular Loin du bal.
Oilman, Lawrence, music' critic, author.
b. Flushing, N. Y., July 5, 1878.
Educated at New York public schools
and Classical School, Hartford,
Conn., studied drawing and portrait-
painting; later, landscape-painting
with Wm. M. Chase, and illustration
at Art Students' League, N. Y. City,
on staff of N. Y. Herald 1896^98;
self-taught in musical theory, piano
and organ playing, and composition;
music critic of Harper's Weekly
since 1901; assistant editor of same
since 1903; author of the following
books: Phases of Modern Music
(1904); Edward MacDowell (1905);
The Music of To-morrow (1906); A
Guide to Strauss' Salome (1907);"
Stories of Symphonic Music (1907);
A Guide to Debussy's Petteas et
Melisande (1907); Aspects of Mod-
ern Opera (1908); Edward Mac-
Dowell: A Study (1909, a revised
and enlarged edition of volume pub-
lished in 1905), contributor to maga-
zines; member of the National Insti-
tute of Arts and Letters in 1908; lives
in New York City.
Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield, condr. b.
near Dublin, Dec. 25, 1829; d. St.
Louis, Mo., Sept. 24, 1892. Member
first of Irish, then of English band
with which he came to Canada 1849;
condr. of military band in Salem,
Mass.; organizer and condr. 1859 of
Gilmore's Band in Boston; band-
master in Federal Army at New
Orleans, gave grand festival 1864;
conducted Nat'T Peace Jubilee 1869
and World's Peace Jubilee 1872,
both at Boston; in these festivals the
numbers of the chorus and orchestra
were large (in the last 2000 in orch.
and 20,000 in chorus) and orch. was
reinforced by actual cannon, bells,
etc.; traveled from N. Y. with band
in U. S., 1878 to Europe; arranged
much music, composed popular songs.
Gilson (zhil-son), Paul, compr. b.
Brussels, June 15, 1865. Studied
at Brussels Cons, under Cantillon,
Duyck, and Gevaert; 1889 Prix de
Rome; prof, harmony at Antwerp
Cons, after 1902; dir. Brussels Cons.
1910; composed choral works Sinai,
GIORDANI
GLEASON
Francesco da Rimini, ballet La Cap-
tive, operas, works for orch., of which
symph. poem La Mer is most widely
known (played in Brussels 1892, Lon-
don 1896, Boston 1893, part only,
1898 whole); smaller orch. works
played in Chicago and Cincinnati;
modern harmonization combined
with originality and force of ideas.
Giordan! (zhior-da-ne), Giuseppe [called
Giordanello], opera compr. b. Naples,
1744; d. Fermo, Jan. 4, 1798. Pupil
of the Lore to Cons.; in London as
teacher and comp. 1772-82; returned
to Italy, devoted himself to dramatic
composition; in 1791 became master
of music at Fermo Cathedral; wrote
about 30 operas, chamber music,
piano pieces, songs and sacred works;
known by his song Caro mio ben.
Giordano (zhior-da'-no), Umberto,
compr. b. Foggia, Aug. 26, 1867.
After much opposition from artisan
parent, pupil of Serrao at Naples
Cons.; while still pupil, an opera won
commission from Sonzogno, the pub-
lisher, for Mala Vita (Rome 1892);
later opera, Andrea Chenier, Milan
1896, N. Y. 1896, Berlin 1898, Lon-
don 1903, greatest success of younger
Italian school; vulgarity of first
opera apparently due to libretto, as
later ones, though realistic and melo-
dramatic, are more refined.
Giorza (zhiort'-sa), Paolo, compr. b.
Milan, 1838. Pupil of his father
(orgt. and singer) and of LaCroix;
with exception of one opera, has
composed much ballet and dance mu-
sic, in which he has been remarkably
successful, also church music; lived in
the U. S. for a number of years.
Gladstone, Francis Edward, orgt. b.
Summertown, near Oxford, Mar. 2,
1845. Pupil of S. Wesley; many
positions as orgt. in Anglican and
after conversion 1887 at Rom. Cath.
churches; Mus. Doc. Cambridge
1879; prof, of counterpoint Trinity
College, London, 1881; of harmony
and counterpoint Royal Coll. Mus.
1883; composed services, masses,
org. mus. and Organ Students' Guide,
A Wet Sheet and Flowing Sea for
chorus and orch., sonatas, etc.
Glareanus (gla-re-a'-nus), Henricus,
[pseud, of Heinrich Loris], writer, b.
Glarus, Switzerland, June, 1488; d.
Freiburg, Baden, Mar. 28, 1563.
Studied theology at Cologne, mus.
under Cochlaus; poet laureate under
Maximilian I; friend of Erasmus;
taught and lectured on history and
literature in Paris, Basle, and Frei-
burg; chief work Dodecachordon,
valuable source for history of men-
surable music, notation, etc., named
from claim for 12 modes instead of 8.
Glasenapp (glaz'-e-nap), Carl Friedrich,
writer. b. Riga, Oct. 3, 1847.
Student of philosophy at Dorpat;
headmaster at Riga since 1875;
ardent partisan of Wagner, wrote
Wagner- Lexikon and Richard Wag-
ner's Leben und Werken (5 vols. 1882-
1904, not yet completed) of which
translation and adaptation by Ash-
ton Ellis appeared 1900-1904.
Glazunov (glaz'-6-noff), Alexander Con-
stantinovitch, compr. b. St. Peters-
burg, Aug. 10, 1865. Son of pub-
lisher and bookseller; early lessons
from Jelenovsky; studied at uni-
versity; Balakirev advised him to
study composition and theory with
Rimsky-Korsakov; also befriended
in Russia by A. Rubinstein, and
abroad by Liszt, he gained for his
works an audience at Weimar, at
Paris, at concerts of Exhibition of
'89, several of which G. conducted,
and in England; condr. of Russian
symph. concerts; since 1899 prof, of
instrumentation at St. Petersburg
Cons.; though belonging to circle
of Balakirev, he has never hotly
espoused its theories; indeed, he
claims to be a follower of Brahms in
his emphasis on pure form and " his
later works seem to be more academic
in spite of fondness for ballet; his
early symphonic poems are romantic
in feeling; his music is remarkable
for mastery of technical resource;
his form is lyrical and transparent;
his harmonic treatment, while not
striking, is effective; his instrumen-
tation is varied and sonorous; his
ideas come with ease and are often
lacking in significance, but he has
gained in self-restraint." [E. B. Hill.]
Gleason, Frederick Grant, compr. b.
Middletown, Conn., Dec. 17, 1848;
d. Chicago, Dec. 6, 1903. After
lessons from Dudley Buck in Hart-
ford, studied at Leipzig Cons, under
GLIERE
Moscheles, Plaidy, and Richter, at
Berlin with Loeschhorn and Haupt,
at London with Beringer; after
several appointments as orgt., settled
in Chicago 1877 as successful pf.
teacher, finally director Auditorium
Cons.; critic for Tribune, wrote
operas, orch. mus. (played at World's
Fair and by Thomas's Orch.), can-
tata Culprit Fay, etc.; especially
skilful at harmonic effects.
Gliere (gli-ar'), Reinhold Moritzovitch,
compr. b. Kiev, Jan. 11, 1875.
Pupil of Taneiev and Ivanov at
Moscow Cons. 1894-1900; com-
posed 2 string quartets which at-
tracted attention in and out of
Russia, sextet, symph., played by
Russian Symph. Orch. in N. IT.
1906.
Glinka, Michail Ivanovitch, compr. b.
Novospaskoi', near Smolensk, June 1,
1804; d. Berlin, Feb. 15, 1857.
During early years on father's coun-
try estate showed great sensitiveness
toward mus.; while at school in St.
Petersburg 1817-22 took pf. lessons
from John Field and C. Meyer and
vln. from Bohm; 1824-28 held
gov't position; composed in ama-
teurish way; 1828-33 living in Italy
for health; admired works of Bellini
and Donizetti; 1833 went to Berlin
where Dehn gave him first real
instruction in theory; on return to
Russia 1834 set to work on long-
nourished plan of writing national
.opera; result Life for the Czar per-
formed 1836 with great success;
second opera Russian and Ludmilla
1842, not quite so successful; 1844
in Paris met Berlioz who admired
his works; after trip to Spain
returned to St. Petersburg, where
he turned attention to old church
modes; died when on visit to Dehn.
Pioneer of modern Russian music
he established Russian opera upon
basis of supremacy of voice, and,
though he used leit-motiven before
Wagner, he kept them in voice-
parts only; he first used Russian
folk-songs, but he used them more
as an imitator than as a copyist; he
gained effect of local color by using
melancholy progressions, rhythms
of 5 and 7 beats, etc.; his orches-
tration was simple, but vigorous
and rich.
GLUCK
Glover, Sarah Ann, writer, b. Nor-
wich, Eng., 1785; d. Malvern, Oct.
20, 1867. Her Manual of Norwich
Sol- Fa System 1845 contains ac-
counts of sol-fa notation, her inven-
tion, which was afterwards developed
by John Curwen.
Glover, Stephen Ralph, compr. b.
London, 1812; d. there, Dec. 7,
1870. Music teacher; 1840-70
composed about 1200 works, almost
all very popular, frivolous, and for-
gotten, with the exception of one
or two, such as " What Are the Wild
Waves Saying ? "
Gluck (glook), [French, gliik], Christoph
"Willibald, Ritter von, compr. b.
Weidenwang, near Neumarkt, in
Upper Palatinate, July 2, 1714; d.
Vienna, Nov. 15, 1787. Father was
gamekeeper on estates of Prince
Lobkowitz at Eisenberg, where G.
was taught in village school; at 12
sent to Jesuit School at Kommotau
he learned vln., harpsichord, org.,
and singing; 1732 at Prague studied
under Czernohorsky, learned 'cello,
supporting himself by singing in
church, playing vln. at village dances
and concerts; 1736 at Vienna met
Prince Melzi, who, as his patron,
sent him to Italy, where he studied
4 years under Sammartini; 1741-
45 produced nine operas in different
Italian cities with such success that
in 1745 he was invited to London
as compr. for Haymarket; the failure
there of two operas and pasticcio,
and scorn of Handel for his ignor-
ance of counterpoint are said to have
led G. to examine his own faults;
observation of Rameau's operas in
Paris, subsequent study of esthetics
after visit to Dresden and Hamburg
led to dissatisfaction with Italian
opera; 1749-67 he produced in
Vienna many operas, the only im-
portant one being Orfeo ed Euridice
1762; with Alceste 1767, and Paride
ed Elena 1770, he definitely broke
with old traditions according to well-
thought-out theories which he made
clear in prefaces to published scores
(1769-70); unappreciated at home,
encouraged by Bailly du Rollet of
French embassy (librettist of Iphi-
genie), went to Paris to produce
Iphigenie en Aulide; only the influence
of Marie Antoinette, former pupil
GOBBAERTS
GOEPP
of G's, seems to have enabled him
to withstand violent opposition;
successful performance revolution-
ized at one blow French opera;
Orphee 1774, and Alceste 1776,
rearrangements of earlier works,
continued success; Armide 1777
showed power in tender as well as
tragic styles; partisans of Piccinni
and old Italian music attacked G.
by pamphlets and in other ways
until the -" war " actually divided
French society; G. continued, with
Iphigenie en Tauride 1779, and Echo
et Narcisse 1779; forced by ill
health to retire to Vienna 1780.
Newman says, in Gluck and the
Opera, that " his theories of sub-
ordinating music entirely to poetry
were really neither new nor practical.
But to have insisted on the necessity
for making the verbal basis sound
and sane; to have repressed the
vanity and egotism of singers and
to have galvanized the orchestra to
life; to have struck away all the
pernicious excrescences that dis-
figured the aria and to have made
it a genuine expression of passion;
to have made the overture elu-
cidatory of coming drama; and
given unity to what had before been
a mere pasticcio was no small
labor."
Gobbaerts, Jean Louis, compr. b.
Antwerp, Sept. 28, 1835; d. Saint-
Gilles, near Brussels, May 5, 1886.
Pupil of Brussels Cons.; under
pseudonyms Streabbog, Ludovic,
and Levi produced some 1200 pf.
pieces, some very popular.
Godard (go-dar'), Benjamin Louis Paul,
compr. b. Paris, Aug. 18, 1849; d.
Cannes, Jan. 10, 1895. Vln. pupil
of Hammer, and, at Paris Cons,,
of Reber and Vieuxtemps; after
several successful songs, 2 vln.
concertos, and some chamber music,
his dram, symph. Tasso took prize
offered by city of Paris 1878; wrote
several descriptive symph., Sym-
phonic Ugendaire, Symph. orientate,
etc.; also 8 operas, 6 performed, of
which Jocelyn 1888, Le Dante 1890,
and La vivandiere (after his death
1895) were most successful; con-
ducted Concerts modernes as successor
to Concerts populaires 1885, but with-
out success.
Goddard, Arabella, pst. b. St. Servans,
St. Malo, Jan. 12, 1836. At six had
lessons from Kalkbrenner in Paris,
and later from Mrs. Anderson and
Thalberg in London where she ap-
peared 1850; after further study
with J. W. Davison (whom she
married 1859) made formal d6but
1853; until retirement 1880, played
with success in London and in
Germany; made tour of world
(America, Australia, and India)
1873-76; style was marked by
classical reserve and high regard
for interpretation of composer's
meaning.
Godfrey, Daniel, bandmaster, b. West-
minster, Sept. 4, 1831; d. Beeston,
near Nottingham, June 30, 1903.
Father and two brothers also
military bandmasters, as are his
son and two of his nephews; pupil
on flute in Royal Acad. Mus.; band-
master Grenadier Guards 1856-1896;
brought this band to America 1872;
1896 formed own band; composed
successful military waltzes.
Godowsky (go-dof'-ski), Leopold, pst.
b. Wilna, Russia, Feb. 13, 1870.
Precocious ability as compr.; first
appearance as pst. 1879 followed
by tour in Russia, Poland and Ger-
many; studied at Berlin Hoch-
schule under Bargiel and Rudorff;
American tour with Musin 1884;
after study with Saint-Saens, made
tours in France, England, again in
America; married Frieda Saxe 1901;
director of Chicago Cons. 1895-
1900; reappearance in Berlin placed
him in front rank of technical vir-
tuosos; 1909 head of Master School
for Piano-playing, Vienna Conser-
vatory; composed Chopin arrange-
ments (studies on Chopin), concert
Etudes, remarkable for brilliancy.
Goepp (g6p), Philip H., writer, b.
New York, June 23, 1864. Studied
in Germany, 1872-77; grad. at
Harvard 1884; studied law at Univ.
of Penna., Philadelphia, member of
Pennsylvania bar; devoted himself
to music 1891, teacher, pst. in
Philada.; commentator for pro-
grams of Philadelphia Orch.; author
of Symphonies and Their Meaning,
editor of Annals of Music in Phila.,
contributor to Atlantic Monthly.
GOETSCHIUS
GOMBERT
Goetschius (ge"t'-shi-us), Percy, teacher.
b. Paterson, N. J., Aug. 30, 1853.
Pupil in Stuttgart Cons, of Lebert,
Pruckner, Doppler, and Faisst;
taught English classes there, substi-
tuted for Faisst, charge of women's
classes 1885; critic for several Ger-
man papers; 1890 prof, of harm.,
pf. playing, Syracuse Univ.; 1892
charge of comp. dept. New England
Cons.; 1896-1905 private teacher in
Boston, orgt. in Brookline; 1905 prof,
of harmony Institute of Musical Art,
N. Y.; books Theory and Practice of
Tone-relations, Homophonic Forms
of Musical Composition, Lessons in
Music Form, and others of great
value; comp. chiefly church music.
Goetz (g6tz), Hermann, compr. b.
Konigsberg, Dec. 17, 1840; d. Hot-
tingen, near Zurich, Dec. 3, 1876.
After lessons from Kohler, studied
at Stern Cons, under Stern, Von
Biilow, and Ulrich; orgt. at White r-
thur 1863-1870, though living after
1867 in Zurich where he gave lessons;
retired because of ill health in 1870;
success of opera Die Zahmung der
Widerspenstigen (The Taming of the
Shrew, based 'on Shakespeare's play)
at Mannheim 1874 first attracted
attention to grace and charm of his
works, chief among which are pf.
sonata for 4 hands, pf. concerto, and
often-played symph. in F; while not
strikingly original, his work is skilful
and charming.
Goldbeck (gold'-beck), Robert, pst. b.
Potsdam, Apr. 19, 1839; d. St. Louis,
May 16, 1908. Studied with Kohler
and Litolff ; brought out opera Sol-
dier's Return London 1856; 1861 went
to N. Y.; 1867 founded a cons, in
Boston, 1868 one in Chicago; 1871-78
in St. Louis, condr. of Harmonic Soc.
and co-director of Beethoven Cons.;
N. Y. 1880-85; comp. 2 other operas,
pf. concerto, chamber music.
Goldmark (gold'-mark), Karl, compr.
b. Keszthely, Hungary, May 18,
1830. Son of cantor in Jewish syn-
agogue; after lessons from village
schoolmaster, studied at Vienna
Cons, under Jansa, Bohm, and
Preyer 1844-48; concert of works
Vienna 1857, another in Pesth 1859,
settled in Vienna as pf. teacher 1860;
overtures Sakuntala and Penthesilea
had attracted favorable notice; opera
Die Konigin von Saba Vienna 1875,
on composition of which he had
spent 10 years, won deserved suc-
cess in Germany, Italy, Spain;
produced in N. Y. 1905; other operas
are Merlin 1886, Das Heimchen am
Herd (based on Dickens's Cricket on
the Hearth) 1896, Go'tz von Berlich-
ingen 1902; has also written male
choruses, vln. concerto, chamber
music, symph., etc., all marked by
skill in production of effect.
Goldmark, Rubin, compr. b. New
York, 1872. Nephew of Karl; pupil
of Livonius, Door, and Fuchs, and
in N. Y. of Joseffy and Dvorak; lives
and teaches in New York. Com-
posed Theme and Variations for
orch., played under Seidl, Hiawatha
overture played by Bost. Symph.
Orch., pf . trio, cantata, etc., pf . pieces.
Goldschmidt, Jenny Lind, -see Lind,
Jenny.
Goldschmidt, Otto, pst., condr. b. Ham-
burg, Aug. 21, 1829; d. London,
Feb. 24, 1907. Pupil of Schmitt and
Grand, Mendelssohn at Leipzig
Cons., and Chopin; placed at con-
cert given by Jenny Lind London
1849; 1851 succeeded Benedict as
condr. of her American concerts;
married her 1852; after her death
1887 teaching in London; became
vice-principal Royal Acad. of Mus.
1863, founded Bach Choir 1875;
conducted several festivals; com-
posed cantata, pf. concerto, etc.
Goltermann, Georg Eduard, 'cellist, b.
Hanover, Aug. 19, 1824; d. Frank-
fort, Dec. 29, 1898. Son of orgt.,
pupil of Prell and Menter; 1850-
52 concert tours; 1852 director at
Wiirzburg, 1853 at Frankfort; now
retired; composed popular concerto
and other pieces for 'cello. Not to
be confused with August Julius G.
(1825-1876), prof, of 'cello at
Prague 1850-62, and member of
Stuttgart court band 1862-1870.
Gombert (gon-bar), Nicolas, compr. b.
Bruges, about 1495; d. after 1570.
In service of Emperor Charles V as
master of choristers in emperor's
chapel, and after 1537 in imperial
chapel at Madrid; though young
when Josquin Depre_s died, G. is con-
sidered his chief pupil; aided in devel-
oping interest in emotional truth of
GOMEZ
GOSSEC
music and in secular music; his own
works are charmingly simple descrip-
tive pastoral or hunting scenes.
Gomez, Antonio Carlos, opera compr.
b. Campiners, Brazil, July 11, 1839;
d. Para, Sept. 16, 1896. Pupil of
Rossi at the Milan Cons., wrote a
number of operas, some of them
quite successful; in 1895 appointed
director of Para Cons.
Goodrich, Alfred John, theorist, b.
Chilo, O., May 8, 1847. Self-taught,
except for few lessons from father;
taught at Grand Cons. N. Y., at
Fort Wayne, Ind., Cons.; and at
Beethoven Cons. St. Louis; then
in Chicago as writer and teacher;
1905 in New York; in London, 1909-
10, Paris, 1910-11; published Ana-
lytical Harmony, Musical Analysis,
etc., of great value and originality.
Goodrich, 'Wallace, orgt. b. Newton,
Mass., May 27, 1871. Pf. pupil of
Clouston and Petersilea, org. of
Thayer, Gow, chiefly of Dunham;
orgt. in Newton at 15; N. E. Cons.,
harmony and counterpoint under
Chadwick, theory under Elson,
under Rheinberger at Munich and
Widor at Paris, where he closely
studied church music; repetiteur at
Leipzig theatre; teacher org. and
comp. N. E. Cons, since 1897; orgt.
at Trinity Church from 1902-1908;
condr. Worcester festivals 1902-
1907; organizer and condr. Jordan
Hall Orch. concerts 1907 and of
Choral Art Society 1901-1907; condr.
Cecilia Society 1907-10; asst. condr.
Boston Opera Co. 1909.
Goodson, Katharine, pst. b. Watford,
Hertfordshire, June 18, 1872. After
childish appearances, studied at
Royal Acad. of Mus. under Beringer
and in Vienna with Leschetizky
1892-96; English debut 1896, pro-
vincial tour 1897, Berlin 1899, N. Y.
1908; toured with Kubelik 1902,
'03, '04; married Arthur Hinton 1903.
Gordigiani (gor-dizh-i-a-ni), Luigi,
compr. b. Modena, June 12, 1806;
d. Florence, Apr. 30, 1860. After
slight education, composed pf. pieces
under German pseuds. Zeuner and
Von Fiirstenberger; aided by two
Russian princes, composed and pro-
duced several operas; chief fame
rests on Canti Populari Toscani,
either musical settings of actual
folk-songs or skilful imitations of
their spirit.
Goria, Alexandre Edouard, pst. b.
Paris, Jan. 21, 1823; d. there, July 6,
1860. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Lau-
rent, Zimmermann, and Dourlen
1830-39; compr. of popular pf. music,
fantasias, paraphrases on operatic
themes, and some meritorious itudes.
Gorno, Albino, pst., compr. b. Casal-
morano, Italy. Studied at Milan
Cons.; accomp. to Patti on American
tour 1881-82; teacher of pf. Cincin-
nati Coll. of Mus.; composed can-
tatas, concert studies, etc.
Goss, Sir John, compr. b. Fareham, •
Hants, Dec. 27, 1800; d. Brixton,
London, May 10, 1880. Son of orgt.;
chorister at Chapel Royal under J. S.
Smith, pupil of Attwood; orgt. at
several churches, 1838 of St. Paul's;
compr. to Chapel Royal; knighted
1872; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1876;
composed about 27 anthems, many
glees, edited several collections of
hymns, psalms, etc.; wrote Introd.
to Harmony, etc.; " music is always
melodious and beautifully written
for the voices, and is remarkable for
a union of solidity and grace, with a
certain unaffected charm." [Grove.]
Gossec (gos'-sek'), Francois Joseph,
compr. b. Vergnies, Belgium, Jan.
17, 1734 [ace. to record of birth
referred to in Hellpuin's Gossec;
but Eitner and historical documents
of Paris Cons, give 1733]; d. Passy,
Feb. 16, 1829. Name variously
spelled Gosse, Gossez, Gosset; son of
farmer; chorister at Antwerp Cath.;
going to Paris 1751 with letters to
Rameau, became condr. of private
orch. of La Popeliniere; here he com-
posed first symphonies, performed
1754 (Haydn's were not written until
1755); while attached to household
of Prince de Cond£, composed 1760
Messe des morts, famous for innova-
tion of a concealed orchestra in ad-
dition to one in church; founded
Concerts des amateurs 1770, revived
Concerts spirituals 1773, condr. of
Academic 1780; inspector of Cons.
1795, and teacher of comp. there
until 1814; member of Institute from
foundation 1795; composed many
successful operas, and wrote music
GOTTSCHALD
GOUVY
for several occasions under the Revo-
lution; but chief fame rests on such
innovations as that in the Requiem
and in the origins of the symphony;
suffers from having been the imme-
diate precursor of greater composers
in every line.
Gottschald, Ernst, see Elterlein, E. von.
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pst. b. New
Orleans, May 8, 1829; d. Rio de
Janeiro, Dec. 18, 1869. At 12 went
to Paris where he studied under
Charles Halle", C. Stamaty, and Mal-
eden; gave successful concerts in
France and Switzerland 1845-52;
tour in U. S. 1853, so successful that
Strakosch engaged him for tour cov-
ering almost every town in U. S. and
Spanish America; death caused by
over-exertion. Brilliant and roman-
tic player, especially admirable in his
own works, almost all of which had
Spanish atmosphere; also composed
2 operas and orch. works.
Gb'tze (get-ze), Karl, compr. b. Weimar,
1836; d. Magdeburg, Jan. 14, 1887.
Pupil of Topfer, Gebhardi, and Liszt;
chorusmaster at Weimar; theatre
condr. Magdeburg, Berlin, etc.; com-
posed 4 operas, symph. poem.
Goublier (go-bli-a), Gustave, compr.
b. Paris. Actor at 17, pst. with
Houdin; saxophone player in band
of artillery school at Vincennes dur-
ing military service; orch. leader at
Parisian casinos, finally at Eldorado
and Folies Bergeres; composed music
for ballets, " revues," ope>a balls,
and many songs, Les yeux, Son
amant, Si vous ne m'aimez plus, and
popular Credo du paysan.
Goudimel (go-di-mel'), Claude, compr.
b. Vaison, near Avignon, France,
about 1505; d. Lyons, Aug. 24, 1572.
Long supposed to have been head of
mus. school in Rome where Pales-
trina and others studied, but latest
evidence (Brenet: C. Goudimel,
1898) shows that he was probably
never in Rome. Composed masses
and songs and notably music for the
psalms in Huguenot psalter; lived
Metz and Lyons, killed in St. Bar-
tholomew massacre.
Gounod (go-no), Charles Frangois,
compr. b. Paris, June 17, 1818; d.
there, Oct. 17, 1893. Father painter
and engraver, mother an accom-
plished pst., who gave him his first
lessons; studied at Lyc6e St. Louis,
entered Cons. 1836; pupil of Paer,
Lesueur, and Halevy; 1839 Grand
prix de Rome; studied Palestrina in
Italy, and composed mass; after
visiting Austria and Germany be-
came orgt. at Missions etr anger es in
Paris; studied theology arid thought
of taking orders; after 5 years of
seclusion, performance of Messe
solennelle in G, in London 1851,
brought him into prominence; on
commission from Opera, wrote Sapho
1851; his first operas, though praised
for musical skill, were not popular
successes; as condr. of Orpheon, a
union of singing societies and schools,
1852-60, he wrote for them several
choruses and 2 masses; with Faust
1859 he attained European fame as
compr., and, after Philemon et
Baucis 1860, Mireille 1864, etc.,
almost touched the same height
again in Romeo et Juliette 1867; 1870-
75, during the war, G. lived in Lon-
don, where he founded Gounod's
Choir (afterwards called Albert Hall
Choral Society, later Royal Ch. Soc.),
appeared at Philharmonic and Crys-
tal Palace Concerts; after return to
Paris operatic work was less and less
successful; chief works of this period
are oratorios intended for English
audiences, Redemption, Birmingham
1882, and Mors et vita Birmingham
1885; the songs, There is a green
hitt far away and Nazareth show
best of popular melody. Pougin
speaks of the characteristics of his
genius as a musical phrase, new in
form and characteristic in outline;
harmonies rich, refined, sometimes
unexpected; ingenious instrumenta-
tion full of color, grace, and elegance,
and the full enchanting language of
passion; emotional and passionate
he always was, even in his religious
music, and at his worst this quality
degenerates into weak sentimental-
ity; at his highest, it is the garden
scene in Faust.
Gourron (gor'-ron), A. R., see Alvarez.
Gouvy (go-ve), Louis Theodore, compr.
b. Goffontaine, near Saarbruck, July
3, 1819; d. Leipzig, April 21, 1898.
After taking degree at Metz, be-
came law student at Paris before he
GOW
GRECHANINOV
received any musical teaching; he
studied with Elwart, and in Ger-
many and Italy; lived in Paris after
1846, with frequent visits to Ger-
many whither he moved about 1894;
composed 7 symphonies, concert
overture, serenade for strings, much
chamber and pf. mus.; several dra-
matic cantatas on classical subjects
(Elektra, Iphigenia, etc.); graceful
and melodious; music has been pop-
ular in Germany, but its lack of
force makes its duration improbable.
Gow, George Coleman, teacher, b. Ayer
Junction, Mass., Nov. 27, 1860.
Studied music with Blodgett at
Pittsfield and Story at Worcester;
grad. Brown Univ. 1884 and Newton
Theological Seminary; instructor of
harm, and pf. at Smith Coll., and
since 1895 prof, of mus. at Vassar
College; studied in Berlin with Buss-
ler 1892-93; has published songs and
text-book on harmony.
Graben-Hoffmann (gra-ben-hof'-man),
Gustav, compr. b. Bnin, Posen, Mar.
7, 1820; d. Potsdam, May 21, 1900.
Left profession of teacher to study
singing in Berlin; studied also under
Hauptmann in Leipzig; taught sing-
ing in Potsdam, etc., finally in Berlin;
wrote method and many very popu-
lar songs.
Gradener (grad'-e-ner), Hermann Theo-
dor Otto, teacher, compr. b. Kiel,
May 8, 1844. Son of Karl Georg
Peter G. (1812-1883), 'cellist, teacher
of singing at Vienna and Hamburg
Cons., compr. of chamber music;
pupil of father and at Vienna Cons.;
orgt., vlt. in court orch., teacher of
harm, at Cons, in Vienna, and since
1899 prof, of harmony and counter-
point at Vienna Univ. ; condr. Singa-
kademie; compositions all instru-
mental, show especial individuality
in chamber mus.
Grandval (gran-val), Marie Felicie
Clemence de Reiset, Vicomtesse de,
compr. b. Saint R6my des Monts,
France, Jan. 20, 1830; d. Paris, Jan.
15, 1907. Began study at 6; at 12
pupil of Flotow in composition; later,
after 2 years' study with Saint-Saens,
she was able to compose in almost
every form, sometimes under pseuds.
Valgrand, Blangy; composed several
operas, of which Mazeppa (Bordeaux
1892) is the strongest, masses, and
other religious music, and oratorio
Ste. Agnes; she is praised for force,
individuality, and correctness of style .
Grasse, Edwin, vli. b. New York, Aug.
13, 1884. Became blind in infancy;
pupil of Cesar Thomson, in Brussels,
where he took prize 1901; debut in
Berlin 1902; concerts in Vienna,
London and many German cities
have won for him high praise, es-
pecially for perfection of tone and
depth of feeling; composed symph.
and suite for orch.; vln. concerto;
sonata, polonaise, and suite for pf.
and vln., 2 pf. trios, 2 pf. etudes.
Resident of New York City.
Graun (groun), Karl Heinrich, compr.
b. Wahrenbriick, Saxony, May 7,
1701; d. Berlin, Aug. 8, 1759. Pupil
at Kreuzschule at Dresden, singer to
town council, pupil of Petzoldt and
J. C. Schmidt; also composed for
school choir; 1725 tenor at Dresden
opera; 1726 composed Pollidoro, with
great success, and 5 other operas;
under patronage of Frederick the
Great composed 50 Italian cantatas;
after 1740, as capellmeister of Italian
opera in Berlin, composed about 28
operas, many of which were success-
ful; most enduring work, however, is
sacred, a Te Deum, and remarkably
strong oratorio Der Tod Jesu, per-
formed annually at Berlin.
Gray, Hamilton [pseud, of William
Price Hartwell Jones], baritone, compr.
b. Flint, Eng., Oct. 17, 1871.
Greatorex, Thomas, orgt. b. North
Wingfield, Derbyshire, Eng., Oct. 5,
1758; d. Hampton, near London,
July 18, 1831. Pupil of B. Cooke
and prote'ge' of Earl of Sandwich;
orgt. at Carlisle; follower of young
Pretender in Italy; teacher of music
in London; 1793 condr. of Concert
of Antient Mus.; with others revived
vocal concerts; 1819 orgt. at West-
minster Abbey; condr. of several fes-
tivals; composed and arranged much
music for various concerts, arranged
Parochial Psalmody, composed glees.
Grechaninov (gret-cha-ne'-noff), Alex-
ander Tichonovitch, compr. b. Mos-
cow, Oct. 25, 1864. Studied at Mos-
cow Cons, until in 1890 he entered
St. Petersburg Cons.; pupil of Rim-
sky -Korsakov; composed quartet, pf.
pieces and " some songs with very
GRECO
expressive melodies, and happy a
cappella choruses. He has some
affinities with Schubert." [Pougin.]
Greco (gra'-co), [or Greece], Gaetano,
teacher, compr. b. Naples, about
1680; d. (unknown). Pupil and suc-
cessor of A. Scarlatti at Cons, dei
Poveri; teacher also at Cons, of San
Onofrio; Pergolesi, Vinci, and Du-
rante his pupils; only few composi-
tions for harpsichord are known.
Greene, Edwin, compr. b. Gloucester,
England, Dec. 8, 1856. Entirely
self-taught in mus.; orgt. at 14 and
held various appointments until 40,
when he became invalid; compr. of
songs which, he says, " do not aim
at the classical but are written sim-
ply and solely for the people"; also
writes verses, some of which he has
set to music.
Greene, Harry Plunket, bass. b. Old
Connaught House, Co. Wicklow,
Ireland, June 24, 1865. Studied at
Stuttgart under Hromada and Goet-
schius, at Florence under Vannuccini,
and at London under Welsh and
Blume; d6but London 1888; since
then has been very popular at Lon-
don concerts and recitals, as intelli-
gent interpreter of songs and oratorio
parts; visited America 1893 and later
seasons with success.
Greene, Maurice, compr. b. London,
1695 [1696?]; d. there, Dec. 1, 1755.
Chorister under C. King; org. pupil
of R. Brind; orgt. at St. Dunstan's,
St. Andrew's, St. Paul's 1718, Chapel
Royal 1727; friendship with Handel
broken off by discovery of similar
friendship with Bononcini; prof, of
music, Cambridge Univ. 1730; 1743
published Forty Select Anthems
which give him high rank among
English church composers.
Gregh (greg'), Louis, compr., publisher.
Composed and produced several
successful vaudeville operettas, Un
lycee de jeunes filles, Patard, Patard
et cie, and a number of songs. Lives
in Paris.
Gregoir (greg-6-ar), Edouard Georges
Jacques, compr., writer, b. Turnhout,
near Antwerp, Nov. 7, 1822; d.
Wyneghem, June 28, 1890. Studied
with his brother Jacques Mathieu
Joseph G., pst. (1817-1876); at
GRETRY
Biberich under Rummel; gave suc-
cessful concerts, toured with sisters
Milanollo 1842; 1851 settled in
Antwerp where he composed several
operas and oratorios, choruses, music
for pf. and harmonium; wrote many
articles and books, chiefly researches
into history of music in Netherlands.
Gregorov'itch, Charles, vlt. b. St.
Petersburg, Oct. 25, 1867. Studied
with Besekirskij, Wieniawski, and
Joachim; d6but at Berlin 1886;
concertmaster at Helsingfors; has
Elayed successfully in Europe, Eng-
md, and on two trips to America.
Gregory I, Pope. b. Rome, 540; d.
there, 604. Pope in 590. There has
been much discussion whether G.
personally supervised collection of
church music known as Gregorian
or whether it takes its name from
the time merely; general verdict
seems to be that he had a large
personal share; collection includes
music for the mass and other services
of the Church; important not only
because of wonderful, austere beauty
of music itself but also because,
together with the Ambrosian collec-
tion and a Spanish collection, this
church music represents theory of
music current in early Middle Ages.
Grell, Eduard August, compr. b. Ber-
lin, Nov. 6, 1800; d. Steglitz, near
Berlin, Aug. 10, 1886. Pupil of
father, an orgt., of Kaufmann and
Zelter; orgt. Nikolaikirche 1817, at
cathedral 1839, choirmaster there
1843-45; vice-director at Sing-
akademie 1832, teacher of comp.
1851, director 1853-1876; 1838
royal mus. director, 1858 professor.
Learned musician and excellent
teacher who held that vocal music
was only music of importance;
composed mass in 16 parts, choral
works; wrote Aufsatze und GiUachten.
Gretchaninov, see Grechaninov.
Gretry (gra-tri), Andre Ernest Modeste,
compr. b. Lie'ge, Feb. 18, 1741 [ace.
to Gre'try himself, Brenet's Life, and
Conservatory documents; but Rie-
mann, Pougin, etc., give Feb. 8];
d. Montmorency, near Paris, Sept.
24, 1813. Father vlt.; chorister at
6 in St. Denis Collegiate ch. whence
his severe masters dismissed him
at 11; taught by Leclerc, Renekin,
GRIEG
and Moreau; inspired by perform-
ances of Italian opera co., he com-
posed 6 symphonies and mass; by
aid of Canon du Harlez studied in
Rome, but was always impatient
of instruction in counterpoint; after
9 years in Rome, and one in Geneva,
arrived in Paris where after two
years more he obtained libretto for
Le huron which won instant suc-
cess 1768; Luctte 1769 (which con-
tains song Oil peut-on etre mieux
qu'au sein de sa famille, which has
been called French Home, Sweet
Home) repeated success; and about
50 other operas followed; he was
honored by his contemporaries,
admitted to the Institute 1795;
appointed inspector at Cons., but
resigned within year; pensioned by
Napoleon, retired to the " Hermit-
age " where Rousseau had lived;
he wrote his own Memoires very
entertainingly; the real founder of
French school of comic opera in his
real appreciation of the importance
of the text and his almost too great
insistence on clear declamation.
(See especially M. Brenet: Gretry.)
Grieg (greg), Edvard Hagerup, compr.
b. Bergen, June 15, 1843; d. Bergen,
Sept. 4, 1907. After first lessons
on pf. from his mother, he began to
compose at age of 9; on advice of
Ole Bull sent to Leipzig Cons.,
where he studied composition with
Hauptmann, Richter, and Reinecke,
pf. with Wenzel and Moscheles;
after further study with Gade at
Copenhagen and influence of Hart-
mann there, he at last broke away
from German traditions; his Scan-
dinavian feeling was stimulated by
friendship with compr. Richard
Nordraak; after N's death 1866,
G. founded and conducted mus.
union in Christiania; 1865 and 1870
he visited Italy and saw much of
Liszt at Rome; 1879 played pf.
concerto at Leipzig; except for
occasional trips to Germany, and
visits to England in 1888, ^89, '94
(when he received degree of Mus.
Doc. at Cambridge), and 1896, he
lived quietly at Bergen. His works
are not very numerous, about 100
songs, some 20 groups of pf. pieces,
the two suites based on Peer Gynt,
Aus Holbergs Zeit (suite), two
GROVE
Nordische Weisen for string orch.,
Sigurd Jorsalfar, sonatas for pf.
and vln. and for pf. and 'cello, and
the pf. concerto are the most promi-
nent. " His music is lyrical, inti-
mate, exotic, suggestive, of striking
finesse; there are phrases polished
like gems, melodies of perfect pro-
portion, cadences consummate as
novel. Its defects are shortness of
musical phrase and too frequent
repetition; he was satisfied with the
dialect of folk music which fitted
his personal expression." [D. G.
Mason.] But that he gave adequate
expression to his personal feeling
and to his national emotion, that he
contributed the " essential quality
pf naive and spontaneous romance,"
is surely enough.
Grisi (gre'-ze), Giulia, dram. sop. b.
Milan, July 28, 1811; d. Berlin,
Nov. 29, 1869. Taught by sister
Giuditta, mezzo sop. (1805-1840), by
Celli, and Guglielmi; first appear-
ance at 17; admired by both Rossini
and Bellini; ran away from engage-
ment at Milan; d6but 1832 at
Italian Opera, Paris, where she sang
until 1849; first London appearance
1834; sang in London for many
seasons, with Rubini, Lablache, and
later with Mario who became her
second husband; visited U. S. 1854;
did not sing at all 1861-66, and
thereafter chiefly in concerts.
Grodzki, Boleslaus, compr. b. St.
Petersburg, Oct. 13, 1865. Studied
law, held public office, but resigned
to devote himself to musical journal-
ism and composition of songs,
choruses, and pieces for pf. and vln.
and 'cello; grouped by Pougin with
those whose own originality is not
strong enough to break with
" Russian School."
Grb'ndahl, Agathe, see Backer-Gron-
dahl, A.
Grove, Sir George, writer, b. Clapham,
Surrey, Aug. 13, 1820; d. Sydenham,
London, May 28, 1900. Civil engi-
neer by profession, shared in light-
house construction in Jamaica,
Bermuda, and Chester; Secretary
of Soc. of Arts 1850; as contributor
to Smith's Diet, of the Bible made
two trips to Holy Land; active
interest in Crystal Palace Concerts,
GRUENBERG
GUIDO D' AREZZO
contributed analytical notes to pro-
grams for about 40 years; 1868
editor of Macmillan's Magazine;
1873 began to edit Diet, of Music
and Musicians; 1878 visited Amer-
ica with Stanley; 1882 organized
and directed Royal Coll. of Mus.;
though untrained in musical prac-
tice or theory, he became, by sheer
dint of listening, an intelligent and
sympathetic critic; his most original
musical writing is contained in the
article in his Diet., on Schubert, whose
works he rearranged by a theory of
his own.
Gruenberg (griin-barg), Eugene, vlt.
b. Lemberg, Galicia, Oct. 30, 1854.
Studied at Vienna Cons, with
Heissler (vln.), Bruckner, Dessoff,
and Hellmesberger; member of
Leipzig Gewandhaus Orch., of Bos-
ton Symph. Orch. 1891-1898, teacher
of vln., viola, and ensemble
at N. E. Cons.; composed symph.,
suite, dances, and songs; written
manual and theory of violin playing.
Gruenfeld, Alfred, pst. b. Prague,
July 4, 1852. Pupil of Hoger,
Krejci, and at Kullak's Acad. in
Berlin; living in Vienna as court
pianist and imperial chamber vir-
tuoso; makes frequent successful
tours throughout Europe. His
brother, Hermann, 'cellist, b. Prague,
Apr. 21, 1855. Studied at Prague
and Vienna Cons.; teacher at
Kullak's Acad. Berlin.
Griitzmacher (griitz'-mak-er), Friedrich
Wilhelm Ludwig, 'cellist, b. Dessau,
Mar. 1, 1832; d. Dresden, Feb. 22,
1903. Pupil of father, Drechsler,
and Schneider; 1848 in orch. in
Leipzig attracted notice of David;
1849 first 'cellist at Gewandhaus
Orch.; teacher at Leipzig Cons.;
chamber virtuoso at Dresden 1860,
instructor at Cons. 1877; of wide
influence as teacher (of Hegar,
Becker, etc.), editor and reviver of
classic works, author of valuable
studies; composer for his instrument.
Guadagnini (gwa-dan-ye'-ni) , Lorenzo,
vln.-maker. b. Piacenza (?), about
1695 (?); d. Milan, after 1760.
One of prominent family of makers
extending from 18th century to
present; pupil of Stradivari, with
whom he worked at Cremona;
successfully followed his master;
his instruments are bold in design,
model inclined to flatness, with
scroll of considerable originality,
powerful, rich tone. Son Giovanni
Battista (1711-1786) made vlns.
more closely imitated from Stradi-
vari than his father's; his woods
are remarkable, but his varnish is
not so mellow as Lorenzo's.
Guarnerius (gwar-na'-rius), family of
vln.-makers at Cremona. Andrea,
b. 1626; d. Dec. 7, 1698. Pupil of
N. Amati. Violins at first like
A's, later flatter with some changes
in sound holes; his son Giuseppe
(1680-1730) altered shape still fur-
ther; greatest of them was Giuseppe
Antonio, nephew of Andrea, called
G. del Gesu because of mark I. H. S.
on instruments, b. June 8, 1683;
d. about 1742. Pupil, probably, of
cousin Giuseppe, follower of Gasparo
da Said; works of three periods:
1st variable, experimental; 2d beau-
tiful instruments, with remarkable
amber varnish; 3d, bolder and heav-
ier model.
Guglielmi (gool-yel'-mi), Pietro, compr.
b. Massa di Carrara, May, 1727; d.
Rome, Nov. 19, 1804. Taught by
father (maestro di cappella to Duke
of Modena), by Durante in Cons,
di San Lorenzo; first opera, Turin
1755, followed by many successes;
after period in Dresden and London
on the return to Naples in 1777,
reconquered popularity which had
been lost to Paisiello and Cimarosa;
maestro at Vatican 1793; most
famous operas La betta pescatrice,
La serva innamorata, oratorio Deb-
bora e Sisera show fertility of
invention; son Pietro Carlo (1763-
1827) also composed operas.
Guido d' Arezzo (gue-do da-ret'-zo),
tlieorist. b. Arezzo, about 995; d.
Avellano (?), May 17 (?), 1050 (?).
Monk in Benedictine monastery
near Ferrara; invented new system-
of teaching music which, some say,
caused him to be driven from
monastery; summoned to Rome and
commended by Pope John XIX
(possibly previously by Pope Bene-
dict VIII); became abbot at mon-
astery of Sante Croce, where he
died; his inventions have been ques-
tioned, but he seems clearly to have
GUILMANT
GYROWETZ
introduced staff of four lines, one
between and one above two lines
previously used; also apparently
reconstructed scale on principle of
hexachords and diagram to explain
them by joints of left hand, known
as Guidonian hand; thirdly, in-
vented solmisation, use for notes
of scale of syllables do re mi, etc.,
taken from Latin hymn.
Guilmant (gil'-mon), Alexandra Felix,
orgt. b. Boulogne, Mar. 12, 1837.
Pupil of father Jean Baptiste G.
(1793-1890), and of Lemmens, in
harmony of Carulli; orgt. at 16;
teacher in Boulogne Cons, at 20;
1871 orgt. of La TrinitS, Paris; 1896
prof, at Cons.; visited United States
in 1893, 1897 and 1904; founded
organ concerts at Trocadero and
Schola Cantorum in Paris; has
published org. symphonies, sonatas,
etc., masses, motets, several collec-
tions L'organiste pratique, etc.; one
of most prominent orgts., he has had
great influence everywhere by the
virtuosity of his own playing and
through his many pupils.
Guiraud (ge-ro'), Ernest, compr. b.
New Orleans, June 23, 1837; d.
Paris, May 6, 1892. Pupil of father,
Jean Baptiste G. (1803- about 1864),
also winner of Prix de Rome; pro-
duced opera at New Orleans at 15;
studied at Paris Cons, under Mar-
montel and Halevy; Grand prix de
Rome 1859; played at Concerts
populaires; 1876 prof, of harm, and
accompaniment at Cons.; composed
opera Sylvie and several other
ballets and operas, none of which
was very successful.
Gulbranson, Ellen (nee Norgren);
dram. sop. b. Stockholm, March 3,
1863. Pupil at Stockholm Cons.,
and in Paris of Marchesi and Elena
Kenneth; d6but Stockholm, concert
1886, opera 1889; married G.; be-
came known in Germany about 1892;
played Brunnhilde at Bayreuth 1896.
Gumbert (goom-bert), Ferdinand,
compr. b. Berlin, Apr. 22, 1818; d.
there, Apr. 6, 1896. Pupil of Fischer
and Clapius; d6but as tenor at Son-
dershausen; sang 1840-42 as bari-
tone at Cologne; studied comp. with
C. Kreutzer; settled in Berlin as
teacher and compr.; wrote several
operettas and numerous songs (Bis
der Rechte kommt, Thou art my
Dream, etc.).
Gungl (goong'l), Joseph, compr. b.
Zsambek, Hungary, Dec. 1, 1810; d.
Weimar, Jan. 31, 1889. Oboe player
and bandmaster in Austrian artil-
lery; 1843 orch. of his own in Berlin,
which he brought to America in 1849;
Royal Mus. Director 1850; infantry
bandmaster 1858; lived in Munich
1864-76, then in Frankfort; dance
music extraordinarily popular.
Gura (goo'-ra), Eugen, dram, baritone,
b. Pressern, Bohemia, Nov. 8, 1842;
d. Aug. 26, 1906. After lessons at
Polytechnic and Akademie at Vienna
and in Munich Cons., debut in 1865
at Munich; sang at Breslau, Leipzig
(where he was extremely popular),
Hamburg and Munich; sang in first
complete production of Ring der
Nibelungen, Bayreuth 1876; retired
from stage 1895.
Gurlitt, Cornelius, compr. b. Altona,
near Hamburg, Feb. 10, 1820; d.
there, June 17, 1901. Pupil of Rein-
ecke (father of C. Reinecke) and
Weyse; orgt. at Altona; prof, in
Hamburg Cons.; royal mus. director
1874; composed 3 operas and cham-
ber music, but is chiefly known as
writer of instructive pf. pieces,
wherein his " gift of pure melody,
knowledge of steps of pedagogics,
easy and refined form of expression
and acquaintance with power of the
forming hand " made him remark-
ably successful.
Gye, Mrs. E., see Albani, Emma.
Gyrowetz (zhi-ro-vets), Adalbert, compr.
b. Budweis, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 1763;
d. Vienna, Mar. 19, 1850. Early
lessons from father, choirmaster;
studied law at Prague; as private
secretary to Count von Funfkircher,
compositions were performed; won
favor from Mozart m Vienna; after
2 years' study in Naples with Sala,
went to Paris and claimed author-
ship of some symphonies credited to
Haydn; produced opera, gave con-
certs, met Haydn in London; capell-
meister Vienna court opera 1804-31;
friends gave benefit concert to re-
lieve poverty 1843; composed 30
operas, 19 masses, over 60 sympho-
nies, and other works now obsolete.
HABENECK
HAHN
H
Habeneck (a'-be-nek), Francois An-
toine, condr. b. Mezieres, Ardennes,
Jan. 22 [ace. to documents of
Paris Cons. Jan. 23 and June 1 are
also given], 1781; d. Paris, Feb. 8,
1849. Father, member of army band,
gave him vln. lessons; early composi-
tions without instruction; pupil of
Baillot at Paris Cons.; member of
orch. at Opera Comique and Ope>a;
leader at latter; founder and condr.
1828-48 Socie'te' des concerts du
Cons.; director and condr. at Op6ra;
prof, of vln. at Cons.; among pupils
Alard and Leonard; great influence
in introducing Beethoven's music in
Paris.
Haberbier (ha-ber-ber), Ernst, pst. b.
Konigsberg, Oct. 5, 1813; d. Ber-
gen, Mar. 12, 1869. Pupil of father,
orgt.; 1832 became teacher at St.
Petersburg, court pst. there 1847;
gave concerts in London 1850; brill-
iant success in Paris 1852, and
thereafter alternately between St.
Petersburg and Moscow; taught in
Bergen after 1866; died while play-
ing at concert; system of pf. playing
based on division of difficult passages
between two hands; his Etudes poe-
sies are highly esteemed.
Haberl (ha'-berl), Franz Xaver, theor-
ist, b. Oberellenbach, Bavaria, Apr.
12, 1840; d. Regensberg, Sept. 7,
1910. Studied in seminary at Pas-
sau; took priest's orders 1862;
mus. dir. at seminary; orgt. at Rome
and 1871-82 at Ratisbon, where he
founded famous school of ch.mus.;
edited Musica Sacra, works of Pales-
trina (Breitkopf and Hartel Edition) ;
other collections; one of greatest
authorities on church mus. and its
history.
Hadden, James Cuthbert, orgt., writer.
b. Banchory-Ternan, near Aberdeen,
Sept. 9, 1861. Studied under private
teacher; after 1882 orgt. in several
places, 1889 in Edinburgh, where he
still lives; frequent contributor to
periodicals, author of lives of Handel,
Haydn, Mendelssohn, and Chopin,
editor of Scottish Musical Review.
Hadley, Henry Kimball, compr. b.
Somerville, Mass., Dec. 20, 1871.
Pupil of father; studied vln. in Bos-
ton with H. Heindl and C. N. Allen;
harmony with Emery, counterpoint
with Chad wick; 1894-95 studied
comp. in Vienna with Mandyczewski;
1896-1904 dir. music dept. St. Paul 's
School, -Garden City, L. I., and orgt.
in New York; Dec. 1897 1st sym-
phony Youth and Life produced in
New York under Seidl; 1899 prize
cantata In Music's Praise; 1901 2d
symphony The Four Seasons won
Paderewski Prize for American com-
position and N. E. Cons. Prize; 1906
3d symphony; also composed 3 comic
operas, 3 serious overtures; 3 ballet
suites, 6 ballades for chorus and
orch., string quartet, string trio,
sonata for vln. and pf., quintet for
strings and pf., Symphonic Fantasia,
tone poem Salome, lyric drama Mer-
lin and Vivien, opera Safie produced
at Mayence 1909, The Culprit Fay,
rhapsody for orch., won prize in 1909
of Nat. Fed. of Music Clubs; many
anthems, part-songs, pf. pieces and
over a hundred songs; 1905-09 in
Europe; 1908 condr. at Mayence
Opera; 1909 condr. Seattle Symph.
Orch. His music is praised for skilful
construction, vitality and freedom
from morbidness.
Hadow, William Henry, writer, b.
Ebrington, Gloucestershire, Dec. 27,
1859. Educated at Oxford; studied
mus. at Darmstadt and under C. H.
Lloyd; fellow, tutor, lecturer on mus.,
examiner in Litterae Humaniores at
Oxford; has composed charming
songs, etc., but is chiefly noted for
Studies in Modern Music, Primer of
Sonata Form, A Croatian Composer
(sketch of Haydn), and other writ-
ings in which he treats the subjects
with literary skill and broad cul-
ture; editor Oxford History of Music
and author of volume on Viennese
period.
(han'), Jacob H., pst., teacher, b.
Philadelphia, Dec. 1, 1847; d. 1902?
Early interest iii mus.; orgt. in Chi-
cago while pupil of Ziegfeld, Mason,
HAHN
HALL£
etc.; manager of several traveling
concert companies; dir. Female Sem.
at Coldwater, Mich. 1866-69, and
(after study with Richter and Plaidy
in Leipzig) dir. of mus. at Mich.
Female Seminary at Detroit 1872-
74; founder and dir. of Detroit Cons.
1874; successful teacher; composed
some pf. pieces, songs, etc.
Hahn (an'), Reynaldo, compr. b. Ca-
racas, Venezuela, Aug. 9, 1875 [or
1874]. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Dubois,
Lavignac, and Massenet; 1st opera
given at Ope'ra Comique 1898; pub-
lished charming songs (Chansons
grises, Chansons espagnoles, etc.);
opera La Carmdite 1902; incidental
mus. for Esther.
Hale, Philip, critic, b. Norwich, Vt.,
Mar. 5, 1854. After early music les-
sons, orgt. in Northampton, Mass.;
graduated Yale 1876; member of
Albany bar 1880; lessons from D.
Buck 1876; in Europe 1882-87 with
Haupt, Faisst, Rheinberger, and
Guilmant; orgt. Albany, Troy, Rox-
bury, Mass. 1889-1905; critic on sev-
eral Boston papers, notably Journal
1891-1903, Herald after 1903; writer
of notes Bost. Symph. Orch.. pro-
grams since 1902; Boston corre-
spondent Musical Courier 1892-98;
editor Musical Record, New Music
Review, etc.
Halevy (al-a-vi), Jacques Frangois
Fromental Elie, compr. b. Paris,
May 27, 1799; d. Nice, Mar. 17, 1862.
Parents Jews, real name Levi ; entered
Paris Cons, at 10, pupil of Lambert,
Berton, and Cherubini; Prix de Rome
1819; 1827 produced one-act opera
and became prof, of harm, and
accomp., counterpoint and fugue
1833, composition 1840 at Cons.;
among pupils were Gounod, Masse",
Bizet, etc.; in 1829 Clari and Le
dilettante d' Avignon were successful;
chef de chant at Ope'ra 1830-46; com-
pletion of Harold's Ludovic 1832,
production of La Juive and L' Eclair
1835 brought him to height of fame;
member of Institute 1836; he con-
tinued to produce operas with some
success even after Meyerbeer's Hu-
guenots (1836) had turned the fashion;
his operas contain many tender
melodies and show great dramatic
power, chiefly in differentiation of
character, but many passages are
vague, obscure, or monotonous; his
instrumentation, though interesting
to musicians, is often too refined
or strained for popularity; published
pleasant essays, Souvenirs et por-
traits, and Derniers souvenirs.
Halir (ha-leV), Carl, vlt. b. Hohenelbe,
Bohemia, Feb. 1, 1859; d. Berlin,
Dec. 21, 1909. After lessons from
father, studied under Bennewitz at
Prague Cons., then under Joachim
at Berlin; violin in Bilse's orch.,
concertmaster at Konigsberg, Mann-
heim, Weimar 1884—94; leader at
Berlin Court Opera 1894-1904;
teacher at Hochschule after 1894;
successful trip to U. S. 1896-97; 1897
joined Joachim Quartet; married
Therese Zerbst, singer; esteemed all
over Europe as soloist and quartet
player of distinction.
Hall, Charles King, compr., writer, b.
London, 1845; d. there, Sept. 1, 1895.
Orgt. at several London churches;
author of School for the Harmonium
and No vello's Harmonium Primer;
composed church mus. and popular
operettas A Christmas Stocking, The
Naturalist, etc.
Halle, Adam de la, see Adam de la Halle.
Halle (hal'-la), Sir Charles [real name
Carl Halle], pst., condr. b. Hagen,
Westphalia, Apr. 11, 1819; d. Man-
chester, Eng., Oct. 25, 1895. Son of
orgt.; played in public frequently as
child; stud, with Rinck and G. Weber
at Darmstadt; in Paris after 1836,
studied with Kalkbrenner, became
friend of Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, and
Cherubini; Revolution of 1848 drove
him to England; 1857 founded and
directed Manchester Orch.; remark-
able condr., he brought orch. to
London and did much to introduce
music of Berlioz; also after 1852 gave
pf. recitals, among first in London,
at which he showed himself remark-
able Beethoven player; correct but
somewhat cold player; married for
second wife Wilma Maria Franziska
Neruda, known as Norman-Neruda,
vlt. b. Briinn, Mar. 29, 1839. Pupil
of Jansa; de"but Vienna 1846; played
with sister, pst., and with father,
orgt., and brother, 'cellist; 1849
appeared in London; 1864 sensational
HALLEN
HANCHETT
success in Paris; married Ludwig
Norman; prolonged popularity in
London, after marriage with Halle,
went with him to Australia; Ameri-
can tour 1899.
Hallen (hal-len), Anders, compr. b.
Gothenburg, Sweden, Dec. 22, 1846.
Pupil of Reinecke, Rheinberger, and
Rietz; condr. Musical Union, Goth-
enburg, and of Philharmonic concerts
and royal opera, Stockholm; com-
posed operas, Hexfattan 1896; ballad
cycles Vom Pagen und der Konigs-
tochter, Traumkonig und sein Lieb, etc.
Hallstrom (hal'-strain), Ivan Kristian,
compr. b. Stockholm, June 5, 1826;
d. there, Apr. 10, 1901. Student of
law; librarian to Crown Prince;
director of school of mus. 1861; com-
positions are national in subject as
well as in style; has written several
operas Der Bergkonig (most success-
ful), and cantata Die Blumen, which
took prize at Stockholm.
Hambourg, Mark, pst. b. Bogutchar,
S: Russia, May 30, 1879. Pupil of
father, pf. teacher, and of Lesche-
tizky; as youthful prodigy known
as Max H., gave concerts in 1891;
reappeared at Vienna Philharmonic
concerts, having played in Australia
the year before; 1896 again in Lon-
don; since then popular in many
cities; first appearance U. S. 1899
and successful concerts here 1900,
1902, etc. ; makes his home in London ;
possessed of prodigious memory and
amazing technic; is said to be
" temperamentally akin to Rubin-
stein." •
Hamerik, Asger [properly Hammerich],
compr. b. Copenhagen, Apr. 8, 1843.
Early aptitude for music encouraged;
pupil of Gade, Haberbier, and in
1860 of Von Billow; abandoning pf.
studies, studied comp. in Paris with
Berlioz whose only pupil he claims to
be and whose substitute as condr. he
often was; 1872-98 director of Pea-
body Cons., Baltimore, where he gave
pf. concerts; composed 6 symphonies,
Po6tique, Tragique, etc., and 2 choral
trilogies, 4 operas; occasionally bom-
bastic, but often genuinely lyrical
and really humorous.
Hamilton, Clarence Grant, teacher,
author, b. Providence, R. I., June 9,
1865. Educated in local schools
and Brown University (A.B. 1888;
A.M. 1900); began the study of
piano playing at an early age, chief
teachers being Edward Hoffman and
Arthur Foote; studied organ and
theory with H. C. Macdougall and
theory with G. W. Chadwick; taught
mathematics and language at a
boys' school in Providence, and
piano, privately; associate professor
of music, Wellesley College, 1904;
organist Congregational Church,
Wellesley; officer of Music Teachers'
National Association, N. E. Chapter
American Guild of Organists; pub-
lished compositions include songs,
piano pieces, and anthems; author of
Outlines of Music History and Piano
Teaching: Its Principles and Prob-
lems; articles in musical magazines.
TTatnma, Benjamin, compr. b. Fried-
ingen, Oct. 10, 1831. Studied with
Lindpaintner at Stuttgart where he
became director of new mus. school,
after having lived in Paris, Rome,
and Konigsberg; comp. an opera,
part-songs, etc.
Hammerschmidt (ham'-mer-shmit) , An-
dreas, orgt., compr. b.Briix, Bohemia,
1611; d. Zittau, Oct. 29, 1675. Pupil
at Schandau of Stephan Otto; orgt.
at Freiburg and 1639 at Zittau;
originality makes him of importance
in development of Lutheran ch. mus.
before Bach; composed Geistliche
Concerten, Geistliche Madrigalen, Dia-
log zwischen Gott und einer glaubigen
Seele (form afterward developed into
Bach's cantatas and Handel's orato-
rios), Fest-Buss-und Danklieder (32
hymns, some of which are still in
use), masses, etc.
Hanchett, Henry G., pst., author, b.
Syracuse, N. Y., Aug. 29, 1853.
Father an amateur church organist,
mother a choir singer; began music
study at six years, played in public
at eight; graduated Syracuse High
School, 1871; N. Y. Homoeopathic
Medical College 1884; pupil in music
of Ernst Held, A. J. Goodrich,
Wm. H. Sherwood, Theodor Kullak,
Wm. Mason, A. K. Virgil; teacher
at various schools of music, including
Beethoven Conservatory, St. Louis,
Metropolitan Conservatory and
Adelphi School of Musical Art, New
York; director (1910) of musical
department National Park Seminary,
HANDEL
HANDEL
organist Syracuse, N. Y., St. Louis,
New York, and suburban towns;
musical director at Monteagle, Tenn.,
and De Funiak Springs, Fla.,
Chautauquas; lecturer on music for
the Brooklyn Institute and New
York City Board of Education; has
given lecture recitals throughout
Canada and the United States;
author of several medical and the
following musical books: Teaching
as a Science and The Art of the
Musician; inventor of the Sostenuto
or tone-sustaining pedal in general
use in grand pianos; a founder of
the American Guild of Organists.
Handel, Georg Friedrich, compr. b.
Halle, Saxony, Feb. 23, 1685; d.
London, Apr. 14, 1759. Son of
surgeon-barber who, wishing the
son to be a lawyer, refused him all
musical instruction; but the boy
learned to play on a clavichord
which was concealed in the garret;
at 8 he played before Duke of
Weissenfels so well that the latter
overcame the father's objections.
After some lessons from Zachau, he
met Ariosto and Bononcini at
Berlin, and so impressed the elector
by playing and improvising that
he wished to send him to Italy, but
father still hoped that he would
study law; after father's death, he
did enter Halle University 1702,
being at same time orgt.; at Ham-
burg 1703-1706, he played in orch.
under Keiser, became friend of
Mattheson and quarreled with him;
composed 4 operas, of which Almira
was most successful. In Italy 1706-
1710 he produced operas and sacred
music at Naples, Florence, Rome,
and Venice; 1710 after few months
as capellmeister to elector of Han-
over he went to England, and
produced Rinaldo; he was again in
England 1712-1714, when elector
became George I, and Handel made
peace with king only after com-
position of the beautiful Water
Music. After producing his last
German work, The Passion, in
Hanover, he became chapelmaster
to Duke of Chandos, for whom he
wrote the Chandos anthems, etc.
In 1720 undertook direction of
Italian Opera for a society known
as the Royal Acad. of Mus.; engaged
company including Senesino, and
produced Radamisto. Opposition to
his success on part of Bononcini and
Ariosto led to Muzio Scevola, for
which each one composed one act;
continued enmity of Bononcini,
aided by personal enemies of Handel,
caused division of London society;
1729 partner of Heidegger at King's
Theatre; defection of Senesino and
acquisition by opposition of such
singers as Cuzzoni, Farinelli, and
Faustina Bordoni, with her husband
Hasse, pressed H. hard; on Heideg-
ger's retirement, his rivals gained
King's Theatre and Handel went to
Co vent Garden. H. became bank-
rupt 1737, and the other company
met no better fate. In 1738 he
turned to English oratorio, produc-
ing Saul, Israel in Egypt 1739,
Messiah 1742 in Dublin, 1743 in
London, Samson 1743, and others.
Although again bankrupt 1744, he
persisted in composition until blind-
ness 1752, and even thereafter,
Triumph of Time and Truth 1757.
He wrote about 40 operas and
about 30 oratorios and occasional
anthems, odes, etc.; edition of his
works edited by Chrysander in 94
volumes 1859-94 is final. Person-
ally H. was proud, sensitive, im-
patient, given to terrible bursts of
rage and profanity, yet generous to
singers and those associated with
him, and to the poor. He frequently
plagiarized themes of other com-
posers, partly owing to contem-
porary carelessness in such matters
and partly because of an individual
lack of delicacy. His operas are
similar to those composed at the
tune in France and Italy and not
much better; his instrumental music
is not so original as that of Bach or
Couperin; even his organ music is
not supreme. He excels in oratorio
only; there his power of producing
broad and massive effect has full
sway, and his limitations — lack of
delicacy and fine discrimination and
tendency toward mechanical means
— are not conspicuous. Comparison
with Bach rests on their being born
the same year, not on any real
resemblance between the laborious,
subtle, incessantly original work of
the retired organist and the conspicu-
ous achievements of Handel.
HANDLO
HARTMANN
Handle, Robert de, writer. Author of
treatise commenting on that of
Franco of Cologne, dated 1326;
deals with notation, time-values,
and modes of rhythm, showing
unsettled state of notation. (See
Grove.)
Handrock (hand-rok), Julius, pst.,
compr. b. Naumburg, June 22,
1830; d. Halle, Jan. 5, 1894. Lived
chiefly in Halle, as pf. teacher;
compositions mostly for pf. and
generally of an educational char-
acter.
Hanscom, E. W., compr. b. Durham,
Me., Dec. 28, 1848. Studied in
native state, with two periods in
London, Berlin, and Vienna; has
published various secular and relig-
ious songs and choruses.
Hanslick, Eduard, critic, b. Prague,
Sept. 11, 1825; d. Baden, near
Vienna, Aug. 6, 1904. Son of bibliog-
rapher, student of law and philos-
ophy; stud. pf. with Tomaschek;
doctor's degree Vienna 1849; tutor
in aesthetics and mus. hist. Vienna
Univ. 1856, prof. 1870; public
lecturer 1859-63, critic to Wiener
Zeitung 1848-49, Presse 1855-64, and
Neue Freie Presse; first book Vom
Musikalisch-Schonen, epoch-making
in its insistence on the limitations
of mus. to musical ideas, was fol-
lowed by many others; an ardent,
often violent opponent pf Wagner
and Liszt and equally violent sup-
porter of Brahms and Schumann.
Hardelot (ar-de-lo), Guy d' [pseud, of
Mrs. W. T. Rhodes, nee Helen Guy],
compr. b. Hardelot Castle, near
Boulogne-sur-Mer. Composed songs
chiefly French, with wide range of
feeling, and skill in composition;
Sans toi, Almond Blossoms, A
Bunch of Violets are well known;
visited America with Calve; living
in London.
Harding, Henry Alfred, orgt., writer.
b. Salisbury, July 25, 1856. Pupil
of Abram, Keeton, and Corfe; Mus.
Doc. Oxford 1882; examiner for
Soc. of Musicians; orgt. and director
at Sidmouth, later at Bedford;
compr. of setting of Psalm 106,
morning service, etc., author Analy-
sis of Form as displayed in Beethoven's
Sonatas, and Musical Ornaments.
Harknes, see Senkrah, Anna L.
Harris, Sir Augustus [Henry Glossop],
impresario. b. Paris, 1852; d.
Folkestone, Eng., June 22, 1896.
Originally actor, asst. stage manager
under Mapleson 1873; leased Drury
Lane Theatre, London, 1879, pro-
duced pantomimes and melodramas;
managed annual visits of Carl Rosa
Co. and in 1888 began long career
as manager of Co vent Garden;
made opera again the fashion in
London, introducing many new stars
and new works.
Harris, William Victor, compr. b.
New York, Apr. 27, 1869. Pupil of
Blum, Courtney, Schilling, and
Seidl (conducting); orgt. in Brook-
lyn and N. Y.; condr. choral
societies in Utica and N. Y.; coach
at Metropolitan Opera 1892-95; asst.
condr. to Seidl at Brighton Beach
1895-96; living in N. Y.; vocal
teacher and compr., chiefly of songs.
Harriss, Charles Albert Edwin, orgt.,
compr. b. London, Dec. 15, 1862.
Chorister and orgt. at early age in
England; living since 1883 at
Montreal, orgt. at Ch. of St. James
the Apostle; founder of madrigal
society; compr. of opera, cantata,
much church mus.; had great
influence in increase of musical
interest in Montreal and Canada
generally.
Hart, John Thomas, vln.-maker. b.
Westminster, Dec. 17, 1805; d.
there, Jan. 1, 1874. Pupil of Gilkes,
and careful student of Italian violins,
in which he dealt as expert. His son
and business successor, George, vln.-
maker, writer, b. London, Mar. 23,
1839; d. near Newhaven, Apr. 25,
1891. Stud, at Royal Acad. with
Sainton and Macfarren; author of
very valuable work, The Violin,
its Famous Makers and Their Imi-
tators 1875, and less authoritative
The Violin and Its Music 1881.
Hartmann, Johan Peter Emilius, compr.
b. Copenhagen, May 14, 1805; d.
there, Mar. 10, 1900. Grandson of
Johann Ernst H. (1726-1793), compr.
of Danish national hymn; son of
August Wilhelm, orgt.; his father's
assistant; at first a lawyer; taught
in Copenhagen Cons, of which he
HARTMANN
HATTON
was director 1840; Royal capellm.
1849; compr. of 4 successful operas
(Die Ravnen 1832 was first), sym-
phonies, incidental music; first
exponent of Scandinavian national
music; Gade was his son-in-law.
His son Emil, compr. b. Copen-
hagen, Feb. 21, 1836; d. there, July
19, 1898. Pupil of father and Gade;
court orgt. 1871 to retirement 1873;
1891 director of Mus. Society;
composed several operas and instr.
music.
Hartmann, Arthur, vlt. b. Mat6 Szalka,
Hungary, July 23, 1881. Came to
America as infant. Educated here
entirely, chiefly as pupil of C. M.
Loeffler; went to Berlin unheralded
1902, and after successful d6but
played in various cities; lives and
teaches in Paris 1909, more praised
for unique quality of tone than for
technic.
Hasler [or Hassler], Hans Leo von,
compr. b. Nuremberg, 1564; d.
Frankfort, June 8, 1612. Eldest of 3
sons of Isaac H., town musician;
studied with father and with A.
Gabrieli in Venice; first German
compr. who studied in Italy; 1585
orgt. to Count Fugger; 1608 to
Christian II of Saxony; composed
Latin motets and masses, which
were said to unite beauty of Italian
and German art; holds same place
in German art that Palestrina does
in Italian; brothers Jacob (1566-
1601), orgt., and Caspar (1570-1618),
orgt., clavier player, editor of collec-
tion of church music.
Hasse (has-s6), Johann Adolph [Peter],
compr. b. Bergedorf, near Ham-
burg [baptized Mar. 25], 1699; d.
Venice, Dec. 16, 1783. Taught by
his father; influence of poet Ulrich
Konig led to engagements as singer
at Hamburg and at Brunswick,
where he produced only German
opera; 1724, after few lessons from
Porpora, became pupil of A. Scar-
latti; having composed serenade
sung by Tesi and Farinelli was com-
missioned to write Italian opera
which made him popular; known
as il caro Sassone; met and married
Faustina Bordoni for whom he
composed famous works; 1731 direc-
tor of Dresden opera, successful
despite rivalry of Porpora; about
1740 visited London, but did not
wish to be rival to Handel; after
losses in siege of Dresden, withdrew
to Vienna, where for the third time
he found a formidable rival in Gluck,
and saw possibilities of eclipse in
Mozart's beginnings; retired to
Venice about 1773. Composed over
100 operas, church music, concertos,
with much .delightful melody. His
wife Faustina Bordoni, dram, mezzo
sop. b. Venice, 1700; d. there,
Nov. 4, 1783. Studied with Gas-
parini and B. Marcello; d6but 1716;
sang at Venice, Naples, Florence,
Vienna, London under Handel
(1726-30), where she astonished
by facility, rapidity, dexterity in
taking breath, and power of sustain-
ing notes; after marriage with
Hasse 1730, went with him to
Dresden and thence to Venice.
Hastings, Frank Seymour, compr. b.
Mendham, N. Y., May 31, 1853.
Son of clergyman; early played org.,
studied composition and singing in
such leisure as could be snatched
from business; composed chiefly
songs, of which Red, Red Rose has
had large sale, as well as anthem
Just as I am.
Hastings, Thomas, writer, compr. b.
Washington, Conn., Oct. 15, 1787;
d. New York, May 2, 1872. Self-
taught; editor Utica Recorder; after
1832 organized church choirs and
taught psalmody in N. Y.; wrote
History of Forty Choirs and Dis-
sertation on Musical Taste; com-
posed hymn-tunes.
Hastreiter (has'-tri-ter), Helen, dram,
contralto, b. Louisville, Ky., Nov.
14, 1858. Studied with Lamperti;
married Dr. Burgunzi, physician;
living in Genoa; has been great
favorite in Italy.
Hatton, John Liptrot, compr. b.
Liverpool, Oct. 12, 1809; d. Margate,
Sept. 20, 1886. Self-taught, except
for mere rudiments; went to Lon-
don 1832; condr. at Drury Lane
1842; brought out operetta there;
1844 prod. Pascal Bruno in Vienna;
1848 visited America; director at
Princess's Theatre, London, 1853-58;
composed much incidental music,
songs (many under pseud. Czapek),
cantatas, etc.
HATTSTAEDT
HAWKINS
Hattstaedt, John J., pst., teacher, b.
Monroe, Mich , Dec. 29, 1851.
Father a clergyman; early showed
inclination toward music; studied
in the U. S. and in Germany; began
his professional career in Detroit,
locating in Chicago in 1875, as
teacher of piano in the Chicago
Musical College; founded American
Conservatory of Music, Chicago, in
1886, of which he is president and
teacher of the classes in advanced
piano playing; lectures on musical
pedagogy and aesthetics; contributor
to musical magazines; wrote a
history of music.
Hauck (howk), Minnie, dram, sop.
b. New York, Nov. 16, 1852. Pupil
of Curto at New Orleans, of Erani
at N. Y.; debut Brooklyn 1866;
after further instruction from M.
Strakosch, sang in London 1868,
Paris, and Vienna where she became
great favorite; engaged at Berlin
1874-77; at Brussels, at London,
(where she was first Carmen); mar-
ried E. V. Hesse-Wartegg 1881;
made three trips around the world,
appearing in many roles; retired
1896 to Lucerne.
Haupt (howpt), Carl August, orgt. b.
Kuhnau, Silesia, Aug. 25, 1810; d.
Berlin, July 4, 1891. Pupil of A. W.
Bach, Klein, Dehn, Schneider; orgt.
several Berlin churches, finally at
Parochialkirche; director mus. in-
stitute; famous for fine improvisa-
tions; many famous pupils, among
them J. K. Paine, Eugene Thayer,
Clarence Eddy.
Hauptmann (howpt'-man), Moritz, theo-
rist, compr. b. Dresden, Oct. 13,
1792; d. Leipzig, Jan. 3, 1868. Son
of state architect; pupil of Grosse,
Scholz, and Morlacchi; 1811 became
friend and pupil of Spohr; 1812 vlt.
Dresden court orch.; 1815-20 teach-
ing in Russia; member of Spohr's
orch. at Kassel; on recommendation
of Mendelssohn and Spohr, ap-
pointed director at Thomasschule
and prof, of counterpoint at Leipzig
Cons. ; valued teacher of pupils from
all over the world, Joachim, Von
Billow, Sullivan, Ferd. David, Dud-
ley Buck, C. C. Converse, etc! In
his compositions, as in his teaching,
he emphasized unity of idea and
symmetry of form; wrote chiefly
part-songs, motets, canons, etc.,
widely popular with choral societies;
also wrote abstruse but valuable
Nature of Harmony and Rhythm.
Hausegger (how'-seg-ger), Siegmund
von, compr. b. Graz, Aug. 16, 1872.
Taught by father, Friedrich H.,
teacher of theory Graz Univ., and
by Pohlig, and at Styrian Musik-
verein; capellm. Graz, Bayreuth, and
condr. Kaim Orch. Munich, from
1903-06 condr. Museum Concerts
at Frankfort; composed part-songs,
grand mass, opera Zinnover (Munich
1898); symph. poems, Dionysische
Fantasie, Barbarossa, and Wieland
der Schmied, excited attention as
interesting examples of ultra-modern
German orchestration.
Hauser (how'-ser), Miska, vlt. b.
Pressburg, Hungary, 1822; d. Vien-
na, Dec. 9, 1887. Studied with
Matalay, Kreutzer, and, at Vienna
Cons., with Mayseder and Sechter;
from 1840-74 appeared in Europe,
America, and Australia as virtuoso;
wrote Wanderbuch eines dsterreich-
ischen Virtuosen about Am. tour;
composed Lieder ohne Worte for
violin.
Hausmann (hows'-man), Robert, 'cel-
list, b. Rottleberode, Harz Mts.,
Aug. 13, 1852; d. Vienna, Jan. 19,
1909. Studied at Brunswick under
Th. Muller, and at Berlin Hoch-
schule with Wm. Muller, under
Joachim's direction; further lessons
from Piatti; member of Hochberg
Quartet 1872-76; teacher at Hoch-
schule; member of Joachim Quartet
after 1879.
Havens, Charles Arthur, orgt. b. Essex,
N. Y. 1842. Studied in Boston; orgt.
in Chicago for 36 years at 1st Baptist
Church, where his choir is an impor-
tant part of the service; compr. of
over 150 church compositions from
simple gospel songs to elaborate
anthems.
Hawkins, Sir John, historian, b. Lon-
don, Mar. 30, 1719; d. Westminster,
May 21, 1789. By profession attor-
ney; 1740 member of Academy of
Antient Music, 1749 of Johnson's
Club; 1752 of Madrigal Society; upon
marriage to wealthy woman, retired
to Twickenham, where, among other
activities, he wrote his History of
HAWLEY
HAYDN
Music; first vol. came out in same
year (1776) with that of Burney,
whom contemporaries considered
superior but whom posterity judges
less trustworthy.
Hawley, Charles Beach, compr. b.
Brookfield, Conn., Feb. 11, 1858. Of
musical family; studied in New York
with Webb, Buck, Mosenthal, and
Rutenber; bass soloist and orgt. in
several churches; member of Men-
delssohn Glee Club, for which he has
composed many part-songs (My
Love's like a Red, Red Rose, Bugle
Song, They Kissed) ; also many songs
of charming melody.
Haydn (hldn), Franz Josef, compr.
b. Rohrau-on-the-Leitha, Austria,
Mar. 31 (baptized Apr. 1), 1732; d.
Vienna, May 31, 1809. Son of
Mathias H., wheelwright, sexton,
orgt., and singer, and his wife Maria,
formerly a cook; by recent evidence
Kuhac shows that H's ancestors were
Croatians and that his inheritance
is therefore Slavic, not Teutonic, a
theory to which Croatian folk-song
in his music and his fondness for
irregular rhythms give support; of
12 children 3 were musicians and
there was simple singing at home;
at 5, owing to influence of cousin,
J. M. Frankh, H. was sent to school
at Hamburg, where for two years,
though neglected and flogged, he
was taught rudiments of music,
playing on vln. and some other instr.;
1740 taken by Reutter to Vienna as
chorister at St. Stephen's, where he
learned singing, vln., and clavier;
though he received no instruction in
composition, he studied Fux's Gradus
ad Parnassum and a work by Mat-
theson by himself, and composed a
great deal; 1748 supplanted as singer
by brother Michael, he was set
adrift without help from the school;
assisted by friends, he gave lessons,
studied C. P. E. Bach, and composed
1st mass; through influence of Metas-
tasio, obtained distinguished pupil,
through whom he met Porpora; as
P's accompanist, met Gluck and
other contemporaries; 1755 at house
of Baron Fiirnberg he composed his
first quartet and what was really his
first symphony (the term was loosely
used before his time for any con-
certed instrumental piece); 1760
married most unhappily, while in em-
ploy of Count Morzin; 1761 became
2d capellmeister under Werner, to
Prince Esterhazy, as 1st capellm.
after Werner's death 1766 to Prince
Nicolaus E., who succeeded in 1762.
H. had ample opportunity and en-
couragement for further composi-
tion; except for brief annual visits
to Vienna, his time was passed at
Eisenstadt, where he composed about
30 symph., 40 quartets, and nearly
all his operas; his works became
known and admired all over Europe;
he made many friends chief of whom
was Mozart, between whom and H.
there was mutual affection and
support. In 1790, on death of Prince
Nicolaus, musicians were dismissed,
though Haydn's pay was continued.
He yielded to pressure of Salomon
and visited London in 1791, where
he composed the " Salomon sympho-
nies," received degree from Oxford
and honor from all classes; 1792 in
Vienna again, where he gave lessons
to Beethoven; 1794 he went again
to England, and returned 1795 to
reorganize the Esterhazy musical
forces. Composed Austrian national
hymn, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser
1797. And in his old age produced
Die Schopfung (Creation) 1798 and
Die Jahreszeiten (Seasons) 1801.
His last years were prosperous and
happy, except for his concern for
his country. Though unattractive
in appearance, he was genial, kindly,
and humorous, so amiable that the
term " Papa Haydn " was widely
applied. His operas and his early
songs are not often played, his ora-
torios are closely second to Handel's;
his masses and The Seven Words on
the Cross are still valued for the
sincerity of their religious sentiment.
But chiefly H. is important as giving
final form to symphony and quartet,
as "father of orchestral music." His
own works, though they sometimes
seem simple and lacking in emotional
depth, are remarkable for the amaz-
ing variety of themes, the gaiety of
spirit, the accurate sense of structure,
and delicate, acute feeling for detail.
Haydn, Johann Michael, compr. b.
Rohrau, Sept. 14, 1737; d. Salzburg,
Aug. 10, 1806. Brother of F. J.;
remarkable for sop. voice when
HAYNES
chorister at Vienna; orgt.; capellm.
at Grosswardein; 1762 concert-
master and director to archbishop,
and orgt. at Salzburg; married singer
Maria Magdalena Lipp; lost property
under French occupation but was
assisted by brother and Empress
Maria Theresa; at his school of comp.
taught Reicha, Weber, etc.; refused
offers of Prince Esterhazy to make
him vice-capellm. of his chapel in
hope of reorganization at Salzburg;
excellent church compr., admired by
contemporaries, but overshadowed
by his brother; his modesty pre-
vented him from publishing, but
many works are extant, notably
masses, graduals, offertories, some
orchestral works and org. preludes.
Haynes, Walter Battison, orgt., compr.
b. Kempsey, Worcestershire, Nov.
21, 1859; d. London, Feb. 4, 1900.
Pupil of Prout and at Leipzig Cons,
of Reinecke and Jadassohn; won
Mozart scholarship; orgt. at Syden-
ham and Chapel Royal, Savoy;
director of mus. at Borough Poly-
technic; prof, of harmony at Royal
Acad.; composed symph., chamber
mus., 2 cantatas for women's voices,
and Elizabethan Lyrics.
Hays, William Shakespeare, compr.
b. Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1837;
d. Louisville, July 22, 1907. Wrote
his first song at 16, and in all several
hundred, almost all widely sold;
Evangeline, My Sunny Southern
Home, Molly Darling, etc.; also
occupied with editorial work for
Courier-Journal.
Heap, Charles Swinnerton, pst., compr.
b. Birmingham, Apr. 10, 1847; d.
there, June 11, 1900. Chorister,
pupil of Monk; winner of Mendels-
sohn Scholarship 1865, studied at
Leipzig under Moscheles, Haupt-
mann, Richter, and Reinecke; fur-
ther under Best in Liverpool; condr.
of Birmingham Philharmonic Union
1870-1886; of Birmingham Festival
Choral Society after 1895; chorus-
master for festival 1897; examiner
for Camb. Univ.; composed chamber
mus., overtures, cantatas (Maid of
Astolat), and several organ pieces.
Hedouin (a-do-an), Pierre, writer, b.
Boulogne, July 28, 1789; d. Paris,
Dec. 1868. Studied law in Paris,
HEINRICH
practised in Boulogne; chef du
bureau at Ministry of Public Works,
Paris, after 1842; contributed to
periodicals, wrote novels, librettos,
composed some songs; chief mus.
writings are about Monsigny, Gr6-
try, Lesueur, Paganini, Gluck, etc.;
articles collected in Mosa'ique.
Heermann (har-man), Hugo, vlt. b.
Heilbronn, Mar. 3, 1844. Pupil of
de Meerts, de B6riot, and Fetis at
Brussels Cons., and in Paris; 1865
concertmaster at Frankfort; 1878
teacher at Hoch Cons, there; founded
Heermann Quartet, with Naret-Kon-
ing, Welcher, and Becker; has given
many concerts in Germany, France,
and England; in America 1903; ad-
mired especially as quartet player.
Hegar (ha-gar), Friedrich, condr.,
compr. b. Basle, Oct. 11, 1841.
Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Haupt-
mann, Richter, David, and Plaidy;
after leading orch. in Warsaw and
Gebweiler, living in Paris and Lon-
don, settled 1863 in Zurich, where he
became condr. of Subscription Con-
certs and of Choral Soc., founded
mus. sch.; composed choral works,
Hymne an die Musik, Waldlied, Die
Trompete von Gravelotte, etc.
Hegner (hag'-ner), Anton, 'cellist, b.
Copenhagen, Mar. 2, 1861. Studied
at Copenhagen Cons., played there
and in Germany with great success;
now living in New York; composed
'cello concertos, quartets, about 60
songs.
Hegner, Otto, pst. b. Basle, Nov. 18,
1876. Pupil at Basle of Fricker,
Huber, and Glaus; appeared as
prodigy in several German cities,
m England and America 1888; 1904
teacher at Hoch Cons, in Frankfort;
has composed chiefly for pf.
Heinrich (hln'-rik), Max, baritone,
compr. b. Chemnitz, June 14, 1853.
Studied with Klitzsch at Zwickau
and at Dresden Cons.; taught in
Philadelphia, Alabama, at Royal
Acad. London 1888-93; successful
at large concerts in N. Y. 1882-88;
then located in Chicago, where he
gave " farewell recital" 1903, re-
moving to Boston; now (1910) settled
in New York; composed picturesque
songs, setting to Poe's Raven, etc.
HELLER
HENSCHEL
Heller (el-lar'), Stephen, pst., teacher,
compr. b. Pesth, May 15, 1815; d.
Paris, Jan. 14, 1888. Pupil of
Brauer, played in public at 9;
studied with Halm at Vienna; gave
concerts 1827-32 in Hungary, Po-
land, and Germany; falling ill on
the way, was adopted by wealthy
family in Augsburg where he worked
at composition; 1838 at Paris, mem-
ber of Liszt-Chopin circle, popular
as player and teacher; except for
visits to London in 1849 and 1862,
lived in Paris; his early compositions
were praised by Schumann; his
works, all for pf., consist of Etudes,
Preludes, etc., and series of pieces
the names of which show romantic
attitude, Promenades d'un solitaire,
Nuits blanches, etc.; studies still
very popular for grace and fluency,
without triviality of thought and yet
without great difficulty.
Hellmesberger, Georg, vlt. b. Vienna,
Apr. 24, 1800; d. Neuwaldegg, near
Vienna, Aug. 16, 1873. Pupil of
Bohm and Forster at Cons.; teacher
there 1821-1867, of Joachim, Ernst,
Auer, etc.; condr. at Imperial Opera
1829; pensioned 1867. His son
Georg, vlt., compr. b. Vienna, Jan.
27, 1830; d. Hanover, Nov. 12, 1852.
Studied comp. with Rotter; concert-
master at Hanover about 1850;
brought out 2 operas. His brother
Joseph, vlt., condr. b. Vienna, Nov.
23, 1829; d. there, Oct. 24, 1893.
Infant prodigy as vlt.; vln. prof. 1851-
1877, director 1851-1893 of Cons.;
condr. Gesellschaft Concerts 1851-
59, when he resigned in favor of Her-
beck, resuming positioi>for one year
in 1877; concertmaster at Imperial
Opera, capellm. to emperor; quartet
concerts 1849-1887, important for
arousing interest in Beethoven's quar-
tets. His son Joseph, vlt. b. Vienna,
Apr. 9, 1855; d. there, Apr. 26, 1907.
Solo player at opera, prof, at Cons.,
leader of quartet after his father,
compr. of 6 operas and 6 ballets.
Helmholtz (helm-holtz), Hermann Lud-
wig Ferdinand von, scientist. b.
Potsdam, Aug. 31, 1821; d Charlot-
tenberg, Sept. 8, 1894. Studied
medicine at Berlin, was prof, of
anatomy, physiology at several Ger-
man Universities, finally 1871 prof,
of natural philosophy at Berlin;
important mus. work is Sensations of
Tone as a Physiological Basis for
the Theory of Music, 1863, translated
by Ellis 1875; by experiments with
resonators, etc., H. determined quali-
ty of musical sounds, the value of
summational tones (the tones gen-
erated by 2 notes sounded together),
and he established the physiology
of the minor chord, of hearing of
musical tones, and of distribution of
harmonic intervals.
Henderson, William James, critic, b.
Newark, Dec. 4, 1855. Graduated
from Princeton 1876; self-taught in
music; compr. of several operettas;
critic on N. Y. Times, and later Sun;
author of many valuable and enter-
taining books: How Music Devel-
oped; Orchestra and Orchestral Music;
Richard Wagner; Modern Musical
Drift, etc.
Hennes (hen'-nes), Aloys, pf. teacher,
b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 8, 1827;
d. Berlin, June 8, 1889. Post-office
official; later pupil at Rhenish
School, Cologne, of Hiller and
Reinecke; taught in various cities,
after 1872 at Berlin; 1881 teacher
at Scharwenka's Cons.; his Klavier-
unterrichtsbriefe contains bright edu-
cational pieces; daughter Therese
(b. Dec. 21, 1861), successful pst.
Henning, Karl, vlt. b. Halberstadt,
Feb. 26, 1807; d. Zeitz, Oct. 1,
1865. Director of music in military
service; 1837 city musical director
in Zeitz; published 2 Scfiools for vln.,
one for 'cello, and compositions and
teaching pieces for his instr. His
sonTheodor, b. Langensalza, Oct. 11,
1837. Pupil of Hauptmann and
David; director city orch. at Nord-
hausen; associated with father in
preparing vln. methods.
Henschel (hen'-shel), [Isidor] Georg,
compr., singer, condr. b. Breslau,
Feb. 18, 1850. Early training in
music; sang and played in public
1862, before entering Leipzig Cons.
1867, where he studied under Mos-
cheles, Reinecke, Richter, and
Goetze; after 1870 studied with
Kiel and Schulze at Berlin; sang
in concert perf. of Die Meistersinger
1868, at Cologne Festival 1874, in
England 1877 at concerts and
recitals, with great success; married
HENSEL
HERMANN
1881; first condr. Boston Symph.
Orch. 1881-84; after that living
in London, teaching at Royal
Acad., conducting London syniph.
concerts, etc., and singing at impor-
,, tant festivals; composed choral
works and songs, incidental music to
Hamlet, opera Nubia (Dresden
1899), Requiem in memory of his
wife, since whose death he has
practically retired. His wife Lillian
June Bailey, soprano, b. Columbus,
O., Jan. 18, 1860; d. Kensington,
London, Nov. 4, 1901. Pupil of
C. Hay den, of Mme. Viardot, and
Mr. Henschel; extremely success-
ful as singer of light songs, and,
later, in concerts with her husband,
as interpreter of depth and beauty.
Hensel, Fanny Cacilia, pst., compr.
b. Hamburg, Nov. 14, 1805; d.
Berlin, May 14, 1847. Elder sister
of Mendelssohn, accomplished pst.,
composer of several songs, six of
which were published with her
brother's; married the portrait-
painter Hensel 1829; intimacy be-
tween brother and sister was so
close and affectionate that shock of
her sudden death is said to have
hastened his.
Henselt, Adolf von, pst. b. Schwa-
bach, Bavaria, May 12, 1814; d.
Warmbrunn, Silesia, Oct. 10, 1889.
Pupil of Frau von Flath at Munich;
assisted by allowance from King to
study with Hummel at Weimar and
with Sechter at Vienna; 1838, after
great success in Germany at private
concerts only, owing to poor health
went to St. Petersburg, where he
was musician to the empress, teacher
of princess, inspector of mus. edu-
cation, etc.; developed strictly le-
gato touch and gained richness of
sound by holding down notes of
arpeggios; invented exercises for
stretching hands over wide-spread
chords; though he appeared very
rarely, he was hailed as one of
greatest players of his time; his
compositions are Etudes, difficult
and of real musical value, some
minor pieces, and famous F minor
concerto.
Herbeck, Johann Franz von, condr.
b. Vienna, Dec. 25, 1831; d. there,
Oct. 28, 1877. Son of tailor, self-
taught, with exception of few lessons
in summer from Rotter; at Vienna
choir director, chorusmaster for 2
societies; condr. of Gesellschaft con-
certs, court capellm., 1870-75 direc-
tor at Imperial opera; compr. of
part-songs, church music; influen-
tial as condr. in bringing out many
novelties.
Herbert, Victor, compr. b. Dublin,
Ireland, Feb. 1, 1859. Grandson of
novelist Samuel Lover; educated at
Stuttgart Cons.; 'cellist in Stutt-
gart court orch.; 1886 'cellist at
Metropolitan Opera, N. Y.; played
at Seidl's concerts, acted as asst.
condr. and under Thomas; 1894-98
bandmaster 22d Regiment; 1898-
1904 condr. Pittsburg Symph. Orch.;
now living in New York; has com-
posed 2 'cello concertos, Suite
Romantique, symph. poems, but is
chiefly known as compr. of fluent,
melodious, skilfully constructed op-
erettas, Serenade, Babes in Toyland,
Mile. Modiste, etc.
Hering (har-ing), Carl Friedrich August,
vlt. b. Berlin, Sept. 2, 1819; d.
Burg, near Magdeburg, Feb. 2, 1889.
Pupil of Ries, Lipinski, and Tomas-
chek; vlt. in Berlin royal chapel,
founder of Sonatenverein and music
school; wrote Methods.
Heritte-Viardot (e-rit'-ve-ar'-do), Lou-
ise Pauline Marie, singing teacher.
b. Paris, Dec. 14, 1841. Daughter
of Louis Viardot and Pauline Garcia,
wife of consul-general Heritte;
teacher at St. Petersburg Cons., at
Hoch Cons., Frankfort, and in
Berlin; composed operas, cantatas,
vocal exercises, etc.
Herman, Reinhold Ludwig, vlt., compr.
b. Prenzlau, Sept. 21, 1849. Studied
at Stern Cons, with Ehrlich, Kiel,
and Stern; taught and conducted
in N. Y. 1871-78; director Stern
Cons. 1878-81; then again in N. Y.,
condr. Liederkranz, prof, of sacred
history at Theol. Seminary; condr.
Handel and Haydn Soc., Boston,
1898-99; returned to Berlin. Com-
posed cantatas, chamber music, etc.
Hermann (har-man), Friedrich, vlt.,
compr., teacher, b. Frankfort, Feb.
1, 1828; d. Leipzig, Sept. 27, 1907.
Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of David,
Mendelssohn and Hauptmann; 1846-
75 played viola at Gewandhaus and
HERMANN
HESSE
theatre orch.; 1848 teacher at Cons.;
compr. of symph. and chamber mus.,
and editor Peters' and Augener's
publications of classical music for
stringed instruments.
Hermann, Robert, compr. b. Berne,
Switzerland, Apr. 29, 1869. After
studying medicine at Geneva, entered
Frankfort Cons. 1891; left after few
months; with encouragement from
Grieg, studied with Humperdinck,
and by himself; 1910 living in Leip-
zig; compositions, some of which
on production in Berlin caused
different opinions, include symph.,
overture, songs, quintet, Variations
pour rire, etc.
Herold (e-rol'), Louis Joseph Ferdi-
nand, compr. b. Paris, Jan. 28,
1791; d. Themes, a suburb of
Paris, Jan. 19, 1833. Son and pupil
of Frangois Joseph, himself a pupil
of C. P. E. Bach and pf. teacher,
but early aptitude not encouraged;
1806 entered Paris Cons, where he
was pupil of Louis Adam, Catel
and M6hul; Prix de Rome 1812;
pst. to Queen Caroline at Naples,
where he brought out first opera
1815; returned to Paris 1815, met
success with Les rosieres 1817; pst.
and chorusmaster at Italian Opera;
1827, as chef du chant at Op6ra,
wrote successful ballets; after period
of instrumental comp. and imitative
operas, returned to his own style
with success; greatest works are
Zampa 1831 (overture is universally
familiar) and Le pre aux clercs,
widely known in France; his Ludovic
was finished by HaleVy; his music is
pleasant, graceful, his instrumenta-
tion clever; his own dramatic sense,
often hampered by poor librettos,
was fully equal to expression of fine
emotions.
Hervey, Arthur, writer, b. Paris, Jan.
26, 1855. Parents Irish; studied
with B. Tours and Marlois; aban-
doned purpose of entering diplomacy
1880; critic of Vanity Fair 1889-92
and later of London ( Post; com-
posed one-act opera, several sets of
songs, a scene for baritone and
orch. and a concert overture; wrote
Masters of French Music (1894),
French Music in the 19th Century
(1904).
Herz (harts), Henri, pst., compr. b.
Vienna, Jan. 6, 1806; d. Paris, Jan. 5,
1888. Pupil of his father, of Hunten,
and of Pradher and Reicha at the
Paris Cons.; won 1st pf. prize;
followed Moscheles' style of playing;
made successful tour as virtuoso;
in 1842 prof, at Paris Cons.;
American tour 1845-51; established
a successful pf. factory; resigned
from Cons. 1874; wrote over 200
compositions some of them very
successful, because they catered to
the popular taste of the period; his
experiences during his American
tour are described in Mes voyages en
Amerique (1866).
Herzogenberg-Peccaduc (hert-zo'-gen-
berg pec'-ca-dook), Heinrich, Baron
von, pst., compr. b. Graz, June 10,
1843; d. Wiesbaden, Oct. 9, 1900.
Studied at Vienna Cons, with
Dessoff; 1874 founded Bach-Verein
in Leipzig with Spitta, Von Holstein,
and Volkland; 1875 director; 1885-
92 prof, of comp. at Berlin Hoch-
schule; head of Meisterschule for
composition; works include mass,
psalms, large choral works, sympho-
nies, chamber mus. (especially vln.
sonatas), songs, etc. Married Eliza-
beth Stockhausen (1848-1892), pst.
Hess, Willy, vlt. b. Mannheim, July 14,
1859. Studied with father, profes-
sional vlt.; 1865-72 in America;
toured with Thomas Orch. when 9;
1872-76 played in Holland, Belgium,
Germany, and France; 1876-78 pupil
of Joachim; concertmaster at Frank-
fort 1878, prof, at Rotterdam 1886,
leader in Halle Orch. at Manchester
1888; at Cologne 1895 as leader of
Giirzenich Orch. and Quartet and
prof, at Cons.; 1903 prof, at Royal
Acad. London; 1904-1907 and 1908-
1910 concertmaster Boston Symph.
Orch.; leader of Boston Symph.
Quartet, and 1908 of Hess-Schroeder
Quartet; prof, at Berlin Hochschule
1910.
Hesse (hes'-sS), Adolf Friedrich, orgt.
b. Breslau, Aug. 30, 1809; d. there,
Aug. 5, 1863. Son of org. builder;
studied with Berner and E. Kohler;
stipend granted by Breslau author-
ities enabled him to visit Leipzig,
Kassel, Hamburg, Berlin, and Wei-
mar; gave concerts, became friend
HEUBERGER
HILLER
and pupil of Hummel, Rinck, and
Spohr; 1827 till time of death orgt.
at Breslau; director symph. con-
certs there; 1844 at Paris, 1846 in
Italy, and 1852 in England; play-
ing won admiration; composed
chamber and org. mus.
Heuberger (hoi'-bar-ger), Richard Franz
Joseph, compr., crit. b. Graz, Styria,
June 18, 1850. Civil engineer, de-
voted himself to mus. after 1876,
when he became choirmaster Vienna
Gesangverein ; 1878 condr. Singa-
kademie; 1881 critic for several
papers; 1902 teacher at Cons.; 1904
editor Neue Musikalische Presse;
composed cantatas, ballets, operas,
orchestral works; author of life of
Schubert.
Hey (hi), Julius, singing teacher, b.
Irmelshausen, Lower Franconia,
Apr. 29, 1832. At first art stu-
dent; then pupil of Lachner, and
Schmitt; worked under Von Biilow
at Munich Sch. of Mus. (established
by Ludwig according to plans of
Wagner whom H. admired); after
Von Billow's departure, not succeed-
ing in reform of German singing,
resigned 1883; his Deutscher Gesangs-
unterricht expounds Wagner's views
on vocal training; since 1887 in
Berlin; many pupils now on German
stage.
Heymann (hi '-man), Carl, pst. b.
Filehne, Posen, Oct. 6, 1854. Son
of Isaac H., cantor at several cities;
studied with Hiller, Gernsheim,
Breunung at Cologne Cons, and
with Kiel; successful beginnings as
concert pst. abandoned from ill
health; mus. director Bingen, court
pst. Hesse; 1877-80 teacher at
Hoch Cons., Frankfort; has ap-
peared since as virtuoso, though ill
health persists; composed mus. for
pf. brilliant but not empty; Mac-
Dowell among pupils.
Hildach (hil-dak), Eugen, baritone, b.
Wittenberge-am-Elbe, Nov. 20, 1849.
First vocal lessons at 24; studied
with Frau El. Dreyschock at Berlin;
married fellow-pupil Anna Schubert,
mezzo soprano (b. 1852) ; both taught
at Dresden Conservatory, 1880-86;
since then devoted to concert sing-
ing; composed attractive songs and
duets.
Hiles, Henry, compr., writer, b. Shrews-
bury, Dec. 31, 1826; d. Worthing,
Oct. 20, 1904. Held several ap-
pointments as orgt., finally St.
Paul's, Manchester; Mus. Doc.
1867; lecturer on harmony, etc. at
Owens Coll. and Victoria Univ.,
later at Manchester Coll. of Mus.;
1885-88 editor Quarterly Mus. Re-
view; composed anthems, services,
2 oratorios, 3 cantatas; wrote
Grammar of Music and several
works on harmony.
Hilf, Arno, vlt. b. Bad Elster, Saxony,
Mar. 14, 1858; d. Aug. 2, 1909, at
Bad Elster. Lessons from father,
Wilhelm Christoph, and from David,
Rontgen, and Schradieck at Leipzig
Cons.; 1878-88 teacher at Moscow
Cons., 1888 at Sondershausen; 1889-
1891 leader of Gewandhaus Oreh.,
Leipzig, and of quartet; 1892 1st vln.
teacher Leipzig Cons.
Hill, Junius Welch, pst. b. Hingham,
Mass., Nov. 18, 1840. Pupil of
J. C. D. Parker in Boston, and of
Moscheles, Hauptmann, Reinecke,
etc., at Leipzig Cons.; orgt. at
various Boston churches; prof, of
mus. at Wellesley College 1884-97;
teacher in Boston; retired, removing
to Los Angeles; composed some
choruses and pf . pieces.
Hille (hil'-la), Gustav, vlt. b. Jerichow-
am-Elbe, May 31, 1851. Pupil of
Wuerst and Joachim; 1879 member
Mendelssohn Quintet Club, Boston,
with which he toured 9 months;
then at Philadelphia Mus. Acad.;
later co-dir. of Leefson-Hille Cons.,
Philadelphia; 1910 returned to Ger-
many; composed concertos and
solos for vln.
Hiller, Ferdinand von, compr. b.
Frankfort, Oct. 24, 1811; d. Co-
logne, May 10, 1885. Of wealthy
Jewish family; pupil of Hofmann,
Schmitt, and Vollweiler, later of
Hummel; played in public at 10;
at 15 in Vienna with Hummel; saw
Beethoven on his death-bed; in
Paris 1828-35 teaching, part of the
time at Choron's school, giving con-
certs with Fe"tis and Baillot; 1836
conducted Cacilienverein, Frank-
fort; 1839, aided by Rossini, brought
out opera at Milan; 1840 invited
by Mendelssohn to superintend
HILLER
HOFFMAN
oratorio Die Zerstorung Jerusalems
in Leipzig; 1841 studied church
music with Baini; 1843-44 conducted
at Gewandhaus; 1847 capellm. at
Dusseldorf; 1850 at Cologne where
he organized Cons.; conducted
Giirzemch concerts and festivals;
1852-53 conducted Op6ra Italien at
Paris; 1884 retired; over 200 com-
positions, 6 operas, 6 cantatas,
much choral and instrumental mus.;
lectured and wrote articles about
the many great men whose lives his
touched: Erinnerungsbldtter (1884).
Killer, Johann Adam [real name Hiiller],
compr. b. Wendisch-Ossig, near
Gorlitz, Dec. 25, 1728; d. Leipzig,
June 16, 1804. Pupil of Homilius
at Dresden; while at Leipzig Univ.
gave music lessons, played flute, and
sang; 1758 went as tutor to Leipzig,
where he revived Subscription Con-
certs and developed them into Ge-
wandhaus Concerts which he con-
ducted; 1771 founded school of
singing; 1789-1801 mus. dir. at
Thomasschule; inventor of Singspiel,
German form of short comedy
operetta, of which he wrote 13
(Lottchen am Hofe, Der Dorfbarbier,
etc.); also composed church music
and wrote several historical and
instructive works.
Hiller, Paul, orgt. b. Seifersdorf, Nov.
16, 1830. Orgt. at Breslau since
1870; compr. of pf. pieces, songs, etc.
Himmel, Friedrich Heinrich, pst.,
compr. b. Treuenbrietzen, Branden-
burg, Nov. 20, 1765; d. Berlin,
June 8, 1814. When student of
theology at Halle, fine pf. playing
won him patronage of Frederick
Wm. II, who sent him to Dresden
for 3 years' study with Naumann,
and to Italy for 2 years more; made
him chamber compr. and court cap-
ellm.; traveled to Stockholm, St.
Petersburg, France, and England;
retired to Pyrmont 1806; composed
several occasional cantatas, etc.;
several very popular operas (Fan-
chon das -Leyermadchen is the best),
many songs, etc., melodious and well-
written, now obsolete.
Hinckley, Allen, opera basso, b. Bos-
ton, Oct. 11, 1877. Father a min-
ister; student at Amherst College
and University of Pennsylvania;
musical education begun in Phila-
delphia where he sang in several
churches; with the encouragement
of Walter Damrosch he took up
serious work with Oscar Saenger in
New York; his professional debut
was at Hamburg, Germany, where
he remained until engaged for the
Metropolitan Opera Company in
1908; sang several seasons at Covent
Garden, London, and at Bayreuth,
being recommended by HansRichter;
a member of the Metropolitan Opera
Company.
Hinton, Arthur, compr. b. Beckenham,
Kent, Nov. 20, 1869. Studied at
Royal Acad. with Sainton, Sauret,
and Davenport; sub-prof, of vln.;
further study with Rheinberger in
Munich; condr. theatre orch. in
London, etc.; composed opera, orch.
fantasia, 2 scenes from Endymion,
2 symphonies, pf. sonata, concerto,
etc. Married Katherine Goodson, pst.
Hipkins, Alfred James, lecturer, writer.
b. Westminster, June 17, 1826; d.
Kensington, June 3, 1903. From
1840 to death in pf. business with
Broadwood & Sons; always tuned
pianos for Chopin in England;
authority on history of pf.; reviver
of interest in harpsichord and clavi-
chord, on both of which he played;
also authority on scientific matters
of temperament and pitch; inter-
esting lecturer, contributor to Ency-
clopaedia Britannica, Grove's Diction-
ary, author of Musical Instruments,
History of the Pianoforte, etc.
Hirsch (hersh), Carl, compr. b. Wend-
ing, Mar. 17, 1858. After studying
in Munich, held various positions
as teacher, cantor, etc.; director at
Mannheim, Cologne, and of several
societies at Elberfeld; compr. of
many very popular choruses, chiefly
a cappella, and of cantatas. Die
Krone im Rhein, Landsknechtsleben,
etc.
Hobrecht, see Obrecht, Jacob.
Hoffman, Richard, pst. b. Manchester,
Eng., May 24, 1831; d. Aug. 17,
1909. Pupil of father, De Meyer,
Moscheles, Rubinstein, Thalberg,
and Liszt; came to New York 1847;
toured U. S. with Burke, vlt. 1848;
solo pst. with Jenny Lind; played
HOFFMANN
HOLLANDER
with Gottschalk and Von Btilow;
remarkable as teacher; noteworthy
as compr. of about 100 songs, pf.
pieces, etc.
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor [Amadeus]
Wilhelm, writer, compr. b. Konigs-
berg, Jan. 24, 1776; d. Berlin, June
25, 1822. Studied music with
Podbielski while law student; trans-
ferred from position of assessor at
Posen because of caricatures; 1806
reduced by war, gave music lessons
in Warsaw; theatre director Bam-
berg 1808; 1810 wrote articles to
Allgemeine Musikzeitung over name
"Kapellmeister Kreisler"; condr.
at Leipzig and Dresden 1813-14;
from 1816 to death held judicial
position in Berlin; composed several
operas (Scherz, List, und Roche to
Goethe's words, Undine his best),
a symph., chamber mus.; known in
literature as writer of fantastic tales.
Hofmann, Heinrich [Carl Johann],
compr. b. Berlin, Jan. 13, 1842; d.
Gross Tabarz, July 16, 1902. Studied
at Kullak's Acad. with Grell, Dehn,
and Wuerst; successful pf. player
and teacher; devoted to composition
after 1869, when first opera was
successful; wrote 7 operas, many
cantatas, orch. works, notably Un-
garischen suite and Frithjof symph.
beautiful pf. duets, etc.
Hofmann, Josef Casimir, pst. b. Cra-
cow, Jan. 20, 1876. Son of capell-
meister and operetta composer; pupil
of father; appeared as prodigy in
Germany and America 1885-87; pre-
vented by Soc. for Prevention of
Cruelty to Children from giving
more concerts, he pursued studies
in Berlin under Urban and Moszkow-
ski and under Anton Rubinstein in
Dresden; 1897 resumed life of travel-
ing virtuoso and has appeared with
success in many lands; has composed
concerto and some pf. pieces; striking
qualities of his playing are keen
intelligence, transparent interpreta-
tion made possible by amazing tech-
nical skill, and total lack of morbid-
ness.
Hoi, Richard, orgt., compr. b. Am-
sterdam, July 23, 1825; d. Utrecht,
May 14, 1904. Studied with Mar-
tens and Bertelman; traveled in
Germany; director choral soc. at
Amsterdam, and director of Society
for Promotion of Music; 1862 city
orgt. at Utrecht, later cathedral orgt.
and director of music school; condr.
at The Hague and Amsterdam ; com-
posed church music, 2 symphonies,
orch. music, cantatas, etc.
Holbrooke, Josef Charles, compr. b.
Croydon, July 6, 1878. Pupil at
Royal Acad. of F. Cprder and West-
lake; since 1898 entirely devoted to
composition, chiefly of orchestral
works in form of free symphonic
poems, on such subjects as The
Raven, The Masque of the Red Death,
Fantastic Variations; large choral
work The Bells, Birmingham Festi-
val 1907, with actual bells, etc., in
orchestra excited discussion.
Holden, Oliver, compr. b. Shirley,
Mass., Sept. 18, 1765; d. Charles-
town, Sept. 4, 1844. At first a car-
penter; began to write music about
time of moving to Charlestown,
1787; trained choir to sing Ode to
Washington 1789; after 1792 con-
ducted music store, published and
composed music; first collection
America's Harmony; in Union Har-
mony 1793 first appeared Coronation,
most famous tune.
Hollander (hol'-lender), Alexis, pst.
b. Ratibor, Silesia, Feb. 25, 1840.
Studied with Schnabel and Hesse at
Breslau, with Grell and A. W. Bach
at Berlin Royal Acad., and with
Bohmer; instructor at Kullak's Acad.
1861; condr. Cacilienverein 1864;
composed chamber music, duets,
choral and pf. works (6 Intermezzi
for left hand, etc.); edited Schu-
mann's pianoforte works and pub-
lished method for the voice.
Hollander, Gustav, vlt. b. Leobschutz,
Upper Silesia, Feb. 15, 1855. Early
public appearance as pupil of father
a physician; studied 1867-69 at Leip-
zig Cons, with David and 1869-74
at Berlin Hochschule with Joachim
and Kiel; 1874 principal teacher at
Kullak's Acad.; gave concerts with
Carlotta Patti, with Scharwenka
and Griinfeld; 1881 at Cologne,
leader of Giirzenich concerts and
teacher at Cons.; 1895 director
Stern Cons. Berlin; 1896 concert-
master at Hamburg; successful tours
on Continent; works chiefly for vln.
HOLLINS
HORNEMAN
Hollins, Alfred, orgt., pst. b. Hull,
Sept. 11, 1865. Totally blind; edu-
cated at Wilberforce Institution at
York, at Royal Normal College, Nor-
wood, where he took pf . lessons from
Hartyigson and org. from E. J.
Hopkins; studied with Von Billow
at Berlin; after several distinguished
appearances, visited U. S. with F.
J. Campbell in 1886 and again 1888;
held various appointments as orgt.,
finally at Edinburgh; concerts in
Australia 1904; has composed an-
thems, org. pieces, a few songs and
piano pieces.
Hollmann, Joseph, 'cellist, b. Maas-
tricht, Holland, Oct. 16, 1852. Pupil
of Keller; under patronage of king
at Brussels Cons, as pupil of Servais,
Boisselet, and F6tis, winning 1st
prize; at Paris pupil of Jacquard and
Savart; toured Scandinavia and
Germany with Strakosch and Ulman,
U. S. with Wolff 1892 and 1906;
numerous compositions for his in-
strument.
Holmes (ol'-mez), [originally Holmes],
Augusta Mary Anne, compr. b.
Paris, Dec. 16, 1847; d. there, Jan.
28, 1903. Of Irish parentage; early
appearance as pst.; first comp. under
name Hermann Zenta; studied comp.
with Lambert, instrumentation with
Klos<§; after 1875 pupil of C£sar
Franck; gained 2d place in compe-
tition for city of Paris prize in 1878
with Lutece, and honorable mention
in 1880 with Les argonautes; com-
posed other symphonic poems (Ir-
lande, Polognej, several odes (Ludus
pro patria, Hymne a la paix), opera
La montagne noire (Grand Ope>a,
Paris 1895); often wrote words for
own music; showed " force rather
than grace, vigor rather than deli-
cacy, rare sentiment for melody,
breadth of phrase, care for form;
individuality of idea above most
women." [Pougin.]
Hoist, Eduard, compr. b. Copenhagen,
1843; d. New York, Feb. 4, 1899.
Came to New York about 1874;
actor, playwright, teacher of dancing,
composer of comic opera Our Flats,
music for military band Battle of
Manila, etc., and much music for pf.
of the sort suggested by such titles
as Dance of Demons, etc.
Homer, Sidney, compr. b. Boston,
Mass., Sept. 9, 1864. Studied with
Chadwick in Boston and with Rhein-
berger, Abel, etc. in Munich; taught
harmony and lectured on sympho-
nies, Wagner operas, etc. in Boston;
composed songs; 1895 married Louise
Dillworth Beatty, dram, contralto.
b. Pittsburg. Pupil of Misses Whin-
nery and Groff in Phila., of W. L.
Whitney and S. Homer in Boston,
and after marriage, of Konig and
Lhdrie in Paris; debut at Vichy 1898;
London 1899, American de"but San
Francisco 1900; member of Metro-
politan Opera Co., N. Y. since 1900.
Hood, Helen, compr. b. Chelsea, Mass.,
June 28, 1863. Pupil of B. J. Lang,
Chadwick, and in Berlin of Moszkow-
ski; living in Boston; composed
songs, sacred and secular, works for
vln. and pf., trio for vln., 'cello and pf .
Hopekkk, Helen, pst. b. Edinburgh,
May 20, 1856. Studied with Lich-
tenstein and A. C. Mackenzie, and
after 2 years at Leipzig, with Lesche-
tizky at Vienna; debut Gewandhaus,
Leipzig, 1878; after successful con-
certs in London 1879 and later in
Boston and New York 1883 and
1890, in Edinburgh and Vienna 1887
(where she studied composition with
Navratil and orchestration with
Mandl), settled in Boston 1897; mar-
ried W. Wilson; successful teacher;
gives occasional interesting recitals;
has composed, beside songs and pf.
pieces, pf. concerto and Concertstuck
for pf. and orch., other orch. works,
vln. sonata, etc.
Hopkins, Edward John, orgt., compr.
b. Westminster, June 30, 1818; d.
London, Feb. 4, 1901. Chorister
at Chapel Royal under Hawes; pupil
of Walmisley in harm, and counter-
point, but self-taught as orgt.; vari-
ous appointments as orgt., finally
1843-1898 at Temple Church, Lon-
don, where he raised music to very
high point; composed excellent an-
thems, edited madrigals, wrote The
Organ, Its History and Construction.
Horneman (hor'-ne-man), Johan Ole
Emil, compr. b. Copenhagen, May
13, 1809; d. there, May 29, 1870.
Compr. of stirring songs: Der Tapf-
ere Landsoldat and King Christian
HORVATH
HULLAH
Stood by Lofty Mast (naval song
which first appeared in Hartmann's
opera Fiskerne 1775) are national
songs.
Horvath (hor-vat), Geza, compr. b.
Komaron, Hungary, May 27, 1868.
Pupil of L. Schytte, etc., at Vienna;
director of music school there;
librarian of ass'n of music school
proprietors; published over 60 easy
pf. pieces.
Howard, George H., teacher, b. Norton,
Mass., Nov. 12, 1843. Studied with
J. W. Tufts and B. F. Baker at Bost.
Mus. School, with Moscheles, Pap-
peri tz, etc. at Leipzig Cons., with
Haupt and Kullak in Berlin; taught
at Boston Mus. School, at Michigan
Cons, at Olivet, and at N. E. Cons.;
1891 organized Boston School for
Teachers of Music of which he is
director; able teacher and lecturer.
Hoyte, William Stevenson, orgt., compr.
b. Sidmouth, Sept. 22, 1844. Pupil
of Goss and Cooper; orgt. in various
London churches, finally at All
Saints' since 1868; successful recitals
both as orgt. and pst. in London and
Scotland; prof, of org. at Royal Coll.
since 1888, at Royal Acad. 1893, of
pf. at Guildhall; composed Book of
Litanies, choral wedding service,
church and organ music.
Hubay (ho-bi), Jeno [known as
Eugene Huber], vlt., compr. b.
Budapest, Sept. 14, 1858. Pupil of
father Carl (1828-1885), professor
at Pesth Cons.; appeared as prodigy
at 11; with stipend from state,
studied 5 years with Joachim ; success
at Pasdeloup concerts in Paris 1878
led to friendship with Vieuxtemps;
1882 prof, at Brussels Cons.; 1886
succeeded father at Pesth; widely
praised as soloist and quartet player;
compr. of successful opera Luthier
de Cremone, concertos, sonatas, and
pieces for vln. of which Scenes from
the Czardas are universally popular.
Huber (ho-ber), Hans, compr. b.
Schonewerd, Switzerland, June 28,
1852. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of
Richter, Reinecke, etc.; taught at
Alsace, then at Basle nius. school,
of which he became director 1896;
his works include operas (Kudrun,
Der Simplicius, etc.), cantatas, con-
certos, sonatas and smaller works,
and 3 symphonies, No. 1 Tell symph.
and No. 2 celebrating the paintings
of Bocklin.
Hucbald [or Hugbaldus, Ubaldus, etc.],
writer, b. about 830; d. St. Amand,
near Tournay, June 25 (or Oct. 21),
930 (or June 20, 932). Ordained
priest 880; pupil of uncle, director
of school at Nevers; probably author
of treatises De harmonica institu-
tions, Musica enchiriadis, etc., though
doubts have been cast on fact of his
authorship; writings give earliest
clear statement of the beginnings of
music for several voices; originated
idea of representing the rise and fall
of tones by marks placed between
lines, beginning of notation.
Hue (u), George Adolphe, compr. b.
Versailles, May 6, 1858. Pupil at
Paris Conservatory of Reber and
Paladilhe, prizes in 1879, 1881, 1885;
compositions include orchestral, ope-
ratic and choral works, and songs.
Hueffer (heffer), Francis, writer, b.
Munster, May 22, 1843; d. London,
Jan. 19, 1889. Student of philology
and music in London, Berlin, Leip-
zig, and Paris; Ph.D. from Gottingen;
settled 1869 in London where he was
critic on Times, editor of Academy;
assisted English opera by writing
librettos for Mackenzie and Cowen;
greatly furthered cause of Wagner
in England by articles, by Life of
Wagner and by translation of Letters
of Wagner and Liszt; wrote many
vols. in Great Musicians Series,
studies on music of the troubadours,
etc.
Huhn (hune), Bruno [Siegfried], pst.
b. London, 1871. Pupil of Miss S.
Taunton; toured Great Britain, then
in 1889 Spain, Egypt and Australia;
1891 in New York, further study
with S. B. Mills and Alberti; played
there 1896; self-taught orgt., has
held various positions in N. Y.; re-
markable as accompanist; compr. of
songs, church and pf. music.
Hullah (hul-la), John Pyke, teacher,
writer, b. Worcester, Eng., June 27,
1812; d. Westminster, Feb. 21, 1884.
Studied with Horsley and Crivelli;
comp. several successful operas,
Barbers of Bassora 1837, etc.; after
observing Wilhem's classes in Paris
in 1830, he started (1841) popular
HUGHES
HUMPERDINCK
classes for schoolmasters and others
by system of vocal music adapted
from Wilhem's; these classes, though
bitterly opposed, were attended by
about 25,000 people; 1844-74 prof,
of vocal music, King's Coll., London;
1870-73 condr. Royal Acad. stu-
dents' concerts; 1858 orgt. at Char-
ter House; composed many charming
songs (Oh that we two were May-
ing, The Three Fishers, etc.), ele-
mentary text-books, and accounts
of his method; The History of Mod-
ern Music, Transition Period of
Musical History.
Hughes, Rupert, author, compr. b.
Lancaster, Mo., Jan. 31, 1872.
Father and mother were well-trained
musical amateurs; brother, Felix
Hughes, a teacher of singing, Cleve-
land, O.; sister (Mrs. Herbert
Witherspoon) sang professionally in
Europe under the name Jeanne
Grela. H. showed early aptitude
for music by skill in reading music
at sight and at ten made his first
efforts at composition, first published
pieces being issued while he was in
college; studied music with Wilson
G. Smith at Cleveland, Edgar Still-
man Kelley, New York, and Charles
W. Pearce, London; but most of his
theoretical studies have been self-
directed; graduated from Western
Reserve University (A.B.) and at
Yale (A.M.); connected editorially
with New York and London papers
and magazines, but later devoting
his time to the writing of plays,
books, magazine articles and short
stories; published works are Zal, a
musical novel; The Musical Guide,
(encyclopaedia); The Love Affairs
of Great Musicians; Famous Ameri-
can Composers; editor of Songs of
Thirty Americans (Musicians Libra-
ry) ; published compositions consist of
a few songs; lives in New York City.
Humfrey [or Humphry or Humphrys],
Pelham, compr. b. London, 1647;
d. Windsor, July 14, 1674. Chorister
at Chapel Royal; sent abroad by
Charles II to study under Lully;
1672 master of children at Chapel
Royal and compr. to king; composed
some fine songs, church music in
new style learned in France; said
to have been excellent lute player;
fondness for minor keys is remarkable .
Hummel (hoom-mel), Johann Nepo-
muk, pst., compr. b. Pressburg,
Hungary, Nov. 14, 1778; d. Weimar.
Oct. 17, 1837. Son and pupil of
Joseph H., director of Imperial
school of military music, and later
condr. at Vienna; there Johann
attracted attention of Mozart who
took him into his house as pupil for
2 years; debut at concert given by
Mozart in Dresden 1787; after tour
with father through Great Britain
(where he took some lessons of
Clementi in London) and Denmark,
studied further in Vienna with
Albrechtsberger, with advice from
Haydn and Salieri; 1804-11 suc-
cessor of Haydn as capellm. to
Prince Esterhazy; 1816 court capellm.
at Stuttgart, 1819 at Weimar; in
frequent leaves of absence visited
St. Petersburg, Paris, and London,
where he conducted German opera
co. for season of 1833. Composed
127 works, of which some concertos,
rondos, sonatas, a nonet, and a mass
are still played; teacher of Czerny,
Henselt, and Thalberg; successful
everywhere as performer and inter-
preter, especially noted for extem-
Eore playing, in which he is said to
ave excelled Beethoven; is variously
said to stand between old school of
tradition and new one of virtuosity,
and to have founded the new by his
delight in execution, his pleasure in
" orchestral " effects, and self-con-
scious effort; his method was of
value, but is now out of date.
Humperdinck, Engelbert, compr. b.
Siegburg, near Bonn, Sept. 1, 1854.
Student of F. Hiller at Cologne Cons,
where he won Mozart Stipend which
enabled him to go to Munich; there
he studied with Lachner and Rhein-
berger; winning the Mendelssohn
Prize in Berlin, he went 1879 to
Italy; met Wagner at Naples, fol-
lowed him to Bayreuth and assisted
in production of Parsifal 1881;
Meyerbeer Prize 1881 enabled him
to go to Italy; taught in Barcelona
Cons.; in Cologne Cons., at Hoch
Cons, in Frankfort and in Stock-
hausen's school; musical critic for
Zeitung; retired to Boppard 1896;
1900 head of Meisterschule for
comp. in Berlin; Humoreske for
orch. in 1880 attracted attention,
HUNEKER
d'INDY
maintained by other orch. works
(Maurische Rhapsodic) , choral works
Das Gliick von Edenhall, etc., opera
Hansel und Gretel (Weimar 1893,
and since then heard nearly every-
where); in this charming fairy-tale
opera H. shows himself a follower
of Wagner in choice of subject, in
use of characteristic themes reveal-
ing the motives and thoughts of the
characters, all handled with extreme
deftness; later operas Dornroschen
and Die Konigskinder have not
been equally successful.
Huneker, James Gibbons, critic, b.
Philadelphia, Jan. 31, 1860. Pupil
of Michael Cross and in Paris of
Th. Ritter and Doutreleau; settled
in New York 1888; teacher at Na-
tional Cons.; writer for Musical
Courier, dramatic critic N. Y. Sun
1902-1906; author of Mezzotints in
Modern Music, Life of Chopin and
collection of stories on musical
themes, Melomaniacs, Visionaries,
etc. -
Hiinten (tin-ten'), Franz, pst. b. Co-
blenz, Dec. 26, 1793; d. there, Feb. 22,
1878. Studied with his father (orgt.),
at Paris Cons, with Pradher, Cheru-
bim, and Reicha, but took no prizes;
became fashionable composer and
teacher in Paris; 1836 removed to
Coblenz; pf. works, fantasias, sere-
nades, etc. commanded amazing
prices but are now practically un-
known; wrote also method for pf.
Huss (hoos), Henry Holden, pst., compr.
b. Newark, N. J., June 21, 1862.
Studied with father, with O. B.
Boise and at Munich Cons, with
Rheinberger; 1889 gave concert of
own works in New York, where he
lives, as teacher and compr.; has
written Death of Cleopatra (soprano
and orch.), Seven Ages of Man (bari-
tone and orch.), vln. concerto, and
pf. concerto, trio, sonatas.
Hiittenbrenner (hu-ten-bren-ner), An-
selm, pst. b. Graz, Styria, Oct. 13,
1794; d. Ober-Andritz, near Graz,
June 5, 1868. From early years stud-
ied singing, pf., and harmony with
Grell; studied law in Vienna in 1815,
and composition with Salieri; fellow
pupil of Schubert, intimate of Beetho-
ven; from 1816 to retirement in 1820
successful as pst. ; 1852 condr. Styrian
Musikverein; prolific compr., 9 mass-
es, 3 symphonies, over 500 songs.
Hyllested, August, pst. , compr. b . Stock-
holm, June 17, 1858. Early appear-
ances as pst. 1863, 1869; pupil of
Dahl, and at Royal Cons, at Copen-
hagen of Neupert, Hartmann, Gade,
etc.; 1875-76 director of orch. and of
mus. soc.; further study with Kiel,
Kullak, and Liszt; concerts in Eng-
land, in New York 1885; 1886-91
asst. dir. Chicago Mus. Coll., 1891-94
director in Gottschalk Lyric School;
after further tours in Scandinavia,
returned to Chicago 1897 ; composed
for pf., orch., and songs.
niffe, Frederick, orgt., condr. b.
Smeeton-Westerby, Leicestershire,
Feb. 21, 1847. 1883 orgt. St. John's
Coll., Oxford; condr. Queen's Coll.
Mus. Soc.; composed oratorio Vis-
ions of St. John the Divine, services,
overtures, etc.
Djinsky (il-yin-sky) , Alexander Alex-
androvitch, compr. b. Tsarskoye-
Selo, Jan. 24, 1859! Studied at Berlin
with Kullak and Bargiel; 1885 pro-
fessor at Philharmonic Soc. music
school, Moscow; composed 3 orch.
suites, symphony, music to Oedipus
Rex and to Tolstoi's Tsar Feodor,
2 cantatas, one opera, pf . pieces, and
songs.
Imbert (an-bar) de la Tour, Jean Bap-
tiste Georges, tenor, b. Paris, May
20, 1865. Pupil at Paris Cons., 1st
prize 1890; de1but Geneva 1891; en-
gagements at Opera Comique, Paris,
Brussels, and Geneva; U. S. 1901
with Grau Co.
d'Indy (dan-di'), Paul Marie Vincent
[called Theodore], compr. b. Paris,
Mar. 27, 1851. Studied law at re-
quest of family and at same time pf .
with Dimmer and harmony with
Lavignac; after serving as volunteer
in Franco-Prussian war, selected
music as profession; kettle drum-
mer in orch. of Ass'n artistique
des concerts du Chatelet, then
ISAAK
chorusmaster; org. class at Cons.
1872-75, taking first access-it; long a
faithful and thorough pupil of C.
Franck; 1873 met Liszt at Weimar;
1875 overture Piccolomini performed
at Pasdeloup concerts; 1882 one-act
opera produced; 1885 won Paris
prize with Charii de la cloche; 1887
chorusmaster for Lamoureux con-
certs, having charge of chorus for
first Paris performance of Lohengrin;
with Franck and others founder of
Soc. nationale de musique; refused
prof, at Cons. 1895; with Bordes and
Guilmant founded 1896 Schola Can-
torum of which he is director and
prof, of comp.; visited America 1905,
where he conducted a few concerts of
Bost. Symph. Orch. Has composed
operas Fervaal, L'Etranger, symph.
on a mountain air (with pf.), symph.
No. 2, symph. poems Wdttenstein,
Istar, La foret enchantee, variations
for saxophone and orch., chamber
music, and some pf. pieces; author
of very valuable study of life and
works of C. Franck; has written a
Course in Musical Composition of
which two volumes were issued up to
1910. He is present leader of the
school of modern French composers;
he has great harmonic and contra-
puntal skill and a keenly intellectual
mind; his music is, perhaps, almost
too abstract, too free from emotion.
Isaak (e'-zak), Heinrich, contrapuntist.
b. Germany (Netherlands?) about
1450; d. Florence, 1517. Name is va-
JACKSON
riously spelled Izac, Ysaak, Yzac;
called in Italy Arrigo Tedesco; 1477-
90 orgt., and director in household of
Lorenzo the Magnificent; later in
Rome; later at court of Maximilian
1 at Vienna; composed masses, and
sacred and secular songs, many of
which are very beautiful.
Isouard (iz'-6-ar), Niccolb [called Nic-
colo de Malte], compr. b. Malta, Dec.
6, 1775; d. Paris, Mar. 23, 1818.
Studied under Amendola, Sala, and
Guglielmi, while holding position in
bank; 1795 produced 1st opera; orgt.
and capellm. to Maltese Order; after
writing operas at home, went 1799
to Paris; Boieldieu's return from
Russia stimulated his best effort in
J cannot et Colin and Joconde; wrote
in all about 50 operas, many masses,
motets, etc.; death hastened by envy
at Boieldieu's election to Academy.
Ivanov (e-va-noff), Michael Michailo-
vitch, compr. b. Moscow, Sept. 23,
1849. Studied with Tchaikpvski
and Dubuc and with Sgambati and
others; since 1876 critic and fre-
quent contributor to several journals;
has composed symph., symph. poem,
requiem not published, a ballet and
2 operas; author of Pushkin in Music
and translator Hanslick's Vom Mu-
sikalisch Schonen into Russian.
Ivanovici, compr. Roumanian national-
ity; d. 1902. Inspector-gen, of Rou-
manian military mus.; compr. of
famous waltzes.
J
Jackson, Samuel P., orgt. b. Man-
chester, Eng., Feb. 5, 1818; d. Brook-
lyn, N. Y., July 27, 1885. Son of
org. builder, learned father's trade,
and studied pf. with Moran, har-
mony with Thornton in New York,
whither he moved 1825; teacher of
pf. and org.; editor of Gems for
Organ, popular Org. Voluntaries.
Jackson, William, of Exeter, compr.
b. Exeter, May 28, 1730; d. there,
July 12, 1803. Pupil of Silvester,
orgt. at cath., and of Travers in
London; teacher at Exeter, 1777 orgt.
and choirmaster at cath.; composed
music to Lycidas, to Dying Christian
to His Soul, church music, several
collections of canzonets ( Time has not
thinn'd my flowing hair for 2 voices
was very popular), wrote Observations
on state of music in Eng., essays, and
was also landscape painter.
Jackson, William, of Masham, orgt. b.
Masham, Yorkshire, Jan. 9, 1815;
d. Bradford, Apr. 15, 1866. Son of
miller, self-taught on org. and other
instruments and in harmony; orgt.
at 16; 1839-52 in business as tallow-
chandler, but found time to compose 2
oratorios, Deliverance of Israel, Isaiah,
JACOBSOHN
JANSA
a prize glee, etc.; 1852 music seller in
Bradford, condr. of Choral Union and
Festival Choral Soc.; composed can-
tata The Year, church music, glees,
etc., compiled Bradford Tune Book.
Jacobsohn (ya'-k8b-son), Simon E.,
vlt. b. Mitau, Kurland, Dec. 24,
1839; d. Chicago, Oct. 3, 1902.
Studied at Leipzig Cons.; leader of
orch. at Bremen 1860, of Thomas's
Orch., N. Y., 1872; teacher at Cin-
cinnati Cons.; then in Chicago.
Jadassohn (yad'-a-son), Salomon,
compr., teacher, b. Breslau, Aug. 13,
1831; d. Leipzig, Feb. 1, 1902. Stud-
ied with Hessler, Liistner, and Bro-
sig (harm.), at Leipzig Cons. 1848,
with Liszt at Weimar 1849, and with
Hauptmann at Leipzig 1853; taught
in Leipzig, condr. of Euterpe con-
certs, after 1871 teacher of composi-
tion, etc., at Leipzig Cons., where he
had wide influence; his many text-
books on various branches of har-
mony, Harmonielehre, Kontrapunkt,
Kanon und Fuge, etc., have all I
been translated into English, some I
into other languages; his method :
was conservative, but not narrow; |
his own compositions illustrate his |
skill in composition and considerable
brilliancy of idea; they include 4
symphonies, overtures, pf. concerto,
quartets, 5 cantatas, motets, etc.
Jaell (yal), Alfred, pst., compr. b.
Trieste, Mar. 5, 1832; d. Pans, Feb.
27, 1882. Son and pupil of Eduard
J. ; from d6but as prodigy of 11 at
Venice, continued to travel and play;
1845-46 lived in Brussels, then in
Paris, then in America 1852-54, then
played everywhere in Europe; 1856
court pst. to king of Hanover; pub-
lished some original waltzes, noc-
turnes, etc., and many transcriptions
from modern composers; playing re-
markable for elegance rather than
force. In 1866 married Marie Traut-
mann, also pst. b. Steinseltz, Alsace,
Aug. 17, 1846. Pupil of Herz at Paris
Cons., winning 1st prize 1862; trav-
eled with husband; composed con-
certo, Valses melancoliques, Valses
mignonnes, etc., and valuable book
on Touch in pf. playing.
Jahn (yan), Otto, writer, b. Kiel, June
16, 1813; d. Gottingen, Sept. 9, 1869.
After study in Germany and France,
was lecturer on philology at Kiel,
1842 prof, of archaeology at Greifs-
wald, 1847 director of archaeological
museum at Leipzig, 1855 director of
museum and prof, of archaeology at
Bonn ; greatest work Life of Mozart (4
vols. 1856-59, Eng. transl. 3 vols.
1882); authoritative work, first to
treat musical subject in modern criti-
cal comparative fashion; materials for
life of Haydn went to Pohl, those for
Beethoven to Thayer; wrote other es-
says on music, note on Mendelssohn's
Paulus, and composed some songs.
Janko (yan'-ko), Paul von, inventor.
b. Totis, Hungary, June 2, 1856.
Studied at Vienna Polytechnic and
at Cons., with Bruckner, etc.; in-
vented pf . keyboard 1882, with 6 rows
of keys, so arranged that any note can
be struck in 3 different places; keys
are also narrower so that greater
range is acquired; it is an adaptation
of an earlier chromatic keyboard, and,
though adopted by some psts., has
not become popular success; J. lived
in Constantinople after 1892.
Jannequin (zha-ne'-kan), Clement,
compr., living in either Germany or
France in 16th century; nothing is
known of life, as apparently he was
not attached to any court circles,
or to any church; pupil of Josquin
Depres; follower of Gombert in
descriptive or program music; com-
posed very few masses and motets,
but several hundred secular songs
(La Bataille, descriptive of the battle
of Marignan, and a song on street
cries of Paris very popular).
Janotha (ya-no'-ta), Natalie, pst. b.
Warsaw, June 8, 1856. Studied
with Joachim and Rudorff at Berlin,
then with Clara Schumann and
Brahms, and for harm, with F. Weber
and Bargiel; d6but Leipzig 1874;
court pst. to German emperor; com-
positions chiefly for pf .
Jansa (yan-sa), Leopold, vlt. b. Wil-
denschwert, Bohemia, Mar. 23, 1795;
d. Vienna, Jan. 24, 1875. Pupil of
Jehada, Zizius, Worzichek, and E.
Forster; 1823 chamber musician to
Count von Brunswick; 1824 member
of imperial orch. at Vienna; 1834
director of mus., prof, of vln. at
Vienna Univ.; banished for share in
benefit for revolutionists, lived in
JANUSCHOWSKY
JOHN OF FORNSETE
London 1849-68; then, at amnesty,
returned to Vienna; less distinguished
as virtuoso than as teacher; Lady
Hall6, one of pupils.
Januschowsky (yan-u-shof'-ski), Geor-
gine von, dram. sop. b. Austria, about
1859. D6but about 1875; sang at
Stuttgart, Freiburg, etc.; Vienna
1877, at Leipzig 1879, in New York
1880; at Mannheim and Wiesbaden;
prima donna Vienna Opera 1893-95;
married Ad. Neuendorff, New York
musician.
Jaques-Dalcroze, see Dalcroze.
Jarvis, Charles H., pst. b. Philadelphia,
Dec. 20, 1837; d. there, Feb. 25, 1895.
Appeared in public at 7; founded
Phila. Quintet Club 1862; conducted
orch. concerts and gave historical
recitals; well-known teacher.
Jedliczka (yed-lich-ka), Ernst, pst.
b. Pultava, Russia, June 5, 1855; d.
Berlin, Aug. 3, 1904. At first
student of engineering; lessons from
N. Rubinstein, Tchaikovski, and
Klindworth at Moscow; taught there
at Cons. 1879-86; then at Klind-
worth - Scharwenka Cons., Berlin,
1886-88; then at Stern Cons.; re-
markably successful teacher.
Jehin (zha-an), [Jehin-Prume], Frangois
Henry, vti. b. Spa, Belgium, Apr.
18, 1839; d. Montreal, May 29, 1899.
Pupil of Servais at 4; of his uncle F.
Prume in Li6ge Cons., at Brussels
Cons, of De Be>iot, Leonard, and
F6tis, of Vieuxtemps and Wieniaw-
ski; de'but Dresden at 16, and tours
in Russia and Germany with great
artists; 1862 vlt. to king of Belgium;
1863 traveled in Cuba, Mexico,
U. S., and Canada, and married
singer Rosita del Vecchio; finally
settled 1887 in Montreal; prof, at
Trafalgar Inst., founder of Artistic
Ass'n, etc.; retired 1896. Took place
of Vieuxtemps as head of " Belgian
school " of vlts., teacher of Ysaye.
Jensen (yen-sen), Adolf, compr. b.
Konigsberg, Jan. 12, 1837; d. Baden-
Baden, Jan. 23, 1879. Self-taught
at first, later pupil of Marpurg and
Ehlert; 1856 teaching in Russia;
capellm. Posen 1857; in Copenhagen
1858-60, with Gade; Konigsberg
1860; Berlin 1866-68, teaching at
Tausig's school until ill health com-
pelled him to retire; ardent admirer
of Schumann, with whom he corre-
sponded just before S's death. His
songs resemble Schumann's in their
original and poetic melody and
appropriateness of setting, as well
as in romantic charm; pf. works, too,
are lyric in quality. His brother
Gustay (1843-1895), vlt., pupil of
Joachim, teacher at Cologne, compr.
and editor of vln. works.
Joachim (yd-d,-kim), Joseph, vlt. b.
Kittsee, near Pressburg, June 28,
1831; d. Berlin, Aug. 15, 1907. Be-
gan vln. study at 5 with Szervaczin-
ski with whom he appeared in public
at 7; 1841 at Vienna Cons, studied
with Hauser, G. Hellmesberger, the
elder, and Bohm 1843; after brilliant
appearances at the Gewandhaus,
Leipzig, and in London, he settled
quietly in Leipzig under friendly in-
fluence of Mendelssohn and instruc-
tion of David; 1849 concertmaster in
Weimar, but his disposition and
theories were so much opposed to
those of Liszt that in 1854 J. became
condr. of concerts and solo vlt. to
king of Hanover, where he stayed
till 1866; married Amalie Weiss 1863;
1868 organizer and director of new
department of Berlin Royal Acad.
of Arts — Hochschule fur Ausiibende
Tonkunst (High-school for Practical
Music); here he taught great num-
bers of pupils; established Joachim
Quartet 1869 (Schiever, De Anna,
Kruse, Halir successively played 2d
vln.; De Ahna, Rappoldi, Wirth, via.;
Wm. Miiller and Hausmann, 'cello).
J's compositions are earnest, even
melancholy; Hungarian concerto
most famous; has composed 2 other
concertos, 4 overtures, few pieces
for vln. and orch. and for via. and
pf.; playing was distinguished for
classical repose and dignity of man-
ner and spirit, flawless accuracy,
breadth, and fidelity of interpreta-
tion, entire freedom from virtuosity
merely as such; repertoire as soloist
and quartet player limited by same
earnestness and loftiness of ideal.
John of Fornsete, compr. d. Jan. 19,
1239(?). English Benedictine monk
of 13 century, from Forncett in Nor-
folkshire, who dwelt in monastery at
Reading in Berkshire; Coussemaker
attributes to him the composition
of old English canon Sumer is
JOHNS
icumen in; for summary of argu-
ments concerning this authorship
see Grove's Diet., Vol. 4.
Johns, Clayton, compr. b. Newcastle,
Del., Nov. 24, 1857. Studied archi-
tecture in Phila.; 1879-82 studied
music in Boston with J. K. Paine
and W. H. Sherwood, and 1882-84
in Berlin with Kiel, Grabow, and
Rummel; after 1884 in Boston,
teaching (H. Gebhard among pupils)
and composing; has written Berceuse
and Scherzino for strings, some
small choral works, about 100 pf.
pieces, but is best known here and
abroad by songs, many of which have
great charm, without over-complex-
ity of mood or manner; noteworthy
for selection of good poetry as text.
Author of Essentials of Piano Play-
ing (1909),
Johnson, Herbert, singer, compr. b.
Middletown, Conn., 1861; d. Bos-
ton, July 21, 1904. Early showed
talent for music and was a chorister
in St. Stephen's P. E. Church, Prov-
idence,' R. I.; studied first with local
teachers, and later in Boston, where
he commenced his career as a church
singer in the Brookline Baptist
Church. When the male quartet of
the Ruggles St. Baptist church was
organized in 1879 he was selected
as solo tenor and director of the
music of the church; during the
twenty-two years of its existence
the quartet was probably the most
popular organization of its kind in
the U. S. It was disbanded in 1901,
after which he was successively
tenor at the King's Chapel and 2d
Universalist Church. Organized and
directed the Johnson Quintet Club,
a successful concert club. During
his professional career he sang with
the leading choral societies of New
England. His best known composi-
tion is the sacred song Face to Face.
Jommelli (yom-mel-le), Nicola, compr.
b. Aversa, near Naples, Sept. 10,
1714; d. Naples, Aug. 25, 1774.
Pupil of Mozzillo, Durante, Feo,
Leo, Prato, and Mancini; produced
first opera at 23 under pseudonym
Valentino; later successes in Naples,
Rome, Bologna, where he was as-
sisted by Martini, and Venice where
he became director of cons.; 1745 in
JOSEFFY
Vienna, friend of Metastasio; 1749-
54 maestro of St. Peter's at Rome;
1754-69 capellm. in Stuttgart; failed
in Naples to win success by later
operas; sometimes called "the Ital-
ian Gluck"; perhaps greatest of
immediate predecessors of Mozart
in dramatic naturalness (he aban-
doned the da capo aria) and greater
consideration for orchestral color
and variety; composed about 50
operas (Artaserse, Armida, Demo-
foonte, etc.), several oratorios and
cantatas, a famous miserere, etc.
Jonas (ho-nas), Alberto, pst. b. Ma-
drid, June 8, 1868. Studied with
Olave and Mendizabal, and at Ma-
drid Cons., at Brussels Cons, with
Gevaert; debut Brussels 1880;
studied under Rubinstein at St.
Petersburg Cons, part of 1890;
tours in England and on Continent;
1894 head of pf. department Univ.
of Michigan; Berlin 1908.
Joncifcres (zhon-si-ar'), Victorin de
[pseud, of Felix Ludger Rossignol],
compr. b. Paris, Apr. 12, 1839; d.
there, Oct. 26, 1903. At first stu-
dent of painting; 1859 began to
study mus. with Elwart, and in
Leborne's class at Cons.; comp. inci-
dental mus. to Hamlet 1863; opera
Sardanapale 1867, and second opera
1869 not very successful, nor were
later works, though Dimitri attracted
attention and Chevalier Jean suc-
ceeded in Germany; critic for La
Liberte after 1871, and contributor
to other papers; president of Soc. des
compositeurs de musique; also com-
posed Symph. roma-ntique, suites, vln.
concerto, etc.
Jones, Edward German-, see German,
Edward.
Jordan, Jules, tenor, teacher, b. Willi-
mantic, Conn., Nov. 10, 1850.
Living in Providence since 1870;
studied with Osgood in Boston,
Shakespeare in London, Sbriglia
in Paris; choirmaster Grace Ch.,
Prov., condr. of Arion Club; Mus.
Doc. Brown Univ.; has composed
opera, cantata, minor vocal works;
successful teacher.
Joseffy (yo-sef-fy), Rafael, pst. b.
Hunfalu, Hungary, July 3, 1853.
Early studies under Brauer in Buda-
pest, followed by lessons at Leipzig
JOSQUIN
JUON
Cons, from E. F. Wenzel, and in
Berlin from Tausig; summers of
1870-71 in Weimar with Liszt; ctebut
Berlin 1872; successful appearances
in Vienna and elsewhere; since 1879
in N. Y. where he has taught, and
in about five years' practical retire-
ment 1891-96; lives at N. Tarry-
town, a suburb of New York City;
developed from the brilliant virtu-
osity of his first period into a riper
and more poetic musician; published
School of Advanced Pf. Playing 1902.
Josquin Despres, see Deprfes.
Journet (zhor'-na), [Hippolyte Jules]
Marcel, bass. b. Grasse, Maritime
Alps, July 25, 1869. Studied with
Obin at Paris; de"but Montpellier
1893, followed by engagement at
Brussels; Metrop. Op., New York,
since 1900; Coveht Garden, London,
since 1898.
Jousse (zhos), J. b. Orleans, France,
1760; d. London, Jan. 19, 1837.
Went to London at Revolution;
taught singing and pf. there; wrote
several text-books, Lectures on Thor-
ough-bass, Catechism of Music.
Juch (yook), Emma Antonia Justine,
dram. sop. b. Vienna, 1861. Parents,
naturalized Americans, returned to
N. Y. 1864; at public schools and
when working in store, J. used spare
time for singing lessons, from Mme.
Murio-Celli; concert appearance,
New York 1881, led to 5 year engage-
ment with Mapleson for Italian
Opera in London; sang with Th.
Thomas for 3 seasons of Wagner
concerts; later organized English
opera company of her own with
which she toured U. S.; not often
heard after marriage to F. L. Well-
man; her voice was pure and strong,
and she was an intelligent actress.
Jude, William Herbert, compr. b.
Westleton, Suffolk, Eng., 1851. Orgt.
at Liverpool, founder of Purcell Soc.
there; editor Monthly Hymnal; orgt.
1889 in Manchester; lectured in Eng-
land and Australia; composed oper-
etta Innocents Abroad, revival songs,
etc.
Julien (zhii-li-an), or Jullien, Louis
[Georges] Antoine [Jules], condr. b.
Sisteron, Basses-Alpes, Apr. 23,
1812; d. Paris, Mar. 14, 1860. Son
of bandmaster; entered Paris Cons.
at 21, as pupil of Le Carpentier and
HaleVy; impatient of instruction,
1836 became condr. of concerts of
dance music at Jardin Turc; 1838
went to London because of debts
and there established series of con-
certs given every season 1842-59,
opened shop for sale of own music,
leased theatre, brought out own
opera at great expense; brought
orchestra to America 1853; finally
arrested in Paris for debt; died in
insane asylum; compr. of quadrilles
of great popularity, sensational
condr., overfond of " monster "
bands, yet introduced many good
works to audiences.
Jullien (zhiil-li-an), Jean Lucien
Adolphe, critic, b. Paris, June 1, 1845.
Son and grandson of literary men;
studied law at Paris and music with
Bienaim6; in early articles bravely
declared himself an admirer of Schu-
mann and Wagner; 1873 critic for
Journal des debats; authority on
18th century music; early works
deal with its various phases; wrote
also elaborate Life of Wagner and
Life of Berlioz; frequent contributor
to Le Menestrel and other journals.
Jungmann (yung'-man), Albert, compr.
b. Langensalza, Prussia, Nov. 14,
1824; d. Pandorf, near Vienna, Nov.
7, 1892. Studied with Korner and
Leibrock; prof, at St. Cecilia Acad.
Rome; 1853 manager for publishing
firm C. A. Spina and of succeeding
firm Jungmann and Lerch; composed
400 songs and light pf. mus.
Jtingst (yiingst), Hugo, condr. b.
Dresden, Feb. 26, 1853. Pupil at
Dresden Cons.; founder 1876 and
condr. of Dresden Choral Soc. ; condr.
of Julius Otto Soc. and of Acad.
Gesangverein; composed about 60
male choruses.
Juon (yu-on), Paul, compr. b. Mos-
cow, Mar. 8, 1872. Pupil at Mos-
cow Cons, of Hrimaly, Taneiev, and
Arensky, at Berlin Hochschule of
Bargiel; settled in Berlin 1897; has
composed 2 symph., chamber music,
short pf. pieces, which are said to
combine Slav material with German
treatment; has published Harmonie-
lehre and German translation of the
life of Tchaikovski by the latter's
brother.
KAHN
KASTNER
K
Kahn (kan), Robert, compr. b. Mann-
heim, July 21, 1865. Studied with
E. Frank, V. Lachner, Kiel, and
Rheinberger; received help from
Joachim in Berlin 1885; 1890 in
Leipzig, founded Ladies' Choral
Union, 1893 teacher of comp. at
Berlin Hochschule; compr. of cham-
ber mus., several works for female
chorus, and Mahomets Gesang for
mixed chorus and orch.
Ka janus (ka-ya-nus), Robert, condr. b.
Finland, Dec. 2, 1856. Studied at
Leipzig Cons., Paris, and Dresden;
founded Philharmonic Orch., Hel-
singfors; founder and condr. of
symph. chorus; compr. of symph.
poems, suites, etc., on national airs;
first representative of Finnish na-
tional music.
Kalinnikov (ka-lin'-m'-koff), Basil Ser-
feievitch, compr. b. Voina, Russia,
an. 13, 1866; d. Yalta, Crimea,
Jan. 11, 1901. Studied at Moscow
Cons, with Ilyinski and Blaramberg;
2d condr. at Italian opera, Moscow,
1893, but obliged by ill health, pos-
sibly brought on by early privation,
to retire in 1894 to Crimea; com-
posed 2 symphonies (one in G min.
best known), music to Tolstoi's Tsar
Boris, 2 symph. poems, some
chamber music; works show healthy
national spirit and freshness of
inspiration.
Kalisch, see Lehmann, Lilli.
Kalkbrenner, Friedrich Wilhelm
Michael, pst., compr. b. near Berlin,
1788; d. Enghien, near Paris, June
10, 1849. Son of Christian K., also
musician; 1798-1802 pupil at Paris
Cons, of L. Adam and Catel; 1813
played in Berlin and Vienna, met
Hummel and Albrechtsberger, of
whom he took lessons; 1814-23 popu-
lar teacher in London; 1823 partner
Pleyel pf. factory; as player dis-
tinguished for smooth suppleness; as
teacher, adapted Logier's chiro-
plast, aimed at independent action
of fingers and wrist; so vain that he
offered to make an artist of Chopin;
composed 4 pf. concertos, some
sextets, quintets, etc., many fantasias,
variations, etc., all very popular in
his day; a Method with really good
exercises, especially for left hand.
Kalliwoda (kal-li-vo'-da), Johann Wen-
zel, vlt., compr. b. Prague, Mar. 21,
1800; d. Carlsruhe, Dec. 3, 1866.
Pupil of Pixis in Prague Cons.;
played in theatre orch. 1816-22;
capellmeister to Prince Furstenberg
1823-53, then retired; composed 2
operas, 7 symph., overtures, orch.
fantasias, vln. concerto, chamber,
vln. and pf. mus., and songs. Son
Wilhelm (1827-1893), pupil and suc-
cessor of father.
Karasowski (ka-ra-sof-ski), Moritz,
writer, b. Warsaw, Sept. 22, 1823;
d. Dresden, Apr. 20, 1892. Pupil of
Kratzer; 'cellist in opera orch. at
Warsaw 1851; traveled 1858-60;
royal chamber virtuoso Dresden
1864; wrote History of Polish Opera,
Life of Mozart, Chopin's Youth,
Life of Chopin.
Karganoff (kar-gan'-of), Genari Osip-
ovitch, pst. b. Kashetin, Caucasus,
Apr. 30, 1858; d. Rostroff-on-the-
Don, Feb. 23, 1890. Studied with
Reinecke and ' Brassin at Leipzig
Cons.; prof, of pf. at Tiflis; chiefly
notable for characteristic Russian
romances for pf.
Karl, Tom, tenor, b. Dublin, Jan. 19,
1846. Pupil of H. Phillips in Eng-
land and of Sangiovanni and Triulzi
in Italy; after singing in Italy sev-
eral years, came to America with
Parepa Rosa; 1872 entered comic
opera with Pinafore; long a member
of the Bostonians Co.; retired from
stage 1896; 1899 director of Operatic
School of Acad. of Dramatic Arts,
N. Y.
Kastner, Johann Georg, compr., writer.
b. Strassburg, Mar. 9, 1810; d. Paris,
Dec. 19, 1867. Studied with Maurer
and Romer; became orgt. at 10;
studied for church in Lutheran
Seminary, but at 20 became band-
master; brought out 4 operas, and
1835 was sent by town to Paris
where he studied under Berton and
KAUFFMAN
KELLIE
Reicha, and where he lived there-
after; 1837 published treatise on
instrumentation (superseded by Ber-
lioz's), methods for various instru-
ments; originator of national band
competitions (Paris Exp. 1867);
contributor to magazines, compr.
of several operas, the biblical Der-
nier roi de Juda considered best;
also wrote Livres-Partitions, sym-
phony-cantatas preceded by disser-
tations, Les danses des marts, La
harpe d'Eole, Les voix de Paris, etc.,
more valuable for information than
for music.
Kauffman (kowf-man), Fritz, compr.
b. Berlin, June 17, 1855. Studied
natural science and became drug-
gist; 1878 entered Berlin Hochschule
as pupil of Kiel, took Mendelssohn
Prize; after year in Vienna, taught
and composed in Berlin; 1889 condr.
of Gesellschaft concerts at Magde-
burg; 1893 royal music director;
composed songs, choruses, opera,
symph., concerto, chamber music
and pf. pieces.
Kaun (kown), Hugo, compr. b. Berlin,
Mar. 21, 1863. Studied with Raif
and Kiel at Berlin Hochschule;
teaching, conducting, and composing
in Milwaukee, U. S., after 1884;
1902 returned to Berlin; composed
symph. An mein Vaterland; symph.
poems, Minnehaha and Hiawatha,;
2 operas, quartets, trio, octet, etc.
Kayser (kl'-zer), Heinrich Ernst, vlt.,
teacher, b. Altona, Apr. 16, 1815;
d. Hamburg, Jan. 17, 1888. His
educational works for the violin,
Etudes, Op. 20 and 30, Studies in
Shifting, Op. 28, and a Method are
highly valued.
Keiser (kl'-zer), Reinhard, compr. b.
Teuchern, near Weissenfels, Jan.
(baptized 12), 1674; d. Hamburg,
Sept. 12, 1739. Educated by father,
church compr., and at Thomasschule,
Leipzig, under Schelle; 1692 pro-
duced pastoral Ismene and opera
Basilius; went to Hamburg 1694
where he lived for 45 years, produc-
ing about 116 operas; 1700 organizer
of winter concerts, combination
feasts of music and food; 1703 direc-
tor of opera; 1709 married into
nobility; 1719-21 at Stuttgart; 1723-
28 capellm. to king of Denmark;
1728 canon and cantor at Hamburg
cathedral; great influence on Ger-
man opera due to his efforts at real
dramatic expression wherein he first
broke away from French and Italian
models, and in his original use of
popular German subjects; contempo-
rary popularity was great; also com-
posed oratorios, cantatas for Christ-
mas and other occasions, church
pieces, divertimenti, etc.
Keler, Albert von [called Keler-Bela],
compr. b. Bartfeld, Hungary, Feb.
13, 1820; d. Wiesbaden, Nov. 20,
1882. After trying law and farming,
turned to music 1845; pupil at
Vienna of Sechter and Schlesinger;
vlt. at theatre; 1854 condr. of Gungl
Orch. at Berlin; 1855 succeeded
Lanner as condr. of band in Vienna;
1863 condr. Kurorch. at Wiesbaden;
retired 1873; compr. of showy, brill-
iant dance music.
Keller, Mathias, compr. b. Ulm, Wiirt-
temberg, Mar. 20, 1818; d. Boston,
1875. Studied at Stuttgart, and
later under Lindpaintner and Sey-
fried; bandmaster for 7 years; came
to Phila. 1846; 1st vln. at several
theatres; then in Boston, not very
prosperous; composed American
hymn Speed our Republic to which
O. W. Holmes set new words Angel
of Peace for its successful revival at
Peace Jubilee.
Kelley, Edgar Stillman, compr. b.
Sparta, Wis., Apr. 14, 1857. Pupil
of Merriam and Eddy, and at Stutt-
gart Cons, of Seifriz and others;
1880 in San Francisco as orgt.,
teacher, and critic; composed inci-
dental music to Macbeth, comic opera
Puritania (and conducted orch. for
performances); Chinese suite Alad-
din, based on careful study of Chinese
music as are some of his songs, no-
tably Lady picking mulberries; inci-
dental music to Ben Hur shows
erudition beyond deserts of play;
taught and lectured in N. Y. (Univ.
Extension lectures 1896) ; later moved
to Berlin.
Kellie, Lawrence, tenor, compr. b.
London, Apr. 3, 1862. Student of
law; 1884 studied at Royal Acad.
and privately with Randegger; de'but
1886, recitals 1887; songs (7s it too
late? All for thee, etc.) very popular
KELLOGG
Kellogg, Clara Louise, dram. sop. b.
Sumterville, S. C., July, 1842.
Training from her mother, and in
New York after 1856; d6but there
1861, London 1867, followed by
engagement; 1868-72 touring U. S.;
1872-74 singing in London; 1874
organized English opera co., super-
vised everything herself from trans-
lations of librettos to training of
chorus, singing 125 nights in one
season; after 1881 appeared chiefly
in concerts; married her manager,
Carl Strakosch, 1887, and soon after-
ward retired.
Kelly, Michael, tenor, compr. b. Dub-
lin, Dec., 1762; d. Margate, Oct. 9,
1826. Sang as lad in Dublin, and
appeared in Arne's Cymon; pupil at
Naples of Fenaroli and Aprile; sang
in Italy and Vienna, where he met
Mozart and sang in Nozze di Figaro;
sang in London after 1787; 1789 ap-
peared as compr. of several pieces;
1802 opened music shop; bankrupt
1811, opened wine shop; entertaining
Reminiscences published 1826.
Kemp, Robert [known as Father Kemp],
condr. b. Wellfleet, Mass., June 6,
1820; d. Boston, May 14, 1897.
Shoe dealer in Boston, who organized
and conducted Old Folks' Concerts
1854; published Autobiography 1868.
Kennerly-Rumford, Robert Henry, bari-
tone, b. London, Sept. 2, 1870.
Studied with Henschel and Blume
and 1894 in Paris with Sbriglia;
de"but London 1893; popular festival
and concert singer in England; 1900
married Clara Butt [q. vj.
Kerl [Kerll, Kherl], Johann Kaspar
(von), orgt., compr. b. Adorf, Saxonv,
Apr. 9, 1627; d. Munich, Feb. 13,
1693. After study in Vienna under
Valentini, sent by Ferdinand III to
Italy, where he was pupil of Caris-
simi; 1656-73 court capellmeister at
Munich; taught at Vienna, court
orgt. there 1677, returned to Munich
1684; details of his life uncertain;
remarkable for original resolution
of discords; composed org. works,
masses (one entirely on black notes),
etc.
Kern, Carl Wilhelm, compr. b. June
4, 1874, at Schlitz, Hesse-Darm-
stadt. Father, Carl August K.,
KIEL
organist and compr., supervised the
early education of his son, who later
studied under Friedrich Lux, organ
virtuoso at Mayence; came to the
U. S. in 1893; teacher in Elmhurst
College, near Chicago, where he
continued his musical studies; other
positions were at the Springfield, O.,
School of Music, Dennison Univer-
sity, and the Baptist University,
Dallas, Tex.; located in St. Louis
1904, teacher in the Strassberger
Conservatories and musical editor
for the Shattinger Music Co.; com-
positions consist of piano pieces,
songs, anthems and organ works.
Ketten, Henri, pst. b. Baja, Hungary,
Mar. 25, 1848; d. Paris, Apr. 1, 1883.
Pupil of Marmontel and HaleVy;
compr. of light pf. pieces.; successful
performer.
Ketterer, [Nicolas] Eugfene, pst. b.
Rouen, July 7, 1831; d. Paris, Dec.
18, 1870. Pupil of Marmontel at
Paris Cons, where he took 2d prize
in solfeggio 1847 and accessit in pf.
1852; brilliant success as pst. and
compr. of many fantasias, caprices,
etc.
Key, Francis Scott, poet. b. Frederick
Co., Md., Aug. 9, 1780; d. Balti-
more, Jan. 11, 1843. During British
invasion 1814, K., then lawyer in
Washington, went into enemy's lines
to effect exchange of captured friend;
detained on frigate during attack on
Fort McHenry, anxiety about result
inspired words of Star-spangled
Banner, to be sung to old drinking
tune Anacreon in Heaven; K's col-
lected poems published 1857.
Kiel (kel), Friedrich, compr. b. Puder-
bach, Oct. 7, 1821; d. Berlin, Sept.
14, 1885. Learned rudiments from
father, taught himself pf. and comp.;
vlt. in band of Prince von Wittgen-
stein; studied with Kummer at
Coburg and Dehn at Berlin, under
stipend from Friedrich Wilhelm
IV; gave private concerts of own
works; 1862 perf. of Requiem by
Stern Gesangverein brought him
prominence; 1865 taught comp. in
Stern Cons, and 1870 at Hochschule;
his compositions, masses, motets,
quartets, pf. pieces, songs, are
soundly classical; great success as
teacher.
KIENZL
Kienzl (kentsl), Wilhelm, compr. b.
Waizenkirchen, Upper Austria, Jan.
17, 1857. Studied at Graz, Prague,
Leipzig, and under Liszt at Weimar;
1879 degree Ph.D. at Vienna with
dissertation on Declamation which
attracted notice of Wagner; lived
in Bayreuth 1879; capellmeister in
several places, Amsterdam, Ham-
burg, Munich 1892-93; then devoted
to comp. at Graz; operas Urvasi,
Heilmar der Narr, Don Quichote, and
especially Der Evangelimann (Berlin
1895) which has had tremendous suc-
cess, in popularized Wagnerian form
akin to Humperdinck's Hansel und
Gretel; also many songs and pf . pieces.
Kiesewetter (kes'-e-vet-ter), Raphael
Georg, Edler von Weisenbrunn,
writer. b. Holleschau, Moravia,
Aug. 29, 1773; d. Baden, near Vienna,
Jan. 1, 1850. Attached to Ministry
of War and Imperial councillor;
pupil of Albrechtsberger and Hart-
mann; enthusiastic amateur, patron,
and collector of music scores; author
of many works on music, most im-
portant being researches into Greek
music, Guido von Arezzo, and Die
Musik der Araber.
King, Julie, see Rive-King, Julie.
King, Oliver A., pst. b. London, 1855.
Pupil of Barnby, Holmes, and at
Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke; pst. to
Princess Louise; visited Canada and
New York 1880-83; prof, of pf. at
Royal Acad.; composed 3 cantatas,
symph., overtures, concertos, etc.
Kinkel, Johanna [nee Mockel], compr.
b. Bonn, July 8, 1810; d. London,
Nov. 15, 1858. Pupil of Bohmer in
Berlin; married publisher Matthieux
1832 but soon left him; married
poet Gottfried Kinkel 1843; com-
posed cantata and operetta; wrote
Acht Briefe an eine Freundin iiber
Clavierunterricht.
Kirchner (kirkh'-ner), Fritz, pst. b.
Potsdam, Nov. 3, 1840; d. there,
May 11, 1907. Studied with Kul-
lak, Wiierst, and Seyffert at Kullak's
Acad. where he taught 1864-89; then
in Madchenheim, Berlin; composed
educational music, chiefly for pf.
Kirchner, Theodor, compr. b. Neu-
kirchen, Saxony, Dec. 10, 1823; d.
Hamburg, Sept. 18, 1903. Pupil of
KLAFSKY
Becker in Leipzig; 1843-62 orgt. at
Winterthur; 1862-72 teaching in
Zurich; 1873 director of Wiirzburg
Cons.; lived in Leipzig; 1883-90
teacher at Dresden Cons.; then
moved to Hamburg; works almost
entirely for pf. in style of Schumann,
short, with descriptive titles, yet
far from merely imitative; Album-
blatter and Nachtetiicke especially
notable.
Kirnberger, Johann Philipp, theorist.
b. Saalfield, Thuringia, Apr. 24, 1721;
d. Berlin, July 27, 1783. Pupil of
Kellner, Gerber, and, 1739-41, of
J. S. Bach; taught and conducted
at Leipzig, in Lemberg; after study
with Tickler, became vlt. in Royal
Orch. Berlin; 1754 capellmeister to
Princess Amalie; composed correct
but cold fugues, etc., developed some
incorrect theories about tempera-
ment; most important work Die
Kunst des reinen Satzes 1774-79.
Kistler, Cyrill, compr. b. Gross-Aitin-
gen, near Augsburg, Mar. 12, 1848; d.
Kissingen, Jan. 2, 1907. School-
teacher in various places; 1876 pupil
at Munich Cons, of Wiillner, Rhein-
berger, and F. Lachner; 1883 teacher
of theory and org. at Sondershausen
Cons.; 1885 principal of private
music school at Kissingen and pub-
lisher; 1884-94 editor of Mus. Tages-
fragen; opera Kunihild (1884, re-
vived 1893) excited some attention,
composed on Wagnerian principles;
wrote also other operas not very
successful, part-songs, marches, etc.,
and harmony based on Wagner.
Kittl, Emmy, see Destinn, Emmy.
Kjerulf (kye-rulf ), Half dan, compr. b.
Christiania, Sept. 15, 1815; d. there,
Aug. 11, 1868. Student of law; 1840
teacher of music; 1850 by govern-
ment grant studied at Leipzig under
Richter; after unsuccessful efforts
to establish concerts in Christiania,
he devoted himself to composition;
works are chiefly songs (with few pf.
pieces) , of Scandinavian mood, tender
melancholy, charming simplicity and
genuine worth.
Klafsky [Lohse-K.], Katharina, dram,
sop. b. St. Johann, Hungary, Sept.
19, 1855; d. Hamburg, Sept. 22,
1896. After childhood of poverty
and service, sang in Komische Oper
KLAUSER
chorus at Vienna; after lessons from
Marches!, returned to stage; short
retirement after marriage, followed
by small parts at Leipzig, London,
etc.; 1882 member of Neumann's
Wagner Company; took principal
parts at Hamburg; sang also at
Bremen, London, Munich, etc.;
Festival 1894, etc.; married 3d time
Otto Lohse 1895; came to U. S. with
Damrosch Co. 1895; distinguished
in Wagner roles, especially Briinn-
hilde.
Klauser (klow'-zer), Karl, editor, b.
St. Petersburg, Aug. 24, 1823.
Studied in Germany, but chiefly
self-taught; came to U. S. 1850;
1856-83 mus. director at Miss Por-
ter's School, Farmington, Conn.;
editor and arranger of many edi-
tions of classic comps. and joint
editor Famous Composers and Their
Works.
Klauwell (klow'-vel), Otto, writer.
b. Langensalza, Thuringia, Apr. 7,
1851. Studied at Schulpforta, and,
after service in Franco-Prussian
war, at Leipzig Cons, under Richter
and Reinecke; Ph.D. at Univ. with
dissertation on development of
canon; 1874 taught at Cologne Cons.;
1884 director of Teachers' Seminary
there; besides compositions, opera,
overture, etc., has written on history
of music and on pf. playing.
Kleeberg (kla-berg), Clotilde, pst. b.
Pans, June 27, 1866; d. Brussels,
Feb. 7, 1909. Pupil of Mmes. Retz
and Massart at Paris Cons., winning
1st prize 1878; de"but at 12 with
Beethoven C minor concerto at
Pasdeloup concerts; 1883 played in
London and in following years in
Berlin and Vienna, everywhere with
success; married sculptor C. Samuel
1900; " sympathetic, delicate, truly
womanly executant of Schumann
and Chopin." [Bie.]
Kleffel, Arno, compr. b. Possneck,
Thuringia, Sept. 4, 1840. Pupil in
Leipzig at Cons, and privately of
Hauptmann; director mus. soc.
Riga 1863-67; capellmeister at thea-
tres in various cities, 1873-80 in
Berlin, 1886-92; 1894-96 teacher of
theory Stern Cons. Berlin; 1897-
1904 at Cologne; settled in Berlin
1904; composed opera, incidental
KLINDWORTH
music to Faust and to Die Wichtel-
mdnnchen, overtures, pf. pieces,
(mostly short, some instructive),
songs, etc.
Klein (kiln), Bruno Oscar, compr. b.
Osnabrlick, June 6, 1858. Pupil of
father (orgt.), of Rheinberger, Wiill-
ner, and Baermann at Munich Cons. ;
came to America 1878; after travel-
ing, giving concerts, settled in New
York 1883; pf. teacher at Convent
of Sacred Heart, orgt. at St. Francis
Xavier 1884-94, prof, of counter-
point at Nat'l Cons. 1887-92;
occasional concerts in Germany;
composed opera Kenilworth, Ham-
burg 1895, pf. works, etc.
Kleinmichel (klin'-ml-khel), Richard,
pst., compr. b. Posen, Dec. 31, 1846;
d. Charlottenburg, Aug. 18, 1901.
Studied with father, at Hamburg,
and at Leipzig Cons.; taught in
Hamburg and Leipzig, where he
became director of Stadt Th. 1882;
married Clara Monhaupt, dram, sop.;
lived in Magdeburg, then in Berlin;
composed 2 operas, both performed
at Hamburg, 2 symphonies, cham-
ber mus., valuable pf. Etudes, and
arrangements from Wagner; many
years joint editor of Signale.
Klengel, Julius, 'cellist, b. Leipzig,
Sept. 24, 1859. Pupil of Hegar and
Jadassohn; 'cellist in Gewandhaus
Orch. since 1874; teacher at Cons,
since 1881; member of Gewandhaus
Quartet; remarkable for unexcelled
technical skill; gifted teacher; compr.
of 3 'cello concertos and solo pieces.
Brother Paul K., condr. b. Leipzig,
May 13, 1854. Pupil at Cons.; Ph.
D. Leipzig Univ. with dissertation
on aesthetics; condr. Euterpe Con-
certs 1881-86; 2d court capellmeister
Stuttgart 1888-93;- condr. of Arion
Chorus, Leipzig, from 1893 to present
except from 1898 to 1903, when he
conducted Deutscher Liederkranz
in New York.
Klindworth (klint'-vort), Karl, pst.,
teacher, b. Hanover, Sept. 25, 1830.
Played vln. as child, but could not
afford lessons; from 17-19 condr.
traveling opera troupe; then taught
in Hamburg; 1852 received assist-
ance which enabled him to study
with Liszt at Weimar; 1854-68 in
London as pst., teacher, organizer
KLOTZ
KNORR
of artistic but unsuccessful concerts,
gradually gaining, himself, in popu-
larity; 1868-84 prof, of pf. at Mos-
cow Cons., where he accomplished
his greatest works, pf. score of Wag-
ner's Ring des Nibelungen and com-
plete edition of Chopin's works;
then in Berlin, joint condr. with
^Joachim and Wullner, of Philhar-
*monic concerts and condr. of Wag-
nerverein, founder of music school,
which united with Scharwenka Cons. ;
1893 retired to Potsdam as private
teacher; has made arrangements of
Tchaikovski's Pathetiqiie, etc., edited
Beethoven's sonatas, rescored Cho-
pin's F min. concerto, composed
etudes for pf ., Polonaise fantaisie, etc.
Klotz, vln. -makers, Mittenwald, Bava-
ria. Earliest Mathias, b. June 11,
1653; d. Aug. 16, 1743. Possibly pupil
of Stainer, and of Nicolo Amati in
Cremona for many years; wood of
his vlns. is good but often worm-
eaten; varnish is stiff. Son Sebas-
tian, b. Jan. 18, 1696; d. after 1743,
greatest of family; vlns. like Stain-
er's, varnish thicker and better than
father's. His son Aegidius, 1733-
1805, when he took pains, one of best
makers of his time. Lutgendorff
gives 16 others of the family, mostly
named Sebastian, Mathias, Georg,
or Aegidius.
Klughardt, August [Friedrich Martin],
condr. b. Cothen, Nov. 30, 1847;
d. Dessau, Aug. 3, 1902. Studied
with Blassmann and Reichel at
Dresden; th. condr. at Posen,
Liibeck, Weimar; court music direc-
tor at Weimar, Neustrelitz, and
Dessau; influenced by Liszt but not
extreme in following him; composed
4 operas, 5 symph., 2 suites, 5 over-
tures, chamber mus., symph. poem
Leonore, pf. mus. etc.
Knecht, Justin Heinrich, orgt. b.
Biberach, Wiirttemberg, Sept. 30,
1752; d. there, Dec. 1, 1817. Pro-
fessor of literature and music director
at Biberach 1771-1807; court direc-
tor at Stuttgart 1807-1809, when he
resigned because of intrigues at
court; rival of Abt Vogler as orgt.
and theorist; wrote books on har-
mony, methods for org. and pf.,
Luthers Verdienst um Musick und
Poesie; of his compositions only
interesting one is Tongemalde der
Natur,. symphony treating of same
subjects as Beethoven's Pastoral.
Kneisel (knl'-sel), Franz, vlt. b.
Bucharest, Roumania, Jan. 26, 1865.
Son and pupil of bandmaster; pupil
at Bucharest Cons., and at Vienna
Cons, of Griin and Hellmesberger,
winning 1st prize; concertmaster at
Hofburg Th., of Bilse's Orch., Ber-
lin, and 1885-1903 of Boston Symph.
Orch.; 1902-03 condr. Worcester
Festivals; 1905 vln. prof, at Insti-
tute of Mus. Art in N. Y.; 1886
founded Kneisel Quartet; other
members have been E. Fiedler, O.
Roth, K. Ondricek, J. Theodorowicz,
J. Roentgen 2d vln.; L. Svecenski,
via.; F. Giese, A. Hekking, A. Schroe-
der, W. Willeke, 'cello; quartet has
accomplished much in revealing
beauties of chamber mus. to Ameri-
can audiences.
Kniese (kne'-zg), Julius, condr. b.
Roda, near Jena, Dec. 21, 1848; d.
Dresden, Apr. 22, 1905. Pupil of
Stade, Brendel, and Riedel; direc-
tor of Singakademie, Glogau, 1871-
76; condr. of singing society, Frank-
fort1; director at Aix; after 1882
chorusmaster for festival perform-
ances at Bayreuth, 1889 director
of preparatory school for singers
there; composed opera, symph. poem,
4 books of songs.
Knight, Joseph Philip, compr. b. Brad-
ford-on-Avon, July 26, 1812; d.
Great Yarmouth, June 1, 1887.
Org. pupil of Corfe; first songs pub.
under pseud. Philip Mortimer;
while living in U. S. 1839-41 pro-
duced most famous songs (Rocked
in the Cradle of the Deep, Why Chime
the Bells?) ; vicar and orgt. at Scilly
Islands; after marriage spent some
years abroad; composed about 200
songs, very popular in his day.
Knorr (knore), Julius, pf. teacher, b.
Leipzig, Sept. 22, 1807; d. there,
June 17, 1861. Student of philology
at Leipzig; debut Gewandhaus 1831;
friend of Schumann, editor of Neue
Zeitschrift 1834-35; introduced pre-
liminary technical exercises in pf.
teaching; wrote various " schools "
and methods, and a guide to the
literature of piano instruction.
KOBBE
Kobbe (kob'-ba), Gustav, writer, b.
New York, Mar. 4, 1857. Pupil of
A. Hagen and Mosenthal; graduated
at Columbia College 1877, Law
School 1879; living in Morristown,
N. J.; frequent contributor to maga-
zines of articles on stage, singers,
and actors; published Wagner's Life,
My Rosary and other poems, Opera
singers, The Pianolist, etc.
Kocian (kot'-si-an), Jaroslav, vlt. b.
Wildenschwert, Bohemia, Feb. 2,
1884. Father, schoolmaster, gave
him lessons at 3$; pupil at Prague
Cons, of Sevcfk and Dvorak; since
1901 has played with great success
in Europe and in America.
Koczalski (koshal'-ski), Raoul Armand
Georg, pst., compr. b. Warsaw, Jan.
3, 1885. Pupil of his mother and
Godowsky; played as prodigy at 4 in
Warsaw and in subsequent years in
European capitals; court pst. to
Shah of Persia; said to have played
1000 times before 1896; several
compositions, fantasias, waltzes, etc.
Kbhler (ke-ler), Christian Louis Hein-
rich, pst., compr. b. Brunswick,
Sept. 5, 1820; d. Konigsberg, Feb.
16, 1886. Pupil of Sechter, Sey-
fried, Von Booklet, etc., at Bruns-
wick arid Vienna; director at several
theatres; after 1847 teacher and
founder of school for pf. and theory
at Konigsberg; contributor to Sig-
nale; though he composed 3 operas,
symph., cantata, etc., chief works are
didactic studies and pf. methods; he
develops technic in mechanical divis-
ions, for the fore-arm, the wrist, etc.
Kolling (ke'-ling), Carl W. P., compr.
b. Hamburg, Feb. 28, 1831. Com-
posed opera Schmetterlinge, Ham-
burg 1891; composed attractive pf.
pieces; teaching in Hamburg; came
to U. S. and located in Chicago.
Kb'nnemann, Arthur, compr. b. Baden-
Baden, Mar. 12, 1861. Pupil of
father (condr.) and of Krasselt;
cpndr. at several theatres; director
since 1887 of music school and orch.
soc. at Mahrisch-Ostrau; composed
7 operas, works for orchestra, scherzo,
suite, overture, etc., and songs.
Kontski, Antoine de, pst. b. Cracow,
Oct. 27, 1817; d. Ivanitshi, prov. of
Novgorod, Dec. 7, 1899. Pupil of
KOSSMALY
Markendorf at Warsaw and of Field
at Moscow; lived in Paris until 1851,
Berlin until 1853, St. Petersburg
until 1867, then in London; visited
U. S. in 1885-86 and again on tour
round the world 1896-98; his playing
and his compositions were alike
delicate and brilliant but superficial;
3 brothers, Apollinaire, Charles,
Stanislas, all vlts.
Kopylov (kopil'-off), Alexander, compr.
b. St. Petersburg, July 14, 1854.
Vocal instructor in Royal Court
Choir; classed by Pougin among
those faithful to the conventional
Russian school; composed symphony,
scherzo for orch., 2 quartets, several
choruses, and songs.
Korbay (korbay'), Francis Alexander,
tenor, pst. b. Pesth, May 8, 1846.
Pupil of Volkmann (comp.), G. Roger
(singing) and Liszt, his godfather,
(pf.); sang Budapest Nat'l Th. 1865-
68; toured Germany, England, and
America, as concert pst. until 1871,
where he was able to give song
recitals to own accomp.; taught and
lectured in N. Y.; 1894-1903 prof,
of singing Royal Acad., London,
where he has since lived; composed
Nuptiale for orch., songs, and tran-
scriptions of Hungarian folk-songs.
Korestchenko, Arseni Nicolaievitch,
compr. b. Moscow, Dec. 18, 1870.
Pupil of Taneiev and Arensky, win-
ner of gold medals at Moscow Cons,
where he now teaches counterpoint
and form; has composed 3 operas
(2 for one act, prod. Moscow 1900,
.1902), ballet, symphonic lyrique, etc.
Koschat, Thomas, compr., bass. b.
Viktring, near Klagenfurt, Aug. 8,
1845. While studying natural
sciences at Vienna, joined opera
chorus, cathedral choir, etc.; 1871
wrote words in Carinthian dialect
and music pf quartets for men's
voices of which he has written over
100 (Forsaken the best known);
organized Karnthner Quintet 1875;
composed Liederspiel Am Worthersee,
Singspiel, and opera.
Kossmaly (kos-ma'-li), Carl, writer,
b. Breslau, July 27, 1812; d. Stettin,
Dec. 1, 1893. Pupil of Berger, Zelter,
and Klein; th. condr. at various
German cities, at Stettin 1846-49;
KOTZELUCH
KREHBIEL
wrote Schlesisches Tonkunstler Lexi-
kon, works on Mozart, against Wag-
ner, and contributed often to the
Neue Zeitschrift, etc.
Kotzeluch (kot'-ze-look), Leopold Anton
[properly Leopold Antonin Kozeluh],
pst. b. Wellwarn, Dec. 9, 1752; d.
Vienna, May 7, 1818. While law stu-
dent at Prague, composed ballet under
tuition of cousin Johann Anton K.,
which was so successful that he
turned to music 1771; music teacher
to Archduchess Elizabeth at Vienna;
chiefly memorable for disagreeable
behavior toward Mozart whom he
succeeded as court compr. 1792;
his numerous works, 25 ballets, 30
symph. 50 concertos, etc., are no
longer of interest.
Kotzschmar (kotz'-shmar), Hermann,
teacher, compr. b. Finsterwalde, Ger-
many, July 4, 1829; d. Portland,
Me., 1909. Pupil of father on org.
and several wind instr., of his uncle
Hayne for pf . and J. Otto for comp. ;
member of royal body-guard band
and of Dresden opera orch.; came
to America with Saxonia Band 1848;
orgt. in Portland, Me., after 1849;
condr. of choral societies; compr. of
church quartets, slight pf. pieces.
Kowalski (ko-val'-ski) , Henri, pst. b.
Paris, 1841. Pupil of Marmontel
and Reber; gave concerts in Ger-
many, England, and America 1869;
composed an opera, produced with-
out success, Paris 1877, and rather
superficial pf. pieces; wrote A
trovers I'Amerique giving sarcastic
observations on America.
Kraus (krows), [Conrad Ferdinand
Hermann] Ernst, dram, tenor, b. Er-
langen, Bavaria, June 8, 1863. Pupil
of Galliera at Milan and of Schi-
mann-Regan at Munich; concert de-
but Munich 1893; opera d6but Mann-
heim 1893; engaged at Mannheim
and Berlin; came to Metropolitan,
N. Y. four seasons; 1901 at Bayreuth;
specialty, Wagner roles; now with
the Berlin opera.
Krause (krow'-za), Anton, pst., condr.
b. Geithain, Saxony, Nov. 9, 1834;
d. Dresden, Jan. 31, 1907. Pupil of
Dietrich, and at Dresden of Wie'ck,
Reissiger, and Spindler; pst. delmt
Geithain 1846; further study in
Leipzig Cons, under Moscheles, etc.,
1850-53; condr. Leipzig Lieder-
tafel, director of Gesangverein at
Barmen 1859 to retirement 1897;
composed several songs, Princessin
Ilse (for declamation with pf.), and
very many melodious pf. studies.
Krause, Emil, pst. b. Hamburg, July
30, 1840. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of
Hauptmann, etc.; 1860 teacher pf.
and theory at Hamburg; 1885 at
Cons.; published pf. method with
exercises, sonatas, variations, 3
cantatas, etc.
Krause, Martin, pst., teacher, b. Lob-
stedt, near Leipzig, June 17, 1853.
Studied with father, Fuchs, and at
Leipzig Cons, with Wenzel and
Reinecke; after some time spent in
teaching, giving successful concerts,
and an attack of nervous prostration,
became diligent disciple of Liszt
1883-85; with Siloti and others
founded 1885 Lisztverein, of which
K. is manager; teacher and writer in
Leipzig.
Krebs, Johann Ludwig, orgt. b. Buttel-
stadt, Thuringia, Feb. 10, 1713; d.
Altenburg, Jan., 1780. Pupil of fath-
er, orgt., and 1726-35 private pupil
at Leipzig Thomasschule of J. S.
Bach, who said K. was his best pupil;
orgt. at Zeitz, Zwickau, and Alten-
burg; works include Clavieriibungen,
sonatas, suites and preludes, etc.
Krebs, Mary, pst. b. Dresden, Dec. 5,
1851; d. there, June 27, 1900. Pupil
of her father, Karl August K. (1804-
1880), pst., compr.; debut Gewand-
haus, Leipzig, 1865; up to the time
of her retirement from the concert
stage she was well received in the
leading European musical centers.
Krehbiel (kra'-bel), Henry Edward,
writer, b. Ann Arbor, Mich., Mar.
10, 1854. Studied law at Cincinnati,
turned to journalism, with music as
specialty; mus. critic for Cincinnati
Gazette; editor N. Y. Mus. Review;
since 1880 mus. critic for N. Y. Tri-
bune; beside discriminating and
broad-minded criticism, has written
many magazine articles, program
notes for N. Y. concerts, and several
books: first, historical records, such
as Notes on Choral Mus. and Oratorio
Soc. of N. Y., Review of N. Y. Mus.
Seasons 1885-90, The Philharmonic
KREISLER
KROGMANN
Society of N. Y., etc.; 2dly, aids
to students, How to Listen to Music,
transl. of Technics of vln. playing,
etc.; 3dly, more humanistic, Music
and manners in the 18th century;
Chapters of Opera; American con-
tributor to Grove's Dictionary.
Kreisler (krls'-ler) , Fritz, vlt. b. Vienna,
Feb. 2, 1875. Pupil of Hellmesberger
at Vienna Conservatory and of
Massart and Delibes at Paris Cons.,
winning 1st prize 1887; after success-
ful tour in America with Rosenthal
1888-1889, studied medicine, art,
military science; resumed vln. with-
out brilliant success at first, but
at d6but Berlin 1899 and on tour
in America 1900-1901 with Hofmann
and Gerardy, established position as
leading vlt.; playing is remarkably
vital and broad, and his programs
varied; has arranged many of the
early violin classics.
Kretschmer (kret'-shmer), Edmund,
compr. b. Ostritz, Saxony, Aug. 31,
1830. Studied with J. Otto and
Joh. Schneider at Dresden; 1863-97
court orgt.; founder and condr. of
Cacilia Singing Soc.; compr. of im-
portant operas, Die Folkunger and
Heinrich der Lowe.
Kretzschmar (kretz'-shmar), August
Ferdinand Hermann, writer. b.
Olbernhau, Jan. 19, 1848. Pupil
of J.. Otto at Dresden and of Richter,
Paul, etc., at Leipzig Cons.; 1871
Ph.D. with dissertation on Guido
d'Arezzo, and teacher of org. and
harm, at Cons.; condr. of several
societies in Leipzig, mus. director in
various towns, 1887 music director of
Leipzig Univ., condr. Riedel-Verein,
organizer of Academic Orch. Con-
certs; retired from conducting 1898;
dir. Royal High School for Music,
Berlin, 1909; valuable contributions
to periodicals, published lectures
on Cornelius, etc., and Fuhrer durch
den Concertsaal, 3 vols., analyses of
musical works.
Kreutzer (kroit'-zer), Conradin, compr.
b. Messkirch, Baden, Nov. 22, 1780;
d. Riga, Dec. 14, 1849. Studied
with Rieger and Weihrauch; medical
student 1799-1800; after production
of 1st opera at Freiburg, spent 5
years in Switzerland as pst. and
singer; 1804-1811 at Vienna, 2 yrs.
pupil of Albrechtsberger; capellmeis-
ter Stuttgart 1812; to Prince von
Furstenberg 1817-1822, at Leipzig
theatres intermittently 1825-40, at
City Th. Cologne 1840-46; there-
after in Vienna. Of his 30 operas
only Doc Nachtlager in Granada,
Der Verschwender, Jery und Bately
have survived; of other works some
choruses are noteworthy (Die Kapelle,
etc.).
Kreutzer, Rodolphe, vlt. b. Versailles,
Nov. 16, 1766; d. Geneva, Jan. 6,
1831. Pupil of father, vlt. in the
court orchestra and of Stamitz; at
16 father's successor, 1790 solo vlt.
at Th. Italien where he produced 1st
opera; Lodoiska, best of his 40 operas,
prod. 1791; prof, of vln. at Cons.
1795; 1797 tour through Holland,
Germany, and Italy; 1798 at Vienna,
where he probably met Beethoven,
who dedicated to him vln. sonata,
Op. 47 (called Kreutzer sonata); on
return to Paris, wrote famous vln.
method, with Rode and Baillot; 1801
solo vlt., 1816 2d condr., 1817 1st
condr. at Ope>a; chamber musician
to Napole'on and to Louis XVIII;
retired 1825, embittered by loss of
influence; composed 15 quartets, 19
concertos, and many other works for
vln., of which 40 Etudes ou Caprices is
universally recognized as invaluable.
Kroeger (kre^-ger), Ernest Richard,
compr. b. St. Louis, Aug. 10, 1862.
Study of pf. and vln. began early,
but until 23 music was secondary
interest; his training has all been in
America; has been orgt., condr., head
of a college of mus., chief of Bureau
of Mus. for St. Louis Exposition of
1904; composed symph., symph.
poem Sardanapalus given by Seidl,
overture Hiawatha with genuine
Indian themes, given by Thomas
Orch., overture Thanatopsis, Ten
American Sketches for piano (portray-
ing Indian, negro, mountains, prairie,
etc.), some chamber mus., ana many
pf. pieces, and songs.
Krogmann, C. W., compr. b. Danvers,
Mass. Lived in Boston since third
year of age; mother was an organist
and other members of the family
were cultivated musical amateurs;
graduated from Boston High School;
musical education carried on under
mother and Henry Koerber, of
KRUG
Boston; began writing music at the
age of twelve, but published nothing
until 1896; compositions include
about 300 different pieces for piano
and voice, many of them having
marked educational value as well as
vogue among teachers.
Krug (kroog), Arnold, compr. b. Ham-
burg, Oct. 16, 1849; d. there, Aug.
4, 1904. Pupil of father, Gurlitt,
Reinecke; winning Mozart scholar-
ship 1869, studied with Kiel and
Frank in Berlin; pf. teacher at Stern
Cons., Meyerbeer scholarship en-
abled him to study in France and
Italy; 1878 organizer of Gesang-
verein at Hamburg, teacher at Cons,
after 1885, condr. of Altona Singakad-
emie; compr. of symph., overture
Otello, suite, choral works (Sigurd,
Nomadenzug, etc.), and excellent pf.
music.
Kruse (kroo'-za), Johann Secundus,
vlt. b. Melbourne, Mar. 23, 1859.
Appeared in public at 9; pupil of
Joachim at Berlin Hochschule, where
he later taught; 1882 solo vlt. and
sub-condr. Berlin Philharmonic ;
1891 leader Bremen Philh.; 1892-97
member of Joachim Quartet; 1897
in London founded quartet, 1902-
1904 organized several important con-
certs, revived Saturday Popular, etc.
Kubelik (ku'-be-lik), Jan, vlt. b.
Michle, near Prague, July 5, 1880.
Excellently taught by father, a gar-
dener, 1892-98 at Prague Cons, as
pupil of Sevcfk; d£but 1898 at Vienna
triumphant success; prolonged tour
on Continent; phenomenal success in
London at Richter concert, June
1900, led to season in which he cap-
tured all the musical and social
honors; American tour 1901-02, and
1902-03, though widely advertised,
did not attain the same success;
called a modern Paganini. K's
playing is most remarkable in pas-
sages of difficult technic, rather
than in those of emotional beauty.
Kiicken (ku'-ken), Friedrich Wilhelm,
compr. b. Bleckede, Hanover, Nov.
16, 1810; d. Schwerin, Apr. 3, 1882.
Son of peasant; pupil of brother-in-
law Liihrss and Aron; member of
Duke's orch.; in Berlin 1832, studied
under Birnbach; 1841 in Vienna
under Sechter; 1843-46 in Paris
KUHNAU
under HaleVy; 1851-61 capellmeister
at Stuttgart; 1861 resigned; pro-
duced several operas, but is chiefly
known as compr. of very popular
songs (Ach war's moglich dann, The
Swallows, etc.).
Kufferath (kuf'-fer-at), Hubert Ferdi-
nand, ps£. b.Miihlheim, June 11, 1818;
d. Brussels, June 23, 1896. Pupil of
brothers Johann Hermann K. (1797-
1864) and Louis K. (1811-1882) and
of Hartmann, David, and Mendels-
sohn; condr. male chorus at Cologne
1841^14; teacher of royal family in
Brussels; after 1871 prof, counter-
point and fugue at Cons.; wrote
symphonies, concertos, and other pf.
music and Praktische Chorschule; son
Maurice (b. Jan. 8, 1852), able writer,
editor of Guide Musical.
Kuhe (koo'-8), Wilhelm, pst. b. Prague,
Dec. 10, 1823. Studied with Proksch,
Tomaschek, andThalberg; settled in
London 1845; promoter of annual
Brighton Festivals 1870-82; 1886-
1904 prof, at Royal Academy; com-
posed graceful pf. music, operatic
fantasias, etc.; published Recollec-
tions, 1896.
Kuhlau (koo'-lou), Friedrich [Daniel
Rodolph], compr. b. Ulzen, Han-
over, Sept. 11, 1786; d. Copenhagen,
Mar. 12, 1832. Taught harmony
by Schwenke at Hamburg; went to
Copenhagen 1810 to escape conscrip-
tion; taught pf. and theory, was
royal chamber musician, court com-
poser; produced popular operas,
music to Heiberg's Elverhoe, pf.
concertos, sonatas, and sonatinas
which are still much admired and
valuable, especially for beginners.
Kuhnau (koo'-nou), Johann, compr.
b. Geising, Saxony, Apr. 6, 1660;
d. Leipzig, June 5, 1722. Pupil of
Hering and Albrici at Dresden
Kreuzschule; cantor at Zittau; 1682
went to Leipzig, where he was orgt .
at St. Thomas's; 1701 mus. dir. of
Univ., and cantor, preceding Bach;
wrote books on musical theory,
motets, etc.; greatest clavier compr.
before Bach; memorable as first
compr. of sonata as a piece in several
movements, not collection of dance
tunes; his Biblische Historien nebst
Auslegung in sechs Sonaten also
early example of program music.
KULLAK
LACHNER
Kullak (kool'-lak), Theodore, pst.,
teacher, b. Krotoschin, Posen, Sept.
12, 1818; d. Berlin, Mar. 1, 1882.
Student of medicine, and at same
time of music with Agthe and Dehn;
later studied in Vienna with Czerny,
Sechter, and Nicolai; 1846 court pst.
in Berlin; 1850 with Stern and Marx
founded Berlin Cons., later Stern
Cons.; 1855 founded own school,
where many famous pupils (Schar-
wenkas, Sherwood, Mees, Stern-
berg, etc.) were trained; composed
much effective pf. music and valu-
able instructive works, notably School
of octave-playing. Son Franz, teacher.
b. Berlin, Apr. 12, 1844. Studied
with father, Wieprecht, and Liszt;
1867 taught pf. and orch. in father's
academy,which he directed from 1882
until its closing in 1890.
Kunkel, Charles, compr., pst., teacher.
b. Sippersfeld, Germany, July 22,
1840. Early study directed by his
father (who came to the U. S. in
1848), later he was a pupil of Gott-
schalk and Thalberg; with his brother
Jacob, he won special recognition
for ensemble playing; located at St.
Louis, Mo. where he still lives (1910) ;
his list of compositions is a large one;
probably the best-known piece is his
Alpine Storm; wrote also under the
nom de plume Carl Sidus; at the
death of his brother in 1882, he
became head of the publishing busi-
ness of Kunkel Bros, and editor of
Kunkel' s Musical Review; author
of Royal Piano Method.
Kunkel, Jacob, pst., compr., pub. b.
Kleiniedsheim, Germany, Oct. 22,
1846; d. St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 16, 1882.
Musical education mainly directed
by his brother Charles; founder of
publishing house of Kunkel Bros.,
St. Louis, and of Kunkel's Musical
Review; composed drawing-room
E'eces which had considerable popu-
rity.
Kunz (koonts), Conrad Max, compr.
b. Schwandorf, Dec. 30, 1812; d.
Munich, Aug. 3, 1875. Studied with
Stuntz at Munich; founded with
others and conducted Munich Lied-
ertafel; composed many very popular
vocal quartets, and 200 Canons for
pf., short technical studies.
Kwast (kvast), James, pst. b. Nijkerk,
Holland, Nov. 23, 1852. Taught by
father, by Bohme, at Leipzig Cons,
by Reinecke, Richter, etc., at Berlin
by Kullak and Wuerst, and at Brus-
sels by Brassin and Gevaert; 1874
teacher at Cologne Cons., 1883 at
Hoch Cons., Frankfort; composed
concerto, trio, and other pf . mus.
Labitzky (la-bit'-ski), Joseph, compr.
b. Schonfeld, Bohemia, July 4, 1802;
d. Carlsbad, Aug. 18, 1881. Pupil
of Veit at Petschau; 1st vln. Marien-
bad orch. 1820, of Carlsbad orch.
1821: toured S. Germany with own
orch.; after study with Winter in
Munich, leader, of Carlsbad orch.
1835, and later went with this band
to England, Russia, etc.; composed
dance music in style of Strauss. Sons
August (1832-1903), condr., associate
director with father, and Wilhelm,
vlt., lived in Canada.
Lablache (la-blash), Luigi, bass. b.
Naples, Dec. 6, 1794; d. there, Jan.
23, 1858. Pupil of Valesi at Cons,
della Pieta de'Turchini; 1818 de"but
at San Carlino Th., Naples; married
Teresa Pinotti; appeared at Messina,
Palermo, Milan 1817-22, Venice,
Vienna, finally Paris, and London
1830, after which he was recognized
as greatest bass of time; sang con-
tinually in Paris and London until
retirement in 1856. Voice remark-
able for range of 2 octaves (Et> to
e'b), for flexibility, volume, and bell-
like quality; though of enormous
bulk, was admirable actor; greatest
part Leporello in Don Giovanni.
Lachner (lak'-ner), Franz, compr. b.
Rain, Upper Bavaria, Apr. 2, 1803;
d. Munich, Jan. 20, 1890. Pupil of
father, orgt., of Ett in Munich, and
of Stadler, Sechter, and Weigl in
Vienna, earning his living mean-
while as orgt. and vlt.; intimate with
Schubert, acquainted with Beetho-
ven; capellmeister at Vienna, and
LACK
LAMOTHE
founder of Philh. concerts, capellm.
at Mannheim 1834, at Munich 1836,
general court director there until
retirement 1862; wrote 4 operas,
8 orch. suites, 8 symph., etc. Bro-
thers Ignaz, condr., compr. (1807-
1895) and Vincenz, compr. b. Rain,
July 19, 1811; d. Carlsruhe, Jan. 22,
1893. Studied with father and with
brothers; succeeded Ignaz as orgt.
at Vienna 1831 and Franz as court
capellm. Mannheim 1836-1873;
condr. of German opera London
1842, opera in Frankfort 1848; lived
in Carlsruhe after 1873, taught in
Cons, after 1884; composed popular
part-songs (Alt Heidelberg, etc.).
Lack (lak), [Marie] Theodore, pst.,
compr. b. Quimper, Finistere,
France, Sept. 3, 1846. Studied at
Paris Cons, with Bazin and Mar-
montel; since 1863 teaching in Paris;
officer of Acad. 1881, of public in-
struction 1887; published large num-
ber of educational and technical
works of all degrees of difficulty, and
salon pieces noteworthy for charm
of melody and individuality.
Lacombe (la-konbe'), Louis [pseud, of
L. Trouillon], compr. b. Bourges,
Nov. 26, 1818; d. St. Vaast-la-
Hougue, Sept. 30, 1884. Studied at
Paris Cons, with Zimmermann; 1st
prize 1831; 1832 tour as pst.; 1834-39
in Vienna, pupil of Czerny, Seyfried,
etc.; after 1839 in Paris, teaching,
composing popular pf. music, 3
operas (La Madone only prod, during
his life), prize melodrama with
choruses Sapho, 2 dram, symph.
(Manfred, Arva), etc.; wrote essay
on Philosophic et musique.
Lacome (la-corn'), Paul [properly Paul
Jean Jacques Lacome de 1'Estalenz],
compr. b. Houga, Gers, France, Mar.
4, 1838. After study in native place ,
came to Paris where his operetta
won prize; composed several popular
operettas (La marechale Chaudron,
Les quatrefittesAymon, etc.), works for
wind instruments, pf. trio, org. mus.
and songs (notably Estvdiantina) .
Lafont (la-fon), Charles Philippe, vlt.
b. Paris, Dec. 1, 1781; d. near Bag-
neres-de-Bigorre, Aug. 14, 1839.
Studied with uncle Bertheaume,
Kreutzer, and Rode; after many
concert tours, chamber musician at
St. Petersburg 1808; court vlt. in
Paris 1815; 1816 contest with
Paganini at Milan; 1831-39 long
tour with pst. Herz; composed 7
vln. concertos, about 200 vocal
romances, 2 comic operas, etc.
Lalo (la-lo), Edouard [Victor Antoine],
compr. b. Lille, Jan. 27, 1823; d.
Paris, Apr. 22, 1892. Vln. pupil at
Lille Cons, of Baumann; 1st in Paris
in Armingaud-Jacquard quartet;
composed operas Fiesque (never per-
formed), La Jacquerie (finished by
Coquard, perf. 1895), Le roi d'Ys
(1888, most notable for power and
characterization); 2 vln. concertos
(especially Symph. espagnole for vln.
and orch.), Rhapsodie norvegienne,
etc.; ballet Namouna from which two
orch. suites were arranged; notable
especially for orchestration of delicate
and picturesque originality.
Lambert, Alexander, pst. b. Warsaw,
Nov. 1, 1862. Pupil of father Henry,
at Vienna Cons, of Epstein, at Berlin
of Urban in comp.; after concerts in
New York 1881, in Germany and
Russia, pupil for few months of
Liszt; came to America 1884; gave
concerts until 1892; 1888 director
N. Y. Coll. of Mus.; compositions
for pf. and technical works.
Lambillotte (lan-bi-yof), Louis, writer,
compr. b. Charleroi, Hainault, Mar.
27, 1797; d. Vaugirard, Feb. 27, 1855.
Orgt. at Charleroi and Dinant; mas-
ter of chapel of St. Acheul at Jesuit
Seminary; became Jesuit 1825; com-
posed 4 masses and other church
music; published Antiphonaire de
St. Gatt with notes, and essays on
plain song.
Lamond', Frederick A., pst. b. Glas-
gow, Jan. 28, 1868. Pupil of brother
David; orgt. at Laurieston; studied
at Raff Cons., Frankfort, with
Max Schwarz, etc., then with Von
Billow and Liszt; d6but Berlin 1885;
Glasgow and London 1886; Russia
1896, Paris 1899, U. S. 1902; es-
pecially distinguished as player of
Beethoven; gives recitals entirely of
B's sonatas.
Lamothe (la-mot), Georges, compr. b.
1837; d. Courbevoie, near Paris, Oct.
15, 1894. Skilful organist; compr.
of popular dance music.
LAMOUREUX
LANNER
Lamoureux (la-mo-re"), Charles, condr.
b. Bordeaux, Sept. 21, 1834; d. Paris,
Dec. 21, 1899. Studied at Paris
Cons, with Girard, etc., winning 1st
prize 1854; solo vlt. at Th. Gymnase,
then at Opera; with Colonne, Adam,
and Pilet founded society for cham-
ber music 1860; founded Soc. de
1'harmonie sacree 1873, which gave
excellent performances of old and
new oratorios; sub-condr. Concerts
du Cons. 1872-77; condr. of Ope>a
Comique 1876-77; of Ope>a 1877-79;
founded 1881 Nouveaux Concerts,
known as Lamoureux Concerts,
especially important for presentation
of many works of new French school
and contemporary Germans; 1887
managed 1st perf. of Lohengrin in
Paris.
Lamperti (lam-par'-ti), Francesco,
singing teacher, b. Savona, Italy,
Mar. 11, 1813; d. Como, May 1, 1892.
Studied at Milan Cons., where he
taught 1850-75; then gave private
lessons; published books and exer-
cises on singing; followed old Italian
method, aiming at pure tone pro-
duction; among many famous pupils
are Albani, Sembrich, Campanini,
Cruvelli, Artot, Win. Shakespeare.
His son, Giovanni Baptista L., also
singing teacher, b. 1840; d. Berlin,
March 18, 1910. Known as the
" Younger Lamperti," and an expon-
ent of his father's methods. Taught
first in Milan, then in Paris, and later
in Dresden; Sembrich one of his
pupils; wrote solfeggi and vocalises,
ana The Technics of Bel Canto, origi-
nally in German, translated into
English 1905.
Landowska (lan-dof'-ska), Wanda, pst.,
harpsichord player, b. Warsaw, 1877.
Pupil of Michalowski at Conserva-
tory and of Urban and Moszkowski;
has played much in European cities,
specializing on the harpsichord; lives
in Paris, author of Bach et ses inter-
preter (1906) and La musique an-
cienne (1908).
Lang, Benjamin Johnson, pst., condr.
b. Salem, Mass., Dec. 28, 1837; d.
Boston, Apr. 3, 1909. Studied with
his father, F. G. Hill, Jaell, Satter,
and Liszt (1885); orgt. in Boston at
Old South Church and King's
Chapel, and for Handel and Haydn
Soc. 25 years; condr. of H. and H.
Soc. 1895-96, of Apollo Club 1868-
1901, of Cecilia Society 1874-1907,
of Chickering Production Concerts
1904; teacher of Apthorp, Foote,
Nevin, etc.; of great importance to
musical life in Boston as organizer
of these societies and as condr. of
important and new works (from
Bach's B minor Mass to Elgar's
Gerontius) and as organizer of special
productions such as concert per-
formances of Parsifal 1891 and 1903;
at his best as choral condr. and in
executive accomplishment. His
daughter Margaret Ruthven, compr.
b. Boston, Nov. 27, 1867. Studied
with father, and, in Munich, vln.
with Drechsler and Abel, comp. with
Gluth in Munich and Chadwick in
Boston; composed 2 overtures, arias
with orch., performed by American
orchestras, but is most successful in
smaller works for pf. and songs, many
of which have been published.
Lange (lang'-a), Gustav, compr. b.
Schwerstedt, near Erfurt, Aug. 13,
1830; d. Wernigerode, July 19, 1889.
Studied with A. W. Bach, Grell, and
Loeschhorn; composed several hun-
dred effective pf. pieces, which have
been very popular.
Langey (lang'-e), Otto, 'cellist. b.
Leichholz, Oct. 20, 1851. Studied
with Specht, Ullrich, Cabisius, and
Fritze; 1877 played in London under
Halle" and Richter; directed operas
and concerts; since 1889 teaching in
N. Y.; issues Langey Tutors, special
studies for different orch. instru-
ments.
Langhans (lang'-hans), Friedrich Wil-
helm, writer, b. Hamburg, Sept. 21,
1832; d. Berlin, June 9, 1892. Pupil
of David and Richter at Leipzig
Cons, and of Alard at Paris; vlt. at
Leipzig Gewandhaus; after living in
several cities, settled in Berlin 1871;
teacher of hist, of mus. at Kullak's
Cons. 1874, at Scharwenka Cons.
1881; composed unimportant vln.
music, wrote valuable hist, works,
chiefly Geschichte der Musik des 17,
18, und 19 Jahrhunderts, as continua-
tion of Ambros's history.
Lanner, Joseph [Franz Karl], compr.
b. Oberdobling, near Vienna, Apr.
12, 1801; d. there, Apr. 14, 1843.
Self-taught in vln. and comp.; led
LARA
quartet in which Joh. Strauss played
viola; organized orch. for which he
composed dance music and with
which he gave concerts in Austria;
alternately with Strauss condr. at
court balls; originated modern Vien-
nese waltz; his dance music deser-
vedly popular in his day, full of
national gaiety and personal charm.
Lara (la'-ra), Isidore de, compr. b.
London, Aug. 9, 1858. Real name
said to be Cohen; studied at Milan
Cons, winning 1st prize for comp.
at 17; composed love songs which
won great drawing-room popularity;
after 1892 known as opera compr.,
chiefly of Messaline which had suc-
cess at Monte Carlo and London
1899, and New York 1902, with Calve
in leading role.
Lassen (las'-sen), Eduard, compr. b.
Copenhagen, Apr. 13, 1830; d.
Weimar, Jan. 15, 1904. Moved to
Brussels at 2; studied at Cons, there,
winning Prix de Rome 1851; 1857
Liszt brought about production of
his opera in Weimar; Lassen suc-
ceeded Liszt as court capellmeister
1861-95; produced Tristan und
Isolde 1874, first time outside Munich;
composed 2 other operas, 2 sympho-
nies, music to several plays, notably
to Goethe's Faust, Te Deum, etc.
Lasso, Orlando di [Roland de Lattre,
Orlandus Lassus], compr. b. Mons,
Hainault, 1532; d. Munich, June 14,
1594 [other dates are b. 1520 or 1530;
d. 1595]. As boy chorister at Mons
said to have been thrice kidnapped
because of beautiful voice; visited
Sicily, Milan, Naples, Rome, where
he was director of mus. at St. John
Lateran 1541 or 1551; visited Eng-
land about 1554; then settled in
Antwerp until 1556 or '57, when he
became director of chamber mus. for
Duke of Bavaria; remained at
Munich until death, except for
visits to Italy and France (to court
of Charles IX, 1571). Composed
about 1600 sacred pieces ana 800
secular ones; his sons published
Magnum opus musicum (motets and
madrigals) in 1604; complete edi-
tion under editorship of Haberl and
Sandberger for Breitkopf and Hartel,
begun 1894, will fill 60 volumes;
Seven Penitential Psalms possibly
LAVOIX
most famous work; " genius towered
above that of all his contemporaries
except Palestrina; L. exhibited the
greater breadth and fertility, though
he was not as essentially ideal in
purely ritual music; his warmth of
human sympathy made his impress
upon progress wider." [Pratt.]
Laub (loub), Ferdinand, vlt. b. Prague,
Jan. 19, 1832; d. Gries, Tyrol, Mar.
17, 1875. Studied with Mildner
at Prague Cons.; played in public
regularly after age of 9; went to
Vienna, Paris, and London; concert-
master at Weimar 1853; at Berlin,
concertmaster of court orch., leader
of quartet, teacher at Stern Cons.;
at Moscow 1866-74, prof, at Cons.,
1st vln. in Musikgesellschaft; re-
markable for powerful playing of
large repertoire; composed solo pieces,
well-known Polonaise, etc.
Lavallee (la-val-la), Calixa, pst. b.
Vercheres, Canada, Dec. 28, 1842;
d. Boston, Mass., Jan. 21, 1891.
Pupil of father, of Marmontel and
Bazin at Paris Cons.; debut at 10;
solo pst. with Gerster's first Ameri-
can tour; settled in Boston; promi-
nent in Mus. Teachers' Nat'l Ass'n;
gave recitals of American composers'
works; composed 2 operas, oratorio,
symph., and many smaller works;
best known pf. piece The Butterfly.
Lavignac (la- vi-nyak), [Alexandra Jean]
Albert, writer, b. Paris, Jan. 22,
1846. Carried off many prizes as
• pupil at Paris Cons., where he be-
came teacher of solfeggio 1881, and
prof, of harmony 1891; valuable
works on solfeggio and on musical
dictation; widely known for La
musique et les musiciens, of which it
has been said that it is the one book
for a student to own if he can have
but one, and for Voyage artistique
a Bayreuth (transl. as The Music
Dramas of R. Wagner) one of best
thematic and literary guides to the
operas of Wagner; Musical Education
(1902), Les gaietes du Conservatoire;
associate editor Dictionnaire encyclo-
pedique, to be issued by Conservatory
at Paris.
Lavoix (la-vo-a), Henri Marie Francois,
writer, b. Paris, Apr. 26, 1846; d.
there, Dec. 27, 1897. Called "L. fils"
to distinguish from father, custodian
LAWES
of numismatics at Paris Nat'l Li-
brary; grad. Paris Univ.; studied
harm, and counterpoint with Cohen;
librarian Nat'l Library after 1865;
contributor to Revue et gazette musi-
cale; author of Les traducteurs
de Shakespeare en musique, and his-
torical works, especially Histoire
de I' instrumentation, and Histoire
de la musique.
Lawes, Henry, compr. b. Dinton, near
Salisbury, Dec., 1595; d. London,
Oct. 21, 1662. Pupil of Coperario;
1625 epistler and gentleman of Chap-
el Royal; music teacher in family of
Earl of Bridgewater; reinstated in
all positions at Restoration 1660;
wrote music for Milton's Comus and
other masques, paraphrases on the
psalms, and Ayres and Dialogues for
1, 2, and 3 voices; admired by con-
temporaries as singer as well as
compr.
Lazarus, Henry, clarinet player, b.
London, Jan. 1, 1815; d. there, Mar.
6, 1895. ' Pupil of Blizard and Chas.
Godfrey, Sr.; debut 1838; 2d clar.
at Sacred Harmonic Concerts; 1840,
on death of Willman, 1st clar. there,
at opera, and at important concerts
and festivals; prof, at Royal Acad.
and at Military School of Music; re-
tired 1891; composed clar. pieces.
Lebert (la'-bert), Siegmund [pseud, of
S. Levy], teacher, b. Ludwigsburg,
Dec. 12, 1822; d. Stuttgart, Dec. 8,
1884. Studied at Prague Cons, with
Tomaschek, D. Weber, and Proksch;
taught in Munich; 1856-57 with
Faisst, Stark, Brachmann, and Spei-
del founded Stuttgart Cons.; pub-
lished, with Stark, Grosse Klarier-
schule, edited classic pf. works; had
many famous pupils, but method is
no longer in favor.
Lebrun (le-bran), Paul Henri Joseph,
compr. b. Ghent, Apr. 21, 1861.
Pupil at Ghent Cons, of A. Samuel
and Ch. Miry; Prix de Rome 1891;
succeeded Miry as teacher of theory
at Ghent; director of Orphe"on at
Cambrai, and of Cercle artistique;
composed opera La fiancee d'Abydos,
prize symph. and other orchestral
works, choruses, etc.
Leclair (le'-klar), Jean Marie, vlt. b.
Paris, May 10, 1697; d. there, Oct.
22, 1764. Ballet dancer at Rouen;
LEGRENZI
balletmaster at Turin; Somis, at-
tracted by his compositions, induced
him to study vln.; in Paris after 1729
obtained insignificant post at opera
and royal orch.; after 1736 private
teacher and compr.; murdered, for
no discovered reason; compositions,
notably 48 sonatas for vln., are of
great value, equaling in originality
and charm and exceeding in diffi-
culty most contemporary works.
Lecocq (le'-kok'), Alexandra Charles,
compr. b. Paris, June 3, 1832.
Pupil at Paris Cons, of Bazin and
HaleVy, winning 2 prizes; 1857, with
Bizet, won prize offered by Offen-
bach for opera buff a; after repeated
failures, period as teacher and orgt.,
won success with Fleur de the 1868,
closely followed by La fille de Mme.
Angot and Girofle-Girofla; com-
posed over 40 comic operas in style
of Offenbach, skilful but never deep
in construction, full of delightful
gaiety and spirit.
Le Couppey (16-ko-pa), Felix, pst. b.
Paris, Apr. 14, 1811; d. there, July
5, 1887. Studied at Paris Cons,
with Dourlen; asst. teacher there
1828, prof. 1843, substitute for Herz
1848; wrote instruction books for
pf. A B C du piano, Ecole du mecan-
isme, De I'enseignement du piano
(Advice to Young Teachers).
Lefebure-Wely (le'-fa-biir-va'-li), Louis
James Alfred, orgt. b. Paris, Nov.
13, 1817; d. there, Dec. 31, 1869.
Pupil of father, orgt. at St. Roch,
and successor at 14; pupil at Paris
Cons, of Benoist for org., Berton
and HaleVy for comp., and privately
of Adam and S6jan; orgt. at Made-
leine 1847-58, at St. Sulpice 1863-
69; remarkable orgt.; especially for
original improvisations; compr. of
almost all styles, notably of fan-
tasias for org., offertories, an O Salu-
taris, etc.; notable player on and
compr. for harmonium.
Legrenzi (le-grent-zi), Giovanni, compr.
b. Clusone, near Bergamo, about
1625; d. Venice, May 26, 1690.
Pupil of Pallavicino; orgt. at Ber-
gamo, maestro di cappella at Ferrara,
director Cons, dei mendicanti at
Venice, later maestro at St. Mark's,
where he reorganized and enlarged
orch.; composed operas, motets, and
LEHMANN
LEMOINE
instrumental music of various kinds;
strengthened orch. accompaniment,
composed early chamber music, es-
pecially vln. sonatas.
Lehmann, Amelia, see under Leh-
mann, Liza.
Lehmann (la'-man), George, vtt. b.
New York, July 31, 1865. Studied
at Leipzig Cons, with Schradieck,
Hermann, Jadassohn, etc., and at
Berlin with Joachim; traveled as
soloist and leader of quartet; leader
Cleveland orch. 1886-89; teaching in
N-. Y.; 1907 in Berlin; critic for
Musical America, etc.; author of True
Principles of Art of Violin Playing.
Lehmann, Lilli, dram. sop. b. Wiirz-
burg, May 15, 1848. Pupil of
mother Marie, prima donna at
Kassel; de"but at Prague; engaged at
Danzig, Leipzig 1870, and life en-
gagement at Berlin Opera 1876;
sang Bayreuth 1876; appeared Lon-
don in 1880 and successive seasons;
broke Berlin contract to stay in
America where she sang 1885-92;
after illness reappeared at Bayreuth
1896; has since then sung in Amer-
ica; married Paul Kalisch, tenor,
1888; great dramatic artist, espe-
cially in Wagner operas; published
Meine Gesangskunst, 1902.
Lehmann, Liza [real name Elizabetta
Nina Mary Frederika], compr. b.
London, July 11, 1862. Daughter of
painter Rudolf L. whose wife, also
compr., nee Amelia Chambers, com-
posed and arranged many songs
under initials A. L. Liza studied
with mother, Randegger, Rannkilde,
MacCunn, etc.; de"but as concert
singer 1885, followed by success
until marriage to Herbert Bedford
(b. 1867), compr. of opera and
several arias for voice and orch.;
compr. of song-cycle In a Persian
Garden, and other cycles and songs.
Visited U. S. in 1909, 1910.
Le Jeune (le-zhe"n), Claude, compr. b.
Valenciennes, 1540 for 1528]; d.
Paris, Sept. 23, 1564. Lived in
Paris; compr. to the king for a short
time; beside French songs his chief
composition is setting of psalms
(occasionally to melodies used by
Goudimel) with simple and beautiful
accompaniments, work much used
in Switzerland and Germany.
Lekeu (le-ke), Guillaume, compr. b.
Neusy, Belgium, Jan. 20, 1870; d.
Angers, Jan. 21, 1894. Pupil at
Verviers Cons, and in Paris of Franck
and d'Indy; composed symph. poem
Hamlet, fantasia for orch., sonata for
vln. and pf., trio, and unfinished pf.
quartet of singularly poetic promise.
Lemaire (le-mar'), Jean Eugene Gaston,
compr. b. Sept. 9, 1854. Pupil of
the Ecole Niedermeyer; music critic
1888; compositions include orches-
tral works, ballets, pantomimes and
operettas, piano pieces and songs.
Lemare (le-mar'), Edwin Henry, orgt.
b. Ventnor, Isle of Wight, Sept. 9,
1865. Student and fellow at Royal
Acad., and fellow of Royal Coll. of
orgts.; several appointments at Car-
diff, Sheffield, and London; 1902-04
orgt. and director at Carnegie Hall,
Pittsburg; returned to London; dis-
tinguished as performer, especially
in producing orchestral effects; com-
positions for org.
Lemmens (lem'-mans), Jacques Nico-
las, orgt. b. Zoerle-Parwys, Belgium,
Jan. 3, 1823; d. Castle Linterport,
near Malines, Jan. 30, 1881. Pupil
of father, of Van der Broeck, at
Brussels Cons, of F6tis, winning 1st
prize, at Breslau at gov't expense
of A. Hesse; 1849 prof, at Cons.;
teacher of many famous pupils
(Mailly, Callaerts, etc.); after mar-
riage 1857 to Helene Sherrington
(b. Oct. 4, 1834), singer (pupil at
Brussels, concert singer in England,
in opera after 1860), L. lived in Eng-
land; 1879 opened training school
for church orgts. and choirmasters
at Mechlin; many valuable composi-
tions, method, notable for influence
toward bettering of org. and in-
creasing interest in Bach.
Lemoine (le-mo-an), Henri, pf. teacher,
publisher, b. Paris, Oct. 21, 1786;
d. there, May 18, 1854. Pupil at
Cons. 1798-1809; very successful pf.
teacher; 1817 succeeded to publishing
business of father Antoine Marcel L.
(1763-1817), guitar and viola player,
th. condr. at Paris. Henri published
educational pf. works, an elementary
method, simple harmony, etc.; pub-
lishing business continued by his son
Achille Philibert L. (1813-1895), and
grandsons Henri L. and Leon L.
LENEPVEU
LESSMANN
Lenepveu (le'-nd-ve), Charles Ferdi-
nand, compr. b. Rouen, Oct. 4, 1840;
d. August, 1910. In Paris as law stu-
dent, studied solfeggio with Savard;
prize cantata induced him to study
with A. Thomas at Cons., where he
won Prix de Rome 1865; opera Le
Florentin, accepted 1867, performed
1874 without success; Vetteda in
London 1882; also composed several
works (cantata, hymn, ode, etc.)
on Jeanne d'Arc; teacher of harmony
at Cons. 1880, prof. 1894; more suc-
cessful as teacher than as compr.
Leo (la'-6), Leonardo, compr. b. San
Vito degli Schiavi, Brindisi, 1694;
d. Naples, Oct. 31, 1744. Pupil at
Cons, della Pieta de' Turchini of
Provenzale and Fago (probably not
directly of Scarlatti and Pitoni);
2d maestro at Cons, and 1st at
Cathedral; 1st orgt. at royal chapel
1725; master at Cons, di San Ono-
frio, where he taught Piccinni, Jom-
melli, etc.; beside about 60 operas,
full of brilliant life and humor, com-
posed masses and church music
(notably a Miserere); advance over
other Neapolitans in sureness of
harmonic effects.
Leonard (la-6-nar), Hubert, vU., teacher,
b. Bellaire, near Li6ge, Apr. 7, 1819;
d. Paris, May 6, 1890. Pupil of
Rouma at Liege, of Habeneck at
Paris Cons.; vlt. at theatres, at Ope>a
Comique and Ope>a; after successful
tour in Germany, where he first played
Mendelssohn's concerto, became prof,
at Brussels Cons. 1848-1867; then
taught in Paris. Composed 5 vln.
concertos, other vln. mus.; wrote
several methods and studies, espe-
cially in double-stopping.
Leoncavallo (la-on-ca-viil'-lo) , Ruggiero,
compr. b. Naples, Mar. 8, 1858.
Pupil at Naples Cons, of Cesi for pf.,
of Ruta and L. Rossi for comp.; first
opera Chatterton not at first success-
ful; gave singing lessons and played
at cafe concerts; 2-act opera Pagli-
acci produced Milan 1892 made
him famous at once; later operas are
Medici (1st of trilogy, written before
Pagliacci), La Boheme, Zaza, Der
Roland (composed under commis-
sion from, almost in collaboration
with, Emperor William III of Ger-
many); skilful in appreciating and
I) ringing out an effect, he depends
somewhat too much on superficial
brilliancy; in the almost perfect
union of dramatic force and realistic
truth of Pagliacci he touched by far
his highest point.
Leroux (16-ro), Xavier Henri Napoleon,
compr. b. Velletri, Italy, Oct. 11,
1863. Studied at Paris Cons, with
Dubois and Massenet, winning sev-
eral prizes, finally Grand prix de
Rome 1885; prof, of harm, at Cons,
after 1896; composed incidental
music to Cleopatre, Les perses, operas
Astarte, La reine Fiammetta, etc.,
and some church music.
Leschetizky (les-che-titz-ki), Theodor,
pst., teacher, b. Lancut, Austrian
Poland, June 22, 1830. Taught by
his father in Vienna, by Czerny and
Sechter; noticed as pst. 1845 while
still student of philosophy at Univ. ;
after professional tours, taught at
St. Petersburg Cons. 1852-1878;
after that teaching in Vienna; mar-
ried to Annette Essipoff 1880-92;
composed some pf. pieces and one
opera; renowned as teacher of Pad-
erewski, Siloti, and very many
others; method, expounded by his
assistant Malwine Bre'e in Ground-
work of L. Method, consists in per-
fect control of each finger independ-
ently of others, and careful intellec-
tual analysis of music to be played;
aims to develop individual artist by
adaptations of method to his needs.
Leslie, Henry David, condr. b. London,
June 18, 1822; d. Llansaintfraid,
Wales, Feb. 4, 1896. Studied with
Chas. Lucas; 'cellist in Sacred Har-
monic Soc.; secretary 1847 and
condr. 1855-61 of Amateur Mils.
Soc.; condr. of choir formed by J.
Heming, afterward called Leslie's
Choir, 18557-78 and 1885-87; choir
took 1st prize Paris 1878, and gave
many successful concerts; L. was
condr. Herefordshire Philh. Soc. and
director of short lived Nat'l Coll. of
Mus.; composed several oratorios,
cantatas (Judith, Holyrood, etc.) and
large number of part-songs.
Lessmann, W. J. Otto, editor, b. Ru-
dersdorfer, Jan. 30, 1843. Studied
with Ritter, Von Billow, Kiel, etc.;
taught at Stern Cons, and at Tausig's
acad.; head of pf. school of own;
director of mus. dept. at school in
LESUEUR
LIBELING
Charlottenburg; owner and editor
1881-1907 of Allgemeine Musik-
Zeitung; composed several songs.
Lesueur (le'-sii-er), Jean Francois,
compr. b. Drucat-Plessiel, Feb. 15,
1760; d. Paris, Oct. 6, 1837. Choris-
ter at Amiens Cath.; at 14 became
master of mus. at S6ez Cath., and
then held similar position at Paris,
Dijon, Tours, finally 1786 maitre de
chapelle at Notre Dame; had some
instruction from Roze and advice
from Sacchini; at Notre Dame he
gave elaborate performances of de-
scriptive and dramatic mus. ; defended
himself in several pamphlets; 1788-
1792 spent in retirement; inspector
of Cons. 1795-1820; prof. 1817;
maitre de chapelle to Napoleon and
Louis XVIII; composed 5 operas
(Ossian ou les hordes most famous),
cantatas, masses, etc.; teacher of
Berlioz (of whose descriptive " pro-
gram " mus. his was forerunner),
A. Thomas, Elwart, Gounod, and
many others.
Levi (la'-ve), Hermann, condr. b.
Giessen, Nov. 7, 1839; d. Munich,
May 13, 1900. Studied with V.
Lachner and at Leipzig Cons.;
director at Saarbriicken, Rotterdam,
Carlsruhe, and Munich 1872-1896;
famous condr. of Wagner operas, led
1st perf. of Parsifal at Bayreuth
1882; resigned 1896 on account of
mental disease.
Leybach (ll'-bak), Ignace, pst., orgt.
b. Gambsheim, July 17, 1817; d.
Toulouse, May 23, 1891. Studied
with Pixis, Kalkbrenner, and
Chopin; orgt. at Toulouse Cath.;
distinguished pst., composed much
salon music; music for org. and for
harmonium, L' Organiste pratique, etc.
Liadov (lya'-doff), Anatol Constan-
tinovitch, compr. b. St. Petersburg,
May 11, 1855. Studied with father,
and with Johannsen and Rimsky-
Korsakov at Cons., where he taught
harmony, etc., after 1878; also
teacher at Imperial Chapel; capell-
meister there till 1869; after 1894
condr. mus. soc. concerts; with
Balakirev and Liapounov investi-
gated folk-songs for Geogr. Soc.;
compositions chiefly for pf . mostly in
characteristic style of Russian school,
with occasional humorous touches.
Liapounov (lya'-poo-noff ), Sergius
Michailovitch, compr. b. Jaroslav,
Nov. 30, 1859. Studied at Nijni-
Novgorod and with Klindworth and
Hubert at Moscow Cons.; asst.
director Imperial Chap. 1894-1902;
collected folk-songs with Liadov and
Balakirev for Geogr. Soc.; composed
symphony, ballade for orch., con-
certo for pf., and many smaller pf.
works; edited collection of national
songs.
Lichner (likh'-ner), Heinrich, condr.,
compr. b. Harpersdorf, Mar. 6,
1829; d. Breslau, Jan. 7, 1898.
Studied with Karow, Dehn, Baum-
gart and Hesse; cantor, orgt., condr.
of Sangerbund at Breslau; prolific
but not original compr. of psalms,
songs, pf. pieces, etc.
Lichtenberg (lich'-ten-berg), Leopold,
vlt. b. San Francisco, Nov. 22, 1861.
Pupil of Beaujardin, Lambert, and
Wieniawski, both in U. S. and in
Brussels; after season with Thomas
in N. Y., toured for 3 years in Europe
and America; member Bost. Symph.
Orch.; head vln. dept. National
Cons, in N. Y. since 1899.
Liddle, Robert William, compr. b. Dur-
ham, Mar. 14, 1864. Chorister at
Durham; pupil of Dr. Armes; orgt.
at N. Berwick and at Southwell
Minster since 1888; compr. of church
music and songs.
Lie (le), Sigurd, compr. b. Norway,
May 23, 1871; d. Christiania, Sept,
30, 1904. Studied at Leipzig Cons.;
condr. in Bergen; after study in
Berlin, condr. of choral soc. in
Christiania; good vlt. and compr. of
great promise, shown in a symph.,
several orch. and chamber works,
songs, and pf. pieces.
Liebling (leb'-ling), Emil, pst. b. Pless,
Silesia, Apr. 12, 1851. Pupil of
Kullak, Ehrlich, Dachs, and Liszt;
came to America 1867, 1872 and
finally 1875; teaching, playing, etc.
in Chicago; valued contributor to
several journals; excellent teacher;
successful in lectures with pf. illus-
trations where wide repertoire is of
value; compr. of pf. mus.
Liebling (leb-ling), Georg, pst. b. Ber-
lin, Jan. 22, 1865. Studied with Kul-
lak, Urban, and Dorn; taught at
LIND
Kullak's Acad. 188(^85; after tour
of Germany, with Liszt at Weimar
for 2 years; ctebut in Berlin 1884;
since then virtuoso; compr. of orch.
overture, concerto, pf. mus., etc.
Lind, Jenny, soprano, b. Stockholm,
Oct. 6, 1820; d. Wynd's Point, Mal-
vern, Eng., Nov. 2, 1887. Studied
under Berg and Lindblad at Court
Th. school; d6but 1838; after fur-
ther lessons from Manuel Garcia in
Paris, sang at Ope'ra 1842, but was
not engaged; d6but Berlin 1844 fol-
lowed by triumphal tour through
Germany; London d6but 1847; be-
came concert singer 1849; toured U. S.
1850-52, married O. Goldschmidt ;
after living quietly in Dresden, went
to London 1856; last public perf.
1870; known as " Swedish Nightin-
gale "; by sensational advertising
treating of her many private virtues,
her success in Eng. and U. S. was
unreasonably inflated; voice is de-
scribed by discriminating critics as
bright, sure, and of a certain " thrill-
ing" quality.
Lindblad (lint'-blat), Adolf Fredrik,
compr. b. Lofvingsborg, Sweden,
Feb. 1, 1801; d. there, Aug. 23, 1878.
Studied with Zelter in Berlin; lived
in Stockholm after 1827; directed a
music school until 1861; composed
numerous songs with Swedish na-
tional feeling, which were made pop-
ular by singing of his pupil, Jenny
Lind.
Lindpaintner (lint'-pant-ner), Peter
Joseph von, compr. b. Coblenz,
Dec. 9, 1791; d. Nonnenhorn, Lake
pf Constance, Aug. 21, 1856. Stud-
ied with Winter, and, while th.
director at Munich, with Gratz; after
1819 director at Stuttgart where he
made orch. famous; composed about
21 operas (Der Vampyr best known),
music to Faust, to Schiller's Song of
the Bell.
Lindsay, M., compr. b. Wimbledon,
Eng. Composer of songs and ballads,
somewhat in style of "Claribel";
Home They Brought Her Warrior
Dead, and Bridge are well known;
now Mrs. J. Worthington Bliss.
Linley, Thomas, compr. b. Wells, Eng.,
1732; d. London, Nov. 19, 1795.
Studied with Chilcot and Paradies;
conducted oratorios at Drury Lane;
LISZT
1775 composed, with son, music for
Duenna by Sheridan, his son-in-law;
1776 became part owner and man-
ager of Drury Lane Th.; composed
music for many plays, madrigals,
etc. Three daughters Elizabeth Ann
L. (Sheridan's wife), Mary L., and
Maria L., all singers. Son Thomas L.,
vlt., compr. b. Bath, 1756; drowned,
Grimsthorde, Lincolnshire, Aug. 7,
1778. Studied with Boyce and with
Nardini at Florence, where he became
friend of Mozart; vlt. in Bath con-
certs; collaborator with father.
Lipinski, Karl Joseph, vlt. b. Radzyn,
Poland, Oct. 30 (or Nov. 4), 1790; d.
Urlow, near Lemberg, Dec. 16, 1861.
Had only few lessons from father;
1810 concertmaster, 1812-14 leader
at Lemberg Th.; 1817-18 played
with Paganini, but in 1829 they met
again as rivals, 1839-^61 concert-
master in Dresden; distinguished for
broad tone and skilful double stop-
ping; compositions, Military con-
certo, etc., are no longer played.
Listemann (list'-6-man), Bernhard
[Friedrich Wilhelm], vtt. b. Schlot-
heim, Thuringia, Aug. 28, 1841.
Studied with Ullrich, David, Vieux-
temps, and Joachim; concertmaster
Rudolstadt 1859-67; came to Amer-
ica with brother Ferdinand L., vlt.
(b. 1841); traveled with De Meyer;
leader Thomas orch., N. Y. 1871-74;
founder, condr. Boston Philharmonic
Club, of Bost. Philh. Orch. 1879-81 ;
concertmaster Symph. Orch. 1881-
85; founder of L. quartet and L.
concert co.; 1893, head of vln. dept.
Chicago Coll. of Mus.; removed to
Boston 1907; returned to Chicago
1910.
Liszt (list), Franz, pst., compr. b. Raid-
ing, near Odenburg, Hungary, Oct.
22, 1811; d. Bayreuth, July 31, 1886.
Son of Adam L., steward in service
of Prince Esterhazy; pf. pupil of his
father; after first public appearance
at 9, several noblemen contributed
sums for future education; at Vienna
1821-23 pupil in pf. of Czerny, and
in comp. of Salieri and Randhart-
inger; highly praised by Beethoven
and many others; 1823 at Paris,
refused admission to Cons, as for-
eigner, continued comp. with Reicha
and Paer, took no more pf. lessons;
1824/25 played with great success
LISZT
LLOYD
in London; 1825 operetta Don San-
cho produced in Paris; 1825-27 tours
in Eng. and Switzerland; 1827 death
of father made his support necessary
for family and 1827-39 he lived in
Paris, where he was in demand as
teacher and player and where he was
one of brilliant artistic circle includ-
ing Lamartine, Victor Hugo, George
Sand, Berlioz, Chopin, etc.; beside
the influence of these individuals and
the general romantic movement, he
was much interested in Saint-Simon-
ism but, apparently, never joined
its numbers; at this time occurred
his union with Countess d'Agoult
(Daniel Stern); 1839-47 traveled
widely over Europe establishing
position as greatest of pf. virtuosos
in long series of extravagant suc-
cesses; 1849-51 lived in Weimar, as
conductor of Court Theatre; here
he accomplished much for modern
music by performing new works, and
with the Princess of Sayn- Wittgen-
stein made his house and Weimar
musical center; period of greatest
teaching and most important com-
position; 1859 left Weimar because
objections were made to Cornelius's
Barber of Bagdad; friendly relations
were afterward established so that
from 1861 till death he divided time
between Pesth, Weimar, and Rome;
at latter city his early fondness for
church reasserted itself and 1879 he
was admitted to the minor orders of
the priesthood and gained title
Abbe". As a man L. was distin-
guished among artists for breadth of
taste, and deep and real sympathy
for fellows expressed in most prac-
tical ways. As pst. he was greatest
that ever lived; his playing was re-
markable for " quiet brilliance of
rapid passages," for beauty of feeling
as well as for amazing skill; Wagner
said of it that it was " production,
not reproduction." As teacher, he
was often severe, always inspiring;
results must not be judged without
remembering that visitors at classes
were sometimes allowed, and that,
apparently, many of these claimed
to be pupils. As conductor, he was
as marvelous as at the piano in
interpreting the real intention and
ideas of the composer; to his catho-
licity of taste many owed encourage-
ment; among works which he
brought out at Weimar are Wagner's
Lohengrin, Tannhduser, and Flying
Dutchman, and works by Berlioz,
Schumann and Schubert. As com-
poser for pf., much of his work
transfers to pf. orchestral effects,
sometimes at a ' loss artistically;
his transcriptions, however, never
err in spirit, seldom in taste; for the
voice he wrote 5 masses, 9 oratorios
(2 unpublished), church music and
some great songs. Gollerich, in his
book Franz Liszt (1908), gives a full
catalog listing both published and
unpublished works. Some of the
figures are as follows: Orchestral
works, original and arrangements,
69; chamber music, 47; pf. and orch.
16; pf., original and arrangements,
822; melodramas, 8; organ, 47; part-
songs, 31; songs and ballads with
orchestra, 18; songs with piano, 90.
His greatest achievement as compr.
is invention of form known as " sym-
phonic poem," much used by later
comprs.; his own Dante and Faust
symphonies, Episodes from Lenau's
Faust, etc. illustrate his need of the
exterior suggestion of a program and
his "transformation" of themes.
His literary works, except those relat-
ing to Wagner, have only incidental
interest; the Life of Chopin is un-
trustworthy, the Music of the Gypsies
unscientific.
Litolff (lit'-olf), Henri Charles, pst.,
publisher, b. London, Feb. 6, 1818;
d. Bois le Combes, near Paris, Aug. 6,
1891. Son of Alsatian vlt.; pupil of
Moscheles; d£but at Co vent Garden
at 12; cast off by family for marriage,
wandered on Continent, giving suc-
cessful tours; after separation from
1st wife, lived and played in several
cities; married widow of Meyer, pub-
Usher in Brunswick, whose business
he took over; published Collection
Litolff, first cheap, trustworthy edi-
tions of classics; 1860 left business
to adopted son Theodor, and de-
voted nimself to composition in
Paris; composed several operas
(Heloise et Abelard, Les templiers),
overtures, concerto-symphonies, brill-
iant and characteristic pf. pieces.
Lloyd, Charles Harford, orgt., condr.
b. Thornbury, Oct. 16, 1849. Mus.
B. at Oxford 1871, Mus. Doc. 1891,
founded Univ. Mus. Club; orgt. at
LLOYD
LOGIER
Gloucester Cath. 1876, at Christ
Church, Oxford 1882; condr. Three
Choirs festivals 1877, 1880; 1882
condr. Choral Soc. Oxford; taught
Royal Coll. Mus. 1887-92, at Eton
1892; composed several cantatas and
part-songs, of real melodic originality.
Lloyd, Edward, tenor, b. London, Mar.
7, 1845. Chorister at Westminster
Abbey under J. Turle; voice turned
to tenor without breaking; chorister
at Cambridge and Wells; gentleman
of Chapel Royal 1869-71; after that
devoted to festival and concert ap-
pearances until retiring 1900; in U.
S. 1888; distinguished for singing
Wagner selections and for creating
many new parts, such as those in
The Redemption, Mors et Vita, . The
Golden Legend, The Dream of Ger-
ontius.
Lobe (lo'-ba), Johann Christian, teacher,
compr. b. Weimar, May 30, 1797;
d. Leipzig, July 27, 1881. Pupil on
flute of A. Riemann and E. A. Mtiller;
soloist at Gewandhaus 1811; mem-
ber Weimar orch. 1811-42; founded
mus. school; in Leipzig as editor of
Allgemeine Mtisik Zeitung 1846—48,
and of other journals; author of
books on theory and composition,
and of Musikalische Brief e, Aiis dem
Leben eines Mtisikers, interesting
for critical comments and sketches
of contemporaries.
Locatelli (loc-a-tel'-li), Pietro, vlt. b.
Bergamo, 1693; d. Amsterdam, Apr.
1, 1764. Studied with Corelli at
Rome; after much traveling, gave
regular concerts in Amsterdam; per-
formed marvelous feats of technic,
especially in double-stopping; com-
posed sonatas for flute, sonatas,
caprices, and concertos for vln., for
trio, and for quartet.
Locke, Matthew, compr. b. Exeter,
Eng., 1632; d. London, Aug., 1677.
Chorister at Exeter Cath., pupil of
E. Gibbon and possibly also of W.
Wake; compr. to Charles II, and
after conversion to Roman Catholi-
cism, orgt. to Queen Catherine; com-
Ksed music for Davenant's and
•yden's plays and alterations of
Shakespeare; music for Macbeth
1672, long supposed to be his, is
now claimed, but without absolutely
final proof, as work of Purcell; wrote
" consorts " for several instruments,
airs, etc., and pamphlets against
Salmon, who proposed discarding
clefs in notation.
Loeffler (lef'-ler), Charles Martin [Tor-
nov], vlt., compr. b. Miihlhausen,
Alsace, Jan. 30, 1861. Pupil in vln.
of Leonard, Massart, Joachim, in
conip. of Guiraud and Kiel; played
in Pasdeloup's orch., in Prince Der-
vier's at Nice and Lugano, where he
was associated with Ce"sar Thomson;
came to N. Y. and to Boston, where
he was 1st violin at Boston Symph.
Orch. 1882-1903; teaching (A. Hart-
mann his pupil) and comp. in Boston;
composed songs, symph. poems (La
mort de Tintagiles, Les veittees de
I' Ukraine, Avant que tu ne t'en aittes,
VittaneUe du diable, A Pagan Poem),
sextet, octet, works for wind instru-
ments and for vln. He has " certain
affinities with the French school [in
poetry as in music] whose essential
traits are finesse, a passion for the
recondite, a scrupulous avoidance of
too definite, too facile patterns, an
exquisite mastery of harmonic and
orchestral color; yet he is himself a
potential force of singular potency
[the potency of a] refined inspiration
and vivid individuality." [L. Gilman.]
Loeschhorn (lesh'-horn), Carl Albert,
pst., writer, b. Berlin, June 27, 1819;
d. there, June 4, 1905. Studied with
L. Berger, Grell, and A. W. Bach at
Royal Inst. for church music, where
he taught pf. after 1851; gave cham-
ber concerts in Berlin, published
excellent pf. music, and many valu-
able studies for pupils of ah1 grades,
and guide to pf. literature.
Logier (lo'-zhi-a), Johann Bernhard,
inventor, b. Kassel, Feb. 9, 1777; d.
Dublin, July 27, 1846. Flute pupil
of Weidner, taken to England at ten
by a gentleman; flutist in regimental
band, orgt. at Westport, Ireland,
bandmaster, music-seller and th.
director in Dublin; invented chirp-
plast, machine for holding hands in
proper position at pf.; 1823-26 in
Germany on invitation of gov't to
explain invention from which he
made fame and money; 1826 re-
opened Dublin shop; published meth-
ods and explanations of system and
few compositions.
LOW
Low (lev), Joseph, pst. b. Prague,
Jan. 23, 1834; d. there, Oct. 5, 1886.
After successful tour 1854, lived in
Prague 1856 to death, whence he
sent forth nearly 500 light pf . pieces,
many of them melodious and espe-
cially adapted to use of children.
Loewe (16'- va), Johann Carl Gottfried,
compr. b. Lobejiin, near Halle, Nov.
30, 1796; d. Kiel, Apr. 20, 1869.
Taught by father and by Turk,
at Francke Inst., Halle, where L.
received royal stipend; entered Halle
Univ. and Naue's Singakademie;
prof, and cantor at Stettin 1820-1866,
with many and frequent trips to other
parts of Germany, to England, etc.;
composed 1 opera, 17 oratorios, but
chiefly ballads for voice and pf.;
practically established ballad as artis-
tic form by infusing it with dramatic
feeling and applying principle of
leading motive.
Logroscino (16g-ro-she-no), Nicola, com-
pr. b. Naples, about 1700; d. there,
1 763- Pupil of Durante ; collaborator
with Leo 1738; compr. of great
number of successful operas; 1747
taught music at cons, in Palermo;
superior to predecessors in comic
feeling; reputed, apparently without
just cause, inventor of concerted
number at close of act.
Lolli (lol'-le), Antonio, vtt. b. Ber-
gamo, about 1730; d. Palermo, 1802.
Self-taught; leader at Stuttgart,
favorite of Empress Catherine, St.
Petersburg, 1773-78, in Paris 1779
and thereafter in Spain, Austria,
Germany, and England; wonderful
performer, but ignorant of other
qualities necessary to a musician.
Longhurst, William Henry, compr. b.
Lambeth, London, Oct. 6, 1819; d.
Harbledown, near Canterbury, June
17, 1904. Chorister at Canterbury
Cath. under Skeats, Elvey, and
Jones; lay clerk there, asst. orgt.
and orgt. 1873 to retirement 1898;
Mus. Doc. 1875; composed oratorio,
cantata, services, etc.
Loomis, Harvey Worthington, compr.
b. Brooklyn, Feb. 5, 1865. Studied
with Dvofdk at N. Y. Nat'l Cons.,
where he won scholarship, and also
with Mme. Schiller; composed very
successful music pantomimes whicn
LUDWIG
have been given by amateurs and
at special performances in N. Y.;
written incidental music for plays,
songs, duets, and a cantata for chil-
dren; lectures on Indian music and
transcriptions of it.
Lortzing, Gustav Albert, compr. b.
Berlin, Oct. 23, 1801; d. there, Jan.
21, 1851. Son of actor, an actor
himself in small parts; except for
few lessons from Rungenhagen,
musically self-taught; singer Leipzig
Th. 1833-44, condr. of opera there
1844 and again 1849; capellmeister
Berlin Th. 1850; his operas did not
bring him appreciation or a liveli-
hood; yet they were successful and
distinguished for humor and melodi -
ousness, and some still hold the stage
(notably Czar und Zimmermann,
Der Wildschutz, Regind).
Lotti, Antonio, orgt., compr. b. Venice,
about 1667; d. Venice, Jan. 5, 1740.
Son of court capellmeister at Han-
over; pupil of Legrenzi at Venice;
produced opera at 16; chorister 1687,
2d orgt. 1692, 1st orgt. 1704-36 at
St. Mark's; visited Dresden 1717-19;
composed some 20 operas in older
style of Handel's predecessors, and
much distinguished church music
(Miserere is performed every Maundy
Thursday at St. Mark's).
Lucca (look'-ka), Pauline, dram. sop.
b. Vienna, Apr. 25, 1841; d. Paris,
Feb. 28, 1908. Early remarkable
for beautiful voice; pupil of Usch-
mann and Lewy; member of chorus
at Vienna opera 1856-59; prima
donna at Olmiitz, Prague, Berlin
1861-72; in America 1872-74; there-
after sang in London, Madrid, St.
Petersburg, Vienna, where she lived
after retiring 1890; married Baron
von Rhaden, and after divorce Major
von Wallhofen; very remarkable
voice, with range of 1\ octaves, and
unusual powers of real characteriza-
tion, made her especially admired in
operas of Meyerbeer, Auber, HaleVy,
etc.
Ludwig (lood'-vig), August, editor,
compr. b. Waldheim, Saxony, Jan.
15, 1865. Studied at Cologne Cons.
and Munich Cons.; remarkable for
attempt to complete Schubert's
"Unfinished" symphony by adding
two movements, Philosophen Scherzo
LULLY
LUTHER
and Schicksals Marsche, performed
Berlin 1892; compr. of other orch.
works, songs, etc.; editor Neue Ber-
liner Musik Zeitung 1894-97; author
of Geharnischte Aufsatze uber Musik.
Lully (liil'-li), Jean Baptiste de, compr.
b. Florence, 1633; d. Paris, Mar.
22, 1687. Learned violin and guitar
from Franciscan monk; at 13 in
service of Mile, de Montpensier
in whose kitchen he was one day
playing and being overheard was
transferred to her private band;
expelled for satire; after some in-
struction from Mertu, Roberdet,
and Gigault, became member of
King's band; 1652 director of small
band which eclipsed the older; 1653
as court composer, composed
masques, etc.; 1672 obtained letters
patent from king for Acade"mie royale
de musique (which still exists as
Grand Ope'ra); the similar privilege
granted 1669 to Perrin and Cambert
was revoked, so L. " stole " the
credit of originating the opera; his
first work Les fetes de I' Amour et de
Bacchus 1672, and the 19 succeeding
ones (Thesee, Psyche, Armide, etc.)
rank as the first French operas; in-
troduced accompanied recitative and
established French standard of cor-
rect declamation; strong sense of
dramatic effectiveness and gift for
rather sweet melodies enabled him
to make success and to have high
standard despite certain monotony of
rhythm and thinness of orchestration.
Lumbye, Hans Christian, compr. b.
Copenhagen, May 2, 1810; d. there,
Mar. 20, 1874. Compr. popular
dance music, called " the northern
Strauss "; condr., until 1865, of orch.
with which he made frequent tours;
galops, marches, etc. very popular
with orchestras of the sixties.
Lunn, Louisa Kirkby, mezzo sop. b.
Manchester, Eng., Nov. 8, 1873.
Pupil of Greenwood and of Visetti
at Royal Coll. of Mus., with Bouhy
in Paris; d6but as student 1893 led
to engagement at Covent Garden
until 1896; with Carl Rosa Co. 1897-
99; married W. J. K. Pearson; since
1901 at Covent Garden; 1902 at
Metropolitan, N. Y., in various con-
certs, and again 1904 as Kundry in
English performance of Parsifal by
the Savage Co.
Lupot (lii-po), Nicolas, vln.-maker. b.
Stuttgart, 1758; d. Paris, Aug. 13,
1824. Of family of makers; his
grandfather Laurent (1696-1762)
worked at Lune'ville and Orleans;
his father Francois was at Stuttgart
1758-70, then at Orleans; Nicolas
made vlns. before he was 20; prob-
ably worked for Pique, opened shop
in Paris 1798; without attempting
originality, copied Stradivarius vlns.
and 'cellos, sometimes making sets
of 5 for quintet; called " French
Stradivarius "; succeeded by son-in-
law Gand. His brother Francois
(1774-1837), maker of bows.
Lussan (lus-son), Zelie de, dram. sop.
b. New York, 1863. Pupil of her
mother; concert de"but 1879, opera
d6but with Boston Ideals 1885-88;
with Carl Rosa Co. in Eng. 1889;
greatest parts Carmen and Mignon;
with a brilliant but not great voice,
won by piquant charm of personality;
appeared in vaudeville 1908.
Lussy (liis-si), Mathis, writer, b. Stans,
Switzerland, April 8, 1828; d. Jan.
21, 1910. Studied with Businger
and Nageli; instead of studying
medicine in Paris, taught pf. there
after 1847; chiefly known as author
of Exercises de mecanisme, Traite de
I'expression musicale, Histoire de la
notation musicale (with E. David,
which took Paris Acad. prize 1882),
and a Short Treatise on Musical
Rhythm.
Luther (looth-eer), Martin, reformer,
compr. b. Eisleben, Nov. 10, 1483;
d. there, Feb. 18, 1546. Relation to
music consists in reforms there as in
other matters of religious practise;
after leaving the Wartburg, issued
Formula missae, objecting to long
graduals; order for German mass,
compiled with capellmeister C. Rupff
and cantor J. Walther, first used
1524, calls for German creed and
certain German hymns; L. himself
sang and played flute; aside from
his wide influence in spreading Prot-
estant hymns in Germany, he wrote
words to several and music to
few; although all claims for him as
compr. have been denied, it seems
sure that he wrote chorale Ein feste
Burg ist unser Gott and probably
some 11 others.
LUZZI
MACDOWELL
Luzzi (loot'-zi), Lviigi, compr. b.
Olevano di Lomellina, Mar. 28, 1828;
d. Stradella, Feb. 23, 1876. At first
medical student at Turin; composed
3 operas (2 performed), symphony,
funeral march, pf. music, hymns,
many inspired songs. [Baker.]
Lvoff or Lwoff (Ivof), Alexis Feodor-
ovitch, compr. b. Reval, June 6,
1799; d. estate near Kovno, Jan. 7,
1871. Maj.-gen. and adj. to Em-
peror Nicholas; succeeded father as
director of Imperial Chapel 1837-61;
excellent vlt., organized successful
string quartet; made collection of
chants of Greek ritual; composed
4 operas, vln. concerto, caprices for
vln., and church music but especially
the Russian national hymn God Save
the Czar, written 1833; retired 1867.
Lynes (1ms), Frank, orgt., compr. b.
Cambridge, Mass., May 16, 1858.
Studied at N. E. Cons., and with
Lang and Paine, and at Leipzig
with Reinecke, Richter, Jadassohn;
has filled various organ positions
in Boston; compositions include
successful songs, piano pieces, cho-
ruses, etc,
Lysberg [originally Bovy, known as
Bovy-Lysberg], Charles Samuel, pst.,
compr. b. Lysberg, near Geneva,
Mar. 1, 1821; d. Geneva, Feb. 15,
1873. Studied with Chopin and
Delaire in Paris; teacher of pf. at
Geneva Cons.; composed an opera
given at Geneva 1854, and popular
light pf. pieces, such as Le reveil des
oiseaux, Le chant du rouet, romantic
sonata L' Absence.
M
Maas (mas), Joseph, tenor, b. Dart-
ford, Kent, Jan. 30, 1847; d. London,
Jan. 16, 1886. Chorister at Roches-
ter Cathedral; pupil of J. L. Hopkins,
Mme. Bodda-Pyne, and Sangiovanni ;
d6but London 1871; in opera 1872;
member Kellogg's Opera Co. in Amer-
ica, of Carl Rosa's in Eng. ; not a very
good actor, he was more popular at
concerts and festivals, where his fin-
ished style placed him in first rank.
Maas, Louis Philipp Otto, pst., compr.
b. Wiesbaden, June 21, 1852; d.
Boston, Mass., Sept. 18, 1889.
Studied at Leipzig Cons, with Rei-
necke and Papperitz; and with Liszt;
taught at Leipzig Cons. 1875-80;
came to Boston 1880; condr. Philhar-
monic concerts 1881-82; teacher at
N. E. Cons.; composed symph. On
the Prairies, inspired by tours in West,
overtures, suites, pf. concerto, etc.
MacCarthy, Maud, vlt. b. Clonmel,
Ireland, July 4. 1884. Lived in
Sydney, New South Wales; pupil of
Arbos from 9 to 15, for two years
after de'but in 1894; after successful
concerts in London, played in U. S.,
in New York 1898 and with Boston
Symph. Orch. 1902, 1903; tours in
Germany, Scandinavia, and Italy;
gave up violin playing for theosopny
about 1905.
MacCunn, Hamish, compr. b. Green-
ock, Scotland, Mar. 22, 1868.
Studied at Royal Coll. of Mus. under
Hubert Parry; overture Land of
Mountain and Flood brought him
into notice 1887; 1888-94 prof, at
Royal Coll.; condr. of Carl Rosa Co.
for some years, and of various light
opera companies; composed operas
(Jeanie Deans, etc.), several over-
tures; music almost entirely on
Scotch subjects, full of individual
Scotch feeling.
Macdougall, Hamilton Crawford, orgt.,
teacher, b. Warwick, R. I., Oct. 15,
1858. Pupil in Boston of J. C. D.
Parker, S. B. Whitney, B. J. Lang,
and in London of E. H. Turpin and
Royal Coll. teachers; orgt. in Provi-
dence and Brookline; since 1900 prof,
of music at Wellesley College; 1908-
09 and 1910-11 special lecturer on
music at Brown Univ.; extension
lectures (public) on music, Provi-
dence, 1910. Composed music for
women's voices and pf. (Studies in
Melody Playing); contributor to
periodicals.
MacDowell, Edward Alexander, pst.,
compr. b. New York, Dec. 18, 1861;
d. there, Jan. 23, 1908. Studied with
Buitrago, Desvernine, and Teresa
Carreno; at Paris Cons. 1876-79
MACFARLANE
MACKINLAY
with Marmpntel and Savard, at
Frankfort with Heymann and Raff;
chief teacher of pf. at Darmstadt
Cons.; 1882 played for Liszt at
Weimar and by L's influence and
that of Raff M's works were played
at Allgemeiner Deutscher Musik-
verein at Zurich; after 4 years in
Wiesbaden, he lived in Boston, Mass.
1888-1896; prof, of music at Colum-
bia Univ. N. Y. 1896-1904; 1905
afflicted with brain disease from
which he- never recovered; an excel-
lent teacher and individual player.
As compr. ranks among highest in
America, though he protested against
distinctions by nationality; follower
of Raff's romanticism; composed
symph. poems Hamlet and Ophelia,
Lancelot and Elaine, Lamia, In Oc-
tober, and most notable Indian
Suite, in which he used native airs
and in which his orchestration is at
its best; more distinguished as
compr. for pf. of four imposing
sonatas, Tragica, Eroica, Norse,
and Keltic, many groups of very
charming short sketches, each ex-
pressing the mood of some scene or
some poem; same exquisite expres-
sion of mood marks his songs, for
many of which he wrote the
words.
Macfarlane, William Charles, orgt.,
compr. b. London, Oct. 2, 1870.
Parents moved to New York 1874;
M. was chorister in Christ Church,
New York, 1880-85; studied music
with his father and S. P. Warren;
gave org. recitals New York, 1886,
and later in many other cities; orgt.
Danbury, Conn., and various New
York churches; Temple Emanu-El
1898, St. Thomas's Episcopal 1900,
both of which positions he now
holds (1910); condr. Yonkers Choral
Society 1902; founder of Amer.
Guild Org.; compositions include
org. mus., cantata The Message from
the Cross, songs, anthems, and part-
songs.
Macfarren, Sir George Alexander,
compr., writer, b. London, Mar. 2,
1813; d. there, Oct. 31, 1887. Pupil
of his father, George M., dramatist,
of Lucas and of Potter at Royal Acad.
Mus., where he became prof. 1834 and
principal 1876; failing eyesight, re-
sulting in blindness, did not interfere
with his teaching; prof, of mus.
at Cambridge Univ. 1875; knighted
1883; works include 9 performed
operas, 4 oratorios, 6 cantatas, 8
symphonies, much church music,
chamber music, songs, etc.; wrote
Rudiments of Harmony, Lectures
and Addresses and several other
studies. Life by H. C. Banister. His
wife Natalia (nee Andreae), singer,
teacher, translator of songs, librettos,
etc. His brother Walter Cecil, pst.
b. London, Aug. 28, 1826; d. there,
Sept. 2, 1905. Chorister at West-
minster Abbey under Turle; studied
at Royal Acad. with his brother,
Holmes, and Potter; taught there
1846-1903, conducted concerts 1873-
80; director Philharmonic Soc.; suc-
cessful concert pst.; composed several
overtures, pf. sonatas and other
pieces, part-songs, etc.; edited pf.
works of Mozart, sonatas of Beetho-
ven, and series of Popular Classics.
Macirone (ma-ki-ro'ne), Clara Angels,
pst. b. London, Jan. 20, 1821.
Taught at Royal Acad. by Potter,
Lucas, Holmes, and Negri; teacher
there and at schools for girls; condr.
of local society; compr. of church
music and many successful part-
songs.
Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Campbell,
compr. b. Edinburgh, Aug. 22, 1847.
Of musical family, father and grand-
father both ylts.; studied with
Ulrich and Stein at Sondershausen
Cons.; played in band there; at
Royal Acad. on King's Scholarship,
pupil of Sain ton, Jewson, and Lucas;
1865-73 played vln., taught, con-
ducted at Edinburgh and elsewhere;
1878-88 chiefly in Florence, with
occasional seasons of conducting in
England; 1888 principal Royal Acad. ;
1892-99 condr. Philharmonic Soc.;
knighted 1895; composed for pf. and
violin, several operas (His Majesty,
Colomba, The Rose of Sharon), can-
tatas (Tlie Cotter's Saturday Night,
etc.), 2 Scottish Rhapsodies for orch.,
a Scottish concerto for vln., La belle
dame sans merci ballad with orch.,
London Day by Day suite; best work
marked by strong national feeling,
and individuality.
MacKinlay, Mrs. J., see Sterling, An-
toinette.
MACY
MAITLAND
Macy, James Cartwright, compr. b.
New York City, June 27, 1845.
Family belongs to the early colonists
of Massachusetts and New York;
early education received from par-
ents; in 1857 he entered the Elmira
(N. Y.) Academy; when the Civil
War broke out he enlisted and served
throughout the conflict; took up the
study of music again 1866-70, and
began composing; his long list of
works includes pieces for the piano
and other instruments as well as all
the vocal forms, songs, school songs,
part-songs, anthems, cantatas, oper-
ettas, etc.; his translations and adap-
tations of opera librettos, foreign
songs, etc. are notable as part of his
work during many years' connection
with American musical publishers,
especially Oliver Ditson Company,
of Boston; wrote two plays, The
Buckeye and Two Lives, successfully
given in many of the large cities;
author of Young People's History
of Music.
Maelzel (mel'tsel), Johann Nepomuk,
inventor, b. Ratisbon, Aug. 15, 1772;
d. at sea on voyage to America, July
21, 1838. Son of org. builder; in
Vienna 1792, taught mus. and con-
structed automatic trumpeter and
Panharmonicon for which Beetho-
ven wrote orch. battle piece Vittoria;
M. made ear-trumpets for Beetho-
ven and others; adapted idea of
Winkel, of Amsterdam, into metro-
nome in 1816; traveled far, exhibit-
ing his inventions.
Maggini (ma-zhe'-ni), Giovanni Paolo,
vln.-maker. b. Botticino Marino, Aug.
25, 1580; d. Brescia, about 1632.
Apprenticed to Gasparode Salo; early
vlns. resemble his master's and are
often too much decorated; later ones
are more individual and are of
value especially because of well-
chosen wood, cut in a way of his
own. Son Pietro Santo also dis-
tinguished maker.
Mahillon (ma-e-yon), Charles Victor,
writer, b. Brussels, Mar. 10, 1841.
In firm with father as manufacturer
of wind instruments; editor Echo
Musical 1869-86; honorary custodian
museum of instr. at Brussels Cons,
since 1876; author of valuable
catalogue, of Elements d'acoustique
musicale el instrumental^, etc.
Mahler (ma'-ler), Gustav, compr., condr.
b. Kalischt, Bohemia, July 7, 1860.
Pupil at Vienna Univ., and at Cons,
of Epstein and Bruckner; condr. at
several theatres, capellmeister at
Kassel 1883-85, and at Prague as
Seidl's successor, where he gained
wide knowledge of scores by Wagner,
etc.; asst. of Nikisch at Leipzig 1886-
88; director of opera at Pesth 1888-
91, thoroughly reforming it; capellm.
at Hamburg 1891-97; since 1897 di-
rector of Vienna Opera, 1898-1900
condr. of Gesellschaft concerts;
condr. at Covent Garden 1892, and
at Metropolitan (N. Y.) 1907-09;
remarkably strong and individual
as condr.; composed operas and can-
tatas, but chiefly eight symphonies of
imposing architectural construction
and individuality of content.
Maillart (ma-e-yar), Louis [called Aime],
compr. b. Montpellier, Mar. 24,
1817; d. Moulins, May 26, 1871.
Studied at Cons, with Elwart,
Leborne, and Guerin; Prix de Rome
1841; of his 6 operas, cantatas, etc.
surviving work is Les dragons de
Vittars.
Mailly (ma-e-yi), Alphonse Jean Ernest,
orgt. b. Brussels, Nov. 27, 1833.
Studied with Girschner at Brussels
Cons., where he became teacher of
pf. and org. 1868; praised by Berlioz
as virtuoso; composed sonatas, etc.
for org., and orch. works; living at
Brussels (1910).
Mainzer (mln'-tser), Abbe Joseph, teach-
er, b. Treves, Germany, May 7,
1807; d. Manchester, England, Nov.
10, 1851. Educated at cathedral
maitrise, ordained priest 1826; ex-
iled during Polish revolution, went
to Brussels, to Paris 1834, where he
taught popular classes and edited
Chronique musicale, to London and
Manchester 1847, where he estab-
lished people's singing classes, wrote
Music for the Million, edited M's
Mus. Times which became present
Musical Times of London.
Maitland, John Alexander Fuller,
writer, b. London, Apr. 7, 1856.
Educated at Camb. Univ.; critic for
Pott Matt Gazette, Guardian, and
Times; author of Eng. Music in
XIX Century, lives of Joachim and
Schumann, etc.; editor of Fitzwittiam
MALHERBE
MARBECK
Virginal Book, of revised ed. Grove's
Dictionary, translator of Spitta's
Bach, etc.
Malherbe (maT arbe), Charles Theodore,
compr., writer, b. Paris, Apr. 21,
1863. Law student and member of
bar; pupil of Danhauser, Wormser,
and Massenet; Danhauser's secre-
tary on tour of public school inspec-
tion 1880-81; asst. archivist to Paris
Ope>a 1896, archivist 1899; editor
of Menestrel, contributor to other
journals; compr. of unimportant
music, author of books on Wagner,
notes on several operas, Histoire de
la seconde Salle Favart, etc.; editor
of works of Rameau.
Malibran (mal-i-bron) , Maria Felicita,
dram, contralto, b. Paris, Mar. 24,
1808; d. Manchester, England, Sept.
23, 1836. Daughter of Manuel
Garcia; played child's part in opera
at Naples at 5; after few lessons from
Panseron, pupil of her father; d£but
London 1825 followed by improve-
ment and success in New York; un-
happy marriage to Malibran lasted
only a year; 1827 reappearances in
Paris and London established posi-
tion as chief singer of time; reputa-
tion and prices which she commanded
increased steadily; 1836 married De
Beriot, the vlt., with whom she had
been associated since 1830; early
death caused by fall from horse and
over-exertion; charm seems to have
been peculiar timbre of her voice
(recognized as defective in middle
registers), and great force of indi-
vidual fascination; subject of many
romantic anecdotes.
Mailing, Otto Valdemar, compr. b.
Copenhagen, June 1, 1848. Studied
with Gade and J. P. E. Hartmann;
condr. of choral societies; orgt. in
Copenhagen; teacher of theory at
Cons.; compr. of symph., overture,
and other orch. works; Danish
choruses, national pf. pieces, etc.
Mancinelli (man-chi-nel'-li), Luigi,
compr., condr. b. Orvieto, Feb. 5,
1848. Pupil in 'cello of Sbblci at
Florence, with few lessons in comp.
from Mabellini; 'cellist in theatre
orch. in Florence and Rome where
he became condr. in an emergency;
principal of Bologna Cons. 1881-86;
condr. in London 1886-88, at Madrid
1888-95; afterwards in London and
at Metropolitan, N. Y.
Manney, Charles Fonteyn, compr. b.
Brooklyn, Feb. 8, 1872. Chorister
and soloist in Brooklyn; studied
theory with Wm. A. Fisher in N. Y.,
and after coming to Boston, in 1898,
with Wallace Goodrich and P. Goet-
schius; composed anthems, songs, pf.
pieces, and sacred cantatas.
Manns (mans), August [Friedrich],
condr. b. Stolzenburg, near Stettin,
Mar. 12, 1825; d. Norwood, London,
Mar. 1, 1907. Pupil of Urban; clari-
net in bands at Danzig and Posen,
vlt. in Gungl's orch. at Berlin; condr.
in Berlin, Cologne, and finally 1855
at Crystal Palace, London, where he
changed wind band into full orch.
and conducted Saturday concerts
1856-1901, where he introduced and
made known many valuable works.
Mara (ma'-ra), Gertrude Elisabeth,
soprano, b. Kassel, Feb. 23, 1749;
d. Reval, Jan. 20, 1833. Daughter
of musician Schmeling, learned to
play vln. alone; taken at 9 as prodigy
to Vienna and to London where she
was taught singing by Paradies;
under instruction of J. A. Hiller at
Leipzig she became first great German
singer; engaged for life at Dresden;
married unworthy 'cellist Mara;
1780 escaped or released from tyran-
ny of King Frederick II, went to
Vienna, Munich, and Paris, where
she sang in rivalry with Todi; 1784-
1802 won great popularity in London,
singing at Handel Festival and other
concerts; retired to Moscow, lost all
her property in fire 1812; taught in
Italy, failed totally on last appear-
ance in London 1819; voice of re-
markable range, stage presence al-
ways hampered by disease contracted
in childhood.
Marbeck [or Merbecke], John, compr.,
orgt. b. 1523; d. Windsor, about
1585. Chorister and orgt. at Wind-
sor; condemned to death as heretic
and narrowly escaped burning 1544;
under Edward VI, free to declare
opinions, published (1550) Booke of
Common Praier Noted, in which
plain chant was adapted to the new
ritual; published also commentaries
and a few hymns; escaped later per-
secutions and held position as orgt.
MARCELLO
MARETZEK
Marcello (mar-chel'lo), Benedetto,
compr. b. Venice, July 24, 1686;
d. Brescia, July 24, 1739. Venetian
nobleman, of high education, pupil
of Lotti and Gasparini; lawyer and
gov't official at Venice, Pola, and
Brescia; his greatest work is musical
setting for one to four voices of
Giustiniani's paraphrases of Psalms
I-L; also poet of distinction and
author of satirical essay II teatro alia
moda.
March, Mrs. G. E., see Gabriel, Virginia.
Marchand (mar-shon), Louis, orgt.
b. Lyons, Feb. 2, 1669; d. Paris,
Feb. 17, 1732. Orgt. at Versailles;
exiled 1717, became court orgt. at
Dresden to king of Poland; chal-
lenged to competition with J. S.
Bach, fled from the ordeal and re-
turned to Paris where his brilliant
talents brought him renown and
income as teacher; died in want.
Marchant, Arthur William, orgt., compr.
b. London, Oct. 18, 1850. Mus.
Bac. Oxford 1879; held several posi-
tions as orgt. in England, in Denver,
Col. ,1880-82; after 1895 at Dumfries,
Scotland; composed services, an-
thems, songs, etc.; written Primer,
500 Fugue Subjects and Answers,
Voice Culture.
Marchesi de Castrone (mar-ka'-zi-de-
kas-tro'-na), Salvatore [properly S.
de C. Marchese della RajataJ. baritone,
teacher, b. Palermo, Jan. 15, 1822;
d. Paris, Feb. 20, 1908. Student of
law and music under Raimondi, Lam-
perti, etc . ; after exile 1848 made d6but
New York; after study with Garcia
had success in London; after mar-
riage sang in England and on Conti-
nent and taught in several places
with his wife; compr. of some songs,
translator of libretti, author of vocal
method and vocalises. His wife Mar-
chesi de Castrone, Mathilde, teacher.
b. Frankfort-on-Main, Mar. 26, 1826.
Daughter of merchant Graumann,
after the loss of whose fortune she
adopted music as profession; studied
in Vienna with Nicolai and in Paris
with Garcia; 1849 success as concert
singer in London; married 1852;
taught at Vienna Cons. 1854-61, at
Paris 1861, at Cologne Cons. 1865-
68, at Vienna Cons, again 1868-78,
then privately until 1881, when she
finally returned to Paris; famous
teacher of pure style of song, she has
had many famous pupils, lima de
Murska, Gerster, Melba, etc.; pub-
lished many vocalises, a method, and
reminiscences Marchesi and Music.
Her daughter Blanche, Baronne Cac-
camisi, asst. of mother, concert singer
of some success in England; operatic
dSbut Prague 1900; recitals in U. S.
1899, etc.
Marchetti (mar-ket'-ti) , Filippo, compr.
b. Bolognola, Feb. 26, 1831; d.
Rome, Jan. 18, 1902. Student of
music from 12th year; pupil of
Conti at Naples 1850-54; 1st and 2d
operas, 1856, both successful; after
period of ill success, moved to Milan
1862, where his Romeo e Giulietta
was successful 1865, although Gou-
nod's was given at same time; Ruy
Bias, best work 1869, followed by
unsuccessful works; after 1880 teach-
ing; principal Reale Accad. di Santa
Cecilia in Rome 1881, dir. Liceo
there 1885.
Marchettus of Padua, theorist, living
in Cesena about 1270; d. about 1320.
In service of Rainier, Prince of
Monaco, living at Cesena and Ve-
rona; wrote 2 treatises, important
in history of notation; his system
of amplifying current methods was
so complex that it was abused as
foolish by contemporaries.
Marenzio (ma-rent'-seo) , Luca, compr.
b. Coccaglia, about 1556; d. Rome,
Aug. 22, 1599. Studied at Brescia
with Contini, in service of Sigismund
III of Poland, and of Cardinal Aldo-
brandino; maestro and cantor at
papal chapel; unsurpassed as compr.
of madrigals of which he published
about 15 books; great effect on con-
temporary English music.
Maretzek (ma-ret'-zek) , Max, impre-
sario, b. Briinn, Moravia, June 28,
1821; d. Pleasant Plains, Staten
Island, N.Y., May 14, 1897. Studied
with Seyfried in Vienna; condr. in
Germany, France, London, and after
1848 in New York, Mexico, and
Havana; composed 2 operas (Ham-
let, The Sleepy Hollow, N. Y., 1879);
wrote Crotchets and Quavers, and
Sharps and Flats, accounts of own
experiences.
MARGIS
MARSTON
Margis (mar-zhi), Alfred, compr. b.
Colombes, near Paris, Oct. 30, 1874.
Pupil of Chavagnat,etc.; early talent
shown in Valse bleue composed at
19, while in military service; then
followed series of successful popular
dances and songs Valse mauve,
Christmas valse, music to several
plays, revues, etc., and songs Roses
de France, etc.
Marie (ma-re), Gabriel Prosper, condr.
b. Paris, Jan. 8, 1852. Studied solfeg-
gio, pf . and harmony at Paris Cons. ;
pst., drummer, and chorusmaster at
Lamoureux concerts; chef d'orch. at
several theatres and at Guilmant con-
certs at Trocade"ro; composed works
for orch. and for string instr.
Mario (ma'-reo), Giuseppe, Cavaliere
di Candia, dram, tenor, b. Cagliari,-
Sardinia, Oct. 17, 1808; d. Rome,
Dec. 11, 1883. After 10 years in
Turin military service, became offi-
cer in Piedmontese guard; in Paris
1836, popular amateur, was per-
suaded to go on stage, and after
brief study with Bordogni and Pon-
chard, made d6but 1838; went over
to Italian opera 1840; sang with
Tamburini, Lablache, and chiefly
with Grisi, whom he married; re-
tired 1867; noted not only for ex-
quisite singing but for rare beauty
of voice and distinguished presence.
Marks, James Christopher, compr.
b. Armagh, Ireland, May 4, 1835;
d. Clifton, July 17, 1903. Chorister
at Armagh Cath. under R. Turle;
deputy orgt. .there; orgt. and choir-
master at Cork 1860; condr. Cork
mus. soc.; compr. of oratorios, ser-
vices, etc. Son, same name, b. July
29, 1863; orgt. at Cork, compr. of
anthems, services, part-songs, etc.;
removed to New York, orgt. there.
Marmontel (mar-mon-tel'), Antoine
Francois, compr., teacher, b. Cler-
mont-Ferrand, July 18, 1816; d.
Paris, Jan. 17, 1898. Pupil at Paris
Cons, of Zimmermann, Dourlen,
HaleVy, and Lesueur; 1837 teacher
of solfeggio, 1848-87 of pf.; among
pupils were Bizet, d'lndy, Dubois,
and many others; pf. music is chiefly
instructive, Etudes de mecanisme,
etc.; writings on pf. playing and
teaching, Les pianistes celebres, Virtu-
oses contemporains, etc.
Marpurg (mar-poo rg'), Friedrich Wil-
helm, theorist. b. Marpurgshof,
near Seehausen, Nov. 21, 1718; d.
Berlin, May 22, 1795. Secretary to
Gen. Rothenberg at Paris (1746-49);
acquaintance of Rameau; lived at
Berlin and Hamburg; director of
lottery at Berlin 1763; critical writ-
ings distinguished for moderation
and good taste; wrote treatises on
composition, church music, Abhand-
lung von der Fuge (exhaustive treat-
ment of subject, his greatest work),
Historisch- Kritische Beitrage, his-
tory of organ, method for pf., etc.
Marschner (marsh'-ner), Heinrich Au-
gust, compr. b. Zittau, Aug. 16,
1795; d. Hanover, Dec. 14, 1861.
Early admired as singer and pst.;
in Leipzig as law student was per-
suaded to .become musician and
studied with Schicht; invited to
Vienna 1817, is said to have been
aided by Beethoven; production of
operas at Pressburg led to appoint-
ment at Dresden 1823 as joint condr.
with Weber and Morlacchi; capell-
meister Leipzig 1826-31, at Han-
over 1831-1859, when he retired.
Most famous operas are Der Vampyr,
Der Templar und die Judin, Hans
Heiling (greatest); among German
romantic comprs. M. is usually
placed next to Weber, with whose
works his show great similarity;
orchestration is brilliant and effec-
tive, and his flow of melody unceas-
ing both in operas and in ballads
and choruses, some of which are still
popular.
Marsick (mar-sik), Martin Pierre
Joseph, vlt. b. Jupille, Belgium,
Mar. 9, 1848. Studied at Liege
Cons, with Desire"-Heynberg, at
Brussels Cons, with Leonard, at
Paris Cons, with Massart, and at
Berlin with Joachim; d6but at Con-
certs populaires 1873; prof, of vln.
at Paris Cons. 1892-1900; long
artistic tours in Europe and in U. S.
1895-96; faultless but not emotion-
ally moving as performer.
Marston, George W., orgt., compr. b.
Sandwich, Mass., May 23, 1840; d.
there, Feb. 2, 1901. Studied with
J. E. Tufts in Portland, Me., and
on two trips to Europe; lived in
Portland as teacher of pf., organ and
harmony (H. A. Norris among
MARTEAU
MASCAGNI
pupils); composed church music,
songs (Could ye come back to me,
Douglas, Marguerite, etc.).
Marteau (mar-to), Henri, vlt. b.
Rheims, Mar. 31, 1874. Son of
musical parents; pupil of Bunzl,
then of Leonard; 1884 d6but in
Vienna; 1885 chosen by Gounod to
play at Joan of Arc centenary;
studied at Paris Cons, with Marsick,
winning 1st prize 1892; came to U. S.
1893, 1898, 1906, played in Russia
1897-99; prof, at Geneva Cons. 1900;
succeeded Joachim as head of violin
dept. in Berlin Hochschule 1908; one
of the great artists of his generation;
especially noteworthy for absence
of affectation combined with great
ability and wide range of expressive
power.
Martin, Sir George Clement, compr.,
writer, b. Lambourne, Berkshire,
Sept. 11, 1844. Pupil of J. Pearson
and Stainer; orgt. to Duke of Buc-
cleugh, master of choristers at St.
Paul's, London, 1874, deputy orgt.
1876, orgt. 1888; teacher of org. at
Royal Coll.; composed services, Te
Deum for orch., arranged also for
military band, Te Deum sung at
Queen's Jubilee on steps of St. Paul's;
knighted 1897.
Martini (mar-te'-ni), Giovanni Battista
[or Giambattista, known as Padre M.],
compr., theorist, b. Bologna, Apr.
24, 1706; d. there, Oct. 4, 1784. Pupil
of father, vlt., Predieri, and Riccieri;
maestro di cappella at church of San
Francisco; took orders 1729; aided
by Perti and Zanotti became author-
ity on music, mathematics and his-
tory; largest library of time; con-
sulted as teacher by great contem-
poraries, Gluck, Mozart, Gr6try,
etc.; compr. of church music, author
of history of ancient music, etc.
Martucci (mar-toot'-chi), Giuseppe, pst.,
compr. b. Capua, Jan. 6, 1856; d.
June 1, 1909. Studied with father,
trumpet player; after d6but as child
pst., studied at Naples Cons, under
Cesi, Serrao, and L. Rossi; profes-
sor there 1874, director of Societa del
quartette and other concerts; director
of Liceo, Bologna, 1886, and of Cons,
in Naples 1902; composed 2symph.,
pf. concerto, chamber music and pf.
pieces; distinguished as virtuoso.
Marty (mar-te'), Eugene Georges,
compr. b. Paris, May 16, 1860. At
Paris Cons, took Grand prix de
Rome 1882; director vocal ensemble
classes Cons. 1892-1904; chorus-
master Eden Th. 1892, Grand Op6ra
1893; condr. Ope>a Comique 1900;
since 1901 at Cons.; composed
symph. poem Merlin enchante, over-
tures, pantomimes, operas, songs, etc.
Marx, Adolf Bernhard, theorist, b.
Halle, May 15, 1795; d. Berlin, May
17, 1866. Gave up legal position for
music; pupil of Turk and Zelter;
with Schlesinger founded Berliner
Allgemeine Musik Zeitung (1824-30),
which helped cause of German mus.;
lecturer, prof, and mus. director at
Berlin Univ.; with Kullak and Stern
founded Stern Cons. 1850; retired
1856; wrote Die Lehre von der mus.
Komposition, Beethovens Leben und
Schaffen, Gluck und die' Oper, and
Erinnerungen.
Marzials (mar'-tsi-al), Theophile Jules
Henri, compr. b. Brussels, Dec. 21,
' 1850. Pupil of M. L. Lawson in
London, where he was made supt. of
mus. dept. at British Museum in
1870; good baritone singer; compr.
of several popular songs (Twicken-
ham Ferry, Three Sailor Boys, That
Sweet Story of Old, etc.).
Marzo (mart'-so), Eduardo, compr. b.
Naples, Nov. 29, 1852. Pupil of
Nacciarone, Miceli, and Pappalardo;
came to New York as pst. 1867; con-
ducted opera companies, accom-
panied Mario, Sarasate, and others;
orgt. in New York; teacher, singer,
composer chiefly of church music,
songs, compiler of vocal works.
Mascagni (mas-can'-yi) , Pietro, compr.
b. Leghorn, Dec. 7, 1863. Became
Eupil of Soffredini in secret, against
ither's wishes; befriended by uncle,
and later by Count Florestano; pupil
of Ponchielli and Saladino at Milan
Cons. ; conducted several small opera
companies, finally settling as teacher
and condr. of local society at Cerig-
nola; 1899 won prize offered by
Sonzogno, Milan publisher, for one-
act opera with his Cavatteria Rusti-
cana (perf. 1890); this brought him
at once universal renown; the dra-
matic force and intense emotionalism
of the music have been called cheap
MASCHERONI
MASSE
sensationalism by later cooler judg-
ment, but the work is still popular,
and has had influence in encouraging
one-act works and developing a
somewhat crude realism in music;
later operas have been less and less '
successful; they are L'Amico Fritz !
1891, I Rantzau 1892, Ratdiff 1894,
Zanetto and Silvano 1895, Iris 1898, j
Lemaschere 1901, Arnica 1905; direct- j
or of Cons, at Pesaro 1895-1903, when
delayed return from unsuccessful tour
in U. S. caused him to be replaced, j
Mascheroni (mas-ker-o'-ni), Angelo,
compr. b. Bergamo, about 1856; d. j
there, April, 1905. While studying j
law, took lessons of Boucheron; i
capellmeister 1883 at Pordenone, j
188571893 at Rome; chosen 1894 by
Verdi to conduct first perf . of Falstaff
at Milan and in other cities; com-
posed opera Lorenzo, 1901.
Mason, Lowell, teacher, b. Medfield,
Mass., Jan. 8, 1792; d. Orange, N. J.,
Aug. 11, 1872. Self-taught, directed
church choir at 16; clerk at Savannah
1812-27, teaching, conducting mean-
while, under influence of F. L. Abel,
with whom M. made collection of
psalm tunes published 1822 with-
out his name as Handel and Haydn
Society's Collection of Church Music;
came to Boston 1826, as director of
music at three prominent churches;
1827 pres. and condr. H. and H. Soc.;
1832 with Webb established Acad-
emy of Music (for popular classes
and concerts); 1838 taught in public
schools; also established teachers'
conventions in several places; re-
moved to New York 1851; influence
of his classes, collections, and manuals
was very wide and largely promoted
increase of good music taste. His son
Mason, William, pst., teacher, b. Bos-
ton, Mass., Jan. 24, 1829; d. New
York, July 14, 1908. Pupil of H.
Schmidt in Boston (where he played
in 1846), of Mpscheles, Hauptmann,
and Richter in Leipzig, of Drey-
schock in Prague, and of Liszt in
Weimar; after appearances abroad,
returned to U. S. 1854; made first
tour of pf. recitals alone; founded
chamber music concerts in N. Y.
with Theodore Thomas; honorary
Mus. Doc. Yale 1872; long and
successful career as teacher of
Sherwood, RiveVKing, Mathews and
many others; author of valuable pf.
methods, Pianoforte Technics and
Touch and Technic; his playing was
distinguished for remarkable accu-
racy and delicacy of touch; influen-
tial in introducing in America works
of Brahms and Schumann; Memories
of a Musical Life contains many anec-
dotes of his great contemporaries.
Mason, Daniel Gregory, writer.
iss., Nov.
b.
Brookline, Mass., Nov. 20, 1873.
Graduated Harvard 1895; studied
music in Boston, N. Y., and Paris;
composed pf. music; wrote ' From
Grieg to Brahms, Beethoven and his
Forerunners, The Romantic Com-
posers, The Orchestral Instruments
and How to use Them (1909); edited
Masters in Music 6 vols. 1903-06;
contributor to Outlook and Scribner's
as well as to musical periodicals.
Mason, Luther Whiting, teacher, b.
Turner, Me., Apr. 3, 1828; d. Buck-
field, Me., July 14, 1896. Self-
taught; supt. of public school music
in Louisville and Cincinnati; in-
vented " National System " of
graded instruction by charts and
books; 1865 reformed music in Bos-
ton primary schools; 1879-82 supt.
of school music in Japan, where such
music is now called " Mason-song."
Massart (mas-sar), Lambert Joseph,
vU. b. LiSge, July 17, 1811; d. Paris,
Feb. 13, 1892. Pupil of Delavau
who persuaded town of Liege to send
him to Paris; there refused admission
to Cons, as foreigner, became pupil
of R. Kreutzer; fine but shy per-
former; prof, at Paris Cons. 1843-
1890; among many famous pupils
were Wieniawski, Sarasate, Marsick,
Loeffler, etc. Wife, nee Louise Aglae
Masson (1827-1887), teacher of pf.
at Cons.
Masse (mas-sa), Felix Marie [called
Victor], compr. b. Lorient, Mar. 7,
1822; d. Paris, July 5, 1884. Studied
at Paris Cons, with Zimmermann and
HaleVy; Grand prix de Rome 1844;
after publishing successful Melodies
and Romances, composed operas, of
which Les noces de Jeannette 1853
was by far most successful; La reine
Tapare and Miss Fauvette and others
well received; 1860-1876 chorusmas-
ter at Ope>a; 1866-80 prof, of comp.
at Cons.; member of Institute 1872.
MASSENET
MAUREL
Massenet (mas-se'-na), Jules Emile
Frederic, compr. b. Montaud, near
St. Etienne, May 12, 1842. Studied
at Paris Cons, with Laurent, Reber,
Savard, and A. Thomas; 1st prize
pf. 1859, fugue and Prix de Rome
1863; prof, of comp. at Cons. 1878-
1896; 1878 member of Academy;
compr. of several orch. suites, pf.
concerto, oratorios (Eve, La terre
promise, etc.), incidental music to
several plays, and about 20 operas,
of which the most noted are Don
Cesar de Bazan, Le Cid, Herodiade,
Esclarmonde, Thais, Manon, La
Navarraise, Le Jongleur de Notre
Dame; introduced orch. accompani-
ment to connecting dialogue in
Manon; otherwise music, though
skilful, often charming, and always
popular, contains neither the force
nor individuality which promises
permanence.
Materna, Axnalie, dram. sop. b. St.
Georgen, Styria, July 10, 1847.
Daughter of schoolmaster; delbut
Graz about 1864; after marriage
with actor Karl Friedrich, appeared
in operetta in Vienna, finally at
Vienna Opera 1869; from then until
retirement 1897 sang all great Ger-
man roles, especially Brunnhilde;
first Kundry in Parsifal 1882; sang
in N. Y. 1882, at Wagner Festival
1884, and several seasons at Metro-
politan after 1885; possibly "greatest
of German women singers." [Lahee.]
Mathews, William Smythe Babcock,
writer, b. New London, N. H., May
8, 1837. After study at home, in
Lowell, and Boston, taught pf. at
Macon, Ga., and other Southern
towns; frequent contributor to
Dwight's Journal and to Chicago
papers after settling there 1867;
edited magazine Music, largely col-
ored by his personal opinions, but
none the less interesting; wrote Out-
lines of Musical Form, How to Under-
stand Music, Popular Hist, of Mus.,
The Masters and their Music, 100
Years of Music in America, Music,
Its Ideals and Methods, The Great in
Music; and several other instructive
works; 1910 removed from Chicago
to Denver, Col.
Mathias (ma-ti-a), Georges Amedee
Saint Clair, pst., compr. b. Paris, Oct.
14, 1826. Studied with Savard,
Bazin, and Halevy at Cons., and with
Kalkbrenner and Chopin; prof, at
Cons. 1862-87; composed symph.,
overtures, useful pf. eludes, etc.
Mathieu (ma-ti-e), Emile Louis Victor,
compr. b. Lille, Oct. 16, 1844.
Studied at Louyain, at Brussels
Cons, with Fe"tis, Dupont, twice
winning 2d Grand prix de Rome,
1867-73 prof, at Louvain Mus.
School, 1881-98 director; 1873-74
chef d'orch. at Th. du Chatelet,
Paris; since 1898 director of Ghent
Cons.; compr. of several operas, can-
tatas, 3 grand Poemes lyriques et
symphoniques for which he wrote the
text.
Mattel (mat-ta'-i), Tito, compr. b.
Campobasso, near Naples, May 24,
1841. Pf. pupil of Maggpni, Thai-
berg, etc.; prof, at Sta. Cecilia Accad.
in Rome at 11; after tours in Europe,
settled in London 1865; condr. at
Her Majesty's Theatre; composed
2 operas, ballet, and much brilliant
pf. music.
Mattheson (mat'-te-son), Johann,
writer, b. Hamburg, Sept. 28. 1681;
d. there, Apr. 17, 1764. Of extraor-
dinary versatility, student of law,
of languages, orgt., pst., singer, actor,
and ambassador; sang and conducted
at harpsichord at Hamburg opera;
benefactor of Handel until their
quarrel; 1715-28 director and cantor
at cathedral where he contributed
to development of church cantata;
retired because of deafness; several
compositions, none extant; impor-
tant for many writings, chiefly for
biographies of contemporary musi-
cians and Der vollkommene Kapell-
meister.
Maunder, John Henry, orgt., compr.
b. Chelsea, London, Feb. 21, 1858.
Studied at Royal Acad.; orgt. at
Sydenham and Forest Hill; accomp.
for Sims Reeves and others;
trained choir for Henry Irving's
Faust; composed operetta, cantatas,
(From Olivet to Calvary, etc.) several
anthems, services, etc.
Maurel (mo-rel), Victor, baritone, b.
Marseilles, June 17, 1848. Studied
at Paris Cons, with Vauthrot and
Duvernoy; d^but 1868 at Opera;
after seasons in Italy, Spain, Amer-
ica, St. Petersburg, etc. returned to
MAYBRICK
MEHUL
Opera 1879-1894 (1883-84 he man-
aged with Corti vain attempt to
revive Italian Opera in Paris); at
Ope"ra Comique 1894-1904, with
occasional appearances as actor;
published L' Art du chant and Dix
ans de carriers; greatest roles are
Don Juan, Rigoletto, and logo in
Verdi's Otello; distinguished for
excellence of dramatic impersonation
even after voice became worn;
teacher in New York 1909.
Maybrick, Michael, baritone [under
pseud. Stephen Adams], b. Liver-
pool, Jan. 31, 1844. Studied org.
with Best, pf. with Plaidy and
Moscheles, harm, with Richter at
Leipzig, and singing with Nava at
Milan; successful in English, Ameri-
can and Canadian concerts, especially
in own songs, of which several are
very popular ( Nancy Lee, Blue Alsa-
tian Mountains, etc.).
Mayer (ma-yar), Charles, pst. b.
Konigsberg, Mar. 21, 1799; d.
Dresden, July 2, 1862. Studied with
mother and in St. Petersburg with
Field, whose playing his closely
resembled; after tour to Paris with
father, clarinetist, 1814, became suc-
cessful teacher in St. P.; after tour
to Stockholm, Copenhagen, etc.,
settled in Dresden 1850; composed
about 900 pieces, chiefly for pf . ; Polka
bohemienne, once very popular, Ma-
zurka in F sharp maj. included by
Klindworth in 1st ed. of Chopin's
works.
Maylath (mi'-lat), Heinrich, pst. b.
Vienna, Dec. 4, 1827; d. New York,
Dec. 31, 1883. Studied with his
father; after Continental tours, lived
in Russia, and after 1867 in New
York; compr. of instructive pf. music
and excellent concert pieces.
Mayseder (mi'-za-der), Joseph, vlt.,
compr. b. Vienna, Oct. 26, 1789; d.
there, Nov. 21, 1863. Studied with
Suche and Wranitzky; ddbut 1800;
2d vln. in Schuppanzigh quartet;
member of court orch. 1816; solo vlt.
court opera 1820, imperial chamber
virtuoso 1835; though he was a fasci-
nating player in elevated style, he
never went on tours, seldom gave con-
certs, after 1837 never played in pub-
lic ; many distinguished pupils ; about
63 compositions, dignified in style.
Mazas (ma-zas), Jacques Fereol, vlt.
b. Beziers, Sept. 23, 1782; d. there,
1849. Studied at Paris Cons, with
Baillot, 1st prize 1805; member of
orch. at Italian opera; traveled in
Europe, returning to Paris 1829-37;
director of music school at Cambrai
1837-41; wrote effective compo-
sitions for vln., duets for stringed
instruments especially valued, meth-
ods for vln. and viola, and 3 operas.
Mead, Olive, vlt. b. Cambridge, Mass.,
Nov. 22, 1874. Studied vln. early,
with Eichberg and later with Kneisel;
played with considerable success at
many concerts, with Boston Symph.
Orch. 1898, 1899, 1900, 1904; leader
of Olive Mead Quartet.
Mees (mas), Arthur, condr. b. Co-
lumbus, O., Feb. 13, 1850. Studied
in Berlin with Kullak, Weitzmann,
and H. Dorn; condr. Cincinnati May
Festival chorus, and of societies in
N. Y., Albany, etc.; 1896 chorus
condr. to Thomas Orch.; writer of
program notes N. Y. Philharmonic
1887-96, and Chicago Orch. 1896-
97; condr. Worcester Festival 1908;
published Choir and Choral Music
(1901).
Mehlig (ma'-lig), Anna, pst. b. Stutt-
gart, June 11, 1843. Pupil of Lebert
and of Liszt; d6but about 1866; very
successful especially in England and
in America 1869-70; since marriage
to Falk of Antwerp has lived in
partial retirement.
Mehul (ma-til), Etienne Nicolas, compr.
b. Givet, Ardennes, June 22, 1763;
d. Paris, Oct. 18, 1817. Son of a
cook, learned to play org. from blind
orgt. and was made orgt. at convent
at 10; became novice at monastery
of Lavaldieu in order to take lessons
of Hauser, whose deputy he became
1777; pf. pupil of Edelmann in Paris
after 1778; inspired by performance
of Iphigenie en Tauride 1779, be-
came disciple of Gluck who per-
suaded him to turn to operatic
comp.; after first success at Th.
Italien with Euphrosyne et Coradin
in 1790, M. produced 24 operas in
17 years, of which Stratonice, Uthal,
and especially Joseph are note-
worthy; also composed several polit-
ical chants; inspector of Cons, and
member of Academy 1795; though
MEINARDUS
MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY
his symphonies were unimportant,
his operatic overtures (that to Le
jeune Henri, for example) are supe-
riortothoseof contemporaries; operas
as whole show ingenuity, skill, re-
finement, and individuality in orches-
tral combinations and force of dra-
matic feeling carefully expressed in
accordance with the theories of
Gluck; his inspiration was not always
equal to his ability.
Meinardus (mi-nar'-dus), Ludwig Sieg-
fried, compr., writer, b. Hooksiel,
Oldenburg, Sept. 17, 1827; d. Biele-
feld, July 10, 1896. On advice of
Schumann, turned from 'cello play-
ing to composition; studied at Leip-
zig Cons., privately with Riccius,
with Liszt and with Marx; condr. at
Glogau; pf. teacher Dresden Cons.
1865-74; lived in Hamburg until
1887, when he became orgt. at Biele-
feld; composed oratorios (Simon
Petrus, Luther in Worms, etc.),
choral ballads, etc., orch. and cham-
ber music; wrote autobiography,
books on Mattheson, Mozart, history
of German music.
Melba, Nellie [pseud, of Nellie Ann-
strong, nee Mitchell], dram. sop. b.
Melbourne, Australia, May 19, 1859.
Early instructed in music, but father
objected to professiqnal appearance;
after marriage in 1882 to Capt. Arm-
strong, studied with Mme. Marchesi
in Paris for one year; debut Brussels
1887 was followed by brilliant suc-
cesses in London, Paris, St. Peters-
burg, Italy, and America (where she
sang first in New York 1893), and
Australia 1902; her voice is remark-
ably even throughout its range of
1\ octaves, unusually flexible, and
brilliant and silvery in tone; her
repertoire includes the Italian roles,
many French ones (Juliette is one
of her favorites), Elsa being the only
Wagnerian one.
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (men'-del-spn
bar'-tol-dy), Jacob Ludwig Felix,
compr. b. Hamburg, Feb. 3, 1809;
d. Leipzig, Nov. 4, 1847. Grandson
of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn
and son of banker (who added Bar-
tholdy to name in memory of his
brother-in-law), removed to Berlin
1812, where Felix and sister Fanny
showed early talent for music;
taught by their mother and L.
Berger on pf., Henning vln., and
Zelter theory; Felix played at con-
cert 1818, entered Singakademie
1819; weekly Sunday gatherings at
father's house gave him remarkable
opportunities to hear his own com-
positions played by small orch.;
taught by Mme. Bigot on first visit
to Paris 1816; met many of great
contemporaries on second visit 1825;
1826 composed overture to Mid-
summernight's Dream; studied at
Berlin Univ.; 1824 had lessons from
Moscheles; 1829 produced Bach's
St. Matthew Passion at Berlin Singa-
kademie and thus revived interest
in Bach's works; 1829 made his first
trip to London, where he brought out
his first symphony; trip to Scotland,
where he received impressions ex-
pressed in Hebrides Overture, Scotch
symph., etc.; after long visit to Italy
and to Paris, again in London; on
return to Berlin failed to get position
as condr. of Singakademie; 1833-35
town musical director at Diisseldorf ,
conducting Lower Rhenish Festival
1833, Cologne 1835, and making 3d
trip to London; 1835 became condr.
at Gewandhaus Concerts in Leipzig,
position in which he attained very
great influence on musical life of all
Europe; 1837 married Ce"cile Char-
lotte Sophie Jeanrenaud, with whom
he lived a singularly happy life;
1843 with others founded Leipzig
Cons, and drew to it such teachers
as Hauptmann, David, and Schu-
mann; Fr. Wilhelm IV of Prussia
repeatedly tried to draw M. to Ber-
lin, where he lived for a while in 1841,
1842 as Royal Mus. director and in
1845, but he seems never to have
been as happy or as successful there
as in Leipzig; he made in all ten trips
to London, where he was most popu-
lar; his death followed shortly after
that of his sister Fanny and is said
to have been hastened by that shock.
M. was a conductor of rare power
and discernment, a performer of
surprising ability and expressiveness,
a generous critic and teacher, and
an individual of very great personal
charm, much of which appears in his
published letters. A versatile compr.,
he wrote oratorios St. Paul and
Elijah, overtures, music to Antigone,
First Walpurgis Night, Midsummer-
night's Dream, Athalia, (Edipus in
MENTER
METHFESSEL
Colonos, 4 symph., vln. and 2 pf.
concertos, chamber mus., of which
the pf. trios rank high, many pf.
pieces, notably Songs without Words
and many brilliant concert pieces;
songs, part-songs, psalms, etc., comic
opera Son and Stranger, and parts of
opera Lorelei.
Menter, Sophie, pst. b. Munich, July
29, 1848. Daughter of 'cellist
Joseph M. (1808-1856); studied at
Munich Cons, with Leonhard, Schon-
chen, later with Lebert, Niest, Von
Biilow, Tausig, and Liszt; after suc-
cessful tour, appeared at Gewandhaus
in Leipzig 1867; studied further with
Tausig and Liszt; married 'cellist
Popper 1872, divorced 1886; taught
at St. Petersburg 1880-87; after that
made her home in Tyrol, playing
occasionally in concerts.
Mercadante, Giuseppe Saverio Raffaelle,
compr. b. Altamura, Sept. 17, 1795;
d. Naples, Dec. 17, 1870. Studied
with Zingarelli at Naples; early in-
strumental works won praise from
Rossini; after success of L'Apoteosi
d'Ercole 1819, composed series of
operas for different Italian cities;
1833 maestro di cappella at Novara,
1839 at Lanliano; 1840 director of
Naples Cons.; 1862 became blind;
composed masses and cantatas,
hymn to Garibaldi, funeral symph.
to Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti; most
notable opera II Giuramento.
Merkel, Gustav Adolf, compr. b.
Oberoderwitz, Saxony, Nov. 12,
1827; d. Dresden, Oct. 30, 1885.
Studied with Schneider and Otto
and to some extent with Schumann
and Reissiger; orgt. at Dresden;
taught in Cons, there after 1861;
condr. of Singakademie 1867-73;
compositions almost all for org., of
great nobility, especially sonatas and
fugues.
Mersenne (mer-sen'), Marie, writer, b.
Oize, France, Sept. 8, 1588; d. Paris,
Sept. 1, 1648. Franciscan monk;
received full orders 1613; taught
philosophy at Nevers; studied mathe-
matics and music in company with
Descartes, etc., at Paris; wrote sev-
eral treatises of which most impor-
tant is Harmonic universelle, describ-
ing contemporary instruments and
theories, etc.
Merulo [properly Merlotti], Claudio,
[called da Correggio], orgt., teacher,
b. Correggio, April 8, 1533; d. Parma,
May 4, 1604. Studied with Menon
and Donati; orgt. at Brescia; 2d
orgt. 1557 and 1st orgt. 1556-86 at
St. Mark's, Venice; publisher there;
court orgt. to Duke of Parma; re-
nowned as player; compositions
(toccatas, etc.) of importance as
showing change to newer style which
culminated in Frescobaldi.
Merz, Karl, teacher, b. Bensheim, near
Frankfort, Sept. 10, 1836; d. Woos-
ter, O., Jan. 30, 1890. Studied with
father and Kunkel; came to U. S.
1854; taught in Lancaster, Pa.,
Oxford and Wooster, O.; 1873 editor
of Cleveland Musical World; col-
lected essays, Music and Culture,
show thoughtful analysis.
Messager (mes'-sa-zha), Andre Charles
Prosper, condr., compr. b. Montlu-
con, France, Dec. 30, 1853. After
studying at Niedermeyer school,
became pupil of Saint-Saens; orgt.
in several churches; condr. at Ope>a
Comique 1898; " artistic director "
at Covent Garden, London, 1901-07;
Paris Opera 1907; completed score
of Bernicat's Franfois les bos bleus
and has composed long series of
comic operas (La basoche, Les p'tites
Michu, Veronique most successful)
which, though lacking in originality,
are able and pleasing. His wife, nee
Dotie Davis, was pupil of Barnett
and Silas in London and of Messager
in Paris; under pseud. Hope Temple,
composed operetta The Wooden
Spoon and songs.
Metastasio (met-a-staz'-eo), Pietro
Antonio Domenico Bonaventura [real
name Trapassi], poet. b. Rome, Jan.
3, 1698; d. Vienna, Apr. 12, 1782.
Power of improvisation as child at-
tracted patronage of Gravina, who
educated him and changed his name;
court poet at Vienna after 1730;
librettos so much in demand that
some were set by 30 different comprs. ;
used by Gluck, Handel, Mozart (La
clemenza di Tito) and others; also
composed and sang.
Methfessel (met'-fessel), Albert Gottlieb,
compr. b. Stadtilm, Thuringia, Oct.
6, 1785; d. Heckenbeck, near Gan-
dersheim, Mar. 23, 1869. Chamber
M£TRA
MIKULI
musician at Rudolstadt; court cap-
ellmeister Brunswick 1832^2 when
he retired; composed an opera and
an oratorio; published in Liederbuch
and Liederkranz many songs for
male chorus which are still popu-
lar. Brother Friedrich M., compr.
(1771-1807); relative Ernst M., condr.
(1802-1878) must not be confused
with condr. of same name at Winter-
thur (1811-1886).
Metra (ma-tra), Jules Louis Olivier,
condr., compr. b. Rheims, June 2,
1830; d. Paris, Oct. 22, 1889. Son
of actor and actor himself; pupil of
Roche; vlt., 'cellist, double-bass
player in Parisian theatres; after
short time as pupil of Elwart and
A. Thomas at Paris Cons., conducted
orch. at several theatres and balls at
Ope"ra Com., Folies-Bergeres and
Ope"ra; composed operettas, ballets,
and very popular waltzes (Le tour
du monde, La bague, etc.).
Meyer (ml'-er), Leopold von [sometimes
de], pst. b. Baden, near Vienna,
Dec. 20, 1816; d. Dresden, Mar. 5,
1883. Pupil of Fischhof and Field;
debut 1835; long tours through
Europe and America; played chiefly
his own brilliant but empty com-
positions; of great ability but much
given to extravagant posing; famous
waltz Souvenir de Vienne.
Meyer-Helmund (mi'-er-hel'-munt),
Erik, compr. b. St. Petersburg, Apr.
25, 1861. Pupil of father, Kiel, and
Stockhausen; successful concert
singer; compr. of charming songs,
some to own words, of 3 operas, and
a ballet; lives in Berlin.
Meyer-Olbersleben (mi'-er-ol'-bers-la-
ben), Max, compr. b. Olbersleben,
near Weimar, Apr. 5, 1850. Pupil of
father, Miiller-Hartung, Liszt, Cor-
nelius, Rheinberger, and Wiillner;
taught at Weimar 1876, Wiirzburg
1877, where he conducted Liedertafel ;
director 1896 of Deutscher Sanger-
bund; dir. Cons. Wiirzburg; compr.
of 2 operas, but chiefly of choruses
and songs with pf. or orch. accomp.
Meyerbeer (ma'-yar-bar), Giacomo [real
name Jakob Liebmann Beer], com-
pr. b. Berlin, Sept. 5, 1791; d.
Paris, May 2, 1864. Of Jewish
descent; name changed to Meyer-
beer as condition of inheritance;
pupil on pf. of Lauska and Clementi,
in theory of Zelter, Bernh. Weber,
and 1810-12 of Abt Vogler at Darm-
stadt; in Vienna, after hearing Hum-
mel play, he spent several months
in retired practise, after which his
debut was successful; discouraged by
failure of early operas, went to Venice
to study, where he won earliest
successes by imitations of Rossini
(Emma di Resburgo, etc.); II cro-
ciato in Egitto is transitional; 1824-
31 he produced no opera; after long
study of French opera and assimila-
tion of contemporary spirit, pro-
duced Robert le Diable 1831 (great
success and great financial aid to
Opera) ; then followed Les Huguenots
1836 (probably the greatest), Le
prophete 1849, L'Etoile du Nord 1854,
Dinorah 1859, and L' Africaine 1865;
after 1842 he was music director in
Berlin, where he conducted his own
works, brought out Weber's Eury-
anthe and Wagner's Rienzi and Der
fliegende Hollander. M's operas are
extraordinarily skilful in orchestral
color and dramatic effectiveness
much of which is due to the brilliant
librettos of Scribe; his music is not
always of even (juality or interest;
his style adapts itself so remarkably
to each change of subject that there
is almost a total lack of the feeling
of individuality; one feels with
Meyerbeer, as with Scribe, a pref-
erence for dramatic effect, for
" juggling with contrasts " rather
than for artistic truth.
Middelschulte, Wilhelm, orgt., compr.
b. April 3, 1863, at Werwe, West-
phalia. Pupil at the Inst. for
Church Music in Berlin of Haupt,
Loeschhorn, Commer andSchroeder;
orgt. Berlin 1888, Chicago 1891;
since 1894 orgt. for Thomas Orches-
tra with important church positions;
compr. of valuable org. music, Canon
and Fugue in D min., concerto for
brg. and orch. on a theme of J. S.
Bach, Canon-Fantaisie on Bach
and Fugue on four Bach themes, and
Toccata on Einfeste Burg.
Mikuli (mi-kop'-li), Carl, pst., compr.
b. Czernowitz, Bohemia, Oct. 20,
1821; d. Lemberg, May 21, 1897.
Student of medicine at Vienna, of
music with Chopin and Reicha at
Paris; after successful tour in Russia,
MILANOLLO
MOIK
became director of Lemberg Cons.
1858; founded own music school
1888; edited Chopin's works with
emendations received directly from
C.; own pf. compositions imitate
C's style; published also French and
Polish folk-songs, etc.
Milanollo, Maria, vlt. b. Savigliano,
near Turin, July 19, 1832; d. Paris,
Oct. 21, 1848. From 1838 to her
death played in concerts with her
sister Domenica Maria Teresa, vlt.
b. Savigliano, Aug. 28, 1827; d.
Paris, Oct. 25, 1904. Teresa had
lessons from Caldera and Mora at
Turin, and some in the course of
various tours from De B£riot and,
under a pseudonym, from Habeneck;
both sisters had brilliant success in
concerts in France, Germany, Hol-
land, and England; T. retired after
marriage to Parmentier, 1857, to
Toulouse and 1878 to Paris.
Mililotti, Leopoldo, singing teacher, b.
Ravenna, Aug. 6, 1835. Studied
and taught in Rome; composed, with
brother Giuseppe (1833-83), 2 oper-
ettas.
Millard, Harrison, compr. b. Boston,
Mass., Nov. 27, 1830; d. Sept. 10,
1895. Member of church choir and
Handel and Haydn Soc. chorus; after
study in Italy, sang tenor on tour
through Great Britain with Cather-
ine Hayes; taught singing, composed
in N. Y. after 1856; composed opera
(never performed), mass, church
music, and over 350 songs.
Millocker (mil'-le'k-er), Karl, compr.
b. Vienna, May 29, 1842; d. Baden,
near Vienna, Dec. 29, 1899. Pupil
at Vienna Cons.; capellmeister at
Graz, at Harmonie Th., Vienna,
and, after 1869, at Th. an der Wien;
composed pf. pieces, published
monthly in Musikalische Presse, and
long series of lively, deservedly pop-
ular operettas, of which Der Bettel-
student attained widest notice.
Mills, Robert Watkin, baritone, b.
Painswick, Gloucestershire, Mar. 4,
1856. Studied at Royal Acad. with
Holland, at Milan with Blasco, and
in London again with Barnby, Ran-
degger, and Blume; d£but 1884;
favorite at oratorios, festivals, and
concerts; has sung in Australasia,
Canada, and U. S. since 1894.
Mills, Sebastian Bach, pst. b. Ciren-
cester, England, Mar. 13, 1838; d.
Wiesbaden, Dec. 21, 1898. Pupil of
father, Potter, and Sterndale Ben-
nett, of Moscheles, etc., at Leipzig
Cons, of Liszt; while orgt. at Ro-
man Catholic Cath. at Sheffield,
appeared as pst. in Leipzig; 1859
d6but in New York was so successful
that he made his home there; great
influence, by teaching and playing,
on musical interest in N. Y.; com-
posed graceful works for pf .
Missa, Edmond Jean Louis, compr. b.
Rheims, June 12, 1861. Studied at
Paris Cons, with Massenet; Prix de
Rome 1883; teacher and compr. in
Paris; composed since 1886 series of
operas performed in Brussels and
Paris, Juge et partie, Ninon de Len-
clos, Muguette, etc.
Mocquereau (mok-kd-ro), Dom Andre,
editor, b. La Tessouale, near Cholet,
France, June 6, 1849. Educated at
Paris; 'cello player under Dancla;
member of order of Benedictines at
Solesmes 1875; teacher of choral
singing there; under Dom Pothier
studied Gregorian music; 1889
founded Paleographie musicale, pub-
lication under his editorship of
facsimiles of old Mss., with trans-
cription into modern notation and
valuable essays, some of which have
been reprinted separately; 6 parts
have appeared.
Moffat, Alfred Edward, compr. b.
Edinburgh, Dec. 4, 1866. Studied
with Bussler in Berlin; lives in Eng-
land and Germany; composed sev-
eral cantatas, school songs; published
collections of folk-songs, English
and Scotch; arranged classical works.
Mohr (mor), Hermann, compr. b.
Nienstedt, Oct. 9, 1830; d. Phila-
delphia, May 26, 1896. Studied at
Eisleben; founded Luisenstadt Cons,
at Berlin; taught in Phila. at Zeck-
wer's Cons, after 1886; composed
cantatas, pf. pieces, and especially
choruses for men's voices.
Moir, Frank Lewis, compr. b. Market
Harborough, England, Apr. 22, 1852;
d. Deal, July 14, 1904. Studied
painting at S. Kensington; won
scholarship in Nat'l Training Sch. of
Music; composed opera, church
services, and many songs.
MOLIQUE
Molique (mo-lek), Wilhelm Bemhard,
vlt., compr. b. Nuremberg, Oct. 7,
1802; d. Kannstatt, May 10, 1869.
Pupil of father, of Spohr (for a few
lessons), of Rovelli at Munich; mem-
ber of th. orch. at Vienna, leader royal
orch. at Munich 1820, at Stuttgart
1826-49; after that in London until
retirement 1866; serious and re-
strained player, compr. chiefly for vln.
of some uninteresting works and of
really distinguished and valued con-
certos.
Mollenhauer (mol'-len-how'-er), Emil,
vlt., condr. b. Brooklyn, Aug. 4,
1855. Son of Friedrich, vlt.; at 9
appeared at Niblo's Garden, N. Y.;
member of orchestras at Booth's Th.,
Thomas's, Damrosch's, Bijou Th.
(Boston), Boston Symph. 1884-88;
condr. of Germania and Boston
Festival Orch. (which gave concerts
throughout U. S. with distinguished
soloists), of Apollo Club after 1901,
of Handel and Haydn Soc. after 1899.
Molloy, James Lyman, compr. b. Corno-
lore, Ireland, 1837; d. 1910. Member
of English bar; amateur musician;
compr. of songs (Love's Old Sweet
Song, etc.), editor of Irish melodies.
Mondonville (mon-don-vel'), Jean
Joseph Cassanea de, vlt., compr. b.
Narbonne, Dec. 25, 1711; d. Belle-
ville, near Paris, Oct. 8, 1772. Added
wife's name, de M., to his, Cassanea;
successful vlt. at Lille and at Con-
certs spirituels in Paris; 1744 in-
tendant of la chapelle du roi at Ver-
sailles; director of Concerts spirituels
1755-62; composed motets and operas
which were successful only because
they were supported by French party
in the Guerre des bouffons. .
Moniuszko, Stanislaus, compr. b. Ubil,
Russia, May 5, 1820; d. Warsaw,
June 4, 1872. Pupil of Freyer
in Warsaw and Rungenhagen in
Vienna; teacher and orgt. in Wilna;
capellmeister 1858 and later prof, at
Cons, in Warsaw; published many
songs, church and organ music, and
15 operas in national style of Poland.
Monk, Edwin George, orgt., compr. b
Frome, Somersetshire, Dec. 13, 1819;
d. Radley, near Oxford, Jan. 3, 1900.
Pupil of father, of H. and G. Field;
after org. appointments in England
and Ireland, studied with G. A.
MONTE
Macfarren; precentor and music-
master at Radley; Mus. Doc. Oxford
1856; orgt. at York Cathedral 1859-
83; published anthems, etc., and
edited several volumes of chants
pointed, for Anglican service.
Monk, William Henry, orgt. b. Lon-
don, Mar. 16, 1823; d. Stoke New-
ington, London, Mar. 18, 1889.
Pupil of Adams, Hamilton, and
Griesbach; orgt. in London; choir-
master, orgt. 1849, and teacher of
vocal music 1874 at King's Coll.,
London; prof, at School for Indigent
Blind 1851, in National Training
Coll. 1876; in Bedford Coll., London,
1878; mus. editor of Parish Choir
of Hymns Ancient and Modern,
Scottish Hymnal, etc.
Monsigny (mon-se-ni), Pierre Alex-
andre, compr. b. Fauquembergue,
near St. Omer, Oct. 17, 1729; d.
Paris, Jan. 14, 1817. Abandoned
early studies to become clerk and
maltre d'hotel to Duke of Orleans;
1754, inspired by performance of La
serva padrona, began lessons in har-
mony with Gianotti and in five
months produced successful Les
aveux indiscrets; operas (notably
Aline, Le deserteur, Felix) ended in
1777; government positions lost in
Revolution, but pensioned by Ope>a
Com.; inspector at Cons. 1795-1802;
member of Academy 1813; works
charmingly melodious, without re-
markable skill.
Montagnana (mon-tan-ya'-na), Dom-
enico, vln.-maker. b. about 1700; d.
Venice (?), 1740. Probably pupil of
Stradivari, with whom he worked
and whose vlns. his resemble in a
general way, without being copies;
especially remarkable varnish; also
made violas; all his instruments val-
uable.
Monte (mon'-te), Philippe de [or de
Mons], compr. b. Mons or Malines,
about 1521; d. Vienna (?), July 4,
1603. At Antwerp 1557 about at
end of Lassus' residence there; capell-
meister to Maximilian II and Rudolf
II at Vienna and Prague; treas. and
canon at Cambrai, but apparently
did not live there; published 30 books
of madrigals, 2 of masses, and 7 of
motets, a few of which have been
reprinted.
MONTEVERDE
MORLEY
Monteverde [or Monteverdi], Claudio
Giovanni Antonio, compr. b. Cre-
mona (baptized May 15), 1567; d.
Venice, Nov. 29, 1643. Viola player
in orch. of Duke Gonzaga at Mantua
and pupil in counterpoint of Ingeg-
neri, maestro to the duke; early
works, canzonets and madrigals,
show impatience of conventional
restraint and desire for new progres-
sions; 1603 became maestro to duke;
1607 produced first opera, Orfeo;
1613 maestro at St. Mark's, Venice;
after 1637, when first opera house
opened in Venice, M. composed
many successful operas; almost none
of his works are extant; remarkable
as compr. who, by novel progressions
in his madrigals, etc., established
modern music despite opposition of
adherents of older polyphonic school,
the principles of which, as illustrated
in older church music, suffered
unduly from his success; in dramatic
music his innovations were enlarg-
ing orc"h., inventing new combina-
tions, using tremolo of strings, mak-
ing freer and more dramatic recita-
tive.
Moody, Charles Henry, orgt. b. Stour-
bridge, Worcestershire, Mar. 22,
1874. Pupil of T. W. Morgan; orgt.
at Tenbury, Wells, Wigan, Coventry,
and since 1902 at Ripon Cath.; condr.
of choral soc. and festival choirs at
Wigan, Coventry, Ripon; lecturer
on mus. ; published Festival Magnifi-
cat, Mus. and Emotion, Evolution of
Ecclesiastical Mus., Choir Boy in the
Making and, under pseud. Coulthart
Brayton, songs.
Moody, Fanny, soprano, b. Redruth,
Nov. 23, 1866. Pupil of Mme.
Sainton- Dolby; de"but with Carl
Rosa Co. 1887; after 1894 sang in
Italian opera at Covent Garden and
Drury Lane; gave costume recitals;
successful in concerts in England
and provinces; married Southcote
Mansergh, bass, whose stage name
is Charles Manners; they have given
many concerts together, and opera
presentations in English.
Moore, Graham Ponsonby, pst., writer,
b. Ballarat, Australia, Apr. 14. 1859.
Pupil of Kullak at Berlin Cons, and
of Scharwenka and Moszkowski;
prof, at Royal Coll. Mus., London,
and examiner for R. A. M.; compr.
chiefly for pf. (Concertstucke, studies,
nocturnes, archaic dances, etc.).
Morales (mo-ra'-le'th), Cristofero [Cris-
tobal], compr. b. Seville, Jan. 2,
1512; d. Malaga, June 14, 1553.
Member of Papal Chapel 1535-40;
maestro di cappella, Toledo, 1544^15,
singer at Malaga Cath. 1551; prob-
ably returned to Seville 1552; com-
posed 16 masses, several motets and
magnificats, some of which are sung
annually in Papal Chapel.
Morgan, George Washbourne, orgt. b.
Gloucester, England, Apr. 9, 1823;
d. Tacoma, Wash., July, 1892.
Pupil of J. Amott; orgt. in several
churches in England, and after 1854
in New York; gave concerts on Bos-
ton Music Hall organ.
Morgan, John Paul, orgt. b. Oberlin,
O., Feb. 13, 1841; d. Oakland, Cal.,
Jan., 1879. For many years in New
York as orgt. and compr., chiefly of
org. and church music; translated
Richter's Manual of Harmony; his
wife made English versions of words
to many songs and cantatas.
Morhange, see Alkan.
Morlacchi (mor-lak'-ki), Francesco,
compr. b. Perugia, June 14, 1784;
d. Innsbruck, Oct. 28, 1841. Studied
with Mazzetti, Caruso, Zingarelli,
and Martini; after writing church
music, he turned to opera, 1803, with
such success that in 1810 he became
capellmeister of Italian opera at
Dresden; wrote more operas, masses,
and oratorios; one of those who are
said to have combined Italian and
German qualities.
Morley, Charles, see Behr, F.
Morley, Thomas, compr. b. London,
1557 or 1558; d. there, about 1602.
Pupil of W. Byrd; Mus. Bac. Oxford
1588; orgt. at St. Giles's and at St.
Paul's; gentleman of Chapel Royal
1592; license to print granted 1598;
composed canzonets or short "ayres"
for 3 or 4 voices, madrigals, harpsi-
chord pieces in Fitzwilham Virginal
Book, settings of some Shakespeare
songs, etc.; wrote first treatise on
music published in England, A plaine
and easie introduction, and a book of
Consort lessons; highly praised by
MORNINGTON
MOUSSORGSKY
contemporaries and valued now for
melodiousness and cheerfulness of
music.
Mornington, Garret Colley Wellesley,
Earl of, compr. b. Dangan, Ireland,
July 19, 1735; d. Kensington, Lon-
don, May 22, 1781. Practically self-
taught; founded Academy of Music,
Dublin, 1757; prof, of music at Dublin
Univ. 1764-74; created Earl of M.
1760; won Catch Club prizes 1776,
'77, and for glee Here in cool grot in
'79; Bishop edited collection of his
glees; father of great Duke of Well-
ington.
Morse, Charles Henry, orgt., teacher,
b. Bradford, Mass., Jan. 5, 1853.
Pupil at N. E. Cons, of J. C. D.
Parker, Emery, and G. E. Whiting,
at Bost. Univ. Coll. of Music under
Parker, Paine, etc., and privately
with Baermann and Perabo; teacher
at N. E. Cons. 1873-78; director at
Wellesley Coll. 1875-84; founder
and director 1885791 of North-
western Cons, at Minneapolis; then
orgt. and director at Plymouth
Church, Brooklyn; musical director
Dartmouth Coll. 1901; organized
and directed several societies, among
them Am. Guild Orgts.
Moscheles (mo'-shel-es), Ignaz, pst.,
teacher, b. Prague, May 30, 1794;
d. Leipzig, Mar. 10, 1870. Son of
Jewish merchant; pupil of D. Weber
at Prague Cons, (played own con-
certo in public at 14), of Albrechts-
berger and Salieri at Vienna; pre-
pared pf. score of Fidelia under
Beethoven's direction; as pst. ri-
valled Meyerbeer and Hummel; in
course of successful tours gave
lessons to Mendelssohn at Berlin;
1821-46 lived in London, teaching,
playing, conducting Philharmonic
Soc.; 1846 joined friend Mendels-
sohn as pf. teacher in Leipzig Cons.,
where he long continued to teach
many pupils who later became dis-
tinguished; playing was energetic,
brilliant, and rhythmical; though
his methods of tone production by
touch were those afterward devel-
oped by Liszt. M. disapproved of
music of Liszt, Chopin, and other
more modern writers; improvisa-
tion said to have been remarkable,
and compositions uneven in value,
though always well written; those
most likely to endure are concertos,
24 Etudes and Charakteristische
Studien; published letters and auto-
biog., Aus Moscheles Leben.
Mosenthal (mo'-sen-tal) , Joseph, vlt..
condr. b. Kassel, Nov. 30, 1834;
d. New York, Jan. 6, 1896. Pupil
of father and Spohr; member of
Spohr's orch.; came to U. S. 1853;
orgt. and choirmaster Calvary
Church, N. Y. 1860-87; condr. Men-
delssohn Glee Club after 1867; one
of 1st vlns. in Philharmonic Orch.;
2d vln. in Mason-Thomas quartet;
published hymns and songs.
Moszkowski (mos-kof'-ski), Moritz,
pst., compr. b. Breslau, Aug. 23,
1854. Son of Polish gentleman;
pupil at Dresden Cons, and those
of Stern and Kullak in Berlin;
taught at the latter; 1873 gave first
concert in Berlin; thereafter played
in Warsaw, Berlin, and Paris, where
he settled 1897; member Berlin
Acad. 1899; without deep originality,
composes refined and charming
music, From Foreign Parts, Op. 23,
and Spanish Dances for pf., 4 hands,
pf. concerto, symphony Jeanne d'
Arc, Phantastischer Zug for orch.,
and opera Boabdil.
Mottl, Felix, condr. b. Unter-St. Veit,
near Vienna, Aug. 24, 1856. As
boy soprano sang at Lowenburgische
Convict, preparatory school for im-
perial chapel; at Vienna Cons, under
Hellmesberger, Dessoff, Bruckner,
etc., gained highest honors; condr.
of Richard Wagner Verein in Vienna,
and at Bayreuth Festival 1876;
condr. at Carlsruhe Opera 1880-1903,
also of Philharmonic concerts there;
as traveling conductor in London
and in New York (for season 1903-04,
including first performances there
of Parsifal) won great renown ; condr.
Munich 1904-08; composed 3 operas,
song cycle, edited works of Berlioz,
Cornelius, and Liszt.
Moussorgsky (mo-sorg'-ski), Modest
Petrovitch, compr. b. Karev, prov.
Pskov, Russia, Mar. 28, 1839; d. St.
Petersburg, Mar. 28, 1881. Of musi-
cal parents, pupil of Herke [Gerke]
while at military school; entered
regiment at 17; acquaintance with
Balakirev and member of his school
led to experiments in composition;
MOUTON
MOZART
resigned from regiment at 22 and
thereafter had long struggle with
poverty and bad habits; lived in St.
Petersburg 1870-81; nat'l opera
Boris Godounov has held stage; other
operatic works and many songs give
evidence of sincere endeavor to ex-
press humanitarian views in realistic
music; much work posthumously
edited by Rimsky-Korsakov.
Mouton (mo-ton), Jean de [properly
Jean de Hollinque], compr. b. Hoi-
ling (?), near Metz, about 1475; d. St.
Quentin, Oct. 30, 1522. Pupil of
Josquin; singer in chapels of Louis
XII and Francis I; canon at Th6rou-
anne and St. Quentin; teacher of
Willaert; composed masses and
motets, highly valued by contempo-
raries.
Mozart (mot'-sart), Johann Georg
Leopold, compr. b. Augsburg, Nov.
14, 1719; d. Salzburg, May 28, 1787.
Choir boy at Augsburg and Salzburg;
gave lessons to support himself while
studying law; vlt. in Bishop's orch.
1743, court compr. 1762; composed
12 oratorios, symphonies, serenades,
etc.; married Anna Maria Pertlin;
two children who grew up were
daughter, Maria Anna called Nan-
nerl (1751-1829), and son.
Mozart, Johannes Chrysostom Wolf-
gang Amadeus, compr. b. Salzburg,
Jan. 27, 1756; d. Vienna, Dec. 5,
1791. The last of his Christian
names is his own substitution for
Theophilus and Gottlieb. Very
many details of his career as a won-
der child are known; when he was
six and his sister eleven, their father
exhibited them at Munich and
Vienna (where they played to Maria
Antoinette) and later at many Euro-
pean courts, reaching Paris 1763,
where they played before Mme. de
Pompadour and where M's first
compositions were printed; in London
played with J. C. Bach, and after
three years' absence, during which
both children were seriously ill, re-
turned to Salzburg, 1766. Going to
Vienna, after an attack of smallpox
at Olmiitz, M. played before Em-
peror Joseph II, wrote first operas,
La finta semplice, and Bastien und
Bastienne; conducted, for the first
time, his solemn mass; 1769-71, on
journey to Italy, where M. received
many honors, and composed some
operas, for the production of which
he visited Milan in 1771 and 1772;
as concertmaster to Bishop of Salz-
burg, M. wrote several operas, con-
certos, etc., without adequate return;
resigned to go on fruitless journey
to Paris with his mother, who died
there, 1778; resumed position at
Salzburg and became court orgt.,
but finally went to Vienna, where,
1789, he became imperial compr.;
married Constance Weber 1781;
composed Le nozze di Figaro, 1785,
which was almost a failure because
of the intentionally poor singing of
the Italian company; both Figaro
and Don Giovanni, 1787, were suc-
cessful at Prague; on journey to
Germany, 1789, played org. at
Thomaskirche, Leipzig, and at Pots-
dam before Fr. Wilhelm II, whose
offer of position of capellmeister
M. refused from motives of patriot-
ism. Composed Cosi fan tutte 1790
and Die Zauberflote 1791 for Vienna,
La clemenza di Tito for Prague 1791;
his last work is said to be the Re-
quiem, of which authorship is con-
tested; he died of malignant fever
and was buried cheaply in the com-
mon lot, his few friends having
failed to accompany his body to the
grave because of storm. In Jahn's
authoritative biography many details
of his personality are given, his
gaiety, his fondness for dancing and
billiards, his habits of working at
night, his generosity, and his im-
providence. As a compr. he was
extraordinarily fluent; he often
thought his works out beforehand,
but often seemed to pour them out
spontaneously; once written, they
were seldom altered. His chief
works are his operas, of which he com-
posed 20; he also wrote for voices
15 masses (some others have been
attributed to him) , Kyries, Misereres,
songs, etc.; for orchestra he composed
41 symphonies, divertimenti, sere-
nades, marches, concertos for vln.,
clarinet, etc., 10 quintets, 60 quar-
tets, 25 pf. concertos, 42 pf. sonatas,
and many smaller pieces. Songs are
very few, Das Veilchen the one most
frequently found on programs; pf.
and chamber music of style which is
charming in its very melodious sim-
plicity; his symphonies mark great
MUCK
advance in instrumental writing; his
first improvement was substitution
of more dignified and refined min-
uets; later he developed resources of
the orchestra so that the whole effect
is much richer than in Haydn's
symphonies, although M. never
attained the depth and nobility of
Beethoven. His operas were at first
in the simple Italian style, then after
attempting to imitate the French
opera as reformed by Gluck, in
Figaro and Don Giovanni he attained
a style of his own never equalled for
mixture of dignity, grace, exquisitely
comic feeling, and beauty; he com-
bines Italian vivacity with German
poetic truthfulness within his own
personality.
Muck (mook), Karl, condr. b. Wiirz-
burg, Oct. 22, 1859. Early lessons
from father, chancellor and amateur
mus.; studied philosophy at Heidel-
berg and Leipzig, music at Leipzig
Cons, under Richter and Reinecke;
condr. at Zurich 1880-81, Salzburg
1881-82, Briinn 1882-84, Graz 1884-
86, Prague 1886 -92, and, since 1892;
court capellmeister at Berlin Royal
opera; conductor of Boston Symph.
Orch. 1906-08, and at Bayreuth
1901, 1902, '04, '06.
Muffat, Georg, compr. b. Schlettstadt,
about 1645; d. Passau, Feb. 23, 1704.
Sudied Lully's style in Paris; orgt.
Salzburg Cath., then to Bishop of S.,
then capellmeister to Bishop of Pas-
sau; published instrumental sonatas,
concertos, some 50 dance pieces for 4
and 8 vlns . , etc . , together with instruc-
tions in playing string instruments.
Muller, Carl Christian, compr., teacher.
b. Meiningen, Germany, July 3,
1831. Parents cultivated musical
amateurs; showed decided musical
bent at an early age and was given
instruction in piano playing and
harmony by members of the ducal
orchestra. In 1854 he came to New
York and connected himself with a
firm of piano makers, later joining
the theatre orchestra of Barnum's
Museum, of which he became leader.
In 1864 he turned his attention to
teaching, making a specialty of the
Eiano and harmony; member of the
iculty of the New York College of
Music; some of his pupils have risen
MUSIOL
high in professional circles. Com-
positions include nearly all forms:
two overtures, an Idyl, a Suite in
G minor, a symphony in D minor, a
Scena for tenor and orchestra, and
other pieces for orchestra; in cham-
ber music, a sonata for violin and
piano and three string quartets;
pieces for piano solo and with other
instruments, three sonatas, preludes
and postludes for the organ, songs,
quartets and anthems; some of the
large works have been performed by
the Manuscript Society and by
Theodore Thomas. He translated
Sechter's treatise The Correct Order
of Fundamental Harmonies, a valu-
able work of reference in musical
theory. Lives in New York City
(1910).
Muris (mii-ris'), Johannes de, theorist.
Disciple of Franco; trained at Ox-
ford; author of treatise Speculum
musicce in 7 books, on theory and
practise of music; large claims have
been made for him, but influence
appears to have been rather con-
servative than innovating.
Murska, lima di, dram, soprano, b.
Croatia, 1836; d. Munich, Jan. 16,
1889. Pupil of the Marchesis in
Vienna; dibut Florence 1862; had
great success in almost all capitals;
America 1873-76; voice was brilliant,
with range of nearly 3 octaves;
taught in N. Y. for short time, but
retired to Munich some years before
her death.
Musin (mu-zan), Ovide, vlt. b. Man-
drin, near Lie>e, Sept. 22, 1854.
Studied at Li6ge Cons, with Heyn-
berg and Leonard, and with latter at
Paris Cons., where he also taught a
year; successful tours around the
world; taught at Li6ge Cons, after
1897, prof, after 1898; teaching in
N. Y. 1908-10.
Musiol, Robert Paul Johann, compr.,
writer, b. Breslau, Jan. 14, 1846;
d. Fraustadt, Oct. 18, 1903. Studied
at Seminary of Liebenthal, Silesia;
teacher and cantor at Rohrsdorf,
near Fraustadt, 1873-1891; author
of Catechismus der Musikgeschichte,
editor of several music lexicons,
biographies of Fritze, Korner, and
Hugo Briickler; contributed to peri-
odicals, etc.
NACHBAUR
NAUMANH
N
Nachbaur (nak'-bour), Franz, tenor, b.
Schloss Giessen, near Friedrichshafen,
Mar. 25, 1835; d. Munich, Mar. 21,
1902. Pupil of Pischek while at Stutt-
gart Polytechnic ; chorister at Basle ;
sang at LuneVille, and, after study
with Orth and Lamperti, at Mann-
heim, Hanover, Prague, Darmstadt,
Vienna, finally at Munich 1866-90;
created part of Walther in Die Meis-
tersinger; great repute in Germany.
Nachez (na-shez'), Tivadar, vlt. b.
Pesth, May 1, 1859. Studied with
Sabatil, Joachim at Berlin, and
Leonard at Paris; from headquar-
ters in Paris made successful Conti-
nental tours; settled in London
1889, where he is popular as concert
player; composed concertos, Hun-
garian rhapsodies and dances, etc.
Nadaud (na-do), Gustave, compr. b.
Roubaix, France, Feb. 20, 1820; d.
Paris, Apr. 28, 1893. Distinguished
compr. of chansons, of which he
published some 15 volumes, usually
to his own words; also wrote 3 op-
erettas (Ledocteur Vieuxtemps, etc.).
Nageli (na'-gg-li), [Johann ?] Hans
Georg, compr., publisher, b. Wetzi-
kon, near Zurich, May 16, 1773;
d. there, Dec. 26, 1836. Publisher
at Wetzikon of editions of Handel and
Bach, and new works by dementi,
Cramer, and Beethoven, into whose
sonata, Op. 31, No. 1, he interpolated
four measures; founder and president
of association for cultivation of music ;
held popular singing classes, com-
posed songs (Lied vom Rhein, Life let
us cherish), choruses, etc.
Nanini (na-ne'-ni), Giovanni Maria,
compr. b. Vallerano, about 1540;
d. Rome, Mar. 11, 1607. Pupil of
Goudimel; maestro at Vallerano, and
1571-75 at Sta. Maria Maggiore at
Rome; founded music school where
Palestrina and nephew, Bernardino,
taught; member of choir 1577 and
maestro 1604 at Sistine Chapel,
where a Christmas motet of his is
annually sung; composed madrigals
and psalms distinguished even for
that great period.
Napravnik (na-prav'-nek), Eduard
Franzevich, compr., condr. b. Bejst,
Bohemia, Aug. 24, 1839. Son of
teacher, early orphaned; studied at
Prague org. school and with Kittl,
and at school for psts., where he later
taught; 1861 condr. of Prince Yusu-
pov's private orch. at St. Petersburg;
1863 orgt. at opera, 1867 2d con-
ductor, and 1869 conductor; 1869-
81 conducted concerts of Mus. Soc.;
carried further Liadov's reforms,
including native works in opera
repertoire, etc.; compr. of several
operas, overtures, Russian and Bo-
hemian songs, etc.
Nardini (nar-de'-ni) , Pietro, vlt. b.
Fibiana, 1722; d. Florence, May 7,
1793. Studied at Leghorn and with
Tartini at Padua; soloist in Stutt-
gart court orch. 1753-67; lived with
Tartini at Leghorn 1767-70; direc-
tor of mus. for Duke of Tuscany;
L. Mozart praised sentiment and
taste of his playing; composed con-
certos, sonatas, solos, duets, quar-
tets, and trios, 6 of each, of some
interest but old-fashioned.
Nares, James, orgt., compr. b. Stan-
well, Eng., April [baptized Apr. 19],
1715; d. London, Feb. 10, 1783.
Chorister in Chapel Royal under
Gates, Croft, and Pepusch; deputy
orgt. Windsor; orgt. of York Cath.
1734 and of Chapel Royal 1756,
where he became master of children
1757; took prize for catch, published
harpsichord lessons, catches, and
(most important) 20 anthems.
Naumann (nou'-man), Emil, writer, b.
Berlin, Sept. 8, 1827; d. Dresden,
June 23, 1888. Studied with Schny-
der von Wartensee, with Mendels-
sohn, at Leipzig Cons., and at Bonn
Univ.; mus. dir. at court church in
Berlin 1856; Ph.D. Univ. Berlin;
lecturer on hist, at Dresden Cons.
1873; wrote on opera (against
Wagner), on special periods of his-
tory, and Die Tonkunst in der Kul-
turgeschichte (greatest work, trans-
lated as History of Mus.; admirably
clear and readable, though not
always trustworthy in dates, etc.).
NAVA
NEUENDORFF
Nava (na'-va), Gaetano, singing teacher.
b. Milan, May 16, 1802; d. there,
Mar. 31, 1875. Son of guitar player
and compr.; after college education,
pupil of Federici at Milan Cons.,
where he taught harmony and sing-
ing after 1837; Santley among
pupils; believed in development as
opposed to forcing; wrote method,
several books of vocalises, and
church music.
Navratil (nav'-ra'-til), Karl, compr. b.
Prague, April 24, 1867. Pupil of
Ondricek and Adler; composed in
larger forms, operas, symphony, 5
symph. poems, concertos for pf. and
vln.
Nedbal, Oskar, viola player, b. Tabor,
Bohemia, Mar. 26, 1874. Pupil of
Dvofdk and Bennewitz at Prague
Cons.; member of Bohemian Quar-
tet (with K. Hoffmann, Suk, and
Wihan) 1891-1906; condr. Bohemian
concerts in Vienna and London, of
Prague Philharm. Soc. until 1906;
composed for own instrument.
Neefe (na-fg), Christian Gottlob, orgt.,
compr. b. Chemnitz, Feb. 5, 1748;
d. Dessau, Jan. 26, 1798. Studied
law at Univ. of Leipzig, but influ-
enced by J. A. Hiller composed
operettas, and 1777 became condr. of
traveling co.; orgt. at Bonn after
1782, where he was Beethoven's
teacher; accomp. and manager at
Bonn 1788-94; then condr. at
Dessau; last years in great poverty;
wrote and arranged several operas,
composed church mus., etc.
Neidlinger (md'-ling-er), William Har-
old, compr. b. Brooklyn, July 20,
1863. Pupil of Dudley Buck and
C. C. Miiller; after some years
abroad (he taught singing in Paris),
settled in Chicago; later in New
York; compr. of 2 operas, and many
admirable songs.
Neitzel (nit'-zel), Otto, pst., writer, b.
Falkenburg, Pomerania, July 6,
1852. Studied at Kullak's Acad.
and at Berlin Univ.; concert tour
with Lucca and Sarasate; condr. at
Strassburg 1878-81 ; taught at Strass-
burg Cons., Moscow Cons. 1885, at
Cologne since 1887; lectured in U.S.
1906; critic for Kolnische Zeitung,
author of Fuhrer durch die Oper,
compr. of several operas.
Neri (na'-ri), Filippo, compr. b.
Florence, Julv 21, 1515; d. Rome,
May 26, 1595. Holy orders 1551;
for his lectures in oratory of San
Girolamo and later at Sta. Maria,
Animuccia and Palestrina com-
posed Laudi spirituali from which
developed the " oratorio "; N. organ-
ized seminary 1575; canonized 1622.
Neruda [or Norman Neruda], Wilma,
see Halle, Lady.
Nessler, Victor E., compr. b. Balden-
heim, Alsace, Jan. 28, 1841; d.
Strassburg, May 28, 1890. While
student of theology, studied mus.
with Stern and produced successful
opera (Fleurette 1864) .and turned
to music; after further study in
Leipzig, was chorusmaster and condr.
at several theatres there; composed
12 operas, of which Der Rattenfdnger
von Hameln and Der Trompeter von
Sdkkingen have been extremely pop-
ular, especially in Germany; though
he had certain gift of popular melody,
never attained any original heights.
Nesvadba (nes-vad'-ba), Joseph, condr.,
compr. b. Vyskef, Bohemia, Jan. 19,
1824; d. Darmstadt, May 20, 1876.
Student of philosophy at Prague,
where he produced opera Blaubart;
condr. at Carlsbad, Olmiitz, Graz,
Prague, Italian opera at Berlin, Ham-
burg; after 1864 court capellmeister
at Darmstadt; compr. of Bohemian
songs and dances.
Negvera (nesh-va'-ra) , Joseph, compr.,
choirmaster, b. Proskoles, Bohemia,
Oct. 24, 1842. Choir director at
Prague, Koniggratz, and Olmiitz
Cath.; compr. of 3 operas, sym-
phony, septet, much vln. and pf.
music, and distinguished church mus.
Neuendorf! (noi-en-dorf), Adolf, condr.
b. Hamburg, June 13, 1843; d.
New York, Dec. 4, 1897. Came to
U. S. 1855; pupil of Matzka, Wein-
lich, and Schilling; d6but as pst.
1859; vlt. in N. Y. theatre and in
Brazil; condr. in Milwaukee and
N. Y., in Acad. of Mus., of Phil-
harmonic Soc., and (after period of
concert direction in Boston, of con-
ducting Juch Opera Co. and of
living in Vienna) of Metropolitan
Orch.; composed operas, songs, etc.;
of importance because of early
introduction of Wagner's music in
NEUKOMM
NICHOLL
U. S. and Mexico; first performance
of Lohengrin and Walkiire during
his term as condr. at Stadt Theatre,
N. Y., 1867-71; gave Wagner
Festivals with Th. Thomas.
Neukomm (noi-kom), Sigismund, Ritter
von, compr. b. Salzburg, July 10,
1778; d. Paris, Apr. 3, 1858. Pupil
of Weissauer, M. Haydn, and J.
Haydn, who took great interest
in him; condr. German opera at St.
Petersburg 1807; later in Paris,
friend of Cherubini, pst. to Talley-
rand; ennobled for Requiem on
Louis XVI; court director to Dom
Pedro of Brazil 1816-21; traveled
with Talleyrand; lived alternately
in Paris and London where he was
extremely popular until eclipsed by
Mendelssohn in 1837; composed
about 1000 works, oratorios, masses,
operas, org. and pf. pieces, all now
forgotten.
Neumann (noi-man), Angelo, tenor.
b. Vienna, Aug. 18, 1838; d. Prague,
Dec. 19, 1910. D6but 1859; sang at
Cracow, Pressburg, and Vienna,
1862-76; managed traveling Wag-
ner opera company, and operas in
Leipzig, Bremen, and Prague; set-
tled in Bremen; since 1885 in
Prague as director of Landestheatre;
author of Reminiscences.
Neupert (noi'-pert), Edmund, pst.,
compr. b. Christiania, Apr. 1, 1842;
d. New York, June 22, 1888. Pupil
at Kullak's Acad.; teacher there,
at Stern Cons., at Copenhagen Cons.
1868, at Moscow Cons. 1881; after
1883 in N. Y., where he was known
as excellent teacher, and concert
performer; wrote useful Technical
Studies, Studies in Style, etc.
Nevada [pseud, for Wixom], Emma,
dram. sop. b. Alpha, near Nevada
City, Cal., 1862. Pupil of Mme.
Marched; d6but London 1880;
sang in prominent Italian cities,
Paris 1883, alternate nights with
Patti 1885, etc.; married Dr. Palmer
1885; voice light, of moderate power,
especially effective in staccato and
chromatic passages.
Nevin, Arthur Finley, compr. b. Apr.
27, 1871, at Edge worth, Pa. Father.
Robert P., was prominent locally as
a musician and composer of political
songs, and later as editor and pub-
lisher of the Pittsburg Times and
Sunday Leader; educated in the
New England Conservatory of Music
and in Berlin, where he studied
composition with O. B. Boise; early
works were the comic operas The
Economites, referring to the social-
istic community near Pittsburg,
and The Candy Man, produced by
amateurs; in 1906 he completed his
grand opera Poia, based on a legend
of the Blackfeet Indians, among
whom Nevin lived for two years
gathering material; this opera was
first given in Pittsburg, Jan. 16,
1907; produced in Berlin, April 15,
1910; other compositions are Auf
Wiedersehen, Lorna Doone suite,
From Edgeworth Hills.
Nevin, Ethelbert Woodbridge, pst.,
compr. b. Edgeworth, Pa., Nov. 25,
1862; d. New Haven, Conn., Feb.
17, 1901. After study in Dresden,
pupil of Lang and Emery in Boston ,
and of Von Billow, especially of
Klind worth, and Bial at Berlin;
taught in Boston; abroad again
1892 in Paris, Berlin, and Italy,
teaching and composing; had great
talent for composition in smaller
forms for pf. and charming songs;
Narcissus probably his best known
piece.
Nevin, George Balch, compr. b. Ship-
pensburg, Pa., March 15, 1859.
Educated at State Normal School,
and at Lafayette College, Easton,
Pa.; pupil in music of Julia E.
Crane and Louis Arthur Russell;
filled several good choir positions
as baritone soloist; compositions in
all vocal forms; has been especially
successful in church music; some
of his well-known pieces are Bells of
Shandon, Song of the Armorer, the
Christmas cantata The Adoration,
and the Easter cantata The Cruci-
fied; Nevin is not a professional
musician, and lives at Easton, Pa.
Niccolini, see Nicolini.
Nicholl, Horace Wadham, compr. b.
Tipton, near Birmingham, Mar. 17,
1848. Pupil of father and orgt.
S. Prince; orgt. at Dudley, at
Stoke-on-Trent, at Pittsburg, U. S.,
after 1870, and at N. Y. 1879;
taught in Pittsburg and 1888-95
NICHOLS
NIEMANN
at Miss Porter's School, Farmington,
Conn., with Boekelmann; editor org.
dept. Freund's Music Trades Review,
contributor to Courier and other
periodicals; composed symphonies,
symph. poems, cycle of 4 oratorios,
widely-known org. pieces, etc.
Nichols, Marie, vlt. b. Chicago, Oct. 16,
1879. Pupil of E. Mollenhauer in
Boston, of Halir in Berlin, and
Debroux in Paris; ddbut Boston
1899; played with Bost. Festival
Orch. 1899-1901, with Berlin Phil-
harmonic 1903, concerts in London
and Paris 1903, and with Boston
Symph; Orch. 1905; made long
concert tours of U. S.
Nicode (ni-ko'-da), Jean Louis, pst.,
compr. b. Jerczik, near Posen,
Aug. 12, 1853. Pupil of father,
Hartkas (orgt.), and of Kullak,
Wiierst, and Kiel at Kullak's Acad.;
taught in Berlin and established
Nicode" concerts; after concert tour
through Galicia and Roumania with
Mme. Artot, prof, at Dresden Cons.
1878-85; director Philharmonic
Concerts 1885-88; dir. Dresden
Neustadt Chorgesangverein after
1893; both as pst. and condr. he
is keen and appeciative interpreter;
compositions strong and sound,
mostly in larger forms, symph.
poems, Das Meer symph., 1888, for
chorus and orch., full of daring
imagination, and Gloria, 1906, for
large orch., chorus of men and boys,
in 6 long movements.
Nicolai (ni'-ko-li), Otto, compr. b.
Konigsberg, June 9, 1810; d. Berlin,
May 11, 1849. Pupil of father in pf.
playing, and, after he had run away
at 16, of Zelter and Klein in Berlin,
under protection of Justizrath Adler;
while orgt. to Prussian embassy at
Rome, 1833, studied Italian mus.
under Baini; capellmeister at Vien-
na Th. 1837-38, when he returned
to Rome; court capellm. Vienna
1841-47; founder of Philharmonic
Soc.; capellm. Berlin opera and Dom-
chor 1847; composed 5 operas which
had great popularity in Italy, where
N. was taken for native, two of which
were revised for German stage (Der
Templer and Die Heimkehr des
Verbannten); work on which fame
rests is fresh, humorous Die lustigen
Weiber von Windsor (The Merry
Wives of Windsor), brilliantly pro-
duced May, 1849, which has had
great success.
Nicolini (nik-o-le'-ni) , [or Niccolini],
Giuseppe, compr. b. Piacenza, Jan.
29, 1762; d. there, Dec. 18, 1842.
Studied at Naples with Insanguine;
after 1793 brought out about 48
operas; maestro at Piacenza Cath.
1819; and thereafter chiefly devoted
to church music; comp. 40 masses,
about 100 psalms, etc.
Niecks, Frederick [orig. Friedrich],
writer, b. Diisseldorf, Mar. 3, 1845.
Vln. pupil of Langhans, Griinewald,
and Auer; d6but at 12; from 13-21
member of concert orch. and student
in private and at Leipzig Univ.;
1868 orgt. and viola player in quar-
tet in Dumfries, Scotland; contrib-
utor to Monthly Mus. Record after
1875; became prof. mus. at Edin-
burgh Univ. 1891; distinguished lect-
urer and writer; author of Diet, of
Mus. Terms, Chopin as Man and
Musician, Programme Music in the
Last Four Centuries.
Niedermeyer (ne'-der-mi-er), Louis,
compr., teacher, b. Nyon, Switzer-
land, Apr. 27, 1802; d. Paris, Mar.
13, 1861. Pupil of Moscheles,
Forster, Fioravanti, and Zingarelli;
intimate with Rossini; taught and
composed songs in Geneva; in Paris
after 1823, except for two years in
Brussels; produced 4 operas all
unsuccessful (Adieu d la France
from Maria Stuart is familiar); re-
organized Choron's institute for
church music, now under gov't
subvention as Ecole N.; founded
with Ortigue journal La maUrise
and published Methode d'accomp. du
plain chant, harshly criticized; com-
posed church music of some value.
Niemann (ne'-man), Albert, dram,
tenor, b. Erxleben, near Magde-
burg, Jan. 15, 1831. Singing at
Dessau in small parts, when dis-
covered and taught by F. Schneider
and Nusch, a baritone; after sing-
ing at Hanover, and further study
with Duprez in Paris, sang at Halle.
Stuttgart, Hanover, and other towns,
finally at Berlin 1866-89 when he
retired; of heroic build and voice,
selected by Wagner for Tannha'user,
NIKISCH
NOSKOWSKI
Paris, 1861, and for Siegmund in
Trilogy, Bayreuth, 1876, and sang
all Wagner parts in U. S. 1886-88.
Nikisch (nik'-ish), Arthur, condr. h.
Szent Miklos, Hungary, Oct. 12,
1855. Father bookkeeper to Prince
Lichtenstein; very precocious musi-
cal ability; appeared as pst. at 8;
pupil at Vienna Cons, of Dessoff,
Schenner, and Hellmesberger; prizes
for vln. playing and sextet; 1874 vlt.
irr court orch., 1878 2d condr. under
A. Neumann at Leipzig Th. and 1882
first condr., attaining great distinc-
tion; 1889-93 condr. Boston Symph.
Orch. ; director and condr. Budapest
opera 1893-95; condr. Leipzig Ge-
wandhaus 1895; later, visiting condr.
Berlin Philh., Hamburg Philh., and
in St. Petersburg; he gained much
admiration in Paris and London 1897
and following years as virtuoso
condr. ; one of first to conduct habit-
ually without score.
Nilsson, Christine, dram, soprano, b.
Sjoabel, near Wexio, Sweden, Aug.
20, 1843. Pupil of Baroness Leu-
hausen, F. Berwald, and Wartel in
Paris; d6but Th. Lyrique 1864 and
sang there till 1866, at Paris Ope"ra
1868-70; in America 1870-72, 1873-
74; has been very popular on Conti-
nent and in London, where she gave
farewell concert 1888; voice was not
powerful but skilfully managed and
her acting (especially of Marguerite
in Faust) was restrained and effec-
tive; living in Paris (1910).
Nohl (nol), Carl Friedrich Ludwig. b.
Iserlohn, Dec. 5, 1831; d. Heidel-
berg, Dec. 15, 1885. Entered pro-
fession of law after study at Bonn,
Heidelberg, and Berlin; 1858 turned
to music; pupil of Dehn and Kiel;
prof, at Munich 1865-68, lecturer
and prof at Heidelberg after 1872;
edited and wrote many valuable
works on Beethoven (life, letters,
contemporary judgments, etc.) and
on Mozart, etc.; almost all trans-
lated.
Nordica, Lillian, dram. sop. [real name
Lillian Norton] . b . Farmington , Me . ,
May 12, 1859. Pupil of John O'Neill,
and at N. E. Cons.; concert d6but
Boston 1876; traveled in Europe
as soloist with Gilmore's Band 1878;
pupil of Sangiovanni in Milan;
operatic de"but Brescia 1879; sang
in Berlin, St. Petersburg and other
cities; Paris Ope*ra 1881; after
marriage to F. A. Gower and his
disappearance in balloon, did not
sing until 1887, in London, where
she appeared regularly until 1893;
at Metropolitan, N. Y., from 1893-
1908, with some interruptions; 1894
at Bayreuth; 1910 great success in
Paris as Isolde; 2d husband Z. F.
Doeme, 3d G. W. Young; voice of
considerable power constantly devel-
oped, so that she was able to under-
take difficult Wagnerian parts; suc-
cess in concerts.
Nordraak (nor'-drak), Rikard, compr.
b. Christiania, June 12, 1842; d.
Berlin, Mar. 20, 1876. Pupil of
Kiel and Kullak; collected and
edited Norwegian folk-music; had
great influence on Grieg; composed
incidental music to Bjornson's plays,
pf. mus., etc., with Scandinavian
characteristics.
Norris, Homer Albert, compr. b.
Wayne, Me., 1860. Pupil of Mars-
'ton, Turner, Emery, and Chadwick
at N. E. Cons, and of Guilmant,
Dubois, Godard, and Gigout in
Paris; orgt. at Lewiston and Port-
land, Me., at Ruggles St. Bapt. Ch.,
Boston, and since 1904 at St.
George's, New York; author of
Practical Harmony on French Basis
and Art of Counterpoint; very suc-
cessful teacher of harmony, almost
only American who has not fol-
lowed the more voluminous Leipzig
and Munich methods; compr. of
about 50 songs, to words by Kipling
and other modern poets, of cantata
Nain and Flight of the Eagle, pas-
sages from Walt Whitman for
soprano, tenor, and baritone, on
very modern and original theory of
progressions.
Noskowski (nos-koff-ski), Sigismund,
compr. b. Warsaw, May 2, 1848;
d. Aug., 1909. Pupil at Warsaw
Inst.; invented music notation for
blind; pupil of Kiel and Raif at
Berlin; condr. at Constance; direc-
tor of mus. soc. and prof, at Cons.,
Warsaw; composed symphonies,
symphonic poem, variations, over-
ture, quartet, ballet, operas, and pf.
mus., national in character.
NOTKER
OBRECHT
Notker [called Balbulus], monk, compr.,
writer, b. Elgg or Jonswill, 830; d.
St. Gall, April 6, 912. Chiefly distin-
guished for development of sequences
(some of his still extant) and for 4
treatises, one on plain song, the
others on theory and organs; some
attribute these writings to N. Lab-
beo, monk at St. Gall in the tenth
century.
Nottebohm (not'-te'-bom), Martin Gus-
tav, writer, b. Liidenscheid, near
Arnsberg, Westphalia, Nov. 12,
1817; d. Graz, Oct. 29, 1882.
Studied at Berlin with Berger and
Dehn, at Leipzig with Schumann
and Mendelssohn, at Vienna with
Sechter; taught pf. and comp. at
Vienna; edited Beethoven's sketch
books and carefully investigated
many details of his career; com-
piled thematic lists of works of
Beethoven and Schubert; coeditor of
works of Beethoven, Mozart, Bach,
etc.
Nourrit (nor-ri), dram, tenor, b. Paris,
Mar. 3, 1802; d. Naples, Mar. 8,
1839. Son of Louis N. (1780-1831),
also tenor; pupil of Garcia; de"but
Ope'ra 1821; father's successor as
leading tenor there 1825; teacher
at Cons. 1827-37; mortified by
engagement of Duprez as associate
artist, left Paris in depression and
committed suicide; extraordinarily
skilful as singer and actor and very
popular; created Robert in Robert
le Diable, Rdoul in Les Huguenots
and many other parts.
Novacek (no'-va-chek), Ottokar Eugen,
vlt., compr. b. Fehertemplom, Hun-
gary, May 13, 1866; d. New York,
Feb. 3, 1900. Pupil of father, Dont,
Schradieck, and Brodsky; Mendels-
sohn prize at Leipzig Cons. 1885;
member of Gewandhaus Orch., of
Brodsky Quartet, of Bost. Symph.
Orch. 1889-92, of Damrosch Orch.,
N. Y., 1892-93, of Metropolitan
Opera orch., sometimes playing
vln., sometimes viola; retired from
playing because of illness 1899;
composed 3 string quartets, pf. con-
certo, caprices for pf. and vln.,
etc.; mus. distinguished by striking
originality of idea and harmonic
development.
Novello, Vincent, publisher, b. London,
Sept. 6, 1781; d. Nice, Oct. 9, 186).
Chorister in Sardinian Chapel under
Webbe; deputy orgt. to Webbe and
Danby, orgt. at Portuguese em-
bassy, and at Roman Catholic
Chapel, Moorfields; pst. to Italian
Opera; founder and occasional condr.
Philharmonic Soc.; founder firm
Novello, Ewer & Co., publishers,
edited and published many valuable
collections; firm carried on by his
sons; daughter Mary married Charles
Cowden Clarke, friend of Keats;
daughter Clara Anastasia (b. Lon-
don, June 10, 1818; d. Rome, 1908),
very successful concert and oratorio
singer in England and Germany; re-
tired to Italy 1860.
Novovieyski (no'-vo-vi-ey'-ski), Felix,
compr. b. Wartenburg, 1875. Stud-
ied at Stern Cons., Berlin, at Church
Music School, Ratisbon, and at Meis-
terschule, Berlin; where he won
Meyerbeer prize; has composed 2
symphonies, an overture, and 2
oratorios.
o
Oakeley, Sk Herbert Stanley, compr.
b. Baling, Middlesex, July 20, 1830;
d. Edinburgh, Oct. 26, 1903. Pupil
of Elvey, Moscheles, etc., at Leipzig
Cons., of Schneider in Dresden, of
Breidenstein at Bonn ; 1865-91
Erof. of mus. at Univ. of Edinburgh;
older of many honorary degrees;
remarkable org. player, compr. of
songs, anthems, etc.; promoter of
music in Edinburgh, especially of
" Reid " concerts.
Obrecht [also written Hobrecht, Ober-
tus], compr. b. Utrecht, 1430; d.
Ferrara, 1505; capellmeister 1465 at
Utrecht (where he taught Erasmus);
1483-85 director of school of singing
at Cambrai, 1489-1500 at Bruges;
made trip to court of Lorenzo the
Magnificent at Florence, possibly
for a time in service of Duke of
Ferrara; 1492 master at Antwerp
Cath., where he was highly honored;
prolific compr. of chansons and
OCHS
ONSLOW
masses, earliest compr. of passion
music ; follower of Okeghem in school
of extremely elaborate counterpoint.
Ochs (oks), Siegfried, condr. b. Frank-
fort-on-Main, Apr. 19, 1858. At first
student of medicine; pupil at Berlin
Hochschule of Kiel and Urban;
benefited by friendship of Von Billow ;
condr. of Philharmonischer Chor,
which has grown into largest sing-
ing society in Berlin, where many
new works are brought out; teacher
and contributor to periodicals; com-
posed operas (In Namen des Gesetzes) ,
choruses, canons, etc.
Ockenheim, see Okeghem.
Odington, Walter of [or Walter of
Evesham], writer, b. about 1250;
d. about 1316. Benedictine monk;
author of treatise De speculatione
musicce on notation, instruments,
and descant; later life apparently
concerned with mathematics and
astronomy; first to emphasize major
triad as real consonance.
Oesten (e'st'-en), Theodor, pst., compr.
b. Berlin, Dec. 31, 1813; d. there,
Mar. 16, 1870. Pupil of Politzki,
Bohmer, Rungenhagen, Schneider,
etc.; played other instruments; pop-
ular as teacher and of great vogue
as compr. of graceful and sentimental
pieces (Les premieres violettes, etc.).
Offenbach (of'-fen-bak), Jacques,
compr. b. Cologne, June 21, 1819;
d. Paris, Oct. 5, 1880. Name origin-
ally Levy ; son of Jewish cantor; pupil
of Vaslin in 'cello playing at Paris
Cons.; member of Ope'ra Comique
orch.; composed song parodies of
La Fontaine; 1849 condr. at Theatre
Francais and won recognition by
composition of Chanson de Fortunio
for Musset's Chandelier; produced
several small pieces without much
success; 1855-66 managed Bouffes-
Parisiens Th. for himself, where he
brought out many works; 1872-76
manager of Th. de la GaltS; 1877
trip to America; composed about 90
operas in 25 years; established Pari-
sian burlesque opera as type of light,
gay spirit and pleasant melody,
though music is often carelessly con-
structed; most noted works are
Orphee aux enfers, La belle Helene, La
grande duchesse de Gerolstein, and
Les contes d'Hoffmann.
Okeghem (ok'-S-h6m), [also written
Ockenheim, Okekem, etc.], Jean de,
compr. b. Termonde, E. Flanders,
about 1430; d. Tours, 1496 [Grove].
1443-44 chorister at Antwerp Cath. ;
pupil of Dufay and possibly of
Binchois; compr. to Charles VII
at Paris; maitre de chapelle to Louis
XI, traveling in Spain and Flanders;
founder of later Netherland school,
marked by greater freedom of
thought and extreme ingenuity of
counterpoint; as teacher O. had high
reputation; through Josquin Depres
and other pupils traditions of school
widely spread.
Olitzka, Rosa, dram. alto. b. Berlin,
Sept. 6, 1873. Pupil of Artot and
Hey; concert d6but Berlin, where
father was cantor at Jewish syna-
gogue; operatic d6but Brunn 1892,
engaged there; at Hanover 1892-93,
at London 'after 1893; in N. Y.
1895.
Oliver, Henry Kemble, compr. b.
Beverly, Mass., Nov. 24, 1800; d.
Boston, Aug. 10, 1885. Boy singer
in Park St. Ch., Boston; graduated
Dartmouth Coll., 1818; after teach-
ing in Salem, was adjutant general
of Mass., supt. of cotton mill, mayor
of Lawrence, and later of Salem;
state treas.; orgt.; founder, director
of clubs in Lawrence and Salem;
composed many old familiar hymn
tunes (Federal St., Hudson, etc.).
Olsen, Ole, compr., condr. b. Hammer-
fest, Norway, July 5, 1850. Studied
at Trondhjem and at Leipzig; after
graduating he located in Copen-
hagen as teacher and condr.; his
compositions include works for or-
chestra, piano pieces and songs; they
are delicate in style and show the
influence of Norwegian folk music.
Ondriczek (on'-dri-chek), Franz, vlt.
b. Prague, Apr. 29, 1859. Pupil of
father and member of his dance
orch.; studied at Prague Cons, and
at Paris Cons, with Massart; 1st
prize 1879; after two years more in
Paris, played in Berlin and Bohemia;
since has played successfully in Con-
tinental and American cities.
Onslow, George, compr. b. Clermont-
Ferrand, France, July 27, 1784; d.
there, Oct. 3, 1852. Pupil on pf. of
ORTH
OUSELEY
Hullmandel, Dussek, and Cramer,
and in comp. of Reicha; member of
Institute 1842; wrote 3 comic operas
of moderate success, and great
amount of chamber music, in which
he took great, delight, playing 'cello
in amateur quartet; of longest life
have been string quintets, some with
double-bass part, written for Drago-
netti.
Orth (ort), John, pst., teacher, b. near
Annweiler, Bavaria, Dec. 2, 1850.
Came to Taunton, Mass., when in-
fant; pupil of father, orgt. at 12,
studied in Boston 16-20; studied in
Germany for 5 years, pf. with Kul-
lak, Lebert, Pruckner, Deppe, and
Liszt, and comp. with Faisst, Kiel,
etc.; since 1875 teaching in Boston;
composed graceful pf. music. Mar-
ried, 1883, pupil Lizette E. Blood,
compr., under name L. E. Orth, of
Sixty Songs from Mother Goose,
Four-and-Twenty Songs for Sleepy-
time, Mother Goose Songs without
Words (70 piano pcs.), On the White
Keys (an Introduction to the Piano),
The Three Bears (operetta), three
light operas, over 300 piano teach-
ing pieces and various songs.
Osborne, George Alexander, pst.,
teacher, b. Limerick, Ireland, Sept.
24, 1806; d. London, Nov. 16, 1893.
Self-taught until 18; in Brussels
taught crown prince; in Paris after
1826; pupil of Pixis and F6tis, later
of Kalkbrenner; at same time inti-
mate with Chopin, Berlioz, etc.;
after 1843 taught in London; com-
posed popular pf. music (La pluie
des perles. etc.), duets for vln. and
pf.; wrote on great contemporaries
for Mus. Ass'n and periodicals.
Osgood, George Laurie, compr. b.
Chelsea, Mass., April 3, 1844. Grad-
uated 1866 from Harvard, where he
directed glee club and orch.; pupil
in Germany of Sieber, Haupt, and
Franz, and in Italy of Lamperti;
concert tour in Germany and with
Thomas in America; condr. of Boyls-
ton Club; taught successfully in
Boston 1872-1906; now living (1910)
in Florence; published Guide in the
Art of Singing.
Otto, Ernst Julius, compr. b. Konig-
stein, Saxony, Sept. 1, 1804; d. Dres-
den, March 5, 1877. Pupil of Weinlig
at Dresden, of Schicht at Leipzig,
also studying at Univ.; taught at
Blochmann Inst., Dresden, cantor
and director at churches; condr. of
Liedertafel; created cycles of songs
for male voices (Gesellenfahrten,
Soldatenleben, etc.), wrote many
good songs, chiefly in collection
Ernst und Scherz.
Oudin (6-dan) , Eugfene Esperance, bari-
tone, b. New York, Feb. 24, 1858;
d. London, Nov. 4, 1894. Graduate
at Yale, member of bar; chorister
and director of church music in
N. Y.; practised law, manufactured
stained glass; returned to music
after Chicago concert, 1886; member
of McCaull Opera Company; suc-
cessful in London in opera (created
Templar in Sullivan's Ivanhoe) and
in concerts; later sang in St. Peters-
burg; married, 1886, Louise Parker,
also singer.
Oulibichef (ou-lib'-i-sheff), Alexander
de, writer, b. Dresden, Apr. 2, 1794;
d. Nijni Novgorod, Feb. 2, 1858.
Son of ambassador, himself a diplo-
matist; amateur vlt.; editor of St.
Petersburg Journal 1812-30; wrote
Nouvelle biographic de Mozart 1844,
containing some new and valuable
material; depreciation of Beethoven
called forth Lenz's defense Beethoven
et ses trois styles, to which O. replied
with Beethoven, ses critiques et ses
glossateurs, in which he maintains
disapproval of extravagance of B's
later works.
Ouseley (ozley), Sir Frederick Arthur
Gore, compr., theorist, b. London,
Aug. 12, 1825; d. Hereford, Apr. 6,
1889. Son of ambassador and
Orientalist; graduated at Oxford,
Mus. Doc. 1854; prof, of mus. at
Oxford Univ. 1855; ordained priest
1855 and appointed precentor at
Hereford Cath.; vicar and warden
of school at St. Michael's, Tenbury
which he founded and endowed;
excellent orgt. and theorist, author
of treatises on Harmony, Fugue, etc.;
English ed'r Naumann's History of
Music; comp. oratorio, songs, a few
glees, and many dignified church
comp.; raised standard of music at
Oxford ; edited collection of Cathedral
Services and, with Monk, Anglican
Psalter Chants.
PACHELBEL
PAGANINI
Pachelbel (pa-kel'-bel), Johann, orgt.,
compr. b. Nuremberg [baptized
Sept. 1], 1653; d. there, Mar. 3, 1706.
Studied with Schwemmer, and at
Altdorf and Ratisbon; at Vienna
pupil and deputy of J. K. Kerll;
positions at Eisenach, Erfurt, Stutt-
gart, Gotha, and Nuremberg; com-
posed toccatas, chaconnes, and,
especially, elaborate chorales; musi-
cal ancestor of J. S. Bach; developed
chorale playing.
Pacher (pa'-ker), Joseph Adalbert,
compr. b. Daubrawitz, Moravia,
Mar. 29, 1816; d. Gmiinden, Sept. 3,
1871. Studied with Preyer and
Halm; taught in Vienna many years;
published more than 60 " salon "
pieces.
Pachmann (pak'-man), Vladimir de,
pst. b. Odessa, July 27, 1848. Pupil
of father, amateur vlt., of Dachs at
Vienna Cons.; after appearance in
Russia 1869 worked by himself for
eight years, and, after appearing in
Germany, for two more; since then
has won great praise in Europe and
America; his many tricks of manner
and eccentricities of behavior on the
stage do not keep him from playing
with exquisite taste and expres-
siveness; Chopin is his specialty and
he is probably the greatest of all
Chopin players; technically remark-
able for a touch as soft as velvet.
PachulsM (pa-kul'-ske), Heinrich, pst.
b. Lasa, Russia, Oct. 16, 1859.
Studied with Strobl and Zelenski at
Warsaw, with Taneiev, N. Rubin-
stein, and Pabst at Moscow Cons.;
teacher at Moscow after 1886;
composed orch. suite, pf. sonata,
studies, arrangements of Tchaikov-
ski's works.
Pacini (pa-che'-ne), Giovanni, compr.
b. Catania, Feb. 17, 1796; d. Pescia,
Dec. 6, 1867. Studied with Marchesi
and Mattei at Bologna, with Fur-
lanetto at Venice; 1813-1834 pro-
duced about 40 operas; because of
failure of last opened music school
at Viareggio, afterward moved to
Lucca; 1840-67 produced Saffo, his
best opera, and about 40 more; com-
posed many masses, cantatas, etc.;
popular imitator of Rossini.
Paderewski (pad-ref'-ski), Ignaz Jan,
pst., compr. b. Kurilowka, Podolia,
Poland, Nov. 18, 1860. Pupil of
Roguszki at Warsaw Cons.; 1879-81
teaching at Warsaw Cons.; pupil of
Urban and Kiel at Berlin, and, after
teaching at Strassburg, of Leschet-
izky at Vienna; after 1887 a trium-
phant virtuoso; victim of much
extravagant and indiscriminate ad-
miration, often justly criticized by
musicians for forcing of tones, he
yet remains preeminent for exquisite
delicacy, even crescendos, and tre-
mendous force and commanding
power; compr. of various pf. pieces,
sonata, Op. 21, pf. concerto, opera
Manru (Dresden 1901, New York
and Boston 1902), and symphony
1909; opera Sakuntala not yet pro-
duced; compositions, especially those
in larger forms, are interesting enough
to justify their vaulting ambition;
established P. Fund, prizes for Ameri-
can composers, 1900.
Paer (pa'-er), Ferdinando, compr. b.
Parma, June 1, 1771; d. Paris, May
3, 1839. Pupil of vlt. Ghiretti;
condr. at Venice 1791; 1797-1802 at
Vienna, 1802-1807 at Dresden; after
1807 at Paris as maftre de chapelle
to Napoleon, condr. Ope"ra Comique,
at Th. Italien 1812-27; member of
Academy 1831; condr. royal cham-
ber music 1832; composed about
40 operas of conventional Italian
smoothness, without depth (best is
Camilla, prod, at Vienna, where P.
may have been influenced by Mo-
zart); unsuccessful rival of Rossini
in Paris.
Paesiello, see Paisiello.
Paganini (pag-a-ne'-ne), Niccolb, vlt.
b. Genoa, Oct. 27, 1782; d. Nice,
May 27, 1840. Son of shopkeeper;
pupil of Servetto and Costa; d6but
1793; pupil of Rolla and Ghiretti;
1797 tour in Lombardy; 1798 ran
away from severe father and filled
his time with concerts, gambling,
PAGE
PALESTRINA
and love affairs; 1801-04 did not
appear in public, and to this period
refer the false stories of his imprison-
ment, of his charming of jailer by
playing on one string and of his league
with the devil; after year of prac-
tise appeared, 1805, exciting great
enthusiasm; 1805-08 court vlt. at
Lucca; after 1808 traveled in Italy
and other lands, Berlin 1829, Paris
and London 1831; partial retire-
ment after 1834; the nervous ec-
centricities natural to him now in-
creased by illness and dissipation
and fostered by cheap fondness for
display; but amazing technic sur-
passed that of any other player; ex-
tended compass of vln. and added
to its brilliance by developing use
of stopped harmonics; tone was pure
but lacking in richness; composed
caprices, sonatas, variations, etc.,
many of which are too difficult for any
but players of first technical rank.
Page, Nathaniel Clifford, compr. b.
San Francisco, Oct. 26, 1866. Pupil
of E. S. Kelley, resident of Boston
1905-10; composed music to Cat and
the Cherub (London, 1899), Moonlight
Blossom (London, 1899), and Japan-
ese Nightingale (New York, 1903);
edited collection of Irish Songs, etc.
Paine, John Knowles, compr., teacher.
b. Portland, Me., Jan. 9, 1839; d.
Cambridge, Mass., Apr. 25, 1906.
Pupil of Kotzschmar at Portland,
of Haupt, Teschner, and Wieprecht
at Berlin Hochschule; organ concerts
in Berlin and U. S. 1861; 1862 in-
structor, 1873 asst. prof., 1875 prof,
at Harvard Univ. (first to hold chair
of music in American college); did
much to raise music to level of other
arts in education and, by recitals
and lectures outside classes, to ex-
tend knowledge of good music as
part of general culture; among pupils
were Foote, Converse, Clayton
Johns, and many others; composed
mass, symphony, music for CEdipus
Tyrannus and Birds, Columbm
March and Hymn for World's Fair,
symphonic poem, cantatas, and opera
Azara given in concert form only,
Boston, Cecilia Soc., 1907; of wide
influence in American musical life;
his own music is moderately con-
servative, seldom of striking origi-
nality.
Paisiello (pai-si-el'-lo), Giovanni, compr.
b. Taranto, Italy, May 9, 1741; d.
Naples, June 3, 1816. Pupil of
Presta and at Naples Cons, of Dur-
ante, Cotumacci, and Abos; taught
there 1754-59; composed successful
operas 1763-1776; 1776-1784 at St.
Petersburg, 1784-99 at Naples, maes-
tro di cappella to Ferdinand IV, whose
favor he lost during Revolution;
1802-03 in Paris under Napoleon,
1803 again at Naples; on a nominal
salary only after 1815; compr. of
over 100 operas, distinguished even
at time for charm of melody; his
Barbiere di Siviglia was so popular
that it hindered vogue of Rossini's
at first.
Paladilhe (pa-la-de-ye'), Emile, compr.
b. Montpellier, June 3, 1844. Pupil
at Paris Cons, of Marmontel,
Benoist, and Halevy; Grand prix de
Rome 1860; by opera Le Passant
1872 and song Mandolinata won
recognition; after several unsuccess-
ful operas wrote Patrie 1886, after
Sardou's play, which has had great
success; member Academy 1892.
Palestrina (pal-es-tre'-na) , Giovanni
Pierluigi da [Pierluigi family name],
compr. b. Palestrina, near Rome,
1526; d'. Rome, Feb. 2, 1594. Noth-
ing known of early youth; orgt.
capellmeister at Palestrina '1544-51 ;
master of boys and capellmeister at
St. Peter's, Rome, 1551-55; although
not a priest, and having a wife and
children, admitted to Papal chapel
1555, but was dismissed in few months
and later in same year made capellm.
at St. John Lateran (for which church
he wrote famous Improperia), at Sta.
Maria Maggiore 1561; again at St.
Peter's 1571. When the Council of
Trent (1545-63) tried to establish
standard in church music, P's Mass of
Pope Marcelltis, previously published,
was used to illustrate the reforms
urged ; these reforms included greater
regard for clearness and proper
accent of Latin words, restriction of
elaborated music phrases for same
purpose, discarding of secular tunes
(even indecent popular airs had been
used as bases for masses) ; Sixtus V 's
wish to make P. maestro of Sistine
Chapel was frustrated by refusal of
singers to serve under layman; asst
of Pope Gregory XIII in revision of
PALLONI
PAREPA-ROSA
liturgy, but most actual work done
by pupil Giudetti; of historical sig-
nificance as most important figure in
later Netherland school — the individ-
ual who more than any one else made
counterpoint a means of expression
instead of an end in itself — P's music
is also to those who deplore the
operatic, emotional element in church
music, the ideal of lofty and dignified
expression.
Palloni (pal-lo'-nl), Gaetano, orgt., sing-
ing teacher, b. Cammerino, Italy,
Aug. 4, 1831. Studied with Cellini
at,Fermo; orgt. there, 1854; pupil of
Mabellini at Florence; teaching sing-
ing there.
Palmer, Horatio Richmond, teacher,
b. Sherburne, N. Y., Apr. 26, 1834;
d. Nov., 1907. Studied with father
and in New York, Berlin, and Flor-
ence; 1857 head of music dept.
Rushford Acad.; in Chicago, edited
Concordia; conducted various ass'ns,
New Church Choral Union (mam-
moth chorus); dean of Summer
School of Music at Chautauqua,
N. Y.; many collections, Song Queen,
Song Herald, etc., useful in popular
classes.
Palmer, Mrs. R., see Nevada, Emma.
Panofka (pan-off'-ka), Heinrich, sing-
ing teacher, b. Breslau, Oct. 3, 1807;
d. Florence, Nov. 18, 1887. Pupil
of Strauch and Forster in childhood,
later of Mayseder and Hoffmann in
Vienna; played there, in Munich,
Berlin, finally, 1834, in Paris, where,
after some lessons from Bordogni,
founded unsuccessful school of sing-
ing; asst. condr. in London, where
he taught singing 1844-1852; 1852
returned to Paris; after 1866 taught
in Florence; vln. compositions are of
less value than his methods of sing-
ing and vocalises.
Panormo, Vincenzo Trusiano, vln.-
maker. b. Monreale, near Palermo,
Nov. 30, 1734; d. London, 1813.
Name may be derived from Palermo;
worked in Cremona, perhaps with
Bergonzi, and in Milan; in Paris
1750-72, 1783-89, in London 1772-
83; made many vlns. somewhat like
Bergonzi's or Stradivari's, of rather
large model, with rich tone; several
sons also makers.
Panseron (pon-se"-ron), Auguste Math-
ieu, teacher, writer, b. Paris, Apr.
26, 1796 [1795]; d. there, July 29,
1859. Pupil of father and at Paris
Cons, with Berton and Gossec;
Grand prix de Rome 1813; accom-
panist to Ope"ra Comique; teacher
of solfeggio at Cons. 1826, vocalisa-
tion 1831, and singing 1836-59; com-
posed many charming songs, sol-
feggi, Art of Singing, Art of Compo-
sition, Mois de Marie; A B C of
Music is a well-known work.
Panzner, Carl, condr. b. Teplitz,
Bohemia, Mar. 2, 1866. Pupil at
Dresden Cons.; capellmeister at
theatres in Sondershausen, Elber-
feld, Bremen, Leipzig, and 1899 of
Bremen Philharmonic.
Papini (pa-pe'-nl), Guido (gue-do),
vlt. b. Camagiore, near Florence,
Aug. 1, 1847. Pupil of Giorgetti;
de"but 1860; after tours in Europe,
taught at Dublin Royal Acad. of
Mus.; founded classical concerts
there; then in London; wrote mus.
for vln. and 'cello and vln. method.
Papperitz, Benjamin Robert, orgt.,
compr., writer, b. Pirna, Dec. 4,
1826; d. Leipzig, Sept. 29, 1903.
Student and teacher of philology;
pupil of Hauptmann, Ricnter, and
Moscheles at Leipzig Cons., where
he 'taught harm, and counterpoint
after 1851 ; also orgt. in Leipzig 1868-
99; published org. and vocal mus.
Paradies (pa-ra-de'-es), [or Paradisi],
Pietro Domenico, compr. b. Naples,
1710; d. Venice, 1792. Pupil of
Porpora; opera compr. in Italy and
for some years after 1747 in London,
where he was sought as pf . and sing-
ing teacher of Mara, Thomas Linley,
and others; composed also for harp-
sichord.
Parent (pa-ron), Charlotte Frances
Hortense, pst. b. London, Mar. 22,
1837. Pupil of Mme. Farrenc at
Paris Cons.; 1st prizes, harmony
1855, pf. 1857; founded school for
pf. teachers, Paris; wrote method
with exercises; edited Repertoire
encyclopedique du pianiste.
Parepa-Rosa, Euphrosyne, dram. sop.
b. Edinburgh, May 7, 1836; d. Lon-
don, Jan. 21, 1874. Daughter of
Demetrius Parepa, Baron de Boyescu,
PARISH-ALVARS
PARRY
and Elizabeth Seguin, singer and
P's first teacher; de"but Malta at
16; sang in Italy, Spain, London,
1857; America 1865, '67, '71; married
manager Carl Rosa 1867; Parepa
Rosa Co. especially successful in
America, in Eng. and Italian operas;
as a singer P. was more successful
in oratorio than in opera.
Parish-Alvars, Ellas, harp player, b.
Teignmouth, Eng., Feb. 28, 1810;
d. Vienna, Jan. 25, 1849. Of Jewish
descent; pupil of Dizi, Labarre, and
Bochsa; tours on Continent and in
England 1831-47, except for two
years in Orient; 1847 chamber harp-
ist to Emp. of Austria; composed
concertos, fantasias, etc. for harp,
seeking new effects and strange
melodies (Voyage d'un harpiste en
Orient contains Greek, Bulgarian,
Turkish and other Eastern music).
Parker, Henry, compr., writer, b. Lon-
don, Aug. 4, 1845. After study with
Plaidy, Moscheles, and Richter at
Leipzig and with Lefort in Paris,
returned to London, where he taught
singing, composed, and conducted;
has written an opera, Jerusalem,
(chorus and bass solo), songs, etc.,
and The Voice: Production and Im-
provement.
Parker, Horatio William, compr.,
teacher. b. Auburndale, Mass.,
Sept. 15, 1863. Pupil of his mother,
of Emery, Orth, and Chad wick,
and of Rheinberger and Abel in
Munich; teacher at Cathedral
Schools, Garden City, L. I., and at
N. Y. Nat'l Cons, under DvoMk;
orgt. in N. Y. and at Trinity Ch.,
Boston, 1893-1901; prof, music at
Yale Univ. after 1894; compr. of
symphony, overtures, church and
chamber mus., pf. pieces, and songs,
but chiefly of cantatas (Idylle, The
Kobolds, Dream King and His Love,
Holy Child) and oratorios Hora
Novissima, N. Y., 1893, Boston, Cin-
cinnati, and Worcester, Mass., festi-
vals and at Three Choirs Festival,
Worcester, Eng., 1899, as first Ameri-
can composition, and Legend of St.
Christopher, also given in England;
music possesses a certain " ascetic "
quality that makes it interesting to
musicians; at his best reaches heights
of dignified beauty.
Parker, James Cutler Dunn, orgt.,
writer, b. Boston, June 2, 1828.
Studied law in Boston and music in
Leipzig; in Boston after 1854;
organized Parker Club 1862, fore-
runner of Cecilia Soc.; orgt. Trinity
Ch. 1864-91, of Handel and Haydn
Soc.; prof. Boston Univ. Coll. of
Mus.: examiner N. E. Cons.; com-
posed cantatas, ch. mus.; translated
Richter's treatise on harmony.
Parkina [pseud, of Elizabeth Parkin-
son], sop. b. May, 1881. Pupil of
Mrs. Layton pf Kansas City and
Mme. Marchesi; de"but and engage-
ment Ope>a Com., Paris, 1902;
Covent Garden 1904, Australia 1905.
Parmentier (par-man-ti-a), Mme., see
Milanollo, Teresa.
Parratt, Sir Walter, orgt. b. Hudders-
field, Feb. 10, 1841. Pupil of father;
appointment as orgt. at 11, and
later ones at Wigan, Magdalen Coll.,
Oxford (and condr. of various socie-
ties), and since 1882 at St. George's
Chapel, Windsor; 1883 prof. Royal
Coll. Mus.; Mus. D. Oxford 1894,
succeeded Sir Hubert Parry as prof,
mus. Oxford Univ. 1908; master of
mus. and orgt. to Victoria and
Edw. VII; composed anthems, etc.,
contributor to Grove's Diet.; ex-
traordinary performer. (See Musical
Times, 1902.)
Parry, Sir Charles Hubert Hastings,
compr., writer. b. Bournemouth,
Eng., Feb. 27, 1848. Pupil of Elvey;
while at Eton, took Mus. B. at
Oxford, where later he studied with
Bennett and Macfarren, with lessons
outside from Dannreuther and Pier-
son; compr. chiefly of choral music
of original depth and sincerity
(setting of Shelley's Prometheus
1880, oratorio Job 1892, etc.);
choragus 1883, and prof, of mus.
1900-1908 Oxford Univ.; 1894
director Royal Coll. Mus.; has
written Studies of Great Composers,
Evolution of The Art of Mus.,
Seventeenth Century in Oxford His-
tory of Music; critical works through-
out are distinguished by clear treat-
ment that makes them intelligible
even to lay readers; his music, on
the other hand, seems to appeal
more to trained ears; it is note-
worthy for elaborate development of
PARSONS
PAUER
themes, conciseness of form, and,
in choral works, for faithfulness of
accentuation and great power of
climax.
Parsons, Albert Ross, orgt. b. San-
dusky, O., Sept. 16, 1847. Pupil of
Ritter in N. Y., Moscheles, Reinecke,
etc. at Leipzig Cons., of Tausig,
Kullak, etc. at Berlin; orgt. in N. Y.
since 1871; translator of Wagner's
Beethoven, Lessmann's Liszt, edited
Kullak's works of Chopin; composed
songs, etc.
Pasdeloup (pa-de"-lo), Jules Etienne,
condr. b. Paris, Sept. 15, 1819; d.
Fontainebleau, Aug. 13, 1887. Pupil
at Cons, of Laurent and Zimmer-
mann; re"pe"titeur there in solfeggio
1841, teacher of pf. 1847-50, of
ensemble singing 1855-^68; founded
society of Cons, pupils 1851 for
giving symphony concerts; 1861,
with same orch., opened Concerts
populaires, where he gave admirable
concerts, including many new works,
until 1884; unsuccessful manager of
Th. Lyrique 1868-69; tried to revive
concerts in vain 1886.
Pasmore, Henry Bickford, orgt., teacher,
b. Jackson, Wis., June 27, 1857.
Studied voice, and organ with J. P.
Mbrgan in Oakland, Cal., with
Jadassohn, Reinecke, and Unger-
Haupt in Leipzig, with Shakespeare
and Cummings in London; orgt. in
San Francisco, and prof, of singing
at Univ. of Pacific; composed march,
overture, masses, songs, etc.
Pasquini (pas-que'-nl), Bernardo, orgt.
b. Massa di Valdinevole, Tuscany,
Dec. 8, 1637; d. Rome, Nov. 22,
1710. Pupil of Vittori and Cesti and
teacher of Durante and Gasparini;
orgt. Sta. Maria Maggiore; chamber
musician to Prince Borghese; com-
posed 2 operas, oratorio, pieces for
clavichord.
Pasta (pas'-ta), Giuditta [nee Negri],
dram. sop. b. Saronno, near Milan,
Apr. 9, 1798; d. villa on Lake Como,
Apr. 1, 1865. Pupil of Asioli at
Milan Cons.; d6but, 1815, followed
by unsuccessful appearances in Italy,
London, and Paris; after further
study with Scappa, reappeared Ven-
ice 1819, and, after 1822 in Paris and
1824 in London, was very successful
in both cities and again in Italy;
after retiring in 1829, reappeared
St. Petersburg 1840, and London
1850, with no success; voice was
strong but heavy and often not
clear when she first began to sing,
but unusually penetrating and ex-
pressive.
Patey, Janet Monach [nee Whytock],
contralto, b. London, May 1, 1842;
d. Sheffield, Feb. 28, 1894. Pupil of
Wass, Mrs. Sims Reeves, and Pin-
suti; member of Leslie's choir; on
provincial tour married John P.,
bass, (1835-1901); succeeded to
Mme. Sainton-Dolby's position as
leading contralto at the chief Eng-
lish concerts and festivals.
Patti, Adelina Adela Juana Maria,
soprano, b. Madrid, Feb. 10, 1843.
Pupil of father Salvatore P., tenor,
and her mother Caterina Chiesa,
dram, sop., of half-brother E. Barili,
and of Maurice Strakosch, husband
of her sister Amalia, under whose
direction she sang at concerts in
N. Y. in early fifties, making operatic
de"but there in 1859; de"but London
1861, Paris 1862; 1861-84, '85, '87 at
Covent Garden; voice of remark-
able compass, flexibility and sweet-
ness; especially good as Rosina in
II Barbiere; as concert singer has
also won praise, even on last of
several farewell tours 1906; married
Marquis de Caux 1868, Ernest
Nicolini 1886, and Baron Cederstrom
1899; lives at Craig Y Nos, in Wales.
Pattison, John Nelson, pst. b. Niagara
Falls, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1845. Pupil of
Liszt, Thalberg, Henselt, Von Billow,
Haupt; concert pst., on tours with
Parepa-Rosa, Kellogg, etc.; com-
posed Niagara, symph. for orch.
and military band; many agreeable
pf. pieces.
Pauer (pow'-er), Ernst, pst., teacher,
b. Vienna, Dec. 21, 1826; d. Jugen-
heim, May 9, 1905. Pupil of Dirzka,
Mozart's son, Wolfgang A. M., and
Sechter, and of F. Lachner in
Munich; director mus. societies at
Mayence 1847-51; success of per-
formances in London led him to
settle there 1851; 1859-64 prof, at
Royal Acad. Mus., and 1876 at Nat'l
Training Sch., 1883 at Royal Coll.
Mus. ; 1861 began series of historical
recitals of pf. music in chronological
PAUL
PENFIELD
order, and 1871 lectures on hist, of
pf. mus.; these and his published
collections, Alte Claviermusik, Old
English Composers, etc., have won
conspicuous praise; primer on
Musical Forms, etc., and some com-
positions; retired to Germany 1896.
His son Max, pst. b. London, Oct.
31, 1866. Pupil of father, of V.
Lachner; prof. Cologne Cons. 1887.
at Stuttgart Cons. 1897; successful
concert player, compr. of pf. pieces,
arranger of Mozart and Haydn
symphonies.
Paul (powl), Oskar, writer, b. Frei-
waldau, Apr. 8, 1836; d. Leipzig,
Apr. 18, 1898. Student of theology
at Leipzig Univ. and of music at
Cons, with Hauptmann, Richter,
and Plaidy; after living elsewhere,
returned to Leipzig as lecturer 1866;
translated Boethius, wrote Lehrbuch
der Harmonik, and authoritative
Geschichte des Claviers; founded
Musikalisches Wochenblatt.
Paumann (pow'-man), Conrad, orgt.
b. Nuremberg, about 1410; d.
Munich, Jan. 25, 1473. Blind from
birth; adopted and educated by
burgher Grundherr; orgt. Nurem-
berg 1446, at Munich after 1467;
wrote (1452) Fundamentum organ-
isandi, with exercises, one of ear-
liest attempts at purely instrumental
comp.
Paur (powr), Emil, condr. b. Czerno-
witz, Bukovina, Aug. 29, 1855. As
father's pupil on vln. and pf., ap-
peared at 8; studied at Vienna Cons,
with Dessoff and Hellmesberger; vlt.
in court orch. 1870; condr. at
Kassel 1876, Konigsberg, Mannheim
1880, Leipzig Stadt Th. 1891, Bost.
Symph. Orch. 1893-98, of N. Y.
Philharmonic 1898-1903; director
Nat'l Cons. N. Y. 1899-1903; condr.
of concerts, Berlin, Madrid, and
London, of Pittsburg Symphony
Orch. 1904-10; as condr. aims
rather to bring out emotional con-
tent of music than to make clear
structural form.
Payne, John Howard, dramatist, b.
New York, June 9, 1792; d. Tunis,
Apr. 10, 1852. While schoolboy
and student at Union Coll., edited
and published periodicals; d6but on
stage, N. Y., 1809; lived in London
and Paris 1809-1832, where he knew
prominent men of the time; wrote
words to Home, Sweet Home in text
of Clari, or the Maid of Milan
(music by H. R. Bishop, after Sici-
lian air); returned to U. S. 1832;
consul at Tunis after 1841.
Peace, Albert Lister, orgt. b. Hudders-
field, Eng., Jan. 26, 1844. Ex-
traordinarily precocious; orgt. at 9;
pupil of Horn and of Parratt; orgt.
at church in Glasgow 1866, 1870 at
Univ., 1879 at cathedral; 1875 Mus.
Doc. Oxford; 1897 succeeded Best
at St. George's Hall, Liverpool;
compr. of cantata and org. mus.;
edited Scottish Hymnal 1885.
Pearce, Charles William, compr., writer.
b. Salisbury, Dec. 5, 1856. Pupil of
Aylward, Hoyte, E. J. Hopkins, etc.;
Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1884; orgt.
Salisbury and London; prof, of
organ and comp. 1882 and dean
1892 Trinity Coll., London; exam-
iner Cambridge 1888-91; lectured
on plain song, etc.; composed
choral and church music, organ
pieces, exercises in vocal training.
Pearsall, Robert Lucas de, compr. b.
Clifton, Mar. 14, 1795; d. Schloss
Wartensee, Lake Constance, Aug. 5,
1856. Practised law until 1825
when, abroad for his health, studied
music with Panny, and later with
Ett at Munich; 1842 settled at
Wartensee; composed madrigals and
choral works (O who will o'er the
downs so free?, Sir Patrick Spens, in
10 parts, etc.); part editor of old
Catholic song book, writer of essays
(study on fifths and octaves, etc.).
Pearson, H. H., see Pierson.
Pease, Alfred Humphries, pst., compr.
b. Cleveland, O., May 6, 1838; d.
St. Louis, Mo., July 13, 1882.
Pupil of Kullak, Von Billow, Wiierst,
and Wieprecht at Berlin; after 3
years' study in America, went on
long pf. tours; composed concerto,
Andante for orch., etc.; works per-
formed by Thomas Orch.
Pendleton, Mrs. W. F.,
Lillian.
Blauvelt,
Penfield, Smith Newell, orgt. b. Ober-
lin, O., Apr. 4, 1837. Pupil of Flint
in N. Y., of Moscheles, Hauptmann,
PEPPERCORN
PERSIAN!
etc. in Leipzig; founder of Mozart
Club and Cons, at Savannah, Ga.,
of Arion Cons., Brooklyn; orgt. in
N. Y. since 1882; composed string
quintet, anthems, pf. mus., songs,
etc.
Peppercorn, Gertrude, pst. b. West
Horsley, Surrey, Dec. 1, 1878. Pupil
at Royal Acad. of Matthay; gained
several prizes; appeared in Edin-
burgh about 1895; great success
in London, Nov. 1907; in U. S.
1908.
Pepusch (pa'-push), John Christopher,
compr. b. Berlin , 1 667 ; d . London , July
20, 1752. Pupil for one year of Kling-
enberg and Grosse; early talents
hampered by poverty; appoint-
ment at Prussian court 1681-97;
vlt., cembalist, compr. at Drury
Lane Theatre, London, after 1700;
with others founded Acad. of Antient
Mus.; director of Lincoln's Inn
Theatre, where he composed and
arranged music for many plays (Beg-
gar's Opera, etc.); orgt. at Charter-
house; published treatises on har-
mony and ancient music, on which
he was authority.
Perabo (par'-a-bo), Johann Ernst, pst.
b. Wiesbaden, Nov. 14, 1845. Family
moved to N. Y. 1852; studied at
Hamburg with Andersen, and at
Leipzig Cons, with Moscheles,
Richter, etc.; after giving concerts
in West, settled, 1866, in Boston,
where he has since been known as
performer and able teacher, compr.
of pf. music and songs.
Pergolesi (par-go-la'-zi), Giovanni Bat-
tista, compr. b. Jesi, near Ancona,
Jan. 3, 1710; d. Pozzuoli, near
Naples, Mar. 16, 1736. Pupil at
Naples of Greco, Durante, Feo, and
Matteis (vln.) ; early operas not suc-
cessful; composed 30 sonatas for 2
vlns. and bass, and mass; produced
La serva padrona 1732, only surviv-
ing opera, for many years standard
of amusing intermezzo, and during
the contest of tastes in Paris, was
regarded as typifying all character-
istic traits of Italian music; at first
production it was not more suc-
cessful than other operas and P.
retired in disappointment; Stabat
Mater often sung, composed just
before death.
Peri (pa'-rl), Jacopo, compr. b.
Florence, Aug. 20, 1561; d. there,
about 1630. At house of Bardi, he,
with others, in endeavor to reestab-
lish declamation of Greek drama,
discovered modern recitative; Cac-
cini made earliest application of
discovery, but Peri's Dafne, 1594,
was first work really worthy of
name of opera; (Cavalieri's Rap-
presentazione di anima e di corpo
was first performed in public); P's
Euridice, 1600, was his greatest
success, and apparently his final
attempt in operatic form.
Perkins, Henry Southwick, condr. b.
Stockbridge, Vt., Mar. 20. 1833.
Pupil in Boston of Baker, Wether-
bee, etc.; pres. Iowa Normal Acad.
Mus. 1867-71, prof. mus. Iowa
State Univ. 1867-68; pres. of
Kansas Normal Acad. 1870-74;
founder Chicago Nat'l Coll. of Mus.
1890; conducted many festivals,
conventions, etc. ; edited song books.
Perosi (pa-ro'-ze), Lorenzo, compr. b.
Tortona, Italy, Dec. 23, 1872.
Studied with Saladino, and at Milan
Cons., and at Haberl's school for
church music in Ratisbon; maestro
di cappella at Imola, and 1897 at
St. Mark's, Venice; chorus director
at St. Peter's, Rome, since 1898
priest; compr. of trilogy of ora-
torios La passione di Cristo, per-
formed 1897 with sensational suc-
cess; honorary maestro Papal Choir
1898; has composed 15 masses, org.
mus., and other oratorios (La trans-
figurazione, Mose); especially popu-
lar in Italy, but even there later
works arouse less enthusiasm.
Perry, Edward Baxter, pst. b. Haver-
hill, Mass., Feb. 14, 1855. Blind
from youth; pupil of J. W. Hill,
and in Germany of Kullak, Mme.
Schumann, Pruckner, and Liszt;
gave some 1200 concerts in 10 years;
originated the lecture recital; author
of Descriptive Analyses of Piano
Works, etc., helpful if sometimes
over-sentimental interpretations; has
done much to increase appreciation
of good music.
Persiani (par-si-a'-ne), Fanny, dram,
sop. b. Rome, Oct. 4, 1812; d.
Passy, May 3, 1867. Pupil of father,
Niccolo Tacchinardi; married, 1830,
PESSARD
compr. Giuseppe P. (1804-1869);
de"but Leghorn 1832; engaged at
various Italian cities; after de"but
in Paris, 1837, and London, 1838, won
great success in both capitals, until
1848; sang in 1858 but with less
success; voice was thin, liable to
sharpness, but managed with per-
fect finish; Donizetti wrote Lucia
for her.
Pessard (pes'-sar'), Emile Louis For-
tune, compr. b.Montmartre, May 28,
1843. Studied at Paris Cons, with
Bazin, Laurent, Carafa, etc.; Grand
prix de Rome 1866; inspector of
singing in Paris schools, director of
music at establishment of Legion of
Honor, prof, of harm, at Cons, since
1881; composed several operas
(Capitaine Fracasse, La dame de
trefle, etc.) and pf. pieces of value.
Petersilea (pa-ter-sll'-ea), Carlyle, pst.,
teacher, b. Boston, Mass., Jan. 18,
1844; d. Tropico, Cal., June 11,
1908. Studied with father, with
Moscheles, Hauptmann, etc. at
Leipzig Cons.; played in Germany;
founded P. Acad. of Mus., Boston,
1871; pf. teacher N. E. Cons. 1886;
went to California 1892; published
technical exercises, method, etc.
Petrucci (pe-trut'-che), Ottaviano dei,
printer, b. Fossombrone, June 18,
1466; d. there, May 7, 1539. Estab-
lished at Venice 1491; 1498 received
sole privilege for 20 years of print-
ing music; 1513 at Fossombrone,
similar privilege within Papal States
for 15 years; used two impressions,
printing first lines and then the
notes; his works beautiful examples
of earliest typography, many of
them extant in great libraries,
chiefly masses and motets.
Petschnikoff (petch'-ni-kof), Alexan-
der, vlt. b. Jeletz. Russia, Feb. 8,
1873. Pupil of Hrimaly; precocious
talent at Moscow Cons, gained dis-
tinguished patronage for him; tours
in Germany 1875-^76, to America,
London, etc.; skilful player, but
with some mannerisms.
Pfeiffer (fa-far), Georges Jean, pst.
b. Versailles, Dec. 12, 1835; d. Feb.
14, 1908. Pupil of mother (who
was a pupil of Kalkbrenner), of
Maleden and Damcke; success in
PHILIDOR
Paris and London playing own con-
certos; also composed symph.,
symph. poem, songs, and several
operas (Le legataire universel, 1901,
much the best); also partner in pf.
firm of Pleyel, Wolff & Co., as was
his father.
Pfeil (pfll), Heinrich, editor, b. Leip-
zig, Dec. 18, 1835; d. there, April 17,
1899. Self-taught; at first book-
seller; edited Sangerhalle 1862-87,
Dorfanzeiger 1891-96; composed
male choruses, wrote small treatises
on hist, of mus. etc.
Pfitzner, Hans Erich, compr. b. Mos-
cow, May 5, 1869. Pupil of father,
condr. at Frankfort, and of Kwast and
Knorr, at Hoch Cons, there; taught
Coblenz Cons. 1892-93; condr. of
Mayence Th. 1894-95; 3d capell-
meister Mannheim 1895-96; teacher
at Stern Cons. 1897, dir. Stuttgart
Cons. 1907; condr. at Berlin Th.;
operas Der arme Heinrich, 1895, and
Die Rose vom Liebesgarten, 1901,
very successful, have given him
distinctive position among younger
extreme German comprs.; with
modern skill, he preserves a romantic
attitude.
Phelps, Ellsworth C., orgt. b. Middle-
town, Conn., Aug. 11, 1827. Self-
taught; orgt. and teacher New
London 1846, Syracuse, New York,
and Brooklyn since 1857; over 30
years teacher in public schools;
composed sacred opera David,
symph. Hiawatha, pieces for mili-
tary band, etc.
Philidor [properly Danican], Frangois
Andre, compr. b. Dreux, Sept. 7,
1726; d. London, Aug. 31, 1795.
Of musical family, several members
of which played wind instr. in
royal band (name P. was given to
great uncle by Louis XIII); pupil
of Campra; at first distinguished as
chess player at Aix and in London
1749, and author of book on chess;
1754 recalled to Paris; 1759-1796
produced about 25 operas (Le mare-
chal, Tom Jones, Ernelinde, etc.);
extremely popular but no longer
played; P. was first to introduce
unaccompanied quartet, and first
to be called forward after presenta-
tion of opera.
PHILIPP
PIRANI
Philipp (fil-ip), Isidor Edmund, pst.,
teacher, b. Budapest, Sept. 2, 1863.
Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mathias (1st
pf. prize 1883) and later of Heller,
Saint-Saens, and Ritter; played in
London 1890, has appeared regu-
larly at Paris concerts; established
chamber concerts 1890, concerts of
wind instruments 1896-1901; prof,
at Cons, since 1893; published pf.
mus., effective arrangements and
valuable studies based on Chopin,
Beethoven and Bach.
Phillips, Adelaide, dram. alto. b.
Stratford-on-Avon, Eng., 1833; d.
Carlsbad, Oct. 3, 1882. Family
came to Boston 1840; pupil of her
mother as dancer, appeared 1842;
by subscription, started by Jenny
Lind, studied with Garcia and in
Italy; d6but Milan 1854; sang
Boston 1854, N. Y. 1856 (Am.
operatic d6but), 1861 Havana, Paris,
Spain, etc.; member Boston Ideal
Co. from 1879; last stage appear-
ance 1881.
Piatti (pe-at'-te), Carlo Alfredo, 'cellist,
b. Bergamo, Jan. 8, 1822; d. Cro-
cetta di Nozzo, near Bergamo, July
19. 1901. Son of vlt. Antonio P.
(1801-1878); pupil of great-uncle
Zanetti, and at Milan Cons.; de*but
1837 with own concerto; played in
th. orch. and on roving tours, on one
of which he played with Liszt; 1844
went to Paris and London, where,
1849, he became 'cellist at Italian op.
and at Popular Concerts; retired
1898; master of 'cello as Joachim
of vln.; very many pupils; compr.,
especially of 6 sonatas for 'cello.
Piccini [Piccinni], (pit-che'-ne), Nicolo,
compr. b. Bari, Jan. 16, 1728; d.
Passy, near Paris, May 7, 1800.
Pupil at Naples Cons, of Leo and
Durante; early operas successful
despite vogue of Logroscino's; La
cecchina, 1760, most popular; 1762
wrote 6 operas in one year; dis-
couraged by preference of public for
work of Anfossi's, P., after illness,
produced / viaggiatori at Naples;
1776, on invitation, removed to
Paris and produced Roland, 1778;
supporters of Italian opera used P.,
against his wish, as leader in
pamphlet war against Gluck and his
reforms (dramatic declamation and
more consistent, elaborate orches-
tration); also forced into rivalry
with Sacchini; principal teacher in
mus. school; at Revolution returned
to Naples, where he spent four years
under arrest for political reasons,
and, though later feted and pen-
sioned in Paris, lived in great
poverty.
Piccolomini, see Pontet, Henry.
Pierne (pi-ar'-na), Henri Constant
Gabriel, compr. b. Metz, Aug. 16,
1863. Studied at Paris Cons, with
Marmontel, Ce'sar Franck, and Mas-
senet; Grand prix de Rome 1882; fol-
lowed Franck as orgt. of Ste. Clo-
thilde 1890-98; composed several
operas (Tabarin, etc.), and music for
plays, symph. poem with chorus
L'An mil, cantata Croisade des
enfants widely produced, numerous
songs and pf. pieces; influences of
Franck and Massenet contend in his
Pierson [originally Pearson], Henry
Hugo, compr. b. Oxford, Apr. 12,
1815; d. Leipzig, Jan. 28, 1873.
Pupil of Attwood and Corfe, and of
Rinck, Tomaschek, and Reissiger;
prof, at Edinburgh Univ. 1844; lived
after 1845 in Vienna, Hamburg,
and Leipzig; composed several
operas, oratorios (music to Faust),
songs and part-songs (The Mariners
of England, etc.).
Pinsuti (pin-su'-ti), Giro, teacher, compr.
b. Sinalunga, Florence, May 9, 1829;
d. Florence, Mar. 10, 1888. Member
of Roman Accademia Filarmonica
at 11; taken to England, became
pupil of Potter and Blagrove; 1845-
47 pupil of Rossini at Bologna; after
1848 taught in London, at Royal
Acad. after 1856; Grisi, Patti and
Mario among pupils; brought out
several operas in Italy, received
many honors there; also composed
Engh'sh and Italian songs.
Pirani (pl-ra'-nl), Eugenio, pst., compr.
b. Bologna, Sept. 8, 1852. Studied
at Bologna with Golinelli, at Berlin
with Kiel and Kullak, at whose
Acad. he taught 187^80; after ex-
tended tours, lived in Heidelberg
and Berlin after 1895; correspondent
for musical papers; composed symph.
poem, ballet, concert studies, etc.
piSTOCcm
Pistocchi (pis-tok'-ki), Francesco An-
tonio Mamiliano, teacher, compr. b.
Palermo, 1659; d. Bologna, May
13, 1726. Chorister at Bologna;
precocious compr. (first work pub-
lished at 8); pupil of Perti, Vas-
tamigli, and Monari; operatic singer
after 1675; capellmeister in Ansbach
1696; soon after return to Bologna
1700, founded first systematic school
of singing; composed operas, ora-
torios, Scherzi musicali (songs),
duets, etc.
Pitoni (pl-to'-nl) , Giuseppe Ottavio, com-
pr. b.Rieti, Mar. 18, 1657; d. Rome,
Feb. 1, 1743. Chorister at Rome
and pupil of Foggia; maestro di cap-
pella at Terra di Rotondo, at Assisi,
at Rieti, and at Collegio di S. Marco,
Rome, and at same time in several
churches, finally 1719 at St. Peter's;
taught Durante, Leo, and Feo;
composed masses on popular airs,
very many services (enough for one
year at St. Peter's), and many
motets, not published until after
his death.
Pitt, Percy, compr. b. London, Jan. 4,
1870. Educated in France, studied
music in Leipzig 1886-88, with Rein-
ecke and Jadassohn, and in Munich
1888-91 with Rheinberger; chorus-
master Motet Concerts in London
1895, orgt. at Queen's Hall 1896,
adviser and occasional condr. Covent
Garden 1902; excellent program
analyses; composed incidental mus.
to Paolo and Francesca, Flodden
Field, and Richard II, overture,
suites, an oriental rhapsody, coro-
nation march, songs for voice and
orch.
Pizzi (pit'-ze), Emilio, compr. b. Feb.
2, 1862. Pupil of Ponchielli and
Bazzini at Milan Cons.; took prizes
at Milan and Bologna for operas,
at Florence for quartets; director
music school at Bergamo and maes-
tro di cappella 1897; composed operas
especially for Patti, Gabriella (Bos-
ton, 1893) and Rosalba.
Plaidy (pla'-dl), Louis, pf. teacher, b.
Wermsdorf, Saxony, Nov. 28, 1810;
d. Grimma, Mar. 3, 1874. Pupil
of Agthe on pf. and Haase on
vln.; member of Leipzig Orch.;
studied pf. technic; 1843 invited
PLEYEL
by Mendelssohn to teach at Cons.;
private lessons after 1865; very
remarkable gift for teaching technic
benefited many pupils; his Tech-
nische Studien is still standard; also
published Der Klavierlehrer (the pf.
teacher's guide).
Plangon (plon-son), Pol Henri, dram,
bass. b. Fumay, Ardennes, June 12,
1854. Pupil of Duprez and later of
Sbriglia; de"but Lyons 1879; Grand
Op^rn, Paris, 1883-93; London for
13 seasons; favorite there and in
N. Y.
Planquette (plon-kef), Jean Robert,
compr. b. Paris, July 31, 1848; d.
there, Jan. 28, 1903. Pupil of Du-
prato at Cons.; composed songs and
saynetes for cafes-concerts; first oper-
etta 1874, and thereafter consider-
able success as opera compr., es-
pecially with Les cloches de Corne-
ville, 1877, very popular in England
and America as The Chimes of Nor-
mandy; also composed Surcouf, The
Old Guard, Paul Jones, etc.
Plante (plon-ta), Francis, pst. b.
Orthez, Basses-Pvre'n^es, Mar. 2,
1839; d. Pfrigueux, July, 1898.
Pupil at Paris Cons, of Marmontel,
1st prize 1849; pst. in trios with
Alard and Franchomme; pupil at
Cons, again, 1853, under Bazin for
comp.; after ten years' retirement,
in which he developed his style,
reappeared, 1872, as most finished
pst.; published only transcriptions.
Playford, John, publisher, b. London,
1623; d. there, about Nov., 1686.
Wrote Introduction to the Skill of
Musick, a few songs; published nearly
all English music 1648-85, among
others Hilton's Ayres, Campion's
Art of Descant, The whole booke
of Psalms, etc. Son and successor
Henry, b. May 5, 1657; d. about
1710. Published music of Purcell
and Blow; apparently retired about
1706 or '07.
Pleyel (pli'-el), Ignaz Joseph, compr.
b. Ruppertsthal, near Vienna, June 1,
1757; d. near Paris, Nov. 14, 1831.
Pupil of Wanhal and for five years
of Haydn; then in Rome and Vienna;
capellmeister at Strassburg min-
ster, position which he lost for politi-
cal reasons; condr. of Professional
PODBERTSKY
Concerts in London 1791-92; went
to Paris 1795, where, in 1797, he
established pf. factory, still flourish-
ing as firm of P. Wolff et Cie.; pro-
lific instrumental compr. of some 29
symph., septet, sextet, five books of
quintets, 45 quartets, concertos,
sonatas, etc.
Podbertsky (pod-bert'-ski), Theodor,
compr. b. Munich, Nov. 16, 1846.
Director of Munich Mannergesang-
verein and the Neuen Bavaria; liv-
ing in Fiirstenfeldbriick since 1887;
composed popular part-songs, Am
Chiemsee, Friedrich Rotbart, Meeres-
stille und gliickliche Fahrt.
Pohl (pol), Carl Ferdinand, writer.
b. Darmstadt, Sept. 6, 1819; d.
Vienna, Apr. 28, 1887. Gave up
position as orgt. because of ill health;
in London 1863-66 in research which
is foundation of Mozart and Haydn
in London; 1866 librarian and archiv-
ist to Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde
in Vienna; began life of Haydn, of
which one vol. (in 2 parts) was pub-
lished; to be completed by Mandy-
czewski.
Pohlig, Karl, condr., compr. b. Tep-
litz, Feb. 10, 1864. Pupil of Liszt
at Pesth and Rome; capellm. at
Graz, Hamburg, London (Covent
Garden), Koburg, and Stuttgart 1900
-07; went to Philadelphia 1907 to
become dir. of the Philadelphia
Symph. Orch. ; has written works for
orchestra, songs and choruses.
Pole, William, writer, b. Birmingham,
Apr. 22, 1814; d. London, Dec. 3,
1900. Prof, of civil engineering at
Univ. Coll., London, 1859-76; orgt.
in London; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1864;
examiner for Lond. Univ. 1876-90;
composed some mus.; chiefly known
for analyses, critical essays, The
Story of Mozart's Requiem, and sug-
gestive Philosophy of Music, con-
tributor to Grove's Dictionary.
Polko, Elise [nee Vogel], writer, b.
Wackerbarthsruhe, near Dresden,
Jan. 13, 1822; d. Munich, May 15,
1899. After studying with Garcia
appeared at Frankfort as mezzo
soprano; after marriage appeared in
concert only; lived in various Ger-
man cities; author of many novels
PORGES
in which appear characters of musi-
cal hist. ; best known are sentimental
Musikalische Marchen.
Pollini (pol-le'-nl), Francesco Giuseppe,
pst. b. Laibach, 1763; d. Milan, Sept.
17, 1846. Pupil of Mozart and Zinga-
'relli; prof, of pf. at Milan Cons.; dis-
tinguished performer; probably origi-
nator of writing pf. mus. on 3 staves
in his 32 exercizi in forma di toccata,
in which he was followed by Liszt
and Thalberg; composed toccatas,
sonatas, variations, etc., pf. method,
Stabat Mater, etc.
Ponchielli (pon-ki-el'-le), Amilcare,
compr. b. Paderno Fasolare, Cre-
mona, Aug. 31, 1834; d. Milan, Jan.
16, 1886. After study at Milan
Cons., was orgt. and bandmaster;
1856 produced opera / promessi
sposi, most successful in revised
version, 1872; after that continued
success with 9 others; maestro of
Piacenza Cath. 1881; most success-
ful opera Gioconda (Milan 1876,
London, N. Y., and Boston 1883);
ranked next to Verdi by Italians.
Popper, David, 'cettist. b. Prague,
Dec. 9, 1843. Pupil of Goltermann
at Prague Cons.; after successful
tours in Germany, 1868-73, became
soloist at Vienna Opera; married
pst. Sophie Menter, 1872 (divorced
1886); for a number of years he
held no official position, for various
lengths of time being in London,
Paris, St. Petersburg, Vienna, Berlin,
etc.; since 1896 prof, in Budapest
Cons.; recognized all over Europe
as among finest 'cellists; has written
for 'cello (popular Sarabande and
Gavotte, suites, concertos), string
quartets, and monumental Violon-
cello School.
Porges (por'-g6s), Heinrich, writer.
b. Prague, Nov. 25, 1837; d. Munich,
Nov. 17, 1900. Pupil of C. Muller,
Rummel, and Zwonaf; editor with
Brendel of Neue Zeitschrift fur
Musik 1863; 1867 called to Munich
by Ludwig II, editor of Suddeutsche
Presse, teacher at Royal Sch. and
Royal Music director after 1871;
organized P. Gesangverein 1886;
intimate with Cornelius and Wag-
ner, and the latter's champion in
many pamphlets and articles.
PORPORA
PRAGER
Porpora (por-por'-a), Nicolb Antonio,
compr. b. Naples, Aug. 19, 1686;
d. there, Feb., 1766. Pupil of Gae-
tano of Perugia and Mancini at
Cons, di San Loreto; maestro di cap.
to Portuguese ambassador; early
opera, Berenice, praised by Handel;
opened singing school about 1712,
where he had many very famous
pupils (Farinelli, Senesino, Tosi,
etc.); about 1721 virtuoso to Prince
of Hesse-Darmstadt; 1725 teacher
at Venice, and while there tried un-
successfully for favor at Vienna; at
Dresden, 1728, singing master to
princess and maestro at opera, in
which position he was bitter rival
of Hasse, who (1724) had deserted
P. for lessons from A. Scarlatti; 1729
-1736 intermittently in London,
where he directed opposition to
Handel without great success; then
lived in Venice, Vienna (where he
taught Haydn), again at Dresden
(where Hasse began to gain ground
against him); returning to Naples
about 1755, became maestro at the
cathedral and at Cons, di San Ono-
frio; died in poverty; operatic music
of conventional florid style; clavi-
chord music (fugues, etc.) of some
originality; greatest as teacher of
singing.
Porter, Frank Addison, teacher, b.
Dixmont, Me., Sept. 3, 1859. Pupil
at N. E. Cons. 1879-84 of Turner,
Emery, Chadwick, etc., at Leipzig of
Hofmann, Freitag, etc.; prof, of pf.
at N. E. Cons, since 1884; supt. of
normal course there since 1892; pub-
lished System of finger technic, noc-
turnes, mazurka, etc.
Portugal [or Portogallo] da Fonseca,
Marcos Antonio, compr. b. Lisbon,
Mar. 24, 1762; d. Rio de Janeiro,
Feb. 7, 1830. Pupil of Borselli, an
opera singer, and Orao, maestro at
cath.; accompanist Madrid opera
1782; after study in Italy, produced
successful operas (II Molinaro, L'As-
tuto, 1790); court condr. at Lisbon;
then in Italy producing operas in
various cities to 1799 (Fernando net
Messico, masterpiece according to
F6tis); 1800 at Lisbon, 1810 followed
royal family to Brazil, continued posi-
tion there; some success in Germany
and England, but most of his 40 op-
eras were popular in Italy and Spain.
Potter, Philip Cipriani Hambly, pst.,
compr. b. London, Oct. 2, 1792;
d. there, Sept. 26, 1871. Studied
with father, Attwood, Callcott,
Woelfl, etc. ; d6but as pst. and compr.
1816; studied comp. with A. Forster
at Vienna, where Beethoven gave
him advice; prof, of pf. at Royal
Acad. Mus. 1822; principal there
1832, resigned 1859; composed sona-
tas, concertos, two books of praise-
worthy studies; distinguished condr.
of Madrigal Soc. and admirable
performer.
Pougin (po-zhan), Arthur [real name
Frangois Auguste Arthur Paroisse-
Pougin], writer. b. Chateauroux,
Aug. 6, 1834. Son of actor; pupil
of Alard and Reber at Paris Cons.;
th. vlt.; condr. at several theatres;
member Ope"ra Comique orch. 1860-
63; since then critic for several
papers (M£nestrel, of which he became
chief editor after 1885, Le Theatre,
etc.); author of musical articles in
Larousse's Diet, universel, author of
supplement to F£tis's dictionary,
etc., and, beside many articles, of
biographies of Bellini, Auber, R,a-
meau, Verdi, etc.
Powell, Maud, vlt. b. Peru, 111., Aug.
22, 1868. Mother an amateur
compr.; pupil of Wm. Lewis in
Chicago, of Schradieck in Leipzig,
of Dancla in Paris, and, after play-
ing in London, of Joachim in Berlin;
d6but there and in New York 1885;
leader Maud Powell String Quartet
1894; very distinguished and skilful
player. Married H. Godfrey Turner,
1907.
Pradher [rightly Pradfcre], (pra-dar),
Louis Barthelemy, pst., compr. b.
Paris, Dec. 18, 1781; d. Gray,
Haute-Saone, Oct., 1834. Pupil of
Gobert and Berton at Cons., where
he became pf. prof. 1802; among
pupils Herz, Dubois, etc.; retired
1827; published operas and much
pf. mus. (sonatas, rondos, fantasias,
etc.).
Prager (prag'-er), Ferdinand Christian
Wilhelin, teacher, b. Leipzig, Jan.
22, 1815; d. London, Sept. 1, 1891.
Son of vlt. Heinrich Aloys P. (1783-
1854); pupil of Hummel and Pape;
teacher in The Hague and London
PRATORIUS
PROCH
after 1834; English correspondent for
Schumann's Neue Zeitschrift, sup-
porter of Wagner, influential in
calling W. to London 1855; compr.
of symph. poems, pf. mus. (Crepus-
cule, etc.), author of Wagner as I
knew him.
Pratorius, Michael, compr., writer.
b. Kreuzberg, Thuringia, Feb. 15,
1571; d. Wolfenbuttel, Feb. 15,
1621. Capellmeister at Liineburg,
orgt. and capellm. to Duke of Bruns-
wick, prior of Monastery of Ringel-
heim; prolific compr. of 15 volumes
of Polyhymnia, 16 of Musae Sioniae,
etc.; chiefly distinguished as author
of Syntagma musicum, 1615-20,
treatise, partly in Latin, partly in
German, on ecclesiastical music, on
all known instruments (with very
valuable woodcuts) and styles of
compositions.
Pratt, Silas Gamaliel, compr. b. Addi-
son, Vt., Aug. 4, 1846. Pupil of
Bendel, Kullak, Wiierst, and Kiel,
and on later trip, 1875, of Dorn
and Liszt; organized Chicago Apollo
Club 1871; gave symphony con-
certs, concerts of own works, his
opera Zenobia 1882; pf. prof, at
N. Y. Metropolitan Cons. 1890;
removed to Pittsburg 1907; com-
posed 2 operas, 2 symphonies, can-
tata, suites, part-songs, etc., ar-
ranged spectacle The War in Song.
Pratt, Waldo Selden, writer, teacher, b.
Philadelphia, Nov. 10, 1857. Grad-
uated at Williams College 1878;
Johns Hopkins Univ. 1878-80; Mus.
D. Syracuse Univ. 1895; asst. dir.
Metropol. Museum, N. Y., 1880-82,
registrar Hartford Theol. Seminary
1888-95; teacher of elocution Trinity
Coll. 1891-1905; lecturer on mus.
hist, at Smith Coll. since 1895, at
Mt. Holyoke 1896-99, at Inst. Mus.
Art, N. Y., 1905; orgt. and condr.
of choral soc. in Hartford; prof. mus.
and hymnology at Hartford Theol.
Seminary since 1882; Mus. Ed.
Century Dictionary, etc.; author of
Mus. Ministries in the Church, 1901,
and valuable text-book Hist, of
Mus. 1907.
Prentice, Thomas Ridley, pst. b.
Paslow Hall, Ongar, Essex, July 6,
1842; d. Hampstead, July 15, 1895.
Pupil of W. and G. A. Macfarren
at Royal Acad.; taught there: gave
Monthly Popular Concerts at Brixton
1869-74; orgt. 1872; pf. prof. Guild-
hall Sch. 1880, at Blackheath Cons.
1881; organized twopenny concerts
for working classes; most valuable
work The Musician, notes on pf.
instruction books; composed can-
tata, anthems, pf. mus., etc.
Prescott, Oliveria Louisa, compr., writer,
b. London, Sept. 3, 1842. Pupil at
Royal Acad. Mus. and of Lindsay
Sloper, Macfarren, etc.; successful
teacher of harmony; author of clear,
useful text-book, Musical form,
compr. of 2 symph., overtures, pf.
concerto, etc., psalms, cantata Lord
Ullin's Daughter, songs, etc.
Prevost (pra-vo), Eugene Prosper, com-
pr., condr. b. Paris, Aug. 23, 1809;
d. New Orleans, Aug. 30, 1872. Pupil
at Paris Cons, of Seuriot, Jelen-
sperger, and Lesueur; Grand prix de
Rome 1831; produced several suc-
cessful operettas; condr. at Havre,
at New Orleans 1838-1862, then at
Bouffes Parisiens and the Champs
Elyse'es; later compositions unsuc-
cessful; returned to New Orleans
1867.
Preyer, Carl A., compr., teacher, b.
Pforzheim, Germany, July 28, 1863.
Began musical instruction under a
local teacher at the age of 9, contin-
uing at Stuttgart, at Vienna under
Navratil, and in Berlin under Urban
and Barth; began his professional
career in 1884; after coming to the
United States he became successive-
ly professor of music in Baker Uni-
versity, Baldwin, Kas., 1889-91,
and at University of Kansas, Law-
rence, 1893, with which institution
he is still connected (1910). His
compositions number about fifty
mainly for piano and voice; among
his works for piano are a number of
fine technical studies which have
been well received by teachers; Mus.
Doc. Baker University 1909.
Proch (pr6k), Heinrich, compr. b.
Bohmisch-Leipa, July 22, 1809;
d. Vienna, Dec. 18, 1878. Studied
vln. and law; capellmeister in
Vienna at theatre, at court opera
1840-70, of comic opera 1874; many
PROUT
PURCELL
famous pupils (Tie tj ens, Materna,
etc.) ; compr. of very popular lieder
(Von der Alpe tout das Horn, etc.).
Prout, Ebenezer, compr., theorist, b.
Oundle, Northamptonshire, Mar. 1,
1835; d. London, Dec. 5, 1909. Pf.
pupil of Salaman, otherwise self-
taught; orgt. in several places; prof,
of pf. Crystal Palace Sch. of Art
1861-85; prof, of harmony and
comp. at Nat'l Training School
1876, at Royal Acad. 1879, at Guild-
hall Sch. 1884; prof. mus. at Dublin
Univ. 1894; editor Monthly Mus.
Record 1871-74, critic for Academy
and Athenceum; editor of some of
Handel's oratorios, with additional
accomp. ; most distinguished as writer
of primer on Instrumentation, and of
series Harmony, Counterpoint, Double
Counterpoint, Fugue, Mus. Form,
Applied Forms, and The Orchestra.
Pruckner, Dionys, pst. b. Munich,
May 12, 1834; d. Heidelberg, Dec.
1, 1896. Pupil of Niest and of
Liszt; settled in Vienna 1855; prof.
Stuttgart Cons. 1859, to reputation
of which he largely contributed;
court pst. 1864; excellent teacher.
Prudent (prii-don), Emile, pst. b.
AngoulSme, April 3, 1817; d. Paris,
May 13, 1863. Adopted by piano
tuner in childhood; pupil at Paris
Cons, of Le Couppey, Zimmermann,
and Laurent; first performance at
concert with Thalberg, whom he
closely imitated and nearly equaled;
successful tours in Germany and
England, admired as teacher and
performer in Paris; compr. of tran-
scriptions and salon music, brilliant
but now out of fashion.
Puccini (poo-che'-ne), Giacomo, compr.
b. Lucca, June 22, 1858. Great-
great-grandfather, grandfather, and
father all compr. of church music,
great-grandfather notable theorist;
student at Milan Cons., on pension
from queen, under Ponchielli; first
opera, Le Villi, successful 1884;
revised the next year; second, Edgar,
1889, failure; better success with
Manon Lescaut 1893; first triumph
with La BoMme 1896; Tosca 1900,
continued success, and Madam But-
terfly, though hissed at first per-
formance, Milan, 1904, has since been
successful, not only in Italy but
almost everywhere else, London
1905, New York and Boston, English
version. P. is one of most popular of
contemporary composers; he differs
from Mascagni and other Italians
in seeking for more than mere sensa-
tion, and from followers of Wagner
in not endeavoring to establish any
abstract truth; his orchestration
shows brilliant technic and vari-
ety; his melody, typically Italian in
its fluency and somewhat obvious
emotionalism, is modern in its psy-
chological truth, so far as is possible
with his librettos, which have often
been disconnected melodramatic
scenes rather than artistic creations.
Pudor (poo'-dor), Heinrich, writer, b.
Dresden about 1860. Son of Johann
Friedrich P. (1835-1887), proprietor
of Dresden Cons. 1859-87; suc-
ceeded father at Cons, until 1890,
when he sold out to E. Krantz;
prolific writer, at first extravagant,
but more restrained in later works;
wrote Die alien und die neuen Wege
in der Mus., etc.
Pugnani (poon-ya'-nl), Gaetano, vlt.
b. Turin, Nov. 27, 1731; d. there,
June 15, 1798. Pupil of Somis and
Tartini; leader court orchestra Turin
1752; long tours after 1754 to Paris
and London, where he conducted
opera orch. and produced opera;
1770 at Turin established vln. school;
among pupils Viotti, Polledro, etc.;
composed 9 concertos (only 1 pub-
lished), chamber music.
Pugno (pu-no), Stephane Raoul, pst.
b. Montrouge, Seine, France, June
23, 1852. Pupil at Niedermeyer Sch.
and Paris Cons., winning 3 first
prizes, pf. 1866, harmony '67, organ
'69; orgt. in Paris since 1896; prof,
of harmony 1892-96, and of piano
1896-1901 at Cons.; since about
1893 has been distinguished as per-
former, especially of classical music;
successful concerts with Ysaye in
Paris, London, and U. S.; playing
notable for smooth tone, intense
expression, combined with force;
compr. of oratorio, ballets, etc.
Purcell, Henry, compr. b. West-
minster, London, 1658; d. there,
Nov. 21, 1695. Called " the young-
er"; father, also Henry P. (d. Aug.
PYNE
11, 1664), gentleman of Chapel Royal
after Restoration, master of chor-
isters, Westminster Abbey, member
of King's band; after early death of
father, Henry was chorister at
Chapel Royal under Cooke and
Pelham Humfrey, who is said to
have shown him the French style
of music; early a compr.; pupil in
composition of Blow; copyist at
Abbey 1676-78, 1688-90, orgt. there
1680 (unsupported tradition gives
Blow credit for resigning in pupil's
favor); orgt. at Chapel Royal 1682;
composed anthems and songs from
early age, " lessons " for harpsi-
chord; sonatas, fantasias, etc. for sev-
eral instruments; incidental music
for plays (the so-called " operas "
are mostly detachable songs); of
these the most notable are Dido and
jEneas (probably 1688-90), Dio-
desian 1690, Dryden's King Arthur
1691. Reckoned as greatest English
compr.; there have been frequent
editions of his works, but no accu-
rate ones until foundation of Purcell
Society 1878, 16 volumes published
up to 1908. Chief characteristics
of music are " fondness for austere
melody, relieved by strongly marked
rhythm, delight in moving basses
and skill in handling ground bass,
love of 'false relations,' beside
general technical ingenuity com-
bined with direct passionate expres-
sion." [Grove.]; unfortunate for
English music that he had no im-
mediate successors. (Biography by
W. H. Cummings.)
QUINAULT
Pyne, John Kendrick, orgt. b. London,
Aug. 21, 1810; d. there, Mar. 2 (4?),
1893. Son of James Kendrick,
tenor (1785-1857); pupil of Crotch
at Royal Acad.; orgt. at Bath
Abbey from 1839. Son James Ken-
drick, orgt. b. Bath, Feb. 5, 1852.
Pupil of father and S. S. Wesley;
orgt. at Bath, etc., finally at Man-
chester Cath. 1876; prof, at Manches-
ter Royal Coll. Mus. 1893; in Phila-
delphia 1875; compr. of services,
etc.; well-known recital orgt.
Pyne, Louisa Fanny, dram. sop. b.
England, Aug. 27, 1832; d. London,
Mar. 20, 1904. Pupil of Smart,
appeared with sister at early age;
d^but on stage, Boulogne, 1849;
sang in London 1849-54, U. S.
1854-56, again in England estab-
lished, with Wm. Harrison, H.-P.
Opera Co., giving English operas;
after marriage to F. Bodda, baritone,
in 1868, retired from stage; devoted
td teaching.
Pythagoras, mathematician, b. Samos,
Greece, about 582 B. C.; d. Meta-
pontum, about 500. Though he
wrote no books, his disciples, Euclid,
Ptolemy, etc. preserved his doc-
trines which he is thought to have
gained in the Egyptian esoteric
schools where he spent several years;
in music he counted only the oc-
tave and the fifth as consonances
(fourth being fifth below); third
and sixths consequently dissonant
intervals.
Quantz, Johann Joachim, flute player,
b. Oberscheden, Hanover, Jan. 30,
1697; d. Potsdam, July 12, 1773.
Played double-bass at 8; at 10, as
apprentice to uncle, town musician
at Merseburg, studied clavichord
with Kiesewetter, and learned other
instruments; member of town orch.
at Dresden; studied counterpoint
with Zelenka and Fux at Vienna;
1718 oboist in royal orch. at Dresden,
later played flute there, after study-
ing with Buffardin; and resumed
position after trip to Italy, Paris,
and London; teacher of Frederick
the Great, when crown prince, and
after his accession 1740, chamber
musician and compr.; invented
second key and sliding top for flute;
wrote method and composed about
300 concertos and 200 sonatas and
other pieces.
Quinault (ke-no'), Jean Baptiste Mau-
rice, singer, actor, d. Gien, 1744. At
Th. Francaise 1712-18, tragedian
there until 1733; wrote more than
20 interludes, ballets, etc. (a 4-act
ballet Les amours des deesses, 1728,
had considerable success in Paris).
RACHMANINOFF
RAMEAU
Rachmaninoff (rak-man'-e'-nof), Sergei
Vassilievitch, pst., compr. b. Nov-
gorod, Russia, Apr. 2, 1873. Studied
at St. Petersburg and Moscow Cons.,
pf. with Siloti and theory with
Arensky; gold medal 1891; after con-
cert tour in Russia, and appearance
at London Philharmonic, 1899, ap-
pointed pf. prof, at Maryinsky Inst.
forgirls, Moscow 1893; American tour
1909-10; has composed opera Aleko,
Fantasia, Bohemian Caprice, etc.
for orch., pf. concerto, two sympho-
nies, Elegiac trio, some songs, and pf.
music (Variations, Musical moments,
Preludes, etc.), which contains novel
and varied harmonic effects, well
worth the effort of overcoming the
considerable technical difficulty.
Radecke (ra'-d6-k6), Albert Martin
Robert, compr. b. Dittmannsdorf,
Oct. 31, 1830. Studied at Leipzig
Cons.; 1st vln. in Gewandhaus orch.;
condr. Singakademie, director City
Th.; after giving concerts in Berlin,
mus. director of court theatre there
1863-87, court capellmeister 1871,
director of Stern Cone. 1883-88, of
Royal Inst. for Church Mus. 1892;
compr. orch. works, especially ex-
cellent pf. trios and songs.
Raff (raf), Joseph Joachim, compr. b.
Lachen, Lake of Zurich, May 27,
1822; d. Frankfort-on-Main, June
25, 1882. Son of orgt., educated at
Wiirttemberg and in Schuryz; be-
came school-teacher, continuing
alone study of comp., pf. and vln.;
on Mendelssohn's recommendation
some pf. pieces were published 1843;
devoted himself to composition;
until 1850 in Cologne, Wiesenstetten,
and Stuttgart, though encouraged
by Liszt and Von Billow, many
chances of success failed; 1850 in
Weimar, where he wrote articles for
Neue Zeitschrift and where Liszt
produced opera Konig Alfred; after
1856 in Wiesbaden, in demand as
teacher; symphony An das Voter-
land won prize Vienna 1863; director
of Hoch Cons, at Frankfort 1877;
much work done to earn living; of
the rest, though symphonies, etc.
are frequently of some melodic
charm and are worked up with
great care, the inherent weakness
of his ideas has caused them already
to disappear from programs.
Raif (rif), Oskar, pf. teacher. b.
Zwolle, Holland, July 31, 1847; d.
Berlin, July 29, 1899. Studied with
father, Carl R., and Tausig; prof,
of pf. at Royal High School, Berlin,
after 1875; a specialist in technic
known as the " dumb thumb " sys-
tem; composed pf. concerto, sonata,
etc.
Raimondi (ra-mon'-di), Pietro, compr.
b. Rome, Dec. 20, 1786; d. there, Oct.
30, 1853. Pupil of La Barbara and
Tritto at Naples; lived as teacher
and successful opera compr. in
Genoa; a director of th. at Naples
1824-33; prof, of counterpoint at
Naples Royal Cons. 1825-32, at
Palermo Cons. 1832-52; maestro di
cappella, St. Peter's, Rome, 1852-53;
composed fugues, requiems, masses,
oratorios, 3 of which were produced
simultaneously in Rome, 1852, as a
feat of contrapuntal skill.
Ramann (ra'-man), Lina, writer, b.
Mainstockheim, 'June 24, 1833.
Pupil of Frau Brendel at Leipzig;
founded normal mus. sem'y Gliick-
stadt, 1858, and with Ida Volk-
mann school at Nuremberg, 1865;
wrote Grundriss der Technik des Kla-
vier spiels, historical essays, and, most
notably, biography of Liszt, 1880-93,
still standard; edited L's works.
Rameau (ra-mo), Jean Philippe, theor-
ist, compr. b. Dijon, Sept. 25, 1683;
d. Paris, Sept. 12, 1764. Of musical
family and precocious ability; studied
at Jesuit Coll., Dijon; 1701 sent to
Italy, but did not care for prevailing
styles; played vln. in traveling opera
company and was orgt. in several
places, finally at Lille, since his teacher
Marc hand in jealousy kept him from
Paris; after four years obtained posi-
tion in Paris and published, 1726,
Nouveau systeme de musique theo-
rique; after writing songs, etc. for
plays, composed opera Samson, which
RANDEGGER
READING
was rejected; Hippolyte et Aricie,
1733, not very successful, but with
Les Indes galantes, 1735, and Castor
et Pollux, 1737, he was launched on
career of success. In opera marked
advance over Lully in dramatic
sincerity and larger conceptions; he
gives richer and more expressive
orchestral backgrounds, with special
part for each instrument, and more
frequent solos for wood-wind; not
happy in composing for voice and
hampered by theory that any libretto
would do; in mus. theory, he first re-
duced study of chords to a systematic
basis and established satisfactorily
the science of " equal temperament ";
his is preeminently the " reflecting,
calculating genius of a philosopher."
Randegger (ran-dezh-er), Alberto, sing-
ing teacher, b. Trieste, Apr. 13, 1832.
Studied with Lafont and Ricci;
theatre condr. at several Italian
cities; prod. 2 operas; in London
since 1854; singing teacher at Royal
Acad. since 1868 and at Royal Coll.;
conducted Italian opera 1857, Carl
Rosa Co. 1879-85, Norwich Festival
1881-1905; composed dram, cantata
Fridolin, 2 soprano scenes, Medea,
Saffo, psalms, etc.; author of valu-
able Primer of Singing.
Randolph, Harold, pst. b. Richmond,
Va., Oct. 31, 1861. Father a lawyer
and writer; both parents good ama-
teur musicians; began to study music
at about eight years of age, and re-
ceived bulk of musical education at
the Peabody Conservatory, Balti-
more; began professional career at
sixteen, and filled various positions as
organist and choirmaster up to 1906,
when he retired from church work;
director of Peabody Conservatory
since 1898; has appeared as pianist
with most of the principal American
orchestras and chamber music organ-
izations; first pianist entirely Ameri-
can-taught to achieve wide public
recognition; reorganized the Con-
servatory and greatly enlarged its
scope.
Rappoldi (rap-p61'-de), Edouard, vlt.
b. Vienna, Feb. 21, 1839; d. Dresden,
May 16, 1903. Pupil in Vienna
Cons, of Jansa, Bohm, and Sechter;
vlt. in court orch.; leader at Rot-
terdam; condr. at Liibeck, Prague,
etc.; teacher at Berlin Hochschule
1871-77; leader of opera orch. and
head teacher vln. at Dresden Cons.
1877-98, where he retired. Wife,
Laura, nee Kahrer, pst. b. Mistel-
bach, near Vienna, Jan. 14, 1853.
Pupil at Vienna Cons, and with Liszt.
Rauchenecker (row'-ken-ek-er), Georg
Wilhelm, condr., compr. b. Munich,
Mar. 8, 1844; d. Elberfeld, July 17,
1906. Pupil of Th. Lachner, Baum-
gartner, and Walter; vlt. at Lyons;
director at Avignon Cons., at Win-
terthur; condr. Berlin Philharmonic
1884, and mus. dir. Elberfeld after
1889; composed 3 operas and success-
ful string quartets.
Ravel (ra-vel'), Maurice, compr. b.
Ciboure, Basses-Pyre'ne'es, Mar. 7,
1875. Pupil at Paris Cons., pf. with
De Be*riot, harmony with Pessard,
1892-95, comp. with G. Faure", 1897-
1900; as applicant for Prix de Rome,
1905, is said to have been victim of
favoritism; has composed Shehera-
zade overture, The Toys' Christmas
for orch., quartet which has been
widely played; his music is of " radi-
cal harmonic structure, ingenious
detail, and pervasive imagination."
Ravenscroft, Thomas, compr. b. Lon-
don, 1593; d. London, 1635. Choris-
ter at St. Paul's under Pearce; Mus.
B. Cambridge 1607; his Pammelia,
1609, first collection of part-songs,
rounds, etc. printed in England;
issued other collections, Deutero-
melia, Melismata, Discourse (on nota-
tion), and Whole Booke of Psalms
" by sundry authors."
Ravina (ra-vi-na), Jean Henri, pst.,
compr. b. Bordeaux, May 20, 1818;
d. Paris, Sept. 30, 1906. Entered at
Paris Cons., studied with Zimmer-
mann, Laurent, Reicha, and Leborne;
1st pf. prize 1834, 1st harmony 1836;
teacher 1835-37; long concert tours,
composed salon music Douce pensee;
Calinerie, Etudes de style et de per-
fection.
Reading, John, compr. Three of this
name: 1. Vicar at Lincoln Cath.,
master of choristers 1670; orgt.
Winchester Cath. 1675-81, at W.
Coll. 1681-92, when he died. 2.
Orgt. at Chichester Cath. 1674-1720.
3. b. 1677; d. Sept. 2, 1764. Orgt,,
master of choristers, Lincoln, and
REAY
REICHA
orgt. after 1707 at several London
churches; one of these is supposed
to be compr. of tune Adeste fideles.
Reay, Samuel, teacher, b. Hexham,
Eng., Mar. 17, 1822; d. Newark,
July 22, 1905. Chorister at Durham ;
pupil of Henshaw and Stimpson;
orgt. in several places; song school-
master of Newark Parish Ch. after
1899; condr. Newark Philharmonic
Soc.; compr. of anthems and services,
editor of Songs and ballads of North-
ern England.
Reber (ra-bar), Napoleon Henri, compr.
b. Miihlhausen, Alsace, Oct. 21,
1807; d. Paris, Nov. 24, 1880.
Studied with Reicha and Lesueur
at Paris Cons., where he was prof,
of harmony after 1851, of comp.
1862; inspector of branch cons. 1871;
member of Academy 1853; composed
chamber mus., ballet, operas (Le
pere Gaillard, 1852), noteworthy
orchestral works (4 symphonies,
suite, scenes lyriques Roland); wrote
useful Traite d'harmonie.
Rebicek (ra'-W-chgk), Josef, vU. b.
Prague, Feb. 7, 1844; d. Berlin,
Mar. 24, 1904. Pupil at Prague
Cons.; vlt. in Weimar court orch.;
leader at theatres Wiesbaden and
Prague; director Warsaw, condr.
Pesth, Wiesbaden; capellmeister
Berlin Philharmonic 1897-1903;
composed symph. in D minor.
Rebikoff (ra-bl'-kof), Vladimir Ivano-
vitch, compr. b. Krasnoyarsk, Si-
beria, June 1, 1866. Studied at
Moscow Cons., at Berlin with
Miihler, and at Vienna; lived in
Odessa, in Kishineff, where he
founded branch Mus. Soc., then in
Moscow; early compositions simple
and pleasing; later ones, chiefly for
pf. (Melomimiques, Esclavage et
liberte, etc.), are experiments in un-
conventional forms and unusual
consonances, imitations, etc.
Redhead, Richard, orgt. b. Harrow,
Eng., Mar. 1, 1820; d. Hellingley,
Sussex, Apr. 27, 1901. Chorister at
Magdalen Coll., Oxford, where he
was pupil of Vicary; orgt. in London
1839-1901; composed services, an-
thems, etc., for Anglican Church,
and compiled collections of hymns,
chants, etc.
Reeves, John Sims, tenor, b. Wool-
wich, Sept. 26, 1818; d. Worthing,
Oct. 25, 1900. Early played org.,
vln., 'cello, oboe, and bassoon; pupil
of Cramer, Callcott, Hobbs, and
Cooke; d6but as baritone Newcastle-
on-Tyne, 1839, sang tenor in London
1842; after further study with Bor-
dogni and Mazzucato, appeared
Milan 1846 as leading tenor; very
popular in England, especially, in
both opera and oratorio; " Ids
operatic career was more or less
overshadowed by the great place he
made for himself in oratorio," at
Handel Festival, 1857, in Eli and
Naaman (written for him) and
many new works; farewell concert
1891, but reappeared under pres-
sure of need in 1893, and 1896;
published reminiscences My Jubilee.
Reger (ra-ger), Max, compr. b. Brand,
Bavaria, Mar. 19, 1873. Pupil of
Lindner and H. Riemann at Sonders-
hausen and Wiesbaden, where Reger
taught, 1895-96; after military ser-
vice and severe illness finally settled
in Munich 1901; prof, of harmony
and counterpoint at Royal. Acad. and
condr. of Porgesscher Gesangverein,
Leipzig, 1908; compr. of great origi-
nality and contrapuntal skill; ex-
treme in disregard of established
limitations of form and key; he has
composed songs, variations, sonatas
(some for vln. alone), org. works,
and Sinfonietta and Serenade for orch.
Rehberg (ra-berg), Willy, pst. b.
Merges, Switzerland, Sept. 2, 1862.
Pupu of father, Friedrich R., of
Hegar, Weber, and Freund at Zurich,
and at Leipzig Cons., where he later
taught; condr. concerts of court
orch. and Singakademie at Alten-
berg 1888-90; teacher of pf. at
Geneva Cons.; after 1890 capell-
meister of Geneva orch.; composed
sonata, gavotte, etc., for pf.
Rehfeld (ra'-felt), Fabian, vtt., compr.
b. Tuchel, W. Prussia, Jan. 23, 1842.
Studied with Zimmermann and
Griinwald; Royal chamber musician,
Berlin, 1868; concertmaster court
orchestra 1873, professor 1903;
compr. for vln.
Reicha (ri'-ka), Anton, theorist, compr.
b. Prague, Feb. 27, 1770; d. Paris,
May 28, 1836. Pupil of uncle
REICHART
Joseph R. [or Rejcha], compr. and
vlt.; flute player Bonn orch., where
Beethoven played viola; pf. teacher
Hamburg 1794-99; lived in Vienna
1801-08, intimate with Beethoven
and circle; lived in Paris after 1808;
B -educed operas, taught (Elwart,
ancla, etc. among pupils); prof,
counterpoint and fugue at Cons.
1818; member Academy 1835; com-
posed chamber music (some for
horns, etc.) and wrote theoretical
works, clear and successful, but now
out of date.
Reichardt (rlk'-ardt), Johann Friedrich,
compr. b. Konigsberg, Nov. 25, 1752;
d. Giebichenstein, near Halle, June
27,1814. Pupil of C. G. Richter and
Veichtner; student of philosophy at
Leipzig; capellmeister to Frederick
the Great 1775; founded Concerts
spirituels, for which he wrote pro-
grams; journeys to London and
Paris 1786; dismissed by F. Wilhelm
II, 1794; inspector of salt works at
Giebichenstein; capellmeister to
Jerome Napoleon; his numerous
Singspiele affected German opera
by establishing national character;
as song compr. he marks transition
between earlier comprs. and Schu-
bert; also wrote passion music,
anthems, etc.; instrumental works
of no great importance.
Reichmann (rik'-man), Theodor, dram,
baritone, b. Rostock, Mar. 15, 1849;
d. Marbach, Lake of Constance,
May 22, 1903. Studied in Berlin,
Prague and with Lamperti in Milan;
sang at Magdeburg 1869, Berlin,
Cologne, Munich, etc.; at Vienna
Court Opera 1882-99; created Am-
fortas in Parsifal, Bayreuth, 1882;
N. Y. 1889-91; after 1893 again in
Vienna.
Reimann (ri'-man), Heinrich, orgt.
b. Rengersdorf, Mar. 14, 1850; d.
Charlottenburg, May 24, 1906. Pupil
of father at Glatz Gymnasium, Bres-
lau Univ.; resigned positions as
teacher and school director; con-
ducted choral societies; critic and
writer; asst. librarian Roval Library,
Berlin, orgt. to Berlin Philharmonic
until 1875; teacher of org. and theory
at Scharwenka-Klindworth Cons,
until 1894; orgt. at Kaiser Wilhelm
Memorial Church 1895; critic for
REOTKEN
Allgemeine Musik Zeitung, compr.
of org. mus., author of biog. of
Schumann, etc.
Reinagle (ri'-nagle), Alexander Robert,
orgt., compr. b. Brighton, Aug. 21,
1799; d. Kidlington, near Oxford,
Apr. 6, 1877. Of musical family;
teacher, orgt. at Oxford; wrote
instruction books for vln. and 'cello;
composed hymn tune St. Peter.
Reinecke (ri'-nek-6), Carl Heinrich
Carsten, pst., compr., condr. b.
Altona, June 23, 1824; d. March 10,
1910, at Leipzig. Pf. pupil of father;
after 1843 made tours in Scandinavia
and Germany; friend of Mendels-
sohn and Schumann at Leipzig; pst.
to Christian VIII; after some
years in Paris, taught at Cologne
Cons. 1851; was director Barmen
1854-59; dir. and condr. Singaka-
demie, Breslau, 1859-60; condr.
Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 1860-95; also
prof, of pf. and comp. at Leipzig
Cons. 1860-1902, where he had
many famous pupils, Joseffy, Maas,
etc.; leader in Leipzig for 25 years;
works, especially those for pf., and
chamber mus., show skill in con-
struction and considerable romantic
feeling; settings for women's voices
'of Dornroschen, Schneewittchen, etc.,
also noteworthy; besides concertos
for 'cello, vln., harp, operas, can-
tatas, overtures, etc., contributions
to English and German periodicals.
Reinhold (rin-holt), Hugo, compr. b.
Vienna, Mar. 3, 1854. Chorister at
court chapel; pupil of Bruckner,
Dessoff, and Epstein at Cons.; suite
for pf. and strings, minuet and fugue
for orch., and string quartet have at-
tracted notice, as well as songs and
pf. music.
Reinken (rin'-ken), Johann Adam,
orgt., compr. b. Wilshausen, Lower
Alsace, Apr. 27, 1623; d. Ham-
burg, Nov. 24, 1722. Pupil of
Scheidemann at Hamburg 1654-57;
orgt. at Deventer 1657-58; then
assistant and successor, 1663, to
Scheidemann; distinguished per-
former whom Bach walked from
Liineberg to hear; wrote Hortus
musicus (2 vlns., via., bass), Partite
diverse, toccata, variations, and
fugue; other works burned by
direction of his will.
REINTHALER
RESZKE
Reinthaler (rin'-ta-ler), Carl Martin,
compr. b. Erfurt, Oct. 13, 1822;
d. Bremen, Feb. 13, 1896. Pupil of
G. A. Ritter, and of Marx, in sing-
ing of Geraldi and Bordogni in
Paris and in Rome; teacher of
singing, Cologne Cons., 1853; mus.
dir., orgt. at Cathedral; condr. of
Singakademie and Liedertafel at
Bremen; compr. of 2 operas, widely
popular oratorio Jephtha, famous
Bismarck- Hymne, symphony, and
choral works.
Reisenauer (ri'-zen-ou-er), Alfred, pst.
. b. Konigsbers:, Nov. 1, 1863; d.
Libau, Oct. "31, 1907. Pupil of
Kohler and Liszt; d^but with Liszt
1881; after studying law in Leipzig,
reappeared with brilliant success
1886; prof. pf. at Leipzig Cons.
1900; in America 1904; special
characteristics not spectacular ex-
hibition, but sympathetic interpre-
tation of varied' comprs.; at his best
with Schumann and Liszt.
Reissiger (ris'-sig-er), Carl Gottlieb,
compr. b. Bebiig, near Wittenberg,
Jan. 31, 1798; d. Dresden, Nov. 7,
1859. Pupil of Schicht at Leipzig;
appeared 'as singer and pst. at
Vienna; stud. comp. with Winter
at Munich; tour of Italy 1824 to
examine conservatories and submit
plan; after teaching at Berlin Inst.
for Ch. Mus., organized The Hague
Cons. 1826; dir. German Opera at
Dresden; court capellmeister; com-
posed some 10 operas (overture to
Die Felsenmuhle was popular), ora-
torio, masses, many sonatas and
rondos for various instruments.
Reissmann (ris'-man), August, writer.
b. Frankenstein, Silesia, Nov. 14,
1825; d. Berlin, Dec. 1, 1903.
Pupil of Jung, Baumgart, Richter,
etc.; in Weimar with Liszt 1850-52;
lived in Halle, in Berlin 1863-80,
where he lectured at Stern Cons., in
Leipzig, Wiesbaden, and again Ber-
lin; wrote biographies of Schumann,
Schubert, Haydn, Weber,, etc.; books
on opera and history (Geschichte
des deutschen Liedes), edited Cathy's
lexicon, and Mendel's; composed
operas, ballet, oratorio, etc.
Rellstab (rel'-stab), Heinrich Friedrich
Ludwig, writer, b. Berlin, Apr. 13,
1799; d. there, Nov. 27, 1860. Son
of Johann Carl Friedrich R., printer,
lecturer, critic (1759-1813); artillery
officer, teacher of mathematics and
history in military school; retired
from army 1821; critic on Vossische
Zeitung; author of satires against
Sontag and Spohr, for each of which
he was imprisoned; edited mus.
paper Iris, etc., 1839-41; contributed
to others' biographies of Liszt, etc.;
well known as novelist, author of
" 1812."
Remenyi (re-men '-yl), [real name Hoff-
mann], Eduard, vlt. b. Heves, or
Miskolcz, Hungary, July 17, 1830;
d. San Francisco, Cal., May 15, 1898.
Pupil at Vienna Cons, of Bohm;
played in America; after advice
from Liszt, 1853, solo vlt. to Queen
Victoria, and, 1860, to Emperor of
Austria after amnesty (he was exiled
in '48); after 1865 began series of
long successful tours, Paris 1865,
1875, London 1877, even around
the world; transcribed for vln.
Field's nocturnes, Chopin's waltzes
and other pf. music; of great tech-
nical skill, brilliance, and vigor of
execution at his best, but uneven in
achievement as he was wandering
by nature; gave Brahms his start
as accomp., first discovering his
genius.
Renaud (re-no). Maurice, baritone, b.
Bordeaux, 1862. Studied at Paris
Cons.; sang at Brussels 1883-90;
Ope>a Comique, Paris, 1890-91; at
Opera since 1891; N. Y. 1906-10;
of wide repertoire; sings and acts
with great intelligence and so much
care that at times he is accused of
lack of spontaneity.
Rendano (ren-da'-no), Alfonso, pst._ b.
Carolei, near Cosenza, Calabria,
Apr. 5, 1853. Studied at Naples and
Leipzig Cons, and with Thalberg;
popular as performer in London and
Italy; composed considerable salon
music.
Reszke (resh-ka), Jean de, dram,
tenor, b. Warsaw, Jan. 14, 1852.
Studied with Ciaffei, Cotogni, and
Sbriglia; d<5but 1874, London 1875,
and engagements in Italy and Paris
as baritone; d6but as tenor Madrid
18.79; 1st tenor at Paris Ope>a
1884-89; sang in London after 1887,
and in New York after 1895; retired
REYER
to Paris 1902. where he teaches
singing; remarkable singer, whose
repertoire finally included Wagner-
ian operas as well as French and
Italian. Brother Edouard, dram,
bass. b. Warsaw, Dec. 23, 1855.
Pupil of Jean, Ciaffei, Steller, and
Coletti; d£but Warsaw 1876; at Th.
Italien, Paris, 1885-98; followed
• Jean in English and American
engagements and into retirement.
Reyer (ra-yar), [properly Rey], Louis
Etienne "Ernest, compr. b. Mar-
seilles, Dec. 1, 1823; d. Toulon, Jan.
15, 1909. While in government
office at Algiers, composed mass and
songs; studied mus. in Paris with
aunt, Mme. Farrenc; prod, sym-
phonic ode 1850; member of Acad-
emy 1876; composed operas La
statue 1861, Sigurd 1884, Salammbd
1890, latter two successful; choruses
and church music; highly ranked as
compr. of richly colored music in
school of Berlioz, and as critic and
essayist.
Reznicek (rez'-ni-chek), Emil Nicolaus,
Freiherr von, compr. b. Vienna,
May 4, 1861. Studied law at Graz,
music at Leipzig Cons.; theatre
capellmeister in several places, finally
at Mannheim 1896-99; founded
concerts for small orch. at Berlin,
where he has lived since 1902, con-
ducting also in Warsaw and Russia;
teacher at Klindworth-Scharwenka
Cons. 1906; composed overtures,
symphonies, etc., and operas (not-
ably Donna Diana, Till Eulenspiegel).
Rheinberger (rin'-berger), Joseph Ga-
briel, compr. b. Vaduz, Liechten-
stein, Mar. 17, 1839; d. Munich,
Nov. 25, 1901. Pupil of Herzog,
Leonhard, and J. J. Mayer at Royal
Sch. of Mus., Munich, where he
taught 1859; orgt. at court ch.,
condr. Oratorio Soc. ; re'pe'titeur court
opera 1865-67; court capelln\eister
1877; teacher in Royal Acad. from
1867 till death; renowned every-
where as teacher (Chadwick, Parker,
and Goodrich among many Ameri-
can pupils); composed operas (Die
sieben Raven, etc.), cantatas and
oratorios (Christophorus, etc.), over-
tures,, concertos (2 for org.), and
especially 20 org. sonatas, which
combine great skill with ideas of
greater smoothness and beauty.
RICHTER
Rhodes, Mrs., see Hardelot, Guy d'.
Richards, Henry Brinley, compr., pst.
b. Camarthen, Wales, Nov. 13,
1817; d. London, May 1, 1885.
Pupil at Royal Academy, King's
Scholar 1835, '37; concert pst. and
teacher in London; composed pf.
mus., songs, notably popular God
bless the Prince of Wales, military
marches, Albert Edward, etc.
Richardson, Nathan, teacher, b. S.
Reading, Mass., July 31, 1827; d.
Paris, France, Nov. 19, 1859. While
pupil in Boston composed popular
march Gen. Taylor's Own, etc.;
pupil in Leipzig of Moscheles, etc.,
in Dresden of Willmers, and espe-
cially at Prague of Dreyschock;
after return to America published
Modern School for Pf.; publisher
and mus. seller in Boston; despite
increasing ill health, for which he
journeyed to Smyrna and to Paris,
published New Method for pf. 1859.
Richter (rik'-ter), Ernst Friedrich
Eduard, theorist, compr. b. Gross-
Schonau, Saxony, Oct. 24, 1808; d.
Leipzig, Apr. 9* 1879. Student of
theology at Leipzig Univ.; music
pupil of Weinlig; asst. of Haupt-
mann at Cons. 1843; condr. of
Singakademie 1843-47; orgt. at vari-
ous churches, finally, 1868, director
and cantor at Thpmaskirche;
beside skilful compositions, wrote
widely known Text-book of Harmony
1853, of Counterpoint 1872, of Fugue
1859. Son Alfred, b. Leipzig, Apr.
1, 1846. Taught at Cons. 1872-83;
lived in London, then again in
Leipzig; published additional exer-
cises, etc. to father's Harmony.
Richter, Hans, condr. b. Raab, Hun-
gary, Apr. 4, 1843. Chorister in
court chapel, Vienna; pupil of
Sechter and others at Cons., learn-
ing pf. and French horn; horn player
in th. orch., Vienna; copied Die
Meistersinger for Wagner at Lucerne
1866-67; chorusmaster Munich
Opera; court condr. under Von
Biilow 1868-69; condr. of first per-
formance of Lohengrin, Brussels,
1870; capellmeister at Pesth Nat'l
Th. 1871-75, at Vienna Opera 1875-
1900, 1st capellm. 1893; condr.
of Vienna Gesellschaft concerts,
1884-90; after 1900 condr. of Halle"
RIEDEL
RIMBAULT
Orch. at Manchester, England, and
of annual concerts in London; con-
ducted 1st performances of the Ring
1876 and subsequent Bayreuth fes-
tivals; Lower Rhine and Birming-
ham festivals after 1885; remark-
able mastery due to complete
knowledge of technic of every instru-
ment.
Riedel (re'-del), Carl, condr., compr.
b. Kronenberg, Oct. 6, 1827; d.
Leipzig, June 3, 1888. Revolution
of '48 turned him from silk dyeing
to music; after study with Carl
Wilhelm and at Leipzig Cons.,
organized, 1854, Riedelverein for per-
formance of ancient church music;
pres. 1868 of Allge'meiner deutscher
Musikverein, and of Wagnerverein;
edited works of Schiitz, Frank,
Eccard, etc.; published collections
of old Bohemian and German songs.
Riego (re-a'-go), Teresa del, compr.
b. London. Musical studies carried
on chiefly at West Central Coll. of
Mus., London, pf. and comp. under
Sewell-Southgate, also studied vln.
and singing; composed about 75
songs, sacred and secular, including
cycles; pf. works in Mss.
Riemann (re'-man), Carl Wilhelm
Julius Hugo, writer. b. Gross-
mehlra, near Sondershausen, July
18, 1849. Pupil of Frankenberger,
Barthel, and Ratzenberger, of law,
philosophy, and history at Berlin
and Tubingen, and, after war of
1870, at Leipzig Cons.; Ph.D.
Gottingen 1873, with mus. thesis;
teacher and lecturer at Bielefeld,
Leipzig, Cons, of Hamburg, Sonders-
hausen, and Wiesbaden; 1895 again
univ. lecturer at Leipzig; beside
numerous compositions, chiefly for
pf., has written on history of nota-
tion, history of theory, pf. playing
(notably Guide to Art of Phrasing),
series of musical catechisms (Instru-
mentation, Bach's well-tempered Clav-
ichord, etc.); edited works of Ra-
meau, Friedemann Bach, etc.; com-
piled Opern-Handbuch, Musik-Lexi-
kon (1882; 7th ed. 1909), of great
value.
Riemenschneider ( re'-men-shni-der ) ,
Georg, condr. b. Stralsund, Apr. 1,
1848. Studied with- Haupt and
Kiel; theatre condr. Liibeck and
Danzig; orch. condr. Breslau; com-
posed opera and symphonic "pict-
ures " Julinacht, etc.
Ries (res), Ferdinand, pst., compr. b.
Bonn, Nov. 29, 1784; d. Frankfort-
on-Main, Jan. 13, 1838. Son of
Franz (1755-1846), music director to
Elector Franz at Bonn, and friend
of Beethoven; pupil of Beethoven
at Vienna 1801-^5, and of Albrechts-
berger; after living in Paris, tour-
ing in Germany, Scandinavia, and
Russia, teaching and playing in
London 1813-24, he retired; lived at
Frankfort after 1830; though good
pst. and compr. of operas, sympho-
nies, chamber mus., etc., he is chiefly
known for intimate biog. of Beetho-
ven. Brother Hubert, vlt. b. Bonn,
Apr. 1, 1802; d. Berlin, Sept. 14,
1886. Pupil of Spohr and Haupt-
mann; leader royal orch. Berlin
1836; teacher Kgl. Theatreinstru-
mentalschule 1851-72; author of
excellent methods and exercises.
His son Franz (b. 1846), excellent
vlt.; 1st prize Paris Cons. 1868;
gave up playing because of health;
head of music publishing firm, Ries
and Erler, Berlin.
Rietz (retz), Julius, 'cellist, condr.,
compr. b. Berlin, Dec. 28, 1812; d.
Dresden, Sept. 12, 1877. Son of
royal chamber musician Johann
Friedrich; brother of Eduard (1802-
1832); friend of Mendelssohn, foun-
der Berlin Philharmonic; pupil of
Schmidt, Romberg, and Ganz; mem-
ber th. orch. Konigstadt; condr. at
Diisseldorf, as asst., 1834, and suc-
cessor, 1835, of Mendelssohn; at
Liepzig, condr. at th. 1847-54, at
Gewandhaus 1848, prof, of comp. at
Cons.; condr. of opera and court
chapel, Dresden, 1860, and director
of Cons.; edited works of Mozart,
Beethoven, and complete works of
Mendelssohn, to whose period belong
R's compositions, operas, concertos,
choruses, etc.
Rimbault (rim-bolt), Edward Francis,
writer, b. London, June 13, 1816;
d. there, Sept. 26, 1876. Pupil of
father, Stephen Francis R. (1773-
1837), orgt., of, Samuel Wesley, and
Crotch; gave lectures on English
music history from 1838; founded,
with Taylor and Chappell, Mus.
Antiquarian Society, for publication
RIMSKY-KORSAKOV
RITTER
of old English mus. 1840; edited
publications of Antiquarian, Motet,
Percy societies, Cathedral Chants,
some of Handel's works; wrote
histories of org., of pf., etc.
Rimsky-Korsakov (rim'-ski-kor'-sa-
koff), Nikolas Andreievitch, compr.
b. Tikhvin, prov. of Novgorod, May
21, 1844; d. St. Petersburg, June 21,
1908. While student at Naval Inst.
at St. P. studied 'cello with Ulich
and pf. with Kanill6; officer in navy
until 1873 (coming to U. S. in 1862);
began serious study of music with
Balakirev of whose circle he became
influential member; prof. comp.
St. P. Cons. 1871-1905, when he
resigned to be reinstated in a few
months, then served until death;
inspector of marine bands 1873-84,
director of Free Sch. of Mus. 1874-
87, and condr. of its concerts until
1881; asst. condr. Imperial Orch.
1883, and one of condrs. of Russian
Symph. Concerts 1886-1901; he
composed operas (Mlada, etc.), many
orchestral works, 3 symphonies
(Antar is No. 2), overtures, sym-
phonic poems (Sadko, etc.), suite
for orch. (Scheherazade), chamber
mus., pf. pieces, songs, choruses
(By the Waters of Babylon, etc.), and
edited 2 collections of folk-songs;
most admired in Russia as compr.
of operas dealing with local mythol-
ogy; he is best known elsewhere as
compr. , of orchestral music remark-
able not for form but for an almost
oriental richness of color (attained
in earlier works by skilful handling
of limited orch.), by variety of me-
lodic effects, and insistent rhythms.
Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich,
orgt. b. Elgersburg, Thuringia,
Feb. 18, 1770; d. Darmstadt, Aug. 7,
1846. Pupil of several orgts., finally
of Kittel (pupil of J. S. Bach);
town orgt. Giessen, 1790; orgt. and
teacher Darmstadt 1805; made
tours through Thuringia; one of
foremost players of time; besides
large Orgelschule, wrote many Choral-
vorspiele, etc.
Rinuccini (rin-u-che'-ne) , Ottavio, li-
brettist, b. Florence, 1562; d. there,
1621. Wrote words for earliest
operas, Peri and Caccini's Dafne,
Peri's Euridice, and Monteverde's
Arianna a Nasso.
Risler (ris-lar), Joseph Edouard, pst.
b. Baden-Baden, Feb. 23, 1873.
Pupil of Die'mer and Dubois at Paris
Cons. 1883-90, and of d'Albert and
Stavenhagen; r£p£titeur at Bay-
reuth 1896, '97 and at Paris Opera
for performance of Meister singer;
1906 member of Conseil supe'rieur
at Paris Cons.; of impeccable
technic, specially praised for soft-
ness of touch and statue-like repose.
Ritter, Alexander, vlt. b. Narva (or
Reval), Russia, June 27, 1833; d.
Munich, Apr. 12, 1896. Pupil of
Franz Schubert in Dresden, of
David and Richter at Leipzig Cons.;
leader at Meiningen, Weimar, and
Wiirzburg where he founded music
business; member of Meiningen orch.
under Von Billow; later in Munich;
composed 2 operas (Derfaule Hans,
Wem die Krone), symph. poems
(Erotische Legende, etc.); an enthusi-
astic radical whose influence on others
(R. Strauss, etc.) was through philos-
ophy and poetry rather than music.
Ritter, Frederic Louis, teacher. b.
Strassburg, June 22, 1834; d. Ant-
werp, July 22, 1891. Studied with
Schletterer, Hauser, and J. G.
Kastner; taught in Lorraine; went
1856 to Cincinnati where he orgah-
ized Cecilia voc. soc. and Phil-
harmonic Orch.; in New York 1861,
. condr. of Sacred Harmonic Soc. and
Arion; 1867-95 prof, of mus. at
Vassar Coll. ; wrote Hist, of Music,
Mus. in Eng., Mus. in America;
composed unimportant symphonies,
concertos, psalms, etc.
Ritter, Hermann, teacher, b. Wismar,
Sept. 16, 1849. Teacher at royal
mus. school at Wiirzburg; note-
worthy for introduction of a larger
viola alta, with fuller and less nasal
tone, sort of revived tenor, con-
structed after rules of violin-making;
use of instr. spread by many pupils;
author of history of viola alta, theory
of mus. and of aesthetics, illustrated
mus. hist.
Ritter, Theodore [pseud, of T. Rennet],
pst., compr. b. near Paris, Apr. 5,
1841; d. Paris, Apr. 6, 1886. Pupil
of Liszt; successful performer; com-
posed pf. pieces, dramatic scenes (Le
paradis perdu, Mephistopheles) and
two unsuccessful operas.
RIVHE-KING
Rive-King (re'-va-king), Julie, pst.,
compr. b. Cincinnati, O., Oct. 31,
1857. Pupil of Wm. Mason and
S. B. Mills, of Reinecke and Liszt;
d£but Leipzig 1874; compositions
include Impromptu, Polonaise hero-
vjue, etc.; has played with almost
every orch. and under every condr.
in America.
Robjohn, W. J., see Florio, Caryll.
Robyn, Alfred G., compr. b. St. Louis,
Apr. 29, 1860. Son of Wm. R. (" who
organized first symph. orch. west of
Pittsburgh." Hughes.); orgt., suc-
ceeding father; solo pst. with Emma
Abbott Co.; composed sacred and
secular songs and successful comic
operas (The Yankee Consul, etc.);
removed from St. Louis to Brooklyn,
1910; orgt. and teacher there.
Rochlitz (r6k'-litz), Johann Friedrich,
writer, b. Leipzig, Feb. 12, 1769;
d. there, Dec. 16, 1842. Studied
music with Doles at Thomasschule,
theology at Univ.; wrote novels
touching music; founded Attgemeine
musikalische Zeitung 1798, editor to
1818, contributor to 1835 (one of
first to recognize Beethoven's great-
ness); director of Gewandhaus con-
certs after 1805; wrote Fur Freunde
der Tonkunst, collected essays, bio-
graphical studies, etc.
Rockstro [originally Rackstraw], Wil-
liam Smyth, writer, b. North Cheam,
Surrey, Jan. 5, 1823; d. London, July
2, 1895. Pupil at Leipzig of Men-
delssohn, Hauptmann, and Plaidy;
taught pf. and singing in London;
lived at Torquay; orgt. Babbacombe;
lectured at Royal Acad. after 1891,
taught plain song at Royal Coll.
Mus.; wrote Practical Harmony,
lives of Handel, Mendelssohn, Jenny
Lind, General History of Music,
History of Music for Young Students;
composed madrigal, 0 too cruel fair,
sacred cantata; edited psalter, with
accomp.
Rode (rod'), Jacques Pierre Joseph,
vlt. b. Bordeaux, Feb. 16, 1774; d.
Chateau-Bourbon, near Damazon,
Nov. 25, 1830. Pupil of Fauvel and
Viotti; d£but Paris 1790; leader of
2d vlns. at Th. Feydeau 1790-94;
solo vlt. Ope>a 1794-99; tours in
Holland, Germany, and to London;
ROGERS
prof, at Cons. 1795; solo vlt. to
Napoleon 1800, to Emp. Alexander
of Russia 1803-08, having gone there
with Boieldieu; after further tours
in Germany, etc., lived in Berlin
before retiring to Bordeaux; Boc-
cherini wrote concertos for him in
Spain 1799, Beethoven finished
sonata Op. 96 in Vienna; final ap-
pearance in Paris? 1828 a failure;
compositions include concertos, quar-
tet, etc. no longer popular; but a
Method (written with Baillot and
Kreutzer) endures, as do his 24
Caprices en forme d' etudes.
Rbder (reader), Martin, compr. b.
Berlin, Apr. 7, 1851; d. Cambridge,
Mass., June 10, 1895. Studied at
Berlin Hochschule; chorusmaster
at Milan Th. 1873-80; organized
Choral Soc. there; after some ex-
perience as opera condr., taught
singing in Berlin, at Scharwenka
Cons. 1881-87; prof, at Royal Acad.
Mus. in Dublin 1887-92; director
vocal dept. N. E. Cons., Boston, after
1892; composed 3 operas (Vera
only one produced), 2 mysteries,
symphonic poems, songs; also wrote
essays in German and Italian.
Roeckel (r6k'-el), Joseph Leopold, pst.,
teacher, b. London, Apr. 11, 1838;
d. 1908. Studied with father and
with brother Eduard, with Eisen-
hofer and Gotze; prolific song compr.,
also wrote cantatas (Fair Rosa-
mond, Ruth, etc.), baritdne scena
Siddartha; used pseud. Eduard Dorn;
married Jane Jackson, pst., teacher,
compr., under pseud. Jules de Sivrai.
Rogers, Clara Kathleen, soprano, b.
Cheltenham, Eng., Jan. 14, 1844.
Daughter of John Barnett, compr.
Pupil of parents, of Gotze, after 1860
of Moscheles, Richter, etc. at Leipzig
Cons., of Sangiovanni at Milan;
d£but Turin 1863, under stage name
Clara Doria; sang in Italy, London,
in U. S. with Parepa-Rosa Co., with
Maretzek Co. 1872-73; married
Henry M. Rogers, Boston, 1878;
wrote songs, Philosophy of Singing
and My Voice and I (1910).
Rogers, James Hotchkiss, orgt., compr.
b. Fair Haven, Conn., Feb., 1857.
Pupil of J. M. Towne, C. Eddy; in
Berlin with Loeschhorn, Ehrlich,
Haupt, and Rohde, and in Paris
ROHDE
with Guilmant, Widor, and Fissot;
orgt. in Burlington. la.; since 1883
in Cleveland, 0., as orgt., teacher,
dir. of Rubinstein Club; compr. of
Lenten cantata The Man of Naza-
reth, Easter The New Life, songs,
pf. pieces, anthems, etc.
Rohde (ro'-da), Eduard, compr., teacher.
b. Halle-on-Saale, 1828; d. Berlin,
Mar. 25, 1883. Choirmaster St.
Georgenkirche; singing teacher at
Sophien Gymnasium; compr. of ex-
cellent motets, cantata Schildhorn,
and an elementary text-book for pf.
Rolla, Alessandro, vlt. b. Pavia, Apr.
22, 1757; d. Milan, Sept. 15, 1841.
Studied with Renzi and Conti; court
soloist at Vienna, leader of ducal
orch. at Parma; maestro, solo vlt.
to Eugene Beauharnais, prof, at Cons,
at Milan; teacher of Paganini; com-
posed ballet, concertos, etc. for vln.
Romberg, Andreas Jakob, vlt. b.
Vechta, near Miinster, Apr. 27, 1767;
d. Gotha, Nov. 10, 1821. Son of Ger-
hard Heinrich R. (174571819), clari-
net player and mus. dir.; d£but at
7; on tour with cousin Bernhard R.
1784; soloist Concerts spirituels Paris
1784; member Bonn orch. 1790-93;
after tours in Italy and unsuccessful
attempt to produce compositions in
Paris, succeeded Spohr as capell-
meister, Gotha, 1815; composed 8
operas, Das Lied von der Glocke and
other cantatas, psalms, etc. His
cousin Bernhard Romberg, 'cellist.
b. Dincklage, near Miinster, Nov.
12, 1767; d. Hamburg, Aug. 13, 1841.
Son of Anton (1742-1814), bassoon-
ist, brother of Gerhard; went on
tour throughout Europe with An-
dreas; prof, at Paris Cons. 1800-03;
soloist in Berlin court orch. 1805,
capellmeister 1815-19; composed 9
concertos, caprices, etc. on national
airs, operas, etc.
Ronald, L., see Russell, Landon.
Ronconi (ron-ko'-nl), Giorgio, baritone,
singing teacher, b. Milan, Aug. 6,
1810; d. Madrid, Jan. 8, 1890. Son
of Domenico R. (1772-1839), tenor;
established music school at Cordova
1863; taught in New York 1867.
Rbntgen (r£nt'-gen), Julius, pst. b.
Leipzig, May 9, 1855. Son of Engel-
bert (1829-1897), vlt.; pupil of
ROPARTZ
Hauptmann, Richter, Plaidy, etc.,
and of F. Lachner in Munich; d£but
Stuttgart 1875; teacher Amsterdam
Mus. Sen. 1878; cpndr. of concerts
of Soc. for Promotion of Mus. 1886-
1898; one of founders of Amster-
dam Cons.; popular as player and
teacher; composed chamber music,
symph., ballad for orch., edited
14 altniederlandische Volkslieder.
Root, George Frederick, teacher, compr.
b. Sheffield, Mass., Aug. 30, 1820;
d. Barley's Island, Aug. 6, 1895.
Taught flute playing by father,
learned other instruments easily;
in music store in Boston 1836, mem-
ber Boston Academy chorus, pupil
of G. J. Webb; 1850 studied in Paris;
Flower Queen, first cantata by
American compr., published over
pseud. G. Friedrich Wurzel; 1853
opened Normal Music Institute;
1858 member of publishing firm
Root and Cady in Chicago; compiled
alone or with others many collections
of part-songs Academy Vocalist,
Sabbath Bell, etc. ; most widely known
as prolific compr. of Civil War songs
(The Battle-cry of Freedom, Just
before the battle, mother, Tramp,
tramp, tramp, the boys are marching)
and songs of religion and sentiment
(The vacant chair, Knocking, knock-
ing, etc.). R. was pioneer in writing
of cantatas, war songs, and gospel
hymns; in his autobiography Story
of a Musical Life, he says: tf I am one
who, from such resources as he finds
within himself, makes music for the
people, having always a particular
need in view. His son Frederick
Woodman R., singing teacher, b.
Boston, Mass., June 13, 1846. Pupil
of father, B. C. Blpdgett, and Wm.
Mason; orgt. in Chicago; after study
hi Europe 1869-70, edited Song
Messenger.
Rooy, Anton van, see Van Rooy.
Ropartz (ro-parts), J. Guy, compr.,
condr., critic, writer, b. Guingamp,
June 15, 1864. Studied for the bar;
pupil of Dubois and Massenet at the
Paris Conservatory, and later of
Cesar Franck; dir. of Conservatory
at Nancy 1894; wrote orchestral and
choral works, incidental music for
plays, chamber music, piano and
organ pieces and songs.
RORE
ROSSINI
Rore, Cipriano de, compr. b. Mechlin
or Antwerp, 1516; a. Parma, Sept.
1565. Pupil of Willaert; in service
of Duke of Ferrara; asst. and suc-
cessor 1563 to Willaert as maestro
at St. Mark's, Venice; soon after
chorusmaster to Duke of Parma;
published first book of madrigals
1542, various later ones, motets, and
3 masses; " he went much beyond
his master and his school in the free
and dexterous use of chromatic
tones and harmonies, and his style
has a novel richness and geniality."
[Pratt.]
Rosa, Carlo [real name Carl August
Nicolas Rose], impresario, b. Ham-
burg, Mar. 21, 1842; d. Paris, Apr.
30, 1889. Made early tours as vlt.;
after study at Leipzig and Paris
Cons., concertmaster at Hamburg
1863-65; on concert tour 1867, met
and married Parepa, singer; opera
company they organized played
successfully in U. S. and in London;
after Parepa's death 1874, R. con-
tinued as Carl Rosa Co. seasons of
English opera in London and prov-
inces.
Rosellen (ro-zel-lan), Louis Henri, pf.
teacher, b. Paris, Oct. 13, 1811; d.
there, Mar. 20, 1876. Pupil of Prad-
her, Zimmermann, Fe"tis, HaleVy,
etc. at Paris Cons., and of H. Herz;
re'pe'titeur in solfeggio at Cons.; pub-
lished useful Manuel des pianistes,
and over 200 pf. pieces, very popular
in their day.
Rosenhain (ro'-zen-hin), Jakob, pst.
b. Mannheim, Dec. 2, 1813; d. Baden-
Baden, Mar. 21, 1894. Pupil of
Schmitt and Schnyder von Warten-
see; tour as prodigy at 9; lived at
Frankfort, Paris, and Baden-Baden;
accompanied Paganini 1830; dis-
tinguished teacher and able per-
former; compr. of operas, sym-
phonies, pf. concertos and other
orch. works, pf. mus., and songs.
Rosenthal (ro'-zen-tal), Moritz, pst.
b. Lemberg, Dec. 18, 1862. Pupil
of Galoth who left him to work
out own technic, of Mikuli, and
Joseffy; d£but Vienna 1876, followed
by tour; pupil of Liszt 1876-86, at
both Weimar and Rome, at same
time studying philosophy at Vienna
University; after 6 years without
public appearance, he played at
Liszt Verein in Leipzig, in America
with Kreisler 1888-89, where he
gained first great success; following
seasons in Europe have been marked
by increasing enthusiasm; his tech-
nic is prodigious, and he is some-
times accused of displaying it at the
cost of good taste; others claim that
he gives adequate artistic expres-
sion to a virile temperament, quite
free from sentimentality.
Rossi, Countess, see Sontag, Henriette.
Rossini (ros-se'-nl), Gioacchino Antonio,
compr. b. Pesaro, Feb. 29, 1792; d.
Ruelle, near Paris, Nov. 13, 1868.
Father town trumpeter and mother
amateur singer; pupil pf A. Tesei at
Bologna and of Mattei for composi-
tion, giving himself further training
by copying scores; 1st opera pro-
duced Venice 1810; first serious opera
Tancred 1813, followed by L'ltaliana
in Algeri, so firmly established his
reputation that he agreed to supply 2
operas a year to Barbaja at Naples;
besides this contract, composed
Barber of Seville (Rome 1816) in
three weeks; jealousy for Paisiello's
work on same subject made first
performance a failure, but the sec-
ond was a triumph; wrote for Bar-
baja in Milan and Naples about 28
operas; cool reception of Semira-
mide, Venice, 1823, made him go to
London where he gained fortune
from concerts and lessons; after five
months went to Paris as director of
Theatre Italien; R. became thor-
oughly French and produced for
Paris Ope>a, 1829, his French opera
William Tell; thereafter fell into
inexplicable inactivity, writing prac-
tically nothing else but the Stabat
Mater 1832; married singer Isa-
bella Colbran, later Olympe Pelis-
sier. As a man he was brilliant,
witty, cynical, pleasure-loving; in
music he differed from his Italian
forerunners in his use of full accom-
paniments in place of older recitativo
secco, in development of orchestral
variety, especially in horn parts, in
composition of cadenzas (not leav-
ing them to singers); he falls short
of later composers in idealism; he
wrote quite frankly for popularity
both with singers and audience, sup-
plying voice parts of originality and
ROTOLI
RUBINSTEIN
brilliancy; his great fertility in in-
vention of melody led to too great
facility and frivolity; but just these
qualities when they are appropriate,
as in the Barber of Seville, make a
masterpiece.
Rotoli (rot-o-ll), Augusto, compr. b.
Rome, Jan. 7, 1847; d. Boston, Nov.
26, 1904. Pupil of Lucchesi; chor-
ister at St. Peter's; condr. and
founder of choral soc.; teacher of
princess; maestro of royal chapel of
Sudario 1878; vocal instructor New
England Cons, after 1885; choir-
director at St. James Church, Bos-
ton, after 1896; compr. of Roman
Mass, many songs, and secular
comp.; successful teacher.
Rouget de L'Isle (ro-zha-de'-lel), Claude
Joseph, compr. b. Lons-le-Saunier,
Jura, May 10, 1760; d. Choisy-le-
Roi, June 26, 1836. Composed
French national hymn, La Marseil-
laise, 1792, while military engineer
at Strassburg; later in Paris com-
posed Chant du combat, etc., 25
Romances and 50 Chants fran$ais.
Rpugnon (ro-non), Paul Louis, compr.
b. Poitiers, Aug. 24, 1846. Student
at Paris Cons. (1st prize counter-
point and fugue 1870) where he
became prof, of solfeggio 1885;
composed 2 operas, pf. studies and
pieces; author of Dictionnaire mus-
ical des locutions etr anger es.
Rousseau (ro-so), Jean Jacques, theor-
ist, b. Geneva, June 28, 1712; d.
Ermenonville, near Paris, July 3,
1778. Though not trained in music,
soon after coming to Paris he copied
music for living, wrote articles on
music for the Encyclopedic, pam-
phlets on notation, and entered the
Guerre des bouffons on the side of
Italian music; his Lettre sur la
musique franchise went so far as to
deny all musical or melodic possi-
bilities to the French language; his
own opera Le devin du village prod,
at Fontainebleau 1752 and Paris 1753
was simple pastoral; his Pygmalion
1775 is accompanied declamation.
Rousseau, Samuel Alexandra, compr.
b. Neuve-Maison, Aisne, June 11,
1853; d. Paris, Oct. 1, 1904. Pupil
at Paris Cons.; Prix de Rome 1878;
chef d'orchestre at Th. Lyrique after
1892; maltre de chapelle at Ste.
Clothilde; chorusmaster Soc. des
Concerts; critic for L' Eclair; prof,
of harmony at Cons.; composed
operas which had not striking suc-
cess (La cloche du Rhin, etc.), masses,
psalms, etc.
Rowbotham, John Frederick, writer.
b. Edinburgh, Apr. 18, 1854. Stud-
ied at Oxford, at Stern Cons., Berlin,
Paris, Vienna, etc.; author of
History of Music [as far as trou-
badours], How to write music cor-
rectly, Private life of great composers,
The troubadours and courts of love.
Roze, Marie Hippolyte [nee Ponsin],
soprano, b. Paris, Mar. 2, 1846.
Pupil of Mocker at Cons., 1st prizes
in singing and opera 1865; de"but
Ope>a Com., 1865, led to engage-
ments there and at Ope>a until 1870
when she went to the war; there-
after she sang in London; married
Henry Mapleson; in America 1877;
member Carl Rosa Co. 1883-89; Car-
men favorite part; after 1890 teach-
ing in Paris; farewell tour 1894.
Rubini (ru-be'-ne), Giovanni Battista,
tenor, b. Romano, near Bergamo,
Apr. 7, 1795; d. near there, Mar. 2,
1854. Pupil of father Rosio; d6but
Pavia 1814; sang at Naples, Vienna,
Milan, Paris, success mounting to
triumph during last three engage-
ments; 1832^43 alternately in Lon-
don and Paris; went with Liszt to
Berlin 1843; retired with fortune
1845; his methods influenced comprs.
of period, Rossini, Donizetti, and es-
pecially Bellini; a poor and indiffer-
ent actor, he was master of every kind
of ornament and of simple melody.
Rubinstein (ro'-bin-stin), Anton Gre-
gorovitch, pst., compr. b. Wech-
wotynecz, Bessarabia, Nov. 28,
1829; d. Peterhof, near St. Peters-
burg, Nov. 20, 1894. Pupil of his
mother and Villoing; played with
teacher in Paris; on advice of Liszt
studied with Dehn in Berlin; in
Vienna and Hungary 1846-48,
teaching and playing; in St. Peters-
burg, composed several Russian
operas (Dimitri Donskoi, etc.); fur-
ther tours in Western Europe 1854-
58; condr. of St. P. Music Soc.
1859; founder of Cons., director
1862-67 and later 1887-90; con-
ducted Philh. Soc. and Choral Soc.
RUBINSTEIN
RUSSELL
Vienna 1871-72; 1867-70 in Europe,
1872-73 in America his triumphs as
pst. were continuous; as pst. his
technic rivaled even Liszt's, but
his playing was even more note-
worthy for its variety of emotion
and almost magic charm. His great
ambition was to be known as a
compr., and he wrote songs, many
pf. pieces, quartets and sonatas, 6
symphonies (of which the 2d, Ocean
symph., has 7 movements), mus.
character pieces, overtures, 5 pf.
concertos, vln. concerto, 2 for 'cello,
operas and oratorios (Feramors, Der
Damon, Das verlorene Parodies, Nero,
etc.). His compositions suffered be-
cause of his lack of sympathy for
contemporary movements; he ad-
mired classical form and disliked
works of Wagner, Liszt, and Berlioz;
but beside this his lack of ability to
criticize his own work left much of it
tedious; his smaller works, notably
the songs and some of the pf . pieces,
attain greatness; the larger ones, with
the exception of the D minor con-
certo, seem to be passing from sight,
though some critics, among them
Saint-Saens, hold that " when we
have passed over the fashion of ex-
treme modulation, when we have
ignored the strivings after effect and
complication . . . . " we may come
back to his strong simplicity.
Rubinstein, Nikolai Gregorovitch, pst.
[brother of Anton R.]. b. Moscow,
June 2, 1835; d. Paris, Mar. 23.
1881. Pupil at Berlin of Dehn and
Kullak; founded 1859 Moscow Mus.
Soc. which established Moscow
Cons., 1866, of which R. was director
until death; conducted concerts in
Moscow, St. Petersburg, and 1878
in Paris; as pst. resembled his
brother; distinguished as teacher of
Taneiev, Siloti, Sauer, etc.
Riibner (riib'-ner), Cornelius, pst. b.
Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1853. Pupil
of Gade and Reinecke; condr.
Carlsruhe Philharmonic Soc. 1892-
1904; appointed prof, of mus. at
Columbia Univ., New York, March
1904, to succeed E. A. MacDowell.
Ruckers, harpsichord makers at Ant-
werp. Hans, Sr., d. about 1642,
had four sons: Franz, b. 1576; Hans,
Jr., b. 1578; Andries, b. 1579; and
Anton, b. 1581; of whom 2d and
3d were especially noted; Andries
Jr. (1607-1667), also maker; instru-
ments of this family are scarce, but
all of a singularly sweet, pure tone;
many of them very elaborately
painted, inside and out.
Riickauf (riik'-ouf), Anton, compr. b.
Prague, Mar. 13, 1855; d. Schloss
Alt-Erlaa, Austria, Sept. 19, 1903.
Pupil at Prague Organ Sch. and of
Proksch (at whose institute he
taught), on gov't stipend, studied
with Nottebohm and Navratil in
Vienna, where he lived; aided in song
comp. by his friend Gustav Walter;
wrote about 80 songs, modern in
feeling, for both voice and pf.
Rudersdorff (roo'-ders-dorf), Hermine,
dram. sop. b. Ivanowsky, Ukraine,
Dec. 12, 1822; d. Boston, Mass.,
Feb. 26, 1882. Pupil of Bordogni
and Micherout; concert singer in
Germany 1840; after 1841 opera at
Carlsruhe, Frankfort, Breslau, Ber-
lin, and London 1854-65; married
Dr. Kiichenmeister 1844; sang at
Boston Jubilees 1871-72; remained
there as teacher (Emma Thursby
among pupils) , and as concert singer.
Rumford, Robert Henry Kennerley,
see under Butt, Clara.
Rummel, Franz, pst. b. London, Jan.
11, 1853; d. Berlin, May 3, 1901.
Pupil of Brassin at Brussels Cons.,
1st prize 1872; tour in Holland with
Ole Bull and Minnie Hauck 1877-78;
American tours 1878, 1886, 1898;
taught in Berlin at Stern Cons.; lived
for some time at Dessau; distin-
guished pst. and comp. for pf.
Russell, Henry, baritone, compr. b.
Sheerness, Dec. 24, 1812; d. Maida
Vale, London, Dec. 8, 1900. Studied
in Bologna, with Rossini in Naples;
singer in London 1828 and Canada
1833; orgt. in Rochester, N. Y.;
gave concerts in U. S. and England;
composed many famous songs, A
life on the ocean wave, Cheer, boys,
cheer (official army and navy songs),
Woodman spare that tree; success in
dramatic songs, The maniac, etc.;
2 volumes of memoirs. Son Henry,
singing teacher, impresario. Covent
Garden and Boston Opera Co. Son
Landon, b. London, June 7, 1873,
compr., under pseud. Landon Ronald,
RUSSELL
SAFONOFF
of many popular songs; pst. with
L' Enfant prodigue 1891, condr. at
Drury Lane Th. 1896; 1910 director
of Guildhall School of Music, succeed-
ing Wm. H. Cummings.
Russell, Louis Arthur, teacher, writer.
b. Newark, N. J., Feb. 24, 1854.
Pupil of Warren and Miiller in New
York, of Tours, Shakespeare, and
Henschel in London; orgt. in New-
ark 1878-95; condr. Schubert Vocal
Soc., etc.; founder of Newark Coll.
of Mus. where he is director, teacher
of singing, pf., and theory; author
of Embellishments of Music, The
Commonplaces of Vocal Art, English
Diction for Singers and Speakers.
Rust, Wilhelm, orgt., editor, b. Des-
sau, Aug. 15, 1822; d. Leipzig,
May 2, 1892. Pupil of uncle W. C.,
and Schneider; in Berlin, teacher,
orgt., condr. of BachVerein 1862-74,
teacher of theory Stern Cons.; 1878
in Leipzig, orgt. at Thomaskirche,
teacher in Cons., 1880 cantor at
Thomasschule; composed motets
and choruses; distinguished co-
editor of works of Bach, publ. by
Bach Gesellschaft.
Ruthardt (root'-hardt), Adolf, pf.
teacher, b. Stuttgart, Feb. 9, 1849.
Student at Cons, there; teacher in
Geneva 1868-85, at Leipzig Cons,
since 1886; wrote Das Klavier: ein
geschichtlicher Abriss, Chormeister-
Buchlein (biographies) and some
volumes of Eschmann's Wegweiser.
Ryan, Thomas, clarinet and viola
player, b. Ireland, 1827; d. New
Bedford, Mass., Mar. 5, 1903.
Came to U. S. 1844, studied in
Boston; original member of Men-
delssohn Quintet Club formed in 1849
(other members A. and W. Fries, F.
Riha, and Lehmann), and only
member who persisted during 40
years of the club and its wide tours;
published Recollections of an old
musician 1899.
Ryder, Thomas Philander, orgt. b.
Cohasset, Mass., June 29, 1836; d.
Someryille, Mass., Dec. 2, 1887.
Pupil of G. Satter; orgt. at Tremont
Temple, teacher, successful choral
director, gifted accomp.; popular
piano transcriptions of Old Oaken
Bucket, Nearer my God to Thee,
etc.
Saar (sar), Louis Victor Franz, compr.,
critic, b. Rotterdam, Dec. 10, 1868.
Pupil of Rheinberger and Abel at
Munich Cons, and of Brahms in
Vienna; accompanist to New York
Opera 1892-95; teacher of counter-
point and comp. at Nat'l Cons.
1896-98, at Coll. of Mus., Cincin-
nati. 1909; critic for Staats-Zeitung
and New York Review; comp. for pf.
and many songs.
Sacchini (sa-ke'-ne), Antonio Maria
Gasparo, compr. b, Pozzuoli, near
Naples, July 23, 1734; d. Paris,
Oct. 8, 1786. Son of fisherman;
aided by Durante, studied with him,
Fiorenza, and Manna at Cons, in
Naples; success of early operas so
great that he rivaled Piccini in
Rome; after Alessandro nell' Indie
1768, director of Cons, in Venice;
lived in London 1772-82, producing
several operas; fled for debt to Paris,
where he produced remodeled operas
and two new ones Dardanus and
CEdipe a Colone; in later works
influenced by Gluck; operas care-
fully, effectively composed, obsolete
because lacking in originality.
Sachs (saks), Hans, master singer, b.
Nuremberg, Nov. 5, 1494; d. there,
Jan. 19, 1576. Wrote some 5000
poems and tales, composing numer-
ous melodies; most important of
Nuremberg mastersingers; shoe-
maker by trade; represented by
Wagner in Die Meistersinger.
Safonoff (saf-5n'-of), Wasili, condr. b.
Istchory, Caucasus, Feb. 6, 1852.
Pupil of Zaremba, Brassin, and Les-
chetizky at St. Petersburg Cons.,
where he taught 1881-85; teacher
1885 and director Moscow Cons.
1889-90; Goedicke and Lhe'vinne
his pupils; condr. in various cities,
St. Petersburg Imperial concerts
1890, Vienna, New York Philhar-
monic 1904-1909; conducts with-
out baton, with great skill and the
force of magnetic personality.
SAINTON
SALMON
Sainton (san-ton), Prosper Philippe
Catherine, vlt. b. Toulouse, June 5,
1813; d. London, Oct. 17, 1890.
Studied with Habeneck at Paris
Cons., 1st prize 1834; member
Ope>a and Cons, orchestra; taught
Toulouse Cons. 1840-44, at London
Royal Acad. after 1845; leader
Philharmonic 1846-54, of Sacred
Harmonic Soc. after 1848, at Covent
Garden, etc.; composed vln. con-
certos, solos, etc. His wife Sainton-
Dolby, Charlotte Helen, contralto,
b. London, May 17, 1821; d. there,
Feb. 18, 1885. Pupil of Mrs. Mon-
tague and at Royal Acad. of Ben-
nett, Crivelli, and Elliott; de"but
Philharmonic concert 1841; sang
on Continent; from time of her
marriage 1860 to 1870 leading singer
in concert and oratorio; Mendels-
sohn wrote contralto part in Elijah
for her voice and dedicated songs to
her; 1872 opened vocal academy;
also composed cantatas and songs.
Saint-Saens (sanrs6ns') ,Charles Camille,
compr. b. Paris, Oct. 9, 1835. Pre-
cocious pst.; pupil at Cons, of Stam-
aty, Maleden, Hale"vy, and Benoist;
1st organ prize 1851; orgt. St. Me"ry
1853, Madeleine 1858-77; pf. teacher
at Niedermeyer Sch.; resigned all
positions 1870; as pst. and orgt. has
long held enviable reputation in
Europe (America 1906); has com-
posed for stage La princesse jaune,
Samson et Dalila (Weimar 1877), Les
barbares (1901), etc., several can-
tatas, five pf . concertos, three violin
concertos, chamber music, and many
pieces for pf., beside symphonic
poems, by which he is most widely
known, Phaeton, Le rouet d' Omphale,
La jeunesse d' Hercule, and Le danse
macabre; has published essays Har-
monic et melodie, Portraits et souve-
nirs, Essai sur les lyres et cithares;
dryness of which his music is often
accused is due partly to following of
scholastic formulas, which -his great
skill enables him to do; vivid roman-
tic coloring in his symph. poems.
Salaman, Charles Kensington, pst. b.
London, Mar. 3, 1814; d. there, June
23, 1901. Studied with Rimbault
and C. Neate, and after London
d^but 1828, with Herz in Paris;
taught in London after 1831; gave
annual orchestral concerts, founded
chamber concerts, Mus. Soc., and
Mus. Ass'n; lived in Munich, Vienna,
and Rome 1836 and 1846; contrib-
utor to Times, Concordia, etc.; com-
posed songs (/ arise from dreams of
thee), music for Jewish synagogue,
etc.
Saleza (sa-la'-za), Luc Albert, dram,
tenor, b. Bruges, B£arn, Oct. 18,
1867. Won 1st prize in singing and
opera at Paris Cons. 1888; de'but
Ope>a Com. 1888; sang at Nice,
Grand Ope"ra, Paris, Monte Carlo,
New York 1899-1901.
Salieri (sal-e-a'-rf), Antonio, compr. b.
Legnano (Verona), Aug. 19, 1750;
d. Vienna, May 7, 1825. Studied
with brother Francesco, vlt., and
Simoni, orgt., and with Pescetti and
Pacini at Venice; taken to Vienna
by Gassmann for whom he acted as
substitute and whom he succeeded
as Italian opera condr. and chamber
musician; intimate pupil of Gluck
who helped him bring out Les Dan-
aides at Paris (at first announced as
joint production, but G. gave S. full
credit after success); next success
with Tarare, revised as Axur, re
d' Ormus; court capellmeister Vienna
1788-1824; composed about 40
operas, skilfully written both for
voice and instruments, none of
which survived.
Salmon, Alvah Glover, pst., compr. b.
at Southold, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1868.
His father was in business, but pre-
vious generations included members
who attained literary and musical
distinction; he began the study of
music at six years of age and made a
number of appearances in various
parts of the U. S. as a boy pianist;
graduated from the New England
Conservatory 1888, and later studied
in St. Petersburg; since his return
to the U. S. has given piano recitals
and lecture recitals on Russian music
before the leading conservatories,
colleges and musical clubs in various
parts of the country; his composi-
tions include about 100 numbers in
different forms, although the major-
ity of his published works are for
the piano; he has also edited many
pieces for American publishers, and
contributed to the leading musical
magazines; teacher in Boston for a
number of years; New York 1909.
SALOME
SANDBERGER
Salome (sa-lo-ma), Theodore Cesar,
orgt. b. Paris, Jan. 20, 1834; d. St.
Germain, July, 1896. Studied at
Paris Cons, with A. Thomas and
Bazin; 2d Prix de Rome 1861;
re'pe'titeur of solfeggio at Cons.
1872-73; 2d orgt. at La Trinite";
maltre de chapelle at Lyce"e St. Louis,
professor at Coll. Rollin; comp.
symphony and org. mus.
Salomon, Johann Peter, vlt. b. Bonn,
Jan., 1745; d. London, Nov. 25, 1815.
Member of Elector's orch. at Bonn;
concertmaster to Prince Henry of
Prussia; in London after 1781 dis-
tinguished as quartet player and
orchestral leader; founded London
Philharmonic Soc. 1813; gave series
of concerts 1786; persuaded Haydn
to visit London 1791 and 1794; H.
wrote several symphonies and last
quartets for S., and began The
Creation at his suggestion; S. com-
posed opera Windsor Castle 1795.
Salter, Mary Turner, compr. b. Peoria,
III., March 15, 1856. Parents musi-
cal but not professionals; began
career as singer when a child ; studied
singing with Alfred Arthur, of Cleve-
land, O., and Dr. Schilling, of Burling-
ton, Iowa; in 1876 went to Boston,
studied at N. E. Cons., with O'Neill
and Mme. Rudersdorff ; sang in Port-
land, Me., with Annie Louise Gary
and in Ole Bull's concerts in Boston;
held church positions in Boston, New
Haven and New York; taught sing-
ing at Wellesley College; married
Sumner Salter; lives at Williams-
town, Mass.; has composed about
one hundred songs, some of them
very successful.
Salter, Sumner, orgt., compr. b. Bur-
lington, Iowa, June 24, 1856. Grad-
uated at Amherst Coll.; studied
music in Boston; editor of Pianist
and Organist, N. Y. 1895-97; director
of music at Syracuse, N. Y., 1881-
1886; Atlanta, Ga., 1886-1889; Cor-
nell Univ. 1900-1905; Williams
Coll. 1905; composed church music,
songs, etc.
Samara (sa-ma'-ra), Spiro, compr. b.
Corfu, Nov. 29, 1861. Studied at
Athens with Stancampiano and at
Paris with Delibes; composed several
operas which have been successful in
Paris and Italy, notably Flora
mirabilis 1886; realistic La martire
1894 and Mile, de Belle Isle 1905
fairly successful.
Samaroff, Olga [nee Hickenlooper], pst.
b. at the military post of San Antonio,
Tex., Aug. 8, 1881; her grandmother,
Mrs. L. P. Griinewald, in her younger
days a concert pianist of Munich,
and later in New Orleans, was her
first teacher; later she studied in
Paris with the elder Marmontel and
Widor; in 1895 she entered the class
of Delaborde in the Conservatoire,
the first American woman to be ad-
mitted to the piano classes; from
Paris she went to Berlin and studied
under Jedliczka; her general educa-
tion was received from private
teachers and in the Couvent du St.
Sacrement, Paris; professional career
began in New York, Jan. 18, 1905,
with the N. Y. Symphony Orchestra;
she has had three American, three
London, and one Continental season,
about 300 concerts and recitals up to
season of 1909-1910, appearing with
the leading orchestras; makes her
home mostly in Paris.
Sammartini (sam-mar-te'-ne), Gio-
vanni Battista, orgt. b. Milan, 1704;
d. 1774. Orgt. in 2 Milan churches;
maestro di cappella at convent 1730-
70; teacher of Gluck; sometimes
called (Riemann says " most un-
justly ") forerunner of Haydn in
composition of symphonies (S. wrote
24) and chamber mus.
Samuel, Adolphe Abraham, compr. b.
Lie"ge, July 11, 1824; d. Ghent, Sept.
11, 1898. Studied at Cons, at Lie"ge
and Brussels, where he won Grand
prix de Rome 1845 and where he
taught harmony after 1860; founded
Brussels pop. concerts 1865 and
annual festivals 1869; director Ghent
Cons. 1871; composed 5 operas, 5
symphonies, symphonic fragment
Roland d Roncevaux, a " mystic "
symph. with chorus Christus, over-
tures, etc.; wrote Cours d'harmonie.
Sandberger, Adolf, compr., editor, b.
Wurzburg, Dec. 19, 1864. Studied
at Royal Schools at Wurzburg and
Munich, at Univ. of W. and Berlin;
Ph.D. 1887; custodian mus. dept.
Munich Library, lecturer at Univ.;
prof, of mus. Prague Univ. 1898,
Munich 1900; edited works of Lassus,
SANDERSON
SAURET
is general editor of Denkmdler der
Tonkunst in Bayern and ed. of
some vols., compr. of overtures,
symph. poems, etc., author of life
of Cornelius, essays on Chabrier's
Gwendoline, Lassus, Haydn's quar-
tets, etc.
Sanderson, Sibyl, dram, soprano, b.
Sacramento, Cal., Dec. 7, 1865; d.
Paris, May 16, 1903. Early ability;
pupil at Paris Cons, of Massenet,
and also of Sbriglia and Marchesi;
d£but The Hague 1888; at Op^ra
Com. 1889; Massenet wrote Esdar-
monde and Thais for her, Saint-Saens
Phryne; in New York 1894 and 1898
with Grau Co.; retired 1897 after
marriage to A. -Terry, who died
shortly after, but returned to stage
1901; of rare beauty, an exquisite
though light voice, she charmed
rather by her own personality than
through art.
Sandoni, Mme., see Cuzzoni.
Santley, Sir Charles, baritone. b.
Liverpool, Feb. 28, 1834. Pupil of
Nava in Milan, of Garcia in London:
de"but at Pavia 1856, London 1857,
stage d6but 1859; member of Carl
Rosa Co. 1875; visited America 1871
and 1891, Australia 1899; especially
distinguished in Elijah, Faust, Fly-
ing Dutchman (which he first sang
in English); composed some church
music, published reminiscences Stu-
dent and Singer 1892, The Art of Sing-
ing and Vocal Declamation, 1908;
knighted 1907.
Sapellnikoff (sa-pel'-nl-kof), Wassili,
pst. b. Odessa, Nov. 2, 1868. Pupil
of Kessler and of Brassin and Sophie
Menter at St. Petersburg Cons.,
whither he was sent by town on A.
Rubinstein's advice; de"but 1888
Hamburg; widely successful tours.
Saran, August Friedrich, condr. b.
Altenplathow, Saxony, Feb. 28, 1836.
Studied with Ehrlich and Robt.
Franz; studied theology at Halle,
teacher, army chaplain, supt. at
Zehdenick, Brandenburg; condr. of
choral soc. at Bromberg; arranged
old German songs; wrote pamphlet
on Franz.
Sarasate (sa-ra-sa'-te), Pablo de [in
full P. Martin Meliton S. y Navas-
cuez], vlt. b. Pamplona, Spain, Mar.
10, 1844; d. Biarritz, Sept. 20, 1908.
Precocious appearance in Spain;
pupil of Alard at Paris Cons, where
he won 1st prize 1857; career of long
successful tours, to the East and to
America several times, 2d 1889 with
d'Albert; Lalo, Bruch, and Saint-
Saens all wrote works for him; note-
worthy for purity of tone, flexi-
bility of style, accuracy and firmness
of technic; his own compositions
Zigeunerweisen, Jota aragonesa and
4 books of transcriptions for vln. of
Spanish dances; not so remarkable
for technical dexterity as for irre-
sistible swing with which he played,
especially own compositions.
Sarti, Giuseppe [called "il Domeni-
chino"], compr. b. Faenza, Dec. 28,
1729; d. Berlin, July 28, 1802. Pupil
of Padre Martini; orgt. at Faenza;
opera II re pastore (Venice 1753) led
to call to Copenhagen as opera-
director and royal condr.; dismissed
1775 for political reasons; director
of Cons, at Venice; maestro at
Milan Cath. 1779; teacher of Cheru-
bim, compr. of successful operas; last
18 years of life in St. Petersburg
with exception of few years before
1793 when he founded mus. sch. in
the Ukraine, where he developed
Italian opera, composed Te Deum
and other works for court choir;
prolific compr. but of the little that
was published the most is now
obsolete.
Sauer (sou'-er), Emil, pst. b. Ham-
burg, Oct. 8, 1862. Pupil of his
mother, of N. Rubinstein at Moscow,
and of Liszt at Weimar 1884-85;
successful virtuoso since 1882; direc-
tor of Klavier-Meisterschule at
Vienna Cons. 1901-07; living in
Dresden; composed 2 pf. concertos,
Suite moderne for pf., smaller pf.
works and songs; also wrote Meine
Welt: Bilder aus dem Geheimfache
meiner Kunst und meines Lebens
1901; played in America 1899 and
1909; of wonderfully fluent technic
himself, he is also admirable teacher;
works are skilfully composed, but
are not profound in idea.
Sauret (so-ra), Emile, vlt. b. Dun-le-
Roi, Cher, France, May 22, 1852.
Pupil at Paris Cons, and of De BeYiot
at Brussels Cons.; appeared 1866,
SAWYER
SCARLATTI
first in England, then in France,
Italy, America 1872, 1874-76 (later,
1877, 1895); teacher Kullak's Acad.
Berlin 1880-81, at Royal Acad.
Mus. London 1891-1903, at Chicago
Mus. Coll. 1903-06; now teaching
privately in Geneva; married Teresa
Carreno 1872, later divorced; com-
posed considerable music for vln.
and has written valuable method;
playing graceful and elegant, of
French school.
Sawyer, Frank Joseph, orgt., writer,
b. Brighton, Eng., June 19, 1857;
d. Brighton, May, 1908. Pupil at
Leipzig Cons, of Richter and others;
pupil and asst. of J. F. Bridge; Mus.
Doc. Oxford 1884; orgt. at Brighton
and condr. until 1896 of choral and
orch. soc.; prof, sight singing Royal
Coll. Mus.; gave recitals, lectures
on hist, of org., dance, etc.; composed
oratorio, cantatas, Concertstiick,
Romance, etc., technical pf. exer-
cises; author of Primer on Extempori-
sation.
Sax, Antoine Joseph [called Adolphe],
instrument maker, b. Dinant, Nov.
6, 1814; d. Paris, Feb. 4, 1894. Pupil
of Bender at Brussels Cons, on flute
and clarinet ; invented improvements
in clarinet; 1842 invented saxophone,
metal wind instr. with single-reed
mouthpiece and conical bore; instrs.
encouraged by Berlioz and other
musicians; added saxhorn and sax
tromba; teacher of saxophone Paris
Cons. 1857.
Sbriglia (sbril'-yia), Giovanni, singing
teacher, b. Naples, 1840. Pupil of
De Roxas at Naples Cons.; d6but as
operatic tenor 1861; sang in Italy, in
New York with Patti, in Havana,
etc.; distinguished teacher of sing-
ing in Paris; reformed voice of Jean
de Reszke" from baritone to tenor,
taught Plangon, Nordica, Sanderson,
etc.
Scalchi (skal'-kl), Sofia, dram, mezzo
sop. b. Turin, Nov. 29, 1850. Par-
ents both singers; pupil of Bocca-
badati; d6but Mantua 1866; sang at
various Italian cities, in England
1868-90; first appeared in America
1882; married Lolli 1875; voice of
fine quality and such range that she
could take mezzo sop. and contralto
parts.
Scaria (ska'-ria), Emil, dram. bass. b.
Graz, Sept. 18, 1840; d. Blasewitz,
near Dresden, July 22, 1886. Pupil
of Netzer, Gentiluomo, and Lewy;
dSbut Pesth 1860; after few months'
study with Garcia in London 1862,
was engaged at Dessau, Leipzig,
Dresden, and Vienna Opera after
1872; first Wotan in Wagner's Ring
Bayreuth 1876, and Gurnemanz in
Parsifal 1882.
Scarlatti, Alessandro, compr. b. Tra-
pani, Sicily, 1659; d. Naples, Oct. 24,
1725. Nothing known of early life
and training; conducted first known
opera Rome 1680; maestro to Queen
Christina of Sweden, to Viceroy at
Naples 1694; asst. to Foggia, maestro
at Sta. Maria Maggiore, Rome, 1703,
and successor 1707-09; maestro at
royal chapel, Naples; teacher at 3
conservatories there; among pupils
Durante, Leo, Hasse, Porpora, etc.;
dir. Sta. Maria Maggiore, dir. to
Cardinal Ottoboni in Rome; in
Naples again after 1709; composed
over 100 operas and 200 masses;
founder of Neapolitan school of
opera; broke up the monotony of
continued recitative by using recita-
tive both with and without full
accomp. and by introducing formal
aria; established popular type of
overture in three movements, the
2d slow; within these forms his
own work is entirely lacking in
diversity; it has " grace, suavity,
dexterous neatness of articulation."
His son Domenico Scarlatti, compr.,
harpsichord player, b. Naples, Oct.
26, 1685; d. there, 1757. Pupil of
father and Gasparini; arranged and
composed operas; chosen to compete
with Handel 1709, he equaled H. on
harpsichord, but not at org. ; maestro
at St. Peter's, Rome, 1715-19; maes-
tro al cembalo Italian Opera, London,
1719-20; court cembalist at Lisbon
1721-54 (except 1725-29); returned
to Naples, where gambling reduced
his family to poverty, which Fari-
nelli relieved; in his harpsichord
music used new effects, gained by
crossing hands, by broken chords,
by displaced accents, etc., which
contributed largely to beginning of
technic; style of his works also is
modern in its freedom from formal
construction.
SCHARWENKA
Scharwenka (shar-ven'-ka), Ludwig
Philipp, compr. b. Samter, Posen,
Feb. 16, 1847. Pupil of Wiierst at
Kullak's Acad., Berlin, and of H.
Dorn; teacher of theory and comp. at
Kullak's 1870; with brother Xaver
founded Scharwenka Cons. 1881;
went with X. to New York 1891, but
continued own cons, with Gold-
schmidt 1892 until it was joined
with Klindworth Cons. 1893; com-
posed many pf. pieces (Landler,
Album polonais, choral works, 2
symph., suite, symph. poem, etc.
His brother Franz Xaver Schar-
wenka, pst., compr. b. Samter, Jan.
6, 1850. Pupil of Kullak and Wiierst
at K's Acad., where he taught 1868-
74; after successful de"but 1869, gave
annual concerts of chamber and
orchestral music; founded Scharw.
Cons, with Philipp 1881; director
till 1891, then established S. Cons,
in New York; 1898 director of
Scharwenka-Klindworth Cons., and
teacher of pf.; as pst. remarkable
for combination of great power with
repose and rich, singing tone; as
compr. he shows power, strong
sense of rhythm, and Polish national
color, in symph., 4 pf. concertos (of
which 1st is widely praised), chamber
music, Polish dances, etc. for pf.,
and one opera, Mataswintha (Weimar
1896, N.Y. 1897). Visited U.S. 1910.
Scheel (shal), Fritz, condr. b. Liibeck,
Germany, Nov. 7, 1852; d. Philadel-
phia, March 12, 1907. Condr. of
juvenile orch. at 10, vln. pupil of
David at Leipzig; concertmaster
Bremerhaven City Orch.; director
Chemnitz; at Hamburg 1890 alter-
nated with Von Bulow at subscrip-
tion concerts; 1893 conducted at
World's Fair; then in San Francisco;
first condr. of Philadelphia Orch.
1900 until death, building up and
establishing orch. ; condr. of Orpheus
Club and Eurydice Chorus.
Scheidemann (shl'-de-man), Heinrich,
orgt. b. Hamburg, about 1596; d.
there, 1654. Pupil of father, Hans,
and his successor; also pupil of
Sweelinck at Amsterdam; associated
with Praetorius in contributing to
Himmlische Lieder, one of which,
Frisch auf und lasst uns singen, was
popular; teacher of Weckmann and
Reinken; other works not extant.
SCHILLINGS
Scheldt (shidt), Samuel, orgt. b. Halle-
on-Saale, 1587; d. there, Mar. 14,
1654. Pupil of Sweelinck at Am-
sterdam; orgt. and capellmeister at
Halle; composed mostly for voice,
but wrote also chorale preludes (one
of first to develop chorales in elabo-
rate style) ; famous work Tabulatura
nova, 1624, org. fantasies, and church
pieces; in technic, extended use of
pedal.
Schein (shin), Johann Hermann,
compr. b. Griinhain, Saxony, Jan.
29, 1586; d. Leipzig, Nov. 19, 1630.
Soprano at Electoral Chapel at
Dresden; studied at Schulpforte
and at Leipzig Univ.; capellmeistei'
Weimar 1615; cantor Thomasschule
Leipzig 1616; composed Cantional,
choral melodies for Lutheran ch.,
Vemis Krantzlein, songs in 5 parts,
concerted instr. pieces; style notably
smooth and masterly.
Schelling (shel-ling), Ernest Henry,
pst. b. Belvidere, N. J., July 26,
1876. Precocious appearance in
Philadelphia 1880; pupil of Mathias,
Moszkowski, Pruckner, Leschetizky,
Paderewski, etc.; has played since
1901 in Europe, N. and S. America;
court pst. to Duke of Mecklenburg-
Schwerin; compr. symph., symph.
legends, chamber music, pf. concerto
and small pieces.
Schikaneder (shi-kan-a'-der), Emanuel
Johann, librettist, b. Regensburg,
April 9, 1751; d. Vienna, Sept. 21,
1812. Tragedian, singer in traveling
troupe; met Mozart in Salzburg;
when manager in Vienna, wrote
Zauberflote, for which M. composed
music; success of opera lifted him
only temporarily from poverty; also
wrote texts for Winter, Haibel, etc.
Schilling, Bertha, see Breval, Lucienne.
Schillings (shil-lings) , Max, compr. b.
Diiren, Rheinland, Apr. 19, 1868.
Studied with Brambach and Von
Konigslow at Bonn and at Munich;
trainer of chorus at Bayreuth; chief
condr. of Stuttgart Court Opera and
concerts of court orchestra 1907;
composed operas, Ingwelde 1894,
Der Pfeifertag 1896, Moloch 1906;
fantasia for orch., orchestral accomp.
for declamation of Hexenlied, etc.;
accused of imitating Wagner, he is
strongly defended by admirers, who
SCHINDLER
claim for him individuality of style,
pure " aristocratic " melody, har-
monic skill and care above other
moderns, extreme regard for modu-
lation, and deep personal feeling.
Schindler (shint-ler), Anton, writer.
b. Medl, Moravia, 1796; d. Bocken-
heim, Jan. 16, 1864. Vlt., capell-
meister at German Opera, Vienna,
and later at Minister and Aix-la-
Chapelle; about 1817-27 intimate
friend and helper, living in same
house with Beethoven, whose biog-
raphy he wrote 1840.
Schira (she'-ra), Francesco, condr.,
teacher, b. Malta, Sept. 19, 1815;
d. London, Oct. 15, 1883. Studied
at Milan Cons.; produced 1st opera
there; conducted at Lisbon and
taught in Cons.; after 1842 in Lon-
don as condr. of Princess's Th.; at
Drury Lane 1847 and 1852, and at
Covent Garden 1848-52; after that
gained renown as teacher of singing;
composed some 10 operas and other
vocal music.
Schlesinger (shla'-sing-er), Sebastian
Benson, compr. b. Hamburg, Sept.
24, 1837. Came to Boston at 13,
where he studied with Dresel; Ger-
man consul at Boston; later living
in Paris; compr. of over 100 songs
and pf. pieces.
Schmitt (shmit), Aloys, pst., teacher,
b. Erlenbach, Bavaria, Aug. 26,
1788; d. Frankfort-on-Main, July
25, 1866. Father a cantor, who
taught him; studied comp. with
Andre'; lived in Frankfort after 1816,
except for short time in Berlin and
Hanover; wrote valuable method,
delicate eludes, etc., as well as
chamber and orch. music.
Schmitt, Hans, pf. teacher, b. Koben,
Bohemia, Jan. 14, 1835; d. Vienna,
Jan. 15, 1907. At first oboe player;
pf . pupil of Dachs when 25 at Vienna
€ons., where he won medal, and later
taught, having classes in pf. expres-
sion 1875-1900; composed many re-
markable works for pf. instruction,
notably 300 studies without octaves,
pedal studies, etc.; wrote a valuable
work on The Pedals of the Piano.
Schnecker (shnek'-er), Peter August,
orgt., compr. b. Hesse-Darmstadt,
Aug. 26, 1850; d. N. Y., Oct. 3, 1903.
Came to America 1865; pupil of
SCHOENEFELD
S. P. Warren, N. Y., and at Leipzig
Cons. 1874 of O. Paul and Richter;
orgt. in N. Y. after 1872; written more
church music than almost any other
American (org. mus. and cantatas for
church), songs, and vln. works, etc.,
beside numerous transcriptions.
Schneider (shnl'-der), Johann Chris-
tian Friedrich, compr. b. Alt-Walt-
ersdorf, Saxony, Jan. 3, 1786; d.
Dessau, Nov. 23, 1853. Son and
pupil of orgt. Johann Gottlob S.
(1753-1840); student at Leipzig
Univ.; also pupil of Unger; orgt.
Leipzig 1807, of Thomaskirche 1812;
opera condr. 1816, director Stadt Th.
1817; in Dessau court capellmeister
1821, organizer of Liedertafel, found-
er of School of Mus. 1829 (closed
1854); R. Franz among pupils;
conducted at many festivals; com-
posed oratorios popular at time, Das
WeUgericht, Die Siindflut, etc., 23
symph., overtures, etc.; pf. works
collected.
Schnorr von Carolsfeld (shnor-von-ka'-
rols-felt), Ludwig, dram, tenor, b.
Munich, July 2, 1836; d. Dresden,
June 21, 1865. Son of painter;
studied at Leipzig Cons., and with
J. Otto and Devnent; d£but Carls-
ruhe 1858; tenor at Dresden after
1860; created part of Tristan,
Munich, 1865, his wife Malvina
(1825-1904) singing Isolde.
Schnyder von Wartensee (shni'-der von
var'-ten-sa), Xaver, teacher, compr.
b. Lucerne, Apr. 16, 1786; d. Frank-
fort-on-Main, Aug. 27, 1868. Stud-
ied with Kienlen in Vienna; after
fighting in 1815, taught at Yverdun,
and after 1817 at Frankfort; wrote
charming vocal music, opera For-
tunat, cantatas, part-songs, etc., 2
symphonies, and published System
der Rhythmik.
Schoenefeld (sh6-ne-felt), Henry, pst.
b. Milwaukee, Oct. 4, 1857. Studied
at Leipzig with Papperitz, Richter,
Schradieck, etc., and at Weimar with
Lassen ; after tour in Germany settled
in Chicago; from 1879 in Chicago as
pst., teacher, condr. of Germania
Mannerchor; 1904 removed to Los
Angeles; composed Three Indians, ode
with orch., 2 symph. (Rural, etc.), 2
overtures (In the Sunny South contain*
negro melodies), vln. sonata, etc.
SCHOLTZ
Scholtz (sholts), Hermann, pst., compr.
b. Breslau, June 9, 1845. Pupil of
Brosig, Riedel, Plaidy, and at
Munich of Von Billow and Rhein-
berger; taught at Royal Sch. Mu-
nich, 1870-75; since 1875 in Dresden ;
composed pf. concerto, trio, pas-
sacaglia, ballade, etc: for pf.; edited
Peters's Ed. of Chopin's and Heller's
Etudes.
Scholz (sholts), Bernhard E., compr.
b. Mayence, Mar. 30, 1835. Studied
with E. Pauer at Mayence and
Dehn at Berlin; teacher at Royal
School, Munich, 1856-59; court
capellmeister Hanover 1859-65; after
seasons in Florence and Berlin,
condr. of Breslau Orch. Soc. 1871-83,
succeeded Raff 1883-1908 as director
of Hoch Cons., Frankfort, where he
made his way in face of intriguing
opposition ; composed songs, chamber
music, symph. (Malinconia), choral
works, requiem, etc.
Schradieck (shra'-dek), Henry, vlt.
b. Hamburg, Apr. 29, 1846.^ Pupil
of father, of Leonard at Brussels
Cons., of David at Leipzig; leader
of orch. at Bremen; teacher Moscow
Cons. 1864-68; leader of Philhar-
monic concerts, Hamburg, of Gewand-
haus Orch., Leipzig, 1874-82, teach-
ing at Cons.; prof. Cincinnati Cons.
1883-89, and, after season in Ham-
burg, prof, at Nat'l Cons., New York,
at Broad St. Cons., Phila., and 1910
Institute of Applied Music, New York;
compr. of valuable technical exercises.
Schroeder (shre"d-er), Alwin, 'cellist.
b. Neuhaldensleben, near Magde-
burg, June 15, 1855. Pf. pupu of
father and brother Hermann (b.
1843), vln. pupil of De Ahna at Berlin
Hochschule, self-taught as 'cellist;
1st 'cellist in orchestras in Leipzig,
and Hamburg; 1881 succeeded broth-
er Carl (b. 1848) at Gewandhaus, in
th. orch., and at Cons.; member
of Petri Quartet; member Boston
Symph. Orch. 1886-1903 and 1910, of
Kneisel Quartet 1891-1908, of Hess-
Schroeder Quartet 1908-10.
Schroeder-Devrient (shre'-dar-de'-vri-
ant), Wilhelmine, dram. sop. b.
Hamburg, Dec. 6, 1804; d. Coburg,
Jan. 26, 1860. Father baritone,
mother actress Sophie Schroder, she
acted herself until 17; pupil of
SCHUBERT
Mozatti at Vienna; de"but there
1821; great success, especially in
revival of Fiddio, 1822; married
actor C. Devrient 1823, divorced
1828; at Court Opera, Dresden,
1823-1847, except for visiting sea-
sons in other capitals; her voice was
not remarkable or very well man-
aged, but her abilities as actress
were great.
Schroeter (shre"-ter), Christoph Gott-
lieb, orgt., theorist, b. Hohenstein,
Saxony, Aug. 19, 1699; d. Nord-
hausen, Nov., 1782. Pupil at Kreuz-
schule, Dresden, student of theology
at Leipzig; copyist for Lotti 1717;
after travel in Germany and Eng-
land, lectured at Jena Univ.; orgt.
at Minden, after 1732 at Nord-
hausen; composed seven sets of
cantatas for church year, other
church music; wrote on general bass
(" first to represent major and
minor triads as sole fundamental
chords ") and description of hammer
action for keyed instruments, on
which invention of pf. is based;
claims this invention in work pub-
lished 1763, ten years after death of
Silbermann, who is usually supposed
to have established invention of
Cristofori.
Schubert (shu-bart), Franz Peter,
compr. b. Lichtenthal, near Vienna,
Jan. 31, 1797; d. Vienna, Nov. 19,
1828. Son of schoolmaster, one of
19 children (brother Ignaz gave him
lessons and Ferdinand took care of
him); sweetness of soprano voice
secured him attention at Convict
School and Court Chapel, where he
was taught harmony by Rucziszka;
taught in lowest class of father's
school 1813-16; released 1817 from
this by friend F. von Schober, with
whom he lived thereafter (except
1819-21); taught music to daugh-
ters of Count Esterhazy 1818; ac-
quainted with Beethoven during his
last illness 1827; concert of his own
works early in 1828; repeated efforts
to gain some lucrative position
always failed; though appreciated
by contemporary musicians and to
some extent by the public, he was
underpaid by his publishers and
always struggling against poverty.
Began to compose very early, and
fertility of production increased as
SCHUCH
SCHUMANN
life lasted; during last year wrote
10th symph., mass in E flat, Miri-
am's Song, quintet, quartet, 3
sonatas, and songs later published
as Swan Songs; Sir Geo. Grove,
whose article on S. in his Dictionary
is the standard in English, describes
him as a " bom bourgeois, never
really at his ease except among his
equals and chosen associates; with
them he was genial .... even
boisterous . . . Simplicity curi-
ously characterizes his whole life."
He composed 17 operas, of which
7 were performed and of which Die
Zwillingsbriider, Alfonso und Estrella,
Fierabras, are at least familiar
names; the incidental music to
Rosamunde is well known from
orchestral suite; 6 masses, several
psalms, hymns, occasional cantatas,
Miriams Siegesgesang, etc.; chamber
music (octet, quintets, trios), pf.
mus. (sonatas, waltzes, impromptus,
etc.); 7 overtures, vln. concerto; 10
symphonies, of which one is known
as the Unfinished; several hundred
songs. Most admired for sym-
phonies and songs. The symphonies
are praised for their romantic emo-
tional expression; Schubert's great
innovation was " the introduction
of the song into the symph.", most
notably in the Unfinished symph.
in B min.; the fluency and fertility
of his invention command admira-
tion but his work is condemned for
diffuseness, lack of firmness and
originality in harmonic structure.
For the best of the songs there is
little but praise; he wrote three
kinds of songs: the simpler Lied,
like those of his predecessors; a
more dramatic and original variety
in which the changing emotions of
the poems are followed throughout;
and declamatory ones. Among so
many, inevitably some songs are of
inferior quality; sometimes this was
due to lack of care, sometimes to
poor words. At his best, in such
songs as Who is Sylvia? The Erl
King, etc., S. shows perfect dramatic
appropriateness combined with sheer
loveliness of melody, unequaled by
any other composer.
Schuch (shook), Ernst, condr. b. Graz,
Nov. 23, 1847. Vln. pupil of Stoltz
and Dessoff; mus. dir. at Breslau,
Wiirzburg, Graz, Basle, etc.; at
Dresden court condr., court council-
lor, general dir. ; married Clementine
Proska (b. 1853), singer at Dresden
since 1873.
Schulhoff (shool'-hof), Julius, pst.,
compr. b. Prague, Aug. 2, 1825; d.
Berlin, Mar. 13, 1898. Pupil of
Kisch, Tedesco, and Tomaschek;
d£but Dresden 1842; after playing
in Leipzig, lived in Paris, where he
gave concerts; friend of Chopin;
long tours in Europe 1849-53;
taught in Paris, Dresden, Berlin;
compositions all for pf., good salon
music, include sonata, 12 Etudes,
caprices waltzes, etc.; not to be
confounded with J. Schulhof, compr.,
in Pesth.
Schumann (shoo-man), Georg Alfred,
compr. b. Konigstein, Saxony,
Oct. 25, 1866. No relation to
Robert; pupil pf father (city mus.
director), of Fischer, Rollfuss, etc.
at Dresden, and of Reinecke, Zwint-
scher, etc. at Leipzig Cons. ; director
Danzig Gesangverein 1891-96, of
Bremen Philharmonic 1896-99, of
Berlin Singakademie 1900; his chief
compositions are cantata Amor und
Psyche, overture Liebesfruhling, or-
chestral variations on choral, Toten-
Tdage for chorus and orch., Ruth,
an oratorio.
Schumann, Robert Alexander, compr.
b. Zwickau, Saxony, June 8, 1810;
d. Endenich, near Bonn, July 29,
1856. Son of publisher and book-
seller, who had made some transla-
tions from English; showed mus.
ability at school, organizing band
of his fellows; after death of father,
1825, mother insisted on his study-
ing law at Leipzig Univ. and at
Heidelberg; supported by teacher
Wieck, gained permission to be
musician; maimed his hand per-
manently by use of a machine for
ringer development; studied com-
position with Dorn, and composed
early pf. works. In 1834 with others
founded Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik,
which he edited until 1844 and which
was published until 1908; in this
paper he wrote acutely and gener-
ously of his contemporaries and
introduced Brahms and others to
general notice; here too started the
device, afterward transferred to his
SCHUMANN
SCHtiTT
music, of writing under several
names, Florestan, Eusebius, etc., as
members of " Davidsbiind," a society
of defence against Philistines; S's
essays for the journal were later
issued in separate volumes. Having
fallen in love with his teacher's
daughter, Clara Wieck, whose father
refused his consent, S. had to go
through the unpleasant ordeal of
asserting his right in the courts; he
married after long delay in 1840.
Nervous troubles, loss of memory,
etc., drove him from Leipzig to
Dresden, and thence to Diisseldorf,
where he was not successful as
director of choral society; after
concert tour with wife in Holland,
morbid moods increased, until, after
an attempt at suicide, 1854, he was
confined in an asylum at Bonn.
S. composed curiously almost all
his works in one form at one time;
his pf. works before his marriage,
songs in years immediately after,
then symphonies (3 in one year),
then chamber music and at the end,
less successfully, choral works. All
his works are marked by strong
personality and tinged with the
romantic ideal of close union between
art and life. In his pf. mus. many
of the titles (Camaval, for example)
suggest more or less definite pro-
grams; yet with this modern color
is combined a polyphony based on
admiration and study of Bach;
it is distinguished for " beauty of
phrases, variety of accompaniment,
audacity of discord." [Hadow.] In
the songs and less directly in the
chamber music (besides 3 quartets
for strings, notably lovely one in
A minor, 3 pf. trios and pf. quintet,
these, too, have titles Mdrchenerzah-
lungen, Fantasiestucke) , his music is
always uttering a message of sig-
nificance. " He marks an epoch
because for the first time details of
form are not so much derived from
established rules as freshly gener-
ated by the necessities of the idea."
[Pratt.] His orchestral works con-
sist of 4 symph., 4 concert over-
tures, concertos and concertstiicke
for pf. and for yln., etc.; choral
works are Paradise and the Peri,
Das Gluck von EdenhaU, etc., and
opera Genoveva. In these larger
forms, though they contain passages
of rare beauty there is a lack of
sustained nobility which keeps them
below the highest.
Schumann, Clara Josephine, pst. b.
Leipzig, Sept. 13, 1819; d. Frankfort-
on-Main, May 20, 1896. Daughter
and pupil of Friedrich Wieck; first
appearance in public 1828; played
at Leipzig 1830, tours 1832, Paris
1839, with brilliant success; married
Robert Schumann 1840; after S's
death, lived in Berlin and Wies-
baden, again appearing at concerts;
taught at Hoch Cons. Frankfort
1878-92; as player she had as wide
renown as any woman ever gained;
her specialty lay in a soft, lingering
finger pressure; her compositions are
earnest and original both in idea
and in harmonic treatment; she
edited, also, her husband's complete
works.
Schumann-Heink (hink), Ernestine,
[nee Roessler], dram, contralto, b.
Lieben, near Prague, June 15, 1861.
Studied in Graz with Marietta
Leclair; de"but Dresden 1878; sang
Dresden until 1882 when she married
Heink and went to Hamburg; ap-
pearances as guest at Paris, London;
Bayreuth 1896 increased fame; 1899-
1904 Berlin court opera; first ap-
peared in N. Y. 1898, at Metropoli-
tan irregularly until 1902, at Man-
hattan 1906; season of comic opera
with Edwards' Love's Lottery 1904;
concerts 1907, etc.; became an Amer-
ican citizen 1908; strong, deep voice
and excellent dramatic power.
Schuppanzigh (shoop-pan'-zig), Ignaz,
vlt. b. Vienna, 1776; d. there, Mar.
2, 1830. Organized and conducted
Augarten concerts; as member of
Prince Rasumovsky's quartet played
quartets of Haydn, Mozart, and
Beethoven (the last under the
compr's own direction); quartet
went on tours to Germany and
Russia; S. member court orch. 1824,
director German opera 1828; com-
posed for vln. solo.
Schiitt (shutt), Eduard, pst. b. St.
Petersburg, Oct. 22, 1856. Pupil
at St. Petersburg Cons, of Petersen
and Stein, and at Leipzig Cons.;
condr. Akademischer Verein, Vienna ;
has composed pf. concerto, serenade
for strings, opera, variations for two
SCHtfTZ
pf. and very many pf. works of un-
equal value; at the best brilliant and
difficult.
Schiitz (shiitz), Heinrich, compr. b.
Kostritz, Saxony, Oct. 8, 1585; d.
Dresden, Nov. 6, 1672. Chorister
in court chapel at Kassel; entered
as law student Marburg Univ.;
Landgrave Mpritz sent him to Venice
where he studied with Gabrielli 1609-
12; court orgt. Kassel; capellmeister
at Dresden (acting 1615, actual
appointment 1617); during confusion
at Dresden during 30 Years' War,
frequently acted as court condr. at
Copenhagen; conditions at Dresden
were so confused that the greater
part of S's activity lay elsewhere.
S. first brought into Germany the
new ideas and is important as pred-
ecessor of Bach and as compr. of
Daphne, 1st German opera (written
on same libretto by Rinuccini that
Peri had used), produced at Torgau
1627; also wrote several -Passions,
motets which tend to dramatic
oratorio form, chorales, etc.
Schytte (shut'-ta), Ludwig Theodor,
pst., compr. b. Aarhus, Jutland,
Apr. 28, 1848; d. Berlin, Nov. 10,
1909. Druggist before 1870; after
that pupil of Ree, Neupert, Gade,
etc., of Taubert and Liszt; taught at
HoraVs Inst. Vienna 1887-88; later
lived at Berlin; composed about
110 pf. works, Nordische Volkstim-
men, Amorinen, etc., concerto, song
cycle, opera Der Mamduk, burlesque
operetta Circus-Damen, and Hero.
Scontrino (skon-tre'-no), Antonio,
compr. b. Trapani, May 17, 1850.
Pupil of Platani, and at Palermo
Cons.; after tours as contra-bass
player, and study in Munich, taught
and played in Milan; teacher of
comp. Palermo Cons. 1891; since
1892 at Mus. Inst. in Florence; com-
posed mus. to d'Annunzio's Fran-
cesco da Rimini, several operas,
Sinfonia marinaresca, overtures, vln.
works, etc.
Scriabine (skrya-ben), Alexander Ni-
colaievitch, compr. b. Moscow, Jan.
10, 1872. Pupil of Safonoff and
Taneiev at Moscow Cons.; gold
medal 1892; after bringing out many
compositions on European tours,
taught pf. 1898-1903 at Moscow
SEIDL
Cons.; now devoted to comp.; has
produced 2 symph., Reverie for orch.,
concerto, 3 sonatas, studies, etc. for
pf.; widely spoken of as brilliant pst.
and compr. of individuality, though
delicacy of pf . pieces suggests Chopin,
and general orchestral style suggests
Wagner. Visited U. S. in 1907.
Sechter (sek'-ter), Simon, teacher, b.
Friedberg, Bohemia, Oct. 11, 1788;
d. Vienna, Sept. 10, 1867. Studied
with Kozeluch and Hartmann;
teacher at Inst. for Blind 1811; court
orgt.; prof, harmony and counter-
point Vienna Cons, after 1851;
Henselt, Bruckner, and Vieuxtemps
among pupils; masterpiece Grund-
satze der musikalische Komposition;
composed much church music but
published little.
Seeboeck (sa-bek), W. C. E., pst. b.
Vienna, 1860; d. Chicago, 1906. Pupil
of Epstein and Nottebohm in Vienna,
and of Rubinstein; traveled in Europe
and East; came to Chicago 1881;
accompanied Apollo club, taught,
composed innumerable songs and
2 operas; delicate and ingenious per-
former.
Seeling (sa'-ling), Hans, pst. b. Prague,
1828; d. there, May 26, 1862. Went
to Italy 1852, thence on tour to the
East, living in turn after 1857 11.
Italy, Paris, and Germany; performer
of excellent style and continued
success; composer of brilliant pf.
pieces, Lorelei, Memories of an Artist
(arranged later for orch. by Miiller-
Berghaus).
Seidl (sidl), Anton, condr. b. Pesth,
May 7, 1850; d. New York, Mar. 28,
1898. Studied at Leipzig Cons.;
chorusmaster at Vienna Opera under
Richter; recommended by R. to
Wagner whom he assisted with pro-
duction of Ring, etc., until 1879;
condr. Leipzig opera 1879-82; condr.
of Neumann's touring Wagner Opera
Co. 1882-83; condr. Bremen ope^a
1883-85; at Metropolitan, N. Y..
1885-1892, 1895-97, supplementary
German opera 1895; of Philharmonic
Concerts in N. Y. and on tours with
orch.; 1897 condr. at Covent Garden
and at Bayreuth; not an academi-
cally trained condr., his complete
devotion (especially to Wagner's
music), his great gifts, and mastery
SEIFERT
SEROV
of orchestra made him very power-
ful; most important in establishing
admiration for Wagner in U. S.
Seifert (sf-fert), Uso, pf. teacher, b.
Romhild, Thuringia, Feb. 9, 1852.
Studied with Blassmann, Merkel,
Nicod6, etc. at Dresden Cons., where
he now teaches; orgt. at Dresden;
known for editions of older instruc-
tive pf. music, compositions for pf.,
songs, and widely used pf. method.
Seiss (sis), Isidor Wilhelm, pst. b.
Dresden, Dec. 23, 1840; d. Cologne,
Sept. 25, 1905. Pupil of Wieck and
J. Otto, and at Leipzig Cons, of
Hauptmann; teacher at Cologne
Cons. 1871; condr. Mus. Gesellschaft;
made very interesting transcriptions
of Haydn quartets, editions of
Beethoven's dances, etc.; fine critic,
as well as tasteful compr. chiefly of
instructive pieces.
Selby, Bertram Luard, orgt. b. Ightham,
Kent, Eng., Feb. 12, 1853. Pupil
at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke and
Jadassohn; orgt. Salisbury Cath.
1881-83, in London, Rochester Cath.
since 1900; composed incidental
music to Helena in Troas 1886, a
musical duologue, Weather or no,
1896, orchestral Idyl, quintets, pf.
pieces, songs, etc.
Selmer, Johann, compr., condr. b.
Christiania, Norway, Jan. 20, 1844;
d. Venice, July 22, 1910. After pre-
liminary studies he spent two years
at the Paris Cons, under Thomas;
at Leipzig 1872-74; returning to
Norway he succeeded Syendsen as
director of the Christiania Musical
Society; compositions include num-
bers for orchestra, choral works,
transcriptions of folk-songs and many
songs; his works belong to the music
school with a realistic tendency.
Sembrich (sem'-brik) Marcella [stage
name of Praxede Marcelline Kochan-
ska; Sembrich is mother's maiden
name], dram. sop. b. Wisniewczyk,
Galicia, Feb. 15, 1858. Pupil in
vln. and pf. at Lemberg Cons, of
Stengel (whom she later married),
also of Epstein at Vienna; discovered
the value of her voice and became
pupil of Rokitansky, and Lamperti;
d6but Athens 1877; after study of
German opera with R. Lewy, engaged
at Dresden 1878-80, at London 1880-
85; first appearance in N. Y. 1883,
sang there 1898-1900, 1901-1909,
when she formally retired; on con-
cert tours of wide range, from St.
Petersburg to Spain and San Fran-
cisco, and in operas where genuine
soprano is required, she has every-
where won ardent admiration for
the exquisite quality of her voice
(which is compared to Patti's) and
at the same time for her deeply in-
telligent artistic mastery.
Senesino (sen-e-ze-no), [stage name of
Francesco Bernardi], dram, mezzo sop.
b. Siena, about 1680; d. there, about
1750. Pupil of Bernacchi at Bologna;
first sang at Dresden; 1719 engaged
by Handel for London where he
appeared in several of Handel's and
Bononcini's operas 1720-28, 1730-33,
then at rival house under Porpora
1733-35; returned to Siena with for-
tune; voice of less wide compass than
Farinelli's, but quite its equal in
clear, flexible tone, and in simple
expressiveness .
Senkrah [pseud, of Anna Loretta Hark-
nes], vti. b. Williamson, New York,
June 6, 1864; d. Weimar, Sept., 1900.
Pupil of Hilf, Wieniawski, and Mas-
sart; 1st prize Paris Cons. 1881,
concert tours since 1882; married
Hoffmann, of Weimar, 1888; com-
mitted suicide.
Serafino (se-ra-fe'-no), Santo, vln.-
maker. b. Udine, 1678; d. Venice,
1735. Pupil probably of Tyrolese
maker, later, by own statement, of
Amati; as early as 1710 he was
settled at Venice; shape of instru-
ments like Stainer's or Amati's,
seldom varied; closely resembles
work of Ruggeri; wood of ex-
traordinary beauty, with remarkable
red varnish. Grandson Giorgio, also
maker at Venice 1742-47; inferior
imitative work.
Serov, Alexander Nikolaievitch, compr.
b. St. Petersburg, Jan. 23, 1820; d.
there, Feb. 1, 1871. Lawyer by pro-
fession, holding government offices
till 1868; had lessons on 'cello from
Schuberth; after some early composi-
tions, in 1850 turned to mus. criti-
cism, in which he showed violent par-
tisanship for Wagner, etc.; composed
grand operas to his own librettos,
SERVAIS
SHEPARD
Judith 1863, Rogneaa 1865, and 3
unfinished (Power of Evil completed
by Soloviev, produced 1871); lect-
ured at Moscow and St. Petersburg
universities; operas especially ad-
mired for natural quality of national
life.
Servais (sar'-va), Adrien Frangois,
'cellist, b. Hal, near Brussels, June
6, 1807; d. there, Nov. 26, 1866.
Pupil of father and at Brussels Cons,
of Platel; played in theatre orch.;
concert de"but Paris 1834; after
playing in London and further study
spent 12 years in tours; prof, at
Brussels Cons, after 1848; composed
16 fantasias, 3 concertos, caprices
and duets on operatic airs with Gre-
goir and Vieuxtemps. Son Joseph
(1850-1885), also Cellist; member
Weimar orch., prof, at Brussels Cons.
Sevclk (s6f-chlk), Otokar Joseph, vln.
teacher, b. Horazdowitz, Bohemia,
Mar. 22, 1852. Pupil of father, A.
Sitt, and Bennewitz; concertmaster
Salzburg and 1873 Vienna; teacher
at Kiev 1875-92; 1892-1909 at
Prague Cons.; 1909 Vienna Con-
servatory; his original system has
K'oduced many notable pupils,
ubelik, Kocian, Marie Hall, etc.;
method, published in 4 books, fol-
lows system of stopping of semitones
by same fingers on each string; in
later book technic of bow carried
out in minute detail.
Seyfried (si-fred), Ignaz Xaver, Ritter
von, compr. b. Vienna, Aug. 15,
1776; d. there, Aug. 27, 1841. Gave
up study of law; mus. pupil of
Mozart, Kozeluch, Albrechtsberger,
and Von Winter; capellmeister at
Vienna theatres 1797-1826; compr.
of many unimportant works; edited
Beethoven's exercises, Albrechts-
berger's theoretical works, etc.;
contributor to Allgem. Zeitung and
Cdcilia.
Sgambati (sgam-ba'-te) , Giovanni, pst.,
compr. b. Rome, May 18, 1843.
Pupil of Aldega, Barbieri, Nata-
lucci, and Liszt; gave orchestral
concerts; produced Beethoven's
Eroica and Liszt's Dante symph.
in Italy; after concert tours in Italy
and Germany, taught, since 1877, at
pf. school connected with Accad. di
S. Cecilia; admirer of Wagner, who
recommended him to publisher 1876;
composed symph., widely known
quartet in D flat, quintets, requiem,
exquisite pf. music (Pieces lyriques,
Melodies poetiques, etc.).
Shakespeare, William, singing teacher.
b. Croydon, Eng., June 16, 1849.
Chorister and orgt. when a boy;
pupil of Molique, at Royal Acad.
of Bennett, as Mendelssohn Scholar
at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke, and
at Milan with Lamperti for voice
especially; fine tenor singer, popular
in Eng. concerts, etc. after 1875;
prof. Royal Acad. 1878-86; distin-
guished as teacher; published Art
of Singing 1898, '99, revised 1910.
Sharpe, Herbert Francis, pst. b. Hali-
fax, Yorkshire, Mar. 1, 1861. Stu-
died at Nat'l Training School, where
he was Queen's Scholar; d6but Lon-
don 1882; prof. Royal Coll. Mus.
1884, examiner of Associated Board
1890; organized trio concerts 1899-
1902; composed comic opera, over-
ture, pieces for flute or vln. and pf.,
songs, etc.
Shedlock, John South, writer, b. Read-
ing, Eng., Sept. 29, 1843. Graduated
at London Univ. 1864; pupil of Lii-
beck and Lalo; taught and played
in London; critic for Academy 1879;
for Athenaeum 1901; lectured Royal
Acad.; published many articles,
useful book on Pianoforte sonata,
origin and development.
Shelley, Harry Rowe, compr. b. New
Haven, Conn., June 8, 1858. Pupil
of G. J. Stoeckel at Yale, of Dudley
Buck, Vogrich, and DvoMk; orgt.
in New Haven, Brooklyn, and N. Y.;
teacher of theory and comp. at
Metropolitan Coll., N. Y.; composed
opera, cantatas (The inheritance
divine, Death and life), ballads, songs,
and excellent church and org. music.
Shepard, Frank Hartson, orgt. b.
Bethel, Conn., Sept. 20, 1863. Pupil
of E. Thayer, and, after several
appointments as orgt., of Zwint-
scher, Jadassohn, Reinecke, etc., at
Leipzig, where he was orgt. of Eng.
church; orgt. and founder of music
school at Orange, N. J.; author of
How to Modulate and Harmony
Simplified, in which he develops
interesting theory of " attendant
chords."
SHEPARD
SILOTI
Shepard, Thomas Griffin, orgt. b.
Madison, Conn., Apr. 23, 1848; d.
Brooklyn, 1905 (?). Pupil of G. W.
and J. P. Morgan; orgt. in New Ha-
ven, at various churches since 1865;
instructor of Yale Glee Club; condr.
New Haven Oratorio Soc., of Apollo
Club, teacher of theory, org., etc.;
compr. of cantata, anthems, offer-
tories, etc.
Sherwood, William Hall, pst., teacher
b. Lyons, N. Y., Jan. 31, 1854; d.
Chicago, Jan. 7, 1911. Pupil of his
father, of Wm. Mason, etc., and for
five years in Europe of Kullak,
Weitzmann, Deppe, Liszt, etc.;
de"but Berlin; after 1876 gave con-
certs in U. S., then taught at N. E.
Cons., Boston, and in N. Y.; after
1889 in Chicago head of pf. dept. at
Cons., 1897 of Sherwood Piano Sch.;
head of music department Chautau-
qua, N. Y.; teacher of Clayton
Johns and A. Whiting; compositions,
all for pf., include suites, Scherzo
caprice, etc.; eminent American vir-
tuoso, especially remarkable for
wide range, intelligent use of tech-
nical ability, and reposeful reser-
vation of power.
Shield, William, compr. b. Whickham,
Durham, Mar. 5, 1748; d. London,
Jan. 25, 1829. Pupil of father and
of Avison; after apprenticeship to
shipbuilder, became condr. in Scar-
borough th.; vlt. in opera orch.,
London 1772, 1st viola 1773-1791;
compr. to Covent Garden 1778-91,
1792-97; resigned from theatre 1807;
master of royal music 1817; author
of popular songs (The Thorn, The
Ploughboy, etc.), Introd. to harmony,
Rudiments of thorough-bass, and about
40 farces, operas, etc., into which
he frequently interpolated famous
songs of others; melodies vigorous,
refined; English favorite.
Sibelius (si-ba'-lius), Jean, compr. b.
Tavastehus, Finland, Dec. 8, 1865.
Pupil of Wegelius at Mus. Inst.,
Helsingfors, and of A. Becker and
K. Goldmark; teacher of theory at
Inst. and Orchestra School, Helsing-
fors, after 1893; for a time enjoyed
gov't pension; composed Finnish
opera The Maiden in the Tower,
said to be first nat'l opera, 2 sym-
phonies, symph. poems, Der Schwan
von Tuonela,En Saga Lemminkdinen,
Finlandia, etc., and songs; note-
worthy for use of folk-songs, per-
sistent repetition of single notes and
of 5-4 rhythms.
Sieber (se'-ber), Ferdinand, singing
teacher, b. Vienna, Dec. 5, 1822; d.
Berlin, Feb. 19, 1895. Pupil of
Misch and Ronconi; sang in opera;
taught in Dresden 1848-54, then
in Berlin; composed over 100 works,
including very many valuable
vocalises and exercises as well as
songs; compiled catalog of 10,000
songs, arranged according to voice.
Sieveking (se'-v6-king), Martinus, pst.
b. Amsterdam, Mar. 24, 1867.
Studied with father, F. Coenen, and
with Rontgen at Leipzig Cons.;
played with success in Paris, London,
and U. S. 1895.
Silas (se'-laz), Eduard, pst., compr. b.
Amsterdam, Aug. 22, 1827; d. Lon-
don, Feb. 8, 1909. First appearance
as prodigy at Amsterdam, 1837;
studied with Grua, Lacombe, Kalk-
brenner, and at Paris Cons, with
Benoist and HaleVy; orgt. in Eng.
1850; prof, harmony at Guildhall
Sch. and at London Acad. Mus.;
compositions, which have made way
in face of adverse criticism, include
mass (prize, Belgium, 1866), oratorio
Joash, pf. concerto, Mythological
pieces for orch., many pf. pieces;
opera and theoretical works unpub-
lished.
Silcher (sil'-ker), Friedrich, compr. b.
Schnaith, Wiirttemberg, June 27,
1789; d. Tubingen, Aug. 26, 1860.
Pupil of father and orgt. Auberlen:
taught at Stuttgart; mus. dir. Univ.
Tubingen after 1817; by his Samm-
lung deutscher Volkslieder and Choral-
buch, did much to advance German
popular singing; some of his song*-
therein have become folk-songs
(Aennchen von Tharau, Ich weii
nicht was soil es bedeuten); published
harmony method.
Siloti (sl-16'-te), Alexander, pst. b.
Charkov, Russia, Oct. 10, 1863.
Studied at Moscow Cons. 1875-81
with Zwereff, N. Rubinstein, and
Tchaikovski; d6but Moscow 1880,
followed by great success in Leipzig;
after further study with Liszt,
1883-86, at Weimar, prof, at Moscow
Cons. 1887-90; concert tours; condr.
SIMPER
SLAUGHTER
Moscow Philharmonic 1901-02, St.
Petersburg, etc.; American tours
1898, 1903.
Simper, Caleb, orgt. b. Barford St.
Martin, Wiltshire, Sept. 12, 1856.
Orgt. in Worcester 14 years ; manager
for E. J. Spark; living in Barnstable;
compr. of many simple anthems
(7 will feed my flock, He is risen), and
of some prize hymn tunes.
Sinding, Christian, compr. b. Kongs-
berg, Norway, Jan. 11, 1856. Stud-
ied at Leipzig Cons, with Reinecke,
and at Dresden, Munich, and Berlin;
orgt. and teacher at Christiania;
composed for orch. symphonies, pf.
concerto, symph. poem, pf. quartets
and quintet, vln. sonatas, and many
pf. pieces (Variations, Romance,
Characterstucke, very popular Friih-
lingsrauschen, etc.); technical ability
is fluent and sure, his ideas, though
not deep, are melodious and often
interestingly national in flavor, and
his treatment of them is modern.
Singelee (san-zhe-la), Jean Baptiste,
vlt. b. Brussels, Sept. 25, 1812; d.
Ostende, Sept. 29, 1875. Composed
many works for vln., especially fan-
tasias on operatic airs, and several
concertos. Daughter Louise (1844-
1886) was singer, and his brother
Charles (1809-1867) was also vlt.
Singer, Otto, pst. b. Sora, Saxonv,
July 26, 1833; d. New York, Jan. 3,
1894. Pupil at Kreuzschule, Dres-
den, at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles,
Hauptmann, etc., and of Liszt;
taught in Leipzig, Dresden, in New
York at Mason and Thomas Cons.
1867-73, in Cincinnati Coll. of Mus.
1873-1893, then again in N. Y.; also
condr. May Festivals at Cincinnati;
composed cantatas (Landing of Pil-
grim Fathers, etc.), symphonies, con-
certos, Symphonic fantasia, etc. His
son Otto, condr., compr. b. Dresden,
Sept. 14, 1863. Early youth spent
in U. S. A. where he studied with his
father; then in Germany with Kiel,
Joachim and Rheinberger. Condr.
Heidelberg Liederkranz, 1888; suc-
cessor to Zollner as teacher Cologne
Cons, and dir. Mannergesangsvereins
1890; in Leipzig 1892; later settled
in Munich. Especially skilful in
transcr. for piano complicated mod-
ern orchestral scores.
Sirt, Hans, vlt. b. Prague, Sept. 21,
1850. Son of vln. -maker, Anton S.;
pupil at Prague Cons, of Bennewitz,
Mildner, etc.; leader th. orch. Bres-
lau 1867, capellmeister there, in
Prague 1870-73, and in Chemnitz
1873-80; condr. at Nice; founder of
popular concerts at Leipzig, teacher
in Cons., viola player in Brodsky
Quartet, condr. Bach Verein 1885-
1903, Singakademie, and concerts
at Altenburg; composed concertos
for vln. and viola, solos, etc. which
have been well received.
Sivori (sl-vo'-rl), Ernesto Camillo, vlt
b. Genoa, Oct. 25, 1815; d. there,
Feb. 18, 1894. D6but at 6 as pupil
of Restano; later studied with Costa
and Paganini, whom he imitated
and whose works he interpreted
well; almost constant tours after
1827 to England, to U. S. 1846-48,
etc. ; style somewhat cold and devoid
of feeling.
Sjbgren (sha-gren'), Johann Gustav
Emil, compr. b. Stockholm, June 16,
1853. Studied at Stockholm Cons,
and at Berlin with Kiel and Haupt;
orgt. in Stockholm since 1891 ; compr.
of pf. music, vln. sonatas, and espe-
cially of songs, not exclusively Scan-
dinavian in feeling.
Skroup (shkroop), Franz, compr. b.
Vosicz, Bohemia, June 3, 1801; d.
Rotterdam, Feb. 7, 1862. Student
of law and music at Prague; condr.
Bohemian Th., Prague, and at Rot-
terdam opera after 1860; brought
out works of Wagner; as compr., es-
pecially of songs, attained great pop-
ularity (national hymn Where is My
Country f), and of first national Bohe-
mian opera (Dr&Tenik); with Sme-
tana accomplished deliberately the
emancipation of national art by
developing national color; Skroup
initiated movement. Brother Jan
Nepomuk (1811-1892), chorusmaster,
capellmeister, condr., singing teacher
at Prague.
Slaughter, Walter A., compr. b. Lon-
don, Feb., 1860; d. there, Apr. 2,
1908. Pupil of A. Cellier and
Jacobi; condr. of several London
theatres; compr. of several success-
ful musical comedies, An Adamless
Eden, A French Maid; music to
Thackeray's Rose and Ring, etc.
SLIVINSKI
SMITH
Slivinski (sli-vin'-ski), Joseph von, pst.
b. Warsaw, Dec. 15, 1865. Studied
at Warsaw with Strobl, at Vienna
with Leschetizky for four years, at
St. Petersburg with A. Rubinstein;
d6but 1890; played in England and
America 1893 (again in 1900 and
1901); playing remarkable for ac-
curacy, strength, spirit, and variety.
Smallwood, William, orgt., compr. b.
Kendal, Eng., Dec. 31, 1831; d. there,
Aug. 6, 1897. Studied with Camidge
and Phillips; orgt. Kendal 1847-97;
compr. of instructive pf. pieces
(Flowers of Melody, etc.), anthems,
etc.; author of widely sold Piano-
forte Tutor.
Smart, Sir George Thomas, compr. b.
London, May 10, 1776; d. there,
Feb. 23, 1867. Chorister in Chapel
Royal under Ay rton ; pupil of Dupuis
and Arnold; vlt. at Salomon con-
certs; condr. of concerts at Dublin,
knighted there; original member
Philharmonic Soc. ; condr. of its con-
certs 1813-44; director City Con-
certs 1818; orgt. 1822, and compr.
1838, at Chapel Royal; gave lessons
in singing until over 80; edited Gib-
bons' madrigals, etc., published 2
vols. of sacred music, collection of
glees (Squirrel and Butterfly's Ball,
well known) ; as condr. he introduced
several important- works into Eng-
land (Beethoven's Mount of Olives');
influential in engaging Weber to
bring out Oberon in Eng.; Weber
died at S's house.
Smart, Henry, orgt., compr. b. London,
Oct. 26, 1813; d. there, July 6, 1879.
Pupil of father Henry (1778-1823,
brother of Sir George), and Reams;
orgt. at several London churches
after 1836; blind after 1864; dis-
tinguished orgt., composed much
for his instrument; also wrote can-
tatas (Bride of Dunkerron, King
Rent's Daughter, etc.); especially
noteworthy as compr. of part-songs
(Waves' Reproof, Ave Maria, Night
Sinks on the Wave, etc.).
Smetana (sme'-ta-na), Bedrich, compr.
b. Leitomischl, Bohemia, Mar. 2,
1824; d. Prague, May 12, 1884. Pf.
pupil of Proksch and Liszt; opened
mus. school Prague 1848; condr.
Philharmonic Soc. at Gothenburg,
Sweden, 1856; after concert tour in
Sweden and Germany, condr. Nat'l
Bohemian Th., Prague, 1866-74,
when he became deaf; continued
composition under increasing diffi-
culty until he became insane, 1882;
in asylum April, 1884; beside many
works for pf., songs, etc., composed
for orch. (Wallenstein's Lager, series
of 6 symphonic poems, Md vlasl,
" My Country "), and 8 operas (Die
verkaufte Braut, Libusa, Der Kuss,
etc.), quartet Aus meinem Leben
(mus. autobiography); greatest of
Bohemian composers, real creator
of artistic Bohem. mus. and of later
school (Dvorak and Fibich). [Lives
by WaUek, Ritter, and Hostinsky.]
Smith, Alice Mary, compr. b. London,
May 19, 1839; d. there, Dec. 4, 1884.
Studied with W. S. Bennett and G.
A. Macfarren; married F. Meadows
White 1867; comp. 5 cantatas (Ode
to the Northeast Wind, etc.), symph.,
overtures (Endymion, Masque of
Pandora), quartets, clarinet concerto,
songs, duets (O That We Two Were
Maying, etc.); possibly most distin-
guished of English women comprs.
of her period.
Smith, Edward Sydney, compr. b.
Dorchester, July 14, 1839; d. Lon-
don, Mar. 3, 1889. Studied with
Moscheles, Plaidy, etc. at Leipzig
Cons.; teacher in London after
1859; composed showy but not
very difficult pf. mus. (Le jet d'eau,
The Spinning Wheel, etc.); some-
times used pseud. Victor Delacour.
Smith, Gerrit, orgt. b. Hagerstown,
Md., Dec. 11, 1859. Graduated at
Hobart College, N. Y.; pupil at
Stuttgart Cons., of E. Thayer, W. H.
Sherwood, Haupt, and Rohde; orgt.
at Buffalo while still studying; since
at Albany and New York; prof, of
music at Union Theological Semi-
nary; pres. Mss. Soc.; distinguished
concert orgt.; compr. cantata David
and smaller works, chiefly songs and
pf. pieces.
Smith, Wilson George, pst., compr. b.
Elyria, O., Aug. 19, 1855. Studied
at Cincinnati with O. Singer 1876-
80, at Berlin with Kiel, P. and X.
Scharwenka, Moszkowski, etc. 1880-
82; teaching in Cleveland since 1882;
composed many brilliant pf. works,
Hommage a Grieg, a Schumann, a
SMYTH
SPALDING
Chopin, etc., in which he skilfully
follows the masters in question;
teaching works, Scale playing, etc.,
are valuable.
Smyth, Ethel Mary, compr. b. Lon-
don, Apr. 23, 1858. Pupil at Leipzig
Cons, and of H. von Herzogenberg;
comp. chamber mus., serenade for
orch., overture Antony and Cleo-
patra, Solemn Mass (London 1893);
operas Fantasia (Weimar 1898) and
Der Wold (Dresden 1901, London
1901, '02 and New York Metropoli-
tan 1903), Les naufrageurs (Leipzig
and Prague 1906).
Sodermann (se'-der-man) , August Johan
compr. b. Stockholm, July 17, 1832;
d. there, Feb. 10, 1876. Pupil of
Leipzig Cons.; condr. Stockholm Th.
after 1862; composed about 60
works, operettas Wedding at Ulfasa,
incidental music to Jungfrau von
Orleans, part-songs (Brdllop, quartet
for women's voices, popular in Ger-
many), mass (said to be greatest
work), songs to words of Bellman;
" compositions, though thoroughly
Swedish, are not national." [Grove.]
Sokolov (sok-o-loff), Nicholas Alex-
androvitch, compr. b. St. Peters-
burg, Mar. 26, 1859. Pupil of
Johannsen and Rimsky-Korsakov
at St. P. Cons.; teacher of theory
at Imperial Chapel 1886, at Cons.
1896; composed string quartets,
symphonies, works for vln., pf., and
voices, music to Shakespeare's
Winter's Tale and to A. Tolstoi's
Don Juan.
Soloviev (sol-o-vyof), Nicolai Theo-
pemptovitch, compr., critic, b. Petro-
sadovsk, prov. of Olonetz, Russia,
May 9, 1846. Pupil of Zaremba at
Imp. Cons.; prof, of harmony and
mus. hist, at St. Petersburg Cons.;
counsellor of state; critic and editor
of lexicon; composed operas (Cor-
delia 1885), overture on a national
theme, symph. poem Russes et
Mongols; completed Serov's Power
of the Demon.
Somervell, Arthur, compr. b. Wind-
ermere, Eng., June 5, 1863. Studied
at Berlin Hochschule, and at Royal
Coll. Mus. with Parry and Stanford;
government inspector for England,
Wales, and Scotland; Mus. Doc.
Cambridge 1903; composed many
graceful songs, orchestral ballads
and cantatas, Helen of Kirkconnell,
Forsaken Merman, Seven Words
from Cross, few orchestral works.
Somis (so-mis'), Giovanni Battista, vlt.
b. Piedmont, 1676; d. Turin, Aug.
14, 1763. Pupil of Corelli; court
soloist and condr. at Turin; teacher
of Giardini, Leclair, and Chabran;
comp. sonatas for vln., 'cello, and pf.
Sontag, Henriette Gertrude Walpurgis,
dram. sop. b. Coblenz, Jan. 3,
1806; d. Mexico, June 17, 1854.
Child actress; pupil at Prague Cons,
of Pixis, Triebensee, Czeska, etc.;
sang at Vienna; created title part
in Euryanthe 1823; great success in
Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris, where she
defeated Catalani, breaking Berlin
contract 1827; married Count Rossi
in London 1828; retired from stage
1830, continued success in concerts,
returned to stage 1848, singing with
unfailing fortune in London, Paris,
New York, 1852, and Mexico.
Soubies (so-bes'), Albert, writer, b.
Paris, May 10, 1846. After admis-
sion to bar, studied comp. at Cons,
with Savard and Bazin; revived
Almanack des spectacles 1874-79;
critic for Le soir, contributor to
Menestrel, etc.; has written series of
histories of music in separate coun-
tries (Russia, Portugal, etc.), histories
of opera and comic opera chiefly in
Paris, and work on Wagner.
Sousa, John Philip, condr., compr. b.
Washington, D. C., Nov. 6, 1856.
Pupil of J. Esputa and G. F. Ben-
kert; condr. traveling company at
17; vlt. in Offenbach's Co. 1877;
director Philadelphia Church Choir
Pinafore Co.; leader of U. S. Marine
Corps band 1880-92; condr. of own
band with which he has been on
extended tours; compr. of several
comic operas (The Bride-elect, El
Capitan, etc.), and many stirring
military marches, which have been
very popular.
Spalding, Albert, vlt. b. Chicago, Aug.
15. 1888. Studied with Jean Buit-
rago in New York, with Chiti in
Florence (where he appeared at
private concert at 10); passed
examination for professorship at
Bologna Cons, at 14; after further
study with Lefort in Paris, d6but
SPALDING
SPITTA
there 1906; continued success in
Europe 1907, '08 and in New York
1909.
Spalding, Walter Raymond, teacher, b.
Northampton, Mass., May 22, 1865.
Graduated Harvard 1887, A.M.,
with honors in music, 1888; also
studied in Paris and Munich;
master of classics and mus. at St.
Mark's School, Southboro, 1889-92;
orgt. at Emmanuel Ch., Boston,
1887-88, orgt. and choirmaster 1898-
1900; teacher 1895, asst. prof, after
1903 of harmony at Harvard, made
prof, in 1907; influential in raising
standard of school mus.; author of
Tonal Counterpoint (with Foote)
and Modern Harmony.
Spanuth, August, compr., critic, editor.
b. Hanover, March 15, 1857. Began
musical education at an early age
and made first public appearance at
seventeen; studied composition with
Raff and piano with Carl Heymann;
made American d^but as pianist in
1886; teacher in Chicago Musical
College 1887-1893; then located in
New York City as private teacher
and musical critic for New Yorker
Stoats Zeitung; removed to Berlin
1906; teacher in the Stern Conser-
vatory and editor of Signale fur die
musikalische Welt; published works
consist of piano pieces, songs, studies;
editor of the Liszt piano volumes in
The Musicians Library.
Spark, William, compr. b. Exeter,
Eng., Oct. 28, 1823; d. Leeds, June
16, 1897. Chorister at Exeter Cath.;
articled pupil of S. S. Wesley; orgt.
at Leeds, founder Leeds Mus. Soc.;
Mus. Doc., Dublin, 1861; editor
Organists' Quarterly Journal; com-
posed oratorio, org. mus., wrote
Memoirs of Wesley and H. Smart,
Musical Memories, Musical Remi-
niscences; also published cantatas,
anthems, etc.
Speidel (spi'-del), Wilhelm, pst. b.
Ulm, Sept. 3, 1826; d. Stuttgart,
Oct. 13, 1899. Pupil of father
(teacher and chorus director), and
at Munich with Wanner, Kuhe, and
I. Lachner; taught at Thann, and
Munich 1848-54; mus. dir. Ulm;
at Stuttgart, condr. Liederkranz
1857, part founder of Cons., teacher
there, except 1874-84 when he had
his own Kunstler und Dilettanten-
schule fiir Klavier; composed cho-
ruses, symphony, sonatas, etc.
Spicker, Max, condr., teacher. b.
Konigsberg, Aug. 16, 1858. Pupil for
five years of L. Kohler, and at
Leipzig Cons, for one year under
Wenzel, Richter, etc.; theatre condr.
at Heidelberg, Ghent, etc.; condr.
Beethoven Mannerchor, New York,
1882-88; dir. Brooklyn Cons. 1888-
95; later teacher of harm, and
counterpoint at Nat'l Cons., N. Y.;
composed suite, cantata, and many
songs.
Spiering (sper'-ing), Theodore B., vlt.
b. St. Louis, Sept. 5, 1871. Studied
with Schradieck at Cincinnati, and
four years with Joachim at Berlin;
founder and leader S. Quartet of
Chicago, which gave admirable
concerts 1893-1905; with Thomas
Orch. 1892-96; dir. of S. Vln. Sch.,
Chicago, 1899-1902, of Chicago Mus.
Coll. 1902-05; gave concerts in
Europe 1905-06; located in Berlin
1907-1909; concertmaster Philhar-
monic Society, N. Y., 1909-10.
Spindler (spind'-ler), Fritz, pst., compr.
b. Wiirzbach, Nov. 24, 1817; d.
Niederlossnitz, near Dresden, Dec.
26, 1906. Studied theology first;
pupil of Fr. Schneider; successful
teacher in Dresden after 1841 ; com-
posed over 300 pieces for pf. (Frisch-
es Leben very popular), 2 symph.,
pf. concerto, string quartet, etc.
Spinney, Walter, orgt., compr. b.
Salisbury, Mar. 26, 1852; d. Leam-
ington, June 21, 1894. Of musical
family, father and brothers orgts.,
sister pst.; articled pupil of Richard-
son at Salisbury Cath.; orgt. at
parishes of Salisbury, Doncaster,
Leamington, succeeding brother
Frank S. (1850-1888); issued col-
lections The organ library and The
vesper bell, which contain some origi-
nal works.
Spitta, Johann August Philipp, his-
torian, b. Wechold, Hanover, Dec.
27, 1841; d. Berlin, Apr. 13, 1894.
Student of philology at Gottingen;
teacher at several gymnasia; co-
founder of Bach Verein at Leipzig;
1875 prof. mus. hist. Berlin Univ.,
teacher and director 1882 in Hoch-
schule; author of exhaustive and
SPOHR
authoritative life of J. S. Bach (trans,
in 3 vols.), life of Schumann origin-
ally for Grove's Diet., 2 collections of
essays; contributions to periodicals,
esp. to Vierteljahrsschrift fur Musik-
wissenschaft, which he founded, with
Chrysander and Adler; edited works
of Buxtehude, began those of Schiitz
( finished by brother Friedrich, b.
1852).
Spohr (sp6r), Ludwig, vlt., compr. b.
Brunswick, Apr. 5, 1784; d. Kassel,
Nov. 22, 1859. His father, a physi-
cian, was amateur flute player, his
mother, a singer and pst., was
S's first teacher; pupil at five of
Riemenschneider, Dufour, and at
Brunswick of Maucourt and Hart-
ung; member of ducal orch. and at
duke's request pupil of F. Eck, with
whom he went to St. Petersburg;
1803 again in orch.; 1804 successful
first tour; 1805 leader at Gotha,
married Dorette Scheidler, harp-
player; on tour with her 1807, 1809;
condr. 1st mus. festival in Germany,
Frankenhausen 1809; condr. in
Vienna 1812-15; after tour of
Italy, where he played with Paganini,
opera condr. Frankfort 1817-19;
1820 visited England, first to conduct
there with baton; court condr. at
Kassel 1822 until retirement 1857;
conducted at several festivals, visited
England 1839, but could not get
leave to conduct his Fail of Babylon
at Norwich 1842; besides several
works for pf., harp, and songs, com-
posed 11 operas (Faust, Jessonda
much the best), oratorios (Das
jiingste Gericht, etc.), 9 symphonies
(some with titles, Die Jahreszeiten,
Irdisches u. Gottliches im Menschen-
leben); several overtures, and 15
vln. concertos (8th a Gesangsszene) ,
which are still played; wrote also
valuable Violin School and Auto-
biography, full of self-content and
strange criticisms; as condr., among
first to appreciate Wagner.
Spontini (spon-te'-nl), Gasparo Luigi
Pacifico, compr. b. Majolati, An-
cona, Nov. 14, 1774; d. there, Jan.
24, 1851. Son of peasants, who
intended him for priesthood; ran
away to a friendly uncle; pupil of
Sala and Tritto at Cons, in Naples;
early operas won advice from Pic-
cini; composed at Rome, Venice,
STAINER
etc.; in Paris after 1803 friendship
with poet Jouy and admiration for
Mozart changed style; La Vestale,
brought out at Op£ra through
influence of Empress Josephine 1807,
won prize offered by Napoleon;
married daughter of Erard; di-
rector of Italian Opera 1810-12,
dismissed on charge . of " financial
irregularity," declined offer of rein-
statement 1814, when he became
court compr. to Louis XVIII; as
compr. to Friedrich Wm. II, had
great success at Berlin; difficulties
there, however, led to retirement
1841 as narrow escape from disgrace;
operas (especially La Vestale, Fer-
nand Co'rtez, Olympic) are planned
with fine breadth, but details do
not carry 'out plan; his technical
knowledge of harmony and instru-
mentation was defective and his
melody lacked lightness and variety.
Stadler, Maximilian, compr., writer, b.
Melk, Lower Austria, Aug. 4, 1748;
d. Vienna, Nov. 8, 1833. Son of
baker, educated at Jesuit College,
Vienna; entered Benedictine Order
1772; priest, abbot at Lilienfeld
1786, Kremsmunster 1798; during
residence at Vienna, friend of
Haydn and Mozart; compr. of
much church music; ardent de-
fender of authenticity of Mozart's
Requiem (Verteidigung der Echtheit
. . . 1826).
Stainer, Jakob, vln.-maker. b. Absam,
Tyrol, July 14, 1621; d. there, 1683.
Possibly pupil of Herz, an org.
builder, but probably pupil of some
of many obscure makers of his dis-
trict; went to Italy 1646, where he
had chance to examine Italian
models, though he was probably
never pupil of Amati; vln.-maker
to court of Austria 1669; accusa-
tion of heresy destroyed prospects;
died in debt and insane; greatest
German maker; vlns. are heavy in
form (" clumsy " ace. to Hart), later
ones somewhat improved in design
and varnish; all have moderately
strong, clear tone.
Stainer, Sir John, compr., orgt. b.
London, June 6, 1840; d. Verona,
Mar. 31, 1901. Chorister at St.
Paul's; pupil of Bayley, Steggall,
and Cooper; positions as orgt.,
Univ. orgt. Oxford 1860; Mus. Doc.
STAMATY
STASNY
there 1865; orgt. St. Paul's 1872-
88; prof, of mus. at Oxford 1889,
of org. and harmony at Nat'l
Training School; principal there
1881, prof, after School became
Royal Coll. 1883; gov't inspector
1882; knighted 1888, and other
distinctions; composed oratorios Gid-
eon, Crucifixion (most popular),
cantatas (Daughter of Jairus, etc.),
many services, etc. (Sevenfold Amen
is well known), all marked by dignity
and feeling which he showed as orgt.;
wrote manuals Harmony, Organ,
Music of the Bible and Dufay and
His Contemporaries.
Stamaty (sta-ma-te), Camille Marie,
pst. b. Rome, Mar. 23, 1811; d.
Paris, Apr. 19, 1870. At first em-
ployed at gov't office; pupil of
Kalkbrenner; at first concert, 1835,
appeared as pst. and compr.; after
further study with Mendelssohn
returned to Paris, where he was suc-
cessful as teacher; Gottschalk, Saint-
Saens among pupils; wrote valuable
Rhythme des doigts, and many Etudes,
sonatas, and a pf. concerto; " at a
time when others were seeking easy
successes, he was distinguished for
purity of style and elevation of
thought." [Rapin.]
Stamitz (sta'-mitz), Carl, vlt. b. Mann-
heim, May 7, 1746; d. Jena, 1801
(buried Nov. 11). Son of Johann
Wenzl Anton S., vlt. (1717-1761);
pupil of father and of Cannabich;
member Electoral Orch.; leader orch.
of Due de Noailles in Paris 1770-85;
after tours in Germany and resi-
dence in St. Petersburg, condr.
academical concerts at Jena after
1800; composed operas Der verliebte
Vormund and Dardanus, 70 sym-
phonies, duets for vln., 'cello, etc.;
one of very first to cultivate symph.
as form; disputes priority with
Haydn.
Stanford, Sir Charles Villiers, compr.,
condr. b. Dublin, Sept. 30, 1852.
Of musical family; pupil of Sir
Robt. Stewart, A. O'Leary, E.
Pauer; student at Cambridge; orgt.
Trinity Coll. 1873-92, condr. C.
Univ. Mus. Soc. 1874-93; after
study with Reinecke and Kiel, took
M.A., Camb., 1877; Mus. Doc. at
both univ. ; prof, of comp. and
condr. at Royal Coll. Mus. after
1883; prof. mus. at Cambridge
since 1887; condr. Bach Choir 1885,
Leeds Philharmonic Soc. 1897; com-
posed several operas (Canterbury
Pilgrims, Shamus O'Brien), remark-
able choral works (The Revenge,
Phaudrig Crohoore, etc.), 5 sym-
phonies, notably an Irish one, music
to Tennyson's Queen Mary, and
smaller instrumental works; edited
coll. of Irish airs; especially skilful
in use of orchestral colors.
Stanley, Albert Augustus, orgt., teacher.
b. Manville, R. I., May 25, 1851.
After study in Providence, pupil of
Reinecke, Richter, etc., in Leipzig
at Cons, and privately; orgt. Provi-
dence 1876-88; prof. mus. Univ. of
Michigan since 1888; composed
symph. The Soul 's awakening, symph.
poem Attis, ode for Providence cen-
tennial, songs, church music, etc.
Stark, Ludwig, teacher, b. Munich,
June 19, 1831; d. Stuttgart. Mar. 22,
1884. Studied philosophy at Univ.,
mus. with I. and F. Lachner; co-
founder Stuttgart Cons. 1857, where
he taught harmony, history, and
singing until 1873; condr. S. Sing-
verein; edited with Lebert Grosse
Klavierschule, with Faisst Lieder-
schule, and other valuable instruc-
tive works.
Stasny (staz'-ne), Ludwig, compr.,
arranger, b. Prague, Feb. 26, 1823;
d. Frankfort-on-Main, Oct. 30, 1883.
Pupil Prague Cons.; military condr.
1846-68; condr. Frankfort Palmen-
garten after 1871; produced 2 operas;
made orch. arrangements of Wagner
operas, etc.; composed dances based
on or imitated from folk-tunes. His
son,
Stasny (staz'-ne), Carl Richard, pst.,
teacher, b. Mayence, Mar. 16, 1855.
Early showed aptitude for music, and
at 8 began lessons in pf. playing;
entered a course in civil engineering
which he gave up at 17; on the
advice of Raff the father sent young
Stasny to Vienna to study with
Ignaz Briill; two years later he went
to Kriiger at Stuttgart, and in 1879
to Weimar with Liszt, where he
remained for two years; in 1878
he began a series of concert tours
which lasted until 1885, and took
him to all the important cities of
STAUDIGL
STENHAMMER
Europe; teacher at the Hoch Cons.,
Frankfort, 1885-1891, where he made
a special study of Schumann's works
with Clara Schumann; in 1891 he
came to the N. E. Cons., Boston,
and is still, 1910, connected with
that institution.
Staudigl (stou'-digl), Joseph, dram,
bass. b. Wollersdorf, Lower Austria,
Apr. 14, 1807; d. Michaelbeuern-
§rund, near Vienna, Mar. 28, 1861.
tudent of medicine; member of
opera chorus at Vienna, then chief
bass; court singer 1831; distinguished
in concert hall as well as on stage;
insane after 1856. Son Joseph, bari-
tone, b. Vienna, Mar. 18, 1850.
Pupil of Rokitansky at Vienna
Cons.; singer at Carlsruhe.
Stavenhagen (sta'-ven-ha-gen), Bern-
hard, pst. b. Greiz, Reuss, Nov. 25,
1862. Pupil at Berlin Meister-
schule of Kiel, at the Hochschule of
Rudorff, of Liszt 1885-86; Mendels-
sohn Prize, Berlin, 1880; after
brilliant tours in Europe and U. S.
1894-95, court condr. at Weimar
1895-98, at Munich 1898; director
Royal Academy 1901-04; now in
Weimar; distinguished player, espe-
cially of Liszt's works; compr.,
also, of pf. pieces, Norse songs, pf.
concerto, etc.
Stcherbatcheff (stcher'-bat-chof), Nico-
las de, compr. b. Russia, Aug. 24,
1853. After spending some time
in Rome and elsewhere (pupil of
Liszt at Weimar) became closely
connected with young Russian
school; composed 2 Idyls and Sere-
nade for orch., several charming pf.
pieces (Feeries et pantomimes), and
songs to Russian and German words.
Steane, Bruce Harry Dennis, orgt.,
compr. b. Camberwell, London,
June 22, 1866. Chorister at 8,
asst. orgt. at 12; held various posi-
tions as orgt. and choirmaster; very
numerous services, anthems, and
org. pieces, and sacred cantata
Ascension.
Steggall, Charles, orgt. b. London,
June 3, 1826; d. there, June 7, 1905.
Studied at Royal Acad. with Ben-
nett; prof, there of org. and harmony
1851-1903; Mus. Doc. Camb.; orgt.
Lincoln's Inn Chapel after 1864;
composed services, edited psalter,
Hymns, Ancient and Modern. Son
Reginald, compr. b. London, Apr.
17, 1867. Pupil at Royal Acad.
and org. professor there since 1895;
compositions (mass, symph., 2 scenas
Elaine and Alcestis) show him to
belong to advanced modern school.
Steibelt (stl-belt), Daniel, pst. b. Ber-
lin, 1765; d. St. Petersburg, Sept. 20,
1823. Studied with Kirnberger;
published sonatas and gave concerts
in Saxony, etc., before coming to
Paris 1790; superseding J. D. Her-
mann and Pleyel became favorite
pst. and teacher; opera Romeo et
Juliette successful 1793; leaving Paris
for debts, etc., 1797, won renown in
London; German tour 1799 included
disastrous challenge to Beethoven;
brought out Haydn's Creation, Paris,
1800, and revisited city 1805-08;
after further tours, condr. of opera
in St. Petersburg 1810; his pf. music
is of melodramatic style (L'Orage,
finale of 3d concerto, was played
widely) ; also composed operas.
Steinbach (stln-bak), Fritz, condr. b.
Grunsfeld, Baden, June 17, 1855.
Pupil of brother Emil (b. 1849)
ana at Leipzig Cons, where he won
Mozart Scholarship; 2d capellmeis-
ter, Mayence, 1880-86; court condr.
Meiningen 1886-1902; condr. and
dir. of cons, at Cologne 1902; compr.
of septet, 'cello sonata, and other
works.
Steingraber (stin'-grab-er), Theodor,
publisher, b. Neustadt-on-Orla, Jan.
25, 1830; d. Leipzig, Apr. 5, 1904.
Founder of firm in Hanover, in
Leipzig since 1890; under pseud.
Gustav Damm, wrote pf. method,
and editions of pf. works.
Stengel, Mme. W., see Sembrich,
MarceHa.
Stenhammer, Wilhelm, compr. b.
Stockholm, Feb. 7, 1871. Son of
Ulrik, song compr.; pupil at Stock-
holm Cons., and of H. Barth in
Berlin; director Philharmonic Soc.
1898, condr. Royal Th. 1900 in
Stockholm; member Aulin Quartet;
after some smaller works, gained
distinction by Prinzessan och Sven-
nen, festival cantata, etc.; 2 operas
1898, 1903 have been successful;
also composed choral works, sonata,
songs, etc.
STERLING
STEWART
Sterling, Antoinette, contralto, b. Ster-
lingsville, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1850; d.
Hampstead, London, Jan. 9, 1904.
Studied with Abella, Mme. Mar-
chesi, Viardot-Garcia, and Manuel
Garcia; church singer in Brooklyn;
after concert d£but, London, 1873,
had great success in oratorio and
concerts; married J. Mackinlay
1875; gave series of concerts in
America 1875; " essentially a ballad
singer "; Lost Chord and other songs
written for her; son published A. S.
and Other Celebrities 1906.
Stern, Leopold Laurence, 'cellist, b.
Brighton, Eng., Apr. 5, 1862; d.
London, Sept. 10, 1904. Student of
chemistry; studied music with
Piatti, and at Leipzig with Klengel
and Davidoff; tour 1886 with Patti;
brought out Dvorak's concerto 1895;
toured U. S. and Canada 1897-98;
after that appeared but rarely;
married Nettie Carpenter, vlt., 1891,
and Suzanne Adams, singer, 1898.
Sternberg, Constantin Ivanovitch von,
pst., compr. b. St. Petersburg, July
9, 1852. Studied with Moscheles,
Coccius, Richter, etc. at Leipzig
Cons., with Kullak, Dorn, etc. at
Berlin Akademie, and with Liszt in
vacations; condr. and chorusmas-
ter Leipzig 1867-69; condr. Wiirz-
burg, Mecklenburg (where he was
dir. of Acad. and court pst.); after
tours in Germany, Russia, Asia
Minor, U. S., 1880-85, became direc-
tor of Atlanta Coll. of Mus. 1885-89;
director of S. Sch. of Mus. in PhUa.
since 1890; compositions for pf. show
skill and knowledge of the genius of
the instrument.
Stevens, Richard John Samuel, compr.
b. London, Mar. 27, 1757; d. there,
Sept. 23, 1837. Chorister at St.
Paul's under William Savage; orgt.
at Temple Church 1786 and Charter
House 1796; prof, in Gresham Col-
lege 1801; composed harpsichord
sonatas, edited Sacred Music but is
chiefly noted as compr. of remark-
able glees; prizes from Catch Club
1782 and '86; among favorites are
Ye Spotted Snakes, Blow, blow, thou
winter wind, and Sigh no more.
Stevenson, Frederick, orgt., compr. b.
Newark, Nottinghamshire, Eng.,
Sept. 16, 1845. Father and mother
musical, the latter a fine singer; sang
in parish choir as a boy, studied org.
with Thirtle and Reay; attended St.
John's Coll., Hurstpierpoint, sang
in choir; 1867-1883 orgt. in London
and suburbs; studied harmony with
Macfarren, counterpoint with Bridge;
conductor of three choral societies,
prof, of voice and theory Blackheath
Cons.; 1883 came to U. S. as pre-
centor of St. John's Cath., Denver;
later orgt. and choirmaster St.
Mark's Ch., dir. of Denver Cons.;
1894 removed to Los Angeles, Cal.,
where he is orgt. and choirmaster
of St. John's, Christ Church and
Jewish Temple, dir. of choral clubs;
has written in many forms, sacred
and secular choral works, part-songs,
anthems, songs, and a few pieces for
orchestra and military band.
Stewart, Humphrey John, compr., orgt.
b. London, Eng., May 22, 1856.
Boy chorister, and church organist
at the age of 11; education carried
on under private teachers, during
which time he served as organist of
several English churches; came to
the United States in 1886, locating
at San Francisco, where he was or-
ganist of several churches; for sev-
eral years organist of Trinity Church,
Boston, from which city he returned
to San Francisco, where he now
(1910) resides; organist of St. Domi-
nic's church, and of two Jewish
synagogues, condr. Handel and
Haydn Society. Compositions in-
clude three comic operas, Bluff King
Hal (1889), His Majesty (1890) and
The Conspirators (1900); The Na-
tivity, oratorio (1888); Mass in D
minor (1907); music drama Monte-
zuma (1903) produced as a forest
play by the Bohemian Club of San
Francisco; orchestral suite, Scenes
in California (1906); incidental
music to many plays, songs, piano
and violin pieces, part-songs and
church music; won the gold medal
for composition A. G. O., 1900,
Kimball Prize of the Chicago Mad-
rigal Club (1907); Mus. Doc. Uni-
versity of the Pacific; music critic
San Francisco Examiner and Even-
ing Post.
Stewart, Sir Robert Prescott, orgt. b.
Dublin, Dec. 16, 1825; d. there, Mar.
24, 1894. Chorister and orgt. at
STIEHL
STRADIVARI
Dublin; condr. Univ. Choral Soc.;
Mus. Doc. Dublin 1851; prof.
Dublin Univ. 1861, at Royal Irish
Acad. 1872, condr. of Philharmonic
1873; knighted 1872; composed
several important odes, cantatas,
and many deservedly popular glees;
lectures and writings are of value.
Stiehl (stel), Heinrich Franz Daniel,
orgt. b. Liibeck, Aug. 5, 1829; d.
Reval, May 1, 1886. Studied with
Lobe, and at Leipzig Cons, with
Moscheles, Gade, and Hauptmann;
orgt. and condr. Singakademie at St.
Petersburg 1853-66; tours in Ger-
many, Italy, and England, condr.
at Belfast; after 1880 orgt. and condr.
at Reval; many compositions for
orch., chamber music and 2 operas.
Stock, Frederick, condr. b. Nov. 11,
1872, at Jiilich, Germany. Father,
a bandmaster in the German army,
was his first teacher; entered Cologne
Conservatory in 1886, graduating as
violinist ; while a member of the Mu-
nicipal Orchestra studied composi-
tion under Humperdinck, Zollner and
Franz Wiillner; came to the U. S.
in 1895, joined the Chicago Orches-
tra, becoming assistant conductor
to Theodore Thomas in 1899; from
1903-1905 he conducted all of the
orchestra concerts outside of Chicago
and on Thomas' death succeeded to
the conductorship; compositions in
the large forms include overtures,
a symphonic poem, symphonic varia-
tions on an original theme, played
in Chicago, Pittsburg, and at the Wor-
cester Festival in 1906, a symphony
in C minor, produced at Chicago,
Dec. 31, 1909, and afterward at the
Cincinnati Festival 1910; Stock is
also conductor of the Musical Art
Club (vocal), of Chicago.
Stockhausen (stock'-hou-zen) , Julius,
baritone, teacher, b. Paris, July 22,
1826; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Sept.
22, 1906. Son of Franz, compr. and
harpist (1792-1868), and concert
singer Margarete Schmuck (1803-
1877); studied at Paris Cons, and
with Manuel Garcia; favorite con-
cert singer; condr. Philharmonic
and Singakademie at Hamburg
1862-67; condr. Stern Gesangverein
at Berlin 1874-78; teacher of singing
at Hoch Cons., Frankfort, 1878-79,
and 1882-98; then gave private
lessons; published method; beauty
of voice and care for interpretation
made him wonderful singer of Schu-
bert's and Schumann's works.
Stojowski (sto-yofs'-ki), Sigismund
Denis Antoine, pst. b. Strelzy,
Poland, May 14, 1870 [Riemann.
Paris Cons, documents Apr. 8].
Studied at Cracow with Zelenski
and at Paris Cons, with Dimmer and
Delibes; 1st prizes pf. and comp.
1889; later pupil of Paderewski;
teacher at Inst. of Mus. Art, N. Y.,
from 1906; has composed orchestra
suite, symph., pf. concerto, studies,
and sonatas for pf. and vln.
Storace, Stephen, compr. b. London,
Jan. 4, 1763; d. there, Mar. 19, 1796.
Studied vln. with father and at Cons,
of San Onofrio, Naples; traveled
with sister Ann Selina, singer (1766-
1817), in Italy, lived in Vienna, where
he knew Mozart; produced 2 operas
in Vienna, and, after 1787, many in
London (The Haunted Tower, No
Song, no Supper, etc.); often intro-
duced work of other comprs. into
operas; pleasant melodies, with orch.
accomp. ; much influenced by Mozart.
Story, Emma Eames, see Eames, Emma.
Stradella (stra-del'-la), Alessandro,
compr. b. Naples, 1645; d. Genoa,
June, between 6 and 16, 1681.
Dates, places, and details of biog-
raphy are all obscure; unauthenti-
cated story that he eloped with a
Venetian lady whose lover hired
a man to murder S.; the assassin,
fascinated by S's music, advised
him to flee; a second murderer fol-
lowed him to Genoa and there killed
him; subject of Flotow's opera
Stradella; said to have been fine
singer and harpist; composed about
150 works, operas, oratorios (San
Giovanni Battista best known), can-
tatas, madrigals, etc., fluent, but
not deep; his Serenata contains sub-
jects which Handel used in Israel
in Egypt; familiar Pieta Signore,
attributed to S., probably by Rossini.
Stradivari (stra-di-va'-ri), or Stradi-
varius, Antonio, vln.-maker. b. Cre-
mona, 1644; d. there, Dec. 18, 1736.
Pupil of Amati; began to sign vlns.
with own name 1666; early instr. on
Amati model, of rather poor mate-
rials; from 1684-1700 carried on
STRAKOSCH
series of experimental alterations
in shape and in cuttings; " Long
Strad " first made 1690; final period
after 1703, attained highest point
ever reached in vln.-making, care-
fully looking after smallest details
himself, and making slight variations
apparently to meet variations in
material; "his varnish also varies in
color and defies analysis, the secret
of it having been long sought in
vain; many instruments are named
Messie, Dolphin, Pucelle, etc.; S.
also made 'cellos and violas; author-
itative life is that by W. H., A. F.,
and A. E. Hill (London, 1902).
Strakosch (stra-kosh'), Maurice, im-
presario, b. Lemberg, 1825; d.
Paris, Oct. 9, 1887. Pf. pupil of
Sechter in Vienna; taught in N. Y.
1845-60; after 1856 managed opera
troupe; organized opera season at
Paris 1873-74; European agent for
Patti (who was his sister-in-law) and
for other singers; managed theatre
Rome 1884-85; published Souvenirs
d'un impresario 1887. Brother Max
(d. 1892) managed in America while
Maurice was in Eng.; joined him in
Rome.
Strauss (strous), Johann, I, compr. b.
Vienna, Mar. 14, 1804; d. there,
Sept. 25, 1849. Son of keeper of
beer garden and dance hall; having
run away from apprenticeship to
bookbinder, became pupil of Poly-
schansky and Seyfried; member of
dance hall orch., of Lanner Quartet
1823; deputy condr. of L's orch.;
organized own orch. 1826, compos-
ing first waltzes at this time; after
concert tours, bandmaster 1st Vienna
Militia reg't 1834; further tours took
him as far as Paris and London
1837-38; condr. court balls in Vienna
1845; " father of the waltz," com-
posed over 150 waltzes, quadrilles and
marches, in which by fire and spirit
and by skilful orchestration he raised
dance mus. to high level. His son,
Strauss, Johann, II, compr. b. Vienna,
Oct. 25, 1825; d. there, June 3, 1899.
Against wishes and without knowl-
edge of father pupil of Drechsler;
as condr. of restaurant orch. at
Hietzing won great success; after
father's death made tours with
united orchestras; condr. St. Peters-
burg 1855-63, of Vienna court balls
STRAUSS
1863-70; after 1870 composed sev-
eral charming operettas Die Fleder-
maus, Zigeunerbaron; called " The
Waltz King"; composed Blue Dan-
ube, Wine, Woman, and Song, etc.;
music has never been surpassed in
its kind for popularity or for merit.
His brothers, Joseph (1827-1870),
deputy condr. for Johann 1853; later
condr. of own orch.; also successful
compr. of dance music; Eduard (b.
1835) followed Johann, as court ball
condr. 1870; also compr.
Strauss, Richard, compr. b. Munich,
June 11, 1864. No relation to
Viennese dance compr.; son of
Franz, horn player in court orches-
tra; pupil in comp. of F. W. Meyer
while still at gymnasium; preco-
cious as compr.; condr. at Meiningen
succeeding Von Billow 1885; after
travel in Italy, 3d capellmeister
Munich 1885-89; asst. to Lassen,
court capellm. at Weimar 1889-92;
journey to Greece and Egypt to
recover from illness 1892; married
singer Pauline de Anna 1894; court
capellm. Munich 1894, and at Berlin
1899; visited London 1897 and as
condr. 1903; came to America 1904,
gave concerts with Philadelphia
Orch., with Wetzler Orch. in N. Y.,
and conducted other orchestras. His
works include a few pf. pieces,
sonata for vln. and pf., 'cello and
pf., concerto for vln., quartet, etc.,
many very beautiful songs and some
larger choral works (Wanderers Sturm-
lied, Taillefer, etc.), 2 symph., 8
symph. poems, A us Italien 1886, Don
Juan 1889, Macbeth 1891, Tod und
Verklarung 1890, Till Eulenspiegels
lustige Streiche 1895, Also Sprach
Zarathustra 1895, Don Quixote 1898,
Ein Heldenleben 1899; Burleske for
pf. and orch.; Sinfonia Domestica;
incidental mus. for pf. to Enoch
Arden; 4 operas Guntram 1894,
Feuersnot 1901, Salome 1905, Elektra
1909. Early works follow closely
classical forms and traditions, not
without some individuality. Later,
somewhat under influence of Alex-
ander Ritter (more in directions of
general culture than in music) he
turned to freer modern forms, with
Aus Italien; he has carried on the
Berlioz-Liszt idea of poetic or
program music to a greater degree
STREABBOG
of realistic effect, at times, as in
Don Quixote, even to the grotesque;
he endeavors to express not only
moods and emotions, but psycho-
logical states of mind and systems of
abstract thought. Not an inventor
of especially beautiful or long sus-
tained melodies, he is a complete
master of the resources of the modern
orchestra, which he has extended
by some new devices and the adop-
tion of some new instruments
(heckelphone, etc.). Though he is
capable of producing passages of
great beauty, e. g. songs, Tod und
Verk., his unusual skill seems at
times to have led him into mere
piling up of effects, just as his
extraordinary audacity, his ambi-
tion to present the whole of life, his
sense of contrast, have led him to
over insistence on the merely ugly,
as in the Heldenleben and Elektra
and the merely trivial, as in the
Sinf. Domestica.
Streabbog, see Gobbaerts.
Strelezki (stre-let-ski), Anton [pseud, of
A. B. Burnand], compr. b. Croydon,
Dec. 5, 1859. Studied at Leipzig
Cons, and with Clara Schumann;
compr. of some very popular pf . music.
Strong, George Templeton, compr. b.
New York, about 1855. Son of
Geo. T., once pres. of N. Y. Phil-
harmonic; pupil at Leipzig Cons.;
teacher at N. E. Cons. 1891-92;
obliged to resign because of ill-
health; living in Switzerland; compr.
of 2 symph. (No. 2 Sintram, several
times performed, shows brilliant
instrumentation) , symph. poems,
Haunted Mill for chorus and orch.,
etc.
Strube (stroo'-be), Gustav, vlt., compr.
b. Ballenstedt, Harz, Mar. 3, 1867.
Pupil of father, member of local
orch.; studied at Leipzig Cons, with
Hermann, Brodsky, Reinecke, and
Jadassohn ; member Gewandhaus
Orch.; prof. Mannheim Cons.; mem-
ber Boston Symph. Orch. since 1891;
condr. summer popular concerts,
asst. condr. Worcester Co. Mus.
Ass'n; has comp. suite for vln. and
pf., 3 overtures, 2 symph. poems,
2 vln. concertos, 2 symphonies, etc.
many of which have been played
by Boston Symph. Orch.
SULLIVAN
Sucher (sook'-er), Rosa [nee Hassel-
beck], dram. sop. b. Velburg, Upper
Palatinate, Feb. 23, 1849; d. Apr. 5,
1908; d6but at Treves; sang at
Konigsberg, Berlin, and Danzig;
engaged for Leipzig Stadt Th. by
Josef Sucher (1844-1908), whom she
married 1877; went to Hamburg
with husband 1879; and to Berlin
Opera 1888-1898 (Josef retired from
post at Berlin 1899); extraordinary
range of repertoire, but notable for
Isolde, Eva, and Kundry; sang at
Bayreuth 1886 and 1888; and in N. Y.
under Damrosch 1894; retired 1903.
Sudds, William F., compr., writer, b.
London, Mar. 5, 1843. Parents
moved 1850 to Gouverneur, New
York state; self-taught in vln.,
'cello, guitar, and cornet; band-
master in Civil War; later studied
at N. E. Cons, with Thayer and
Eichberg; many published pf. pcs.
and songs, teacher at Gouverneur.
Suk (sook), Josef, compr. b. KfeSovic,
Bohemia, Jan. 4, 1874. Studied
with father and at Prague Cons,
with Bennewitz and Dvorak, who
" later became his father-in-law; 2d
vln. in Bohemian Quartet from
1892, with Hoffmann, Nedbal, and
Wihan; compr. overtures, serenade,
chamber music, suite Ein Mdrchen,
and 2 symphonies.
Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour, compr.
b. London, May 13, 1842; d. there,
Nov. 22, 1900. Chorister at Chapel
Royal under Helmore; first Mendels-
sohn Scholar at Royal Acad. Mus.,
pupil pf Goss and Bennett; studied
at Leipzig with Moscheles, Haupt-
mann, etc.; orgt. in London; condr.
Promenade concerts at Covent Gar-
den 1878-79; principal Nat'l Train-
ing School 1876-81; knighted 1883;
composed songs (Lost Chord, The
Long Day Closes), oratorios (Prodigal
Son, Golden Legend), incidental music
to Tempest and Merchant of Venice,
a grana opera, Ivanhoe, 1891 ; great
popularity, however, rests on long
series of comic operas produced
chiefly at the Savoy Theatre, many
of them to words by W. S. Gilbert,
among which may be named Trial
by Jury 1875, H. M. S. Pinafore
which had unequaled popularity
in England and U. S. (whither S.
SUPPE
SZUMOWSKA
came 1879), Pirates of Penzance
1880, Patience 1881, Mikado 1885;
The Emerald Isle, completed by E.
German, 1901; distinguishing feat-
ures of these operettas are unity of
spirit between compr. and libret-
tist, unfailing gaiety and variety of
rhythm and melody, and at same
time refinement of educated musical
taste.
Suppe (soop-pa), Franz von [real name
Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo
Cavaliere Suppe Demelli], compr. b.
Spalato, Dalmatia, Apr. 18, 1820;
d. Vienna, May 22, 1895. Played
the flute and composed early; while
student of philosophy at Padua,
studied mus. with Cigala and Ferrari,
later at Vienna Cons, with Sechter
and Seyfried; theatre condr. at
Pressburg, Baden, and Vienna 1865-
95; produced great number of operet-
tas and musical farces and burlesques ;
chiefly known out of Germany by
Fatinitza 1876, Boccaccio 1879, and
overture to Poet and Peasant.
Surette, Thomas Whitney, lecturer,
b. Concord, Mass., Sept. 7, 1862.
Studied with A. Foote and J. K.
Paine (grad. Harvard 1891); orgt.
at Concord, musicmaster at Hill
School, Pottstown, Pa., orgt. choir-
master at Baltimore; since 1896
lecturer on mus. for Amer. Univer-
sity Extension Soc.; lectured at
Univ. of Oxford, Eng. 1899, 1905,
regularly appointed there 1907;
author of valuable syllabi on various
periods of mus. hist.; operetta Pris-
cilla; or, the Pilgrim's Proxy 1889,
very popular.
Siissmayer (siis'-ma-er), Franz Xaver,
compr. b. Schwanenstadt, Upper
Austria, 1766; d. Vienna, Sept. 17,
1803. Pupil of Salieri, pupil and
friend of Mozart; capellmeister
Nat'l Th., Vienna, 1792, court opera
1794; compr. of several operettas
(Der Wildfang, etc.); supplied in-
strumentation for some airs in
Mozart's Titus.
Svendsen (svent'-sen), Johan Severin,
vlt., compr. b. Christiania, Sept. 30,
1840. Bandmaster in army, wander-
ing vlt.; studied at Leipzig Cons,
with David, Hauptmann, etc.; toured
Scandinavia and England; member
Paris orchestras 1868-69; concert-
master Leipzig Euterpe concerts
1871; visited New York and married
an American 1871; condr. Christiania
concerts 1872-77, 1880-83; court
condr. Copenhagen 1883; condr.
Royal Theatre there since 1896;
works remarkable for individuality
and entire lack of " national " char-
acteristics, include songs, chamber
mus., concertos for vln. and 'cello,
two symphonies, Carnaval a Paris,
Rhapsodies norvegiennes, etc.
Sweelinck (sva'-link), Jan Pieter,
compr. b. Amsterdam, 1562; d.
there, Oct. 16, 1621. Pupil of Jacob
Buyck, and of his father Pieter (d.
1573), orgt.; successor of father at
church, composed psalms, masses,
sacred and secular songs; complete
works published by Amsterdam Soc.
for Promotion of Mus.; chief work
was establishment of true organ
fugue with development from single
subject; said to have been first to
employ pedal in fugal part.
Swert (svart), Jules de, 'cellist, b.
Louvain, Aug. 15, 1843; d. Ostende,
Feb. 24, 1891. Pupil of Servais at
Brussels Cons.; after long tours,
concertmaster Diisseldorf 1865; 1st
'cellist Weimar 1868; royal concert-
master, 'cellist, prof, at Hochschule,
Berlin, 1869-73; traveled, lived in
Wiesbaden and Leipzig; director
Ostende Mus. Sch. 1888; prof, at
Cons, of Ghent and Bruges; com-
posed operas, symphony, fantasias,
etc. for 'cello.
Sydenham, Edwin Augustus, orgt.,
compr. b. Somersetshire, Oct., 1847;
d. Scarborough, Feb. 18, 1891.
Chorister at Stratford-on-Avon; pupil
at Leipzig Cons.; orgt. at several
places, finally at Scarborough;
teacher, compr. of anthems, pf. and
vln. pieces.
Szarwady, see Clauss-Szarvady, Wil-
helmine.
Szekely (she'-ke-le), Imre Emeric,
pst. b. Matyfalva, Hungary, May
8, 1823; d. Pesth, April, 1887.
Studied at Pesth; after many long
concert tours, with especial success
in London, settled finally in Pesth
after 1852; taught, composed works
for orchestra and pf. (concertos,
e1 tudes, etc.).
Szumowska, Antoinette, see Adamow-
ski, Mrs. Joseph.
TALLIS
TARTDfl
Tallis, Thomas, compr., orgt. b. be-
tween 1520 and 1529; d. London,
Nov. 23, 1585. Orgt. at Waltham
Abbey until 1540; gentleman of
Chapel Royal under Henry VIII,
Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth;
joint orgt. with his pupil Byrd, with
whom he also obtained privilege of
printing music and ruled paper 1575;
composed services, prayers, responses,
etc., and song in 40 parts for 8 five-
part choirs.
Tamagno (ta-man'-yo), Francesco,
dram, tenor, b. Turin, 1851; d.
Varese, Aug. 31, 1905. After slight
instruction at Cons, sang in choruses,
and after military service made
d£but at Palermo 1873; selected by
Verdi to create Otetto at Milan 1887;
thereafter of universal fame, sang
successfully at European capitals
and in U. S. 1890, 1893; especially
remarkable for power of voice and
physique.
Tamberlik (tam'-ber-lik), Enrico, dram,
tenor, b. Rome, Mar. 16, 1820; d.
Paris, Mar. 15, 1889. Left study of
law to study singing at Bologna
with Guglielmi and Borgna; debut
Naples 1840; sang in Spain, London
1850-64, winters at St. Petersburg,
Paris, Spain, and America; settled
in Madrid after 1877 as manufac-
turer of arms.
Tamburini (tam-boo-re'-nl), Antonio,
dram. bass. b. Faenza, Mar. 28,
1800; d. Nice, Nov. 9, 1876. Pupil
of father, Boni, and Asioli; d6but
Cento 1818; sang in Italy for im-
presario Barbaja at Naples and
Milan 1824-32; at Th. Italien, Paris,
1832-41, with Grisi, Rubini, La-
blache, etc.; alternate seasons in
London; 10 years in Russia; retired
1859.
Taneiev (tan-e'-yef), Sergei Ivanovitch,
pst., compr. b. Russia, Nov. 25,
1856. Pupil at Moscow Cons, of
N. Rubinstein, Hubert, and Tchai-
kovski; tour with Auer 1876; after
two years in Paris, prof, of harmony
and instrumentation Moscow Cons.
1878, of pf. 1880-88, of free comp.
1883-87; director and condr. of
ensemble classes 1885-89; prof, of
counterpoint 1888, of fugue 1891,
of mus. from 1897; as pst. first to
play Tchaikovski's C min. con-
certo and other works; as compr. of
operatic trilogy Oresteia (St. Peters-
burg 1895), symph., 6 pf. quartets,
etc. remarkable as contrapuntist;
author and translator of books on
counterpoint.
Tans'ur, William, compr. b. Dun-
church, about 1700; d. St. Neots, Oct.
7, 1783. Orgt. and teacher in several
places in Surrey and Leicestershire;
composed Compleat Melody (many
editions of this popular psalm collec-
tion have varying titles), Melodia
Sacra, Psalm-singer's Jewel, etc.,
and wrote New Musical Grammar
and Dictionary 1756.
Tapper, Thomas, author, teacher, b.
Canton, Mass., Jan. 28, 1864. Grad-
uated at Am. Coll. of Musicians of
Univ. of State of N. Y.; studied in
Europe; married pst. Bertha Feiring
Maas; editor The Musical Record
and Review 1903-1904, Musician
1904-1907; lecturer; instructor Inst.
Mus. Art, N. Y.; author of Chats
with Music Students, Natural Course
in Mus., The Music Life, First Studies
in Music Biography, etc.
Tappert, Wilhelm, writer, b. Ober-
Thomaswaldau, Silesia, Feb. 19,
1830; d. Sudende, near Berlin, Oct.
27, 1907. Schoolmaster until 1856;
pupil at Kullak's Acad. and of Dehn;
in Berlin after 1866; editor Allgem.
deutsche Musikzeitung 1876-80; there-
after on staff Musikalisches Wochen-
blatt; author of Wagner- Lexikon
(coll. of terms of abuse against W.),
Wandernde Melodien, works on old
notation, etc., also published ar-
rangements of old German songs
and pf. studies.
Tartini (tar-te'-nl), Giuseppe, vlt. b.
Pirano, Istria, Apr. 12, 1692; d.
Padua, Feb. 16, 1770. Studied
theology and law, with eager desire
for vln.; secret marriage led to
charge of abduction before which
TAUBERT
TELEMANN
he fled to monastery at Assisi, where
for two years he studied mus. with
Cernohorsky; after appearing at
Padua, so influenced by hearing
Veracini at Venice that he retired
again to Ancona, where further
study by himself led to better knowl-
edge of intonation and discovery of
combinational tones; solo vlt. and
condr. Padua 1721; chamber musi-
cian in Prague 1723-25; again in
Padua, where he founded vln. sch.
1728; Nardini, Laboussaye among
pupils; works consist of very many
concertos and sonatas for vln. and
other instruments; (famous Tritto
del diavolo, supposed to have been
produced in rivalry writh devil, one
of posthumous works) ; " style united
finish of Corelli with greater vigor,
passion, and daring, and he excelled
in double-stopping and other effec-
tive devices." [Pratt.]
Taubert (tou'-bert), Carl Gottfried Wil-
helm, pst., compr. b. Berlin, Mar.
23, 1811; d. there, Jan. 7, 1891.
Pupil of Neithardt, L. Berger, and
B. Klein; student at Berlin Univ.;
taught in Berlin; accomp. at court
concerts 1831; condr. opera and
symph. concerts 1842, court capell-
meister 1845; 1st capellm. 1869; re-
tired 1870; composed 5 operas, music
to Tempest (very successful), Othello,
and other plays, 4 symph. , and smaller
works, popular Kinderlieder, etc.
Tauscher, Mme., see Gadski, Johanna.
Tausig (tou'-sig), Karl, pst. b. War-
saw, Nov. 4, 1841; d. Leipzig, July
17, 1871. Pupil of father Aloys T.
(1820-1885), who was pupil of Thai-
berg, and compr.; pupil of Liszt
from age of 14 (1855-59); dSbut
Berlin 1858 at orchestral concert
under Von Billow; gave orch. con-
certs in Vienna 1862; opened school
for advanced pf. playing in Berlin
1866; composed some pf. music, but
is especially noted for editions of
dementi and other older writers,
arrangements of Bach, pf. edition
of Meister singer, Daily Stiidies, etc.;
surpassed even Liszt in wonderful
brilliancy of technic, but despite
remarkable sense of style never
quite equaled him in interpretation.
Taylor, Samuel Coleridge-, see Cole-
ridge-Taylor, Samuel.
Tchaikovski (chi-kof'-ski), Peter Ilyitch,
compr. b. Wotkinsk, province of
Wjatka, May 7, 1840; d. St. Peters-
burg, Nov. 6, 1893. As a child dis-
played no especial mus. ability;
entered gov't service; 1855-58 pf.
lessons from Kiindinger, sang in
choir under Lomakin; attempts at
composition led him to give up ser-
vice 1863 to enter St. Petersburg
Cons., where he was taught by
Zaremba (theory), A. Rubinstein
(comp.), Ciardi (flute), and Stiehl
(organ); taught theory at Moscow
Cons. 1866-77; contributor to jour-
nals 1872-74, and thereafter devoted
to composition; married 1877 and
separated from wife after few weeks;
same year formed friendship with
Frau von Meek, who out of her
riches gave him generous pension
that he might be free to create; 1887-
89 tours as condr. in Germany; 1890
lived in Florence; 1891 conducted
in Paris and New York, 1892-93 in
Germany and England, where Camb.
Univ. gave him degree; composed
11 operas (Eugen Onegin, Pique
Dame best known), cantatas, songs,
6 symphonies (No. 6 is the " Pathe-
tique), 7 symph. poems (Tempest,
Manfred, Francesca da Rimini, Romeo
and Jidiet, Hamlet, Fatum, Le Voie-
vode), 3 pf. concertos, 1 vln. concerto,
3 string quartets, trio, etc., some pf.
works, and songs. Most widely
known of Russian comprs., but con-
sidered by Russians as less charac-
teristically national than any other.
His music is marked by bold modula-
tions, strong rhythms, and gorgeous-
ness of orchestral coloring, by which
he expresses intense personal emo-
tions; he is quite romantic in the
warmth of his feeling, brilliancy of
imagination and lack of reserve;
" his real contribution to the history
of music lies in his modification of
symphonic form in obedience to a
poetic idea." [Newman.] Remark-
ably detailed life by brother Modest
T. has been translated into German
by Juon, and, in part, into English
by Rosa Newmarch.
Telemann (tel'le-man), Georg Philip,
compr. b. Magdeburg, Mar. 14,
1681; d. Hamburg, July 25, 1767.
Self-taught in all but rudiments;
composed opera at 12, conducted
TEMPLE
church music at 14; student of law
and languages at Leipzig Univ.; orgt.
1704, and mus. dir. at Neukirche;
concertmaster at Eisenach 1708,
capellmeister there 1709 until death,
though he never lived there; capell-
meister Frankfort 1712; mus. dir.
to town of Hamburg after 1721;
more widely known and rated higher
in his day than his friend and con-
temporary J. S. Bach; composed
fluent and correct works, operas,
overtures, sonatas, etc.
Temple, Hope, see Messager, Mme.
Andre.
Ternina (ter-ne'-na), Milka, dram. sop.
b. Begizse, Croatia, Dec. 19, 1864.
Pupil of Gansbacher; debut at Leip-
zig 1883; sang at Ganz, Bremen,
Munich 1890, New York after 1896,
(sang Kundry in Parsifal there 1903),
Bayreuth 1899; one of most power-
ful of great Wagnerian singers.
Terpander, Greek musician, b. Antissa,
Lesbos, 7th cent. B. C. Called
" father of Greek music "; developed
lyric forms.
Terry, Mme., see Sanderson, Sibyl.
Tesi-Tramontini (ta'-zg-tra-mon-te'-ni) ,
Vittoria, singer, b. Florence, about
1695; d. Vienna, 1778. Pupil of
Redi at Florence and Campeggi at
Bologna; d6but Bologna; sang in
Handel's Rodrigo 1709; Agrippina
1719, etc.; engagements in Venice
and Dresden 1719, Venice and
Naples 1719-38; for many years in
Madrid with Farinelli; in Vienna
1749.
Thalberg (tal'-barg), Sigismond, pst.,
compr. b. Geneva, Jan. 7, 1812; d.
Naples, Apr. 27, 1871. Natural son
of Prince Moritz Dietrichstein who
had him educated at Vienna; pupil
of Hummel and Sechter, but greatly
indebted to Mittag, bassoon player;
early appearances as pst. and compr. ;
first tour, 1830, won triumph in
Paris 1835, withstood rivalry of
Liszt 1836; went to Brazil 1855, to
North America 1856, retired to
Naples 1858-62, again on tours to
Paris, London, and Brazil in 1863,
then again in retirement; compr. of
concerto, sonata, nocturnes, Etudes,
many operatic fantasias; developed
use of 3d staff with melody between
chord passages; as virtuoso he was
THEILE
remarkable for breadth and power
as well as delicacy, especially for
ability to bring out an air strongly,
facility in crossing hands, etc.; yet
playing is said to have lacked expres-
siveness of Chopin's and Liszt's.
Thayer, Alexander Wheelock, writer.
b. South Natick, Mass., Oct. 22, 1817;
d. Trieste, July 15, 1897. Graduated
at Harvard 1843; asst. librarian
there 1843-49; in Germany 1849-51
collecting material for Beethoven
biog., writing to Dwight's Journal,
etc.; staff N. Y. Tribune after 1852;
after 1854 lived in Europe (except
1856-58 in Boston); attached to
American Embassy at Vienna 1862,
consul at Trieste after 1865; pub-
lished chronological list of Beetho-
ven's works, Ein kritischer Beitrag
zur B. Literatur and 3 vols. of Life
of B. translated into German by
Deiters (1866-78); Vol. IV not com-
pleted; new ed. by Deiters cut short
by his death; life based on most
thorough and faithful use of sources.
Thayer, Arthur Wilder, compr., condr.
b. Dedham, Mass., Aug. 26, 1857.
Pupil of Guilmette, Adams, Chad-
wick, and Zerrahn; condr. of choral
societies in Lowell, Salem, Worcester,
Providence; supt. schools in Ded-
ham and Milton; mus. dir. Newton-
churches.
Thayer, Whitney Eugene, orgt. b.
Mendon, Mass., Dec. 11, 1838; d.
Burlington, Vt., Jan. 27, 1889.
Pupil in Boston and later in Ger-
many of Haupt and Wieprecht;
assisted at opening of Boston Music
Hall organ 1862, where he was orgt.
later; editor Organist's Journal,
Choir Journal, condr. Boston Choral
Union, etc.; gave free org. recitals
in Boston 1869; orgt. N. Y. 1881-88.
Theile (ti'-la), Johann, compr. b.
Naumburg, July 29, 1646; d\ there,
June 24, 1724. Gamba player in
Leipzig; studied with H. Schiitz;
capellmeister to Duke of Holstein
1673; wrote Adam und Eva for
opening of Hamburg Opera 1678;
capellm. to Duke of Brunswick,
later at Merseburg; taught Zachau
and Buxtehude; composed also
Christmas oratorio, a German Pas-
sion, Noviter inventum opus mus.,
etc. (20 masses), and opus secundum
THIBAUD
THOME
(sonatas, etc. for various instru-
ments) ; called " father of counter-
point " by his contemporaries.
Thibaud (ti-bo), Joseph Jacques, vlt
b. Bordeaux, Sept. 27, 1880. Pupi:
of father; then at Paris Cons. oJ
Marsick; 1st prize 1896; solo vlt
in Colonne's orch.; later, through
many concert tours, became known
as a distinguished artist.
Thibaut (ti-bo), Anton Friedrich Justus,
writer, b. Hameln, Jan. 4, 1774; d
Heidelberg, Mar. 28, 1840. Prof, oi
jurisprudence at Univ.; author oi
Ueber Reinheit der Tonkunst (Engl.
as Purity in Musical Art) of which
there have been many editions; it is
opposed to romantic theories.
Thiele (te-la), Friedrich Ludwig, orgt.
b. Harzgerode, near Bernburg, Nov.
18, 1816; d. Berlin, Sept. 17, 1848.
Studied with A. W. Bach at Royal
Inst. for ch. mus., Berlin; orgt. Paro-
chial church there after 1839; vir-
tuoso performer and compr. for his
instrument. Son Felix Richard T.
(1847-1903), compr. of Deutschen
Flaggenliedes.
Thoma (to'-ma), Rudolf, teacher, b.
Lehsewitz, near Steinau-on-Oder,
Feb. 22, 1829; d. Nov., 1908.
Studied at Royal Inst. for ch. mus.,
Berlin; cantor at Hirschberg 1857,
Breslau 1862; founder of singing
society and- director of mus. school;
Royal mus. dir. 1870; composed 2
operas, 2 oratorios, church music, etc.
Thomas, Arthur Goring, compr. b.
Ralton Park, Sussex, Nov. 21, 1851;
d. London, Mar. 20, 1892. Did not
begin study of music until 1874,
when he was pupil of E. Durand in
Paris; 1876-79 studied with Sullivan
and Prout at Royal Acad. Mus.,
London; operas Esmeralda 1883
and Nadeshda 1885, cantata Swan
and Skylark, and other compositions
(psalm, choral ode, vocal scenes,
songs, suite, vln. sonata, etc.) were
of such a quality as to cause deep
regret at the shortness of his career.
Thomas (to-ma'), Charles Louis Am-
broise, compr. b. Metz, Aug. 5,
1811; d. Paris, Feb. 12, 1896. Son
of a musician; pupil at Paris Cons,
of Zimmermann, Kalkbrenner, Dour-
len, and Lesueur; 1st prizes pf.
1829, harmony 1830, Grand prix de
Rome 1832; produced 9 works in
Paris 1837-43, then only one in
five years, after which he reappeared
with Le Caid; however not until
Mignon, 1866, did he attain distinc-
tion; Hamlet, 1868, was also popular,
but Mignon seems the only one des-
tined to hold its place in general
repertoire; member of Acad. 1851,
prof, of comp. at Cons. 1852, and
director there 1871; also composed
songs, occasional cantatas, and very
popular male choruses (Le chant des
amis, Le carnaval de Rome, etc.);
" style is characterized by great
dramatic truth, by striking versa-
tility in handling characters and
situations, and by thorough mastery
of orchestration. Had his gift of
real musical invention been greater,
he would have ranked among the
best opera writers." [Pratt.]
Thomas, Theodore, condr. b. Esens,
East Friesland, Oct. 11, 1835; d.
Chicago, Jan. 4, 1905. Vln. pupil
of his father; public appearance at
6; family emigrated 1845 to New .
York; member of N. Y. orch.; went
on concert tours as soloist after
1851 with Jenny Lind, Grisi, etc.;
founded Mason and Thomas Soirees
of chamber music with Wm. Mason;
played in orchestras, occasionally
conducting until 1861; 1864 organ-
ized orch. of his own for Symphony
Soire'es which continued with some
interruptions to 1878; 1866 started
summer concerts with programs far
in advance of anything previously
given in N. Y.; tour of orch. 1869;
disbanded 1876; director Cincin-
nati Festivals after 1872, of Cin. Coll.
of Mus. 1878-80, of Brooklyn Phil-
harmonic 1862, '63, '66-68,* 73-91,
of N. Y. Philharmonic 1877-78, 79-
91, of Am. Opera Co. 1885-87 of
World's Columbian Exposition 1893
and of Chicago Orch. from 1891 till
death; at various times condr. of
choral societies; remarkable influ-
ence on music in U. S. especially in
developing wide taste for orchestral
music of best kind.
Thome (to-ma), Francis [Francois Luc
Joseph], compr. b. Port Louis,
Mauritius, Oct. 18, 1850; d. Paris,
Nov. 16, 1909. Studied at Paris
Cons, with Marmontel and Duprato;
1st prize counterpoint 1870; teacher
THOMSON
TINEL
in Paris; compr. of ballet (Djelma),
pantomimes (L' Enfant prodigue),
mystery (L' Enfant Jesus'), symph.
ode, romances, many popular simple
pf. pieces (Le simple aveu, etc.), and
some songs.
Thomson (ton-son), Cesar, vlt. b.
Lie'ge, Mar. 17, 1857. Studied with
father and at Lie'ge Cons, where he
won gold medal at 11; pupil of Vieux-
temps, Leonard, Wieniawski, and
Massart; very successful in Spain
and Italy; chamber musician Baron
von Derwies at Lugano; capell-
meister Bilse's orch. at Berlin;
teacher at Lie'ge Cons. 1883-97, at
Brussels Cons, since 1898; many
concert tours in Europe and America
(1894-95); as teacher and player
his influence tends to establishment
of technic of very high order (his
own work, especially in double-
stopping, is remarkable); on the
side of expression, especially in
comparison with Ysaye, he is called
cold, lofty, ascetic.
Thuille (tu-e-ye"), Ludwig Wilhelm
Andreas Maria, compr. b. Bozen,
Tyrol, Nov. 30, 1861; d. Munich,
Feb. 5, 1907. Studied at Innsbruck
with Pembaur, at Munich with
Baermann and Rheinberger; teacher
of pf. and theory there after 1883,
prof. 1890; first attracted notice by
sextet; later composed operas (Lo-
betanz 1898, Gugeline 1901), songs,
etc.; author, with R. Louis, of
Harmonielehre.
Thursby, Emma, sop. b. Brooklyn,
Nov. 17, 1857. Pupil of Meyer,
Erani, Mme. Rudersdorff, and in
Milan of Lamperti and Sangiovanni;
American concert d£but 1875, fol-
lowed by series of concerts with
Gilmore and church appointment in
New York; European tour with
Maurice Strakosch 1878, 1881-82
very successful; living in N. Y.;
voice not very large, but of great
charm and admirably managed.
Tichatschek (ti-ka-chek), Joseph Aloys,
dram, tenor, b. Ober-Weckelsdorf,
Bohemia, July 11, 1807; d. Blase-
witz, near Dresden, Jan. 18, 1886.
Son of weaver; went to Vienna to
study medicine, but became pupil
of Cicimera; member of theatre
chorus and chorusmaster; sang at
Graz, Vienna, and Dresden court
opera 1838 until 1872 when he was
pensioned; created Rienzi 1842,
Tannhauser 1845.
Tieffenbriicker, see Duiffopruggar.
Tiehsen (te'-sen), Otto, compr. b.
Danzig, Oct. 13, 1817; d. Berlin, May
15, 1849. Studied at Royal Acad.,
Berlin; especially known as song
compr.; wrote also opera Annette,
Christmas cantata, a 6-part Kyrie
and Gloria.
Tiersot (ti-ar-so), Jean Baptiste Elisee
Julien, writer, b. Bourg, Bresse,
France, July 5, 1857. Studied with
Savard, Massenet, and Ce"sar Franck
at Paris Cons., where he . became
asst. librarian in 1883, librarian
1909; contributor to Menestrel and
other periodicals; author of Histoire
de la chanson populaire en France,
Rouget de Lisle, Hector Berlioz et
la societe de son temps; Ronsard et le
musique de son temps, etc.; editor of
works of Gluck, Adam de la Halle,
etc.
Tietjens (tet-yens), Therese Johanne
Alexandra, dram. sop. b. Hamburg,
July 17, 1831; d. London, Oct. 3,
1877. D6but Hamburg 1849; sang
at Frankfort, Vienna 1856, London
1858-71, with Lumley at Her
Majesty's Theatre, at Drury Lane,
Co vent Garden, and Haymarket;
sang in Paris 1863 and America
1875; as an actress, she was earnest
but lacking in magnetism; her style
of singing was noble and pure and
became greater as her voice increased
in flexibility.
Tinctoris, Johannes [real name Jean de
Vaerwere], writer, compr. b. Poper-
inghe, about 1446; d. Nivelles, 1511.
Maestro to Ferdinand of Aragon
at Naples; sent to France to engage
singers, he stayed there; became
canon at Nivelles; wrote earliest
dictionary of mus. terms (about
1475), book on counterpoint, and
various points of theory; composed
mass and chansons.
Tinel (ti-nel), Edgar, compr. b. Sinay,
Belgium, Mar. 27, 1854. Pupil of
father, an orgt., and at Brussels Cons,
of Brassin, Dupont, Gevaert, Kuf-.
ferath, and Mailly; 1st prize pf.
1873, Grand prix de Rome 1877;
TIRINDELLI
TORELLI
director of Inst. for Sacred Mus. at
Mechlin; inspector of state mus.
schools 1889; prof, of counterpoint
and fugue at Brussels Cons. 1896;
dir. Cons. 1909; oratorio Franciscus,
1888, widely produced because of its
great height of originality (marred
by prolixity), masses, motets, pf.
pieces, songs, etc. have followed;
author of Le chant gregorien.
Tirindelli (tf-rfn-dgl'-ll), Pietro Adolf o,
vlt. b. Conegliano, May 5, 1858.
Studied at Milan Cons, and with
Boniforti, later with Griin in Vienna,
and with Massart in Paris; prof, at
Liceo Benedetto Marcello, Venice,
1887, director 1893; condr. of orch.
there; prof, at Cincinnati Coll. of
Mus.; composed operas and suc-
cessful songs.
Titl (tetl), Anton Emil, compr. b.
Pernstein, Moravia, Oct. 5, 1809;
d. Vienna, Jan. 21, 1882. Capell-
meister at Vienna Burgtheater after
1850; composed operas (Die Burg-
frau, Das Wolkenkind), overtures,
mass, etc.
Tomaschek (to'-ma-shgk), Wenzel
Johann [Vaclav Jan Tomagek],
compr., teacher, b. Skutsch, Bo-
hemia, Apr. 17, 1774; d. Prague,
Apr. 3, 1850. Pupil of Wolf at
Chrudim; gave mus. lessons while
studying law at Prague Univ.;
finally devoted himself to music
teaching in Prague; Dreyschock,
Tedesco, etc. among pupils; good
pst. and orgt., compr. of symph.,
pf. concerto, cantatas, songs, sonatas,
etc., for pf., of remarkably finished
style, unfortunately obscured by
contemporary Beethoven, meetings
with whom he records in his
autobiography, which appeared in
periodical Libussa for 1845; mus.
said to have influenced Schumann.
Tombelle (ton-bel'), Fernand de la
[real name Antoine Louis Joseph
Gueyrand Fernand Fouant de la T.],
compr. b. Paris, Aug. 3, 1854.
Studied at Cons, with Guilmant and
Dubois; teacher of theory at Schola
Cantorum; won Chartier Prize for
chamber mus.; composed much prg.
and church mus. and orch. suites,
Impressions nationales, Tableaux
musiciens, and operetta.
Tomlins, William Lawrence, teacher.
b. London, Feb. 4, 1844. Pupil pf
G. A. Macfarren and Silas; in
America after 1869; condr. Chi-
cago Apollo Club 1875-98; organ-
ized children's choruses and wage-
earners' concerts; trained 1500
children for World's Fair chorus;
vocal teacher; author of Children's
Songs and How to Sing Them; since
1898 devoted to training school-
teachers; organized Nat'l Training
Sch. for sch. mus. teachers, Chicago,
1903; later removed to London.
Topfer (te'p'-fer), Johann Gottlob, orgt.,
writer, b. Niederrossla, Thuringia,
Dec. 4, 1791; d. Weimar, June 8,
1870. Studied with Schlomilch and
with Destouches, Riemann, and A.
E. Muller; teacher at Weimar
Gymnasium and Seminary 1817;
town orgt. Weimar 1830; wrote
authoritative works on org. con-
struction Die Orgelbaukunst, etc.,
also Theoretischpraktische Organisten-
schule, Choralbuch, cantata Die Or-
gelweihe, and various compositions
for instrument.
Topliff, Robert, orgt. b. 1793; d.
London, Apr. 27, 1868. Blind; orgt.
at South wark; edited Selection of
Melodies of Tyne and Wear, Script-
ure Melodies, etc.; composed sacred
songs (Consider the Lilies, Heaven
Our Home, etc.).
Torchi (tor'-kl), Luigi, writer, b. Mor-
dano, Bologna, Nov. 7, 1858. After
graduation from Cons., studied with
Serrao at Naples, and with Reinecke,
Jadassohn, and Paul at Leipzig;
prof. mus. hist. Pesaro 1885-91, of
mus. hist. 1891, and comp. 1895 at
Bologna, where he is also pres. of
Philh. Acad.; compr. of symph.,
operas, church music, but better
known as author of contributions to
mus. hist., many of which have
appeared in Rivista mus. italiana;
editor of L'Arte mus. in Italia (mus.
of 17th and 18th cent.).
Torelli (to-rel'-li), Giuseppe, vlt. b.
Verona, about 1660; d. Ansbach,
1708. Studied at Bologna, church
vlt. there; after concert tour in
Germanv, concertmaster at Ans-
bach after 1703; helped, with
Corelli, to establish form of con-
certo grosso, in which solo instrument
TOSI
is set off by accomp. of others; T.
long considered inventor of the form,
but, although his were published
before Corelli's, C. had used the form
earlier; T. is, however, originator
of solo vln. concerto; instrumental
works are all sonatas or concertos.
Tosi (to'-zK), Pier Francesco, singing
teacher. b. Bologna, 1647; d.
London, 1727. Pupil of father, a
compr.; after singing with success
in Italy and Dresden, settled in
London 1692; gave concerts and
lessons; noted for one book, Opinioni
de' canton . . . . o sieno osser-
vazioni sopra canto figurato, in Eng-
lish as Observations on Florid Song.
Tosti, Francesco Paolo, singing teacher,
compr. b. Ortona, Abruzzi, Apr. 9,
1846. Pupil at Naples of Pinto,
Conti, and Mercadante; asst.
teacher there until 1869; taught in
Rome, London after 1875, where he
taught royal family and became
prof, at Royal Acad. 1894; pub-
lished coll. of Canti populari abruz-
zesi and many Italian and English
songs (Non m' ama piu, etc.).
Tourjee (toor-ja/), Dr. Eben, teacher.
b. Warwick, R. I., June 1, 1834; d.
Boston, Apr. 12, 1891. Chiefly self-
taught ; sang and played org. ; opened
mus. store in Fall River, and organ-
ized classes in pf., voice, and org.;
orgt. and choirmaster at Newport;
founded Mus. Inst. at Greenwich
1859; in Germany 1863, took lessons
of A. Haupt and studied conserva-
tory system; founded Providence
Cons, and N. E. Cons., Boston, 1867;
first to establish class teaching and
conservatories in U. S.; also influen-
tial in peace jubilees, and in public
school music.
Tours (toorz), Berthold, vlt., editor, b.
Rotterdam, Dec. 17, 1838; d. Lon-
don, Mar. 11, 1897. Studied with
father, orgt., Verhulst, and at cons,
of Brussels and Leipzig; after two
years in Russia, settled in London
1861; adviser to publishers Novello,
Ewer & Co. after 1870, and editor of
many works and arrangements for
them; author of Primer of Violin,
compr. of services, anthems, etc.
Tourte (toort), Francois, bow maker.
b. Paris, 1747; d. there, Apr., 1835.
Of family of bow makers; effected
TROUTBECK
such radical reforms that he is prac-
tically creator of modern bow; paid
attention to selection of wood (ren-
dering it flexible and permanently
curved), length, and method of at-
taching hairs, etc.; improved bow
had great importance in develop-
ment of modern vln. technic. -
Tozer, John Ferris, orgt., compr. b.
Exeter, Nov. 8, 1857. Chorister
Exeter Cath.; pupil of Angel and
Wood; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1896; orgt.
and amateur tenor; holds position
in Exeter Bank; composed psalms,
cantata King Neptune's Daughter,
pf. pieces, and songs, of which Lead,
kindly light is best known; ed. coll.
of sailors' songs.
Trebelli, Zelia (stage name of Z. Therese
Caroline Guillemin or Gillibert],
dram, mezzo sop. b. Paris, Nov. 12,
1838; d. Etretat, Aug. 18, 1892.
Pupil of Wartel; de"but Madrid 1859;
successful in Germany and London
after 1862; marriage to Bettini, 1863,
soon followed by separation; tour
to U. S. 1884; excellent actress, had
voice of great flexibility and brill-
iancy.
Treville (tra-ve-ye') , Yvonne de, sop. b.
Galveston, Aug. 25, 1881. Appeared
in Boston 1898; after singing in New
York with Castle Sq. Opera Co.,
studied with Mme. Marchesi in
Paris 1900; sang in Madrid 1901,
Ope>a Comique, Paris, 1902, Stock-
holm Opera and St. Petersburg Opera
1903, Cairo 1904.
Trotfcre, H. [pseud, of Henry Trotter],
compr. b. London, Dec. 24, 1855.
Compr. of popular songs (In Old
Madrid, The Deathless Army, Love
Can Wait, etc.).
Troutbeck, Rev. John, writer, b. Blen-
cowe, Cumberland, Eng., Nov. 12,
1832; d. London, Oct. 11, 1899.
Graduated at Oxford 1856, took
orders 1855, precentor Manchester
Cath. 1865, minor canon Westmin-
ster 1869; wrote Primer of Mus. for
Schools, Primer for Ch. Choir Train-
ing, compiled Westminster Hymn-
book, and translated librettos of
Bach's Christmas Oratorio, Gluck's
two Iphigenias and Orpheus, Wag-
ner's' Flying Dutchman and several
others.
TROWBRIDGE
TYE
Trowbridge, John Eliot, compr. b.
Newton, Mass., Oct. 20, 1845.
Parents good church choir singers;
studied organ with B. C. Blodgett,
piano with Junius W. Hill; salesman
of musical instruments, teaching
after business hours; organist in
Boston and suburbs, principally
Newton, where he still (1910) resides;
pianist to Musical Association of
Newton conducted by the late
Eugene Thayer, and gained experi-
ence in the training of large bodies
of singers,which he afterwards turned
to account as conductor of choral
societies and composer of choral
works; published compositions in
1870, the first of a long series of suc-
cessful works on large and small
forms, over one hundred in number,
including two oratorios, two can-
tatas, Mass in E, operetta, anthems,
quartets, songs, etc.
Truette, Everett E., orgt., compr. b.
Rockland, Mass., 1861. Graduated
at New England Cons. 1881; Mus.
Bac. Boston University, 1883;
studied in Europe, 1883-1885, with
Haupt, Guilmant, and Best; from
Jan., 1885, he was orgt. and choir-
master at various Boston churches
and now serves the Eliot Congrega-
tional Church, Newton, a suburb of
Boston; he has been active as a
recitalist, especially in inaugurating
organs; has been successful as a
teacher, many of his pupils filling
responsible positions in Boston and
vicinity; a founder of the Amer.
Guild of Orgts.; composer of organ
works and anthems.
Tua (too'-a), Teresina [properly Maria
Felicita. T.], vU. b. Turin, May 22,
1867. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mas-
sart; 1st prize 1880; brilliant success
on Continent, in England (after
1883), and America 1887; married
Count Franchi-Verney 1891, with-
drew from concerts until 1895.
Tuckerman, Samuel Parkman, orgt.
b. Boston, Feb. 11, 1819; d. New-
port, June 30, 1890. Pupil of C.
Zeuner; orgt. and choirmaster St.
Paul's Ch., Boston, 1840, and after
trip to England, where he received
degree Mus. Doc. at Lambeth and
studied in various cathedrals; one
of first to play on Mus. Hall Organ,
Boston; gave many lectures and re-
citals; composed church music.
Turk, Daniel Gottlob, orgt., teacher, b.
Claussnitz, Saxony, Aug. 10, 1750;
d. Halle, Aug. 26, 1813. Pupil in
harmony of Homilius; and in vln. of
Hiller while at Leipzig Univ.; theatre
vlt.; cantor and teacher at Halle
1776-1787, mus. dir. of Univ. there
1779, orgt. 1787; Karl Lowe his
pupil; published org. method, im-
portant Clavierschule, books for
beginners, sonatas, sonatinas, etc.
Turle, James, orgt., teacher, b. Somer-
ton, Somerset, Eng., Mar. 5, 1802; d.
London, June 28, 1882. Asst. orgt
Westminster, orgt. and choirmaster
1831-1875; condr. of Antient Con-
certs 1840-43; musicmaster-at sch.
for Indigent Blind 1829-56; com-
posed church music, compiled, with
Bridge, Westminster Abbey Chant
Book, edited with Taylor People's
Music Book, wrote Art of Singing at
Sight; very famous as teacher.
Turner, Alfred Dudley, pf. teacher, b.
St. Albans, Vt., Aug. 24, 1854; d.
there, May 7, 1888. Pupil of J. C.
D. Parker and Mme. Schiller at N.
E. Cons., where he taught; Porter
and Dennee his pupils; composed
smaller pf . pieces and valuable octave
studies.
Turpin, Edmund Hart, orgt. b. Not-
tingham, May 4, 1835; d. London,
Oct. 25, 1907. Studied with Hullah
and Pauer in London; orgt. at Not-
tingham, London, after 1857; Mus.
Doc. Lambeth 1889; editor Mus.
Standard for some years after 1880;
editor Mus. News; condr. various
societies; compr. of Song of Faith,
oratorios, anthems, symph., and
chamber music.
Tye, Christopher, orgt., compr. b.
Westminster, about 1508; d. Mar.,
1572. Chorister and gentleman of
Chapel Royal; orgt. Ely Cath. 1541-
62; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1545;
translated chapters 1-14 of Acts of
Apostles into verse and set them to
mus.; -also published services and
anthems in strong, sincere style;
much admired by contemporaries;
revival of Eng. church music after
upheaval of Reformation attributed
to him.
UGOLINI
VAN BREE
u
Ugolini (oo-gole-rrf), Vincenzo, compr.
b. Perugia, about 1570; d. there, May
6, 1638. Pupil of Nanini in Rome,
maestro at St. Peter's 1620-26;
teacher of Benevoli; compr. of 2
books of madrigals, 4 of motets,
masses, psalms, etc., in style of
Palestrina.
Ulibisheff, see Oulibischeff.
Upton, George Putnam, writer, b.
Boston, Oct. 25, 1834. Graduated
from Brown University 1854; in
journalism in Chicago after 1855, on
staff of Tribune since 1861; founder
of Apollo Club; besides critical work
which has done much to develop
mus. taste in the West, has written
several books: Woman in Mus., and
a full series Standard Operas, Can-
tatas, Oratorios, Symphonies, also
Concert Guide, Musical Memories,
etc., giving useful summaries.
Urban (or'-ban), Heinrich, vlt., compr.
b. Berlin, Aug. 27, 1837; d. there,
Nov. 24, 1901. Pupil of Hies, Laub,
Hellmann, etc.; teacher at Kullak's
Acad. after 1881; noted theorist;
composed FriMing symph., 3 over-
tures, vln. concerto, vln. pieces,
songs. Brother Friedrich Julius U.
(b. 1838), singing teacher in Berlin.
Urso, Camilla, vlt. b. Nantes, France,
June 13, 1842; d. New York, Jan.
20, 1902. Father orgt. and flute
player; began vln. at 6, gave concert
at 7; at Paris Cons, pupil of Mas-
sart; came to America 1852 and
played throughout country with
great success, at first with Sontag,
Alboni, and then alone; after mar-
riage to F. Lucre did not appear
until 1863; after that gave concerts
chiefly in West and South of U. S.;
very distinguished player, who did
a great deal toward arousing en-
thusiasm for vln. among American
women.
Urspruch (6r'-spruk), Anton, pst.,
compr. b. Frankfort-on-Main, Feb.
17, 1850; d. there, Jan. 11, 1907.
Studied with I. Lachner and Wallen-
stein, Raff, and Liszt; teacher of pf.
at Hoch Cons.; at Raff Cons. Frank-
fort since 1887; composed opera Der
Sturm (after Shakespeare's Tempest),
comic opera, symph., pf. concerto,
chamber mus., sonata and other small
pf. works.
Vaccai (yac-ca-I), Niccold, compr. b.
Tolentino, Papal States, Mar. 15,
1790; d. Pesaro, Aug. 5, 1848. Stud-
ied with Jannaconi at Rome -and
with Paisiello at Naples; produced
1st opera 1815; dissatisfied with
success on stage, became singing
teacher at Venice, Vienna, Paris,
and London; prof, of comp. and
censor at Milan Cons. 1838-44; 3d
act of his Giulietta e Romeo was gen-
erally substituted for that of Bellini's
Capuleti ed Montecchi; composed
several other operas, etc., and good
method of singing.
Valentini (val-en-te'-nl), Pietro Fran-
cesco, compr. b. Rome, about 1570;
d. there, 1654. Studied with Nanini;
composed some operas and motets,
but is chiefly known as compr. of
especially learned canons, of one of
which 2000 solutions are possible.
Valle de Paz (val-la-da-paz), Edgardo
del, compr., writer, b. Alexandria,
Egypt, Oct. 18, 1861. Of Italian
parentage; pupil of Cesi and Serrao
at Cons, at Naples; since 1890 pf.
prof, at Royal Inst. at Florence;
founder and editor of La nuova
musica 1896; comp. symph. suites,
notable pf. sonata, etc.
Van Bree (van-bra), Jean Bernard,
vlt., compr. b. Amsterdam, Jan. 29,
1801; d. there, Feb. 14, 1857. After
study with Bertelmann, member of
th. orch., Amsterdam; director Felix
Mentis Soc. 1829-1857, founder of
Cecilia, dir. Mus. School of Soc. for
VAN CLEVE
VEccm
Promotion of Mus..; composed 3
operas, 2 melodramas, masses, over-
tures, cantata, etc.
Van Cleve, John Smith, pst., teacher.
b. Maysville, Ky., Oct. 30, 1851.
Blind from 9th year; pupil of Noth-
nagel in Columbus, O., of Lang and
Apthorp in Boston and of Stein-
brecher in Cincinnati; taught at
Inst. for Blind, at Columbus and at
Janesville, Wis.; critic and teacher
Cincinnati 1879-97; after a period
in Chicago, moved to Troy, O.; now
in Cincinnati; published poems,
lectures on mus., etc.
Van den Eeden (van-den-a/den) , Gilles,
orgt. d. Bonn [buried, June 20], 1782.
Court compr. at Bonn; retired 1780;
first teacher of Beethoven.
Van den Eeden (van-den-a'den), Jean
Baptiste, compr. b. Ghent, Dec. 26,
1842. Pupil at Ghent and Brussels
Cons.; prize for comp. 1869; dir. mus.
sch. at Mons; composed oratorio
(Jacob van Artevelde, etc.), symph.
poem La lutte au X VI sie.de, etc.
Vanderstraeten [Van der Straeten], (van-
diir-stra-ten), Edmond, writer, b.
Oudenarde, Belgium, Dec. 3, 1826;
d. there, Nov. 25, 1895. Studied
philosophy at Ghent, counterpoint
and comp. at Brussels with Bosselot
and F6tis, whose secretary he be-
came; held life position in Royal
Library and made several trips to
Germany and Italy to report on
musical questions; compositions are
of no importance compared to La
musique a Oudenarde avant le XIX
siecle in 7 vols., and other authori-
tative works, the results of careful
research in archives.
Van der Stucken (van-der-stoo'-ken),
Frank Valentin, condr. b. Fredericks-
burg, Texas, Oct. 15, 1858. Went
to Antwerp 1866; pupil there of
Benolt, at Leipzig of Reinecke,
Grieg, and Langer; capellmeister
Breslau 1881-82; in Rudolstadt with
Grieg and in Weimar with Liszt
1883; director Arion Soc. New York
1884 (taking soc. on tour in Europe
1892), of concerts of " novelties "
and of American comprs., in N. Y.
1885-88, of Cincinnati Cons, and
Orch. 1895, dean of Cin. Coll. of
Mus. 1897-1903; resigned 1908 and
removed to Europe; composed songs,
choral works, music to Shakespeare's
Tempest and orchestral pieces Idylle,
Pax Triumphans, symphonic prolog
(he first used the term) William
Ratcliff; work both as compr. and
condr. shows power, full command of
widest modern forces and methods,
and originality of idea.
Van Dyck (van-dik), Ernest Marie
Hubert, dram, tenor, b. Antwerp,
Apr. 2, 1861. Studied law first, was
journalist at Brussels and Paris;
pupil in mus. of Callaerts, Demast,
Wicart, and Bax; sang at Lamou-
reux concerts, Paris, 1883-88, sing-
ing Lohengrin for first time in Paris
at concert performance, and other
Wagnerian parts; sang and acted the
role at Bayreuth 1888; then engaged
at Vienna, Paris Op<3ra 1888 for
about ten years, at St. Petersburg,
London, and in America (where he
first sang in Chicago 1899).
Van Rooy (van roy), Anton [Antonius
Maria Josephus], dram, baritone.
b. Rotterdam, Jan. 12, 1870. Boy
chorister; then in cigar business;
studied with Stockhausen at Frank-
fort; first successes in concert; sang
at Bayreuth 1897, London 1898,
New York 1899; Wotan one of great
parts.
Van Westerhout (van ves'-ter-6t),
Niccolo, compr. b. Mola di Bari,
Italy, Dec., 1862; d. Naples, Aug. 21,
1898. Studied with Arienzo at Roy.
Cons. Naples; taught harmony there
after 1897; composed 5 operas,
symph., vln. concerto, excellent pf.
pieces, etc.; theatre in Mola named
for him.
Van Zandt, Marie, dram. sop. b.
New York, Oct. 8, 1861. Pupil of
Lamperti; d6but Turin 1879; sang
in London, Paris 1880-85; tours
throughout Europe and America
1890; back at Opera Comique 1896;
voice light, but sweet ; on one or two
occasions it has failed her, and
caused reversals in otherwise suc-
cessful career; Mignon her great part.
Vecchi (vec'-ke), Orazio, compr. b.
Modena, 1550; d. there, Feb. 19,
1605. Canon and archdeacon of
Correggio; maestro at Modena Cath.
and at ducal court; composed can-
zonets, madrigals, etc., but most
notably Amfiparnasso, " commedia
VECSEY
VIADANA
harmonica," series of 5-part madri-
gals accompanied by pantomime
(1597), early step in direction of
operatic music.
Vecsey (vetchy), Franz von, vlt. b.
Budapest, Mar. 23, -1893. Father
vlt., mother pst.; pupil of Hubay;
debut as infant prodigy Budapest;
played in Berlin 1903, and England
1904; later in U. S. especially praised
by Joachim.
Veracini (vg-ra-che-nl) , Francesco
Maria, vlt. b. Florence, about 1685;
d. near Pisa, 1750. Appearance at
Venice had great influence on Tar-
tini's style; soloist at London Italian
opera 1715-17; chamber virtuoso at
Dresden and at Prague; again in
London 1735-36, success of his opera
Adriano did not counterbalance his
envy of rival, Geminiani; retired 1747;
compositions, 24 vln. sonatas, etc.;
rather modern in feeling.
Verdelot (var-de-lo), Philippe, compr.
d. before 1567. Lived at Florence
1530-40; singer at St. Mark's, Venice ;
composed several books of madri-
gals, motets, and masses.
Verdi (var'de), Fortunio Giuseppe Fran-
cesco, compr. b. Le Roncole, near
Busseto, Italy, Oct. 10, 1813; d.
Milan, Jan. 27, 1901. Son of work-
ing people; org. lessons from local
orgt. whom he succeeded at 11;
while employed in distillery at
Busseto, lived in house of musical
people, took lessons of one, Provesi, j
and became leader of local Philhar- I
monic Society; refusal of authorities j
to admit him to Milan Cons, (they
did not find evidence of talent for
music) sent him back to Busseto
where he conducted an orchestra in
face of opposition; 1838, two years
after marriage to Margherita Barezzi
moved to Milan; failure of first opera
and death of wife and two children
came close together; first success
was Nabucco 1842, followed by I Lom-
bardi 1843 and the triumph of Ernani,
1844; then after several minor works
came Rigoletto 1851, Trovatore and
Traviata 1853, Uri ballo in maschera
1859; with Laforza del destino 1862,
and Don Carlos 1867, and markedly
in Alda (written for Khedive of
Egypt, 1st performed at Cairo 1871),
he turned away from earlier style
which was the purely lyric Italian
manner to one with more attention
to richness of orchestration and
appropriateness of music; between
1871 and 1887, Verdi wrote no dra-
matic works, only the Manzoni
Requiem 1874; in 1887 with Otello
and 1893 with Falstaff he achieved
the only adequate operatic settings
of Shakespeare, and also wrote with
an entire truthfulness of dramatic
expression, an elaborateness of in-
strumentation, and an absence of
empty ornament surprising in a
man so old and so successful in
other styles; question of the influ-
ence of Wagner on these later works
is still debated, but the influence
seems to have been limited to seri-
ousness of attitude and careful
orchestration rather than in adapt-
ing of leit motif or subordination
of voice parts. In still widely pop-
ular earlier operas he shows a fer-
tility of melody scarcely equaled
by any one except Rossini, which
overbalances the extreme thinness
of his orchestration.
Vere (var), Clementine Duchgne de
[de Vere-Sapio], sop. b. Paris.
Pupil of Mme. Albertine-Baucarde"
at Florence; de"but there at 16; after
concert success in Europe, returned
to stage 1896; came to U. S. 1899
with troupe managed by her hus-
band, Sapio; sang in N. Y. 1897,
etc.; strong, brilliant soprano; Lucia
one of favorite parts.
Verhulst (var-hoolsf), Johannes Jo-
sephus Herman, compr. b. The
Hague, Mar. 19, 1816; d. there,
Jan. 17, 1891. Studied at local
Cons, with Volcke, at Cologne with
Klein, and at Leipzig with Mendels-
sohn; condr. Euterpe concerts, Leip-
zig; Royal Mus. Dir. at The Hague
1842; condr. of concerts of Soc. for
Promotion of Mus. at Rotterdam;
organizer of great Dutch festivals;
condr. of Diligentia 1860-86 and
Cecilia concerts at The Hague; re-
tired 1886; composed symph., 3
overtures, 7 festival cantatas which
give him high rank among Dutch
comprs.; friend of Schumann.
Viadana (ve-a-da'-na), Ludovico da
[properly L. Grossi], compr. b. Via-
dana, near Mantua, 1564; d. Gual-
tieri, May 2, 1645. Member of
VIARDOT-GARCIA
VINCENT
monastic order; maestro at Mantua
1594-1609, and after 1644, in the
meantime at Fano and Venice; to
his Cento Concerti, 1602, used to be
attributed use of basso continue,
but figured bass occurs in works of
Banchieri 1595; V. was, however,
first to use the term, and first to use
bass as necessary part of church con-
certo, distinctly in style of modern
melodic comp.
Viardot-Garcia (vi-ar-do garthi'-a),
[Michelle Ferdinande] Pauline, dram,
mezzo sop. b. Paris, July 18, 1821.
d. Paris, May 18, 1910. Daughter
of Manuel del P. G. with whom she
early went to America; pf. lessons
in Mexico and after return to Europe
of Meysenberg and Liszt; studied
comp. with Reicha; concert d£but
Brussels 1837; stage d£but London
1839; sang at The&tre Italien, Paris,
1839, until marriage with director
Viardot 1841; then long tours in
Europe; created Fides in Le Prophete,
1849, and Sapho, 1851, at Paris Opfra ;
sang Orphee and Alceste in revival
of Gluck's operas at Paris 1859, and
Brussels 1861; retired 1863; taught
Paris Cons. 1871-75; among pupils
Artot, A. Sterling, M. Brandt; com-
posed operas, vocalises, etc. Daugh-
ters Louise Heritte-V., teacher of
singing, and compr. ; Mme. Chamerot
V. and Marianne V., concert singers.
Son Paul vlt. and writer.
Vidal (vi-dal), Louis Antoine, writer.
b. Rouen, July 10, 1820; d. Paris,
Jan. 7, 1891. Pupil of Franchomme
on 'cello; great work Les instruments
d archet, 3 volumes, with illustra-
tions, giving accounts of bow instru-
ments, famous makers, virtuosi, of
music printing, and catalogs of cham-
ber music.
Vidal, Paul Antonin, compr. b. Tou-
louse, June 16, 1863. Won Grand
prix de Rome at Paris Cons. 1881;
teacher there of solfeggio since 1894,
of pf. accomp. since 1896; condr. of
Sunday concerts and 1896 chef
d'orchestre at Paris OpeYa; com-
posed ballets, pantomimes, comic
operas (La maladetta, etc.), oratorio
Le noel, orch. suites.
Vierling (ver-ling), Georg, compr. b.
Frankenthal, Palatinate, Sept. 5,
1820; d. Wiesbaden, June 1, 1901.
Pupil of father, orgt., of Neeb, Rinck,
and Marx; orgt. at Frankfort-on-
Oder 1847; condr. Liedertafel at
Mayence 1852-53; founder and
condr. Berlin Bach-Verein; resigned
1859; composed chiefly cantatas and
other choral works (Hero und Lean-
der) O Roma noblis, for 6-part
chorus, symphony, overtures.
Vieuxtemps (vie-ton), Henri, vlt. b.
Venders, Belgium, Feb. 20, 1820;
d. Mustapha, Algiers, June 6, 1881.
Pupil of father, instr. maker and
tuner, Lecloux (with whom he made
tour at 8), pf De Beriot at Brussels;
while playing in Paris, Germany,
Austria, and London, took lessons
in comp. from Sechter in Vienna
and Reicha in Paris; tours in Russia
1838-39, America 1844-45 (again in
1857 and 1870); vlt. to Czar and
prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1846-
52; prof, at Brussels Cons. 1871-73;
paralysis of left side ended career
1873; as player he was fond of dra-
matic effects and was remarkable
for perfect intonation; with De
Be>ipt, founder of modern school pf
playing; compositions, especially six
concertos, are popular.
Vilbac (v!l-bak), Alphonse Charles
Renaud de, pst., orgt. b. Mont-
pellier, June 3, 1829; d. Brussels,
Mar. 19, 1884. Pupil at Paris Cons,
of Lemoine, Hale'vy, and Benoist;
Grand prix de Rome 1844; orgt. at
St. Eugene, Paris, after 1856; nearly
blind; composed much cheap mus.
besides operas Au dair de lune,
Almanzor, method and pleasant
pieces for pf.
Villoing (vil'loing), Alexander Ivano-
vitch, pf. teacher, b. St. Petersburg,
1808; d. there, Sept., 1878. Teacher
of Anton and Nicolas Rubinstein;
author of Ecole pratique du piano
with clever exercises, and of concerto
and pf. pieces.
Vincent, Charles John, orgt., compr.
b. Houghton-le-Spring, Durham,
Eng., Sept. 19, 1852. Pupil of
father, chorister at Durham Cath.
under Armes; studied at Leipzig
Cons.; various appointments as
orgt.; head of firm of music pub-
lishers in London; examiner for
Trinity Coll.; composed oratorio
VINCI
Ruth, cantatas, overtures, songs;
wrote First Principles of A/MS.,
Choral Instructor for Treble Voices, etc.
Vinci (vin'-che), Leonardo, compr * b.
Strongoli, Calabria, 1690; d. Naples,
1732. Studied with Greco at Naples
Cons.; maestro at Royal Chapel,
Naples; entered monastery of Broth-
ers of the Rosary 1728; as opera
compr. noteworthy for simple dra-
matic emotion and quality of ac-
comp.; most noted operas are
Ifigenia in Tauride, Didone abban-
donata, Alessandro nell' Indie; said
to have been poisoned.
Viotti (ve-ot'tl), Giovanni Battista, vlt.,
compr. b. Fontaneto da P6, Ver-
celli, Italy, May 23, 1753; d. London,
Mar. 3, 1824. Son of blacksmith;
without teaching played so well that
he was sent to Pugnani at Turin;
member of royal orch.; after 1780
made tours to Germany, Russia,
London, and Paris, with great suc-
cess; irritated at lack of attention
at one of his concerts, gave up play-
ing and devoted himself to teaching
(Rode and Baillot were pupils) and
direction of Italian opera with L£on-
ard until the Revolution; after living
in London and Hamburg, settled in
Paris again; director of Ope>a 1819-
22 when he resigned; as composer
of nearly 30 concertos, sonatas, etc.,
teacher and performer, he is leader
of modern vln. music; " the first
to apply to the vln. concerto the
full system of sonata form and the
new resources of orchestration."
[Pratt.]
Virdung (vlr-doongh'), Sebastian, orgt.
[Dates not known.] Priest; orgt.
at Basle; author of important early
illustrated work Musica Getutscht,
etc., Basle, 1511, describing mus.
instruments of period and giving tab-
lature of lute and flute.
Visetti (vi-set'-tl), Alberto Antonio,
condr., teacher, b. Spalato, Dalma-
tia, May 13, 1846. Studied at Milan
Cons, with Mazzucato; conducted
concerts at Nice; condr. to Empress
Eugenie in Paris; at fall of Empire j
became director of vocal dept. in
London Nat'l Training School; wrote
History of Art of Singing, translated
into Italian Hullah's Hist, of Mod.
Mus. and Hueffer's Studies.
VOGLER
Vitali (vi-ta'-le), Giovanni Battista,
compr. b. Cremona, about 1644;
d. Modena, Oct. 12, 1692. Pupil of
Cazzati; via. player inch, in Bologna;
2d maestro to Duke of Modena
after 1674; important compr. in
sonata form before Corelli.
Vittoria, Tomaso Ludovico da [properly
Tomas Luis de Victoria], compr. b.
Avila, Spain, about 1540; d. Madrid,
about 1613. Pupil at Rome of
Escobedo and Morales; maestro at
German Coll. 1573, at San Apollinare
1575; vice-maestro at Royal Chapel,
Madrid, 1589-1602; contemporary
and friend of Palestrina; published
hymns (before P's), motets, and
masses (especially noteworthy is a
requiem); style closely resembles
that of Palestrina, but is, neverthe-
less, not merely imitative.
Vivaldi (vl-val'-dl), Antonio, vlt. b.
Venice, about 1680; d. there, 1743.
Son of vlt. at San Marco; early
ordained priest and called " il prete
rosso " because of red hair; in service
of Elector of Darmstadt; director
after 1713 of Venetian Cons, della
Pieta, and vlt. at St. Mark's; wrote
about 25 operas and many vln. con-
certos, of which Bach arranged 16
for clavier, 4 for org. and one for
four claviers and string orch.
Vogl (vogl), Johann Michael, tenor.
b. Steyr, Aug. 10, 1768; d. Vienna,
Nov. 19, 1840. Law student at
Vienna; under persuasion of Siiss-
mayer joined opera co. at Court Th.
1794-1822; first to introduce to
public songs of Schubert who was
his friend and companion.
Vogler (vog'-ler), Georg Joseph [known
as Abt V.], compr., orgt. b. Wurz-
burg, June 15, 1749; d. Darmstadt,
May 6, 1814. Pupil of Padre Martini
at Bologna, and of Vallotti at Padua;
entered holy orders in Rome; found-
ed Tonschule, became court chap-
lain and 2d capellmeister at Mann-
heim; journeyed to Paris, Spain,
and the Orient 1783-86; court condr.,
founder of mus. school at Stockholm
1786-99; court capellm. and again
founder of mus. school at Darmstadt;
Meyerbeer and Weber his pupils;
traveled with portable organ to
illustrate his theories of simplifica-
tion of instrument; wrote advanced
theoretical works on harmony, choral
VOGRICH
VUILLAUME
singing, etc., some 10 operas, much
church and org. music.
Vogrich (vog'-ritch), Max Wilhelm
Carl, pst., compr. b. Hermannstadt,
Transylvania, Jan. 24, 1852. Played
in public at 7; pupil at Leipzig Cons,
of Wenzel, Reinecke, Moscheles, etc.;
long tours in Europe and S. America
1870-78, N. America with Wilhelmj
1878, Australia 1882-86; since 1886
living in N. Y.; produced 4 operas
with his own librettos, oratorio,
cantatas, mass, 2 symph., vln. con-
certo, numerous pf. pieces.
Vogt, A. S., orgt., compr., condr. b.
Washington, Ont., Aug. 14, 1861;
father an organ builder; showed
early aptitude for music; organist
at twelve; educated in public schools
and abroad; early musical education
begun under local teachers, contin-
ued at New England Conservatory,
1881-82 under Dunham, Emery,
and Buckingham, and at Leip-
zig under Jadassohn, Klengel, Ren-
berg, Ruthardt and Reinecke; re-
turned to Toronto in 1888; orgt. and
choirmaster at Jarvis St. Baptist
church, choir gaining splendid repu-
tation during his incumbency up to
1906; teacher in Toronto College of
Music 1888-92, Toronto Conserva-
tory of Music from 1892 to the pres-
sent (1910); conductor Mendelssohn
Choir, of Toronto, one of the best in
America; author of Modern Piano-
forte Technique (1900); composer of
part-songs; for several years music
critic of Toronto Saturday Night.
Vogt, Jean, pst., compr. b. Gross-tinz,
Jan. 17, 1823, near Leignitz; d.
Eberswalde, July 31 , 1888. Pupil of
Bach and Grell in Berlin, and Hesse
and Seidel in Breslau; made many
concert tours; in 1861 he located in
Dresden, in 1865 went to Berlin as
teacher in the Stern Cons., and in
1871 to New York; returned to Ber-
lin in 1873; most important work an
oratorio, Lazarus.
Voigt, Henriette [nee Kuntze], pst.
b. Leipzig, Nov. 24, 1808; d. there,
Oct. 15, 1839. Pupil of Berger, and
friend of Rochlitz, Mendelssohn, and
Schumann. ,
Volbach (vol-bak), Fritz, condr. b.
Wipperfurth, near Cologne, Dec. 17,
1861. Studied at Cologne Cons., at
Heidelberg and Bonn, and at Royal
Acad. Berlin with Haupt, Taubert,
and Loeschhorn; teacher of hist, and
Gregorian chant at Inst. for Ch.
Mus. 1887; condr. Klindworth Cho-
rus; condr. of choral societies in
Mayence 1892; comp. symph. poems
Ostern, Alt Heidelberg du feine, can-
tatas, etc.; has written life of Handel
and books on performing of H's
works and on Gregorian chant.
Volckmar (volk'-mar), Wilhelm Valen-
tin, orgt. b. Hersfeld, Kassel, Dec.
26, 1812; d. Homberg, near Kassel,
Aug. 27, 1887. Ph.D. at Marburg;
mus. teacher at Homburg Seminary
after 1835; excellent performer and
compr. of org. concertos, 20 sonatas,
symph., method, and exercises.
Volkmann, Friedrich Robert, compr.
b. Lommatzsch, Saxony, Apr. 6,
1815; d. Pesth, Oct. 30, 1883. Org.
and pf. pupil of father, a cantor; vln.
and 'cello with Friebel, comp. with
Anacker and K. F. Becker at Leipzig;
encouraged by Schumann; taught
at Prague 1839-42, and, except for
1854-58 at Vienna, at Pesth, part of
the time at Nat'l Acad.; composed
2 symphonies, serenades for strings
and overtures and smaller works for
various instruments, many pf. works,
2 masses, sacred and secular songs,
etc.; akin to Schumann in manner of
writing, V. is most widely known for
string serenades.
Voss, Charles, pst. b. Schmarsow, near
Demmin, Pomerania, Sept. 20, 1815;
d. Verona, Aug. 28, 1882. After
study in Berlin, became great favor-
ite in Paris; composed much salon
music and some serious concertos,
Etudes, etc.
Vuillaume (vwe-yom), Jean Baptiste,
vln.-maker. b. Mirecourt, Vosges,
Oct. 7, 1798; d. Paris, Mar. 19, 1879.
Worked with father Claude, at Paris
with Chanot, and in partnership
with Le'te'; after 1828 alone; enthu-
siasm for old vlns. so hindered sale
of his own that he manufactured
almost perfect imitations of Strads.
and of Duiffopruggar vlns. and 'cellos
(theory that D. was perfector of vln.
due to these forgeries); several
inventions, octobasse, contre-alto,
p6dale sourdine, machine for making
gut strings of equal thickness, etc.
WACHS
WAGNER
w
Wachs (vaks), Etienne Victor Paul,
pst. b. Paris, Sept. 19, 1851. Stud-
ied at Paris Cons, with Masse1, Mar-
montel, and C. Franck; 1st prize
org. playing 1877; orgt. at St. Mary;
treatises on harmony and counter-
point; comp. popular pf. pieces.
Wachtel (vak'-tel), Theodor, dram. ten.
b. Hamburg, Mar. 10, 1823; d.
Frankfort-on-Main, Nov. 14, 1893.
Son of livery stable keeper, whose
business he carried on until voice
was "discovered"; pupil of Fraulein
Grandjean; d6but in Hamburg, and,
after further study in Vienna, sang
in many cities, London 1862, Berlin
1865, Paris 1869, U. S. 1871 and
1875; brilliant lyric tenor, good in
French and Italian operas.
Waelrant (wal'-ront), Hubert, teacher.
b. Tongerloo, Brabant, about 1517;
d. Antwerp, Nov. 19, 1595. Stud-
ied with Willaert at Venice; founder
of school in Antwerp 1547, partner
of Laet as publisher; "as teacher he
broke with old system of solmisation
by hexachords, introducing new
system of 7-tone names, 60, ce, di,
ga, lo, ma, ni, called bocedisation or
bobisation."
Wagenseil (va'-gen-sil), Georg Chris-
toph, compr. b. Vienna, Jan. 15,
1715; d. there, Mar. 1, 1777. Pupil
of J. J. Fux; mus. teacher to Maria
Theresa, teacher and compr. to
her children ; composed divertimenti,
symph., sonatas, operas, etc.
Wagner (vag'-ner), Cosima, b. Dec.
25, 1841. Daughter of Franz Liszt
and Countess d'Agoult, who wrote
over pseud, of Daniel Stern; after
their separation, C. lived with Liszt's
mother, then with mother of Hans
von Billow, whom she married in
1857; visited Wagner and his wife
on their wedding trip and again a
year later; C. went to live with Wag-
ner about 1864, and after her divorce
from Von Biilow, in 1869, married
W. 1870; her devotion and sym-
pathy were a great support to him
during his life; after his death she
managed the Bayreuth festivals.
Wagner, Richard [orig. Wilhelm Rich-
ard], compr. b. Leipzig, May 22,
1818; d. Venice, Feb. 13, 1883. Son
of Friedrich W., clerk of the police,
and Johanna Rosina, nee Bertz;
after death of Fr., widow married
Ludwig Geyer, actor, singer, author
and portrait painter who took her
children to Dresden; Richard went
to the Kreuzschule, and 1827, when
family moved to Leipzig after death
of stepfather, to Nikolai Gymnasium
at Leipzig; took early interest in
mythology, great tragedies, and in
music, though he never learned to
play on an instrument; after some
independent attempts at comp., had
some ineffective lessons from G.
Miiller, and while student pf philol-
ogy and esthetics at Leipzig Univ.,
studied comp. with Th. Weinlig
and became familiar with scores of
Beethoven and Mozart; symphony
performed 1833; 1833 became chorus-
master at Wvirzburg Th., where his
brother Albert was singer and stage
manager, here wrote Die Feen, not
performed until 1888; 1834 condr.
of Magdeburg Th., where two per-
formances of his Das Liebesverbot
ended its career; married Wilhelmine
Planer 1836; condr. at Konigsberg
1837, at Riga 1837; 1839-42 lived
in great poverty in Paris, compos-
ing songs, arranging dances, etc.,
trying to get hearing at Ope>a,
where, despite some help from Mey-
erbeer, he got but little for the li-
bretto for The Flying Dutchman.
With the performance of Rienzi in
Dresden 1842, began W's fame and
his even greater troubles (he was
there to superintend rehearsals); its
great success led to performance
1843 of Der Fliegende Hollander,
which was, however, too advanced
to succeed. The remaining events
of his life, briefly, are as follows:
Became condr. at Dresden 1843 and
produced Tannhauser there 1844;
his Proposition for Nat. Th. having
been ignored, W. became impatient
and expressed some sympathy with
May Revolution; as a result, he was
obliged to leave Dresden 1849; lived
WAGNER
WALLNOFER
in Zurich for 3 years, publishing
many pamphlets (The Art Works of
the Future, Judaism in Music, Opera
and Drama, etc.), in which he ex-
pounded many of the theories he
later put into practise; 1855 con-
ducted 8 concerts in London; 1860
Liszt produced Lohengrin at Weimar;
1861, after concerts in France, came
three performances of Tannhauser
in Paris which ended in practical
riots; from 1861-64', W. gave con-
certs in Russia and elsewhere; 1863
published poem of Das Ring der
Nibelungen, in despair of a chance
to produce it; at this juncture Lud-
wig II came to the throne of Ba-
varia and invited W. to live at
Munich and superintend perform-
ances of his works; Von Biilow came
to conduct, and it was at this time
that his wife Cosima transferred her
affections to W., who had separated
from his wife in 1860; 1865, owing to
protests of Ludwig's court against
extravagant favors, W. left Munich
for Switzerland, where he lived until
1872, when he moved to Bayreuth;
Tristan and Die Meistersinger were
produced at Munich in 1865 and '68;
and there were preliminary perform-
ances of parts of the Ring 1869, '70;
W. societies, formed all over the
world, raised money to build theatre
at Bayreuth, where finally the com-
plete Ring 1876, and Parsifal 1882,
were performed; died while at Venice
for health. The chief reforms which
W. introduced into the opera are
first, unity to which drama, music,
and scenery all contribute, conse-
quent subordination of singers, and
removal of all separate numbers and
opportunities for individual display;
second, the expression by the ac-
companying orchestra of the states
of mind and soul of the characters,
made clear by the use of leading
motives, that is, short musical
phrases identified with single ideas.
Aside from these technical points,
the music is the loftiest attempt yet
made in the history of opera, for gen-
eral depth -of significance combined
with rare beauty of tone. His son,
Wagner, Siegfried Richard, compr.
b. Triebschen, June 6, 1869.
Studied architecture at polytechnic
school; music with Kniese and
Humperdinck; concert cpndr. in vari-
ous places in Germany since 1893; at
Bayreuth as assistant dir. since 1894,
joint condr. since 1896; compr. of
symph. poem Sehnsucht, and operas
Der Barenhduter 1899, Herzog Wild-
fang 1901, Der Kobold 1904, Stern-
engebot 1908, Banadietrich 1909.
Waldteufel (vald'-toi-fel), Emil, compr.
b. Strassburg, Dec. 9, 1837. Pupil
at Paris Cons, of Marmontel and
Laurent; exhibitor in pf. manufac-
tory; success of waltzes turned him
to comp.; compr. to Empress Eu-
genie, dir. of court balls; very popu-
lar compr. of dances Espana, Estu-
diantina, etc.
Walker, Edyth, dram, contralto, b.
Hopewell, New York, 1870. At first
school-teacher; church singer; pupil
of Orgeni at Dresden Cons., sang at
Vienna Court Opera 1899-1903; at
New York since 1903; developed her
voice, naturally of great range, so
that she now sings soprano parts.
Walker, Ernest, orgt., writer, b. Bom-
bay, July 15, 1870. Author of His-
tory of Mus. in England; compr. of
songs for 1, 2, and 4 voices, which
are praised for delightful originality;
successful settings to verses by W.
E. Henley.
Wallace, William Vincent, compr. b.
Waterford, Ireland, June 1, 1814;
d. Chateau de Bages, Haute Ga-
ronne, Oct. 12, 1865. Vlt. in Dub-
lin churches; after 1835 wandered to
Australia, S. America, Mexico, U. S.,
etc. giving successful concerts; in
London 1845-47, prod. Maritana,
Matilda of Hungary; after 1853
chiefly in London and Paris; operas,
especially Maritana, Lurline, The
Amber Witch, etc., were very success-
ful, as were also pf. nocturnes; operas
full of fluent if somewhat ordinary
melody, and rivaled Balfe's in
popularity.
Wallnofer (val'-ne"f-er), Adolf, singer.
b. Vienna, Apr. 26, 1854. Studied
comp. with Waldmuller and others,
singing with Rokitansky; sang con-
certs in Vienna as baritone; after
1880 sang tenor at Olmiitz, with
Neumann's Wagner Co., at Bremen,
and Prague, New York 1897-99, and
Russia; composed 3 operas and
many ballads (Schon Rohtraut, etc.).
WALMISLEY
WASIELEWSKI
Walmisley, Thomas Forbes, compr. b.
London, 1783; d. there, July 23,
1866. Pupil of Thomas Attwpod;
orgt. at St. Martin-in-the-Fields
after 1810; composed many popular
glees, of which he published 4 col-
lections. Son Thomas Attwood W.
(1814-1856), orgt., prof, of music at
Cambridge, compr. of church music.
Walther von der Vogelweide (val'-ter
von-der vo'-gel-wi-dg), minnesinger,
b. in Tyrol, about 1168; d. Wiirz-
burg, about 1230. Most famous
lyric poet of mediaeval Germany;
introduced as character in Die
Meistersinger by Wagner.
Walther (val'-ter), Johann Gottfried,
orgt., lexicographer, b. Erfurt, Sept.
18, 1684; d. Weimar, Mar. 23, 1748.
Studied with Adlung, Kretschmar,
and J. B. Bach; orgt. Erfurt 1702;
town orgt. at Weimar 1707, court
musician 1720; compr. of choral
variations, preludes, fugues, etc.;
chief work Musikalisches Lexikon,
first encyclopedia of biography,
terms, etc., 1732, a work whose value
is greater than would appear from
meagre mention of W's friend J. S.
Bach; corrections prepared for the
second edition were used by Gerber.
Walthew, Richard Henry, compr. b.
Islington, London, Nov. 4, 1872.
Pupil at Roy. Coll. Mus. of Hubert
Parry; first gained notice by per-
formance of own concerto, London,
1894; has comp. orch. suite, festival
march, pieces for clarinet and pf.,
and music to Browning's Pied Piper
of Hamelin.
Wanhal (van-hal), Tohann Baptist,
compr. b. Neu-Nechanitz, Bohemia,
May 12, 1739; d. Vienna, Aug. 26,
1813. Son of peasant; at first self-
taught, later studied in Italy; men-
tally deranged for several years;
compr. of numerous symph., sonatas
(some with titles, Battle of Trafalgar,
etc.), and chamber music; very pop-
ular at time of Haydn despite super-
ficiality of his music.
Wareing, Herbert Walter, orgt. b.
Birmingham, Apr. 5, 1857. Pupil
of Swinnerton Heap, and at Leip-
zig of Reinecke, Jadassohn, etc.;
Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1886; vari-
ous org. appointments; pf. prof, at
Malvern Coll.; composed cantatas
( New Year's Eve, Wreck of the Hes-
perus), overture, 10 concert pieces for
vln. and pf., anthems, and services.
Warren, George William, orgt. b.
Albany, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1828. Self-
taught; positions in Albany, Brook-
lyn, and at St. Thomas's, N. Y.;
composed church music and pub-
lished Hymns and Tunes.
Warren, Richard Henry, condr., compr.,
orgt. b. Albany, N. Y., Sept. 17,
1859. Son of George William War-
ren, orgt.; began study of music at
an early age; orgt. and choirmaster
in New York at various churches
after 1877; 1907 at Church of the
Ascension, which position he still
holds (1910); condr. N. Y. Church
Choral Society 1886-1895, 1903-
1907, and of series of orchestral con-
certs 1905; condr. Yonkers Choral
Society; has composed 6 operettas,
cantata, orchestral works, string
quartet, songs, anthems, etc.
Warren, Samuel Prowse, orgt. b.
Montreal, Feb. 18, 1841. Org. pupil
pf Haupt, pf. of Gustav Schumann,
instrumentation of Wieprecht; orgt.
at All Souls', N. Y. 1866-68, at
Trinity 1874-76, .at Grace Church
1868-74 and 1876-94; since 1895 1st
Presby. at Orange, N. J., has given
great many recitals throughout coun-
try; compr. of church music, part-
songs, org. and pf. mus.
Wartel (var-tel'), Pierre Fransois, tenor,
singing teacher, b. Versailles, Apr. 3,
1806; d. Paris, Aug., 1882. Studied at
Choron's Inst., at Paris Cons, under
Banderali, and Nourrit; (1st prize
1829); d«£but 1830; sang at Paris
Op4ra for 15 years; after tours,
taught in Paris; Trebelli among
pupils.
WasielewsM (va-sl-e-lef'-ski), Joseph
W. von, vlt. b. Gross-Leesen, near
Danzig, June 17, 1822; d. Sonders-
hausen, Dec. 13, 1896. Pupil at
Leipzig Cons, of David, Hauptmann,
and Mendelssohn and of David pri-
vately; member of Gewandhaus
Orch!; critic for Signale and other
journals; concertmaster at Di'issel-
dorf under Schumann 1850-52;
condr. singing society at Bonn; after
living in Dresden, became town mus.
WATSON
WECKERLIN
dir. at Bonn, 1869-1884, when he re-
tired; taught history at Sonders-
hausen Cons.; wrote lives of Schu-
mann, Reinecke, etc., histories of
vln., 'cello, and of instrumental
music; composed vln. music and
patriotic songs.
Watson, William Michael, compr. b.
Newcastle-on-Tyne, July 31, 1840;
d. E. Dulwich, London, Oct. 3, 1889.
Founded West End Sch. of Mus.,
London, 1883; composed cantata
Aladdin, songs (Afloat, my country
calls me, etc.), pf. mus.; wrote
poetry; composed under pseudonym
Jules Favre.
Webb, George James, orgt. b. Rush-
more Lodge, near Salisbury, Eng.,
June 24, 1803; d. Orange, N. J.,
Oct. 7, 1887. Orgt. at Falmouth,
at Old South Ch., Boston, after 1830;
co-founder and condr. Boston Acad-
emy of Mus. 1836; pres. Handel and
Haydn Soc. 1840; went to Orange
1870, and retired there, after teach-
ing in N. Y. 1876-85; edited period-
icals Mus. Library, Mus. Cabinet,
published Vocal Technics, etc., edited
Young Ladies' Vocal Class Book,
and similar collections; did much to
establish popular interest in music
and to extend public instruction.
Webbe, Samuel, compr. b. Minorca,
1740; d. London, May 25, 1816.
Pupil of Barbandt; master of music
at Portuguese chapel in London;
secretary to Catch Club 1784; li-
brarian of Glee Club 1787; composed
nine books of glees, 27 of them win-
ning Catch Club prizes (Discord, dire
sister, When winds breathe soft,
etc.). HisN son Samuel W., Jr.
(1770-1843), also composed catches,
and held several positions as orgt.
Weber (va'-ber), Carl Maria Friedrich
Ernst, Freiherr von, compr. b. Eu-
tin, Aldenburg, Dec. 18, 1786; d.
London, June 5, 1826. Son of lieu-
tenant, counsellor and judge; youth
spent among wandering actors, etc.;
pupil of his brother, of Heuschkel,
of M. Haydn, and Kalcher, and
of Abt Vogler in Vienna; private
secretary to Duke of Wiirttemberg,
gay life cut short by imprisonment
and exile for insult to King; wandered
to Mannheim, Darmstadt, Switzer-
land, giving concerts; mus. dir. 'of
opera in Prague 1813, worked hard
to accomplish improved results;
established a national opera at
Dresden 1817; encountered difficul-
ties as champion of German opera
against Italian; composed cantata,
a very popular concert piece, Invi-
tation to the Dance, for pf. and orch.,
and songs; became widely known,
however, only in 1821 with per-
formance of Der Freischiltz at Ber-
lin; Euryanthe followed 1823; Oberon
was composed on order from London
and brought out there 1826; after con-
ducting 12 performances of the work
W. died. He composed many works
for pf . (of which he was distinguished
player), some for orch., but is most
important as opera compr. Keen,
first hand knowledge of the stage
enabled him to make his works
dramatically effective, and he seems
to have anticipated Wagner in de-
sire to have all the arts contribute
to one operatic whole. Depth of
meaning and significance, and lofti-
ness of expression are entirely lack-
ing in his work; his melodies are
often superficial and his accompani-
ments heavy. His value lies in his
power of presenting a romantic pict-
ure, of suggesting the emotional
setting of a folk-story, by ingenious
details of orchestral color (he made
several discoveries in wood-wind
effects). He was the first thorough-
ly German opera compr. and the
first of the line of German roman-
ticists.
Weber, Gottfried, theorist, b. Freins-
heim, near Mannheim, Mar. 1,
1779; d. Kreuznach, Sept. 21, 1839.
Lawyer, public prosecutor at Darm-
stadt; amateur pst., 'cellist, and flute
player; condr. soc. at Mannheim,
founder of cons, there; opera direc-
tor at Mayence; his Versuch einer
Geordneten Theorie der Tonsetzkunst
introduced system of indicating
major chords by capital, minor by
small letters, etc.; wrote other theo-
retical books and articles; founded
journal Cacilia 1824.
Weckerlin (vek'-ar'-lan), Jean Bap-
tiste Theodore, writer, b. Gebweiler,
Alsatia, Nov. 9, 1821; d. Paris, May
20, 1910. Left business of cotton-
dyeing 1844 to study at Paris Cons,
with Ponchard and Halevy; taught;
WEELKES
WEISS
joint dir. of Soc. Ste. C6cile; asst.
librarian at Cons. 1869, librarian
1876-1909; published bibliog. cata-
log 1885; success with one-act opera
L'Organiste dans I'embarras followed
by others; compr. of larger choral
works; has written Histoire de V in-
strumentation, Musiciana (interest-
ing anecdotes and essays), collected
Chansons populaires des provinces, etc.
Weelkes, Thomas, compr. b. about
1578; d. Dec., 1623. Orgt. at Win-
chester Coll. 1600, at Chichester
Cath. 1608; Mus. Bac. Oxford 1602;
published ballets and madrigals from
1598 to 1614, contributing 4s Vesta
was from Latmos Hill Descending to
the Triumphs of Oriana; part-writ-
ing excellent and original.
Wegelius (va-ga'-lius), Martin, condr.,
compr. b. Helsingfors, Nov. 10,
1848. Student of philosophy and
condr. of academical choral society;
pupil of Bibl at Vienna and of Rich-
ter and Paul in Leipzig; condr. Fin-
nish opera and mus. soc. at Helsing-
fors, director of cons.; published
overture, cantatas, songs, etc., Swed-
ish text-book on harmony, and
Course in Key Finding.
Weidenbach (vl-den-bak), Johannes,
pf. teacher, b. Dresden, Nov. 29,
1847; d. Leipzig, June 28, 1902.
Pupil at Leipzig Cons., and teacher
there from 1873.
Weigl (vlgl), Joseph, compr. b. Eisen-
stadt, Hungary, Mar. 28, 1766; d.
Vienna, Feb. 3, 1846. Son of orch.
'cellist and opera singer; studied
with Albrechtsberger and Salieri;
produced over 30 operas 1788-1825,
mostly for La Scala, Milan; 2d
court condr. 1825, and after that
wrote masses, offertories, etc.; most
popular opera Die Schweizerfamilie;
long in repertoire.
Weil, Oscar, compr., teacher, b. Co-
lumbia Co., N. Y., 1839. Educa-
tion carried on in private school at
Albany, N. Y., after which he went
to Leipzig, where he studied under
Richter, Reinecke, and Plaidy, and
at Paris, where he became closely
acquainted with Stephen Heller;
served in the War of the Rebellion
in which he was wounded, and com-
menced his professional career after
the close of the war; compositions
include four operas, many songs,
duets, etc., ana piano pieces; now
(1910) lives in San Francisco.
Weingartner (vln'-gart-ner), Paul Felix,
condr., compr. b. Zara, Dalmatia,
June 2, 1863. Pupil of W. A. Remy,
won Mozart Prize at Leipzig Cons.,
and stayed with Liszt at Weimar;
th. condr. at Konigsberg 1884,
Danzig 1885-87, and Hamburg 1887-
89, Mannheim 1889-91; 2d capell-
meister Berlin Court opera 1891-97;
ill health obliged him to resign all
but conducting of symph. concerts
1897; 1898-1908 conducted Kaim
Orch. in Munich; 1908 succeeded
Mahler as director of the Vienna
Court opera; conducted concerts in
America 1904, '05, '06; joint editor
of works of Berlioz; composed 3
operas (Sakuntala, Malawika, and
Genesius) , 3 symphonies, several sym-
phonic poems (Konig Lear, Gefilde
der Seligen), songs, sextet, etc.; has
written Ueeber das Dirigiren and Die
Symphonie nach Beethoven; condr. of
remarkable breadth, being able to
bring out not only the intellectual
structure of a work, but also its poetic
significance.
Weinlig (vln'-lig), Christian Ehregott,
orgt. b. Dresden, Sept. 30, 1743;
d. there, Mar. 14, 1813. Pupil of
Horhilius; orgt. at Leipzig, Thorn,
and at Dresden, where he was also
accomp. at Italian Opera; cantor
at Kreuzschule 1785; composed so-
natas, cantatas, etc. Nephew and
pupil Christian Theodor W. (1780-
1842), was cantor at Bologna, Dres-
den, and Leipzig; teacher of theory
to Richard Wagner; wrote a Magni-
ficat, and Anleitung zur Fuge.
Weinzierl (vln-zerl), Max, Ritter von,
compr. b. Bergstadtl, Bohemia, Sept.
16, 1841; d. Modling, near Vienna,
July 10, 1898. Capellmeister at
Vienna theatres, chorusmaster of
Mannergesangverein ; artistic dir. of
singakademie; composed operettas
(Don Quixote, etc.), psalm, oratorio,
part-songs, etc.
Weiss (vis), Julius, vln. teacher, writer.
b. Berlin, July 19, 1814. Pupil of
Henning and Rungenhagen; music
selling business established by father
descended to him in 1852; published
instructive vln. pieces, critical works.
WEITZMANN
WESTPHAL
Weitzmann (vltz'-man), Karl Fried-
rich, teacher, author, b. Berlin, Aug.
10, 1808; d. there, Nov. 7, 1880.
Pupil of Henning, Klein, Spohr, and
Hauptmann; chorusmaster and vlt.
at Riga Th., at Reval 1836; leader of
Imp. Orch., St. Petersburg, and ch.
mus. dir. there; after study in libra-
ries of Paris and London, settled in
Berlin as teacher; friend of Liszt;
wrote 3 operas, books of studies, on
counterpoint, etc., on Greek mus.,
and, most notably, Geschichte des
Klavierspiels und der Klavierliteratur
(trans.).
Wellings, Joseph Milton, compr. b.
Handsworth, Staffordshire, Dec. 4,
1850. Compr. of a "sketch," The
Dancing Master (produced London
1894), other larger works, and many
popular songs (At the Ferry, Some
Day, Only a Rose, etc.) .
Wendling (vend'-ling), Carl, vlt. b.
Strassburg, Aug. 10, 1875. Pupil
of Schuster at Strassburg Cons., of
Joachim and Halir at Berlin; con-
certmaster 1899-1903 at Meiningen
and Stuttgart; of Boston symph.
orch. 1907-08; of Festival orch. at
Bayreuth; now at Stuttgart.
Wenzel (vent'-sel), Ernst Ferdinand,
pst. b. Walddorf, Saxony, Jan. 25,
1808; d. Bad Kosen, Aug. 16, 1880.
While student of philosophy at Leip-
zig was pupil of Wieck and intimate
with Schumann; frequent contribu-
tor to Neue Zeitschrift; taught pf . at
Leipzig Cons. 1843-1880.
Wert (vart), Jacob van [Jacques or
Giaches de], compr. b. Netherlands,
1536; d. Mantua, May 23, 1596.
Going to Italy when young, became
maestro to Duke of Mantua about
1566, later at Ch. of Sta. Barbara;
prolific compr. of madrigals, motets,
etc.
Wesley, Samuel, orgt. b. Bristol, Eng.,
Feb. 24, 1766; d. London, Oct. 11,
1837. Son of hymn writer, and
nephew of the famous Methodist;
pupil of brother Charles W. (1757-
1834); amazingly precocious vlt.
and orgt.; injury to head caused
frequent attacks of nervous disease
during his life and prevented work
altogether after 1830; condr. Bir-
mingham Festival; greatest Eng.
orgt. of his day both in improvising
and in playing works of Handel
and Bach; influential in introducing
works of latter to England; pub-
lished edition of Wohltemperirte Kla-
vier 1810; composed much church
music, sonatasj marches for pf., etc.;
wrote also Letters to Mr. Jacobs about
Bach. His son Samuel Sebastian,
orgt., compr. b. London, Aug. 14,
1810; d. Gloucester, Apr. 19, 1876.
Chorister at Chapel Royal; orgt. at
several London churches (at one
time at 4 simultaneously), at Here-
ford Cath. 1832-34, at Exeter Cath.
1835, at Leeds Parish Ch. 1842, Win-
chester Cath. 1849, Gloucester Cath.
1865; condr. there of Three Choirs
Festival; Mus. Doc. Oxford; one of
best of Eng. church comprs.; wrote
anthems (especially vol. of 12), ser-
vices, songs, and glees; in every-
thing his music was distinguished
by exquisite appropriateness; his
church music had good influence on
contemporaries through dignity and
loftiness of tone and its combination
of old form with original harmonies.
West, John Ebenezer, orgt., compr. b.
Hackney, London, Dec. 7, 1863.
Son of William W. compr. and Clara
soprano; studied at Royal Acad.
with Bridge and Prout; orgt. and
choirmaster at St. Mary's; adviser
to Novello, Ewer & Co.; composed
cantatas, incidental music to King
Robert of Sicily, overture, org. music,
etc.
Westbrook, William Joseph, orgt. b.
London, Jan. 1, 1831; d. Sydenham,
Mar. 24, 1894. Pupil of Temple;
several appointments as orgt.; condr.
S. Norwood Mus. Soc. 1865-78; Mus.
Doc. Cambridge 1878; founder, with
Hammond and Crowdy, of Musical
Standard; comp. oratorio, cantata,
services, etc.; translated vln. meth-
ods of Alard, De Beriot, and Dancla;
wrote Organ Tutor, Alphabet of Mus.
Notation, etc.
Westphal (vest'-fal), Rudolf Georg Her-
mann, writer, b. Oberkirchen, Lip-
pe-Schaumburg, July 31, 1826; d.
Stadthagen, July 11, 1892. Stud-
ied philology at Marburg; lecturer
at Tubingen, prof, at Breslau, Jena,
Moscow; after 1880 lived in Leipzig
and Stadthagen; wrote many books
on rhythm and metre, especially that
of the Greeks; differed from other
WETZLER
WIDOR
writers in conclusion that Greek
music was polyphonic, an opinion
which he himself finally abandoned.
Wetzler (vetz'-ler), Hermann Hans,
orgt., condr. b. Frankfort-on-Main,
Sept. 8, 1870. Studied pf. with j
Clara Schumann, comp., etc. with B. [
Scholz, Knorr, and Humperdinck;
came to N. Y. 1893; orgt. at Trinity
Ch. 1897-1901; conducted orch. con-
certs 1902, founded W. Symph. Con-
certs (Lichtenberg condr.) 1903-05;
since then in Hamburg. Composed
for pf., concert overture, symph.
poem.
White, Maude Valerie, compr. b. Di-
eppe, June 23, 1855. Studied with
May and Rockstro, and at Roy.
Acad., where she won Mendelssohn
scholarship, and in Vienna; com-
posed mass and pf. music, and is
ranked very high among women
comprs. in England because of songs
(especially settings of Shelley), not
only for beauty of music but because"
of regard to words.
Whiting, Arthur Battelle, pst. b. Cam-
bridge, Mass., June 20, 1861. Pupil
of Sherwood, Chadwick, J. C. D.
Parker, and at Munich Mus. Sch.
of Rheinberger; after some years in
Boston, settled in New York as pst.
and teacher; gives frequent recitals
and plays with Kneisel and other
quartets; has given at Harvard and
elsewhere illustrated lectures on
chamber music; compositions (song-
cycle Floriana, chamber mus., over-
ture, suite for string orch. and
horn quartet, fantasia for pf. and
orch.), noteworthy for intelligent
construction, show gain in expres-
sive feeling; has published a book
on the use of the piano pedals.
Whiting, George Elbridge, orgt., compr. J
b. Holliston, Mass., Sept. 14, 1842. !
Played at Worcester, Hartford j
. (where he founded Beethoven Soc.),
and at Boston; after study with
G. W. Morgan in N. Y. and Best in
Liverpool, and later with Haupt and
Radecke at Berlin, taught at N. E.
Cons., Boston, resigning 1897; at
Cincinnati Coll. of Mus. 1878-83;
again at X. E. Cons.; orgt. Church
of Immaculate Conception, Boston,
1876-78, and 1883-1910; composed
organ sonata and other pieces for the
instrument, church music, masses,
a festival Te Deum, cantatas, of which
The Tale of the Viking and Henry of
Navarre are best known, a symph.,
an overture and concerto.
Whitney, Myron William, bass. b.
Ashby, Mass., Sept. 5, 1836; d.
Sandwich, Mass., Sept. 19, 1910.
Studied with Frost, Randegger, and
Vannuccini; d6but as oratorio singer,
Boston, 1858; success in oratorio,
sang also with Boston Ideal Co. in
opera; retired 1900.
Whitney, Samuel Brenton, orgt. b.
Woodstock, Vt., June 4, 1842. Pupil
of Wels in N. Y., of Paine in Cam-
bridge; orgt. at Appleton Chapel,
Cambridge, and at Ch. of the
Advent, Boston, 1871-1908; one pf
earliest to establish boy choir in
America; organized festivals of par-
ish choirs; founded class in church
music at X. E. Cons.; composed
many services, processionals, etc.
Wichtl (viktl), Georg, vlt. b. Trost-
berg, Bavaria, Feb. 2, 1805; d. Bunz-
lau, Silesia, June 3, 1877. Studied
at Munich; member of Th. orch.;
1st vlt. in court orch. at Lowen-
burg, Silesia; mus. dir. and capellm.
there; retired on pension 1863; to
Breslau 1870, then to Bunzlau;
comp. opera, oratorio, melodrama,
mass, and songs, orch. mus., con-
certo, method, and many instructive
pieces for vln.
Wickede (vik'-6-d6), Friedrich von,
compr. b. D6mitz-on-Elbe, July 28,
1834; d. Schwerin, Sept. 11, 1904.
Army officer, then official in post-
office; pupil in mus. of J. Vieth;
after 1872 composing in Leipzig and
Munich; wrote opera, funeral march
forEmp. Wm. I, overture Per aspera
ad astra, and notable songs.
Widor (vi'-d5r), Charles Marie, orgt.,
compr. b. Lyons, Feb. 21, 1844.
Son of orgt., pupil of Lemmens and
Fe'tis at Brussels; orgt. at Lyons
1860-69, at St. Sulpice, Paris, 1870;
prof, of org. at Cons. 1890, of coun-
terpoint and fugue 1896; critic;
elected member of Academy 1910;
has composed operas, ballets ( La Kor-
rigane was popular), masses, psalms,
symphonies for orchestra, etc., but
most original works are 10 organ
WIECK
WILHELMJ
"symphonies" (Gothique, etc.); wrote
also Technique of Modern Orch. (sup-
plement to Berlioz).
Wieck (vek), Friedrich, pst., teacher.
b. Pretzsch, near Wittenberg, Aug.
18, 1785; d. Loschwitz, near Dres-
den, Oct. 6, 1873. Student of
theology, private tutor, founder of
pf. factory and circulating library
of mus. at Leipzig; distinguished as
pf. teacher; among pupils his daugh-
ter Clara and her husband R. Schu-
mann, Von Biilow, Krause, etc.;
after 1840 in Dresden taught singing
also; published pf. studies, etc.
Wiegand (ve'-gant), Josef Anton Hein-
rich, dram. bass. b. Frankisch-
Krumbach, Odenwald, Sept. 9, 1842;
d. Frankfort, May 28, 1899. In
business in Paris, took lessons in
singing; member of opera at Zurich
1870, Cologne, Frankfort 1873-77,
Leipzig 1878-82, Vienna 1882-84,
Hamburg 1884-90, Munich 1890-97;
sang in America 1877, at Bayreuth
1886; became insane 1897.
Wiehmayer (ve'-mi-er), Johann Theo-
dor, pst. b. Marienfeld, Westpha-
lia, Jan. 7, 1870. Pupil at Leipzig
Cons, of Jadassohn, Reinecke and
Coccius, and of M. Krause; de"but
Leipzig 1890; after tour in Sweden,
settled as teacher in Leipzig, after
1902 at Cons.; now at Stuttgart;
compositions for pf., special studies,
Schule der Finger-Technik, Ton-
leiterschide, etc.
Wieniawski (vyen-yaf'-ski), Henri, vlt.
b. Lublin, Poland, July 10, 1835; d.
Moscow, Apr. 12, 1880. Pupil at
Paris Cons, of Clavel and Massart
(1st prize 1846), and, after concerts
in Russia, of Colet in harmony; after
long tours in Europe with brother
Joseph, solo vlt. to Czar 1860-72;
prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1862-
67; played in U. S. with Rubinstein
1872; prof, at Brussels Cons. 1874-
77; composed 2 vln. concertos, Le-
gends (very popular), Phantasie on
Faust, La carnaval russe, Etudes,
etc.; technical ability was very great;
he was accused of lack of taste in dis-
play of it and of falling short in mat-
ter of expressiveness. His brother,
Wieniawski, Joseph, pst. b. Lublin,
May 23, 1837. Pupil at Paris Cons,
of Zimmermann, Marmontel, and
Alkan, after tour with Henri of
Liszt at Weimar, and of Marx at
Berlin; taught at Moscow Cons.
1865-69, and founded pf. sch. there;
director Warsaw Soc. 1875-76;
teacher in Brussels Cons.; composed
pf. concerto, waltzes, polonaises, and
mazurkas for pf.
Wietrowetz (vye'-tro-vetz), Gabrielle,
vlt. b. Laibach, Carniola, Jan. 13,
1866. Studied with Casper and
Joachim, winning Mendelssohn Prize
at Berlin; de"but Miinster 1885; tours
in Europe; 1st woman to teach at
Berlin Hochschule.
Wih'tol, Josef, compr. b. Wolmar,
Livonia, July 26, 1863. Studied at
Mitau, at St. Petersburg Cons, with
Jadassohn and Rimsky-Korsakov;
prof, of harm, there since 1886, at
mus. sch. since 1897; mus. editor of
St. P. paper; composed symph. poem,
dramatic overture, symph., quartet,
pf. pieces; named by Pougin among
more original of modern Russians.
Wilbye, John, compr. b.!573(?). Prob-
ably teacher of mus.; perhaps lute
player; composed two sets of mad-
rigals of exceptional charm; orgt. in
London 1598; contributed to Tri-
umphs of Oriana.
Wild, Harrison M., orgt., condr. b. at
Hoboken, N. J., Mar. 6, 1861.
Educated at Dyrenfurth College;
studied at Leipzig, with Zwintscher,
Rust, and Richter; began professional
work in Chicago at fourteen years
of age; organist at Unity, Ascension,
and Grace churches; conductor of
Apollo Club and Mendelssohn Club,
Chicago, and Mendelssohn Club,
Rockford, 111.; lives (1910) in
Chicago.
Wilhelm (vil'-helm), Carl, compr. b.
Schmalkalden, Sept. 5, 1815; d.
there, Aug. 26, 1873. Pupil of Bott,
Spohr, Andr6, and A. Schmitt; di-
rector of Krefeld Liedertafel for
which he wrote Die Wacht am Rhein,
first publ. 1854, for which he
received pension 1870.
Wilhelmj (vil-hel'-my), August Emil
Daniel Ferdinand, vti. b. Usingen,
Nassau, Sept. 21, 1845; d. London,
Jan. 22, 1908. Pupil of Fischer;
d£but at 8; introduced to David by
Liszt, became D's pupil at Leipzig
WILHEM
WINDERSTEIN
Cons., also studying with Haupt-
mann and Richter; after further
study with Raff, made tours to
Switzerland 1865, then all over
Europe, to America (1871-74, 1878),
and 4 years' trip around the world
1878-82; leader Bayreuth orch. at
production of Nibelungen Ring 1876;
founded vln. sch. with Niemann at
Biebrich-on-Rhine; 1894 prof, at
Guildhall, London; arranged tran-
scriptions from Wagner and pub-
lished vln. school.
Wilhem (vil'-em), [real name Boc-
quillon], Guillaume Louis, condr. b.
Paris, Dec. 18, 1781; d. there, Apr.
26, 1842. Left army to study mus.
at Paris Cons.; applied method of
"mutual instruction," in vogue in
French schools, to teaching of mus.;
1819 organized system for mus.
teaching in Paris schools; 1820 dir.
of normal schools; 1830 from re-
unions of pupils developed Orpheons,
popular societies for choral singing,
quite new in France and still exist-
ing; details of method published in
many manuals.
Willaert (vil'-lart), Adrian, compr. b.
Bruges (?), Flanders, about 1480;
d. Venice, Dec. 7, 1562. Pupil of
Jean Mouton and Josquin Depr6s;
in Rome 1516, and Ferrara; in service
of Ludovic II of Bohemia; maestro
at St. Mark's, Venice, after 1527; at
his mus. school taught De Rore,
Gabrieli, etc.; founder of Venetian
school of comp., generally character-
ized by richer, broader effects in
place of puzzling detail; creator of
style of writing for 2 choirs.
Willeby, Charles, compr. b. Paris,
Aug. 4, 1865. Studied with Lam-
perti; has written a number of suc-
cessful songs.
Williams, Charles Francis Abdy, writer.
b. Dawlish, July 16, 1855. Edu-
cated Sherburne and Cambridge;
studied in Leipzig; compr. of music
for Greek plays at Bradford Coll.
1895, 1898, 1900, hymns, anthems,
etc.; author of lives of Bach and
Handel, Story of Musical Notation,
Story of Organ, and Story of Organ
Music.
Willis, Richard Storrs, compr., writer.
b. Boston, Feb. 10, 1819; d. Detroit,
May 7, 1900. Brother of N. P.
Willis; composed for orch. while a
Yale student; pupil of Schnyder von
Wartensee and Hauptmann; jour-
nalist in N. Y., editor of Mus. World
and other magazines and compr. of
Ch. Chorals, Student Songs, Waif
of Song (patriotic songs), author of
poems Pen and Lute.
Wilm (vilm), Nicolai von, pst., compr.
b. Riga, Mar. 4, 1834. Studied at
Leipzig Cons, with Hauptmann,
Plaidy, etc.; 2d capellmeister Riga
1857-58; teacher of pf. and theory at
Imperial Nicolai Inst. at St. Peters-
burg 1860-75; lived in Dresden,
since 1878 in Wiesbaden; composed
chamber mus., suites for pf., 4 hands,
and popular pf. solos (10 Character-
stiicke, etc.).
Wilson, Grenville Dean, teacher, compr.
b. Plymouth, Conn., Jan. 26, 1833;
d. Nyack, N. Y., Sept. 20, 1897.
Pupil of mother, Donheim, and A.
W. Johnson; taught in Lenox, New
York, Saratoga, and at Lasell Semi-
nary, Auburndale, Mass.; in charge
of mus. dept. Rockland Inst., Ny-
ack, 1871; founder of Nyack Symph.
and Choral Societies; composed
many songs and popular pf. pieces
(Chapel in the Mountains, etc.).
Wilson, John, lute player, b. Favers-
ham, Kent, Apr. 5, 1594; d. West-
minster, Feb. 22, 1673. Mus. Doc.
Oxford 1644; prof, of mus., Oxford,
1656-62; gentleman of Chapel Royal,
musician to Charles II; wrote Psal-
terium Carolinum, on sufferings of
Charles, Cheerful Ayres, etc., music
to some of Shakespeare's songs, Sigh
no more, etc.; identity with actor
questioned. [Rimbault: Who was
Jack Wilson?]
Wilson, Mrs. W., see Hopekirk, Helen.
Winderstein (vin-der-stln), Hans Wil-
helm Gustav, condr. b. Liineberg,
Hanover, Oct. 29, 1856. Pupil of
Schradieck, Hermann, Richter and
Rust at Leipzig Cons.; member of
Gewandhaus Orch., of private orch.
at Nice 1880-84; vln. teacher at
Winterthur Cons. ; condr. at Nurem-
berg; director of Kaim Concerts and
PhUh. Orch., Munich, 1893-96; or-
ganized W. Orch., Leipzig, 1896,
Philh. concerts there and at Halle;
condr. Leipzig Singakademie 1898;
composed few orch. and vln. works.
WINDING
WOLF-FERRARI
Winding, August (Henrik), pst., compr.
b. Taars, Denmark, Mar. 24, 1835.
Studied at Copenhagen, with Rein-
ecke and Re"e, at Prague with Drey-
schock, and with Gade at Copen-
hagen; dir. of Copenhagen Cons.;
compositions mostly for piano, and
chamber music.
Winkelmann (vin'-kel-man), Hermann,
dram, tenor, b. Brunswick, Mar. 8,
1849. Studied with Koch at Han-
over; de"but Sondershausen 1875;
sang at Altenburg, Darmstadt, Ham-
burg, and Vienna after 1883; sang
Parsifal at Bayreuth 1882. Another
of same name, teacher at Raff Cons.
and orgt. Frankfort; d. Mar. 11, 1899.
Winogradsky (ve-no-grad'-ski), Alex-
ander Nicolaievitch, condr. b. Kiev,
Russia, Aug. 3, 1854. Pupil of
Soloviev at St. Petersburg Cons.; dir.
Imp. Sch. of Mus. at Saratov 1884-
86; pres., dir., and condr. of Imp. Soc.
of Mus. at Kiev after 1888; condr.
Russian programs in Paris 1894 and
1896.
Winter (vin'-ter), Peter von, compr.
b. Mannheim, 1754; d. Munich, Oct.
17, 1825. Pupil of Abt Vogler; vlt.
in Electoral Orch., dir. court theatre;
court capellmeister at Munich after
1788; in frequent leaves of absence
produced operas in Italy, Paris,
and London; most successful operas
were Das unterbrochene Opferfest
1796, Marie von Montalban 1798; his
Labyrinth is sequel to Magic Flute
of Mozart, whom W. violently dis-
liked; mus. entertaining but not
learned.
Winterberger (vin'-ter-bar-ger), Alex-
ander, pst. b. Weimar, Aug. 14,
1834. Studied at Leipzig Cons, and
with Liszt; in Vienna 1861-69; pf.
prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1869-
72; then in Leipzig; compr. of origi-
nal pf. mus., songs, editor of Liszt's
Technical Studies.
Wirth (vlrt), Emanuel, vlt. b. Luditz,
Bohemia, Oct. 18, 1842. Pupil of
Kittl and Mildner at Prague Cons.;
concertmaster Baden-Baden; J;each-
er at Rotterdam Cons., orch. leader
1864-77; viola player in Joachim
Quartet, in place of Rappoldi 1877;
prof, at Berlin Hochschule; remark-
able vlt., has also acquired distinction
in viola playing.
Witek (vtt-gk), Anton, vlt. b. Saaz,
Bohemia, Jan. 7, 1872. Pupil at
Prague of Bennewitz; 1894-1910
concertmaster of the Philharmonic
Orch., Berlin; 1910 concertmaster
Boston Symphony Orch.; has given
many concerts in European music
centers and is highly esteemed as a
chamber music player; 1903 organ-
ized Berlin Philharmonic Trio, with
Joseph Malkin 'cellist and Mrs. Witek
(nee Vita Gerhardt) a Danish pianist.
Wohlfahrt (vol'-fart), Heinrich, teacher.
b. Kossnitz, near Apolda, Dec. 16,
1797; d. Connewitz, near Leipzig,
May 9, 1883. Studied with Haser
at Weimar; cantor and tutor in va-
rious towns; teacher at Jena and
Leipzig; author of Kinder-Clavier-
schule, Theoretisch-praktische Mod-
ulationsschule, and instructive pieces
especially for children.
Wolf (volf), Hugo, compr. b. Win-
dischgratz, Styria, Mar. 13, 1860; d.
Vienna, Feb. 22, 1903. Self-taught,
except for one year at Vienna Cons,
whence he was dismissed for dis-
obedience to rules; once thought of
emigrating to America but aban-
doned idea; 2d capellmeister at Salz-
burg for short time in 1880; mus.
critic for Wiener Salonblatt 1884-88;
most fruitful period of life ten years
after 1886; became insane in 1897
and had only brief periods of con-
valescence after that; composed op-
era Der Corregidor produced 1896,
mus. to Ibsen's Fest im Solhaug,
symph. poem Penthesilea, etc.; but
widespread enthusiasm which has
led to formation of Hugo-Wolf- Ve-
rein, publication of life, letters, and
his works rests upon his songs Mori-
kelieder, Goethe-Cydus, Spanisches
Liederbuch, Italienisches Liederbuch,
etc.; his songs carry the principle of
absolute truth to the words to ex-
treme; the accomp. fixes the mood,
and explains the voice part.
Wolf -Ferrari (volf-fer-ra'-re), Ennan-
no, compr. b. Venice, Jan. 12, 1876.
Son of painter; self-taught until en-
trance at Munich Sch. 1893 as pupil
of Rheinberger; director since 1902
of Liceo Benedetto Marcello at Ven-
ice; noteworthy opera compr. (La
Sulamita, Cenerentola 1900, Le dnnne
curiose, etc., and oratorio La vita
nuova 1903; also chamber music.
WOLFL
WORMSER
Wolfl (velfl), Joseph, compr. b. Salz-
burg, 1772; d. London, May 21,
1812. Pupil of L. Mozart and M.
Haydn; so distinguished as pst. that
he was called superior to Beethoven
and Mozart; lived Warsaw 1792-94,
Vienna 1794-98; tour to Paris 1801;
on tour with Ellmenreich, obliged on
account of E's faults to flee to Brus-
sels and London; published concer-
tos, pf. works, operas.
Wolle (wol'-la), John Frederick, condr.
b. Bethlehem, Pa., Apr. 4, 1863.
Educated at Moravian Coll. and
Theol. Seminary; teacher of mus.
1879; orgt. 1881-84; pupil of Rhein-
berger at Munich 1884-85; orgt. at
Bethlehem 1885-1905, at Lehigh
Univ. 1887-1905; organized Bethle-
hem Choral Union 1882; conducted
Bach Festivals, 1900, 1901, 1903;
now prof. mus. at Univ. of Cali-
fornia, and dir. of symph. concerts.
Wollenhaupt (vol'-len-haupt), Her-
mann Adolf, pst. b. Schkeuditz, near
Leipzig, Sept. 27, 1827; d. New
York, Sept. 18, 1863. Pupil of Knorr
and Hauptmann at Leipzig; after
1845 taught and played in New
York; European concerts 1855;
composed about 100 effective works
for pf.
Wolstenholme, William, orgt. b.
Blackburn, Feb. 24, 1865. Blind
from birth; educated at Worcester
College for Blind; studied mus. with
Dr. Done; early appearances in Wor-
cester; Mus. B. Oxford 1887; orgt.,
teacher after 1888 at Blackburn;
American tour 1908; composed can-
tata Lord Ullin's Daughter, songs,
org. and pf . pieces.
Wolzogen (volt'-zo-gen) , [und Neu-
haus], Hans Paul, Freiherr von,
writer, b. Potsdam, Nov. 13, 1848.
Student of mythology and philology
at Berlin; wrote in Potsdam; sum-
moned by Wagner to edit Bayreuther
Blatter 1877, published many the-
matic guides to operas as well as
pamphlets supporting theories of
Wagner whom he ardently admired.
Wood, Henry Joseph, condr. b. Lon-
don, Mar. 3, 1870. Precocious pst.
and orgt.; appeared as orgt. at ex-
hibitions 1883 and '85; pupil of Prout,
Macfarren, etc., at Royal Acad.;
some success as compr. of songs,
cantatas, etc.; condr. with Rousbey
Co. 1890, asst. at Savoy under Cel-
lier, condr. at several operatic per-
formances; gave lessons in singing
and held opera classes; 1895 gave
Promenade Concerts with selected
band, since 1896 Symphony Con-
certs, at which most distinguished
condrs. have appeared as guests;
conducted in Paris, Berlin, and N. Y.
1904; as condr. less successful with
sustained classical works than in
modern compositions where his
vivacity and force have sway.
Wood, Mary Knight, compr. b. East-
hampton, Mass., Apr. 7, 1857. Pu-
pil of Lang, Parsons, Cornell, and
Huss; songs are noteworthy for un-
expected effects; Serenade, AsJies of
Roses are popular; also wrote pf.
trio.
Woodman, Raymond Huntington, orgt.,
compr. b. Brooklyn, Jan. 18, 1861.
Pupil of father, Buck, and C6sar
Franck at Paris; asst. to father, orgt.
on Long Island, and orgt. himself at
Norwich, Conn., and in New York;
editor of N. Y. Evangelist 1894y97;
prof, of mus. at Packer Inst. since
1894; head of org. dept. Metropoli-
tan Coll. of Mus. 1889; composed
excellent works for pf ., org. and voice.
Woodward, Rev. Herbert Hall, compr.
b. at The Friars, near Liverpool, Jan.
13, 1847; d. London, May 25, 1909.
Educated at Oxford and Cuddeston
Theol. Seminary; priest at Wantage;
minor canon Worcester Cath. 1881,
precentor 1890; composed several
services, Te Deum, and anthems (The
sun shall be no more thy light, The
radiant morn hath passed away), etc.
Woolf, Benjamin Edward, critic, compr.
b. London, Feb. 16, 1836; d. Boston,
Feb. 7, 1901. Pupil of his father,
with whom he came to America in
1839; org. pupil of W. R. Bristow,
New York; condr. theatres in Bos-
ton, Philadelphia, and New Orleans;
dram, and mus. critic Boston Globe,
Gazette, and Herald; compr. of sev-
eral successful operettas (Westward
Ho! etc.); author of play Mighty
Dollar.
Wormser (v5rm-zar), Andre Alphonse
Toussaint, compr. b. Paris, Nov. 1,
1851. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mar-
montel and Bazin; 1st prize for pf.
WORK
playing 1872, Grand prix de Rome
1875; composed overtures and suites
for orch., pf. works, ballets, and
pantomimes (Diane et Endymion,
and notably L' Enfant prodigue 1890,
which was also given in London 1891,
and America 1893).
Work, Henry Clay, compr. b. Middle-
town, Conn., Oct. 1, 1832; d. Hart-
ford, June 8, 1884. Self-taught;
compr. of songs on Northern side of
Civil War, with great earnestness of
feeling and swing that made them
at once popular; also wrote temper-
ance songs (Father come home, etc.);
best known song is Marching through
Georgia.
Wouters (vo'-tar), Francois Adolphe,
compr. b. Brussels, May 28, 1841.
Pupil at Brussels Cons.; since 1871
prof, of pf. there; also orgt. and
compr. of 3 solemn masses, 3 short
masses, symph. overture, pf. studies,
etc.
Woyrsch (voirsh), Felix von, compr.
b. Troppau, Silesia, Oct. 8, 1860.
Self-taught, except for some lessons
from Chevallier in Hamburg; condr.
of Singakademie since 1895 and orgt.
at Altona, and condr. since 1903 of
town symph. and Volkskonzerte;
composed prolog to Dante's Divine
Comedy, operas, oratorios and choral
works (Passion music, Deutsche Heer-
bann, etc.).
Wrangell, Wassili Georgievitch,
Baron, compr. b. St. Petersburg,
June 25, 1862; d. there, Mar. 10,
1901. Court page (retired 1883),
pupil of Johannsen at St. Peters-
burg Cons. 1885-90; editor Nouvellist
1898-99; composed one symphony,
a suite for orchestra, music to plays,
songs, etc.
Wranitzky (vran-it'-skl), Paid, vlt.,
compr. b. Neureisch, Moravia, Dec.
30, 1756; d. Vienna, Sept. 28, 1808.
Studied in Vienna with Krauss; vlt.
in Esterhazy Orch. under Haydn;
capellmeister Vienna symph. opera
1785-1808; composed operas, ballets,
incidental mus., chamber mus., and
27 symphonies almost as popular as
Haydn's at the time.
Wrede (vra'-da), Ferdinand, compr. b.
Brokel, Hanover, July 28, 1827; d.
WYMAN
Frankfort-on-Oder, Jan. 20, 1899.
Pf. pupil of Marschner, Methfessel,
and Litolff; cantor at Frankfort,
condr. of Singakademie, and public
school singing teacher; compr. of
choruses, etc.
Wiillner (vul'-ner), Franz, condr. b.
Munster, Westphalia, Jan. 28, 1832;
d. Braunfels an der Lahn, Sept. 7,
1902. Pupil of C. Arnold, Schind-
ler, Kessler, Dehn, and Rungen-
hagen, and at Brussels, Cologne, and
other cities; pf. teacher at Munich
Cons. 1856; town mus. dir. Aix-la-
Chapelle 1858; conducted, with
Rietz, Rhine Festival 1864, also
those of 1882, '86, and '90; again at
Munich condr. court chapel, dir. of
choral classes in sch. of mus. 1867;
condr. court opera and acad. con-
certs 1869; court capellmeister and
artistic dir. cons, at Dresden 1877;
condr. Berlin Philharmonic 1883-84;
of Giirzenich concerts at Cologne
and dir. of cons.; composed some
works for chorus, distinguished as
teacher and condr.
Wiillner, Ludwig, baritone, b. Mun-
ster, Aug. 19, 1858. Son of Franz
W. Educated at Munich, Berlin,
and at Strassburg; Ph.D.; 1884-
87 teacher at Munster and began to
study music; 1889 began career as
actor at Meiningen; 1895 made tours
as reader, and in 1896 began ap-
pearances as a lieder singer, in which
his splendid intelligence and great
gifts in interpretation have given
him world-wide recognition; espe-
cially noted as ballad singer and for
his renderings of Brahms' songs.
Wurm (vorm), Marie J. A., pst. b.
Southampton, Eng., May 18, 1860.
Pupil of Pruckner and Stark at
Stuttgart, of Mehlig, Krebs, Raff,
and Frau Schumann, and of Sullivan,
Bridge, etc.; recitals in London,
Berlin, Meiningen, etc.; compr. of
concerto, quartet, sonata, etc. for pf.;
teacher cons. Hanover.
Wyman, Addison P., compr. b. Corn-
ish, N. H., June 23, 1832; d. Wash-
ington, Penn., Apr. 15, 1872. Teach-
er of vln. in Wheeling, W. Va.;
founder of mus. sch. at Claremont,
N. H., 1869; compr. of pf. pieces such
as Silvery Waves, Woodland Musings.
YRADIER
ZELTER
Yradier (e-ra-di-a), Sebastian, compr.
d. Vittoria, 1865. Works in Span-
ish style.
Ysaye (e-za-a'), Eugene, vlt. b. Li6ge,
Belgium, July 16, 1858. Pupil of
father, condr. and vlt. at Liege Cons.,
and at Brussels Cons, of Wieniawski
and Vieuxtemps, and, with state
aid, of Massart at Paris; leader in
Bilse's Orch. Berlin until 1881; tours
with A. Rubinstein; in Paris, friend
of Franck; prof, at Brussels Cons.
1886-97; condr. of orchestra founded
by himself (Soci^te" des Concerts
Ysaye) since 1894; as player, his
technic is admirable, but subser-
vient to warm emotional expression;
some compositions not published, in-
cluding 6 violin concertos.
Zachau (tsa'-kou), Friedrich Wilhelm,
orgt. b. Leipzig, Nov. 19, 1663; d.
Halle, Aug. 14, 1712. Orgt. at
Liebfrauenkirche after 1684; org.
teacher of Handel; some org. pieces,
chorals, etc. have been published
by Breitkopf and Hartel.
Zarembski (tsa-remb'-ski), Jules de,
pst. b. Shitomir, Russian Poland,
Feb. 28, 1854; d. there, Sept. 15,
1885. Pupil of Dachs and Liszt; pf.
prof, at Brussels Cons, after 1879;
has composed concert studies, Sere-
nade burlesque, etc.
Zarlino (tsar-le'-no) , Gioseffo, theorist.
b. Chioggia, Mar. 22, 1517; d. Ven-
ice, Feb. 14, 1590. Member of
Franciscan order 1537; studied with
Willaert at Venice after 1541; maes-
tro di cappella at St. Mark's 1565
till death; famous in his day as
compr., but only few compositions
extant (Modulationes, Lectiones pro
Mortuis) ; published Instituzioni Har-
moniche 1558, and 2 later works,
beside pamphlets on other subjects;
he gives clear statement of prin-
ciples of canon and elaborate coun-
terpoint; was the first to work out
distinction between the major and
minor as types of harmonic structure,
theory developed later by Haupt-
mann and others.
Zarzycki (tsar-tsits'-kp, Alexander, pst.
b. Lemberg, Austrian Poland, Feb.
21, 1831; d. Warsaw, Nov. 1, 1895.
Pupil at Lemberg and Paris; success-
ful concerts on the Continent; condr.
Warsaw Mus. Soc. 1870; dir. Cons.
there after- 1879; composed concerto,
polonaises, etc. for pf.
Zeckwer, Richard, teacher, b. Stendal,
Prussia, Apr. 30, 1850. Educated
at gymnasium, Stendal, and at Univ.
of Leipzig; musical education at
Leipzig Cons., under Moscheles,
Hauptmann, E. F. Richter, Pap-
peritz and Reinecke; grad. there,
1869; came to U. S. 1869; began
teaching in Phila. Musical Acad.,
1869; became its prop'r 1876; organ-
ist at Ch. of St. Vincent de Paul,
Germantown, 1871-78; organist Ca-
thedral, Phila., 1879-80; lecturer on
acoustics before musical societies
and at Franklin Inst., Phila.; also
at Phila. Acad. Natural Sciences;
composer of songs and piano com-
positions, also of two overtures,
Festival and Bride of Messina;
author of A Scientific Investigation
of Touch 1902.
Zeisler, see Bloomfield-Zeisler, Fanny.
Zelter, Carl Friedrich, condr. b. Ber-
lin, Dec. 11, 1758; d. there, May 15,
1832. Son of mason and intended
for same trade; but after study with
Kirnberger and Fasch, became lead-
er in Rellstab's concerts; member
of Singverein (afterwards Singakad-
emie), deputy condr., condr. 1800;
organized Ripienschule for orch.
practise 1807; also orgt. Berlin Lie-
dertafel 1809, first of such male
choral societies; founder of Roy.
Inst. for Ch. Mus. 1819, dir. until
death; noteworthy for large corre-
spondence with Goethe, as theory
ZEPLER
ZOLLNER
teacher of Mendelssohn, and for im-
portant songs and part-songs; also
wrote oratorio, requiem, etc., and
biog. of Fasch.
Zepler, Bogumil, compr. b. Breslau,
May 6, 1858. Graduated in medi-
cine at Breslau; mus. pupil of H.
Urban; parody on CavaJleria Rus-
ticana called Cavatteria Berolina,
1891, attracted notice; compr. of 2
or 3 other operettas, ballet, songs,
etc.
Zerrahn (zer-ran'), Carl, condr. b.
Malchow, Mecklenburg, July 28,
1826; d. Milton, Mass., Dec. 29,
1909. Studied at Rostock with
Weber, and at Hanover and Berlin;
came to America 1848 as flute player
in Germania Orch. ; condr. of Handel
and Haydn Soc., Boston, 1854-95,
of Harvard Mus. Ass'n concerts, of
Worcester Festival, Salem Oratorio
Society, occasional festivals like
Handel and Haydn and Peace Jubi-
lees; teacher of harmony and con-
ducting at N. E. Cons.; not so highly
trained as Th. Thomas, he yet ac-
complished much in accustoming
audiences of U. S., esp. Boston, to
good orchestral music and in de-
veloping taste for it.
Zichy (zitchy), Geza, Count, pst. b.
Sztdra, Hungary, July 22, 1849.
Lost right arm at 17, but persisted,
with lessons from Mayrberger, Volk-
mann, and Liszt, until he became
amazing virtuoso with left hand;
lawyer, in public service, gives con-
certs chiefly for charity; pres. of
Hung. Nat'l Acad., intendant of
Pesth Opera 1890-94; composed 2
operas, cantata, melodrama, studies
and pieces for left hand.
Zielinski, Jaroslaw de, pst., compr. b.
Galicia (Austrian Poland), Mar. 31,
1847. Educated at gov't school,
Lemberg, and military school, Vi-
enna, at the same time studying
music under Mikuli, Schulhoff, Ce-
rutti and Frye; 1863-64 engaged in
the Polish revolt against Russia;
early in 1864 came to U. S., served
in Mass, regiment until close of the
Civil War; took up music as a pro-
fession, lived in New York City,
Grand Rapids. Mich., Detroit, «nd
Buffalo, 1888-1910; moved to Los
Angeles 1910; compositions for orch.
and pf . ; has contributed many articles
to magazines; article in Century Li-
brary of Music on The Poles in Music.
Zimmermann, Agnes Marie, pst. b.
Cologne, July 5, 1845. Studied at
Royal Acad., London, with Potter,
Pauer, Macfarren, etc.; twice King's
scholar; de"but London 1863, Leip-
zig 1864; especially excellent in play-
ing classical mus., some of whicn she
has edited; composed vln. sonatas,
pf. trio, songs, choruses, and nu-
merous pf. works.
Zimmermann, Pierre Joseph Guillaume,
pf. teacher, b. Paris, Mar. 19, 1785;
d. there, Oct. 29, 1853. Son of pf.
maker; pupil at Cons, of Boieldieu,
Rev, Catel, and Cherubini; 1st prize
pf/ 1800, harmony 1802; pf. prof,
there 1816-48; among pupils were
Alkan, Marmontel, etc.; composed
songs and variations, romances, etc.
for pf.; great work is Encyclopedic
du pianiste (parts 1 and 2 pf. method,
part 3 harmony).
Zingarelli, Nicola Antonio, compr. b.
Naples, Apr. 4, 1752; d. Torre del
Greco, near Naples, May 5, 1837.
Pupil of Fenaroli and Speranza at
Cons, in Naples; produced 1st opera
1768, but had not much success be-
fore Alsinda, Milan, 1785; wrote 27
operas before 1811 (most famous
Giulietta e Romeo, Milan, 1796);
maestro at Milan Cath. 1792, at
Loreto, at St. Peter's Rome 1804;
imprisoned and sent to Paris 1811
for refusing to conduct Te Deum at
birth of Napoleon's son, was released
by N.; dir. royal coll. of mus. at
Naples 1813, maestro at Cath.
1816; Bellini, Mercadante, Morlacchi
among pupils; composed operas and
great deal of church music, 2 masses
for every day in year, etc.
Zb'llner (tseT-ner), Heinrich, compr.
b. Leipzig, July 4, 1854. First in-
tended for law; pupil at Leipzig Cons,
of Reinecke, Jadassohn, Richter, and
Wenzel; mus. dir. Dorpat Univ. 1878;
condr. of several societies and teach-
er at Cons., Cologne, 1885; took
male chorus on tour to Italy 1889;
condr. New York Deutscher Lieder-
kranz 1890; dir. mus. Leipzig Univ.
1898, and condr. Paulinerchor;
teacher of comp. at L. Cons. 1902.
succeeding Reinecke; mus. critic of
ZUMPE
ZWINTSCHER
Tageblatt; 1907 went to Berlin as
teacher in Stern Cons.; 1908 at Ant-
werp as dir. Flemish op.; composed
many male choruses, cantatas, etc.,
as well as symph., orch. episode, etc.
Zumpe (tsom-pa), Hermann, condr.,
compr. b. Taubenheim, Apr. 9,
1850; d. Munich, Sept. 4, 1903.
Teacher in Weigsdorf and Leipzig;
played triangle in Stadt Theatre,
pupil in music of Tottmann; helped
Wagner in preparation of scores of
Nibdungen Ring at Bayreuth 1873-
76; capellmeister in theatres at Salz-
burg, Frankfort, Hamburg, etc., and
after few years' teaching, court ca-
pellm. at Stuttgart 1891; condr.
Verein fur Klassische Kirchenmusik
1893; court capellm. Munich 1895;
court capellm. at Schwerin 1897;
resumed position at Munich 1900;
composed operas, overture, songs.
Zumsteeg (tsom-stag'), Johann Rudolf,
'cellist, compr. b. Sachsenflur, Od-
enwald, Jan. 10, 1760; d. Stuttgart,
Jan. 27, 1802. Intimate with Schil-
ler; diverted from sculpture by mus.
lessons of Poli, etc.; court capellm.
1792; composed 8 operas and works
for 'cello, but most notably 20 bal-
lads; first of many comprs. to set
music to Ritter Togqenburg, Leonore,
and other ballads later treated by
Schubert, Loewe, etc.
Zwintscher (zvint'-sher), Bruno, pst.
b. Ziegenhain, Saxony, May 15,
1838; d. March 4, 1905. Pupil of
J. Otto and at Leipzig of Plaidy,
Moscheles, Richter, etc.; teacher of
pf. there 1875-1896 when he re-
signed and went to Dresden to teach
privately; his Technical School is a
continuation of Plaidy 's; also wrote
School of Ornaments.
University of California
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