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SAN TO'SE. CALIFORNIA: FRIDAY MORNING, OCTOBERj3^914.
INDIAN SCHOOL IN YOLO COUNTY.
Eunice T. Gray Writes Interestingly of Institution Established by Northern California Indian
Association at Guinda.
1. Some of the Guinda girls. 2.
Making a sleeping porch; boys*
dormitory. 3. Group of Itidian
children, at Guinda.
By EUNICE T. GRAY.
WE VISITED the Indian indus-
trial school on a perfect Sep-
tember day, cloudless, golden
and fragrant with the odor of ripen-
ing figs and grapes, blooming alfalfa
and sunburnt fields. The road from
Winters to Guinda is through a level
country with wide pastures, fertile
fields and green orchards, a rich val-
ley tapped early in the history of Cal-
ifornia by the Southern Pacific rail-
road. Senator Stanford had such
j hopes for this section of the state that
: he laid out towns ana encouraged his
employees to invest along its line. A
large hotel was built at Esparto, and
there was every indication that the
road would be the main line from San
Francisco to Portland. But traffic
turned the other way and it became the
Winters branch, terminating at the
head of the Capay valley, at Rumsey,
a few miles south of Clear Lake.
A year ago the Yolo Water and
Power company bought right-of-way
along this line, put in a cement ditch,
a million-dollar dam, a million-dollar
bulkhead in Lakeport, and is bringing
from Clear lake water to the thousanJs
of rich acres south, turning them into
green fields which are to feed the
stock for the thousands of newcomers
even now on their way to California.
Purchase of' School Site.
When the Northern California Indian
association decided to establish afi in-
dustrial school for young Indians, they
began looking for a piece of land which
would be near the Indian settlements
and which would be a comfortable home
and a profitable, workable ranch.
Through the advice of Mr. C. A. Kelsey
the committee visited this valley and
decided that the section on the hills
above Guinda was just what they want-
ed and they purchased a tract of 483
acres and proceeded to erect simple
buildings suitable for the home and
school.
We reached Guinda about noon, a
campaign automobile was drawn up in
front of the corner grocery. It was
significant that among the score of lis-
teners two Indian women, with 'ker-
chiefs over their heads, stood intently
listening to the well-groomed, earnest
but perspiring young orator.
We reached the gate of the school
about noon and halted In the shade of
an oak for our lunch. The sun was
intense and we had a fellow sympathy
for the figs that lay shriveling in the
sun.
A well-made road, built by the In-
dian boys under their superintendent,
Mr. Olson, led us around the hill and
out on a level plateau, where the
superintendent's house and the school
and dormitory stand. A cool breeze
swept down the canyon, and there were
wide, shady places, the coolest spot we
had encountered that day. We were
greeted with warm cordiality by Mr.
and Mrs. Olsen, who made many pro-
tests because 'we had not come there
for lunch, or at least a cup of tea.
Mrs. Olsen has the entire work of the
school upon her shoulders for a few
days; the teacher was away upon his
wedding trip. She seemed equal, how-
ever, to being housekeeper, hostess,
teacher and adviser. We rested for a
time upon the cool porch of the home,
looking out over rolling hills and the
lovely Capay valley, dotted with almond
and fig orchards or gleaming with the
fitubble fields of barley.
Mr. Oisen's Plans for School.
Mr. Olsen told us his plans for the
school. H© and the boys had been
planting lemon trees on the south hill-
side that morning, and he hoped to
put in an almond orchard on a pro-
tected flat, half way down the east
slope, he spoke of the possibilities for
raising a living for the school from
the land, which would at the same
time train the boys in farm methods
and the conservation of the land.
It was pleasant to hear these two
speak of their work for and with their
I Indian children; practical, wholesome,
1 ambitious talk, with an undertone of
! kindliness far removed from the sordid
I talk of gain for gain's sake, and yet
! free from false sentimentality. Surely,
this Is the kind of training our boys
and girls need, whatever be their race.
I The Guinda school provides home
; life, industrial training and Christian
principles. It is the clear, sound note
; of morality, the gentle spirit of love,
i which distinguishes it from other
schools, and it is this which the Indian
association has felt it was necessary
■ and wise to work and strive for. and it
; is by this that the school will fail or
! succeed.
\ We vi.««ited the school, a large, airy
i building with a schoolroom, a kitchen
and a pantry. Mrs. Olsen asked the
class to read for us, but the girls were
exceedingly shy, and their voices were
almost inaudible, but after ten min-
utes of brisk physical exercises under
the l:adershjp of a tall, slim half-breed,
the school lost its excessive self-con
at us shyly, studying our faces with a
slow Intent expression as if to read
there some of the things that seemed
so hard to understand.
Fond of Musib.
But the key to the- hearts seemjed
to be music from the time that they
j sang in soft, mellow voices two hymns
with the accompaniment of a cottage
organ to the grand finale of the fare-
well serenade by the boys' band, they
seemed to feel that we were friends, a
part of the family.
My sister told the story so frequent-
ly related by the late Rev. Mr. Wake-
field of the missionary influence of a
brass band upon the Matahatla Indians
in Alaska, which pleased Mr. Qlsen
tremendously.
"Ah, yes, music is a great thing. We
have had the instruments only a
month, yet the boys think the whole
day of the practice hour that evening.
There is nothing they love so, nothing
that brings them all together like that."
W^e saw the day's baking, rolled In
a fresh cloth In the clean kitchen, a
spotless pantry and shining pans, the
work of the ten Indian girls, all of
whom had lived a year ago In the
most primitive of Indian camps. We
visited their cool, airy sleeping quar-
ters In the upper story of the super-
intendent's house. We were shown the
boys' dormitory, a large one-roum
building under the oak trees in the
rear, and it all seemed the simple, sub-
stantial beginnings of an institution
which will be a useful factor In the
country life of the state, a little oasis
of peaceful contented living in the
midst of a hurried, troubled social des-
ert.
As we were served with great bunch-
es of delicious Tokay grapes in the
cool dining-room, we were told a few
stories of the life of this little family,
full of both humor and pathos.
Girl Sold for $40.
That morning the mother and uncle
of on^ of the girls had come to take
her home. Mrs. Olsen knew the girl
was happy and progressing with them,
and she was loath to let her go. She
q. jstioned the mother closely. It was
Just as she had thought. The mother
had come for Anna to pay off a debt
Incurred some years ago 1/ her grand-
mother. She was to be married to a
good-for-nothing Indian boy In the
camp whose father had paid $40 for
her. In this way, one of the ^ greatest
problems of the school had presented
Itself that morning. Mrs. Olsen ques-
tioned Anna as to her wishes. She
hung her head and murmured, '*I stay
here."
"Do you want to go home with your
mother today?"
•'No, no, I not want to marry. He
bad boy. I stay here."
So the mother and uncle had driven
home, and Mr. and Mrs. Olsen were 'U
hopes that they could keep Anna long
enough to train her and find a proper
husband for her.
During our visit we were attracted
by a lonely little Indian girl, who
seemed to be having unusual freedom
and privileges. She had come a few
days ago with her father, and two
brothers from the Mendocino county
government reservation. The children
had been pupils in the government
school, whose $40,000 school building
had been burned to the ground by some i
dissatisfied boys.
"Gee, ain't this a lot better'n our
school," one of the boys had remarked
to his father after band practice. "I
used to get a lickin' every day, and
sometlr es two."
Far be It from the Olsens to decide
whether the likings were deserved or
not. The boys had been put immedl-
iitely in training with the others, but
little Marguerite, an unusually quick J
sciousness, and the pupils glanced up child, M^as basking m the sunshine of
Mrs. Olsen's affection and a new hair
ribbon.
Farewell by the Band.
We were given a spirited farewell by
the band. School hours over the boys
stationed themselves on Mr. Olsen's
steps and, under his leadership, ran
scales, time exercises and variations
on march themes till they finally rose
^o the grand climax of a waltz In
which the two stout boys' cheeks were
veritable balloons. The "bad" boy from
Mendocino tlng-a-llng-tanged the tri-
angle without missing a count, and the
drummer was absolutely militant. Mr.
Olsen's two young sons came home
from school In time to a.ssist with the
Waltz, but even with their help we
knew that the Guinda Indian school
band was a fore-ordained success. How
many San Jose schoolboys could play
a Waltz from a musicbook with a three-
Weeks' acquaintance with notes and in-
struments?
Our last view of the school was at
the score of girls and boys under the j
big oak tree in front of the .schoolroom, |
waving their hands to us as if we were
all old friends, of the Collie yapping i
Joyous farewell and of 'Marys" fat,
contented lamb who had, true to the
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good old story, be»n .sleeping on the|
doorstep of the school the entire aft--
noon.
Two notes dominate the harmony oi
the Guinda .school— patience and peac
Patience with the dormant, slow-
growing mindj» and soul.s in its care,
and the peace which comes with love
and faith.
Remarkable plethods of
Skull Surgei\y Followed
Since Prehistoric Days
and Rivaling All the
Best Skill of Modern
Science
/#■
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1
.49
i
Peruvian skull hun-
dreds of years old,
skillfully trephined
for an injury quite
possibly inflicted
by a murderous
spiked slungshot
like that shown be-
low. These slung-
shots of fire-hard-
ened copper and
clubs with spiked
copper heads were
the Peruvians' fa-
vorite weapons for close fighting, and so it's no wonder
there were many cracked skulls
TO CUT a piece out of the skull of a
living person is a difficult and dan-
gerous feat of surgery.
That major operations of this kind
were commonly performed by the Peru-
vians in prehistoric times has long been
known, but not until recently was it
ascertained that they— that is to say,
their present-day descendants — are still
doing it.
Furthermore, this discovery has thrown
sudden light upon what has hitherto
been a mystery — namely, the method and
"technique" employed by the prehistoric
surgeon.
It has done more than that. It has
revealed the amazing fact that the an-
cient Peruvians were acquainted with
the use of anaesthetics.
Inasmuch as their surgical knives
(many of which have been dug up) were
of no better material than flint or fire-
hardened copper, the operation of tre-
phining must have been a very long and
slow atfair. How could anybody endure
the agony of it? Think of the strain
upon the nerves of the operator I
It would have been wellnigh impos-
sible. But observations made by recent
explorers in Peru make it clear that a
powerful anaesthetic was used. It is still
in use by native medicine men in the
wilds of that country, who occasionally
perform the operation.
The anaesthetic in question was co-
caine, our own acquaintance with which,
as a valuable medicinal drug, is very
recent. In prehistoric Peru it was ad-
ministerd in the form of what would
nowadays be called an aqueous solution,
obtained by soaking leaves of the coca
plant in water.
This was supplemented by dosing the
patient with an alcoholic drink called
"chicha," in quantity sufficient to reduce
him to a stupor of intoxication.
It appears, then, that the use of anaes-
thetics in surgery was familiar to the
native people of Peru at least several
centuries before chloroform or nitrous
oxide (laughing gas) became known to
the world. In that respect their medical
practitioneers were pioneers.
Incidentally in recent explorations in
that country many ancient burying
grounds have been dug up, and in some
of them 5 to 6 per cent of the skulls
were found to show unmistakable signs
of trephining.
That certainly seems most remarkable.
But the matter is susceptible of explana-
tion, especially when the fact is taken
into consideration that nearly all of the
trephined skulls are those of men — the
male human cranium being distinguish-
able from the female by its more sub-
stantial structure.
These were v/ar cemeteries, devoted at
least mainly to the burial of fighting
men. The trephined skulls represent
soldiers who were operated on for cranial
fractures. Many of the operations were
successful, as proved by growth of new
bone about the surgical openings- ; others
were presumably failures, followed by
death.
Why so inany head wounds? Because
Artistic water jug which
found in the grave of
ancient Peruvian surgeon
may have been used to
quench the thirsf of pa-
tients whose broken heads
he patched up
the favorite weapons
of the ancient Peru-
vians, for fighting at
close quarters, were
clubs with spiked cop-
per heads and copper
slungshots, like-
wise spiked. The
slungshot was a
heavy chunk of
fire-hardened cop-
per, formed with
spikes projecting
in all directions,
which was swung
from the end of a
leather thong.
Thus it came
about that most of
the serious wounds re-
ceived in battle were
fractures or penetra-
tions of the skull.
Hence, doubtless, the
development of the
trephining operation,
in which most often
has lain the only hope
of saving life. In many cases, however,
it was performed for the removal of
brain tumors or even for the cure of
insantiy.
At best, even with the help of anaes-
thetics, it was a terrific operation— what
in these days we would call heroic. Dr.
Leonard Freeman, describing it in a
forthcoming number of "Art and Ar-
chreology," says that the patient's head
was held tightly between the surgeon's
knees — the former reclining, the latter
sitting. A crisscross incision was made
through the scalp, and the operator then
set about the business of removing from
the skull a piece of bone, usually square.
The instrument used was a sharp flint
or a knife of hardened copper with a
rough edge, set in a wooden handle. It
was applied by bracing the handle
against the operator's chest and rubbing
the edge of the tool back and forth over
the bone. Thus the process was one of
scraping. Four grooves were cut in this
way, crossing each other at right angles.
When they were sufficiently deep the
resulting ''button" was pried out.
Sometimes the hole was covered by
simply laying over it the severed lips
of the scalp. In other cases it was closed
with a little plate made from a sea shell.
One trephined Peruvian skull was found
with a perfectly fitting disk of lead in-
serted in the surgical opening. How
modern that idea seems!
Most interesting of all the trephined
skulls is one, recently found, which still
wears the original surgical bandages evi-
dently used to check bleeding of the scalp
while the operation was in progress. The
patient died under the knife, and it was
not thought worth while to remove the
bandage before burial.
The bandage consists of a long cord
wound several times around the base of
the skull, just above the ears, and also
across the top of the head from one ear
to the other. It is so ari-anged that by
pulling on a loop the whole affair can
Skull still wrapped in
the rope bandage put
on by some prehistoric
surgeon to prevent
bleeding during a tre-
phining operation
Below, a de-
scendant of
the Incasand
a carvlAg o
an Aymar
god which
they over-
threw
One of the strange Houses of the Dead in which the Incas of ancient Pern
interred the remains of members of their families. They refused to be
parted from those who had died, and so they put their bodies in the
upper part of one of these windowless towers while they lived in
the gloom of a lower chamber
be cinched up to any desired tightness.
The strands of cord passing over the
top of the skull are inclosed in a roll of
cotton covered with gauze, which repre-
sents a surgical dressing.
This dressing (discolored with what
looks like old blood) is of materials such
as are used in modern hospitals. The
cotton is soft and fine, in no way dif-
ferent from the absorbent cotton em-
ployed by surgeons to-day, and the gauze
is exactly like our surgical gauze, though
finer. It is surely remarkable that those
materials deemed so indispensable in
our hospitals should have been utilized
for equivalent purposes by medical prac-
titioners in prehistoric Peru.
Another skull, small, thin and deli-
cate of structure, is evidently that of a
Another fine example of the high
development attained by the pot-
ter's art in old Peru
woman. On the right side is a hole four
Inches long and over an inch wide, cov-
ered with a silver plate, which was held
close to the bone by a replaced flap of
the scalp. She was doubtless a person
of wealth, and prohably a princess. Con-
sidering that there is nothing but the
skull to offer testimony, it is surprising
how much can be told about her.
When a very young girl she suffered a
slight fracture of the skull on the left
side. The injury seemed trifling and did
not excite much attention. But after
a while it brought on an inflammation
of the brain which induced paralysis
of the facial muscles. The doctors —
this may have been 500 years or more
ago, mind you — knew nothing of the
fracture and operated on the wrong side
of the head. No benefit resulting, they
operated again and again, enlarging the
aperture Their efforts were unavail-
ing, and, after many years of distressing
illness, the sufferer died.
At the time of her death she was about
thirty years of age, but disease so re-
tarded the development of her teeth that
they were like those of a twelve-year-
old child. The first molars are seen
to-day in the jaw, just in the act of
erupting through the vanished gums,
while the "wisdom teeth" are still buried
an inch deep in the sockets.
All these facts are told as if in plain
English by the skull. The sex is obvious.
The silver plate (the only one of that
metal ever found, by the way) indicates
that she was a woman of means and
rank. The original fracture on the left
side, though small, is conspicuous in the
bared cranium. A distortion of the
bones of the face proves the resulting
paralysis.
The bodies from which the skulls were
obtained were burled In caves or !n dry
sand, most of them in sitting posture,
with knees drawn up beneath the chin.
In that rainless region they did not de-
cay, but became desiccated — mummified
by nature. Some of the mummies dug
out of the ancient cemeteries have false
heads, with long tresses of human hair
or vegetable fiber. Why, nobody knows;
it is a mystery.
In the eye sockets of many skulls are
set the vitreous lenses of cuttlefish eyes.
Undoubtedly a great majority of the
crania antedate the arrival of Pizarro
in Peru, 400 years ago. Most of them
are presumably much older than that.
The trephining operation must have
been a tedious ordeal, requiring at least
an hour's time. Lacking the help of an
anaesthetic, the average patient would
have died of sheer pain. One can endure
just so much. Many scratches on the
adjacent bone of trephined Peruvian
crania, produced by slipping of the surgi-
cal instrument, suggest nervousness on
the part of the doctor.
Unfortunately, the ancient Peruvians
knew nothing of antiseptic methods, and
infections must have been frequent.
Sometimes, too, it happened (as shown by
a study of some of the skulls) that the
cutting tool was forced through the bone,
penetrating the enveloping membrane,
or even the tissue of the brain. No won-
der, then, that more than half of those
who submitted to the operation died of it.
One skull has three holes in it, repre-
senting as many operations performed
at different times. From two of them
the patient recovered, but he succumbed
to the third. From observation of the
crania, it is possible in nearly every case
to judge with reasonable certainty
whether the sufferer survived or not,
and, if he survived, for how long. Sur-
vival is indicated by a reparatory growth
of new bone around the orifice.
In another skull, taken from a mum-
mified body, the scalp, some of the hair
and much of the flesh of the face are
preserved. On the left side of the fore-
head is a three-cornered hole — possibly
made by a spike on the end of a club.
The injury caused paralysis of the face,
so th^t the nose and mouth are tv/isted
to one side. An operation, evidently tried
for the purpose of relieving tiie brain
of pressure by bone splinters, was un-
successful, the patient dying under it.
There is no telling how much of super-
stition may have been concerned in ths
practice of the prehistoric surgeons of
Peru. Very likely, where the case was
one of mental disorder, they believed
that the removal of a button of bone
permitted the escape of an evil spirit.
Not so very long ago in civilized coun-
tries insanity was attributed to "pos-
session" by devils. Likewi:j«» epilepsy.
The ancient Peruvians deformed the
skulls of their babies to a remarkable
extent by tight bandaging, thereby ren-
dering them very elongate. Wiien Pi-
zarro and his followers first reached
that country he must have been aston-
ished by the shape of the natives' heads.
It has been suggested that this prac-
tice may In some instances have given
rise to brain troubles for which a cure
was sought by trephining, but most au-
thorities-pooh-pooh the idea. No amount
of deformation seems to impair the ef-
ficiency of the human brain, so long as
there is no interference with its develop-
ment in respect to volume.
It may be taken for grranted that the
prehistoric Peruvian members of the
American medical profession were men
of tribal importance, combining the funo-
tions of doctor and priest, and quite pos-
sibly rulership.
The mummy of one of them, recogniz-
able by the technical equipment buried
with him, really looks like a doctor — his
head large, his forehead high and benevo-
lent, his hair and mustache iron gray.
Though many centuries have passed
since he died, he still wears a pleasant
and encouraging smile.
That the ancient Peruvians lived in a
very high state of civilization is being
evidenced n;ore and more every day by
the remarkable relics which are being
unearthed by archaeologists.
Not only has science discovered actual
proof of the extraordinary surgical skill
of these ancient Incas and the fact that
they were familiar with the use of
chloroform and cocaine as anaesthetics
but they have also discovered that these
ancient Peruvians were fully as artistic
as the ancient Egyptians in sculpture
and that they had also developed the
potter's art to a high degree.
OCTOBEK U, 1925
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_ ^ . E. r^*- ^„^ «# ♦fw. i.'ir** United States Infantry — '^the First California Foot" — at Pine Ridije Agcnoy, Soutli Da
Lieut. Starr* tieut. Tripp, Lieut. Carrington, Lieut. BranS a doctor, Lieut. Ferris,
Jv
THIRTY-FIVE years ago the war-bu-
gles were blowing over the poppy-
flowering sea hills of California. Fif-
teen hundred miles toward the east the
dark storm clouds of the last Indian War
were fast gathering, and the blood of the
California garrisons of the Regular Army
was deeply stirring.
In the distant Dakotas, the great and
warlike Sioux Indian nation, still able to
put seven thousand warriors into the field,
was muttering In wrath and making secret
war medicine In their far-flung teepees.
Racially restless, that proud aad powerful
nation of grim warriors were, during the
year 1890, deeply stirred by the strange
prophecies of Wovoka, the Indian Messiah
dwelling in Western Nevada near the Cali-
fornia State Line; and the Ghost Dancers,
celebrating the prophesied destruction of
the White Man and the new future recru-
descence of the Red Race, had wrought the
wildest emotions of the Sioux fighters up to
a dangerous pitch.
The Ogalala Sioux of the Pine Ridge Ag-
ency in South Dakota, enraged by the brok-
en treaty promises of Washington, and ren-
dered desperate also by hunger arising
from the late loss of their crops and the
cutting down of their government rations,
were aroused to a point of frenzy by these
factors and by the Ghost Dances, and soon
broke completely away from the control
of their Indian Agent. This individual had
so loudly called for troops that Washington
at last barkened to his walls, whilst the war
news swept our country.
Hence, swiftly came to us here In Cali-
fornia, that November, marching orders
dispatching us, the First United States
Infantry, to the war front. Calif ornians
knew the regiment well; it was a proud old
regiment, with many a gallant tradition of
war service, first organized after the Revo-
lutionary War from old Continentals; and
It had been out here so long in sunny Cali-
fornia, stationed from San Diego to Fort
Gaston in Trinity county, that our California
friends smilingly called us "The First Cal-
ifornia Foot." At this time, nearly the
whole regiment was stationed in garrisons
around San Francisco Harbor; and the bu-
gle echoes of "Officers' Call" summoning us
to get our marching orders, had hardly died
away before we were hastily packing tfents
and war gear, and were under way with that
celerity that foreign officers had always so
admired In the regulars^of our Old Army.
Loaded on a special train at the Oakland
Mole, we were soon speeding eastward over
the S. P. and XJ. P. railroads, the War De-
partment granting our telegraphed request
that our regiment be sent to the front, to
join the gathering forces of the Regular
Army that were already converging to the
scene of conflict from all over the United
States. We were a gay and joyous let, in
the First Foot; we were quite young — the
rank and file averaged only twenty-three
years of age — and so we sang and rejoiced
exceedingly, as only young soldiers weary
of garrison routine can, as we waved fare-
well to the green hills and smiling valleys
The Last Indian JVar Prophet
By The Captain
of California, and tossed kisses to the pret-
ty girls in the cheering California crowds
that bade us Godspeed. Our, old captains
and war dogs chuckled deep in their chests,
and even our gruff, bluff old Colonel, W. B.
Shatter, popularly known in Texas and the
West as "Ppcos Bill," later the famouf
Commanding General of the Army of Sant^-^
ago de Cuba that broke the power of Spain
in America, relaxed into a grim grin of com-
placency at the gambols of his war cubs.
We began to shiver in the snow belt and
landed, a few days later, at Fort Niobrara
in northern Nebraska, just south of the
Rosebud Indian Agency of the ever-fretful
Brule Sioux. Swift orders arrived at last,
and we entrained on the Elkhom railway
and sped northward toward Deadwood,
South Dakota, detraining finally at Hermosa,
a terror-stricken frontier hamlet where the
few citizens who had not fled had barricad-
ed themselves in their houses or weird hast-
ily devised "bomb-proofs."
Restless, wrathful, and excited by wild
rumors, the whole vast mass of the Sioux
had bolted northward from Pine Ridge
Agency, and now lay in a great sullen half-
hostile encampment in that savage, almost
unknown wilderness near the White River
called The Bad Lands; whilst General Nel-
son A. Miles, now commanding the large
part of the whole Regular Army here assem-
bled, hastily threw a cordon of troops about
the lowering red men.
At daybreak, the First Foot swung out of
Hermosa to the southwest toward the Bad
Lands, marching all day through "a deso-
late land and lone," and finally starting to
make camp at sunset, only to be startled
by the thunder of hoofs as Barry of ours—
later a major-general in our army — galloped
up with pews of the Battle of Wounded
Knee the day before, and new orders for
the regiment to immediately march back
to Hermosa. So, all that long night
we tramped thither, a weary way in truth,
and that bete noire cf the soldier, a night
march. Did you, as soldier or civilian,
ever march continuously all day long and all
that same night, at a fast marching regi-
ment's gait? Some going! The First was
famous for its pace, too. Marching out to
California to our summer manoeuver camps
(Santa Barbara, '86; Monterey, '90 and *95;
and Santa Cruz, '92 and '96) we often hiked
at a four mile an hour gait. Load yourself
down with a rifie and ammimition and an
Infantry kit, some day, and — "Try to do it!"
Well, we did it, that night; and back into
Hermosa we wobbled, in the grey morn's
snowy light, to find General Miles waiting
for us with a special train that hurried the
regiment toward Pine Ridge, nineteen miles
from the battlefield of Mounded Knee,
where a h^avy engagement had taken place
with the Sioux led by Chief Big Foot.
This big Indian band of malcontent Sioux,
many of them outlaws through blood-feuds
in their own clans and generally all around
bad hombres, had broken away from the
Cheyenne River agency, evaded the troops
and local agent there, and had Just avoided
the Sixth Cavalry, but were eventually
rounded up on Wounded Knee Creek by
the Seventh Cavalry, whose terrible defeat
by the Sioux tribes — known as the Custer
Massacre— in the year 1876, is part of our
nation's history, and a scarlet wound in the
crimson annals of the regular army that
has guarded our far frontiers for over a
hundred years.' Big Foot's sullen band of
renegades were in a most dangerous mood,
and next morning when the Seventh started
to disarm them, Yellow Bird, the Indian
medicine man, who had been chanting war
songs, suddenly stooped down — seized a
pinch of dust— threw it Into the air — and
the Indians dropped their robe blankets,
drew guns, and immediately opened fire on
our troops. The soldiers promptly replied,
in like kind, and a short but terrific engage-
ment took place, as a result of which the
entire band of redskins was annihilated; the
Indians losing 220 killed and fifty wounded,
whilst the troops had thirty-one killed and
thirty-five wounded in the affray.
It was a terrible and sanguine revenge
that the Seventh Horse had taken on the
warlike Sioux for that red nation's fearful
slaughter of the Seventh twenty-four years
before. News of it was instantly dispatched
to General Miles, Lieutenant Guy Preston
making a notable ride of the nineteen miles
into Pine Ridge Agency in only one hour,
his horse dropping dead under him at the
agency's portals.
The huge mass of the Sioux, alarmed at
the cordon of troops being drawn around
them, had meanwhile left their grisly lairs
in the Bad Lands, and now lay encamped
south of the White River, whence some of
their young braves now dashed out against
the Seventh Horse, but were beaten off for
the tiine. They continued their forays,
however, raiding isolated ranches and at-
tacking our army wagon-trains that were
bringing up military supplies and rations
to the troops on our widely extended cor-
dons of troops now encircling the hostiles
in a double line. - But the Battle of Wound-
ed Knee had once and forever demolished
the superstitious belief of the dusky fanat-
ics amongst the Si' ux Indians that the fa-
mous fringed Ghost Shirts— made mostly of
white cotton, blessed by their raving medi-
cine men, and painted with mystic symbols
— were truly proof against the bullets of
the white man, although the medicine men
had assured their devotees that the balls
would bounce back off said shirts and kill
the hated white brother who had fired
them.
The prophecies of Wovoka. the westera
Nevada Messiah, had become inextricably
Involved in and was emotionally expressed
by the weird and to the Indian most awe-
some Ghost Dances, in which the Indian
medicine men, exerting their often uncanny
powers of real hypnotism over the Ghost
Dancers, had thrown the wildly excited red
men and women into hypnotic trances, dur-
ing which these staring victims fell to the
ground and lay there as if dead, sometimes
for hoyrs; only to finally start up In hysteri-
cal convulsions, with loud cries that they
had actually seen and spoken to their dead
friends and relatives, who all had solemnly
assured them that the Great Spirit would
soon cause the ground to op^n up in great
fissures that would swallow up the white
man, whilst from other crevices would
spring up again on earth in living form the
dead or slain red warriors, together with
the vast herds of buffalo that the Sioux had
once hunted over all these western plains
for hundreds of glorious years of red domin-
ion.
Thus, in truth, had Wovoka, the Iftsfl
great Indian prophet, lately spoken to the
Sioux chiefs who, hearing of his sybllllne
utterances, had visited him in his native
habitat near the California Line: this was
the beginning of the vicious and tragic cir-
cle that here at Wounded Knee had borne
such bloody fruit born of the mad ravings
of that strange character, and fostered by
the pathetic hopes, the smouldering wratli
and deadly despair of a great Indian nation
that saw itself passing silently away, ia
grief and hunger, before the irresistible
encroachments upon them by the hordes oi|
the white man. We of the army knew how
the Indian felt; we felt the pathos of his
sad lot; and thus there ever was between
us and him, who often were forced by kis-
met to fight together— there has always ex-
isted— a strange but strong bond of deep
sympathy. For— the real Indian was a real
man; some of them Uke the Sioux and
northern Cheyennes were, man for man,
the finest physical specimens of manhood
and as good fighting men as mother earth
ever nourished on her broad bosom. They
fought to the last man. to the last gasp of
that last man, at Wounded Knee; and
though I have been in four wars, I for one
would never willingly look again over thatt
same appalling battlefield— for there were
some terrible features about it concerning
which an American military annalist will
ever keep silent.
Meanwhile, the First Foot went on t(J
Pine Ridge with General Miles, two com-
panies being dropped off at Oelrlch— Includ-
ing the one in which I was then a lieuten-
ant—to guard that Acting Base of Supplies
for the troops on the White River line, and
to also plug a gap in the second and outer
cordon encircling the Sioux tribes. Here £
took charge of an armed six mule wagon-
train, and set off eastward, supplying thel
Leavenworth Cavalry Squadron (with whom
was Lieutenant Casey with his troop ol
Cheyenne Scouts;) also, further on, a soo-
end camp fortified by the Seventeenth Foot,
^K-fiK-r. -k^sWi
• w...b0,
'(Continues ori Pa^e Mifhtffn)
•odou ISO, aaqiouB Jo ajBls p ^^ ^^^^
pu, Xpa.a. sw J« P;7;fi'J «a«.pui eU.
OHO^q aa.v.U oP^aoioO «;»„^tf \/,,3,3 ,.a..
eqj as aaq.^ pus ""J"* ,„os ■»aAO UV
X3
gqnaAOO S.aOO SI XHOIM
sv
,viaxxv.>«iavi9 ^h
aHX NI
"... Vm -1, "^J'^a'amTuxBona' a,n«oq
i ,rtp PIMA aw""^"' ^-av am IB piBna no
„aaAas W 'r.^* ^"it « sanS ^^^ b« Pinoa
:,rr •css.rEi^ • -nsx:;;:' ^•'l- ^Sr^^^^^^^ '^« "^"»-si.. «. sjs
iaq, paB ••^^'""°„a. 8q> JO aon^.o, -*«^^o saouBU «»^« «
, .., ani lo aippEalsB W „- papaaoojd 1»3""l="" L psq s^tOBdaio.)
xnots annoi amo.
an jqa.tiAlS 03 ..100^
•sa.vBil,
,. amiiaJOJB HDjqa. 'sajm Diq"^^"''' olauM-MDOnii Pl^l .gapiy aaij oi u» -- g^ ,353
asasios Pa-trnd awn .__g„, ^^^ oaB-PlP a* PUO.* P^^"^^ ^ „^_p,p ^^^"^^o p„„o, I •mH^O »« '^ , ^^,
3 ,.}00d BiOiOJ
^„, .„,, ._. _^ ,„ „„„„.„. ..„ ^ .«:"oAoTdn7o7roJ suon OAi i^!- :"';' "^J^i-OAV l-d aanuo« p„, '•° r'x.mUt^"^' ^^'l' ''"'
H,p aawao, s.q o» "^y^^J^ iopDn^sep aq; 'qe.saW -1. Jf ^^M^^^^^H ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ '"''*r,r:,„'',-^on amos ^e P^""'!^^^, ,2_a,n ^"^ P^;^!!, 'Al'L W.«iap SB* I
X8P IBt,, se-^ f ^'^^
-oxoo
Ssie OTBW OBipni 3'"''^ ^'"If,
- - ... a«.BS am " «»o,;q 'so 3n,puB«.oo s« paAaua. -; - ^ - — •',';,,^ „..o - P^b -- - , ,uo.«..
„, ao 3unia.^P °«"'_ P!.'^ li!
.Xa.BO in«-«-n Si" m no
•aaoBJ^ It sajtnjv
saaaaoo :Xil ^ .aouBUimoo aiqB am 8B snow
••^P ""'^.''ax onoM an^l P"" WW ^1^ '^'^ ''ttZ u2. TnoqB pi^ aB.nia.. aq. ^« -^^^p;;;' „q ssaa.
—J ;Br3.-p p::-.^r pS rprmremTpa.oo, ..... ^^ ^;,^- pb, ..--,, .-«aVp..- ■- !-
^r": PB,"- :r-ruBo °>-^^"o.^ ...... ,„.„a , nr-"""""-niriiN°°r'°^^°
— =»!"■«■<■' «i« w — Por^ llidwell. located at the north en
id Ol wi
Out here •in
California, we had no such
1,1 "alarums and excursions," although
amp. tnTR. " Sixth guessed that our_Uuc,e Samue, Ju^at^his ^^Kon^u.dwen. .ocateo^at^tne^.o.^^ -^-^ ^^^^^ D^-../^^''^
had quickly
Horse, to be warmly greeted by hungry call and command such thousands of white ^ .^ ^^^^^^ county, under the shado^ spread to our California Washoe Indians,
troopers, smiling classmates, and dear old and "buffalo" soldiers, as they called the ^^ ^^^ Earner Mountains and the lofty ex- around Lake Tahoe; a small tribe quite dif-
Jack Pershing, later on to be 80 justly fa- colored regiments. , volcanic mass of Mt. Bidwell, is on- lerent from the Piutes, an ethnoloj^ical is-
uious as the able Commander of the Ameri- So peace can':- once mcic- to ottr coun- ^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Nevada State line let amidst the Sierra Indians. It also in-
t i;n Armies in France. ' try; Congress h»istened to redeem our brot ly ^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Oregon line, fected the Indians living near Bridgeport
On my return to the Supply Base. I just en treaties and promises; and the reginar ana g ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ p^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ California and spread
missed meeting Lieutenant Casey, witk regiments were ordered back t« their fori^^^^ Jgainst whose enlistment I duly reported to clear out to the red men dwelling on the
whom I had an engagement that same day stations all over the Umtec states leaving ^^ainst wn ^^^ ^^^ soldiering, western slopes of the Sierras, most of whom
to rMe with him and his Cheyennes (the h- the Seventh Horse and «"; <>;- ^^^^ p- was soon relieved as Commanding Offi- helong to the same large Shoshonean stock
reditary foes of the Sioux) to get a view behind as Agency guard for » while Shortly ^ Lieutenant S- also of as the Piutes. This same Indian craze also
from the hills of the big hostile camp; but afterward, there canje tons of the First, dire ^er «i P . ^^ ^^^ ^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^, Southern and
delayed by my escort, which proba- rumors tlfnt -e would never see sunny Cali- ours ^ p ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ Southwestern California to the Pacific
wrthurTnTldeitaTry ^s;;;d 'm7''lif'e-;". fornia again but were instead now to be ^jfJ^^^^j^^g^hereTolil O^;;;:^ Am^ngsV'our" own Mission Indians.
^ — stationed at some God-forsaken western the inaians ^^^ e medicine men prophesied the coming
frontier post. Wow! Did the "First CaJi^ tLs to Lk Tw;vok^ he Mesiah. the destruction of the white race, and the res-
fornia Foot" go straight up m he air? We ^^^^« *^^^^^^^^^ machinations or rar- toration of the red man to his former do-
did— to a man I'll tell the extremely pie- Indian P^opnex wuob« ^.^y,,^,^^^^ y,^A _,„,_ ^^,, ^„, nnnntrv- and they corn-
Casey was that day fired on and killed by s^^^^f^^f^^^^*
some young Sioux braves.
Back again at Oelrich. I found our two
had gone on to Pine Ridge,
companies
bald knock-kneed world we did — and we
ings, prophecies or general blah-blahing had minion oyer our country; and they
»»munu»Miinimiiiin:»n»i»n»M«mt«
;n:v./*
IN THE FOOTHILLS
0
ly Sioux, but smiling and even chatty when {||^Tnm|i|fj||||iiiiillfll I llllllllinmtmn
we were alone in my tent, of wintry nights
By GLADYS CATTELMAN
NIGHT IS GOD'S COVERLET
OF SOFT EIDERDOWN,
THROWN GENTLY ON THE EARTH
AND TUCKED IN ALL AROUND
BLUE, FOR OlJR SLUMBER,
EACH STAR IS A DREAM
IN THE PATCH\N'ORK OF HEAVEN
WITH THREADS OF MOONBEAM
whIrTT and my -detachment P-ceeded to Z'l,,;:;i-riLi:::^r.mcZZ::::r.:^l 'aTcVelim; played so large, lurid and tragic a --^f , «''^«*f»-J»^^,^^^*,„,'^^
join the regiment there, finding that Agency ** . amidst the geatest excitement.
In a tense state of excitement, as no one
could as yet guess which way the cat was
going to jump. Our First Foot, the Seventh |;
Horse and a battery of light artillery were i:
on guard at the Agency, and we all stood ;;
(and slept) under arms for some vivid days ;;;
and nights, whilst the war bale-fires nightly ; :
glittered on the frosty hills around the big :
hostile encampment still thronged with :
thousands of Sioux warriors in their war- i
paint. The First Foot was here and now j;
mounted on local horses and did duty as ;;
mounted infantry, but I myself was detailed ;
as Commander of one of the three mounted ;
troops of Ogalala Sioux Scouts enlisted at :;
the Agency — some of them with the war «:
paint still daubed on their forocious faces.
It was a great compliment for a young of-
ficer only twenty-three years old, and 1 was i;
naturally as tickled as a Piute pappoos© :;
with a bright-red bran-new tin choo-choo car i : ;
that when properly wound up would run ;:
all over his Nevada-California wickiup. It ;:
was also a fine opportunity for further study :
of Indian character, fairly familiar though ::
1 already was with it, through having been i
brought up as a kid along with Indians in
the stormy old days in Texas along the Rio
Grande.
I lived with my Ogalala Scouts, and a
finer lot of men physically I never saw — and |
I have seen the fighting men of nearly ev- ;
ery civilized nation under arms in the field.
1 shared my big Sibley tent with my First ;:
Sergeant, Iron Rock, a grim old sub-chief of : I
thQ Ogalal^ Sioux, and noted for his fear- |
less bravery amidst even that race of brave ;;
mea. Also I took in. as interpreter, my ;:
Jrumpeter, a bright young Sioux who was a ;:
graduate of Carlisle Indian School; also i:
my quartermaster-sergeant, a tall and ^tate
Potrero,
;t»nmi
we were alone in my tent, of wintry nights rnes^^aees to part in the late SSloux Indian rumpus herein
amidst the terrific snow storms and howling we proceeded to burn uP 7^^*^ ™^^«^^^^^^^^ narrated.
blizzards, for he ^as full of amu^^^^^^^^ ^rfcei^eTo^Ver^^^^^^^^^ S- was one of the most charming chaps a - -^ — -— ; ^eTatrd^srosr^nrrn
servations and anecdotes of his queer expe- received orders soon. b splendid officer, polished Virginia gentleman. :^™„f^,. _ A.^nnhn. to thP northern Che:
"»ttt AH over Southern California, the Indians
were greatly wrought up; and when, in the
summer of 1891, the Colorado River broke
loose and the Salton Sea burst into being,
I the Indians near by fled precipitately tc the
il mountains, frightened at this speedy and
:; startling fulfillment of the first part of Wo-
:; voka's prophecies. They were not quite
:; fully convinced, yet they preferred lo take
: no chances; so they perched hopefully on
: the adjacent mountain peaks for three or
I i tour days, until the pangs of hunger forced
: them to descend again to the lowlands, em-
i:; bittered by the despair of another lost hope.
West of Fort Bidwell, California, v/here I
; was then stationed, the Pitt River Indians
; of northeastern California (another distinc-
; tive Indian group, differing from both Pl-
i utes and all other tribes) still dwelt in Mo-
ll doc county. The northern bands had once
I suffered in the past by slave raids from the
;; Modocs, while their own southern groups
: later had terrorized northern California
:: during the sixties. All these began to
: ; Ghost-Dance in '90, also did the Mohave In-
i; dlans and the Walapai and Chemehuevl of
::; Northwestern Arizona. In fact, the immense
I : area swept by this strange Indian doctrine
;: embraced nearly the whole vast territory
\\\ lying between the Missouri River and the
;: Pacific Ocean or The Cascades, with their
;: many different tribes of red men.
i: I had heard, from my Sioux Scouts in Da-
;: kota, such weird things about the Indian
: messiah, Wovoka, that now that I was close
H to his native haunts near the California
;il line, I was anxious to both investigate and
II later meet him— if I could. No newspaper
:; correspondent had ever seen a Ghost Dance,
I nor glimpsed this aboriginal prophet.
Originating here in his native habitat, the
Ghost Dance craze had soon spread from
the Piutes (to which Wovoka belonged) to
their linguistic cousins, the Bannt cl^ Indiana
of Fort Hall, Idaho, and thence eastward,
>, * • .. iPnrnnr with Rnff^^ln heloved California. Ah, that was a wild splendid officer, pousnea virgmia g«uu«maxx. ^Q^thern Arapahoe to the northern Chey]
riences when touring Europe with Buffalo beloved Cal^^^^^ that joyous order came and a distant kinsman of mine, so I was de- l^J ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^j ^i^ings on t<'
Bill's Wild West Show ^Lto^s on he Da\ot^^^^^^ large- lighted to see him; and Quickly secured his ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^„^^^jj, ^^^,^^^ ^, Te
Famous ^^f^i^^ ^"\^^7„^f" ,^^1 ^Z w to our California friends, wives and consent to accompany him on his recruiting ^ • Upon these last named hearin,
joined General Miles at Pine Ridge, and ly to our ^.aiirornia i c ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ mission to lo- ^^° , "V ' „ * - ^j._ me-siah Red Clou(
that celebrated frontier scout -s a rorna. --^-■2„«; ,„ ,^,,, ^, osalala Sioux cate and "pinch" the wily red mischief-mak- "^.T Jr"a\":rief ' thT Sala' S.oux.^
tic sight with h.s ^P>«°^«>„,«=''"'''8« „°" scouU-OgaTala Ogalaska they called me. er. with a view to letting him meditate ^^^^^^ Horse. Young-Man-Afraid-for-Hlsi
horseback, ^J''^. '»^f 'fl=«^«^. /°^,f «'^' ^trZ rny TuL loU skin overcoat-but awhile on Alcatraz's rocky islet concerning ™f°„a ^^^^^ gio^^ chiefs had called
f:r':fHr;rrkin^".'arrwifh t^iZ Camor2 was dearer than all. "We shall the_foUy of trying to monkey ^^^^^^^^^^ ,„„„,„ _ P.„e Ridge, in the^ia.l of ;89.
cupine-quilled buckskin garb
ing colored fringes
General Miles him- always look for you and want you to return Uncle Samuel's dusky lieges i°^theJDakotas. ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^ therefrom, had then sent
the gallant chevalier. Indeed, it was solely sons will be ready to fight
"■"^^ ^ - -hief. Ogalala Ogalaska." -
was a full joyous home-coming, In and made trouble lo
and deadly dangerous situation ^;nere taa. .a.u. when ^-sain^cros^d^he^S^^^^ '"^^^^^'^^ *^.^:^L::^.!'^^ Tev^nry^mii;: t'o" the-routh '^t Walker I.ke.
int Chevalier. '^'^^^.L Z.evl our chief Ogalala Ogalasto." dian prophets that have stirred up war. n^jJ^.^aters-'-as they called the Piutea-
""^ '\'J.\r,^'r;lir'nnh; omtnc'us Tt was' T full joyous homecoming, in and made trouble for us m the army for ^^ ^^^^^.^ ^^^^ .„ ^^^,^^„ ^ ,.,J
tience, and skillful handling of the ominous
sent them on in wagons to meet Wovoka]
'^ '!7'"'Hn?ht!r.v\Yve''cost'rur c;uatry g^eeterour California amigos. What brave the accounts we had, a more mysterious and "—";: ^^.^ ,„„„a a vast concourse of In-
would undoubedly have cos our counUy gre ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^.^ T'V^''\lZrnm^\^o^o^l d*^""- "' '"''"'5' "l'"^'^"' ^""^ ^'^''^ "'""•
y. For there were on ine »P°' «"» drunk— the favorite toast being— "Here's western red races. At this time Wovoka „ the United States:
'^'^.VL?.f,l'lV::. rv^wirraZv' trcaufomia. God's own country! Watch was reported^ to be living near the Cai.for- f^^^ „^^^ „„,, ,,„,„,,,3 ..^ro than I
heavily,
arms
of grim half. hostile Sioux; they were ang^^^^^ Le waTa cr^kV'-thrs Ta^rbVlng qur; nia State line below Lake Tahoe and was ;;;/;j;,;,7efore"s:rd Porcupine later,
suspicious, and only the faith that the red ^® ''^^; ^''^^g ^^^ „, big California din- said to be wary, embittered, and secretly l'^ understand any of them."
tribes always had in Miles finally induced ""^^ !«"• "„\°^„,7„,_,„^,^.,i„„ ^.^^ nreaching treason to his Indian intimates. "Tn..! "l ".,.,«., ..h. ,n««,»h could sneak
tribes always naa m "'"".""'•7 '"-■-,- -^ j^ tte gay old preprohibition days. preaching treason to his inaiai
them to heed the wise advice of their old °«'«_ '° ^t f^^f.v ,Lr „„r rPt.irn to Cali- though outwardly avoiding the
'But " he added, "the messiah could speak
'''''°oh?pf" Red'clouranT^ev^nUauTm;;; One day shortly after our return to Cali- though outwaraiy ^J^^^^^ -« very pr^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^_^^ ^^^^^ ^,,^3 ^^,, ,^,e. but
war chief, ^^^ Cloud, and ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ j ^^s intercepted at the old Bohe- ence of all white men. The ^^ a r Depart ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^
back once more ^o f ^!^ /;^^^^^ ^^^/^*^« mlan Club, then at Post ^nd Grant Avenue, ment had its eagle eye on him. ^^t could ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ .. ^^.^ ^^^
CTOunds on the upper ^\hlte Clay C.reeK. i^u^ »^ ^ ^ ^^^ „^„^,oi ^^t«. ,.o find and trap him? It was a question, ^^^^^ ^ marvel— a one-tongue that all that
many languaged lot of tribes understood!
Verily, he must be a prreat prophet'
In the Spring of '90 the Sioux pilgrim
grounds on the upper >\niie i^iay v.r«cn T ". ^ V^: ^o ,.«mn nf the eeneral com- we find and trap him? It was a quest
It was a wonderful, "f o^-ge^^^ f J' ^^.^ ^rDTpanment orcfufoTnt.Td bTt fn the servici. "to hear is to obey." a.
to see that immense red ar,my of savage "^* " ^ i i personage in the Arabs say, and we. therefore, at once set
warriors cross the plains ^^J^^*^ ««^^ Ms office in the ol/phelan'building. Isked on foot an expedition to locate and capture ^^ ^
tary order and discipline tH'oughout their ^^^^ ^^ .^ .^ ^^^^ ^„^^„,y possible and thus ^^^ ^^^^ ,„,„^,
martial ranks, "'f'^.f I^rfr d ng the cJitornU to ihere enli«t an Indian complete the circle of tragic events inspired jhie'^^ ^^^^ ^„^^ ,^^^^„
of their army, their "''°'?'^^. "°'°°„ \° . company for my regiment, as was now be- by his fateful prophecies.
outlying hills, the r^^.^!""^/'"^'"^ Zl. LT done in ^ach regula^ regiment as a Few can realize what excitement was
[-trains, and their young ins
hind their wagon-trains, ana tu«ir ,«uu» ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^.^^ ^ hesitated-and caused out West by that
^TftVAs ealloDins madly oaci iur uruci. „„^^,,; k„ -«n *^ .01 «.j*ii Ur ereat head!
braves galloping
from their great war-chiefs
lost. Soon I was speeding by rail to '91, with its great headlines in the news-
port that, after traveling thousands of
miles, they had at last come to the base of
q'''' v'wpTof V(^ the mighty snow-capped Sierras and there
Sioux War of yi>- ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ prophet who said he was the
of God, the Christ, and showing them
by
Miles near the Agency of the many
•otuisdi oniBo
r'*!fn^n^*'^°^'^'°°^ ^^'^''^ ^""^ ""^^ ^sifj,. ^^^ PIQ i^OAi 'isod jan'nojj
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31DOJS auouoqsoqs aSaei aiuBs oq| o; Suoiaq .^^ Samueuiuio^ sb Da!^,! J^l!"^^ ^"^ ''^^ ^•'IP •mi^ aquo en o^ auiBo ajaq^ pjBMaajjB inq !duiBo amsoq aiq eq) jo snm anj xnojr
eq, no Suinaiup nam paj aqj o} jno aeaio o"j VauodailmB"i"^ntZ^ln^ a^Z^^^?^^'''''^ '°°'* 'sJW a*" •"'<' ?"« ^s-iOH mnaAas'aq, -.q eq,) suuaa^aqo SR pne ra.q q,,^ an,, o,
pveads ,n,a B,n.o;!,BO a, onow a^^a puo ..l^n.j aq/il7 ITam samDT^^,„''°'^^' ^'"*"^' '"^'^'^ ^'""'^ -"' '^'^^ "^ ^"""""^ "" "'"'' '^■" '=3<«33B3aa nl pjq I mou«
-s! iB3!Soiouq,a UB 'sajnid aqj moj, ,aai3j -no o, „Lm^ ?^ ^ ' "^ ''•"" '^I •'°-"l «o maapaj oj panajBuq ssaoSnoo :xa» .^ ^
-,.p a,mi. aqu» nems ^ laoq^i ajiBa pnnoiB .„ f' ' *f' ^ '" *" ''^'" ^•'"^^'"•^ J^""" "'"«» ••no o, -qm sduo -r.a., aoeaa og -.jarav sni lo ..n„..nr„T"* "" ^^'"'^ ""'
•Basipa, aoqsm BjaaojuBo «o o» ptjaaas ^Lp„= ' ^' *'°'' «°""'"'°« ^'"--^Ai aq, jo -s^aaunaai paaoioa -« Xmnt o^ »n '1, ^ ''"lo ^"^ '" """"
il,o.nb p«q anwoop a.uBQ isoqo aq, ^.^l^V''*'""' ^'°""' '"""'^ "' ^'"-'A ^"W P-l.<» ^^^^t «« "saa-pio. ..o,«Bnq . pu' p?o «ap Pw 'l^L c "*i ^"'"""'^ ^•"^'•
qanoqjiB ..'snoisanDxa pa^ su.na8,B puA^ ,*!'1"S anfesaanwid n, sa^Bi S.q aa,^, aq, a,.q.« ;" spu^suoq, qon. puewiuoD pae uo., iSano ia L-,? T ,' °""°' '^^''"''•"
qans ou pB, a^ .B,aao„Bo a,.aA",no '" '"' '"^°" ^■" '^ P^'^=°' '"^^P'S '--^ »J1 ,b pe/ -.anu,Bs apna^no ,«„ passL 'urraqr/UqV'd^BrrB.'VL ''"°»
,vl,ere the trJoi-s bad had a flght with hos- appalled tUem, as few ""• ^-^^ had °hey n en"t. • Qut »ere in California, we had no such
,i.e ludians tie day before and even.uaiy .n action before: »nd ne^er had they ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^ *iM '..Ilan.r. and excursions," although
reaching the last camp, that of the S.xth guessed that our ^ ude fa'""^' /^^ ;^,,,.jg the three big lakes in picturesque Surprise the GW-sl l>ance doctrine had quickly
lorse. to be warmly greeted by hunery <al an,l command such thousands of J hue 6 under the shadow spread to our California Washoe Indians.
TTZ\TTfJ^rTr^ ^""^ n 1 o2L2''""^:n.:T "^ of the Wamer Mountains and the lofty ex- ™j l>ake Tahoe; a small tribe ..uite dif-
Jack Pershing, later on to be so justly 1ft- colored regiments. . . , . * t»c* ^.. , ,, • ctiuuuu > „;.,.,i ;„
i.ous as the able Commander of the Ameri- So .peace c:.n'3 once moie to our coun- tinct volcanic mass of Mt. Bidwell is on- ferent from the Piutes an ethnological is-
< an Armies in France. try; Congresb hastened to redeem our brok- !>' ^^^^e miles from the Nevada^ State line let amidst the Sierra Indians. It also in-
On mr return to the Sunnly Base I iu«t ^n treaties and promise.; and the regular and about eight miles from the Oregon line, fected the Indians living near Bridgeport
mi^Ld meet^nrLieu^^^ regiments were ordered back to their former The only Indians there v ere the i lute., ..^ bake Mono in California and spread
w^m I hafan en^^^^^^^ that same day stations all over the United states, leaving against whose enlistment I duly reported to clear out to the red men dwelling on the
to ride wUh him and hrCheye^^^^^ the Seventh Horse and our own First Foot headquarters, as being unfit for soldiermg. western slopes of the Sierras, most of whom
Tedifery toes ^f the Sioux) to get a view behind as Agency guard for a while. Shortly P- ^as soon relieved as Commanding Offi- belong to the same large Shoshonean stock
[roTthe hittsrof ti^^ b nostUe camp- bu^ afterward, there came tons of the First, dire cer of the post, and Lieutenant S- also of as the Piutes. This same Iiuban crnze also
1 Tas delay^^^^^^ rumors that we would never see sunny Call- ours was sent up to take his place, and swept through the Indians of Southern and
bly thus fn^dentX ^ved C Hfe-a. fornia again, but were instead now to be zander over the adjacent States and see If Southwestern California to the Pacific
CasefwasXt dlv^^ by stationed at some God-forsaken western the Indians there would do for soldiers for ocean. Amongst our own Mission Indians.
Casey ^as that day nrea on ana kuiea oy ^^ In^ji^n company. Also, came instruo- their medicine men prophesied the coming
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frontier post. Wow! Did the "First Call
fornia Foot" go straight up in the air' We tions to look up Wovoka, the Mesiah, the destruction of the white race, and the res-
Back again at Oelrich, I found our two ^^^_^^ ^ ^^^ pjj ^^j, ^j^^ extremely pie- Indian prophet whose machinations or raT- toratlon of the red man to his former do-
companies had gone on to Pine Ridge, knock-kneed world we did— and we ings, prophecies or general blah-blahing had minion over our country; and they com-
where I and my detachment proceeded to . - . ~
join the regiment there, finding that Agency
In a tense state of ' excitement, as no one
could as yet guess wtich way the cat w»i ;
going to jump. Our First Foot, the Seventh :;;
Horse and a battery of light artillery were ;;
on guard at the Agency, and we all stood :|
(and slept) under arms for some vivid days :;:
and nights, whilst the war bale-fires nightly ;::
glittered on the frosty hills around the big ::
hostile encampment still thronged with \l\
thousands of Sioux warriors in their war- H]
paint. The First Foot was here and now ]][
mounted on local horses and did duty as ;:;
mounted infantry, but I myself was detailed ;:;
as Commander of one of the three mounted ;:;
troops of Ogalala Sioux Scouts enlisted at ;:;
the Agency — some of them with the war j:
paint still daubed on their ferocious faces. ']'•
It was a great compliment for a young of- ;:|
ficer only twenty-three years old, and 1 was ;;;
naturally as tickled as a Piute pappoose ;:;
with a bright-red bran-new tin choo-choo car ;:;
that when properly wound up would run ;:;
all over his Nevada-California wickiup. It ;:;
was also a fine opportunity for further study ::;
o^ Indian character, fairly familiar though ::;
I already was with it, through having been \l\
brought up as a kid along with Indians in ;;;
the stormy old days in Texas along the Rio ;:;.
Grande.
I lived with my Ogalala Scouts, and a ;:,
finer lot of nien physically I never saw — and |
I have seen the fighting men of nearly ev- ;;
ery civilized nation under arms in the field.
1 shared my big Sibley tent with my First i:
Sergeant, Iron Rock, a grim old sub-chief of i;
the Ogalala Sioux, and noted for his fear- ;::
less bravery amidst even that race of brave ;;;
men. Also I took in, as interpreter, my •:;
trumpeter, a bright young Sioux who was a ;:;
graduate of Carlisle Indian School; also ;:;
my quartermaster-sergeant, a tall and state- ::;
lit astraddle of the telegraphic wires, which aforetime played so large, lurid and tragic a menced Ghost-Dancing at the Potrero.
amidst the geatest excitement.
lllllllimmilT"MfinHTTfT'M! «" mmiimimilMtlt ^ij Qygr Southern California, the Indians
IN THE FOOTHILLS
By GLADYS CATTELMAN
NIGHT IS GOD'S COVERLET
OF SOFT EIDERDOWN,
THROWN GENTLY ON THE EARTH
AND TUCKED IN ALL AROUND
BLUE, l^OR OUR SLUMBER,
EACH STAR IS A DREAM
IN THE PATCHWORK OF HEAVEN
WITH THREADS OF MOONBEAM
I were greatly wrought up; and when, in the
:| summer of 1891, the Colorado River broke
:l loose and the Salton Sea burst into being.
I': the Indians near by fled precipitately to the
:; mountains, frightened at this speedy and
:; startling fulfillment of the first part of Wo-
: voka's prophecies. They werr not quite
: fully convinced, yet they preferred lo take
: no chances; so they perched hopefully on
i the adjacent mountain peaks for three or
i four days, until the pangs of hunger forced
; them to descend again to the lowlands, em-
:; bittered by the despair of another lost hope.
West of Fort Bidwell, California, where I
;: was then stationed, the Pitt River Indians
: of northeastern California (another distinc-
■ tive Indian group, differing from both PI-
I utes and all other tribes) still dwelt in Mo-
1: doc county. The northern bands had once
\':': suffered in the past by slave raids from the
::; Modocs, while their own southern groups
::; later had terrorized northern Oalifornia
:: during the sixties. All these began to
;: Ghost-Dance in '90, also did the Mohave In-
:; dians and the Walapai and Chemehuevi of
\\\ Northwestern Arizona. In fact, the immense
iii area swept by this strange Indian doctrine
':[': embraced nearly the whole vast territory
lying between the Missouri River and the
Pacific Ocean or The Cascades, with their
many different tribes of red men.
I I had heard, from my Sioux Scouts In Da-
: kota, such weird things about the Indian
:: messiah, Wovoka, that now that I was close
iii to his native haunts near the California
iii line, I was anxious to both investigate and
;: later meet him— if I could. No newspaper
::: correspondent had ever seen a Ghost Dance,
i: nor glimpsed this aboriginal prophet.
;:; Originating here in his native habitat, the
ly Sioux, but smiling and even chatty when ftttltllillMIMMMIMIM''''Minillllllllilttl!!!t''''''''"''''' '''""""''''''''''''"""'''''' ''''''''""""'^ Ghost Dance craze had soon spread from
we were alone in my tent, of wintry nights ^ ^„.- ,„ ., .^. ^,„,,- mrfian rumnua herein ^^^ Piutes (to which Wovoka belonged) to
amidst the terrific snow storms and howling we proceeded to burn up with messages to P^^^^ '°^^^^ ^^^e bloux Indian rumpus herein ^^^.^ ^^^^^^,,^^ cousins, the Bannock Indians
blizzards, for he was full of amusing oh- the powers that be; and hence, we at last ''^""^^^; ^^^ . .. ^^ . ' . ^^j^^ .j^^a ^ of Fort Hall, Idaho, and thence eastward,
servations and anecdotes of his queer expe- received orders soon, sending us back to our ^^^- was one of th^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^jl^ ^^1^,^^ Sj^^3^^^, ^^^
riences when touring Europe with Buffalo beloved California. Ah, ihat was a wUd ^^^ff ^^/®^^^^^^^ the northern Arapahoe to the northern Chey-
Bill's Wild West Show. night, mates— when that joyous order came and a distant kinsman of mine, so 1 was ae- ^ ^^^^^ ^^^ .^ j^, ^^^^ ^^ ^^
Famous Buffalo Bill himself had now unto us on the Dakota plains-thanks large- ^^^^^^ Vtr/Zeor^nrhiron his^ r^^^^^^^ the wild, warlike turbulent western or Te-
joined General Miles at Pine Ridge, and ly to our California friends, wives and f^^^^^^^Vhiroth^rand sTcre? mission to fo^ '^- ^ioux. Upon these last named hearing
that celebrated frontier scout was a roman- sweethearts. ^ , , c- , . ^^tp and ^Ich'the tiW red mischief Lt ^^^^^ '^^^ °^^ ^^^^^^ «^^««*^^' ^"^ ^^^"^
tic sight, with his splendid carriage on 1 was sorry to leave my Ogalala Sioux cate a^d ^'""^f^^^l^^'^JJ^^^^^^^ (the great chief of the Ogalala Sioux.)
horseback, bis magnifice
sweeping mustachios, and b
cupine^quilled buckskin garb i.,vu ••.<> ««..- ~
ing colored fringes. General Miles him- always look tor you and want you to return L,nc.e oamue. » ""»^-' "T6" '" '""^"''"'"r- and as a result therefrom, had then sent a
seff fascinated the eyes of his young sol- unto us." said old Iron Rock, at our solemn Besides, "^y ^Salalas had to d me such s,„„,, deputation, including Short Bull,
StTr admirers, as he rode by, for he was- parting. "We will always remember you strange we.rd tales ^b°»; ^-f ^'^"f ^«° Kicking Bear and other chiefs, with whom
like Henry of Navarre-a great soldier, a as long as grass grows, water runs or the *»" °' ^3'°"» T was ull of Intense ^^^t Porcupine of the Cheyennes, to inter-
born leader of men. and the beau ideal of sun shines. Ves, we. our sons and their Ghost Dances that I was full of Intense ^^^^ y/^^^^^ the Prophet. They were gone
the gallant chevalier. Indeed, it was solely sons will be ready to fight under you as Z^'^^'^^'^'ll^X^'^^^.l-: ^TJZ all winter: slowly making their way to the
due to his wonderful diplomacy, wise pa- our chief, Ogalala Ogalaska." dian P~P''f;» *?f \ °^'^ f"
tlence. and skillful handling of the ominous It was a full joyous home-coming. In «"i '^^'!«,, t^oub»«Jo«- "» «>
dian prophets that have stirred "P wars ..pigh.Eaters"-as they called the Plutea-
army i ^^ pyramid Lake in Western Nevada, who
sent them on In wagons to meet Wovoka
and deadly dangerous situation there that lalth, when we again crossed the Sierras, ""^'f.^^^^'^J^f"' ^^„ „,, ,,„„ „„. .„_ „„ .„ ..»„™,
a terrible Indian war was averted, that once more beheld the Golden Gate and Certainly none Of t'**^*^ .''«»•*«»'" seventy miles to the south at Walker I^ke.
tould undoubtedly have cost our country greeted our California amigos. What brave the accounts we bad a "»»'« '"y^ter'ous and u^./t^.y ,„„„d a vast concourse of In-
beavlly. For there were on the spot, with songs were sung, what merry toasts were romantic fis»«t'ian this prophet of the ^^ different and widely separ-
arms L their capable red hands, thousands drunk-the favorite toast being-"Heres western red races. ..^t this """.^ ^°^°^» ated rlbes from all over the United States:
of grim half. hostile Sioux; they v,ere angry, to California, God's own country! Watch ''.^'^P""*^/" ^^J'f"* /.!" ""^^ -there were more languages there than I
suspicious, and only the faith that the red me walk a crack!"-thl8 last being qu te n.a State line below Lake Tahoe and was ^^ ^ . ^^.^ p^.^upine later,
tribes alwWs had in Miles finally Induced some feat, at the end of bIS Californladin- Ba|^l „to„be wary, embittered.^ --i^J^t^ ..,„, , ,,, „ot understand any of them."
"But." he added, "the messiah could speak
preaching treason to his Indian intimates,
♦Horn to hPPH the wise advice of their old ners in the gay old preprohibition days. ^^^^^ v..^ w.^« ^
war ch?ef Red Clo^d and "ventialfy move One day shortly after our return to Cali- though outwardly avoiding the very pres- ^„ orthem-;;ipe;k words iust once,%ut
back once more to their former camping fornia I was intercepted at the old Bohe- ence of all white men. ^heVVar Depart- ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^
grounds on the upper White Clay Creek. mlan Club, then at Post and Grant Avenue, ment had f e«f e eye on bm, but could ^^^.^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ „ ^^.^ ^^^
It was a wonderful, unforgettable sight, by the aide-de-camp of the general com- we f°<»^/°<'^t^fP/.'^„\ 'V^^^,„\''";^V7: truly a marvel-a one-tongue that all that
to see that immense red army of savage manding the Department of California, and but In t^ie service, to heays to obey, as languaged lot of tribes understood!
warriors cross the plains, with almost mill- summoned "efore that high personagejn tbe^Arabs^ say, and w^e.^t^herefore^ at o^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^ ^ ^
Spring of '90 the Sioux pilgrim
returned to Dakota and made formal
of their army, their flankers riding the California, to there enlist an Indian complete the circle of tragic events inspired — ™ ^^^^ ^^^^^ traveling thousands of
dutlvine hills the rear-guard closing up be- company for my regiment, as was now be- by his tateiui propnecies. ,„iieg, they had at last come to the base of
hinnheir wagon-trains. and their young ing done in each regular regiment as a Few can reaize ;^^^«t excitement was ^^^^,^^^^ snow-capped Sierras and there
braves galloping madly back for orders matter of Indian policy. I hesitated-and caused out West by that Sioux War of 90^ ^^^ ^^,^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^
?™rthel great war-chiefs. was lost. Soon I was speeding by rail to '91. with its great headlines « /be news- ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^.„g ,^^„
We all breathed normally, once more, and Reno. Nevada; thence over a freak narrow papers, red extras hourly, and the nat ve ^^ ^,^ ^^„^^ ^„^ feet-possrbly
sorCenerarMiles had quite pacified the gauge to Amedee on Honey Lake. Califor- frontier correspondents proving that the ^^ ,„^ ^^^ occasion-and he told
S°oui especiany after the Indians were nia; and from there 140 miles In an old-fash- famous Shanghai »'" was on,y a naodest P ^^^ ^^^ ^^ earth .hjd been so kad.
awed by the Tmposing military review held loned Wild West stage to Fort Bidwell. Cal- whisper in the ?ark <)' tbf moon _when t
warriors cross the Plains with almost mill- summoned before that high personage m the Arans say, ana >v«, mereiw.^, «. uuv.^ =^. Verily, h
rarv^rLr and disc plTne XougTout their his office in the old Phelan building. Asked on foot an expedition to locate and capture ^e^''^^"
m7rtiar:nk°^he^a^anceSds ahead If I would like to go up to Fort Bidwell. him « '' ^f!. ^^^.^ ^^P°»-''i:;/°„' »^^^ chiefs re,
^._, __ _,jx *u^ r.«n*«,.«io to tho,.o *»niist an Indian complcte the circle Of tragic cveuts inspireu _^ ^-
by Miles near the Agency of the many
Ifornia. which was then on the verge of be- came down to inventing Indian uprisings.
(Continue J on Pafc i i^hteen)
•»•«'■•
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•ejn;BU jo bpajbui asaq; dn ;nnq XiMop
pBq *JiB uado eq; o;ui Suiuioo no pa;isod
•ep XiiBnpBjS Bnq; Supq Aq ;Bq; iBiJa;Bni
eq; q;iiii pa;BuSajduii ja;Bi^ ;oq jo suiBajjs
^ni; Mog in;s qojqM jo sniSBq MOiiBqs
do; eq; nr saoguo hbuis eq; raojj ';qSiaq
Uf ;aaj X;uaAv; raaq; jo amos 'saAiqaaq
JO sniB;nnoj euo;s jo spaapnnq q;iii UAiaj;9
ejB dQ-^vjA /pAOi JO Xpoq enbssjnpid puB
eSdiBi qojqA JO sejoqs isq/a puB q;jon aq;
•©^Bq piuiBJif J JO XaiiBA eq; Suija;ua XiiBn^
*pjB^;sBaq;no8 OAoap qm. 'Sninjoui ;xaK
•sanii; ;b i^ajA o;n; pa;jijp
jCaq; eonaqM 'jdAij jo aiiBi punojSaapim
HB q;iiJi noi;oennoo euios pBq sipAi esoq;
•£\Qm\ XjaA 'pajBaddB eiojaq pBq iCaq; sB
Xinappns bb ouqM B Ja;j« i«9<I<I«8Tp qajq^
«q8g;B0 SunoX SuiiquiasaJ qeu ^DBjq Ann
JO spBUXra JO meq; n\ eouBJBaddB jbhoisbo
•;j Avauaj o; auioo pBq eq ;nq •;no ujoai puB
pio SBA^ q;jBa aq; ;Bq; uiaq; pjo; pBq puB
*maq; ;aaj3 o; pnop b u\ UA^op einoo pBq
oq 'rajq ;aui Xaq; ;sjg uaqAi *ejeq; ;no
•ejojaq ;q3iu aq;
daapB naiiBj Xaq; ejaqAv uiojj Xbaib oduc;
•SIP ;Baj3 B ;b saAiasiueq; punoj Xaq; 'a^iOMB
Xaq; naq^ Suiujoui ;xau *oi puB tuiiq
o;un paXBJd pBq Xeq; ';qSiu ;Bq; 3uiaBjXBM
jjaq; jo XJBaAi XaaA puB punoq pjB^auioq
eaaAi Xaq; uaqAi *aono •ajn;ofd b n| sb
*;i uj ..piJOAi eioqAi aq; iSiBS,, je;;Bi eqf ;oi
puB — upja^) 31001 aoqBdBJV BUioqBi^io uv.
*e;oXob 3iaBia epsq oq *;Bq ejq joao Joq;Baj
eiSBa nB Suiabai puB :esop ejaM Xeq; ji
8B pe3[ooi j^o Sb/Hl 6Su{q; ::iib; sibuz^ub 3ni
-31CUI 'poiiJOAi eq PBq sjapnoM J9q;o 'mit^e
o; ^aBq Snimoa suoi;Bn UBipni Xubui eq; uv
ppqaq Xoq; qojqA^ no puBj osnoin
•^1 HB )| pnoXeq pnv 'niajaq; nsaoo ^veiS
V q;|M. 'piJOAi %W^S ©tj; JO nojBjA b raaq;
Oiioqs PBq ^aqdojd S}q; 'saXe iCjaA J^aq; ajoj
-as 'ejox JO BB XddBq eq njBdB pinoAi ubui
pej eq; snq; pnB *^Bq enioo ppoAi oiBjjnq
puB suBipui P^SP ®q' n« 'PQXojjsap aq pjnoM
eoBJ o;jqiii eq; n« '^^^^ l'^ a^Bqs pue ajq
-maj; o; niSeq viaoM q;JB9 eq; noos X;9ajd
;b1H inT9M9 alP^Q' AlOn SBAk
""""""'"■"" ■ ' ' ^ ^ c*o#*. fnfftntrv— "the First Califoi-nla Foot"— «t Pine Ridge Agency. South Da
^^"sV»^; ^ie?..%p"f?iercrrriS. i^feut. Bn/n.. a doctor. Lieut. FerrU
w
o
V
o
K
/
A
i
THIRTY-FIVE years ago the war-bu-
gle3 were blowing over the poppy-
flowering sea hills of California. Fif-
teen hundred miles toward the east the
dark storm clouds of the last Indian War
were fast gathering, and the blood of the
California garrisons of the Regular Army
was deeply stirring.
In the distant Dakotas, the great and
warlike Sioux Indian nation, still able to
put seTen thousand warriors into the field.
was muttering in wrath and making secret
war medicine in their far-flung teepees.
Racially restless, that proud and powerful
nation of grim warriors were, during the
year 1890, deeply stirred by the strange
prophecies of Wovoka, the Indian Messiah
dwelling in Western Nevada near the Cali-
fornia State Line; and the Ghost Dancers,
celebrating the prophesied destruction of
the White Man and the new future recru-
descence of the Red Race, had wrought the
wildest emotions of the Sioux fighters up to
a dangerous pitch.
The Ogalala Sioux of the Pine Ridge Ag-
ency in South Dakota, enraged by the brok-
en treaty promises of Washington, and ren-
dered desperate also by hunger arising
from the late loss of their crops and the
cutting down of their government rations,
were aroused to a point of frenzy by these
factors and by the Ghost Dances, and soon
broke completely away from the control
of their Indian Agent. This individual had
so loudly called for troops that Washington
at last barkened to his wails, whilst the war
news swept our country.
Hence, swiftly came to us here In Cali-
fornia that November, marching orders
dispatching us. the First United States
Infantry, to the war front. Californians
knew the regiment well; it was a proud old
regiment, with many a gallant tradition of
war service, first organized after the Revo-
lutionary War from old Continentals: and
it had been out here so long in sunny Cali-
fornia, stationed from San Diego to Fort
Gaston in Trinity county, that our California
frtends smilingly called us "The First Cal-
ifornia Foot/' At this time, nearly the
whole regiment was stationed in garrisons
around San Francisco Harbor; and the bu-
gle echoes of "Officers' Call" summoning: us
to get our marching orders, had hardly died
away before we were hastily packing tents
and war gear, and were under way with that
celerity that foreign ofQcers had always so
admired in the regulars of our Old Army.
Loaded on a special train at the Oakland
Mole we were soon speeding eastward over
the 3 P and U. P. railroads, the War De-
partment granting our telegraphed request
that our regiment be sent to the front, to
Join the gathering forces of the Regular
Armv that were already converging to the
scene of conflict from all over the United
States. We were a gay and joyous lot, in
the First Foot; we were quite young— the
rank and file averaged only twenty-three
years of age— and so we sang and rejoiced
exceedingly, as only young soldiers weary
of garrison routine can, as we waved fare-
well to the green hllU and smiling valleys
The Last Indian JVar Prophet
By The Captain
of California, and tossed kisses to the pret-
ty girls in the cheering California crowds
that bade us Godspeed. Our old captains
and war dogs chuckled deep in their chests,
and even our gruff, bluff old Colonel, W. R.
Shafter, popularly known In Texas and the
West as "Pecos Bill,'* later the f«nouj
Commanding General of the Army of Santi-
ago de Cuba that broke the power of Spain
in America, relaxed into a grim grin of com-
placency at the gambols of his war cubs.
We began to shiver In the snow belt and
landed, a few days later, at Fort Niobrara
in northern Nebraska, just south of the
Rosebud Indian Agency of the ever-fretful
Brule Sioux. Swift orders arrived at last,
and we entrained on the Elkhorn railway
and sped northward toward Deadwood,
South Dakota, detraining finally at Hermosa.
a terror-stricken frontier hamlet where the
few citizens who had not fled had barricad-
ed themselves In their houses or weird hast-
ily devised "bcmb-proofs."
Restless, wrathful, and excited by wild
rumors, the whole vast mass of the Sioux
had bolted northward from Pine Ridge
Agency, and now lay in a great sullen half-
hostile encampment in that savage, almost
unknown wilderness near the White River
called The Bad Lands; whilst General Nel-
son A. Miles, now commanding the large
part of the whole Regular Army here assem-
bled, hastily threw a cordon of troops about
the lowering red men.
At daybreak, the First Foot swung out of
Hermosa to the southwest toward the Bad
Lands, marching all day through "a deso-
late land and lone," and finally starting to
make camp at sunset, only to be startled
by the thunder of hoofs as Barry of ours—
later a major-general in-onr army — galloped
up with news of the Battle of Wounded
Knee the day before, and new orders for
the regiment to Immediately march back
to Hermosa. So, all that long night
we tramped thither, a weary way In truth,
and that bete noire of the soldier, a night
march. Did you. as soldier or civilian,
ever march continuously all day long.and all
that same night, at a fast marching regl-
ment's gait? Some going! The First was
famous for its pace, too. Marching out to
California to our summer manoeuver camps
(Santa Barbara, *S6; Monterey, *90 and '95;
and Santa Cruz, *92 and 'Se) we often hiked
at a four mile an hour gait. Load yourself
down with a rifle and ammunition and an
infantry kit, some day, and— "Try to do it!"
Well, we did it, that night; and back into
Hermosa we wobbled in the grey morn's
snowy light, to find General Miles waiting
for us with a special train that hurried the
regiment toward Pine Ridge, nineteen miles
from the battlefield of Mound^ JCnee,
where a heavy engagement had takfiti place
with the Sioux led by Chief Big Foot.
This big Indian band of malcontent Sioux,
many of them outlaws through blood-feuds
in their own clans and generally all around
bad hombres, had broken away from ,the
Cheyenne River agency, evaded the troops
and local agent there, and had Just avoided
tire Sixth Cavalry, but were eventually
rounded up on Wounded Knee Creek by
the Seventh Cavalry, whose terrible defeat
by the Sioux tribes— known as the Custer
Massacre— in the year 1876, Is part of our
nation's history, and a scarlet wound in the
crimson annals of the regular army that
hM guarded our far frontiers for over a
hundred years. Big Foot's sullen band of
renegades were In a most dangerous mood,
and next morning when the Seventh started
to disarm them. Yellow, Bird, the Indian
medicine man, who had been chanting war
songs, suddenly stooped down— seized A
pinch of dust— threw It into the air— and
the Indians dropped their robe blankets,
drew guns, and Immediately opened fire om
our troops. The soldiers promptly replied,
in like kind, and a short but terrific engage-
ment took place, as a result of which the
entire band of redskins was annihilated; the
Indians losing 220 killed and fifty wounded,
whilst the troops had thirty-one killed and
thirty-five wounded in the affray.
It was a terrible and sanguine revenge
that the Seventh Horse had taken on the
warlike Sioux for that red nation's fearful
slaughter of the Seventh twenty-four years
before. News of it was instantly dispatched
to General Miles. Lieutenant Guy Preston
making a notable ride of the nineteen miles
into Pine Ridge Agency in only one hour,
his horse dropping dead under him at the
agency's portals.
The huge mass of the Sioux, alarmed at
the cordon of troops being drawn around
them, had meanwhile left their grisly lairs
in the Bad Lands, and now lay encamped
south of the White River, whence some o«
their young braves now dashed out against
the Seventh Horse, but were beaten off for
the tltne. They continued their forays,
however, raiding isolated ranches and at-
tacking our army wagon-trains that were
bringing np military supplies and rations
to the troops on our widely extended cor-
dona of troops now encircling the hostiles
in a double line. But the Battle of Wound-
ed Knee had once and forever demolished
the superstitious belief of the dusky fanat-
ics amongst the Sioux Indians that the fa-
mous fringed Ghost Shirts-made mostly of
white cotton, blessed by their raving medi-
cine men. and painted with mystic symbols
-were truly proof against the bullets of
the white man, although the medicine men
had assured their devotees that the balU
would bounce back off said shirts and kill
the hated white brother who had fired
them.
The prophecies of Wovoka, the western
Nevada Messiah, had become Inextricably
involved In and was emotionally expressed
by the weird and to the Indian most awe-
some Ghost Dances, in .which the Indian
medicine men, exerting their often uncanny
powers of real hypnotism over the Ghost
Dancers, had thrown the wildly excited red
men and women Into hypnotic trances, dur-
ing which these sUrlng victims fell to the
ground and lay there as If dead, sometimes
for hours; only to finally start up In hysteri-
cal convulsions, with loud cries that they
had actually seen and spoken to their dead
friends and relatives, who all had solemnly
assured them that the Great Spirit would
soon cause the ground to open up in great
fissures that would swallow up the white
man, whilst from other crevices would
spring up again on earth in living form the
dead or slain red warriors, together with
the vast herds of buffalo that the Sioux had
once hunted over all these western plains
for hundreds of glorious years of red domin-
ion.
Thus, in truth, had Wovoka, the lasfl
great Indian prophet, lately spoken to the
Sioux chiefs who. hearing of his syblUlne
utterances, had visited him In his native
habitat near the California Line: this was
the beginning of the vicious and tragic clr-
cle that here at Wounded Knee had borne
such bloody fruit born of the mad ravings
of that strange character, and fostered by
the pathetic hopes, the smouldering wrath
and deadly despair of a great Indian nation
that saw Itself passing silently away, la
grief and hunger, before the Irresistibls
encroachments upon them by the hordes ol
the white man. We of the army knew how
the Indian felt; we felt the pathos of his
sad lot; and thus there ever was between
us and him, who often were forced by kis-
met to fight together— there has always ex-
isted—a strange but strong bond of deep
sympathy. For— the real Indian was a real
man; some of them like the Sioux and
northern Cheyennes were, man for man,
the finest physical specimens of manhood
and as good fighting men as mother earth
ever nourished on her broad bosom. They
fought to the last man, to the last gasp of
that last man, at Wounded Knee; and
though I have been In four wars, I for one
would never willingly look again over that
same appalling battlefield— for there were
some terrible features about It concerning
which an American military annalist will
ever keep silent.
Meanwhile, the First Foot went on t(J
Pine Ridge with General Miles, two com-
panies being dropped off at Oelrlch— Includ-
ing the one In which I was then a lleuten-
ant— to guard that Acting Base of Supplies
for the troops on the White River line, and
to also plug a gap in the second and outer
cordon encircling the Sioux tribes. Here I
took charge of an armed six mule wagon-
train, and set off eastward, supplying tae
Leavenworth Cavalry Squadron (with whom
was Lieutenant Casey with his troop of
Cheyenne Scouts;) also, further on, a seo*
ond camp fortified by the Seventeenth Foot,
•K««nr 'jr tc /inj:»ii3<i J3ifii\ -inr^ir* .«.^«w^ ••, ^ / v -stUakJ '^^^VJ 'jojoop w Sutug mon 'noiSnjjJUD inon 'cld^x 'Jnoii 'Jatris 'm^n
.a^Sc 5ilii^ lil^i "n?m4!^^^nirr?'?i«sI^T^^^ (lonoioo aami) Wn .^Ui^iTl, s«u.o,ix (l«aoiioo ..of«K ao,«,) -»non uosuk mon uuiav -I .^ (fiuoaafj
fXCOi^ ,
tttu,
^i^C^ »»«J»-»UC LlltJrttJ «W«SHt* la
' n® was now ^g^.^ again; that caaional appearance in them of
,|i as a real messiuii. I,,,.,, f|j^ aliened scara o( tUe supposed cruel-
,Ll iivi/.T^? that about the year 1870, there fixion. L#er he denied that he had said
cimornia sTf/r"'' ^^o"' ^"""^^ <"> ^^e this then*
cainornia State line, a Piute namori To
buffalo would o"' r* ^"^ ''''''*^* Indians and a» tney nad before appeared. Very likely, vibo, the son of Kwijauh (Keein ^t- i Howevet in 1889» this aforesaid revelation
man would at-^H^u^u^' ^"^ ^^"^ *^® ^®^ ^^^^^ ^'^"'^ ^^^ some connection with an .meaning "white man"— in thl u- J^ou of the profhefs produced a tremendous sen-
fore their very lyes th?^^'' ^^ ^' ^^^^- ^^' »^.l^y.«»°d lake or river, whence they ehoni and Comanche taivo a^ '^? 1 J ^^^^^° amongst the whole race of Indian
them a vision" rthi's^f.^r^o^fd^'^f.n ' '' ''""• *^'^^' '^^^^^^ ^ '^- to p'ophesv^'to'^Jhe Pi! f^'^^' -^ ^^7 «^f ^^ ^^^^ ^- -^ --
great ocean therein, and beyond It an Im- ^®*^ morning, we drove southeastward, "^es that the Great Spirit would soon re. l^ ^^® ^'^' ^^ ^^^ """"Pt prophecies
mense land on which they beheld f ^^^^ entering the valley of Pyramid Lake, t"^" ^o earth, bringing all the dead Indians \ were as the Balm of Gilead to a sad, de-
all the many Indian nations coming back to ^ ^^""^^ ^°^ ^^^^ shores of which large ^'^^h him, and would send ahead a big flood , '^' ''^"^ despairing race, overborne by a
earth. Other wonders had he worked, mak- ^""^ Picturesque body of lovely water are ^^^^ wo«ld drown all the white men but would l^^'^^^^^l^^'^'^ ^^d higher civilization to the
ing animals talk; things way off looked as vl'^'' "^'^^ ^"^^^^^^^ o^ stone fountains or ""^^ harm the Indians, whom He would f°/''^ "^^^^^ t]*® older Indians had about lost
if they were close; and waving an eagle l^^^'J^^' some of them twenty feet In ^^^^ ^ into the mountaina. aforetime. ^i„!l?,!; ^^ "i^Z '^'"''^^ ''''^^ ceaselessly
feather over his hat, he bade Black Coyote ^^'f,^*' ^'*''°' ^he small orifices In the top 'Then the said flood woud disappear, leaving ^^^ ^""^^ ''''''' ^''''^ forever.
an Oklahoma Arapahoe look tHerein^and ®f ^"^^ ^^sins of which still flow tiny ^^ o°® on earth but Indians but with lots J^ ^^ *^ ^®^ present pleasant delusions,
lo! Ihe latter "saw the whole world" In it streams of hot water impregnated with the °' ^^°*® ^n every side, and every (red) ^ trances also now came to Wovoka—
as in a picture. Once, when they were ^^^®^^^^ ^bat by being thus gradually de- ''^dy as happy as ten ticks. ^^ ^°^® *nd took him to Heaven, as he
homeward bound and very weary of their ^f sited on coming into the open air, had Tavlbo also started a new hand-in-hand ?"' ^^"T^^T^'^i times, and thiw inspired new
wayfaring that night, they had prayed unto 2!^ ^ ""'^^ ""^ ^^^'® °^^^^^ls of nature, dance, hi a circle (with no fire in the ^nter) ^^^^^ /^^^^'s ^^^^^iPles. His father had ap.
him: and lo. next morning when they ^^^,^% ^^^ ^^^^ quantities of them, some which Is the general way in which the Ghost J^'l®''"^ ^^®^ an epileptic, and Wovoka him-
awoke, they found themselves at a great dis- f ^°^^^^' s^^^e overthrown from their Bance with Its circling whirls is Derformed ?i ®^^,« * ^^ ^^""^ ^^^ epileptic fits at
tancc away from where they fallen asleep ^^^^'' ^' ^^^^^"^ sizes and colors, although all over the country. He alss went Tnto ^ ^^^' ^^^l ""^^^^ religious fanatics and
the night before. ^ ^^ostly of greyish white, and something like trances, after one of which he told the awed t'^r'^'i^^^^ ^^^^'^ ^°^ ^"^"^ t^« «^« o^
Out there, when first they met him he n '^ '^^"^ *° California near the Oregon Indians that he had just seen the G^eat ^°^^^°»e^- ; Wovoka introduced the Ghost
had come down in a cloud lo greet them i°'; ^^ '\',^^^ stage-road to Klamath Hot Spirit, who was soon coming back to make ?.T' l\ "^^ '^' ^'^^'^^^ '° ^^« ^°"^
and had told them that the earth was oM K^^'^'^f/', "^^^"^ ^^^ ^^«'^^° shore of this a new earth, where ev™e wouM^^^^ States, but did not sponsor the Ghost Shirt;
and worn out. but he had comrto\er^^^^^^ that our Loever. and til be enorm^uTyVpTyf a" d^ t^eSSr^oflhTAT^^^^^^^^^
assured them that he would send peopYe to' p^nt-V".'' "^^ T'" ^^""^ another "Natural this much had been told Captain Lee at , ^, , .
heal them of sickness and disease by mere- fu \ ^''^''^^ ^^^""ted in these U.S.A. for Bidwell. the year before, by a Piute head- ^"^ T ^^® ^""^ * ""^® English; how. then,
ly touching them; that Indians that did hot k ^^^^^'^^ ^^^^ national feature of man; another headman also said that Ta- ^^"^^^^^nyone explain the mystery about the
eve In him would be turned into stone ^^^/^^^^'^ast landscape yclept the Red vibo had predicted that great earthquakes V'.''®'^"^^.^^sal-Tongue that the prairie In-
beli
or into pieces of wood that would be quite ^^"^^ destroy the white race, which would fu^°^ T Wovoka spoke and which
burnt up; also, that he would know what ^^^ally reaching the southern extremity '^" ^^to the big cracks in the ground and !^ understood, although they could
they were doing or even thinking, no matter °' ^^® ^'^ ^^®' ^® P"t up for the night at thus disappear for keeps, °°^ usually understand each other's Ian-
how far away they were from him. !?® ^^^j^^ ^S^ncy of the Pyramid Lake About 1872, the Prophet Tavibo died leav- ^^^^Vr.^ ^^^^l Questioning solved this rid-
When the pilgrims related these wonders ?w'"?!^' t^^ '"'^ '^^ ^^"^^ ^^^ ^^» ^° ^""^ ^ ^^ ^^'"^d Wovoka. (Piute for Ahe ' ^ ^^"""^^^ ^ ^'^'^ illustration of the
to the Sioux, the greatest excitement had ^f wfit° T>f ^f^^^^y and the sub-agency Cutter*') then fourteen years old. who
^^ vuo Kjiv^uA, tilt; greaiesc excitement had ^* txT m »^, ° — ' *""^ *'"'' °»*^**6«uv;y -^-u^^i / mou luurteen years old. who went flno oio/% -nr^, i » y 01 priestly arti*
broken out amongst them, and tZ?p Wrett S ^"^^^ ^*^*' Reservation. There are on living in his native Mason vklTey from ?)?i:f ' ^°^°'''' ^ naive cunning. At
chief Red Cloud-fver a malcontent and hat ?„"*«^''l"' ""^ ''"'"''«* P""^"' ^^i<^^ with which he never has wandered tLT-^'om^ l^r^l 'f'^fP'"'"' «" ^l«'"n8 delegation,
er of the white man. like his Wend SUUng ?V7 '^""'"'^^ °' *■»« '«^"°« '^i^e at Walk- seasonally there for a white lancher Tamed dians n°M'V'"' ** * •**'"""=«• *'' ""« I""
B„n. the big medicine man of the S^oux-had there^o^ J;T"'''*?k*?^ '"^''' «'"«'« "o"^ '^"«<'°' '" ^""^ ^ovoJca became quUe at- N^resf the ProZf w^'^^k?*^, .i" *'*"''^
at^,nce declared his belief in the Prophet to a Ln ^?K *•»!'' t^^^' headquarter, tached. and by whom he was named Jack men ?he Piut«^ nLT . ?i' '*"'"' ^'^^
Wovoka. Another Sioux delegation was m,™H. ?'..^"^^"«'» ^^ '"'' '•'^ Sweater Wilson. From this rather religious familyT ™^tos„f ♦».»:., *''^'" '"*'"* ^^^^^
sent off to the messiah, that Spring of ^0; °"T„f fL^'' Wutes-about seven thou- he imbibed some English and some Christian knocks next t^Z n'^^'^L '^^ ^^^
and. on their return, they announced that »^°d, °' tJ'em-are not on any reservation theology. He grew up, married an Indian dteUnt ^iX^l »k Bannocks were their
Wovoka had prophesied that the white race *i.!^' ^"''"i^^.f^^'. Nevada, eastern and fW, and went on working for Wilso^ Wvo° l.':'!"!!!*?" °°''?!nr<» "•e.°'-th«
-would-be" wip;d^o«"t'^e^f::e"'ortSreInh '"'T'^'T'' CaHfornia: noniWe-sTTr^oTa: Do;'btr^;.y"hrha7 aWbe"f mu"ch"orh?s tTeTfof/'^t"",'; """* *» '^« "«* «=«-'»
next Sprlng-the Spring of 4 Cll won- ms "iT^t'^^yT"''- ""k''^""'^ "^ ^'"''"'''^ '"''^^' "^""'^"'^ '^^'"^'^^^ -°«1 Xrnaturll tion^uhthe Jhc^i::.' °°w" ^''^\'^-^^-^
der that a warlike and disgruntled race like „ ' <=''"f''''a"as. grasshoppers, pine nuts, claims, although he latter denied it. saying enn J«nrt l.f k ' °*** "*"■* '"« ^^^'•
the Teton Sioux were aroused to a point ol T™ ^.T^ I™'" °' ^"'' """'«' ^»''«»' "^'^ '^"'«'- ^^ °°'y "a dreamer of w| verse wuh ia"^ '••"■"^.'•'e Arapahoe ca».
fanatic frenzy. Immediately began to Ghos' """^ ^'""'^ '"'*' «*"^ »'«» '"ake Into mush, dreams." and had some magic ways of work* thtecll^er arraT.^"^" neighbors. By
Dance madly, and were In proper mood to They wander to and fro, free as their own '"« '"""^«''« ^' ">»««• the prophet 8P?ak in hT; „*!^n i " ^"^
try and help Providence along a bit by kill- ^esert breezes, camping by springs or water- Howsoeverbelt, about 1886, Wovoka told Wovoka purposely sdoItp rT i«-°f^^**' f
ing off such portions of the white race as J^o'es, beside which they soon put up their ^^ Indians then there that he had had a the Flutes nearest hlrVa^uM h..T h.™ fu
their arms might reach. wiklups-slight shelters, made by stretch- ^^^ ^^h the Great Spirit just lately! and passed the word on In the nrei^r fJ ^
S- and I having Just been through the '"f^oark or sheets over bent-over willow °«^' year, he introduced to them a new and each tribe thus thoneht thVt Wnf,^!
ensuing Sioux outbreak, were of course now '^"I'®* •="* "■°™ '"« "barest creekside, and dance though not the Ghost Dance as y«, spoke its own particuUr tonme o^Jtl.
glad to look up Mr. Prophet la his native ^ ® °P®° ** *•*« t^P' '° ''''s 'and of no rain ^® ^°^^ tl'em to call him "Father." and they clever trick— that' "'"sae. «uit« a
lair. For our expedition, we took a post ^f^ "«le snow. The Are is in the middle d"* ^o: ^s already they held him In great It now hardly aeemed worth whiin f„- —
buckboard drawn by two big fast moun- °^ }^^ r"""^' ''"'' "»« •'^'^ ^°°r of dirt, reverence, especially after his second divine to go further. In our aueatsLraJ™!.^
tain-bred mules, with a sergeant of our gar- ^° V° furniture save a few baskets or wov- revelation in 1889, when (he told the In- come this far S— and I decirted fn c^L^
rison for driver and guard, and as Interpre- ?" ''*""^' ** ^''^^ ''®«P o° the ground and *^'*°s) *•>« sun died and he fell asleep at Walker Lake, So we went on m,S^ ^^
ter. a short, thickset, smiling Piute named ,^ '"' ^^' "' household gear of other °°?«/ t^^t God then had taken him to the Ing to Wadsworth through the narrnw ».^
Indian George, whose aboriginal nature. ^°^^ f J"' ' ^°^^^- ^"^ere he, Wovoka, saw all eight miles from tha" town whel ^
chil.Iish naivette blent with red cunning. They are truly a primitive lot; yet they Indians who had died a long time ago. Piutes had in 1850 stood off '
~. .^^^ v««v-« ,vnu cue loeai maian leg- - — -"^*o y^au yay lur taeir services in the *x,^^ .,7,, 1 v-^^. ^^^ nvnig xuumua, ucau. aunougn the Indians had onlv hnw«
ends and doings, enlivened the long hours harvesting or hayfield. They call their I Vl ^^. wanted to join that happy and arrows against the rifles of the whit p«
of traveling through the desolate plains of ^^^^^ race the Reed-Arrow People; them- fu^""! • ^*°^y' ^^^ *^^^® ^^^^ ^^^ ^°^®^' ^^ '^^^^ *» the only battle ever fought b v th «
far north-eastern California and western ^^^^^s of Pyramid and Walker Lakes the ® 7?^"^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ t^®^® was no death Piutes as a whole; generally thev arp whni
Nevada. George afforded S— almost endless Agal-h-tikara— Fish-Eaters, and t h e i p °' old-age or sickness or misery, then they ly peaceable.
amusement by his quaint verbiage, appal- cousins to the north of them, the Bannock ™?^ ^® good— must love one another— must We went on to Reno staying thP nf^hf
" ^^^i^°3' Katso-tikara-buffalo-eaters; their ^L^^'^IJ^^ war dances and habits, and there, and leaving next day for Schurz the
lingly frank details relating to his married
life with a couple of mahalas (wives), and ^^"^^^^ cousins, the far-distant^ Comanchesl T^' .u^''^?. *^® ^^°^*^ ^^°^® °"e^' ^o Walker Lak7k7e'licy"'Here'w'e'fm,n^^^^
his generally Sancho Panzan attitude to- being also termed Katso-tikara. "fengthen their hearts and help hasten the Wovoka had evidently gotten worrtnfnni
s q.st;'r;i.!::;r «^.»„- .-rs iir .rw-.i'i.? r it "'^?- -• - - -"' — - - '--rirr.a^.rM
.arer m Sterne's "Sentimental Journey," and flclal had visited Walker Jke He thoLht ^ n'ft**' ^''"''"^ °' ""« «"" ^^d "^u^-eO P'^^"* Switch. They gave us no hope ot
he was always ready to philosophize, rest. Wovoka was quite hamfess and that ?hl °^«rf» ^^^^ /art of Nevada and California, either finding or seeing him, forlt was like
^^y'farTng r th"' wnde ness*'° ''"''"'' "" "^^^ '"""^ "^ '» ignoTil in? a J he Id! f^ dr^r'thev b '.T^' f.' ^*'"^^«' "^""""^ ^ * "^^''^^ '° * ''^^«*-" "» ^"*
«ayrarmg in the wjlderness. vised against arresting him; for fa, his frilhf^,i mA„ f ! I ''^"^''® **'^' ^'""^ * ""^^ '•""""S" '"^t "^^e of mighty moun-
Leaving Port Bidwell, California, m droTe opinion, the whole thing would soon blow .^^f f-!. u *! *'"*"* *° swallow up the tains that girts about Walker Lake and Ma-
at a fast pace southward, past the three over. He also said there were no Ghost ^hni.fB „im ^^i- '^ ^^^^ ""^ '°*° '""^ '°° ^""*''- O"' "°>e was limited, and ao-
long Surprise lakes with thetr eastern bor- Dances going on, on either reservation nor toscare thi« hII"^-^'''^. ""^ °* "'®''" «""'• ""'^^''^ ^ ''''^' ^« »'«'» 'earned, Wovoka
der of mud geysers, past thousands of wariB had there been, to his knowledee ' .L^th J i °il"°^ ^®™°° *"*y ''■°'» ''^^ •>""« * ^eek and harmless specimen-
springs and lakelets so hot that the local I HM nnt n«.,t,.ji-,. u. v . , , ' . . _ . ''• T*"^ ""'^e seems to have he was now trying to renie on hia i>rnnh«^
ranchers used to scald their slaughtered thL Ghost Da net'' ha^bX nSt t^fl- ^''^''ir "^ ^"^'^^'^ '^«"^'''"'' «'««. «"<1 'o pu^^ the quie°;ron h,s formet
pigs in them, and along the flanks of the Walker Lake for the l^tthrl^ ' f • ^^ inflicting him with visions and hal- devotees: hence, it was best to leave Wm
Warner Mountains from whose western vol- stm going on and that viJ^^.n^ in!f, ' T^ '"'='°^''°°'': '°'- »>« seemed to believe in his alone, as the agent had advised
canic peaks had once flowed the high ol gaUoS s^ome of Ihem Jom ^lat d ^Unclt Tve pfay?n«"tricki^a?«' ""'°"f °°' , ^°"'^"^'" "' ^""'^^ ^^''^^ ^« ^<^^ «>«
sidian lava-flows that one now sees near still visited WnvniTr o«^ • i 1 distances. aDove piaymg tricks at times on his red famous sacred mountain of the Plutea Kn.
Goose Lake. Crossing the line into Nevada! Ban^es tf* hTmIha^astedit"e^1.,lv?a°^^^ lilT^^'C rf^'°\l'.''^^ '° '""^ "'^^''' '"°^"'' (Mount Grant., near :hTch the In!
we drove on through some of the most de.o: nights. He agreed wth^s that tie W«te^ tuh it B„ ^ If* ^'"""^^ «** "^^^^ ^'^°' ^^' '''* "^"^•' '"^ P^'"* "sed In the
late wastes In the whole wide world- al- were hardlv ennrt m=Jl,f!i # . ^ J\ ® ^^^ '^""® ^ "" "' sleight-of- Ghost Dances. West ot the lake the Sierraa
kali flats, arid deserts with not even a weed roTpany but f a°d wTcou id t^'h ^" '°^"? "?,''• '"""'"'' P°««^««'"8 undoubted . hyp. rise Into row after row or mighty pelk?
oa them, black blasted with volcanic Sres. mik^r 'iak bifh to see f^anrof'hem pe" tiftorracV"'"'""' ''"°°* "' ^'^ «"• "''''''' ""'' '"" "^ "'"^^°"= flS buf
DOisonous anrine^a an<) ffi^ o><^nA.»i ^t. j__ ...^ . .. . '_ " ""^^ "*• lue™ ptrsiiuous race. cannAil n^lth trUat^w^ir^^ .^
now
I poisonous springs, and the general abomina: wanted to enlist. Most'^f theTsencv "em" *''^wrZnr.''i?* . .. *u o- ""^^^^^ ""^^^ glistening snow above, and
tion of both Black Rock and Smoke Cre«k Dloyees did nnf o..^ L!„ 1^^ ^^I'l^Z .f i" ..^^'^"'^^^^^^.t ^^^^^ tJ^« S
Smoke Creek ployees did not seem very communicative, had
loux explosion great dark forests on lower levels. Wo»
'T'\ . . . but byViicy andTrew';7esrnr:rCly hL'sTtL^Sal^ir nT'Ih'",^' "^ *=*"^'' T'? °^"^^ ^^"^^ stretched" w;stwa;d:
We stopped for the night at a ranch found out something really definUe aboV.t thTt hi hL *T., ;.. Never heless. I knew touching the California line with Ite last
|wbere there actually were some wells Vf to be without'ionorfrruTyTaThiro'wn 'h'^aa rh;nryou°'see.''''lee"'what"rad^ me^^^T '"' °°^ *'"' "'""'"'' ""^^ *"''* "^'^ "
n did to (Continued on Page Thirty-one)
seeQ
ina.id ram 1^ ^^^^"^^Vaiipui i uop sXbs
-era oi nonra^^n^ui *' "^^nncsB
.UHia^ »» '""LZ «aSl qV/* •^=>^r «^'«
.,eup an. «X«« -"'■.e'^.'^o'^l. nj aaaq BO «m
.,.o.a..msBnaaaamP.lJ^^'-^^^
JK '9« na. ua«. ^J'^J^, OP uua
maq Sam W""' ?^' Hm Tin «8A^ o. aAB«
p.au mm Pt»^ |°J ' |u,q 3nissaap st!^ au
,lof B pen n»«f ' • r ._j3 sBii jaw»
,„ ,! paHS« Pr„r. 'lrp.xBoq no SB^ eU
em Jiooio.o ao° 'fj^^ o^7o auo "fl paP°«'
eq/ uaao pa^oB^ '^^ilT^Lli P«V
•p,oi em JO 1«° ^\^. °' "^ ifrTq 30 aopon ou
pioqeJioi. e'O °^ "j^^ ou s.ajsui P^^ '"""^
TBoa om JO ¥» °'J' » -XBp ixaa 3*331
,« mam ^^^/.i^""/,' amoa aaa^. xaqi..
aq, po» w^ "f "' 4,g,ni 'Xpsai *aq
«;<a« t 'aooB iq3»i U« aq Il.aH. ..
aoj i»«ai P"' ^*"°'^^ ,oBq aq u.I in^l '"«K
'^•Z ■" mxl'^aa^sHQlua^an ,o aan«m ^ no
aai.voart qot 8 }0 m P^^ g ^m SB 'ano jo/sauioo a^l P° J ,„ „nj aj.noi 'a^V. .
paaa 3u.ABq aq *^«°i.^°^ '-^.gpun av P-/ -^^l^.d iB^oni^* ^^^^l I " '^"'"'""^
!qanoq aaddixs ^"f" J "^m apBni i^D^ci -isnc- «l«^5f,„-'„"Jf' ^'„o3 a; SB am b,„ n_o^
Bu aauM PUB *P°\°&l33aqaJoq3-ilBd
«pau^=> »«V 1=>-'« *,°£ aq; dn^n,qsBm8
.^Id iiuo pn, -am o ^^^^^^A^, «p.oq
punoiB ma* aq pne JMT jg g giq,
v«sB.* an """"^r'xX eq 'aas noi..
■XBMXaE 'dtqs aq* .0V»PI "'^3 y, ^sn^ aqt
q,,. a^BaadCHOO o» ;H|mB ^ ^^ ^3, ,«„^
0OTB3 I aaqa am oj sXbs Jl 1
■'^rB^Vc'rua^n^-K^'aioox
IIV. ;»«° ".X-lia m.I eB^P^a. aaq aA«q
,nq 'WW PIO ""ll^^'^a' ,™ '^8,1 ItV. ..
CST*Vo-"q n.aAV -^00,0.0
''*'*''TonUo-K*ewWwai*rtv.-
sor.i.n,,.oqUUau;aa,s.«'.a3.oM.noa...^^
,,q uo iu,Xx «. "Xiar/no aC'sal"
eq, puv ••^.'^It^aplo Tub .npBq a^ ann-
p9M Manx I "^P^,3"oi paeone Soimoo
p« '•P»°\"'lUrB PUB •a".'""" ^1* "»
«iouq aV oy 3„p,„,q, -a. 8„nd
w^&?«???»»°» f I i
i- satisfaction in life"~and, truo. ^^^^^g ■ ■. ,|
i<:
1-
a
e
t
>
— - ir Will KlVe yo^
was: -x^o r.gnt always. *^ ^^^ ^^^ truer
satisfaction in life"~and, ^^"^1 ^q those
message could any mortal ®®" ^rned to
whose souls and hearts stl"^ charged
harken unto some Divine Messeng ^^^
with some faint word of present nvy ^^^
future promise. I have not, here. ^^^^^
.pace to spe-k de^ajlem^^ ^^^^^^
Dance, nor of f^^ °>"7/ ^^ird ceremony,
hypnotism ^^^^'^^ '^^^^ on us who have
t But tbe impressions °\ade o ^^^^^
d heard the ^^^^'XlLXn^-^-^^^^^^
il deep; the Sioux with their pea
••I love yon, my children;
Ye shall grow to be a nation"
the eloquent pnd graceful Arapahoe chant
°'^ who wear the Morning-Star In my head"
or the plaintive Piute singing of—
"The show lies there— rorani
: The Milky Way lies yonder— rorani.
^ -there is something stirring about them
Id all Thetlndians say that the MiHty Way
A ta The Pathway ol The Spirits of The Dead;
•* tie praTrie Indians revere the Morning Star,
a usually representing it by a Maltese Cross^
I There Is, in truth, a deeper side to Indian
'l character that few white men ever see: but
i their longings and human asPtratioM are
u auite keen and deep. And who would not
'1 have been touched, during that strange ex-
\ citement, to have seen strong red men pray^
Z ine aloud with such intense fervor, their
r rugged faces working with emotion, as they
e. stretched out their trembling hands toward
\ z.= ol rie^-ray^rt^e z^
° k^/rth?ro Jn- SL^:i>- ^^^^^^
race favored bv the Great Spirit.
,d n hose fervent pleadings of those many
Z thousands of poor Indians, there was again
,d voiced that universal longing of »» "ce« °'
r men who believe or have believed in the
Ld rominrof a messiah who will lift from their
Pi overtorne shoulders somewhat of the weary
I burdens of life on this earth of ours. When
.38 strong men pray, even stronger wenjnay
well bow the head in the respect and rever-
rnclTu owe to simple faith humble devc^
t\on to ideals ardently believed m. and those
.„ great deep human longings that react to
n! thtvery roots of all our hearts and souls
, And so it was with the pathos of that sad
r ^M 'hone of an unfortunate red race strong
K° w nan us that we turned to California, an.^
returned whence we had come. - ,
)U|l80e^
/
'9Z61
Itld
i-[.
Galen Clark, the Discoverer
of Mariposa Big Trees and the
uardian of Yosemite Valley
wm yiniitowniiiUMiomwriAiaA'ttl.'jaS
Galen Clark, discoverer of Mariposa Grove and for i««ny J5?^
guardian of Yosemite. Mr. Clark always kept a n^«^^^^^^^,^^^^^^
lucks leaning against a sturdy oak near his cabin in Yosemite to give
to callers .bo might be starting off on tr^^^^es^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^
By HARRY T. FEE ,
WHILE SPENDING part of the summer of 1909 in the Yosemite
valley it was my good fortune to make the acquaintance of. and
be aS^ in Tally touch with, Galen Clark, the d^coverer of he
Mariposa Big Trees and Guardian of the Yosemite valley. ^'^^^^^/J^^
visit I was staying at Camp Ahwahnee. a name ^^^^ was taken from
Ihe earliest Indian tribe inhabiting the Yosemite valley. The Indian^^
of the tribe were called Ahwahnee'chees and the word Ahwahnee,
translated from the Indian means "deep and grassy valley.
spirit, I cannot seem to keep th',
impression in my heart.
To me Nature seems always kina
and friendly and smiling. The lofty
mountains speak to me; the gr%t
boulders are silent, but they have
messages which I understand; and
the trees and the flowers and the
grass are like old friends. So the
golden rod by the foot-worn path
in Yosemite Valley answered my
question with its nodding plumes:
"Galen Clark is going to water the
trees of his grave."
A Blojfrophical Sketok
Galen Clark was born in Dubli".
Cheshire county. New Hampshire.
March 28, 1814. In the year 1854.
attracted by the account of goia
discoveries, he came to Califofnia
and engaged in mining in Mariposa
county. . ,. , , . ,„4
In 1855 he made his first trip into
Yosemite Valley, and was deeply
impressed with the wonder and
beauty of the place., ^ He returned
to Mariposa, and while engaged in
mining suffered a serious attack of
lung trouble, brought on by ex-
posure. In 1857 he moved to the
south fork of the Merced nver ana
built a log cabin on the spot where
Wawona now stands.
The Dl»covery of
Mariposa Grove
While on a hunting trip in the
summer of 1857, Mr. Clark discov-
ered the famous Big Trees of Mari-
posa county. In the year 1864 Con-
gress passed an act granting to th«
State of California the Yosemite
Valley and the Mariposa Grove or
Big Trees. A commission was ap-
pointed by the Governor to man-
age and govern the Yosemite Val-
ley and the Big Tree grove. Gilen
Clark was selected as one of tne
commissioners. He was ^subse-
quqently appointed "Guardian of
Yosemite Valley." and under his ad-
ministration many needed improve-
ments were made. . ^ ^
Mr. Clark is the author of two
books. "The Big Trees of Califor-
nia" and "Indians of the \osem-
ite." the former containing many m-
teresting facts concerning the giant
trees of this wonderful State, ana
the latter being the rea; history or
the Indians of Yosemite \allc>,
their origin, th-^r life and customs
and their many wonderful legends.
Galen Clark died in IflU at the
age of 96, and so strange are the
mandates of Fate, not in Yosemite I
Valley, as he had so earnestly
wished, but at the home of his sis- '
ter in Berkeley. His body, how- '
ever, lies in the grave dug by his
own hands, at the foot of Yosemite
falls, in the valley that he loved sc
well. And here the future tourist
will read his epitaph, graven by
the hand that lies beneath, but
scattered over the whole world are
thousands who knew the grasp or
Galen Clark's hand and the glance
of fJls friendly eye. And these will
cherish the memory of this im"
kindly lover of Nature.
Joku Mnlr and Galen Clark
John Muir, the famous natural
ist. revered by every lover of tP
out-of-doors, stopped over to pay
visit to Galen Clark during my sta^
at Ahwahnee. And it was my roc \1
fortune to grasp the hand and ch*
with that distlnfe-iished soul, v/^
Galen Clark had a small cabin
close to t)#3 camp, known as Ahwah-
nee, in iy09. and at this cabm 1
visited and chatted with hini almost
daily. Here under the shadows ot
a giant pine, through the long sum-
mer days, he greeted bis visitors,
always with the courtesy and at-
tention that is tne mark of gi*<-'at
souls — and with the hospitahty that
distlnguJahea the dweller in tno
Open. No sojourner in losemito
Valley counted his visit complete
until he had shaken hands ana
chatted with Galen Clark. Those
who Uarned to know him more in-
timatelv were fortunate, indeed, to •
timateiy were ToriunHti% ihucttu, xw. j^g^.^ror of the Mi
in this gray^ bearded kindly old man xhemardian
they knew-ii |rreat ^"d-j-J^'a^^'^'^^; Talley. ^
sequoia at the head of his grave,
and carved his name, on a hugQ
block of granite for his monument.
I made a special journey during
mv visit of that year to view this
sight, and I saw Svlth my own eyes
within an hour after I had tall<e<|
to the living person known as Galen
Clark, a huge granlto bouler witn
his -name carved on the sarn^ »
grave partlv scooped out in the
sand of Yosemite valley, and a tiny
Sequoia, healthy and thriving at the
head of the grave which was to be
the last resting place of the a»s-
coveror of the Mariposa Big Trees
Thfl greatness of the gKipt peaks
and giant walls about aim .seemed
reflected in his heart, and the
b^autv of this enchanted valley
seemed to linger around the life of
this gentle, gray old man. I have
hoprd many persons remarK that
Galen Clark was rather quiet and
taciturn, and the thought came to
me that time, that Half Dome and
Sentinel Rock and Glacier were
quiet, and the deep, broad Merced
river, flowing in Galen Clark rf
back vard, was quiet. It is only
the shallow, thoughtless streams
that skim over the surface of rockr
and boulders that are babbling and
garrulous. And so I came to the
conclusion that great natures like
£?reat peaks are quiet, and that still
waters run deep.
Many Sousrht Hia AntoSfaP* ^
Galen Clark remained for twen-
ty Bummers in Yosemite valley, liv-
ing In a humble cabin, enioying the
wonders of the open, and ??reeting
the tourists and travelers who made
his lowly dwelling place their mec-
On a rude table in the shadow of
the Uees. just below Camp Ahwah-
nee. he kept pen and ink, and a re-
quest for his autograph was never
den'led. while leaning against a
huge oak tree beside his cabin was
a supply of walking sticks, which
the old man cut and stripped and
prepared out of the goodness of his
heart for the use of the traveler in
trail and mountain climbing.
Prepared HIk Own Grave - , ,«
Galen Clark had a passion of lo\e
for Yosemite valley, his one wish
being? t'hat he should die and be
buried in the midat of the scenes he
loved so well. So earnest was he
in this regard that many years be-
fore his death he dug with his own
hands his grave in the little ceme-
tprv at the foot of Yosemite fails.
Upon my return from this visit J
stoppod at Galen Clark^s cabin ana
talked with him, and as I shook his
hand a shock and thrill ran through
mv being, at the serenity— I might
saV divinity — of the human beltig
who could look so calmly upon lite
and death aa to build his •. vn tomb
and attend to the details of his last
resting place.
Carini; for the llablUmeat*
of Hln Own Tomb
Galen Clark used to make regu-
lar trips to this cemetery to care
for the Sequoia and some shrubs
-^h>'
Which he had Planted at his jjrave
and to water the same.
One evening upon returning to
Camp Ahwahnee from Yosemite Vil-
lage I met the old gentleman,
somewhat stooped with years but
with hurrying steps and intent face
going along the path to the Yo-
semite cemetery. So intent was he
upon his mission that he did not
recognize me in the dusk of the
evening. Aa I turned to ga^e after
him the thougrht came into rny
mind: he is going to care for the
trees at his own grave; and the
golden rod that bordered the path
on which I stood seemed to nod m
the gentle evening breeze in an-
swer to my question, "Yes. he is
going to care for the habilimenta
of his tomb."
Nature, Always Kind,
Friendly and tMiiilinii;
John Burroughs in his "Accept-
ing the Universe" seems to carry
through his entire volume th«
thought that Xature is cruel and
wasteful; that its law is the sur-
vival of the fittest; that myriad
numbers of species in tree and plant
and animal life arc crushed and
trampled upon by this inexorable
fiat; and that Nature is stern, un-
yielding and implacable. But I
fprv «t the foot of Yosemite fans, yieiamt; »»u i..ip.cv..«^,^.. *-«u ^
Planting and caring for a youn„- | cannot accept the universe in that
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CTAKLANO. CAl,, /1^
DEC. 9, 1^2? ^ ^
SHE COOKS FOR Wm DESPITE 101 YEARS
* * - r
Life at tOl is a busy work-a-day affair for MRS. CORNELIA
REYS, i^xtcc Indian woman. §he starts her day at 5 o'clock each
morning, and takes a cold bath, no matter what the temperature. She
doesn't permit herself to be sick — illness is for lazy, folk, she holds.
She does the cooking and housework for her family of 10, which
includes six orphans her daughter has taken in to care for. And when : jnd GLORIA ARMENTA, and her graodda\fehtcr. TERES^
she rests, she enjoys a quiet smoke. She's been puffing ever since the i ARELLANO. The Armenia children are part of the oi phan bro'od
days when she was a girl in Mexico City. At left she is shown cooking for which she helps care. — TRIBUNE pJwto.
the family breakfast. ^ In the center she is depicted telling a story to
(left toriRht) JOE and MARY ARMENTA. twins; RUDOLF
'•-v I
' >1
Oakland Woman, 101, StUl
Cooks, Smokes, Heads Home
The Head of the family Is Mrs.
Cornelia Keys, who Is 101 years old.
And the phrase "head of the
family" means Just what It Implies,
at the Keys home, 1543 Seventh
She's first up In the mornlngr,
rising: at 6 o'clock and taking a
cold bath before starting" breakfast
for the rest of her brood, which in-
cludes her daughter and son-in-law,
Josephine and Albert Arellano,
their daughter Teresa, 14, and,^ix
orphans whom the fanilly /has
taken under its wing.
Mrs. Reys is a pure-blooded
Aztec Indian, of a race whose
civilization ago excelled In magnl-
ficance anything known In the
Europe of that time.
As a child of seven she wondered
at the strange radiance shed at
night by Halley's comet when it
swept through the heavens in 1835.
As a young matron she curtsied
before the Emperor Maximilian
and his bride. Charlotte of Belgium,
land M-as their hostess during the
' first night they spent on Mexico
soil in 1864, at the beginning of^the
ill-fated French occupation of Mex-
ico.
One of her relatives was Benito
Juarez, twice president of Mexico
and often hailed as the savior of
his country.
SHE STILIi COOKS
All these years and events lie
lightly upon the shoulders of Mrs.
Reys. She curtsies just as grace-
fully now as in the days of Maxmll-
lan. And she can cook just as good
a stew for her real and adopted
grandchildren as she did In the
days when she pounded tortillas in
old Mexico.
Most very old people have re-
cipes for long life and health, and
Mrs. Reya has her's.
*'Bed Is for lazy folk, and the
lazy ones are usually the most del-
icate." sho says. "I have a pain
sometimes, but I do not go to bed.
I do not call the doctor. I work,
and put my faith In Jesus."
There's another ingredient In
Mrs. Reys' recipe. It's tobacco.
Good cigarettes, preferably, but
any kind will do. But she started
smoking before the present-day
flappers' grandmothers were born.
One of her greatest pleasures Is
to gather the seven children around
her and ten them about tK« time
when she first saw Halley's comet,
— that heavenly "express train"
which makes Its appearance once
every 75 years. She has seen It
twice, the second time being in
1910.
"The people in Mexico were very
Ignorant when I was a girl," she
says in Spanish, which besides the
Aztec of her ancestors. Is the only
language she commands. "When
,thjB,.coi»et.,^ca»* they.Tthpught it
VdA the end of the worlds. There
was no money then, only bars of
gold and ^Iver. Those who were
rich hid their money in deep wells,
and lived underground as much as
possible until the great light had
vanished."
SIX ORPHANS IX rA3nLT
Her auditnce consists of her
daughter and granddaughter, and
the six orphans, who were taken
In by Mrs. . Arellano when their
parents died recently In San Fran-
cisco. They are Helen Armenta, 11,
and her little sisters and brothers,
Joe and Mary, the twins, 7, Ru-
dolph, 6, Gloria, 4, and Pete, 3.
Mrs. Reys' husband, one of the
early Spanish colonists, died many
years ago. For the past 20 years
she and her daughter's family have
resided in California, and for 14
years of that time Mrs. Arellano
was an employee of the probation
department of Los Angeles.
It was her years of experience
In this work which prompted Mrs,
Arellano to take in the six children
of a friend when they become
homeless. Although her husband
earns but $4.12 per day as a South-
ern Pacific employee, she found
room In her home for them.
"We get along." she says.
"Mother helps and bosses, and we
manage to find enough to eat, and
pay our rent. I wouldn't think
much of myself If I couldn't be that
charitable."
Mrs. Revs was born In Mexico
City September 16, 1828. Recently
there w^as some question about her
age, and she discovered to her dis-
mav that she had lost her birth
certificate. But she recalled tha
the facts set forth thereon woi^e
taken down by Immlgatlon officials
at El Paso when she entered this
country', and so offers proof to all
who doubt.
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The Cherokee AlpKabet
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§ecjLLOya.K
IVn^, Home Sweet H<m€.
Za »azy<»vi<* Db.
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, Ttie Cherokee Version
of iiome. Sweet Home'*
4
By ELMO SCOTT WATSON
^«A L'EAK of a great Indian and the
^g^^fJL average American usually thinks
I HI of one of those chiefs who won
I II ^a™e by their warlike deeds and
I I the unsuccessful wars which they
I I waged against the conquering white
I mM man— King Philip of the Wam-
\^^ panoags, Pontiac of the Ottawas,
I I Tecumseh of the Shawnees, P>lack
Hawk of the Sacs and Foxes, Osce-
ola of the Seminoles, Chief Joseph of the Nez
Perces and Red Cloud and Sitting Bull of the
Sioux. Brave as these men were and deserving
of honor though they may be, for being patriots
who fought in defense of what they considered
right, there is another— a man of peace instead
of war — who seems destined to be remembered
longer thrtn any of the others. He was Sequoyah
of the Cherokees.
For it was Sequoyah who invented an alphabet
and taught his people to "write talk on paper
so that talk stayed and remembered itself" and
who won for himself the title of "the Cadmus
of the Cherokees." His statue stands in Stat-
uary hall in the Capitol at Washington, the gift
of the state of Oklahoma as the symbol of one
of its two greatest men. Out on the Pacific
coast there is an even greater memorial to Se-
quoyah. There great trees tower to the heavens —
some of them more than 300 feet high. They
are the oldest living things in the world, their
ages being estimated at from 2,000 to 4,000
years. The picture above indicates the size of
these giants. Its girth is 84 feet. These trees
perpetuate the memory of Sequoyah, for the two
species "Sequoia sempervirens" the red wood of
the timber trade, and "Sequoia gigantia," the
big or mammoth tree, were given their scientific
names in honor of the Cherokee Indian.
Now a new honor is proposed for Sequoyah
and his name is to be perpetuated in the shadow
of the high Smoky mountains where his people
lived. If a recent proposal to the board of
geographic names of Washington by the inter-
state nomonolfiture ooratfttssfon of North Caro-
lina and Tenn('sst»e is accepted, the peak just
southwest of Old Black, stan<linir more than
0,000 feet above sea level, will be known as
Mount Soiiuoyah.
For a long time there has been considerable
Tnystcry about the early history of Sf»quoyah, the
n.aker of the CheroktH- alphabet. But a recently
disiovered manuscript in the collections of the
Newberry library in Chicago written by John
Howard Paine, the author of "Homo, Sweet
Home," has done much to clear up the mystery,
'lliis valuable record was dictated to Paine by
l^Iajor Lowry, a cousin of Se<|Uoyah, in the
presence of many Cherokee chiefs and relatives
in the cabin of the principal chief at a council
<»f the nation at Echota in October, IS.'v). The
Paine manuscript proves that Seiiuoyah was not
a full-blood Indian but a half breed. He was
the son of a white man, Nathaniel Gist, who had
been a trader among the Cherokees and later
was a lieutenant colonel of the Indian allies who
fought with Washington in the French and In-
dian war. His mother was a full-blood Chero-
kee woman of the Paint clan.
Af the outbreak of the Pievolution, Colonel
Gist seems to have deserted his Indian wife
and son and returned to his own people in Vir-
ginia. One authority says that this took place
before Sequoyah was born and that his mother
liamed the boy George Gist, after his father.
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Base of a.
Sequoia Tree
i-n. California
Scquoqah
^ Statue irt
Statuartj Hall
UltheUrAbed States Capitol
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" . • • •
though he had deserted her. Sequoyah is the
Cherokee version of that name.
Very early he developed artistic ability, prob-
ably an inheritance from some ancestor in the
paternal line. He turned his artistic ability to
making articles of silver which were in much
.demand among the Cherokee braves— bracelets,
•'nose bobs.'* gorgets and chains. Unfortunately
for him his shop became a popular loafing place
and his friends began bringing liquor to him.
He soon developed k taste for the white man's
firewater and was rapidly succumbing to its in-
fluence when he- earae in contact with a white
\ man, either a trader or a missionary, who res-
cued him from his drunken habits, and converted
him to Christianity.
It was by a chance conversation in 1809 that
Sequoyah was led to reflect upon the ability of
the white man to communicate thought by means
of writing. The general theory with many In-
dians was that the written speech of the white
man was one of the mysterious gifts of the
great spirit. Sequoyah boldly avowed It to be
merely an art and that he could himself invent a
written language for the Cherokees. By a
hunting accident, which had crippled him, he
was afforded more leisure for study.
The prevalent idea among the Cherokees
was that the written page actually talked to the
white man; for this reason they called it the
"talking leaf." Sequoyah, noticing the strange
cabalistic marks, conceived the Idea that each
one represented a word ; but upon getting a book
and counting the different marks thereon he
soon saw that their number was inadequate to
the expression of a language. In 1809 his medi-'
tation culminated in the idea that probably each
marlc -nK^ant a sound.
To test this he scratched with his knife on a
stone G, calling it wa; and E, which he called
ku. This demonstrated to him the probable
feasibility of his idea; as by these two marks,
and the/ sounds that he applied, he represented
the woi^d wa-ku, which is the Cherokee name
of coW, At the same time he scratched out
three other figures to which he gave the sequent
sounds of tsa, qui, II, this being the Cherokee
for horse.
Having thoroughly tested his discovery, he
iext proceeded to formulate a symbol for each
syllaWe. : For this purpose he made use of a
number of characters which he found In an old
English spelling book, picking out capitals,
lower case, italics and figures and placing them
right side up and upside down, without any
idea of their sound or significance.
Harirtfr thn« made^ use of some 35 ready-made
characters, to whicli must be added a dozen or
more produced by a modification of the same
ori-inals, he designed from his own Imagination
as many more as was necessary to his purpose,
making So in all.
There were three dialects of the Cherokee
language, the eastern (lov.er), middle and west-
ern (upper). The eastern and middle dialects
were about the same excepting for the change
of 1 or r and the entire absence of the. labial
from the eastern dialect. The western differs
considerably from the others, particularly In
the greater frequency of the licjuid 1 and the
softening of the guttural g, the changes tending
to render it the most musical of all the Cherokee
dialects. It is also the standard literary dialect
and the one spoken by most of those now con-
stituting the Cherokee nation in the West
• It was the only alphabet in the whole world
to be finished by one man, and was so com-
plete tliat anyone understanding the Cherokee
language could, upon learning the 85 characters
of the alphabet,, read and write correctly.
Despite some opposition, the alphabet was soon
recognized as an invaluable invention for the
elevation of the tribe and within a few months
thousands of hitherto illiterate Cherokees were
able to read and write their own language.
In 1822 Sequoyah visited the West to intro-
duce the new learning among those of his tribe
THE CHEROKEE ALPHABET
Below are given, by number, the English
equivalents of the symbols In the Cherokee
alphabet shown above:
1 A 21 SE 40 O
2 GAandKA 22 DE and TE 41 GO
3 HA 23 TLE
4 LA 24 TSE
6 MA 25 WE
6 NA, HNA, NAH 26 YE
7 QUA
8 SA, S
9 DA.TA
10 DLA.TLA
11 TSA
12 WA
13 YA
14 E
15 GE
17 LE
19 NE
20 QUE
27 I
28 GI
29 HI
30 LI
31 Ml
32 NI
33 QUI
34 SI
35 DlandTI
36 TLI
37 TSI
38 WI
39 YI
42 HO
43 LO
44 MO
45 NO
46 QUO
47 SO
48 DO
49 TLO
50 TSO
51 WO
52 YO
53 U
54 GU
as HU
56 LU
57 MU
58 NU
59 QUU
60 VU
61 DU
62 TLU
63 TSU
64 WU
65 YU
66 V
67 GV
68 HV
69 LV
70 NV
71 QUV
72 SV
73 DV
74 TLV
75 TSV
76 WV
77 YV
■^
Who had emigrated to the Arkansas. It was at
once taken up through the influence of Takatoka
(Da-gata'ga), a great chief who had previously
opposed every effort of the missionaries to Intro-
duce their own schools and religion. The next
year, 1823, Sequoyah took up his permanent
home with the western land, never afterward
returning to his eastern kinsmen.
The first Bible translation Into the Cherokee
language was a portion of St. John's gospel
made by AtsI or John Arch, a young native
convert, in the fall of 1824, using the alphabet
In September, 1825, David Brown, a prominent
half-breed preacher, completed a translation
of the New Testament In the alphabet, the
work being handed about In manuscript as
there were as yet no types cast In the Sequoyah
character.
In 1827 the Cherokee council resolved to es-
tablish a national paper In the Cherokee lan-
guage and characters, types for that purpose
were cast In Boston under the supervision of
the noted missionary, Worcester, of the Amer-
ican board of commissioners for foreign mis-
sions. Early the next year the press and types
arrived at New Echota and the first number
of the new paper, Tsa-lago Tsu'lehisanun'hl, the
Cherokee Phoenix, printed in both languages, ap-
peared on February 21, 1828.
After a precarious existence of about six years
the Phoenix was suspended owing to the hostile
action of the Georgif^ authorities. Its successor,
after the removal of the Cherokees to the West,
was the Cherokee Advocate, of which the first
number appeared at Tahlequah, I. T., In 1844.
In 1840 the Cherokees all moved West and
reuniting with the Old Settlers, as the Arkan-
sas band was called, the nation was reorganized
and Tahlequah was designated as the seat of
government, tnlttng its name from the o!d
Cherokee town of Talikwa, or Tellico. in Ten-
nessee. In this reorganization Setjuoyah played
a prominent part, but other things were in his
mind. Uppermost, was the Idea of inventing a
universal Indian alphabet
There was an old tradition of a lost band of
Cherokees who were believed to be somewhere
In the far Southwest. In the hope of verify-
ing this tradition and restoring his lost kins-
men to their tribe, Sequoyah set out in 1843
with his son and another companion.
Somewhere near the village of San Fernando,
Mexico, their ponies were either stolen or wan-
dered away and the old man went out alone to
find them. When his companions went out to
see what had become of Sequoyah, they found
him dead. His body was wrapped up with such
of his writings as he had with him and with
other mementos of his great life he had along
with him, as is the Indian custom. They put
the body on a shelf in a small cave where noth-
ing could disturb it. They s^id they marked
the place so they could find it, but the men
sent on from Indian Territory to bring the body
home failed to find the place.
So an unmarked grave In Old Mexico holds
the dust of one of the greatest Indians who ever
lived— Sequoyah, the "Cherokee Cadmus," who
gave his people a written language.
(® by Western Newspaper Union.)
toi "XTfCELrs. CA'-r
•»
^'L^f"^
Existence 0/ fVorld's JVealthiest Indian Marked
Jackson Harnett's favorii
belieye directini: of ti
mansion at Wilshirc B<
pastime — ^thc make-
iffie in front of his
lulevard and Rossmore,
Love of animals was a characteristic of the
rich old Indian, and here he is with »oma of
his horses on the Barnett ranch near here
IIT"^^"^ daylight wm perpetuX
pay tribute to the warrior who
fought under Chief Crazy SnakJ^
the Peach lYee Rebellion ^i'^<^i^
Territory, now the State of oSa:
homa, more than fifty years aeo
when the Creek tribe w^^d tw
KNOWN TO MOTORISTS
PA?^ f^^l"* self-appointed traffic om^
cer at the busy intersection at Ross-
more avenue and Wilshire Boule-
vard, was known to thousands ol
motorists. Always dressed in the
neight of unobtrusive fashion the
genial Indian would stand oii the
street corner opposite his beautiful
nome.
urnlfi^^"*^. *"* "^""^^ * perpetual
smile on his wrinkled face, deeply
tanned by the wind and sun. Bar-
nett never became chummy with
anyone. He did. though, smile to
one and aU. When accosted by a I
person seeking to engage In conver-
m^iiv?- ^*^°«" ^uW grin and
quickly move away. I
He Invariably smoked long, black
cigars and occasionally when tired
from his vigil of safety over the
I ^.t I^^ ^^ ^^*®^ regulations, would
j sit down on a bench and his friend-
ly smile would disappear into an|
expression of thoughtfulness.
HE LOVED PONIES
Frequently he would absent him-
se f for days at a time, and as
following the dictates of his lovt,
ones who had preceeded him to thi
'nappy hunting grounds," the ricl
Indian would visit his ranch in
C§ldwater Canyon to be with his
ponies.
To people who had met him. Bar-
nett appeared to be disinterested In
everything save his poni&s. His love
and knowledge of horse flesh was
born with him.
His love of horse flesh was the
only tie that bound him to the
world he had deserted when riches
came to him and a white wife
brought him to Southern California.
Barnett was bom hear Fort Gib-
son, Okla.. of full-blooded Creek
parents. Once, during a court ap-
pearance in connection with the
government's suit to annual his
marriage, he said he remembered a
"big battle" in the Arkansas Moun-
Uins in Civil War days. It was
estimated, however, that he was 93
years of age.
RAGS TO RICHES
When the government divided the
Indian lands of Oklahoma among
members of the Creek tribe, Bar-
nett was allotted 160 acres near
Henryetta. Here he built a two-room
shack and lived in rags. In 1912 oil
was discovered on his land and the
government declared him to be men-
tally incompetent to lease it. A
guardian was appointed and his
land leased to an oil company.
Mrs. Anna Laura Lowe, the gov-
ernment contends, made his ac-
quaintance in January. 1920, and
after failing in two attempts
o marry him in Oklahoma, hired
taxicab and took him to
offeyvllle, Kan., where a marriage
eremony was performed. February
;3, 1920. Mrs. Barnett then took
im to Neosho. Mo., where a second
remony was performed several
ays later.
Two years later Barnett. who was
able to read or write, gave away
1.100.000 with a thumbprint. $550,-
|000 to the American Baptist Home
ission Society for the endowment
of Indian schools in Oklahoma and
|an equal sum to his wife. These
gifts were declared null and void
|by United States District Judge
Knox of New York in August, 1927,
who ordered Barnett's funds and
property turned over to the Secre-
tary of the Interior.
TO LOS ANGELES IN 1923
Barnett and his wife came to Los
Angeles in May. 1923. living first in
Brentwood, then building a pala-
tial home at Wilshire Boulevard
and Rossmore avenue.
It was whi?-j Barnett was "direct-
ing" traffic, that he was taken by
a deputy United States marshal, on
August 20. 1926, to Muskogee, Wash-
ington and New York for court and
Senate hearings.
At that time Charles H. Burke,
former Commissioner of Indian Af-
fairs, testified Barnett had an in-
come of $67,000 a year and had
$500,000 in cash and securities. Bar-
nett's income at the time of his
death was $2500 a month.
On March 31. last, Ur>ited States
District Judge James declared Bar-
nett mentally Incompetent, his mar-
riage Invalid and ruled that his
$300,000 California property in Los
Angeles county mviat be returned to
Barnett's estate to be administered
by the Department of the Interior.
These properties, according to the
T
This is a photograph of Jackson Barnett ob the
day of his marriage to Anna Laura Lowe at
Coffeyville, Kan., subject of much litigatbn.
Mrs. Jackson Barnett. the 'o'''^" /""*„**"'!
Lowe, Is shown to this CUnedJpst photograph
taken on one of the Barnetts' trips East.
END COMES
TO BARNETT
— ♦
Wealthy Indian
Dies at 93
Center of Long Years of
Legal Battles Succumbs
in Palatial Home
Autopsy Conducted as Signs
Point to Heart Disease;
Government Notified
4..
Lbove ii the Barnett mansion at Wilshire Boulevard and Rossmore avenue while below is a pic
ture of the Barnett ranchhouse near Henryetta, Olila., which was built when wealth began
to pour in from the Indian's oil leases.
In a civUiza^on alien to his an-
cestors Jackson Barnett, reputedly
the world's richest Indian, was
found dead yesterday in his pala-
tial Colonial mansion at Wilshire
Boulevard and Rossmore avenue.
The Indian, who had found peace
and comfort in the white man's
world, far away from the bleak,
rocky hill lands of his native Okla-
homa and the oU wells that had
poured riches into the lap of the
picturesque brave who had lived in
poverty during the first sixty years
of his life, was alone when death
summoned him to the happy hunt-
ing grounds. , , ., »,«^
The famous Creek Indian had
been the principal character in a
spectacular marriage tangle in
which the United States govern-
ment recently was victorious in hav-
ing pronounced the union annulled
after a series of legal skirmishes
over a period of fourteen years
with Barnett's white wife Anna
Laura Lowe Barnett.
FOUND BY MRS. BARNETT
It was Mrs. Barnett, who a Fed-
eral court ruling favoring the gov-
ernment had ruled was not the legal
wife of the 93-year-old Indian, who
found him in death at 5:20 a.m.
yesterday. • ^, .
Barnett, rising with the approach
of daylight as had been his custom
since childhood, had begun to dress
himself when the sinister shadows
of death enveloped him. Believing
that he had fainted, Mrs. Bar-
nett immediately applied restor-
atives, while her daughter Miss
Maxine Sturgess, telephoned Dr.
Joseph Nicholson, the family physi-
cian. . -. ^ „,„
When Dr. Nicholson, after a cur-
sory examination, reported that
Barnett was dead, Mrs. Barnett re-
fused to beUeve it.
"The Chief can't be dead, she
said over and over again. "He can t
be dead." ,
As Barnett had never submitted
to the services of a physician, de-
spite the fact that he occasionally
felt badly. Dr. Nicholson, although
expressing the belief that the In-
dian had died from a heart attaclt,
called the Coroner.
AUTOPSY CONDUCTED
The body of the man who had
seen the primitive West change into
a modern world was removed to the
county morgue, where Chief Sur-
geon Wagner conducted an autopsy.
He reported to Coroner Nance that
he had "found a heart condition
which could have resulted in death,
being chronic mild myocarditis with
calcification of the coronary artery."
Dr. Wagner announced that he
will conduct a complete chemical
analysis and microscopic examlna-
tlon;TTBport of which will be sent
totlie-^Ufilled States government au-
thorltie8ra»'~Becretary of the In-
terior Ickes was appointed guardian
of Barnett following the ruling of
United States District Judge James
that the Indian's marriage to Mrs.
Lowe was not legal.
U. S. Atty. Hall Immediately noti-
fied Atty.-Gen. Cummings and the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs at
Washington of Barnett's death. Hall
also requested Coroner Nance to
furnish him with a complete report
of the autopsy findings.
Tribal burial rites, bom of the
Creek Indian cu:^om, which dates
back to the beginning of the red-
man's habltatlonlof the western
(Conttnu^ OA Pim 8» Colmna H
I RICpST INDIAN
INWORLD DE.
Barnett] Made Wealthy b\
Oil on Property
Former Warrior Rose Froi
Poverty to Luxury
Government Victorious
Battle Over Wife
(Continued from First Pafc)
world, will be denied Bamctt, wh
long ago discarded the brilliantl
colored facial paints, feather
headgear and buckskin clothes ^
his tribesmen for tailored suits, col
orful neckties and expensive sh
of the white man.
Instead, private funeral service
will be conducted at Pierce Brother:
mortuary, 720 West Washington
street, at 3 p.m. tomorrow. Burla*
will be on Sunrise Slope, P\)rest
Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale.
Thus the bright shadows of ap-
proaching daylight will pcrpetuaUy
pay tribute to the warrior who
fought under Chief Crazy Snake in
the Peach Tree Rebellion in Indian
Territory, now the State of Okla-
homa, more than fifty years ago
..when the Creek tribe waged war
over the confiscation of their lands
|[ by the white man.
-KNOWN TO MOTORISTS
Barnett. self-appointed traffic offi-
cer at the busy intersection at Ross-
more avenue and Wilshire Boule-
vard, was known to thousands of
motorists. Always dressed in the
height of unobtrusive fashion the
genial Indian would stand on the
street comer opposite his beautiful
home.
Although he wore a perpetual
smUe on his wrinkled face, deeply
tanned by the wind and sun, Bar-
nett never became chummy with
anyone. He did, though, smile to
one and all. When accosted by a
person seeking to engage In conver-
sation. Barnett irould grin and
quickly movte away.
He invariably smoked long, black
cigars and occasionally when tired
from his vigil of safety over the
welfare of traffic regulations, would
sit down on a bench and his friend-
ly smile would disappear into ani
expression of thoughtfulness.
HE LOVED PONIES
Frequently he would absent him-i
self for days at a time, and as it
following the dictates of his love
ones who had preceeded him to th
"happy hunting grounds," the ric
Indian would visit his ranch in
Clldwater Canyon to be with his
ponies.
To people who had met him, Bar-
nett appeared to be disinterested In
everything save his ponies. His love
and knowledge of horse flesh was
born with him.
His love of horse flesh wai the
only tie that bound him to the
world he had deserted when riches
came to him and a white wife
brought him to Southern California.
Barnett was born hear Port Gib-
son. Okla.. of full-blooded Creek
parents. Once, during a court ap-
pearance in connection with the
government's suit to annual his
marriage, he said he remembered a
"big battle" in the Arkansas Moun-
tains in Civil War days. It was
estimated, however, that he was 93
years of age.
RAGS TO RICHES
When the government divided the
Indian lands of Oklahoma among
members of the Creek tribe, Bar-
nett was allotted 160 acres near
Henryetta. Here he built a two-room
shack and lived in rags. In 1912 oil
was discovered on his land and the
government declared him to be men-
tally incompetent to lease It. A
guardian was appointed and his
land leased to an oil company.
Mrs. Anna Laura Lowe, the gov-
ernment contends, made his ac-
quaintance in January, 1920, and
'ter failing in two attempts
marry him in Oklahoma, hh-ed
taxlcab and took him to
offeyvllle, Kan., where a marriage
eremony was performed, February
13, 1920. Mrs. Barnett then took
im to Neosho. Mo., where a second
?remony was performed sev«raJ
ays later.
Two years later Barnett. who was
able to read or write, gave away
|$1, 100,000 with a thumbprint, $550,-
[000 to the American Baptist Home
"Ission Society for the endowment
of Indian schools in Oklahoma and
Ian equal sum to his wife. These
Igifts were declared null and void
Iby United States District Judge
Knox of New York in August, 1927.
who ordered Barnett's funds and
property turned over to the Secre-
tary of the Interior.
TO LOS ANGELES IN 1923
Barnett and his wife came to Los
! Angeles in May, 1923, living first in
[Brentwood, then building a pala-
tial home at Wilshire Boulevard
I and Rossmore avenue.
It was whi?? Barnett was "direct-
ing" traffic, that he was taken by
a deputy United States marshal, on
August 20. 1926. to Muskogee, Wash-
ington and New York for court and
Senate hearings.
At that time Charles H. Buike,
former Commissioner of Indian Af-
fairs, testified Barnett had an in-
come of $67,000 a year and had
$500,000 in cash and securities. Bar-
nett's income at the time of his
death was $2500 a month.
On March 31. last. United States
District Judge James declared Bar-
nett mentally incompetent, his mar-
riage Invalid and ruled that his
$300,000 California property in Lx>s'
Angeles county must be returned to]
Barnett's estate to be administered I
by the Department of the Interior.
These properties, according to the
Retake of Preceding Frame
government, were piu-chased by Mrs.
Barnett from $550,000 worth of Lib-
erty 1)onds, which the government
successfully contended in another
suit were obtained by her from an
asserted incompetent.
Following the court's decision Mrs.
Barnett issued a statement that no
person, not even the government,
could take her husband away from
her, and continued to live with him.
Two weeks ago she went to Musko-
gee in an unsuccessful attempt to
have the Indian agency there send
Barnett's $2500 a month allowance
directly to him instead of through
the Mission Agency at Riverside.
Other suits pending, all fUed in
the name of the government as
Jackson Barnett's guardian, are
those against attorneys, Harold C.
McGugin and others, who were
charged with having assisted Mrs.
Barnett In the marriage and litiga-
tion that foUbwed.
In Washington, D. C, the gov-
ernment has instituted a suit against
the Riggs National Bank of that
city seeking to compel it to turn
over to the government the $200,-
000 trust fund which Mrs. Barnett
established for her husband's benefit
after he had signed away $55b,000
In Liberty bonds to her.
MAKCU 0. l»'3y
7^
so ENDS ANOTHER CONQUEST OF HOLLYWOOD
Blackfoot Indians snapped at their powwow yesterday in
Griffith Park. Seated, with the drum, is Many Treaties,
h
and behind him, left to right, are Turtle, Chief Coward,
Yellow Kidney, Rolling Cloud, Mod Plume, Little Blaze.
Times photo
BUCKFOOT INDIANS ROAM
HILLS OF GRIFFITH PARK
Indians again yesterday
roamed Griffith Park hills.
Big Beaver was there. And
Spotted Eagle and Yellow Kid-
ney, along with nine other of
their Blackfoot tribesmen.
Around a campfire they gath-
ered for a powwow.
Old buffalo hunters from Mon-
tana, the tribesmen were the
guests of the local Indian Actors'
Association.
P^'or most of the Black feet it
was their first visit to the Pa-
cific Coast. They were brought
here to appear in a motion pic-
ture.
"ONE BIG DKIXK"
Since coming to Los Angeles
they have done much exploring.
First they wanted to see the
vast Pacific.
F'rom Night Shoot, 74, oldest
of the group, came the observa-
tion on seeing the ocean:
"One big drink."
Motion-picture sets amazed the
men.
"Everything is only half," said
Judge Old Person. "Buildings
are only fronts. Nothing be-
hind."
UKTURN TO!\IORnOW
Tlie visitors were feted be-
cause tomorrow they are to re-
turn to their homes. They have
bought many things to present
to their wives. A shopping tour
down Hollywood Boulevard net-
ted them pocketfuls of Indian
jewelry.
"We make no jewelry on our
ownVeservation," explained Iron
Breast.
Many Treaties, head of the lo-
cal Indian association, prepared
the banquet yesteixJay for ^e
visitors.
See liucliis Brobc in "Ca/e Socie-
ty" with Madeleine CarAll, Fred
MacMiirray — starts Tuesday, Para-
mount Theater.
•.FF
flortis Made To
'^akejelics Qut
r Hiding Place'
^^lceIess Indian Exhibit Is
Stored In Snr^dll Room
Of Warehouse
,f^'
^^^^^^^M^^HIddeii Away^ In Warehouse V3
A move today-'v^s launched to
ike the California Indian Exhibit,
aid^ej*- on'* of the finest in the
^orrafpjut of its "hiding place" in
'warehouse here.
Sponsors of the action believe
le thousands of visitors who will
,e attracted by the Sacramento
[olden Empire Centennial and the
hternational exposition at Treas-
Ire Island should be given the op-
)rtunity of visiting the display in
* easily accessible and more at-
Jtive location.
Bank Building Suggested
I Arthur Dudley, secretary manager
^ the chamber of commerce, sug-
»sted in a letter to Phil S. Gibson,
|:ate director of finance, that the
isplay be placed in the state
■^n6d building at Seventh and J
Itreets formerly occupied by the
lalifornia National Bank, now in
quidation.
The display is located in a 35 by
foot concrete storage room in
le Lawrence Warehouse at 1108
Street. It is reached by climbing
flight of steep stairs, after which
lie visitor must push his way be-
/een bales of hops and storage
)xes.
Many Relics Undlsplayed
I Only one fourth of the relics are
display because of the cramped
)ace. The remainder of the ma-
^rial is stored in more than 100
fling cabinets- and boxes in the
iflrehouse.
"Not very many people come to
,^e the exhibit any more," said
en W. Hathaway, curator of the
chibit. "We have tried to make
as attractive as possible, but we
in show only a small part of the
faterial we have. And, of course,
is pretty hard to get here.
Hopes For Place In Fort
"I hope that someday we will
lave our own museum at Sutter's
Tort, which surely is the logical
lace. In the meantime, it would
excellent if we could get into
better place so that visitors to
le city during the centennial and
lir could see what we have.
"The exhibit is priceless and is
-le finest display of California In-
lian relics, history and handiwork
the world. It would be a shame
, keep it hidden away."
Included in the exhibit are many
olorful ceremonial costumes, beau-
Iful headdresses, countless bead
Collections, both prehistoric and
lemi modern Indian arms, cooking
Ind^grinding instruments, hand
loveh baskets of many designs, a
[ugout canoe and many other ob-
^cts which have been painstakenly
fathered since the exhibit was
llarterf ten years ago.
Gibson Urged To Act
, Dudley^rged Gibson to give tlie
uggestion to move t^e ^^^^i"?/^ *?
he closed bank building "most
lerious consideration."
"Inasmudi as thousands of tour-
»t"^;.TnistoD in SacrameiUo^^n
fSr w"y ° trte Golden Gal^n
ccurred to us that ^he °w , i j,
''* Nat onal Bank BuldmK,^^^^ ^^
now the ProP?"^ " logical place
59 tourist season
The state's priceless exhibit of prehistoric and modern Indian
relics and craft is tucked away in the Lawrence Warehouse on
R Street, reached by visitors by climbing the steep, narrow
stairs showrK in the photo at the lower rights Upper left: Emma
Allman, an \mploye at the warehouse, examines some of the
ornamental headdress feathers in the exhibit. Upper iright: A
general view of the cramped quarters, which permit only a
small portion of the material to be shown. Ben W. Hathaway:
curator, is shown in the Uwer left photo, with some of the val-
uable ceremonial adornmkntin the exhibit. Bee Photos
PUGES 11 TO 20
Utica Sunday Tribune.
PAGES 11 10 20
SECOND SECTION.
UTICA, N. Y., SUNDAY MORNING. JULY 2, l9ll.
SECOND SECTION.
INDIANS RETURN TO SHORE OF ONEIDA LAKE AND LAY CLAIM
TO LAND THEY ALLEGE WAS SECURED THROUGH TREACHERY
f >
Descendents of Aborigines Take Possession of Property Near Constantia and Prepare to Litigate Matter in Courts — Oneidas Assert That
Original Estates Were Taken From Their Forefathers at Feast When White Settlers Plied Chiefs With Liquor and Then Secured
Valuable Holdings in Exchange For Rum— About Forty More Are Expected to Reach Encampment Soon.
/
Back to the north shore of Oneida
Lake on land which they claim was
taken from their forefathers by white
men through trickery, have come
from Canada a band of Oneida In-
dians, who have "squated" on the
shore of the lake. There they re-
main, and no attempt has been made
\o dislodge them, for they have
merely occupied an old building,
•vhile makinsr preparations to take
- -U'reir-cASc to the courts. The Indians
are of pure breed, and adhere to the
customs of their ancestors, though
they have abandoned blankets and
feathers and now wear the garb of the
white man, they cling to their
tribal religion and customs and
epeak the Indian dialect, as they
claim, unchanged from the time that
central New York was the home and
the favorite hunting grounds of the
Oneidas and the other tribes in the
Five Nations.
The spot to which the Indians came
.,ii'-^ ).inexpectedly is admirably chosen,
and is said to have been a favorite
with the Indians years ago. The fish-
I
BACK TO HER ANCESTORS' HOME
Aged Squaw in Encampment at Bern hard's Bay on Oneida Lake. Where
Indians Claim Land.
ing is good there, and along the shore
of the lake grow an abundance of the
reeds from which the women of the
tribe fashion baskets for sale. The
men in the tribe And work by the
day in the nearby farms, while the
women are engaged In basket weav-
ing and in caring for the several chil-
dren which form an interesting part
of the aggregation.
Led l>y Slirewd Chief.
The chiefs of tb« tribe i* a stalwa-T*t
man, a fine conversationalist and ex-
tremely shrewd In his dealings. He is
a typical Indian and such a character
as is shown in books giving pictures of
Indian types. Adorn him In war paint
and feathers, with a bow and arrow
and a tomahawk and it would not
stretch the imagination far to believe
he might have stepped from the tribal
gathering of a century ago, or that he
might be one of the characters in
Cooper's Indian tales.
The members of the tribe are ex-
tremely reticent to talk with white
pers»onv«. They willingly allow their
photographs to be taken and invari-
ably ask that they be paid for that
privilege. The elderly squaw whose
picture Is printed in connection with
this story demanded $1 for the privi-
lege of taking her picture, but did not
press the demand when Informed that
the photographer would charge $2 for
taking- the picture.
More Expected Soon.
At present there are In the colony
nine adults and six children. Forty-
two adults are expected to loin the col-
ony soon. The Indians have taken
peaceful, though perhaps forcible, pos-
session of an old building. They
live together In a primitive man-
ner, cooking their meals outdoors,
and living much In the old style Indian
fashion, though tepees have been
abandoned and Instead of stone pestles
the modern appliances for cooking are
found, even in a limited quantity.
The first that the residents saw of
the Indians was about two weeks ago
when the band was seen walking along
the road and scanning the scenery.
They chose a place about two and a
half miles from the village of Con-
stantia and between Bernhard's Bay
and that village. There, on the north
shore of the lake, they set up their
belongings, and were soon much at
home. The residents did not under-
stand the procedure at first, but upon
inquiry were informed by the Indians
that the land had been taken from
their forefathers by frau^, and that
they intended to re-establish their
claim to the land on which their
ancestors had hunted and fished.
unable to Speak EnRlish.
Aside from thf chief and one
squaw the Indiars speak English
very brokenly. ,nd the children
are unable to speak or under-
stand a word of English. It is said
that the intention is to bring the chil-
dren UP to speak their mother tongue
and not use the white man's language.
Aside from working on the farms
and making baskets, the Indians find
somewhat profitable work in picking
berries m the vicinity where they
are encamped. They are said to be
willing and capable workers. The
spot is within «asy. reach of the city
of Syracuse, and there the women
and children go to market their wares.
The claim of the Indians is some-
what ancient, but 5s said to be some-
what well founded. Their contention is
based on a grant made to their an-
cestors following the close of the Rev-
olutionary War. The colonists at
that time decided to place the Indians
on reservations. Every other square
mile along the shores of Oneida Lake
is said to have been deeded to the
Indians already settled there, and they
also claim land four rods back from
the shore all the way around the lake.
This gave the Indians an unobstructed
path around the 'ake. The tribes
occupied thij land for some time,
but with the increase in the
number of settlers the greed of the
white men grew, and d. plot is said to
have been concocted to gain possession
of the fertile soil.
Trickery Claimed to Have Been Used.
I
According to the Indian traditions a
great feast was arranged, and the
Indians were invited. There was
plenty of good things to eat and an
abundance of "fire water." Tht chiefs
and lesser lights in tp© Indian or-
ganization were treat/Zd to a grand
spread, and it in fa/d the chiefs be-
came stupefied wi?^ drink. At the
height of the festivities the supply of
strong drink is said to have been
stopped.
The Indian craving for more drink
is said to have been their undoing, for
at an opportune time. It is alleged, the
Indians were induced through their
burning thirst to sign away their land
holdings along the lake for a jug of
rum. One of the chiefs, who was famed
as an orator, is said to have urged the
action and his a.dvice prevailed-
Removed to Reservation.
Following the deeding away of their
lands the Indians removed to the On-
ondaga reservation. Later some of
them settled in Canada and on other
reservations in New York State.
Each year there is a gathering of
the descendants of the tribes on the
Onondaga reservation near Syracuse.
There the chiefs confer, but the pub-
lic is not admitted to the sacred r'tes
practiced, and visitors are not wel-
come except at a few 6t the less im-
portant functions. The rites which
were practiced a century ago are re-
ligiously adhered to, and the chiefs
and members of the tribes attend in
the full regalia of their respective
tribes. The gaily colored blankets
and headgear, the feather adorned
hats and the fine display of beads tes-
tify to the Indians* love of pomp and
ceremony. What is done in the "long
house," as the council chamber is
called, is not made public, but it is
possible that there was discussed a
plan for the retaking of the land
which the Indians claim was secured
from them bv treachery and by ply-
ing them with whisky and rum.
That the Indians are determined lit
their effort to regain land is shown
bv their retention of Supervisor Wil-
liam M. Gallagher of CleVeland tCF
present their case in court. The mat-
ter will be taken to the Court of
Claims and there the documentary
evidence will be produced. If the
claim of the Indians is found valid
there will be several persons who will
be affected as to their land holdings.
Many property owners have occupied
their lands for years, but if the claim
Of the Indians is maintained thev will
be compelled to vacate them. The
outcome of the novel situation will
be awaited with no small degree of
Interest. The Indians are said to be
planning the erection of a larger barn
and dwelling houses on the land where
they have squatted.
CLAIMANTS OF LAND ALONG ONEIDA LAKE
Part of Tribe of Oneida Indians Who Have Taken Possession of Section Along Shore and Who Will Contest
Their Claim in the Courts.
■ ^ -V >
{?:.
m^-^_
immu
WfliOLEO OyT OF TIHiEfli TI^D
iLTy
[?'?5-4S
IT is not generally known by the people of Montana that, while
various organizations are collecting money in the United
States for the relief of famine-stricken people in Central
Europe and other parts of the old world, there is right here in
Montana a colony of helpless, starving human beings who have
been reduced to depths of poverty and wretchedness almost un-
believable through the administration of their affairs by the
United States Indian department. On the bleak and barren
Blackfeet reservation in Northern Montana women and children
are starving to death this winter and there is suffering indescrib-
able. Under-nourished mothers are unable to nurse their babies.
Everywhere among these unfortunate people are suffering and
want. The once wealthy and prosperous Blackfeet have been
swindled and cheated by the United States government over a
period of sixty years and have been gradually reduced by disease
and starvation to a mere remnant of their former tribal strength
through a policy of the Indian Department that could not have
been more certain in exterminating them if it had been deliber-
ately framed for that purpose. The manner in which the Black-
feet and other Indian tribes have been treated by the United
States government has left a black spot on the escutcheon of this
nation that can never be erased. Every American citizen may
well blush with shame at the record of the Indian Department.
But it is never too late to take action to relieve existing suffering
and save lives of starving babies. The following article by James
Willard Schultz, author of "My Life as an Indian" and many
other books about the Blackfeet, tells of conditions as they now
exist on the Blackfeet Indian reservation and gives a brief history
of the manner in which thousands of these people have been killed
by disease and famine while politicians in Washington of all
parties have aided in reducing them to their present condition of
terrible poverty. There are two things you can do to help these
starving people. Write to the senators and congressmen from
Montana and urge them to get relief for the Blackfeet. Send
what money you can afford to give for saving human life to the
Blackfeet Relief Fund, First National Bank, Browning, Mont.
J
(By James Willard Schultz.)
I have just returned from a visit
of a month, with the Blackfeet In-
dians, in Montana, and can say
without hesitation that they are in
far worse shape to face the com-
ing winter, than they were a year
ago, when I was with them. At that
time, a number of friends of the
tribe opened, and handsomely con-
tributed to, the Blackfeet Indian
Relief Fund, Browning, Montana,
and thereby saved many lives dur-
that they had been issued until the
winter of 1879-80, when a detach-
ment of U. S. soldiers rounded
them up in the Judith basin, where
they were hunting buffalo, con-
tented, rich, happy in their own
country, and drove them north to
soldiers and kill all o( thciTi, ^vas
due to the fact that-,tn the winter of
1870, a command of mounted in-
fantry Under Colonel Baker, had
Marias river and massacred the
men, women and children as they
slept in their lodges. After that
they would surely lose their wom- 1 men too
en and little ones.
In the winter of 1883-84, more
ing the winter. Some thousands of ^attficked one of their camps on the
dollars must be sent to the ..iund
now if the old and hcipless mem-
bers of the t-;^g 3j.g tQ see the green
gtass of another spring: yes, and
younger members, too, for in that
bleak, windswept, unsettled portion
of our country, there is no work to
be done by Indians or whites dur-
ing the winter months.
That the Blackfeet are in this pit-
iable condition, is all the fault of
the Indian Bureau, in Washington,
as I shall here briefly relate:
In 1855, at the junction of the
Missouri river and the Judith river,
the United States by treaty with the
Blackfeet, formally recognized
their ownership of a vast tract of
plains and mountains, bounded on
the north by Canada; on the west
by the summit of the Rocky moun-
tains; on the south by the entire
length of the Musselshell river, and
then the Missouri river down to the
mouth of the Milk river; on the
east by a line runing from the
mouth of the Milk river due north
to the Canadian line.
In 1867, by executive order of
President Grant, the Missouri river
w^as made the southern boundary of
the Blackfeet reservation. Later ex-
ecutive orders so reduced the size
of the reservation that, at last, it
extended only from the Canadian
line south to the Marias river, and
from the summit of the Rockies
east to a north and south line cut-
ting the mouth of this river. All
of the executive orders were made
without the consent or knowledge
of the Blackfeet. They never knew
the reservation to become self-sup-
porting, and under the administra-
tion of two efficient and absokitclv
honest agents. Major Gearge
Steel, and Captain L. W. Cooke,
U. S. A., a fine start was maile
with a portion of it. Thousands of
head of stock cattle were bought,
and distributed to every family ac-
cording to its size, and many thor-
oughbred stallions were issued for
the improvement of the Indian
horse herds. Wagons, harness,
mowing machines and other fann-
ing machinery were also issued to
the families. They were not al-
lowed to kill or sell any of thcjr
cattle other than the steers thev
raised, and as they were issued
weekly rations sufficient for their
needs, their herds of cattle and
horses rapidly increased in num-
bers; they were actually well upon
the road to self-support.
This period of Blackfeet pros-
perity was during the administra-
tion of their affairs by Major
George Steel, two years; Captain
L. W. Cooke, two years and then
Major Steel again for two years.
Then began, under other agents —
a succession of them — the fritter-
ing away of the Blackfeet funds
and the decline of the tribe. The
great setback came when the In-
dian Bureau decreed that rations
should be issued only to the old and
infirm members of the tribe. As
there was never any work to be
had in that remote and unsettled
part of Montana, the Indians began
kiling their cattle and selling thjsitj,
and their horses, in order to blbtain
iFood. The reservation traders
bought many thousands of them
particularly che cattle, at ridicu-
lously iow prices, until finally they
had ^out all of them. But while
their agency, there to begin to
starve. That they did not resist th^ the Indians still had a few cattle
and horses, the Portland Land and
Loan Company, a subsidiary of the
great packing firm. Swift & Com-
pany, was allowed to graze so many
cattle upon the reservation that the
range was eaten out, and in the se-
vere winter of 1919-20, the last of
thing like four hundred of them. I
am told that in many instances the
Indians have been outrageously
robbed in these transactions. I
strongly recommend that a lawyer
of ability and proved honesty be
sent to Browning, the Blackfeet
agency, and to the office of the
county recorder in Cutbank, to in-
vestigate these Indian land sales.
George Star, an intelligent, reliable
English-speaking Blackfeet, resid-
ing in Browning, will gladly aid the
investigator.
The greatest crime that the In-
dian Bureau ever committed, was
in issuing to the Blackfeet, hungry,
starving, shivering people, the pat-
ents to their allotments, for thev
have now lost their tribal rights,
and have become pauper citizens of
our country. Those who have not
sold their lands, are without excep-
tion unable to pay the state and
county taxes upon them. Nor can
they work the lands themselves.
Some years ago the Reclamation
service began the irrigation of
Blackfeet reservation lands, and al-
together has expended more than
one million dollars upon the proj-
ect, and that vast sum is a charge
upon the lands. The canal system
was said to have been built for the
benefit of the Indians. Actually, it
benefits only the white people who
have bought the liidtan lands.
Many years ago, \vhile a resident
of the Blackfeet reservation, with
the Fathers of the Holy Family
Mfssion, Bear Chief and Tail-
Feathers-Coming-Over-the-Hill, I
got out a ditch from the Two Med-
icine river. Later on, and without
paying for our work, the Recla-
mation Service took over this ditch
and enlarged it. Last summer,
Comes-With-Plenty, sixty years
old,and suffering from want of
food and half-blind, used some of
the water of the ditch that his fath-
er had helped build, to irrigate a
few hills of potatoes that he had
manag^ed to plant. The Reclama-
tion Service called upon him to pay
$46.00 for the water that he used.
With a bitter laugh he said to me :
the Indian cattle, and all but a few
they said it was useless to try to^of the Indian horses, died of starv- ^^They will never get it! That is
fight the whites, for if they 'did, ation, and the cattle of the white niore money than I have seen in
But before this happened, the In
dian Bureau had begun issuing to
my son. Hart Merriam Schultz, has
had his studio in the town of
than five hundred of the Black- the Blackfeet, the patents in fee t^ During this past summer of 1921,
feet died from starvation at their | their allotments of land, two hijli-
agency, through the fault of the In- dred and eighty acres of grazing
dian Bureau in not supplying them land, and forty acres of irrigabwv
with food in this, the second year land to each man, woman and child
after the extinction of the buffalo of the tribe. The patents came in
and other game of the Montana great batches from Washington,
plains. jand the Indians were notified to
In 1887 the Blackfeet sold the call at the of fice of their agent, and
eastern part of their reservation to sign for them. Many members of
the United States for $1,500,000. the tribe did not want to accept
In 18% they sold the extreme west- them, but were told that they had
ern part of their reservation — the to. Thus many of them, by accept-
region that is now Glacier National ance of the, patents, became citi-
park — for $1,500,000. So was their zens of the United States against
reservation cut down to a tract of their will, citizens who could
high and bleak country about sixty neither write, read nor speak the
miles square.
Not until the starvation winter,
Enjelish language. And of course,
starving as they were, they began
1883-84, did tuberculosis begin to at once to sell their land patents to
affect the Blackfeet ; from that the reservation traders, and real
time on it became increasingly estate dealers, for whatever they
prevalent and so reduced the tribe could get for them, never more
that, in 1896, it numbered less than than a very small percentage of the
two thousand souls. The vast sum lvalue of the land. Of these buyers,
of money to their credit in Wash- ' one, a reservation trader, had two
ington at that time, was more than hundred and twelve patents a year
sufficient to assist every family on ago, and now, I believe has some-
they not been actual Iv starving.
Previous to my arrival in Glacier
Park, my son had visited the In-
dians in their homes along Two
Medicine river, and Little Badger
and Big Badger creeks, and had
foimd them without food other
I than a few small trout that thev
I were catching, and in a few of the
homes, a very little flour and beans.
The latter were being boiled in
straight water, for the people had
no bacon fat of any kind with
which to make them palatable. ]
found the same scarcity of food in
the homes of the Indians that I
visited. Just as I was to take the
train to return to California, 1 was
told of a family, a deserted wife
named Monroe,' and her children,
who were starving right in Brown-
ing, one of the children having re-
cently died from want of food. I
saw many emaciated Indian men
and women in Browning, hungrily
looking at displays of food in the
store, which they were unable to
buy. None of them asked me for
money, but when I handed them
small sums, tears of gratitude filled
their eyes as they hurried to the
butcher shop to purchase meat.
They were so overcome that they
couldn't even voice their thanks for
what I gave them.
At that time, some of the able-
bodied Indians were working upon
an automobile road that was being
built across the reservation. They
received fair wages for what they
did, but none of them could earn
enough to more than support their
families during the period of road
construction. Last winter, after I
had informed the Indian Rights
Association of Philadelphia, of the
dire need of the Blackfeet, the As-
sociation secretary went to Wash-
ington and got the Indian Burc^iu
officials to promise that they would
expend $25,000 for the immediate
needs of the tribe, and we all be-
lieved that this was done. To my
great surprise I was told that tliis
money was being expended for the
construction of an automobile
road, "For the whites to ride upon ;
few of us have even wagons to use
upon it!" one old Indian remarked.
While on the reservation, I in-
terviewed the present agent — now
called superintendent — for the
Blackfeet. He has done very com-
mendable work in visiting every
Indian family of his charges, ob-
taining photographs of them and
their homes, and inducing them to
plant vegetables and wheat. He of-
fers to all who will i:et the posts
around forty acres of land the wire
to complete the fence, and then to
each family so doing, he will fur-
nish 1 cow, 20 sheep, and one dozen
chickens. They will be required to
put some of the fenced acres into
wheat, and he intends to provide
grist mills with which to turn the
Glacier Park, which is in the ^ain they raise into flour. I be-
1&
♦
X
sti
I.
"Pape's Dil
Belt the suresi
Gases, Flatulei
ness, Fermentatl
tress caused by al
give almost immec
and shortly the stol
so you can eat favorH
fear. Large case costs'"
at drug store. Millioul
Qually.
many winters ! And anyhow, why
should I j).ay for the use of a ditch
tttat my father helped to dlg?**^
^,
B4a.ckfeet reservation. On tl^fe^dtry
that i arrtved tH«rc,S^teniber 27,
his grandfather, Yellow Wolf, old,
blind, and with a family of four,
had come to him for further help
in the way of food. The rations
issued to him for a period of four-
teen days, lasted but four days, and
all summer long he and his depend-
ents would have had to endure ten-
day periods of starvation had not
my son come regularly to his relief.
Other old relatives and friends of
his dead mother were constantly
coming to him to ask for a little
money with which to buy food.
One old woman, feeble and in rags,
who had walked seven miles across
the plain to ask him for help, broke
down and cried piteously when he
gave it. None of these people,
proud and independent as they
have always been, would have even
thought of asking him for food had
against the United States for the
value of the land. All persons in-
terested in this should urge their
senators and congressmen to pass
this bill at an early date.
In the meantime, as I have stat-
ed, the Blackfeet are starving. The
Indian Bureau, having committed
itself to the policy of making pau-
per citizens of the majority oi t/ici
members of the tribe, and far un-
der-rationing the old and blind and
infirm, will wot help ihcm in their
need, so we must. 1 earnestly urge
all friends of the Indians to send at
once to the Blackfeet Indian Relief
Fund, First National Bank nf
Browning, Browning, Montana, all
the money that they can spare for
this purpose. The fund is admin-
istered there by the cashier of the
bank, and George Star and Joseph
Brown, two reliable members of
the tribe. The three decide upon
the families to be helped, and issue
weekly checks upon the fund at the
rate of $4.00 per week per family.
JAMES WILLARD SCHULTZ
University Club,
Los Angeles, California.
lieve that this experiment is doom-
ed to failure, and for these reasons :
1. Few of the Indians have
lands which they can irrigate, and
three years out of five, drouths or
summer frosts will kill the growing
grain. Of the seed planted last
spring, not one-tenth of the amount
was harvested, I was told.
2. Many of the families no
longer have teams and wagons and
machinery with which to fence and
farm forty acres of land.
There remains but one hope for
the Montana Blackfeet, and that is.
to obtain from the government a
portion of the value of the vast
territory arbitrarily taken from
them by presidential executive or-
der. On April 11, 1921, Congress-
man Riddick, of Lewistown, Mon-
tana, introduced a bill. No. 2432,
which provides that the tribe,
through its lawyers, may bring suit
Blackfeet Braves.
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Sdttortal Pagp of ©Ijp S»a« Jranriaro CI|rontrU si-flrDAy, M^t/ARr 2. «23
"WE REACH THE POINT
LIFE
DEATH!"
Pueblo Indians* Cry to American People
CRISIS IN THE AFFAIRS
RED MEN TRIBE
«%«^^>k^MMM^^MM^^M^^MM«A«MMM«^WM«A^MMVV^^«A«^^M^/«^M^ Y J V It IN V^ V> Lf Ll I £< t\«
=^ THE United States Government
capable of being either intelligent or
honorable in matters where the Red
Indian is concerned? This question
has been answered **No!" a great
many times in what Helen Hunt
Jackson has called the Century of Dishonor. It is
going to be answered **Yes** or **No'* in the settle-
ment by G)ngrcss of the fate of the New Mexico
Pueblos, which arc twenty in number, with a popu-
lation of 9000. The Pueblos in their memorial to
the American people in November stated: **We
have reached the point where we must either live or
die." Whether they shall live by their own self-
supporting efforts or die through neglects and mis-
doings on the part of Gjngrcss and of the Depart-
ment of the Interior will be decided in the next few
weeks or months at most.
Hearings on the Pueblo question were held last
week before the Senate and House committees at
Washington. A delegation of seventeen Indians,
representing the all-Pueblo Council of New Mexico,
traveled at their own expense to state their own case
to Congress. In addition, they will state their case
to the American people at meetings in Washington.
New York, Boston and Chicago. They arc ac-
companied by Mrs. Stella M. Atwood of Riverside,
Cal.. chairman of the Indian welfare committee of
the General Federation of Women's Clubs, and by
Fatjjier Fridolin Schuster, missionary of the Fran-
ciscan Order, representing the Archbishop of Santa
Fe. The organized women of America are con-
cerned for reasons of justice and also because woman,
in the Pueblos, holds a position of dignity and power
met with in few countries of the white man. They
are concerned because the Pueblos maintain a system
of education for children from which the white race
has a great deal to learn. Then Franciscan Fathers
are concerned because they Christianized the Pueblo
Indians 300 years ago and worked out and main-
tained a successful Indian policy for 200 years, while
now they see the Pueblos being clubbed over a
precipice to extinction.
An explanation must be given about these remark-
able Pueblo Indians. They were highly civilized
before the white man came. They have lived in
towns and farmed the desert through irrigation for
several thousand years. Their culture is like that of
the Mayans of Yucatan and the Aztecs, but they
have always differed from the Aztecs in being never
warlike. Terrific fighters in defensive war. they
never waged wars of conquest. They are not be-
lievers in force. Discipline in the Pueblo is enforced
through mockery, not through whips or jails. They
are very conscious that it is a bad thing for a man
to hate or to cherish revenge, and though outraged
by the white man and by the Government they never
give expression to bitterness even in their private
councils. The Pueblos arc co-operators. Every
man, woman and child gives service to the com-
munity without pay. They hold their lands in com-
mon, but give the individual an ownership over what
he produces and the right to transmit it to his children
or to sell it within the tribe.
But the Pueblos are more than just the original
American Quakers, as Charles Lummis, the great
writer of the Southwest, has called them. They are
artists in living and artists in the grand style. Every
one born in the Pueblo becomes a dancer, a singer,
an actor and a producer of drama. Tliere are times
every year when the whole Pueblo population, ex-
cept the babies and the very aged, is an actor in
marvelous pageant-dramas, religious in character,
which probably have no rivals on earth for com-
plexity and rhythmic, dramatic power. White men
come and look on, but admission is never charged,
the hat is never passed for collections and the visitor
usually is sent away with gifts. Some of these
dramatic rituals take place far in the mountains or in
some inaccessible part of the desert, with no onlookers
save the participants, realizing completely the ideals
of community drama.
In addition, the Pueblos are masters of pottery
arts, of costuming and of pure design. Theodpre
Roosevelt said. *'They are one of America's most
precious possessions. Let us cherish them tenderly
and proudly!**
The Pueblos have never received rations from the
Government. They have never received grants of
land, but only the confirmation of fee-simple owner-
ship which existed before this country annexed New
Mexico, together with the use of some executive order
reservation land. They probably arc the onjy
Indians who have bought land in large quantities.
Peaceable, moral, self-supporting and productive,
they were recognized by Spain as being civilized, and
under the Mexican regime they were entitled to vote.
Only when the United States came, and the Bureau
of Indian Affairs took them in charge, were the
Pueblos thrust from their place among recognized
civilized communities and there began that chapter
of oppression which brought them face to face with
death.
The nature of the present crisis can be stated in
few words. The Pueblo life rests on the land. The
whole social system — even the religious system— of
the Pueblos (and their ancient religion survives with
full force, though they are Christian, too) rests on
the foundation of agriculture. When the white man
came he found land ready made, irrigated with
primitive skill, by the Pueblos. The Kingdom of
Spain set aside for the Pueblos 1 7.000 acres of land
for each. There are twenty Pueblos. The Indians
collectively purchased additional land. The Spanish
land grants, save in the case of Zuni Pueblo, were
confirmed in 1858 by Congress and President
Lincoln affixed his signature to the parchments.
The Indians have the parchments — they have lost
the lands. At a later date die Court of Private
trespasses? These Indians have no status, either in-
dividual or tribal, save the status of lainors or wards.
The Government has constituted itself their guardian.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs has constituted itself
their monopolistic guardian. It has been the Gov-
ernment's task to put an end to the encroachments
on Pueblo land. The Government has grossly failed
in the duty. Taos has lost over 3000 acres of its
best land. Tesuque has been robbed of all its water.
Santa Clara retains the use of about 200 acres of
starvation, or gone into the mines, the railroad
towns, into the peonage of unskilled industrial labor.
That will be time to develop the water, to enrich the
land!" Whatever the mental process of the Indian
office, the projects for water have been left in the
files.
And now the crisis. The story of the Bursum
bill has been told in news dispatches. TTiat bill was
framed on instructions from Secretary Albert B. Fall
by Ralph E. Twitchell, who is the United States
attorney paid to defend the Pueblo Indians. It was
ST?
Land Claims confirmed the title of the Pueblos to
the grants purchased by them. The Pueblos have
the confirmation, but they have lost the purchase
grants.
In brief, white men have been encroaching on
the Indian lands and tapping their ditches and divert-
ing their water until many of the Pueblos are slowly
starving to death. Not very slowly either. The
per capita income of Tesuque in 1922, for each
inhabitant, was a few cents under $17. The per
capita income of San Ildefonso was a few cents over
$14. The per capita income of San Juan Pueblo
was a little over $30. The per capita annual in-
come of Taos Pueblo, in a good year, is $38. This
means all that they produce and all that they earn —
all that they consume. They are starving. But it
has never occurred to any of these Pueblos to ask
for charity or for Government aid. Nor are they
ever so poor that they cannot find means to entertain
the stranger without charge. Just at this time San
Ildefonso and Tesuque are receiving aid, for the
first time in history. It was forced on them because
tuberculosis, planted in the starved bodies of the
children, was sweeping them off rapidly.
What has the Government done about these
arable land. Picuris retains only about forty acres.
The Indians have protested ceaselessly. Tvrice they
have pulled down an encroacher's fences and then
there have been wild announcements of "Indian
war.*' a«d in the last case, in 1921. the superin-
tendent who failed to dissaude the Pueblos from
this pitiful assertion of rights was transferred to a
place remote and lonely.
Meantime the Government has spent over $10,-
000.000 on irrigation projects in other parts of the
Indian domain, but save in the case of Zuni
Pueblo it has done virtually nothing for the Pueblos.
The water is there; the engineering and fiscal
projects for developing it had been thrust on the
Indian office by the engineers of that office. In the
Indian office the projects have died. They need cost
the taxpayers ultimately nothing, being sound business
projects which could, if Congress desired, be made
reimbursable. Had these projects been carried to
execution there would today be plenty of land for
whites and Indians alike in New Mexico. But the
unconscious reasoning seems to have been: "The
Pueblo Indians cannot be 'civilized* (according to
the Department of the Interior model) until they are
first dispersed. Also why enrich the Pueblo Indian?
Soon they will be gone — gone into death through
denominated by Secretary Fall "an administration
measure." It was brought up in the Senate without
public hearings in committee, and was passed in
September. Its career in the House was checked
through a Nation-wide protest by the women's clubs
and by other friends of the square deal. It was
recalled by the Senate in November on motion of
Senator Borah, who stated that the bill had been
passed under a misapprehension. Its purpose and
effect had been erroneously described on the floor
of the Senate by Senator Bursum of New Mexico,
who had sponsored it. It has been stated that the
Government had failed to protect the Pueblos
against encroachments. This bill carried out the
logic of the Government's record. It required the
courts to give clear title to the encroachers. The
Government has warred on the self-governing insti-
tutions and the cultural life of the Pueblos. This
bill carried out the Government's logic. By throwing
all internal affairs of the Pueblos, including the right
to hold office, into the United Slates courts, it struck
at the heart of the Pueblo life. Attorney Twitchell,
who drew the bill, had stated that the local New
Mexico courts never gave a square deal to the In-
dians. Therefore the control of water, essential to
life, was placed under the New Mexico State courts.
In brief, the Bursum bill with elaborate method would
have wiped out the Pueblos.
This bill now lies in the Senc^je Committee on
Pubhc Lands. Meantime Representative Snyder,
Republican, of New York has introduced a modi-
ficadon of the Bursum bill, w^iich retains a number
of that bill's worst features. Snyder is chairman of
the Indian Affairs Committee of the House.
To meet these assaults there has been introd«cc3
the Jones bill (Senate 4223), The Jones bill has
been proposed by the Pueblos themselves, acting in
harmony with the General Federation of Women 8
Clubs and several other organizations, which want
to avert ihe crowning dishonor of Indian history.
This bill is remarkable in what it shows as to tho
mental attitude of the Pueblo Indians. These
Indians have valid title to the tens of thousands of
acres which have been taken from them illegally by
the white man. But they say, "We, the Pueblos,
do not want to hurt the white man. We do not want
to thrust his setdemcnts off our land. Give us the
improved irrigation and drainage systems which have
been promised us for so many years; remove the
white squatters from the midst of our own villagers;
give us the land to Hve on, and then grant clear title
to those old settlers who are now on our land in
good faith, even though their fathers may have stolen
the land!" This result is to be obtained Arough
appropriations for storage, drainage and ditches
totaling $905,000 for the twenty Pueblos, and by
the creation of a spedal coujt of Pueblo Indian land
claims, appointed by the President, charged with the
duty of setding land cases out of court so fat as
possible and with broad discretion as to titles, boun-
daries and compensation to settlers who mus* be
dispossessed or Indians who must be deprived. An
important feature of the Jones bill is that it gives
the Indians a right to name associate counsel of their
own to represent them in the negotiations. Thif
plan is regarded in the Department of the Interior
as a climax of un-Amcricanism and impertinence,
for arc Indians — even these sage and gentle Pweblo
Indians — men? No. they a« minors, wards, de-
pendents— Indians. Their status is slightly more
definite than the status of cUttle or of caged* wolves.
The Pueblos are facing their crisis with complete
consciousness. They met aft Santo Domingo Pueblo
on November 5 last for the first formal council of
all the Pueblos that ever took place. They formed
a permanent All-Pueblo Coimcil for mutual defense
and co-operation. In the two days and nights of
that meeting, where cvciy word spoken was trans^
lated by interpreters into five languages — English,
Spam'sh, Tcwan, Keresian and Zunian — the amazing
history of their greatness and their rum was recalled.
Their present situation wat described by themselves.
The Bursum bill was analjrzed and the provisions
of the Jones bill were indorsed and a cry of near-
despair was raised, which the people of the United
States listened tOw Out of thdr extreme poverty
these Indians raised the money to send their delega-
tion of ten to Washington. Friends of tho Pueblos
arc hoping that the American people will not allow
the Pueblos to spend this money for rectification of
abuses which America, not the Indians, is rcspoqeible
for.
At that meeting the capacity of the Pueblos fox
democracy was well tested. T^e excitement was
extreme and the issues were life and deadi. AH tho
strong individualities of the Pueblos were present
Half of the entire meeting proceeded without a chair-
man and no parliamentary rules were needed. Every
one q>oke and none interrupted another. The
melodious boom of voicet never became an excitea
shouting. All decisions were unanimous before die
end. It is so in all the Pueblo coundls. They have
complete democracy, with steadfast effectiveness.
It is their nature and, further, it is the product of
their system of social and civic education for youth,
which putt any system of moral or cmc trainins in
the United States to shame.
It has been stated that these Indians are aelf-
supporting and neither ask nor want charity or
rations. But there is one thing which they are ask-
ing with desperation. That is medical service.
Trachoma has invaded tho Pueblos, mosdy brought
back by the children, who are forcibly taken away
to the Government boarding schools. Tuberculosis
has invaded them. Forced to go out long distances
for periods of months and years to earn money for
the support of the old people and the babies, the
young men have brought back venereal disease. The
undernourishment which prevails in most of the
Pueblos creates a seed-ground for many diseases.
The Pueblos themselves have started, through their
governing councils and their caciques (the priests
of the ancient religion) a campaign for social
hygiene. But they petition for medical treatment
It is withheld from them. The medical service of
the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the Pueblos is worse
than a shadow. Some of the doctors are admirable
men, but they are forced to cover impossible areas
with impossible numbers of patients. They are hope-
lessly undcrsupplicd with apparatus, with drugs, even
with transportation facilities. They are wound up
in red tape. The condition is notorious for the
whole Indian service. But seen in the Pueblos,
which even without epidemic sickness are reeling at
the edge of the grave and are being pushed into the
grave, the condition appears as a national scandal.
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Section Two
GREAT FALLS TRIBUNE
Section Two
]
Editorial
Fashions :: Dramatics
GREAT FALLS, MONTANA, SUNDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 7, 1923.
Society :: Radio :: Auto :: Movies
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By WARREN W. MOSES ^
I HE STORY of the starving Black-
feet has been told and retold all
over this continent in magazines, news-
papers and circulars spread broadcast
by writers, associations for the relief
of the American Indians, and by sym-
pathetic individuals whose interest has
been aroused by coming slightly in con-
tact with the Indian and who has
not had the time or the inclination to
examine deeply into their conditions.
To the public there have been pre-
sented pictures of sick, hungry and
emaciated wards of the government,
victims of the avarice of the whites,
defenseless and subsisting largely upon
the generosity of the people, held down
and deprived of their rights by the In-
dian bureau, and whose numbers are
rapidly being reduced by disease and
undernourishment.
That the Blackfeet.along with other
tribes of Indians, have been the vic-
tims of inroads upon their territories
by the whites and have suffered the
loss of lands and property through the
greediness of the whites, may well be
admitted, but these are mistakes of
the past, mistakes which may not now
be corrected or at least difficult to cor-
rect, and are subjects which the writer
will make no attempt to cover in this
article.
In this article will be the story of
the Blackfeet Indian of today in an
honest effort to tell of conditions as
they now exist, of the work being car-
ried on to improve the economic, moral
and physical standing of the Indian and
of the almost rfxild-like eagerness
which many of them, the full bloods in
particular, are evincing in this move-
ment.
No Starving Blackfeet
In the first place let me say that
there are no starving Blackfeet — no
suffering and no cases which have
come to my observation requiring fin-
ancial assistance from outside the res-
ervation, but, on the contrary, the In-
dians seem to be well supplied with
provisions, either through their own ef-
forts or through the medium of the In-
dian service, or both, and the large
majority already ia possession of food
supplies sufficient to carry them
through the coming winter and spring.
As to health conditions, naturally
they are not of the best and could be
greatly improved, still there is nothing
alarming in the situation and Instead
of the Blackfeet tribe showing a rapid
loss in numbers, the birth rate largely
exceeds that of the deaths and the In-
dian population of the reservation, ei-
dueive of full bloods, is on the increase.
These observatione are the result of
an eight-day survey of the Blackfeet
Indian reservation made by me during
the early part of September, which sur-
vey was made for The Great Falls
Tribune, with a view to ascertaining
the truth as to conditions amoi^ the
Blackfeet and in the hope that in the
Kght of an investigation many contro-
versies which have arisen in recent
years might be put aside.
In the course of this survey, I pene-
trated virtually every portion of the
reservation, with th© exception of the
extreme northern and northeastern
sections where there are few Indians.
During that period I traveled by auto-
mobile over mountain and prairie roads
and wagon trails a total of 484 miles,
mv longest day's journey being 117
miles and the shortest 21 miles, visit-
ing Indian homes, schools, hospital,
muls and other industries, inspecting
wheat fields, gardens and livestock and
interviewing scores of Indians, full
bloods and mixed. The full bloods are
of an intelligent type, some of them
able to converse fluently in English
but with most the services of an in-
terpreter were required.
But Little Discontent
Among them I found little discon-
tent, most of them being enthusiastic-
ally engaged in farming and gardening,
all of them proud of the attainments of
the present and planning for an exten-
sion of their activities in the coming
year. In a number of the Indian homes
I found flour and vegetables sufficient
for immediate needs remaining from
the results of their fanning activities
of 19^, while in the gardens were
large quantities of potatoes and other
root crops awaiting storage and in
the fi^ds thousands of shocks of
wheat and oats for the thresher.
Not only had most of these Indians,
the full bloods in particular, produced
sufficient root crops and flour last
year to supply the needs of their own
families, but I encountered several in-
stances where they had sold to Brown-
ing storekeepers, sheep companies and
road camps, large quantities of pota-
toes and Indian flour.
What they have accomplished in the
past, with their naturally restricted
crop areas, they will be far more able
to accomplish during the coming win-
ter and spring with their doubled or
trebled acreage.
In 1921, the Indians of the reserva-
tion produced 1,100 bushels of wheat,
last year they raised 15,000 bushels,
while the estimates for 1923, made
prior to the commencement of thresh-
ing, would give them a production in
excess of 50,000 bushels.
Transition of Indian Slow Task
It has been no easy task to bring the
Indian around to the idea of farming.
He is a lover of meat, beef, principally,
and may be said to be naturally in-
clined to the raising and possession of
horses and cattle. Many of the In-
dians have raised some garden stuff
over a long range of years, but as they
received their flour and various other
classes of rations from the agency
quarters at regular intervals, no at-
tention was paid by them to aferieul-
ture and none was inclined to take
upon himself the labors or responsibili-
ties of the farmer.
It was a long and tedious task that
the present superintendent of the res-
ervation assumed when he sought to
JOHN SPOTTED WOLF AND FAMILY.
One of the "starving Blackfeet" with his surplus flour from 1922 crop.
•' -^'^-^^\, -"^Sk
The Rev. Thomas Grant, In his 3,000 head cabbage patch at the Holy
Family Mission.
HEART BUTTE FLOUR MILL.
Center figure Is White Quivver, once the champion horse raider of the
Blackfeet.
dent supporters of the plan, or "pro-
gram" as it is known among them, with
the result that many who have been
holding back have been converted to
the program or have been shamed into
accepting it.
A Few Malcontents
Naturally there are a number of In-
dians, mostly young mixed bloods, who
are opposed to farming methods or
other things involving work and who
are frequently referred to by the older
Indians as "agitators." I was told I
would find these around the pool rooms,
but as I was not there for tne purpose
of ascertaining conditions as they ex-
isted in po»ol rooms I did not interview j
these men. I did find a few full bloods
who were classed as agitators, but even
among these I found no agitators to
the farming program but rather an ad-
vocacy of a movement to obtain from
the government financial redress for
the hunting grounds which they claimed
had been taken from the Indians and
for which they claimed the Indians had
received nothing.
One of these, Oscar Boy, a young
full blood, educated and speaking good
English, said to me:
"There are the rich and the poor In-
dians— the fellows who work and those
who will not work. I like to work
for the interests of the full blood In-
dians and their children. I want to see
the Indians get their dues. There has
been a vast amount of land taken away
from the Indians by treaties and the
Blackfeet got nothing out of them. We
are trying to bring these matters be-
fore the government because I believe
they are just causes and the Indians
should be recompensed.
'Trobably for 20 years before the
last two or three years we had Indian
agents who seemed to care nothing for
the Indians. Within the last three
years we have had an agent, Mr.
Campbell, who is a hard worker and
who has been working in the field with
the Indians. He has urged appropria-
tions to buy stock and other things for
the Indians. He has loaned the In-
dians machinery, stock and seed on the
reimbursable plan and the Indians have
been getting things they never had be-
fore.
"I did some farming, put in two acres
in potatoes and wheat, but we haven't
got any money. This farming is a
freat help but nobody gets any money,
f we can get congress and the good
people to vote us the money for our
lands we will be all right. The only
thing the full-blood Indian is hollering
about is that he never got a cent for
his land under the treaty of 1855.
Right now the people are getting along
better, but in the last three or fkur
years we have pounded away until we
have remedied matters to a great ex-
tent."
Curfy Bear Wants More Cash
Another of the full blood Indians
who is classed among the discontented
is Curly Bear, a would-be-chieftain, 80
years of age. who is said to have been
a hard worker in his earlier days.
Curly Bear owns two lots with two
small houses in Browning, where he
lives, and also a lot of land from which
he gets some lease money, sufficient
BUNCH OF INDIAN HEIFERS.
Sold to Heart Butte Indians last year at $20 each to start herds.
better position to give
than right now.**
opinion
Bad Conditions Exaggerated.
Charles Simons, deputy sheriff, who
has lived with the Blackfeet all his
life and talks their language, said that
while he was interested in the Black-
feet and wanted to see them helped
he was not in sympathy with the ex-
aggeration and misrepresentation that
had been practiced by some who were
seeking aid for the Indians.
He said he was satisfied that many
of the Indians are hungry at times but
he thought it is due largely to the fact
that the Indian does not parcel out his
rations as he should to cover the ra-
tion period, being more likely to con-
sume all of certain portions at one or
two meals, which condition is aggra-
vated by the fact that his friends or
relatives are likely to drop in on him
and help eat up his rations with the
result that his supply is exhausted
long before the arrival of another ra-
tion day.
All efforts to meet up with Bob
Hamilton, leader of the so-called "agi-
tators," failed, as, during aU of my
trips about the reservation I was un-
able to encouter him or learn his
whereabouts. Hamilton is a full blood
Indian who studied at Carlisle for sev-
eral years. I learned from others that
at one time he had 30 to 40 head of
cattle and had recently lost his ranch
through mortgage foreclosure, that he
spends a portion of his time at Glacier
park and professes to be working for
the interests of the Blackfeet in trying
to obtain remuneration for lost lands
and in seeking the abolition of the In-
dian bureau.
Neither Prosperous Nor Pauperized
While the Blackfeet Indians are not
paupers, few have money or cattle,
and none is in the prosperous condition
he should be nor as prosperous as he
will be in the course of a few years if
he sincerely continues with the agricul-
tural program now under way. A few
gratuitous issues to the Indians, wh
out of the field matrons' fund abo
$2,000 goes to the Indians in the-fa
of supplies.
In supplies, clothing and subsisten
for children in the boarding and d
school $19,288 is alloted. As the In-
dian service is inclined to the discon-
tinuance of day schools and the main-
tenance of Indian pupils in the public
schools it pays into the district schobl
funds tuition for its wards. The
Browning public schools, where the
freat majority of the pupils are of
ndian blood, receives about $20,000 in
tuition from the reservation funds,
lesser amounts going to the smaller
schools on the reservation. Rations,
clothing and other supplies to the ex-
tent of $6,000 are allowed the Holy
Family Mission school where many In-
dian children are under instruction.
Distribution of Rations
A general issuance of rations to the
Indians is made from the agency at
Browning twice each month, while in
the cases of some of the .aged, sick or
infirm Indians provision is made week-
ly. The ordinary semi-monthly ration
for each member of the family, except-
ing those under six years of age who
are allowed a half ration each, meas-
ured in pounds, is:
Rice. 1%, beans 1%, sugar 1. hom-
iny 1%, tea ^, coffee %, salt %, soap
y-i, baking powder ^, bacon 3, beef 5,
flour 10. To the older Indians and the
sick, oat meal and condensed milk is
provided and other rations in larger
quantities.
Besides the food rations, clothing,
blankets, bedding, stoves and other
articles of home equipment are fur-
nished to old or sicK Indians who are
physically unable to contribute to their
own support.
Beef is slaughtered every two weeks
for distribution, three head at the
agency, one or two at Old Agency, and
two at Heart Butte. This meat is
killed by the Indians themselves and
is used to supply the ration Indians,
years ago there was money in the tribal I hospital and schools. Occasionally a
fund, most of the Indians had cattle
and many of them possessed cash. In
the hard* winter of 1019-20. following
wV^''awl'"ti'' ^e7'\t°Uney ^^^^^^^^ <i-«"^h of the previous summer,
ways able to get tne money when, ^^^^ j^^^ ^^^^, ^^ ^j^^j^ ^^^j^ ^^^ ^^^_
needed.
At the time I saw Curly Bear, with
Deputy Sheriff Charles Simons acting
as interpreter, he had but recently re-
turned home after spending the sum-
mer at Shelby, with friends and rela-
tives in Canada, and around the hotels
in Glacier park. He then said he rvas
hungry and had no provisions other
than some beef which had been given
to him by a friend in the park.
He said his ration ticket had been
taken from him because he went to
the Dempsey-Gibbons fight at Shelby,
and he was afraid to apply for another.
Later I was informed at the agency
that his ticket had been taken up be-
cause he left the reservation for Can-
ada in the face of instructions to re-
main on the reservation, and that his
ticket would be restored to him any
time he should apply for it.
Curly Bear said there were a good
many Indians living away up north and
south and along the mountains who did
not get enough to eat. He has seen
some and heard of others but could
name only two. Many Hides and Home
Gun.
He was of the opinion that a man as
.so he could sell them and get enough
money to last him the rest of his days.
He added that he wanted the money in
bring the Blackfeet Indian to a posi- i his own hands so he could put it in
tion of independence and to wean hitn j the bank.
sumed many with the result that their
herds were wiped out. Previous to this
con.'fiderable of their tribal fund bad
been utilized in the purchase of cattle,
stallions and machinery.
Two large payments had been made
into the tribal fund by the government
for lands ceded to the government,
Sl.nOO.OOO having been received in
1S87 for a strip from the eastern part
of the reservation, and later a like
amount for the western part of the
reservation which now forms a portion
of the Glacier national park. This
fund is now about exhausted and all
money must come from the Indian ap-
propriations. Some money is coming
into the tribal fund from oil leases on
allotments of surplus lands, but this
is negligible.
The Annual Appropriation
For the year commencing July 1,
1928. $1J)0,114 was alloted to the
Blackfeet reservation, which is sup-
posed to cover all costs of the reserva-
tion, including administration, schools,
hospital, rations and field work. An
emergency fund of $50,000 additional
has been provided to cover a two year
old as he should be able to get patents ! period to meet the costs of an indus-
to some of his decreased allotments | trial campaign and to be used for the
purchase of binders, mowers, hay rakes,
fanning mills, threshing machines and
flour mills.
An additional emergency fund of
beef is killed for distribution by th(e
field matrons. These cattle are sup-
plied under contract by local stock-
men.
Cattle Herds Are Depleted
In spite of the fact that the pasture
upon the reservation is of the very
finest character and ample to feed
great herds of cattle very few artPij!
evidence at the present time. Onfy
a few head of cattle are owned by the
Indians and those belonging to the big
sold for $50 for use in Glacier park.
At one time there were 70,000 head
of cattle upon the reservation, as large
a number as the reservation can stand
until such time as alfalfa and other
winter feed can be provided. Many
have gone out of the cattle business
into sheep raising and at the present
time there are probably 25,000 cattle
and 30,000 sheep on the reservation.
Practically the reservation grazing
land is now under lease to the Long &
Clary company, the Portland Cattle
Loan company and the Blackfeet Live-
stock company. These concerns pay
10 cents an acre for the pasture, buy
all the hay the Indians will put up and
hire the Indians to feed the hay in
the winter. Of these concerns the
Blackfeet Livestock company is paying
annually for pasture leases over $50,-
000. It is said that the livestock busi-
ness can be greatly augmented on the
reservation by agricultural activities in
in the reasing of winter feed.
Full-bloods are Decreasing
While statements have been made
that the Blackfeet tribe is dying out,
this statement is true only in a meas-
ure, the condition appearing to be due
to the infiltration of white blood and
not to disease. Through this process
the full blood Indian is being replaced
largely in mixed bloods.
During the fiscal year ending June
30, 1923, there werfe 45 deaths in the
tribe. During the same period the
births numbered 77, giving an increase
rather than a decrease in population.
The census of June 30, 1923, shows
a tribal population of 3,124, of which
number 1,090 were full bloods and
2,034 were of mixed blood in varying
degrees but of this latter number about
250 have such a small admixture of
white blood that it is not noticeable
and to all intentions and purposes they
are recognized as full bloods.
The last previous census of which I
was able to find a recapitulation in
the agency records was for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1916, which
showed a tribal population of 2,743,
of whom 1,228 were full bloods, 1,152
were half bloods or higher, and 363
were less than half bloods.
A comparison of the census of these
two years, separated by seven years,
shows a decrease of 138 in the number
of full bloods but an actual increase in
Indian population of 381.
Many Indians Tubercular
"While tuberculosis, the foe of the
Indian, has gained quite a foothold in
the tribe, it is not alarming as has been
stockmen are being ranged well ba^ . demonstrated by a survey made dur
towards the mountains. Bunches qi — — ~
horses can be seen with frequen
lay
about the reservation, all fat and |a
fine shape, but there is no demand fof
them and they are nracticallr wort!
less. Recently three fine head W(
rth-
away from the feeling of dependence
upon paternalism and even charity
which they had possessed for many
years.
It was a case of slow education, but
it appears to be winning its way to the
extent that a majority of the older fuli-
bloods have been thoroughly convinced
Even Curly Bear seemed agreeable
to the reservation farming program
and of this he said:
'*I think right now, with three years
of the program past, that if the next
two years continue as they now are,
it would be wise to start another
five-year program. When these two
$10,(X)0 was allowed early in Septem-
ber to be used for the purchase of
livestock, chickens and turkeys for re-
sale to the Indians on the reimbursable
plan.
Out of the general appropriation of
$190,114 about $:i5.000 goes to the In-
dians in the gratuitous distribution of
rations. The hospital receives $12,000
of Its efficicacy and have become ar- 1 years are up, however, I will be in a of which about half is expended in 1 near Heart Butte.
>''i I
ing the past summer by Dr. W. C.
Barton, a special physician temporarily
assigned to this reservation. Out of
517 Indians north of the Two Medi-
cine river examined by Dr. Barton, he
found 27 cases of pulmonary tubercu-
losis, or 5.2 per cent. There were six
cases of glandular tuberculosis, while
92, or 20 per cent, will require further
I examination of the chest.
South of the Two Medicine river
, among 441 Indians examined Dr. Bar-
j ton found 12 afflicted with pulmonary
I tuberculosis, only 2.7 per cent, and four
I cases of glandular tuberculosis. Fur-
! ther examination of the chest is re-
I quired in the cases of 92 Indians, 20
I per cent of the whole.
at the reservation, developed that of
95 children examined at the Holy Fam-
ily Mission school 38, or 30 per cent,
had tradioma, while at the Cut Bank
boarding school the disease was pres-
ent in 64 of the 115 children exam-
ined, a percentage of 47.
According to Dr. L. Webster Fox, an
eminent eye specialist of Philadelphia
and professor of ophthalmology of
the University of Pennsylvania, with
whom I visited the Blackfeet hospi-
-; ! pils, boys and girls, are being educated.
"* I This school consists of stone buildings,
! containing dormitories, sciiool and
} play rooms, one for the boys and one
j for the girhs, a frame chapel and nu-
I merous farm buildings. The schools is
; located on Two Medicine river about
' two miles east of the automobile road
leading to Browning and the Glacier
; national* park.
i . Plan to Build Community Houses.
' The Indians are now getting out logs
I for a community house to be erected
i at Heart Butte and which will be large
I enough for community gatherings and
! a basket ball court It is also hoped
' to install a radio receiving set and a
I motion picture outfit providing suffi-
j cient funds can be obtained from out-
j side donations to meet the expense,
, no money being furnished by the In-
' dian service for such purposes. The
present plan contemplates the erection
of one of these buildings in each of
the three districts.
The buildings will be put up by the
reservation log worker who is em-
ployed to assist the old Indians in
the erection of cabins, several of which
have already been built at the agen-
cy, hosiHtal and other places.
The reservation personnel consists of
the superintendent, formerly known as
Indian agent, a chief clerk and dis-
bursing agent, and five other offi^e
assistants, one handling land leasing,
one handling gas and oil leases, edu-
cation and the reimbursable fund (the
latter containing several thousand ac-
counts), one who looks after stores,
valuation of machinery, stock and sup-
tal and several Indian homes, trac^^ ^. j^ j^ ^^j individual In-
homa IS an old Egyptian disease caused ^^„„ ;„«„«vfl HannflitaH in h«nk, «nH <.n
by a germ which infects the eyeball.
The disease takes about 10 years to
run its course and eventually the eye
lashes turn in and scratch the eye
ball, resulting in blindness. It breeds
itself from uncleanliness and is very
prevalent among children. It can be
easily controUed and Dr| Fox states
that proper oper/ittive treatment
brings good results in two or three
weeks.
Medical Attention Is Provided
Besides such work as is performed
by the three district field matrons,
the health conditions of the Indians
are looked after by reservation physic-
ians, two of whom are field, doctors
and the third is in charge of the hos-
pital, the boarding school and the mis-
sion school at Family. As near as I
could ascertain these doctors are at-
tentive and answer calls about the
reservation.
Several Indians interviewed by me
expressed satisfaction with the medi-
cal attention given them. George
Starr, a full blood living on Cut Bank
creek, said he was well satisfied with
dan moneys deposited in banks, and an
interpreter who looks after survey
work, industries, land office and fam-
ily histories.
There is one Indian policewoman lo-
cated at the agency who looks after
law and order among the women, seven
Indian policement scattered about the
reservation, and two judges of Indian
courts who hold stated court sessions
every two weeks. There is also a pro-
hibition enforcement officer, white.
Employed in connection with the in-
dustrial campaign are three district
farmers and a farmer at large, a w^a-
gon maker, a blacksmith, a carpenter, a
log worker, an auto mechanic, a saw-
yer and two flour millers. The duties
of the four farmers include chapter
work, direction of cultivation and har-
vesting of crops on individual Indian
lands, irrigation, trespasses, leases and
sale of Indian allotments.
Drouth Strikes Down Hard.
For several years prior to 1918, due
to the sale of reservation lands and
successes in production of livestock,
the Blackfeet were in a very prosper-
f^Butte district numbering 120 families
not more than six will fail to have pro-
duced their own flour, potatoes and
other vegetables. A similar condition
exists in the Old Agency district, con-
taining about the same number of
families.
The Agency (Browning) district has
not been <hocked for the reason so
many of the Indians are absentees
from the reservation, many living and
working in Browning, and some are
in the shops at Cut Bank, but it is
estimated thjit 90 per cent of those
living on their allotments will have
their own flour and vegetables.
Chapter Organizations.
Of the 2S <baj»ters 20 are active.
c«>njpose«I mostly of full bloods, and
eight chapters composed mainly of
whites and mixed bloods. The average
membersiiip is 20. There is no treasury,
no money to handle, and few, if any,
have dro|ipe<l their membership.
To carry on the chapter work the
agency has provided five threshing mu-
< liines. 2.") binders. 46 mowers, 46 rakes,
and e:i«-h chaiiter has a grain drill and
a fanning mill, together with harness,
plows and discs. The equipment is in
cliHi-ge of the president of the chapter
who gives it out to the Indians of his
chai»ter as they require.
The agency takes toll from the Indian
farmers at the threshing machines,!
which toll wheat is afterwards ground!
into flour and this flour, together with!
that later obtained in tolls at the flour!
mill, is used by the agency for supply-!
ing the old and infirm Indians, thel
hospital, boarding school and day!
.siliool. It is expected that sufficient!
flour will thus be obtained during thel
fall and winter to supply all the needsl
of the reservation thereby obviatingf
the necessity of purchasing flour or
contract as has always been done
the past, several carloads of flour t>e-|
ing purchased annually for the reserva-
tion.
Before the treaty of 1855, sint
whi<'h time the government has in mosi
instances provided the flour used oi
the reservation, the Blackfeet paid t(
the Indian traders six buffalo robes foi
100 pounds of flour, six robes for
blanket, a yearling robe for a butchei
knife and one robe for a filled powderl
flask and 30 "trade balls" or bullets/
according to Richard SanderviUe, th<
agency interpreter.
Agency Mills Grind Wheat
To take care of the wheat to be pro-
duced by the Indians the agency twc
years ago erected at Heart Butttj
flour mill with a caapcity of 25 barrelt
in 24 hours. The lumber for this mill
was gotten out by the Indians wh<
donated their labor. Experienced milleri
are employed to operate the mill an<
out of each bushel of wheat the Indij
farmer gets 30 pounds of flour anc
11 pounds of bran, or mill feed, whil<
the agency retains as toll, five poundt
of flour and eight pounds of bran. Oi
September 12 this mill completed th<
grinding of the 1922 crop of wheat.
In view of the increased wheat pro- 1
duction the agency is preparing to
erect another mill at Brownine to have]
a capacity of 50 barrels in 24 hours.
The machinery has been ordered and I
lumber is being sawed at the reserva-
tion mill near Glacier park and being
planed at the agency. 1/ is hoped to|
have the new mill operating by Decem-
ber 1 of this year.
The Indian flour is an excellent
product and Levi Burd, one of the lead-
ing stockmen of the reservation who
has a contract for the building of a
12-mile stretch of the new reservation
federal aid highway, stated he had
bought 3.tMK) pounds of it recently for
use in his camps at S3. 60 a hundred-
weight, and that while it is cheaper
than patent flour it makes a better
bread.
The largest amount of flour necnred
by any one Indian from the 1922 crop
was that obtained by Bull Shoe, a full
blood, president of the Bull Shoe chap-
ter. This Indian, according to the
records at the Heart Butte mill, re-
ceived 9,63.'i pounds of flour, practical-
ly five tons, out of which be supplied
his family, sold several tons and still
has a large amount on hand.
Livestock and Poultry
^ ous condition, leading the Indians of
the doctor service and that the doctor | most other reservations in the purchase
had called at his home three or four of Liberty bonds in 1918. Then came ^„„,^^^ .„« , „-,».,
times this year when there was no the drouths of 1918 and 1919 coupled i rpirnhnrwihl- nUn mh^rm
sickness there while Mike Short Man ' with the drop in values of livestock ^ Under the reimbursable plan where-
siCKness cnere, wniie aiiKe onorc .nan, result that in the snrinir of ' by the government furnishes funds for
*%(^' a"Ud doc?o'; now My .ife ! ?i!2l 'soU'Xr' F.' C? cLmpKll the th'e purclm.se of articles to be resold
was stk afS i thought shl' would die I present supeiintendent, took charge of to the Indians upon an mitial payment
but the doctor saved her. He treated the reservation, they were practically
her at home."
Near Blackfoot station, about elirht
miles east of Browning, is a modern
hospital erected about 10 years ago !
bankrupt, without cattle and the ma
jority subsisting on rations.
In this emergency, although few had
ever evinced any interest in agricul-
for the treatment of tuberculosis, but \ ^u^e. Superintendent Campbell set out
when it was found impossible to in- 1 to devise some definite plan to put the
Indians upon their feet and after con-
sulting some of the leading meml)er8
duce the tubercular patients to remain
there it was turned into a general hos-
pital. The hospital is well constructed ^^ .the tribe, inaugurated a five-year
- - - «- - . - agricultural program which has met
such success that it has since been
and equipped, sanitary and capable of
caring for a large number of patients, i , , .^i. t i- i j •
In addition to the hospital physician I nPPf^y*'^ by the Indian bureau and in^
there is a nurse, assistant nurse, laun- | »*tnlled on all Indian reservations of
dress, cooks and other helpers. One I the country. ^, _. .. . ^.. ,
cabin has already been built on the I To interest the Indians m this plan
grounds and others are planne<l for
the accomodation of families desiring
to be near members of their families
confined in the hospital.
Educational Advantages. '
On Cut Bank creek north of Brown -
necessitated personal visits to the
homes of each Indian family and a
slow campaign of education in which
was enlisted the services of the inter-
preters, doctors, field matrons, farmers
and the more influential Indians. Then
the Piegau Farming and Livestock as-
ing is located the government Iwardin;; s<»ciation was formed, embracing the
school, a cluster of comfortable brick entire reservation, and divided into
buildings where about 140 Indian lK>ys about 28 district chapters,
and girls are accomodated. In connec- I Out of agency funds farming machin-
tion with this there are gardens and ery was furnished to the various chap-
a farm. The personnel consists of prin-
cipal, three teachers, engineer, car-
penter, seamstres.s, cook, laundress,
boys' matron, girls' matron, disciplinar-
ian and a band master and baker.
In the place of the three or four
«<•»
Diseases of the eye are prevalent i (^gy schools which in past years were
among the Blackfeet Indians, practi- j maintained by the Indian service on
cally one-third of the entire popula- 1 the reservation, most of this instruc-
tion being afflicted with trachoma or } tion is now being furnished in the dis-
granulated eye lids. Out of 517 In- trict schools for which the govern-
dians examined north of the Two Med- \ ment pays tuition for all pupils of In-
icine river Dr. Barton found 154, or | dian blood. Under this plan tuition
30 per cent, with trachoma, two blind ' will be paid this fall for about 300 In-
in both eyes, three practically blind ' dian children. Only one day school is
and 14 blind in one eye.
maintained by the service, this Iwing
South of the Two Medicine river out at Heart Butte where there are about
of 441 Indians examined he found 105, ! 20 pupils with a teacher and house-
or 23 per cent, with trachoma, six ] keeper who looks after the noon meal
Mountain Chief, last surviving chief
of the Blackfeet, in his wheat field
blind in both eyes, six practically blind
and 15 blind in one eye.
An examination of school children
made earlier in the year by Dr. Ross.
en eye specialist temporarily on duty I Family Mission school, where 120 pu-
for the children,
The government furnishes rations,
clothing and supplies to the extent of
about $0,000 annually to the Holy
of 20 per cent and the balance in four
equal annual installments, Superintend-
ent Campbell has under way pig, heif-
er, sheep, chicken and turkey cam-
paigns through means of which he
hopes to have every family on the
reservation engaging in the raialnf
of livestock and poultry.
The chicken campaign was started in
1922 with 135 dosen chickens with the
result that a large percentage of the
Indians are now raising chickens and
supplying themselves with eggs. All
but five families in the Old Agency
district have chickens and these have
asked to be supplied this falL
The pig campaign was started in
192'J when 1(X) gilts were distributed.
In spite of the fact that many died
fr«>m cholera, quite a number of the
Indians now have small bunches of
pigs so they will have one or two to
kill this fall and leave enough for
breeding purposes. It is planned to
have a general pig killing in each dis-
trict just before Thanksgiving Day and
before (^hristmas, when the Indians
will take home for immediate use all
but the hams and sides which will be
smoked at the agency and then return-
ed back to the owners.
The heifer campaign was also start-
ed last year with 200 dairy heifers,
between one and two years of age, to
provide milk and the nucleus of private
herds. Only three or four of these
were lost. It is expected that 200
more wil be distributed this fall.
Getting Started With Sheep
The sheep campaign was also start-
more success andjed last year, when Superintendent
iefded 15.01M) bushels of i<'ampbell secured 3(»0 ewe lambs, with
reased quantities of other the result that nb(»ut 25 Indians now
ters to be loaned out to the members.
Naturally it was difficult to get the
Indians deeply interested in the pro-
gram and their operations were very
limited at first.
Indians Succeed With Wheat.
As the result of the first year's op-
erations, 1921, the Indians produced
1,100 bushels of wheat, in addition to
oats, hay and garden products. The
work of the second year, 1922, was
attended with far
the harvest y
wheat and increased qu
farm products, while the third year.
just now drawing toward its close, saw
such an increase in acreage and pro-
duction that it is estimated the In-
dian crop will be at least 50.000 bushels
of wheat averaging alK>ut 15 bushels
to the acre, with an acreage of clo.se •
to 3.500 including oats and barley. i
During the present year in the Heart I
have .sheep «n<l an equal number of
aitplicntions are <»n hand for sheep this
fall. Fron^ tin- wool and the increase
the Indians are able to pay their in-
stalments and purchase more sheep.
It is now the plan to buy a bunch of
high grade b'.uks with the idea of pm-
vi<lirg one for ea« h bunch of sheep.
(Conllniird on Tasc Three)
Sunday, October 7, 1923.
SECOND SECnOlf
THE rmTCAT FALLS TRIBUNE
Page 3
ith Food
v:
== CONTINUED FROM PAGE ONE
The a.5enoy aNo has unaer eonsider-have to sweat for what they get. If J
1 r
jition the plan of bringing a Navajo
woman from one of the southwestern
reservations to tea.h the Blackfeet
women the art of blanket weaving as
anybody would starve it is the lazy
man. They complain wherever they
go. Workers can live.
*-I feel like it is a disgrace to the
>%vMiit:ii iiic .^»i ^- . "„„, tribe — agitators make speeches before
an addod stim-ihis for wool growing an«» j^^. tourists and manage to live through
-enerul industry. . u^ina the winter by begging from neighbors.
A turkey eumpaign is ^'^^y^'^^^.'fj^ Superintendent started five-year pro-
started with the idea "^^^..^.^^^Jf^^^V^ ! gram and it is up to us to work it out
families with turkeys by 191.U A ready J .^^ ^y^ jj^g
1(5 f.icnilies are rais.ng turkeys and , «"" B*^t wt e
over ItK) applications for turkeys have
Leon received. .
Superintendent Campbell is also
very comfortably."
Last year Split Ears put in 300
pounds of seed wheat and out of it
SupermtenUent ^ampoeu i» ».^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^
work.:ieon a campaign for o^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^
Z^\:^^ motv'icrimla^ed- 1 ! ehickfn feed. This year he Pl- ted 650
Ihe-nwn efforts. At the present time pounds He has a good garden from
!>nw :L° fuirblocd has ilich an ac- , which he will get twice e^^^^^
count.
Training for the Indian Women
Through the efforts of the field ma
his root cellar, has two heifers and
18 horses.
Plant Wheat and Get Flour
troVs*^ and \hr i^^kcwomai?^hTTndi^^ Mike Short Man 68, vice-president
women, members of the auxiliaries ti» of Bird Kattler chapter, expressed
the chapters are being taught canning, himself as well satisfied with the sit-
cookin" sewing and other household uation. He said the Blackfeet had had
accomplishments, and in this connee- i 21 agents and superintendents, but Mr.
tion the field matrons are seeking to \ Can^pbell was the first with any defi-
inierest the women in the erect on of \ nite plan for the Indians to follow,
screen doors and windows in their 'tJSounds pretty funny to put in
homes for the improvement of health ! wheat and get flour," said Mike, "the
and living conditions. | last two years I have been using my
The management *of the Glacier own flour. Got 79 sacks of wheat and
Park hotel, where many of the Black-
feet appear as entertainers during the
park season, are co-operating wth the
Indian service in the matter of the ag
1.000 pounds of flour last year."
He sold a lot of potatoes, wheat and
oats last year and put up 4.900 pounds
inu:aii service ui tue unnci wx iw.- .»» of potatoes for his own use. He has
ricultural program and are now calling } ^ large garden and is milking one of
upon Superintendent Campbell to des- j ^is two heifers
ignate who shall visit the park as a
reward for merit in program work.
These Indians, while at the park, are
furii shed witn their provisions and are
given a supply by the hotel manage-
ment when they leave for their homes.
<.)utside of these, there are a few hang-
ers on who visit the hotel, but they
are not being encouraged.
Views of a score or more of the old-
er full-blood Indians were obtained
upon the five-year agricultural pro-
gram and almost without exception
they voiced their enthusiastic approval
they voiced their enthusiastic approval ^^^ ^y ^^^ satisfied. The c
of it and proved by their accomplish- , ^.^^ j ^^^ ^^j^ ^^^ program is w
nients that they were followmg it 1 j ^ ^^ ^j^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^iU ^
i^tLVi Mountain Chief. 75 years of age, j^ '^^ „
the last surviving chief of the Bli.ck-
feet, on his farm at Heart Butte,
where he had eight acres in wheat,
barley and oats. He said:
"This is the first time I ever struck
the straight road and I dont' intend
to change it It means a better liv-
ing for the Indians. They are going
to winter well. It is my place to urge
the young feUow to carry out the
program.
'There are three ways for the In-
dian to go. In the middle is a straight
road. To the sides is a lazy road
and a crooked one. I want to lead
my people on the straight road, which
is the program. When you see an
Indian who is working against the
program, I wish you would follow him
and see what he is doing. Our crops
tell the story of what the rest of us
are doing.
"I have lived all these years and
have never seen an Indian starve.
The only trouble is we do not know ^che would' stop some time and his crop
how to cook these thmgs. ^^^^'^ thel ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^j^ ^^ j^^ j^^ j^ ^^^ ^^^
white people have seevral ways to ct>ok ^^^p^ded to the harvesting.
^^""^ ' "My chapter follows the binder," he
"Why should I go hungry with all
the stuff I raise," he concluded.
Bull Calf, 69, president of the Bull
Calf chapter, had a little hard luck
this year due to hail. However, he
said his wheat was fine and that he
would have enough vegetables to carry
him through the winter. He has more
and better wheat and oats than last
year. Bull Calf expressed the belief
that the "program" is the most im-
portant plan ever adopted. He said:
'"Every man in my chapter has a good
"" only
hen
carry
it on.
Bird Rattler Harangues Indians
Bird Rattler, 62. president of the
Bird Kattler chapter, was so enthus-
iastic a supporter of the program that
he wanted to talk about it all the time.
Later in the day I heard him several
times harangue the Indians seated in
a semi-circle around the slaughter
house, where other Indians were kill-
ing beef for rations' distribution. Sev-
eral times Bird Rattler came to the
door and delivered an earnest tirade.
I could not rnderstand him. but an in-
terpreter said he was seeking to im-
press the Indians with the necessity of
staying with the "program.'*
In the course of the interview Bird
Rattler said his crops were more than
doubled over last year and that his
wheat was so heavy it had fallen down
and he might have to cut it with a
mower. He said he had been having
a bad toothache, but he decided the
them.
Passes Up Shelby Fight
Last summer Mountain Chief pre-
vailed upon Superintendent Campbell
to grant permission for the holding of
a medicine lodge. Afterwards he was
presented by Gibbons and his manager
with tickets to the prize fight at
said, "every man has a good crop this
year. Seems like some of the mixed
bloods won't follow the program like
the full bloods do. DoA't know why
this is."
Bull Calf broke in with the state-
ment there was no trouble in his chap
Shelby. In a quandary he called upon j ter where all the mixed bloods follow
the superintendent for advice as to j the program, while Split Ears said if
which of three things to do — go to the i there were any objectors thej would
prize fight, go to Canada to visit
friends who had promised him gifts, or
stav at home for the medicine lodge,
lie was told that no objections
would be offered to either of the plans
and, after thinking it over, he an-
nounced that he wolud give up the
prize, fight and the trip to Cauiirta
and remain at home to attend the
be found in the pool halls. He said
the agitators were headed by Robert
J. Hamilton, who he said was a fee
patent Indian who had lost his land.
He said:
"Hamilton wants the Indians to get
fee patents but if it works like it did
with him, we don't want it. Lots of
full bloods got fee patents and most
medicine lodge as an exmaple to the i of them have no homes now. ihey
other men of the tribe. ) sold their lands and got nothing for
On one of the semi-monthlty ration [ them."
days when the Indians from various Bull Calf concluded the interview
parts of the reservation congregated with the question:
at the agency to obtain their gratui- "Which do you think is most appre-
tous supplies. I was surrounded by a elated — the loafer or the men who
bunch of full blood Indains, few of
whom can speak English, and ques-
tioned them as to their condition and
farming experiences^
.Tohn Ear Rings, 36, president of the
White Grass chapter, said before the
program started he raised only a little
garden stuff and some oats. Now he
plows all he can, has in wheat and
oats, and produces enough vegetables
and nour for his own family. "The
men in my chapter have stayed with
the program and seem to like it,
said. ,. ,. . J
George Starr, Indian police judge
and president of White Antelope chap-
ter, said he had in between 17 and
18 acres of wheat Last year he had
in but A\i* acres, but raised 1,500
pounds of r'utabagas, 200 pounds beets,
200 pounds carrots, 300 pounds cab-
bage and five tons of potatoes. He
sold some and gave some to neighbors, i
He expects to get more potatoes thi.«
' "Men in my chapter are in favor of
the program," he said. "They ale used
to raise vegetables and some gram.
This yar they increased — some
doubled. Nobody in my chapter is hun-
gry or suffering. There is one fellow
who is not getting along very well, but /
he won't work or help himself, al-
though he has had plenty of offers.
However, he put in a good garden this
year nnd some wheat."
•Finest Thing Ever Was**
No Coat, 63, member of Bull Shoe
chapter at Heart Butte, had a good
crop this year. The first year he put
in some grain, the second year he
doubled it and this year he trebled.
"Finest thing ever was — this pro-
gram," he said. "It is our pride to
come back. We don't want to be class-
ed as beggars. We have some pride.
will work"
Just Like School Work
Fred Big Top. 43, who was a student
at both Fort ^haw and Carlisle, was
very much interested in the program
although this was the first year he
had been connected with it. He said
he had about three acres in garden and
wheat and he expressed himself as
follows: ,„ , 1 *
"The program is just like school to
me. Seems like we are going on with
our studies and we are pretty much
pleased with it." .^„ , , .
Philip Arrow Top, 37, who also at-
tended Fort Shaw and Carlisle and
speaks good English, was not much
impressed with wheat growing. He i
said he did not think it would mature
and that last year he cut his wheat for
chicken feed. However, last year, he
got 56 sacks of potatoes and sold them
at Browning for IV2 cents per pound, ,
by which he obtained his groceries. I
"In a way the program is all right if
the men keep going." he said. "If they
try they will make good, if not, they wUl
fail. I'm trving my best to make head-
way and probably will do better later
on. The only trouble seems to be that
the season is too short. We have to
put crops in early, else the frost will
get the best of them."
On the farm of Joe Russell White-
bear in the Meart Butte district was a
field of about 20 ocres of very fine
wheat and oats, which I learned had
been planted under rather pecubar
circumstances. When Whitebear got
ready to put in his crop last spring
he discovered he had no horse collars
for his harness. He took some old
overalls, stuffed the legs with straw
and using them in lieu of collars he
plowed and driUed in 20 acres of
grain The resultant wheat crop was
of such high grade that Superintendent
Campbell decided it should be preserv-
ed for seed. . , *. «
Bull Shoe, who had a fme crop of
wheat last fall, most of which he had
ground, producing nearly five tons of
flour, intended last spring to suminer
fallow the land but could not do so be-
cause his team, wagon and harness had
been stolen. Before he could re-eqmp
it was too late to plow and it looked
like the land would have to stand idle.
However, a volunteer crop of grain
produced itself of such extent that he
cut it for hay, getting about two tons
to the acre, which he sold to the Long
& Cleary company for a good price.
Spotted Wolf's Reserve Flour.
Although it was nearing the middle
of September when I visited the home
of John Spotted Wolf, I found in the
house 17 50-pound sacks of flour re-
maining from his 1922 crop, sufficient
to carry his family through the com-
ing winter without taking into con-
sideration his crop of the present
year. This year he had in nine acres
of wheat, an, acre of barley, and had
put up about 25 tons of hay, half of
which he expected to sell in the stack
at Ji*7 a ton.
His mother, Isabelle Spotted Wolf,
had a very large flock of chickens of
which she seemed very proud. Speak-
ing through an interpreter she said
she thought the "program" was about
the finest thing that had happened to
the Indians.
"Since we started the auxiliary it
seems to me that I have done about
all the talking at meetings," she said.
"We have followed out the work of the
chapter — my daughter and me — and we
are carrying on the work. There is
something to do all the time. We don't
want to lie around idle."
Charles Buck, mixed blood Indian, a
leading resident of the reservation and
formerly one of the most prominent
stockmen and bankers of that section,
said he was satisfied that Superintend-
ent Campbell is doing a big work, but
that it is hard to get the Indians start-
ed on the program. He also felt that
farming is handicapped by early frosts. 1
He did not think there had been much
actual suffering among the Indians,
but that they sometimes ran short of
some kinds of provisions. He thought
the Indian relief fund was all right if
properly administered but said that
some of it had been paid out to young
Indians who spent it for whisky.
Winning Proposition for Indians.
Confidence that the Indians are des-
tined to win out on their agricultural
program was expressed by Levi Burd,
mixed blood, a prominent reservation
stockman. He said conditions are not
what they were two years ago, that a
big change had taken place since 1919
and 1920, and he expected more sur-
prising changes in the next two years.
•The Indians are seeing that the
program is a winning proposition," he
said. "Yesterday I bought potatoes
from an Indian who had never worked
before. We have wheat that will go
40 bushels to the acre. Land is cheap
and we are raising wheat for our own
use. We are farming on a diversified
plan and the Indians cannot help mak-
ing good. They are raising heifers and
if we can get money this will develop
into a dairying section. We are plan-
ning to build a creamery here and then
they can market their cream.
"The old Indians are rationed and
would not have to worry if it were not
for the fact that the lazy young ones
go and eat off them." He mentioned
one prominent "agitator," who had, so
he said, "sponged" off Curly Bear all
last winter. . ^ *.
"A lot of Indians got fee patents to
deceased allotments," he continued,
"then mortgaged or sold the land and
pretty soon all their money was gone.
y>
■.■.•ywJ>v.%v.%.v.-.v.v.'<.'.ss' v.vXv.'.'.'.;. ■•.'. .;.v.
INDIAN COUNCIL.
Indians gathered at old log round house on Cut Bank creek discussing
farming program. .. j>_,^
T^Tien an Indian becomes a fee patent
Indian he becomes a citizen and loses
his tribal rights, and even at that some
of these Indians were fed by the gov-
ernment last winter.
"I don't know of any instances of
suffering, although in the winter of
1919 the Indians were eating the cat-
tle that had died on the range. These
Indians will be in good shape this wm-
ter. They must have money, as we
cannot get them to work."
Mr. Burd said there was no excuse
for an Indian not obtaining employ-
ment and went on to explain that he
higher ground back from the valleys
will be found a small wheat field, while
In the extreme southern part of the
reservation in the Birch creek coun-
try under the ditches of the Bich creek
division of the Blackfeet Indian irri-
gation project are thousands of acres
of fine wheat and oats raised by white
farmers who have obtained a foothold
there in the purchase of some of the
Indian allotments and the leasing of
others. Among the many fields of
fine wheat past which I rode was one
of 1,000 acres, and shocks of wheat
ment and went on to explain that he ^^^^ visible as far as the eye could
had taken a contract to budd 12 miles jgjj^jj
of the reservation highway, expecting
or tne reservation luguwajr. u*.ifc».wiis
to furnish employment to the Indians,
but that at the present time he had
only one Indian on the job and the
highest he had ever had at one time
was four.
Oil Developments on Reserve
Last winter Mr. Burd organized the
Mountain Chief Oil company, which
took over the "Tip" O'NeUl-Frantz
reservation leases on the Milk river
anticline, 23 miles north of Browning.
O'Neill had drilled to 513 feet, which
hole the company was unable to sink
deeper, because of some obstruction.
It then went to another location, where
it sunk 1,200 feet, when the casing
broke. Good showings of oil had been
encountered at 847 feet and 1,020 fcfet.
The rig has been moved to still an-
other location and will be drilling soon.
The company is fully financed and has
uhder lease 7,000 acres of tribal and
patented land.
In an interview with James Willard
Schultz, well known writer of Indian
stories, published in The Tribune of
August 30, Mr. Schultz said that an
agricultural program will never work
out on the Blackfeet reservation be-
cause of its high altitude and because
the soil of the reservation is so glaci-
ated that no crops can be grown there.
He said there is no agricultural season
north of the southern boundary of the
reservation
Farming at Catholic Mission
Proof of the agricultural possibilities
of this reservation land can be ob-
tained nowhere better than at the Holy
Family Mission, a Catholic school for
Indian children, in the Two Medicine
valley about 15 miles southeast of
Browning. The mission is conducted
by the Rev. Father Thomas Grant, su-
perior, who has been located there
for seven years and who is president
of the Mission chapter.
The mission has 320 acres under cul-
tivation devoted to hay. grain and gar-
dens. According to Father Grant the
mission wheat last year went 32 bush-
els to the acre and has averaged over
a period of years probably 30 bushels.
From his gardens Father Grant gets
enonerh potatoes, root crops and vege-
tables to supply the school, in addition
to which he sold 10 tons of potatoes
to Browning storekeepers last fall.
This year he has 3,000 cabbages in
Ills garden, weighing as high as 10
bounds, some of which he expects to
market.
Father Grant is authority for the
jtatement that frost has done no dam-
ige to the mission crops this year
md never at any time in the past has
'aused a real failure. He states there
ire about 15 Indian families in that
ralley within a stretch of about eight
lived in the closest contact with the j hree or four years.
Blackfeet on their reservation, has J "They have been doing very well nn-
had much in common with them and iirf^er-the program," said father Grant.
hfs new field of endeavor he has con- 'It has been a great help. When the
ducted a nation-wide campaign to raise -flndians are busy they, have do time to
Funds for the rXf of the "starving ^-^ ^i^-«Hd^ln^ Tt is also doing a
Blackfeet."
p,et dissatisfied. It is also doing a
treat deal for their moral and religious
lives. The Indians are staying at
home better and are being better
^)rovided for in their homes."
When asked if there had been any
instances of starvation in the vicinity
of the mission Father Grant said
there had never been any suffering
there during his period of service.
Irvln Defends Agriculture
Strenuous protest against the attack
made by Schultz on the agricultural
possibilities of the reservation was
made bv K S. Irvin, a mixed blood
Indian, lawyer by profession, who be
Grain Fields Explode Fallacy
Still in my travels back and forth
across this same reservation, I saw
hundreds of fields of magnificent gram
and hundreds of gardens producing
richly of root crops and vegetables,
and I picked strawberries from the
vines in a patch within stones* throw
of the agency buildings at Browning.
I found one wheat field on the res-
ervation which appeared to have been
a failure due to frost and was worth
cutting only for hay. The farmer of
the district stated that this wheat must ^^, --".•- - - .
have been caught by a frost whic^ came weUknowni over the stat^^^^^
1920 through his candidacy for attor-
ney general.
otner iit^ma 1x1 luc t«..w Mr. Irvin was found in his son's
been blighted in a similar manner, and general store, which he was conducting
an estimate was made by the reserva- during the summer absence of his son.
occurred late in July when the wheat
was in the blossom. He knew of four
other fields in the valley which had
tion officials that frost damage on the
entire reservation would not exceed 10
per cent. ^ , _
Through the valleys of the Two
Medicine river. Cut Bank and Badger
creeks, beautiful streams flowing from
the main range of the Rockies to the
Marias river, well timbered and shel
nng
He said
"I was very much surprised at the
recent publication of a slanderous
statement of the non-productivity of
the soil and climate of the Blackfeet
reservation. We have here one of the
verv best parts of the state, suscep-
tible of very high development, and we
tered are rich bottom lands which the | probably will have that developineat.
Indians have settled and cultivated. A 1 Dairying and small farming has b^en
large portion of these bottom lands I demonstrated to be a success. Un ray
have been given over to the raising of i own land in the shadow of the peaks
wheat, oats, bariey and garden stuff of the Glacier national park where
and from the surrounding hills at har- glacierized conditions should show, if
vest time they present a delightful at any place, there is a record of suc-
nicture Lessful farming in the past five years.
Occasionally here and there on the ! Since 1915 and each succeeding year
there has been raised a great variety
of crops within a half mile of the b.'g
hotel, experimental in most instancfl.
"With the exception of corn, we have
raised every crop — oats, barley, cab-
bage and cauliflower — perhaps to
heavier weight and quality than I have
seen anywhere — and potatoes are al-
ways a success. We have raised fodder
com, millet, rape and field peas, for
which the soil and climate seem par-
ticularly adapted. Timothy seems m-
digenous and will overrun and drive
out natural grasses and weeds, and sets
itself as a permanent crop, as has been
demonstrated in many instances where
there was no cultivation. Alsac clover
has found its way in a number of
mountains, probably from shipped-m
hay. Red clover is showing itself here
and there in a volunteer way.
"I experimented with alfalfa and
found it attained a stand and growth
without irrigation. Winter wheat m
that section and nearly all sections
from Birch creek to the Canadian line
demonstrates it to be an excellent crop
and I have found it running from 2o
to 45 bushels to the acre with bttle
show of skill in husbandry. I knew of
but one crop grown on non-irrigated
land in 1919 north of the railroad on
the eastern part of the reservation.
That was flax and was profitable. The
western part of the reservation has an
average rainfall of 23 inches. The
soil in the western part is as a rule a
deep, black loam, and with ample mois-
ture to mature almost any kind of
crop. Last year at the park we took
54 loads of oat hay off 14 acres— the
finest kind of livestock provender.
"I am interested in the plan to get
the Indians into farming and wholly
commend it. Here in the store we
supply our trade with Indian potatoes,
which are of a very high quality. We
have paid not less than two cents a
pound this season and as high as four
cents for new potatoes. We pay more
than in other part of the state as we
give the Indians the benefit of the
freight charges."
Mr. Irwin declined to express him-
self upon the subject of starving In-
dians and the relief fund, stating that
he was more interested in the more
important subjects.
The "Starving Blackfeet" Fund
While in Browning, I took occasion
to look into the Blackfeet Indian Re-
lief fund, which was created several
years ago through the efforts of. James
Willard Schultz, assisted by the Sun-
set magazine and one or more other
publications. The fund is being handled
by the First National bank of Brown-
ing upon the basis of an ordinary
bank account and the bank assumes no
responsibility in the matter of its col-
lection or distribution.
Looking over correspondence in the
hands of Cashier J. L. Sherburne I
saw that the money came from all
parts of the United States in qontri-
butions ranging from $1 to $100. The
fund was started one or two years
prior to November 21, 1921, when the
Stockmen's Bank, the then depository,
was closed, at which time there was
a balance of $119. , ^ .., ..
The account was then placed with the
First National Bank in which, from
December 27, 1921, to August 21, 1923,
there was deposited $1,748.26, all of
which was paid out on cliecks. Since
the latter date up to September 8,
when I visited the bank, $115 came in
for deposit. .
During the first wmter the relief
fund was checked out by George Starr,
full blood Indian residing near Brown-
ing, who received $4 a week for his
sei-vices. The money was issued to In-
dians in amounts of $4 per week, and,
according to Cashier Sherburne, prob-
ably five or six checks were the high-
est number received by any one In-
dian, although Starr said payments
were made weekly to all needy Indians
through the entire winter.
Last winter the checks were issued
by Schultz in California, he being as-
sisted in making the distribution by
Frank Gardipee, a former Browning
Indian now living in California who is
personally acquainted with the In-
dians of the reservation. As both were
in California during the period of dis-
tribution they were unable to make
personal investigation of the cases.
Most of the payments of last winter
were made to full blood Indians resid-
ing on the south side of the reservation
and were made in units of $5 and $10.
Sherburne Discourages Relief.
In a circular sent out by Schultz in
December, 1922, calling attention to the
impoverished condition of the Black-
feet and soliciting donations for their
relief the writer stated, at the close:
"Old clothing, bedding and shoes are
also needed, and these should be sent
to Oscar Boy and James White Calf,
Browning, Montana, who will distrib-
ute the articles to the most destitute."
In response to this great bundles
of clotbing were received at Browning | school and a good teacher at Babb."
and I was told that many of the ar
tides were distributed by the pair to
Indians at a dance held on the reser-
vation. Oscar Boy told me he had dis-
tributed all the clothing, impartially,
to those in need.
Among the many letters on file at
the bank was one from a woman in
Ohio telling of having sent a money or-
der for $25 to Oscar Boy an<l .fames
White Calf and inquiring as to the
condition of the Indians. To this Cash-
ier Sherburne replied:
"I believe there is no starving or
distress here and while .some of the
So much for the Blackfeet Indian
Relief fund.
Claims have been made in the publi-
cations attacking the Indian bureau that
money of the Blaikfeet tribe was
squandered in the construction of an
irrigation system on the reservation,
the Schultz circular stating: "The In
dian bureau • • • ust-d $1H)0.00U
of their funds for the construction of
an irrigating system that never was of
any use to them, and which is now
watering the lands of the white men."
A portion of this statement is very
' true as the Indian does not, or at leapt
-- ^ has not up to this time, taken to ir
Indians would be starving were it not ,.ijj„ted farming and practcially all the
for the government's assistance, yet I ^^.^,1. j^^p under the irrigati«»u bystein
believe all wants are taken care of if |,^j, i,^,.n bandied by white farmers,
they are advised of the need." j n m Snell, manager <>f the proje<t.
In this letter Mr. Sherburne ques- gtates there are no full-blood Indiana
tioned the advisability of sending ^^ ^i^^ ^^^y larger of the four irrign
money to Oscar Boy and White Calf, ji^n systems, most of the land being
and in replies to other letters of in- . farmed by white owners, renters or
quiry he sought to discourage the idea mixed bloods, while the 20th annual
that starvation and suffering existed report of the United Slates reciama-
on the reservation. j tion service in referring to this project
Mr. Sherburne states he has been ; tays:
advised that these two received and ; "Lands under the project have not
cashed a lot of money orders during been opened to settlement. About
the past winter and rather questioned 57,000 acres have been definitely allot-
the disposition of the money, but when ted to Indiana and the remauiUer leu-
I inquired of Oscar Boy about it he , tatively allotted to Indians, except
said he had received but two money about 250 acres allotted to the Holy
orders, one for $25 and one for $15, Family mission, 40 acres held by the
which he said he had paid out in cash , Indian service as a demonstration farm.
and eight operation and maintenance
camps comprising about 200 acres held
by the reclamation service. The allot-
to old men.
Starving Woman Not Destitute
In Schultz' last interview in The j^gg~pjjpraYly£aye not settled on their
Tribune, given in Great Falls while en allotments nor farmed them. Several
route from the Glacier national park i^rge tracts are being farmed by white
to Los Angeles, he said that the last renters, and a good many allotments
relief check given to a starving Indian are being sold to white men who cul-
had been issued to the widow of Wil- [ tivate them."
liam Jackson former /avorite scout j^,|,j^, lyjoneys Not Utilized "^
«n'n,^n7l^ for ?oS' ' ' ''' 1 Ho^'^ver. as to the use of tribal
'%on ^veJtigaHon I learned that ' funds, in constructing this project 1
r -^^^'^^^ai ?n Tddld^ '^g^tr ^sic'k aTso bf Tp^Ulna^nr^^U^ll Uial
the ««ency and in addihon ge s sick J^^iey \xsed In this work d;d not
rations. She has 400 acres of land in '^ , .^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^
her own names., ^^^ aPPJ<«i°»»^*^jJ ' provided for out of the general treas-
150 horses, is heir to several deceased . ^ ^ appropriations in the Indian
allotments, and her lease money .^J [p flT January 1. 1023, the cost
amounts to $201.98 per year. One of I ^^ ^j^j^ project had been $1,100,300.
her daughters is married to a very] rJ>^^^ project, upon which construe-
well to do and successful lessee on the , ^j^j^ ^^^ started in July, 1908, is being
reservation. Cashier Sherburne is , j^^-jj^ ^^ ^j^g reclamation service for the
authority for the statement that Mrs. U^jJ^^q service. The work has been
Jackson told him Schultz had promised conducted entirely by government forces
her $30 a month this winter for help- 1 aj^j the labor provided principally by
ing him in the preparation of a book he 1 Indians and Indian teams. When con-
is writing. struction was actively in progress bev-
Mr. Schultz neglected to mention | ^ral hundred Indians were on the pay-
another relief check for $3 given about 1 roll at one time.
the same time to Tim No Runner, who j xhe irrigation plan provides for six
spent the money for "moonshine" with nystems, of which some work has been
the result that he was arrested by
the reservation prohibition ei^force-
ment officer.
On September 13, following his ar-
rest, No Runner made the following
affidavit before the agency officials:
"I, Tim No Runner, a full blood
Blackfoot Indian and a ward of the
government, being first duly sworn,
depose and say that on or about Aug-
ust 21st I was at Glacier park en-
trance; that I presented Hart Schultz*
wife with a pail of huckleberries and
lone on four. There is a present total
ditch mileage of 3til, of which 87 nules
are main canal and the balance are
laterals.
The Two Medicine canal diverts
water from the left bank of the Two
Medicine river, and, supplying water
through the North Branch canal, the
Siiring Lake reservoir and the South
Branch canal, is planned to water 44,-
000 acres. It now has a lateral system
sufficient to cover 24,000 acres but
the main canal is capable of delivering
that later on Hart Schultz gave me a water for only 7,000 acres. JVork is
check for $3 and told me I could get now under way to enlarge the main
it cashed at Mr. Lindhe's store. Mr. 1 canal to double its present capacity
Lindhe gave me three silver dollars in
payment and I then went to the
Clarke pool hall, where in company
with Last Star I spent the $3 for
drinks. In addition to what we drank
in the pool hall I bought a bottle from
a girl that contained some kind of in-
toxicating liquor similar to what I had
but funds are insufficient to complete
and later appropriations must be de-
pended upon.
The Badger-Fisher system diverts
from the right bank of Badger creek,
supplying water through the Four
Horns supply canal and reservoir and
the Fisher canal. This system Is
which place Mr. Billings (enforcement
officer) took the bottle with what re-
mained in it. The $3 above mentioned
is all that I spent for drinks. The li-
quor that I bought was intoxicating."
Signed "TIM NO RUNNER."
No Distress on North Side
Due to distances and the fact there
are few full bloods in the northern part
of the reservation I did not visit that
section but learned something of them
from Jack Monroe, an old time squaw
man on Upper St. Mary's lake, who
has been in the St. Mary's valley nearly
20 years.
He said there were few Indians, and
built to only 18,000 acres, while the
main canal is sufficient to deliver water
for only 9,000 acres.
The Piegan system, diverting water
from the right bank of Badger creek
direct to the Piegan flats, is intended
to cover 3,000 acres and can now de-
liver water to 2,300 acres.
The Birch Creek system diverts
water from the left bank of Birch creek
to about 2,600 acres between Birch
and Blacktail creeks, but is planned to
cover 3,500 acres.
No construction work has yet been
done on the two remaining systems,
the Cut Bank North system intended
to irrigate 9,000 acres north and east
rie saiu lucrc were icw xuuiauo, «uvi tv *^*i^»u..>, ^,^^^ • — - — „ — -, .
no full bloods, up there. All the mixed of Cut Bank creek, and the Cut »™
bloods are doing some farming and South S3'stem, intended to j|rri|atelb,-
gardening and aU are absolutely inde-
pendent.
'•There are no instances of starving
around here and nobody ever got a
10-cent piece from Schultz," he said.
"The people do not need help and don't
want any. The only demand for produce
up here comes from the reclamation
service, highway camps and park saddle
horse outfit. Conditions here are better
than in other parts of the reservation
as the men have something to do during
winter. We have a rattling good public
By I. PARKER VEAZEY, JR.
Attorney for the Great Northern Rail-
way in Montana.
THE STATEMENT has frequently
been made that the Esch-Cummins
law guarantees railroads dividends
'for the benefit of stockholders. The
effect of this misrepresentation, on the
one hand, and misunderstanding, on the
other, has been that many people have
ea as oeggurs. ».« u.v. o.^. »,.-.-., sincerely thought that, for this reason,
In this program the government is do- j th^g la^. unjustly favored railroads. It
ing its share and it is our duty to . tu^refore, worth while to find out
«- ., jf rtiif 'Wlipn 'vnn ran show act- '' . . ., , ._j i._
carry it out. When you can show act^
ual farming it goes farther than talk."
No Coat has two pigs and seven cat-
tle, two of them milk cows just fresh
and he expects to make butter. He
raises enough for his own use and sells
some. Has 600 pounds of flour left
over from last year.
Split Ears, 55, president of Three
exactly what the law provided and to
show how gross has been this mis-
representation or misunderstanding.
In the first place, the so-called
guaranty, such as it was. was not a
guaranty of dividends at all, but merely
guaranteed the railroads that their net
earnings for a limited period would
spue curs, *MJ, puroiucui. vi -^"'^^ : VHTUIU^O M.yfL a .»....v-». * •■ ' T
Sun chapter, whose father was one of ! equal a certain total sum entirely in
the head chiefs, was very bitter to-
ward the opponents of the program
He said:
dependent of the question as to whether
this was suffifieut to pay any given
rate of dividend. The so-called guaranty
'There are- 'some kickers on the was expressly limited to six months,
reservation who don't want to follow ; and expired more than three years ago
the oroeram and who say nothing will v>n September 1, 1920.
ZTOW here For that reason I want to i A further explanation is necessary,
put in more crop each year to show i The previous law (the federal control
fhem It is pretty high here but I . law) by which the government took
can raise everything I am living high, over the railroads and operated them
with lots of eggs and vegetables and
my wife makes butter.
"These agitators — some don't get up
until noon— lay in bed all forenoon.
St^me put in no crops, hang around the
park because people feed them, don't
declared that the railroads should be
paid by the government annually, in the
nature of a rental, the average annual
net operating income of the last three
years prior to June 30, 1917. Con-
cretely, in the case of the Great North-
ern, the average net on the Great
Northern for those three years amount-
ed to about $28,000,000. Hence, at the
beginning of government operation, a
contract was drawn up between the
Great Northern and the government
whereby the government agreed to pay
that railroad annually about $28,000,000
for the annual use of its properties.
Ndw, this Esch-Cummins law (the
transportation act, 1920), in providing
for the ending of government operation,
merely provided that, for the first six
months of resumed private operations,
the government would guarantee to
make good to the railroad any loss in
earnings below one-half of this annual
sum.
Thus the statute says (Sec. 209a):
"The term guaranty period means the
six months beginning March 1, 1920.
• ♦ • The United States hereby
guarantees with respect to any carrier
with which a contract * * * .^^^
been made fixing the amount of just
j compensation under the federal control
I act, that the railway operating income
I of such carrier for the guaranty period
as a whole shall not be less than one-
half the amount named in such con-
tract as annual compensation."
It does no good, in these days, where
the power of the printing press, for
good or evil, is used for propaganda,
for one person to say that the law
guarantees railroads dividends and for
another to say that it does not. The
law has, therefore, been quoted so that
anyone can see for himself. ^
This was absolutely the only so-call-
ed guaranty given to the Great Nor-
thern. No other guaranty at all, des-
cribed as such, or constituting a guar-
anty, is found in the law.
Similar Guaranty for Employes.
In all the perverted discussions of
the law, emphasis has repeatedly been
placed on the so-called guaranty to the
railroads, but no reference has been
made in political discussions to the
fact that this same law, wisely and
properly, made a similar brief guar-
anty to railroad employes, and for
exactly the same period; that is to
say, for six months beginning with
March 1, 1920, and ending September
1, 1920.
Thus, during government operation,
all railroad employes had negotiated
with the government certain agree-
ments as to pay. Wages had gradually
been increased to meet increased costs
of living and increased wages in other
lines of work. Upon the government
giving up the railroads and dismissing
its railroad employes so that they
would again become employes of the
corporation, it would tend to greater
harmony between the employer and
the emploj-e, so necessary to the effi-
cient operation of railroads in the pub-
lic interest, if this schedule of pay
should not be reduced during a brief
period while everyone was getting ac-
customed again to private operation.
Accordingly, by Section 312 it was
provided that, during the so-called
guaranty period, that is to say, during
the first six months of resumed private
operation, the corporations should not
reduce the pay of any railroad employe
below that fixed by any government or-
der passed up to the exact hour that
Government operation stopped. Indeed,
fthis very guaranty, wisely and justly
'made by the government to the em-
Iploves, in requiring the railroads to
continue to pay the same wages for the
itime being, was a sufficient reason of
Itself to justify the corporation re-
ceiving its so-called guaranty against
Uoss.
I In substance this was not a guar-
ftnty in the sense of a gift, donation,
or bonus, but was merely a provision
^or just compensation to the railroad in
'fadjusting the ending of government
operation, and it was supported by
jsound business principles and morahty.
It would have been immoral to have
ijefused it.
Purely a Business Proposition.
In the first place it should be noted
that, when this law was passed at the
end of February 1920, the conditions
that would arise in 1920 could not be
*uefinitelv anticipated. But the law re-
juired that, if a railroad desired to
avail of this guaranty, it should file
with the commission, within 15 days,
before March 15, 1920, a statement
that it accepted the terms of the guar-
anty, among which terms was a pro-
vision that if it turned out that the
railroad made more than this total
guaranteed sum, it would have to pay
all of this surplus to the government.
It was thus a business proposition, not
an absolute guaranty or a gift at all,
for acceptance of the offer was re-
quired in a very brief period and this
involved the obligation to pay the gov-
ernment any suruli r.
Moreover, this provision, in eiiect,
I
merely gave the railroads a brief per-
iod to reorganize for private opera- 1
tion. During government operation i
the railroad corporation's organization!
was necessarily broken up. Every em- j
ploye or officer on the governments
pay roll engaged in the operation of i
the railroad was required to be com- !
pletely divorced from the corporation ]
and to be responsible solely to the
government. No officer of the cor-
poration continuing to be such and on
the pay roll of the corporation, was
allowed to have anything to do with
government operation. As regards the
traffic repartments of the railroad, as
there was no reason why the govern-
ment should solicit freight against it-
self, many freight solicitors were dis-
missed. Separate depots and freight
houses were abandoned and rival ter-
minals consolidated.
Upon the ending of government op-
eration, it would become necessary for
the corporation to reorganize its forces
' and it was natural, therefore, that the
' law should provide that, during a brief
period needed for reorganization, re-
sulting from disorganization necessar-
ily caused by its properties having
been taken over by another, the cor-
poration should receive the same usual
return as it would have received as a
rental if government operation had
continued. ^
A further Illustration of this is in
point. The government, in opertaing
the railroads, had its attention fas-
tened on winning the war and had not
made the revenues from iU railroad
000 acres south of Cut Bank creek,
near the stations of Carlow and Se-
ville on the Great Northern railway.
The aggregate acreage of the six pro-
posed systems is 107,000.
Little Irrigation This Year.
In 1921, the last dry year, about
15,000 acres were actually under irri-
gation of which 6,586 acres were on
the Two Medicine system, and 7.616
acres were on the Badger-Fisher divi-
sion, but little irrigating being done on
the Piegan and Birch creek systems
which are mostly in the hands of In-
dians who are doing little irrigating.
During the present year, due to the
abundant rainfall, only 1,6(X) acres
on all four systems were irrigated,
water being used mainly for alfalfa.
However, this year, between 12,000
14,000 acres were actually cultivated
under these projects, of which about
8.0(MJ acres were in wheat, 1.000 in al-
falfa and the balance in oats, flax, rye,
timothy, barley and gardens.
According to Manager Snell the
yield this year was affected somewhat
by grasshoppers and hail, allowing an
average yield of about 20 bushels of
wheat and 50 bushels of oats while thp
flax is very poor. The highest field
average of wheat was about 40 bush
Only 24 Indian Irrigators.
Last year, 1922, 19 per cent of the
land irrigated was owned by whites.
There were 24 Indian water users who
irrigated 1,031 acres on 48 allotmenU
and who obtained a crop value of
.$14.64 per acre, or a toUl of $15,109.
'The total crop for the project under
irrigation brought $136,514 upon 8.425
acres, or $16.20 per acre. The heaviest
operations corresi^ond with the ex-
penses. It had run behind because it
had not increased rates, as it would
have done if its attention had not been
fastened on the war, but had met ex-
penses out of general taxes. It was
appreciated that, on the return to pri-
vate operation, it would be necessary
to raise rates. In fact, the report of
the conference committee, harmonizing
the views of the two houses of con-
gress in the course of the passage of
this legislation, shows that the pro-
posed law at first contained a provis-
ion that this so-called guaranty should j -^--" ViVld^was $532 on an acre of gar-
not apply as to any railroad which did | ^^^^
not accept it as above, or to any rail- f^^ records show the average ele-
road which did not within 60 days file I v^tion of the irrigable area to be 2850,
an application for a raise of rates so ^j^^ irrigation season May 1 to 8ep-
as to make the revenues more nearly i tpmber 30, 153 days, the average an-
correspond with the expenses: but it , ^^^1 rainfall from 1909 to 1920. in-
was appreciated that it would take ! elusive, 12.5 inches, the average of the
Itime properly to consider how the new | jjj^jjggj recorded temperatures 1914 to
; raise in rates should be made, and ac- ■ 1920, inclusive, lMj.5 degrees, and the
' cordingly this latter provision was I average of the lowest temperatures 35
i stricken out of the law. , below zero. ^
i Taking Care of Government Neglect j ^t the present time for land actual
I In effect then, this law merely gave ; ly under irrigation or capable of be-
the various commissions six months in ' ing irrigated there is a construction
' which to get up a new schedule of : charge of 50 cents per acre to be paid
rates which the government should , by the land owners. In addition «
long ago have put into effect, and real- ; water rental charge ,s made for water
onlv guaranteed the railroads against as applied for, which charge for thv
u def^cK arising because of this past two years has been a niinimu.n
tember, 1920.
Another reason for the guaranty is
(Continued on Page Nine)
rate. Owners pay this minimum char;:'
for water appLed regardless of wheth*
the water iw used.
THE SAN BIEGO UNION: FBIDA7 MORNING, JANUARY 1, 1926
H
itNDIANSOF^ STEADY, INDUSTRIOUS TYPE POPULATE
klGHT RESERVATIONS SITUATED IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY
YEAR SEES 'OLDEST INDIAN'
DIE IN COUNTY HOSPITAL;
SUCCESSOR 100 YEARS OLD
There died early this last fall at the county hospital in San
Diego an Indian chief who has perhaps lived longer in this
region than any other human. Chief Jose was a child when the
American flag was first (unofficially) raised in San Diego in
the year 1829 ; a boy of 15 when Dana sailed into San Diego
in search of his material for **Two Years Before the Mast;''
a sturdy young **buck" of 25 when General Freemont arrived
on July 29, 1846 and officially raised the American flag for the
J first time on the Pacific coast, and has lived here ever since
during the countless events which have made up the steady
progress of civilization and Americanization in the extreme
southwesterly portion of the United States.
Chief _Joaft-,is gone and others supplant ^m as the *'uldtt5t
"'Tnaian" in San Diego county. Chief, perhaps, fimong these is
Angel Kwilp, said to be 100 ^ ^ars old and now busily engaged
in eonstmcting for the Smithsonian institution a full-sized
j replica of the primitive type of hoimp used by the Southern
CaLifomia Indians before the advent of the Sipaniardb and be-
fore adobe construction had been introduced into California
" Canipo, who was an eye witness to
one of these feats of marksmanship.
.\n old Indian was shown a small
coin and told that he might have
tive tVpe. of hardships land cruel- it if he could hit it with an arrow
itiea and of the wonders of archery,
the average Indisui of today lives on
one of the el^rht reservations main-
tained in San rHegro county and
larm« his own Ibit of land or works
for others In much the same man-
ner as the white man.
The Indian of today aa repre-
fiented fey the inhabitants of the
eight tribal reservations located In
Sac IMegro county, is an industrious,
patient, energetia self-supporting
and self-respecting human being
who is attending to his own. busi-
ness and caring for his own needs
with an almost negligible excep-
tion.
Indiana have Iteen' given land,
which is perhaps only right, but
they must support them. They
grow grain, fruit, vegetables and
live stock iwlth success, which they
use themselves or sell on the open
market.
And while one may still hear
many a story frona eye-witnesses.
j among the Indians and others, of
' aboriginal life of the most primi-
at 30 yards. The coin was set up
and the Indian without hesitation
shot three arrows, the first two
grazing the coin on each side, and
the third hitting its mark squarely
as though he had the utmost con-
tempt for so easy a mark.
Running Deer Shot
At Distance of 300 Yards
Fundamentals Taught
To Youing of Indian Race
The Indian children are taught
the fundamentals, including music
and art and many of the older ones
advance to higher Institutions for
the further study of such subjects
as appeal to them or fit them for
a better and more aruccessful life.
About 20 years ago oonditions
were more or less un5»ettled from
ihe viewpoint of the Irdlan here
and caused unrest -dtie to the fact
that they were removed from their
lands at "Warner's ranch to SPala.
They felt, quite toaturally after this
experience* that they were not se-
cure In their and opossessions and
homes. It seemed to them that
they oould be moved by authority
from "Washington atjany time, with-
out guaranty of any desired per-
manency in the home places which
they migiit .build up and Improve.
But now the government haa
given them title to lands in one of
the most fertile valleys of southern
California, under the shadow of the
cross which the beloved Padre
Feyrl raised more than 100 years
agx). Each Indian, "whether "man,
woman or child, is now given a pat-
ent to one and three-quarter acres
of Irrigable land ajid five acres of
dry land, much of which has also
been ibrought under irrigation. Bach
head of a family is also given two
lots for home purposes.
Government Approves
Of Indian Fiestas
Among the activities of a mixed
historical and social nature which
the Indians of the»e reservations
engage in is a series of fiestas held
during the summer months in
whic^ the various reservations in
turn entertain each other and
which the povornment approves
hoping that they will gradually de-
velop into a series of fairs for the
exhibition of farm products and
other handiwork of the Indian.
The art of basket wea\'ing is one
wiilch might well bo revived by the
offering of priaes at such Indian
f»lrs because "it won*t hold water"
is a common term of approbrium
which distinguishes the Indian bas-
ket of today from those wovf>n be-
<'*^»'^- f*g;nrr?T^ff M**^ - began to sup-
piant utility and prlde in this fas-
(^inating art.
In the olden days the male of
the species limited his manufac-
iuring activities to making bows
find arrows and the cruel war club.
^v^^hile to the Indian women fell the
iduty of providing the utilities such
(as ihe woven twisket and the grace-
jful olla, the warming blanket and
[the hrirden net.
Bai?ket weaving was then a high
I art and they were woven with such
tight stitches that the basket
would hold water and could be
u«ed for cooking. In those days the
Indian baaket was a "household"
necessity. But as the older women,
who wove their baskets for service,
die out or get too old to pull the
stitches tight, the younger g«»nera-
tlon is weaving looser to speed up
production and daubing more paint
on to catch the eye of the tourist
who "dote«f" on Indian relics made
to order for him by the shrewder
younger women of today.
Eye Witnesses Tell
Marvels of Archery
The storlee told by old Indians
scattered about on the various
reservations in San Diego county,
the truthfuUness of which subetan-
tlated by others who had witnessed
the feats, are many and interesting.
To relate every creditable story
would make a large volume but a
few Instances will indicate the In-
dian's real skill with these prima-
tlve weapons.
Perhaps one of the most remark-
able of these arches was old John.
a Sequan Indian, who appeared
suddenly one day In Dl Cajon na
nature made him. He was finally
Induced to don overalls, which he
put on only so long a.-^ he was
forced to because they qhafed hlni,
John oould dri%'e his arrow Into a
Jaokrabbit that was bounding
through tall wild oats.
Another story is told by Charles
Nafciso I^chapa of Mesa Grande
relates that his father, who was a
mighty hunter in his day, could
sink an arrow into the shoulder of
a running deer and never miss.
"How far away?" he was asked.
Narciso, standing in the doorway
of his cabin, pointed to a ramada
and replied:
"BYom here to there and never
miss. He always kill if the arrow
have stone head."
The distance was measured and
found to be 300 yards. At that
distance the arrow must have de-
scribed a high curve and fallen on
the running deer.
Stirred by these tales of the older
Indians, archery as a sport has
taken hold of a number of San
Diegans and "shoots" have been
held In Balboa park in certain por-
tions of which every natural ad-
vantage exists for practice. Mr. J.
Jes.s«>p, pIon'Ti I't'sident «)i' San
I)ici;u, and retired merchant, h^s
for years made a hobby of archery
and gathered a wonderful collec-
tion of bows and arrows, many of
which have been loaned and are on
display in the great museum in the
Science of Man building in the
park, where thousands have viewed
and enjoyed th-e exhibition.
Skill in Manufacture
As Well as Shooting
A general idea of the Indian's
eklll with his bow and arrow may
be had from the knttweledge that a
fair expert could whip arrows out
of his quiver and shoot them fast
anough one after another to keep
an arrow in the air all the time.
The shaft of the arrow was
usually made of carriao reeds
which, if they needed straightening,
were heated and slipped into a
long, straight groove, which had
been cut into some big rock, and
left till they stiffened in ahape. A
gummy substance from the cha-
mlse wood was used as glue to
Stick the arrow head on one end
and feathers at the other.
The bows were made of ash,
willow or alder. Stone arrows were
used for bigger game and waa*
purposes. These were roughtly
shaped and then flaked off and
their edges and points sharpened
by striking them against a piece
of deer horn which was bound to
the fingers of the left hand. For
smaller game an arrow head of
ehamise wood sufficed and was
hardened in fire,
■♦•»
Granary Baskets
And Coca Blankets
Some Old Baskets
Were Loosely Woven
The g^ranary basket was loosely
woven out of willow withea with
the bark and leaves left on them.
It stood four or five feet high and
was used for storing acorns and
generally held several bushels.
These baskets had then to be set
on ollas to protect the acorns from
rodents.
Fibres taken from milkweed and
the mescal plant were made into
small ropes with which burden and
rabbit nets were women by the
women. The stems of these plants
were split, so that the pulp could
be taken out, leaving only the out-
side fibre. The fibre was then
rolled on the thighs, which often
became raw from the operation,
and twisted into ropes. The nets
were knitted as skilfully as though
by trained fishermen. The feather
skirt worn by the Indian man was
made in the same way. The
women's garment, a mare shadow
ekirt that was more than porus, was
knitted similarly.
Coca Blankets Now
No Longer Woven
The old Indians aleo wove blank-
ets from a fibre of the Spanish dag-
ger, but it is doubtful if there stlU
lives one who can weave these coca
bankets. A rnre reic of this type
la In the popwesslon of H. H. Davis
of Mesa Ornndo whose collection of
epecimonii of Indian arts Is the re-
sult of yenrs of res<*arch work
amonjr the Mls.-ilon tribes. Chtipu-
rn.Ha and Setion Moro of the l*ala
reservation are b««!leved to have
been the la«t Intilans who made
the.se l»lanket8. The plant was
cru.Mhed and soaked in water of
the hot sulphur springs, which the
Indians say was essential to the
prorosH. The fihr% was then combed
from the pulp and twisted Into
coarse thread and pegs In the
TiarsT t>ijsgo and, IxibyT'
Wigwam Built
By Old Indian
For Institution
Oameroi^ cugtcxam >n«pector at grocmd cefved •• * loonu
Laboriously and with a patience
mastered through a century of life.
Angel Kwilp, 100-year-old Warner
ranch Indian, constructed recently
for the Smithsonian institute a
full-sized replica of an Indian wig-
wam such as were once used by
the early California Indians.
The wigwam is circular and is
about 15 feet in diameter, while
the height is about 16 feet. A stake
is driven in the ground and a
string tied to it; a circle of the de-
sirea radius is inscribed on the
ground, "Willow poles are then, cut.
Post holes are dug a step apart
around the circle with a primitive
crowbar made by hardening the
point of a sharpened stick in the
fire; the earth is scooped out with
Indian baskets or with the handa
The poles are brought together at
the top and are securely tied with
string made from the fiber of the
red milkweed. The fiber is pre-
pared by twisting on the bare knee
and is very strong. Over th© frame-
work of poles- wild brush is lashed
horizontally to serve as a bed for
the thatching which is put on in
six or seven tiers.
Grass Pulled Up by Roots
So Thatch Will Not Rot
The thatching material is a pe-
culiar grass which grows on the
higher open hill sides of T\'arner's
ranch. The plants are pulled up by
the roots, because Ir the stems
w«re cut water would enter and i-ot
the thatching. These plants are
iilternated as they are placed on
the roof, one of them being placed
right side up and th© next one ui»-
!4ld© down. To avoid the excessive
ux«^ of milkweed Htring, the makin?
of which is a laborious task, the
grass l.s tied with a rope by an in-
genious device. A supple willow
twig is run across so that H holds
the grass tightly for a »iectlon of
a yard or more in length, only the
ends of the twig being tied to the
framework of the house. The ovej--
lapping of the tiers cover up the
lashing so that the house Is neat
in Rnpt>«.rance when finished. The
twigs is six inches thick, hard as
a board and Impervious to rain and
wind.
Fireplace Just a Pit;
Chimney Only a Hole
At the top of the house an ample
hole la Heft for the exit of smoke
and in the middle of the earth
floor n pit 10 Inches deep is due
whh'h is used as the "atizadeio," or
fireplace of the house. Around this
hole are iplat*ed three pot rests for
aapporting the Indian ollas which
are used for cooking purposes.
The door of the house is a "\pe-
tate." or tule nr\at. These ar<e woven
from the lai«?e tules which grow in
the lakes the weaving being done
with niilkewee fibre. The Indian
Chatohlns wlv«n ooTr>pp>a»«w1 by UM4«9o»d xaaantfvg ''to Aook. tho cloodr^
really says "to tie the door." for the
only p»'otection from the intrndor
when Indians went «way and left
the house was to tie the tule mat
across the door. But Inilan cour-
tesy and custom forbade anyone
from entering a house when no peo-
ple were around, and Indians did
not steal (from each pther.
Tule Mats Provide
W':^rn-ith for Sleeping
Similar mats were used for sleep-
ing and for sitting on the floor.
These mats were like newspapers
and are surprisingly warm when
used for such purposes. The ttn-
daln«i lying at night had nothing be-
tween themselves and the cold earth
except one of those 'petates de tule."
?ome of the Indians Ihad their
iv>iisA» {Uibedi CB, (tike inaide with
similar tule nivtls. mitJch as the
.Americans used wall paper. The
poorer houses had the willow twig.s
showinp on the Itiside. Between the
roles and the thatching all kinds iif
Indian utensils and furnishings
were Inserted. It offering a conveni-
ent place for placing stichohiects,
where they would ibe out of the
reach of ^children and in sight when
they were needed tor use.
Baskets, storaare vats, regalia
cases and oth«»r furnishings will
complete the equipment of this
primitive wipwam. which is the
first ever constructed for scientific
purposes.
Running Hot Water
Feature at Warners
Some of the Indians at the
4prlxxK8 had their bouses anranirec
so that the hot water ran through
them and had the curious cusi<»in,
reported from n«» oter |-lact in the
wtiiM, of sleeping: in the w;trni i
I water. "Some of the Indians w«>iild I
sleep all ni«ht with theii- bMcUt's n
the water and only their heads
sticking out." stated tho a;iod In-
formant. Angel Kwilp. "You would
think lliat it would kill ihom. I»ut
they pot lised to it. They had liie
hot and cold water running as
Antericans have in a modem bath
tub, and they would switch th^
water from time to time to keep
their bodies the rifxht t^niper.-it urf .
Seals live in the ocean and stay in
the water .ill the tim*^ and It dof»M
not hurt them, and that wa.>< the
way It was iwith these Indiana**
Indian Basket
Is Commercial
Affair Today
The tight-woven Indian basket
that used to serve for water has
given way to cans and other "mod-
ern" facilities among the Indian
population of recent years, the old
industry of basket weaving confin-
ing itself more particularly to the
requirements of the trade which
means something that will look
guudy and savage and cost pot too
much.
Few, if any, Indian baskets made
today will }\old water. The ctltches
are too long and the seams too
loose. And whllo the old tirae bas-
kets had little or no ornamentation,
the modern Indian woman who
weaves for the trade has sensed
that paint is irreatly admired by the
white race and so has learned to
weave patterns In the woof. Sym-
bolic figures such as the swastika
or crude drawings of birds, animals
and snakes are much in use and it is
even possible to obtain one of these
Indian "relics" with fairly good
desig:n£( of battleships or airpianca
Admiration Given
Tight Woven Baskets
Recently a few oM baskets which
were obtained from an Indian fam-
ily in a remote .section were shown
to some old Indlan.s who were gath-
ered about a road.side .'«tore and
elicited expressWms of admiration
from them. It is impossible to de-
scribe the appreciation they showed
for the workmanship they noted —
the liuht in their eyes — as they
turned the baskets over and over
to exirnlne the stitches made doub
y .significant their onlv wrfirvim
which were, "Tiiey u ill hold
water."
One round of these old baskets,
about six Inches in diameter, re-
quired about 400 stitches and once
around w.ia a day's work for the old
Indian women, A piece of deer
bone served as a needle then, but a
ste«»l brad is now useil. The bas-
K.»t^ were woven out nf ;;r.i.s.s ;in«
s<iuaw wee«l. The Kras*^ wh« h;«i
to obtain. It jirew in damp pi
and was quickly eaten off by ca
A short but rare grass which
a natural brown i-olor extendi
inches front the ront was n
weave brown into the patter
the Kreen prtrt w.'j.s «<niked a
in black mud to produce t]|e
design.
/
OAVC'-A? '^. r/.'-'P-
o «*-*
IV-
a'ta-teen Ishki
Honored by Navajos
— »
■^ -^^ Tiiiiri III ■ II III iMMifciiii II > w>it >iw> I rfvw^ .V V
SAND PAINTING made by the
Navajo Indians and which tells an al-
legorical story of a grain of
life of a human being. It is called Tarta-
teen Ishki (literally translated, ''The
Boy**): --"-^
■»:.
FIRST WHITE woman ever to be honored by hav-
ing: one of the Navajo sand paintings made for her.
.I^^ra Ajanis ArmerjBerkelev^^^^
MIST TELLS
Berkeley Woman Given
Unique Honor by 'Sand
Painter'
In her Berkeley studio, at 132>
Arch street, surrounded by her
symbolical paintings of the inner
spiritual life of the Navajo In-
dians, Uaura Adams Armer today
told the story of how she obtained
the material for her creations.
In 1924, Mrs, Armer was in the
Hopi village of Oraibi, in Arizona,
where she had gone to see the fa-
mous Hopi snake dance. She was
asked to display her paintings there
and accordingly the exhibit was
prepared.
UNIQUE HONOR
At her request the trader at the
Indian post, a Mr. Hubbell, asked
the shamin of a neighboring Navajo
tribe to make one of the sacred
sand paintings on the floor of th^
room where Mrs. Armer's work was
shown.
The sand paintings are used by
the Navajo medicine men in con-
nection with the ceremonies for the
healing of the sick and never be-
fore had one of them been mad<
for an individual member of th«
white race.
The shamin arrived at the pes'
and everyone waited breathlesslj
for his answer to the request.
It was Mrs. Armer's painting.
"The Song Makers," which caused
the medicine man to accede to the
demand The painting shows eight
of the Navajo deities, standing on
the four sacred mountaina praying
for rain. Mrs. Armer had man-
aged to catch and transfer to her
canvas the simple. symbolical
Navajo tale and it established a
firm bond between her and the
shamin.
SAND PAINTING
He disdainfully passed by her
other "realistic" paintings of
Navajo braves and the village life,
she said, and seemed to be at-
tracted only by "The Song Mak-
ers."
It was under this painting that
the shamin finally consented to
make his sand painting. Spread-
ing a fine coat of desert sand over
the floor, he set to work to make
his drawing. Red. yellow, and
while - sandstone, together with
black charcoal from burned cedar
wood, are the materials with which
the Indian worked his intricate de-
signs.
For almost a full day he worked
alone and then late in the after-
noon two others joined him. The
painting tells the story of Ta-ta-
teen Ishki, "The Pollen Boy," who
disappeared from his home and
was kept prisoner in a den of ser-
pents, at the bottom of a deep hole.
The great spirit rescued "The Pol-
len Boy" and brought him back to
his parents, in answer to their
prayers.
The story is that of the dyinsr
and rising god. which is found
among many races. The Demeter
and Dionysus cults of ancient
Greece and the Osiris worship of
Egypt had ceremonies which were
based on similar stories.
STRANGE CEREMONY
When a member of the Navajo
tribe becomes sick, the shamin pre-
pares "The Pollen Boy" sand paint-
ing on the floor of the tribesman's
hogan. or liut, and then the patient
sits upon the drawing, with his face
toward the east.
Two braves enter the hut with the
shamin and chant prayers as the
medicine man performs his mys-
tical rites. The patient is covered
with pollen and the prayers are ad-
dressed to the great spirit to come
and heal the sick.
"I have made your sacrifice.
I have prepared a smoke for you.
My feet restore thou for me.
My legs restore thou for me.
My body restore thou for me.
My mind restore thou for me.
My voice restore thou for me.
Restore all for me in beauty.
Make beautiful all that is befo»"»
me.
Make beautiful all that is behind
me.
Make beautiful my words.
It is done in beauty.
It is done in beauty."
The cliantins: lasts for two hours
(Turn to page Z, Magazine sec.)
I ^* >dS
s .i\^snm«t. Then the sand
amtTn? is d?SUoyed and the sand
removed from the hut. The patient
will then be cured if the great spirit
j has heard the prayer, according to
the Navajo belief.
TRIBE LOVES BEAUTY
3VIr». Armer pointed out that
beauty is the thins in the life of
the Navajo which is paramount
and it was this love of beauty,
which has been shared by all
artists of all countries and ages,
that aroused her interest in the
Navajos.
She bas studied them and th^""
mythology thoroughly. Last summer
she lived in a Navajo village for
two months, in a canvas shelter set
up at the base of a towering sand-
stone cliff ,and observed the tribal
life of the Indians at first hand.
She Is said to be tho only white
woman who has done this.
As a retiult of her studies, the
walls of Mrs. Armer'^ studio aro
adorn^•d with a series of sympolical
paintings, which tell the story of
the inner spiritual life of the
Navajos. Tliese paintings have been
chibited and have received the ac-
claim of art critics in all of th«
principal cities of the United States.
Adverttseuient
■-^^^*^»^«^'»<'^<»*%^^ ^ *^
^i^^/ '^1
:rx4.
,^,^>
i^--ta"-^:- '- i '^^
"'_-::. C:"^^
r= -I.
'^**********' '■— J«iu u'lTiTi m ""igWiitiijiMwiwiaigiip)^^
INDIAN SIGN language has an able exponent m
Howard O. Welty, principal of Tecbn;^i>l hiyh «^K^^I
t DIRECT ACTION was favored by Indian
— U-»mibsin^acq^ing a bride, Welty shows.
•-*■ ■■f<*>
CUSTOMS and languages of Indian tribes have ^
been studied intensely by the educator.
•p^cted.
•*Cons©qTi«ntly, th« population ©f
the Indian hat dwindled from 300,-
•00 to 40.00P. ThJa diminution in
number has been brou^rht about
largely by starvation."
AND THUS, the swashbuckling yarn of the Indian
brave's wooing is concluded.
-»ww^w«
r^T
"CLEAN FIRE" can only be made in this manner, with
iticks, in the opinion of old Indian tribesmen, according to
^Principal Welty, who is shown here demonstrating thej
method to Gladys Crofoot. Welty's record is two fires ii
20 seconds.
CUSTOK OF U. S. liffi
I
When an Indian runs away with another man's wiff, how does he
express the incident in sign languag:? — --
Why do some Indians soak their fire-wood in water?
Have Indians the temperament of the proverbial cigar store type or
■*^have they a sense of beauty and
humor?
This is not an "Ask Ale Another"
contest. It IS merely part of a list
of questions raised and answered
today by Howard O. Welty, an
authority on tribal research. Welty,
who Is principal of Technical bUh
school, has spent yars studying- f h«
dialects, c.jstums and teinpeianient^
of the Red Man.
UNIVERSAL "LANGUAGE'
"Sign language." Welty declares,]
"is a universal mode of commimicjwf
tion amonir the tribes. When dlf«
feronces In dialect make conversa.
tion Impossible, Indians manage to
'talk' by means of gestures."
To illustrate his point. Welty
showed how a chief would express
— through his motions — the sen-
tence: "I wanted a squaw, so I stole
my enemy's wife."
Welty pointed his fore-finger at
his chest "This means T," he ex-
plained.
Then he cupped his hand ani
raised it to his mouth. This signi-
fied "want."
To express the idea, "squaw."
Welty combed imaginary strands of
hair.
TELLS TRADITIONS
He indicated the clause, "so I
stole my enemy's wife." by raising
his left hand, with palm out-
stretched, at an angle. This sug-
gested a teepee. A clutch with hi»
right hand under tiie "teepre"
finished the story.
Not only Is Welty well versed in.
f-ign language but he is also
familiar with many Indian custoaii.
Po.ssibly the mi>«t curious of these
Is the "nuilding-of-the-New-Kirc."
"This tradifion," Welty said, "js
based on tiie Indian's beil^f that the
harder a fire is to buiid the grt>*ter
is its cleansing powers.
"So, in order to get a potent fire,
sonie tribes, such as the Hurons,
will soak their wood in water be-
fore trying^ to liffht it. Other tribe
fire builders will handicap them-
selves by iislng only one stick and
stone to produce friction. Ordi-
narily, ttro B.tJCjc.s are employed. Us-
ing this slow method. I have seen
Indians (oil six hours to create
'clean' fire.** .
"SICK COYOTE"
Welty did not wish to convey the
impression. however, that t b e
Indian's superstition drives out his
sense of humor.
"Once I heard a 250 pound squaw .
squeal a war song. After she had
finished, an old man went up to her
and, pattinj? her on the back, ex-
claimed, "I'oor, little sick coyote!"
"A red man's Jove of beauty is no
less marked than his love of a good
joke. In his music, language and
dance, he reveals a yearning for the
spiritual.
"The words in an Indian's
vocabulary are full of symbolism.
For example, the phrase, "the set-
tins sun" is expressed In Sicux dia-
Icct by a word which means: "H»
who in his boing home pauses for a
moment on an eminence emblazoned
with purple light.'
DANCE MYSTICISM
"A similar mysticism," continued
Welty, 'Ik foimd in the dance. Somw
of the dances pload for rain or
fertility: others offer prajert of
thankstrh'ing for favois bestowed
by th*^ Great SpirU. ft is clear, then.
icTurjo to pao« 2, inao«<i(M Mct»on^
,■- .:.Mri
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1, this s«c.)
an entire
fornla
^Suctions
Kavajo,
trlbei*.
at the Indiana ant«><late<l the
Thanksglrlngr day of ^h© Pilgrims
by thousands ^ ye
The Indian*^ musfc. Ilk© his dance
and language! Is d^^gj^jexpressive
of the -hfgl>es1| beautyTwelty spent
Inift/^ southern Call-
If pbcnographio repro-
fclk songs of the
pt Tewa and Achoma
gh much of the music is
barbaric and choppy, there is some
of rare quality.
•*T one© heard an Achoma lunsby,"
Welty said, "^hat for melody and
rhythm iras as great as anything
ever composed by Schums,nn."
Welty believes that the United
States has failed in its moral
obligation to tho Indian.
"The United States bureau of
TTvdian affairs is a travesty on
justjce," Welty declared.
"Since 1S52, the government has
made 18 treaties with California
tribes Itt which gifts of millions of
acres of land and large sums in
cattle and farm implements were
promised.
**These treaties were never re-
spected.
"Consequently, the population of
the Indian has dwindled from 300,-
•00 to 40,00](). This diminution in
number has been brought about
largely by starvation.'
R'*-"
•1 ■
,<:*.
{^M^.
Hi
^l^^y;:--.
2 B
TH^AN ^W'NCISCO EXAMINER: SUNDAY. OCTOBER 2. 1927
Yosem ite Indians
t't.v!
Struggle Against Encroaching
Civilization and Final Surren-
der to Modern Life Recounted
By J. E. HANNA.
Previous lo 1851. or before the
discovery of the Yosemite Valley
by the whites, the Yosemite was
the home of a tribe of Indians lor
whom the valley was named, the
Yosemites — pronounced by the In-
Uiars "Yohometi."
The Yosemites held an undis-
puted ownership of the valley and
much surrounding country. The
latter was their hunting ground
and in the valley they fished and
leathered acorns, grass roots and
herbs and maintained their villages.
They were not disturbed by other
tribes because of their close rela-
tionship to neighboring tribes, and
the difficulty of gaining access to
the valley, unobsei-ved, would
have been tribal suicide to any
looking for trouble.
At the time of the iiivasion of
the valley by the whites. Tenaya
-«vas chief of the tribe. His father
had been chief of a former tribe,
occupying the same territory, until
he and a few survivors of a plague,
probably smallpox, that had nearly
exterminated the tribe, left and
made their homes with the Monos.
None dared return, becau.se the evil
spirits had killed their people and
taken possession of the valley.
When Tenava grew to manhood he
took with him those who were bold
enough to fi.ce and defy the evil
spirits, and founded a new tribe in
the Yost-mite. His people were
from the several tribes in the
mountains surroundin thge valle}'.
At tho lime of their discovery by
the whites they had grown to be
a well established uib^i of prob-
ably 300 Indians.
Camp There Now
The Yosemites had several vil-
lages, chief of which was Awani.
or Ahwahnce, located near the foot
of Yosemite Falls, where the gov-
ernment free camp No. 20 has re-
cently been established. When the
winters were severe the Indians
moved down the river, returning as
soon as weather conditins would
permit. They had many legends
concerning the beauty and wonders
of the valley, the falls, peaks,
streams, birds and animals, and the
people. They were happy and
prosperous — Indian prosperity — un-
til the appearance of the whites.
With the rush of the whites to
the mountains in the mad search
for gold, and as trapper and trad-
ers, the Indians saw the finish of
their vast hunting grounds, the
Fcarcity of game and the ruination
of their fishiner streams. That
meant the ruination of their means
of livelihood: their inherited and
only known mode of existence. They
•became restless and sullen, and en-
deavored to discourage the whites
^^y stealing their provisions and
their horses and mules. They drove
the horses and mules to their
camps, or villages, and had great
feasts on the flesh of those anl-
mal'* The whites attempted to
punish the Indians for their thiey-
crv and the enmity grew until
there was bloodshed. Finally, the
Indians resorted to murder. (Wno
<aused the first blood to flow, the
whites or the Indians, probably will
never be known.)
r
Love Murders
]
•&JLSL%£
"^^^1 still Active in Their 'mntiog
CHIEF CHRIS BROWN, great grandson of the once power-|
ful chief of the Yosemites, Tenaya. Half Dome in the back-
g round.
trespassers upon their territory, in-
vaders of their country and seeking
to dispossess them of their homes,"
etc.
Their country was invaded. Their
homes and their food stores of
acorns and dried meats were
burned. Their territory* was seized
and they were transferred to res-
ervations, where many died of white
men's diseases and whiskey, in-
activity and restraint. Later, most
of those who survived were al-
lowed to return, under restrained
conditions, their spirits broken,
their happiness gone, their homes
and provisions burned to ashes and
the ashes scattered by the four
winds of the heavens. Their hunt-
ing rrounds were no longer hunting
grounds, and no longer their
property-. *
None Had Seen Valley
At first lone prospectors were
murdered, then parties of three or
four, and trading posts were de-
stroyed, and finally the Indians
threatened to kill all whites wh
did not get )Ut of the mountains.
The Indians of the lower lands.
San Joaquin Valley and the foot-
"hills. gave the whites little trouble.
They were not of the determined
fighters that the mountain Indians
were. They were soon rounded up |
and plared" on reservations. There |
were .-t^empts made to Christian-
ize them, and some of them be-
came partially Christianized.
The government sent w^ord to the
Tosemites and Chow-Chillas. that
If thoy would go to the reserva-
tion for a peace conference, they
would be well treated. This word
was sent bv runners from the reser-
vation tribes. The Invitation was
d-clined bv both tribes. They sent
l)ack word that they would stay
and defend their territories. While
they were considered by the whites
as "criminals, they maintained that
they were flight in sr for their homes
and their inherited hunting grounds.
The miners called upon the gov-
ernment for assistance and asked
permission to organize a military
company to suppress the Indians.
Col Xeelv .Tohnson. the governors
aid' was sent to h^^lp organi7.<- and
■nrepare the company. A trapper
bv the nr^me of Savage, who had
iust recentlv had his trading post
desrtoved by the Indians, was
chosen major. Major Savage ha.l
five squaw wives until the post
was destroved and the squaws
carried away. Eacn squaw had
"been chosen from a separate tribe,
tha^ Savage might enjoy the
iriendship of the several tribes.
I Hostility Excused J
When the company had been as
thoroughly drilled as time and con-
ditions would permit and was about
to start for the higher mountains,
Colonel Johnson addressed the men,
in part, as follows:
"While I do not hesitate to de-
nounce the Indians for the murders
and robberies committed by them,
we should not forget that there may
perhaps be circumstances which, if
taken Into consideration, might to
son^e extent excuse their hostility
to the whites. They probably feel
that thev themselves are the ag-
grieved party, looklnf; upon us as
When the company set out, none
knew where they were going, ex-
cept to the higher mountains. No
white man had seen the beautiful
valley where the Yosemites lived.
Colonel Johnson did not accompany
the troop. Major Savage took
charge, but soon after they reached
the high moifntain, a messenger
overtook them with orders for
Major Savage to return with the
messenger to Fresno, for the pur-
pose of dealing with the Indians
from other sections of the State
who had either been captured or
had gone there voluntarily for a
peace conference. Tl'e company
was left In charge of Captain
Bolirg.
When Major Savage arrived at
the Fresno reservation he sent
"Mission Indians" who had visited
Tenaya's people, to help Captain
Boling. These Indians guided the
white troops to the beautiful valley,
home of the Yosemites. Dr. Bunnell,
the company surgeon, named the
valley Yosemite, in honor of the In-
dians.
Shortly after the company en-
tered the Yosemite valley, three of
Tenaya's scouts were captured. Two
of them later escaped. The third
proved to be Chief Tenaya's young-
est son. Captain Boling had sent
out white scouts up the valley, and
two of them, discovering some
baskets of acorns near a trail,
thought they had frightened the In-
dians from their task of gathering
\ acorns, hey followed the trail up
a narrow pass, and had started t<>
follow it up a ledge, when the In-
dians, waiting at the top of the
ledge, rolled boulders down upon the
two. injuring one. The other scoyt,
seeing an Indian peering down over
the ledge, raised his rifle and killed
the Indian. He then picked up his
companion and carried him back to
camp. One of the Injured scout's
friends swore to avenge his friend's
injuries, and murdered the unarmed
prisoner, son of Tenaya. While
ihefiQ things were taking place, the
"Mission Indians " had trapped and
captured Tenaya. and took him to
cami). When Tenaya arrived, a
prisoner in camp, he saw his mur-
dered son lying where he had fallen
when shot by the white trooper a
few minutes before. (The murderer
was never punished lor his crime.)
tain Boling spent several days try-
ing to persuade Tenaya to lead him
to the camp of his people, but the
old chief refused. Finally, the "Mis-
sion Indians" announced that they
had located the trails of the scouts
who had been watching the whites.
They took the trails, closely fol-
lowed by Captain Boling's men,
with Chief Tenaya tied and led like
an animal. They surprised, sur-
rounded and captured the camp of
Indians on the shores of a beautiful
lake about ten miles above the
valley. In honor of the chief, Dr.
Bunnell named this lake "Lake
Tenaya."
Chief Tenaya was released from
the end of the rope, but was fur-
ther mortified by being refused per-
mission to talk to the men of his
tribe, and ordered to stay with the
women and children. The Indians
were ordered to prepare to march
for the reservation. Tenaya was
informed that he would never again
see his beautiful valley. He was so
depressed that finally Captain Bol-
ing, taking pity on him. allowed him
to march at the head of the column
with the officers, under strict guard.
One of the guards was one of the
much-despised "Mission Indians,"
who had betrayed and helped to
capture him.
After a short stay at the reserva-
tion, Tenaya, with his family, was
allowed to return to his home. A
number of his people soon after-
wards followed him. Another at-
tempt on the part of the Yosemites
to keep the whites from entering
the valley, more bloodshed, and
again the troops were sent to cap-
ture enaya and his people. Five
Indians were captured and shot.
The rest escaped to the higher 1
mountains and lived for some time
with the Monos and Piutes and
again, later, returned to their old
home. The Monos had raided a
white man's ranch and had stolen
a band of horses and mules. The
Yosemites feared to do likewise, so
a few of their young warriors drove
off a part of the stolen
f YOSEMITE FAMILY and dis-
play of Indian baskets, at en-
trance to bark teepee. The Yo-
semites no longer live in teepees,
using, instead canvas tents. Since
the white men control the valley
and surrounding country, once
owned by the Yosemites, the In-
dians are not free to strip the
bark from the trees, as they once
did. This may account for their
having adopted the white men's
tents.
YOSEMITES in war dance. Posed out in the open. The regular dances are not held in the
operas this picture would suggest, but in a small bowl shaped depression, on a rocky ridge,
almost inaccessable to the public. '
The present Indian village Is near
the site of the former Awani. How
long the Indians have occupied the
])rescnt location, instead of their
former Awani, I do not know.
Neither do I. know how they hap-
pened to move, or to be moved, to
that spot. It is the least desirable
place imaginable, and if they moved
there of their own accord, it mu.st
have been lor some reaion of which
thev do not care to speak. I heard
three versions, none of which
sounded true to me.
No Claim on Valley
I interviewed several of the Yo-
semites, among them Mary ^Vilson,
.Joe Rube, Bill Todd and others
None expressed any resentment, but
all hoped that they would soon bo
assigned a better location. They
have great faith in Uncle Sam. and
all are sure that when the Indians
decide unanimously on the location
most suitable, the government will
assign them that location. They
realize that they have no claim
upon the valley or any part there-
of outside of tradition, although the
former Chief Tenaya did not sell his
rights nor the rights of his people
to the whites. Without having
^„ .made Inquiries, I presume that
animals I there is a record of the government
of the young men secured some
fire-water and although he did not
get noisy, and disturbed no one, he
was reported and banished 'for a
time" from the valley by the au-
thorities. That so upset the others
that the council was postponed, and
piobably will not be revived again
until some outsider urges it.
Rumors and Rumors
Monos' camp of Mono I having purchased from the Indians
by a long, round-about | their rights and claims to the lo-
semite.
Dr. L. H. Bunnell says, in refer-
ence to the statements of the fvie
Yosemites, who were shot by the
United States troops, that the
whites h^d no right to enter the
from the
Liike and -.,
route, finally got the animals into
the valley. They then proceeded to
hold a great feast. While they
were in the midst of the feast, the
Monos surprised them and slaugh-
tered all but a few who managed
to flee down the river. Tenaya was
killed, his skull crushed by a
boulder «t the hands of a Mono
brave.
Now Forty Remain
Refuge With Moras
After Tenaya was captureil. some
of his people took refuge with the
Monos ard other tribes. The others
staved near the valley In hopes ot
aiding their chief to escape. Cap-
Todav there are about forty In-
ilans claiming to be Tenaya's des-
cendants. Johnnie and Chris Brown
are prandson and great grandson
of Tenaya. Chris Is called chief.
However, as such, his duties are
light. There are no wars — no hunt-
ing grounds — no vast territory — no
tepees. There Is no need to gnard
airainst invasion, for they have
nothing to guard. They occupy, but
do not own, a low, rocky ridge cov-
ered with Fcrub oaks «.nd brush,
with a sprinkling of cedars. Instead
of teepees, they live in ragged can-
vas tentis — pitched nmoncr the
boMlders and brush. The place is
called the "Indian Village," as is
proven by a crude ?ign painted
with a lead pencil on a box end and
fastened to a tree facing the main
drive at the foot of the ridsre. It
is the only spot of interest 'n the
valley no reached by a well de-
I lined trail.
valley
"Lieuten
through
had a«d'
ment. Am
men ^now
ri.^ht tht
treaty oj
and had
thout their permission:
t Moore told them,
interpreter, that they
lands to the govern-
be-loi-ip-.^d to the whi.c
hat the Indians had no
e. They had signed a
peace with the whites,
^rced to live on the reser-
vations j^rovided for them. To this
they replied that Ten-ie-ya had
never consented to the sale of iheir
vallev and had nver received pay
for it." ,. .
Many of the Indians now living in
the valley had hoped to be moved i
back to their old homosite. Awani.
but seem to have later abandoned
that hope. They offer many rea-
sons now for not desiring to return
to that location. Their prin. ioal
reason for not having arrived at a
conclusion as to the most desirable
place is that several of the older
Indians have become discouraged
and sullen and do not wish to be
disturbed. Tliosc. ..n .■■.;v;>e '♦' *' •
others, I did not interview. I sug-
gested a general council, thai .in
agreement might be reached sati.s-
factory to all, and it was planned
to hold such n coimcll. However,
the Indians are easily excited. One
liumors that a church is to be
built on the former site of Awani
probably has something to do with
changing the minds of those who
had wi.shed to return to that spot.
Also rumors that a store is to be
built on their present location has
made some of them uneasy. That
rumor is probably false, as there
are so many more accessible spots
to be had. But the Indians realize
,that they are there at the plea.sure
of the whites, and should their vil-
hage site be wanted by the whites,
/they must go, whether other pro-
visions have been made for them
or not. After each rumor was re-
peated to me, still I was assured
that Uncle Sam would see that they
were taken care of.
Two or three of the Indians own
small automobiles. They cannot
drive their autos to their homes,
but must park thehm a short dis-
tance awaq. They could probably
build a road, with little effort but
they have not inherited an ambi-
tion along the lines of labor. They
do work, for they have no other
means of earning their living. They
work at road building, wood cut-
ting and as government packers,
etc.
Few of the ancient Indian cus-
oms remain. Among those still ob-
served are — cooking the village
meals over the village campflres, —
and during the tourist .season,
nightly war dances and the singing
of old Indian songs. The admission
to the war dances and singing is
advertised at twenty five cents.
The twenty five cents is collected
by passing a basket after the spec-
tators have assembled trusting to
everybody's honesty, to pay the
right amount, if anything.
The proceeds from this entertain-
ment is u.sed to help buy the nec-
cessities of life for the village.
songs, hesitate to wander around
among the boulders and brush
The Indians hang coil-oil lanterns
from the trees to light the way to
and from the dances, but coal-oil
lanterns are very ineffective to us
who know only electricity Xoi light-
ing. , , ,„
Among those who take part m
the wardances, one is an Indian
girl, about 17 or 18 years old. hhe
is a granddaughter of Mary Wil-
son. Mary Wilson has 20 grand-
children, not all In the losemite.
Bill Todd who takes part aLso, de-
votes his si>are time teaching the
bovs and girls of the village the old
war dances, that they may not die
out as have many of the old In-
dian customs. Only five or six take
part in the dances, there being no
room for more dancers. Three or
four others furnish the Indian
music." The beautiful Yosemite
Vallev that was their home. Is now
our playground. It seems to me
that we could spare a poition— a
verv small portion, but a better
portion for the comfort of tho.se
whose ancestors were so unfortu-
nate as to have been the weaker
people.
Dance Around Fire
The war dance takes place around
a very small sampfire, in the bot-
tom of a small bowl shaped de-
pression In the same rocky rIdge
that the village occupies. Probably
one hundred and fifty spectators
can vmcomfortably view the dances,
standing or sitting on the sides and
rim of the bowl. It is not easy to
Rct to the dance bowl, as there are
no trails, and many who winld like
to witness tlic dances and hear the
aimlnpr
^-f^
I
V
S.
k
League of Nations " Redskin Village
Has Come True — Backed by the
Indians Themselves. t
^.
'•<■■'■ -^
An Apache Fire Dancer Interpreting One of th«
Ceremonial Dances of His Tribe. At the Left Is
a Reproduction of the Architect*!
Drawinjj for the New Colony Where
These Ceremonies Will Be Revived. At
the Edges Will Be Seen the Puebloa
and Mound Homes of Certain
Tribes, While the Open Spaces
\> ill Be Used for Those Tribes
Dwelling in Tepees. The Theatre.
at the Front, Will be Used
for the Presentation of
Indian Folk Plays
and Music.
ii
i i
~-.iS&
*^*t
"y^
i3«watv>..
Vi
•'Xv. ^ Xs
-«*=-
I**-
ijf^
Ji -
li
:4
, s>»
»fe
'^ \ -"VS.,
;-.<*(.,
^Vy
"*.
•'*««.,
Above: Tsianina, the Young
Indian Woman Who C^nceiv<»d ''*^'***>k.,^
the Plan of Founding a Walled "^
Village Where Representatives from Every Tribe
in the United States Can Dwell and Recreate
Their Ancient Customs and Art Forms.
A walled Indian village, with representatives
from the forty odd tribes in the United
States, living together peaceably for the
furtherance of their culture — ^that is the astonish-
ing plan soon to be realized at Culver City,
California.
It is a last stand, planned by the Indians
themselves, to save their customs, rituals, art
and government forms from becoming hopelessly
lost in the encroachments of white civilization in
America.
The most unusual phase of this comprehen-
sive plan relates to its founder — a beautiful
young woman, Tsianina, of the Cherokee tribe.
This energetic girl, after studying the history of
her race, deliberately set herself to the gigantic
task of bringing together in one spot men, women
and children from all the tribes in the United
States, who will rebuild their ancient cultures
now threatened with oblivion.
The story of how she carried her plan to
success i& an amazing romance of achievement
against tremendous odds.
The purpose of the plan is entirely non-com-
mercial. White men are to be excluded from the
California hidian village except on special oc-
casions. The money to bring the plan into being
ha3 been raised by the Indians themselvea. Many
of these Indians, especially the ones from the
Osage tribe in Oklahoma, owners of oil lands,
are wealthy.
Tlie rich Indians have offered to help thefr
brethren of other tribes who are poor to pre-
serve their customs. The result will be that some
tribes from the eastern parts of the United
States, whose tribal culture is lost in part, will
be able to reconstruct their ancient and pic-
turesque legends and reclaim their lost rituals
and art forms.
Within the next year the great trek toward
the Indian League of Nations village wiU begin.
Wrinkled old men of the Mohawk tribe, proud
Navahoes from the desert, Blackfeet frotn the
north, and the highly advanced Pueblo dwellers
from New Mexico and Arizona tribes will march
toward the new haven, carrying the rich lore of
the ages.
Squaws will carry their babies, some young
braves will ride their pinto ponies, others will
come by train. They will arrive in glittering
attire, wearing the ancient feathered head-dresses
of their various tribes, wrapped in gaily colored
blankets.
In the village they will build their own kind
of homes — tepees or adobe dwellings. Their
children will be taught the beautiful ceremonial
dances which distinguish so many of the tribes,
the wisdom of the medicine men will be set down
in books, and the ancient customs of government
will be revived and explained.
On this page you will see a drawing of the
dllage as it will look when completed. A large
theatre where Indian folk-plays can be given will
have an important place in the undertaking.
Tsianina, the chief founder of the plan. Is a
recognized authority on Indian culture. She was
the only woman invited by Secretary of the In-
terior Hubert Work to serve on an advisory
.^2.
'•>-«».
bft4^
v*^"-A^
^teii^
a'-
^j.*"^"*^
■>■ 'i;-.'l>lXr. .-.A"-- ^ ,
tF
"■W^jfi^SM-'-SJt^''*'
." VW-A^ *■?'
X*-.
""^'^A
A Group of
Paeblo Indian Warrlort
from a New Mexico Tribe
Enactinf a Pictoreaiiae Ceremonial Dance of
tho Sort That Will Be Reyived in
the Culver City Colony.
* v>x«^
.«0>.Va* ^HhM*
Miss Lois Bramlette, an Indian Girl Who Recently
Participated in a Native Folk Play Presented by
Members of Her Race at Palm Springs, CaL,
on the Edge of the Mohave Dest
council on Indian affairs. 8hc explains her mis-
sion partly by saying:
"Before my mother died she gave me this
passing thought: Take what is best of the white
man's civilization, but retain what is best of
Indian culture.'"
With this high purpose In mind Tsianina set
herself resolutely to the task of reclaiming the
lost cultures of her race. She is gifted as a
singer, and hor musical work brought her into
contact with Charles Wakefield Cad man, fore-
most adapter and composer of Indian music.
.Mr. Cadman proved a valuable collaborator
and wrote the Indian opera "Shanewis," which is
founded upon Tsianina's life. It was presented
at Hollywood, Cal., before 47,000 persons,
the largest audience ever to hear an opera.
Then Tsianina visualized the plan which she
has made her ultimate goal, and which is about
'■■ ■
to be realized. She saw
the great Indian village,
where meroibers of all
tribes might dwell to-
gether, and where they might develop artistically.
This result she set about to achieve — visiting
the chiefs of the different tribes, enlisting the
support of cultured Indians, and not forgetting
to capture the sympathies of the.white race by a
proper presentation of the Indian's problems.
Tsianina herself epitomizes the forthrightness
and simplicity of the Indian before the advent
of the white man. She affects the Indian mode,
and the beaded costume which she wears at all
times, and which serves to emphasize her poign-
ant and sad charm, attracting attention in the
crowded world mart. Yet it is not eccentricity
but rather pride of race wliich is responsible
for her romantic dress in the midst of an ultra-
modem civilization. Tsianina scorns the Indian
l'»atur> BiCTHm, isaiL
dh«, e.OOO m Arlsooa, llcir Uvxioo, sad'^Okla^oas.
.0, 1,400 la Wyoming &nd Oklahoas.
AsslnlbolB, 1,300 In Uontan*.
Blaokfast (Plegin) 3,300 in Uontan*.
Oayugft, l9«f than 100 a.nd •oattared.
Chey«nn«, 3,000 in Uentana and Oklahoma.
Oharoka*, 30,000 in Oklabooa and NortJi Carolina.
Ohlokaaaw, 4,000 In Oklahoma.
.Ohootaw, 15,000 in Oklahona and UlsslMlppl.
Ceaanoha, 1,100 in Oklahosa.
Ctxlppowa, 30,000 In Uiohlgan, Ulnnstota and Wliconaln.
Crtak, 7,000 In Oklahooa.
Crow, 1,700 m Uentana.
Hopl, 3,300 In Arlxona«
Xansa, 350 In Kane&s.
iClowa, 1,800 In Oklahoaa.
Uenoalnea, 1,400 in Wiaconnln.
^H^Ulasion, 3,500 In Callfornlii.
w-^Uohawk, -oout 350 Ir* Hew York.
Uohava, 1,000 In C&llforr.la Ana Arizona.
Havajo, 30,00Q in Arizona and :.'ew Uaxloo.
Rsxperce*, 1,300 In Idaho.
Oaaha, 1,100 in Kal3ra8ka*
Onalda, 3,300 In Vlsoonsln and Taw Yorr.
Onondaga, 375 In Taw York.
Osago, 2,300 In Oklaiiora.
Ottawa, 3,700 in Michigan.
Paluta, 4,000 In L'aTada and California.
Papago, 4,000 In Oragon.
Pawaa, 700 In Arizona.
Fir:,*, 5,000 In Arizona.
Potavrator.l, 3,400 in Kansaa anl Vlasonaln.
Puablo, 6,000 In 178" llaxlco.
Shawnaa, 1,300 In O/clahcma.
Shoahoni, 3,800 In Tfyos-.lng and Idaho.
Sicux, 20,000 in North anl South Dakota.
Ssainola, 1,500 in Oklahoina and Florida.
Senaoa, 2,900 In I^er/ York and Oklahoaa.
Tuasarora, aVout 400 in I'aw York*
Uta, 2,200 In Utah.
Winnahago, 1,800 In Habraaka and Wiaconaln.
Yaklia, 1,200 In Ifaahinjrton.
Zunl, 1,600 In Haw Uaxloo.
Although Advancing Civilization una iMiiorred
Confinement Have Done Much to Thin the Kanks
uf the Indians, There Still Are a Goodly Number
in the United States. The Above Map Shuw^
Their Number and the Chief Points of
Distribution. In the New California
Colony Representatives Will Be
Brought from Each of
These Tribes.
w-ho is ashamed of his nativity
Thus the establishment of the new colonj
savors of the romance of a dream come true.
And one of the first purposes of the colony wil)
be to correct erroneous impressions about thr
Indian that have taken root in the white con
sciousness. These impressions have caused in
telllgent Indians much discomfort
First, Indian leaders hope to show, through
this working model of their civilization, that the
Indian is not, and never was, a barbarian, a»
many have been led to think. Through Indian
ceremonies, and proper explanation and develop
ment of them, enthusiasts of the colony hope tc
show the symbolic side of Indian culture, as well
as the necessity for many of the strange Indian
rites.
One of these is the practice of self -punish
ment. Indian leaders point out that ceremoniev
involving self -punishment were a natural develop
ment among a race called upon to withstand tht
rigors of life afield, and that the fundamental
object of these ceremonies was to train the In-
dian to withstand the hardships which he en-
countered in every-day life. It Is a source of
regret to Indian leaders that these ceremoniei"
have been looked upon as evidences of a savagr
race.
The development of Indian music will be ar
other important phase of the colony, and a? e
chief adjunct to this purpose the theatre
is planned. Here Indian music will be
presented in fitting fashion. It is the
contention of the Indians that their
music, or at least that part of it which
flourished before the white man toot
from them their heritage of the soil. Is
not sad, but mysterious instead. It is
said to resemble the ancient Semitic and
later Greek forms, with progrression in
tumors and wholetone values.
The relig^ious beliefs of the Indian
also will receive attention in the colony
It has been pointed out that the Indian
religion is one of the most simple be
liefs, incorporatinit a wealth of imagei-j
and fascinating ritual which may bi^
favorably compared with the religion^
of other races.
It is a singular fact that only one
Indian tribe has developed an alphabet
The other tribes have handed down their
history from generation to grenei-ation
in colorful legend, and these legende
have, of necessity, been unusuallv exact
Welding these legends into a compact
and durable whole will be another un-
iertaking of the colony.
According to present plans each of
the trioes surviving in this countr\^ will
be represented in the California village
by a small group. xMany Indians, intei^
ested in the development and preserva
tion of the more fundamental Indian
characteristics, have offered to repre-
o.iii uieir respective tribes. These groups, wih
live within the bounds of the colony. Here they
will assert their individuality, each tribe retain-
mg Its distinctive customs, ceremonies and mode*
of life.
The tribal representatives will h<» brought
together only in the presentation of Indian folk
plays founded upon thi; deeply bpiritual cur-
rents common to all the tribes. The colony
will be governed by a board of directora com-
posed of the Indians themselves.
SAT RTTrrn ^ • - r
APRIM9 1930
AINSIDES OF BEAUTY FOR CALIFORNIA MOTORISTS'
^ew National Parks Highway OpensParadise
'pRAVELING the base of great towering granite walls, skirting the
rushing waters of Kings river, penetrating heavy timber flats
and opening up to motorists an outing paradise that has been acces-
sible only to pack trains, the new highway leading from General Grant
National park off the slopes of the high Sierras will take its place
among the world's most scenic highways. Work was begun last year
by the state and, it is exi)ected, will require two more years to cover
the 40 miles of unusually heavy construction.
The first 12 miles of the new Kings River highway from General
'Grant National park to Hume has been in for some time. This first
section follows ridges at an average elevation of more than 6500 feet
through giant sequoais, pines, tamaracks and white oaks. At Hume,
where the new work has been begun to carry the Kings River highway
to the intersection with the General Grant National park road at
Centerville, thus completing a loop, descent is made into the gorge,
which is followed most of the remaining distance.
TITHEN the new hi^way is completed the motorists may have the
' • choice of two entrances to General Grant National park which
is 63 miles cast of Fresno. While the park famed for its big trees
has been accessible practically all winter, the formal opening will be
May 15. By that time, according to the motorlogue party in a
Marquette sedan, the park latteral leading out of Fresno will be In
splendid condition for the motor rush.
The motorlogue party found that motorists this spring are being
greeted by a greater wealth of wild flowers than ever before in the
San Joaquin valley and the lower reaches of the Sierra foothills.
The late rains and warm weather have brought forth great fields
of purple Lupin, evening primrose, paint brush and star flowers while
•the poppy areas have been refreshed. Approaching the Sierra foot-
hills east of Fresno the countryside is white with snowdrops. Add to
this the orchard blooms of the ranches and the red buds in the can-
yons to complete one of the most entrancing floral pictures that
Frankland says he ever saw.
^ ♦ -0-
GOING direct to Fresno over the Golden State highway (the more
romantic name for the inland route) the motorlogists found the
fields of flowers at the height of their beauty Just after leaving
Grapevine and dropping down into the San Joaquin valley. At
rresno. Frankland turned the Marquette east over the General Grant
J^ational park highway to visit the park. But the party was halted
at Squaw valley by the largest privately owned Indian basket collec-
tion m thewbrld, containing more than 500 specimens. '
This is the display of Mrs. A. B. Overholser who has been a
resident of Squaw valley more than 20 years. It is in this little valley
where Indian basket weaving has preserved. And there are only
three weavers left, one estimated to be nearly 100 years old.
Indian basket weaving is one of the threads which the white
man is now tr>'ing to follow back to tribal days. The customs, arts
•and native activities of the California Indian have largely vanished
with the hordes who once peopled the coast in their interesting and
unconcerned way.
The <^^l'^9ml^ ^"^IfiPi ^Q^' the most part, was unlike his brother
Of the plains^ He did not have the"tIisposition or desire of achieve-
ment to make him an irritable warrior. The tribes did fuss back
and forth and at times were agitated to combat, but as a whole they
were easily saisfled lotus eaters and conservative in mental as well
fus physical energy.
TIIHILE the white man put his clothes on the Indian, gave him
W houses in which to live and brought his diet up to a more sani-
tary and varied standard, the elder Indian has been left untouched
and un worried. They retain the trait of their ancestors. He does
not mind what the white man thinks of him. He has his own ideas
of the white man and all this hustles and strife which makes up
modern life.
Basket weaving was the work of the squaw and the youngsters
of the tribes do not look with any interest or favor on learning this
art as their ancestors did. In fact, basket weaving has been made
a compulsory course at the Tyle Indian reservation, which the party
also visited on this trip, 16 mUeseSist of Porterville. It is the hope
to preserve this dying art "by instructing the children as a part of the
school work. Left alone, the younger generations wouldn't have it.
Ye-I-Kom, an Indian teacher who is adept in the weaving art
and who has produced some of the finest specimens of baskets in
design, coloring and workmanship, is Instructing the Indian children.
0- -> ^
m
BASKET weaving is an Indian form of story-telling. For aside
from the utility of the basket, which have wide uses even to
cooking, the designs on the baskets carry out legends and chronicles
of events.
The Squaw valley has been inhabited by Indians ever since long
before the white man came. It derived its name from the fact that
when the Indians went on hunting trips or out to do battle, the
squaws and children were grouped together in the valley, a beautiful
area of about a mile and a half square hidden among the foothills
and thickly studded with white oaks.
I The larger part of the remaining Indians in the valley are of the
fCho-Kai-Mi^^Na tribe which retain certain of the old custom^and
«rites. ' For instance, one of the few remaining "medicinejH^' still
["practicing" is here in Squaw valley. He is called "DQetbr' Bob and
is 98 years old, the Indians say. "Doctor" Bob hirg^etf was uncertain
Jas to his age when asked by "Outdoor" FranlUand. "Me very old,"
was the withered medicine man's 'closest estimate.
Surrounded ' by towering granite walls echoing to rushing
waters, a motorloque party, in a Marquette sedan from the Robert
D. Maxwell company, visited the new highway at Grant National
park. When completed this new road which begins at Hume, will
give motorists a choice of two entrances to the national playground,
which is 63 miles from Fresno, and is expected to be ready for the
formal opening of the park May 15. Going direct to Fresno over
the Golden State highway, the party found fields of flowers in
purple and evening primrose and halted at Squaw valley and
watched the Indian JjiBket weavers at work.
Music
Art
me
unflity
^f
Books
Features
1^. ■ .»*« ; ^
PART 7.
WASIIIXGTOX, D. C. MAY 24. 1931
20 PACiI-S.
A NEW DAY FOR THE INDIAN
Wide World PhotOi.
Chiefs of a tribe of famous Indians form the picturesque group overlooking a scene reminiscent of their forefathers' fight against the cfdvance of the white man.
NOT long ago a descendant of our original
American population (who, incidentally, as a
nationally known publicist, has a hard-earned
income of several thousand dollars a week)
remarked that the greatest mistake the In-
dians ever made was in i>ermitting the Mayflower to
land!
There was painful truth in Will Rogers' witticism, as
there is truth in many others from the same source.
Within the last few weeks, however, certain events
have occurred which, if they had been portrayed for
the motion picture screen by some of my California
fellow citizens, probably would have been subtitled;
*'Came the Dawn, for the Indians."
Between the dawning of a new era for nearly a third
of a million people, most of whom are now wards of the
Federal Government, and the day when they will be
firmly established as economically independent, free
citizens, perhaps a generation will lapse.
Here is one of the most interesting human problems
the administration in Washington has to solve. It is a
problem made up of 200 distinct tribal groups, speaking
more than 50 languages or dialects and living in more
than two score States.
Let me put that problem in human terms, rather
than statistics. Here, for instance, are 100 dark, briglit-
eyed Indian boys and girls, from 5 to 14 years of age, on
a Western reservation. A few of them have parents who
can speak, read or write English; most of them have
not. Some of them have parents who are economically
independent— earning a living without drawing on tribal
funds or depending on Government bounties or loans.
Many have not. Some of them will have substantial in-
heritances of land; many will not. All of these children
are wards of the Government in faraway Washington,
for the reservation was established by compact with the
tribe many years ago, when ancestors then living were
moved in a body from another part of the country that
white men wanted to settle and put under the plow.
Now the job of the Government is to educate those
100 bright-eyed children of a race that seems ''alien" to
the governing one — whiah is really alien itself. For
many years past the Government has been maintaining
By Ray Lyman Wilbur,
Jj /liledS^^^^s Secretary of the Jnterior.
schools and educating Indian children, and adults, too,
in a fashion, but still there are scores upon scores of
thousands of Indians who cannot speak, read or write
English and who cannot earn their own living.
Shall we s.:nd these Indian children to a Govern-
ment boarding school just for their own race, as in the
past? Or shall we try to secure entrance for them in
the public schools of the surrounding counties, there to
mingle with another race?
\A/E know from our experience of decades that the
^^ Indian education of the past has failed — not that
the children and older Indians did not learn what was
in the books, but that this kind of education did not fit
them to go out into the world about the reservation and
become self-supporting. Thousands and thousands of
Indians have been educated — then gone back to a primi-
tive, tribal existence, because they were still strangers
to the white civilization that surrounded the reservation.
Now multiply those 100 children by several hundred
and you will still not have the full measure of our na-
tional Indian problem. For, in addition, there are thou-
sands of full grown adult Indians who, to a large ex-
tent, are dependent upon the Government for their ex-
istence. Many of them are willing to work, but do not
know how or where; others feel that the Government
owes them a living.
What are we to do with these thousands of people
and their descendants? Shall the Federal Government
at Washington continue, generation after generation,
to maintain a guardianship and protectorate, to spend
millions from the Federal Treasury without substantially
benefiting those upon whom the money is spent?
These are the problems, or some of them, relating
to the Indians, that we have had to face in the two years
the present national administration has occupied office.
Again let me reduce the problem to actual human
dimensions. Here, for example, is an Indian family in
Arizona, in the most dire need. They are merely exist-
ing in a wretched hut, with no windows, with a dirt
floor, the father afflicfed with tuberculosis, the children
with trachoma that threatens the destruction of their
eyesight. They have no material resources worth men-
tioning. The Government provides hospital care, fur-
nishes needed food, arranges for future support until
tribal conditions improve.
This is the problem of the Federal Government by
virtue of the fact of an old Indian treaty, making these
people wards of the Government. Yet not a hundred
miles away, in a populous city, is a family of white peo-
ple in similar circumstances — but for whose economic
welfare the Government will not be held accountable.
Certainly the plight of many Indians is nothing less
than tragic; yet, just as certainly, a bad condition has
been exaggerated and made to seem universal.
The fact is that there are many Indians who may be
said to be "suffering" from too much affluence! While
the agents of the Indian Bureau are doing all that is
possible to assist the unfortunate family I have men-
tioned, other agents are attempting to dissuade another
group of Indians— father, mother, two sons and two
daughters— from buying six separate and distinct new
limousines with the proceeds of an oil lease that may or
may not continue to yield large returns.
Such economic contrasts may be found in any large
city, in almost any countryside, among people of the
white race. Disease, poverty and misfortune know no
barriers of race, color, nationality or creed. Yet we are
charged with — and feel — a singular and compelling na-
tional responsibility with respect to the troubles of de-
scendants of the original Americans, for, whether wisely
or otherwise, we have assumed to exercise a guardian-
ship over the Indian people.
As a physician I have been called upon, in early
days of practice, to deal with troublesome dislocations
of human anatomy. Now, as the head of a department
of the Government, it is my duty to deal with a vast
human dislocation — the economic dislocation of a race.
Such economic dislocations, unfortunately, are not
rare, I have lately seen such a dislocation in the vUi^
with President Hoover to the Virgin Islands.
There a change from the lise of coal to fuel
oil and the equipment of ships with radio.
fanlititf have dislocated the island population
economically. Ships no longer stop regularly at
th=^ islands for coal, provisions and tabic tms-
sages. Result: A large number of people are
without the means of earning a livelihoc^c.
SiTiilarly, an economic dislocation occurred
after the Civil War— millions of colored men
and women mad: "free," but r^ven no property
or means to make a living.
So it has been with the Indian^— an economic
dislocation that has made them moie or less
dependent on the Government. When th- white
men came the Indian possessed America. He
was free to roam, to hunt, to fikh, to live a
nomadic life. H? was a member ol a tribe, with
a ccmmon supply of food, a common hunting
ground. What belonged to one belonged to all.
There was no spirit of acquisitiveness; no ac-
quirement of much property by an Lndividual
for his own use and benefit; no provision for the
future of the individual.
The white men who came to settle the coun-
try and continued to come by the millions were
nothing like this. They wanted property; fixed
rights, fix-td boundaries; tl^ir own posessions of
land, timber, water rights, mines and oil wells.
The result was, in brief, that the Indiana were
crowded into corners — corners called "reserva-
ti(^c"_that might b? hundreds of square miles
in extent, to be sure, but were close quarters
nevertheless for a people that had had the run
of all America. Some of the **corn?rs" con-
sisted of desert land; some, the white man later
discovered, contained things he needed and
wanted — streams for irrigaUcn, lor power pur-
poses; gold, oil. lead, zinc and rich soil for
wheat. So the Indian has been under consUnt
economic pressure from without — and from
within, too, because we tried to make a farm-
ing and "fixed" population out of a race of
wanderers 'who had fJways considered the grow-
ing of hay and grain "squaw s work."
And so the Indian was dislocated economi-
cally. For y^ars those who wanted what he
possessed— and usually succeeded in getting
it in one way or another — were given to say-
ing: "The only good Indian h^ a dead Indian."
And our forefathers toa-.«ften practiced what
they preached.
From that extreme and unjust view we have
swung to another extreme: one which makes
the Secretary of the Interior of the United
States and those associated with him virtually
guardians of two hundred and more thousand
Indians, responsible for their education, eco-
nomic welfare and happiness, v
Today I may be called upon to appoint a
principal Indian chief of an Oklahoma tribe;
tomorrow I may be called upon to act as arbiter
of the conflicting claims of the two husbands
(past and present) of a 20-year-old Indian
girl, whose funds in the amoimt of«. nearly
$400,000 are in the custody of the Interior De-
partment. Day in and day out the officials of
the department's Indian Bureau must decide
such questions as whether John Tall Honse in
Minnesota shall lease his alloWed farm or be
required to work— or at least keep — it himself;
whether Henry Whitetree, in Oklahoma, shall
be permitted to dispose of immensely valuable
rights or be kept under close guardianship
preve/it dissipation of Xds inhtriiance.
'And Congress, ytar after year, for decades
has passed thousands of laws relating to and
governing the Indians and their affairs, so that
a few dollars were appropriated for this school,
some hundreds for a road improvement, some
thousands for another purpose — and a general
halter kept on everything relating to the In-
dians, for their protection, but to their hurt
and detriment nevertheless. It is humanly im-
possible to exactly "budget" a great family of
two or three hundred thousand people widely
scattered under varied circumstances of loca-
tion, weather and natural abilities. So some
Indians had too much; many too little — ^and
very few of th?m had any real chance to be-
come independent, «elf-supportmg, self-suf-
ficient citizens.
T
"HEN, too, during nearly a hundred years of
naticnal administration of Indian affairs
there were more than 30 commissioners in
r charge. Always there was pressure f?om with-
/ out to dispossess the Indian of what he had
that was of value. That anything at all re-
mains of the Indian speaks well for the hon-
esty of purpose of most of the administrations
'-^*iat held office during the last century.
The fact is that property sUll held by the
Indians is worth, at varying valuations, from
$1,000,000,000 to $2,000,000,000. St.me of the
land occupied is little more than desert waste.
Other land is worth many thousands of dollars
an acre — because of minerals beneath the sur-
face. So the Indian is not a pauper; thougli,
lacking the knowledge or disposition to use his
property or abilities to be self-sustaining, he is
in economic distress in many cases.
Take John Blackfcot. a bright Indian boy,
for example. He was educated by white mc's
methods at a Government school for a dozen
years. But when school was over the Govern-
ment made no effort to find a job for John in
line with his training or abilities. He had no
actual contact with the world outside the In-
dian school and reservation. He was as much
a stranger here, alma'^t. as a 16-year-old white
American boy deposited in the middle of
China and expected to make a living un-
assisted. The result was that John, hke thou-
sands of others, simply returntxi to the tribal
reservation and became a "blanket" or tepee
Indian again. In many cases tribal procedure
upon their return required the burning of Uieir
"stole clothes" and the purification of tiie
wearer from all white contamination.
In some cases the Government schools and
other institutions were such as to justify In-
dian wTath and dread. Congress, in session at
a great distance and engrossed with national
problems of greater importance, failed to make
sufficient appropriaticns in some instances.
Result: Some Indian children had tc subsist
1 on such food as could be bought for 11 cents
a day.
New eras do not just happen; they are
brought about by planning and tliought. They
do not come suddenly; they do not change
rverything overnight. So with the change in
Indian affairs. When President Hoover came
iDto office two years ago he very promptly said:
The fundamental aim of the Bureau of In-
By Acme.
Chief Two-Gun-White Calf, whoso famous profile rati he found on any-
buff alo nickel.
dian AfTairs shall be to make of the Indian a
self-sustaining, self-respecting American citizen
just as rapidly as this can be brought about,
and in order to bring this about it will be nec-
essary to revise our educational program into
one of practical and vocational character, and
to mature plans for the absorption cf the In-
dian into the industrial and asricultural life of
the Nation."
Wc have been working ever since to trans-
mute that Declaration of Independence for the
Indians into actuality. We have made suli-
stantial progress. There were more than 5,000
employes of the Indian Bureau who had to be
imbued with the new spirit. Some were un-
fitted for the work of making the Indian eco-
nomically self-sufficient. They had to be
shifted to other work or replaced.
There were hundreds of reservations and ^
tribes to be considered and dealt with in dif- t
ferent ways. The Indians in Dakota were in
different circumstances, for instance, from the
Navajoes. The latter occupy a reservation in
contiguous parts of Arizona, New Mexico and
Utah that has an area of approximately 25,000
square miles — about the size of the State of
West Virginia. In times past they have had a
niillicn head of sheep, besides horses, cattle
and goats. Yet they furnish problems for the
Federal Government.
Some of the Indians need education that will
fit them to make a living outside the reserva-
tions. Others need education that will enable
them tc make use of the resources of the tribes
in the way of land, timber and water. Many
need health care, for there are two great
scourges that decimate the Indians: Tubercu-
losis and trachoma.
Is there any use in attempting improvement?
Is the Indian capable of advancement?
The answer to both questions is an em-
phatic "Yes!"
•
THE Indian cannot be made into a successful
* imitation of the white man. But his own
abilities and talents can be successfully de-
veloped-
Consider the case of George La Vatta, an
"Idaho Indian boy who grew up on the Fort
Hall Reservation. After leaving the Govern-
ment boarding school he lapsed into idleness
for several years. Doing nothing finally be-
came tiresome, so he applied for work at the
Union Pacific RsUroad shops in Pccatello,
Idaho. The foreman didn't want to hire him
because he believed Indians were naturally
lazy and would not work. But finally George
was given a job ^ith a mop, cleaning up the
shop.
When George had proved that he would
work he was given a job as machine helper.
He became a skilled machinist and served 10
years in the shop. He brought other Indian
boys into the shop— and they made good. His
Fiiccesp attrncted iur sHentior zr\ei he r\-as
made a placement officer in the Indian service
to bring together Indians and the jobs they
could perform. He is finding work that the
Indians can do— and they are doing it.
Dr. Erl Bates, formerly with Cornell Uni-
versity, proved in a practical way the agricul-
tural capacity of the Indians in New York
State, who, by the way, are not under Fed-
eral supervision. Mohawk Indians developed
fine dairy herds; in six years the Tuscarora
Indians of one county, starting with 350 fruit
trees, developed orchards with more than 7,200
trees! Dr. Bates believes in making the Indian
a better red man rather than an imitation
white man. We have borrowed him from the
university to assist the Government in working
out a practical educational program for the
Indians everywhere.
In Minnesota a fisheries association composed
exclusively of Indians— several hundred of
them, many of v.hom spcke only the Indian
tongue— marketed in a single year a million
pounds of high-grade fish with a profit to them
of $100,000.
A large group of Indians were successfully
trained to handle the machine drills in the
building of the gigantic Ccolidge Dam.
In Pittsburgh and Detroit boys from Indian
training schools are doing technical and shop
Platinum Value Increases
PLATINUM, highly prized because of its com-
parative rarity, a value enhanced by its
employment in Ijigher-priced jewelry, has be-
come even more important to industry and in
many of itf most important uses no substitute
can be used.
This precious metal is one of a group closely
allied in physical properties which make them
unique as a group among metals. The others
in the group include osmium, iridium, rhodium,
palladium and ruthenium. They are all gray-
ish white, lustrous, highly resistant to coixosion
and, what is most important, highly resistant to
heat, melting only at very high temperatures.
Platinum is, of course, the most widely used
of the group, with palladium second and
iridium third. The latter, however, is second in
importance because of its use in alloys with
platinum. A survey of the platinum situation
recently made by the Bureau of Mines reveals
that 90,000 troy ounces of platinum are used
every ytar in the manufacture of jewelry and
the amount so consumed is increasing each
year.
For many type.'^ of jewelry an alloy of plati-
num cwitaining about 25 per cent of iridium is
best suited because of i<s extreme hardness.
This hardness permits a more extensive engrav-
ing of the jewelry. This same hardness, how-
ever, makes the alloy less suitabU than 'pure
platinum, which is more ductile, for setting?? of
gem*, which may have to be reset from time
to time.
The use of platinum in electrical work is
more or less common, the metal being found
exceptionally efficient for contact points in
various types of apparatus.
The chemical industry finds platinum highly
useful as a catalyzing agency, one of those
mysterious substances which by their presence
cause a chemical action without actually taking
part in the action themselves. For an example,
nitrous oxide gas and oxygen, when passed over
heated platinum wires, become nitric acid, yet
the plaUnum emerges from the process un-
changed and undiminished. In the manufac-
ture of sulphuric acid by the contact process
between 500.000 and 600,000 ounces of platinum
are now in use.
/V^ Iridium, because of its extreme hardness, is
used as a tipping material for fountain pens
and is also employed in the manufacture of
particularly sharp surgical instruments.
Prior to 1914 Russia was the principal source
of platinum, producing up to 300.000 ounces
yearly. Since tliat time, however, the produc-
tion has changed, according to the Bureau of
Mines' survey. Colombia, South Africa and
Canada are rapidly increasing their output and
are bidding fair to fill the shortage left by the
collapse of the Russian production to the 25.000
or so ounces turned out yearly at the present
time.
What little platinum is produced in this
countr\' comes from California, Oregon and
Alaska and this little could hardly be mined
en a profitJ;ble baM.- if it were not obtained as
a by-product of gold mining.
work of the highest character in electrical and
automobile manufacturing plants.
In Colorado the Government advanced some
Ute Indians money for a start in sherp-rais-
ing. The Indians made a profit of $10 000 the
first year, with an estimated profit of $25,000
tJie year following.
These are mere random examples of the ca-
pacity of Indians for inniprovement and advance-
ment. They are practical proofs that these de-
scendants of the original Americans need not
always be wards or stepchildren of the Nation.
The beginning of the new era for the Indians
was evidenced by the creation a few weeks
ago of what we term a "human relations'*
organization in the Indian Bureau. We have
separated the work for human advancementr—
for education, health and agricultural training —
from the property problems of the Indians;
the irrigation and power projects, the forestry
work, the legal and accounting administration.
We have secured from Congress appropria-
tions that will provide adequate food for Indian
children in the schools. Better still, we have
secured money to hire the kind of teachers
who will teach the Indians to become self-
reliant and self-supporting.
We are securing the co-operation of State
and local authorities so that more Indian
children may attend public schools. Thus they
wm become a part of the community life —
enjoy all the opportunities for work and happi-
ness that the community offers when school
days end.
Sick and disabled Indians on the reserva-
tions and elsewhere are being given nursing
and medical care and they are willing to
accept th^ benefits of modern medicine.
Young Indians and older ones, too, who
want work off the reservations are being helped
to find jobs through placement bureaus we ■
have established in the West.
We are getting rid of the bureaucracy which
sometimes made it necessary for an Indian on
a Western reservation to wait a couple of
months for permission from Washington to
draw enough from his guardianship fund to
buy a suit of clothes and a pair of shoes! Yet
we are strengthening the safeguards against
fraudulent dissipation of tribal resources and
of individual Indian funds.
Under Charles J. Rhoads, Commissioner of
Indian Affairs, and Assistant Commissioner
J. Henry Scattergood, the whole .spirit of tha
Indian service has undergone a transformation.
Tlie new spirit carries with it a convincing
promise of just and humane treatment lofc
the wards of the Nation.
More than that. It carries the promise that
the bureau will try to work itself out of
existence within a generation by educating the
Indians to becoiffe a free, independent, .^elf-
supporting people.
That is the new era for the Indians which
is just beginning.
Dairy FarmrPr&flts^
I
ONE of the most difficult tasks that havs
faced the Federal dairy expert is to con-
vince the average dairy farmer that he ought
to put his herds on a basis paralleluig the
piece-work basis of industry.
A cow is a cow to many farmers and not a
producing imit which loses its value when the
yield fails below the cost of production. The
up-to-date farmer k?eps charts on all the cows
in his herd. It takes a bit more time, but •
these charts carry the secret of the success, if
any, that the dairyman attains.
The charts show the daily yield of each cow
and the butterfat test made twice a month.
These two figures, together with the feeding
figure, soon tell which cows are producers and
which are boarders in the herd. A careful
weeding-out process, eliminating the boarders,
will soon raise a herd to an efficient basis.
As soon as a cow is milked the yield is
weighed before being dumped into the cooling
vats and a small sample of the milk ir, taken
to be kept in a bottle containing a preservative
for analysis every 15 days. The total milk at
the fixed price per 100 pounds plus the differ-
entials which may be- allowed for excess butter-
fat over a given basis for payment will indicate
just what the revenue from each cow is. and
this figure minus the cost of the feed given the
cow will clearly indicate which cows in the herd
are worth while.
With as simple a system as this availaUTe,
still many farmers decline to make the effoxt
and go on with the yield of a few fine indi-
viduals in a herd offset by the lasing yield.*; of
cows better fitted for the butcher than the
dairy. j
/
\
GreaterSfioiv GeeseVrotccted.
ONLY one known flock of greater snow geese
is still left in this country and these birds
are being given the most careful protection
Jx)th by officials of the United States and
Canada through the action of the migratory
bird treaty. This lone flock spends its Winters
in North Carolina an& Virginia^ where local
game wardens give it protection. *,
With the coming of Spring wea,ther in April
the birds feel the urge to go North and usually
fly directly northward until they reach the St.
Lawrence river. Here they turn northeast and
follow the river to a group of small i.slands,
where every year they stop off for a few days
to rest; and feed. While taking their "breather"
they 4re under the care of the Quebec mount-
ed police, who send a patrol to the inlands.
Hunters in the pa.st have taken in luifair
advaiitage of the birds through resort to
camouflage. The stream at this .season is
u.>UBlly full of floating ice and the hunters,
dr2ssed in white and riding in white motor
boats, approach close to the flocks b< fore the
birds realize that an enemy is at hand. Be-
cause of the rarity of the greatt-r snow gee.se.
particular pains are being taken to perpetuate
the flock and perhaps bring about an increase
which will later permit hunting of the birds.
Other birds found on the islands with the
greater snow geese are the Canada goose, brant,
blutk duck, pintails, mallards and teala.
MAGAZINE SECTION
SAN Vrancisco chronicle
SUNDAY MORNING, JUHK 2. 1935
NoUeyM:
Long-Badgered Braves
JSow Wise in the
Ways of the White
Man^ Sue to Win
Back Part of Their
Once Wide
Hunting
Grounds
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"SQUATTER*
According to In-
dian CUimt, ihe Fire Miami
Beach on Which Bcttj Dodge SiU
Strinfing Sea-ShelU, It Seminole Prop-
arty! Fancy the Panic Among the
Florida Bathing Beauties If the Brave*
Won Their Case !
EVERY khool child knows the
colorful, historic picture — the one
which envisages today's remnant
of a once noble race of redskins that
iwept an untrammeled continent on wild
mustangs— huntin^f with the primitive
bow and arrow, fishing in virgin
stream?, moving their teepees from
mountain to valley as the seasons dic-
tated. Indians who were masters of all
they surveyed.
Sabjogated by the white man with
sQpcrior weapons, driven out of the
lands of their forefathers, their hunting
grounds converted to fields and cities,
their proud spirit broken. So goes the
Ule.
And the sequel of the tale sees this
once imperious race herded on bar-
ren reservations, stripped of every ves-
tige of luch freedom as they once en-
joyed.
Sentimentalists have made much of
thi»-p^ture, and American sportjsinan-
•hip of Ute years has been inclined to-
ward a better "break" for Brother Lo.
Many adjustments have bettered the
itatc of the tribes, and legislation has
conferred a legal status.
So, pitiably decimated though his
ranks may be, the Indian is not through!
^^%f -
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PROUD SEMINOLE DICTATES TERMS— MIAMI THE STAKE!
Notable Pow-Wow Betwaati Saeralary of the Intarior Harold L. Icket and Indian
Bravat from the Big Cypraw Swamp in Ihe Florida Everglades Brings the End of a
^ ^^ 100-Yaar-Old Tachnieal "State of War^' Nearer.
nual sun-dance on the shores of Lake
Worth, near West Palm Beach. Terms
for a lasting peace between the whites
and the Seminoles were translated by sponsible
to the pursuing and beleaguering forces
sent to exterminate him. They would
ever remember and charge up against
the United States the shameful death of
Oceola, in chains in a military dungeon
—an act for which their arch-foe, Jack-
son, and his paleface subjects and de-
scendants, were forever to be held re-
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"ALL WE
WANT IS
200,000 ACRES'* - . ^
Sam Tommie, Spokesman of the SemlnoUi, Presents to Sacretary
Ickas a Proposal to Restore Landls Claimed by the Tribe.
an interpreter. These terms specified
return of the stipulated acreage and
an indemnity of $l.j a month for each
adult. The pipe of peace was
smoked.
But the pow-wow brought
a remarkable anti-climax. For
from the deeper recesses of
the big swamp came a rumble
of protest, soon personified by
A delegation of other Semi-
noles, numbering among them
several lineal descendants of
the great Oceola, hero and
martyr of the tribe.
Terming themselves the
"hereditary and select head-
men and councjllors'* of the
tribe, and reaffirming the
••state of war" which they in-
•isfc still exists between the
Seminoles and the United
States, they stormed the
Such was the temper of this protesting
delrgation—an obstacle to early and
united action on this century-old "war,"
it would seem.
But other claims, besides those of the
Sioux and the Seminoles. are taking
their place, one after another, on court
calendars and are receiving thorough
airings, with ?very promise of fair ad-
judication.
These include land claims of the
Wichitas in Texas (whence American
troops herded them across the Red
River), Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisi-
ana. »1 1.202.330; of the Lower Chehalis,
Washington, $8,250,000; of the Sho-
vhonp'5. for -scattered Kor»v^- —^ i^>.,u.
$15,070,000:, of the Chcyi n-
tana and the Arapahoes of Oklahoma,
for dispossession of Minnesota lands,
115,070,000; of the Creeks, for Alabama
holdings, $29,084,500, plus $150,000,000
u -.K '''7 r„„«^ Jnd^ nterest and an item of $167,237 for er-
te^of Si^aS^rtS^^arnfe -eous _survey ; ^of ^the^C^J.forn^^
m
VTAfl
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the right of the Ickes con-
ferees to negotiate on be-
half of the tribe. The status
of these men, they said, was
that of Creeks and of Semi-
noles who had married into
the Creek "nation."
At packed council meetings
in the big swamp, preceding
the filing of the protest, in-
dignation had run high— and in the
dians, for an accounting in connection
with lands confiscated during the gold
rush of 1848 and the repudiation of
eighteen different treaties; of the Chip-
pewas (Pillager band). Minnesota,
$204,000; of the Choctaws. Mississippi,
for redemption of script, to have Veen
good for cash or land in Oklahoma,
which induced them to move.
All of these claims rest upon the al-
leged legal basis that the United States
V
\
/
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^
ij>-'mi*iii i^M<iiiiMW»ir««.
SARTORIAL STUDY— IN RED AND WHITE
Chiefs of Oklahoma Indian Tribes, Many of Whom Have Been
Made Rich by Oil Discoveries on Their Lands, Meet United States
Officials for a Conference.
Deprlval apparently has speeded and
sharpened his slow, methodical methods
of reasoning. Recent lejriclation has
i given him now rights as a litigant
And now he is going to fight the battle
of his ancestors all over again — but not
with arrows or bullet,^. He is going to
fight in the white man's way to reclaim
a part of the domain that once was his
— through the law.
Leaders, spokesmen of a new order of
things, have emerged from the rank and
file of Uncle Sam's red-skinned hostages.
Restitution— in' lands or in cash indem
nities -is their objective- -based on per-
fectly legal premises, such as would win
for any citizen, regardless of "creed or
color, or previous condition of servi-
tude," a hearing in a United States
court.
And as a result of their efforts an
amazing total of $3,000,000,000 in In-
dian claims has been filed against the
oup so-called "T^ild"
tribes — nomad bands
that were shunted
ruthlessly about the
country as the white
invader advanced ever
further into their once
happy hunting
grounds — have filed a
total of 20 suits, ac-
counting for the other
two-thirds.
The largest single
cash item in these legally fortified state-
ments of liabilities now plastered unon
your Uncle Samuel quite overwhelm-
ing evidence that the worm has turned--^
is that of the allegedly erstwhile blood-
thirsty Sioux, who want $867,000,000
for their ousting from the Black Hills,
referred to as "the richest 100 square sible, it was a matter
miles in the world," during the gold- starve," they insist,
rush days of 1868. Attorneys for this
once proud "nation" readily admit that
RED EAGLE SPEAKS
The Chief and His Wife Meet John
Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
at Muskogee, Oklahoma.
of "sign or
dian claims nas oeen im-u njtunisv yi^ wnvc imwum ..»v.v,.. .v.«v...j „v-....v v..-.
United States government! One-third of a "bayonet treaty was signed by the
this huffe amount is sought by the so Indians and that they were paid a pit-
called Five Civilized Tribes— the Chero- tance for that priceless gold domain;
kees Ch.ckasaws, Choctaws, Creeks and after they had been penned up by Fed-
^pminoles — in 55 separate actions cral cavalry on a barren reservation,
brought recently on their behalf. Vari- where no hunting or fishing was pos-
GIFTS FOR WHITE SOUAW
Indian Girls Made This Doll f^r Mr:
lekes, Who Addad to Her Store of Tribal
Lore by Attending the Annual Sun-
Danea of the Seminoles.
broke reservation with an ostensible
"hunting party," only to go on the war-
path and vent his bitterness and that
of his tribesmen by wiping out th« Cus-
ter command, as a protest against in-
tolerable conditions.
But in point of poetic rather than of
practical justice, the claim of the Semi-
noles of Florida — a once rather arro-
gant tribe, now curtly referred to as
"swamp Indians" — probably takes first
rank. For the Seminoles thoroughly be-
lieve that time and modern develop-
ments haven't essentially weakened their
original titles. They were robbed of cer-
tain lands, and they want those certain
lands returned— some 200,000 acres! In-
cluded in such a grant, as a nucleus, is
to be the Big Cypress swamp of the
Everglades. In those jungle
depths the Seminoles have im-
mured themselves in sullen in-
sularity since their guerilla
warfare of a hundred years
ago, against an ever-increasing
influx of white settlors, grad-
ually petered out They've
never formally madf peac«.
Now, deeding to the Semi-
noles these swamplands in it-
self would arouse little opposi-
tion — the leisure-loving, re-
sort-running Floridian has no
special hankering to tackle the
job of clearing the jungle and reclaim-
ing the marshes of this sultry cypress
citadel. But something else again is the
cloud which the claimants seek to cast
upon the title to the regions that skirt
the swamp — once mostly despised sand
dunes, now the sites of Florida's loveli-
est beach-cities!
Miami and its famed beach, for in-
stance, would revert to the Seminoles
under such a realignment of territory —
and the "swamp Indian" of Florida
forthwith would take his place with the
millionaire aborigines of Oklahoma, on
whose crowded "waste land" grants
(much to the chagrin of envious white
neighbors) oil in profuse quantities was
discovered.
There was a recent pow-wow between
,)SSo« thrown by fitful c.mpfire» Government recognized the Indian tribe,
JStlnrt the enfiUdine cvpress w Ider- «« independent nationj, under the sov.
n'Si of th'*w.mpfa"t*neirthere seemed erel^nty of the United States me.rl.er
to hover the vengeful spirit of their long-
dead great Chief Oceola. Once, in spite-
ful disdain and defiance, Oceola had
driven his sheath knife through a "scrap
of paper" which President Andrew Jack-
son had dispatched, with an armed force,
for him to sign.
And he had played, year in and year
out, a stinging, punishing hide-and-seek
game, costly in money, morale and men
treaties and agreements. When that
practice was abated by Congress in 1871,
indorsement was given to all such trea-
ties m&fio prior to that date — so that
they are regarded by the claimants to-
day as instruments and contracts con-
forming to the principles of equity.
Three billion dollars in Indian claims!
Poor Lo? Well — maybe not so poor
much longer! ^
And a judicial and just viewpoint
among the white-skinned arbiters of
their red-skinned brethren's ^^^^7"
strengthened with the passing of the
years and the acquisition of a true per-
A^nTuV-fw Ior"upon*Jhe"re^4nt SeireUtj of the Intelior H.roM.Ickes
^insurrection" of Sitting Bull, when he and of Seminole Indians— at their an-
JIM: ]■:. lyas
LOS ANGELES TIMES SUNDAY MAGAZINE
Page N
in«
CERONIMO: AKfAZONS PRO«-
ABLY TRACE PROWESS TO HIM
THAT lostjribe of Apache Indians
of whom^o many fLim(5rs "have
been circulated in the past ten
years has been located at last.
Members of it have been found
in the mountains of Northern Mexico
and, strange to relate, those discovered
were all women! There are thought to
be a few men hanging about, but they
are the cringing subjects of wild Ama-
zons.
The report of the finding of the female
Apaches of the lost tribe comes from Dr.
Helge Ingstad, a Norwegian ethnologist,
who recently related to the officials of
the Indian Affairs Office at Washington
a fascinating tale of his search for and
discovery of the savage band in the for-
bidding Sierra Madre range in Sonora.
The find was made in a particularly
wild region 150 miles south of Douglas,
Ariz.
Dr. Ingstad had previously reported
the finding of vestigial traces of the ex-
istence of a red-haired white man who
lived for many years with the lost
Apache tribe, a remnant of Geronimo's
forces which roamed the Sonora wilds.
This man. the explorer thinks, was the
son of a New Mexican territorial judge
captured by Geronimo more than fifty
years ago.
When it was reported last summer
that the Apache women had been seen
near the line dividing the States of So-
nora and Chihuahua, speculation arose in
the Indian Bureau as to how they might
be reached and returned to the United
States. According to all accounts, this
would be no easy task, as the little that
was known of the band indicated that
its members were savages of the wildest
and fiercest kind and that it would be
difficult to hold any sort of communica-
tion with them.
no funny hats. But the learned ethnolo-
gist knew that bows and arrows were
not to be lightly scorned, especially in
the hands of wild girls who knew how
to use them.
B,
UT Dr. Ingstad, doughty
son of the old Vikings, undertook the
risky job and with a small expedition
set out last autumn to beat the bush for
the untamed Apache ladies and in the
ensuing months traversed many miles of
rough country in a painstaking search for
them. After a ninety-day hunt during
which he found traces of their camp life,
he came upon a party unmistakably com-
posed of Apache women.
The worthy doctor was delighted. He
had chased what some Mexicans had
termed an "Indian myth" to its source,
and it had proved to be no myth at all.
The Indian women were clad in skins
and had primitive weapons. Not a trace
of rouge or lipstick, no permanent waves,
He approached the camp with extreme
caution, instructing his followers not to
shoot, as he was out to capture the
Amazons and bring them back alive.
But the wily women proved hard to
catch. They had scented the white hunt-
ers from afar and on their approach
gathered up their belongings, including
a wee papoose, and fled. Fleet of limb
and strong of lung were these red-
skinned females, who soon were out of
sight. Though their trail was pursued
by the expedition for miles, they were
not seen again.
Due to mciemeni weainer and lack of
supplies, the expedition returned to
Douglas, Ariz., whence it had set out
and. after a brief stay there, returned
to Washington to report.
There is little doubt in the minds of
experts of the Indian Bureau that the
lost tril>e so vainly pursued is a frag-
ment of Geronimo's fierce band of
marauders who were so long the scourge
of the Southwest, and that its members
have been in hiding for years in North-
ern Mexico. Dr. Ingstad says he saw no
men in the group he surprised. He con-
cludes from this and from other indica-
tions that there are few males in the
lost tribe.
"The loss of man power," he says,
'obviously has brought women into con*
trol of the trilje."
Think of it— a community of women^
the only one of the kind on this con-
tinent!
The Indian Office is said to be prepar-
ing another expedition to root out the
Apache remnant and return it to this
country, where it will remain on ^ome
reservation. How will these wild females
get along with the tame Indians thev
will find there?
N<
OW as to the antecedents
of the lost tribe: When the United States
by the Gadsden purchase, first came to
know the Apaches they numbered about
10,000, but in later years thev became
decimated by war and disease. The whole
tribe went on the warpath in 1860, and
the following year, because of the with-
drawals of our troops from Arizona to
fight in the Civil War, they murdered or
drove out every white inhabitant of the
Territory except a few hundred yhy%nolc^
refuge in Tucson. y\A^ -^•■jur
For years all progress^Cas stopped
in Arizona by one of the most bloody
Indian wars in history. Every white im-
migrant family was waylaid and slaugh-
tered. Men and women captives were
outraged and then tortured to death by
mutilation. Alwut one thousand men,
women and children perished.
One atrocity occurred in November,
1871, when a stage coach tilled with pas-
Page Ten
sengers on their way to California was
riddled by a volley of shots from am-
bush. The driver and others of the coach
were killed and a Miss Sheppard was
wounded m the right arm. The girl was
stowed under a seat in the coach by a
Ipassenger named Kruger, and when the
Indians, who had assumed that the
slaughter was complete, came trooping
up to the stage doors, Kruger and the
girl sprang up and presenting pistols,
lyelled loudly. The Apaches retreated,
Ibut returned after the white man and
Igirl bad flod up the road to safety. The
Isavagos gathered up SI 2.000 in cash loot
|from the per.'^ons they had slain.
Then in 1872 Gen. George H. Crook
was sent to the Territory with a band
of troopers, and for a time he put an
lend to the depredations of the murder-
lous band. He rounded them up and put
them all on the San Carlos reservation.
Ito this tho Apaches dissented, as did also
Icrook and his immediate successor.
iThcse wise generals saw the folly of try-
ling to coop the savages up at San Car-
los, where there was poor hunting, and
this judgment proved correct, as the In-
dians left the reservation time and again
md renewed their outrages. For six
ears mere there was a succession of
iloody raids, and then Crook was or-
lered back to Arizona.
1 HE brave Crook, known
jo the Indians as Old Gray Fox, had
[eason to fear the tricks of the Apaches.
)nce he was fired' at point-blank by a
[oung Indian during a peace conference,
^ut an officer on the general's staff struck
ip the barrel of the rifle and Crook's
ife was saved. In the ensuing fight the
ulians were badly worsted, the sur-
livors fleeing to the hills.
Victorio, a noted Apache chief, with
.band of 400 redskins, broke from the
leservation in 1879 and went on the war-
path. The savages were chased into New
^lexico, where they were attacked by a
Squadron of troopers which would have
)cen wiped out, as the battle was a
)loody one and against heavy odds, but
^or the timely appearance of another
3ody of troops, with whose assistance
they drove the Apaches into Mexico.
Victorio recrossed the border soon
ifterward and was soundly beaten by
:rook's 0^n. But he ran away and con-
/.
tientifically
designed tela f ford the
utmost in foot ifcalth. Dr.
Hiss Clossified Sh<les ore the
result of nr>orc thA a quor-
ter of a million cKtual foot
treotments persololly ad-
ministered by Dr. BHiss. Yet
they embody sty^ In the
modern mode.
si'OEr.
DR. NISS FOOT a
LINICS
740 S. FLOWER« Ui And
L.
517 SUTTIR at PowtU, S«n Fi
«ici«c«
21 S L IROADWAY^ Lmi0
EJ
LOS ANGELES TIMES SUNDAY MAGAZINE
CLOSE CALLS
BY GREGORY MASON
I HAVE listened to many argu-
ments as to whether sharks
would attack men or not, but
this particular argument was going on
in the presence of the shark. He was a
twenty-footer, sniffing around our
schooner as we lay at anchor off the
coast of Yucatan.
Some of us gringos feebly maintained
that it was dangerous to play around
with sharks, but when challenged by the
natives in the crew to cite one authentic
case of shark bite we could not.
"Every case you hear of where a man
was bitten by a shark is a barracuda or
something else, never a shark," said our
pilot, Don Jose. He looked like a pirate,
with his fierce, black, handlebar mus-
tachios.
"Sharks live off carrion and dead
things," he went on. "They are cowards.
Bah, for a peso 1 would jump on that big
fellow right now!" He pointed at the
twenty-footer, loafing directly beneath us
with only a foot of water over his back.
"Here's your peso." I pulled out an
American half-dollar, good anywhere on
this coast,
Joe was wearing only a blue cotton
shirt and khaki pants. He pulled off
the shirt, poised on the rail a second,
then plopped feet first on the shark.
There was a big splash, but we saw
the shark shoot off for the shadows be-
hind some coral heads fifty yards away.
Jose came out, boasting and swearing.
He denounced all the shark's ancestors
from the time of Noah's ark on down.
One of his feet was bleeding from con-
tact with the skin of the big fish, which
• is like sandpaper. But he was very
pleased with himself, particularly when
I handed over the hal^oUar, and then
broke out a bottle of^>^r all around. He
pulled the cap .ofl^Uie beer bottle with
his teeth and g^jAvled:
"I told you they were cowards."
About thtftime we finished the beer a
sailor yelled that the shark was ba ck
again. We got up off the gasoline drums
and sauntered to the rail. There he was,
in the same place, and more insolent
than ever. Jose looked at me.
"Sure, another peso," I said.
"And another beer?"
"Sure."
He did it again. But this time he bor-
rowed a pair of straw sandals from a
sailor before he jumped. And this time
the shark shot away only about fifty
feet.
I gave Jose a Mexican peso, which he
took with a grumble. And we drank
this beer standing up and watching the
shark, although we were diverted for a
minute when our hunting party came
aboard the opposite side of the schooner
from our dinghy. They brought back
three wild turkeys and four wild pigs.
In hot weather on an empty stomach
beer can hit you hard. Maybe mine hit
me. Anyway, when that shark came
back to the same position, right under
the rail, I suddenly saw red. I still had
my hobnailed bush boots on— for I'd
been ashore measuring a Maya temple in
the morning— and I aimed to scrape that
shark up some.
"A peso from you, Jose, if I kick him?"
"Sure," he replied.
I started for the rail. But one of the
native boys who had been in the hunt-
ing party beat me to it. Pushing me
aside he took one of the dead pigs and
threw it right on the shark.
There was a little splash. Then a
quick swirl of water and that pig was
cut right in two!
Copyright by Greeory Mason.
Distributed by Watkins Syndicate, Inc.
tinued his depredations, killing many
settlers and burning their homes.
In the summer of 1880 Victorio was
besieged by Mexican and American troops
after he had been chased into Chihuahua,
where he and his warriors were killed
by the troops of Gen. Terrazas. When he
fled into Mexico Victorio was accom-
panied by 100 braves and 400 squaws.
As most of the male Indians were killed
by the Mexicans, it is possible that some
of these women or their descendants are
among those of the Geronimo folk re-
cwitly discovered by Dr. Ingstad.
Although the government had more
than 2000 troopers in the Apache country
in 1882, the Indians kept on with their
fighting, not only slaying many of our
soldiers but slaughtering prospectors and
ranchers.
In one raid in 1883 a chieftain named
Chatto captured a large party of wood-
choppers and miners and tortured and
killed them all. The slaying of the Mc-
Comas family by Chatto's warriors was
one of the most dreadful of southwestern
tragedies, the bodies of McComas and his
wife being mutilated in unspeakable
fashion. Their little boy Charley, after
being kidnaped by the tribe, kept up
such a piteous weeping and wailing that
Chatto, irritated by the noise, lifted him
by the hair, plunged a knife into his
breast and threw the body into a near-
by arroyo.
Crook tried to pacify the Indians and
because of his mild treatment he was
replaced by Gen. Nelson A. Miles, who
was experienced in Indian fighting.
Miles, who had 6000 soldiers, many of
them seasoned scouts, was out to cap-
ture Geronimo, who had succeeded Chat-
to as the big Apache chief and had been
making no end of trouble for the San
Carlos garrison.
Geronimo was a peculiary ruthless
hostile, never hesitating to commit the
most cold-blooded murders in the crud-
est manner imaginable. For example, in
the Rincon Mountains he captured an old
prospector named John Henderson, tied
him behind a wild mustang, beat the
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Price per pair $10. The DR. HOWELL NONVISIBLE
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Los Angeles, Colifornia. Phone TW. 6715
fouStun per shop ^S^
314 CROSSE SLPC.. 124 WEST SIXTH. CORNEK SPKIWg
animal intv
smiling whi\
death.
One could rev
Geronimo's atrocit*.
say that Miles's troopers, alter ST vigor-
ous campaign, surrounded the Apache
band and forced it to surrender after a
number of the savages had escaped into
Mexico. Many of the main band of
Apaches were removed to Florida and
afterward a consignment was sent to
Oklahoma.
Squaws took an active part in some
of the Arizona raids. Like other Indian
women, they were adept in torturing
white prisoners, submitting women to
especially unmerciful cruelty.
Dr. Ingstad doubtless was right in
attributing to the women of this race
a wild fierceness which makes them a
dangerous foe to encounter. If those
found by him in Mexico are, as govern-
ment officials believe, a remnant of
Geronimo's band, they doubtless are
as fierce as they make them.
"I am convinced," reports Dr. Ingstad,
"that the only contacts they have had
with so-called civilized man in the last
fifty years has been in combat."
Bancroft pays tribute to the virtue
of Apache women by saying: "It is a
singular fact that of all the Southwestern
tribes, the thievish, meat-eating Apache
is almost the only one that makes any
pretense to female chastity."
Wi
HAT Explorer Ingstad
says about combative contacts is sub-
stantiated by the reports of hunters and
prospectors who have encountered the
savage women, these wild creatures
either standing their ground and giving
battle or fleeing to the hills. If only a
single intruder appeared on the scene,
he was generally routed or slain. But
if a party of armed hunters came in
view of the hostile squaws they made
tracks for convenient shelter.
The government's plan to capture the
animal-like wanderers and bring them
back alive looks like a hazardous one,
and some folks see no good in it. But
if they can be tamed, as have been the
male Apaches now in Oklahoma, they
may become as docile as their formerly
fierce brothers. It was recently reported
that the Apaches on the reservation in
the Sooner State not only have adopted
the white man's ways but have become
quite "sissified."
Imagine what an old Arizonan who
had fought these formerly wUd Indians
would say about a "sissified" Apache!
U or 36 yean lb* leaiiaf f«-
Boral dlirectan af Lm Aii|elef . . .
Mrving a*r« UalliM thai iRy
■MrtMry in the Weil. ..at pricw
whicli are sever •■ierqaeted.
FUNERAL ADVISORS AND DIRECTORS
/^O W».sf Woshington Blvd. Phon- PRoipttt 415'
MATCH YOUR COAT fir VEST
with NEW TROUSERS
MATCH PANTS
COMPANY
607 S. Hill St., Los Angeles
2nd FI. Rm. 208 — MA. 49f*
Matching Tuxedos a Specioll
• MAIL ORDERS SOLICITED
Bring or Mail Vest or Sampe
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COASTAL REGIONS FINE
KOB FLOWERING BL'LBS
The grovk-th of flowering bulbs In
the coastal regions of San Diego coun-
ty, especially in the Endnltas and
Carlsbad sections is having an inter-
esting and rapid development.
While thl£ industry must be con-
Pldered Ir the pioneer stage as yet, it
gives promise of becoming a staple
and profitable business In favored lo-
calities in the county. Bulb farming
has the advantage of giving a high
acreage return and is therefore adapt-
ed to smBll acreage. Investment per
acre of bulbs runs high, the cost of
planting an acre of narcissus, for ex-
ample, being about $2,000.00. Ob-
viously anyone considering the raising
of bulbs should have considerable cap-
ital available. Bulbs which have been
produced siiccessfuUy are narcissus,
hyacinths, tulips, lllUtima, Iri*. glad-
?niiia, ^npmnnftK^ zanuuculua. XxeeslaA
FINE CLAY HAND-SHAPED
The Indian olla was hand-shaped
of flne clay in the lap of the old
Indian woman who heaped bark
about them after they were finished
and baked tJhem with a steady fire.
♦»»
FIESTAS OF TRIBES
At the annual fiestas of the Bffte-
slon Indians one will find representa-
tives from Coachella, TemecxUa, PaJla.
Cahullla. Saboda, Inaja. Mesa Grande
and other reservations.
♦*♦
FIRST MISSION BELLS
The church at Old Town has the
first mission bells to be brought frtan
old Spain to California.
and dahlias.
Added Impetus has been given to
this development by the constantly
tightening Federal quarantlxja on the^
importation of certain cla4i& of How
erla^ bulhfc
Approximately 1^^^ ^"jinn-i ^^'^^ in PaUfnrnia, of which
IP prrrrnt mnlrr t'bri]- blunP.^ in >^fln T^^^ffO ^'V^^"^>^ accordiiy to
r0ceii>t statistics. This total for the county incTucIes ciily those
JidiJns who are officially enrolled as such, and does not include
ly who have left their reservations and inter-married with
Suites or non-enrolled Indians.
There -are 16 reservations in San Diego oonnty, known as,
rimpo, Capttdn -.Grande (El Capitan), Cuipaipc. inaja (includ-
ing Cosmit), Laguna, La JoUa (known also as^Potrero), Lo
Pbsta, Los Coyotes, Manzanita, Mesa Grande. Pala, I'auma, Rin-
odn, San Pasqual, Santa Ysabel ( known *as Santa Santa Ysabel,
Sinta Ysabel 2, or Mesa Grande and Santa Ysabel 3, or Volcn)
ot Syeuan.
f*In San Diego county there are
ll^e government day schools, at Pala.
amcon, Mesa Grande. (Santa Ysabel
No. 2). Volcan, (Santa Ysabel No. 3)
am C?ampo. The attendance ranges
from 13 to 15 at each school. There
ar^ grade schools, carrying the pupils
to i the fourth grade at least, some-
tliiies to the fifth and sixth. When
th^ children complete the term they
^^tftpthea transferred, if the parents
wish, to Sherman institute, a Ixjard-
ing school In Riverside, which carries
them through the 11th grade. Nexc
year, this school will carry pupils
through the 12th grade, or a complete
hl|fh school course.
COiNSTRl CTIVE WORK
D0NE BY GOVERNMENT
•ferities to the contrary, the gov-
eniment has been aid Is now doing
actual constructive work among the
Indians. No dependent peoples have
shown such progress during the past
gM|eration as the American Indians.
"^After the Mexican secularization
act, (of about 1830), the Indians
scattered from the old missions, a
grejat many going back to the, then,
reqjiote and almost Inaccessible parts
of the country. They lived unmo-
lested for a number of years, but the
goW rush days caused a great Influx
of wlilte», and, after statehood, a
sti.!J larger number came. With them
came the demand for land. The In-
dlcpA had been living for years al-
wlt^umt cocLtact with the whites,
had no knowledge of courts.
laws, etc. When owners of land
un^r Mexican grants were notified to
cojr- into the courts and obtain legal
titl3 under the new government the
Incians remained in the hills, not
kn< wing the necessity for obtaining
tltlJ. Consequently, land occupied
by them was proclaimed as public
doiiain, and later homesteaded by
wh tes. In an effort to remedy con-
dlt ons. inspectors were sent by the
go^^nment to report upon the
master.
is commission recommended
lands occupied by Indians on
public domain be patented to
^band, or reserved for the use
e bA&d by executive order; that
occupied by Indians, but owned
hi tes be purchased, if possible,
:changed. This report was ap-
d by President Harrison on Dec.
891.
this act. Jan. 12, 18S1, pat-
issued to the bands for
lie domain, and since that time the
reservations have been added to by
lands purchased or reserved, until at
the present time there are 111.726
acres of land in the 16 reservations.
"As an incentive to individual ef-
fort the government provided for al-
lotments of lands, that is. by divid-
ing the reservations among the In-
dians in individual tracts, giving
what is known as a 'trust patent.'
This trust patent provides that the
land shall be held in the name of the
Indian, but exempt from all taxes,
for a period of 25 years, or until the
Indian has proven competency, and
makes application for what is known
as a 'fee patent.' which gives title
in fee simple to the Indian owner —
all government restrictions are re-
moved. The allotments have proven a
benefit, as can be observed at Pala
and Morengo. The Indians, feeling
that the land was theirs individually,
and not owned by the tribe in com-
mon, erected their homes, tilled their
fields, and progressed rapidly. Many
can now take their places with whites
on an equal footing.
FIRTHER INCENTIVE
HAS GOOD EFFECT
"In 1916, as a further incentive to
Indians, the government provided for
what is known as the reimbursable
plan. Under this plan congress ap-
propriated considerable sums of
money, running into the millions,
which permitted an Indian to receive
property, supplies, stock, etc.. up to
$600 per head (more with special per-
mission.) The purchases were made
by the reservation superintendents at
the request of the Indians. When
received, the Indians signed agree-
ments to reimburse the government
for the various amounts within two.
three, four or five years. This re-
imbursable plan carried no interest
payments, only the . actual amount
extended was to be reimbursed by
any Indian. While this plan applied
to all the Indians in the Inlted
States, the San Diego Indians received
their proportion of the amount, and
further, they took advantage of the
opportuATty. At Pala considerable
seed and Implements were sold to the
Indians, at other reservations, stock
and fruit trees were sold. The nature
of the supplies depended upon the
location of the reservation. Some of
the reservations have sufficient rain
fall, and grow crops without irrlga
tlon, others are best adapted to s '
nklatofr Willie others are
£rg^/y BA^frcTlA=^
wr.
^:m
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END
OF
OVERSIZE
MATERIALS
BEGINNING
OF
COLLECTION ORDER
?l*WQ
Ind>«n AbvSM : ClipptMM
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4
<'W>^«.,/i» •
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HE WASHINGTON POST, SUNDAY, MAY 4, 190f
FRIENDS OF PALE FACE
Time to Pay Our Debt oi
Gratitude to Pimas.
WATER FOE THE RESERVATION
Tribe That Stood as a Bulwark Between
the White Man and the Apache Now
Threatened with Starvation— Fields in
Need of Irrigation— An Act of Simple
Justice for Deserving People.
Phenix, Ariz., April 28.— When the bloody
trail of the Apache stretched across al-
most every mile of the now rich and high-
ly cultivated Salt River Valley, and the
revolting crimes of that most fiendish
tribe of the red men all but halted the
progress of civilization in the Southwest
and struck terror to the hearts of the
brave pioneers who had crossed the great
sond desert, there were two tribes of In-
dians who were ever stanch to the pale
face, who were ever ready to protect him,
to house and feed him even to the division
of their last tortillas. Those tribes were
the I*imas and the Maricopag.
A strange s^equel to the story of such
friendship and fidelity, that these few
years later sees the Congress of the white
man appropriate the means whereby those
same Apache warriors and their squaws
are made self-supporting, independent al-
most to the point of wealth, while the
Pimas and Maricopas have not only been
left to shift for themselves, but the very
means of their livelihood have gradually
been taken from them by the wnites with
whom they have so willingly shared.
Before the waters of the Salt River were
drawn oft into the many oanals to irrigate
the rich grain and forage fields of the
white man there was always enough
water to cover the fields of Indians, and
even in the driest years there was abso-
lutely no fear of loss. But to-day the
waters have been stemmed into the white
man's canals, and the white man is srrow-
ing rich off the enormous crops of the
fertile valley. The Indian has gradually
been crowded back until now. with the
exception of a few spots, the reservations
to which they have been driven cover vast
stretches of alkali flats, where not even a
mesquite bush could thrive, where even
the cactus dies. But the friendly Indian
is the most patient of people, and he
\\orks on, hoping for the days the white
man will build a storage dam and give
him again the water with which to wa^
away the salt crust that covers his fields
and reclaim the desert land, even as he
himself has done before.
Famine Ahead for the Pimas.
Although this will be an especially dry
year, it will not be the Maricopas who v^^ill
suffer. Their reservation is nearer the
river, and consequently will have a better
water supply. But the Pimas. settled at
the foothills about fifteen miles from the
river banks, %nd the water lower than the
level of their canals, are facing a long,
terrible siege of drought and w^ant. The
government will issue them rations of
coffee, beans, bacon, and wheat. This Is
[enough to sustain life, but it will not stave
off the irreparable ruination of their craps
and land? and their stock.
In the terrific heat of the summer, when
the river bottom is as dry as the asphalt
I streets of Washington, if there be no
'water in the canals, ^the horses, cows, and
chickens perish. For their own use, the
Indian women carry water in great
earthen ollas from distant wells. The
stock cannot be watered from these wells,
because in the dry season a too heavy
drain upon them would soon exhaust their
supply. On the other hand, without water
for the forage and grain fields, feed is al-
most as scarce as water. Probably no
other beasts of burden in the world is so
inured to hardship as the Indian pony,
but even this stocky little animal cannot
endure the deprivations that follow a dry
winter and drier summer on the Pima res-
ervation.
No other tribe of Indians has been more
progressive than the Pimas, and for this
very reason they suffer more acutely the
terrible losses that follow such a year as
this has been. There have been practi-
cally no rains and no heavy snows in the
mountains to fill the streams. To the In-
dian who has never striven to be self-
supporting, never worked with the white
man and endeavored to acquire the white
man's more intelligent methods of farm-
ing, but has ever been content to lead a
useless or felonious existence while the
white man fed, clothed, and housed him,
the calamity of dry fields and suffering
stock is unknown. In fact, such losses
mean only the saving of a little labor, and
there are no disastrous effects to be suf-
fered by him. for the white man will still
provide for him.
Always Self-supporting.
But it is not so with the Pimas. They
are intelligent, hard-working farmers out
on their isolated reservation. They have,
despite their many drawbacks, been en-
tirely self-supporting in the years when
there was water for their crops, and. in
fact, their hay and wheat and barley,
their corn and their flour, have brought
as high and sometimes higher prices than
that of the whites, whom they have imi-
tated, for what the white man has taught,
he does not always practice, but the In-
dian obeys literally.
When Congress appropriated $110,000 to
be used to erect a storage dam for the
Apache Indians at San Carlos, it w^as gen-
erally believed that some assistance would
be given to the Pimas, who have worked
so hard to relieve the government of any
care of them. Their water supply has
grown less and less every year, and every
year has seen* them laboring more dili-
gently. All the Pimas ask of Uncle Sam
is a supply of water and a protection of
their water rights. They have been told
that Congress will provide for them as it
has for the white man's old enemy, the
Apache; that no more will the canals be
dry, the fields parched, and the stock dy-
ing. And with their credulous natures,
have believed it and built hopes on the
time when no longer will there be such
want.
A visit to the Pima reservation, to one
whose knowledge of such things is con-
fined to history or a comprehension of one
of the useless or dependent tribes, is a
revelation. After leaving the river banks
along which are a few prosperous little
ranches, one travels across a level stretch
of desert for fifteen miles. Here and
there are patches of mesquite and sage
brush and again there are acres so pois-
oned with alkali that not even these des-
ert herbs can live.
Gradually one approaches the evidences
of abandoned cultivation. Along the sides
of the natural desert roads there are dried
up old mesquites and cotton-wood stumps,
showing where once a fence ran. There is
a little mound of earth, a deserted mud
hut, and beyond the posts lie the bones of
some horse or cow that succumbed to \
some other summer's want. But farther
on one comes to fields that have been
neatly fenced, carefully seeded and tend-
ed, and the irrigatingr ditches that sur-
round them are clean and well cared for.
The mud huts or sometimes an adobe hut
show, too, the signs of thrift and ambi-
tion.
The Indian, in scant attire, squatted on
the earth around a campfire, is no longer
a picture true to life; that is, it is no
longer the type. The Pima has learned
from the whites the comfort of a chair,
and in many of their huts one sees a
cheap or homemade table. There are bed
bunks on the side of the hut. and a little
cook stove in the middle of the room.
The floors, ceilings, and walls are of mud,
but neat and methodical.
Tattooing Still Practiced.
The Pima has, despite his civilizat'ion, lost
none of his original picturesqueness. Many
of the ancient forms and customs of his
race are as strong to-day as they were
the first day the white man saw them^
The squaw is tattooed the same to-day as
fifty years ago— two dark bluish lines run-
ning from the corners of the mouth to the
chin; while the buck still has the stripe
from the lid of his eyes. Even the young
buck from the Indian schools, endowed
with a liberal English education, returned
to the reservation, shows the strong blood
of his race and gives way to the tenden-
cies of the generations before him. His
hair is allowed to grow, and his feet soon
leave the store shoes or boots for mocca-
sins or to be left bare. His head is soon
bared to the blazing rays of the sun, and
his entire costume probably consists of
nothing more than a pair of jumpers and
a dark cotton shirt.
The taste of the squaw is as gaudy now
as In the days when they traded their
nuggets of gold, their maize and wiieat
for a few yards of bright cotton. The
Pima woman employs her time weaving
baskets and molding beautiful pottery,
w^hich she sells at Phenix. twenty-five
miles away. The Pima buck spends his
energies in trying to improve the poor
ground the white man has left him. They
are one of the few really deserving and
trustworthy tribes of Indians, and yet
they have suffered more than almost any
other family of the red men. They have
done more for the white man, and in turn
have received less from him than any
other branch of their race. The pioneers
are old and decrepit, and the soldiers,
many of whom owe their rescues from the
most horrible of deaths to these same
Pimas, are fighting another war, or have
fought their last; and so it is, the white
But tt. T^^°"^" *•'" "^^"t °f gratitude,
not Lht i?th^"HT ^''^I'^'ve. He did
Te tt : 'regard '■»''', "'^"" ■""" '»
the farmi^,; f*^^?™- He is grateful for
which thi^ implements, and such things 1
will hive to ask^f ftl\ ^Z ^^^"^ °'" ^"^'^
water storage'an'a' f Vme^eUo^of '^."
water rieht^ if +v,«« ^ ^'^"'-eciion of his
las« wfiV thrive Ihe^r Z'^T^' *'^"'^ ^"-
rieh produce an^' tl f."*^^ ^*"<i f-^rth
a bu^en on' ,11 , * 7 '^'" '" "° ^"^e be
hancTlTthev «J^"*'; ^^^^"^ "" the other
they wiil loZ V^>.T ^°" Slven water,
their vain effortT.n"' ''""^- «l>andonins
the list Of our nrnt° ^""^^d- will add to
«3ependents-ldL Jn i^*"^ '"^^^^'^ band of
""ts i(Jle and desperate wards
MARm MATTINaT.v
TIMES
i MAY 1 1 l^-'b
BERKELEY. C^UP
GAZETTE
OCTOBER ill l^^Q
COOLlDfiE DAM
HELD SAVIOR
'^^
X.
-The ciolicige Dam saved the Pima
Indians." said Dr. Dirk Lay .who lea
the fiKht for them In Congress lo get
tSe dim. in his talk before toe Cuy
commons Club yesterday on Twenty
Years Among "the Pimas.
j "The Plmas have al'w^P been an
' agricultural ■ people." said Dr^ Lay^
i'lnd they never roamed around as
other Indians do. In 1685 ^nder
Father Keeno. they had a compi^t.
1 irrlgaUon system. One ^oitch tn.y
' du?^th sticks and crude tools. w^.^^t
miles long. 15 feet deep and 12 feet
wide at the bottom.
"Thev lived on this land peacefully
and SfdusTrtously untU the wWte man
came. After the Apaches had be«,
subdued by the vifhltes and J* J^^l^f
to come, the white man settled on toe
Gila River, above the lan^ of the
Pimas. Gradually these settlers took
the water out of the rt'f? ^f'-i^fiy
lands above the In<H*?s,„^Selr land
the Plmas had no water for toelr lana.
"Bv right of appropriation, the
Pim^ owned toe water they needed^
The white settlers above stole it from
them. They have waited 40 yea^ to
ffpt tois water back. Five thousana
food Indians who had always been
friends of the whites, even going so
f ar "^ to fight the Apaches for the
whitfm^en.'^lito 50.000 acr^ o^^^^^^
eood agricultural land, uere siowiy
s&ng to deato because they cou^d
get no water.' They could hardly
make a dollar a week, and 15 cents a
dky is too UtUe to clotoe and feed a
^"""^- Flnrt Rights
"By the terms of the act o* Co^"
irress the $5,000,000 Coolldge dam in
§oT canyon' of toe Gila ^ver gr-
antees to toe PiAa Indians the tot
right to the wfeter impounded. The
sfcond right goes to other land In pub-
lic or private ownf/shlp not ownea oy
theS Indians. At .last Justice has
been done to these people, although It
w^ slow in coming and we had to
keep at it 20 years before we got It.
"The dedication of the C(»Udg^
Dam was a great day for «ie mw^
One old Indian we brought 100 i^les
to paiticlpate and we had to Hit Wm
iS ^ out of thfe bus. because he was
tm^e to walk without crutches.
When he saw the dam he dropped his
cmtehes and hasn't needed them
sSce The tribe is now busy leveling
and choking the ^ land Mid before
lone we expect to have toe whole of
tiS 50,000 acres on their reservation
under cultivation," '"^
Mport on Site
\ f^r Coolidge
Dam Am}roved
Secretary Worlr -rh^ ^
SANTA BARBARA, CAT^
OCTOBER 9. 1929
, I * * • .
% lolal association Jbf the In-
.n Drfens^a|soci4sifc^thi^^^^^^^
"the effjts'a Mi*sTearl Chase
Jr?sidS3 or'iX'e IcxT^^association
has raised $1000 herd to aid the
Pima Indians in preparing their
& fSTwa^er from the new Cool-
idge dam, It has been announced.
Dr. Bronson, who was made a
member of the Pima tribe recent-
ly will leave in the near future
to' attend the annual camp meet-
ing of the tribe.
Mrs Wadsworth Baylor and ner
committee wUl collect warm gar-
ments for the^ Indians agam thij-
year. ^
WORK ON COOLIDGE DAM
WILL BE STARTED SOON
^
0i
5
to
i
Engineers Expect 150,000 Acres
Will Be Reclaimed for Farming
on Gila River in Arizonia.
By the Associated Press.
FLORENCE, Ariz., June 23.— A
half-century old debt owed the Pima
Indians by the United States Govern-
ment will be paid with the construc-
tion of the Coolidg:e dam on the Gila
River, about 50 miles east of here.
Government engineers are ready to
begin construction.
Eighty thousand acres of land will
be irrigated by the dam, which will be
the first so-called **dome-type" to be
built. Half of this acreage will be
cultivated by the Pima Indians of the
Gila River reservation, whose once
prosperous fields were rendered un-
productive by diversion of water from
the Gila by settlers on the upper
stretches of the stream.
The dam itself will create an oppor-
tunity for land development such as
attended the building of the Roose-
velt dam in 1912. The M^oolidge dam
will rise 220 feet above the bed of the
river and have a total length ax^ross
the top of about 1,000 feet. It will im-
pound 1,200,000 acre feet of water.
Engineers claim that at least 150,000
acres of land in this district are sus-
ceptible to reclamation. Oranges, cot-
ton, figs, dates and other semi-tropi-
cal crops can be I'aised. Six harvests
of alfalfa may be obtained during a
single year.
*^
ROTARIANS LISTEN TCy f
INDIAN TRIBE WORKER ,
Dr. Dirk Lay, a missionary of me
Presbytery, and a worker with the
Indians for many years, told
tlie Berkeley Rotarians a story of how
and why the Coolidge Dam proposal
drew hs earnest thought and active
support.
The meeting Wednesday was placed
in the hands of the "Peacemakers",
and Captain Hughbert Luce, called to
serve on the Grand Jury, appointed
John Berger, of his team, to act as
chairman of the day.
Rotarian Berger told a story of near
connection with Indian reservation
work and then called on George Pratt,
a Rotarian visiting at Berkeley for
tenor solos.
Because of uncontrolled circum-
stances the speaker of the day was
given but 15 minutes to tell his story.
However, he is a Rotarian and knows
what he is talking about, how to tell it
and is a splendid judge of the audi-
ence he faces.
Dr. Lay comes from an Arizona Ro-
tary Club where he holds the classi-
fication of ^'Missionary". In opening
his rapid fire and vital talk this Ro-
tarian said:
*'I know you men of California have
taking ways. We of Arizona feel it.
Today I was to have 25 minutes and
I get ten."
The speaker said that the Pjma In-
dians were here when Columbus came
and that rrigation ditches made then
that were 15 feet deep and carried
water for a distance of 17 miles were
still being used on the lands they cul-
tivated.
He said in part:
"If you think Indians are lazy, what
about doing this job with just sticks
to dig. And it is 110 in the shade
there — but you don't have to stay in
the shade.
"The Pima Indians suffered by the
hands of the white man. The Indian
suffered more in California, where he
was pushed off into the Pacific. We
do not believe that force means right,
but we used it. We put Indians on
reservations and did not let them
leave it without a permit and did give
them but a dollar a week a person on
which to live. * * * Then when it came
to taking their water away from them
we constructed the bill that brought
about the Coolidge Dam.
"I would tell you a lot about it, but
I am a Rotarian and the meeting will
close on time. I can only hit the high
spots.
"We were told that someone was
to make a lot of money out of this
reclamation plan. One congressman
said, 'You make a damn good start,
but no legislation goes through this
House.' I found the bill sleeping
peacefully. Thank the Lord that some
bills do sleep peacefully. But we got
going and brought the bill out of com-
mittee with 40,000 individual appeals.
"Senator Smoot objected to the
$5,500,000 to be spent, but after many
telephone messages, he changed his
mind and said he would not be in the
Senate Chamber when the bill came
up for action. We got it through and
then got the bill before Congress dur-
ing the last week of the session. I
saw every man in Washington. One
Texas Republican said I could just
talk to him one minute. ' He gave me
all the time I needed — and voted for
the bill.
"I sometimes think the House in
session is just a representative cross-
cut of American civilization. Most of
its members are as hard workers as
you find anywhere else. The bill went
to Mr. Coolidge who said he would do
all he could to see that it passed. And
Senate Bill 966 did pass unanimously.
It took six years but the good has
been accomplished.
"We owe the American Indian
much and we should give him the
best we can. We would starve to death
on what he gets. Is it a wonder that
he objected when we took his water
to turn wheels to make gold? The
Indian says 'You tell of a city paved
with gold; I don't believe it' — and
neither do we. We Rotarians believe
in service and I think the Indian is en-
titled to some service."
The listeners gave Dr. Lay their
friendly attention and much applause
as he stopped talking one minute be-
fore the closing hour.
President I. B. Taylor apologized
for the theft of the speaker's time and
again did the Rotarians assembled ex-
tend greeting to the visiting Rotarian
speaker.
SEMkELEY, ^AU&. COM« fi»
OCTOBER 11, 1^39 . , .
,r.
ROTARIANS LISTEN TO /
INDIAN TRIBE WORKER
»^t?tSfe?»t^t^^^^^^^
/
Dr. Dirk Lay, a missionary of the
Prcs])ytcry, and a worker with the
PiiM^ Iiulians for many years, told
the Berkeley Rotarians a story of how
and why the Coolidge Dam proposal
drew hs earnest thought and active I
support.
The meeting Wednesday was placed 1
in the hands of the "Peacemakers",
and Captain Hughbert Luce, called to
serve on the Grand Jury, appointed
John Berger, of his team, to act as
chairman of the day.
Rotarian Berger told a story of near
connection with Indian reservation
work and then called on George Pratt,
a Rotarian visiting at Berkeley for
tenor solos.
Because of uncontrolled circum-
stances the speaker of the day was
given but \5 minutes to tell his story.
However, he is a Rotarian and knows
what he is talking about, how to tell it
and is a splendid judge of the audi-
ence he faces.
Dr. Lay comes from an Arizona Ro-
tary Club where he holds the classi-
fication of "Missionary". In opening
his rapid fire and vital talk this Ro-
tarian said:
"I know you men of California have
taking ways. We of Arizona feel it.
Today I was to have 25 minutes and
I get ten."
The speaker said that the Pima In-
dians were here when Columbus came
and that rrigation ditches made then
that were 15 feet deep and carried
water for a distance of 17 miles were I
still being used on the lands they cul-
tivated.
He said in part:
"If you think Indians are lazy, what
about doing this job with just sticks
to dig. And it is 110 in the shade
there — but you don't have to stay in
the shade.
"The Pima Indians suffered by the
hands of the white man. The Indian
sufTered more in California, where he
was pushed off into the Pacific. We
j do not believe that force means right,
but we used it. We put Indians on
reservations and did not let them
leave it without a permit and did give
them but a dollar a week a person on
which to live. * * * Then when it came
to taking their water away from them
we constructed the bill that brought
about the Coolidge Dam.
"I would tell you a lot about it, but |
I am a Rotarian and the meeting will j
close on time. I can only hit the high
spots.
"We were told that someone was
to make a lot of money out of this
reclamation plan. One congressman
said, 'You make a damn good start,
])Ut no legislation goes through this
House.' I found the bill sleeping
peacefully. Thank the Lord that some
l)ills do sleep peacefully. But we got
going and brought the bill out of com-
mittee with 40,000 individual appeals.
"Senator Smoot objected to the
$5,500,000 to be spent, but after many
telephone messages, he changed his
mind and said he would not be in the
Senate Chamber when the bill came
up for action. We got it through and
then got the bill ])efore Congress dur-
ing the last week of the session. I
saw every man in Washington. One
Texas Repu])lican said I could just
talk to him one minute. He gave me
all the time I needed — and voted for
the bill.
"I sometimes think the House in
session is just a representative cross-
cut of American civilization. Most of
its meml)ers are as hard workers as
you find anywhere else. The bill went
to Mr. Coolidge who said he would do
all he could to see that it passed. And
Senate Bill 966 did pass unanimously.
It took six years but the good has
lieen accomplished.
"We owe the American Indian
much and wc should give him the
best we can. We would starve to death
on what he gets. Is it a wonder that
he objected when we took his water
to turn wheels to make gold? The
Indian says *You tell of a city paved
with gold; I don't believe it' — and
neither do we. We Rotarians believe
in service and I think the Indian is en-
titled to some service."
The listeners gave Dr. Lay their
friendly attention and much applause
as he stopped talking one minute be-
fore the closing hour.
President I. B. Taylor apologized
for the theft of the speaker's time and
again did the Rotarians assembled ex-
tend greeting to the visiting Rotarian
speaker.
?|vJ+-
->
i-
{^o/vwa 0^0
i 61/ . f\Jv^aJa
l^Zi
l£?2^
m^d
— ir I ■! _
Mono Infant of Madera Said
to Have Been Marked for
Superstition Sacrifice
OAKLAND, March 13 — Gruesome
and barbarous customs are still prev-
alent among" some of the tribes ofj
California Indians, Julia and Ednaj
Sherman, twins and infant members
of the Mono tribe of Madera, who
arrived in Oakland today after being
whisked out of the clutches of their
superstitious tribesmen, are willing
to testify through their present spon-
sor, the California Synodical Society.
The birth of twins, according to
Mono tradition, is the birth of evil
and accompanying ill luck unless one
of the children is put to death. This
fate awaited Julia or Edna, and it
was only through prompt action of
the North Fork girls* school, an in-
stitution conducted by the Presby-
terian women workers of the Home
Mission, that the life of an Indian
child was jSaved.
DOCTOR SIJHMONBD
Teachers of the school, the Misses I
Ida McCuUough, Vie Sargeant and »
Margaret Elliot, hearing that twins
iiad been born to a young Indian
woman and her husband, Elmer Sher-
man, sent word to a Dr. Burke of
Fresno, who immediately answered
the call and went to attend the In-
dian mother.
The arrival of Dr. Burk at the In-
dian village, however, was late and
the mother was found in a dying con-
dition. Upon further Investigation
by the doctor the twins, also in a
serious condition, were found in the
hands of the tribesmen, who had
agreed to have one of the infants put
to death — this to be done in secret
by the child's grandmother.
Realizing: the situation, Dr. Burke
carried the Indian mother, scarcely
mare than a girl, to a neighboring
hotel, where she died shortly after.
Word was sent to the North Fork
school teachers regarding the plight
of the twins. Two of the .women
from the institution arrived February
6, three days following the birth of
the children. It was through the ef-
forts of these women, who conferned
with the tribesmen, that the twins
were rescued and later cared for by
school officials at North Fork.
TOTS FIND SANCTUARY
A telegram was received yesterday
mornina; by Miss Julia Fraser. 2014
Fifth avenue, president of the Cali-
fornia Synodical Society of Home
Missions, to the effect that the twins
had been nursed to health, but that
the school could no longer afford to
care for them. The matter was taken
up immediately by the organization
and Miss Mary M. Breen. 4212 Pied-
mont avenue, a public health nurse
and former war nurse overseas, who
arrived here recently on a vacation,
volunteered to bring the two children
to Oakland. Miss Breen went to
Fresno, received the twins and re-
turned here with them.
The little tots are being cared for
temporarily by Mrs. D. I. Gohn of
Berkeley, formerly a teacher of the
North Fork girls* school, and worker
for the Home Mission Organization.
According to Mrs. B. P. Edwards,
2840 Eleventh avenue, secretary of
the Synodical Society, it is hoped by
ihembers of the organization that the
State Aid Society will take the Indian
children under their care.
SALT TATCr. TTAn. TniBl'Xi:
^^e\ Village for
Indians Is Planned
Near Elko, Nevada
March. 28 —A model
with sewers,
le water sup-
r modern con-
e the Indian
within a mile
7:r.K0. >:ev.,
Indifen viilagre,
electric li.^^s
ply, toffet
venience
viilasre thUKnow ex:s_ „ „,,,^.
bv'^nfn.^''^^^^^ ^"^ ^"'^ ^'^ populated
by more than fffQ members of the
Piute trihe. acco/djiipp to j. e. Jen-
Ikins, Kead of th^T^no Indian agencv
who arrived here Oils morning
I The Indian villaffe, which is located
Ion government land near this citv
is unsanitary and in its present state
Ls a menace not only to the Indians
Iwlio inhabit it, but to the citv of
O.Iko as well. The grovernment plana
Lo use other lands in the immediate
^icinity of Elko for the building of
m up-to-date, modern community for
the aborigines. While Mr. Jenkins is
in Elko he will pick out a site for the
new villa£?e.
When the site for the village has
)een selected, the city and county of-
riclals will he asked to a-ssist in mov-
Ing the Indian homes in the present
Community. By means of a caterpil-
lar tractor and an improvised run-
iing gear, the houses will be moved
Vvithout demolition
turner. exL, meoiBTn
.»jr«'
MONO INDIANS
A Mrs. B. A.. Ludwick, of Yer-
mgton, Nev., wp-ote tg Vf. L. Rowan
Indiaa r*t^° ^\ fi^^^P9T^ ^^^
In^great 'fl*u\i>?^ ^^^^
Lfter tbem^that half 6ie time they
tre not paid when they work, and
tl^at some would h^ stap^ if she
lad not fed them di^gjMTthe winter.
;he letter was turned over to S^-
)erintendent Parrett and by him
lalled to the attention of Mono's
toard of Supervisors. The Super-
[risors at their meeting this month
Ldopted resolutions denouncing the
jttatements as false, and declaring
ihat "said Indian children are bet-
:er fed, better clothed, better edu-
lated and schooled, and better paid
[or any services rendered than in any
)ther county on the Pacific Coast."
>oubtless the Supervisors are justi-
ied in resenting the allegations; it
lay be remarked, however, that
they take^ a good deal of terri-
:ory, projfebly without any Investi-
^ation^Ta basis for comparing tha^
jountr with others.
^^^x
SAN f;
San Francisco Chronicle
Is Name Borne by Piute
Indian of Modoc Coxmty
Redskin Parents Adopt
Cognomen Proposed by
Jurist Friend
By BENNING P. COOK
CHRONICIiB BURBAU, SacnunemtiH
April 16. — One Christmas momlngr
about twenty- two years ayo. In the
little town of EagrlevlUe, Modoo
county, an Indian papoose was born.
The proud Piute father rushed to
the office of Justice of the Peace W.
H. McCormick to apprise him of the
fact and ask the Justice to assist
him in plckln^r a name for she
youngster.
Justice McCormick, havingr been
for years a regrular reader of The
San Francisco Chroncle, was at the
moment perusing: a copy of the
paper.
'*Why not call him San Francisco
I Chronicle ?•• said the Justice to the
Indian parent.
"I win," replied the latter, and
today the Piute brave Is known as
"Chronicle Phoenix.**
After the father left the office of
the Justice the latter wrote to the
San Francisco Chronicle setting
forth the facts In the case. The
publisher of the paper, M. H. de
Youngr, Instructed the managrer to
order a beautiful silver loving cup.
suitably inscribed, sent to the babe^
••Chronicle" keeps his first grift
wrapped In chamois and buckskin,
and only brlngrs it forth on state
occasions; so that today it Is just as
brlflrht as it waa the day it was re-
ceived.
••Chronicle" Is a full-blood Pi-
ute and one of the best bronco
busters and horse experts in Modoc
county. In addition to this, he is
an expert with the lariat. The
younir Indian is an expert in handi-
craft with horsehair, hemp and
string.
-^•-^^^^*?K&
p HRONICLE" Phoenix.
^ Piute Indian, who was
presented with silver cup by
publisher when he was named
after S, F. newspaper.
I
ta»
•■• ♦
New Generation Knows
More Of Living
NORTHFOR
April 19» ther
at the Mission
were brought
county school -- ^ ^^
worth and by Dr. Dagrnar
Fresno. The babies were f
Atfrll 22^iaturday,
aa VW^y clnic held
.0 Which 2^ babies
inspection bv the
Tse, Miss ^ins-
~ yfrsen or
nd to be
rjfendW heaUhT'' lUtie" specimens
Only two were slightly under the
avi^age weiglU for their age and tl e
minor ailments were almost entirely
lacking. . _ T„
This, new generation of yo""S .In-
dian moth^s Is enUreb^ J^l'%^^^
from an older one. ■'■"^y ' =„ ,i,p
t«.ght in the P«b»c fcl>»°'^- °I ',Lhed
Indian mission .which was e8t»"X*^
ibout 20 years ago, and maW f |}^|^
have also been trained m the »her
nan institute »» Riverside. TheV
toiif as well as white girls oi ^"^"
^^ areTntelligent and interested in
thi welfare of their babies, so that
the future for the Mono tribe loob«
rS? brighter than it did a scner,a*(5n
ago.
YERINGTOV, NET, TMEIf
July 9: 1924
gr IS
churz In
250 Ranchers Receive Court Order to Stop Us]
S# Water in Walker River
ed their cases to the care of the Wal-
ker River Irrigation District and th<
directors of the district, with their at
torney will be at the hearing in Car
son tomorrow. Represtrntatives oi
the governmen't agency at -Sdiurz wer
present at the regular meeting of tht
directors Monday and tentative plan
for a compromise made, which it v
nrobable will 'be submitted to the cour'.
for approval- The proposal is tha
the entire flow of the West Walker ^
Coleville, which on July 5th measurec
40 second feet, will be diverted mt(^
the Topaz reservoir for a period of /
davs and at the end of this time the
.torcd water be turned into the nve.
in a big head. This is said to be the
only method by which it will be poss
ible to deliver any water over the sev
eral miles of dry river bottom below
Wabuska section. In consideratioi
[orHhe use of the .reservoir and othe
concessions, the government will b
expected to withdraw its suit for ;
period of five years, during which timt
an effort would be made to develop a
,, ,„ .„e .ni, ....ling ,he «..er ,..b.. "' f ^ ''' °"f „„. ,„,„h„ „.i,h ,
Everv water ^- .
River has this week been served with
a temporarv restraining order by
Deputy' United States Marshals en
joining them from using or in any way
interfering with the natural flow ot the
water in the Walker River, and citin,^
the ranchers to appear in Carson City
' July 10 to show cau.se why a prelim-
inary injunction should not be issued
The restraining order comes as a re-
sult of the filing of a suit in the U. S
Court by District Attorney Sprmg
mever. acting under instructions fron
\ttornev General Stone at Washington
attacking the water rights now ex.st^
irg The government claims l»3-
pi-ioritv for sufficient water to irrigate
n,H) acres, which is greatly in excess
of die total amount of water now in
the river. _ «, f *
Thurtell findings give Indians 23 Uei
The Thurtell" findings, which is the
base of the Federal Court decree, is-
sued a:ter.l8 years of litigation, ap-
portions to the Indians 23 feet, ot^va
tcr with priorities dating between 186c
-nd 18K5 This right, however is not
I part of the court decree, the govern
,nent h.aving refused to become a par
c'u the Walker River.
Will Attempt Comptomise
Very few of the ranchers in Mason
or Smilh Valley are now receiving any
but storage water, the natural rtow be-
i„g nepligable and practically all goin,
to the Antelope Valley Co.. and <rthcr:
w!:o hi-ve the first priorities. Man;.
Vall-v and back flow, together with :
storage system on the river abov.
Scbnrz.
Clark J. Guild \vill appear at Carsoi
City as representative of a number of
the water users and a number will at
tend the hearing in person.
San Frattcisccj CiJ*
DAILY rjEWS VZ
Indians of Mpiio, Piute and other
tribea/4uiftollJ.nnu61 cQ^ebratioxi
In YoseJltl^anly, A^l^and. 2.
San Francisco, Cal.— ExaniTftSf
July 27, 1924
■i l".l,J !■■■■.-
J^no Indian Maids
Ape Modern Flapper
CL.OVIS, July 26.-*-C10V|
the honor of d<
In flapperdom.
members of the >^ffDnv iriotes
claims
latest
when
of In-
dlans made their appearance on the
streets, coming here td^hj^vest the
grape crop, it was at onle made ev-
ident that the gentle Indian maid
is not slow to accept the styles of
her white sister, appearing with
bobbed hair and wearing the new-
est style of straight-line dresses.
Before the advent of the white
man, bobbed hair had a special sig-
nificance to many of the Indian
tribes, being used as a sign of deep
mourning.
r:\rwSox CITY, irEX.r apiteai.
MH?
BIG MEETING
O/lef orftl/wcsu
lt)s4one ^and Pii
Harry J. DixdfnUfief offtl^ Western
Erarxh of th^^l^jsj^one ^and Piute
tribes of Indi^^^^f has called a meeting
of all the Indians of these tribes in the
state of Ne\'ada, said mcdluii^ to be
held at Battle Mountain on^he first of
September, the Elko Independent re-
ports.
The purpose of the meeting is to de-
cide as to the voting privileges granted
the Indians, sonfe of the Indian* boys
being of the opinion thai their rights
to live on reservations in this state will
he jeopardized if they vote and have
refused to register for the coming elec-
tions. There are about 2500 Indians
who will be able to vote at the -coming
elections within the state, and a jgreat
number of them belong to the Shoshone
and Piute tribes.
On vSeptember 30, 1922, Harry J. Dix-
on was chosen Chief of the Western
Branch of the Shoshone and Piute
tribes and has sdnce that time held the
office, making his home in Elko, and
since the establishment of the resrva-
tion on the hill back of the China
ranch, has been livin«g there.
The certificate of his election is in-
teresting and Harry has had it framed
nnd it adorns his cabin. It reads as
follows :
Western Branch Shoshones Elect Chief
We, the. undersicrned, the people of
the Shoshone Indian nation, gaihered
at Battle Mountain recently, and after
the time-honored custom elected o new
Chief to succeed Tom-To-Ti-O, who
has served them as a leader for some
Vime past.
Harry J. Dixon, well known among
Hie Redmen of this section of the
country, was entrusted with the leader-
ship of this powerful tribe of Indians
in the State of Nevada. His certificate
of powers as it might be termed, bears
the signature of the Captains of the
various tribes, among w^hom are the
following: Joe Gibbert, Dick Hall, Jim
Leach, Bill Hall, Dick Bealer and
Howard Mjller.
Signed September 30, 1922.
Joe Gibbert is captain of the tribes
of Austin, Dick Hall of the tribes of
Carlin, Jim Leach and Dick Bealer of
Battle Mountain, Bill Hall of Beowawe,
atid Howard Miller of Winnemucca.
All of these captains will be on hand
at the big meeting, and •will have as
iiany of their follow^ers from their re-
spective camps as is possible to recruit.
Chief Dixon will preside at the meeting
and wmU explain to the Indians the
workings of the law relating to the
elections, and also the act of congress ^
granting thm the right to vote. Many
)f the Indians are skeptical ahout vot-
ing, and are afraid if they exercise^
their' right that they will be put upon
the state and forced to leave the reser-
vations eventually.
It is not the policy of the govern-
ment to force the Indians to vote, and
the circulars from headquarters all set
forth the fact that although- c6ngress
gives the Indians the right to vote,
they are not to be herded to the polls.
list ^5.
r
V^
vj c?^ iLc<^^ \ ^^-V L
E1J«VRX UDA INDIANS
KEGISTKR FOR ELECTION {
Eleven Indians, 10 republicans
and one democrat, will vote at Lida
this year under the act ofUongress
granting citizenshij). Efac« of the
registration cards |s signVfi Vith an
X, followed b/Tthi n«ne of the In-
dian and JL ^^ollins." The
Indians are:
Seepee Kawic*, aged 70, 70 years |
in state, county and prej^cyMind
in the left eye, left hipl/broken,
deaf. His occupation is given as
"rope maker.**
Montezuma Sam, agod 90, born
in Montezuma, -retired,*' a *'con-
firmed invalid.*
Sally Sam, female, aged 80, house-
wife, born in Beatty, ''blind slight-
ly "
Rosa Seepee, female, aged 50,
housewife, no disability, born in
Ella Shakespere, female, aged ^o,
born in Salina valley, housewife, 20
years a resident of Lida.
Maggie Pass, female, aged 40,
born in Lida.
Lester Seepee, aged 21, born in
Lida. ' \^
May Shaw, female, aged 23, born
in Lida.
Willie McKinney Shaw, aged ^^, j|
born in Lida.
All of the foregoing are regis- j
tered as republicans. j]
Then there is Mamie Shaw, f e- 1
male, aged .22, born at the State
UneTmill. Mamie is the lone dem^
crat.
V'llEKA. CAUIF.— NEWS
JULY 22, 19.'6
Fn5rsM'>, CAL.— REPVB1.ICAN
MAY r, I2iS
To The Republican: Last Febru-
about the
who was
lO Indians
ny stiik-
how he
ary quite a bit .was
passing of J. 5^5?®^
a mlssloittncr ^^W
for a numbJ" oiySars,
Ing thlngw^can be told
changed a downtrodden 'p^opl® ^o
that they were not recognized as
the same folk.
I em constrained to believe that
most everyone In this section of the
state knows what a great work he
did with the aid of his co-work-
ers. •
If was my lot to be associated
with Mr. Brendel just after he came
to Auberry, and I saw the condi-
tions as they were. I also secured
his aid in Nevada when I was there,
and he did wonderful work in a
very short time.
The Mono tribe waa a menace to
the foothills and a vanishing race.
Many times the white women were
frightened by the drunke/n Indians
in the middle of the night, and much
more could be said of their depraved
condition. These people, who were
an expense to the Government and
causing It much concern, also
a terror to<=the foothill country, are
today an a^set, Increasing in popu-
lation, children in schools and mak-
ing good, and many have graduated
from the schools at Stewart. Ne-
■nd Riverside, California,
One of the men, leader of a tribe,
known as a bad man, came with
Mr. Brendel to Nevada at his own
expense to tell those people of the
change among them.
I do not believe that Fresno and
Madera counties are aware of the
great services rendered to them and
are being given by Rev. Lee L
Thayer and his workers who are
now in the field continuing in a
wonderful way. This work is known
throughout our country. A motion
picture was made and has been
shown in almost every state.
It is ]X)ssible that for mere money
a man or a woman would put these
poor people back where they wer^?
Do you know that the Sunday rodeo
disbanded one of these churches and
it has lately been reorganized by
Mr. Thayer to be again at the mercy
of the rodeo.
I can not believe that the ranch-
ers who are promoting the rodeo
are aware of the influence they are
casting in the wrong way. If they
are. I am frank to say they afTa a
menace to our commonwealth, and
they have not the public behind
them as they may think. Much
sentiment is against this, and la a
factor that will have to be reck,
oned with in the future.
JOHN B. SP]
Fowler. May 5, 1926,
INDIAN ENEMY TRIBES
.TO COMPETE IN RODEC
Tw</^InatA)l ^tlbes, traditiona.
enemies for many decades, will
smoke the pipe of peace this
month, when they meet iii friendljl
competition at an Indian field meet
in Yosemite valley, according tc
P. S. ttcGinnis, passenger traffid
manager for the Southern Pacific"
railroad.
The tribes are the Monos of N< ,
vada and the Yosemites of Cali-
fornia. Together with white cow-
boys they will compete in roder
stunts at the annual Indian Fiel<
Days celebration, July 30 and 31 <
A pageant depicting the earl:
Indian history of Yosemite valle:
and its discovery by the white mai
will follow on August 1. Th«
pageant will be presented in Royal
Arch meadows in the heart of the
valley, and will be directed bj
Garnet Holme, widely known]
pageantmaster of California.
Special rail service to care fori
the crowds that will go to Yo-
semite for this event from all
parts of California is being ar-
ranged by the Southern Pacific,
tels and camps are making ad-
e reservations and there will
lack of accomnuKiations for]
it haa l>een announced.
ST 2:., ;926y> ^^^
MODi
COME LARGE
Receipts Are $100,000, Only
$5,397 Of Which Given
By Government
AL.TURAS (Modoc Co.),
O. C. Gray, superintende
Indian School 2k Ft.
just submitted alrepor
missioner of Jndmn affa
ug. 23. —
of the
ell, has
e corn-
Wash-
of Indians In
Ington on
Modoc Coun
Not Includi^t migratory Indians,
many of whom live in Modoc Coun-
ty for a part of the year, the total
Indian population cpf the county Is
597. of whom 220 are ^Piptes and
1277 Pit Rivers, there not befns Hj
sinsrie Indian of the Modoc tribe lc£^
livingr in Modoc Coonty.
9100,000 IIVCOME3,
The income of the Modoc County
Indians for the fiscal year ending
.Tune 30, 1926, was approximately
$100,000. Of this only |5,397 was
donated by theygovernment to the
Indians for reWfef, free rations, etc.
The total vaMe of crops sold and
consumed bythe Indians, Including
livestock, Jfes $35,000, and wages
earned totted $42,500. The balance
of the J*ome was derived from
native Industries such as basket-
makin^nd from the sale and lease
of lanJfe. Thea»wnigre income per
capitqfwas i^fZ for the year.
OAKLAND, CAt..
KAY 8, iy-^7
_TR!3'>-''^^
^^a^Tiie second time within a year Pyramid
"iTke Indians have proved themselves heroes
afi-d are receiving the prake of Nevadans Sam
Kav, a week ,^0, ^ntfto the rescue of t.so
boatin-/f5SaieTwhoSJe in dire straits. A
life So favfill the Indians have received, other
th^n praise, is that satisfaction which comes
with the good deed. In each case the rescuer
lost his boat and portable motor. In Reno and
in the various camps near the lake there is a
movement on foot now to buy new Doats and
uew motors 'for Sam Kay and Frank Johns,
Indians of Pyramid Lake, who came nearto
losing their lives in attempts to rescuew^es.
THE SfsAYtL*
,^A— GA^^"^*^'
'oinrteeii students
S'
P,,^e^ students ^ the Indian
school at Stewart completea^^^^^
education, so ^fi^^f Vlght, all being
i«! concerned, last "'"I' ' ,„tine the
granted diplomas on completmg^^^_
ninth grade. w^ delivered the
secretary 6f ftate, ^j.
eommencement ad^re|3 ^^^^
plomas ^e^®, P_f the school.
Frederic Snyder ot J program
During the fT^Vaduating class,
was given *>y the gra ^ ^^^
the school band givinb exercises,
concert previous to tne ^^
The salutatory ^^^^f.^'Xa work in
^"'''"^nol'^was explained by Helen
the school was expi^ .^^as
Thurman, the ^lass ^^^^^
given by Pearl ^"thony ^"
Moore gave the ^.^'^^^f J'^orchestr*
"^rikTHe'rind^ Mefvin Dixon
^L'dlrfd - V^TonsTsl^d or^even
The graduates consisted or
girls and thnee boys ^^^^ ^^oes,
are of the P^^^e tribe four
one Shoshone and 6ne mono
were: nflvld Parkert
Jimmy MuldoonDavid^ ^^^^
Stanley Scott pearl a ^.^^^^
Davis, Irene Jimmy. ^^^^^
lone Hicks, footsie jj^therine
Dick, Esther ^oore, ^^^
Thomas, LUUe wn ^^embers
Thurman. AH o?/^^ f^ graduation
of the class made thei^g ^ ^ij.
dresses, each of ^h^^h w ^^
*t^^"' exeiSses eommen?ed very
SvoraX drthe artistic work of
the girls-
ow*
•>lj
IM. rKTIW.
MA&Qi ^. i»39
pwens Valley
Indian Problem
PuTUp to City
What to do wililr ^900, Piute In-
dians in the Owens Valley, whose
welfare Is becoming a serious prob-
lem as a result of the City of Los
Angeles buying up the lands for
water rights was put up to the
Board of Water and Power Com-
missioners yesterday by Miss A. C.
Bowler, representing the California
Committee on Indian Relief.
Chairman Haynes expressed the
belief that something should be
done, probably by way of giving
the Indians employment on city
work. Commissioner Palmer sup-
ported such view.
Many of the Indians are reported
to be living under deplorable con-
ditions, some being on the verge
of starvation. The government
gives them little or nothing, it was
said.
General Manager Van Norman of
the Water Bureau was asked to re;
port on the matter.
SACRA MEMTO, eALir>-BSB
OCTOBER 5, V)2i
Indians Approve Passive Protest
Tr4>
ooo
smen
ooo
OCtO
Tl Resist Exploitation, Treaty Violations
WINNEMUCCA (Nev.), Oct. 6.— (^)— Resolutions and non-co-opera-
tion have taken the place of bullets, bows and arrows and toma-
hawks as the weapons of the western American Indian in his battle
against the advance of "paleface" culture.
Six chieftains and 400 Indians,
said to be representing every tribe
in Southern Idaho, Western Utah,
Northwestern Nevada, Northern
California and Southern Oregon,
concluded a pow wow at Fort Mc-
Dermitt, eighty miles north of
here, yesterday, at which they fig-
uratively laid aside the peace pipe
and. declared war of non-co-oper-
ation against "politicians."
To Ignore PoUs.
The Indians reported that they
had signed a pact vowing that
they were "not going to vote for
the paleface government any
more." They also agreed to turn
their backs upon "twenty-dollar
bills and hugs and kisses which the
candidates like to give us."
"Furthermore, we are going to
get our rights, even if we have to
fight," the resolution read.
Treaty Failure Protested.
The council at which the resolu-
tionswere passed was said to have
been called as the outgrowth of
the alleged failure of the govern-
iBent to keep treaties made years
ago.
The Indians also decried what
t^ey called the forcing of "mean-
ii^less citizenship -e-hd voting"
utton them and declared they be-
lieve they would lose all their
rights if they continued to vote.
Wm ''Befy Agents.'*
The resolutions asked that thj
government send to the chieftai
coi>ies of all bills for clothi
food and medicine sent to the ag;
ciei involved and set forth
the Indians hereafter would
■^JJ^Sfy'^hnSdian agents
of the government.
"We ask the govcninient te «et
wide land where ve can live and
be freed of ninety-seven years of
ruthless exploitation by bureau
ajrents," the resolution said. We
want the right of hunting any time
of the year, luimolested by gai"*^
wardens." ^
TRISUMfi
Indi
lan
Girls to Learn White Ways
A group of fifty Indian girl» from the reservaUon school in Carson City. Nevada, are in the EastWy
for the summer escorted by Mrs. Bonnie V. Royce. While here they will be supervised by the Y. W.
C A AmTg the group are (seated, left to right). REGENT RUTH MARSH. ETHEL DICK-
FR^ON LEONA THOMAS. ALLA BELL and ELEANOR GIBBS. Standing (left to "ght).
IhELMA WILLS. VIOLET GIBBS. ALICE ATKINS. SYBIL BURT and MINNIE EL-
LINGSON. -^TRIBUNE pholo.
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Nevada Indian Girls Come
Here to Study Customs
To learn customs ahd maftftfert !n
typical American homes and to
earn money for their winter ex-
penses, 50 girla from the Indian
reservation at Garson City, Nev.,
are in Oakland today oh their
annual summer outing.
The girls were escorted from the
reservation by Mt*s. Behhie V.
Royce, Indian tidvise^ for the gov^
ernment, and while here they will
be under the slipet-vision of Mrs.
Royce, the Oakland Y. W. C. A.
and the women's division of the
Oakland council of churches.
Under the direction of Miss
Dorothy Lanyon and Mrs. Frances
Durland, adviser of Indian groups
for the local Y. W. C. A., that or*
ganizatlon has planned a summfef*
program for the outing girls.
The program, according to Miss
Lanyon, will provide entertainment
for the gii-ls on their Thut-feday
afternoons off and take care of
their religious activities with ves-
per services at the Y. W. t?. A.
central building each Sunday
afternoon.
The June program of etentst Will
include a motion picture tnatihee
on June 12, a visit to the OaKland
museum and a boat ride oh L#ake
Merritt, June 19, and a picnic at
Sequoia park on June 26. The
United Presbyterian church women
have arranged the museum visit,
and Mrs. E. W. Wessel, council
president, is in charge of the Se-
quoia park excursion.
Other events throughout dfuly
and August include picnics at Nep-
tune Beach, Golden Gate park, eve-
ning and afternoon parties at the
Y. TV'. C. A., auto trips down the
peninsula, and visits to Eastbay in-
dustrial plants.
Vesper services in June will be
in the hands of Miss Q. i3axley of
the First Congregational church,
Miss Alice G. Moore of thfe dak-
land Y. W. C. A., MrsI B. W. Wea-
sel of the Alameda F*fe^feyteriah
chntth ahd Miss tial[#l Riggs of
thd Tflhitj^ Methodifet church of
Berkeifey.
Among the Ift^ian gifts Who ate
metnbefs t>t the ''outing'* group are
Ruth Marsh, Ethel Dickersoh.
Leona Thomas, Alle Bell, Eleanor
Gibbs, Theima WlllSi Violet Gibbs,
Alice Atkins, Sybil Burt and Min-
nie EllihgSon.
ALTURAS, CALIF. — TIMES
OCTODEK oO, IDoO.
^'
^
CHAMBER RAPS
VPOLICy
Development Board Again Calls
on Secretary' of Interior to
Re-establish School
Opposition of the Alturas cham-
}»<Me~of commerce to the discontin-
uance of the Ft. Bidwell Indian
boarding school waa-^ voiced at a
meeting of the board of directors
of the organization held here Tu-
esday, and a resolution passed
by the directors declares their
unalterable opposition .to the po-
licy of the department of the in-
terior to attempt to merge the In-
dians of this section of California
with the white people at .this time.
The board went on record as
favoring the use of all necessary
publicity in bringing the matter
to the attention of the people in
an effort to block the move of
.the Bureau of Indian Affairs to
force Indian children into the
white schools of the city.
In addition to the action of the
local chamber of commerce the
Modoc Coimty Development board
forwarded a vigorous protest to
Ray L5anan Wilbur secretary of
the interior, citing local condi-
tions and asking for re-establish-
ment of the institution, and call-
ed upon the chairman of the sub-
conamattee of appropriations in
the house of representatives to
make further investigation into
the use of funds which has been
appropriated by congress at its
last session for operation of the
school.
A brief of the entire matter is
being prepared by the Modoc
County Development Board which
will include statements from phy-
^ sdcians- animons- of more than a.
Jiundred officials and.^rivate citi-
ens of the county, resoltiiions of
practically all organi^tions and
pictures of fhe (ndiai| homes in
which the chiklreh wilt be forced
to live unless they are cared for
by the government in the boarding
school.
CcTDARVILLE, CAL.
RECORD
AUGUST 10, 1932
Indian Huts and Hovels Were
Burned at Fort Bidwell Last
Saturday: Many Attend Show
LARGE CAOtyDS ATTEND DEDICA-
TION CEREMONIES OF NEW
INDIAN DWELLINGS AT
RESERVATION
Last Saturday evening the Port Bid-
well Indian Reservation was the scene |
of a gala event, when at eight o'clock
the sound of the bugle from the dis-
tance called the attention of about five!
hundred visitors that soon the pictur-|
esque ceremony would take place.
Soon the familiar reminiscent sound |
to the early pioneers, that of the Indian j
tom-toms greeted our ears, and was ac-
compaanied by chanting by two In-
dian bucks. Within a short time the!
flicker of the match could be seen, then
a flash of light and soon the deepening
dusk was turned to that of day by the
fire wliich consumed the old Indian
huts, and the light cast long flickering]
j.dows over the entire landscape;
soon the little village was deliberate]
ly reduced to ashes.. In a short time,
one by one the huts ignited; no doubt it
caused some regret to the Indians to
see their homes go up in smoke. We|
would no longer say, "Lo, the poor In-i
dian"; but we would call them luckyf
for they are now domiciled in now and
modern homes, which have taken the
place of their huts. After this the
crowd disbanded, some returned hojnej
others remained for the dance. We)
pv'ere unable to to attend the celebra-
tion on Sunday so we cannot give an
aocount of the progrojn on that day.f
Sidelights
One Indian buck sat on his porcl
and stated tliat they were not goin^
to burn his shack down— guess he didl
not care 1:^1: the modern home the gov-l
ernment had erected fo him.
A number cf automobile owners whol
had parked too close to the blaze were!
hurriedly trying to get their cai^ out
of the vvsy-onc hit a big rock, and
dama^ved the c:-anlicase.
Hot dcgG^ths government furnished
them; many people partook, most of
these being Indians.
Lots of wind and dust and trampled
toes, but the crowd enjoyed it to ^
certain extent.
A numbr of the citizens who witness-
ed the conflagration stated, that during
tx:3 past Winter they had furnished the
lrxdi?.n residents with load after load
of wood-too bad to see all of the wood
in tue bbuildings and huts go to waste
Everybody evidently planned to have
a -whoopee" time at the dance-any
way there was enough -sody" water
prevalent, not pints but gallons
And after all was it appropriate to
like this-"fire season being on"-much
dn.iiiage colud have resulted— it is luckv
that it did not.
The new abodes of the Indians are
ii uxiished most of theni have elec-
- lights, and moder» conveniences*
• hope the Indkrfis will enjoy the
advanta-es of tflese up-to-date homes
A V
RACRAMCNTO, CALIF.. ■;
GEE '"i
MAKCH18,1933
I ••
Uncle Sam's New Homes For Indians
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T Fort Bidwell the Indians have gone modem. That is, they have
^abandoned the old wickiups in which they used to live and are now
ilPy^'^ff modem houses. The pictures above show the difference.
At the top is a view of two of the modem cottages
Indian Service, and at the bottom are the pictures of
placed by the new homes.
erected hy tl
the shacl<s
MMkfC Indian Braves
.^\c^^Occupy Modern Homes\
FT. BIDWELL (Modoc Co.),
I March 18. — Twenty new modern
cottages have been built on the In-
dian Reservation here and are be-
ing occupied by Paiute and Pit
I River Indian families, who fprmer-
ly lived in wretched hovels. Fur-
nishings of the latest type and
[modern plumbing adorn the homes
rthe
i
of these modern Indians in whos
eyes one can almost see the image
of sagebrush camp fires. The In-
dians are thrown on their own re-
sources with very casual supervi-
sion.
At the present time these twen-
ty Indian farmer families are in
rather hard circumstances. E. M.
Johnson, at present in charge of
Fort Bidwell Reservation,
planned some road work and fenc-
ing on government lands on which
the Indians will be employed, thus
giving them funds to buy livestock
and seed.
Land Is Excellent.
The lands owned by Uncle Sam,
i which the Indians will farm con-
sist of deep bottom black soil,
which will produce abundantly.
Wood and timber of all kinds exist
on the higher lands of the reser-
vation and water, both hot and
cold, gushes from the ground on
the fertile hillsides. There is also
an abundance of grazing lands.
Fort Bidwell was formerly a
frontier post abandoned by the mil-
itary in the latter 95*s and turned
over to the Indian service. The
big barracks buildings were torn
down recently by the Indian Serv-
ice and the lumber salvaged to
construct homes for the descend-
ants of the man against whom the
bluecoats fought.
Not over half a score of the aged
Indians are left. These are pen-
sioners who live on the rations is-
sued to them weekly.
SUSANVILLE. CALIF.
ADVOCATE
FEBRUARY % 1934
Paiutes Overpowered
But Never Conquered
(Contributed)
We will discuss another tribe of
Indians, oftimes seen on our streets
—the tall, straight, so-called Paiutes,
a tribe of fighters— like the south-
em states, overpowered, but never
conquered. A strange sUent peo-
ple who, like the Jews, have pre-
served their customs, religious
ceremonies and tribal relations
since we have any record of them
dating back to about 1770. Today,
among themselves they are un-
changed. If one member of the
tribe has anything to eat, all share
alike while it lasts.
The original name of these peo-
ple was "Paviotso". They are of the
Plateau branch of the Mono Ban-
nocks which were divided into three
groups: Paviotso, Eastern and West-
ern Mono, originally called the
Shoshonean Family. Our friends
had for their territory the eastern
half of Lassen coimty north to the
Oregon line and Washoe county,
Nevada as far easjt as Pyramid
Lake. There they were joined by
the Washoe Tribe and, like the
Kilkenny cats, the fight was on. A
strange feature of these people was
their religious belief insofar as I
care to disclose it. After reading
the teachings of Gautama Buddha,
one is amazed at the resemblance
of their theories. It is matter I
gained in confidence and to use a
stock phrase, "I don't know". This
was deciphered in an old paper that
I found in the effects of an old
coast Indian: "Where the sand went
down into the sea, to punish the
people who had done wrong and the
light from the black stones kept the
canoes together at night over the
Dark water," It is an interesting
udy. Who are they and where
did they come from? From them
I was taught the sign of the canoe,
the man on the horse, and broken
stick, some of the rock markings —
but to "read the smoke signals from
afar" is yet to come. They have a
masonry of their own that extends
from the Missisanya Indians in N.
W. Ontario where I was bom, to
the Pacific Coast, among the Sioux
of South Dakota the Winnebago of
Wisconsin and the California In-
dians. The same customs, the same
manner of carrying news is today
as carefully guarded a secret as it
was before tihe advent of the white
man.
A wonderful, little understood
people. To go into details of their
marriage customs would fill a book.
Jails, divorces, booze and stealing
were a gift from the white man.
Their festivals and why performed
at certain times of the year would
occupy too much space. My only
authority is my many years among
them, my observations while at
their councils, and my **talks*' to
learn their ways for no other rea-
son than to gratify my own desire
for knowledge of a strong people.
In many respects my ideas may not
agree with many radio programs
and college writers, with a lot of
letters behind their names. What
little I know I have learned by ex-
perience, not from books.
Editor permitting at some future
date we will hear about the Pitt
River Indians corectly called the
Achomawi of the Hokan family,
Shastan Group.
Whether one considers the world
round, flat, square or crooked de;
pends on the part he has buip
against.
^MAtfWMW
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SAN JOSE. CALIF.
MEncuRV -HERALD
DxiiCi^MBER 8, 1937
"It Went Like This"
While his 76-year-old nephew, C. J. Rogers of 139
Wabash avenue, beats the rhythm, 91-year-old J. E.
Hallett, Placer county pioneer, demonstrates Indian
dances which he learned from the Piute Indians when
he was a boy. — Mercury Herald photoT"^
Agile Nonagenarian Tells How
He Averted W ar With Indians
Although he is determined that
"everything's going to the dogs
pretty fast," 91-year-old J. E. Hal-
lett, Placer county resident, was
not enough depressed by that
fact to refrain from executing
some compUcated Indian dances
yesterday as he recounted tales
of the days when he smoked the
pipe of peace with a tribe of war-
stirred Piutes.
HaUett has been visiting with
his 76-year-old nephew, C. J. Rog-
ers, 139 Wabash avenue, who
crossed the plains with the Hal-
lett family in 1862.
Tall, nimble, bearded Hallett
has many a tale of early days in
Placer cc/nty's Honey Lake val-
ley, but his magnus opus is the
story of the time he made peace
with the Piutes.
FATHER'S AMBASSADOR.
"It was reported that the In-
dians were preparing for war and
the white people came to my
father to have him make peace
with them," Hallett recollects.
"But my father was on crutches,
so he sent me instead."
Dressed in overalls and un-
armed, the 17-year-old boy rode
some 80 miles td^he Indian camp,
made peace with the chieftains,
fejniiemucca and Nachez. It wasj
then that SieHpipe of peace was'
smoked.
*'Later, some wiiite men in Sii-
sanville wanted to kill the two
chiefs and my father hid them in
a haystack which was concealed
in a thick clump of willows. They
stayed there for 10 days and I
took food to them until one
stormy night when my father
sneaked them away."
ILIA STR AXES DANCES.
To illustrate the dances which
he had learned from the Indians.
Hallett leaped in the air, clicked
together his heels and stamped
his feet on the floor while his
gray-haired nephew clapped his
hands.
*'\Vhat do I think of present
conditions? I think everything's
going to the dogs pretty fast," he
exclaimed. "There's a secret em-
pire here that's going to make us
all slaves in time. And it*s capi-
tal. People that have it are not
putting it to use ag it should be.
AUTOS WORSE THAN WAR.
"And I don't like this automo-
bile situation. Auto deaths are
worse than war. Why, Indian
fighting wouldn't be half as bad!
"Drinking? I don't object. I
take a drink myself. But to stand
uj) to a bar and pour it down
like wr.ter in a rat hole is some-
thing I don't approve of."
Hallett was born in Miriam
county, Ohio, in 1846, traveled
westward with his family until
they came to Honey Lake valley.
There, in the winter, they found
thick green grass for their stock.
"It looked like heaven sure
enough," Hallett commented. Un-
fortunately, however, the stock
ate some wild poisonous parsnips
and died. '
ENJOYS LONG WALKS.
"We were stranded then, so
there we stayed," he added. Hal-
lett still lives there with a daugh-
ter.. A son, Zeno J. Hallett, lives
near Campbell.
Frequently he walks from the I
Burbank district home of Rogers
to visit with his son in Campbell,
he said yesterday, describing it|
as "not much of a walk."
"I guess I've lived this longl
because I've always eaten coarse!
food, lived on hardship and nev^r
worried," he explained.
fNDCPENDENCE. CALIF
INDEPENDENT
DECEMBER 17, 1937
Fort Independence Indians
Rejgly to Miss Bo ' '" ^ ""
editor from Miss AUd» *;'. K!f mfk^ a ^ber of serious ehaires
SSSi' SS ofVoS ^SS'enSrnr Ve Xr letter is a repi. ..
the Fort ^^^JZ.^^LiSS^ a careful reading of both letters, th
'.Stnftlr ToiS^hrW t^ the commiudty boUduMf wa. er,
'*"Sl*^ wo^^iin^. If Mte Bowler's decided stotem«tem«y««
H* „«L^ bywmSiiiiK In the backsroond-possibly the f*ctttot For
?^?!!^J!^. TnSia^ led the opposition to the proposed land trade wtt
MISS BOWLER'S LETTER
Carson Indian Agency
Stewart, Nevada
THE INDIAN'S REPLY
Fort Independence,
Repeatedly during the months
when someone from this agency
(often I, myself) came every month
Stewart, Nevada j
December 8, 1937. Miss Alida C. Bowler, Supt.
idepenaence, (often l, myseu^ k<ui«? ^v^*^ -*-j — -
Dec. 14. 1937 to hold a meeting with the Fort
Indians of Fort Independence
Independence, California
Dear friends:
I think it is time for me to express
to some of the leading members of
the Fort Independence Indian group
our disappointment in the general
character of the Fort Independence
Indians as evidenced by their at-
titude and their conduct m relation
to the community center erected
for them by the use of Rehabilita-
tion funds. There has been ab-
solutely no evidence of that fine
community spirit which makes it
possible for a group of Peopl^ o*
the White, the Indian, or any other
race to better its own social and
economic conditions. Instead, all of
our contracts with your group have
revealed the presence in some, who
presume to lead and influence the
iroup. of attitudes that can only
be characterized as dommantly
selfish deplorably unmtelhgent.
and without interest in community
welfare.
These things we regret more than
we can say because it is impossible
for the Government or anyone else
to help a community that is dom-
inated by persons of that .character
Unless or until other mdmdual
members of the community who are
more sociaUy minded and less self-
centered take over the leadership,
there is not much that anyone can
do for you. It leaves the future
I
Carson Indian Agency
Stewart. Nevada
Dear Jliss Bowler:
It is our opinion that time has
come for us to express ourselves in
response to a letter recently receiv-
ed from you, which in our opmion
is a very unjustifiable attack up-
on us. . ,,. „
If there is justification in calling
a group of people dominantly sel-
fish deplorably unintelligent, for
thinking for themselves other than
that planned for them by you. we
are disappointed. However, it is
our opinion that this is not a fact.
You admit in erecting a buildmg
without our knowledge, which is
the very building which causes you
to call us dominantly selfish, de-
plorably uninteUigent, which m our
opinion is without justification.
You will recall that we did ap-
prove 100% of a program which
you made known to us at ? meeting
that you were going to ^Prove the
old Indians' homes. You said tiiat
they were very much in need of
repair.
Independence group the attendance
was pitiably smaU. At those meet-
ings we repeatedly requested that
the community choose a committee
to take over responsibility for that
community center as had been done
at Lovelock. You never expressed
the sUghtest interest in or wiUing-
ness to do that-
Now I understand some of you
have made remarks to the effect
that you expect tiie Government to
do all these things for you. I tell
you frankly that that is a shameful
attitude and a highly unintelligent
one I have heard you boast that
you are citizens fuUy capable of
running your own affairs, yet your
acts conti-adlct you rwords. You
do not even show tiie initiative
and the enterprise to choose a com-
mittee and develop and operate a
self-help program in a buUding de-
signed to be presented to you for
that purpose.
This being the situation, we have
decided that unless your attitude
changes, the best tiling tiiat can be
done wlU be for us to entirely close
I uo that building during the wintCT
-, I up that DlUlOing aiuu% '^^ "
??f*had absolutely no reason to Uonttis. If br sprtogtime any of
y*.'^^„-°-^L which was for vour oeople wlU be sufficiently in-
object to a prograih which was for
a good cause,
our old people rejoiced and were
your people will be sufficiently in-
terested to wish to conduct helpful
activities in that building and to
do for you. It leaves the luture ^^ ^^^^ ^^^
rather dark. It makes us sad that them tms 3 ised a
^4. u^^r»v.fon that future for ^^ ***^ ** u«,,^
we cannot brighten that future for
the Indian children of today and
tomorrow, but we cannot do so
.without the whole-hearted, friendly
cooperation of the Indians them-
selves. .
The occasion for this letter is to
notify you why we feel that it will
be better for the remainder of
this winter to completely close up
the community center which was
built a year ago last summer. I
understand that some of you have
said that you never wanted that
building. It is true that we did
not consult you before erecting
the building. The funds for that
year's Rehabilitation program
f^,, ftirt neonle rejoiced ana were acuvines m "«•* ««-»-— o — -- -
h«^v uDonearing the good news take over a proper measur eof re-
i ?IZ, to be their's but tiiey are LponsibiUty for its maintenance and
^1 wStine-some have passed oh ite use we wiU be glad to consult
fothSLappy hunting ^ound. witii you and to ag«e on a program
T fi,Lr ^notification in attacking of use for the building.
Is there ^Justification ^^^ ^^^ j ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^
among you who want to choose a
committee for the management of
that buildhig and who can show
us that they will maintam and op-
erate it properly during the winter
We are quite surprised at tne
wrong impression you have of us
in relation to the Indian Reorgan-
ization act. or the New Deal for the
X j--.«« \^ Q<v 2 of your letter. erai« iv pxvp«*^ '— * — o — -,. .
« St befell fof you to know Lontiis, we would be willing to
tLrSrewaTa 100% vote against consider abandoning our plan to
{K N^w r^l in Owens Valley, in] close it immediately.
tne riew " _^,_,__.. ^^ „„_ 5—. tTnleas such a comi
tne new u^^i. *»» ^ •-
which we participated, so your im-
pression that we might feel ttiat
we are being discriminated against
is without foundation. We hope
that we have made our position
clear.
Sincerely, we remain:-
INDIANS OF '
FORT INDEPENDENCE I
Tndependence. California I
Unless such a committee is elect-
ed and presents its petition for
use of the building during the win-
ter on or before December 22, Mr.
Woodward, our Farm Agent at Bis-
hop, will in accordance with my in-
structions proceed to close the
building.
Sincerely yours,
Alida C. Bowler
Indians of Fort Independence
Independence, California
Dear friends:
I think it is time for me to express
to some of the leading members of
the Fort Independence Indian group
our disappointment in the general
character of the Fort Independence
Indians as evidenced by their at-
titude and their conduct in relation
to the community center erected
for them by the use of Rehabilita-
tion funds. There has been ab-
solutely no evidence of that fine
community spirit which makes it
possible for a group of people of
the White, the Indian, or any other
race to better its own social and
economic conditions. Instead, all of
our contracts with your group have
revealed the presence in some, who
presume to lead and influence the
group, of attitudes that can only
be characterized as dominantly
selfish, deplorably unintelligent,
and without interest in community
welfare.
These things we regret more than
we can say because it is impossible
for the Government or anyone else
to help a community that is dom-
inated by persons of that character.
Unless or until other individual
members of the community who are
more socially minded and less self-
centered take over the leadership,
there is not much that anyone can
do for you. It leaves the future
rather dark. It makes us sad' that
we cannot brighten that future for
the Indian children of today and
tomorrow, but we cannot do so
Without the whole-hearted, friendly
cooperation of the Indians them-
selves.
The occasion for this letter is to
notify you why we feel that it will
be better for the remainder of
this winter to completely close up
the community center which was
built a year ago last summer. I
understand that some of you have
said that you never wanted that
building. It is true that we did
not consult you before erecting
the building. The fimds for that
year's Rehabilitation program
Carson Indian Agency
Stewart, Nevada
Dear Miss Bowler:
It is our opinion that time has
come for us to express ourselves in
response to a letter recently receiv-
ed from you, which in our opinion
is a very unjustifiable attack up-
on us.
If there is justification in calling
a group of people dominantly sel-
fish, deplorably unintelligent, for
thinking for themselves other than
that planned for them by you, we
are disappointed. However, it is
our opinion that this is not a fact.
You admit in erecting a building
without our knowledge, which is
the very building which causes you
to call us dominantly selfish, de-
plorably unintelligent, which in our
opinion is without justification.
You will recall that we did ap-
prove 100% of a program which
you made known to us at a meeting
that you were going to improve the
old Indians* homes. You said that
they were very much in need of
repair.
We had absolutely no reason to
object to a program which was for
a good cause.
Our old people rejoiced and were
happy upon hearing the good news
that was to be their's but, they are
still waiting— some have passed oh
to their happy hunting ground.
Is there justification in attacking
them this late? We think not.
We are quite surprised at the
wrong impression you have of us
in relation to the Indian Reorgan-
ization act, or the New Deal for the
Indians in Sec. 2 of your letter.
It might be well for you to know
that there was a 100% vote against
the New Deal in Owens Valley, in
which we participated, so your im-
pression that we might feel that
we are being discriminated against
is without foundation. We hope
that we have made our position
clear.
Sincerely, we renuain:-
INDIANS OF
FORT INDEPENDENCE'
Independence, California
was pitiably smalL At those meet-
ings we repeatedly requested that
the community choose a committee
to take over responsibility for that
ccnununity center as had been done
at Lovelock. You never expressed
the slightest interest in or willing-
ness to do that.
Now I understand some of you
have made remarks to the effect
that you expect the Grovemment to
do all these things for you. I tell
you frankly that that is a shameful
attitude and a highly unintelligent
one. I have heard you boast that
you are citizens fully capable of
running your own affairs, yet your
acts contradict you rwords. You
do not even show the initiative
and the enterprise to choose a com-
mittee and develop and operate a
self-help program in a building de-
signed to be presented to you for
that purpose.
This being the situation, we have
decided that unless your attitu
changes, the best thing that can be
done will be for us to entirely close
up that building during the winter
months. If by springtime any of
your people will be sufficiently in-
terested to wish to conduct helpful
activities in that building and to
take over a proper measur eof re-
sponsibility for its maintenance and
its use we will be glad to consult
with you and to agree on a program
of use for the building.
If there should be such a group
among you who want to choose a
committee for the management of
that building and who can show
us that they will maintain and op-
erate it properly during the winter
months, we would be willing to
consider abandoning our plan to
close it immediatdly.
Unless such a committee is elect-
ed and presents its petition for
use of the building during the win-
ter on or before December 22, Mr.
Woodward, our Farm Agent at Bis-
hop, will in accordance with my in-
structions proceed to close the
building.
Sincerely yours,
Alida C. Bowler
*i — ^
were allotted to us unexpectedly
and suddenly and projects were re-
quired to be submitted for approv-
al in very short time. It was im-
possible for us to visit all the In-
dian groups in the jurisdiction and
consult them before deciding on
these projects at the time. It was
decided to erect a community cen-
ter at Fort Independence for two
principal reasons.
1. Because even though we had
but recently taken over the Walker
River Agency anJ so become re-
sponsible for Fort Independence
Reservation, we were conscious of
the fact that conununity spirit and
self-help interest were sadly lack-
ing in that group. It seemed to us
that given a good physical equip-
|ment for community activities, you
I might develop a community spirit
which would mean much to the
[future happiness of your people.
2. We were strongly of the im-
Ipression that if we failed to allot
any of the Rehabilitation funds for
use in Owens Valley the Indians
there would believe that they were
being discriminated against be-|
cause of their failure to accept the
Indian Reorganization Act and its
benefits. No such discrimination is
ever made and we believed that
you should be given material evi-
Idence of that fact.
From the start you failed to co-
I operate. At the same time that we
built the Fort Independence center,
we built an absolutely identical one
I at Lovelock, Nevada. Thanks to the I
interest of the Indians at Love-
lock, plenty of labor for the erec-
tion of the building was available
and it was completed and in use
within a very short time. You know
the history of the difficulties en-
countered in erecting the building
at Fort Independence.
These buildings erected with Re-
habilitation funds are definitely
designed to further seH-help activ-
ities. They provide good work
rooms of various kinds suitable for
laundry, for sewing, for canning,
for adult education classes, for all
sorts of things designed to help a
group improve itself, but emphatic-
ally the group must cooperate and
must evidence its interest and its
intent to take over a certain amount
I of responsibilitv for the activities,
•^L9T
And Piutes
Hold A Reunion
" I III" ^ - I
By specii^V request Mr. L- L^it-
nesky of Los Angeles, formerly of
Sutter Creek, gives you the follow-
ing incident of Gold Rush Days:
^In the late summer of 1867,
Digger Indians of California and
the Piutes of Nevada held a great
reunion to the approximate num-
ber of two thousand on the knoll
bordering the creek on the extreme
north end of Humbug Hill, one
mile east of Sutter Creek. It was
aid to be the largest gathering
of Indians ever assembled together
|in Amador County. In anticipation
jof that event the Digger Indians
[labored many months arranging
[the grounds and providing tlhe nee-
essary suppUes of lood to sustain
their guests for a prolonged period.
Ine gathering attracted univer-
sal attention among the white
population, especially so, among
the school children, who were
taught to beUeve that the Indians
had a queer sense of humor by
den of sUver. So they put in
appearance with their "bosses*' an
decided to have a preliminary rac
among themselves before the mai
Indian event. So entered fou
horses at One hundred dollars each
and were about to start the rac
when Captain Jack and Chief Hig
water of the Piutes put in an ap
pearance.leading a dejected looki"
Pinto Pony, that in appearance re-
sembled a goat. He stated they ha-^
one hundred dollars in silver an
would like to put Pinto in the race.
The crowd roared with laughter,
believing that Pinto couldn't beat
turtle. The Indians' silver was very
quickly accepted. Side bets were
plentiful. The woodchoppers, run-
ning short of money, bet their
shirts.
A moment before the race start-
ed Captain Jack fed his Pinto
Pony a hat full of Loco-weed or
Marijuana. Instantly that "Hoss"
was up in the air, rearing to go,
the livliest critter you ever saw.
Without saddle or bridle, and
stripped to the waist, the Indian
sprang to the Pinto and lay prone
on his back. On signal, the Pinto
shot forward like an arrow at full
lifting scalps. So after school hours
speed, winning the race by three
the kindergarten class gathered
together in seclusion and under
solemn oath reaffirmmed their al-
legiance to the Stars and Stnpes,
and resolved if attacked by the In •
dians to defend themselves to the
last garter. The following morning
at the break of dawn we gathered
together and marched in military
fo^ation to the Indian village.
As we approached we could see a
horde of Indians, men, squaws and
p ppooses gamboling abou^ the vil-
lage enjoying the festivities of
the occasion. Some were decorated
in paint, feathers and furs. Others
with arms outstretched to the ris-
ing Sun, beseeching the Great
Spirit to keep their Happy Hunt-
ing Ground well stock v/ith the
best the market .affords.
At the entrance to the Indian
village were two large poles on
which was suspended thousands of
chocolate coloVed sun-dried jack-
rabbits. They were snared in nets
in lone and San Joaquin Valleys
specially for the occasion.
The "Sweat" or **Smoke House"
was erected on top of the knoll and
in the center of the village. It was
a circular affair some two hundred
feet in diameter; no windows or cir-
culation, excepting a small hole in
center of the roof to allow smoke
to escape, and a very narrow door
or entrance.
As we entered we brushed aside
the double deer skin drop curtain
that covered the entrance and
lengths and the purse of fiv<^
dred dollars.
Returning, the Indian in the lead
sprang upright on the Pinto's back
and gave as fine an exhibition of
horsemanship as you would ever
wish to see.
The Plymouthites retired in de-
feat, not overburdened with silver,
and led their "Famous Race Horses
home turning them out on the
range where the deer and the ante-
lope roam.
A gentlemanly old timer was
heard to remark, that "that Pinto
to critter was running so fast I
couldn't see his spots. I reckon the
wind blew them off.
To which Chief Highwater re-
plied,
When Pinto runs in high gear.
And his spots disappear,
Indians have nothing to fear.
From the Pinto from NA-VA-
DO.
The Plymouthites lament.
Our horses are fast.
But they came in last.
Silver we don't care for,
Se we parted v^th our gold ore.
The woodchoppers sigh,
That thar pesky Pinto,
Is hotter that hot.
He took the shirts off our backs, |
And our pants, He forgot.
As we appr
horde of Indians, men, squaws and
p ppooses gamboling abou^ the vil-
lage enjoying the festivities of
the occasion. Some were decorated
in paint, feathers and furs. Others
with arms outstretched to the ris-
ing Sun, beseeching the Great
Spirit to keep their Happy Hunt-
ing Ground well stock with the
best the market affords.
At the entrance to the Indian
village were two large poles on
which was suspended thousands of
chocolate colored sun-dried aack-
rabbits. They were snared in nets
in lone and San Joaquin Valleys
specially for the occasion.
The -Sweat- or ''Smoke House
was erected on top of tlie knoll and
in the center of the village. It was
a circular affair some two hundred
feet in diameter; no windows or cir-
culation, excepting a small hole in
center of the roof to allow smoke
to escape, and a very narrow d^^r
or entrance.
AS we entered we brushed aside
the double deer skin drop curtam
that covered the entrance and
stepped inside. The darkness was
intense. Trembling with fear and
emotion, we clasped hands and
formed an endless diain and gi'op-
ed our way towards the center
where we could see red hot coals
and a slow weaving: and circulaUng
wisp of smoke arising from a burnt
out campflre.
It was still— quiet as of night,
and not a sound was to heard, ex-
cept from a score of very old In-
dians sitting around the campfires
who in turn were recoxmting In-
dian lore and history as handed
down from past generations from
father to son.
As our eyes became accustomed
to the intense darkness, we looked
around, and lo and behold we were
surrounded by himdred of Indians,
reclining on fur rugs listening to
the stories of their forefathers.
After witnessing the weird scene
and becoming thoroughly saturated
with smoke and perspiration we
groped our way to the exit to
grasp a breath of fresh air, and
be thankful that our scalps were
still in place.
Then to the creek where mmtier-
ous squaws were grinding acorns
on the smooth, hollowed-out rocks.
Miss Eveline, the Princess of the
Piutes, was in charge of the cui-
sine or culinary department.
She was a beautiful girl;
Her hair was auburn red;
Her feet were like a hot cake,
T'was more than should be said
She's round as in a table,
Her limbs are barrel f shape.
But her elbows, oh, their tooth-
picks.
Excuse me, I've just ate.
I looked around for my favorite
dish of tagliarini-bolognese and
filet-mignon. Not finding them, I
had to satisfy myself watching
the cooks making a« orn soup, mush
and gruel, by adding together equal
parts of acorn flour and water and
water in a five or ten gallon water
tight basket, and throwing in hot
rocks to the boiling point. Aimt
Jemimi would have smiled with
envy at that fine mess of pottage.
The "Cream de lis" was made
with grasshoppers (not the jump-
ing kind). They were dried and
pulverized in honey. 'Shure looked
good. I was tempted to ask for a
handout, but just then I remember-
ed mother admonition to "watch
your step, hold onto your scalp,
and don't go near the water". So
I decided to swallow my pride and
stay fit.
The following day the great In-
dian football game and horse race
was held at the open si>ace at the
extreme east end of Echo Moun-
tain. It was rumored about that
the Piute Indians of Nevada had
much silver. And the ra<;e horse
sporting fraternity of Plymout^w
|who had some famous race horses,
idecided it wotdd be an easy matter
ito releave the Indians of their bur-
range where the deer and the ante-
lope roam.
A gentlemanly old timer was
heard to remark, that "that Pinto
to critter was running so fast I
couldn't see his spots. I reckon the|
wind blew them off.
I To which Chief Highwater re-
plied,
When Pinto runs in high gear.
And his spots disappear,
Indians have nothing to fear,
From the Pinto from NA-VA-|
DO.
The Plymouthites lament.
Our horses are fast,
But they came in last.
Silver we don't care for,
Se we parted with our gold ore.
The woodchoppers sigh,
That thar pesky Pinto,
Is hotter that hot,
He took the shirts off our backs,]
And our pants. He forgot
?OQ\}\a.^0'^
]122 ' \'^31
p«l"**"
\
1^1
^^L^Jax^tU^
^
fT
r
f^
X*
Indian Race _ ^
Dying; More Now C
Than 10 Yrs. Ago
WASHINGTON, Nov. 22 — The
Indian raca ia not a dylrig one. E.
B. Marrttt, asalstant Indian oonn- fi
mlaaloner, says the 340,917 Indiana!
now in the Ignited States repre- [
sent an Increase of approximate-r
ly 13,500 over the number 10 years ^
ago. JJ
The Increase has been brought C!
about, he adds, by Improved hous-J^
ing conditions and Increased hos-
pital and medical facilities. There
are 78 hospitals at the Indian re-
servations and schools, and there
are employed In the Indian service
160 physicians, 81 nurses and 70
field matrons, the later visiting
the homes of Indians to Improve
living conditions.
"We are educating In our In-
dian schools and In the public
schools of the country 60,000 In-
dian children," Mr. Merritt says.
]|)ECE3l»^
10^^
Population of
Indians Shows
rge Increase
t
GREATER ATTENTION TO EDUCA-
TION OF RED IVIEN IS
URGED BY AYOOD
The number of Indians in Califor-
nia is increasing, according to a re-
port filed with Will C. Wood by Miss
Georgiana Carden, state supervisor of
school attendance, who has been in-
vestigating the attendance of Indian
children in the state.
The report shows tllat the Indian
population increased from 15,337, in
1900 to 16,371 in 1910 and 17,360 in
1920. Of the latter number 8102 were
minors.
School Enrollment
The federal and state schools en-
roll about 4100 Indian children the
report shows, the federal govern-
ment maintaining one non-reservation
boarding school, three reservation
boarding schools and 16 day schools
for Indian children. In 28 counties
the public schools enroll Indian chil- '
dren the federal government paying
a portion of the expense. ;
•
Out of 9258 adult Indians, 4277 are
illiterate, according- to the report.*
Miss Carden comments on the school
records pointing out that retardation*
among Indian children is very great.}
She declared, however, that Indian!
children could be educa^^cC^ pointing j
to graduates and stud^ts from Sher-
man institute at Riv:erside. **Even
the despised Diggers have their high
school graduates," she sai^Ki^
t^^fKjJt^ J©A*.>vA..I^ik*e,^:t|
INDIANS ARE IN-
I ICREASING IN STATE
with Will C. \\ofo^, superintendent of
pubic instruction; by Miss Georgiana
Garden, state supervisor of school at-
tendance. Miss Garden has been in-
vestigating the attendance of Indian
children in California.
The Indian population of the state
increased from 16,371 in 1910 to 17,-
360 in 1920. Of this latter number, 8,-
102 are minors. The Federal and
state schools enroll about 4,100 In-
dian children. The federal govern-
ment maintains in California one non-
reservation boarding school, three res-
ervation boarding schools for Indian
children. In twenty-eight counties,
the public schools enroll Indian child-
ren, the federal government paying
a portion of the expense for their
education.
Miss Garden in commenting on the
school record points out that retarda-
tion among Indan children is great.
"Indian children can be educated."
says Miss Garden. "The graduates
and students from Sherman Institute
at Riverside attest this as do the
children who have been given a fair
chance in the public schools."
Out of the 9,258 adult Indians, 4,277
are illiterate.
'There was over 95,000 adult il-
literates in the state in 1920," said
Wood. "The Indians account for a-
bout five per cent of the number. I
believe that proper co-operation of
state and federal authorities in the
civilizing and educating of the Indians
can reduce the number of illiterate In-
dians by more than half before the
next federal census is taken. Only
by co-operation can the problem be
>»
Mistakwi 1^ Is Put Right by Spe-'|
cial Supervisor C. L. Elba; Quotes
Figures
That Indians are not members of
a "vanishing ralce" is shown by a re-
port received by Special Supervisor
t. L. Ellis, in charge of the Mission
Indian agency, which states that rec-
ords of the Indian Office show that
there are 340,917 Indians in the Unit-
ed States, an increase oif approximate-
ly 13,500 over 10 years ago.
California is listed among the states
having the greatest wmber of In-
dians and the report shows that Uie
increase in the populationof T;he Cher-
okee Indians of North Carolina has
been very notable, their population be-
ing 7,914 in 1912 and present reports
indicate a population of ll.»0">- ,„ ,. „
It will be noted that the Indian
race is no longer a "vanishing race
This condition has been brought about
through the efforts of the Jndian Bu-
reau to introduce in the homes of the
Indian modern sanitary methods ot
living and -by ifumishinff fncreased
medical and hospital assistance and
.teaching the Indiam the laws ot
health and sanitation.
States containing large Indian pop-
ulations are Oklahoma with 119^58.
Arizona, 43,327; New Mexico. 21,569,
South Dakota, 23,448; Minnesota, 13,-
1^6; Calif ornda. 16,000; and Montana
itm. There are 31,343 Nanajos
in Ariw>na and New Mexico; 32,885
Sioux in North and ^Soutii Dakota,
Nebraska and Minnesota; 22,092 Chip-
pewas in Minnesota, Montana. North
rSkota. Nebraska and Wisconsin; 10.-
246 Pueblos in New Mexico, and m
the Five Civilized Tribes m Oklaho-
ma, there are aporoximately 101,500
lemoned members, ^'^^^^'^''^ J^^%
1 Freedmen. The Population of ^ch
tribe is as *«"«!'«« = ogP^creekl' 18 -
R24- Choctaws, 26,828; i^reeKs, xo,
761-; Chickasaws. 10,966; and Senu-
noles, 3,127.
I
i^; MORE INDIANS
T^e Indi%^ Bureau of the United States
governmenli^as recently published its latest
statistics on the Indian population. It is found
that there are now 346,962 Indians m this
country, an increase of 2,619 over last year.
These include onl^ the tribal Indians who
are still living on_reservations or in their own
groups. Th'ere'are approximately 60,000 more
who have surrendered their tribal identity and
are now counted in the general population.
Oklahoma has the largest Indian popula-
tion of any of the states. Next in order come
the states of Arizona, South Dakota, New
Mexico, California, Minnesota. Montana,
Washington, North Carolina, Wisconsin
North Dakota, Michigan, Oregon, Nevada and
New York. Oklahoma's Indian population
numbers 119,988; New York's is 6,135
For years we have heard that the Indians
were slowly dying out, killed by being forced
to take on the white man's ways without un-
derstanding them or being physically adapted
to them. It has been said, too, that the
United States government was not giving the
reservation Indians proper medical attention
or adequate education. It was interfering
with their own regulations without furnishing
anything to take their place.
The news that the Indians are increasing
in numbers, therefore, is more than pleasing
because it seems to indicate a better adjust-
ment of their living conditions. There is
plenty of room for the Red Men in this coun-
try which was theirs before our immediate
forefathers took possession of it. Most of the
Indians are capable, self-respecting persons,
preferring to support themselves in the ways
that they know, to being cared for by a pa-
ternalistic white man's government. We wish
I them continued health and a more secure
place in American life.
Los Angoi.
2>roT e s c.
>">■
inljm People
B\9rt?0'''tl>V^nclusion on an
authoritative and complete
investigation into school at-
tendance on tke part of Indian chU-
dren in the state of California. Miss
Georelana Cai^en. state snperv.sor
of school attendance, announces
that the Indian population of Cali-
fornia is on the '"'^^^^^^r ^^f ^h^
than declining, as has been the
^Thf rJSn s^'ows that the Indian
population increased from 15 237 in
i900 to 16.371 in 1910. and 17.360 m
on Increase
1920. Of the latter number 8102
"^-^eTedeml and state schools en-
roll about 4100 Indian children, the
report shows.- the federal govera-
ment maiitaining one nonresers'a-
In boarding ''-^-'•/^'■^/f«"'\^t;
,ion boarding schools and 16 day
schools for Indian children. In -»
counties the public schools enroJ
Indian children, the federal gove.a-
ment paying a portion of the ojc-
^*Out of 9258 adult Indians, 4277
are illiterate, aceordi-^sr to the re-
port.
Va/oOv.
340,917 INDIANS IN U.S.,
REPORT TODAY SAYS
* 59,500 of These Are Attending:
Schools Provided by
Government.
1
The total American Indian popula-
tion in the United States i^ 340,917,
belong^inp: to 371 various tribes or
I remnants of tribes, according to a
I tabulution completed today by the
Interior Department. The number of
tribes? that originally inhabited the ;
United States before tha white man j
came to thUj continent has never been [
accurately enumerated, although stu-
dents claim there was a much great-
j er fl^Ture than 371, the present official
' figure. The Indian population was
i
|! also much larger
At pres^ent ,59.500 of these Indians
are attending schools, being educated
. by the government. Nineteen thou-
sand of this number are Indian
! children going to boarding schools,
I while 35,000 attend the public schools.
I Fifty thousand Indians are now en-
I gaged In farming and in raising crops
I for their own support, while 50.000
'Indian families have abandoned their
I tepees and live in houses. The Jn-
IJ terior Department maintains ."^eventM-
eight hospitals and sanitariums for
the Indians.
OCTOBER 9, 1923
3. oil
TWO MORE INDIANS IN
STATE THAN IN
1922
■ '■ m
Census Shows California Indian,
Population To Be 13,335; I
Nevada Has 11.144
Y.
Bee Bu-
e Indians
year thaiy there
t t^^nl
By I.EO
WASHING
reau.) — Ther
I In California
[were in 1922.
In an announcement tUf interior
department made to-day of the In-
Jdian census for the entire country,
lit is stated the number in Callfor-
jnia is 13,365. Last year there were
113,363. The announcement does not
Jlndicate whether the increase is
due to births or to migration of
llndians to California from some
►ther section.
Nevada has 11.144 in comparison
ith 10,952 in 1922. Oregon jumped
rrom 6.677 to 6,772.
HAW
JUNE 1^« ^'^^*
ULATION OF PUEBLOS
SHOWING BIG INC
Indian Births in Southwest Compare Favorably in Per-
hites; Museum Director De-
Disease.
centage With Those of W
nies Misjea^Ang Tales of
The Indis^ jpopiilation of the
Pueblos in the souithwest is show-
ing an encouragring increase, while
the entire Indian population of the
country is showing- a ipercentage of
increase that compares most favor-
ably with the percentagre of increase
by birth shown by the white pop-
ulation of «the country.
These facts are only two of the
significant statements made by Dr.
Ed&ar U Hewett, director of the
San Diegro museum, in a paper pre-
pared 'by him and read last week
at the meetiner of the soufthwestern
division of the American Associa-
tion for »the Advancement of
Science, at Boulder, Colo. The facts
presented by Dr. Hewett are sig:-
jiificant refutation of some wild
Assertions by sentimentalist med-
dlers, who assert that the Indians
are \k\ns ill-treated by the govern-
ment and that they §,re rapidly dy-
ing out.
Dr. Hewett is director of the
School of American Research a.t
Santa Fe, N- M., and has made a
close study of the Pueblo Indians
for many years, so his findings can
be considered scientifically accur-
ate. In a tabulation of the popula-
tion of the Pueblo villages made in
January, 192j5, the 1924 ,populatioi;i
was 8645, as against 10,565 in 1925,
an increase of 22.2 per cent.
26 PFR CENT BOOST
The Indian population of the
United (States dn 1904 was 274,206,
and in 1924, 346,962, -an increase
of 26.5 per cent. This compared
with the entire population of the
United ^States from the period 1900
to 1920, of from 175,994,575 to 105,-
710,620, or 39 per cent, is exceed-
ingly favorable when it is realized
that the whole population of the
United States was greatly increased
by the horde of immigrants, while
the Indian increase i3 a natural
increment.
"Equally misleading," said Dr.
Hewett,* "are the much published
statements concerning disease
among the Pueblos.
The most serious d^ease among
the Pueblos is trachoma. Here
again nothing is to be gained by
exaggeration. An irresponsible or-
firanization (whose bulletins usually
close with an appeal for checks)
announces that ''thousands of In-
dians are going blind from tra-
choma.*' Some 'scientific writers on
conditions in the southwest have
put it at hundreds. Personal inves-
tigations iin the Pueblo ^\illages,
cpnfirmed by official reports, dis-
sure is not
native pop-
exists on a
close a few cases of blindness most-
ly of long-standing and much tra-
choma mostly in the curable stages.
At 'present the Indian office has
an authorized force of seven eye
doctors and 13 nurses who travel
throughout the country treating
trachoma and other eye diseases.
Among the 200 school and agency
physicians there are several who
are already trachon*a experts.
•*The health and sanitation of
Indians have never before been so
ably handled as at present. The
secretary of the interior, himself
an eminent physician, has given
the subject much personal atten-
tion and the policy and activities
of the department under his direc-
tion deserve the highest approba-
tion.
(X>MPARFS FAVOKABLV
^'Turning to the economic con-
dition of the Pueblos one finds that
their standard of living compares
favorably with that (ff their white
neighbors. That to be
a high one. The entire
ulation of >tew Mexico
scale that seems to us very meagre,
but it is above the level of actual
suffering and illustrates the fact
that happiness does not depend en-
tirely upon material affluence.
They, like the Pueblos, are nor-
mally a happy and contended peo-
ple. Moreover, the Indians and na-
tive New 'Mexicans have usually
•lived side by side on most frlenoiy
terms. This fact is in part account-
able for the gradual penetration of
the Pueblo grants by their white
neighbors. This has led to some an-
tagonism in .recent years largely
worked up by agitators from the
out^de. The question of Pueblo
land titles is in a fair way to ad-
justment.
*'On the 'question of Indian cere-
monies much emotion has been
wasted. They are vital in the life
of the Indians. They are of a high-
ly aesthetic character, not attended
by as immoral consequences as are
the social dances of the whites,
are not dying out and not likely to.
On the contrary, ceremonies that
had disappeared are being revive
every year and the Indians are py-
serving their own self respect "
cherishing their native jcultpre
which has in it elements of nubil-
ity worthy of any race.
How does,
no woj
zen]
JULY 12. 1925
E3?5^/
IK.--
Indian Tribes Multiplying,
Not Dying Out, Speaker Says
Never More Th^ 250,000 Aborigines on Continent
When at Height, Indian Agent Asserts
Contrary to the ?f«neral belief that
American Indians are ^^st dying out
and will soon be extinct in this
country like the bison and baffalo |
there are more Indians ^^ve today
than there ever were, even in the
days when the white man ^^st "i^^f
his aDpearance on this continent,
according to Dr. V. T. McGlUlcudcly
veteran Indian agent for the Gov
ernment. who t^f f^^f.^^^H^^^r
of Oakland Optimist Club at their
weekly luncheon meeting in notei
Oakland yesterday.
-It Is true the Indians ^i^d off
like flies when they were driven
from the plains and ^^^^^^J^^/^ ,
confined to Indian reservations b/
the Government," he said, J>ut m
the course of years they became
immune to the His "^^l^^ ^fj'^X
tlon always holds for wild creatmes
and have multiplied so /apidly that
there are now more than 300,000
Indians In the reservations of the
country. According to the estimates
of Indian authorities there were
never more than 250,000 red men in
America when the tribesmen were
at their height and when the first
white settlers arrived on this con-
tinent to begin the warfare which
ultimately disrupted the regime of
the tribal chiefs and their follow-
ers "
DEFENDS WHITE MAN
Referring to the question as to
whether or not it was an outrage.
as some have contended, for tue
white man to take this country
away from the Indians by warfare
Dr. McGilllcuddy pointed out that
there were never enough Indians
here to hold this vast territory, and
that whether by force of arms or by
economic and social pressure the
results were destined to be the same,
and the Indian would have been
forced Into oblivion just as surely
before the march of civilization.
"The change of diet from meat to
veeetarlan fare and the lack of ex-
ercise and sunshine' killed the In-
dians by thousands when they were
first placed on reservations, de-
clared the speaker. 'It was jthe
same with the Indians as It ha^
always been with animals conflned
in zoological gardens. The car-
nivorous species develop tuber-
culosis and glandular diseases when
their diet of meat has substituted for
it one of meat and vegetables ana
when the strenuous exercise whicn
their natural state demands Is cur-
tailed. But the Indians gradually
became Immune to the effects or
civilization and are now thrtving
and multiplying. Gradually they
are becoming civilized. The whUe
man expected too much when they
hoped to bring the Indian up to the
same state of civilization In a few
years that the white man has
achieved through centuries of evo-
lution.'* , ^ ^ ^^ ^
Dr. McGilllcuddy pointed out that
m-
the life the Indians lived in this f
country before the white man en- *
croached upon their wild freedom
is the natural and most pleasant
state of human existence.
"Work is not natural to man." he
explained, "and it Is no wonder the
Indians did not work when they did
not have to. No man would work
if he could get his living by ^^^^ntins
and fishing and was not forced to
toil in order to live. The Indiana
suffered from none of the diseases
of mind and nerves such as are so
common among civilized People. I
never heard of an idiot Indian cl-
one with nervous prostration. These
aliments are the fi^^ct result of
work and worry of which the In-
dian knew nothing until the white
man came to this continent."
More Indiafls in
U. S. Than Before
Whites Conquered,
Says an Ex-Agent
'Nattvr-Americans' WJutnumber
Their {forefathers by 50,-
000, Asserts McGilllcuddy
Indians on the reservations in thi»
United States today out-number by
50,000 those who roamed at)out the
country in the days before the
white man conquered, according to
Dr. V. T. JMcGillicuddy of Berkeley.
In a talk on *'Our Friend, the
Indian," Dr. McGilllcuddy. Tv^ho waf?
formerly an Indian agent and wlio
was a friend of Buffalo Bill and
General Custer, declared that there
are 300,000 Indians today in com-
parison with 250,000 who were no-
mads before the coming: of white
men and civilization.
"The largest number of Indians
are to be found on the reservations
In North and South Dakota, where
15,000 acres have been set aside for
their use/'
According" to the speaker, the
change in the mode of life was dis-
astrous to the Indians when they
were first placed on reservations.
Unaccustomed to the new way of
living, they became prey to tuber-
culosis and died in great numberc.
The change of diet', the lack of ex-
ercise and the inability to adjust
themselves to the new mode of life
was responsible for the high mor-
tality rate, he said.
"I have never known of an idiot
Indian," McGilllcuddy declared. "I
have nevei' heard of one suffering
from' epilepsy, nor have I seen ner-
vous Indians."
That the white men should not
be criticised for taking the land
away from the Indians is the
opinion of the speaker, who sai<l
that it would have been imposslbie
for the 250,000 Indian's to hold this
jch country against the ynpacts of
higher form of civilization.
I
.^"''
^m:
- Jr
irf:;
».-
' ■-•"-1 -=^~ --J-;
N" '
Is. '", -
\i^\
m^^-v
hrr":.
KITT.^*
TCf
DECEMDHR "^. 19J5
; TofuViL^HOVV
UM
>^W.#^»»^^l»»^Hl»^^»»^«i^^^^^»^>^^»^^^^*^^
l^IANS IMCREASINO
;UT ARE HYPHENATED
Those of a more or less senti-
mental nature who |?*^ ^^ occa-
sion for years lieen X^enting the
disappearan^ /of \ffj^ noble red man
from American^ life will be inter-
ested to note that according to the
figures of the United States Cen-
sus Bureau the Indian population
of the country has gained 2,693
since 1924 and has incrca^d 18,976
since 1913. This would seem to
refute pretty effectually the popu-
ar belief that the Indian as i race
is dying off with any great degree of
rapidity.
It is noted, however, that while
the number of Indians is actually
increasing, the pure aboriginal In-
dian blood seems to be fading, so
that the Indians as a race more or
less are becoming part hjrphenated.
The intermarriage of Indians and
whites, or blacks while it increases
the number of those Indians, is cut-
ting down the simon pure type of
which Fenimore Co<H>tr loved to
write.
It is said that the majority of the
Indians in most of the states which
now have Indian population are
mixed more or less with the Wood
of other races principally the white
race and the negro. This gives rise
to the state that there is a greater
population of Indians in the Uni-
ted States now than there was at
the time CapUin John Smith found-
ed Jamestown. The principal dif-
ference is in purity of the blood.
The amount of those bearing the
Indian strain in the country has
been increased somewhat during the
past few years by the immigration
of Mexicans, the majority of whom
have a strain of Indian blood. Mex-
ico is now classed as the real home
of the North American Indian at
this time as there are many more
people in that country of Indian
blood than in any other division of
the continent.
I ; ^ -* (^ ^
./^^ '»^
OCTOBER 20, 1325
[bv AsVclated press __^^^
lndlan\opulation oi ^^^^^^ ^^g |
States. *x°'^^'^%he Indian bureau
i^nfeSrasV June 30. an m-
kept UP to date by P^^i^„s, and
and deaths ^^°^\ g.g m the In-
1 snowed a f -^°^^i^^; the last 12
ijdlan population au
^Tn states V>ave more tl.an ,0.00^
.Indians. Of ^^Has 43 950; South
' 120.163. ^'^^?°"* New Mexico, 22.-
1 Dakota. 24.241- f^e^ Minnesota.
1,81. Calltornia l«-«i3;i42; ^o^
14.300; M°"tana. ^^^y^gt^n. f- ||
Carolina. H-^"*"' ,_ n 228.
695, andJWlsconsm^U^
V
K ? '^r T'
r^ '
• V
I?
i;ri.::xi:i-*-i-9-*^
S. Indian P<
hows Gain of 19,000
Dw
J 2 Yi
ears
By I^DEIUC HASKIN
The Indian .PO^^l?',^':'" /,LuA«
Lnited State:,, according i" tf^'
.T«a"ely 350.000. ^Thls^represen^^
the fis-
IgaTn duringthe past 12 years "^
refiid-
Dela-
smallest
smallest
than
5000.
most 19,000. while during
cal vear ending J"ne 30, 19-f' ^"
increase was 2693 x^^'^tf/^K
applv strictly to the Lmted btate«.
1 Alaska, with a large Indian popula
tion, is omitted.
Everv state and the District of
rolumbia has some Indians
ing within its boundaries,
ware has the least. But t;vo of he
scions of America's first families
live within the second
.ate. Rhode Island, the
state, has 106. Texas, the lar^^^t
state, ha^ 2110. The District oi
("olumbia has 37.
Twenty-six states have less
100, while 15 have "^^re t»^an
Ten states have more than lO^OU.
Theise are mostly western and mia-
die western states, the ^ptable ex-
ception being North Cajolma which
'has almost 12.000 md^^" ,?,^l^^^^/l^-
Wyoming, which Possesses the^ Sho-
shone reservation, and which one
might think would Jhave^ a large
population, has less than 200
state, Oklahoma, has more
120,000 Indians.
Some of the newer school of e^tn
nologists recently have propounded
the theory that there are "^ ore In-
dians now than there were when
Columbus sighted the .«;hores of the
1 new world. They declare that when
" he came here the natives were
strung along the sea coast ^^."f^.'^
east, very few living in the interior.
Upon the hypothesis that the In-
One
than
dian population of this country has
Increased 19,000 in the last twelve
years, and that 12 years have
elapsed 36 times since 1492, there
would have been no inhabitants
when Columbus sighted the Amer-
ican shore. In fact, there would
have been 334,000 less than no In-
habitants living in the territory that
is the United States. This, how-
ever, is as hypothetical as most
postulations about the Indians.
Authorities continually disagree as
to the original population of the
United States.
MODERN INDIANS OPUliENT
One thing is certain, however. Tti
many cases the modern Indian is
a more opulent individual than his
ancestor. The Klamath tribe of
Oregon happens to possess valuable
timber tracts and the royalties and
bonuses provide a happy living.
And then there are the Oklahoma
Indians whose fabulous wealth rolls
in while they sit and smoke in
front of their cabins. Of these
the Osage tribe is the richest.
This Iribe is, in fact, the richest
people per capita in the world.
There are 2230 Osage Indians en-
rolled as eligible to receive oil
royalties and bonuses on leases.
Their reservation contains 1,465,-
350 acres of the richest oil land
in the world. Since the discovery
of oil in Oklahoma in the latter
part of the last century the Osages
had. up to 1925, received $95,000,-
000 in oil and gas bonuses. This
came from land leases. Their
roValties in oil. ga.s.. and casing-
head gas amounted to $76,500,000.
For the fiscal year ending June
0, 1925, these Indians received
13,500,000 in oil. gas. and casing-
ead gas royalties and $837,000 In
onuses from the lease of oil and
as fields.
Other than the Osages, the ISeg-
rs, the Kiowas, the Paw^nees. the
oncas and the Shawnees, and the
ive civilized tribes, the Creeks, the
^hoctaws. the Chickasaws, the
^herokees, and the Seminoles, in
klahoma, and the Shoshones in
yoming, have received large sums
n royalties and bonuses. The so-
alled five civilized tribes for the
ecade between 1914 and l^g2^r©-
eived $3,700,000 in bonuses a
41.000.000 in royalties. The Kio-
ras, Pa'svnees, Poncas, Shawnees,
nd Segers received $4,765,000 in
onuses, and $45,014,500 in royal-
ies.
The Osage tribe is the most l
ortant southern Siouan tribe U^^e
estern division. The word usage
s a corruption by French trailers
f the original name of the tribe,
azhazhe. They were first made
entioiT of by Father Marquette
n his autograph map of 1673.
hich places them on the O.sage
iver, where they were placed by
II subsequent writers until their
emoval westward in the nineteenth
entury.
EDED LANDS
On Nov. 10, 1808, the ^ United
tates concluded a treaty with the
sage tribe at Fort Clark, Kansas,
post near Kansas City. By this
reaty the tribe ceded to the Oov-
rnment all its lands east of a line
unning due south from Fort Clark
o the Arkan.sas river, and also ail
ands west of the Missouri rfver.
hiif? territory comprised the larger
art of what is now the state of
Missouri and the northern part of
he state of Arkansas. The ter-
itory remaining to them was all
he territory now occupied by the
tate of Oklahoma, north of the
anadian and Arkansas rivers.
It is ironical that the Osage
hwtiia be'tH«-^r€»^oeivprs of the ^
lest income per capita in the world.
In the latter part of the nineteenth
oentury they were found roaming
the plains of .southern and wester
Kan.sas. over the grround that is now
part of the great wheat belt. Set-
tlers pushing wesrtward found them
there, shooting buffalo and living
in their savage nomadic life. Th«
ground they hunted on was rich
and fertile, propitious for farming
and the pioneers coveted it. They
therefore spoke to the men
Washington and negotiations
opened with the tribe.
The^se negotiations ended in an
whereby the Osages
their lands in
in
were
agreement
were to relinquish
ritory. Tt made little difference to
the Osages just so "' --
could
agreement
hunt
was
they
and roam, sn the
r.\ached road 11. y
The Oklahoma Indians were the
-f-ttlors in this ^roat real estate
|1 ileal. They shtewdly turned over
to their northern neighbors the
worst ground they could trump up
for the sale and the Osages. by'
act of congress, July 15, 18 lO,
found themselves within the Imuts
of their present reservation.
\nd then in the early nineties
came the discovery of oil. The
story of that oil boom rivals the
«torv of the gold rushes to Califor-
nia and Alaska. Oklahoma boomed
and tented cities reared their heads
above the steppes in one day and
vanished the next. The Osages
held the biggest oil can, it was a
liquid propo.sition. and they bp-
came the wealthiest people in the
world. ■ ^ .-
For the Osages and other tribes
who receive income.- from their
lands the j^overnmert provides
agents to manage their e<*tates.
Those agents receivo the ro\altle^^
and apportion them. or. should th^
Indian prove an inromi)etont. ij
vest for him in interest beari/g'
solid securities
AUGUST 20, l§iw
iir
|('nT:(sri:NT rYTv, r.^r. rorKiEU
EESE SHOVIN
BY INDIAN TRIBES'
1 3e»usl the Indians have begun to
Lm)modJte themselves to white ways,
rTndit population of the Umted
States is now in excess of what ^ii
was fifteen years ago, is the word
beived from J. D. ^^f^'^^^::^.
tendent of the Hoopa Ind^- J^J^
Ivation who on Maicn o, »u
Capt C. W. Rastall, who has moved
to his farm near Grants Pass.
Much has been heard of the drffi-
culty of the Indian to accomodate
Smseftothe modern condmo-
Keeley states, and some years ago
fhtdJaths of Indians on reservaexon
and under restricted conditions m
posed upon them exceeded the birth
rate However the tide has now
urned showing that the Indians have
begun to accomodate themselves to
the white ways and the Indian popu-
lation of the united States is now
in excess of w^iat it was a few years
ago. ,„
Keeley states that careful records
kept during the past 15 years show
that 15 years ago there was a totaj
of 322 '15 TTiii ins in the Unitea
lStates,'and that now there aie 349 5o9
Fifteen years ago there were 39,.J7y
Indian children in the schools of the
country, and at present there are 67.-
438 There were U.OOO Indian cnild-
ren in public schools 15 years ago, and
there £-'"« now 34:000.
I ■
I
LoerfTndian Serv-
vice Head Reports
Interesting Figures Given on
Local Indian Population
The followinjAeport ha^just heenl
submitted to the C^mmissj^ner of In-|
dian Affairs by Suporiutendent O. C
Gvay of the Ft. Bid veil rTOvernmentl
Indiian School:
A Census of Indiair^ of Modoc Co-
imiy as of June 30, 1926, inc. idesl
Paitties 220; ?it Riveis 377; total.^g
597. These are actual residents of the
County and does not include migratory
Indians many of whom live^ a portion|
of the year in Modoc County.
The income of Indians, for fiscal]
year ended June 30, 1926 was:
Agricultural and grazing leases
$2129.801
Land Sales 5877.89
Livestock, poultry, etc., sold ana
consumed $11,000.00
Crops sold and consumed 24,000.00
Native Industries 4500.00
Wages, inc., earnings of outingi
pupils 42,500.00
Miscellaneous (Collected at Agency)
4359.81
Value of rations and miscellaneous
supplies issued gratis 5397.00
Total individual income $99,764.50
Per capita income $172 per year)
MS
SEDA3TOPOL, CAL..— JOURNAL
DECEMBER 23 1926
—New Year's at Penngro
INDIAN POPULATION OF
i CALIFORNIA IS 18.913
Calif^nia has an Indian population of
18,913 and the total individual and tribal
property owned by these Indians is worth
$17,520,000. These statements were made
by the commissioner of Indian affairs in
appearing before the house appropriations
committee in Washington.
, More than $12,000,000 of the Indian
wealth is individual, the ie«t being tribal,
The individual wealth consists mostly of
lands which- are valued at more than 16,-
000,000. Timber is the next source of
wealth, being credited with a value of
83,418,000. Individual Indians have funds
in' banks amounting to $164,000 and they
own stock on their farms worth $751,000.
Nearly all of their tribal wealth is in
land.
BRAWLST. CAIi.. KIBWS— W
PECEMBER 13, 1W7
c.
PI
ORNIA INDIAN
'ULATION 18.893
lURVEY iMlCATES
I
SACRAMENT(W:% De|- 13 (/P)
—An Indian popuj^off in Oalif ornia
of 1»893 men, woAen and children
harjusTBeen reported by the bureau
of Indian affairs in the department
of interior headed by Secretary Hu-
bert Work.
The report is based on surveys
made by the heads of the Indian
agencies just prior to June 30, this
year, and also shows that the In-
dian population is made up of 13,316
adults and 5577 children. It also re-
veals that there are 7070 full blooded
Indians in the state, 4,150 of half
blood or better, and 3855 with less
than half Indian blood in their
veins.
The state's population is being car-
ed for under agencies maintained at
various parts of the state. There
are 1381 under the Bishop sub-
agency, 621 under the Bidwell
agency, 871 under the Yuma agency,
1899 under the Hoopa Valley agency,
2735 under the Mission agency and
11,386 under the Sacramento agency.
These charges represent more than j
dozen tribes and bands.
DECKMBEHEl 19, 1977
i^MlM
Survey
ates
C^jrforma Indian
Population 18,893
An Indian populatlWipi ^lif omia
of 18,S5!rni5!i, wom^ and children
has just been reported by the bureau
of Indian affairs in the department
of interior headed by Secretary Hu-
bert Work.
The report is based on surveys
I made by the heads of the Indian
agencies just prior to June 30, this
lyear, and also shows that the In-
dian population is made up of 13^|lg
adults and 5,577 children. It also
reveals that there were 7.070 full
1 blooded Indians in the state, 4,150
half-blood or better, and 3,855 with
less than half Indian blood in their
I veins. The state's population is being
cared for under agencies maintained]
at various parts of the state. There
are 1,381 under the Bishop sub-
agency, 621 under the Bidwelll
agency, 871 under the Yuma agency,!
1,899 under the Hoopa Valley agency.
2,735 under the Mission agency and
11,386 under the Sacramento agency^
These charges represent more thj
a dozen tribes and bands.
Op
FEBRFAUY 15. 1928
jy TRIBES
fa REDUCED
Ck^lization Gati million to
406,000
llHsease, Wars and Liquor All
^«4»., Play Part
^^^f^a^^r^
Iroquois and Sioux "Among
Few That Increase
WASHINGTON. Feb. 14. (Excltislre)
Contmct with the white man has re-
tfuced the Indian population of
America north of Mexico from ap-
proxiOMitely 1.153,000 pure-bloods in
their aboriginal etata to about 406.-
000. including a high percentage of
mixed bloods, in recent times. These
are the totals arrived at after exten-
sive investigation by the late Mzu
James Mooney of- the Biureau of
American Ethnology and published
now for the first time by the Smith-
sonian Institution. Mr. Mooney's re-
sults have been edited by Dr. J. R.
Swanton of the bureau.
The story told by Mr. Mooney's
figures is not a cheerful one. It
•hows tribe after tribe wiped out by
diseases, guns and dissipations of
the white men. A series of great epi-
demics of small pox. beginning in
1637, seems to have been the mo«t
pot^t single factor of destruction.
The white men carried the disease
Hhsrever the penetrated.
WARS KILL MANY
Among the New England tribes de-
structive wars, like King Phillip's War
of 1675-6, with their accompaniment
Of enslavement and head or scalp
bounties, decimated the tribes. The
Oulf State Indians suffered heavily
from slave raids organized by the
English of Carolina. "In 1702." wrote
Mr. Mooney, ''the Chickasaw 4kdmltted
to Iberville that in twelve years they
had killed or captured for slave trad-
srs 2300 Choctaw at a cost to them-
selves of over 800 men."
The revolt of the Pueblo Indians
Of New Mexico and Arizona in
1680-92 against the Spaniards wiped
out the two largest pueblos and
Inaugurated a decline which has
continued to the present. The
California Indians dropped from ap-
proximately 260,000 in 1769. when
the first mission was founded, to
19.000 in 1907 — a disaster to which
the evil effects of unaccustomed con-
flnement, epidemics, widely preva-
lent Infanticide, the dispersals and
starvation of the mission Indians
after 1834. and wholesale massacres
and robberies of stores by the gold
seekers of '49 contributed.
In sections like the Northwest andi
Alaska, where firearms were little
used against the natives, they ^ell,
Tictlms to whlPky and diseases sn
decreases in food supplies caused b
whalers and traders. "In the winte
Of 1878-9 some 400 natives of St
Lawrence Island starved to death i
consequence of the introduction of
carload of whisky in the precedin,
summer, causing them ^ to neglec
their hunting through ioiitinuou
drunkenness.** * ]
IROQUOIS INCBEAse
One of the few bright spots re
corded of the white man's treatment
of the Indians is the story of Danish
colonization in Gfeenland. Mr.
Mooney writes: "The Danish govern-
ment and the resident missionaries
have been particularly careful and
successful in shielding the natives
from outrage, liquor and other de-
structive agencies so common else-
where in the contact of the savage
with civilization." The Eskimo popu-
lation of 10.000 in 1721. when the
Danes came, has grown to 11.000 in
1907.
The Iroquois are one of the few
tribes that have increased. They got
hold of firearms before their tribal
neighbors and so destroyed many of
these tribes, incorporating the rem-
nants in their own compact organiza-
tion. The Sioux likewise have large-
ly increased due to their greater re-
sisting power and by absorbing con-
quered tribes. The Navaho and
Apache have also kept themselves
free from blood contamination and
excesses and have grown from 13.000
to 30,000.
The rough and desert nature of.
the country has served the Indians
of the central mountain region-
Nevada. Utah, etc.— as a protection
from distinrbance. so that they have
suffered less than any other large
section of the United States. Prom
19.300 In 1845 they dropped to 11,544
in 1907. Ck>ntrast these figures with I
the Atlantic States south of Dela-f
ware, where the decrease has been
least 96 per cent.
Contact With Whites Found
To Have Reduced Number
In America North of Mex-
ico by Two-Thirds.
Contact with the white man has re-
duced the Indian population of America
north of Mexico from approximately 1,-
153,000 pure bloods in their aboriginal
state to about 406,000, including a high
percentage of mixed bloods, in recent
times, the Smithsonian Institution has
just announced.
These are the totals arrived at after
extensive investigation by the late James
Mooney of the Bureau of American
Ethnology and published now for the
first time by the Institution. Mr.
Mooney's results have been edited by Dr.
J. R. Swanton of the Bureau. The an-
nouncement by the Institution follows m
full text: , ^
The story told by Mr. Mooney's figures
is not a cheerful one. It shows tribe after
tribe wiped out by the diseases, the guns,
and the dissipations of the white men. A
series of great epidemics of smallpox
beginning in 1637 seems to have been the
most potent single factor of destruction.
The white men carried the disease wher-
ever they penetrated.
Among the New England tribes de-
structive wars, like King Philip's War
of 1675-6, with their accompaniment of
enslavement and head or scalp bounties,
decimated the tribes. The Gulf State
Indians suffered heavily from slave raids
organized by the English of Carolina.
"In 1702," wrote Mr. Mooney, "the
Chickasaw admitted to Iberville that in
12 years they had killed or captured for
slave traders 2,300 Choctaw at a cost
to themselves of over 800 men."
Revolt Paved Downfall.
The revolt of the Pueblo Indians of
New Mexico and Arizona in 1680-92
against the Spaniards wiped out the two
largest pueblos and inaugurated a de-
cline which has continued to the present.
The California Indians dropped from ap-
proximately 260,000 in 1769, wjjen the
first Mission was founded, to 19,00U in
1907— a disaster to which the evil ei-
fects of unaccustomed confinement, epi-
demics, widely prevalent infanticide, the
dispersal and starvation of the Mission
Indians after 1834, and wholesale mas-
sacres and robberies of stores by the
gold seekers of '49 contributed.
In sections like th&^^Korthwest and
Alaska where firearm^ 'were little used
against the natives, they fell .victims to
whisky and diseases and decrease m
food supplies caused by whalers and trad-
ers. "In the winter of 1878-9, some 400
natives of St. Lawrence Island starved
to death in consequence of the .intro-
duction of a cargo of whisky in the
preceding summer, causing them to neg-
lect their hunting through continuous
drunkenness," Mr. Mooney noted.
Different Story in Greenland.
One of the few bright spots recorded
of the white man's treatment of the In-
dians is the story of Danish colonization
in Greenland. Mr. Mooney writes: The
Danish government and the resident
missionaries have been particularly care-
ful and successful in shielding the na-
tives from outrage, liquor and other de-
structive agencies so common elsewhere
in the contact of the savage with civil-
ization." The Eskimo population of 10,-
000 in 1721 when the Danes came, naa
grown to 11,000 in 1907.
The Iroquis are one of the few tribes
that have increased. They got hold ot
firearms before their tribal neighbors
and so destroved many of these tribes,
incorporating the remnants in their own
compact organization. The bioux like-
wise have largely increased due to their
greater resisting power and by absorb-
ing conquered tribes. The Navaho and
Apache have also kept themselves free
from blood contamination a^;^^ excesses,
and have grown from 13,000 to 30,000.
The rough and desert nature of the
country have served the Indians of the
Central Mountain region— Navada, Utab,
etc as a protection from disturbance
so that they have suffered less than any
other large sections of the United States.
1 From 19,300 in 1845 they dropped to
11544 in 1907. Contrast these figures
with the Atlantic States south of Dela-
ware, where the decrease has been at
least 96 per cent.
Lttvtr.f'^-S-
WxVSHINGTON, ^^'--^—^l^
The slow moving wheels of gov-
ernment finally have come to con-
sldeT the California Indians whose
lands were taken away from their
ancestors in the gold rush days of
'^The department of the Interior
has dispatched an expert from the
<1ffice of Indianapohs to taKe a
tlTsusot api^roximately 20,000 na-
tive Indians of California who have
claims against the government
^t^winff out of 18 treaties negotia-
fed in 185 2 which the United States
sc.ate failed to ratify.
A roll call was authorized by
the last congress, which also grant-
ed the Indians the right to push
their claims in federal court. How-
ever, under the act. should the In-
dians win their suits, the amount
of judgment will be deposited in
the United States treasury at. 4 per
cent interest, to be expended only
for education, health, industriJl^
and other specified purposes for
the benefit of the Indians.
Classification of Indians Into
tribes will be made in the roll call.
CAN JOSE, CALIF.— NEWS
MARCH 4, 11)29 . . ^
Indian Population
1
MOST of us have had an idea that the Indian population
of California has been decreasing rapidly. From thej
or^nnal reoort of the Department of the Interior, just made
ouX wT f nd hat in 28 years from 1900 to 1928 there has
£ ^nTncrease from 11.431 to 18,912 It also shows that
since 1910 $11,280,000 has been expended by Congress tor
their benefit. In addition thereto, the Government has estab-
lished many new hospitals and schools so that the California
Indian is certainly well cared for.
•_1ND5AV, CALIF. 5AZETTE
f*-
SURVEY SHOWS
25,000 INDIANS
IN CALIFORNIA
Government Building Model
Village for Modoc
Tribe
{By the United Press) ^^
SAr'RAMENTO, Dec. J,^?^(UP)
— A Start toward the retiabilitation
Of ^ California's 25,000 Indian wards
has been made by the fedei'at gov-
^'Sruction of the first modern
Indian village in the sta^?^/^^
been started on the site of the old
military barracks at Fort Bld^^ell
in Modoc county.
The work is being done under
the direction of O. H. Upps, super-
intendent of the Sacramento valley
Indian agency. Plans mclude the
erection of 20 cottages of foui
rooms each. These houses will
provide comfortable quarters foi
20 Indian families.
This village, according to Lipps,
is only the beginning of the at-
tempt of the United States govern-
ment to right what has been^ de-
scribed as the "curse of gold on
the Indians of California.
Land Confiscated
The story had its beginning in
1852 when Indian lands were con
fiscated by the whites ^^^hing into
the state in search of gold. Despite
continued agitation ^^^thing was
' ever done to relieve the Pljgt^t ^^^
the Indians until May 18. 19i8.
when Congress authorized AUorney
General U. S. Webb to bring suit
against the government lor claims
totaling $12,800,000.
If this claim receives favorable
action, the money will be placed in
a trust fund to be used to rehabili-
tate the tribes in a series of model
colonies such as the one under way
in Modoc. ,
In anticipation of such a denoue-
ment of the Indian's SO-year-old
grievance, Fred A. Baker, repre-
senting Charles J. Rhoades, com-
missioner of Indian affairs, has
been engaged in taking a census ot
the remaining California lindians to
determine who is entitled to a share
in the benefits of the award, it
granted. , , *v, «
This survey has revealed there
are approximately 12.000 Indians
between the Tehachapi «^ou"^^^^
and the Oregon border, and ^ ^^^*^
in Southern California.
lounu
id is,
WASHINGTON. D, C. ^
UNITED STATES DAILY
Ix^EBRUARY 28, 1933 .
^
( I
/
xtenf/bf Indian Population
under American Flag - - "
Of 317-234 Enumerated and Estimated, Navajo
Tribe Leads Numerically and Oklahoma Con-
tains Largest Number in Any State
By CHARLES J. RHO ADS
United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs
AN INDIAN, as defined by the Indian Serv-
ice, includes any person of Indian blood
who through wardship, treaty, or inherit-
ance has acquired certain rights. The ^^en-
sus Bureau defines an Indian as a person
having Indian blood to such a degree as to
be recognized in his community as an
Furthermore, the population enumerated
at the Federal agencies is not necessarily
domiciled on or near the reservations. It is
the population on the agency rolls and in-
cludes both reservation and nonreservation
Indians. Thus, an Indian may be carried
on the rolls because of tribal or inheritance
rights, etc., and may reside anywhere in the
United States or in a foreign country.
Reports of births and deaths among ab-
sentees are often not received. In many in-
stances certification is made to the State
registrars of vital statistics and thus to the
Census Bureau, but not to the Indian Service^
In a considerable number of cases the ad-
dresses of the nonreservation Indians are
unknown. For the above reasons the sta-
tistics of Indian population as shown m tne
decennial reports of the Bureau of the Cen-
sus do not agree with the statistics of the
Indian Service. ., ^, . .^^^va
Since funds were not available to secure
the services of temporary employes for cod-
ing and tabulating the 1932 census rolls the
April 1, 1932, Indian population was tabu-
lated in the field by the various agencies. In
order to check the tabulation made from the
census rolls three additional tabulations were
reauired, showing all changes made on cen-
sus rolls since 1930, when the rolls were
coded and tabulated.
One tabulation shows the changes by exact
cause under the two headings, ''Additions"
and "Deductions." Under "Additions" were
shown separately the births for the past two
years, unreported births for previous years,
enroUment by departmental authority, etc.,
while under "Deductions" were grouped sep-
arately deaths for the past two years, un-
reported deaths for previous years, dropped
by departmental authority because of wrong-
ful enrollment, duplications, etc.
The second tabulation reports these same
changes by residence of Indians, and the
third tabulation shows all Indians on both
the 1930 and 1932 census rolls who have
changed their residence— the residence in
1930 reported under ''Deductions" and the
residence in 1932- under "Additions."
The additions and deductions on the sec-
ond and third tabulations were added to and
subtracted from the 1930 population, and the
results equal the tabulations from the 1932
census rolls. This gives not only a check
on the tabulations but an analysis of all
changes at eacW jurisdiction.
The total estimated and enumerated num-
tals 10,557, of which 5,557 are male and
A fiOQ female
'These are divided geographically as fol-
lows:
New England: Maine, 1,012; New Hamp-
shire, 64; Vern^pnt, 36; Massachusetts, 874;
Rhode Island, 318; Connecticut, 162.
Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, 213; Penn-
sylvania, 523.
East North Central: Ohio, 435; Indiana.
285; Illinois, 469. .
Western North Central: Missouri, 578.
South Atlantic: Delaware, 5; Maryland,
50; District of Columbia, 40; Virginia, 779;
West Virginia, 18; South Carolina, 959;
• Georgia, 43.
East South Central: Kentucky, 22; Ten-
1 nessee, 161; Alabama, 465.
WestjeSfjLth Central: Arkansas, 408;
Louisaiilnar 1.536; Texas, 1.001.
tains Largesi
By CHARLES J. RHOADS
United states Commissioner of Indian Affairs
A N INDIAN, as defined by the Indian Serv
A ice. includes any person of /"^lanjj^^t^
^ who through wardship, treaty. "I. mhen
ance has acquhed certain rights^ \ person
sus Bureau defines an Indian «« a pers
having Indian blood to such a degree as i
5e recognized in his community as an
'"furthermore, the Population enumerated
at the Federal agencies is "ot necessarily
domiciled on or near the reservations. It «
"1
Reports of births and deaths ^^•^"^^ ^S'.
sentees are often not received. ^ "^5"^ "J
Stances certification is made to the State
registrars of vital statistics and thus to the
census Bureau, but not to the Indian Service,
In a considerable number of cases the aa
dresses of the nonreservation Indians are
imknown For the above reasons the sta-
Sro?Indian population as sho-w^^^^^^
f-^SC^ nU^r/r^e "^-ilh%he Xistics of the
i}^p services of tempor<ii^ cm^^-^j
nK and tabulating the 1932 census rolls, the
AMil 1 1932. Indian population was tabu-
fated in the field by the various agenda^ In
nrder to check the tabulation made from the
clnsus rolls three additional tabulations were
ll^U showing all changes "lade on cen-
sus rolls since 1930, when the rolls were
'^^e^t^bUtrshliws the changes by e^^^^^^
cause under the two headings. ' Add tions
and "Deductions." Under "AdcUtions" were
shown separately the births for the past two
vea^s unreported births for preVious years.
Siment by departmental authority e^
while under "Deductions" were grouped sep
arately deaths for the past two years, un-
reported deaths for previous years, dropped
by departmental authority because of wrong-
ful enrollment, duplications, etc.
The second tabulation reports these same
changes by residence of Indians, and the
third tabulation shows all Indians on both
the 1930 and 1932 census rolls who have
changed their residence-thc rwidence in
1980 reported under "Deductions" and the
residence in 1932- under "Additions."
The additions and deductions on the sec-
ond and third tabulations were added to and
subtracted from the 1930 population, and the
results equal the tabulations from the 1932
census rolls. This gives not only a check
on the tabulations but an analysis of aU
changes at eacW jurisdiction.
♦ -f
The total estimated and enumerated num-
ber of Indians thus reported in 1932 was
317,234. This number consists of 228 381 in
dians actually enumerated and 88,8&i In-
dians taken from earlier or special censuses
and estimates based on records. For con-
venience the latter number will be consid-
ered hereafter as an estimate.
The Bureau of the Census ^Ported 72 643
Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes in 1930
and this number has been substituted for
our previous estimated population of the rive
Civilized Tribes. ._ .
The aggregate estimated and enumerated
number of Indians reported by Federal
agencies on AprU 1, 1932 represents an in-
crease over the corresponding figure for the
previous year of 2,691, or 0.9 per cent.
Of the 228,381 Indians enumerated, lie,-
265 were males, 112,106 females, and for 10
the sex was not reported.
It is significant when the Indians enum-
erated are considered that 194,391, or 85.1
per cent, resided at the Federal jurisdiction
where enrolled, while only 4,749. or 2.1 per
cent, resided at another jurisdiction, and
29 241, or 12.8 per cent, resided elsewhere—
that is, outside of any Federal jurisdiction.
Of the 32,447 Indians residing elsewhere
on April 1, 1930, 41 were living in the New
England States, 208 in the Middle Atlantic,
3 633 in the East North Central, 9,234 in the
West North Central, 437 in the South At-
lantic, 93 in the East South Central, 2,166 in
the West south Central, 5,120 in the Moun-
tain States, and 6.024 in the Pacific States,
and for 5,491 Indians the residence was either
not reported or unknown.
Oklahoma has far more Indians than any
other State. If the Federal census Popula-
tion of the Five Civilized Tribes is included,
the Indian population is 94,552, or 29.8 per
cent of the aggregate Indian Population.
Arizona ranks next with 48,162, or 15.2
ner cent. According to the enumerated pop-
ulation only two other States have an In-
dian population numbering more than 20,000,
New Mexico and South Dakota.
According to a tabulation of the tribes
enumerated on April 1, 1930, the most im-
Dortant numerically were the Navajo, Sioux,
and Chippewa, numbering 40,862, 33,168, and
23,647, respectively.
The Indian population not actually enum-
erated-termed an estimate-is 88,853, which
is compiled as follows: California, Sacra-
mento agency, part of, 1930 estimate 8,761
Michgan, 1927 census, 1,192; New York. 1932
^Late 4,523; Oklahoma, Five Civilized
Tribes Bureau of the Census, 1930, 72,643,
?exas,' 1931 special report 250; Washington,
Taholah agency, scattered bands, 1932 esti-
mate, 664; Wisconsin, Rice Lake Band of
Chippewa, special census. July. 1930. 221, and
Stockbridge Reservation, Keshena agency,
1910 census, 599.
The Indian population, as reported by the
United States 15lh census for 1930. for States
in which there are noFederalagencies^o-
tals 10.557, of which 5,557 are male and
4 899 f6m£il6.
'These are divided geographically as fol-
lows :
New England: Maine. 1.012; New Hamp-
shire. 64; Vern^nt. 36; Massachusetts. 874;
Rhode Island, 318; Connecticut, 162.
Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, 213; Penn-
sylvania. 523. >,oe T ^•
East North Central: Ohio, 435; inaiana,
285; Illinois, 469. . ^__
Western North Central: Missouri, 578.
South Atlantic: Delaware, 5; Maryland.
50; District of Columbia. 40; Virginia, 779;
West Virginia, 18; South Carolina, 959.
Oeorsia 43
East South Central: Kentucky, 22; Ten-
nessee, 161; Alabama. 465.
West^>BCDth Central: Arkansas, 408;
houi^iftm, 1.536; Texas. 1.001.
EURCKA. CAI-IF.
5"f ANOARD
DECEMBER 26. 1934
Indian Population Gains.
For a great many years it has been commonly|
believed that the Indians as a race were dyin]
lout, slowlv but nevertheless inevitable. In fact,!
it has been quite the custom to refer to the In*|
Idians as a race doomed to eventtial extinction.
But it now appears that we have been labor-l
ing under, if not exactly a deUtsion, then cer-
|tainly a false impression that is not supported by
I the facts/ For we are advised on competent
authority that the so-called "vanishing Indian'']
|is just so much fiction.
Authority for the above statement is no less I
la personage than John Collier, United States
Commissioner for Indian Affairs, now paying a
[visit to the west* coast. Speaking before the'
Commonwealth Club of San Francisco a few
days ago Air. Collier told his listeners that the
[Indian population has grown from 10,000,000 in
1492, the time of the discovery of America, to
[20,000,000 today.
But if the Indians have increased in point of
[population the race has hardly been so success-
ful ill other directions, according to the Indian
[Commissioner. The principal loss, he said, is
reflected in the gradual dissipation of Indian
|lands and properties.
Since the year 1887, the Indians have lost
190,000,000 acres of land, Mr, Collier stated. At
present, he declared, there are ISO.COO Indians
landless and other tens of thousands who are
forced to exist on the small rentals they are
able to procure from their lands. California
Indians, he continued, are among the poorest of
Ithe entire race.
The situation, according to the commissioner,
lis due largely to the unscupulous operations of
swindlers who have taken advantage of the In-
dian. Added to this evil has been the lack of
|adequate redress in the courts.
Happily, Air. Collier stated, a new day is in
[prospect for the race. Under the new govern-
mental policy, land is being returned to the race,
credit is being arranged and the Indian is being
permitted broader latitude in the marjagement of
his own affairs. Which is a situation that is of
niutu?! .^'ratification to both the red men ai>d
ihrir white hrctliren.
Ilakeport calif, bee
t
OVEMBER 29, 1933
Lake County's Indian
. Population About 377
Cajifomia's Indiana, crowded out
of their hunting grounds by white
men, and rapidly finding that they
cannot live by rod and gim alone,
have had to turn to relief agencies
for food.
The problem for caring for Ind-
ians has become one of importance
in many counties of the state, ac-
cording to figures revealed by the
California Emergency Relief Ad-
ministration.
In Lake county, 377 Indians are
included in the population. Relief
agencies have had to consider
them in preparing aid for destitute
families. There are very few, if
any, Indians in Napa county.
The federal office of Indian af-
fairs had been providing some re-
lief, but state and county govern-
ments have been called upon to aid
those Indians who can qualify
under existing relief statutes.
California, according to the last
official estimate, has an Indian
population of some 22,000 — more
than 100,000 less than it had in the
days of the early Spanish regime./
E-t^trv^-H^AS
\
/iWk-Kfc.^.. ^'<
1^2 5 - \^5S
4
M » i> I I mm
• •-
\
SaGram^nW. Pal. B00
_ OCTOBER ?, i^n
n vxroKD. CAT .. ;TorR:>Al*
OCTOBER 1^, f?2^
150
'have BEEN COMBINED'
^RTBRviJlB. calif.. Oct. 18.
run-ijy transfer of »•
Announcement of "^^ " River
M. carter, agen at tbe Tula
l-?:/rrTt.:Vd;an service
east of Here, .:^trict. and tbe
ni the Puget sound d^stnct
consolidation «';^; ^^"^^^her central
"^ "'*\L" calif orl Indian agen-'
and ^°'t^^'^'^,^7" Tbe combined
,eies. was "^-^^^ \^^"^ Jer tbe juris-
agencies are to be und^ j^gton'
diction of Colonel U A. "
J 1,1= hpadauarters will be at °»^
rdd reservaUons in Tulare,
included reaerva Madera
Kern, Kings, Fresno and M^^^^^
counties, on wbicH are Qua
800 Indians.
k F.. CAT... BULtETlN
o. 10?^-
/<*u
Indians Ask
itie to U. S. Land
Under Old Treaty
SEATTLE. Wa
Associated T^eis
and undispnted jo
land of the nT><^iwest,
■^(The
le proud
all the
3000 Indians
are now seeking from.-LJnc^ Sam
eighty acres each or th^,|^ivalent
thereof. To attain this a meeting
[of the Northwest Federation of
American Indians will be held in
Seattle tomorrow morning.
Under the treaty of Mukilteo, ne-
[gotiated between the Indians and
the United States Government in
1855, each Indian was supposed to
get eighty acres of land. The In-
dians assert that the terms of the
treaty were never fairly carried
out. The Indians have presented
their claims to Congress and the
Senate has twice passed a bill for
their relief, but the legislation was
I defeated in the House. Many of the
[Indians are willing to trust their
claims to Congress and the Court
of Claims, while others want theij
cases handled bv tbe Indian ai
INflfl^S WILL NOT BE
RESTRICTED IN USE
OF RESERVATION
Kingsbury Says 1,400 /Acres Is
To Be For Their ''Use And
Benefit'*
Indians of tho/trlbelli Modoc.
take up th&laMre on' the 1.400
acre reserva^ql set aside for them
by the last IWlslature^will not be
restricted by a mass €flst^e regu-
lations. 4r
This announcement was made to-
day by State Surveyor General W.
S. Kingsbury, whose duty it is under
the law to prepare rules and regu-
lations to govern the reservation.
To Have Free Reign.
Kingsbury decided to allow the
Indians to have free reign In their
conduct of the reservation, follow-
ing a conference here with Frank
Carroll of Susanville, tribal agent.
"The habits and customs of the
Indians." said Kingsbury, "are so
different in many ways from those
of the white man. that it would
I prove somewhat of a hardship to
regulate them. The legislature es-
tablished the reservation for the
'use and benefit' of the Indians and
I have no desire of making them
feel they are living on the land un-
der restrictions.'*
^EDDlNa, CALIF.
iiAY 2o, ly>7
^ ..
ffiTSElI
-^J*.
IN TRINITY,
Indian 1«^l |j^hast4 and Trinity
counties have! been listed for sale
at public auc«on and the sale will be
held June 10, sealed bids for the lands
in question to be sent to the Indian
Agency, Sacramento. '
The listed lands in this J^t of the
state comprise the east l^f of the j
northwest quarter of section 22, town-
ship 34 north, range 4 west, compris-
ing 80 acres. This land is in Shasta |
county and stands in the name of/-'
Nina Gregory, valued at $500. )
The other tract is in Trinity coun- [
ty, in the name of Jim Settle, is>^
valued at $3000 and is described as
lots 3 and 4 and the south half o
northwest^ quarter of section 4, tow
•Ship 33 north, range 9 west, comprise
101.29 acres.
MARCH 1. 1926
1
/•
^ '^ 5« V V a f I
Ok
House Passes Indian
.J / *>c>ervation Measurel
WASHINtJTON, March 1 (A. P
Leased Wire).— The purchase ol
573 acres of adjacent land to bti
added to the Santa Ysabel Indian]
reservation in California is pro
vided for in a bill passed today by|
the house.
SACRAMENTO. CALIF.-BEE
MARCH 29, 1923'
lOVERNMtllDTSl
WILTON SITE FORI
of
of
of
the
the
_mi(!r Grounds To Be
AUoted^o Workers; 38
Acres Involved
N^ — "
Purchase of thirty-eight acres of
land near Wilton, twenty-two nixies
southeast of Sacramento, which wui
be used as an Indian reservation
by the federal government, was an-
nounced to-day by Colonel L.. A.
Dorrington. superintendent
Sacramento Indian agency
Unite«d States Department
Interior. ,
The federal government acquired
the land from the Cosumnes Com-
pany. The consideration was not
announced.
Old Picnic Ground*.
The acreage is part of the old
Wilton p'cnic grounds, is upland
and bears a number of large oak
trees. The reservation is to be
known as Wilton Rancheria.
Dorrington stated that the
will be immediately platted
lots will then be assigned,
deeded, to the Indians. More
thirty families already have
listed for lots and it is expected
that about 100 Indians will make
their homes in the tract.
Mostly Workers.
The Indians to be colonized in the
rancheria are mostly employe^,
working on farms and as fruit
gatherers. ^ . ^ .
Wells will be pr.t down for ft
water supply.
In commentinn: upon the aeai.
Colonel Dorrington characterized
the purchase as a "splendid step to-
Avards bringing the Indians up to a.
bl-her standard of living and
sisting -them in self-support.
tract
and
not
than
been
as:
WILL PURCHASE
/\ LAND FOR INDIANS
Purch
the Sa
Diego
by the
4
5 80 acres of land in
abel district in San
tyV will be consumated
ilission Indian agancy in
the immediate future, according to
advices received in the Riverside
office of the Indian Bureau.
This land will be bought with
$25,000 which was appropriated
for this purpose by Congress some
months ago.
JTOCKTON. CALIF
^«
TRIICT SET ASIDE
J
The Wilton Rancheiia,
Fifteen Miles North of
Lodi, for Reservation
LODI OFFICE STOCKTON REC-
ORD, March 31. — ^An Indian reser-|
vatlon will be established immedi-
ately on the thirty-eight-acre trad
of land near Wilton, fifteen miles
north of Lodi, ahd will be known
as the Wilton Rancheria. with lots
assigned, not deeded, to Indian
families employed on farms and
fruit ranches. This was announced
yesterday by CoL L. A. Dorrington,
superintendent of the Sacramento
Indian agency of the department ox I
the interior. ^ * x,. 'ia
The acreage is part of the old
Wilton picnic grounds. Wells will
be put down to provide water. More
than thirty families of Indians have
been listed for lota and it is ex-
pected that 100 will live on the res-
ervation.
_ .j?^*"j^. K*S ■<•«. ~
liESERVATION
OR INDIANS
WILL BE SET
UP NEAR LODI
U* S. Takes Over Wilton
Tract; Lodi Man Tells
Of Indian Rites Near
City Away Back in '58
Purchase of 38 acres of land near
'Wilton, 15 miles north of Lodi, which
I will be used as an Indian reserva-
tion by tlie federal government, was
announced yesterday by Colonel L. A.
Dorrington, superintendent of the
Sacramento Indian agency of the
United States Department of the In-
terior.
The acreage is part of the old Wil-
ton picnic grounds, is upland and
bears a number of large oak trees.
The reservation is to be known as
Wilton Rancheria.
■ ■<■■ «ja->i,r
Dorrington stated that the tract
will be immediately platted and lots
will then be assigned, not deeded, to
the Indians. More than thirty families
already have been listed for lots and
it is expected that about 100 Indians
will make their homes in the tract.
The Indians to be colonized in the
rancheria are mostly employed, wor
ing on farms and as fruit gatherers
Wells will be put down for a wate
supply.
In commenting upon the deal, Co:
onel Dorrington characterized th
purchase as a "splendid step toward
bringing the "Indians up to a highe
standard of living and assisting the
in self-support."
L. H. Van Valkenburgh stated to Th
Sentinel yesterday that in the earl
jdays the government had a reserv;
jUion at Cook's bar, 15 miles east o
WiUon,..pn_^'jCasum?ies ^er. A
that time the name of the river wa
Mocosumnes. Van Valkenburgh wa
llvlli^"lFIIiat section in 1858. He wa
just a child, but remembers clear!
the death of the queen of the India:
tribe. The chief of the tribe had pass!
ed on to the happy hunting grounds
and the widow assumed charge of th
Indians. But she grieved so for he
mate that death soon followed. The
came the ceremony that sent he • spirl
it to join that of the chief.
HunJlreds of Indian braves toile
night and day to erect a funeral pyre
Forty-foot logs were carried i, am
.1
.f
d
a
r
e
ne
I
m
le
p/wojl ot/Jl
iuoi asoui ui BauBidaiB Jo asn eqx
, XauanoC ajBs ^ aoj ?sjxa o^ suiaas
Lm 30UBU3 ll^ws eq; JO esn^oaq
Lou 83B1S snoinotpP ^^^ 'i-'^^"' "^ ''"^
3U 8ABU s^cluiani! U^^S s^qSUJ <!"»«
uou 'aoumsiP 3U0I USiW^^s^ ^^ ^^'^^'f
,B suoaarauu eiu «odn 'Suw^aas
[eXa 9in UBJ P«^ aemiuns ;sbi UV
•JB3X ist?i sSujHB^Jopnn qons jc
,ora SB 8TUBS am-Xisnoa;sBSip papua
m 'UB830 onuBiw aq? ^iJ °'
aX siq^ XdWaXXV XSHM SH
•^sX^ jatlfouy
T
1 •j8:^BM. JO ejnssajl
L uoipB aq^ aeP«^ 9|Ba2^:^uI8|P
loui Sum^ou SI UBAV q^uos aq; ^Bq^
H -suonBpnnoj ajuoas uo papnnoj
uiBp BUBi<i BqouBT ^Bq^ uaAiS eq
)UBanssB iinj ;Bq^ SuipuBmap axe puB
iBi^ iCaqx -aoBuara pooij b jo i^opBqs
b^ aapun aAii o^ :^uba^ ;on op p^siQ
Ln ja^BaJD ^UX P ^l^^ad eqX
' -asjnoD
l^^o XuB a^B^ o^ ssaussaiaiBO iBuimjaa
i pinoA^ n -BiujojilBD JO ^ao^siq
% ui ja^sBsip B qons jo nopnadaj B
placed in criss-cross fashion until they
made a pile fifteen feet high. In the
center was palced the body of the
queen, and all around the corpse re-
posed the carcasses of 30 ponies and
30 dogs. The ponies were shot, but
the dogs were hung by the neck to
trees until dead. As the fire consum-
ed these bodies their spirits were
carried up in smoke to the happy
hunting grounds, there to be of ser-
vice to their queen in that land where
life is eternal.
When the fire was going good, all
the braves of the tribe lined up for
the death dance and chant. Van Val-
kenburgh says that several hundred
Indians were in the line, for it was
said at the time that the list of dan-
cers was over a mile long. The patter-
patter of the feet to the dum-dum of
the drums turned out to be an en-
durance test; the buck who stayed till
the last was to be crowned chief of
the tribe. One by one they commenced
to fall out— after the first 24 hours—
and when 40 hours had passed, but a
few Indians were doing the dance or
continuing with the chant. When the
47th hour had passed ^ut one lone
brave was on his feet, and to him
went the honor of bossing the whole
tribe, I
Reservations
For Indians To
Be Abolished
t
YUMA, June 28.~-A plan whereby
the Indian reservations in the United
States will be abolished and the
jilDunrer generation of Indians
forced to become seI£-supportin§r^
underway, according to W. A. Du
Puy, public relations counsel of the
department of the interior. Du Puy
held a conference with officials of
the Tuma reservation here and later
made a tour of inspection over the
Yuma project, accompanied by Ray
Priest, superintendent.
"Ninety per cent of the Indians
living on reservations are in mis-
ery." declared Du Puy. "The idea
of segregation has proved a failure.
We are now making arrangements
to teach the young men useful
trades and have interested automo-
bile manutacturers and other indus-
tries in their welfare.
"I have noticed that the younger
men are anxious to go out into the
world and make good. It is only
when they go back to the reserva-
tion after schooling that the older
men put the virus of laziness into
their hearts and squash their am-
bitions. ^ ^ ,
"An Indian in the manufacturing
districts of the mlddlewest and east
is looked upon with respect. They
are clever and intelligent workers
and have demonstrated their ability
to master skilled trades such as
machinists and tool making. I know
of many of these young Indians that
have gone east and are now pros-
perous and happy.
"Within the next 25 years the
reservations will be gone. Two
races cannot live side by side and
keep their traditions intact. The
Indian must now see that it is to
his adavntage to become self-sup-
porting. .
"The fundamental problem is to
give the Indian an opportunity to
make money. The white man in the
west has not sought to understand
the Indian and take measures to
make him a useful citizen.
"In Detroit manufacturers are
anxious to hire Indians at the same
wage scale as they are paying any |
other laborer and to give them an
opportunity to develop. At Wins-
low more than 150 Indians are em-
ployed in the rail shop and inquiry
has revealed that these Indians are
faithful, efficient workers and many
of them master mechanics. This is
one instance in the west where In-
dians have been given proper oppor-
tunity to make their own way.
"Nothing can be done as long as
the Indian stays on the reservation.
In many cases they are half-starved
and without proper clothing. We
are making a study now which
hope will forever do away with
predicament of the Indian."
F«ESNO. CAUF..
BEE A REPUBLICAN
NOVEMBER 28, 1937
Historic Indian
IReservation To Be
Marked In Kern
I BAKERSFIELD (Kern Co.), Nov.,
27— In a colorful ceremony to be
held at 2:30 o'clock tconorrow. a
monument will be erected to niark
the historic Sebastian Indian Res-|
ervation at what is now known as
the El Tejon Ranch.
The Kern County Chamber of
Commerce, the Kern County His-
torical Society, the El Tejon Par-
lor of Native Daughters of the
Golden West and the Native Sons
o* the Golden West have joined in
I planning the rites. Hall Bannister
will be master of ceremonies.
1 The services will be held at|
Grapevine, where the marker will
I be erected. An arrow will indicate
the site of the old reservation. A
llargj number of persons from
throughout the county are expect-|
led to attend.
g MAY 9. 1938
Angels
By Harry Crocker
CALIFORNIA TNDT^NS — If
you draw dii llliaginary ihie from
Santa Maria to Barstovv you will
find south of the line, believe ft
or not, over 30 Indian reserva-
tions in California. The leading
ones, writes Sadakichi Hartmann
from Banning, are: Morongo
near Banning, Agua Caliente
near Palm Springs, and Los
Coyotes near Borego. They are
three of the largest. Others in-
clude Soboda, Cahuilla, Torres
Martinez, Marino Campo, Fort
Mohave, San Ysabel and Mesa
Grande which are near the Mex-
ican border.
* * *
HEADQUARTERS — These
reservations are under the juris-
diction of John Daly, and are ad-
ministered in five executive
offices in Riverside. Certain
ag:encies have special agencies
such as Morongo, f Pala and
Torres Martinez. The entire
grroup has an estimated popula-
tion of 25,000. Other California
Indians live outside these reser-
vations, and are known by num-
ber. Some ow n five-acre ranches.
^ H« 4: ' ^
LARGEST — The Morongo
Reservation is the largest. It ex-
tends from the eastern outskirts
of Banning to seven miles be-
yond Cabazon, and northward to
the very last ranges of Grayback.
There aife but 175 resident fam-
ilies, no increase in the last 20
years. Soboba has 100 families,
while Mission Creek is composed
of but two.
* * *
MIXTURE — Southern Califor-
nia Indians differ from all other
tribes. Even before California
hecame a state their blood was
diluted by Spanish and Mexican.
hi fact, there are not more than
six or se. ,^n hundred pure-
blooded aborigines in the entire
state,
3|C 3|* 9p
CIVIL WARS— Originally the
Indians were nomadic hunters
and tribes were then as numer-
ous as reservations are now.
For interest in life and for ex-
ercise they fought one another.
The Cahuillas, one of the eldest
tribes, were almost annihilated
bv the desert Indians, most likely
ttiJf
r
^
Among
Angels
By Harry Crocker
CALIFORNIAJTffilANS — If
you draV^m-irrTagmary Ime from
Santa Maria to Barstow you will
find south of the line, believe ft
or not, over 30 Indian reserva-
tions in California. The leading
ones, writes Sadakichi Hartmann
from Banning, are: Morongo
near Banning, Agua Caliente
near Palm Springs, and Los
, Coyotes near Borego. They are
I' three of the largest. Others in-
clude Soboda, Cahuilla, Torres
Martinez, Marino Campo, Fort
Mohave, San Ysabel and Mesa
Grande which are near the Mex-
ican border.
* * *
HEADQUARTERS — These
reservations are under the juris-
diction of John Daly, and are ad-
ministered in five executive
offices in Riverside. Certain
agencies have special agencies
such as Morongo, ^Pala and
Torres Martinez. The entire
group has an estimated popula-
tion of 25,000. Other California
Indians live outside these reser-
vations, and are known by num-
ber. Some own five-acre ranches.
* * *
LARGEST — The Morongo
Reservation is the largest. It ex-
tends from the eastern outskirts
of Banning to seven miles be-
yond Cabazon, and northward to
the very last ranges of Grayback.
There are but 175 resident fani-
ilies, no increase in the last -20
years. Soboba has 100 famihes,
while Mission Creek is composed
of but two.
* * *
MIXTURE — Southern Califor-
nia Indians differ from all other
tribes Even before California
became a state their blood was
diluted by Spanish and Mexican.
In fact, there are not more than
six or se.^n hundred pure^\
blooded aborigines in the entire
state.
^ ^ *
CIVIL. WARS— Originally the
Indians were nomadic hunters
and tribes were then as numer-
ous as reservations are now.
For interest in life and for ex-
ercise they fought one another.
The Cahuillas, one of the eldest
tribes, were almost annihilated
bv ihP desert Indians^jnosUikely
«l'|g mil ,MT^^ ■mV^' CTIT^tV-"**! c« ^ ^^■MXjmxi^cT
surh as Morongo, C Pala and
Torres Martinez. The entire
jrroup has an estimated popula-
tion of 25,000. Other California
Indians live ontside these reser-
vations, and are known by num-
ber. Some own five-acre ranches.
:^ 3i« ^
LARGEST — The Morongo
Reservation is the largest. It ex-
tends from the eastern outskirts
of Banning to seven miles be-
yond Cabazon, and northward to
the very last ranges of Grayback.
There are but 175 resident fam-
ilies, no increase in the last 20
years. Soboba has 100 families,
while Mission Creek is composed
of but two.
* * *
MIXTURE — Southern Califor-
nia Indians differ from all other
tribes. Even before California
became a state their blood was
diluted, bif Spanish and Mexican.
In fact, there are not more than
six or sc. ;i hundred pure-
blooded aborigines in the entire
state,
* * *
CIVIL WARS— Originally the
Indians were nomadic hvmters
and tribes were then as numer-
ous as reservations are now.
For interest in life and for ex-
ercise they fought one another.
The Cahuillas, one of the eldest
tribes, were almost annihilated
by the desert Indians, most likely
Piutes and Hualpai invaders
from Nevada Near the Mexican
border the Indians are Yiginos,
while the Morongos are Seranos!
Mixed tribes are everywhere. The
oldest tribe, the Cupa or Copano,
originally from Warner Hot
Springs, has as present chief
Sadakichi's son-in-law.
* H^ H«
MODERN FASHIONS— Al-
thougfh there are dark-skinned
braves who still hunt with bow
and arrow, their dress is modern.
On week ends, they resemble Hol-
lywood boulevardiers. Some of
the squaws in tailor-made dresses
still indulge in basket-weaving,
but only as amateurs. As one
nears the border, however, one
finds tribes that are more prim-
itive. Certain of them are dog-
eaters.
♦ * H:
RELIGION — On every reserva-
tion there is a church, occasion-
ally two, Moravian or Catholic.
One-third of the people, however,
believe in their old tribal rituals
of an ancient and obscure nature.
The Fennimore Cooper fairy tale
of the Great Spirit and Happy
Hunting Ground finds few ad-
herents.
* * *
BURIALS — Indians are buried
with some favorite household ar-
ticle—a cup, tie or brassiere—
and upon the first anniversary
of a death the tribe bids good-
by for good with a powwow,
which lasts, like an Irish wake,
all night. There is dancing, sing-
ing, playing of games, feasting
and the like.
sfi ^ sf;
NOBLE— The Indian is proud
of his ancestry. He accepts, but
does not cater to, the white. His
lot, as life goes nowadays, is not
half bad. No rent, no taxes. No
ga«, electricity or telephone bills.
Free water and fuel, free grazing
land. No game laws. If he de-
sires it. Government employment.
Most don't want it. They accept
everything from the Government
as their due, whether it be sheep-
skins, dried fruit, butter, pow-
dered milk or toilets. They
never look a gift horse in the
mouth, but occasionally criticize
by permitting the young to cre-
ate startling snow effects upon
the minister's roof with atrocious
powdered milk.
* ){: 4c
RECIPES — Indian gourmets
have three dishes which might
titillate the jaded appetites of
Los Angeles epicures. A starch-
like pudding, light brown in
color, made of acorns. The buds
of Spanish bayonets when boiled
are as delicious as artichokes. As
members of the yucca family, it
is a $100 fine to pick them save
on an Indian reservation, hence
too expensive for even a movie
Lucullus. Milkweed, when boiled,
is as good as, and is lil<e, spin-
ach. Many Indians say, no
doubt, that it's still spina
and • • . !
cW
)
8»
/
,--'^*"^S^^J^i^?^
Alexander Valley
Indians to Receive
x,eeded Assistance
'The ftidian situation in the reser-
vation ' in Alexander Valley is a
pain attracting attention. The l?ea-
erated missions have become mter-
ested and a drive for old clothes
will be instituted at a meetmg to
be held in Petaluma, November 20.
These will be given to Mrs Walter
Leroux for distribution among these
poor people. Mrs. Leroux interested
the missions in the condition of the
people, when she gave a talk in
Petaluma recently. A collection ot
$15 was given Mrs. Leroux which she
used to purchase warm undercloths
ifor two old Indians, Geyserville Joe,
aged more than 100 years, and an-
other who is nearly four score. With
the coming of winter months untold
suffering will be felt by these old
people unless assistance is forth-
coming. At a visit to the reserva-
tion a few days ago she found one
of these old Indians who had to re-
main in bed all day for the reason
that all the clothes he possessedwas
an old ragged shirty
>a%e*ilt of the campaign waged
lor bettei/ng the condition of the
Indians in this section, announce-
ment has been made ol the purchase
by the united States of 50 acres of
the Clarence Hall ranch, north oi
Healdsburg, for the new reservation.
L A Dorrington, of Sacramento,
inspector of Indian affairs, has an-
nounced that the deal will soon be
completed, the Department of the
interior favoring the new reserv^
tion Ten thousand dollars will he
paid for the place and improvements
will be made whereby the 87 Indians
will have a comfortable place of res-
idence. A road separates the tract
in two and on the one side the Dry
Preek Indians will live, and on the
'other the Geyserville I^^dians. A
club house, bath houses and an ath-
letic field will add to Indians' welfare
I and comfort. ^^^i..
' Much of the credit of this laudable
move must be given Mrs. Belle
Leroux, of Alexander VaUf/' .«J^*
chairman of the Indian Welfare De^
partment. Sonoma. County Federated
women's Clubs. For four years
Mrs. Leroux has fought^ Jor som.
thing better for Uncle »
proteges and this is her ^eward^
•roc s
'^'^'' ' REPUBLICAN
t.
piiiiTicin County Buromi
ALEXANDER VALLEY, Fel).
25 (Special;). — Purchaso by the
United States of a tract of 50
acres of the Conway Hall estatfe
nean- Healdsl)ur^ to create a new
Indian reservation for Dry Creek
r.nd Gevserville Indians will take
place by Marcli 1, it is announced.
The lard is to be sold lor $10,-
000, according to L. A. Dtrrin&ton
of Sacramento, inspector of In-
dian affairs, and will provide
housin.^ facilities for 90 liulian^-
P^ach tribe will occupy a sep-
arate section of < the reservation,
with a road separating* them.
Arthur Elgin, 18-year-old chief-
tain of the Dry Creek tri])e, and
now a high school student in Gey-
-ervilie, will occupy one tract
with his group, and the ^ Geyser-
ville Indians will take the
ing plot. A clubhouse,
field and bath house
erected.
The provision for this
tion was made through
dian welfare department
reniain-
athletic
will be
reserva-
th« lii-
of the
Sonoma County Federated Wom-
en's Clubs.
FEBKUAilY 27^ IS^
-«>■
1
1
ay;^JSrFA ROSA, Feb. 26. — A cam-
paigni wage^ for years to better the
conditioa of Sonoma County Indians
has been won. Mr. L. A. Dorrinff-
ton, of Sacramento, inspector of
Indiifn alfafrs, who was here to«Elfc|r
annsnnceci; t&at plans for the pur-
chase of a &(J-acre tract near Healds-
burg which will be set aside for an
Indian reservation. Dorrington jiLso
stated that before the Summer is
ov*i* batl^ bouses, club houses and
an. athletic field will be built for the
Redmen. Most of the Indians- in
N«>itthern Sonoma County who h&ye
f©f years led a precarious existance
are making: plans to move ont<i>i tile
reservation.
GEYSERVTctnE, CAL.
TRANSCRIPT
■:;:M^ 4 , }§^
LAND IS BOUGHT
^ FOR THE INDIANS
HoUowinTa "l^ampaign to se-
cure betteJconditions for the Indians
on the wipo and GeyserviUe reser^
vations by Mrs. Walter Leroux of
Alexander Valley is about to be crow-
ned with success, it was announced
Wednesday night. A purchase of 50
acres of the former C. C. Hall ranch
in Alexander Valley is expected to
be consummated in a day or so for
a price of $10,000. The United States
Government is to be the purchaser.
There are nearly ninety Indians to
be accomodated. It is expected that a
clubhouse will be built and other fa-
cilities. Mrs. Leroux is to be com-
plimented on her assiduity in seemg
the plan through to successful frui-
tion.
««t*S.OeMOC«AT
Imdian School
Protest Set
ts oftfie Lytton Springs
sclmol district, tpree miles north ^f
HeakLsburgr, will grather at the
schoolhouse tonight at a meeting
called by the school trustees to pro-
test against the proposed purchase
by the government of land lying
near the school for an Indian res-
ervation. A resolution asking the
government not to close the option
on the land is expected to be adopt-
ed. The residents of the district
object to having the Indians placed
on land so close 16 the school prop-
erty, which the proposed reservation
bounds on the north and west sides.
HE.*wLr^rvnc CAL.— Trfftunt
eeting of Protest
Against Reservation
itton Sehoo
A meeting? i^f protest against th<
location of an Indian reservatioi
adjoining the school grounds of th(
Litton district has been called b;
the trustees of the district to be
held in the schoolhouse on the Alex-
ander Valley highway this evening]
It is expected that a resolution' will
be presented asking the governmem
not to exercise its option on th<
property, on the grounds that il
is undesirable to have the reserva-
tion located in such proximity to
school.
The movement to locate the Indiana
in that section was started by clul
women of this section, who secure<
government action to the point v/her<
an option was secured to move th<
reservation now located in a blin(
canyon v/ith very undesirable sur-
roundings to the more habitable
location afforded by this proposes
tiact. Two tribes would be accomo-
dr.ted on the tract, one on eithei
side of a side road w^hich splits t]
tract under contemplation.
i
AlteXANDER VALLEY
PEOPLE OPPOSE NEW
INDIAN RESERVATION
LAN
SPONSORS OF PROJECT VISIT
LAND HELD UNDER
OPTION
Sentiment of the ranchers living
in the ji^icinity of the proposed new
Indian reservation, alongside and in
the rear of the Litton district school
on the Alexander Valley highway,
is very much against the location
of the reservation there, and accord-
ing to report steps are to be taken
to secTire its location elsewhere if
possible.
County School Superintendent |
Miss Clark, Col. L. A. Dorrington,
head of the Federal Bureau of In-
dian Agencies in California, Miss
EVrda Bowler, executive secretary!
of the Indian Defense Association,
Probation Officer John Plover, Miss
Pauline Olsen, secretary of the So-
noma County Social Service commit-
tee, Mrs. Walter Leroux, president
of the Healdsburg Federation of
Women's Clubs, were among those
interested in locating the reservation
on the tract above mentioned, upon
which an option has heen taken, wh^
visited the tract last week.
LITTON SCHOOL
DIST. TO FIGHT
INDIAN MOVE
Authority Granted at
Meeting Friday
At i.#eting of residents of the
Littdii school district, held in Alex-
ander valley at the schoolhouse Fri-
day night, the school board was
authorized to take whatever steps
were necessary to prevent the lo-
cation cf an Indian reservation on
adjoining property to that occupied
by the schoolhouse. About fifty
were present, including school trus-
tees and L. A. Dorrington, head of
the federal Indian service m Caii-
jfornia.
Dallas Wagers was named chair-
man of the session and Stanley
Jones secretary. A protest will be
filed with the federal government
opposing the location of the reser-
ovation so close to the schoolhouse and
also stating that the ^\^^^\2\^
too wet for habitation and unsuitable
for residence purposes.
If this protest is overruled, the
school trustees plan to take legal
steps to prevent locating the Indians
in that vicinity.
Mr Dorrington said that the land
selected seemed the best that could
be purchased for the money appro-
priated, and pointed out that there
remains only a short time before the
i appropriation will be withdrawn and
no money will be available to locate the
Indians, now housed on an mhospit-
able tract, in a decent place There
was no suggestion made as to where
any other property might be pur-
chased which would meet the re-
quirements for Indian homes.
SAr>iTA ROSA, CALF.—
KEPJDL C/^N
M4&^ V. ^m
Lytton Disapproves
Indian Reservation
Kepubllcan County Bureaa
lfflt\LpSB"dRG, March 27 (j4>e-
cif^A-I^ty Residents of the Lyt-
ton^chWol ^fetrict in a protest
meeting hol<a at the schoolhouse
last night / voted unanimously
against the i^roposed plan of es-
tablishing an Indian reservation
on land adjoining the Lytton
school in Alexander Valley three
miles north of Healdshurg.
The truistees were instructed at
the meeting to protest to the
federal government against clos-
ing the option • on the C. C.
iiall property, for the reason that
it was objectionable to have
school children crossing the reser-
\ ion on the way to school, and
that the adjoining property w'oulc
depreciate in value if the reserva*
tion were to be established. L. ^..
Dorrington, head of the federal In^
diun service in California, wu
present at the meeting.
HEALDSBUFG. CAL.
SGhVtTAR
MARCH r.O 102f.
[NDIANS ARE NOT
JQBE WELCOMED'
iTie proposed new Indian reserva-
tion bacl^f the Litton school on the
Alexander Valley highway, is not ap-
jparently a popular thing with the re-
jsidents of that district as well as the
[real estate owner of abutting pro-
)erty. At a mass meeting held Fri-
iay night, attended by fifty of the re-
sidents of the district, there was a
manimous vote against the reserva-
tion being located in that vicinity and
request made to the government to
joncel its option.
Dallas Wagers presided as chair-
man and Stanly Jones acted as sec-
btary. In the event that the govern-
4ent proposes to go ahead anyway,
is said that the district will take
jgal action to prevent its consum-
mation.
Ever since the white people came t(
.merica to live, poor Lo, the Indiai
IS been buffeted from pillar to pos1
tis mode of living is largely responj
[ble for his not being wanted to
proximity to white habitation.
'ffioN SCHOOL
DIST. TO FIGHT
.36</lNDlANM0VE,
Authority Granted at
Meeting Friday
Night
At a xneetmr^esidents of the
I Litton school ^^';^'^'' ^"^^^.X^^
^A^r valley at the schoolhouse rTi
lander valley ^^^^^ ^^,3
II day °}g*J',*Ue whatever steps
7T::tZy'^^: prevent the lo-
^r • ^^ pTopStrtoXT^pH
c^«4- including school trus-i
^ere P^f '/^j^^^ngton. head o^
r Str'l- fndian service in Cali-
'^SSas wagers was named cW
^ +V.O «;pssion and btaniei
for residence purposes. ,
If this protest is overruled, thj
1 school trustees plan to take lega
scnooi V inoatine the Indian^
i steps to prevent locating
' in that vicinity. .
Mr. Do^'-^g^'^ .^^t Tihlt col
selected seemed the best that couu
S purchased for the money appro
\ A r^ninted out that ther<
1'^""'' ' o^lv a hort time before th,
tremams only a sho ^^^^ ^„,
appropriation ^J»^^ ^^ ^^.^te the
no money ^^» ^^^^^^^^^^n inhospit-
'".f ;^;crTn a d'entW There
tat no suggestion made as to where,
r; "other^'property might be pu^
cSsed >vhich -ould meet the yf
ouirements for Indian homes. .
TIUWSCaiPT^
INDIANS ARE NOT
. TQ BE WELCOMED
Th^ l/oposed new Indian reserva-
tion baA of the Litton school on the
Alexander Valley highway, is not ap-
parently a popular thing with the re-
sidents of that district as well as the
real estate owner of abutting pro-
perty. At a mass meeting held Fri-
day night, attended by fifty of the re-
sidents of the district, there was a
manimous vote against the reserva-
ion being located in that vicinity and
request made to the government to
oncel its option.
Dallas Wagers presided as chair-
an and Stanly Jones acted as sec-
etary. In the event that the govern-
ment proposes to go ahead anyway,
it is said that the district will take
egal action to prevent its consum-
ation.
Ever since the white people came to
.merica to live, poor Lo, the Indian
as been buffeted from pillar to post
Js mode of living is largely respon-
ible for his not being wanted to be
fn proximity to white habitation.
9 f* ■- -<J»^- '
. ^MT^.f-^. -CAM rRAWCIOCw
'roposedFlanTor
Reservation Dropped
SANTO ROSA, May IS.— The Fed-
eral Government^Tlii annronmced,
will not force the Irrf^l/J station
contempla-ted on la^/ ^<f6inr!t the
Lyttons District school in noiithern
Sonoma county. Some time} ago,
when it became known that the
new reiservatlon would a/djoln th^
school yard, the trustees callM a
meeting- and a Rigorous protes-t was
made to the tlovernment against
locating the -reservation. Th^ pro-
test was forwarded to Washington,
and it is now understood that the
Government has withdrawn all
negotiations.
-. > 7^: .\;
tIeiVsciipping
pr^ Bureau
* ««^. , •«.
SAN FRANCISCO. ^
LOS ANGEtES^
PORTLAND. OBS. ^i .
Dry Creek Opposes
Reservation Plan
SANTA ROSA, Af ril 3.— A mass
meeting was held'jb jthe LyA^ns'
district school in Non:l\jpi SCToma
county for the pi>i^se of lofging
protests against the locating dt the
new- reservation for the Dvy Creek
Indians on land adjoining the
school house and grounds. The
Government will be asked to with-
draw the option onjiyft.. laaid and
locate the Tndi^attT^tsewhere.
There^^«f^ethi^ty-sfe^•en Indians
and^>*reir families interested in the.
reservation.
PETALUMA, CA'...— ARQU3
JULY ii, i9J6
WILL BE LOCATED
T PLANNED
Unle^y^noth|r suitable site for
an Indian reservation in Alexan-
der valley is found soon, the U.
S. commissioner of Indian Af-
fairs ' in Washington will close
the deal for purchase of the pro-
tested site adjoining the Lytton
school, it "was learned here yes-
terday from Congressman C. F.
Lea. The purchase will proliably
be completed before the end
this month, Lea said.t
The Indian department is de-
termined, according to the Santa
Rosa solon, to give the Alexander
Valley Indians a new reservation
to take the place of the present
isolated, barren tract in the hills
east of the valley, where water is
scarce, sanitary facilities lacking,
and the soil incapable of produc-
ing crops to feed the Indians.
Since residents of the Lytton
school district, located on the
Alexander Valley highway a short
distance off the Redwood high-
way north of Healdsburg, unani-
mously protested against selec-
tion of a reservation sit too close
to the school grounds. Col. L. A.
Dorrington, superintendent of In-
dian agencies in California, has
been seeking another location, but
without success, according to Con-
gressman Lea. The option to
purchase the Lytton tract from
the C. C. Hall estate t/br $10,000
has not been given up, .it was
stated.
Several other sites are under-
stood to have been suggested, but y
none was found suitable. Unless
I another selection is made before
the end of the month, which
seems unlikely, the Lytton reser-
vation will be taken over for the
Alexander Valley and Dry Creek
tribes.
The site consists of 50 acres
north and west of the Lytton
school, stretching back to the
foothills. — Press Democrat.
WAPil*. ^M1^ — JCWWNAL
:Ai;Cil IS. 1?37
^fm
u^m
SANTA ROSA, March 17.— The
|U.niit-d .stiateB Govennment has pur-
chaiaed a 50-acre mamch-eria in Al-
examd^r VaJlI^y, west <xf Calisitogia, /to
l>e used as a ir^seirvaUon for ithe.
Polmio Indiaais, ^asit fadlmg remnamt
of a oiuj« iKwweiifuJ .trilbe in Napa,
|lAke ajid Sonxmia counftlee.
Th.e ,trate.t waJs puo^ohafi-ed hy the
Fecte<ral Indlaai Bureau thirou^h the
kflfonts of .JVIfrjs. Wal/ter iLerroux of
p^Jlexander Valley, <>(hatrmiam of tOie
Indi^ Welfare depairtmeont of the
roaflifornia :F^edeT'atio(n of WK>inein's
[Clu'bc.
Movement of (the Indian flrxxm ,
theJtt- p(rese.n;t mouintaiiai relsteirvQ^tion
'three miles aoufth of GeyservilOe is
exp,ec<ted to .hegrin la^ so<m as the
weaher cleaans. About 70 Indians in
eluding men, wom«n and dhildren
will occupy (the iranoheria.
T.he deed3 transfettiriing the po-o^-
eiTty from R. a. OQbibi and wife to
he grovennmeaxt weaie filed heaie Jaite ,
yesterday. Th^^ price repo(nted U> Ihave
been paid is about *1 0,000.
Having aooompXiahed (her .firsft big
I>urpose. Mrs. Laroux now topee Jjq
eecuire federal or oth^r aid in eneot-
lug: homes for the lindians, e^peciiaKIy
tor tftioae wjho ane afeted and umable
to work ior tOiem^ilveis. EvientuaJOy
sJie Jiopes to be .able .to provide for
tJiem a trnik and water system t^at
will Pipe water ,to fthelr ihome©, a
commiMiiAy /batlhihoai^ atod trJIbaJl
gathering pjaae, wiith playgrounds
■a^d a/tlLto«^rfieid adjoining j(t.
OAKLAND C.AUF.-TtlBt;Ne
GCT03ER 17, 1928
Indian Agents
Visit Reservations
GBYSERVILLE. Oct. 1,7. —
Colonel Li. A. Dorrington, in charge
of state Indian affairs, visited here
Monday and with Mrs. McKenan
of Round Valley, official state In-
dian nurse, made a tour of inspec-
tion of the Indian reservation in
the coast section, after visiting the
Greyserville re^rvation.
,^:'\T{}t3|fi^'r'ii-77?
'■*!-' 1
■ '"":Vti!\,.'£^.' ..41
^S. y^
^\OiiA
^<.^VvycJ Oc^k)^ /-% ^"f^"^
/
y
£.U31V1«.3 WILL
SWOOP DOWN ON
SAN FRANCISCOl
Big Cl^ief' s Councy. Gives
Order for IS|^if^stic
Festivsttin City
San JFi
(By Indian
( i '
'It's true!
invasion of
C
CO)
The Indians plan an
Sa4i Francisco!" ad-
mitted Frederick G. Collette, execn-
tive i^cpresentative of the Indian
Board of Co-opertaion, to a press
representatfve. • "But it will he a
peaceful invasion and one that will
be welcomed, as well as long; re^
mebered, by the residents of the
Bay Cities. The Indians will ar-l
rive fully armed with native weap-|
ons and' arrayed in gaudy paint,
feathers and colorful Indian finery.
This, however, is merely in accord-
ance with the ancient tribal cus-
tom of making known their rank
and importance. Of course, there
may be warlike demonstrations, but
no 'laws will be violated. The In-
dians come for another purpose.
Thp object of their visit is to at-
tend the first Indian festival ever
hejd in California. The festival
will be held on the grounds at 12th
and Market streets October 1 to 4.
inclusive, and marks the revival
of the %Tnt>ient Indian summer aea-
:3on of festivitv. Collett continued:
Ceremonials
".Toe Longfeather, a full-blooded
Indian, noted for his Indian pag-
<-^nntry and spectacles, will act as
managing director, m. Longfeath-
er*s program commands consid^r?^-
\u)u. Ninteon Califdrnin tribc?^ will
p;,r<icii)ate. The Indians will bring
all their belongings, including then-
own musiV^ians. An outstanding
feature will be a fjill-blooded In-
dian brass band. The bcind will
rc»ader ,^ series of cdncertft in-
cluding' f^nfous martial airs, the
classics 8^iKl.f.he latest jazz oom-
positions. "Another unique/ and, in-
teresting feature oi the festival
will be thp daily presentation of
Wlerd and "^pe<;tacular tribal cere-
monials around a hufee -^blazing fire.
These ceremonials will constitute
sights city folks rarely have the
opportunity to witness. Then, too,
the all-Indian competitive athletics
will appeal to lovers of sturdy
'-port.
Athletic$
**For instance, the most aI)sorbing
Indian game played will be the stick
game. This game is played by
teams comprised of four men each,
representing: the different tribes.
An effort will be made to receive
the sanction of 1*e A. A. U. and
officials of the Olympic club and
universities; also to have the of-
ficials of \these organizations oudge
the merits of the stick game for
the perpetuation of the oldest
known American game. Players
of the si:ick game wear no clothes
except a breech cloth, and the
stick game is so strenuous the play-
ers are exhausted. A cash prize of
$500.00 will be awarded to the
v/innin^ team in the stick game.
''Indian football will also be a
feature of the athletic meet. This
game will be played strictly accord-
ing to Indian rules. The rules per-'
mit the women to play, in fact,
each team has women members.
The men, however, are only per-
mitted to kick the ball. This gives
rhe women an advantage. They
may handle the football in any way
they see fit. Still another exclu-
sive game is called Ul-Um-Bat-Too
(grass ball). The basket ball as
played by white athletes is^ child-
ren's play compared to Ul-Um-Bat-
Too. Incidentally, this wmU be the
first time that the stick game, In-
cMan footfall and Ul-Um-Bat-Too
will be played in San Francisco.
l*apiM)s<» Show
."Indian archery will be an event
of importance. The Indian archers
rse the bow and arrows with aston-
ishing skilV At the request ot
rnany White sportsmen interested ir
lihe revival of ancient archery, the
Indians will give several reuiark-
rble exhibitions with this old-time
weapon • The most beautiful
papooses (hMvies) and their proud
r; others ^^iH be present. The
p^se^ wiU arrive in I^^^ian ba^^y
c p-viarei&— baskets strapped to their
mother's hacks. All city folks who
PTlend the festival will have a rare
oT)portunity of observing at close
rini-'-o the favorite Indian pursuits
during peace, such as basket weav-
',1^ blanket manulacturft, etc. Long
ami varied programs will be pre-
sent (d every afternoon i^^i^l even-
ing, 'i'he Indians are making the
aifair tht> greatest of its kind ever
hrQii in California.
"Small admission fees
ciiaiged. permit ti!?g men.
and .'hildren from all walk:
to jMtend. And, I doubt
so inuh colorful pageantry and in-
teresting, insti uctive entfntainmcnt.
b »p evo!- been offcvv'^d for so little
will be
women
^^ of life
if ever
ivtVv-'^'^". ^'^■^V^^l
Wales Could Meet Princesses Here
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Th, Prince of Wal.s ha» b«n invited ,o vW. C»l.toma b^^^^e ^» ^^JjlJ^'m be Amer-
Ef i-b-r^ *4i^ll';:««ir fnrrirl^T/^Al'ei^o. C.H.n.i, bay, bee, s^-
moned to the celebration. i — — ■^■■■^■■1
Summoned to council by Chief
-ongfeather. wise father of the
pjhoshones, Indians from nineteen |
[tribes of California will hold a
?reat festival and conclave in San
B'rancisco from October 1 to 4, in*
elusive, under the auspices of the
[ndian Board of Co-operation.
Wiffwams wiU be pitched in this
vhite man's city, at Twelfth and
larket streets, where weird cere-
lonial dances, blanket and basket
^reaving, ul-um-bat-too, or Indian
rass ball, methods of hunting and
-apping and other activities will
shown to create public interest
the fast dwindling race.
••Seventy years ago there were
10,000 of my people In California,"
lief Longfeather said yesterday,
^oday there are but 20,000.
cptcmbcr 24, 1924
■^VWW^f^^^MMMM^A^MM^
CLUBWOMEN
AID INDIAN
FESTIVAL
IN S. F.
San Franci|fco cUb^tynen today
have ta^fofc-iiiijrt pron|ption of the
Indian Fesotalfit Twelfth and Mar-
ket streets, October Ito 4, inclusive.
The festival will wrtltaj^' by Joe
Lon^eather, a ful#bj|^ded Sho-
shone, whp declares xnat some 200
California Indians will participate.
The affair is under the auspices of
the Indian Board of Co-operation.
COMMITTEES NAMED.
At a meeting in the board's of-
fices, 3 City Hall avenue, Frederick
G. Collett, executive secretary of the
board, explained to members of the
Federated Women's Clubs the pur-
poses of the festival and asked their
co-operation. Committees were ap-
pointed and the work of selling
tickets and promoting interest in the
festival begun. The meeting was
addressed by Joe Longfeather, Prin-
cess Jewell Dawn and Princess
^hiela Nawadaha.
TO PLAY BALL.
The festival, it was explained,
would show the Indians in the arts
of war and peace, religious dances,
tribal customs, mode of living and
in games. Among the latter is Um-
J.a-Bat-Too, one of the oldest known
games and a sort of basketball. The
ball is made of grass. Women take
part in this game and may handle
the ball, kick it or use any means
they see fit to aid their team. She
men, however, are not allowed'^o
handle the ball and may only kick it.
Among the clubwomen attending
were Mrs. A. S. Musante, Mrs. Ed-
ward K. Place, Mrs. A. H. McCul-
lough. Mrs. Susanne McKelvy, Mrs.
Beatrice Olds, Mrs. A. B. McDer-
l^iott, Mrs. Florence Cromwell an
Mrs. F. H. Colburn.
REDMEN TO INVADE S. F.-BUT ONLY FOR A FESTIVAL
More than 200 Indians mil gather in San Francisco October I to 4 to hold a festival SanJFranasco clubwomen hc^eappomled com^
mittee7toad in the event. Among those active are: Upper, Ufi to n^ht.Mrs A. 5. Mmante Mrs. Edrvard R. /''««• J^V.' 4' Xl\.2n
CuUoughand Mrs. Suzanne McLh^: Mrs. Beatrice Olds, Mrs. A. B. McDermoit Mrs. Florence CromTvell and ^?- f'f^\y/"^";
LoZrlen Frederick C. Collett. secretary) of the Indian Board of Co-operation under rvhose^ausptces '^^ Sath'""S .''1° }'Hf ^'''^
LoZ rthtXftto right. Princess Jewell Dar^n, Joe Longfeather and Princess Shela Nawadaha, who wdl '^^P^r - 'fte /« '^^^
idest American
\ame Is Revived
for Indian Fete
in San Francisco
What is the ol^t American
?,-ame? The question has G|fused
quite a discussion amongn^^5.meri-
can sporting authorities. The ques-
tion has been debated widely and
is still being discussed.
California Indians, however, con-
tend that the American Indian stick
game is the oldest American game.'
**Were we not here first?" com-
mented Chief Dahawanzala, when
informed of t*^e discussion. . "Aye,
many, many moons and seasons be-
fore the whites.
"I have lived to be of venerable
age. I have seen the passing of
my people. But. withal, I give
thanks because stick ball is still the
favorite game of the Indians.
'.'Long before a white man set
foot in America, the stick game was
played by Indians. It is an Indian
game, invented by Indians, to be
played bj' Indians for the amuse-
ment of all. And often I have
watched great Indian stick games
with pleasure.
"None but the brave, the sturdy,
can play the stick game.
**Each team is made up of four
braves, clad only in breech clouts.
"And when the game is finished,
the players are usually exhausted."
The Indian stick game will be
the big, outstanding athletic event
of the Indian festival at Twelfth
and Market streets, San Francisco,
October 1 to 4, inclusive.
Several of the 19 tribes pa^rtici-
pating in the Indian festival will
be represented by crack stick game
teama.
A cash prize of $500 will be given
to the champion team- And aside
from the rivalry which naturally
exists among the California tribes
to excel in the strenuous stick game,
the cash prize will be an incentive
for each player to do his best.
During the Indian festival, an
effort will be made to have offi-
cials of the A. A. U., Olympic cli
and universities judge the merityof
the stick game, with a view^of
popularizing the oldest of Ame^can
^ames.
HRnrKn. tat,., rtak
optemi-er 25, 1934
CALIFORNIA INDIANS TOi
GATHER SOON AT
METROPOLIS
SuMn^onl^o cJWitil by Chief Long-
feather, wise fath^ of the Shoshones,
Indians from nineteen tribes of Calif-
ornia wil^hold a great festival and
conclave in^an Francisro ^^ cm Octo-
ber 1 to 4, incvlusive under the aus-
pices of the Indian Board of Co-op-
eration.
Wigwams will be pitched in this
white man's city, at Twelfth and
Market streets, where weird ceremo-
Inial dances, blanket and basket weav-
ing ul-um-bat-too, or Indian grass
ball, methods of hunting and trapping
and other activities will be shown to
create public interest in the fast dwin-
(dling race. *
"Seventy years ago there were
1210,000 of my people in California,"
Chief Longfeather said. "Today there
|are but 20,000. I have called together
:he sons and daughters of once migK-
:y warriors and hunters. They will
5ome from all tribes the Modoc, the
)hasta, Hoopas, Wintoons the Yumas
|rom Lassen and Butte, the Piutes of
take new laws, protect our lands and
Lve our race from extinction."
Gepteniber 2% 1924
blfWAN
UNS TO INTADE THE CITY OF
SAN FEAN€IS€0
Big Chiefs' Council Orders Great Red-
skin Festival in Metropolis
By. Golden Gate
The Indians plan an
invasion or sarf' Francisco!" admitted
Frederick G. Collett, executive repre-
sentative of the Indian Board of Co-
operation to a press representative.
"But it will be a peaceful invasion
and one that will be welcomed, as well
as long remembered, by the residents
of the bay cities. .
"Indians will arrive fully armed
with native weapons and arrayed in
gaudy paint, feathers and colorful In-
dian finery. This, however, is merely
in accordance with the ancient tribal
custom of making known their rank
and importance. Of course, there may
be warlike demonstrations, but no
laws will be violated. The Indians
come for another purpose. ^
*'The object of their visit is to at-
tend the first Indian Festival ever
held in California.
"The Festival will be held on the
grounds at 12th and Market Streets,
October 1st to fourth 4th, inclusive,
and marks the revival' of the ancient
Indian summer season of festivity.
"Joe Longfeather, a full-blooded In-
dian, noted for his Indian pageantry
and spectacles, will act as managing
director. Mr. Longfeather's program
commands consideration.
I "Nineteen Cailfornia tribes will par-
ticipate. The Indians will bring all
their belongings, including their own
musicians. An outstanding feature
will be a ful\-blooded Indian brass
band. The band will render a series
of concerts, including famous martial
airs, the classics and the latest jazz
compositions.
"Another unique and interesting
feature of - the Festival will bo the
daily presentation of weird and spec-
tacular tribal ceremonials around a
huge blazing fire. These ceremonials
will constitute sights city folks rarely
have the opportunity to witness.
"Then, too, the all-Indian competi-
tive athletics will appeal to lovers of
sturdy sport.
"For instance, the most absorbing
Indian game played will be the Stick
game. This game is played by teams
comprised of four men each, repre-
senting the different tribes. An effort
will be made to receive the sanction
of the A. A. U. and officials of the
Olympic Club and Universities. Also,
to have the officials of these organi-
zations judge the merits of the Stick
game for the perpetuation of the old-
est known American game. Players
of the Stick game wear no clothes ex-
cept a breech cloth, and the Stick game
is so strenuous the players are ex-
hausted. A cash prize of $500.00 will
be awarded to the winning team in the
Stick game.
"Indian Football will also be a fea-
ture of the athletic meet. This game
will be played strictly according to
Indian rules. The rules permit the
women to play, in fact, each team has
women members. The men, however,
are only permitted to kick the football.
This gives the women an advantage.
They may handle the football any way
they see fit.
"Still another exclusive Indian game
Is called Ul-Um-Bat-Too (grass ball).
The basket ball as played by white
athletes is children's play compared
to Ul-Um-Bat-Too.
"Incidentally, this will be the first
time that the Stick game, Indian foot-
ball and Ul-Um-Bat-Too will be played
in San Francisco.
"Indian Archery will be an event
of importance. The Indian archers
use bow and arrow with astonishing
skill. At the request of many white
sportsmen interested in the revival of
ancient archery, the Indians wlU give
several remarkable exhibitions with
this old-time weapon.
"The most beautiful papooses (bab-
ies) and their proud mothers will be
present. The papooses will arrive in
Indian baby carriages — baskets strap-
ped to -their mother's backs.
"In short, all city folks who attend
the Festival will have a rare opportun-
ity of observing at close range the fiaiv-
orite Indian pursuits during peace,
such as basket weaving, blanket
manufacture, etc.
"Briefly, long and varied programs
will be presented every afternoon and
evening. The Indians are making the
affair the greatest of its kind ever
seen in California.
"Small admission fees, adults 50s;
children 25c, will be charge4. This-
will permit men, women and children
from all walks of life to al
I doubt if ever so much colorful page-
antry and interesting, instructive en-
tertainment has ever been offered for
so little money."
i
^Q-Jfear Old Fatriarc,
^ Of Indians Visitor Here
S.T. X><xn\m ^WS, Sc^t.lk, liO^
to
Chfef Dahawanzala, pcd-skln
sage, who Is a visitor in
San Francisco.
Chief Dahawanzala
Survey City for Com-
ing Festival
Wrinkled and bronzed, the ven-
erable Chief Dahawanzala Is In San
Francisco! He came to make a
preliminary survey of the great
city, visit the principal points of
Interest and prepare for the Cali-
fornia Indian Festival here.
Eighty years old, the chieftain
Is a commanding figure, and noted
for his oratorical ability. He Is an
authority on California Indian his-
tory and noted for his sage sayings.
"I came to your great city to re-
new acquaintances of many seasons
with white brothers and sisters "
said Chief Dahawanzala today. '
"And my eyes see many Improve-
ments In your fair city since my
last visit. Forever may the favor-
ite city of my white brothers con-
tmue to prosper."
Willie in San Francisco, prepara-
tory to the Indian Festival in which
19 California tribes will participate,
Chief Dahawanzala will visit the
principal points of Interest and ad-
dress several organizations.
BRIDGEPORT, CAL.
CHRONICLE-UNION
Ceptcmber 2fit 1^24
10 iiD mm
1
f^ hi
Big Chiefs' Council Great Redskin
Festival in City by .Golden tale.
<<
It's true
he^ndian
plan an
?p s^ .
invasion of San Francisco!" ad- i ' ,:„ ani'inejsip saiioi aajq^
mitted Frederick G. Collett^Exe- -«I-J^ ,,,d ..u|daeMS
cutive Secretary of the Irndian ^"^^^ «• ^- n.maao-
Board of Co-Operation to a press
represeritative. **But itt will be
a peaceful invasion and one that
will be welcomed, as well as long
remembered by the residents of
the Bay Cities.
"The Indians will arrive fully
armed with native weapons and
arrayed in gaudy paint, feathers
and colorful Indian finery. This,
however, is nuerely in accordance
with the ancient tribal custom of
making known their rank and im-
portance. Of course, there may
be war-like demonstrations, but no
laws will be violated. The Indians
come for another purpose. The
object of their visit is to attend
the first Indian festival ever held
in California.
*'The festival will be held on the
grounds at 12th and Market Sts.,
October 1-4, inclusive, and marks
the revival of the ancient Indian
Summer season of festivity.
"Joe Longfeather, a full-blooded
India, noted for his Indian pagean-
try and spectacles, will act as
managing director. Mr. Long-
feather's program commands con-
siderable atterjtioiK
"Nineteen California Indian
tribes will participate. The In-
dians will bring all their belong-
ings, including their own mnsi-
cians. An outstanding feature
will be a full-blooded Indian brass
band. The band will render a se-
ries of concerts including famous
martial airs, the classics and the
latest Jazz compositions.
"Another unique and interesting
feature of the Festival will be the
daily presentation of weird and
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jaaj- OS OJ ei "o-"* saoBid aiuos ui puB
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jttaj B nioJj qiPJM nj SaiP"*!
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la -punoj SUM Boqs auuatnBO -ni 'B
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Up '^\u\i\i puB pa:ioojaJBq aj8.\\ i^aqx
ITOiBj aq; q;iA\ saAi] oqAi 'Baqs auua
HBO *uBuioAi paSB-aippiiu b q^iM uooa
^1
invasion of San Francisco!" ad-
mitted Frederick G. Collet^Exe-
cutive Secretary of the Tndian
Board of Co-Operation to a press
represeritative. **But itt will be
a peaceful invasion and one that
will be welcomed, as well as long
remembered by the residents of
the Bay Cities.
"The Indians will arrive fully
armed with native weapons and
arrayed in gaudy paint, feathers
and colorful Indian finery. This,
however, is nuerely in accordance
with the ancient tribal custom of
making known their rank and im-
portance. Of course, there may
be war-like demonstrations, but no
laws will be violated. The Indians
come for another purpose. The ii
object of their visit is to attend
the first Indian festival ever held
in California.
**The festival will be held on the
grounds at 12th and Market Sts.,
October 1-4, inclusive, and marks
the revival of the ancient Indian
Summer season of festivity.
"Joe Longfeather, a full-blooded
India, noted for his Indian pagean-
try and spectacles, will act as
managing director. Mr. Long-
feather's program commands con-
siderable attention*
"Nineteen California Indian
tribes will participate. The In-
dians will bring all their belong-
ings, including their own mnsi-
cians. An outstanding feature
will be a full-blooded Indian brass
band. The band will render a se-
ries of concerts including famous
martial airs, the classics and the
latest Jazz compositions.
"Another unique and interesting
feature of the Festival will be the
daily presentation of weird and
spectacular tribal ceremonies a-
round a huge blazing fire. These
ceremonials will constitute sights
city folks rarely have the oppor-
tunity to witness.
"Then, too, the all-Indian com-
petitive athletics^ will appeal to
lovers of sturdy sport.
"For instance, the most absorb-
ing Indian game played will be the
Stick Game. This game is played
by teams comprised of four men
each, representing the different
tribes. An effort will be made to
receive the sanction of the A.A.U.
and officials of the Olmypic Club
and Universities. Also, to have
the officials of these organizations
judge the merits . of the Stick
Game for the perpetuation of the
oldest known American game.
Players of the Stick Game wear
ro clothes except a breech cloth,'
and the Stick Game is so strenu-
ous the players are exhausted. A
cash prize of $500.00 will be awar-
ded to the winning team in the
Stick Game.
"Indian football will also be a
feature of the athletic meet. This
will be played strictly according
to Indian rules. The rules per-
mit the women to play, in fact,
each team has v/omen members.
The men. however, are only per-
mitted to kick the football. This
gives the women an advantage.
They may handle the football any
way they see fit.
"Still another exclusive Indian
game is called Ul-TJm-Bat-Too
^'Grrs:^ b-^llV The basket h?A\ as
^byed by whites is children's
rby com'^'^^d to TH-Hm-B'^t-Too.
••TncTdent-llv. t>>^s t-ni be the
ftrtrt tiTP^ th^t th^ ^Vrk Onme. In-
dian football and Ul-Um-Bat-Too
Will be pUyad in San Frandico.
"Indian archery will be an event
of importance. The Indian archers
use the bow and arrow with aston-
ishing skill. At the request of
many white sportsmen interested
in the revival of archery, the In-
dians will give several remarkable
xhibitions with this old-time wea-
pon.
"The imost beautiful papooses
(babies) and their proud mothers
will be present. The papooses
will arrive in Indian baby car-
riages— baskets strapped to their
mother's backs.
"In short, all city folks who at-
tend the Festival will have a rare
opportunity of observing at close
range the favorite Indian pursuits
during peace, such as basket weav-
ing, blanket manufacturing, etc.
"Briefly, long and varied pro-
grams will be presented every af-
ternoon and evening. The Indians
are making the affair the greatest
of its kind ever seen in San Fran-
Cisco.
"Small admission fees, adults
50 cents; children 25 cents, will
be charged. This will permit men
women and children from all
walks of life to attend. And, I
doubt if ever sa much colorful
pageartry and interesting, insrnc-
tive entertainment has ever been
offered for no little money."
San Frfincfsco. Ca|
tcptcmber 27, IS--*
. — ExamThef
1'
'Teachum Paleface Be Warrior'
mtmmntfftim
::;::■:>:■>!*:•:•:•>:?
iiirtKlWW.il.
W^^i^^
•I'^'.vXs
;:>N->:-:x::::>;;
.•■•Tfyyyy/yy.'j
wt:<:.x-x>l
M<^MMMMtMMMiiMMMM*M
li<li<wirf
Chief Lion Heart, sage o( the Hupas, instructing Georgi
Finnegan, San Francisco^o^^^gcout, in the lore of the bow an<
arrow.
Drea/ms cam« true for 100 Boy
Iscouts when real Redskins squat-
Ited beside them over the camp-
:ire last night and revealed the
iecrets of forest life or danced in
leathered regalia to the chant of
savage war songs. Every Scout in
'roop 24, and even Scoutmaster|
\ C. Schleuter, became a Daniel
Joone or Buffalo Bill for the mo-
fnent, while braves, who will take
>art in the big California Indian
festival at Twelfth and Market
itreets October 1-4, rehearsed their
:ribal rites.
The big car barn auditorium at
)ak and Broderick streets was con-
-erted into a woodland scene for
[the entertainment, given under
lauspices of the Indian Board of
ICo-operation, sponsors of the
lOctober festival.
Among the Indians were Chief
Isampson Grant of the Hat Creek
tribe, Chief Ish-date-woy-gee of|
the Modessa tribe, Chief Lion
Heart of the Hupas and Chief
Long-feather, a Shoshone. Four|
picked Scouts, George Finnegan,
Elliot Welsenger, Jack Mail and
[George Bogart welcomed the In-
diana on behalf of the troop.
ndian Fighter and
Redskin Visit Fleetl
WiUiam W^rd, I^dfen figrhter a
fonj^i3 go vmrnm e iTWs c o u t in t
carly^fcdiaiVBrarfai^R days and
and
the
Lys and a
survi^^r of thp T^oise massacre of I
1854, visited D^f^JmcAfic fleet yes-
terday with a giiKp of Indians who
are to appear here in the Indian
Festival at Twelfth and Market]
streets October 1. The group were
the guests of the Navy Day coin -I
niittee.
September 29, 1924
OAKLAND. CAL. TRIBUNE
lUiDtciTJbcr 2Sf 1924
BE KIX PBOemiM
FEmURE TOKICHT
Oldest U. (i?AIuraiiu8 Wl
Open Bill With Address to
Radio Fari^^
Colonel George Edwards, oldest
living: alumnus of the University of
TT^'^^^Kfi /l^'-iction of the A. S.
U. C. publicity bureau
f>»i^^i^n ^^^^'^^J Edwards' speech
n»m^2"'''^ni^wP^^«^^"^ o^ Indian
numbers will be given:
^.r^^r^^^^^^^^^ ^^ Indian festival,
yZ ^'"^- Sch^na; whistling solos
by Mme Scheila of Chukchansi
A7p '^^J!I?,^^^ ceremonial songs by
A fred Glllis; songs by Mrs. Alma
Olson of Porno tribe, and Indian
songs by Sampson Grant
The Freshmen Glee club will
be followed by a short l<*cture by
Professor William Meyer of the
astronomy department. Bob Beale's
campus orchestra will conclude the
program broadcast from Stephens
Lnlon hall at the University of Cal-
ifornia over a private leased wire
through radio KI.X.
«^an rr-anciscc.ca!.— Examiner
Ccptcmber 29, 1924
ndian Braves Pay
Battleship Visit
California's
Ivisited her big
Iterday.
dents
yes-
"Heap big canoe," #|rfs Chief
Bear Slayer's estimate drthe U. S.
S. California, when he and five
other braves were taken aboard the
mighty flagship of the Pacific Fleet
as guests of the Navy day commit-
ofif ^"^ members of the C. C.
Thomas navy post No. 244 of the
[American Legion, arranging for the
r fx^TM^^"^^ of Navy day. October 27.
William H. Ward, famous Indian
F.rJSr' accompanied the delegation
'of First Californians" and sat for
tne first time in .50 years in friendly
powwow with descendants of the
same race who, in 1S54, participated
m the historic massacre ot fhe
l^^l ^^^J^^' ?-^ ^^^^^ ^s now Boise,
Idaho. The Indians are here for
Jl^^I ^^"^I'^^I festival, Which be-
gins Wednesday.
r
STICK
GAME OLDEST OF
SPOUTS IN I S.
SAN FRA^I^CpV^ept. 29.—
What is the olOTsNAmefrican game?
This question^^as caused quite a
discussion am'ong the ^^merican
Sporting Authorities. *'^h^ ques-
tion has been debated widely and
is still being discussed.
California Indians, however, con-
tend that the American Indian
Stick game is £he oldest American
game.
•*Were we not here first?" com-
mented Chief Dahawanzala, when
informed of the discussion. "Aye,
many, many moons and Masons
before the whites.
"I have lived to be of venerable
age. I have seen the passing of
my people. But, withal, I give
thanks because Stick bJji is still
the favorite game of the* Indians.
"Long before a white man set
foot in America, the Stick Game
was played by Indians. It is an
Indian game, invented by Indians,
to be played, by^ Indians for the
amusement of all. And often I
have watched great Indian Stick
games with pleasure.
"None but the brave, the sturdy,
can play the Stick Game.
"Each team is made up of v four
braves, clad only in breech cloths.
"And when the game is fin-
ished, the players are usually ex-
hausted."
The Indian Stick Game w?ll bo
the big, outstanding athletic event
of the Indian Festival at Twelfth
and Market streets, San Francisco,
October 1 to 4, inclusive.
Several of the nineteen tribes
participating in the Indian Festival
will be represented by crack Stick
Game teams
A cash prize of $500 will be igven
to the champion team. And aside
from the rivalry which naturally
exists among, the California tribes
to excel in the strenuous Stick
Game, the cash prize will be an in-
centive for each player to do his
best.
During the Indian Festival, an
effort wil be made to have officials
of the A. A. U., Olympic club and
universities judge the merits of the
Stick Game, with a view of popu-
larizing the oldest of American
games.
^c
SAN FK A Xr7s007~ CAL., MONDAY. SEPTEMBER '^9
Indians and Frontiersman Guests of Man-o'-W
■— ^ nrRLftTT PRINCESS SHEILA LAVAHAOA
EAQLE HAWK ^CHIEF BEAR SLAYER SAILOR f- "' •*^"*-"" PRINCESS JEWELL DAWN
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Veteran Fighter on
U. S. S. California
Indian chiefs and Princesses and
a veteran Indian fighter of the "cov-
ered wagron" days mingled and '
formed friendships during a tour
of inspection on board the flagship
California yesterday. William Ward,
scout and Indian fighter of the fron-
tier days, and one of the survivors
of the Boise massacre in 1854, and
a party of Indians from the Cher-
okee and Wintoone tribes, were
guests of the Navy day committee
aboard the 'war vessels.
FAMILY 3IASSACRED
For W^ard it was the first time he
liad been anioug Indians since the
massiacre. which killed all of his
family with the exception of him-
self and one brother. Ward was 15
years old at that time and escaped
only after having been wounded
four times and crawling through
the brush for nearly a week before
finding his way to old Fort Boise,
where he was cared for and after-
ward became a Government scout.
HKKK FOR FESTIVAL
The Indians are here to take part
in the Indian festival, which is to
be held in San Francisco October
1 to 4. Among them are Princesses
Sheila I.avahada of the Cherokees,
and Jewell Dawn of the Wintoone
tribe. Chiefs Sampson Grant and
James Schomaker, both of the Big
Hat tribe. Chief Ish-ta-sha-ta of
the Wintoone tribe and others.
As Ward was comparing the bows
and arrows of fifty years ago with
the big guns of the modern man-o'-
war and the battle ships to the cov-
ered wagon of our forefathers, the
round-the-world flyers flew over-
head, evidence of another advance
in methods of warfare.
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WBRRv ::•:>><• «.,.^.- nr-AB eiAVFR CHIEF SAMPSON UKANI ___^__^_______^_^«__«.»«—
CHIEF BEAR SLAYER
Chiefs of many tribes, Indian Princesses and former Indian fighter meet as guests «« Navy day
commite ata"rrflag.h.p California for tour of inspection over -d-^battle sh.p. Ch.efs show
sailors war dances, while the sailors explam mechanism of the long range ritles.
I
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SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.
OA^LY HERALD ( S. F, >
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I ^ — Illustrated Daily Herald inioto
RFDSKINS INVADE BAY REGION— Genuine Indians, in war paint 'n' everything, began an invasion of San Francisco and the bay region last
Fridav Nineteen tribes of California redmen, with "their sisters and their cousins and their aunts" will stage a festival at Twelfth and ISIarket
streets from October 1 to 4, inclusive, and yesterday they began pitching their tents on the grounds. The above pictures show some of them enter-
taining bov scouts and visiting the battle fleet. The boy scouts were entertained at the car barns at Oak and Brodenck streets, where Jack Lion-
S and cS SampsoT did a war dance. In the picture showing the visit to the U. S. S. California, they are being greeted by Capt R.
D Hasbrouck The party was led by Princess Scheila Nawadaha, upon the arm of William H. Ward of Alameda, a survivor of the Indian wars. The
others in their order were: Ellen Norris, Chief Tsh-date-woy-gee, Chief Sampson Grant, Jack Lionheart and Fred Sturdyoak.
Indian to Tell ofi^^w^
White Man's Coming
Th^ v(*e «|phief ,J)ah^anazala.
of C^oi^a Indiai^,i&Srbe heard
over the air fram KPO tonight! How
the Cahfornia Indians felt when theyvj
first saw white men entering the
state wiW be told by the chief. A
singer of the Wintoones will sing
hunting songs accompanied by a
tribal musician furnishing rythm on
an Indian drum.
RAN MATKO.
S'KtVS-I.TADER
September 30, 1924
Moonpeam" Will Be
Big Attraction at
IthUan Festival
it
fde<
inany as
in the
lof those
Moo'«\beam,"
the most impor
v/orld todai% wil
present when the Induy^Bestival, the
first ever held in CaWffrnia, opens
tomorrow in San Francisco at Twelfth
and Market streets for its four-day
run.
"Moonbeam** is just a year old.
The Mono tribe is immensely proud
of him. He has been adjudged the
handsomest Indian ])oy in California.
[Hence the pride. The baby was en-
tered in an all California Indian baby
show when he was 6 months old, and
was declared tor be the handsomest
Indian baby the judges had ever seen.
"Moonbeam** will be at the festival,
riding in a new basket strapped to
his mother*s back.
The Indian Festival is intended as
a means of bringing the life of Cali-
fornia Indians before the people of
the state. Every phase of native ac-
tivity will be shown, from the violent
and exciting athletic contests to the
more peaceful fields of endeavor of
basket weaving, pottery and so on.
The festival is arranged under the
auspices of the Indian Board of Co-
operation, of which F. G. Collett is
San rranclsco. C;» I.— Examiner
September SO, 1924
PERFECT INDM
BABr AT
"Moonbeam" willbe^^ne *f the I
features of the Iil^ian Festival
which opens at Twelfth afftjffarket
streets tomorrow, accordiifg to an
announceemnt by the Indian Board
of Co-operation, which Is in charge
of the affair.
"Moonbeam" la a six-months-old
infant of the Mono tribe and has
been adjudged the most perfect In-
dian baby in California. He was
unanimously awarded first prize by
a group of squaws representing
every tribe In the State at a recent
Indian Baby Show.
The prize baby .arrived In San
Francisco yesterday strapped to his
mother's back. He will be present
each day of the festival which Is
scheduled to last until next Satur-
day.
j executive representative.
SAN FFTANCISCO. CAU
OAIUY HERALD < S. F/>
SoptpmteQr ?0, 1924
.NDIANS INVADE SAN FRANCISCO— Nineteen tribes of California Indians, under the auspices of the Indian Board
ef Co-operative, will hold a festival in San Francisco beginning tomorrow (Wednesday), and already they have invaded
the city in large numbers and have visited the battle fleet in the bay. At the top are the leaders of the tribes. From
left to right they are: Fred Sturdyoak, Jack Lionheart, Chief Sampson Grant, Princess Schelia Nawadaha and Chief
sh-date-woy-gee. Below is a scene of the visit of the tribes to the U: S. S. Calif ornia«
aAXFORH. CALa SEKTIKEt
October 1, 1924
nited
t the
:;Tned here today -it«^-f '^^^^
from treaties to styl^and the
King Tut J)ob under discussion.
Conversation ranged from tn^
council where Chief Dahavvanzala.
leader of the Smith River tribe
thundered his disappointment at pale
face disregard of the treaty of 1850,
to the teenees of the maidens, wliere
the white flapper was given the]
laugh for her "style origination."
It seems that the Indians should
have 7,500,000 acres of land along|
the Pit river that they have;n't got,
for white men heat them to it.
"But we evened up elsewhere," de-
clared .Princess Dahawanaala. "The
shingle bob we have worn for thou-
Sjinds of years. Your girl6 don't
v»«ar corsets; we never have. SunvJ
mer furs? Why, that's nothing. ue-
S. p. CALL
Cctctcr 1, 1924
Scriptur^ Ouer KPO
Wifltes^^ M r^jeslntatives of
twent£>flW« off rMTAmerican In-
dians, Chief -Dui-Kan-Teddis Deet-|
Sl-Yee of the Wintoone tribe read
the Scriptures in th« noonday serv-
ice over KPO today in his own tribal
language. The Scriptures were then
translated in English by Chief Joe
Longfeather. All the Indians ap-
"peared at the station in their full
regalia.
The broadcast ^^s given under
the auspices of th% American Bible
Society.
vaemism Is
i
in Evidence
AtPowWow
Sl/^'
»Tuited Presi ^^ V^
SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 1. —
I The annital powwow of the nine-
teen Indian tribes of California
opeaecl here today, with evcry-
1 thing from treaties to styles and
Ithe Klnsr Tat bob under disousM
I si on.
Conversation ranged from the
Icovncili where Chief Dab^iwan-
zalOf leader of . the Smith River
ti'ibe, thundered his disappoint-
ment at paleface disregard of
the tfC^aty of 1850, to the tepees
of tl\9 pialdens, where thp white
flapper was given the lai^h for
her "style originality."
It seems that the Indians
should have 7,500,000 acres of
laiKj «long the Pit river that
l^hey haven't got, for white men
beat them to iV
"But we evened up else-
where," declared Princess Daha-
wanzala. ^ "The shingle bob we
have worn for thousands of
yfcarp. Your girls don't wear cor-
sets; we never have. Summer
furs — ^Wliy, that's nothing new." i\
The Tuolumne* once ate grass-
hoppers, hut Mother Wesley,
from Table Mountain, now
drinks cream in her coffee and
has a time keeping the girls
from aMndoning the powwow
for the movies.
"We came here to talk over
old and new times, to revive
ancient^ customs and honor the
memoriesr' of our forefathers/'
sorrowfully said old Peter Three
Boats from Del Norte, "but what
chance have we got against \all
these modern influences?"
Shaking his head sadly, he
wiped another finger-mark from
the shiny hood of his car.
FRANCTSCOTCA
Octet cr 1i 1^2^
.O *S. F«
. . -F
Red-skinned Flappars bee^Film
Drama of Desert Love While
Fathers Hold Powwowif S. F.
Lo, the Poor Indian, whose untu-
lore^d mind *
Sees God in clouds or hears him
in the Kind.
By IDWAL JONES
The flappers, patriarchs, crones
and braves of the nineteen Cali-
fornia tribes foregathered nearly
800 strong at the pow-wow. Market
and Twelfth streets, have still to-
day the mystical streak in their
souls. But they are mystical only
in part.
What would Alexander Pope, who
affixed forever the cognomen "Poor
Lo" to the Indians, say of Peter
Three-Boats, come down from Del
Norte with his two daughters?
Peter is a dark version of William
Jennings Bryan, string tie, pince-
nez. Congress gaiters, flop hat and
all. His tutored mind sees gold in
ore, his Ford knows how to wind
and his flapper offspring fignre
next year on going to gay Paree.
But let's stay with the flappers.
There are forty of- them, all over
the lot. Peter's have gone to see
a film drama of desert love. But
under the chaperonage of the ven-
erable Bill Hulsey, otherwise Chief
Dahawanzala, five maidens from
the Smith River tribe are twanging
a sort of fiddle one apiece.
"OLD BILL"— -ORATOR.
Old Bill, eighty years old, a living
repository of Indian legends, is the
Daniel Webster, so to speak, of the
California tribes. He does the ora-
tory jobs for all the chiefs. He
knows so much of native legends
and history that when he goes to
the happy hunting grounds he will
commit grand larceny, for what
he takes with him cannot be re-
placed. Because Bill is a philos-
opher he doesn't talk wi:h other
philosophers, but with the flappers.
Besides, they are not so slow.
•*I should say not!" says the
handsomest of them, Bernice Ma-
dero, otherwise Brown. Her melt-
ing ox-eyes have glittering goldr
epecks in them. The other girls
have orbs like dark-brown pools.
The Smith River tribe girls have a
prettiness of their own. They are
the finest dancing aborigines in
CaMfomia.
"We wear what you call ' the
abingle bob, with the King Tut
droop over the ears and the straight
line over the eyes," says Bernice.
**Your girls think they aj*e up-to-
date when they cut their hair that
"^ay. But us Smith River girls
have been doing it for a thousand
years."
BEAUTY UNABASHED.
She touched the fur piece about
her neck, a beautiful mink pelt.
She glowed with pride. '*We wore
them in the hot days, maybe 2,000
years before the summer fur craze
utruck the white women. Our
fathers slew the animals in the
fipring. and by summer their skins
were properly tanned."
She pinched her blouse. Her
bosom was unconfined and un-
abashed. "None of the white girls
are wearing corsets this year. Well,
it was never fashionable with us
to wear them, and it has taken you
hundreds of years to catch up with
us in style."
Old Bill's voice was gathering
tones of thunder and he had his
finger pointed at ns. We had to
]i.sten to something on his mind.
That was our penalty for being one
They Should Wo^ry About a Continent or Two
Drawing by Jack Lustig ,^^ Cf^^^-vc^xiA^
<^c>.<,v^^H
ONE OF THE OIP TIMERS
THE VE1RV
IN lN)PlRt>)
JwOOK^S LIKE THE ftRVOFT-MB PONV
ISPP^ST- WHEN 501^E Ol^ 1?ePMEN) RNp
(>BLS PUST up to THE ^ROUNJP^ ^
IN K^CV^S U\iTE: THESE.-
11^^
50HE OVPFERENCE BBTWEHts^f
THE PRESENT RNQTH^ PR ST /
i//fiT/0s--
CW»EF OOE LON(?FERTHER
(5H0SN0NE TRi^EJ) <S^EHeRRl
^^^^ PETER
f. klRMWTH .
•rBNp mgr. '-
P OF THE
r^STICk PI RVEI?5
TER^^
of the paleffaces. "And that treaty
was signed in 1850!
\ "There were 7,500.000 acres of
land set aside for us. To be ours
as long as the rivers run to the sea,
the sun rise in the east and set In
the west. And now what have we
gotr ;
For fifty yeUrs, where the Pit
,river flows dark and swift, old Bill
has thundered this exordium and it
was most impressive, but the flap-
pers jumped up and brushed off
their dresses. "We shall put on our
costumes for you," they said and
disappeared into their tepee.
They wore the latest thing in
toques, a sort of Leghorn crown,
sans brim, woven of frail willow
switches with patterns made in
maidenhair fern stalks.
Bernice's gown took a year to
make. It was overlaid with 3,000
tiny clam shells and 2,000 petrified
seeds, all polished with stones and
bored and strung into gorgeous de-
signs.
"And now what land have we
got?" interrupted Old Bill. It seemed
impious to offer him a cigarette,
but the effect was gratifying.
Then there was Mother Wesley
from up Table Mountain way. She
was sitting at a table and drinking
coffee with cream in it. Her Tu-
olumne ancestors ate grasshoppers.
No longer are Tuolumne Indians
termed Diggers. They are MewuRs.
♦ -<-;
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ALAMEDA, CAL.— Timcs Star
Octcter 2, 1924
I i ■ I mam ri— nm — •"" 1 . ... — ..j^fcfc'i - ^ M fl M
{Indian Games Attract
Attention at S. r.
..^ Festival
4aN AftNclsCoToct. 2 — The
;lfornif Indian athletic festival
,pened yesterday afternoon in tue
. reus lot at Market and Twelfth
^'rees Big Chief D^wanzhala
white-haired and 80 years "f ^ge led
the first participants mto the arena,
some twenty men. '^^^^^J^l.^o^^,
ren, armed with bows and arrows.
One of the games was driving feath-
ered arrows a short distance into a
uSet so swiftly there was always
Ln 'arrow in the way. The yom «
Klamath braves played tne suck
oarie They dart out. four on each
team clad'in breechclouts. and t^-J
contending players hooK a fcina i|
stick with their staves and toss i
Swards the goal. Only tne stard
can play the stick game as it is verj^
^^Trmoon dance, to music on bonej
flutes was tripped by Indian maidens]
from the Smith river tribes, bedeck-
odTn buckskin gowns, trimmed wun
shells The older women who joined
had spangles of dimes to their hems.
The games played yesterday includ-
ed football, tumbling, fencing. jump..
Ipg and other exploits m which >#
hundred Indians participated.
R. P. CAL. BULLETIN
Octoircr 2, 1924
S. r. CAL. BULLETIN
October 2, 1924
200 REDSKINS'
PITCH CAMP
I
.<
N$.F.
and squaws
Twelfth and
streets, apd will remain
until Saturdg,ii^ji|iit.
They are hePTfor the California
Indian Festival, and for the purpose
of raising funds for beneficial leg-
islation for the 20,000 Indians of
this State, sole renuiant of the 210,-
000 of 30 years agro.
There are 19 tribes represented,
each one having a tepee of its own.
In front of one tepee, smoking a
cigarette, is Mother Waitai, 99 years
old. In another one is a young
Indian girl, graduate of Stanford,
dressed in her native regalia for the
occasion: but with bobbed hair and
cosmetics of the city -raised white
girl.
One dusky mother is nursing a
papoose from a very modern nurs-
ing bottle, while the sire of the
family tries out a new golf stick.
The features of the festival are
archery, tribal dancing, native
music, and the famous Indian stick
game, in which only the strongest
of the braves may enter. A team of 1
women vanquished one composed of ll
men at the manly game of football. |
Sian Arclieryl
Features
Big Festival
o£ mountain
=1, vtrm'^Wr wu^~*t<i arrow heads
o .^or^cX early Indians
droveTeir arrows to the.markw.th
an infallibility that^de thorn the
terror of the *J^creatures.
A story is mI of the father of
Naf Cisco Lachapa "^ J^^-^^tha"
whose skill was so '^^^^^'Z^^ the
'^.Ur o^ run.:,^^. deer at a
^'fno^hef sfor/tln^-of an a.cd In-
t rnmoo who was promised a
dian at 9^*11 ?.e could hit it square
small coin if he ^""'^ The an-
at a distance of 30 jards ^^^^ ^^
S/sSTo s|^ .. ---Li:
Tn^Uh r^^^darrow hit the
coin square. ^^ ^r-
The Indian <^«"f_!^'\'rt them to
^""I'w St in'and^'ootso quickly
the bow string an distance he
rid1lwa;sTave a-r- ^^^e
air. ^ven the wooden J,ead^ ^^^^
driven with -ucn
could split a ^°^^- . ^„^^ about
Still another story ^^^^ _
Indian axche.. tha s in ^^^
During V'^f-rket streets, San
Twelfth -'^^J^.^J^^A^y. Indiana
LTirgWe ama^ln^ exhibitions of
^■■Lrv af ternoonan^^"^ J
ft. r. eALi I^ULUSTTH
October 2, 1924
MODESTO, CALv— NEWi
Octotcr 2, 1924
ndians TJirai
Crowd at
Big Festival
B^ATtfeR L RIVERS
When oae's kno-w^dge of the na-
tive Americaivj^^an is circum-
scribed by the limits of the motion
picture screen or plays wherein the
no]>le redskin has been glorified or
maligned bey«ond the bounds of
truth, a visit to the California In-
dian Festival at Twelfth and Mar-
ket streets is a liberal education.
L.ast night we trekkefl away from
he beaten path of theater? and led
y a small boy decided t> permit
iir critical propensities full reign.
he intention was all right, but we
•eckoned without considering that
he small boy that lurks in all of
is does not depart when we reach
he so-called years of discretion.
etween the two of us, the small
oy that went along was small
imply in stature; in enthusiasm
e were the bigger kid of the two.
FIRES THE IMAGINATION.
But how can one help it? Two*
undred Indians, teepees, ceremon-
al camp fires; Indian sharpshoot-
ng with bows and arrows; war-
iances with weird and ominous
Ising-songs to the beat of a tom-tom
pounding; georgeously bedizened,
Ibrown- skinned wanriors, their mul-
ti-colored, feathered headdresses,
beaded garments In all the colors
of the spectrum — why the sight is
enough to fire the imagination of
the dullest dullard and we will not
confess to being one of that i]k.
Our fancy turned the big circus lot
at Twelfth and Market streets into
a wild prairie of the early Wes-t
The buildings that shut us in on
all sides were not even seen. We
thrilled at the sight of these Cali-
fornia aboriginees; followed them
here and there, the jangle of their
metal and bead ornaments music tu
our ears.
A GREAT SHOW.
Briefly, it was a great show and
it drew a packed ''house*' for the
opning night. A contingent of Boy
Scouts with fife and drum corps
lend a touch of the military.
POW wow OF
MANS ON IN
BAY tin .
t. 2.— The
!he nineteen
^nia has ppen-
verythinyg. from
' d^tfl^ing Tut
SAN
annual
I Indian
•d he
treaties to style
!teb under discus
Conversation ranged from the
I council wh^re Chief Dahawanzala,
leader of the Smith river tribe,
thundered his disappointment at
Pfl^le'face disregarji of the treaty of
1850 to the teepees of the maidens
▼here the white flapper was given
the laugh for the "style origina-
tion." ,
It seems that the Indians should
have 7,500,000 acres of land along
the Pit river that they haven't got,
for white men beat them to it.
**But we evened up elsewhere,"
declared Princess Dahawanzala.
"The shingle bob we have wowi
for thousands of years. Your girls
dpn't wear corsets; we never have.
Summer furs? why that's nothing
new."
The Tuolumnes once ate grass-
hoppers but Mother Wesley from
T^hle mountain now drinks in her
ceffee and has a time keeping the
irlrls from abandoning the pow-wow
f(ir the movies. ^
'*We came here to talk over old
afd new times, to revive ancient
customs and honor the memories
of our fore-fathiers," isorrowfully
0aid ol4 Peter Three ^ Boats from
BelNorte, "but what chance have
yr^ got aflLinst all. these modern in-
fluences?"
Shaking his head sadly, he wiped
•nother fingermark- from the shii^
hood of his car.
5'^:\w^- 2, 1924
. bal.-examlnef
Octo^C'
LAMEDA, CAL..—Tlmo3-SUr
pctolJCP 3, 1C-24
Show Amazing SkiU
■Hh Bow and Arrow
urThg ^ the Indian festival at
Twelfth Md Market Btreets, San
Francisco ^Jciosing tomorrow (Satur-
day) Indiana are giving amazing ex-
hibitlpn^ of archery at'ternopn and
evening.
Using bows made of mountain ash,
willow or elder, and arrow heads of]
wood or stone,, the early Indians
drove their arrows to the mark with
an. infallibility that made them the{
terror of the forest crea:ure«.
A story iB told of the father ofj
Nafcisco Laehapa pf Mesa Grande,
whose skill was so remarkable that he I
could sink an arrow into the shoul-
der of a running deer at a distance
of 300 yards.
Another story tells of an aged In-
dian at Campo who was promised ai
small coin if he could hit it square
at a distance of thirty y^rds. The|
ancient archer gazed the mark on
either side to show his contempt for|
so large a mark at so 4ihart a range
and with the third arrow hit the coin
square. •
The Indian could whip the arrows
out of his quiver, set them to the
bow string and shoot &\> quickly that
a reasonable distance he would al-
ways have an arrow in the air. Even
the wooden heads were driven with
such force that th^y could split a
bone.
Still another story is told abouti
Indian archers that is Interesting.
During the fall of the year wheu|
the salmon ran up the Klamath
river, a certain Indian archer used to I
shoot the salmon with bow and ar«
row as the salmon floundered up over|
the riffles and rocks.
To the strai
music, discoursed
feather head-dr
iantlve
brsfves in
the California
Indian athletk* f estiva I^n^ned yes-
terday afternoon in the circus lot
at Market and Twelfth streets. The
Indians take their games sadly,
though they work up in the sfcrim-
mage to both muscular and spir-
itual frenzy.
Big Chief Dawanzhala, spectacled
and with the snow of 80 winters
on his head, led the first partici-
pants into the arena, some twenty
men, women und children, armed
with bows and arrows. One stocky
Indian detached himself, and the
grandstand hummed with antici-
pation. H« was as corpulent as a
Japanese jui-jitsu hero, and be-
cause he was stripped to the waist,
everjrhody expected a feat of
wrestling.
Instead, he drove feathered ar-
rows a short distance into a target,
and so swiftly that there was al-
ways an arrow on the way. They
darted from his hand in a stream
like a flight of homing pigeons. Tlie
archery drew frantic and tumultu-
ous applause from the Indian
spectators. Then the women and
the children winged the target,
closing the pastime with a cere-
monial.
The Nestor of the Olympic,
venerable Dawanzhala, called for
the young Klamath braves to come
forth and play the stick game. They
darted out, four on each team, clad
in breechclouts. Two contending
players hook a stnall etick with
their staves, and toss it towards the
goal.
Only the sturdy can play the
stick game, the oldest pastime in
America, as the chief proclaimed.
An hour of the stick work exhausts
the players, and also the spectators,
so the band went strong on the re-
juvenating melodies.
The bobbed -hair maidens from
the Smith River tribes tripped their
moon dance to music on bone flutes,
leaping and tripping in a ring, be-
decked in their buckskin gowns,
trimmed with shells. The older
women who joined had spangles of
dimes to their hems.
Those Klamath young men play-
ing the stick game got more at-
tention than almost anything else,
even the football games, the tumb-
ling, fencing, jumping and other
exploits in which a hundred In-
ipated.
SJTOKte^
Flapper Stuff Not New to
3 Ihem
LUELLA LOPEZ
:-:":":':y:':v:v:-:-:-:;:v:|:;:-:j>:':^^^
b^:*^:•:■:::■;•:•;•:v:•:;:•:•: :•:■:■: :•:•:■;•:<•::.::
Here are two Indian girls who are inherently wise in the arts of modern flapperdom. The an-
cestors of attractive Viola Lowry, on the left, felt more comfortable with their knees free that they
might run swiftly, and those of little Luella Lopez, on the right, did not ttap with the lips in the matter
of rouging their faces. The two Indian girls are in the California Indian Festival which opened here
yesterday.
GRIDJIGTORS
Football Opens Festival to
Aid Dwindling Tribes of
California
A crowd of a thousand specta-
tors applauded vociferously yester-
day afternoon when a squad of
twenty Indian women bucked an
equal number of Indian males in ^
football g-ame on the circus lot at
Twelfth and Market streets, and
beat them.
The game was part of the four-
day California Indian Festival,
which opened yesterday afternoon.
its object hcing the raising: of a
nucleus fund for beneficial legisla-
tion in behalf of the 20,000 odd red
men of the state — all that remain
of the 510,000 of thirty years ago.
NINETEEN TRIBES AT FETE
A strange mingling of remnants
of nineteen tribes makes up the
festival. Each tribe has its own
tepee, which is pitched against the
painted background of some an-
cient mission. In all there are
more than two hundred Indians in
the pageant.
In contrast to one-eyed Mother
Waitai, 99 years old, who sits by
the door of her tepee and rolls her
own cigarettes, is the Indian flap-
per, In her teens, who daubs cos-
metics on her bronzed cheeks with
the age-old cunning of
forefathers. Smoking
new^ to Mother Waitai.
is nothing new to the
per.
OLB AND NEW MIXED
By this tent stands an Indian
mother, In full paint and feathers.
She Is wearing a pair of the new
octagonal-shaped spectacles, and
instead of carrying her papoose on
her back- takes it about in lier arms
and feeds it from a hygienic bottle.
Over there a girl graduate of Stan-
ford, her face streaked with paint,
is uttering wierd cries and stamp-
ing her feet frantically . for th#
purpose of furnishing a dancing
priest with the proper cadence.
Out there an old chieftain is try-
ing out a new golf stroke.
her warrior
is nothing
The lipstick
Indian flap-
5?rcjK?i^
"^
i^
Flapper Stuff Not New to
) ihem
VIOLA LOWRY
LUELLA LOPEZ
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Here are two Indian girls who are inherently wise in the arts of mdcrn flapperdom. The an-
cestors of attractive Viola Lowry, on the left, felt more comfortable witj their knees free that they
might run swiftly, and those of little Luella Lopez, on the right, did not sti with the lips in the matter
of rouging their faces. The two Indian girls are in the California Indiarp'estival which opened here
yesterday.
G R i DJICTORS
Football Opens Festival to
Aid Dwindling Tribes of
California
A crowd of a thousand specta-
tors applauded vociferously yester-
day afternoon when a squad of
twenty Indian women bucked an
equal number of Indian males In a
football g-ame on the circus lot at
Twelfth and Market streets, and
beat them.
The game was part of the four-
day California Indian Festival,
which opened yesterday afternoon,
its object hcingr the raising: of a
nucleus fund for beneficial legisla-
tion in behalf of the 20,000 odd red
men of the state — all that remain
of the 510,000 of thirty years ago.
NINB3TEEN TRIBES AT FETE
A strange mingling of remnants
of nineteen tribes makes up the
festival. Each tribe has its own
tepee, which is pitched against the
painted background of some an-
cient mission. In all there are
more than two hundred Indians in
the pageant.
In contrast to one-eyed Mother
Waitai, 99 years old, who sits by
the door of her tepee and rolls her
own cigarettes, is the Indian flap-
per, in her teens, w^ho daubs cos-
metics on her bronzed cheeks with
the age-old cunning of
forefathers. Smoking
new to Mother Waitai.
is nothing new to the
her w^arnor
is nothing
The lipstick
Indian flap-
per.
OLD AND
By this tent
mother, in full
She is wearing
NEW MIXED
stands an Indian
paint and feathers,
a pair of the new
octagonal-shaped spectacles, and
instead of carrying her papoose on
her back' takes it about in her arms
and feeds it from a hygienic bottle.
Over there a girl graduate of Stan-
ford, her face streaked with paint,
is uttering wierd cries and stamp-
ing her feet frantically . for th«
purpose of furnishing a dancing
priest with the proper cadence.
Out there an old chieftain is try-
ing out a new golf stroke.
SAN PRANCISCO. CAL-
DAILY HERALD (S. F. I
Octo?:cr 2, 1024
1 8a3!ia>MK»i».'X"jey»'ftaaMwR?<«^^
— Ellustrated DaflF Herald Photo
INDIAN FESTIVAL— Nineteen tribes of California Indians began their big festival at
Twelfth and Market streets yesterday. While they are in no way "wild Indians," yet
they indulge in dances like the above, which are weird and thrilling to the children of a
white civilization. In the photo two bands of Indians represented in competitive dancing.
fr--
S. r. CALL
Oct?!:cr 2, 1924
382
RE APPEALING TO WHITE MEN
THE
the fact her baby is called a papoose and she is v>^ndlW^JhlTluAi.n^Zu^' M rj ^l «P'"«°'» ^"« » ""^ ^"J"" ^^i doesn't want to be trifled with. Despite
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arc: Chief Standing Hawk, Chief Shorttail. Chief
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The serious
condition
among the
tribes of
the state is
responsible
for the
benefit
p>erform^iltes
"given
lere.
♦ V
mU INDIANS HOLD- FESnVAl
^3f<S>
<$Pf^
€>3f^
^¥^
*f>rr - - • ■• .--'
•.■.•.•...■.•.-»;.;.:•. w.*.-.-,
Seek Aid for Suffering Tribesmen
:•:-::■:•:•:•:•; ^<-.x:->>:::-- •
x:x;:v:x:v:->:'-*'
San Franciscans who visited the
Indian festival yesterday at Twelfth
and Market streets, or take in the
show today, tomorrow or Saturday,
will have the satisfaction of know-
ing that in spending: money for their
own entertainment they are lending
,aid to a race which once was heir
to all California and today is In a
very bad way.
According to old chieftains here
for the show, the Indians of Cali-
fornia mostly ar 5 on the verge of
starvation. The forces of nature
have combined
season, and they
they have been
the white mai
them down at sii
rainst them this
e unhappier than
.t any time since
ceased shooting
iL
Old Chief Isltatwahhi of the
Modessa tribe of Ishasta county has
spent the past
and down the si
Indians, learnini
esting them in
ducing them to
Ishtatwahhi^j
Bill Halsey. He
weeks going up
t, talking with the
conditions, Inter-
e festival and in-
tttend it.
better known as
a dignified, cour-
teous old hunter I and fisher, a man
of poise and eveif temper, whose un-
blinking outlook 1 on life may have
been somewhat /jarred recently by
the fact that his tribe, hemmed in on
every hand by white men, has i
dwindled to 263 braves, squaws and
papooses.
^O ORGANIZATION
One reason for the unfortunate
[condition of the California Indian
t today," old Bill Halsey told the
iTiter, "la that he knows only the
embers of his o^vn family or trib<\
•nly of their condition. He is, or
as been until now. as ignorant of j
he circumstances of the many other
rlbes of California as the white man
las been.
* **You white men have one law foi
all. But it is not so with the In-
dians. Each tribe has its own laws]
Being ignorant of one another, theiM
is no co-operation, no pulling t<
get her. So, when bad times come]
we have no organization to resist
conditions, to work together for t]
good of all."
The Indians were brought here fo^
the festival of sports, games, dancer
and the like by Joe Longfeather, wel
known Olympic Club athlete am
Elk. Longfeather is chief of th<
Shoshone Indians of Wyoming. HJ
enlisrted the support of the Indij
Board of Co-operation. He Is nu
ager of the festival.
Longfeather took a number of hll
Indian compajiiona to Hale Bros]
station, KPO, from which The
broadcajjts, yesterday noon.
•«i
W:^-^
IV^^
Oetofeer 3, 1924
"Big Chief ' JSfc^a^thlfs the
new title bestov«*#on MayoV James
Rolph Jr. by Dawanzl^jy^^enerable
head ot the Shasta indW^s the oia-
est man among the California in
dians who are holding their pow-
wow and athletic festival at
Twelfth and Market streets.
"San Frkncisco today. «^a
Mayor Rolph, "is host to more than
200 Indians, representing forty ^ai
Itornia tribes. They have been
brought here by the ^}^^}.^fL^^^\l
of Co-operation to call attention to
legislative measures proposed to
secure for them their legal rights.
"They have made me a chief of
the Hat Creek tribe, and I "spect-
JuUy commend their f^tival to the
'consideration of the public of this
"""wo are brothers under the
<ikin" said the sago Dawanihala.
■•The ble chief of San Francisco
Jw^ars the hat of «tlk. «.|id I one of
feathers."
SROCmgTT. CAT.. SlGXAI.-f'Jd
October 3, 1924
^-PSfJ^y-^K^
[Speaks Good Word
For Indians of the
State of California
Alfred G. Gilfis says:! "Early writers
were wont to speak oJ^ Calif ornia In-
dians as being of iT^^ order. Tliey
were spoken of as *Digger Indians'
who were content to feed upon jack
rabbits and grasshoppers, too timid to
attack larger game as were the Indians
of the plains and the Altantic seaboard
and various . other misleading state-
ments. However, the truth of the mat-
ter is quite to the contrary.
"The mountain tribes of California
were the equals as hunters and war-
riors to any of the Indians of the con-
tinent. The California Indians were
among the mightiest hunters of the
continent. To trail and kill a bear in
a hand-to-hand combat was the test of
courage of a man. They hunted and
killed the most ferocious animals in
North America with bow and spear.
True, they were the grizzly bear hunt-
ers and to say they were too timid to
attack larger game is an absolute and
false perversion of the truth.
"As warriors the Modocs, Shastas,
Hoopas, Wintoons, the Yanas of the
Lassen Butte region and the Piutes of
Inyo county are noble and splendid ex-
amples.
"The California Indians are noted for
the excellent work in basketry. The
baskets of the Pomos of Lake county
are unexcelled anywhere in the world.
"It is doubtful if a more artistic or
more graceful dance is found anywhere
than the 'Big Head* dance of the Win-
toons. It has often been said that the
California Indian has no costume. This
is another false statement. The Big
Head dancers' costume I have never
Seen equalled anywhere, and I have
witnessed a great many Indian dances.
"The McCloud Indian legend of the
great temple in the Pleiades, perfectly
translated by Jeremiah Curtain in his
Primitive Myths of North America,' is
one of the most beautiful legends 1
have ever read."
California's greatest Indian warriors
and hunters are to be seen at the In-
diair^ Festival, Twelfth and Mai||^t
reets, San Francisco, this_
DAILY News i/ii
October 3, 1924 •'
Wanna Go Home, ' IFai
Of Prize Indian Papoos^
San Francttco is Dig and noisy
aniLnrfey Vft about, half as civil-
izi^lUhe nati^ i>ingles of Tuol-
umne county.
It's enough to make any self-re-
specting Indian shed hot tears of
anguish. ^ ^ .^
After three days in San Francis-
co, little Moonbeam, pr?ze mfant
of* the Tuolumne Indian tribe, is
crying to be back beneath the pro-
tecting pines.
She won the $50 prize for the
most perfect Indian baby in Cali-
fornia. It means nothing to her
now. She's joined the rabble of
lesser lights in babydom and is
railing at the old folks to be on
their way. , t « n^r.
But the braves and Indian flap-
pers are enjoying themselves in
their annual pow-wow at 12th and
TVT fi fk e t "S t •
In her wicker basket Moonbeam
scowls at the crowd and cries
"Goof, goof!" meaning,^"Let's go
home to our mountains."
MOONBEAM
October Zf 1524
ecutive Raise
IIHpSB^^^^^ .--u^^?^^-t<>>-^-<- > - • - -Illustrated Daily Herald Photo
SIGNAL HONOR was paid to the fy^,% "Z^;^"^^^^^
ttie Wintoon tribe of Indians raised Raymond ^J^Jj^^^J^^f gii^f Sampson Gra^t con-
council, B. S. of A., to Indian <^^if tamcy The p^^^^ j^^ Lo'?^!f*.'l!'
ducting the ta»P^e?s^^,^f remom^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^}T^. '""'J^^'"^
UAJLY HERAU
October 4, 1924
<S. F. i
BIG CHIEF AND HIS TROPHY— This is a photo of Chief
Sampson Grant of the Wintoon tribe of California In^ans,
who has taken a most prominent part in the Indian festi-
val. It is also a photo of the skin of a mighty gnzzly.
which was slain by the chief with the bow he is holding
and the arrows, which are sticking in the pelt.
S. F. CAL. BULLETIN
October 6, 1924
I
BULLETIN HOST
TO 200 INDIANS
O TRIP
The
have been
Indians -who
riving an Indian P^stlval
at Twelfth and Market^ streets the
last week, ycj^iiyda^ were the
guests of Tl>g jji^tin and the
IVIotor Carriers' Association of Cali-
fornia and were griven a trip through
the city by automobile. The auto-
mobiles were furnished by Arthur
H. Samish, secretary-manager of
the association, w^hich is backing
[Amendment No. 1 on the State bal-
lot at the November 4 election.
In spite of the rain, the Indians
enjoyed the trip, according to Chief
Ne-Wa-da-ha, said to be the oldest
Indian in the State. The Indians
piled into the automobile fleet at
9 o'clock in the morning and the
trip started by skirting the Presidio,
through the reservation and around
by the golf links, down the beach
some distance and back through
the park and thehce back to Twin
Peaks, followed by a trip through
the Mission and thence back to
Twelfth and Market streets, whe^
Ithe party started.
l£a SiBfr^Ieit rati Ertailnei
OCT. SI, lt?34 "^
B^bed Hair Pioneers
/NDIAN 'Clappers;' members of a band of 200,
representing nineteen tribes, that recently visited
SarlSrahcisco. The two girls are displaying their
fbif^oeii hmir which has been the fashion among their
rad^OtMo, these many years. — Wide World photo*
AN FRANCTSCO, Oct, 23. — Did ^ wise, belongs to the Indians, who
Sthe bobbed hair craze really
start in g-ay Paree, or out in
the Hollywood studios as- hereto-
fore believed?
"Not so," according to a pair of
Indian flappers, who recently came
here with nineteen tribes, composed
^of over 200 Indians for the purpose
of giving exhibitions for raising
funds for n^edy Indians.
According to the»e mcfdem de-
scendants of Minnehaha their *'pale
face" sisters didn't start the bobbed
hair fad at all. On the contrary,
they claim, if there is going to be
any prizes awarded for tiiat distinc-
tion, such hono\ doubtful or other-
first adopted the short clip year^
ago.
;i"vti;v' ■ •■
'v ■ - ' MfW>/
4^' -'5>j C \\<ysi CKt>Ki ^a\ )
n28
\
H^eM* Sle.>>t
^([touring topics
E HAD spent the best part of
two summer months, June
and July, In the semi-arid
foothill valleys on the west-
ern slope of the Sierra in
northern Lower California, where the sun
had withered every bush until the leaves
were crisp and no trees were to be found to
shelter the party. Already our arms and
Laguna Hanson, in the
Sierra. Jaurez, was named
for a rancher who was
murdered near its wood-
ed shores. The pines
and rocks apparently
scattered at random
throughout the region are
characteristic
Eight — It would seem
that this rock could eas-
ily he dislodged from its
balanced position, but
the writer tried to shove
it over, without success
faces had taken on a coppery
hue and could not be further
burned by the sun, while the
wheels of the two machines
used to transport the equip-
ment were creaking with every
turn, threatening collapse.
Thus It was with real antici-
pation that we turned our
faces towards the higher
reaches of the mountains to
the eastward, in spite of the
steep upgrades and sandy
roads.
Great banks of snowy thun-
der clouds were appearing
with daily regularity over the
mountains, bringing
the summer rains
and assuring us of
relief from the rays
of the torrid sun. ^
These mountains
lie in a north to
south direction and
are about sixty miles
inland from the
shore of the Pacific
Ocean. Their north-
ern base is but a few
miles south of the
United States Inter-
Below — This great rock
balanced on the top of
the range forms a land-
mark which can be seen
for miles about the lake
^# ».\.M, <<iwrAftttA** to ffrind wheat in exchange for a
ThU woman l.^-X"'tr|.c\'u^."%U\*S%verda.d*°ilvraXon tin c.n
".'jf^tJi
V.V-''
SEPTEMBER 1928
Throujih using this age-old principle the
pressureVxerted on the crankshaft of a
lever-motoi; is double the gaseous pres-
sure on the'^piston. Such an engine de-
velops high turning power at slow engine
speeds, and because of this power surplus
it is possible to use a lower gear ratio in
the rear axle. li^is also claimed for this
type of engine that, due to the long pis-
ton stroke, there is Complete consumption
of all gases, thereby reducing carbon,
knocking, preignition and, most interest-
ing of all, the amount of carbon mon-
oxide emitted at the exhaust.
Another engine that is expected to
revolutionize revolution is the Argyll,
the invention of two Scottish engineers,
Burt and McCollum. This appears to
be a sleeve valve engine with the special
feature of making one sleeve do the
work of two, but it is vastly more rad-
ical than it seems since it also involves
the principle of two-cycle operation.. If
this engine comes into the picture exten-
sively, as is predicted, every automobile;
engine will be in danger of being de-'
clared obsolete, even the Knight type
which this Argyll engine appears to re-
semble.
It isn't necessary to take a course in en-
gineering to understand the difference be-
tween two- and four-cycle engine operation.
The earlier internal combustion engines
were of the two-cycle type, which means
that every time their pistons traveled down-
ward they exerted a push on the crankshaft.
The up-stroke of a piston in this type at-
tends to the compression, while the down-
stroke is the power part of the cycle of en-
gine operation. The trouble with this type
was the difficulty of getting fresh gas vapor
into the cylinders and the burned gases out
without mixing the two or confusing the
operations. All kinds of schemes were
tried even to detouring some of the gases
through the crankcase. Finally engineers
gave up the idea and concentrated on an
engine that offered advantages because the
cycles of operation were more clearly de-
fined.
The four-cycle engine was just what its
name implied. Any one of its pistons had,
first of all, a down-stroke during which it
sucked in fresh gas vapor. This was fol-
lowed by an up-
stroke to com-
press this gas.
Next followed
the power stroke
with the gas ig-
nited and in pro-
cess of expand-
ing. The fourth
stroke, an up-
ward one, merely
cleaned out the
cylinders and pre-
pared them for /
the suction, or in-/
take, stroke. Fouj/
neat operation's
with no possibil-
ity of the gAses
getting mixed.
But little was
The above is an end sectional view of the Continental
single sleeve engine
said of the objection involved in having
only one power stroke out of every four/
Multi-cylinder engines soon coverec} this
objection. The overlapping impulses of the
sixes and eights seemed to leave the two-
cycle idea in the dim distance of' the past.
But in casting about for a sirtipler valve
action Burt and McCollum srtumbled back
into the two-cycle fold ag^. Sleeve valve
engines are unusually pcTpular abroad and
it is only logical that the seeds of an engine
revolution should be-^own on the other side
of the Atlantic. Minerva, Panhard-Levas-
sor, Peugeot, Daimler and Voisin carry
double-sleeve JCnight engines and in Amer-
ica, where the United States patents on the
double-sleeve invention do not expire until
1932, this type of engine is as well known
as the 'air-cooled variety. If two sleeves
will eliminate the need for a lot of poppet
valves, many have asked, why cannot one
sleeve do the work of two? The Scottish
engineers answered this with an engine
which is being nursed by no less a giant in
the automobile industry than Continental
/
/<
JIL.
■ '*(»*«-*»^!ip<^3iiw •-!^-- - ■'''''■m'm»'m^':i\[\iiimiiHriim'm'M^'
FOOS WESEL
■~>~-"— -- - , -..
■^^V*"-*/ v*„ ,
The Foos Diesel engine, viewed from the side, appears extremely simple in construction
37
Motors Corporation.
Since the function of sleeves in an
engine is to open and close valve ports
and since there must be two openings in
each cylinder the plan of using a single
sleeve presented some new problems for
the experimenters. The upshot of it
was that Burt and McCollum conceived
the idea of causing the singU^sleeve to
twist as well as move ua/and down.
This solved the problem, /while the pis-
ton is on its downstroj^ both exhaust
and intake valves arp opened by the
sleeve to permit exhaustion of the burned
gas and the entrance of the fresh charges,
but the exhaust ^^ort opens slightly be-
fore the intake/in order to clear the cyl-
inders of used gas before the entrance of
the new. /
The Aj^yll is not, as many imagine,
a new development. It has been proving
its wcfTth in Europe for over sixteen
years. It has passed through more ex-
perimental and testing stages than many
engines in daily use in America. But it
was designed for a new era in power and
/it will do its revolutionizing along with
other developments such as the super-
charger. Because it is constructed of
only twenty-eight moving parts this engine
does not take up as much room as the av-
erage more complicated power plant, and
being simplified it makes an excellent part-
ner for engine efficiency devices and other
accessories which are being designed for use-
under the hood.
Of even more interest to those who are
looking ahead is the speeding up of the
Diesel engine. High-speed types already
are available for heavy duty motor vehicles,
and it is not unreasonable to suppose that;
within the near future Diesel speeds will,
be sufficient for passenger car work. De-
velopments in this line are significant. The:
Friedrich Krupp Company of Essen, and
the Junkers Motor Manufacturing Com-
pany of Dessau are pushing the Diesel
power plant into the limelight. The Krupp.
engine, for instance, develops 70-100 horse-
power in its six-cylinder version and does
this at speeds of from 700 to 1000 revolu-
tions per minute of the crankshaft. The-
Junkers engine differs from the conven-
tional type in that it is a two-cylinder
double-piston va-
riety, but it shows,
forty-eight horse-
power at 1200'
revolutions per~
minute.
The virtue of
a Diesel engine is,
that it burns low
grade oils. Ordi-
narily it is con-
ventional so far
as the essential
features go, is
electrically start-
ed and is of the
four-stroke type,,
but it gets its.
fuel by automatic:
(Continued on
Page 54)
\i
lerra Juarez
^ <iA land of pines and grotesque
roc\s in the mountains of
£ower Qalifornia
Sy Lawrence M. Huey
Photos by the Author
national Boundary, and the range extends,
as the backbone of the peninsula of Lower
California, a distance of approximately sev-
enty miles, where it descends to a desert
valley. This backbone is then carried
southward by the high, rugged Sierra San
Pedro Martin
The Sierra Juarez does not boast
of towering peaks, but has a modest
elevation along its higher ridges, av-
eraging about 5500 feet, though one
single peak, Cerro Colorado, near the
southern end of the range, raises its
crest to the altitude of 6677 feet.
Moderate depths of snow fall annu-
ally, during the winter, blanketing
the higher parts for short periods.
Patronage by man has so far taken
but little toll, the lumberman's ax
has scarcely sounded, and the printer's
art is not displayed. Sign boards to
guide the traveler are missing and
papers from the lunches of week-end
parties are unknown, for there are but
few roads leading in or out of these
mountains, and it is only the most
venturesome who travel them.
Cattle roam at
large through the
narrow, grassy
meadows among the
pines, and the soli-
tude is only broken
by the occasional
presence of a va-
quero, or cowboy,
who is glad to chat
an hour or so and
enjoy a meal. Thus
Nature rules su-
preme, the voices of
martins, singing as
they fly, lend en-
chantment during
the summer days,
while coyotes hold
concert at night,
their weird voices
echoing through the
pines. Deer browse in the open
glades in fair abundance and the
California Condor, the largest
bird that flies, though rare, may
still be seen soaring above.
Farther to the eastward,
Above — Huge rocks left
piled one upon the other
were found in profusion
around the shores of the
lake. Stacks three high
with many boulders lying
around their base were not
unusual
Left — This peculiar stone
formation bears such a life-
like resemblance to an all-
gator that it was dubbed the
"Stone Aligator." A mem-
ber of the party ventured
into the very laws of the
lifeless oeast
Below — This huge boulder
is 80 perfectly balanced that
the actual area of contact
bearing the weight of the
ponderous mass is less than
four feet square
.K^ ■-
. 8^5
j.TJT.r
'%^t\.
1 1:
*:,*?*
k^C'
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r \
•s
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''^^^i^^%^.^:i ■
^mmmr^''^
►»••«: , 4,' «
SEPTEMBER 1928
on the desert slope
of the Sierra, Big-
horned Mountain
Sheep range amid
the arid, rocky
ridges.
Early history has
played but little part
in these mountains,
though a mission
called Santa Cata-
rina was established
in the foothills near
the western base of |
the southern end of
the Sierra Juarez
when the padres
were settling the
Peninsula. This
mission is now a
mass of ruins and
the once abundant
Indian population
has dwindled to a
few families, who
still cultivate a
small fertile spot
ra, so the human
floods of the middle
part of the nine-
teenth century
found no attraction
in the region. Near
the northern base of
the range, a small
placer was discov-
ered about the time
of Benito Juarez's
power, and in his
honor the place was
named Juarez. This
name was later giv-
en to the Sierra by
th e cattlemen who
followed in the wake
of the miners.
The cattlemen
were responsible for
Left — This old Indian
did not approve of hav-
ing his picture made and
only aiter considerable
coaxing did he consent.
As the shutter snapped
he made a hasty retreat,
saying in Spanish, * *Now
soon I die''
:.^>r.i- '"^^It
iffm'^ffM^'^.
.>*„,v-»
..>f%Jk.
:.,; %^"^^
i
\
(
t
t
e
c
^f?^<!ii^
^'^'''L.-
"-^^M^:
nSi.*^*
w
'>*i
■'^-Jf
f V
n
fi
si
lo
St
p
N
th
w
ni
ce
inj
St
Wc
cle
cy
pa
th(
tal
ne;
wi
ity
ge
Bi
j^lioye — Houses of thatched
tnles have been made by
these Indians since time
immemorial. They are any-
thing but fireproof and
upon the death of the owner
are burned, according to an
ancient custom
Right — The runoff from the
summer rains and the melt-
ing winter snows have cut a
channel through this pile of
boulders, leaving huge rocks
propped one against the
other
laid out for irrigation by
those early padres. At
that time the range was
known as La Sierra del
Pinal or The Moun-
tains of Pines.
Gold, which shaped
the trails of a greater
part of western history,
was not to be found
among the granite of the
higher parts of the Sicr-
a short chapter of gruesome history amid
these granite mountains, for an early settler
named Hanson was murdered for his pos-
sessions, by his partner, and his remains
were burned beneath a steam boiler at
Campo, California. The murderer was ap-
prehended, and, after several months in jail
at Ensenada, bought his freedom and left
the country, a matter not at all difficult in
those lawless days of the early eighties. A
small but beautiful lake that is nestled amid
the pines now bears the murdered pioneer's
name and is known as Laguna Hanson
Open forests of Jeffery Yellow and Par-
ry Pinyon Pines clothe the summit of the
range, and among these trees, where erosion
has laid bare the rocks, an untold variety of
unique shapes of Nature's sculpturmg are
to be found. . «
The crests of the higher hills, m places,
are shaped like great castles, with towers
and parapets, while near by rocks may be
seen in many forms— a tier four or five high,
a chair, or a golf ball set up on the tee
awaiting the Storm King to drive it off.
One afternoon, while on a ramble
through the forest, a great hillside was
found swept clean of all soil by the
elements, leaving only the solid
granite as a floor. Over this a
dozen huge round boulders lay
scattered, suggestive of a bowhng
alley ; in fact, we dubbed it 1 he
Devil's Bowling Alley."
In places rocks and boulders are
to be found piled in masses; some,
like watch towers on the mountain
crests, while others appear as pil-
lars of huge gateways. Large
rocks, small rocks, round rocks and
thin rocks could be found tower-
ing, one upon the other, standing
upright in the air many times taller
than they were wide. Three or
four rocks, piled one upon the oth-
er, vertically, was of ordinary oc-
currence and a pile seven high was
not a rare sight. In sev-
eral places the writer
counted towers composed
of seven rocks.
In most localities hu-
man profiles form the
chief attraction among
the rocks, and have
quaint traditions told
about them, but, in the
Sierra Juarez, rocks of
this type were almost
lacking, and in the writ-
er's rambles over hill and
dale but few were seen.
The most remarkable
rock of this nature was
located amid the pines
near the Laguna, but in-
stead of just a profile,
an entire head was vis-
ible. The face did not
reflect a pleasant disposi-
tion ; really it was quite
the contrary and the ele-
ments had left nothing
for the imagination. The
nose seemed bent and
E P T E M B E R 1 9 2 8 j)^*
|V ^- ^ 1
1%
gy^BMj
m
^^^
^^..v
Wz, ^ -
V,^j^ ; '-^
the lips pursed, as if everything had gone
wrong, so this rock was named ''Old Man
Grouch."
Not far from the northern shore of the
lake, a rock shaped like the head of a giant
alligator was discovered, and nearby, the
floods from the melting win-
ter snows had cut a small
stream bed under a huge
boulder, leaving it propped
on the tops of two rocks
nearly as large.
New trails always lead to
new rock-forms and the
pleasure of coming suddenly
upon some unexpected shape
is ever before the hiker to
lure him on.
To the nature lover, even
though lured to the mountain
crests by rocks, every living
thing is of interest and he
does not venture far into the
forest without coming in
close association with the
low, sweetly scented Parry
Pinyon Pine, named for the
renowned botanist Parry
many years ago. These trees
prefer the more arid parts of
the range and are found most
abundantly on the desert slope. They are
unique in being exceeded in rarity only by
their near relative, the Torrey Pine, which
inhabits a small area along the sea coast just
north of San Diego and a portion of Santa
Rosa Island, California. It is on the Sierra
Juarez that the Parry Pinyon Pine has its
most densely forested area, though it ranges
from just north of the International Boun-
dary, south almost to the southern end of
the Sierra San Pedro Martir.
The seeds, or as they are more commonly
known, pine nuts, once were a vital element
in the food of the Indians of this region
when these people flourished, before the ad-
vent of the white man. Even now the few
41
remaining Indians that reside on small
ranchtrias in the western foothill valleys
make annual treks during August and Sep-
tember to the Pinyon forests to harvest pine
nuts. No longer, however, do the nuts
form a staple in their diet, for the greater
part of the harvest is ex-
changed for more modern
foodstuffs and the pine nuts
find a ready sale over the
counters of the merchants
along the National border.
On the tops of some of the
larger boulders near almost
every spring amid the Pinyon
forests, small, smooth, ob-
long depressions are to be
found. They are Indian
metates, or mortars, where
the aboriginals ground pine
nuts into meal. Sometimes
six or eight are on top of a
single rock, if it was large
enough to permit. When
suddenly coming onto such a
Above — This group has been called
the gateway to the land of pines
and grotesque rocks. These unique
formations have been produced by
the alternate erosion of the various
strata, and the stacks are frequent-
ly made up of six or seven rocks
Bight — The farther away the
braver they are. The little In-
dian boy decided that sufficient
distance lay between him and
the queer black box to permit
him to take a casual interest in
the event of making a picture
i. i« « /.f anil -hv thfl elements a floor of solid granite is laid bare with large boui-
The Devn's bowling alley. Swept clean of soil ^y^^^l^ft'^red a^oiu ,
place the finder cannot help but pon-
der over the thoughts of the many de-
parted hands that once toiled on these
very rocks to wrest from nature sus-
tenance, that they might live, and
whose ever watchful eyes kept sharp
lookout for the approach of enemy or
friend from these vantage points as
they toiled. And, worse yet, the
rocks will never more be used. Time
and erosion will scour away these few
remaining monuments, for the easier
methods of the white man have
changed the Indian^s culinary art and
he no longer patronizes the haunts of
his ancestors to work his meal.
In fact, they cling to very few of
their age-old customs. The bows and
arrows have disappeared forever, mod-
ern firearms having taken their place.
The making of baskets is practically
a lost art, as the later generation
( CoNTiN'urD ON Pacf 56
-v\j:^''-
l^^J^W~^"*'\(-wti "^--^v^M^ ■.'::■:
'-' .'., ^'-^
V,-: v"-}.;^
> A.lr-.'-.:.-.-^,'- ,»H
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/ajt/vv«)ivk.fe
l^2<=?
SAX PERX.VXDO, CAL^ SU^T
MARCH 3, 1920
DE-MARK
R INDIAN-
MADE good;
Secre^ry^Wtl^.NFest, of the
Department of the Interior, has
approved a design by James E.
Prazer, the sculptor, for an In-
dian trade-mark which may be
placed on Indian-made goods as a
guarantee that they are genuine.
This trade-mark is an outgrowth
of a trip that Secretary West
made to the Indian southwest last
autimMi. There he found that the
Indians were producing blankets,!
baskets, pottery, beads, wood-
carvings, embroidery, paintings, o1
distinctive quality. They had been!
selling nearly $1,500,000 worth of
these products a year. The mass
of them came from this south-
west.
That some distinction might bei
niade between the genuine output
I of the Indians and factory imi-
tations Secretary West conceived i
I of the possibility of protecting
their products by means of a
trade-mark. He asked the Pine
[Arts Commission to cooperate in
[the production of a fitting de-
Isign. This commission prevailed]
|upon Mr. Frazer to make the de-
sign which was approved.
The central figure in this de-
(sigii is the profile head of an
llndian' wearing a feather-bedecked
(war bonnet. On the scroll are the
Iwords "Indian Craftsmanship, Bu-
Ireau of Indian Affairs, United
Istates Department of the Inter-
lior."
It will be remembered that
Ijames E. Frazer is the sculptor
[who designed the Indian head on
Ithe five-cent piece, that he cre-
lated the statue known as "The
End of the Trail," that the Erics-
son Monum§rff on the speedway
and the Hamilton statue on the
south front of the Treasury, in
Washington, are his. He made the
bust of Roosevelt in the Capitol
and the groups entitled "Pioneers"
land "Discoverers" on the Memor-
iial Bridge in Chicago.
AppUcation will be made to reg-
ister the trade-mark at the United
states Patent Office and the cus-
tomary protection given it. The
use of the trade-mark on Indian-
made goods would not be com-
pulsory but where used would be
a guarantee that the product was
genuine.
A thorough distribution of the
trade-marks or labels could be ac-
compUshed without cost to the In-
dian by placing them with super-
intendents of Indian reservations
and schools. Those officials would
issue them with proper safeguards
to insure their legitimate use. Such
a plan, Secretary West believes,
need not interefere with estab-
lished trade, and, with the c<
operafion of Indian traders aftdl
dealers generally, the distrib)ftion
could be sufficiently wide th^ any
Indian might readily ol^in the|
trade-marks.
5/!;c??aw!:nto. calif
'95E
um^f I ^■ii
terice for selling bootleg.
NEVADA INDIANS
PLAN TRADEMARK
ON PRODUCTIONS!
RENO (Nev.), March- d.^Nevada
Indians will be enabled to protect
their production of baskets, rugs
and pottery from white imitators
in future by means of a special
trademark approved by the Indian
Each agency will be provided
with the special designs in order
that buyers may be assured they
are purchasing articles of genuine
Indian handicraft.
o
M<
LAND,
-CAL
ir
TRffeUNE
t
Otx b,
iy^i>
\J
INDIAN TRADE MARK.
, Sfcretarv of the Interior but for a short
\rv le Kov 0. West, with Ws efforts in behalf
of Indian welfare, made a record which may
be long remembered.
Tt was his idea that a "trade mark" for
ludiau-niade goods was needed to protect the
Indians, afford a market, and better their con-
ditions. Today many of those articles which
are sold as handicraft of the Indian are pro-
duced in the shops of the efficient and mechan-
I
^a\ whites. . .
Appropriately Mr. West secured an artistic
design for the trade-mark, asking James E.
Frazer, the man who created "The End of the
Trail'' statue for the PanamarPacif^ic Exposi-
tion, to supply the pattern. None but Indians
mav use it. . *
In addition to this Mv. West caused same
examination into charges that the rights of
Indians, in other ways, are being neglected.
He examined into complaints and iiifiated re-
forms. It is to be hoped, and confidently
expected, the good work will go on,
V--: :-..• , t -•-
rnOBKlX. ARIZ.. MESSENGER T!»
M4RCH 16, 1929
E MARK WILL IDENTIFY
INDIAN-MADE GOODS
SetretaiV^R3f d WestroT the de-
partment of the interior, today ap-
proved a design by James E. Frazer,
the sculptor, for aiwjji^jiantrade-mark
which may be placed on In
goods as a guarantee that they axe
genuine.
This trade-mark is an outgrowth of
a trip that Secretary West made to
the Indian southwest last autumn.
There he found that the Indians were
producing blankets, baskets, pottery,
beads, wood carvings, embroidery,
and paintings of distinctive quality.
j They had been selling nearly $1,500,000
worth of these products a year. The
mass of them came from this south- I
west. "^i
That same distinction might be made
between the genuine output of the In-
dians and factory imitations, Secretary
West conceived of the possi|)ility of
protecting their products by Aeans oJ
a trade-mark. He asked the Aie ArtsI
Commission to cooperate in uU pro-
duction of a fitting design. Thl^ com-
mission prevailed upon Mr. Prazer to|
make the design which was today ap-
proved.
The central figure in this design is
the profile head of an Indian wearing
a feather-bedecked war bonnet. On
the scroll are the words, "Indian
Craftsmanship, Bureau of Indian Af-
fairs, United States Department of the
Interior."
It will be remembered that James E.
Frazer is the sculptor who designed
the Indian head on the five-cent piece,
that he created the statue known asj
"The End of the TraU," that the Erics-
son monument on the speedway and
the Hamilton statue on the south front |
of the treasury in Washington are his.
He made the bust of Roosevelt in the
Capitol and the groups entitled, /:!JB1d*J
neefs^'lLnd "Discoverers" on the Me-
morial bridge in Chicago.
Application will be made to register
the trade-mark at the United States
Patent Office and the customary pro-
tection given it. The use of the trade-
mark on Indian-made goods would not
be compulsory but where used would
be a guarantee that the product was
genuine.
A thorough distribution of the trade-
marks or labels could be accomplished
without cost to the Indian by placing
them with superintendents of Indian
reservations and schools. Those offi-
cials would issue them with proper
safeguards to insure their legitimate
use. Such a plan, Secretary West be-
lieves, need not interfere with estab-
lished trade, and, with the cooperation
of Indian traders and dealers gener-
ally, the distribution could be suffi;^
ciently wide that any Indian mij
readily obtain the trade-marks.
■ ■■'■:m
■ .,\ ;.V
U+t/
I'hn
I
^7<, y^^O^
)
October 25, 1879.]
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
845
^•^.
OU-RA, Head Chief.
COLOKAL.
BILL, Sub-Chief of Middle Pabk Utes.
game, and prefer using the bow and
burning powder or wasting lead.
Ute chiefs are usually very shy, and
sit for a photograph, but when they do,
to make a display of the cartridge belt
with ammunition, and feel a pride in
owner of a vest, but never wear a coat.
arrow to
dislike to
they want
well laden
being the
They are
passionately fond of
beads, wampum,
vermilion, brass but-
tons, etc., and their
long black hair,
parted in the mid-
dle, will frequently
have a row of brass
buttons or knobs
from the forehead
to the crown of the
skull, and the long
hair of the scalp,
which they are so
proud of, is braided
into strips of skin
from the mountain
lion ; and no young
buck is recognized
until he has killed
his lion, tanned the
skin, and worn it
braided in his hair.
One of our por-
traits is that of Or-
Ra, head chief of all
the Ute tribes. He
appears here in In-
dian costume, but
he can appear in
civilized dress when
he pleases. He is
very favorable to
the whites, speaks
English fluently, and
is said to be a very
kind-hearted man,
and one that has
worked hard to
secure discipline
among his tribes.
He endeavored,
without success, to
prevent the recent
outbreak of hostil-
ities.
Un-Ca, chief of
the White River
Utes, was in all
probability the au-
thor of the recent
outrage, and Jack,
his sub-chief, was
in command of the
Indians who did
the merciless work.
Jack's face fully ex-
presses what he is
capable of, while
his brother Bill,
who is a sub-chief
of the Middle Park
Utes (successor to
Coloral, who was
degraded for bad
behavior), looks like
an inoffensive In-
dian, but he has
plenty of Indian fire
in his brain. At
one time he boasted
that no lead could
kill him, and when
one o^ the tribe said,
he would like to try.
Bill stood up, fold-
ed his arms, and
said, "Fire!" The
bullet went through
his left side be-
low the ribs. Bill
laughed, and said,
" I told you lead no
kill me." He was
laid up about two>
weeks, and came
out all right.
PiAH is the chief
of the Middle Park
Utes. He is a clev-
er fellow enough,
but very deceitful.
He has been to
Washington, New
York, and Boston,
as have some of
the others. Piah
says he got shaved in
Washington, which ac-
counts for the few hairs
on his ehin, of which
he is very proud. In
conversation with him,
he said, "Washington
A^ -^^-^V"-.
UN-CA, Chief of White River Utes.
_ I>QII,QJ»Aa.
UTE TAPPOOSE.
heap big, heap
big houses ; New
York heap big, big
houses, big boats,
plenty white men ;"
and so of other East-
ern cities ; but at
the end he says,
" White man heap
no good, heap lie.
Indian no lie."
Upon being asked
what the great
white father said
to him, his answer
was : " White fa-
ther at Washington
said Indian must
make potato, cab-
bage, and work. I
tell white father no
make potato, cab-
bage, no work ; In-
dian hunt, fish. No
hunt, no fish, Indian
fight and die."
Antelope, Ou-
Ra's runner, is quite
a feature, as he is
always ready to car-
ry messages to the
most distant tribes,
and never takes
any undue rest un-
til his return.
Tab-e-Nash is a
son of the old chief
Washington, and
as bad a boy as
can be ordinarily
brought forward,
being treacherous,
and devoid of prin-
ciple in many re-
spects, which is an
exception to the rest
of the tribe.
Douglas, or Quin-
COR-RrCK-UNT, a
leading chief of the
White River or
Yampa band, is also
inclined to be peace-
able, but being a
man possessed of
little force of char-
acter, has not been
able to restrain
his followers from
deeds of violence.
The relief of the
remnant of Major
— TnoRNBT7RGn*s Com-
mand, who after
his death intrench-
ed themselves, un-
der Captain Payne^s
orders, behind their
wagons and dead
horses, was accom-
plished in the most
gallant manner by
the troops under
General Merritt.
Their march across
a difficult country
was a marvel of
endurance. During
the twenty - four
hours before they
reached the be-
leaguered band
they marched sev-
enty miles. The
conduct of Captain
Dodge's company
of colored cavalry
was heroic. On
hearing of the per-
il of their comrades
they instantly set
out for their relief,
and on reaching the
spot made a gal-
lant charge through
the surrounding In-
dian linos, losing near-
ly all their horses and
several of their num-
ber in killed and
wounded. Their brave
conduct should set at
I'est forever the silly
TAB-E-NASn, White River I'tts.
ANTELOPE, Ou-Ra'8 Runneb.
sneers against colored soldiers, in which some
people still persist. Their valor was proven dur-
ing the late civil war on many memorable occa-
sions. The brave fellows who were holding out
against fearful odds, with every prospect of an-
nihilation, will always bear emphatic testimony to
the fighting qualities of their colored comrades.
BEADED TOBACCO POUCH AND NECKLACE. INDIAN DRAWINGS.
THE UTE WAR~PORTRAITS OP CHIEFS^TOYS. DRAWINGS. ETC-
CLAY TOY HORSE AND BONE WHISTLE.
-From Photographs.
/
NEWS POSTSCRIPT
ras fluoded
-m^
ar Department wfs' fluoded with tele-
grams yesterday from various sections of Arizona
and Soutbern Utali, asking that immediate aid be
given by the Department in order to suppress hostile
Indians and halt-breeds, who are about to take the
warpath. The attempts of a number of "boomers" to
drive peaceful Indians off the San Carlos reservation
called forth a proclamation yesterday by Governor
Zuly, which concludes as follows: " I warn all evil
disposed persons that the power of the Federal and
territoral governments will be evoked to preserve
the rights of ail persons within our borders.'' Late
yesterday afternoon a dispatch was received dated
■prescott, Arizona, from Governor Zuly, asking that
troops be rt once ordered to the scene of trouble.
Secretary Endicott directed Adjutant General Drum
to issue the necessary orders, aad later that officer
teletrraphed Gen. George Crook, commanding the
Department of Arizona, headquarters at Whipple
Barracks, Prescott, Arizona, to send two companies
of cavalrv,eight|companies of infantry, and one hun-
dred picked scouts to act in conjunction with the
territorial authorities in quelling all disturbances
and removing all trespassers upon reservations.
The troops are not to return to their camps until all
trouble 18 over. As many residents of Utah, espe-
cially the Mormons, are encouraging the *• boomers "
to enter on the reservations of the peaceful Indians,
the impression is strong that a conflict will sooner or
later take place between the Federal forces and the
local authorities of the Territory of Utah.
\
0
— TBE ITE TROUBLE.
Cow-Boys Cheated the Indians Outyot
rrizes Won at a Horse Race. '
From the Denver Republican.
A representative of the Bepublican yester-
day had a leugthy convei-satiou with a gen-
tleman who for many years was stationed at
the Uintah Agency and who in consequence
is thoroughly conversant with all the char-
acteristics of the Ute race.
" Do you know anything ahout the present
troubles ?"
*' I am just in receipt of a letter from Fort
Duchesne which explains the entire matter
and proves the theory I have held from the
first, that the Indians did not force this
trouble on the whites."
"Will you tell me about it?"
"Gladly. The annuities which the Utes
receive each year were parceled out to them
last month at the agencies. Naturally the
men who sell goods in that vicinity tried to
get Colorow and his gang to stay about
there and spend their money, but they
wouldn't do it. There is big profit in this
trade, and the merchants in Meeker were
after it. The dealers there have always
made a good deal of the Indians, and they
have got so now that they get every penny
belonging to Colorow's band. The bucks
held fast to their silver and started for
Meeker. They had not been there but a day
or two, so my informant says, when they
were challenged for a hoi-se race by some ot
the cow-boys. TJiey have some very fleet
animals, and nothing pleases them better
than to try their speed. It was agreed that
thev should ride for ponies and each side
put* up a couple. Of course the Indians won
and demanded their pay. The cow-boys
laughed at them, however, and said they
could not have the ponies, for the reason
that they did not belong to them.
" Now\ if the Utes had lost they would
have turned over their stock without a word
and they expected to bo treated in the same
manner. A night or two afterwards the
ponies that had been put up by the cow-
bovs as stakes were taken out of a corral
and spirited away into the mountains. The
stockmen of Garfield county detest the
Indians and for years have been anxious
to drive them out of the couuty. They
do not get any profit out of them
like the merchant and the stock the Utes
alwavs drive along with them eats up a
quantity of gmss on the range, iaking
these ponies gave them the oppor-
tunity they wanted, and they were not slow
to take advantage of it. The moment the
grand jury met they had two of the Indians
indicted for horse stealing. Fearing that
this would not make the matter binding
enough they forced the game warden to go
out and try to arrest the entire party for
violating the law in regard to killing game
out of season. When an Indian is arrested
he imagines that is the end of him, and that
in a few days at best he will be dangling
from the end of a rope. That is the reason
they tried to keep out of the way, and did
all they could to scare off the Sheriff and
his party. With all the shots they fired in
the first skirmish they did not kill or wound
a single white man. That proves conclu-
sively that they did not mean mischief, for
they could have annihilated the entire party
if they had so desired.'*
" But the Sheriff wanted them to go out
of the county. Why didn't they f'o that?"
" I know how Colorow feels ab-
ject. Under the treaty last m ^'
Utes he claims that he has a p •
roam over the unoccupied Ian
lands which have not been ta^
tiers. The title is in the Ur
until somebody files upon a*. .^
him as much as to any white man. -u-e says
the treaty gives him the right to hunt over
it at all times, and although it does not read
so I have no doubt that some of the white
men told him it did before he signed it."
" How many Indians are there that really
belong to Colorow's band ?"
"There are only sixty-one and this incl tides
men, women and children. Colorow is a
White river Ute and he belongs at the
Uintah Agency, but he never goes there
only to get his annuities. He is now 65
years old and weighs 230 pounds. He can-
not mount his horse without leading him
up to a stump or log and is in no condition
to go into a battle."
*' Is Colorow popular with the other In-
dians?"
" No. he is not, but they have respect for
his years and if they conclude that he has
been imposed upoQ ^nd some of his men
killed without cause they will take up the
battle and the fur will fly or I am mistaken."
ztsaa
THE UTES.
Negotiations for RemOTing These ^
Indians From Colorado.
A Wonderful Hatioa mose History Buns
Baok for Hundreds of Years-How tlie
irtes and Apacbes Have Battled.
^««n«on Corre^-naence M TH, SV...^ C..U
-^Thpl^r have been a wondorfuVivation. I
^f^nlll^a^d Utah t^eyi^ld by right of
^TTn'tlf'ln recent years they have been '
* ^°^a Trt,B whi'es The gold hunters en
friends of the whues.AiB those who
route to CaMornia in 10^^ excitement,
^''^^nA tr, a,le with the Indians of the
runTaint 'MJahoes and other tnbes
on 'the -plafnsTiatun.ny first _?PIJ t^ ^
^wardjide of imm.grati^on^^^^^^^^
immigration^ Tiie^i^i^s-.'-
war. but the f..rmer naviuK^j-^^^vjj.^ -j^
nesses. of tlie *"f^y ^y power, and
centuries could defy any v ^ ^^
the Indians o^ ^tj^^.y,^; "oiintain homes
time able ^o west the^r moim^.^^ ^^
from them, i^e ures, imc cenlu-
Alps, have been "f «S wircompelled to
ries. When the V^n^^^ «er ^^ ^
fight their way wijo"!" '"^ ■ a friendly
plains, t"e Utes regarded tiiemm ^^^.^
manner, for those ^ii^es we ^^^^^
W&S^ntatt *^^ ^^^^
^.^eM^dcamped at Denvej^ ^«^-*"
returned to t^is city anu j
dances in honor '>}'^''^lx^i, Tho defeat of
the Indians on the piaiub. .^j^^ ^^
mack Kettle ?"d th^S^'oower of all these
Sand Cre_ek l>ro,V*lJ^oc^y Mountains, and
tribes between the KocKy ju uumigra-
the Missouri River, and tl^erap^^„^ ^^^ ^^
tion into the mountain vai.cY nation,
the Utes to the danger of t^^iro
and then trouble ^egan, ana ■ ^^^ctrs.
came the Meeker and 1 horn purg ^^^ ^^^^
Old Ouray, the f^^^^hites He was one
was the friend of the whites ^^^
of the greatest Indian bv that it was
American continent, ae ^ ^^ ^^jg^
iTn^d'c^^Md hMon\^ p" ace. and manv
a massacre this noble old chief has pre-
vented. His death was mourned alike by
both white man and Ute. It was Ouray's
peace policy, and his ability as well, that
aroused the enmity and jealousy of Colorow,
Piah and others who led tlieir renegade
bands. The principal tribes of the Ute
nation are the Moaches, Capotes, Tabe-
waches, Southern Utes, Umtahs and White
River Utes.
They have made some progress m agri-
culture, but a good Ute farmer is a rare ex-
ception. They have herds of cattle and
sheep, 5000 horses, and one thrifty Ute owns
150 cattle and 6000 sheep and goats. There
has been a Government school among them
for two years, taught by Mrs. Mary Orr.
The largest daily attendance is about eleven,
and the children are easily managed. The
parents, on Tisiting the school, make more
inquiries as to how much the papooses are
fed than as to what they learn. Old Piah,
the Ute chief who recently committed sui-
cice, once, when talking about education,
said : "Great Spirit make the Ute^ buffalo,
elk, bear, antelope, deer and the birds. The
Great Spirit make the sun and air, the
mountains, rivers, grass and trees. One is
for the other, and they all go together.
They are f<»r the Ute. The Ute no sabe
school. White man sabe school and need
it. Ute sabe mountains, rivers, trees, deer,
antelope, elk, buffalo, bear. They for Ute.
Great Spirit make all for Ute." The super-
stition of the Ute is shown in Old Piah sell-
ing the medal President Grant gave him as
soon as he learned that he was dead.
A favorite sport of the Ute is horse-rac-
ing, and they will gamble heavily on the re-
sult. Old Piah was the great Ute turfman.
The Indians would work all kinds of
schemes to beat Piah's fast horses, but with-
out success. They once went as far north
as Montana, Dought a fast horse and were
in hi^h glee at the thought of beating Piah's
favorite racer, but they failed. Buckskin
Charley having lost one of his fast horses
was deeply grieved. Old Piah then pre-
sented him with one of his own. Charley
was so delighted that he shed tears, and old
Piah in telling the story, said, "Buckskin
Charley he heap cry.'*
Chief Ouray was also fond of the r&ce and
owned fast horses. Buckskin Jim, the
hunchback, was his famous jockey, and
many a race he won for Ouray. Burkskin
Jim was the son of Shavano and the son-in-
law of Piah, having married the chief's fav-
orite daughter Otter Tail. A hunchback
Indian is something unusual, but Buckskin
Jim will ever be famous in the history.of the
Ute turf. The three leading men among the
Southern Utes are Chief Ignacio, Buckskin
Charley and Savaro, ranking in iufluence in
the order named. They have often visited
Washington and are well skilled in diplo-
macy. Will C. Ferbil.
Washington, B. C, Sept 1, 1888.
Denver Republican. ' *^(Sr2>
Most of the Utes are gamblers, and
know all the arts that make up the
great popular civilized game known as
draw poker. Fairs, threes, Hushes,
straights and full hands they have
learned better than their A, B, C's and
agriculture. They play wiili either
American or Mexican cards. A good
poker player down East will find a foe
worthy of his hand in the stoical face
of the Southern Uto. You can't tell
from his face whether the Indian
holds a bobtail flush, a pair of deuces or
a full hand. They are passionately
fond of poker, and in playing this
game are adepts in all the arts and
ways of the more highly civilized pale-
face. They are also fond of the horse
race, and a contest between two Indian
ponies is always a great event. The
I IndiitiiS are out and put their money
* en th'^ir iavorites. Many an Indian's
' o\*nuU/.islo3t at poker or a horse race.
/
INDIANS
SUFFiiK j^O^S.
I^ars^ Numbers of Their ▼Ht>i*«e« and
€attle 1>U Fiom the Cold.
Denvsb (Col.), April 12.- ?.eports re-
ceived yesterday from the Southera Ute
Agency are to the effect that the Indians
have lost nearly all their stock by the re-
cent heavy snowstorms. Snow covered
the ground to the depth ot four feet, and
horses and cattle by thousands starved to
death. The Mowaches and Capotas had
17 000 horses ana equally as many cattle,
of' which they lost all but 15 per cent. The
Apaches in New Mexico, who own the
'largest herd of sheep and horses of any
people in America, lost an incalculable
L'
amount.
V
REMOVAL. OF THE LTES.
4
Heated Controversy Anticipated
When the Bill Comes Up.
The matter of the removal of the Colo-
Irado Utes from their reservation in South-
west Colorado to lands in Utah is to come
before Congress and bids fair to cause a
heated controversy.
There are 800 of the Indians occupying a
strip of land In Southwestern Colorado 120
miles long by 15 miles wide. A treaty was
made with them by commissioners in 1887.
according to which they were to be removed '
to a large tract of 3,000,000 acres in Eastern r
Utah and to receive $50,000 in money.
Afterward Indian Commissioner Atkinson
investigated the treaty, coming to the con-
clusion that it was an inadvisable step,
so nothing has yet been done toward the
exodus. Apparently neither Color^^do nor
Utah is anxious for the Indians. Senator
Teller and Representative Bell of Colorado
appeared before the House commUtee on
Indian affairs today to advocate^ |^^./t
moval, while Delegate Rawlins .pf Utah
opposed it. ^ '• * i.
Chief Ignacio of the Utes made a state-
ment through an interpreter advocating the
treaty. The lands now occupied are moun-
tainous and cold, while those to which it is
proposed to mov^the Indians are in a
warm valley, ^f^^^/^ -.^
-"*-♦-•-
.-r-XT:^
I
Tlie Soutliern Ute Q,iiestioit,
To the Editor of The Evouint' Stur:^
Perhaps no subject has been before Con-
gress of late years in reg-ard to which there
has been more misapprehension. It has
been supposed that the Utes are now on a
reservation well adapted to their wants,
and that they have a strong desire to stay
there; and that, if removed, it will be an
act of great injustice and cruelty. It has
been stated repeatedly that the land to
which it is proposed to send them is a
*'barren," "desolate," "inaccessible" region,
wholly unfit for them, and that to send
them there ' is to send them to ruin. The
press has been constantly supplied with
these statements, until the general opinion
among those who have no personal knowl-
edge of the facts is that the removal would
be a great and inexcusable wrong.
In justice to the Indians, as well as to
their friends, who believe they should be al-
lowed to remove, as they wish to do, a few
facts may be stated: (1.) The present res-
ervation is a most unfortunate one for
them. They never should have been sent
to it, as they were some twelve or fifteen
years ago. It is a narrow strip of land, 15
miles wide by 115 or 120 long. It lies at an
altitude of from «,0()0 to S,OUO feet above tne
level of the sea. For several months in the
year it is covered with snow from two to
four feet deep, causing great suffering to
the people and destruction to their flocks.
In the summer, as ignacio, the head chief,
who was recently in Washington to plead
for the exchange, has said: "The white
man's cattle came up to the middle of the
reservation from one side, and they came
up to the middle from the other side, and
what is there left for the Indian?"
No one will question ex-Senator Dawes
interest in these Indians. As chairrnan of
the Senate committee on Indian affairs, he
said in a speech before the Senate, March,
30, 1892: "I appreciate,, and the committeei
appreciates, the necessity of a change of
that I'te reservation. * * * The impres-
sion before the committee, if I may be al-
lowed to give the general impression of it,
is that th'ere should be a removal of these
Indians somewhere."
(2.) The Indians themselves are urgent tor
the change. . ,.
(3.) The proposed reservation is aajacent
to the present one on the west. It has a
present agricultural capacity far larger
than the Indians now use. It has a possible
one, according to the careful estimate of
competent officers of the United states
army, of 150 acres to every member of the
tribe.
The only occupation, however, to which
they incline is grazing. For this he pro-
posed reservation is almost ^nequaled t or
years, in summer and winter, from 50.000
to 100 000 head of cattle and sheep have
iTved upon it. Here i. one of the scrong ob-
jectipns made to the removal The cattle
companies, who have o^^^P/^^.^^^^^^''' i!! i
free of cost, are naturally reluctant to give .
them up eut for these companies tncre is
imiT doubt the exchange would have been
"^U) T^i alfeniatlve now urged, to settle
them on lands in severalty, where they are
is both madness and cruelty. It means
their destruction. t,„„«,
A^in ex-Senator Dawes' views may have
som^e weight with those who are not so
committed to a theory as to be w:illing to
Rfl orifice an entire tribe to it. !
Speaking of the subject of land in sever-
^^"To\\ke''the Indian promiscuously, and
put him on 160 acres of land and bia him to
be a civilized farmer, ^nd then go off and
leave him after you have separated him
from everything that is„Indian but himself
from all the policy, aU the law all the
Seles of an Indian; to clothe him with
Citizenship and command him to obey your
itws ^d seek his redress in your courts
and no others, and then leave him-lf this
fs what you are going to do you would bet-
ter leave him where he is. -r ^,„„
"It (the severalty law) strips the Indian
of all his privileges and all that is done for
him by the United States government. * * *
My good friend calls it the emancipation
of the Indian! There is no word as I un-
derstand it, so little applicable to the In-
dfan that is taken up and put upon land
in severalty as the word emancipation. The
poor fellow is as helpless as an infant.
^To no tribe of Indians is the peril indi-
oated by Mr. Dawes greater than to tne
southern Utes. In addition to these dangers
is the one already proving so terribly fatal
among other tribes where the severalty ex-
n^^mlnt has been tried, the right to the
Free^se of intoxicating drink. This, one of
the chiefs of the tribe has said, would end
the Utes in three years.
The writer is not concerned for Colorado.
That state will prosper whether the Utes
are allowed to remove or compelled to re-
main If her pdlople were as unscrupulously
selfish in this matter as they have been
represented to be, they might very well fall
in with the land in severalty scheme. They
would get a large part of the preseat reser-
i^ation The Indians would soon be gone ;
from the rest, victims of the combmation
of interested cattlemen and mistaken phil-
anthropists. 7^ ^'
Removal of tlie Sontliern IJtea,
To the Editor of The Bvenins: Star: i^^C^tA/ ^
My attention has been called to a com*
munication under the above caption, pub-
lished a few weeks since in The Star,
signed C, which, but for my absence from
the city, would have been noticed sooner,
but as a bill to accomplish this removal is
still pending- I ask space for a reply. It is
to be regretted that C. has added to rather
than corrected "misapprehensions" in re-
gard to the merits of this question. He
notices first the "misapprehension" which
has been created by opponents to this
measure, that the land to which it is pro-
posed to remove these Imiians is "barren"
and "inaccessible." CpiAt^lit^ / f ^ f^
This misapprehension,' if such it is, has
been largely created by the commission
that selected it. On page 14 of the com-
mission's report, under date of November
15, they excuse themselves for not dis-
charging the imperative duty of estimating
the value of improvements made on the
land by settlers and negotiating with them
tor a sale of the same, by saying that "it
is difficult to traverse that part of Utah so
late in the season," and that they were told
when there in October "tha.t the settlers,
most of them, intended to move to the
other settlements before winter came,
where they could find more comfortable
quarters," and they did not think thsy
would find them if they went there at the
date of their letter to the Secretary of th«
Interior. One of the commissioners says
(page 79, November 15): "The season is
far advanced, the journey would be at-
tended with risk," "much time would be
required on account of the distanc3 and
difficulty of reaching them." On page 19
of the report one of the commissioners
says of the country given the Indians in
the agreement: "South of Moab we passed
through the most remarkable scenery ot
the country thus far. The land was bar-
ren, but the mountain masses were re-
markable," &c.
Ex-Senator Adair Wilson of Durango,
who has spent much time during the pas^t
six years endeavoring to secure the passage
of the pending bill, in reply to a corre-
spondent of a Denver paper, who protested
against giving such a large and valuable j
tract of Utah to these Colorado Indians, '
asserted that the tract described by this
correspondent was in another region and
said (page 42 of the hearing before Senate
committee, Sen. Ex. Doc. 67, 2d ses. Fii-
tieth Congress): "One would eearch a lon^
time within the parched and barren limits
of this reservation before finding one
wagon load of purple grapes or golden
peaches." It Is, therefore, respectfully sub-
mitted that the promoters of this removal
are somewhat responsible for an impres-
sion (C. calls It misapprehension) that this
Is a "barren," "desolate" and "in:iccessi-
ble" region.
Again C. says: "The present reservation
is a most unfortunate one for them, and
they ought never to have been sent to it."
On page 12 of the same commission's re-
port is the following statement concerning
the reservation: "It contains about 350,0<>O
acres of rich farming land, crossed by
seven rivers, besides smaller streams, from
which these lands can be irrigated at but
small expense." So valuable indeed "That
it Is beyond human reason to believe it
will be long permitted to remain in the
control of a people whc only, cultivate, at
most, 600 acres." &o., &c. It would be
difficult to persuade the average tarmer
that such land, near to the flourishing city
of Durango, was **unfortunately" sit-
uated.
It is a misapprehension that, contrary to
all 'that is just and reasonable, these peo-
ple have been gathered up from some
undesignated country and dumped down on
the flourishing, ancient city of Durango,
which, but for this incubus, wrongfully
fastened upon it, would become the me-
tropolis of the west.
It is true that these Indians »ave their
consent— how and under what circum-
stances gained will be best understood and
appreciated by one who will patiently read
in full the report of the councils held with
them— to remove. Ignacio, their head chief,
has given most convincing proof of his
earnest desire, in which the others are said
to share, to go. At his own expense— the
commissioner refusing to bring him— he
came to Washington with his interprater
and spent some weeks at one of our moftt
expensive hotels that he might persuade a
reluctant Congress to remove him, and left
with the threat that he would go on his
own responsibility if Congress failed to act.
It is not clear whether the delegation of
philanthropists from Durango who came
with him pleading the cause of these much-
abused, but sometimes most noble red men,
came at their ovrn charges or whether
Ignacio paid their expenses, perhaps for
their time also, but the fact that this chief
has been so prosperous on this present res-
ervation would seem to indicate that it
would be a mistake to seek a better one
for him, and the disinterested interest
these gentlemen of Durango take In the
welfare of his people indicates a degree of
kindly feeling and fraternal affection which
It would be rash to hope for among any
other people. Congress ought to pause long
before severing relations characterized by
such kindliness, or to remove Ignacio from
opportunities which have yielded him such
rich returns.
Reference is made to the position of ex-
Senator Dawes with reference to this re-
moval. C. does not say that there is a mis-
apprehension in regard to this, but what he
does say has led to this, as I happen to
know. The declaration on the floor of the
Senate that he believed that the good of
these Indians required their removal from
their present reservation must not be Inter-
preted to mean that Senator Dawes fa-
vored their removal to the land selected
for them. For the sake of peace, which he
thought Colorado would never give them,
and because of what he considered too
great exposure to white intrusion because
of the shape of the reservation, he said
what he did. Influenced by these consider-
ations, as justifying him, he yielded much
to a desire to gratify senatorial associates,
who eagerly pressed this matter upon him.
This was at an early period of this discus-
sion, but later he expressed himself clearly
as opposed to removal, and wrote one who
was trying to persuade him to prevent a
favorable report from his committee that
he need not write him, but to do what he
could to persuade other members of the
committee to help him defeat iX. During
his recent visit to the city he asked what
danger there was that the bill would paf^s
and expressed himself as favoring the set-
ting apart of a sufficiency of the present
reservation to meet the obligations of the
treaty of 1880, which should be allotted
when the Indians were ready for it, while
the remainder should be sold for their
benefit and opened to settlement.
CHAS. C. PAINTER.
Washington. D. C, April 11, 1894.
TJTES AND NAVAJOS.
/
COWBOYS ARE CAUSING INDIAN
TKOUBLES-
Pittsburg Cattle Compauy Is Al-
leged to Be Back of the
Agitation.
\
Special Dispatch to the Chroniclk.
Denver, December 1.— A special to the
News from Durango, Col., says: Agent
Dave Day of the Southern Utea, and Brig-
ham Young Jr., the eldest son of Brigham
Young of the Mormon Church, were pas-
sengers on the incoming train to-night.
Previous to leaving the agency Day
mailed reports to the Indian Commis-
sioner and a short report to General Mc-
Cook. Mr. Young was in Monticello,
U. T., the center of the reported troubles,
this week and says that all the reports are
i the results of the hot and impetuous cow-
boys upon one side and the Pah-Utes, or
renegade Indians, upon the other. He
says the Southern Utes. with the excej^
tion of Chief Mariani, who is surly and
impudent at times, are well behaved and
do not desire strife of any kind. >
Mr. Young stated, however, that the
." conservative element, tne settlers who
have a right in San Juan county, U. T.,
are doing all in their power to suppress
the element so bent upon a collision, and
he believes they can hold them down un-
,til the reports signed by the reputable citi-
zens of the county in question as to con-
ditions existing can be forwarded to
Washington.
Mr. Young leaves for Bluff City, U. T.,
to-morrow, and the reports will be for-
warded to Agent Day, who will refer the
same to the Department. Aside from the
Utes and Pah-Utes, the latter being fugi-
tives from the tribe and justice, quite a
number of Navajos are across the San
Juan river pasturing their herds as far
north as Dry valley and west of the bluff
at Cero Tunk lakes. Mr. Day says there are
between 300 and 400 Utes in Utah, mostly
members of the Weminuche tribe, al-
though Chief Ignacio is with them. This
tribe owns about 2000 head of ponies, the
same number of sheep and only about
twenty head of cattle, and this constitutes
the stock belonging to the Indians that is
now ranging in that section.
It is becoming apparent every day that
the Pittsburg Cattle Company, which has
persistently fought the removal of the
Utes to Utah, is back of the present agita-
tion. This was made plain by the fact
that last night Agent Day received a let-
ter from Mr. Cunningham, manager of
the company, who resides at Montrose,
Colo., dated November 28th, in which Mr.
Cunningham calls the attention of the
agents to the Utes in Utah and a^s for
their removal from the Government range.
OPENXNra THE UTE STklP.
Mr. Vttislftt First in L.l«e to Claim a
Iloinesteafl.
Durango, Col., May 4.— For the first
time since the proposed opening of the Ute
strip this locality assumed today the as-
pect of a boom centre. Last evening'a
train brought a large delegation from Ck-
labomia, Kansas, Texas, and New Mexico.
The Neman bk>ck, on which the land office
Is located, is already beseiged. There the
claims must be registered. A man named
Voight, from Btanca, has the first place Jn
line, and at noon filed his claim. The line,,
made up ol men and women; extends, along
the haM and downstairs and for several
blocks down the street.
Town site schemes are la evidence on all
sides, b«it no definite plans are yet to be
had. Miss Pierscm, from Chihuahaua,.
Mexico, has been on the ground for sev-
eral days, and has three town sites siir-
veyed. Miss Pierson was one of the boom-
ers of the Cherokee opening.
W ■■ - I IMMBI M —I I, ■ I^M^^fc— ^^M^^— ^_^^^^
Tlie Opinion of a Heretic.
(ftmn^he Yoirkers Stat«n»i*;)
Baconr-I caa't understand why your wife calls
that Wagnerian stoiY heaveiily mosie.
Egbert— Because it eouo^s like UHinder, I sup-
y . f
I
r
(
V
-V
A
FOE THE DTE LANDS
The Reservation Thrown Open
to Home-Seekers.
Thousands on the Borders Awaited
the Hour of Entrance.
lA. Dozen Ne^v Towns Alread^^ Staked
Off— Serions Conllicts of Rival
Claimants ESxpeeted*
Durango, Col., May 4.— Promptly at noon
today the heretofore impregnable walls of
the famous Ute Reservation crumbled be-
fore th3 effects of the President's procla-
mation. There was really no definite point
of starting, as the border was marked with
the impatient applicant. The rush for
homesteads was much greater than was
expected, for it was thought that the ma-
jority would depend on their filing claims
at the land oflBce rather than subiect them-
selves to the hardships incidental to actual
location.
On the contrary, the greater number ap-
parently preferred to wait just over the
boundary until the expected moment ar-
rived and then quickly get over and stake
locations. A surprise was sprung when
"Buffalo" Jones, in some manner suddenly
appeared near Ignacio with three hundred
followers from Guthrie, Oklahoma, ^and
was met by Dr. E. D. Allen, who v/as
prominent in the opening of the famous
Cherokee Strip. The latter has been so-
journing in and around Durango with
some United States marshals and half-
breed Cherokees for the past week and
early this morning started to join forces
with "Buffalo" Jones with the determina-
tion of starting and booming a town site,
their objective point being near Ignacio.
The nev/ incorporation under the name
of the Ute Town Company, comprised of
Denver and Boulder parties, located a
town site some forty miles south of here.
The name, it is understood, will be Tabor.
Other town sites are being laid out and
by tomorrow there will, no doubt, be more
than a dozen new villages created on the
map of the Centennial State.
The railroads have their representatives
on the ground and will select the most
promising sections and immediately begin
extensions to those points. Lumber &nd
building material are already being moved
to the new towns, and within forty-eight
hours the several new villages will present
hundreds of houses well up or in the course
of construction.
The line at the land office has diminished
to some considerable extent, and not more
than one hundred remain, v/hile hundreds
of men and women rushed across the line
at noon to stake claims. Serious confiints
are expected betv/een those who filed at the
land office and those who staked claims
for the same piece of land.
FasniujEV of tlie Ftes.
The Southern Utes are a comparatively
small tribe, numbering somewhat more
than 1,OCO members, and divided, as most
Indian tribes now are, into progressive and
non-progressive factions. They are the
last Indians left in Colorado, and many
years ago an effort was made by the peo-
l)le in the southwestern corner of that
State to induce the Government to move
the tribe over into Utah, where a resfirva-
tior had been selected, no: with a view
to its agricultural possibilities, but be-
cause it seemed useless to the whites and
was understood to contain some game. The
Indian Rights Association, suspecting the
)Qso of this effort, sent a committee of
was appointed. He was thus able to carry
out all of his promises to the Indians, and
when the survey was finished and the lands
distributed, the Utes had the best of every-
thing.
Tribal Life Preferred.
Meanwhile the non-progressives had bsen
moved off into the diminished reservation,
where they continued their tribal life.
Congress, in response to persistent ap-
peals, in which Day joined, made an ap-
propriation looking to giving these Indians
a better water supply, for the diminished
reservation was a pure alkali desert. It
is safe to prophesy that in a few years, if
irrigation shall in the interval have caused
this arid and forlorn region to blossom, a
descent will be made upon it by the same
class of citizens who succeeded in getting
the eastern end of the reservation opened
to white settlement. It would not be sur-
prising if the next form taken by the
scheme should be the crowding of the In-
dians down into that part of the diminished
reservation which lies in New Mexico, thus
clearing Colorado of all Indians still main-
taining the tribal relation. New Mexico^
being a Territory only, has no vote in Con-
gress and no share in the Presidential elec-
torate. It has already the Navajos, a
number of Pueblo Indians of various
names, and at least two tribes of the
Apache Nation. The general movement
now in Indian affairs is toward putting
the Indians as far as possible into the few
remaining Territories, and as soon as one
of these Territories becomes a State either
moving the Indians out of it or throwing
open their lands either wholly or partly
to white settlers. Today's incident is
of interest as closing the latest stage of a
chapter in Indian history which has been
unsettled and more or less in controversy
for about a quarter of a century.
expected, for it was thought that the ma-
jority would depend on their filing claims
at the land oflBce rather than subject them-
selves to the hardships incidental to actual
location.
On the contrary, the greater number ap-
parently preferred to wait Just over the
boundary until the expected moment ar-
rived and then quickly get over and stake
locations. A surprise was sprung when
•'Buffalo" Jones, in some manner suddenly
appeared near Ignacio with three hundred
followers from Guthrie, Oklahoma, and
was met by Dr. E. D. Allen, who was
prominent in the opening of the famous
Cherokee Strtp. The latter has been so-
journing in and around Durango with
somo United States marshals and half-
breed Cherokees for the past week and
early this morning started to join forces
with "Buffalo" Jones with the determina-
tion of starting and booming a town site,
their objective point being near Ignacio.
The nev; incorporation under the name
of the Ute Town Company, comprised of
Denver and Boulder parties, located a
town site some forty miles south of here.
The name, it is understood, will be Tabor.
Other town sites are being laid out and
by tomorrow there will, no doubt, be more
than a dozen new villages created on the
map of the Centennial State.
The railroads have their representatives
on the ground and wiil select the most
promising sections and immediately begm
extensions to those points. Lumber &nd
building material are already being moved
to the new towns, and within forty-eight
hours the several new villages will present
hundreds of houses well up or in the course
of construction. . . a. i
The line at the land office has diminished
to some considerable extent, and not more
than one hundred remain, v/hile hundreds
of men and women rushed across the hue
at noon to stake claims. Serious conflnts
are exnected betvrcen those who filed at the
land office and those who staked claims
for the same piece of land.
FaHHriift' of tlie Ttes.
The Southern Utes are a comparatively
small tribe, numbering somewhat more
than 1,000 members, and divided, as most
Indian tribes now are, into progressive and
non-progressive factions. They are the
last Indians left in Colorado, and many
years ago an effort was made by the peo-
ple in the southwestern corner of that
State to induce the Government to move
t^- tribe over into Utah, where a reserya-
lior had been selected, no: with a view
to its agricultural possibilities, but be-
cause it seemed useless to the whites and
was understood to contain some game. The
Indian Rights Association, suspecting the
purpose of this effort, sent Vommittee of
very intelligent men to Utah to look the
I^round over and their report was wholly
tdve^so to 'the plan. This yer^J^t was
founded upon the theory that the Indians
if taken out of a reservation surrounded
bv white civilization and placed on a le-
motrone, where all the attractions nx^e
foward a return to the barbarous life of
their ancestors, would Q^^^VL^tLv h^d
sucli measure of improvement as they naa
V^.Ty attained, and their last «t^t^, "'^^^
be, if possible, worse than their first, .he
controversy thus provoked bet^'f .^^ ^he
Colorado people, their representatives m
rr naress and the association \/axed very
hot "and attracted the attention of pUUaB-
throplc citizens throughout the coun v. y.
The association came out vlctonous, and
thin the Coloradoans fell back upon the
S'°ce of having lands allotted to t^iose
Indians ^ho ^vanted them and the rest o^
the tribe moved over into a diralnishea
reservation consisting <>' .a westera ex-,
tremitv of the old reservation, with a lewy
town'ihiDS in New Mexico added.
Th» idea of the authors of this schem
.vas that only a very few of the Indian|
would care to take allotments and thai
The agent would stand by his white neigh-lj
tors rither than his Indians, with the re-^
6U t that the bulk of the tribe would be
lemoved to the diminished reservation and
the white people would get a chance at
^v VtWng that was good in the abandoned
cart Thev counted without their host
The agent "happened to be not that kind
It I mfn He was a thorough-going South-
west^ner of adventurous spirit, who had
run away from the home farm as a boy
In order to get a view of the world, had
served throulh the Civil War as a scout
Mder Gen. Frank Blair, had won the
right to three medals tor distinguished
valor on the field, and was not afraid of
man, beast, or devil.
A Frlenrt of the Intllnns.
Col. "Dave" Day grasped the situation
at a glance, and took pains that his In-
dians should understand it also. The pros
and cons were fully and fairly set before
them, and in order that those who felt
uncertain about adopting the wh'te ma" s
v.aya should not be frightened op bX /be
novelty of it all, he pledged himself to
stand by and instruct in agriculture and
home-making any of the Indians who ac-
cepted allotments. He also declared to
them that as far as lay in his power he
should see to it personally that the Indians
^vere fairly treated »> the distribution of
land, and that they should get the \ery
cream of all on the reservation.
The Indians who knew him best believed
him and the proportion of the tribe who
ae^e'ed to take allotments and become
ciUzens itiB so large as fairly to paralyze
^'uh afarm the little P"f '» »""°f ° ^?p?
h'id been plotting against them. Uaj K.pr
Sfs word to the letter. He knew in advance
vvhat It would cost him to do so; for his
old neighbors, finding that they could not
use him, declared a boycott against him.
trying to break up his business and make
the place socially as uncomfortable as pos-
sible for his family. This last feature o
the war waged upon him had as little effect
as the other, for Mrs. Day shared her hus-
band's clear grit, and preferred to see him
ro down with his flag flying than have him
surrender to the gang. His bondsmen ap-
plied at Washington to have their names
taken from his papers, but Secretary Hokc^
Smith had some backbone, too. and he re-
minded there fellows that bonds were not
obligations to be Vy'illfully thrown aside
cnv'more than to be lightly entered into.
Charges of all sorts were brougnt
against the agent in the mad struggle
to get rid of him; but he invit-
ed the fullest investigation of each
one. and the official report invariably clear-
ed him. When the commission to allot
lands was appointed, the friends of the In-
dians in the East insisted that Day himself
Fhould be one of the Commissioners, and he
remaining Territories, and as st^^ ^ —
of these Territories becomes a State either
moving the Indians out of it or throwing
open their lands either wholly or partly
to white settlers. Today's incident is
of interest as closing the latest stage of a
chapter in Indian history which has been
unsettled and more or less in controversy
for abe«t a quarter of a century.
i\\
SAVED FROM THE XTTES.
NnrroTV' Escnpe of a Deputy Marshal
JProat Indis'iiaut Indians.
(From the Salt Lake Herald.)
There was much excitement on the Ute
Indian reservatiofi as a result of the shoot-
ing of Mountain Sheep by James Olsen,
and Deputy United States Marshal Smythe,
who brought the prisoner from Fort
Duchesne, had a taste of it himself. Dep-
uty Smythe arrived with the prisoner and
placed him safely in the penitentiary, but
he was successful by a narrow margin.
The Indians made every effort they dared
to /iii at Olsen to kill him, but they were
foiled. The deputy marshal was to leave
Fort Duchesne on Thursday with the pris-
oner, but there •w^rer several Indians lurk-
ing about when. , the stage started, and
he concluded toi \^'ait a day. The Indians
did not know what was to become of O^en,
whether he would be taken to Price or
turned loose and permitted to go to Vernal,
so they watched in ^very direction.
"When I was to start on Friday Captain
Guilfoyle, the commander at the post, of-
fered me an escort of cavalry," said Deputy
Smythe, **but I- figured that the Indians
would not dare lo ii^tierfere with a United
States officer nor the> mails. It seemed to
me that if they ^wanted to kill Olsen on
the stage they woula place a man with a
gun on some pBtti oi the road where he
could shoot and make good his escape. A
squad of cavalry would only advertise the
fact that he was;<)n tl^e stage and thus give
the marksman his opportunity.
"There were Dinly three on the stage—
Olsen, the driver, and myself. About four
or five miles from the fort we came upon
seven of eight Indians. Before thej" stiW
Olsen. who was much afraid, I hid him
under the seat and drew the laprobe over
him. They rode up and separated, coming
past on each side. I had pulled out a
cigar and was quietly smoking to throw
them off their guard. Although they looked
closely, they saw nothing. We saluted and
they rode on back. Those fellows had
come more than sixty miles and had been
camped out for a week to get Olsen, but
they didn't ^ave nerve to attack the stage
when he was not in sight.
"Olsen made a sensational ride to reach
Fort Duchesne after the shooting. He
knew that Red Cap, the Indian who saw the
shooting, would notify all the other In-
dians and they would be after him.
Though his norae was tired he rode sixty
miles between 3 o'clock in the afternoon
and 10 at night to the fort. He kept away
from the trails and went over a very rough
route, going across patches of stones and
jumping ravines so that th^ could not
track him. The Indians were after him,
but they could not follow the trail.
"All the sheep herders left the reserva-
tion as soon as they learned of the affair,
for they believed trouble would follow.
Their camp outfits were abandoned. The
sheep were scattered by the Indians, and
there is no doubt that hundreds were
killed. Afterward when the herders went
back to collect them many could not be
found.
"There was a rather curious council at
the fort, called by Agent Myton, to con-
sider the capture of the Indian who had
killed another at the Ouray Agency.
"Mr. Myton told them he wanted them
to get the murderer, who had fled to the
Colorado border with ten or fifteen men,
and said they would defy the police. They
didn't like the job. But a squaw, a sister
of the dead Indian, came in and made an
eloquent speech of an hour. She told them
to be men, to be braves, and so worked
them up that they decided to go. But they
will not go in posse. It is generally under-
stood that they have sent one or two of
their number to waylay the murderer and
kill him."
Tapping: the Lakes.
(From the Chicago Chronicle.)
The proposed north channel connecting the
lake with the north branch of Chicago River
is another scheme to lower the lakes. Still
another scheme of the same kind is the plan
to cut a ship canal from the lake to the river
across the Third ward along the line of Twenty-
second Street. Do the promoters of these enter-
prises design to drain Lake Micliigan dry? Must
all its waters be poured into the Mississippi for
the benefit of navigation at St. Louis? Some-
thing of that kind seems to be the object of
all these plans for diverting the contents of the
great lake basin, into the Mississippi valley.
Bismarck's Iron Nerve
Was the result of his splendid health. Indomi-
table will and tremendous energy are not found
where Stomach, Liver, Kidneys, and Bowels are
out of order. If you want these qualities and
the success they bring use Dr. King's New Life
Pills. They develop every power of brain and
body. Only 25 cents, at Henry Evans' Drug
Store. 938 F Street.
McMUNN'S
ELIXIR OF OPIUM
Is a preparation of the Drug by which its injur-
ious effects are removed, while the valuable
medicinal properties are retained. It possesses
all the sedative, anodyne, and jsintispasmodic
powers of Opium, but produces no sickness of
the stomach, no vomiting, no costiveness, bo
headache. In acute nervous disorders it is an
invaluable remedy, and is recommended by the
best physicians.
E. FERRETT, Agent,
»72 Pearl St., New York.
oc21-we,sa-lyr
f^h^^Ult^i^t^-/,
n
>%
.MONEY DBE UTAH INDIANS.
Reply of Secretary flrtcUcoek: t*^ a
ReMolntion «i Kn«iiiiry.
The Secretary of the Interior has trans-
mitted to the Seuate a reply to the le-^o-
lution of the Senaje direcycg that he re- '
port to the Senate what, if any, sums of
money are due from the United States to .
.the Indians in T'lah. known as the Un- 1
compahgre. White River, and Uintah Uies, j
on account of any agjec-ments, for the sale '
of lands, or otherwise.
W. A. Jones. CommiEsioncr of Indian
Affairs, has said that: "The p-opulation of
the three bands at the O'jray and Uintah
Aeency, Uncorri)ahsre. Vv'hite River, and
Uintah Utes, numb: r at present 1,702; at
the Southelrn Ute Ag-.^-cy. ^-^S, total, 2,700.
*'It appears that ^ the three bands
named would be entitled to icur-
stfivenths of $113,740; annual in-
^come, $71,698.32; and of the priccpj of
trust funds, $1,103,148- Subject, ho a ever,
xn deductions to be made on account of
i amouais' apnropriated and rcimbu^sabe to
' tHe iSked states under ti^Vms of the act
j approved June 15, 1880.
"In addition to the above, the Ui: tah
and White River Indians, under an act ap-
proved May 24, 1S88, have to their credit -
in the United States Treasury, at 5 p.r
cent/^ per annum, from sale of lands, the
a%m of $3,384.05.
" "The three bands named receive annu-
ally an income from grazing privileges.
Sl^ce July 1, 1899, the sum realized from
tfllii source amounts to $3,389.38. ,
1 "This fund is distributed per capita to
' said Indians under the authority of the
Secretary of the Interior.
"Seection 3 of the act of June- 15, 1880,
provides that all surplus lands shall be
sold at $1.25 per acre, and when sold the
proceeds of such sale shall be first sa-
credly applied to reimbursing the United
States for all sums paid out or set apart
j under this act by the Government for the,
I ienefit of said Indians, and then to be
applied in payment for the lands, at $1.25
per acre, which may be ceded to then\by
the United States outside of their reservft-
tion^ in pursuance of said asreerrent. And
the remainder, if any, shall be deposit^^
in the Treasury, as now provided by law,
for the benefit of said- Indians, etc.
"This office has not been iEfcrmed as ttt
what amoun* of money, tf auy. has been
realized from the sale of JJte Indian laiTd^
under the said third article of the agree-^
ment." \
4/ ^tv
u
/WxA^I^I-l
ITES HOLD A BIG TALK.
\
Conferred Witli the Commissioner
Over Leasing Tlieir Land.
Big Joe. Tim Johnson. Martin Van, Ver-
ney Mack and John Duncan, five burly
••headmen" of the Ute tribe of Indians,
stalked into the office of the commissioner
of Indian affairs this morning. They spent
nearly the entire morning in conference
with Commissioner William A. Jones, and
left at noon with the understanding that
before they leave Washington for Utan-
probably next Thursday-they are to return
to the commissioner's office for two or
three additional -talks." Meanwhile the
agent in charge, H. P. Myton. will escort
them about "the city of the Big Father,
and take them to the theater at least once
every day.
The delegation represents the present oc-
cupants of the Uintah Indian reservation m
northeastern Utah. The ^^f tri^^,^^?^ P^^'?^
n the reservation is the town of White
Rocks which is about fifteen miles north of
Fort buquesne. With the reservation of
fh'e Unco^mpagre Indians the tract now al-
lotted to the Utes makes one of the most
viluable reservations in the country. For
many years the Utes have been devoting
?£eSieTves more and more to agriculture
Rnt their activities have been limited by
^ck of proper irrigation facilities. Th^
obiect of this delegation is to obtain means
?or extending the present irrigation canals
fn the reservation and to improve those al-
'^T^ tKnd th/lndlans have PrQPOsed to
Commissioner Jones that they be permit,
ted to lease mining Privileges in certain
portions of their reservation. The^ believe
and many white men believe that what iS
kno^Tas elaterite. a mineral deposit simi-
lar to asphaltum or gilsonite. abounds in
the Uintah territory. Two years ago the>
leased to a promoting company the right td
dig for elaterite in a very small oistrict.
Those operations have proven Profitable
and the headmen have been approached by
other promoters who ^^^^^1,^0^^,^^^^^,^!^^^^
lar mining concessions. With the funds
obtained from this source the Indians in-
tend to extend their system of irrigation.
They want the commissioner to supervise
the expenditure of the money and they ask
that the government assist them in obtain-
ing the most m.odern and effective irriga-
tion appliances. „ ^ . , ^
In several other Instances the Interior
Department has acceded to requests of
this nature. Conynissioner Jones said this
morning that the bureau desired to encour-
age what might be termed the "agricul-
turallzatlon" of the Indian to the greatest
possible extent. But the overtures of the
Ute delegation had not yet reached a state
where he felt he could venture an opinion
as to the outcome.
When the "talk" ended the delegation
stalked out as it had entered-the interpre-
ter In front, with two braids of black hair
hanging over his shoulders; Big Joe fol-
lowing In the uniform of an Indian police-
man-Van, Mack and Duncan walking
erectly and proudly, and swinging huge
gray hats decorated with whipcords braided
in half a dozen colors.
1 T* * "
Marine Corpa Orders.
Major H. C. Haines has been detached
from the Naval War College and ordered to
assume command of the detachment organ-
ized for special service with the North At-
lantic fleet. First Lieut. L. M. Harding,
from recruiting duty at Pittsburg, Pa., and
assigned to duty witlh the same detachmeoit.
Second LAeut. Harold Colvocorejsses, from
lCil\
StcrTIte Braves Are Displeased?{^»
Five Ute Indians traveled all the wi^no
Mngton from their Uintah reservation
^n" tah to have the President confirm the
fact that their reservation is to be divided
S. and opened to settlement. T^iey wo^ld
SierXn^dU°C^mX-r-^^^^^^^
^« Ve^at ^^^itrta^h°ir" ma"fe%re^
LHbS \-^-eT a-liroVn^fn-^
illf r^sTrfaTon'to |etUement They a
^l^rsVe^^e ri^ed y sulPen'S 'they went
iwav Most !f the Utes were opposed to
away, aiuoi- " reservation, especially
what a?e known as the White River Utes.
Thev could not believe that their lands
w?re to be taken away from them by Con-
gress or anybody, and that is why thej
^ ,A ^nt hPlieve even Mr. Leupp. In his
™h th3 Pres?dent''\old them that they
S^uld have to settle down and make good
^„;;vnr« tn the white people who would
eo w the reservatTon, and that the money
derived from the sale of the lands would
bf set aside for their use. He said that
they would get allotments of lands for
i? „=Ii;.^i all thev would have need for,
ind that they woufd l^ve happily and pleas-
onfiv if they would attend to their own af-
fairs and try ^become good citizens. Their
[merpreter tcld them what the President
said.
UTES HEARD BY PRESIDENT
They Appeal to Him to Prevent the
Opening of Uintah Reservation.
He Tells Them They Must Adjust Them.
selves to the Inevitable — Indians
to Be Given Allotments.
Francis E. Leupp, Commissioner of In-
dian Affairs, yesterday presented to the
President a delegation of Ute Indians
from the Uintah reservation in Utah.
The Indians came to Washington to pro-
test againsit the opening of their reserVa-
tionv as provided by a recent act of Con-
gress. In a brief address to the Indians,
the President Informed them that tlie
reservation would have to be opened, and
that they must adjust themselves to the
inevitable and get along anaicably with
the white settlers who might become their
neighbors. He assured them that every
right they possessed would be protected
fully.
Appa, one of the White River Utes, re-
plied to the President, and, for himself,
requested that he be permitted to locate
in some forest reserve, or other place, as
far removed as possible from the white
settlers. This request, the President said,
he was unable to grant.
The reservation will be opened prior to
September 1 next, but no definite date yet
has been fixed. The Indians will be per-
mitted under the law to select their own
allotments, each head of a family being
given eighty acres and each single Indian
forty acres. Certain lands of the reser-
vation will be set aside for a forest re-
serve and for agency purposes. The re-
mainder of the reservation, after the al-
lotments have been made to the Indians,
will be sold to settlers, the proceeds being
deposited in the United States Treasury
to the credit of the Indians.
■|:^:^*:c[r - M^vr^A^a^oir-^*
mOM KLLEy.
SPECIAL DISPATCH TO THE CALL.
CHEYENNE, Wye. Sept. 22.— Gov-
ernor B. B. Brooks and the State Gov-
ernment will get rid of the 700 Ute In-
dians now camped near Casper, Wyo.,
who have made preparations to make
th«ir p^rmi^n^nt l)i0ifn« la the North
Platte Valley.
Oir S^pre'fhber 17 Governor Brooks
wrote to tho Int^ribr 3J>ep2xtmfent. find
aikd 16; ^fr^fcid^rtt ftd^sevelt, asking
th^ttliV Tenth Cavilry. which will be
at bou^las ^di^tember 55, b^ detailed to
round up the Indians and start th«ni
back to their reservation. The Indians
have been killing livestock, violating
the gam^ laws, robbing sheep camps
and ranch houses, and the county au-
thorities were powerless.
Governor Brooks today received word
from Thomas Ryan, acting Secretary
of the Interior, that Inspector Mc-
Laughlin had been ordered to Casper to
confer with the Indians and try to in-
duce them to return to their reserva-
tion. If he is unsuccessful the Presi-
dent will order the Tenth Cavalry to
force ;hem to return.
MANY TROOPS ON
, TRAIL OF INDIANS
Thousand Cavalry Will Be Used
in Rounding Up the
Utes.
STEPS TO AVOID A FIGHT.
Soldiers in the Field Are Given
Strong Support in Their
Work.
Bpoclal Dispatch to th* ••Chronicle."
CHEYENNE (Wyo.), October 27.— Ac-
cording to advices received by the
Wyoming State officials, th© War De-
partment has decided to take no
chances In rounding up the band of
Ute Indians, and has dispatched an en-
tire regiment of 1000 men to capture
th© Utes. The two troops of th© Tenth
Cavalry first sent out, have been ro-
©nforced by four more troops of the
Second Regiment, and six trops
of the same regiment frona
Fort Robinson, and six troops of
th© S'ttcth Cavalry have now been or-
dered from Fort Meade, under Colonel
Hughes, to re-enforco the troops already
In the field. . .
The cavalry Is marching overland
from South Dakota toward Powder
river, where the Indians are camp 3d,
and win probably Join the Tenth
Cavalry near the camp and surround
the redskins. It has been decided if
the Utes surrender to place them on
on© of the agencies south of the Black
HlUs until spring and then take th^m
back to their reservation In Utan.
SHERIDAN (Wyo.)..October 27.--Two
troops of cavalry left for th© Mackenzie
to-day, going north and it U generally
believed that they have gone to Inter-
cept th© Ute Indians In case they at-
tempt to reach the Cheyenne agency
before th© arrival of th^ cavalry from
Fort Meade. Old-timers here say that
•hould the Utes reach the Cheyennes
they would fire that band Into revolt
and a serious war would result. The
^©yennes are hard fighters and hav©
given the Government much trouble.
The second detachment of cavalry
sent out from Fort Robinson left Gil-
lette about mldnlghf and unloaded this
morning at Kendrick, three miles from
Arvada. They had instructions from
the department to "march close on the
heels of the Indians," but not to fir©
unless absolutely necessary. They will
await the arrival of th© troops from
Fort Meade before making a demon-
* The Indians camped last night about
•Ixty miles northeast of Sheridan.
Chief Kannapph says they will not go
back. Beyond killing stock for food
and robbing an occasional sheep camp,
the Indians are committing no depre-
dations.
ffgtSoTFW
HINTING GROUND
Redskins Not in Warlii<e Mood,
but They Will Resist
Coercion.
PLANS FOR A BIG TALK.
An Attempt Will Be Made to
/induce Them to Go to
Reservation.
special Dlspatche. to tt. "^"^f'' ,, _
GII^ETTB^(Wyo.V October ^29^^
STe'rnUet'stafef Uoops hav. been
felt "^o "intercept. "« |"» //^uf a« 1
iXr. pa\'raXn^\oUre^no'rtbwest !
roiom ?l>e Nothern Che>^enne« on the
Crow reservation, 'h* ^"^J'^^^to select
ready ««nt^ messengers ahead^t^ ^^^
^^t"reV"^nTra"nclme'n that they mean
"V^tJ"beUeved by old Indian fighters
here that If P'<>P«'^/'Pl°^tTe with the
there Is no =h«^°'i«,°',f„ed to be peace-
redsklna. who "« IncUned to oe^P
able, but resent the action ol tne^ ^^
Missouri, returned tO-'f ^^b/en Tuperln-
port News, where he Jias peen ^g f^^
ending the <«n\^^i^,!ft*°^t once took
Cuba. General T"^*ig*„ against the
charge of t*'«2.*™P.*'^r"t order being
military operations.
The Redskins Stampede and
Retake Horses Captured
by Soldiers. ./js
TROOPS ARE OUTNU^ABWED
ack Force to Attack-Rene-
gades Still Elude Their
Pursuers.
«♦
«necial PUpatoH to tho -(Ihroniole.
«hVriDAN (Wyo.). Ortober Sl.-A.
SHEKlUAiN between a
sKirmisi. occurred to-da. bet ^^^ ^
b^^Tid of renegade Lte inaiai
% tb*^ Tenth Cavalry on Bitter
troop of ^^^^ J^7^\,.^,,a brought by a
creek, according ^^ ^ ^^^ ^.^.^ cap-
special courier. The trouy
tured fifty Ute ponies. y
Ac; tfie troopers were diiv-ng awajr
As tne "" ^ ^^^ armed, sur-
the ponies, 100 1-tes. lun^
rounded the ----^^'^'"^." t.^^h rl!
ponies, stampeded the pomes w^th re
volver shots and -.var-whoops. The in
Tans recovered all their pomes, but
fl ::,"of then, were killed by the troops
,n an ertort to stop ti,e stamped.^
The Indians did not tire ai »■■
rtiers The soldiers desisted from at-
tlcKlng the Utes as the redsUln-
-reatlv outnumbered the troopers.
"Trooper* say that as far as they ca«
ascertain from ru»iors and observation,
the Indians will fight with little provo-
^"inoiher detachment' of 'the TentH
cavalry, that left Sheridan Monday
night, ran across a war.dertnS band ol
m crow Indians under command o«
Chief sweet Mouth. The troopers d»ova
Se crows back to the Crow agency
The crows said that they ':«-Jl"f '°^^
and denied any intention of joining th«
^^Ithl another squad of the Tenth Cav-
airy fell in with a band of Cheyenne
Tnrtians who. on representatidn that
InJ; w;re hunting. wer« allowed to go
l'"settTers charged that Indian guide-
employed by the Federal troops are act-
ing treacherously and leading the
1 roops on false trails to keep the sol-
diers from overtaking the ^tes. The
settlers mention among the guides
woman's Dress. American Horse and
White crow Bull. Some troopers of
the Tenth Cavalry marched all Tues-
\* »n ^aoture a small band oC
day night to capture a.
Utes reported to be encamped on Bit-
ter creek, but found no Indians at th*.
designated place. -pnort
Trainmen arriving to-mght report
that 100 Sioux indies are wandering
fifty miles northwest of Sheridan. Tlia
mes it is said, make forced marches
nlr^ward by night, hiding from the
CdTers by day In the ^-ken country
through which they are tr-veUng^ The
Utes Should soon arrive ** B'^^^^'J^
is thought.^ They_ ---"/„, ^;7^
"Hanging Woman creeK, ^^^^
rfachits^ mouth on Tongue rWer prob
ably to-day. The troops ^'^«- ^o»°hel
August left «»'-;f-3^^;trb forego-
not be able to reach Birney
borrow night. Unless the Ute' ar«
headed off by the troops coming o> er-
rand from Fort Keogh they may JolB
the Cheyennes Friday.
GOOD HUMOR
INDIANS IN
MoTinK' Alonie Peaceably ToTrap* Fort
Mead*?, Where Thcj- May
Winter.
Telegraphic word was received at army
headquarters from Colonel Rodgers of the
Sixth cavalry ^Vednesday that the band of
Ute Indians under escort of the Sixth cav-
alry had reached Ridgre, a small town on
the Wyoming and Montana line about mid-
way between the Little Powder and Belle
Fourche rivers and probably would reach
Belle Fourche about Saturday. Tho In-
dians are moving along peacably and are
in a good humor at the prospect of winter-
ing at Fort Meade.
The troops and Indians are marching
overland and will so continue to march to
Fort Meade, S. D. It is expected they will
reach Fort Meade about November 15.
^hlvu h^t l-
3
/pi
I Heap Big
Much Work
Uncle Sam Will Give Utes Chance to Hustle
or Go Hungry; Paying Them $1.30 Per
Day for Their Labor.
I Indian Commissioner Francis E.
Leupp, who had a conference with the
President today about the disposal of
the Utea, who recently went on the war-
path because they claimed they were
Vinable to "get enough to eat." said
after his talk with the Executive that
all the braves would be given an op-
portunity to earn their board by work-
ing on the Santa Fe railroad.
"The War Department will transmit
the offer to the Indians who are now
under restraint at Fort Meade, South
Dakota." said Mr. Leupp, **and we will
then see how sincere they are In their
talk of wanting work."
Will Be Paid $1.30 a Day.
Mr. Leupp said that the Indians would
be given $1.30 a day for their work on
the railroad and that their board would '
be furnished and they would be given
shelter in addition without cost. It will
be a good winter job for the Red Men
for the work will take them down into
the southern end of Arizona, where the
weather is mild throughout the coldest
part of the season. In the summer
time, if they still wish to work for the
road they can find plenty to do farther
north, where it will be cooler.
Doubt as to Acceptance*
Mr. Leupp expresses some doubt about
the Indians accepting the offer. If they
do not take it, he Intimates, the Gov-
ernment will not show much more len-
iency with the Utes. If they will not
work when they are offered good living
wages, they will not be furnished with
food for nothing.
It will be a question of hustle or so
hungry. ■
UTE CHIEFS VISITED HERE
Kenegade Indian Leaders Once
Called on President.
\%''oalc1 Not Believe Their Reservation
Had Been Opened to Settlers.
Came to Protest Afirainst Hi
Over the mantel, back of Commissioner
Leupp's desk, in the Indian ofiice. han
two plaster casts, relief heads of i^rizzled
Indians. They are those of Chiefs Appah
and Red Cap, White River Utes, by a
strange coincidence the two most talked-
about redmen in the United States.
They are the warriors now leading the
band of Utes from the Umtah reserva-
tion in Utah to better hunting grounds
in the Dakotas, and it is to round up their
band that the army Is now much wrought
up.
Commissioner Leupp's casts, suspended
on the wall among many handsome In-
dian decorations, have been hanging there
more than a year. They were not put up
in honor of the latest Indian uprising.
It just happens that at this time they are
very much in the public eye, as they were
iU Washington a year ago last spring,
when they took the first steps in the
movement which has since led to such fear
on the part of Montana farmers.
At the Indian office it Is declared that
the stories coming out of Wyoming and
Montana about the Ute outbreak are
much exaggerated. Mr. Leupp discredits
the stories that the red men are robbing
settlers and otherwise conducting them-
selves against the wishes of the "Great
White Father." He gives the warriors a
good reputation for honesty, and says they
are simply "out visiting." At the same
time the government can't permit its
wards to roam about the country at will.
The Utes will be compelled to return to
their own reservation, although it Is not
believed here that there will be any blood
shed.
The trouble with the Utes originated
two years ago, when Congress passed a
law opening their reservation to settle-
ment The Indians couldn't believe that
this would be done, and Appah came to
Washington and upbraided Mr. Leupp for
permitting the act to be passed. He
wouldn't take the commissioner's word
that their lands were opened to settle-
ment, and Mr. l^eupp took them to see
Secretary 'Hitchcock. They wouldn't be-
lieve the Secretary of the Interior.
"Take us to see the Great White Bear
Hunter, take us to see the White Fa-
ther," demanded Chief Appah, dramat-
ically. Appah is one of the most note
Indian orators of the present generation.
He has a silvery tongue. He is the Wil-
liam Jennings Bryan of the White River
Utes. Also he has much faith in Roose-
velt. "Take us to see the Great White
Father," again demanded Appah. "Him
big hunter; no lie; tells Indians with one
tongue."
So there was a strange audience at the]
White House that afternoon. Presi<Jent
Roosevelt received the Ute chieftain and
his gaudy followers with jnuch pomp, and
Appah sat in the Executive's Cabinet
chair, in the "council room,*' and the
President of the United States told them
It was true that Congress had passed a
law opening their lands to the white man.
Then Appah and his tribesmen returri|j?d
to the mountains of Utah, and a large
majority of them accepted their fate.
When the lands were opened all but the
White River Utes accepted their eighty
acres and settled down to the peaceful
occupations of farmers.
Appah, however, declared that he would
not accept the proposition, and put up a
stiff opposition. Finally, a year ago,
(JJomissioner Leupp went out there to
settle matters. For a time the situation
was threatening Chief Appah and the
Utes srathered in the council room. Com-
missioner Leupp talked. When he con-
cluded. Appah talked. He stalked up and
down, denouncing the advent of the
whit«* man, and every now and then he
.•^hook his fist under Mr. Leupp's nose.
Mr Leripp, although accompanied only
by a guide, calmly thrust a lighted cigar
in his mouth, and after Appah had singed
the back of his hand, he became more
careful. The White River Utes left the
council. That night the telephone lines
connecting the agency with Fort
Duchesne were cut, and the situation
looked u^ly. Finally the break was dis-
covered and the line repaired. Mr. Leupp
was not troubled by the In^iians.
This summer Appah and Red Cap led
their band from the Uintah Reservation
into VV^yoming, bound for the Rosebud
Agency in Dakota, where* they intended
to visit the Sioux. They sold ponies and
furs, and purchased arms and ammuni-
tion.
The Utes are armed to the teeth with
Winchesters and revolvers, and have all
the ammunition they need. There are
106 fighting men among them, and could
put up a stiff flght, but it Is not believed
they will resist troops in large force. The
Indian office dees not think there will be
any trouble unless a hot-headed Indian
.«!hould fire on the soldiers. Then there
might be ^ repetitiou of "Wounded
luiee/*
New York, Oct. Sl.-Nathan Straus, of
he firm of R. H. Macy & Co., brother of
)scar Straus, who has just been selected
LS a member of President Roosevelt's
rabinet, has come out for Hearst, and he
ives the following reasons for support-
ing the Democratic candidate:
I am going to vote for William Ran-
lolph Hearst for governor, and advise
ill my friends to vote for him, because
am a Democrat and because I believe
Ihe time has como to put a curb on those
[angerous influences which are arrayed
Lgalnst him. I am aware that those who
Appose him raise the cry ^demagogue,"
>roedcr of discontent,' and 'dangerous
llement.'
•'Every new* idea that is honest and
Jvery new leader that is honest arc at-
Icicked In this way. ^
•'Every American child knows how
shamefully Abraham Lincoln was at-
lacked when his only desire was to serve
[lis fellow-men. And wc all remember
[he laughter and sneers and revilings
[aimed at Mr. Roosevelt when he was
I police commissioner of New York by the
very newspapers that are now reviling
I William Randolph Hearst.
"Wc need in the nation and in the State i
J to-day a practical application of the prin-
ciples for which William Randolph Hearst
] stands— the principles of honesty and in-
dependence in government. A change is
1 needed, and it must come.
•'The principles that Mr. Hearst stands
Ifor must inevitably prevail in this coun-
try. If they do not come now through
IMr. Hearfet they must come a few years
later through some other leader. It is to
Lhe interest of us all that Mr. Hearst's
services should be publicly recognized at
Lhe ballot box.
•'I feel that I have the right to speak of
[r. Hearst and his character, for I have
:nown him long and intimately.
•'When a man atiacKs Mr. Hearst in
ly presence, I ask him, 'Do you know
VIr. Hearst personally?* In every case the
inswer is 'No.' I bave never known a
iium who actually knew Mr. Hearst to
express for him anything save admlra-
Lion and friendship.
•'When a man says. 'I only know about
Ir. Hearst what I read/ I reply that I
:now Mr. Hearst intimately in a business
;ay and in a social way. That 1 have
islted him at his home and know his
ioir.ie life, and I say to my friends that
Vlr. Hearst lives in his home life as I do,
jxcept that he lives very much more
Inodestly and ver/ much mor^ inexpen-
;tvcly.
"1 have nev
ludgment
han has
ton vi need t
laTtan Isla
ncans to do rig
le. If the cltize
lam Randolph
Ithers knofT'liI
)f the unjust gr'tta
• 'Money >i^*«iie root of all evjJpiiTaolltics
Ispeclally. Every man whoJyioi^^Hearst
htlmately knows that withVfim money is
jo object whatever. Mr. Hearst said to
he in a big transaction recently: 'I don't
[are so much about the money side of it,'
Ind his action proved his sincerity.
••Nobody can imagine that Mr. Hearst Is
^1 politics except in the hope of adding
his reputation among his fellow citizens
[nd increasing th^ number of his friends.
"4s a citizen of New York and proud of
lhe nation, I am proud of the public spirit
Ihown by William Randolph Hearst, and
}f his courage in attacking the biggest
ind most powerful men of his own class.
"1 fehall vote for Mr. Hearst next Tues-
|ay; a man I know to be high in integrity.
good husband and father, moral in his
Irlvate life, earnestly interested in the
/elfaro of all legitimate business men in
lhe United States, and sincere in his ef-
(ort§; to protect and bcnetit the great
liasses of people who have wisely shown
luch confidence in him.
•'I have known many men. and I have
lad business dealings with many men, but
know of no one whose word I would take
lore readily than that of Mr. Hearst."
e faster in
% ofymen
flrmly
no Tnair on Man-
tries to do right, or
ore earnestly tban
this city :
ROOT OFF FOR XJTICA.
Iocs to Tell Where President Stands
In yew York Fiffht.
Elihu Root, Secretary of State, left
Ivashington at 3 o'clock yesterday for
Kew York. He will deliver a notable po-
litical address at Utica tp-night, in which
le will advocate the election of Mr.
Jughes and explain the attitude of Prcsi-
lent Roosevelt toward Mr. Hearst's can-
lidacy.
It is said in administration circles that
VIr. Root's speech will be a masterpiece,
Lud there is a confident feeling here that,
hi spite of the late period of the cam-
>aign at which it will be delivered, it will
|nake a deep impression.
Goe.s to Aid Ohio Cnnipaisrn.
FranK M. Capipbell. Assistant Attorney
tieneral for the Interior Department, has
jone to his Ohio home, where he will take
m active part in the campaign, and will
lot return to the Capital until after elec-
lion.
PONGS Of THE UTES
Indians Come Here to Tell their
Grievances.
WHY THEY LEFT THEIR HOME
Allotments of the Uintah Eeservation
Made Hastily.
THE LAND HUNTEBS IMPATIENT
Story of the Insubordination of the
Past Summer and Bound-Up
by Col. Bodgers.
BT WILLIAM E. CURTIS
Written for The Star and the Chicago Record-
Herald.
Secretary Taft Is bearing "tne white
man's burden" for this administration^d
It seems to get bigger and heavier as time
views' anrt\f'.*""°^*' shoulders and broad
v.ews and his tact and happy disposition
and^<TiI V ^^.t' A"*'-'''*'' Peacemalter"
and The Conciliator General,- and ha<.
oTthe nd°'' ""^^- «^ "°* -'^ •>" to's,
on the lid every now and then, but. If trou-
ble breaks out anywhere, the President
burden he is carrying is not limited to tlie
lorfo n^ Guamites, the Cubans and the
f.^din.H f: ''"'• ^^ '■«^^°" °' their insub-
ordination, the White River Utes have re-
we"ek^T w*ill""vaTv''if.,^"''''''f"°" *«^ tWs
trying tSc^lliiil^rth'Xre^eS'-SSJ-C^i^
Rodgers has brought a bunch of Ute Indians
W^^n^rial^rmler"" "" the^V^„r2?
<lent'?„?,J^aTei"t*hr'*'"«f "^^ ^"^ the Inci-
conJ'J^ra^rd Z%%VlT^^rX "wVilf t'he"
Indlans are often treated by Congress
Allotments Made Hastily.
There are three tribes upon the Uintah
reservation of Utah-the Uintahs, the Un-
compahgres and White River Utes. In 1904
rh?/!"f ^ '^,^^^^^ *" arbitrary act requiring
that the.r lands should be allotted to them
In severalty and the remainder of the reser-
tember l''?9S^ XZ\''' /f''^"^^^^ by Sep-
i bu'?ry a'nd''^ouir^ot*"^au"" The^'.r '". ^
Bloner of Indian affairs says- ^-Thf™??'?'
Imoaj sa-Moaa ments had to be made vert L.m^^ *"°t-
X poojeaap the act directing thn>nenln^ n^ ti J •»«'=*"se
f^'LoU^a^l"! "on did not aflow Trelsfnable time^"''?;
)p 1 -JOJ o;
loo I -ui o:i
l3B IbuoU^-i^^^J """ oia not allow a reasonable
Uii W^^-*^^'"^ nTL^^ Impossible to survey the la nH"w ^'•
bTs a^X '^l^^J ^^« opening, much less bILre thi aHotm^nta
Ivj iCTiui jou^l were made, and not evA« vf* „ allotments
llo l^^ ---^H P'at^ for an town^shi^s" conttlninTairo't"'
Yoi P3! A^i a^^J "^/"'s procurable. As must always^ be the"
Lj aoj azie Xi case under circumstances like thes^ the «i
la:t s^SEiloBd jlotment amounted to little more tl»„ I"
loo -aaBO aa; j "feryatlon of what was befle "d to be ^n/*
L am 65 Xnjflclent l9nd of the right character %i,
L« Aou n i patents for the allotments have all w3®
I '-unoo au; |ued but a large part o? ?hem "do not" dt-
bp 40 Guon^j mateHal «i^"*L'''"'''*<!J.'y- The errors are
UUu^-.HrccuT^'lt"if cmaTn "&"'"*"'«""' '^'»
l« -- '3-Mun H»'»'h Indian allottees nn,i'^'h?,°T Persons,
lo -lop u, J ers. will lose a parfo? the^lands t^h^^t^h"^'
l,P Ua« HboTn.^' """^ ^ K^eat deal oraddlUonalir
Y- -,puoo o ^°;,--^ -P-fe wm be thrown^'upSn' th^
Kn ,o epaat ^uh whtcl * a work was^nuilf !r'^\ ''*«'«
^o^ol-^H pIca^\^••'^--'^ <^em1nr d^.a.tS-gh
Bevolt of the Indians.
The Indians did not express their dls.«+
>sf action in such polished language e^s'
Commissioner Leupp acquired in his news
' -'oo^i-^niy'^^'n"' ""^*;'^" " *-" --
ano t^"^-^^ Uncompahgres and UlntiKi I
fKl ^^ tir?ntc"e°n\lf fn"<l&*\tir'''ra^r-'
L ^' ThiThirkilt^TVV^' ^°-^^^^^^
o • Just treatment and sent a delegation tn
-•'•8 d?nn oioi^S*^ .^''.t^e commissioned of iS-
H ^Xel'Lrto re"c1.gX%\,';Tustr^jrr^
complaints, they ^ere PoweS to re levl
them. Congress had passed the 'law and ^?
must be enforced. Finallv ^^1^ .k "
found that their allotmens 'could nn^'n^
Sifn%^'^^oc^rso^I,?'-o!r ^'-^"^ »>-
and to warn th'^m ?hl? theTwerf exl^ct^'d
to become civilized and cuItiMtA f^P. '^,''
lotments and behave th^r^e^s'lii^^eth^e-
a '^s'-u^.le^rU^"' a'nT^^--? ^o^JL'^f Th e'l"
laTd"Tn ?h"e"'vXs~T '^^ ^^^^^^
' [i%rV,7JB¥-^'^ ortLn^rsl^^ti^i;
thl'^ch7dtrn risV^t. ""Sr '?r"om""^-gy^'t*
w'kT tr??/o1^e^ll{'er%"o^unri.^iLrt?^
, believed ■ must exist in +h» ^ £"? they
i'i Ja'sffr^"*^ gradually 'toward t^r nonh '
M east for a couple of months. Tf^erhad
in
jC:^uriOO
Sun6.^ 18 SI -i^ni^M. ^^ 'a8:vsT3Ui
•ui'd
Y
Y
Y
♦1*
unu\ mU^3;^-rr -s^^ t !j.a i!t;''a - .«>"- -;;'^^
^19 Aa is^o^ n j
UJa>I
over-exe"^'-i ^W" -i^^p.^ Una • av
PrescriptV.».x^|uo^--unV.
regul tin" %^"ffl-"-^^^^^
1 emulating laouiA ^S^^,un*30 ux3UU\JH
tions, banishio ^^.^^rp^liua -.^^^ , , — — .—
about a reg-ull »p^^i ^-'^"l <U>^t jtjo/: t "•"**■■• , . ^ . -J
ur lailing ot Wvuaivj.vaad a^l* » •„„« *
anteversion and o^^°-^o" *! ' e-v. i.u« 4 . j
of the female pelvV;5orsn'?^i?!|
suos
weakness or over-e^so.^\^^^^ .
w
iCOoH^d
UBUl
uoi:^^zi"^^
IP^
jai.iq '8
XouA\oa
eu
^4
rki^«f J >.* v.v^M*^ic ui montns. Thev hari
plenty of money and bought supplfes of
food, arms and ammunitloa at the towns
along the way. They killed a good dearof
fatiguing overwork,
makes weak women str
women well.
As to Dr. Pierce's Gold
cal Discovery, it has a very
range of application, vet it is
means recommended' as a ''Cure-
^li' it possesses marvelous altera-
tive, or blood-cleansing, properties
and IS at the same time a most in-
vig^or""* '
•O a •NL0X9K1HSV.W
b7
cu:
old.
\Jl\ tlltJ IIU CV^iy Il\^V¥ ClllV>i ».1»V>»», »^»«~t mm. —
ble breaks out anywhere, the President
sends him to settle it. *The white man's
burden" he is carrying is not limited to the
Filipinos, the Igorrotes, the Moros, the Ne-
gritos, the Guamites, the Cubans and the
Porto Ricans, but, by reason of their insub-
ordination, the White River Utes have re-
cently come under his jurisdiction and this
week he will vary his usual program by
trying to conciliate the noble red man. Col.
Rodgers has brought a bunch of Ute Indians
who were rounded up on the plains of
Wyoming last summer.
It is a very interesting case and the Inci-
dent Illustrates the consequences of the in-
considerate and unjust manner in which tne
Indians are often treated by Congress.
Allotments Made Hastily.
There are three tribes upon tj^^ ^J^^f.
reservation of Utah-the U^ntahs the Un^
fhat h'r'ands should be -"ot^^'l to them
,„ severalty and the remainder of the reser-
r"b%"r ri-9^ Ve^and''e^?rrwe^^e t^.
]^^ry" ^n^^oulnot wait. The commls-
S ^a"o"e ^^rv/rrhastir/Sec^'u^e
"°^ fmnosslble t^ survey the land before
t'J.eopTnmg much less before the allotments
4re madf and not even yet are approved
Dlltl for all townships containing allot-
ments procurable. As must always be the
?ase under circumstances like these, the al-
fotment amounted to little more than a
respiration of what was believed to be suf-
flcllJ^ l°nd of the right charac er The
natents for the allotments have all been Is-
sued but a large part of them do not de-
scribe the land correctly. The errors are
material and many disappointments will
^cur It is certain that some persons,
both Indian allottees and white homestead-
ers wMl lose a part of the lands they have
=efecTed and a great deal of additional la-
tor and expense will be thrown uPon the
government, all due to the ""^'^f. J^^^^e
with which a work was pushed through
That properly demands deliberation and
care "
Revolt of the Indians.
The Indians did not express their dissat-
isfaction in such polished language as
Commissioner Leupp acquired in his news-
j)aper career, but thev felt it even more
keenly. The Uncompahgres and Uintahs, j
although not disguising their dissatisfac-
tion, innocently indicated their readiness
to trust their Interests to the government
The White River band, however, refused
to submit to this hasty, summary and un-
just treatment and sent a delegation to
Washington. They made eloquent appeals
to the President, to the Secretary of the
Interior and to the commissioner of In-
dlon. affairs. And while those officials were
compelled to recognize the justice of theif
complaints, they were powerless to relieve
them. Congress had passed the law and It
must be enforced. Finally, when they
found that their allotments could not be
changed, the White River Utes asked per-
mission to occupy some other reservation
where white people would not disturb
them. They asked if they might camp in
one of the forest reserves, but the Presi-
dent was compelled to deny their request
and to warn them that they were expected
to become civilized and cultivate their al-
lotments and behave themselves like white
folks
The Utes went home from Washington In
a sullen mood and began to save their
money until the pasturage on the Plains
and in the valleys was in good condition
last spring, when about 400 of them struck
their tepees, left the reservation and. like
the children of Israel fleeing from Egypt,
they crossed Utah and Wyoming on the
wav to "some better country," which they
believed • must exist in the northwest.
They moved gradually toward the north-
east for a couple of months. They had
Dlenty of money and bought supplies of
food, arms and ammunition at the towns
work
causes
be froi
dren or^
over-exel
Prescript]
ficient in
regulating
tions, banish!
atout a regul!
ous condition
system. Thus ii
or falling of w^
anteversion and o1 ^
of the female pelv'
weakness or over-exl
fatiguing overwork.
makes weak women stl
women well.
As to Dr. Pierce's Golde ^
cal Discovery, it has a very ^
range of application, yet it is by
means recommended as a ''Cure-
All." It possesses marvelous altera-
tive, or blood-cleansing, properties
and is at the same time a most in-
fr^r^f\ arms and ammunition at the towns aiiu iSs cil tut oamv, vx.xx^
l?onk th^way. They killed a good deal of yigorating tonic or Strength giver.
wild game, but did not^tj^uch^any ^prlva^te ^^^^^^^^ ^ specific, cleansing, SOOth-
ing and healing effect upon all the
lining mucous membranes of the
system; hence, its great curative
value in all catarrhal affections, no
matter where located.
In Chronic Nasal Catarrh it is well
to cleanse the passages two or three
rtock They stole nothing; they Interfered
with no one; they did not Intrude upon
fenced lands; they kept to the regular
roads and trails; they showed absolute
resplct for the rights of the settlers and
wire Quite as well behaved as any similar
number of white men who might go out
on a hunting expedition.
Indians Claim Citizenship.
Their agent followed them into Wyo-
ming, urging and admonishing them to re-
turn to their own country and trying to
point out to them the uselessness of the
project they had in view. But they in-
^sted that when the government took
their lands away from them it created
them citizens and made them Independent,
like white men, with the right to go where
they pleased and do what they pleased.
When the agent reported this to the com-
missioner of Indian affairs the latter re-
Dlied- "Explain to them that the cltizen-
sMp to which they attribute their mde-
pcndence has Its burdens as well as iU
nrivileges, and that they are liable to pun-
ichment by the local authorities for any
unlawful act they may commit."
But they did not commit any unlawful
act They minded their own business and
behaved themselves in a remarkably peace-
ful and orderly manner. Nevertheless, the
eovernor of Wyoming got rattled and
and called upon the President for protec-
tion. Exaggerated reports were tele-
CTaiDhed to the newspapers all over the
country, and a peaceful migration was de-
scribed as a bloody raid. Capt. Johnson
and Capt. Paxton of the 10th Cavalry were
sent out to confer with them when they
were about forty miles north of the town
of Gillette, Wyo., but were unable to per-
suade them to return to their reservation.
Mai. Grierson's squadron of the 10th Cav-
alry was then hurried from Fort Robin-
son to Gillette by rail to cut them off. Six
troops of the 6th Cavalry, under Col. Alex-
ander Rodgers, made a forced march
overlanrfrom'Fort Meade,. 146 miles In
four days, and joined Grierson. When
Rodeers arrived there was a pow-wow. At
first the Indians were disposed to be ugly
and assert their independence. They are
convinced that they are citizens of the
United States, and have the same rights
as white citizens to go and come and do
whatever seems good to them; and they
nroposed to assert and defend their pre-
rogatives as citizens. They are well
armed and well supplied with ammunition,
and very suspicious. Hence, it required a
treat deal of tact and delicate diplomacy
to quiet them and obtain their conlidence.
Went to Fort Meade.
But Col. Rodsers was equal to the task,
and the officials at thd War Department
commend his tactful management of a
difficult situation In the highest terms.
Commissioner Leupp of the Indian office
says that no Inl.ian trouble was ever wneie ...- ^-^^^ — ^
1 ^^^Fb^^U^nVr^T^^^^^^^^^^ ^-^'-'^^ ^^^ ^^',
CU1
old, ^
heal the'
Healing S3 ^
while taking^
Discovery" to a
cleanse the system?
mailed to any addres^
fifty-four cents in stampS
druggist don't have it in st<
dress Dr. Pierce, as above.
reservation. They declared that the land
was worthless; that the soil would not
grow anything; that the allotments were
not sufficient; that they were not allowed
to make selections; that the most fertile
parts of the reservation were given to the
white settlers; that they were allowed no
pasturage for their horses and cattle, but
only got eighty acres each, and could not
support their families on such a limited
area In an arid country, which, unfortu-
nately, is true. They wanted to go to the
Cheyenne agency in South Dakota, or to
the Rosebud agency. Some of the tribe
had been there and liked that country.
If that were not allowed they would ask
permission to hunt on the Powder river
and settle down in that valley. They
asked for various pledges, but received
none. Col. Rodgers Promised them that
he would try to arrange for their leading
head men to go to Washington and see the
Great Father: that he Nwould do the best
he could for them in every way, but could
not make any specific pledges
Mlrabile dlctu! They trusted him and
finally consented to go to Fort Meade with
him and remain there until he could report
their case to the Secretary of War and see
what could be done. They all marched
back together, soldiers and Indians, mak-
ing the 146 miles in about twenty days.
Everybody went. There were no mutineers.
At first some of the young men refused to
go but they all finally fell into line and.
Mthou&h the newspapers contained fre-
auent dispatches about deserters, about the
scattering of the tribe, there were no de-
serters The Indians themselves offered to
organize a police force to prevent strag-
glers and to take care of those who would
not behave themselves. Major Grierson re-
mained m the neighborhood of their final
^mp and scoured the country around in
search of deserters, but found none.
Indians in Washington.
The caravan reached Fort Meade in good
order, and the Indians have remained there
ever since, perfectly submissive and trust-
ful that Colonel Rodgers will get them out
of the scrape. A party of six of the head
men Is In Washington to see the Great
Father and the commissioner of Indian af-
fairs to explain their troubles and wants
and to ask another reservation where they
will not be disturbed by white Invaders,
where the soil Is more fertlle_ and^will pro-
1
ponies and cattle. But they will hav« tQ
deal with the Secretary of War. . They aro
prisoners of war. and occupy a unique
and anomalous position. As the commll^J
sloner of Indian affairs explains it: ,
*'A8 their reservation has been divide'
and allotted under the law, they are citi-
zens of the United States, and as citizens
they are not subject to even that benevolent
despotism exercised over non-cltlzen reser-
vation Indians by the government. I do
not see that there is any federal authority
that can legally convey them back against
their will to the locality where they be-
long, except by the regular procedure pro-
vided by the Constitution. If they intrude
upon an Indian reservation, the most this
department can do is to arrest and expel
them and impose a fine of $1,000 upon any
one of them who returns to that reserva-
tion without permission. But, as they have
no money, the fine would be, for all practi-
cal purposes, a nullity. Threats of the
guard house have no terrors, for the guard
house means free food and shelter, and on
reservations where difficulty is always ex-
perienced in finding employment for the
Indians already there, no opening seems
to offer itself for the utilization of the
labor of a band of intruders and vagrants.
The Santa Fe Railroad Company uirered
employment to the men and boys v.- ho are
old enough to labor, with pay of $1.25 a
day. but they are not inclined to accept It.
•*They are in a peculiar position. The
White river exodus has added another load
to the white man's burden. It means fresh
trouble in straightening out the land tangle
on the Uintah reservation. These wander-
ing Indians, who have not yet identified
themselves with their allotments, will be all
the more difficult to identify In case the
President decides to send them back there,
or even If they should return voluntarily
by and by. Indeed, it may eventually be
impossible to determine the owners of many
tracts set apart for the White river Utes.
Thus, through the defectiveness of so many
land titles, the development of that coun-
try may be seriously retarded."
The
a'
BADLY TREATED
BY INDIAN AGENT
Utes in South Dakota Said to
Have Cause for Their
Uprising.
— »
COMMlSSlOl^iEnS A^mATHY.
Says Officer Would Pamper Red
Men Who Will Not
Work.
Special Dispatch to the 'Chronicle.'*
WASHINGTON. November 1. — A seri-
ous breach has arisen between the Ute
Indians at Thunder Butte station. S. D..
and their agen:, Major Downs and
th^re is danger of a hostile collision
at any moment, according to the report
of Captain Johnson, the Army officer
who was sent to the scene of the trou-
ble in the effort to placate tne Indians,
who are said to have unlimited confi-
dence in him. Captain Johnson reports
that the Indian agent and himself are
at cross purposes, and his report, da^ed
vesterday, appeals to the auchorlties
here to support him and cause Major
Downs to abate his harsh treatment of
the Indians. , ^ j. ^v
The report says that the Indians ob-
jpcted to sending their children to a
distant boarding school; also that the
agent cut the rations in half; that the
Indians wish to live in peace, but that
Downs refused to consider their prom-
ise to comply with his orders. Captain
Johnson says that the Utes are hungry
and suffering and believes they have
been unjustly treated He says they
asked him to act as arbitrator, and they
would accept the result. -o^^^on
Commissioner Leupp of the Bureau
of Indian Affairs accepts Captain
Johnson's report as a^^fl^;;^^^^,^^ %f_
bureau. Citing the fact that the ^is
affected Utes refused two offers to
work for railroad companies, -^one of
which contemplated paying them ^-
per day for labor only fifteen miles
from their present home, he said:
-Johnson proceeds on the theory that
the way to handle troublesome Indians
is to set them off and feed them. That
is not the Indian Office theory. This
office believes in applying the same
rule to the Indians that is applied to
poor and ignorant men of any ra^e.
We believe in finding work for them
and then in permitting them to go
hungry if they will not accept the
opportunity to make a living These
Utes contemptuously declined to work,
saying that the Government would
take care of them. ^ ^ «^
•I am perfectly willing to stand re-
sponsible for all the advice I have
given in the matter, which has been
that we should treat the Indians
kindly, but insist that they shall cease
to be paupers when there is work at
Which they can earn good wages prac-
tically at their doors."
NDiS MUSI WOBK
» ' ^
£.
IThe President Sustains Com
missioner Leupp.
WHITE HOUSE CONFeREI\ICt
Present Policy of the Bureau to Be
Continued.
NOT LIKELY TO BE TROUBLE
Capt. Johnson Says That the Reds
Disclaim Any Intention to
Resort to Violence.
As a result of the conference at the
White House last night between the Pres-
ident, Secretary Garfield of the Interior
Department and Commissioner Leupp of
the bureau of Indian affairs regarding
the Ute Indians now located on the Chey-
enne river res?rvation in North Dakota,
a decision was reached to continue the
policy of the Indian bureau of furnishing
the Indians an opportunity to work and,
in case of their failure to take advantage
of the opportunity, to leave them to their
I own resources. Mr. Leupp discussed the
situation in detail, pointing out that two
opportunities had been given to the In-
Idians for employment in railroad grad-
ing, both of which had been declined by
them, and his statement was supported
by Indian Inspector McLaughlin and La-
bor Supervisor Bagenee, both of whom
were presant.
Tne Indians take the position that they
are wards of the government and that
the government will care for them wheth-
er they labor or not. This is distincciy
opposed to the government policy, and it
is now. Stat 3d that they will be given one
more opportunity to earn their living, and
it is intimated that if they do not accept
this the government will make little more
effort in their behalf. There are 370 of
the Indians, 200 of whom are men and
boys capable of bearing arms, and tnere
is some apprehension that when the crisis
comes they may make trouble.
Troops in the Vicinity.
Assistant Secretary Oliver was called in
jfor the purpose of advising the President
of the ability of his department to handle
the situation. He said that there are^be-
Itv/een 100 and 200 troops on "the grounds,
land others could be dispatched to the
locality with tery little loss of time if
nfcossary. It is not Jntended to coerce
the Indians at all, but the troops will
!be kept there as a police precaution to
[preserve order. The government takes the
[position that they shall have work if they
will accept it, but that if they will not
make any effort in their own behalf the
government will not undertake to subsist
them. The Indians have been paid the
annual allowance of $18 per capita from
their own fund, and it is understood" that
Lhis_allowance is practically exhausted.
Commissioner I^eupp's Attitudie.
Commissioner vLeupp of the btiraau of
Indian affairs accepts Capt. Johnson's re-
port, printed in yesterday's Star, as a re-
flection on that bureau. Citing the fact
tliat the disaffected Utes have refused two
offers to work for railroad companies, one
Gf which contemplated paying them $2
per day for labor only fifteen miles from
their present home, he said:
"Johnson proceeds on the theory that
the way to handle troublesome Indians is
to set them off and feed them. That is not
the Indian office theory. This oflflce be-
lieves in applying the same rule to the
Indians that is applied to poor and ignor-
ant men of any other race. We believe in
raiding Work for them and then in per-
mitting them to go hungry if they will
not accept the opportunity to make a liv-
ing I These Utes contemptuously declined
to work, saying that the government
would take care of them. I am perfectly
willing to stand responsible for all the ad-
'v'ice I have given in the matter, which
has been that we should treat the In-
[dians kindly, but insist that they shall
cease to be pafupers when there is work at
which they can earn good wages prac-
jtically at their doors."
Capt. Johnson's Statement.
Capt. Johnson said in his report on the
lease:
"I held council with the Utes. The head
jmen and also the majority of the men
were present. The council stated that they
Ihad been informed their ration -vas cut to
one-half of what I had informed them
would be given to them. This they be-
lieved was not according to contract. They
desired me to act as arbitrator in order
to settle the difficulty in a peaceable man-
ner If they were wrong they would ac-
cept the situation; if right, they wished
me to appeal to Washington for them.
They earnestly disclaim any intention to
resist by force or do any violence.
**If these people are furnished with suffi-
cient food to sustain life through the
winter and they be allowed to send all
their children to day school they will be
just as amenable to control as the Sioux
rs:
¥
iiiMtf.
INDIANS MU^T 60 TO WORK
K^
Conference with President Results in
Ultimatum to Utes.
Government Will No Longer Feed Lazy
Red Men — War Department Prepares
for Trouble at Reservation.
As the result of a conference at the
TVTiite House between the President, Sec-
retary Garfield, of the Interior I>epart-
ment, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs
Leupp, regarding: the Ute Indians on the
Cheyenne River reservation, in North
Dakota, it was decided to continue the
policy of the Indian Bureau, furnishing-
Indians an opportunity to work, and, in
cas'^ of their failure, to leave them to
their own resources. Commissioner Leupp
discussed the situation In detail, pointing
out that two opportunities had been given
the Indians for employment in railroad
gradins-, both of which had been con-
temptuously declined. His statement wau*
support^id by Indian Inspector McLaugh-
lin and Labor Supervisor Baganee, both
of whom were present.
The Indians take the position that they
are wards of the government, and that
tlie government will care for them
whether they labor or not. This is said
to be distinctly opposed to the govern-
ment policy. It is now stated that the
Indians will be given one more opportunity
to earn their living, and it is Intimated
that If they do not accept, the government
will make little further effort in their
behalf.
There are S70 of the Ute Indians, 200 of
whom are men and boys capable of bear-
ing arms, and there is some apprehen-
sion that when the crisis comes they may
make trouble.
Assistant Secretary Oliver, of the War
Department, was called in for the pur-
pose of advising the President of the
ability of his department to handle the
situation. He said that there are be-
tween 100 and 200 troops on the grounds
and others could be dispatched to the
locality with little loss of time if neces-j
sary. It is not intended to coerce the
Indians, but the troops will be kept there]
as a police precaution to preserve order.
The Indians have been paid the annuall
allowance of $18 per capita from their
own fund, and it is understood that thisl
allowance is practic?Jly exhausted. The
Indians are under the leadership of Chief'
Red Cap, and are of the same band that
has been makin?: trouble for the whites
for the last forty or fifty years.
IRED HORSE GOES AFTER BRIDEI
i'
¥ I ■-
But She May Object, Though Bought
from Her Parents.
7*^ /
-/
Indian Finds that Ancient Cnstoml
of His Race Is Not Strong^
TTitli Educated S«|ua^-.
Unsuccessful in his suit to win the
hand of an Indian maiden who is in the
Carlisle Indian School, Charlie Red Rorse,
whose name in the Ute language is un-
pronounceable, sat In the union depot
last night, says the Grand Rapids l^erald.
awaiting the departure of an east-bound
train, having in his pocket a scrawled let-
ter from the girl's parents, on the New
Mexican Ute reservation, telling that the
girl had been sold to him for the sum of
four ponies. The question now arises,
and Charlie has evidently overlooked It,
whether or not the girl who has enjoyed
four years schooling In Carlisle will be
willing to marry him, simply because tho
Indian went through the primeval custom
of handing over, four ponies to the girl's
parents, who are in need of stock.
There Is much of Indian romance con-
nected with the story of Charlie and his
fair Ute maiden of Carlisle, whose name
he pronounced In the Ute language, but
did not know the English Interpretation.
They were children together on the reser-
vation years ago. The girl was placed In
the Carlisle School when she was fifteen
years of age, while Charlie was appointed
as one of the Indian police on the reser-
vation. Whe^^ Charlie concluded that it
was about time for him to marry he be-
gan looking for a bride among tlie maid-
ens of the Utes on the reservation, and
finding none whose beauty compared with
that of the onfe who had gone to the
Indian school years before, he concluded
that he niust win the affections of the girl
at Carlisle. Consequently, two months
ago he went to the school, obtained a
hearing with the girl, received no en-
couragement, and concluded that the best
thing for him to do was to work in the
American way and win the sanction of
the prospective parents-ln-law. In con-
sequence he hurried to the reservation,
looked up the poor and aged parents of
the girl, and set about winning their sanc-
tion to his marriage with their daughter.
The contract was finally made, through
the handing over by Charlie of the best
four pOnles on the reservation. With the
letter from the parents In his pocket he
Is now on his way to the Indian school,
where he will present the written wishes
of the parents to the girl with the hope
that she will return with him. Charlie says
that he can care for her In the best man-
ner, and this Is not doubtful, as the police
on the reservation are usually the most
prosperous of all the Indians. Anyway,
CharUe left last night with high hopes
of his ultimate success. It is Charlie's In-
tention to bring the girl back to the res-
ervation, presupposing that she is will-
ing to come, for it Is hardly probable that
a sale, such as Charlie concluded with
the parents, will hold good with a girl
who is about to graduate from the great
school. . S
SEPTEMBER 4, 1908.
UTESONTHE MARCH;
MISSION PEACEFUL
Seduction of Draw Poker Makes
Progress Back to Reserva-
tion Slow.
WHEATLAND Wyo SePt 4 -mes
TisThT rosrpereTJl' rmonstration
maKiname. There are 450 of them on
their way from the Sioux reservation in
South Dakota to their own reservation
f„ Utah, so leisurely are they progres-
sine that they have now reached here,
riy 4rmlles^rom where they ^t-ted^
although they have ''een^on the way
itor two months. They are "ot expect
ed to reach their destination before the
Ifirst of November. •
Captain Johnson and ten troopers of
the second United States Cavalry are
the escorts and also the drivers, for
It takes constant driving of the m^st
determined sort to keep the redskins
''"^^rchilf'cause of the slow progress
lis the mania of the bucks, and the
"Jaws as well, for the -ductive game
of draw poker. While here they re-
imained in camp for two ^f^^^^^f^^^^
every effort on the part of the escort
,1 L\ thfem started. Two years ago
tSi/sime collection of aborigines gave
i+hP setUers in central Wyoming and
I the settlers II ^^^^ ^care by their
'^I-J^k' Motions' "it all wound up peace-
i^ 11 T^rtwpvpr and the Indians went
rn"fe tCreservtSon which they have
just left
UTES DON WAR PAIN
Fortified in Mountains, The;
Defy Authorities.
50 IN WELL-AEMED BAN:
Bent on Defending Big Rabbit, Who Shotj
Mexican Sheep Herder— If Sheriffs
Posse Fails to Take Them, Coloradi
Militia Will Be Called Upon— Wounde(
Herder Killed One Indian.
Cortez, Colo.. Jan. 18.— Fifty Ute In
dlans. enraged by the killing of one of|
their tribe in a rifle duel with a Mexican
sheep herder, are off the reservation,
fortified in Ute Mountains in southwest-
ern Colorado and defying the sheriff of
Montezuma county and Indian Agent
Spear to take from them Big Rabbit, an
Indian, wiho shot and seriously wounded
the sheep herder.
The tKea are armed with magazine
rifles and are making so determined a
stand that the sheriff returned here to-
day to gather a posse of 50 men and
I pursue the Utes into the mountains.
May Call Out Militia.
Unless the Indians yield, he stated to-
I night, he would call upon the State to
1 reinforce him with militia.
The trouble with the Utes started a
few days ago, when Joseph Stichcl, a
Mexican sheep herder, refused to allow
Itwo Indian hunters to camp near his l^rd.
The herder, accx)rding to his story, was
[attacked by the Utes. He was shot and
seriously wounded after he had kUled one
I of his assailants. The other Utes re-
turned with the body of his companion
I to the Ute reservation, while Stlchel was
I brought here.
Flee Into the Mountains.
The death of the Indian aroused the
Utes and a band was reported to have
started for Cortez, determined to demand
Ithe blood of the herder.
Meanwhile the^ sheriff gathered a posse
and started for 'the reservation to arrest
Big Rabbit, the sur\'1vor of the two who
attacked the Mexican. It Is said the Utes
fled with Big Raibbit for the mountains,
determined to defend him. There haa
been considerable local friction between
the ranchmen and the Indians over the
Ute Indian parties killing game out of
season.
FACED DEATH AMONG SAVAGE UTES
TO RESCUE WHITE WOMEN CAPTIVES
TcJo^.Xffil^VH-
Thrilling Story, Now First Told, of General Adams' Visit,
With Ofie Companion, to Indian Camp Following
White River Agency Massacre of 30 Years Ago.
One night, more than 30 years ago, a
party of Ute Indian braves at the White
River agency, Colorado, swept down upon
the ajeency buildings, murdered the agent,
Meeker, and every man they could find;
looted the reservation stores, and carried
away captive to the mountalna three
women and two children.
The nation was horritied at tlie sudden-
ness of the tragedy, as the Utes had
'been known up to that time as a peace-
ful tribe, and had never given any trou-
ble under the former agent, Gen. Charles
Adams, who was on the most friendly
terms wKh their great Chief Ouray and
others of the tribe. But under Agent
Meeker the Indians had become discon-
tented and threats were made. Meeker
•Bked the government to send soldiers
lor his protection. The Indians learned
they were coming and on that very night
the murders occurred.
Panic seized the settlers in that part
of Colorado and they fled to Denver. The
governor of Colorado, instead of urging
that the troops be hurried forward, asked
that they be halted and that Gen. Adams
be sent to mediate with the Indians and
secure the release of the captives. The
Indians would murder them if the sol-
diers came, he said.
Gen. Adams, then stationed in New
Mexico, was ordered to go to the scene
with all possible haste. Accompanied by
Count Doenhofr, a German nobleman
visiting the West, he made a forced ride
of 100 miles on horseback to the Indians'
<jamp in the mountains. Here after a
campfire parley in the dead of night
among the pines he succeeded in secur-
ing the release of the prisoners and the
promise of the Indians to surrender
those guilty of tke murders for punish-
ment. It was a -hazardous undertaking,
as a number of the braves In the coun-
cil wanted to kill G«n. Adams, his com-
panion, and all the prisoners on the spot.
Gen. Adams' Graphic Story.
The story of the conference as told by
Gen. Adams, afterward appointed United
States Minister to Bolivia in recognition
of this service, follows:
**Riding up to the tent of Chief John-
son, I found Mrs. Meeker, and a little
farther on Mrs. Price and her two chil-
dren. The women were pitiful looking
spectacles. Wasted and wan and -worn,
(With clothing torn almost into ribbons,
hair streaming and eyes dim with weep-
ing they rushed toward me Imploring
me to take them out of their captivity.
I promised them that I would not leave
without them, and that they should soon
be restored to their friends.
**Some extra blankets which the party
had brought with them were hastily
fashioned into some kind of feminine
apparel, and leaving them these rude
garments, with soap, water, and towels,
I went back to my companions, leaving
the women to prepare for their return to
clvlliaation.
Captive Children Well Treated.
**The children, nvho were playing about
the encampment, looked well and healthy
and said they had been kindly treated
by the Indians, who seemed fond of them
and offered many ponies for their pur-
chase. At noon Chief Douglas arrived
with a delegation of 'his warriors, but
it was nightfall before the council fires
were kindled and the chiefs readyx for
the council.
"That scene X shall never forget. It Is
stamped upon my brain in ineffacable
colors, as I fully realized tliat it wafi
quite likely to be the last I should see
with mortal eyes. The council was to be
held in a little clearing in the midst of
a deep pine forest about a mile from
the -camp. The night was dark, and the
deep blackness of the vast pine forest
stretched away indefinitely except where
the little circle of the council fire threw
its ruddy glow. Around It sqiiatted the
Indians, some 25 or 80 in number, their
faces grim, watchful, and Immovable,
while I, with Count l>oenhoff, sat apart
and looked at them reproachfully.
*They talked among tliemselves in the
Ute language, of which I knew but a
few scattering words, all my disoourse
with them being carried on in Spanish.
Presently Chief Douglas turned to me
And oif eiffed me the pipe of peace. I
shook my head.
Refused the Pipe of Peace.
•I will not smoke the pipe of peace
with bad Indians who kill wliite men and
carr>' off my countrywomen," I answered
in Spanish. "The Indians looked sullen
and once more talked apart. I could see
that their discusfiion was hot and that
opinions, varied, some of the Indians
seeming to angrily protest against what
others advocated.
"My interpreter, a young Indian boy
who was very devoted to me, pulled my
sleeve, and in the darkness I oould see
that he shook like a leaf, 'Oh, Adamus,'
he gasped, 'they say best kill Adamus—
Adamus bring white soldier, kill white
squaw, too.* I laughed, not very heartily
I admit, and broke into the discussion in
Spanish.
*' 'You say you will kill Adamus, do
you? Well, that's all right; you can kill
me if you want to; I am a soldier, and a
soldier expects to die in the discharge
of his duty; I have been a good friend
to you fellows and you know it; now if
vou -want to "murder your friend, well
and good, there is nothing to prevent
you. I can only die once, and 1 am as
ready to die now as any other time. But
for vour own sakes I want to tell you
one 'thing. The soldiers of my people
are as the leaves on these trees. If
you kill me or iharm your captives, my
countrywomen, the great «whtte father
will send his soldiers and leave not one
of you alive.'
"I rose as I spoke and' placed my back
against a tree, determined to sell my
life as dearly as possible. It was a criti-
cal moment.
Count Doenboff 6 Silent Eloquence.
"Silently Count DoenhofC came and
stood close at my side. Alone in that
forest of blacicness, the only white men
within perhaps 50 miles. 100 miles from
civilization, we were absolutely in the
power of those savages, who might tor-
ture us and put us to a most excruciating
death. I believe if I had wavered, my
life, and perhaps that of the count, would
have paid the penalty. For a full minute
they sat smoking and looking at me.
Then a murmur went from one to the
other, 'Adamus heap brave, Adamus no
'fraid.'
"Then, long association of obedience
to me, and, I really believe, their genu-
ine affection for me, prevailed over the
dictates of their savage natures, and
again they offered me the pipe ot peace.
Again I shook my head and refused, say-
ing, *No, I cannot smoke with you until
you promise me to give up your captives
and allow the ringleaders of this revolt
to be punished as they deserve.'
"This again raised a. stormy discussion,
and angry and susploious looks were CEist
in my direction.
War Whoops Break the Silence.
"A few angry war whoops cut the deep
silence of the night, and voices were
raised loud in fierce discussion. In the
midst of It, and when it looked as If my
friends were getting the worst of the
argument, a bent and withered old squaw,
the mother of seven <ihiefs, rose pain-
fully to her feet, and leaning on her
staff, with her stiff, dry gray hair blow-
ing about her peaked, wrinkled face.
I>ointed her shaking, bony finger at the
disputants and said in Spanish, 'Think,
you chiefs, what you are doing. Adamus
Is the friend of the Indian, the friend of
Ouray. If you kill Adamus or hurt the
w^lte squaws you will have to settle with
Ouray for it, and he Is your great chief
who will show you no mercy. Tou are
' few. Ouray is great and mighty, he is
!the white man's friend, and If you kill
Adamus, Ouray will send his chiefs to
settle with you, and your tribes will
know you no more.'
"I do not know how it is among other
Indian tribes, but among the Utes the
aged are held in the very highest respect
and receive 'the greatest care and at-
tention. As this aged mother in Israel
ceased speaking and sank with a weary
grunt once more upon the ground, the
chiefs talked once more together, and I
could see that my cause was gaining.
Agree to Surrender.
"After some moments they turned to
me and their spokesman said tha^ they
would give up the women and allow the
ringleaders of tbe revolt to 4)e arrested
if I promised them that they Should not
receive a white man's punishment (be
hanged). I replied that I could make
them no such promise.
"I am not here to make promises for
my government; I am here to rescue and
bring baok my countrywomen. You have
'committed murder; why should you not
be punished for it the same as a white
man?' After this I talked to them for a
long time, setting their crimes before
them in their true light, and urging them
to make all the reparation in their power.
1 I spoke to them as a father and a friend
and explained to them the disastrous re-
sults to their people and their tribe «houId
they resist. I pleaded for the helpless
women aJid the little -children, and de-
nounced in no measured terms the mur-
der of poor 'Father Meeker.
"The council lasted well onto morning,
but ere the embers of its fire faded be-
fore the gray of dawn the Indians had
promised submission, and I smoked with
them the pipe of peace when they had
glyen me their solemn pledge that I
might take back with me the captive
women and children and that they would
give up to justice the ringleaders of the
revolt if I would see that the troops were
turned back and ho more soldiers sent
against them.
"I told them that I could make no
promises for the government, but would
use my best endeavors in their behalf,
and with that they seemed content and
we returned to camp in the gray of the
morning in a friendly spirit."
Indians Kept Agreement.
The next morning when Gen. Adams
had seen the women and children safely
on their way back to civilization under
the escort of his friendly Indians, he,
witlt Count Doenhoff, started for the
White River to join Gen. Merrltt and re-
port on the success of his mission.
In accordance with his agreement the
troops were turned back, the Indians
broke camp and went back to their
reservations, and the threatened Indian
war was at an end.
The promoters and ringleaders of the
rebellion were given up by the tribe and
received a well merited punishment, and
the surviving members of the Meeker
family were granted a pension for twenty
years.
City Hall and
Edwin H,
Crimlni
New
July 18t 1924
SUN FESTIVAL IS ^OVER
Utah Indians Finish Their
Annual Celebration
FT. DUCHESNE, Utah, Aug, 13.—
The Indians of Ft. Duchesne have
paid their annual homage to the
»un.
The recently held their sun fes-
tival, which was largely a wild In-
dian dance, handed down through
hundreds of generations. It lasted
three days, during which the In-
dians went through the phases of
the dance without food, drink or
rest.
On the appointed day the braves,
bedecked in their warpaint and
feathers, rode out of the bushes at
a point fourteen miles from here,
and began to circle around a pole,
mounted on top of which was a
large buffalo head. Ear-splitting
tcreeches, such as may have startled
the first pioneers of the West, accom-
panied by volley after volley of,
shots directed at the buffalo head
on the pole, opened the spectacular
dance. The only modern feature of
the dance was the presence of an
American flag, which was carried
by the leader In opening the dance.
He who rests often in the sun-
dance is a weakling, and hence the
braves continued their barbaric
hop, skip and shuffle around the
pole until some fell from exhaus-
tion, while others rested only long
enough to be able to continue again.
mXk]
TO TRY TOWClFy UTES^
j Warning Against Hasty Action
in Case of Band Holding
Posse at Bay.
Measures of paclficatioa m^tead of
force are to be tried first on the band
of ute Indians holding a posse at bay
eigliteen miles from Cortcz. Col., a"*! rf
fusinlto give up Big Rabbit, one of tlxeir
Iribesmen. charged ■ with the murder ot
^S 'cormissioner Abbott of the
'^^h^ ^^fe*^^res\°rt^'tlor?o^ 4T^,e^K
futl'^om^sSTtlKe no hasty action ^^JJ;
-"e tff ^ougTl Stir rbl
^:^ "bTthr^ .tret ^to the la-
dians. ^ TTtr*s were holding
At last reports fl^^\^[l^„^..,}.eatening to
UrS. 'iVe^-^deLurrVt-er ^S^ S.^ uP
Big Rabbit.
MM. ATWINE
mm, KILLS SELF
AT FORTDUCHESNE
IsHOOTS \nFE FIRST AND THEN
SELF OVER FA]\ULY TROUBLE.
INDIAN AGENT BELIEVED A
RECONCILATION HAD ^ BEEN
MADE.
At about 6:30 Tuelday^\ening,
lafter leaving th^/^nc\gf Sifcerin-
tendent Fred A. gAcs, Indian agent
at Port Duchesne, ^ed M. Atwine,
24 years of age, well known Indian
of Whiterocks, carrying his/*«^ in
'his arms and walking with hii^wife,
when just south of the Crumbo ga-
rage drew a .25 calibre revolver
and shot her through the right
breast with the Intent of killing her.
He dropped the infant near its
mother, leaped over the picket fence
and took to the timber along the
Uintah river on the east of the fort.
Indian police headed by the Indian
chief of police at once commenced
a search for the hidden man. The
police evidently missed him and hur-
ried to where they supposed be
would go.
About half an hour later a shot
was heard by those at the fort and
a searching party went to where the
report came from. After a time
his dead body was discovered on a
sand bar where he had gone out in-
the open and taken his own life.
County Attorney J. T. McConnell
with Justice of the Peace N. J. Han-
sen to act as coroner and Deputy
Sheriff Hyrum Richardson hastened
to the Fort. The body rested just j
where it had fallen and as it was a 1
plain case of suicide was ordered
taken to the garage for better ex-
araination. 1
He had evidently stooped over
from a sitting posture placed the
muzzle of the gun well upon his
forehead and pulled the trigger, the
gun falling between his legs. Death
was perhaps instantaneous. The
bullet from the last shell in the gun
ranged downward through the brain
back of the eye, but did not come
out. The Indian police arrived
just at the time of the car from
Vernal, having heard of the finding
of the body.
Mrs. Atwine was formerly Miss
Stella Bullethead, daughter of Stan-
ley BuUethead and is about 20 years
old. They have two children, a boy
and a girl. Lately domestic trou-
bles arose and they separated. Su-
perintendent Gross had a conference
with them and he believed they had
fully settled their difficulties as they
walked away from his office just be-
fore the tragedy.
Mrs. Atwine is in a seriouj con-
dition at the government hospital
near wheie she was shat. They
have hopes for her recovery. Mr.
Gross states that they understand
the wife takes all the responsibility
for the trouble.
Fred was considered a good In-
dian, was highly respected by his
many white friends and neighbors.
His body was taken to his home on
Farm Creek Monday night, where
burial was made Wednesday.
SALT LAKE. UTAH
August 19, 1924
Indian Princess, Friend of
White Pioneer, Follows
Matevolf Forty Years Ago
— yt-^
CHIEF OURAY AND CHIPETA.
;•>: . ; :•.s•:•o«^J.
.•.>yK5.S
•:^•:x<•;^^^:■::•:•.■i•x•Xv:
; ;•:• vx,-x-:-:><
K::>.
s!s5<3B
Hj
Mp^^
s
B
p
^H
pi
nj^BBl
K'X'V
^^Hl
Ev?.
ffiSi^HI
E^^i
^J^^Si
y^M:
j'l^"— ! ■- ■ -•■■•■-■•--^-.'^•■^•■••-''■•^••••' • ■•• :'"^: : ^j'tffiv' • * " •r'jiVr'?^'-rrwianrflr*^''il
BHKHr^
■RMMMIilH^i^^^^^^P
lDDaa0'.*'JL.*
^i^
#
^^=:^<?
Will Be Buried Alongside
Chief Ouray, if Hidden
Grave Is Revealed.
>)itii
*9in
•ail
GRAND JUNCTION. Coh)., Aug. 18.
— Alone in her solitary tepee on Bit-
ter creek, mourned by whites and
Indians alike, Chipeta, famous Indian
princess, a week a^o Monday began
her journey to the happy hunting
grounds of Indian mythology to join
her husband. Chief Ouray, of the Un-
compahgre Utes.
With the passing of Chipeta, once
the fairest maiden in the Ute tiibc,
the white people lost a true friend
and an unwavering champion of the
^ 1 early pioneer. According to records.
5^ she had lived eighty-five years.
■^V Far above the average Indian in
intelligence, human understanding
'^ and sympathy, Chipeta counseled her
21^ tribeemen wisely and her advice was
always respected by Indians and
••1^ white agents and officials alike. The
••T' many white lives saved during the
LI empire building days of the west are
'IJ owed to Chipeta, who. with Chief
••^ Ouray, always professed deep friend -
Jl^ ship for the pioneers. These two
' In|dians are justly credited with
*^^ checking the spread of the Ute out-
^ break in 187i), commonly called the
—2 Meeker massacre. At the first rer
-ports of the uprising Ouray and Chi-
fjpeta commanded ces.sation of the
.5 hostilities and had the soldiers been
—t withdrawn many of the ensuing trag-
.^edies might have been averted.
MEEKER MASSACRE.
J One memory which was a constant
_r source of sorrow to Chipeta was the
White River massacre. The jrlaugh-
J ter was carried on contrary to her
!: counsel and wishes, and she always
grieved the losses sustained by both
• Indians and whites.
• Chief Ouray died in 1881, broken-
hearted over treatment accorded In-
I dians by the white men. Only Chief
iMcCook, brother of Chipeta, who suc-
ceeded Ouray as chief of the Feder-
- ated Ute tribes, now living on the
- reservation, knows where the secret
burial place of famous Chief Ouray
!s. In accordance with his last
v^ ishes, Ouray was buried by five
" nietnbcrs of the tribe on the summit
of a high mountain in the San Juan
range of western. Colorado, from
whlcS^^untin^ ground the Indians
were e^^rted to the reservation in
i.
Will Be Buried Alongside
Chief Ouray, if Hidden
Grave Is Revealed.
I
sSSi
"^ ■ :<-:-::->ar
<'0M«
GRAND JUNCTION. CoK)., Aug. 18.
—Alone in her solitary tepee on Bit-
ter creek, mourned by whites and
Indians alike, Chipeta, famous Indian
princess, a week a^o Monday began
her journey to the happy hunUng
pounds of Indian mythology to join
her husband. Chief Ouray, of the Un-
compahgre Utes.
With the parsing of Chipeta, once
the fairest maiden in the Ute tribe,
the white people lost a true friend
and an unwavering champion of the
early pioneer. According to records,
she had lived eighty-five years.
Far above the average Indian in
intelligence, human ^^<^^™^?*^i^?
and sympathy, Chipeta counseled her
tribeemetTwisely and her advice w^
a;;ways respected by. ^^'f^l S;^^
white agents and officials a ke. The
many white lives saved during the
empire building days of the west a^
owed to Chipeta, who. .^ith Chief
Ouray, always professed ^eeP ^-lend
ship for the pioneers. These two
Iitdians are justly .^^-f^f ^.^ '^i\^
choking the spread of the Ute out
break in 1879, commonly c^led the
Meeker massacre. At the fif-^t rer
ports of the uprising Ouray and Chi-
beta commanded cessation ot the
hostilities and had the soldiers been
w^hdi^wn many of the ensuing trag-
edies might have been averted.
MEEKER MASSACRE.
One memory which was a ^^^tant
source of sorrow to ChipeU. w^ th^
AJ^Thite River massacre. me siaugn
terwaf carried on contrary to her
counsef and^wishes. ^^^ she always
grieved the losses sustained by both
Indians .and whites. broken-
Chief Ouray died in 1881, broKen
hea?ted over treatment accorded In-
dians by the white men. Only i-.niei
M^oo^ brother of Chipeta who suc-
ceeded Ouray as chief of the l^eder
atld Ute tribes, no^ ^^^^'Jl.^^ 'et
reservation, knows where the secret
burial place of ^ajnous Chief OuW
is m accordance with his last
wivht>s Ouray was buned b> nve
metws of the tribe on the summit
rtf a hisrh mountain m the San J^^an
*e^;|«k?.^^3^.o^th. reservation m
^'^^Pttrou1h"th"*foresi^ht and
«L^!f Oura?- that the old treaty
panied V«? the White House several
president at the \\mte ^^^i^^rs at
times and ^^^^/"^gte^^Cari Sehurz.
the home oi tne *^^J
secretan- of the interior^
SON STOLEN.
Aner tl-ir marriag^ in 1859^^^^^
the only chiM of Oura>^ a^ ^^ ^^^
was born. wneii ""^ futy^f^r on a
old he accompanied *>'« J^^^^t^auion
huntinK "Pl^l'^'"';- ih^e prISft site
waa attacked n®*"^ , „, xri^waji. The
of I>«°ver by a band of Kiow^ J
young son was capiure*^^^ ^^^
w^ seen °r heard "i^ ^^ ^^^^
^^",^"to e^h Xing the remainder
°^ iotl'" thrto^ of her only son Chi-
petiTdoy^^four ln<lian^.y^ds. none
- «f iH3Sn,X^e^in-
"^V^^ I"/nT<Jd^- there are np rela-
i?v^8 'rmoum1.tl. 'but many ^te-
ful white?. ^«AX/cr
SEARCH FOR GRAVE.
rhipeta. accompanied by Mccook
On her last ^ »«^' *V^ f^j. cataracts
underwent ^« J^^^^f^f ^^''^id not endur.^
of the eye. But sne ctju . ^ ^j ]
the confmment of the no«pU^
returned to "er "7 j_
^"''T'llind at' the tfme of'' her death.
"^At one time Chipeta owned mai.y
cattle and large bands of sheep but
f^"ier^ declining years mos of ^er
=>rlSiriS%3rtrun:'
' rB S?t j-.^iie-pe^S|.7
?r Vw.tr will tell where his grave is,
^"jF^S^t 1 fitting memorial be erect-
^fin7^or« chief an^ Ms w.fe
;?.'^ amf w^urm eastern Utah and
^veste^^ Colorado
:5Au..^(4^
Medicine Man Held
In Papoose Burial
Murders Cellmate
V, 5. to Prosecute for
Death of Child and State
for Other Slaying.
By the Associated Press.
^CORTBZ, Ct)lo., April 2.--An aged 1
Indian medicine man of the Ute tribe
in southwestern Colorado and his
son-in-law were prisoners here today
while "paleface" brothers set in
motion laws of civilization to e:^act
penalties for the <i^^,th of a papoose
Hiiri<»d alive in accordance with trioai
rites ind for the killing of a Mexican
Chided for bringing about the
death of the infant, ^ojmon Joe the
medicine man. tore a leg from ^ chair
Yesterday and clubbed Joseph Chdvez
Mexican cellmate, to ^^^th Chavez
wasMield for t)ootlegging and was
killed by the Indian before other
piisonerV^ or the sheriff could inter-
^'^Federal officers were to arrive from
Denver today to take charge of the
investigation, as the burial was on
Ln indfan reservation under Federa
charge The State, however, will
probfbly prosecute for the killing of
Chavez, which occurred outside the
reservation. ^x^ s, -d-**
The Government charges that Fate
Nay the son-in-law. whose squaw
recently died, wrapped the body in a
blankef with the child and buried
them on "coerion of Mormon Joe
The bodies were exhumed on th^
reservation last week. The verdict
of a coroners jury was that the in-
fant was buried alive and that its
mother died of natural causes. Pate
Nay is held on a murder charge and
Mormon Joe as an accessary.
BISON FOR KIIUNG
Jeered for Burial of Live
Baby, Slew Mexican With
Table Leg.
1It thi» AwMw^latH Pr^Rft.
'CORTEZ. Colo., April 4.— -**Whitf>
man's justioe" wa^^ visited today or.
Mormon J©«. a^«<i ^^e Indian mmji-
cine man, and tonight he Is #n routr
to the State penitentiary at Canor
City, under sentence of from 15 to ^.'
years for the slayingr of a fellow
prisoner In the Montezuma County
Through the lips of Supt. 'McKean of
the consolidated Ute Indian airency,
Mormon Joe pleaded ffullty to second-
decree murder »nd was sentenced im-
mediately, r-uo.r.r
The medicine man alew Joe Cha\ es,
a Mexican prisoner in the jail, when
the Utter iribed at the Indian for h s
iwrt In th» alleffcd buHal alive of h s
irranddauphter beside the body of his
daughter. Enraged at the ♦•^^"J*'
Mormon Joe tore a legr from a table
and clubbed him to death.
^ Held «»r BabrV Death.
Mormon Jo«. togfether ^with Flat
Nay. his son-in-law. were held by the
Government for the alleged murder
mf Naya la-day-old griri. who. it was
olxarffed, waP buried alive by th« side
Of tts dwd mother on the advice of
the mcdloine man. who attended the
aiek woman.
. A coroner's inquest found Nay re-
sponsible (or the death of the pa-
poose, and held Mormon Joe as an
accessory to the crime.
Nay toniffht is en route to Pueblo,
Colo., where hl?i case will be laid be-
fore a F#d«ral grand jury next Tues-
day. Mormon Joe'a casd also will be
considered. * j
Mormon Joo't conviction of murder
vUl reault in tha virtual nulllflcatlon
of the Government's accessory charge
•yainst htm. United States DJftjict
Attornay 8tei>an at Denver predicted.
"Of course, any indictment, if it is
returned, will atand." he said, "but by
the time Joe is released from prison
the affair probably will have blown
over and the charges will not be
Hressed."
■i'
Indians Make a Great Plea.
The Ute chieftains were accompanied to
the Great White- Father by two young
interpreters from' the Carlisle Indian
School, two'' United States army officers—
Capt. C. P. Johnson and Col. Rogers, the
commandant at Fort Mead-and Francis E.
Leupp, commissioner of Indian affairs. The
six chiefs discarded most of their war
trappings, wearing plain American clothes,
but retaining their moccasins and somg
bareheaded. The long, jet black hair fell
over their shoulders. ., ^
The pow-wow with the President was
watched with deepest interest by a number
of visitors waiting to see the chief execu-
tive Through Mashushi, their chief, and
Appak, the head of their council, the Utes
told the President about their grievances.
They deoiared that they could not live on
the allotments of land granted them in the
Uintah reservation in Utaii at the time their
lands in that state w^ere opened to settle-
ment. X -^ 11
The allotments, they aver, are too small,
-^rrd the result is that they are surrounded
on all sides by white settlers, giving them
none of the freedom thev have been ac-
customed to. They begged permission to
transfer their residence to the Cheyenne
river reservation of the Sioux Indians.
By careful and patient questioniiig the
|>resident could gather nothing specific ex-
cept that there is a general feeling of un-
rest among the 395 men, women and chil-
dren composing the White river band. They
were asked what they expected to do if
they were allowed to go among the Sioux
and how they would earn a living T^ey
<;iid they would be good, and that a kina
lovei nmenT would furnish them with food
Ind Clothing. They practically adr. ...ed
that they did not like work, and that they
had rather be where free rations are given
by the government. They did not have
this beneficent treatment at their own
r»fiOf>T*\'il tlOn. ' -. — . •'• • i
The President did not make any i^romises
to the big chiefs, but said that he would
give them an answer later on. At luncheon
in the afternoon he entertained Corjnjis-
sioner Leupp, Col. Rogers and Capt. John-
ston, the subject being gone over-agaln.
The Ute band is now held as prisoners at
Fort Meade, S. D., having been taken there
when stopped on their long tramp across
^^They^'will be kept there until the Presi-
dent decides their case. Their request could
not be arranged unless the Sioux granted
permission for them to purchase lands on
their reservation, which they desire to do
from funds procured by the opening to
settlement of their reiervation.
0/ ^^ JuAyy^^ fi,^^ i^^^C^/L^je^
i^T^
The Ifliirder of CTte ludiaus.
Laramie City, July 3. — The best inforina-
tioa^^hich can be oblaioed iorflation to the
receni Indian difficulty at Rawlins.develops the ^
fact that a dozen reckless men went out and at-
tacked a gang of TJtes, without any cause or j
piovocation, killed six or seven, and wounded^
as m \\y naore, capturing several of their horses ^
and other property The TJtes bad committed
no depredations and had been perfectly peacea-
ble. It is believed that the affair was a cold
bKxxled inhuman outra<re by whites, for which
they should be promptly punished, and the In-
dians satisfactorily compensated by the general j
government. ^ Q
\
Eiery Braie Is on Dress Parade, Mt
tie Squaws Haie te Carry
iiay tie Proiisions.
MORE DOGS THAH CiH BE COUHTED.
Get $14 in Cash Each Year and Draw Their
Gothing for the Winter
Each November.
It being Wednesday, the day for
weekly rations, while I was in Durango
the southwestern part of Colorado, I
visited the Government post, on the
reservation, says a Denver correspondent
of the Springfield Republican. We left
the railway at Ignacio, twenty-five miles
from Durango, where we found the In-
dian mail-carrier, who invited us to ride
in his mail wagon to the settlement, two
miles distant, and we were very happy
to accept his hospitality*
He was gayly dressed, with his feath-
ers, &c., looking young, although we
found he had three wives* His name
was Julius Buck, and he was one of the!
most intelligent of Indians. Two Eng-
lish women accompanied me, and we en-
joyed the ride, jthe perfect day and our
novel, driver.
The stretch of country thiat was in
sight was gray with sage-brush, a
pretty river winding through it. There
were tfents, with a few board sheds by
their side, scattered her^ and there, with
an occasional group of Indians gallop-
ing at full speed, showing off their grace-
ful riding. Thin blankets were dropped
from their waists, showing the gay
sleeves, ornaments, &c.
Ten or a dozen buildings comprised the
Government post, most of them rough
inside iind out, but answering their pur-
pose till the Government decides whether
I the Indians shall stay here or be changed
I to a more desirable location. The pres-
ent one is 110 miles long and fifteen wide
on the borders of Colorado, an awkward
shape for both Indians and Government.
INDIANS ON PARADE.
At 11 o'clock th©^ Utes began to make
their appearance dressed in the gayest
attire, tlie bucks generally on horse-
back and the squaws in their carts or
wagons, four to the seat, and the
spaces between filled with pappooses. Dig
and little. All the squaws were pamted,
eaoh according to her own fancy, some
I of Lhem most hideously. The men also
were painted.
i
The hair ot the women was rather
snort In the neck, black as it was
straight, and served for hats. The men
had long hair hralded; in two braids,
unless they haaybs t friends, wheli^lt
was cut ol?. Sliawli were alf me"
squaws needed fpr^;ra^g, and tkeli-
gay beaded belts Md' )5U.ckies, necklaces
and beaded boots 60uld be seen to ad-
vantage.
1 "^i^®^ ^,9,^^ came, fob; '" and but few
locked like our .denaestic ones. I was
told that there Were 3,000 on the reser-
vation. One of the agency officials told
ine he counted eighteen in one hut.
The men had their share of ornaments,
consisting of large breast pieces of
i>eads and bone ornaments, belts, fea-
thers, beaded boots, <fec: Each one had
a belt fijill Ox cartridges ana^a big pistol
or knife>,by his side. The bucks gather
,in gr<54jj^ abo'ut their hordes and the
squaws sit down on the ground in the
bright sunshine gosslpping or with their
blankets spread out ror a card table.
Th^ piles of silver pieces were rapidly
changing places, making some merry
and others sad. The nimes of the,
games of cards were munte and eoonca.;
, , AT Tj^E aroji^Houss.
'•.One o'clock can^e pnd the storehouse
'was open, the men staying outside and
the women crowding into the building,
although a big Indian, si^od at 4he ^opr
to keep them from Fef«^>jqr^heduIJ»
d,eath. A boarded feorr or counter ran
across the end of the building with a
door at each end. As they came in a4;
one door, they came to the secretary
first. Each squaw is expected to have
a card and a bag for flour and another
to put coftee in one side and salt In the
other.
The secretarjr checks the name on his
book and says tWo, one or four, as there
are membe|-s in the family. Then the;
clerk puts<a box of baking powder, and
a scoop of flour (3V2 pounds in each:
scoop) into the bag for each member. It
was interesting to watch them— some
teasing for a little more. Some of them
said they had n6 bags, hoping to have
another given, but the clerk understood
them and told them to hold up their
shawls; they soon brought out their
bags, which they had concealed, laugh-
ing roguishly. Moving on, the proces-
sion came to an Indian sitting on a stool
on the counter giving to each squaw
sugar or salt (salt is given one week
and sugar the next), coffee and soap.
The last donation is a big piece of beef
which is carried away on the shoulders
or under the arm. They were all happy
and good natured and all were in good
condition, if fat was inaicative.
SPIRITS IN THEl FISH.
Some of the Indians are self-support-
ing, have good farms and plenty of
money, horses, sheep and goats. There is
but little hunting to do on this reserva-
tion. They think there are evil spirits
in the fish and do not eat them. There
was a squaw very sick near the post;
a bed in the house was refused, as she
preferred a tent. Everything was done
lor her. Her old buck came in and told
her to get up or die. She finally rallied,
and as soon as he saw she was going to
get well, he was very attentive to her.
I asked the colored man, who was in-
terpreter, what religion they had. He
said he had been with them sixteen years
and could not see that they had any.
They try to keep off evil spirits and
look forward to a happy hunting ground.
They bury their dead in the night in
some hidden place, and a man's life is
in danger if he follow* them or tries
. to -find the place out.
They xio not have g^ost dances now,
but arl occasional bear or dog dance.
They dance around a tree or dosometh^g
with drums and a great pow-wow. Be- |
fore the last dance the boiled dog is
brought in and when the dance Is over
each one eats a piece with melons, &c..
The bucks only partake of this festivity.*
They have a Mexican Presbyterian min-
ister who labors. ^.mong them, but with
little success, I judge.
NAVAJOS ASK NO AID.
An occasional Navajo and Apache
^me in, and ra'tions were given to them,
but the Navajos are quite self-support-
ing and ask nothing from the Govern-
ment. There are three different tribes
among the tJtes, Capota, Moache and
Weemeemuchip. Their chiefs live much
like ethers with their families.
Chief Severe is qiiite an important
man. He has put of! his old squaw and
taken a yoimg one, tall and gok>d-look-
ing. She has embroidered herself a very
handsome buckskin dress, and made
quite a display -at the recent sunflower-
carnival at Colorado Springs.
The names of the men are quite sim-
ple, like Buckskin Charley, Chief Igna-
cio, from Whom the station is named:
White Wing, Pablo, &c. The names of
the squaws are more complica^ted, as
Ponacau-ne-at, A-cate-weep, Chegats—
meaning duck, name given her for her
' walk— Matches, for she is so full of mis-
chief, playing tricks, &c. They ail have
English names given them. Matches is
Polly Marcy. Chegats is Betsy Parker.
Once a year all the Indians receive
•their annuity from Government bonds,
which amounts to about $14 apiece.
Then they pay up dues, gamble and cele-
brate generally.
pET CLOTHING IN NOVEMBER.
There are storehouse buildings. In
one there are boxes of clothing, hats,
cloth, ginghams, linsey wool, &c., for the
squaws. Each man has a suit of clothes,
overcoat, flannel shirts, socks, &c., but
some of them are very sensitive and
will not wear Government clothes, ,and^!
often trade them <uid stick to the abo- j
riginal costume. The clothing is given
to them in November. t
In another building were all sorts or
agricultural impliments, axes, ploughs,
rakes, hoes, saddles, wooden bowls and
some kitchen utensils, which are given
out when called for. The agent, Mr.
Day, has a son Who has charge or tne
farming interests. One man has the
care of the blacksmithlng, shoeing
horses, mending tools, wagons, &c.
There is a physician and a post trader,
who keeps a store where he sells all
needed articles. Then there sire clerks
and policemen. The latter are mostly
Indians, who are faithful In keeping oir
all intruding Mexicans who come there
to sell whiskey. . ., ,
. The Government has a sewing-machine
to loan to any one, but Mrs. Severo is the
only one who takes advantage of it- ^
The Utes are noted for their lazyhaWts,
but they are most kindly treated. They
, seem fond of their ofllcers. One nian m
charge said many of them were begin-
ning to look upon civilization as desir-
able, and like to go out in the world, a he
colored interpreter went with them to
Washington when they made their ap-
peal to the Government. They were much
pleased with Mrs. Cleveland, and said
**Tata, Grandy Cleveland."
\}J&4^\^(i\oA C^+*w) 'W^dAcr^-,
0
/•'■''v*'i
{^o-h ' i^:^^
TOLO By UN
Tales of Fierce Battles in the
Far Northwest
HALF CENTURY AGO
FIRST AND LAST ATTEMPT TO
OUST BOSTON MEN.
Around the Fire in the Tepee of Old
Hoo-Sis-Mox-Mox — A
Fierce War.
(Coprlght. 1903, by Charles N. Crewason.)
Written for The Evening Star by Charles N.
Crewdson.
One windy, rainy morning I went to the
tepee of old Hoo-sis-raox-mox (Yellow
Hair), who had come to visit his friends
among the tribes of the Umatilla reserva-
tion at the time of their midsummer pow-
wow. I had seen him and wanted to have
a talk with this veteran Palouse chief born
over a hundred years ago.
The old man was not at home. Several
young Indians lay in the dripping tepee,
stretched upon their blankets. As I started
to leave the shelter of the wigwam one of
the young fellows rose to his elbows and
said to me:
"My friend, you had better not attempt
to go until the storm is over. Besides I
fancy Hoo-sis-mox-mox will be back pret-
ty soon. You will find (I learn you are a
newspaper man) tliat he can tell you many
thrilling stories. He knows scarcely any
English, but as I am familiar with both
his language and yours I shall gladly act
for you as interpreter."
"You will certainly be capable of doing
that," said I to the young man.
"I suppose I should," he answered back.
"Only a short while ago I held a chair at
Che-ma-wa. the Indian College, you know,
near Seattle."
"You see, I am just on a visit to some of
my friends and relatives who belong to
the tribes of this reservation. I am a Ya-
kima, yet I have here many kin folks. And,
there is a great pleastire sometimes in
casting aside the conventionalities of civili-
zation."
"The blanket? Oh, -that is the most com-
fortable thing to wfear when one lives in a
tepee. It serves for coat, overcoat, bed and
cover. I lived the Indian life for four years
once, but hadn't had on a blanket for a
long time until yesterday. Here, pull ofC
your coat and try one."
I wrapped myself within the folds of the
bright woolen.
"Now, take a cigarette, half close your
\^'
m
^^®%*i>;-« "'
told by friendly Nez Perces away over In
Idaho of the forthcoming battle of Walla
Walla, in the state of Washington, several
days before It took place."
Two Veterans.
While I was listening to Stonewall Jack-
son tell of these customs of the Indians
old Hoo-sis-mox-mox came in. A hardy,
white-whiskered, buckskin-clad old man
was^with him. The companion of Y'ellow
Hair, I soon learned, was Bill Woodward, a
famous, old-time western scout. Tlie two
were wet. A young squaw placed a pile
of sticks in the center of the tepee to naake
a fire. She didn't strike a match. Instead
sho took a bow and wrapped the string
around the stick. This drill she placed on
a piece of wood and began to saw with the
bow so as to work the drill against the
wood. Pretty soon sparks lit the dry shav-
ings the SQuaw had placed around the base
of the drill. With these she started the
fire. The smoke rose and, curling out of
the blackened top of the wigwam, mingled
with the raindrops.
"But •we are forgetting about the war,"
said my new friend.
"Yes, tell me of it," I spoke up eagerly.
"No, I nad better let Chief Hoo-sis-mox-
Daughter of Chief Ka-mi-a-kiu.
mox do that if he will. He was all through
it."
My interpreter spoke t--^ Yellow Hair, ex-
plaining that I wished to know about war.
The old chief motioned me to a place near
him. Stonewall Jackson sat between us.
The drowsy ^oung bucks also came to tho
fire and squatted about it, drawing around
them their blankets. W^e all sat around
the crackling blaze. A prominent figure mi
the circle was the old scout, Bill Wood-
ward.
"The chief says that he had better tcU
you first about the great council," said niy
interpreter. -"You know, as I have toid
you, there was a bad feeling among the
Indians all west of the Rockies. Down
south of Portland in the Rogue River valley
there was trouble, and up around Puget
sound there was also an outbreak. Matters
were not so serious in these regions, liow-
ever, as in the Walla Walla country. Tha
President empowered I. I. Stevens, v/ho w^as
then governor of Washington territory, to
treat with the Indians. The governor call-
ed a great council that he might try t:^ in-
duce them to give up the larger portion of
their lands and go on small reservations.
This was the famous Walla Walla council
which took place near here in the oummer
of '55. This is the powwow of which Hoo-
sis-mox-mox says he will tell you."
" The Big Po-W-Wow.
The old chief sat flat upon a buffalo skin.
He now let his striped blanket dr©p behind
him. He was going to use his hands. An
Ihdian can't talk without making signs.
His long, yellow hail* fell over his slightly
stooped shoulders. His eyes were clear.
But for the tremor of his lips, in seeming,
he was not a hundred years old. But his
story was soon to bespeak his age.
"Long time ago," old Y'ellow Hair began,
"first Boston man (Lewis and Clark) come
this country. I papoose that time. My
grandfather chief Palouse tribe. Boston
man give liim (my grandfather) flag. Flag
have stars— all same heaven nighttime."
Here the old chief pointed upward.
*'FIrst Boston man and my grandfather
long time Boston man bring Nes P§rc<
Book of Heaven. Nez Perces believe Bos«
ton man talk straight. Nez Perces obey
law of Great White Cliief in Washington^^
Nez Perces chief, Lawyer, sign him paper.
"Young Chief talk. Young Chief sayi
'Boston man, I show you my heart. Thli
country all same Injun mother. This coui
try give Injun birth; this country give In-
jun suck. If Injun say, "Boston man, sell
your mother," how Boston man feel? Cay-
use Injun want keep their countiy. Cay*
use Injun no want Boston man house. Bod-
ton man money, Boston man book. Youn^
Chief no sign paper.*
"Five Crows talk. Five Crows sayt *I|
no sell land. One time I talk with Earth.
Earth say: "Great Father put Earth here
take care Indian. Earth make him roots
for Indian, grass for pony." One day I
talk with Water. Water make him talk
all same Earth. Great Father say Injan
no sell his country.'
"O-whl talk. O-whl say: *0-whi be
afraid Great Father be mad if O-whl sell
land.' ^
"Yellow Bird talk. Yellow Bird say: 1n»
jun skin red; Boston man skin white. In-
jun eye, Injun eye; Boston eye, Boston
eye. Injun heart. Injun heart; Boston
heart, no nljun heart. Yellow Bird nj
know what Stevens mean. Yellow Bira
wants wait.*
"Ka-mi-a-kin no talk."
Thus old Hoo-sis-mox-mox told us of th0
great council which finally resulted In all
the Indians signing the proposed treaty.
By Its terms the Indians represented at
the pow-wow ceded to the whites all of
their country, except three reservations—
the Umatilla, the Yakima and the Ne«
/Tierces. The government got the fine land
^of the northwest for how much per acreT
Two cents!
"Could you blame the Indians after thW
for their treachery?" said Stonewall Jack-»
son to me as he explained more fully th«i
words and meaning of Yellow Hair,
"They signed the treaty because they were
told they had to do so. Then they at once
prepared for war.
Fight at Walla Walla.
"The only tribe that kept its word wa^
the Nez Perces. In a few days all of th«
other tribes, urged on by old Ka-mi-a-king
the sullen Yakima chief, who at the pow^^
wow 'no talk,' began killing settlers. The
whites raised a volunteer regiment and
took the field. My father was one of thenu
They met the Indians in battle at Wallai
Walla."
"And you bet it was a great scrap, too, ^
broke in the old scout, his eyes gleamlrg
as he recalled .the lively incidents of hW
young days out west.
"You were in the fight at Walla W aUa<
then," I asked? x. ^ > <* at,^
"Bet your life— right in the hot of it. Ana
them Injuns certainly fit. We run mto
'em at the mouth of a creek. We wag
both about 500 strong. I^ .^^^ colder n
h-1. The Injuns seen us. They come out
jus' five of 'em, old Yellow Bird lead n ,
He had a white fiag. He cojnes up and
tells Col. Kelly he don't want to figlU^ Ha
asks the colonel to meet the Walla Walla^
and have a powwow The ^ol^^^V. v foxV
thought the old chief wanted to play foxy
and fead us all into the brush, where they
could massy-cree us all But the colonel
wouldn't let Yellow Bird and the four in-
jLns with him go. And pretty soon we
heard the d-t whoopin' and yellm of yo^
life Every bush was an Injun. Ana no¥i:^
^^•l^b'J^t^Sts^Uxne WoUsUln., Who wa. one^
of the nve prisoners, think'n', I guess, wo
was onto their game, jerks out a Un.fe.^
Ttabs one of our boys and t^'fa* I Inj^?S:»
In a minute there '"'as five -dead Injun^
vpIIow Bird was one of 'em. With inen«J
nfjuni in the brush we had it nip and tuclcr^
"?4U' was' Sly devils. Next momi.' w« \
'■:^tlT'^f^t\^^ Zl POP?^ up
again And what do you reckon they d
df ne' They'd tied dry grass in their h^r
and on their backs so that they lool'^d JuaT J
fhe same color as ?very thing around em I
Tliey dug holes and got into em. »"? T'"
couldn't tell where an Ii.iun was But I
reckon we got about twenty of em Ju9^
thP <!ame You know you can t tell no^
mlny^juns you kill, because they always
rar?y,oTtheir dead to keep you from,
^''"rd"like'to tell you more about the scrapjl
but the rain's kind o' let up and 1 ve got to.
be goin' My mules got out of the corral
la«!t nieht. I've got to round em up.
When the flap door of the tepee ha«
closed behind the old scout I asked my
educated half-Indian friend if the battle ot
which we liad just lieard closed the war.
"Oh no." said he. "After the tattle o«
Walla Walla and a_few other .ls...J ^J^^-c-
s
iy
}r
d
ror yon as mterprctcf."
"You will certainly be capable of doing
that," said I to the young man.
"I suppose I should," lie answered back.
"Only a short while ago I held a chair at
Che-ma-wa, the Indian College, you know,
near Seattle."
"You see, I am just on a visit
my friends and relatives who
the tribes of this reserv^ation. I
to some of
belong to
am a Ya-
kima, yet I have here many kin folks. And,
there is a great pleasure sometimes in
casting aside the conventionalities of civili-
zation."
"The blanket? Oh, -that is the most com-
fortable thing to w^&ar when one lives in a
Icpee. It serves for coat, overcoat, bed and
cover. I lived the Indian life for four years
once, but hadn't had on a blanket for a
long time until yesterday. Here, pull off
your coat and try one."
I wrapped myself within the folds of the
bright woolen.
"Now, take a cigarette, half close your
£^!ten^BiKiflidttliiib^'^ "^ ** '"^itifej^ ^ttlk^'^'^SIfii^^sytttt^^^^^*^
Daughter of Chief Ka-mi-a-kiu.
mox do that if he will. He was all through
it."
My interpreter spoke t'' Yellow Hair, ex-
plaining that I wished to know about war.
The old chief motioned me to a place near
him. Stonewall Jackson sat betw^een
The drowsy young bucks also
fire and squatted about
them their blankets,
the crackling blaze. A
us.
came to tho
it, drawing around
We all sat around
prominent figure 'n
was the old scout. Bill VVood-
Hoosis-mox-mox.
eyes, dream and you will be an Indian ver-
itable," said my new acquaintance.
Comfortably stretching out, I little cared
for the rain storm or the return of Yellow
Hair. I learned from my companion, whose
name was Stonewall Jackson, that his
father soon after the civil war had come
from Tennessee to the state of Washington,
and, like many of our pioneers, married an
Indian girl. My friend, then, was an edu-
cated halfbreed.
•*You have tried on, then, both the wild
life and the civilized. Which do you like
the better?" I asked.
Would Choose the Wild.
"Why, certainly I prefer the civilized life,
but can you not see how those who -have
been reared close to nature's heart would
choose the wild? It must have been some
satisfaction to my mother's people to roam
at will over this vast country and have no
barbed wire fences in their w^ay and no
signs stuck about, 'Keep ofE the grass.'
Their tribal warfare was only daring sport.
And wait until you see the big parade! You
will say that it equals a pageant of kings.
"At any rate, when the Induans were called
upon by the whites to give up the larger
part of their country— they fought."
"That was in the war of '55?"
"Yes; in what Is known as the Yakima
war, because it was led by Ka-mi-a-kin,
head chief of the Y'akima Indians."
"Your motlier's people?"
"Yes."
"Weil, what was the cause of that war?
I know that you can discuss it fairly, as
you have In you the bloods of the two
races."
"There were many causes. In the first
place, I must say for the Indian that until
he was badly abused he was always very
good to the white man. Read the journals
of early explorers and you will find that all
of the tribes in this country, with the ex-
ception of the Wishrama, were kind to the
whites, giving them ponies and, at times,
dividing with them their scanty stores of
food. The Indians were confiding, and
traders among the pioneers took advantage
of them, exchanging worthless trinkets for
valuable furs. The missionaries tried to
teach them that their inherited religion was
false. Settlers poured in and occupied their
lands. They stood everything but being
driven from their pastures and hunting
grounds. This was the culminating cause
of the war.
A Fierce War.
"And it was a fierce war, too." All tribes
from the Pacific to the Rockies acted in
concert. They made their first and last
great attempt to oust the Bostons, Boston-
man, you know, is what the Indian calls
the white man. because the first expedition
of whites to this country was from Boston.
The Boston man then was gradually driv-
ing the Indians from their lands. The
various tribes made simultaneous attacks
at places many hundred miles apart."
"But how could they do this? They
couldn't use telegraphic instruments," said I,
"Oh, yes they could— literally, telegraph
meaning, 'write far.' The Indians have al-
ways had a method of signaling which Is
almost as quick as telegraphing. They do
this by building fires that send up columns
of smoke. For example, a fire left to burn
two minutes, then put out and started
again after two minutes, is to the Indian
what the clicking of the key is to the tele-
graph operator. When Custer was killed
Indians told Mrs. Custer of it the next day
after it happened- She was at Fort Lincoln
—over three hundred »>iM'^s from where her
husband was massacred."
"Are the Indians then always on the
lookout for signals?" I asked.
"Oh, yes, continually when they appre-
hend war. They send runners from trfbe
to tribe of those allied and establish a sig-
they appoint signal stations,
along the trails. The Indiana,
away before the times of the
a trail clear from the mouth of
the circle
ward.
"The chief says that he had better toll
you first about the great council," said my
interpreter. "You know, as I have tOid
you, there was a bad feeling among the
Indians all west of the Rockief?. Down
south of Portland in the Rogue River vall-ey
there was trouble, and up around Puget
sound there was also an outbreak. Matters
were not so serious in these regions, Iiow-
ever. as in the Walla Walla country. Ths
President empowered I. I. Stevens, v/ho was
then governor of Washington territory, to
treat with the Indians. The governor call-
ed a great council that he might try to in-
duce them to give up the larger portion of
their lands and go on small reservations.
This was the famous Walla Walla council
which took place near here in the summer
of "55. This is the powwow of which Hoo-
sis-mox-mox says he will tell you."
*- The Big PoW-Wow.
The old chief sat flat upon a buffalo skin.
He now let his striped blanket dr©p behind
him. He was going to use his hands. An
Ihdian can't talk without making signs.
His long, yellow halt fell over his slightly
stooped shoulders. His eyes were clear.
But for the tremor of his lips, in seeming,
he was not a hundred years old. But his
story was soon to bespeak his age
"Long time ago," old Yellow Hair began,
"first Boston man (Lewis and Clark) come
this country. I papoose that time. My
grandfather chief Palouse tribe. Boston
man give him (my grandfather) flag. Flag
liiive stars — all same lieaveii iilghttlino."
Here the old chief pointed upward.
"First Boston man and my g^randfatUo.-
smoke him pipe," he^ continued. "First
Boston man tell my grandfather about
Great White Father in Washington, all
same Roosevelt now. My gradfather "^ay
to first Boston man: 'Earth your mother;
earth my mother; Boston man and Injun
brother.' My grandfather give him (first
Boston man) heap pony. First Boston man
go to great water where sun go down. My
grandfather keep him fiag. He say to
Palouse people: 'Great White Father in
Washington heap good man. Palouse Injun
be good all time to his people.* "
Old Yellow Hair as he told me of his
grandfather held up one hand. With the
other he took mine and touched with it his
little finger. "That me," said he. He next
had me touch his ring finger, saying, "That
my father." When I touched his middle
finger, "That," said he, "my grandfather."
"My grandfather die," the old chief went
on, "my father chief. My father keep him
flag. Heap Boston man come. Boston man
take heap' Injun land. Boston man tear
him breast of Mother Earth. Bimeby, Gov-
enor Stevens say he want all Injuns come
big powpow Walla Walla. All Injuns make
him smoke (the slgnaj fires).
•Injun come powwow. Summer,
time, Walla Walla. I big man; first pa-
poose big Tilicum (warrior) that time. Heap
long
nal code;
These are
you know,
whites, had
the Columbia to the Mississippi. They are
always built high up on ridges; the Indians,
fearing j?urprlse, never travel in a. valley."
"But didn't the whites sometimes inter-
pret these signals?"
"Yes, sometimes. But they were unable
to help themselves much, and they could
not answer back. My father has told me
that during this very war of which we
speak a band of whites cominjf west were
Bill Woodward, the Indian Scout.
tribfcs come. First come Nez Perces In-
jun, 2.5(KJ;' Lawyer chief. Cayuse Injun
com^; Young Chief, chief. Walla Walla
Injun corne; two chief— Five Crows, Yellow.
Bird. Umatilla Injun come; Owhi chief.
Yakiina Injun come; Ka-mi-a-mln chief.
Five thousand Injun all."
Coming of the Tribes.
The Hoc-sis-mox-mox told us in detail
how eacli tribe came. He made marks on
the ground to show the spots each chose
for his camp. The large band of Nez Per-
ces came first. A mile away they stopped.
Only the chiefs rode to greet the governor.
Then at a signal the whole 2,5(X) painted
Nez Perces galloped In single file, encir-
cling in a spiral the small troop of whites.
They being friendly pitched their tepees
near to that of .the governor. The o.her
bands came with a like show. But none of
them was friendly. When the governor of-
fered them tobacco they did not take it.
This foreboded evil.
"Governor Stevens stay long time— one
moon. He take leaves, make harbor, keep
sun away. Some day Stevens make him
big eat under arbor. First time heap chief
no come. Bimeby all chief come big eat.
Every day Stevens make him heap talk. He
say he want Injun name on paper. He
want Injun give Boston man heap land;
he want Injun go on reservation all same
Injun got him reservation this time. In-
jun go on reservation. Great Father in
Washington give all chief heap money ev-
ery year. Great Father in Washington
give all Injun money; give all Injun blan-
ket, shirt, gun, heap thing. Great Father
In Washington make him Injun house all
same Boston man. Great Father In Wash-
ington make him Injun know book.
Heap Much Talk.
"Injun talk. Lawyer, Nez Perce.*;' chief,
say: 'Nez Perces Injun know Boston man
Walla."
"And you bet it was a great scrap, too/^
broke in the old scout, his eyes gleaming
as he recalled .the lively incidents of hia
young days out west.
"You were In the fight at Walla Walla^
then." I asked?
"Bet your life— right in the hot of it. And
them Injuns certainly fit. We run into
'em at the mouth of a creek. We waa
both about 500 strong. It was colder'n
h— 1. The Injuns seen us. They come out
jus' five of 'em, old Y'ellow^ Bird lead'n.
He had a white fiag. He comes up and
tells Col. Kelly he don't want to fight. Ha
asks the colonel to meet the Walla Walla^
and have a powwow. The colonel kind o
thought the old chief wanted to play foxy
and lead us all into the brush, wiiere they
could massy-cree us all. But the colonel
wouldn't let Yellow Bird and the four In-
juns with him go. And pretty soon wo
heard the d— t whoopin' and yellin' of your
life. Every bush was an Injun. And hoW!
they did scrap!
"About this time Wolfskin, who was on«
of the five prisoner.^, think'n'. I guess, wo|
was onto their game, jerks out a knife,
stabs one of our boys and tries to get away.
In a minute there was five dead Injuns.
Yellow Bird was one of 'em. With therai
Injuns in the brush we had it nip and tucK|
until night." , ^ . , ^^
"They was sly devils. Next mornin W€l
thought they had all gone. We struck into
the brush. All at oncest they popped up|
again. And what do you reckon .they d
done? They'd tied dry grass in their hair
and on their backs so that they looked Juar
the same color as everything around em.
They dug holes and got into 'em. and wj
couldn't tell where an Injun was. But I
reckon we got about twenty of 'em jus j
the same. Y"ou know you can't tell ho^
many Injuns you kill, because they always
carry off their dead to keep you fromj
scelpin' 'em.
"I'd like to tell you more about the scraps i
but the rain's kind o* let up and I've got to
be goln'. My mules got out of the corral
last night. I've got to round 'em up."
When the fiap door of the tepee had
closed behind the old scout I asked ray
educated half -Indian friend if the battle ot^
Avliicli -wo lij-icl Just liOJii-tl <\<>H.>«1 tl^«-» w;Air.
**01i, no," said lie. "^S^tor llio ^>j».ttlo o«
Wfvlla. Walla, ancl a few otUer ftKUt« -^ seo-
ond council met. bxU_ ti^e ^"^^^";' ,^7"\?
not make terms. They were finally over^
come m the north. Yet they ca™e neaj
wiping out the enUre comnvand of Colonel
Steptoe. This officer had gone to thj
Palouse country to build roads. He left
most of his ammunition behind. He met
the Palouses and the Coeur d Alenes. They
professed friendship, but they talked amonfl
themselves, planning a massacre. Tim02
thy a Nez Perces chief, who was acting
as guide to Steptoe, stepped up to Saltes^
the Coeur d'Alene, and said: 'What fof
you talk two tongues? You say whil#
man you be his friend; you say your people
you kill Steptoe.*
Steptoe's Escape.
''Luckily it was near nightfall, and Step*
toe was able to defend himself until dark.
That night the enemy surrounded Steptoe^
Thinking that they could best secure thel#
prey the following morning, they gave up
the darkness to the revel of a scalp dance..
But Timothy went on a scout and found
an unguarded pass. Through this he led
Steptoe's company, and within twenty-
four hours got them to the Snake rlveiv
where friendly Nez Perces squaws ferried
them across out of the hostile country.
**It required severe measures to end thia
war. Colonel Wright, however, was thei
man for It. He came to Spokane PlaJnfl
and gave battle to the Indians there. Hoo-
sls-mox-mox here was leading one of thei
hostile tribes then, the Palouses. He caa
tell you about this better than I."
••Wright come," began old Yellow Hair.
••Injun say, 'We no let him slip away all
same, Steptoe.' Wright no Steptoe. Step-
toe say he come make road. Wright say
he come fight. Wright catch him Injun
pony — two thousand pony. Wright kill him
all Injun pony. Injun say, •Wright Mieap
big Boston.' Wright fight Injun, Spokane
close. Injun fight. Bimeby Wright shoot
big bullet— big all same head. Injun say^
•What mean big bullet?' I say Ka-mi-a^*
kin, Yakima chief: *My grandfather time
first Boston man give Injun flag. Injun
say he keep law great white chief in Waah*
ington. This day Injun fight Boston man.
Great white chief tell Wright shoot big
bullet, make Injun keep law.' Ka-mi-a-kiii
say: 'Injun fight little bullet; Injun no
fight big bullet.* Great Boston chief Ka-
mi-a-kin give Wright grun; all Injun give
Wright gun.
••Yellow Hair no more fight him Boston
man. Yellow Hair heap glad. Y'ellow Hair
been good Injun since that day. You stand
on this land— Boston man; I stand on this
land— Injun. Same Father make Boston
man make Injun. Boston man all sam^
Injun brother."
WoLsJk^ ^JUx-'-g:^! \10H
■\: wr
llDlflNSJT_SCHOOL
Boys and Girls on the Uma-
tilla Eeservation.
STUDIOUS AND BRIGHT
TATJGHT TO BE NEAT IN PERSON
AND HOME.
XTp-to-Date Civilization Among the
Children of th©
Tepees,
(Copyright. 1903, by Charles N. Crewdson.)
Written for The Evening Star by Charles N.
Crewdsou.
"Don't you think for a minute that my
children are not bright," said the superin-
tendent. Miss Gaither, to me as we sat upon
the front porch of her residence In the
Umatilla reservation school grounds. "My
b03'S and girls do everything around here.
The boys mow the lawn out there and the
girls take care of the flowers. Two of my
little women took it upon themselves to
tend these Virginia creepers which shade
this porch. And don't you think they are
pretty? Now, I just want you to come and
see our buildings."
Miss Gaither led me through the hallways
and into the rooms. Every eorn^ was just
as slick as a queen's ball room. We went
mmmt^tU^tgttttiHtt0t9itKtKt0^'^^ ^^^ bucK-
ets washboards and wringers were all in
I
A Carlisle Girl.
perfect order, and the cakes of soap them-
selves seemed to have been freshly scoured.
Then the dormitories. The sheets smelt
clean; every pillow slip was tidy. Next,
the kitchen. The kettles looked as bright
as new money, and I could see myself in
the dishpans.
"We teach the girls to do housework,"
said the superintendent. "We consider this
very important. A good way to get them
to leave the tepee, its dirt and disorder, is
to show them how muoh more cleanly and
orderly they can make a house. Then,
when they do work with their own hands
here we can expect more of them when they
go home to their wigwams."
**To their wigwams?" said I.
"Yes, we can civilize the children, but
we can't the parents. And most of the
girls and boys, when they leave this school,
must again live in the tepee, because their
fathers will not stay in houses. Now I
just want to show you what a nice cup of
tea a little Indian girl can make."
*-Annde," said my hostess, "you'll brew
some tea for us, won't you? There, I knew
you would. That's a dear."
The tea was good enough to be L»ipton'«
Shamrock special, and Annie served it like
a little lady.
"What do my boys do? Oh, we keep
Dowell will show you some of their draw-
The work of the Indian children showed
the hand of the artist. I could almost smell
the fragrance of a wild rose that a little
girl had drawn on paper, and hear the
chirp of the robin pictured by "Mark Nin-
thorn, age ten, first grade."
"How strange," said I. * »
"Not strange if you think a moment,
said the teacher. "Remember that the
parents of these children know all about
nature. They are always going among
trees and flowers and over rocks in Pyr^^|^
of birds and beasts. If an Indian child is
never taught anything else he learns about
these things. ,^ , ..
"Then, the girls do beautiful needle
work," said Miss Gaither. "Let's go for a
moment into the sewing room."
Fine Needlework.
It did not seem possible to me that a Ut-
tle girl whose father lived in the savage
state could make such a delicate piece of
embroidery as I saw.
"Maybe you would like to see some of
the compositions handed in this morning,"
said Miss McDowell as we passed her door.
The themes of the Indian school kid were
very Interesting to me. Maybe you would
like to read one or two. Belle, having
drawn on the top of a page four little
chicks running to their coop, wrote:
"Here is Annie. She is feeding the chick-
ens. George is making the coop for the
chickens. The hen is making .^\ »\f ' ^%J
nest, and the mother put thirteen fresh
Tggs on her nest. And she sits three weeks
w'hen the little chickens hatch out. They
say peep, peep, ^nd the hen says cluck
cluck. Then Annie comes. She feeds the
chickens. She feeds them soft bread. Here
is an old hen with her chickens.
"Umatilla Indian school, ^^^^.g^l^^g ,,
James must have felt the advantages of
the house over the tepee when he wrote.
A Pleasant Home.
"My home is near the Umatilla river, in
the northeastern part of Oregon. We like
to live by the river; where it is cool and
shady. "The trees are all around my home.
We catch many Ush In the river. The Blue
mountains are not far from here. Wheat
fields are on the hills around. I go to
school at the Umatilla reseryaUonr school
and am in the third grade. I live m a
tepee now. but some day I will build me a
house JAMES McKAY.
"Age 13 years; tribe Umatilla; third grade.'*
"Why I think those compositions are just
splendid," said I. "How do you manage
to teach them English?"
"Our teachers, whose fathers are wmte
,hen, do most of the language work. You
see, they know both languages well. Some
of our teachers were raised right here on
this reservation, and at vacation tlme-tjiey
spend the time with their families. /^
"Are these children hard to teach? I
asked the superintendent as we walked
back to where the Virginia creepers shaded
the porch. ^^^^ ,,
"Yes, rather," was the reply. The meth-
ods must be very simple to make them un-
derstand. Then, the larger children are so
shy. We really get along better with the
little ones, because they aren't so timid.
At Recess Time.
It was recess now. Instead of piling over
each other to get out of the door the In-
dian children marched out with dignified
order. The girls went to their swings; the
boys played base ball and foot ball, and
got down on their knees at marbles.
"Do they play for keeps." I asked and
fight?"
"No." replied the superintendent, "they
get fun out of the game itself, and in their
play they are very fair. It's cheating, you
know, that leads to quarrels."
The largest crowd of boys was over on
one side of the play ground, where they
all were shooting with their bows and ar-
rows, playing a game they called arrow.
This game and the color of their skin were
the only things which reminded me that I
was in the midst of the children of savages.
"Are the children always good like this.'
I asked as we sat again on the porch.
"Yes at the close of schc^l, said Miss
Gaither. "but after they have spent a sum-
mer with their parents in the tepee and
gone to a few Indian powwows and dances
some of them are pretty hard to manage
when they come back to school. One pow-
wow offsets about three months of our
training. Many of the parents have no use
for the school and whip their children back
into savage habits."
About thiis" time ari Indian youth drew
near, hiding his face up to his eyes with a
long blanket. , ,„
"Now. Williani! Shame on you, sir!
said the superintendent. "I thought you
promised me when you graduated that you
would never wear a blanket. Now here you
come dressed just like all of those laay
boys. Aren't you ashamed, sir?"
"Yes, I am," replied the boy, politely, but
the other boys laugh at me and make me do
this."
Become Iiandlords.
"That's just the way of It," said Miss
Gaither to me. "But the boys are not to
blame for it' Th%y leave the school well
trained and ambitious, but after that they
are not made to work the land they own.
They are allowed to rent their property.
These Indians all have lots of very fine
land. Their income is enough to keep them;
they have no incentive to work. And there
are not many of us who are going to labor
if we can help it. Idleness bringsf on evil.
The boys learn to gamble, and did you not
smell whisky on that young boy Williams
few miles Is a Catholic school— the one
founded by Kate Drexel. The children over
there, however, are mostly the decendants
of the French Canadian voyageurs who,
when they came out here for the Hudson
Bay Company, married Indian girls. The
Jesuits conduct the school. The govern-
ment, I believe, gives them no aid. You
must go over there before you leave. You
will find it a nice school."
"That may be," said I— and I meant it,
*>V ^f
■f'#^*'
\\\'^'
"!.<•
mM.
A School Girl.
too— "but it could not be any nig
this one. Yours is a model." *'
Miss Gaither left me for a why
where I could see the Umatilla, fi^
the cop-cop and the wirmr TTlTift* - ^ ^
the rolling hills of Oregon. Some of these
were green with waxing grain; others,
clothed with native bunch grass, were in
color like unto the unplucked skin of a seal.
Before the plow had torn the breast of the
"Earth-Mother" of the Indian he had lived
in that region catching fish from the
water rippling over sand." and^ chasing
the elk over the seal-skin hills. His ponies
grazed upon the bunch grass. He was hap-
py. His roof was made of skins of the h^nt^
yet his tepee kept him warm. He had nr^
gone to school, but he had learnr "* -
He had not heard of, '
but he won
O
rigina
Defective
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EV.^^^:.^
.:> ■::■'
^?^.
A Carlisle Girl.
pcrfpot order, and the cakes of sonp them-
selves seemed to have been freshly scoured
Then the dorimtories. The sheets smelt
Clean; every pillow slip was tidy. Next,
th« kitchen. The kettles looked as bright
as new money, and I could see myself in
the dishpans. , , ,,
"We teach the girls to do housework,
said the superintendent. "We consider this
very important. A good way to get them
to leave the tepee, its dirt and disorder, Is
to show them how much more cleanly and
orderly they can make a house. Then,
when they do work wuth their own hands
here we can expect more of them when they
go home to their wigwams."
"To their wigwams?" said I.
"Yes, we can civilize the children, out
we can't the parents. And most of the
girls and boys, when they leave this school,
must again live in the tepee, because their
fathers will not stay In houses. Now I
just want to show you what a nice cup of
tea a little Indian girl can make."
"Anniie," said my hostess, "you'll brew
some tea for us. won't you? There, I knew
you would. That's a dear.'' ^ ^ . ^ ,
The tea was good enough to be Lipton s
Shamrock special, and Annie served it like
a little lady. „ ^._ ,
"What do my boj's do? Oh, we keep
Ind^'^am^Nn * The'' third'Vade. I live in a
tepee now, but some day I will build me a
house. JAMES McKAY, ^^
"Age 13 years; tribe Umatilla; third grade.
"Why I think those compositions are just
splendid," said I. "How do you manage
to teach them English?"
"Our teachers, whose fathers are white
./len, do most of the language work, ^ou
see they know both languages well. Some
of our teachers were raised r^&^^,^^^. ^"
this reservation, and at vacation tim»-,mey
spend the time with their families.
"Are these children hard to teach? I
asked the superintendent as we walked
back to where the Virginia creepers shaded
the porch. , ,,^^ .,
"Yes rather," was the reply. The meth-
ods must be very simple to make them un-
derstand. Then, the larger children are so
shy. We really get along better with the
little ones, because they aren't so timid.
At Recess Time.
It was recess now. Instead of piling over
each other to get out of the door the In-
dian children marched out with dignified
order. The girls went to their swings; the
boys played base ball and foot ball, and
got down on their knees at marbles.
"Do they play for keeps." I asked and
fight?"
"No," replied the superintendent, "they
get fun out of the game itself, and in their
play they are very fair. It's cheating, you
know, that leads to quarrels."
The largest crowd of boys was over on
one side of the play ground, where they
all were shooting with their bows and ar-
rows, playing a game they called "arrow.
This game and the color of their skin were
the only things which reminded me that I
was in the midst of the children of savages.
"Are the children always good like this .'
I asked as we sat again on the porch.
"Yes at the close of sch(^l." said Miss
Gaither. "but after they have spent a sum-
mer with their parents in the tepee and
gone to a few Indian powwows and dances
some of them are pretty hard to manage
when they come back to school. One pow-
wow offsets about three months of our
training Many of the parents have no use
for the school and whip their children back
Into savage haWts." ' ^
About this time aii Indian youth drew
near, hiding his face up to his eyes with a
long blanket. ..,,
"Now, William! Shame on you, sir!
said the superintendent. "I thought you
promised me when you graduated that you
would never wear a blanket. Now here you
come dressed just like all of those laay
boys. Aren't you ashamed, sir?"
"Yes, I am," replied the boy, politely, but
the other boys laugh at me and make me do
t-iiis." „ ^
Become I*andlordB.
"That's just the way of It.^* said Miss
Gaither to me. "But the boys are not to
blame for itj Th^y leave the school well
trained and -ambitious, but after that they
are not made to work the land they own.
They are allowed to rent their property.
These Indians all have lots of very fine
I'lnd Their income is enough to keep them;
they have no Incentive to work. And there
are not many of us who are going to labor
if we can help it. Idleness bringsf on evil.
The boys learn to gamble, and did vo^ "9^
smell whisky on that young boy W lUiam s
- Ea'r?h-Mothe";- o^the-Indfan-he had Uv«d
m that region catching flsli J^°"Jha8ln»
He had not heard of. ^>^^^^^^
but he wo£^
THE SCHOOL TEACHEB AT HOME TOB CHRISTMAS.
them busy. Come, we'll go over and see
our farm," said the superintendent.
"Now you see, we have only a few acres
here * but look at the things growing.
There's corn and wheat, potatoes, beans,
peas, beets, turnips— oh, just everything.
They Do the Work.
"And do the boys do all of the work?" I
asked
"Yes, every stroke. We have a gardener
to show them, but they themselves do the
plowing, hoeing and all. I'll tell you. they
are not a bit lazy.
"We lay great stress on industrial train-
ing both for girls and boys. Their future
is in industrial pursuits. They haven't
much of a tendency toward professional
work."
"But aren't they capable of It?"
"Not so much so as white children just
now. In music the girls are slow, and in
mathematics we have our chief trouble,
Reading and composition, too, is hard for
them. But I ought to take back part of
what I said, because In geography and na-
ture study they do just splendidly. Come,
we'll go into the class room and Miss Mc-
breath? But after all I suppose they are
no worse than the son* of wealthy men
back east."
"But that's not the worst of it. The girls!
They leave here little ladies, but their tribe
and their fathers even taunt them. Then
they, too. take to the blanket and soon be-
come the wives of the worthless young
men. ^ ^ - x
"I've had two girls, though, of whom i
am proud. One of them is now at Carlisle.
Pa. She is the daughter of Dr. Cash Cash,
an Indian physician. The other we named
Maud Johnson. She also went to Carlisle.
She came home and is soon to marry a nice
white man. And she will make him a real
good wife, too."
"Well can all of your graduates go to
Carlisle?" I asked. ■
"Oh, yes. that's what all of the 300 In-
dian schools are for— to prepare Indian chil-
dren for college. They need not go to Car-
lisle, as there are three other Indian col-
leges—one in the state of Washington call-
ed Che-ma-wa, another at Haskell, Kan.,
and still another in Arizona."
Kate DrexePs School.
"You have just this one school on this
reservation?"
"Just one government school. But over a
Vv9lWV .
Sluiskin Alive; He
Balks Forest Ranger
Famous Indian Chief and Braves
Hunting in Eainier Park.
TACOMA (Wash.), September ^ 9.—
According to "news received today
from a forest ranger, Sluiskin, a fa-
mous chief, and a party of about
twenty Indians are hunting in the
eastern valleys of Rainier National
Park, contrary to law.
The ranger told them to move out.
but Chief Sluiskin, who is about 82
years old, produced a treaty made
with Isaac Stevens, Governor of
Washington territory in 1854, which
gave the Indians the right to hunt
anvwhere in this section. . The na-
tional park authorities have tele-
graphed to W^ashington for Instruc-
tions. ' , . ^-_^
Sluiskin is the Indian who in 1870
guided Van Trump and Stevens to
the mountain wken they made, the
first ascent of it. Sluiskin, until heard
from today, was generally believed
to be dead.
iTl
5
^^^■^^^^^^ \W s^^o^y"^
^'^-^SUi-^^ 'S.Jw^
I
t
^om'J^^^^^^V,^^^
-59 i 11
INDIAN MAIDEN AUTHOR WRITING LEGENDS OF HER RACE
''Mourning Dove" Is a Memher of the Colville Tribe of Indians in Northeastern Washington.
She Is a Student of the Folklore of the Indians and Is Writing the Legends as She Heard Them
When a Child. She Has Collected Valuable Data, Along This Line, from the Old Indian Tribes
in the Pacific Northwest. Recently, She Was Elected to Life Membership in^he Spokane
Historical Society, as an Appreciation of Her Research Work.
(Wide Wmidj
DEC. 10, 923
TO GIVE LECIORB
^+-— -
nW
an Wh>V^n Contest With
British Chanfipion to Ex-
hibit Remarl<ab!e Talent,
Charles W. Hamley, called ttie
world's neatest memory expert,
will Pive an address on memoo
and memory cultivation tomorrow
evening at the Metaphysical li-
hran-. 1023 Seventh ^^treet Mr
Hamley is an American I^^ian .of
the Yakima tribe, an ex-service
man, wl^o established ^^^ ^^fh^J.^
eminence by meeting ^"'*^, ^"^^^fj;:
ine- the British memory- champion
in a public contest in Paris after
the war. ^;„^
In his address tomorrow evening
Mr. Hamley will tell of ^^^^^^^
the things that memory training
can ac^^omplish, and will illustrate
with some startling examples of
what his own training has accom-
plished. On the occasion of his
public demonstration in ± aris,
Hamley repeated a series of num-
bers called out to him fronri 40
different persons in the audience
of the theatre, pomting to Uie
person who had given the number
in each case. On one occasion
he went to hear a lecture by John
Kendrick Bangs, American hu-
morist, and later repeated the lec-
ture to Mr. Bangs, word for word.
Mr. Hamley wears as a watch
fob a mlver-inlaid 20-franc clhip
from the Monte Carlo casino. The
souvenir was presented to nlm at
Monte Carlo for hLs "lemory
.stunts at an entertainment there.
One of these was the re-naming in
order of all of the cards in a deck
after the deck had been carefully
shuffled and shown to him one at
a time. .
The lecture tomorrow evening^
will be open to the public witho^
charge.
Jviiy 26, 1924
•-^ H I E F YOWLACHE,
Yakima
will
ole in
ndl-emJ who
sai^^lieMlading
udian 'opera.
luniana, to be pro^ccd^
jos Angeles in tii^^^U
mder the direction of Rita
ireenc Breeze.
8
IHI'
'•'■*'^^K I
tflt^* a^^^^^^^H^D^V
m
MffiMKWHBi
Hffl8fls8s$>:'^
^B
^^W^-^
sSs SKsSi'-'^
H
^mi
H
Ms^M
ffl
^s
H
H
s
Photo by Curtis Studios, Los
Angeles.
By MINXIE BfARSHALIi
THE AMERICAN INDIAN CEN-
TER ASSOCIATION is pro-
gressing rapidly in the effort
to help the American Indian,
,a. cording to Ritu Greene Breeze
author of the score. Zuniana the
Indian opora to be Presented in
[Southern California in the tall.
W^hen the music drama is success- 1
Ifully launched and becomes a self]
supporting enterprise, the next step
of those behind the undertaking
will be to surround the Indian Thea-
ter with a representative Indian vil-
lage built in the pueblo style of
architecture in which will be ex-
hibited and sold the handiwork of
the various tribes. The articles
consist of rugs, blankets, basketry,
pottery, jewelry, hornwork, bead-
work and other articles identified
with Indian industries or inven-
tions. They also will have these
articles shown in process of manu-
facture.
A cafe, in which dishes of purely
Indian-origin will be served, is also
planned, the cafe to be operated
in the grounds surrounding the
theater. Another feature of the
project is to secure all exhibitors,
1 salesmen and artisans from the dif-
ferent reservations so that all prof-
its not needed in the expansion of
the enterprise will go to the In-
Idians themselves.
Europeans say that America
lacks the soul of art, that it can
make money, but has nothing orig-
inal except jazz music, to enter in
competition with the art products
lof Europe and Asia. Zuniana, with
its village, will offer an opportunity
to refute this statement. It will
train the Indians to develop their
own music themes, to conduct a
research that will revive original
patterns for rug making and pot-
tcrv and from them to evolve new
designs, to create a demand for the
beautiful and intricate jewelry they
once knew so well how to create,
to educate their art perceptions and
then to induce the world to recog-
nize their talents and abilities ana
thus gain a market for the product
of these fields of industry.
It is not the usual thing to find
an Indian trained in the American
way of singing. In Chief Yowlache,
the young Yakima Indian who has
received splendid training from the
best schools in the northwest and
has had five years' concert experi-
ence Mrs. Breeze declares she has
found the ideal voice for the leading
role in the opera Zuniana.
He is a finished actor and sings
the Indian compositions of our fore-
most composers as well as th^ m-
dian songs of his own race.
REW,S
Use of Modern Arms
by Indian in Hunting
of Seals Forbidden
Tribesmen May Hunt
Only With Old-Fash-
ioned Canoe, Paddle
SEATTLE, April 20.— An or-
der has been received from .the
government at Washington by
the coast guard to prevent In-
dian seal hunters from towing
out with power boats to the
route of the Pribilof Island seal
herds, twenty-five miles off the
Washington coast.
In consequence, orders have
been posted at Neah Bay warn-
ing the Indians that they must
not use the white man's
**piahcanims," but must stick to
the old fashioned canoe ^nd pad-
dle.
Facing the treacherous storms
and currents, the red men used
to set out with their big canoes,
armed with harpoon and club,
and followed and harried the
sleek water mammals until their
frail vessels were deep laden.
Then came the return to the na-
tive villages and great would be
the feast and rejoicing.
Then came the white men and
the seals were slaughtered by the
thousands. Great Britain, Rus-
sia and the United States took
official cognizance of the situa-
tion and made a great reserve of
the breeding islands. The In-
dians wer^ guaranteed the right
to hunt these seals. But now
they must not use the white
man's firearms nor his power
boats.
<;an Frnnclsccj. C«f.— Examine**
November 23, 1924
\^xwa^ Indian
Chief, III Tells
Of Happier Days
Evening Star, chtef^ the Slwash
tribe was in the detention w^d of
the Central Emergency„,^^ospital
yegterday. Weak and ill, he lay on
a cot and compared life in a civil-
ized community with that of his
tribe many moons ago.
In the far reaches of the north
vtj^re a pale moon spills silver dust
ill%ugh the somber aisles of the
pine forest. Evening Star Hved tne
wild, free life of his ancestors. With
no thought of tomorrow, he anu his
people hunted and fished. They
were happy. ^.^.
Then the white man encroached
on their hunting grounds. Saw
mills were erected and the axe oi
the pale face despoiled the forest.
Evening Star watched the young
braves desert the council fire and
take up the employment of tne
white man. , ^ . -, xu^
Then the old chief joined the
crew of a fishing boat and made
several trips to Alaska. Eventually
the boat came to San Francisco and
Evening Star was paid off. we
worked at odd jobs and then he
became ill and unable to work.
Yesterday morning he collapsed
on the street and was taken to the
hospital. Physicians say that Eve-
ning Star's next journey will be
ove? the trail to the Happy Hunt-
ing Grounds.
i
Indians to t)ance
To Great Spirit
Against Death
SEATTLE, .Jan. 13.— (/P)— Ta ♦
hort the CIreat Spirit t|) enll^^l
ghosts, whicli
ha\^ivbeot ^^sitini
death upon Indian? ^ j.iw*T'u]aU
^ ^^ip
reservation, thirty ojdfop north of
here during tUo last fow weeks, the
Indian medicine men havo decided
en an old-time tribal tamanaweis
dance on January 22.
Creaking of doors and slammintr
of windows have been followed witli
almost daily deaths among the tribe,
the Indians said. Similar thingrs
happened in the past when Night
and the Noiseless One appeared
among the tribe and took their toll,
the redskin sage.s remembered. A
pow-wow and tamaHaweis is the
only way to allay the scourge, they
I decided.
NOVEMBER 30, 1921
VaS^
una ^
To Have Court I
tribe of IndkoVvOf^ \7 "''""*
tnL !^' *?^one ft^ever. For the
tribe is g6G,g to have a divorce
court conducted by Chief Yowlache
wZ n * ^""* ^-^"^ «» that
to sav -4^ ti„des,rable mate was
lo say. Be g-one. woman." It was
^hief'v' , f *''**• R"t today.
bench with Judge Summerfield ha«
decided that California divorce 'laws
shall eovem his tribe. Yakima di
vorce customs cause no end of t.
bie, he says.
nar
platfo^
have also'
I
^
i IP :
?$
J
IP
of
was
Costume of a Yas
a Direct Ki
hima Indian Bride, Which, Ethnologists Have Learned, Indicates
nship Between the American Indiah and the Malay Race.
AYASHIMA Indian girl of one
the Oregon tribes recently
married to a brave of the tribe,
iP^ and her wedding costume created consid-
•*^ erable interest. Ethnologists who hap-
pened to be present saw in her finery
proof of the kinship between the Amer-
ican Indian and the Mongolian people,
immigrants from Asia, who are believed
to have been the ancestors of the Indians.
The intricate beadwork of her costume,
her own decided oriental cast of couten-
ance and certain Asiatic coins on the
bridal headdress presented irrefutable
confirmation of the theory of Dr. Ales
Hrdlicka, perhaps the foremost of Amer-
ican anthropologists, that the ancestors
of every man, woman and child in North
and South America, at the time of Colum-
bus' arrival, were Asiatics.
It is the theory of Dr. Hrdlicka that
the Mongolians began to ^'dribble'* into
the new world — which at that time con-
tained' presumably not a single human
being — about 15,000 years ago. They
came over by way of the Behring Sea re-
gion, where Asia approaches nearest to
America, multiplied rapidly and spread
from the Anic to the Anarctic. Undoubt-
edly when Columbus came over in his
three little ships the people he called
Indians — because he thought he had
reached India — were already spread over
the entire continents of the Western
world and its outlying habitable islands.
They were, all of them — the Eskimos
as well as the South American Indians —
descendants of those early settlers from
Asia. The early immigrants were all of
^
yiiiiii
^^11
the same yellow-brown racial stock,
though of different tribes and even dif-
ferent nations. The stock is today widely
distributed in Asia. The type persists in
Tibet, China, Korea, Japan and in parts
of Siberia. It is conspicuous in Mongolia.
There are any number of Mongolian
girls who, were they to put on similar
dress, would look like the blood sister of
the Yashima bride whose recent wedding
stirred ethnological research. They would
be found to have the same coloring, the
same kind of hair, the same dark-brown
eyes with yellowish whites, the same
prominence of cheek-bones and other
facial traits and characteristics.
In Tibet today are found many Amer-
ican Indian tribes, types so distinctive
that if the individuals were transplanted
to this country nobody would hesitate to
take them for Indians. The men, women
and children resemble Indians not only in
feature, ibut in dress, and even in the
constitution and intonation of their
language.
Less than forty miles separate the con-
tinents of North America and Asia at
Behring Strait. In clear weather Amer-
ican land can be seen from the hills of the
east cape of Asia. The primitive Asiatics
undoubtedly had boats, and there was
nothing to prevent them from crossing
Behring Sea, by way of St. Lawrence
Island or over the open.
Unquestionably, when the Asiatics ar-
rived, they were content to stay, for they
found a better climate, a land full of
game animals and fish, and no human
inhabitants to fight them or interfere
with them.
© 1928, by American Weekly. Inc. Great Britain Rishts Rtserfed.
jSIarch 13, 1023
.pokan<
e Lawyer in Noted
Case at Washington.
Not often is^ aa caN^ >. more inter-
esting or Smpoi*t&t I rou^ht before
the Ki*)renie fckir%0 a t the Unite
Statavjthan thi|l ar&^ediMarch 11
on so-cfciled "pock^r vetjj^s'* by the
presideitt. "^^
It origrinated in the state of Wash-
ington, and grew out of the failure
by President Coolidge either to sign
or to pive to congress his reasons
for not signing a bill that had been
passed by botli houses to permit the
Okanogan, Methow, »San Foil, Nes-
pelem, Colville and Lake Indian
tribes to present certain claims ta
the United States court of claims.
W. S. Lewis of Spokane is attorney
for the ^J^^iM^ikam -^^ ^^^ assisted
in his pleadings before the supreme
court by Attorney Hatton W. Sum-
Tiers as the representative of the
judiciary committee of the house of
representatives. The oppoTsing or
government side was argued by thf?
new attorney general, Mr. Jditchell.
The case hinges on the word "ad-
journment** in the Constitution, the
constitutional provision being:
If any bill shall not be re-
turned by the president within
10 days (Sundays excepted)
after it shall have been pre-
sented to him, the same shall
be & law, in like manner as If
he had signed it, unless the con-
gress by their adjournment pre-
vent Its return, in which case
it shall not be a law.
Each congress has a legal life
of two years. There is no ques-
tion that when it passes out of ex-
istence it has **adjoi#rned." But
each congress holds two sessions,
and the point in this controversy
is whether, when it suspends its
labors at the end of the first ses-
sion, it has "adjourned," or only
"recessed."
President Coolidge "pocket ve-
toed" this Indian bill at the end of
the first session of congress. Attor-
ney Lewis contended that each con-
gress is a single entity, and sus-
pension of business, wh&ther for the
summer recess or for two or three
days, docs not teruiinato the exist-
ence of that congress, but that it
Is j^ni in being and the unsigned
1 should have been returned to
fone of the officers of the house in
which it originated.
Supporting that view, Attorney
Sumners, appearing for the judiciary
committee of the house, argued that
"the construction placed on this sec-
tion, which allows a pocket veto
to have the status of an absolute
veto, WA9 not intended by the fram-
ers of the Constitution. I submit
to this court,'* Mr. Sumners declared,
'•that the framers of this Constitu-
tion never meant the president to be
allowed to kill aa act of the legli-
lative body and keep his reason for
so doing & secret. The construction
allowing a pocket veto ignores the
fact that a congress has an unin-
terrupted existence from its organi-
zation until it is ended by the lim-
itations Imposed by the Constitu-
tion."
Attorney General Mitchell, argu-
ing for the government, said that
the debates of the constitutional
convention throw no light on the [
question now before the court, "The
word adjournment in the Constitu-
tion means adjournment," the at-
torney general contended, "and
there is no rule of congress which
^ves that word a different meaning
than the one which we contend is
correct."
Attorney General Mitchell empha-
sized the fact that since the organi-
zation of the government there have
been 120 cases like this of so-called
pocket vetoes at ad interim ad-
journments, and "in no case, prior
to the action of the house of repre-
sentatives in the 69th congress, has
any action been taken by presidents
or congress on the theory contended
for by petitioners, and in none of
the 120 cases referred to has any
of the pocketed measures been
placed upon the statute books or
treated as a law."
.'.!
NOV 3 0 -m,
'^OUAW GET' NO LONGER DIVORCE
ygkima Chief, After Sitting With Judge SummerfisU,
Decides His People Must Sue for Separation
-^T Like White Man
Culver City Yaklmaa who neglected
[to get tbeir divorces before yester-
jday may nnd their wives a lot harder
Ito get along with from now on. For
IChief Youlache. Irritated by the Irreg-
ularity of domestic "litigation" among
pis people, came down to Judge Sum-
merfleld's court, picked up all the
latest ideas and went back home yes-
Iterday to draw up a new set of rules,
with alimony and everything in them.
Heretofore when a Yakima was har-
ried to the point where he couldn't
stand It any longer, he would simply
\TZ I'^'i^'^ ^^*" S^^a^ w^uW get
I and that would be the end of the
l^hat^^' divorce was as simple as
h^'^^r* vf^ 1^ the good old days back
Jft^T^^!?^*""^ ^^^o^e ^^^ warriors
had found out about the movies. But
^mce the chief b;»ught his tribe to
Culver City he has learned a lot of
things. So yesterday saw him await-
ing the arrival of Judge Summer-
field In divorce court. He said he had
come down to find out how the pale-
face brethren handle these matters.
Judge Summerfleld was glad to
show him. Promptly he Invited the
chief to sit on the bench with him,
while he handed out the morning
batch of divorces and alimony orders.
The chief professed to have been
grettly enlightened.
*Xots of trouble starts with our
divorce system." he remarked. "After
a brave his divorced himself seven or
eight times his affairs become tan-
gled. Hereafter I Intend to have the
parties before me. I will listen to
their troubles and If they seem to
need a divorce, why. I'll see that they
get a lawyer and come down here and
get one by the white man's rules,"
MISCELLANEOUS
OVERSIZE
CLIPPINGS
OVERSIZE MATERIALS
AT
BEGINNING OF REEL
INDIAN WELFARE
; fulfil ->i.
Al
^d
A nev;sp£per cUpping of 1356 (no nr^me) s«ys
thf:t on 3opt. 2C, o portion of Gen. Cosby »s coininsnd
had a skirmish v/ith the Indians near tho headquar-
ters of the chief of the Modocs . Old Lslokes, on
Clear Lake .LW<Uo ^- ^- ^^^-^
Set-to Vh>oV.5
Hayes* Collection, vol. 42, p. lo".
Another newspaper clippinfT on same subject:
"The Yreka Union of the 9th Oct. contains some ad-
ditional information from the command of Gen, Coo-
It
by against the Ifodocs and Pitt mver Indians.,
publishes a letter from Haj. H. 0. Wood, detailing
the operations of his detachment, part of which
we gtive last r;eek. He had been dinpatched to
chastise the murderers of Hoss. He remarks, writ-
inj; from Pitt ^^liver: 'The Indians number about
500 in thir immediate neighborhood, and all of them
are at war with the whites v/ith tho exception of
one very small tribd.* A Correspondent writing
from head quarters, Clear Lake, Sept. 30; "Cum-
tuk-ne, a brother of Lalake^s, and a chief with
six warriors ... a treaty of peace, amity and
friendship was made v.dth Cum-tuk-ne on behalf of
his tribe. 8n.l of the chiefs Make end Ter-tup-te-ks.
whose ccuntry ho says extondr. to the south side of
#
Big namath Lake (Toakwa)
• • •
The Yrefc. Union. Oct. 16.. "Cw-tuk-n., the
war chief of Lalake's trite".
Another olippinr. no nmo or date: "Every one
of these 600 Inds. who now takes their departure
(for the Tejon Reservation) was bom in these hills.
To them every hill and little valley, every meadow
and wild nook in the mountains, and even the trees
of the forest, have a familiar name knovm from child-
hood; and with them are linked the aesoclations of
their •..•hole live., as also the legends that have
come dovm from all th^ genorations who here lived
and died. flong the sand;- shores of the T-ohama
(t^itt) rivor. where the remi-ins of a thousand ran-
cheriar shov that myriads of the redskins once dwelt;
in th. hundred vallies of the -oeyale (Cow Creek}
where in ea.rly spring time, generation rfter genera-
tion of Indian maidens wove the -.vild flowers into
garlands, along the sunny tenk- of the Ydalp«>«".
Itoye's Collection, Vol. 42. p. 185.
BAHIIOCKa
A.S.Teylor in his indienolocy of Ualifornia
(Californifi irnr^er, ISGli) quo top the aan Francisco
Kveninc T?ulletin of May 1863. in re^^rd to :j)^oahone
Indians of Nevada. Ho montions that the Bannocks
ore neighbor? of the ahoshone on the northeast
and thf.>t it ws a part of this nation th«t Colonel
Connor found it necessary to punish so severely
last fall r fall of 186iiJ, 24 of their number
bein^^ shot fit one tine for previous bad conduct*
if
\
INDIAN WAR ON TUIS RIVER, CALIF., 1856
In fc historical ake^h of Tulare Co., Calif., is friven
an account of the Indian war on Tule River, 1856, the
culmination of hostilities which began in 181^. Kawe&h
Indians, under Chief Francisco. Tejon Indians also in it.
i-Memorial and Biographical History of the Counties of
and
ao
d.by M.Angel. Account is^crtditeiif
Overland Monthly, Jan. 1884.
/- ■
IC-i^
/
AMERICAN I N I) I A K S
(Whipple, Ewbank, and Tumor* n opinion of conditions that
nurroimdod the American Indians in Wcih and 18.54,)
"The aborigines aro, upon ovory sido, hemred in "by
dosccntkiits of a foreign race. Yoar by yoar thoir fertile
valloyB are. appropriated by others, their hunting-grounds
invaded, and they themselveB driven to narrower and rcore
barren districts. The tirce is now arrived when we imist de-
cide whether they are to be oxterminated: if not, the power-
ful arm of the law Mist be extended over them, to secure
tlieir riglit to the soil they occupy; to protect them from
aggresRion; to afford facilities and aid in acciuiring the
arts of civilization, and the knowledge imd humanizing in-
fluences of Christianity. *—V/hipplo, Ewbjink, and Turner,
Pacific R.R.Repts., Vol.IIlA|Pt. 3] p. 7, 1856.
V
CHARACTER OF MEN
Gdn. Persifor F. Smith, Jn charga of military
*
operationa In the Pacific Division, states in a report
■While
to the War Department, dated October 7, 1849:
Panama I learned that the worst part of the population
from maiy of the Pacific porto waa going to California
to eearoih for gpld*« •
Sen«Doo« 47, 3l8t Oong. 1st Sess* p»76, 1850.
An the eanie report he speake of *an outrage
on Indiana in the unsettled country ahove Sutor's f<
hy stEagarc to California*. Ibid, p. 79.
t
t •
li
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I
I
I
If .
Sanuel J. Holbrook, for icany year a a cailor in the
ii*i<i-MA sfiit«a HaYY visited Ciiifornia in 1B49 a* a^ii n in
xSsj! to XoSk after iSmihu«i«e8« for hi. son. Ha writes
•I do not hesitate •:.( Bay that in nearly all
the difficiatifeB that havq taken place between tJiaBe
4a
and
ia&6
where liv^ia have l)een loot and m^n har-J been maiaed
mn, have b^^eii tho agreasoiw, ho, beiiiff bettor amed.'
and poee.flvng .more bodily strengtk, havo robbed and
otherwise insisted thes^ haralesB people, who cf ccurao
will seek for relaliatioa and then the whole country
1. un in a«ns for iBvenge- I have been an eyewitnesB
to manv of these wcaneB
naked, and
484
believe wouH never trouble a white man, If the latter
vere not the agreasors. I have met them on Uie road
I whale
my salutation with true Indian politenesa. "
Holbrook. S. J. ThroMCor. Y«ar. ^^ Ig^f'lf.t^gr'
1846 Edwin Bryant writer of being
the mission of San Miguel. He sayi
'An
Lptored
found
here hj the advance partj. A letUer was
its contents I never learned.* [p. 572] The next day about
15 miles further om their joumey^going south toward^ Saui
Lms Obisp^ lie states: •The Indian captured at the rancho
jresterday was condemnsd to die. He was
>ugh
and
igy
ing rancheria could be brought to witness the execution). A
file of soldiers were then ordered to fire upon him. He fell
^
\apon hisi knees^and remained in that position several rairauwss
without uttering a groami, and then sank upoiai the earth. No
hujnan being could have met his fata with more composure, or
with stronger manifestations of courage. It was a scene
such as I desire never to witness again.*
Bryant: fhat i Saw m California, 572, 375, 1848
/\
v
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s
FOOD OF ITmiAriP, IN OWEMS RIVER VALLEY
T>ie poixilation of this valloy is stated to bo 1500,
•<md the cause of the ';7ar mr. wa^od there is the despera-
tion of the Indicia bccmise of the fact that the emigration
to- t^ie mines in that vicinity has destroyed the grass seed
upon which thoy, in a great iT^eaEure, had been accustomed
to ryub3ist.''--J.P.H.Wentworth in Rept.Ccmaiir.Indi^ffrs.for
1862, p. 327, 1857. .
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\ \
• vw «iM«aaMMifH
VVWHOMHNM*'
■•iy*'i.^
BUFFALO
TEXAS PANHAl^DLE
"As late as 1876 great numbers ware to be found in the pan-
han(
g^^d in hunting them in that region, and remarks that
thoxigh
than
country, inasmuch as it compelled the savages, who mainly
depended on them for food and covering, to seek other
hunting grounds , ■ i ^ "^^ ^^ ■■^- • ^
—Bancroft (after Remarks on Texas, MS), Hisjt.No.Mem.
States and Tex., II, 559 ft.note, 1889.
Tait
Vfawv.
Rxptdition, 1845-1846, Prtmont oamptd
small run or apriivr at the raorthtatttrtii
baB« in loagitudt 121*32^* 36", latitude 3n4*4:
IShile there he leamff^that the Indiane intenff^
V
attack the
Be
, 80 he deoideJLto anticipate then*
•Keeping in mind my promise to the settle ri, and being
towards
had
thou^t that the time
bntioiDate the Indians
and strike them m blew which would make them reee^is*
that Cailtr© was far and that 1 was near. hA I Judged it (
pedieni to take such precawti omury measure* as in my for-
ward movemont would leave ne enemy behind to destroy the
strength of my positioH) by cutting off my supply in cattle
and
nglyi
gnAte
bank
In describing the lower division of this river I have
already mentioned the many rancfaerJas. towards the head ef ijli
valley. . Some of the largest were scattered along the ri^t.
bank of the river, where fish and the abundant acora-bearing
preferred ground
numbered mere men? than
tha smaller randierias
/
and among the hillsw
farther
My movem«nt was urMxpocted, and riding rapidly up the
rivf r w« rtachtd without diocovery the f iret ranoheria among
rwanl
and
and
monies
Intending to surpriae and scatter them we rode directly |
upen them, and at this plaoa several Indians were killea m j^
the dispersion. In the panie made by our sudden charge the
Indians jumped into and swam the river, a few escaping into
shelter on our side of the river.
With scarcely a halt we rode on towards the other -
^ancbflrias. but the news of ©ur attack Apparently reached
these as soon as oureelves, for the Indian* were escaping
from their villages as we rode in among them. Before the
close of the day nearly all the rancheriag had been visited ^
and the Indians dispersed; as we rode down the hill which
e
ccmriaiTdod a view of the rivex'^plain, on which stood the
farthest village that^we reached, we could see the Indians
in commotion, some running off from the river and others
jumping into it. When we reached the rancheria the water
was dotted with the heads of the Indians swinming across.
We had surprised them assembled in the height of their war
cei'smcnies.
This put an end to the intended attack upon the
The Indian* of the California Valley had their fixed places
3
of habitation where thay lived. The tribes on ©no river
wer» rarely friendly to those on another. They kn«w that I
fyrm tha mountain. BO that they could not take refuge
tiiere. That
they would encounter hoetil* tribes, who W' uld destroy them.
So that with the returm to their villages the dread ef an©t>v
er visitation would keep them on their good bohavior.
This was a rude but necesoai^ measure to prevent injury;
to thfl whites. And it had the effect which I intended. •
FremontrMemoirs, I, 510, 516-517, 1887.
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1
0^;m/vJUM \U>-^ iXISL v"^-*^- ^"^^2.
H-e-M^MISSIONS
The Place and Destiny of the Indian
in the Nation's Life
HOME MISSIONS
73
BY BRIG. GEN. R. H. PRATT, U. S. A.
ago n that contact had been along the same
high lines of liberal education and training in
our industries, business and social life our
best citizens receive, they would today be
aligned with our best citizens. If that contact
had been with our lowest population, limited
by meager education and industrial training,
their citizenship would be on that plane.
over ten million among us. He probably came
from as many tribes as our Indians, but his
whole past is gone ; he has our language and
is a citizen, free to develop and use his abili-
ties throughout the length and breadth of the
land. The shortcomings bothering him and
us today are due to inadequate chances, which
includes control.
WHETHER by best chances it takes
five years or by poorest chances it
takes five hundred years, the In-
dian s full "place and destiny" in the life of
the nation— as that of every other man— is
only reached when he has been developed into
a useful, respected and co-equal citizen. To
accomplish this the chains of his slavery to
ignorance and
consequent u s e-
lessness, and his
subserviency to a
restraining, ex-
ploiting, erratic
system must be re-
moved. ^Hejnust
be educated and
trained out of his
)ast
tribal past into
real useful Amer-
ican life and given
the ability to use
and defend all his
citizen rights. He
must be trans-
formed from a
consumer and a
bugaboo into a
producer and a
tranquilizer. He
cannot become a
complete citizen if
he clings to his
past. There must
beno_holding on
to Ihdianism in
1 his transformation, for any of that will m
proportion reduce the quality of the citizen-
ship he is capable of and continue a distrust
of him.
Foreigners who come to this country and
through race organizations divide their ener-
gies and patriotism by clinging to the things
they emigated from, are by just that much
the less a force as citizens.
Rudolph Blankenburg, just elected mayor
of Philadelphia, emigrated from Germany j
when twenty years of age. Throughout the ]
whole period of his career in America he has
aspired to the highest type of American citi-
zenship in his associations, his business, and
in every other way. This course has not in
any sense made him disrespectful of his origin
but has rather ex-
alted it. If he had
spent his years in
America in affilia-
tion with German
societies and asso-
ciations, holding
himself aloof from
the high contact
he did seek, he
would not now be
mayor of the
great city of
Philadelphia, be-
cause by dividing
his power to be-
come a great Am-
erican he could
not have as fully
developed, and his
German affiliations
would have cloud-
ed his American-
ism.
Bender, an In-
dian, pulled from
his tribe into Am-
erican environ-
ment, given the enabling intelligence, enters
base ball, sticks and reaches eminence. He
had to have the chances, and they did not exist
in the tribe.
If from the beginning the Indians had been
recognized as men, encouraged and helped by
us to come into contact with the best of our
people freely, that in itself would have made
them English-speaking, useful citizens long
Brig. Gen. R. H. Pratt, U. S. A.
Twenty-four years ago Miss Frances E.
Willard was my guest at Carlisle. She asked
me how I could get the Indians out of their
sad estate and into our American life as useful
citizens. My answer can be found in her
"Glimpses of Fifty Years" on page 543, and
it is in part as follows: "There are about
260,000 Indians in the United States. There
are 2 700 counties. Ijvouldjivide.^^
fjn^ proportion of ab^^it nine Indians to a
county.,f^nd find them ^^rnes and work among
;;;Tr^;e^le.. That would solve the knotty prob-
lem in three years' time and there would be no
more an ^Indian Question.' " Over and over
again I have used this illustration. I know by
a multitude of experiences, some of them with
the toughest of Indian character, that this is
both practical and practicable, and that all
Indians placed thus in good surroundings for
three years would understand and be speaking
English, be sufficiently useful to enable them
to locate among our people successfully, and
that the barriers of language and the disabili-
ties of prejudice and uselessness would be
practically removed. 1 know that if properly
environed they would imbibe sufficient knowl-
edge, industry and interest in our affairs to
enable them to get on as a very part of our
people, and that they could from that on rea-
sonably aspire to the best there is in our
American life. If during this experience all
had educational privileges, they would come
to desire more, and, under the opportunities
our country opens to all aliens, they could
and would go on of themselves to higher
things. '
When we give this treatment without limi-
tation to foreigners, as we do in numbers
yearly, vastly greater than all our Indians, it
does seem that in the course of a few years
we might accomplish it for the Indians. We
increase our population by foreign immigra-
tion a million a year and through this process
Americanize them. We forced the negro
to come here, and in a measure, sub-
mit to this contact, and he has grown to
Two hundred and sixty thousand Indians, by
a segregating prison treatment, are still In-
dians, largely non-English speaking, and a
burden to us in tribal masses. A national
management and reservation segregations for
negroes, and for each separate race of for-
eigners coming to this country, would inevit-
ably have perpetuated race masses to the ex-
clusion of all development into American citi-
zens. There are plenty of other hindrances to
Indians, but about all of them are the natural
outgrowth of the race-izing system. If the
purpose of government management from the
beginning had been to illustrate and glorify
our Declaration of Independence and our Con-
stitution through bringing our few Indians into
the full benefits these proclaim for "all men, .
all other influences would have aligned with
that purpose, we would have been saved the
national shame we are now under, and our
Indians would be saved, and be much greater
in numbers, rejoicing that such good men had
come to lift, instruct, absorb and unite with
them in developing this fair land as one com-
mon heritage.
As government management is blamable for
the conditions and results, the government
should entirely reverse its policy and at once
help the Indian to the best of chances. The
obligation of the nation to train and equip the
Indian for his place as a good citizen is all
the greater because of the maladministration
of the past.
In my judgment, government money ex-
pended for civilizing the Indians and their
educational and industrial development which
does not build and enforce fitting and fitness
of them for real substantial and useful Ameri-
can citizenship is an unwarranted expenditure.
As a nation ^"- ^^^ ""der no obligations what-
^ " ' ' their
pver to nurse and continue in any wa:
hindering, unhealthy tribal_lmng^.^and^
should weed out all policies and schemes that
have friCT segregation as a^:esult, even
'though they were nurseries of the churches.
•
72
74
THE ASSEMBLY HERALD
To a very large extent the churches have set
the pace. The success of the churches among
the Indians would all along have been vastly
greater if their curriculum had included a
course in citizenship and encouragement to
push out into the United States. To do what
ought to be done disturbs many indurated in-
terests with great genius to oppose. Many of
these could ably help, and ought to help in the
wider purpose.
As an Indian Sees Us
BY RKV. GILBERT L. WILSON, AUTHOR OF ''MYTHS OF THE RED CHILDREN."
THE,interpreter's Indian wife, — Baker is
a|half-blood — had brought in a saucer
of tipsin roots. Dried and crisp, they
can be eajten like crackers. I had helped my-
self and Was opening my tablet to tale dicta-
tion, when the cabin door opened. Indians do
not knocK.\
I looked up, — three Indians stafced in.
*'How!" th^ said; speech followed with the
interpreter. ; It is impolite to interrupt con-
versation aniong Indians. I waited.
The Indiakis took chairs along tie wall.
Baker spoke: i
"This man Vant to ask to you one qiistion 1"
"S^y on !" said I. It p^ys to hum|r a red
man when you want didfation. I
"Where you white r^ten came from|"
"From Germany,^!^af-^our fathers jlid." 1
added quite a bit of Saxon history. [Indians
are patient liste/ers. -• i
' "We not i#T€an that; who made you*
"God," I answered/ the question? seemed
easy. |
"How you^kuQv^
"From the* i3ibTe,"*God's revelation,f I said,
with real reverence. ) |
"How you know 4^at for true? — how God
make that ^^vxl^itijg;^^ I
"In different waysN By dreams and visions
to men we*' call prop\ets; by the life and
teachings of; Jesus Chjwst, the Son of: God."
"How youv^know HcnSou of God?" .
"Because lie woi^d miracles and raised
Himself frofn the dea]^," I answered.''
"Very well ; now -yOu tell us why our way
not as good as whitie way! We had our gods,
just as white m^iAh^ve their God; we not
have Bible for we not^know how to read,
but we have, old men in tribe that tell old
tales, and things what we must do that they
learn from their fathers; and we pay them, —
robes, blankets, gun, lots of thing, just as col-
\
lection money in white man's church ; ^nd our
medicinelmen just like your prophet; When we
get sick we go to him apd he pray to Qur gods
for us a^d we get well; and he pray. for rain
just as you do in chulch; and that /medicine
man have dream and -wsion and get ijevelation
from gocis just like your prophet. Now we
think our way just as good as yours."
The faces of my interviewers were immo-
Hadatsa Indian and Bull Boat.
bile — justj a gleam of Humor flickered for a
moment fn three pairs ii dark eyes. ^
What i:ould I answqr? *
"My friends," I saig, "you "^^ly not believe
that Jesus Christ is the Son of God; but let
me tell ^you one thing, — you Indians can well
be thankful that a man called Jesus Christ did
./
Yiflien the news reached Monterey, Governor Arguello inmediately
dispatched to the seat of v/ar 109 soldiers — all he could collect —
including infjintry, cavalry and several artillerjoiian with a large
cannon under coEmand of Jose Iferiano Estrada. They reached Purisima
during the night of Ihrch 15 and ahout da^diglit the attack began.
Sixteen Indians were killed and many wounded. The Indians were com-
«
pletelykefeated and surrendered.. "The number of jndians engaged
v/as upwards of four hundred; that of the whites about a hundred".
I
RAIDS BY THE MISSION FATHERS.
In 1826 an expedition f^orn Santa Clara, sent out for tlie pur-
pose of capturing; Indians and t-Jcirf; ■•.;ieri! topio i.iir;n'ons of tlie
Ca'teiolic fathorf;,
'•/as dofoatod on t'lo Stanislins river.
losin{?; 54 n'cn, andu;!ij.ediataly repeating the ox]'eriiiient tlieylost
41 more, "but sncccedcd in capturing 44 Indi;ins, mostly women and
children.
History of San Joa^juin County, Calif., p25, 1890.
^
, ■■• ■ ■ -Sujff 1
NO VmiSKEY FOR THE IlACmiZIE DKLTA ESKEIO.
Captain R.M'Clure on August 24, 1850, observing; some native
huts near Point V/arren on the shore at the mouth of the Llackenzie,
landed to confer \7ith the inliahitants, hut they would have nothing
to do Y/ith him. Finally one of his men^a llr. Mierching^v/ho spoke
the Eskimo language, put on Innuit clothing, ojid was permitted to
approach them. Vflien the natives were asked why they didn't trade
with the white men up the big river (m.eaning the Hudson Bay Co.'s
men on
given
the Mackenzie) the chief replied that the white men "had
the Indians a water which had killed a great many of them
mid i.iade others foolish, and they did not want any of it." —Dis-
covery of the northwest Passage, M'Clure, edited by Sherard Osbom,
London, 3^ed., 88-89, 1859.
LAIID FOR illDIMIS OF KORTHERl! CALIF0R}:iA,1906
The Board of Indian Commissioners, in their 38th annual report
(for 1906), state:
"The appropriation by Congress last year of $100,000 to be used
in securing land on which might be established, in homes of their own,
the scattered, landless, and hom.eless Indians of northern California,
and the appointm.ent of Mr C.E.Kelsey, of California, who has for some
years been interested in this problem, as a special agent|to investi-
gate and report plans for the relief of these Indians, are steps by
the aovernm.ent toward solvir^ a problem in which good people of Calif-
ornia and friends of the Indians throughout the country have long
felt a keen interest. Of the 17,000 full-blood Indians eS" California
about 9000 are scattered through the State in groups of from 20 to 250,
with no land of their own, and here|ore without any attempt on the
part of the Goverranent to provide reservations or allotm.ents for thorn.
Most of them are in conditions of penury and misery. Of something
foom
out hom.es. "(p 132)
CALIF0K13IA INDIAJIS IK 1851
Redick McKeo, G.W.Barbour, and O.M.V/ozencraft, the three In-
dian Commissioners sent to California in 1850, wrote to the Indian
Office under date of May 15, 1851,
"V/e have found by experience that the best way to keep these
Indians of California quiet and peaceable, is to give them plenty
of food. With beef occasion.-dly, and a little flour to mix with
the pulverized acorn, making their favorite panoli, nothing can in-
duce them to quarrel with the whites. If ever the secret history
of the late disturbances is v/ritten, we have no doubt but nineteen
out of every twenty will be found to have had their origin in direct
aggression on the part of unprincipled white men, or failure on their
part to supply the Indians with beef and flour as the promised rew-
ard of their labor? —Report Commr. Indian Affairs for 1851,224, 1851.
en
In Julj^ 1850 Mam Johnston, then an Indian Agent in California,
wrote the Corrrnissioner of Indian Affairs from Chico, California:
"In some instances the v;hitBsi^have not only "built their ovm houses
close to those of the Indian villages, but have laid out tov/ns around
and over them, which must eventually drive them from such homes.
Their means of subsistence, which have heretofore been limited, are
now grea.tly diminished m account of the immigration overrunhing their
country. The miners have destroyed their fish-dams on the streams,
and the majority of the tribes are kept in constant fear on account of
the indiscriminate and inliuman massacre of their people in many places,
for real or supposed injuries They became alarmed at the immen-
se flood of iminigrationr/hich spread over their country; it was quite
incomprehensible. I have been told of several acts oj depredatioiT.7hidi
V<wfOL
+
instigated by the chiefs of certain tribes, througli the apprehension
hat their people must die of starvationlin consequence of the strangers
overrunning their country, feeding their grass, burning their timber,
and destroying their dams on the stream.s. For these
innovations they claim some compensation; not in money, for they Icnow
nothing of its value, buticlothing, blankets, and something to sustain
life upon. So far as I have been able to ascertain, all the tribes
in the valley of the Sacramento v/ould not only be satisfied, but gi'eatly
gratified, v/ith an arrangement for a small annuity to be paid in clo-
«
thing, blankets, and food, at stated periods. That they have some
cause for complaint, no one fajniliar vdth their mode of life, their
present condition, and, in some instances, the cruel treatment bya few
whites, can doubt. I have seldom heard of a single difficulty between
C2J
the Avhitos and the Indicins of the valley or mountains, in which the
original cause could not roadily he traced to some rash or reckless
act of the former. In some instances it has happened that innocent
Indians have "been shot dov/n for imaginary offences, which did not in
fact exist. For instance, on one occasion, when cattle were missing,
it was quickly supposed that tliey had hoen stolen by the Indians, and
the lives of several Indians taken on this supposition. i\gain,when
a man v:as absent a few days longer than he was expected to be, his
death was imagined, and attributed to the Indians in the neighborhood,
and the lives of several paid the penalty of the supposed murder. In
the one case, the cattle were found in the covirse of a few days; and
in the other, the man also returned, but the innocent Indians were no
more. Several similar instances have been related to me where the
lives of Indians have been taken for supposed injuries."
In the same letter Johnston remarks: "It would be well if some
means could be adopted by which to insure those who labor for the
whites a reasonable compensation. Heretofore, those living near to
the ranches have labored for little or no compensation. A calico
shirt, worth perhaps fifty cents, would be given for a week's labor."
^^-^--^^ 4^^. H ^^^-^U^
'^^ f^.3^Hl.
w
• ' rW/b I A II S. 0 U 13^ R E A KS
t
i
On February 22, 182%, there was an uprising of the Indiims of sever-
al missions, and an attempt to slay the missionaries and soldiers
and liberate themselves from the intolerable oppression of the
miss
sions. The affair is said to have originated at Purisima and
Santa Inez and spread to several others. But it v/as a feeble
half hearted attempt and utterly failed of accomplishing its pur-
pose. The Indians who escaped to the Tulare Country v;ere later
followed by Spanish soldiers and brought back to the missions.
In the spring of 1829 some of the Indians from the missions of
San Jose and Santa Clara fled and joined natives on the San Joa-
quin River where they are said to have fortified themselves.
Fat:ior Durant . of San Jose immediately sent to San Francisco for
troops to recover the fiagitives, and an expedition of 15 men, under
Sargeant Antonia Soto, was dispatched for the purpose. Arriving,
thev found the Indians in a v/illow thicket difficult to penetrate ^\
\v5i
ile trying to force their way through they were attacked and com-
pelled to withdraw. Several^-'lnSAiding Sota hims^^
IHDIAN OUTBREAKS
The Indians were greatly elated at this their first victory over
the Spanish, and neighboring hands made common cause with them and
a general uprising was feared.
The Comandante of San Francisco ordered a second e xpedition,
consisting of 40 men, under Jose Sanchez'. They marched to the
X
hicket and penetrated far enough to learn that the* Indians had
''sevlrif ^lines of strong wooden palisades, the first of which they
V^
destroyed, Sanchez- deemed it impnident to storm the inner works,
and therefore returned to San Jose. Then a force of 100 men,
con5)rising cavalry, infantry, and artillery, with a field piece for
demolishing the palisades, was organized at Monterey under command
of ^adalupe Vallejo. It marched to San Jose, where it was joined by
the San Francisco forces and some volunteers and Indian auxiliaries,
and then proceeded to the San Joaquin camp. A desperate battle
ensued. The Indians were finally driven out, majiy were killed and
many were taken prisoners
?
"a most shocking and horrible
butchery of prisoners took place. Vallejo was guilty of permitting
the greatest barbarity thus far perpetrated in California".
Early In May 1833 YallejO; in a report to the Govenor concerning aai
expedition he had just made to the north of San FraJicisco Bay,
"said that the Indians on the northern side of the bay v/ere aston-
ished at his coming among them in a friendly spirit and had receiv-
ed him as a great captain. For years past as a mle, violence and
injustice had been exercised tov/ard'" them , to the shair.e of the
mission system and the scaiidal of religion. . Under the circimir'
stances, it was not surprising that they banded together and main-
tained'a hostile attitude. Nothing else v/as to have been expected,
as a necessary consequence of the bad. faith, the ill treatment and
the sanguinary cruelty they had experienced from the missionaries,
Y/ho had all the time been professing to be pursuing the method and
following the example of Jesus Christ: 'Que manstruosidades— what
monstrous pretentions:' It would not be difficult, he continued,
to relate particular instances of inhumanity which would petrify the
most scavage breast with horror; but he would reserve the sad^ reci-
tal for some other and more fitting opportunity in the future".
Hittell, History California, Vol. II, p, 174.
r
W. F. Schnabel, of Caldwell, Idaho, an old-time hunter and woods-
man, who has spent his life on the frontier and has traversed various
parts of Alaska, and has also served as marshal of Id?ho ?nd as deputy
sheriff for five years, states in a letter to the Secretary of Agricul-
ture( dated February 4,i9C4) in leference to the slau2:hter of game:
"It is not the Indian, but the bad white man, that kills off the game.
The present game law^ are unjust to the Indian and the Eskimo."
-»*t-*
tri-
XJ X^ I Ct i ivy. \-»L-C 1 .1 »^ V/ L-l -L i. i V J AV^Xl KJUVyi X. \J \U S-4.VJ L JL \j J J. ^ y t i^ w*
This gentleiiian sGorus to have gone to Alaska to destroy ga:ne for
amusement, as no ono hunts goats for food. The native does not
esteem goat meat higlily, but v;ants the skin and the loaf fat. The
latter made into tallov; is greatly esteemed. Tlie goats live gener-
ally in inaccessible places, from which the meat cannot bo carried
out. I-b one need be afraid of the extermination of the goat by
eitlier native or v/hite man. His home protects him, and the man who
gets him deserves the ga:r;e. The letter speaks of several carcas^^es
found arnon^i; granite bouldors. I have myself shot goats and had tliem
go over a cliff or run some distance, so that I v/as not able to find
them. This is an ordinary occurrence. The sam.e is true of deer,
particularly in case of those shot with the high velocity s'aall bul-
lets of modern rifles. Many which are shot completely through
travel many miles before they fall.
"He speaks of a statement by an Indian at Yankee Cove, which I
take to bo on Admiralty Island. This fello-v was certainly drawing;
on his imagination. The coast people have no caribou, the nearest
caribou lands in southeastern Alaska beings; from fifty to one hundred
miles inland. The coast Indians are not permitted by those of the
:^--k^[t^A^^^^
ALLEGED DEST^UCTIOi; OF ALA3KA GA::E BY IllDIA
^ — '^'S iivXL^ i^
tho 4.
Lieut. Geo. T. Emmons y--ii^. a. letter iLiluil '''mi'l.T'i 1
4
n'p.vo letters from Gouverneu
to ■.ladison Granuv
liijlj; Lacr. fiivGn oxtcndod oii'ouL-ition;
"Mr. Phelps looks at tiie question entirely from an eastern
standpoint. His knowlecif;e of the country, the natives, and the
conditions is very superficial, and has been j^sathered from a liraited
stay in the country. He evidently believes v;hat people have told
him, v;hich is a sad mistake in a nev/ country. People handle hundreds
of deer and caribou in their stories as if thev reallv existed.
This gentlerran seems to have £sone to Alaska to destroy game for
amusem.ent, as no one hunts goats for food. The native does not
esteem goat meat higlily, but v;ants the skin and the loaf fat. The
latter made into tallov/ is greatly esteemed. Tiie goats live gener-
ally in inaccessible places, from which the meat cannot be carried
out. lb one need be afraid of the extermination of the goat by
either native or v/hite man. His home protects him, and the man v/ho
gets him deserves the gaine. The letter speaks of several carcasses
found amori^j; granite boulders. I have myself shot goats and had them
go over a cliff or run some distance, so that I vms not able to find
them. This is an ordinarv occurrence. The same is true of deer,
9.y
particularly in case of those shot with the high velocity s'aall bul-
lets of modern rifles. Ma rr;- which are shot completely through
travel many miles before they fall.
"He speaks of a statement by an Indian at Yankee Cove, which I
take to bo on Admiralty Island. This fellow was certainly drav/iiTg
on his imagination. The coast people have no caribou, the nearest
caribou lands in southeastern Alaska beings from fifty to one hundred
miles inland. The coast Indians are not permitted by t/iose of the
2
^
interior to hunt on the caribou f:;round. Besides, no native hunter
ever carried 54 cartrid^;;;es with him on a hunt. The whole story is
improbable.
"The writer of the letters states that there are few if any deer
on the mainland. Deer are not as abundant on the mainland as en
the islands, but still there are many deer on the mainland. The
v/olf, of course, is the enemy of the deer, but Kuya, Kupreanof, and
Prince of ^%les islands are abundantly stocked with both deer and
wolves. The statement that deer are comparatively scarce on the
islands is absurd. Mr. Phelps thought they must be scarce because
he did not see them. In the dense forests of southeastern /Maska
deer do not stand around to be looked at by people in the daytime.
All of the larf-er islands teem with deer. These deer do not travel
in larf^e herds. His, own remark that an Indian sent out to kill a
deer killed five in two hours v/ould seem to indicate that they were
not particularly scarce in that locality. As to the scarcity of
deer alonf, ^'^ran^_^el riarrows, it should be remembered that V/ran(;el
Harrows is a narrow channel some twenty miles long, v/hich durin^^ the
last few years has been built up with canneries, lumber mills, and
fisheries, with parties constantly lurnberir]^, alorig the shores, and
steamers and small craft constantly passing back and forth, vniich
causes naturally have tended to drive the ga.me away. ' Mr. Phelps
comments on the absence of deer about Juneau. There never were any
deer about Juneau or on the mainland north of Taku River along the
inland v/aters.
"The Sitka Indians are very absolute in their observance of the
game law, greatly to their own detriment. The s.-ime is true of othev
tribes that I visited last summer. In the lumber and minirg_ camps
no one observes the gai'rie laws. They want meat, and get it when
thev can."
hcm
.. . Ui.-.
April 10, 1902.
>'''^^}\.
Cor'J.:it't.!-3
House ci' Rt5X»rei^eiitat ''iv^:?
1 have ji:'.3t ol>'':d Ui f>o
i"
'fv of H. T?. il3b5, 'i;rx Act rmK.ir)>-^
ilXjp;rO';r':;^ticr.'.£ for the Ourrer.t aiid Oontiripserrt .^XT)anse6 of the In.-
dian ••^pfirtmei.-t * . s-iid. ^^Qf^ .Ic^a^ie to Si-'y a le^; words respecting oer-
r t
ail? o; so.«i) ^>diiato armiidiud^-t^ t-he^'alL contained.
Ai):Bx.:dnaesr)t <^4, t'or tlB jL'j..v^ol'/-j.Bf: of cattia for the yicrohem
•vi-;.l,l C(":v-..-s;ii1 :lv^i?ir t:;. ^*ov;r .:v'::jdt:;«)sj:. :'he lands occupied by the
i'Ovt;,,»:ini ChG^v-enriv^a a.^c-. aw "oukticw, riot a^-Ti cultural lands a^\d
call be I'tlll'i-^d CK,u,v Tor \ito'^k rai^iiig. . 'Tiie Inaiaixs a"!-e :ia^ .i.n
a TO'"'." vie-ijlo;mT:i.e •:^ond iticn* Thav are f;,rix..iO'is r-c «?ork avu! fssl
.». ^
rr l[ 'a A' ^ "irf , v'i *•* ' f*^ '^ f^- ■ i vs i>» "'*■'' '^ ^"-i 'f ?< 'y* "h
Lil^iLifeintSi V 'TishixK trgmdHtory th? alirttTse^vt- of oertain I'^.-ids
m'^. J
sh,ov(la he ^'i^r-Ukdri Out. . ,.=,.■2 aiiotTOril of la--.d8 to ir-dianB in
T+. •
" >i
•i- .'\
• 'I
with uho T.!ii^?^^*"'.': liidia:"' ^os^"i-^.?f:tion3
>iic™'t^ ■u:-^t net m^> acre in a
t};o!:Ba^'d ^.-xi hr- liv-iv on or uy«)d for a^rical-un;! purposes. ITearly
^v
all of these la>^4« ar» not oiily arid deserts Ivil.) mst ox tHer. are
on rocky moiintain ftide.^ so steep th^.t they car-vot Ve vu^ef^l for mr
1
iBeiiS of Zh9 Stat9 of aallfomia,. and ^o on: '^e rsBtrictiorx of
iSKe members of tlii« ecaaissiou. tc citiza-^vs of Oaliforala is a vio-
Jation <>f the fom ar4 irttrrt. of the recmest of the 3aauoya Laai^a«>
at v^io59 instanoe the izm hs..^ bem iasert-ed; ar.d the aura of 1^1,000,
to tfxiich tlie expenB«8 of said conmaflicn are liaitod, ib olKiorjsly
imdequate for tl» n9(::.>a3ary field exparisftfi tha oowiniosiov!. '.7ouXd
Ije o*blle;ed to incv.r, 'fhe stum »hoTild be at leafit $S,00v).
Aj^ljjggjy^, providii^^ a clerk for the lUssion^Tule Am^
ftt ^20: BuQli a clerk U badly aead^ in iino Irriierertu^ of ti:© &e>r^
violas it ie utterly iBposelbU for the hm^ to attend to i>he
^ti»8 b.e U m^airecl to perfo^a aiid at the ^me time visit tl)e
^XU 1
lai^ mri^er of scattered settleinents urwler iu^^ armrjseo
^^yjljllll^^ provldiq^. for the allotHie^t of lan.^ o-i t}:;e V^xl-
leer Hiver Beeervation in llevada at tiie nite of ZO acre?^ to eech
head of a family: l^iie looks IVm a, iBiadr-irc^^yh^c schevae, nind I
truet) it will oe strloken ov.i^or at le.-:8t Ihid en the table for
a year until reliable inforiifttlo^i mj le Betrared.
.g, pro'/ivU^t;; for t^» confiscation of' t/ie ia:ria6 of
the Uiutah ar.d Waite River trll-es of lite Indians., I thiiilv you
are already fainiliar witti the facte in t-his ca»e mid trust thsit
you wll3. ''=e able x>o defeat the a-norKluacit c
I re*^et the ^^hBe.a^^e of any uronBiOi'v lo. th^ hill for .survey--
ii3(r ci'id mrkiiTd the Loimdiiries of Xoiide occupied by the iliesion
LnditLne in eoiithera Celifordia, ar^. for exarainiwi into the title-^
to euch lands. for, ais you are donbtlee* a^/ara, tO'^e iandc ooc-pied
Original Defective
H<*n, J. v^.
/
oy thef.o rG.u.'a?'UJ io. the recent past, 'nave "beftn taken amy from them
^^0 m';.v tlvaee. tliat tbo': are ic a atate of cor^stant arrest, ir-B«-
;5Viritv evrJ fsar as tc iTn^it wii.I happen naxt. It seeinis tlie least
■76 GiXn d<'^ after rcobin.5 tl;.eiT, of -^'heir no-nes a'-id agr icu.lt -.n-^l laad*
ta th?' f.Artile. vnileys^ to prfvlde -jaose vilxo still re'miii aliv«.
t/lta G>rall •■■•.^.■^•oVi^??. r-r Ifir-d Hon^eRrj-hsre Vv-hich t'ley my fairlv call
th-ijir 0'"r'^a:,:'A w'lioh ijay be imrkod in nzob. rm-^r-or tiiat tlaey may be
The cxll in it.s urest^ixt fox^n fairly brie-tles \vith provisions
tiis allotment of Xaad^^ , whicix s0»;*?tis to 1j9 a polite rmm for
the ocofisoat.ion of India>i resertrutioiiii*, Ir?. hir<nld BvmB v^her®
■'.'e.^ervfa-Glori liindt? are suital'la for a^rriciiltirrft there: are )io douH
c^auati in v.rhdo'!:; fne allotineni ol' lai'iclE in severalty isj.a g-ood thing •
for Thi-. Iiidiai^it^. hut' i*uch caBe« are few and far hetweea, aM in the
for
aric) 7/est I do not know any
«
Jndev' the pr'ijt.afise of oi^ili-z/lni?;
the ludian ??<? are tafcitie avmy 'ds p-^operty a>id drivivig hiiu off tlie
faca vf 1iie s'irth at a rate ^dch le appallin^;^ to oontexcplate. It
isi a di-cii:)>mtic or lat^liaed war of oxt0T7iKlmtion, . Cannot your
^."i-j^yy't •■"" 'f;
••' s * •*•
jornr.\;5.G->ee pin,
■ I .* 4. jf. "> \- ..•>
-{../. W V J» 0 i
ds to a-u^e up th,© prassiirs j'a?.'t a
%%^li*iWI^
Origina
Defective
PHILIP O. OARRBTT, PumHmmtn
IIBRBBRT WBL.Sn, Oo». S»0RWAHY
Unbian IRiflbts Hssociatton,
Washington Agency,
MCQILL. Bl7ILJ>INO. DOS O STRKET N. \^.
B. M. IIROSIUS, AOEKT.
Philadelphia, Penna.
y'
OMJoiU^U, Q). (2., '^1^^'^'^
. • 2
. vt ii t.
i I
Bui-eau ^ M.^ric\:^\.td3^«^
fjaar fl||;>otpip;,^
NM^
H ^^^^*'^^*^' "..r>,e appalleas believe t.hat substaatlel at,^ WC^^t*"
this case.
ff
^' holiday raortiliig xiaxt.the 24th. tnstanVtiiQ Suprama Ccurl*. »i|.| ,$rf» Ji«ai
areciment, for ad vane « ma at s, and to sat tima for trial of varto«M» ^£^«»
t^ coma befora it. During t,Jia iie^ct twc waaks,! undar3taAd,-t.n«y wtU
rully dacida as tc tha tinia of trial of tha various causas. H^ iWUlU
ba' bast of course, that such inf luanca as iriay ba brought. t.o baar If
Inf luanca tha Suprama Coui't tp advanca tha Lona Wolf casa .ras bv^m^HX
by Monday riaxt.. Sinca that is out of tha .quast.ion,tJian as asopn a*
possible aftiar that "tima.
I \Yill t<ry and bring soma inf luanca fro«
Philadalphia/t.o baar upon this quast.lon.
Very truly.
By tha way, tha Standing Rock hearing was had before f^Jt^Jllf^^^
ha now has the casa under consideration. This is ^^^^^^^^^fj^^^ Jdfl
«n Inimiction at-ainst leasing lands. Judge Springerteals t^hat hft maja
rgcorimpra^sion'Sjon'the jSdga, and that his ^J^i^^^^^ ^^.d^r^r^ra*;
The decision in the Lena Wolf case has helped the Sta^moe F-OC^^^
for the Indians, it vfould appear. The Sectry. is act.ing wltJl<?tlt i^^.hW to
tha law,axid Contra ss acted in tha Lona Wolg casa.
I should add. that^uiidar the lav/ or course of proc^A^laS^
Supreme Court of the United State s^ the Atto2?iiey GhAlleral f/T th^
expected to make appeal for advaucexnent. of casrts ihftt h^ rt?^si^% iJb
have advanced, and in vfhich tlie Government^ Is laiteS:*efct«d\' _^^
On this account the Attorney (}*ti*r»Ll aflnt^Uld IsA ftfOfltlKliCTla
to laake this appeal .He has should so far t&at li?i will rMt f1<k k^^^a^ a«
late as yesterday, on account of having so *any f}t!ti(^T cas^s that 4w^
desires to have advanced.
S.M.B,-
Original Defective
Extract, from -the d'=^ct3loa of the Court of Appeals, in tha"Opinion of
Court oxi raotloii for r«-heariiig.. "
•• 'Pha treaty of 1868 certainly dirl not vest in the Indians,
either in their individual or tribal capacity, anytiiiiig more than
the right to occupy the lands as atiainst the United States until
it vfas found necessary to make other provision for thera. There
v/as no grant of estat-es either cf freehold or leasehold; -oxily
a mere right to occupy and use the lands, according to the habits
and customs of the Indians; but those rights of the Indians were
sacred to them as against everyone, until Congress marie provision
for assuming control over the lands, and making other ^FOVis4©»-
disposition thereof, upon such terms and conditions as Congress
should prescribe. . . ,. . v * •
V<e hold that It., is not a judicial questaon
of due process of law to be (letermlned by the court s ^.but. ;t.hat it
i's a political quest^ion for the determination by Congress; and
CotiKress having acted with all the fact.3 before it?, including the
memorial and protest of the Indians agains1< the act of ratification,
that act of ratification is final and conclusive, and the courts
have no povfer or jurisdiction over the subject,."
5!he case is appealed to the Supreme Court of the tJnited States./
The -t-itle of the Indians to all the Sioux reservations is held
Vjy aiJailar tenure as that of the Kiowas, i/i the above litigation. f
PHII-IP O. OARRBTT, I>RB9Ti>nfT
HBRBBRT WB3L.SH. OOR. SBORSTAsr
Wa5hins:ton Agency,
Tlnbian TRigbts Hssodatfon,
Mc^Oii^L BmuDiNO. ooe o street n. w.
S. M. BROSIUS, AoKifT,
Philadelphia, Penna.
(Wni^kmijienj Q). Q.^ I-larch 18,1902.
Dr. G.Hart Marriaia,
Agricultural DApartraeiit^
My d/^^ar Dr. ,
I enclose uncier separatee cover, the following
papers: -
f»m
The condition of -the Mission Indians of Sout^hern Cal. ,by
Miss DuBoi'S. '!.
"The pressing- needs of the V/arner Eanch Irids., in S.Cal.
Indian Wardshop, "by C.E.Pancoasti.
19th. Annual RepDrt. Jnd.Righti^s Association^
19th. Annual Report. Mohcnk Conf .
Re^^arding the CTolville Indian reservation about whlcll I
r/as speaking to you today, and the confiscation of .the lands of the
Indians aflier an agreement was made with them, t ref Sr .you tyO Rept.
of Senate No. p6.4,.52xid. Congress, Ist. Session. And H.R.Bill 7557^and Rpt.*
No i 6.64, 52, Cong'. Isti. Session* Also Senate 2x. Doc. I5;i 52nd. Cong. 1st,, Ses.
lVlr.R.C.Adaids,of the Boxid Building, has >this claim for the Inds.He
is the Delavfare liidian of vfhom J spoke, to you. '
Very truly, ^
•WJ^
A>4VA\A/V
(Copy)
DKPARTJP.NT OF ?1TK IiyT-IHIOR,
United BtatoB Indian SerTicft,
Klanath Ac^encr, Orencn,
April 20, 19 OA.
Mr .Wi?-liHn Dntchft r ,
Dear Sir: . , ^^ ^ . x
Yf>\iri^ of Ma'^oh ."^Ist, acconpani«cl "by a letter of intro-
duetion froM p^^ friend Vernon Bailey, cane to hand aeyeral days ago.
I an nuoh plea^^ed to he a"ble to aaj' that I do not allow shoot-
inc by out8id«ri on the Klanath Raserration, whioh i.s a I'lte «x-
tensiT** '.ir«ft of or^.r IftOO B-iuare milefl and the hoine of niinf-rou8
"bi^d'^ "'loth freaiwntinc ^ho land and water.
O.ff t}.e reaer-ration, about the Kodoc Lnicea for inste.nce, a
looali'"''' wliioh Mr.BaiT.ey oan f'i^e you infon-iation ahoiit, a t^ood d«-^al
of shootinti in done, or has "been done, to aecure ecret pliimea and
tha like, HO I /un informed.
'^^H t*-"!! oufht to he corrected throufjh *he vrork of the s + ate
gane wardenrt'l think. It xnieht he a cood plan to corirmnicate with
then. If I can do anythinr^, in addition to what I «n doinfr to pro-
tect the hxrds I Bhali certain^^ (^.r It, for t ^n. qidte an especial
fri(=;nd to t},'ft frHth'^red population.
Thaiikft for the papera you »o kindly Rent ne.
Very + nily yours,
( fl irne d ) 0 . C . Apploca t« ,
SuTjt .Klamath Indian Reservation.
512
on esx and Outdoors
Septembkr 1930
Why
Blame the Indian?
. . By . .
REECE H. HAGUE
COASTAL fishermen have, for some-
thing like a century, waged a re-
lentless war against the salmon
which spend their brief lives frisking
around the Pacific Ocean prior to re-
turning to the British Columbia streams
for the purpose of spawning, before they
pass on to that other and better work!
where there are, presumably, no fish
traps, seine nets or other man-made de-
vices especially invented for their de-
struction. These fisherman are now
astounded to notice a diminution in the
size of the salmon packs and are ear-
nestly striving to find an explanation for this phenomenon.
It does not seem to have dawned upon the aforemen-
tioned fishermen that the fact that the fishing industry
of the Pacific has grown to such proportions that at the
present time Canadian fishermen annually catch and can
somewhere in the neighborhood of 2,000,000 cases of
salmon. United States fishermen as much as 6,000,000
cases, and Japanese and Siberians about 1,000,000 cases,
may have something to do with the decrease in the nuni-
Left to right— rink. chum, oohoe. sprlnic. and the delectahle sorkeye salmon
Salmon on their way to the spawning ground
ber of salmon which are still at large in the high seas.
Bears, seals and voracious sea birds have all, on occa-
sions, been blamed for causing the depletion of the salmon
l)acks and the latest development in this business of pass-
ing the buck occurred recently in Vancouver, when a
prominent member of one of the large fish packing com-
jxinies stated, in all seriousness, that Indians fishing for
food on various spawning grounds in Canada caused the
stupendous annual loss of 240,000 sock-eyes.
For the benefit of the uninitiated it
may be well to mention, at this stage,
that the euphonious name "sockeye" is
not the nom de guerre of a rising pugilist
but is used to distinguish the most valu-
able of all the species of salmon from
his slightly less delectable brothers, the
spring, cohoe, hump back, and dog salmon.
The packing company executive ex-
plained that had these 240,000 sockeycs
been allowed to go unmolested by the
Indians, thev would, before departing
this life, have laid 400.0(J0,000 eggs, quite
a proportion of which would have de-
veloped into fry and later into large
salmon. Apart entirely from their egg-
laying propensities, this gentleman point-
ed out that the sockeyes which he con-
tended the Indians killed would be worth
$138,000 to fishermen. At the confer-
ence at which he made this statement
regarding the depredations of the In-
dians, the same man advocated to the
British Columbia fisheries commissioner,
Hon. S. L. Howe, that fishermen should
be permitted to use purse seines.
It might have been anticipated that,
i
SlfcPTEMBER 1930
'ORSSTand
513
Sunlight
.Mmm
■HtSmK
«Jfe-
■t«T\'*,
[The cicada, whose hlgrh-pitched note U
familiar to everyone
on to the trunk of a tree, where
sheds its skin and emerges as an
It. These nymph skins may fre-
ntly be found still clinging to the
es of tree trunks The species is a
r relative of the famous periodical
ida, Of, so-called "seventeen-year
isf' of\the United States, which
nds sixteen years in' the nymphal
dition. \ /
Septembe^V along the borders of
lakes and str^im^, one is very likely
ome across thV web of our largest
adian spider, tbe dark dolomedes
lomedes tenebrous). This species
n has a body se^n-eighths of an
long and legs Wjth a spread of
r inches, the dark dolomedes does
make a web for tWfe securing of
but runs about on\ocks, banks
logs and captures Mnsects by
nging upon them. It cxm run as
ly on the surface of the water as
and, and can also dive and remain
ler water for some considerable
While this species does not con-
ct a web for capturing insects, it
es one for quite another purpose,
it is one of the nurserv-web weav-
{Continued on Page 532)
Trap fishins for salmon at Sookes Harbour, B.C.
following their usual procedure, the phlegmatic Indians
would have remained silent under the white man's accusa-
tion and merely pondered to themselves over the incon-
sistency of the conquerors of their country ; but this was
one of the occasions when the maligned red men decided
to stand up for their rights and tell the white men a few
home truths, which, while they couldn't be expected to
have any effect, would show that the Indians were not
such dumb individuals after all.
One particular Indian, who wasn't
satisfied to sit around his tepee grumb-
ling to his fellow tribesmen about the
unfair allegations made by the white
man, even went to the length of usurp-
ing the prerogative of his lighter colored
brethren by entering into the popular
indoor pastime of writing to newspapers
about the matter.
In the course of his letter, published
in the Vancouver Daily Province, the
Indian said : —
'' How is it that a white man will
blame the poor Indian for his own de-
predations? Here is a man who advo-
cates the use of purse seine nets, which
I know for a fact destroy more salmon
in a season than an Indian will kill in
a lifetime, who blames the Indian for
killing a few fish for food.
** When the seine net is put in among
a school of salmon, it is impossible for
the boats to get in all the salmon that
they catch and the surplus is thrown
away to rot. Why does not the white
man figure out how many salmon eggs
are wasted in that way year after year?
" The white man is a greedy being,
wherever he goes. He is after the al-
mighty dollar, whereas the Indian only takes what salmon
he and his family eat. He does not make money out of
that. Why do not the marine and fishery officials and
cannery men look at seine nets, drag
nets and other means of destroying
salmon? What few sahnon that the
Indians dry does not amount to what is
wasted by seine nets, drag nets and
traps. They catch the young salmon that
are not ready to go into the rivers to
spawn. I
'' Is it because the Indians do not pay
a license to get salmon that the white
man wants to stop them fishing? They
might as well say so, for they have been
beating about the bush for a long time ;
and why should the Indian pay a white
man for what really belongs to the In-
dian? The white man never paid the
Indians for the right to get everything
out of the country as they are doing
now.'"
ME secretary of the Progressive
Native Tribes of British Columbia
also took issue with the white fishermen
and, in the course of a statement, con-
tended that a few years ago, when it
was proposed, for the sake of preserving
the sockeye salmon, to enact regulations
regarding commercial fishing, propa-
ganda was put in motion to the effect
that it was the Indians who were re-
sponsible for the scarcity of salmon.
The result was that almost prohibitive regulations as to
the manner in which Indians might catch fish for food
were put into operation.
After holding that the figures describing the number
of fish caught by Indians were a gross exaggeration,
this champion of the red men remarked that white men
ilso caught fish and dried them as food for their dog
teams, which were the only mode of travel in the
northern interior of British Columbia during the winter
T
A salmon flshlns fleet at Skcena. British Columbia
months and were used by Government officials for the
transport of mail and other purposes.
The same Indian supporter mentioned that during
514
'ORiBSTand
September 1930
colonials davs there were more than 100,000 Indians in
British Columbia and the number had fallen to 35,000.
It was not so many years ago that in some places one
could almost walk across on the numerous fish in rivers
and streams during the spawning season, he contended,
and added that the Indians of today do not consume the
number of fish they used to, yet the cannery interests
would cause the Indian to suffer for a condition which
they themselves had brought about.
REPLYING to a statement that Indians on the Nass
river took 34,000 sockeyes a year, the Indian Agent
at Prince Rupert said that all the natives, with the ex-
ception of a few old people, left the Nass for the can-
neries during the fishing seascm and those who remained
put up possibly 800 fish. The main supply used by the
Indian consisted of cohoe, dog salmon and hump backs,
he asserted, which were caught and dried after the
spawning season, when the Indians returned from the
canneries in October.
It would appear that the Indians have got all the better
of the argument, and the facts, as outlined by them and
their champions, seem to prove fairly conclusively that
the red men cannot be blamed for the gradual disappear-
ance of the salmon. One is therefore forced to the con-
clusion that, as the Indians are not primarily responsible
for the depletion of the salmon runs, and bears, seals
and birds were preying on fish for a good many years
before the fishing industry was established on the Pacific
Coast without causing salmon to become extinct, the
fishermen themselves must be to blame for the state of
affairs which they are so loudly bemoaning.
The Fisheries Departments of both the Dominion and
Provincial Governments are anxious to conserve an in-
dustry which is a source of considerable revenue to the
country, but they are handicapped owing to the lack of
restrictions imposed on United States fishermen and the
resentment which Canadian fishermen feel when legisla-
tion aimed at interfering with their activities is introduced.
T h
RAPACIOUS ANT
By SARAH FOSBERY
**^^ o to the ant, thou sluggard,"
I y for industry, courage, concen-
^"^ tration and persistence — but
not for mercy ! "-^--.^
One has to be something of a slug-
gard for a time to observe closely the
ways of any creature of the great out-
doors, and cessation of activity for
this purpose pays well in the interest
added to woodland walks or garden
duties.
Insects are much more easily watch-
ed than birds and animals. Few ex-
hibit the slig'htest timidity in the
proximity of man, and ants in particu-
lar go about their business utterly
ignoring his presence.
In the dry belt — ^through the past
year a wide one — ants have been par-
ticularly active. During the whole
summer season it was impossible to
avoid observing them, if only because
of the damage done in v^orking round
the roots of plants and carryaphis to
every available tip of succulent vege-
tation.
They have seemed unusually hun-
gry and to have craved variety in their
diet. Young carrots were eaten, peach
windfalls devoured, tomatoes attacked
and penetrated to nearly an inch in
depth. But the craving for flesh food
was the most objectionable character-
istic, manifesting itself in horrible
wavs.
,/
Two tiny fledglings were found on
the - ground under a cherished nest,
covered with ants bent .upon eating
them alive. So interested were the
creatures in the meal that brushing and
shaking failed to dislodge them, and
they had to be picked one by one from
their prey. The unfortunate victims
"were returned to the nest, but next
morriing^had vanished. Whether the
ants followed up the attack or whether
they succumbed to their injuries and
were thrown out of the nesit, is an-
other garden mystery.
A SHORT cut over a hill or 'through
a valley should always be chosen
by the nature enthusiiast in preference
to the highroad, if time permits. On
one such occasion this season a most
remarkable exhibition of ant intelli-
gence was witnessed. On a side^iill
pathway a detachment of ants was en-
ANCHORAGB SYSTEM OF CEDAR
A cedar root which drifted up on the
Hhore of Kootenay Lalce, B.C. during: higrh
water. Its bullc is indicated by compar*
ins: it with the flgrures of the wonutn,
man and doir.
gaged in the business of dragging and
hoisting a pine tree borer to the door
of the runway about ten inches above
path level. One important looking old
stager seemed to be directing opera-
tions, but was not above taking a hand
himself in a crisis.
J-fis men were thus ordered. One at
the head of the two-inch grub dragged
valiantly with mouth and fore-legs,
digging his hind legs in as he backed
uphill. Two on each side hoisted and
pushed the front half, while four simi-
larly placed lifted and shoved the back
half, and a strong, practiced pusher
brought up the rear. Lumbermen try-
ing to manage a great peeled pine
without cant-^hooks they looked. But
their log gave at intervals unmistak-
able signs of life, and sympathy in-
duced an attempt to set him free. The
side men were scattered, then the rear
guard induced to desist; but the head
man held on doggedly, digging in his
toes in a courageous but unavailing
effort to hold the entire weight.
Seeing this, the general rushed in,
taking a side grip and holding on for
dear life while his excited forces
rushed about aimlessly, finally return-
ing to duty in much less orderly array
than before the interference.
It was impossible to wait to see their
efforts crowned with success, but I
went on my way convinced that such
perseverance and single - mindedness
could have no other outcome than the
depositing of the coveted corpse in the
exact spot designed for its reception.
S\
"mmmfMm
I wonder ^f anything could be done to have the poBition of Su-
^ „■»- +-h*. Tn1<» River Indian Reservation re-cstah
perintendent, or j^armer , at the Tuie niver xiiu.t«
It is hadly needed. The Indians, without restraint, spend
lislierl ,
„,uch of their t.l.e ir> drunkenneee. It wa» T>ad enough with the for»,r
superintendent there, hut it l3 even worse now with no one there. A
petition IS >>eine clrculatea In the vicinity of the Reservation for the
re-esta'blisliraent of the office.
Verv tr\ily yours ,
y/,..y
•S-.
W. F. Schnabel, of Caldwell, Idaho, an old-time hunter and woods-
man, who has spent his life on the frontier and has traversed various
mrts of Alaska, and has also served as marshal of Idaho and as aep-
utv sheriff for five years, states in a letter to the Secretary of
%riculture(dated February 4, 1904) in reference to the slaughter
of game: "It is not the Indian, but the bad white man, that kills
off the game. The present game laws are unjust to the Indian ano.H-U
Eskimo."
Whipple in 1856 remarked : "The aborigines are, upon every side, hemned
in by desW^its of a foreign race .Year by year their fertile valleys
are appropriated ty others, their hunting-grounds invaded, and they
thanselves driven to narrower and more barren districts. The timeis:,
now arrived when we must decide whether they are to be extenninated : if
not,the powerful arm of the law mast be extended over them, to secure
aggress
Whipple ,Pacific RH Repts.III, pt.3, p.1, 1856.
One George Percy, in his 'Obserjations gathered_out of A J) is-
nQTirae_j)f_^tlj_e Plantation ol the Sout.lifim ni^IinlQ,Jji_Jjjrglni_a by the
English, 1606'' j^from Purchas Pilgrimes, IV, 1685-1690 ed.»S 1625]
Indices tlie following aclaiov/ledgement respecting the rescue of the
Colony from starvation:
"It pleased God, after a while, to send those people v/liich
were our mortall enemies, to releeve us with vituals, as Bread,
Come, Fish, mid Flesh in great plentie; v/hich was the setting
up
of our feeble men: otherwise wee had all perished.
V
3ec. 14. That none of the provisions of the last two preceding
sections of th:s act[relati-^^. to the pullic lands] shall he so con-
strued as to warra-t the sale of any lands belonginf:: to the United
States which shall co'tain coal or the precious metals, or any town
site, or v/hich shall he occupied by the United -states for public
purposes, or which shall be reserved for such purposes, or to which
the natives of Alas':a have prior rifhts by virti:;e of actual occupation,
or v/hich shall be sel-^cted by the United ^ta'es Corninission.ir of Fish,
and Fisheries o- the islard of Kadiak and Afopiak for the purpose of
es^ablishin^^ fish-culture static s(T^.ev.Stat. .U. v- .p.945^V!ar.3,1891)
/Qj)«jr>I/Jv^^
k^
"^JLo-^kIJmX \ '^.>-\^X^^ ^VC rt^to
"Tlie Muscogulges, v/ith their confederates, the Chacta;;7s, Chica-
sav;s, and perhaps the Cherokees, eminently deserve the enconima of
all nations, for their v/isdom and virtue in resisting and even repell-
ing the greatest, and even the common eneraj^ of mankind, at least of
most of the European nations, I mean spirituous liquors.
"Tlie first and most cogent article of their treaties ^;/ith the
^^ite people, is, that there shall not he any kind of spirituous
liqiiors sold or hrought into their tov/ns; and tlie trader, are al-
lov/ed hut two kegslfive gallons each) 'vhich is supposed to he suffi-
cient for a compaaiy, to serve them on the road, and if any of this
remains on their approaching tlio tovms, they imst spill it on the
gi'ound or secrete it on tlie road, for it mst not come into the
to\7n.". BartraJ'A* Travels, p. 492, 1791.
SIIOBIIOIJES
In his Report i><5 the CoiardLssioner of Indian Affairs
in ?5ept,. io58, Jacob Pomey> Supt. of Ind. AffairB, H'.T,
in Bpoftkijig of t,he F>hoahonoR of Utfih and Wyonint; states:
•TFioro i» no tribrt of Indians in the Territory with
whom I hay '5 ?my acquanitpnca that have been so ranch (lis-
coramodad by the intrM'Otion of a whito population a??, the
Sio-aho- n©». For the past few y^ars they have been com-
pelled to liYo in the moimtains, (as the {^one has all been
driven off the lowl<uid»|) wj^ero the snow kn freti^ently ff0.1»;
to sijch depths as to be d<?st'ucti7e to mnn md beast. Biit
notwithstandiDg all th^ disadvar^tages under which th«y labor
from the introdiiotion of a white popi0.aoe, I cannot learn
that the^'^ ha.?e eyer molested any of onr citizens, but, on the
oontniry, have «U.way8 b^en fr->endly.
iv.rv^z)
Kept. Commr. Ind. Affairs for 1858, p.562» 1858.
Mess. & Docs. H.R. 35th Conjt^. ?A Bess. Ex. Doc. 2, 1858.
SALUGHTER TM RANCHKKLA
NKyR TOIW:^ OF BUTTT^! , CALIP
• "^v
A newspaper clipping( without di^te or name of paper) in
the Hfayes collection tello of the destruction of an Indian
rimcheria Similes from Forkc of Butte on N side of riyer,
Jul^ 28 1 1850. It reads in part:
*A oorrespondenoH dated Forks of Butte, 29th July, of
the Butte Herald (Oroville) tells the following terrible
story. • • *The moat "brutal and atrocious "rholesale slaughter
of Diggers that has occurred in Butte County for many a
day, was perpetrated at the Indien re.ncheria yesterday morn-
ing (28th July) situated about 2i miles fl om this place, on
the north side of the river. The ranoheria was attacked
about da:>light, when an indiscriminate slaughter commencad-,
>
nine of the Indians were killed, viz. 5 bucks, 2 squaws and
2 children, and four wounded, tv/o perhaps fatally. Their
Cjtrr.p was also plundered oT ri "les and money
• • •
This clipping mfcy be found in Hayes Collection, Vol. 40, p. 28,
in the Bancroft Library
Hall J. Kelley, In his Memoir on Oregon aatoa 1839,
writes the follov,lng oonoernlng California Inaiane*.
"Most of the native Inaians have perished, or hcve
gone into the miss lone about the hay of San Pr and boo. Many
trihee are utterly extinct; in places where I wee told that,
in 1832, there was a population of a thousand or fifteen hundred
souls, I found sometimes none; and not a vestige of their
hahitatlons, save a pile of discolored stones, or a slight
depression of soil. Pestilence end the wrath of men have com-
bined in the work of extermination, until, of tha ancient owners
of this most Interesting territory, very few now occupy its fertile
fields. I do not believe, and I speak after due investigation,
that the whole Indian population between the Colorado and the
Pacific, in 1834, exceeded three thousand souls. But along the
Saorament end elsewhere, there is abundant evidence thet, in
former times, a teeming and crowded population was spread over
that now desolate region."
Kelley, Hell J., Memoir on Oregon, 25th Cong,, 3d Sess.,
H. Kept. 101, p. 53, Jan. 31, 1839.
Massacre of San Diego in 1779. —Forbes History of Calif., pll9-125,1839
y.:.'.\u.-.'','rii
Mollhausen, commenting on the usual behavior of the whites toward the
Indians, remarks that our injustice soon stifles their confidence and
transforms their friendship into hostility,and adds." The native who
seeing himself trampled upon , revolts against the dominion of the white
race, is then at once treated like a noxious animal, and the bloody striic
never ends tillthe last free inhabitant of the wilderness has fallen.
I may cite, in proof of this assertion, the example of the murderous
war of the Califomians against the warlike tribes of the Chauchiles
Indians in the year 1851, the sole cause of which was the brutality
of a dealer in cattle. a- Mollhausen, Journey to the Pacific, Vol.II,p248
1858.
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CWV M
/WiU.*A^ UOfc.
OFFICERS
President. Mrs T C Edwards
166 South Ninth St.
Vice-Presidents
Mrs. David Starr Jordan
Mrs. George C Pardee
l> Mrs J. R Lewis
Miss Jennie Farrell
M Mrs. Edward Williams
Secretary, C. E. Kelsey
1127 S. First St.
Assistant Sec, Miss Cornelia Taber
313 South Tenth Street
Treasurer, Mrs. A. S. Bacon
123 South Eleventh Street
Associate Treas . Mrs S. W. Gilch-ist
46<) North Third Street
The Northern
California
Indian
Association
San Jose. California
DIRECTORS
Hon. J. R. Lewis
Rev. E.S Williams
Rev. H. C. Meredith
Mrs. T. C. Edwards
Mrs. T. E. Beans
Mrs. Augustus Taber
Mrs. A S. Bacon
Mrs. Joel Bean
C. E. Kelsey
Mrs. S. W. Gilchrist
Miss Cornelia Taber
TKe Indian Population of California
Dr Merriam, Chief of the Biological Survey, tells us that a con-
servative estimate of the Indian population of California, at the fme o
ts discovery by white men, is 260,000. Definite stat.st.cs ex.st for only a
mited area, but there is much evidence of other k.nds. The food supply
"abundant throughout the State, and the climate ben.gn in most parts,
roti;: form of evulence is found in the hundreds of half obliterated s.tes
of villages, which in the early days were thnvuig communities. By 1834
he date of the secularization of the Missions, the native population had
been , -educed to 210,000. The turning adrift of the Mission neophytes
after a generation of bondage and tutelage into a land overrun by Spanish-
Mexican ranchers was a veritable sentence of death, and the 15 years from
1834-1849 saw the Indians reduced at the appalling rate of 7000 a year a
totil of MO,ooo. The year 1848 brought^its horde of gf -f ^^^^^^^^^^^
spread over the foothills of the Sierras and northward and devastated the
ountrv which had escaped the agricultural settlers. Whole villages were
w bed out, or, if life were spared, whisky, immorality and disease wrought
Iha oc as deadly, until we have today less than 20,000 Indians >n the
whole State Dr. Merriam tells us that, in his opinion, "the prtuapd cause
TtLmMn.ly ,reat and rapid decrease in the Indians of Cfrfornran
i^Znher directly slain by the Mes, or the number dnectlykMedby
i^t Td\sease, but a much more subtle and dreadful thtn,: 'J - ^he gradual
1 rZo^Live and relentless confiscation of their lands and homes, rn con-
.eaLce of Mh they are forced to seek refuse in remote and barren lo-
'caitie^ often far from imter, usually with an impovenshed supply of food,
ad2 Zfreiuenth in places where the winter climate is too severe for herr
e dolled coLtitutions! Victims of the aggressive selfishness of the whies,
outcasts in the land of their fathers, outraged in thetr most sacred tnstUu-
Zn weakened in body, broken in spirit, and fully conscwus of the hopeless-
;^'': their condition, must we wonder that the wail for the dead rs often
heard in their camps and that the survivors are passing swiftly away/
Probably none of us have had a hand in the eviction of an Indian
village; certainly none of us have murdered them, nor given them whisky
but we are all in the position of receivers of stolen goods. Every dwelle
in California lives on land which once belonged to an Indian. We may not
bring back from the land of spirits those whom Christian America swept
1-1
'■!' ^. '?^5!«'.vS
out of her path of progress, but we can deal justly by the remnant left and,
aided by humanity and common sense, save them tor themselves and the
State. . ,
Will not the women of California who spend time and money to pre-
serve the beautiful old Missions, built to teach the Indians the gospel of
love; who take thought for the birds of the air and the lilies of the held;
who battled so well to protect the lives of the wonderful old trees ot Lai-
ifornia, battle as earnestly for the lives of these native sons and daugh ers,
these men and women who are not dead and gone, but living today, homeless
disheartened, dying of starvation? We have taken their land, their hh
streams, their hunting grounds, their wild fruits and berries and d ven
them into the sterile regions where no white man could support lite burely
there is a debt, quite apart from any sentiment of humanity which we as
honest citizens should pay. Information relative to methods of practical
help to our Indians will be gladly furnished.
^ Cornelia Taber.
A "Call of the Wild"
From Bering's shores, where weirdly bleams
Aurora's mystic shimmering light;
Where Luna's cold reflection beams
Illume the long, drear winter's night.
Comes wafted on the southward breeze
A cry, as to a wayward child,
"Come back — O wanderer of the seas,
"Return where all is free and wild!"
The great white silence calls "Come home,
"I give you peace — why linger then"?
I bow my head; too far I've roamed.
No laden vessels northward trend ;
For ice-locked is my Arctic land.
And many moons their course must run
Ere summer waves her beck'ning hand
And shines again, the Midnight Sun. ^ „ ^
Mary E. Hart
San Francisco, Cal.
[.8
v>r dv..--^^^'-^^^-^ — <y
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JL^
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EXCHANGING VICES AND COURTESIES
-4w>uct^t^l
;,.i;.
\ -.
Circular relative to lands in the possession of Indian occupants.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
GENERAL LAND OFFICE,
AVashington, T>. C, December 2S, 1903.
To Registers and Receivers and U. S. Surveyors- General.
Gentlemen : Your atteution is called to the circular of this Depart-
ment of May 31, 1884, relative to lands occupied by Indian inhabitants
(3 L. D., 371), viz:
Department of the Interior,
general land office,
Washington, D. C, May 31, IS84.
Registers and Receivers, U. S. Land Offices.
Gentlemen : Information having been received from the War Department of
attempts of white men to dispossess non-reservation Indians along the Columbia
River and other places within the military department of the Colambia of the laud
they have for years occupied and cultivated, and similar information having been
received from other sources in reference to other localities where land is occupied
by Indians who are making efforts to support themselves by their own labor, you
are hereby instructed to peremptorily refuse all entries and filings attempted to be
made by others than the Indian occupants upon lands in the possession of Indians
who have made improvements of any value whatever thereon.
In order that the homes and improvements of such Indians may be protected, as
intended by these instructions, you are directed to ascertain, by whatever means
may be at your command, whether any lands in your districts are occupied by
Indian inhabitants, and the locality of their possession and improvements as near
as mav be, and to allow no entries or filings upon any such lands. When the tact
of Indian occupancy is denied or doubtful, the proper investigation will be ordered
prior to the allowance of adverse claims. Where lands are unsurveyed no appro-
priation will be allowed within the region of Indian settlements until the surveys
have been made and the laud occupied by Indians ascertained and defined.
Very respectfully,
N. O. McFARLAND,
Commissioner.
Approved May 31, 1884.
H. M. Teller,
Secretary.
The foregoing instructions apply to every land district and to all
lands occupied by Indian inhabitants in any part of tlie public land
States and Territories of the United States.
It has been officially represented that these instructions are disre-
garded, and that public land entries have been allowed upon lands on
which Indian inhabitants have their homes and improvements, and in
some cases where the Indians have so resided for a number of years,
cultivating the soil, and making the land their permanent homes.
The allowance of such entries is a violation of the instructions of this
Department, an act of inhumanity to defenseless people, and provoca-
tive of violence and disturbance.
[over. J
You^are enjoined and commanded to strictly obey and follow the
instructions of the above circular and to permit no entries upon lands
in the possession, occupation, and use of Indian inhabitants, or covered
by their homes and improvements, and you will exercise every care and
precaution to prevent the inadvertent allowance of any such entries.
It is presumed that you know or can ascertain the localities of Indian
possession and occupancy in your respective districts, and you will
make it your duty to do so, and will avail yourselves of all information
furnished you by officers of the Indian Service.
Surveyors-general will instruct their deputies to carefully and fully
note all Indian occupations in their returns of surveys hereafter made
or reported, and the same must be expressed upon the plats of survey.
Very respectfully,
7r:J-
Commissioner,
Department of the Interior,
office of the secretary,
Bemnher 80^ 1903.
Approved :
Secretary.
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PERSONAL -- GLIMPSES
1
Olr
A RED-LETTER DAY FOR RED AMERICANS
MKRICAN INDIAN DAY," the fourth Friday of each
ScptcnilHT, is ]>einK (H'le])rated this year on September
2S, witli a V(Ty real nation-wide awakening as to what
the red man means to those who have ** adopted" liis country,
and wliat the invaders owe him. There is liope that it may l)e-
come a real **red-h'tter day" in the history of tlie Inchan, an-
nounces the editor of the Dayton Jourmd, as a result of the
recent j^reat meeting, in N(»w York City, of a number of associa-
tions interested in Indian welfare. A particularly favorable sign,
adds the New York TimcH, is found in the report of the Coni-
mitt(H^ of One Hundred, a]n4%ted some nu)ntlis ago l)y Secre-
tary of the Interior Work, ^p
confer on Indian ■])n>blems.
They are drawing up a "Pro-
graiTi of Rights " for the Ameri-
can Indian, or the ''Amer-
indian," as a good many eth-
nologists and iiistorians are
])eginning to call liim. The
amount of our culture Which
we have derived from these
"original landlords of Ameri-
ca," the real nobiHty of much
of the aboriginal attitude
'toward life, finally the i^resent
state of our Indian population,
these authorities agree, make
them worthy of more intelli-
gent treatment than they have
had. The basis of the Com-
mittee's report, as stated by
Dr. Herbert J. Spin din, of
Harvard University, seems to
be that we ought to develop,
rather than destroy, "their
])ride of race," and that they
"should be encouraged and
permitted to undertake as
grt'at a (h^gree of self-g()\'ei*n-
ment. as possi]>ie." Tliese are
both id<»als for whicdi Ihe In-
dians themselves have been working through the American
Indian Association, and, more recently, through the first
Indian school in the Ilniti^d States to l)e conducted by Indians
for indianChildren, now o])erating in Minneapolis.
An umisually vigorous a])i)eal for Ix^tter days for our autoch-
thon(nis po])ulation is presented by William S. Hart, the screen
star, well-known Western liero of a hundred "movie dramas/'
who, incidtaitally, is able to speak one of the six Indian lan-
guages. He has been elected one of the vic(»-presi dents of a
new association, The American Indian Order, with heni(l(iuarters
in Indianai)()lis. Mr. Hart writes a special "American Indian
Day" ap])eal in The American Indian Tipiy a jourmil published
})y the American Indian Association. With the apology that he
is no wielder of the pen, Mr. Hart proc(^eds: ,.. i \
' ' ", i ' ^ ^
Th(^ liulian — the rod Americaji Indjai^-r-wM once Was monarch
of all he surveyed; who once was the host anc^ the white man the
guest; who onc(» owncnl nothing except all the land that the United
Stat(»s stands on, and who now lives a supplicant for American
citizenship, aiul is denied!
Livitig in the dark does not help one to see the light. And our
red brothers are living in the dark. They can not lyiderstand.
How can thev?
When first they fought us in defense of their land and hom(»s—
and whipt us — it was called a massacre. When we fought and
whipt them — even to shooting down old Indians, squaws, and
papooses in the snow — it was called a battle. The battle of the
Washita! And when a tender-hearted othcer remonstrated at
firing on children hiding in the brusli, he was told by his com-
mander— "Nits breed lice!" Yet in the late war ten thousand of
these red people volunteered, went overseas, and fought, like
what tlu\v an^ — Americans.
When I spoke on a Liberty Loan trip at Brooklyn, New York, t he
whole City Hall Square was ])acked with over twenty thousand
loyal Americans— all with upt urned eager faces, ready and anxious
to do their bit to help put over the biggest war in history.
An exampk* of the war's
cruelty was carried to tin* ])lat-
forin. One of the committee
informed me, "Here's a poor,
mangled (Juinea — show him to
the crowd." 1 looked at the
"poor, mangled Ouinea." He
was an AnuTican Indian — and
they did iu>t know!
TluTc are many dill'erent.
Indian languages, but I took a
chance. 1 s])()ke to him in
Sioux, the language of the Da-
kotas, which, as a boy, I could
s])eak fluently. It was the*
language of his ])eo|)le. He
straightened his bent body.
His bhus sweat(Kl, trembling
chin stood still — and a heav-
enly light came into his clear,
brown eyes. Tears came fort h,
and t hey must have come from
heaven, too!
I ask(Hl him in English if he
was in ])ain. Ht^ replied, with
a pitiable attem})t at smiling,
"She feel better — some time —
Avhen slu* sto]) hurtin'."
I could not speak. My
hand gri()t his shoulder. He
looked at m*^ aiul saw my
weakness. Aiul to this broken
soldier of the trenches must
have come a vision of the far-
away ]ji"airies and the stoicism
of his people, for he said in
Sioux — slowly, deliberately.
A UKPK(>A(m AT THK UOOK
— Yardley in the Stockton (Cal.) HcconL
proudly— 'M hiy nma O hr la Av/" -(Our fathers wtu-e brave
men).
We ha\e left, scarcely, three hundred thousand of these
Americans. They are decreasing at the rate of over t wo thousand
a yc^ar.
They venerate the sun, the moon, and the stars. They climb
to the highest mountain ixuiks to talk and to pray to the great
Wakan (our (lod). Their language is beautifully ex])ressive and
seems to signify its meaning in the sound —and Ix^cause they talk
so litth^ their words have a peculiar force.
Thtnr morals are beyond question.
They love tluur children. I have never seen a greater picture
than a Sioux infant at its mother's breast, while she crooned to it,
"A'o Kc pa Shfta—Ko Ke pa >S7iua" — (Oo not be afraid -<h) not
b(^ afraid).
ThcMr word once given is never broken. The much-quoted term
— ''\jW like a Sioux" — is an infernal, villainous falsehoixl that
found l)irth in some charlatan's ])rain.
They an^ hospitable, kind, and genc^rous, and their couragt^
is (iod-given.
1 have seen this in the handwriting of General H. V. Henteen,
Seventh Cavalry, United States Army, who fought all through
the Indian wars, in commenting on the Custer light in which h(»
took ])art as captain: "We were outnumlxTed, and by SiouM
warriors — the greatest fighters that the sun ever shoiu* on."
These Americans want AnuTican citiz<Miship. What can we
-ja ^ -f- t-r^.- <,-jl
*'"'' IV^Cl <«•«>
tdcsimile oj the Gold Seal
\hich is pasted on the face
f every genuine guaranteed
\old'Seal Congoleum Rug.
you these rugs for
[reciate them fully,
^ery low prices.
iyix3 ft. $ .60
3 x3 ft. 1.40
3 x4>^ft. 1.9S
3 x6 ft. 2.50
South and west of th%
thote Quoted.
►MPANY
Chicago Kansas Citv
Dallas Pittsburgh
Rio de Taneiro
krated
[large
Ismail
>ther
konize
/
T-RUGS
do? Abolisli tln' Indian Hurotiu— where millions are being spent
yearly to keep the Indian in sn))jnp:ation.
He is snbju^ated. What he wants is freedom and the endow-
ment of his ]>irthrij^ht— American citizenship!
I^»t us s])end some of those millions now being squandered on
I)olitical jobs in the Indian department on the Indians them-
s(4\'es. Let us give them something for all that we have taken
from them.
The Indian Bureau, even tho, apparently, it is not in favor of
its own abolishment, is reported to have been behind the scien-
tific bodies which met recently **for the purpose of discussing
a Magna Charta for the Indians, and to outUne general principles
tliat should direct tho United States in deaHng with them/' The
Hureau is reported to be eager
**to hear constructive criticism
of its old policy, offered in a
friendly spirit," since, to quote
the New York Times:
The recognition that some of
these policies have not proved suc-
cessful or are now obsolete, due
to changed conditions and the
recent appointment of a Commit-
tee of 1(X) by the Secretary of the
Interior, furnished opportunity
for a constructive reconsideration
of Indian policy.
The discussion, presided over
by Warren K. Moorehead, Indian
Commissioner appointed by Pres-
ident Harding, took up education,
industry, health and sanitation,
land tenure, irrigation, religion,
self-government, and the organi-
zation of administration and in-
spection. The report urged, in the
first place, that, even tho the
Indian should be educated in the
arts and sciences of to-day, no
attempt should be made to '* civi-
lize" him "by killing his Indian
psychology and his consciousness
of race." With regard to the in-
dustrial policy, it was urged that
more use should be made of **the
Indian genius in painting, sculp-
ture, music and literature," which
were said to be such as to be able
to provide '*a genuine contribu-
tion to the sum total of Ameri-
canism." These arts, the report
savs, **liave never been devel-
oped under disinterested super-
vision." Every effort should be
made to maintain for the Indian his title and land, and special
care should be given not to expose him to certain white man's dis-
eases to which '*the Indian has no natural immunity." Relig-
ious freedom should be the same for him as for the white man,
it is argued further. No churches should be allowed to coerce
him, and **it should not be assumed without proof that a cere-
mony is immoral or unsanitary without expert evidence to this
(>ffect." The Conference decided, in conclusion, that:
States, due chiefly to the Indian educator's trip on horseback
through the country in 1914, when he called on the Governors of
a score of States, and argued for the new national holiday. lie
presents the Indian position in an appeal which appears in a
number of newspapers and periodicals. We quote from the
version that appears in The North American Tipi and The
Rocky Moutitain News:
The first word the Pilgrim fathers and the Jamestown colonists
and William Penn heard from Indian lips was "welcome."
They were the same type then of whom Columbus wrote to his
sovereigns, the King and Queen of Spain: "There is not a better
people in th(» world than these, nor more affectionate, affable,
and mild. They love their neighbors as themselves."
Let us recall some of the things
the Pilgrims got from the Indians.
The list is not without interest to
us all, for we celebrate our
Thanksgiving largely in Indian
fashion.
Beginning with furnishings of
the frontier home they were
"skins tanned after Indian meth-
ods, cornhusk mats, cornhusk
mattresses, pillows of wild duck
feathers, brushes of turkey feath-
ers, birchbark boxes and baskets,
basswood bowls, woven willow
baskets and chairs cunningly
backed and seated with the pliaV)le
inner bark of hickory."
Then came the great staple,
corn. The Indian had developed
four or five distinct varieties of it,
suited to various conditions of
soil and chmate. It could be
planted in unplowed ground,
which could not be done with any
of the grains the Puritans brought
with them. It could be cultivated
in the hills, it could be eaten be-
fore it was ripe, it could be har-
vested and cared for easily com-
pared to wheat or oats, it could
be cooked without miUing.
Tho Indian had not stopt
with corn. He evolved a perfect
garden combination of corn and
beans — and squash; the beans to
twine up the cornstalks without
other aid, the squash to shade tho
ground between the hills and
keep down the weeds, and all
were cultivated with one hoeing.
Not only so, but the Indian had
learned to cook his corn, and most
of the following names are In-
dian names: Hominy, scrapple,
succotash, pone, ash-cake, butter
l)opcorn (buttered with hickbry
nut oil). The Pilgrims learned
about pumpkin pie from tho
^ Indian. The Indian had a dish
of "stewed" pumpkins sweetened
and combined with dried berries and nuts, substituting cornmeal
for pumpkin. The Indian produced the favorite dessert known
as Indian pudding. The Indian had discovered maple sugar,
that was new to the aliens, as well as cranberries, celery and
oysters. Imagination halts before the first contact of tho
European with the "quahang," or hard-shell clam— tho they
were quick enough to adopt clambake and chowder when the
Indian made them known. Buckwheat cakes, the Indian
taught the first settlers. The Indian made a nut-])utter, which
is similar to the nut-butter on the market to-day, of hickory
THE ORIGINATOR OF "AMERICAN INDIAN DAY"
The Rev. Red Fox St. James, whose Indian name is "Skiu-
hushu" (meaning "Red Fox"), presents a powerfiU appeal for
more consideration for "the original landlords of the United
States." He is shown here in his tribal costume of the Northern
Blackfeet. accompanied by his daughter.
A change in method in the mechanism of Indian administration
was not so important as a change in view-point, to bring about
betkT conditions for the Indian. Responsibility to enhghtened
opinion and increased cooperation between Congress and the
Indian Bureau were urged as the best hope of the proper adminis-
tration of Indian affairs.
Tlie Secretary-in-chief of the American Indian Association,
the Rev. Red Fox St. James, has sent out a call to make "Ameri-
can Indian Day" a national holiday, to be observed on the fourth
Fridav of each Si'pt ember. It is already a legal holiday in sc^veral
nut kernels pounded in a mortar.
Many of the Indian dishes, the writer points out, when worked
out, made a great contri})ution to the joy of living in Europe
and were handed down to the white Americans of to-day. Also:
The Indian had contributed more than corn, potatoes, sw(?et
potatoes, tomatoes and other vegetables and maple sirup — to
say nothing of tobacco, which the white man enjoys in his leisun-
hours and for which the whole world is greatly his debtor. Tlu'
Indian inventor has also to his cnulit the snowshoe, the birch
p
H
■1
1
Bodies!
iotors
►duce
more
jasure
luiring
crakes.
►point-
dealer
lanent
ipit-
auto-
\itpe Sedan
:\ no AN
. 1 . • 4 .^ liiir -Vnimcan (SovrrmuWR 11 ill lift
K';;: rnitld Sta^^^^^^^^^^ t..n.s ar. patterned after the styles
''^;V:S:.S;Washin.ton.avetrn>.aet^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
the Continental (^onKress, m the niulst of ^''''/^''V f, ^VdianT
<.n realized the <h.a<lly .hmger of the ennnty ..f the Indians,
('orress nifreed to mak.- frien.lshi,., w.tii these words:
• T -It the securing and preserving the fnendsh.p of the In-
aia,r;t,lp!rrs to he I subject of the utmost moment nx these
'■"Thir';-erv first treaty made by the Continental Congress.
a,..inK for U,e United Stltes of America, was a treaty made with
the Delaware Indians,
who were head of the Con-
federated Indian Tribes.
In lliat treaty, after the
lirlp of the Indians was
jruaranteed, the hope was
iicld out that a State
would he created and the
Indians assured posses-
sion, with representation
in (\jnsress. The hopes
of this treaty are still
await inj; fulfilment by
the Indians, in some
form or other. So im-
portant was the help of
tlie I ndians— they fought
in great numbers — that
General George Washing-
ton declared that if they
had been enemies instead
of friends, the Revolution
would not have ended in
American independence.
Thousands of Indians
fought in the Civil War
in aiding to preserve the
Union and free the ne-
groes. On the staffs of
General Grant, General
Parker and General
Logan were Indians.
In the Spanish- Amer-
ican War the Indians
lielped to protect the
American flag.
To-day in the United
States there are about
r)00,000 Indians, of whom
386,000 are registered
])y the Indian oifice.
Gf these less than half
are pure blood.
There were 17,000 In-
dians in the World War,
Sf) per cent, were volun-
teers, IT) p(T cent, were
drafted. We had about
4,000,(X)0 American sol-
diers in the World War
—nuiking it 4 per cent,
of the entire population
of the United States.
There were 10.000 Indian members of the American Re.l ( W:
1(X KxTKarmcnts w.-re knitte,! by Indians. One ohl Tie Ind.au
**"'■""" f, I ... .1... U...1 Cross her one possession of value-
woman had sold to llie Ked v ross n« i y
an exauisite exainpU- of basket weaving. It brought her «..l.?.
She Ssovt.r seventy-five years of age. The money was eare-
XXided by her in two portions and the larger l-r '- was
given for war service. "I am old," she said, the $1.5 nmU b.
'"■' If tl.rflnh or Victory loan the Indianappjkatio^^^^^^^^
bonds were to the extent of nearly our ">'»'«"^; f J"^' ' ',
^■Sd'r L AmeLan people eonsuler aU these things as a
Americans on ''Anun--
ican Indian day?'*
Tlu) call for observa-
tion of "American In-
dian Day" has gone out
from tiie Minneapolis
headquarters of the
American Indian Asso-
ciation. It runs in part:
We, the first natives
of this land, everywhere
welcomed those that
become Americans. Let
all Americans remember
this. Hostility did not
come until the white man
wronged the red man.
Why not all observe In-
dian Day as any other
great memorial day is
observed? Our fore-
fathers were the earliest
Americans, and their con-
tribution of a distinct
type (as we are) enriches
the great composite white
citizenship. American
Indian Day is chosen
after a careful study of
the time of the year when
all have returned from
vacations and camp life
in the great outdoors,
reminding them of the
great outdoor life our
people enjoyed before the
white man came. It is
in th(^ season of the
"liunting moon"; it is
near the time of Indian
summer, when spring and
sumuier have perfected
the year with blossoms,
flowers, fruit and vige-
tation through nature's
plan. It is tlu5 corn
festival and home-com-
ing days and council
ceremony for all the
HK Al'l.KAr.SK*»K N.^TI VK ANf KRICANS ON -AMKKICAN INIMAN DAY'-
til, Ai r-ni hoiesliown leading the liorso of
Thts is a scene from a scmm.lrama but Bi "^ ^-J y. ' ' Asavic.v„rosi<lcntof tl.o
American Indian As.so< iati..n. 1..^ lias issued astmmgcall l.»i jusw.e i
oi t i(^ I niteu oi.a.w'». ., , . „„
'PI,. n,l ans had at the least 5 per cent., yet the American
, ians are not citizens. It was even necessary o pass a
i^flhSlItive enai-tment in order that they nn.bt have a
right in their own native land to apply for C4t../.ensh,p. Only
('ongress has the power to give citizenship to the In.l.ans.
Ten American Indians were given the Croix de Guerre. One
bundred and fifty were decorated for bravery. One Indian,
offering himself as a living sacrifice for world freedom, stript,
painted liimself in protective coloring and crept across open
fields exposed to enemy gun-fire, placing a bomb to a brulge tlie
Allies coul<l no longer defend. He checked the enemy .by that
a.-t, saved the battle-hne, and died there! Other warriors are
cited:
One winner of the Croix de Ouerro was Sergt. O W. Leader,
nnr Ind an of Oklahoma, lie was selected by the Fren<-h ( .ov-
nei as the mo<lel original American soldier, .. whom an o.
.aillting was ma.U. K. hang up..n the wails of the French lederal
building with those of all Allied races. ^
tribes. It is that time of the year when nature has made herself
known in fulness for all iier children.
The new Indian school in Minneapolis, the first in history to
be operated exclusively by Indians, is financed by ^^e Amencan
Indian Order and the American Indian Association, two organ -
nations said to contain 14,0(.() members. The -P-"*-;^«''\
11... Hev. Kcd Fox St. James, or Skiubushu, as he is known to
the Indians. According to the Minneapolis Tnhune:
Minneapolis was chosen as a site for the «f ««1 '^*'^"^;!J^ ^Jf,
cenJral location in respect to Indhm .P^P^^f ^J^in 5 (S) n
IKKK) Inclians in Minnesota, l.'-,,(KK» m Wisconsin, J,uuu
North Dakota and 22,000 in South Dakota. ,,„_„,, .hat
In establishing the institute, the «"P«",'^t«"?«„^* flowed to
the In<lian children should be given an ^^ucatioi^and alh^^^ to
be among white people .^'u-hey could wo^ ,^^^
shoulder, free and equal in all tilings. 1 l>e^ .""'^..if i,,. said,
taught to think for himself ami to w.irk for '' "^* ^j'^i^ ,
adding that the Indians do not want pity, but i.< »K">t' >•'.
tice and free.lom.
Abu5e,S Agfi-^^^^ "lM\<x(v$
mi
C
THE CHJEITV OP POFCEB ALLO'P'ENTS IN CAMPOMIA
C. Hart Merri.Tiin
Only a yo-xr a :o the Indiana of Palm Sprins^
on the ed,ie of the Colorado Desert in California
were thrown into a atate of a2::iprehen8ion and dia-
iray by the sudden unannounced appe^nince of
Govemrent aurveyora sent by the Indian Office
to aubdivide their communal villa, ';0 and ^aature
lands into individual allotmenta. Not only was
thia a terrible shock, but when the aurvoyora had
gone the anxious Indi^ins were keyt in auaponao
for rrontha until Secretary Hubert Work, at last
leamia^^ the truth, postponed indefinitely the
final or Jer.
It is well to remember that long a^.o the Indiana
had apportioned their land fu-onr: t^^omaelves, in
accordance //ith their own tribal laws, and that in
their councils no action is taken except by
unanifpous aonsent*
Indiana, like ouraelvea, are in tho main
aocial. From time immemorial the non-norradic
tribea have lived in villa^ses, pLuitinr; and har-
veatin^s in accordance with the trih;;.l la^vs , and
.) V" '!•• -J- ■
(2)
aince the advent of horses, cattle, and sheep,
ran^^^inG their stook collectively. Ttie practice of
the Indian Office in breaking up tribal lands and
apportioning, small tracts to individual Indiana
is a violation of their hereditar/^ customs and
beliefs, the idea of individual land ownership
beias c nlrary to their traditions and under-
standing. Furthennore, the practical ajplica^
tion of the allotment system is almost invariably
unjust for the reason that the individual allot-
menta are rarely of e^uai value. As a rule the
Indian is not consulted. He is arbitrarily
a3aip;ned a piece of land, often v/ithout water and
worthless for cultivation.^^
It is only a few months since the Palm S} rings
Indians were as'^ured that for the. time beini'^ at
least their homes would not be broken up.
They and their friends rejoiced, believing
t
that the verdict in thia case applied not only
to ^alm Sprir^ but also to other snail reserva-
tions in Southern California. But they were des-
tined to disar ointment, for the accursed
^^In the caje of lands purchased for iMdians, the
Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ^'r. ^brritt,
states: "Wo did not buy ti-iat land «vith a view of >ro-
vidin'; fanris for the Indians but for homes so that
they could live in safety in the oorri' unity '.vhore they
had been living for years and so that they could ;o out
an^^ong tho ranches and far s an* earn Uieir living."
(3)
work is still goirij on. It is now announcud tliat the
Indian Office has decided— in sxito of protests and
petitions from both Indians and v/l ites— to allot the
rerrainin,;; Indian lands of Southern California.'
Less t-^in three ron'hs a^o, accordint^ to the California
press, a party of Indian Office surveyors was halted
while attempting to survey allotments on the La
Jolla Indian reservation in San Diego County. The
facts as given in a sif^ned statement by the Indians
are:
"W.H. Thorn, while enf5Ei'';ed in aurveyin^ prepara-
tory to a forced allotment of reservation land,
a^^ainat the wishes and over the protest of the
majority of the Mission Indians, entered with his
party in many instances upon the cultivated lands
of Indian fanners, in j urine ^^'^ destroy in: G^ov/ins
crops. The owners of the crops proterjted yjid en-
deavored to prevent him, but in no instance that
we are able to ascertain v/as any violence attempted
At any rate none was intended."
What do the-ie forced allotments metml
They rean the practical confiscation and resubdi-
vision of Indian homes, (gardens, and paoturo lands
■la mi^mm ix^.^vrW'^'*-^
(1)
that have been occupied for loT\a periods— sonetimea
for generutions. And in sorre casea they mean that
the home and improvementa of one Indian are trana-
f erred to another. They mean r?ore. They mean the
destruction of tribra government with its eaUhliahed
ayatem of
and aocial codes— lawa and codes that
for ages have controlled the Of^duot and activitiea
of the people. It ia a heart-breaVin^T affair; one
calculated to destroy the last reirjiant of faith
in our Hovemment, and to rob the Indixn of airbi-
tion for the preaont and hope for the future.
One of the amenta in charge , when confronted
with some of the ini juitous features of the pro-
posed allotments, replied that such injustices
"are necessary to the carrdn'-^ out of the allot-
ment pl'in"— as if the plan had to be carried out,
suffer who will.'
Why should the Oovernrnent permit this persecution?
Ihy misuse the authority of the CJovemment to
forcibly allot and redistribute lands belon";inr; to
the Indiums. I'lnds thoy have hold in comrunal
occupancy for ^Q'^s^f^tif^'i''?
Why must we alv7ays interfone with the lives.
«, » iii^»^W^
>
(5)
laws and cuatoma of the original ownora of the
country— people whose landa we have abaoited with-
out pretense of compensation
Why should wo interfere with their established
mode of life? Why not let thorn live in perixse?
are we in aach a hurry to impose upon them
the white man* a .vay for everything? The answer,
as a recent writer puts It, i»: "In the interest
of standardization, let us force them to become
like us.
They do not need to he forced*
oung
are yearly adoptin^^ more and more of cur ways; the
change is coming mturally without need of pressure,
The difficulty is of quite another sort, namely,
of persuading the younger Inditme to appreciate and
preserve the beautiful and worth while arts, indus-
tries, customs, and ceromoniea of their forefathers.
Returnin- to the Southern California alld^enta;
T^iu foelir^^a of the Palm Sprir^a Indiana are thus
expressed by one of their own number; *^e believe
in living in our aimple way, each workin'- for the
good of all with thin^^'j in cor^jr,on. It .vas the way
of early tribal living emd it binds ua tfT^ether
in mary ways . . . Mo^^t of ua aro too old to
(6)
rebuild and remake our lives. To interfere with our
land i9 to woric ap^ainst our hoarta— avery real dirj-
turteance. Life to uifl ia moro than 'bread and buttor\
and theae lands are every bhin,^:; to us." And in an
apiml to the Secretary of the Interior the chief,
ajeiAin: for the tribe, saya: "Our tribe ia whole
a i-inat allotment. We have [a] patont for our
land. . . We want to keep it 'whole."
Not only was it propoaed to allot the home or
villfi^je lands of the^ie Indiana, but alao thu more
rerr.ote deaert lands valuable o ly for paoturace.
The uae of theae aa individual inatoad of conrunity
holdings would nocoaaitate tho irnpoaaible expense of
fencing a-nd would load at onco to the inevitable
difficulty of obtaining water for the a took.
Why should the CToverrr^^iit play fal'ie?
The offic^ra of the '^-ovemment in chai^^e of this
work not only operate againat the axproaaod wiahes
of the Indians, but (^^o throufi the pretlP^^® °^ ,
complying with an imar^.inary reiueat of the Indi .na.
For instance, the blunka uiod on the A,_^ C liente
reaenration at Palrft Springs in 1923 are entitled
•Selection for Allottnent* and ^o on to oay:
"T-ia ia to certify that
has selected the lot cont^xining
(7)
acres mora or less, according to Govemrr.ent siirvey."
Doea this not savor of the "voluntary adnissions*
wrun:; from tho victims of the Iniuisition?
It is generally admitted— even by tho w-nte
neighbors of Southern California Indians— that
every sui'^ey of Indian lands IglxIs to shrinka^;©.
Forty years n.^,0, under the direction of a govern-
ment Indian agent, the Palm Sprin^^s Indians were
"surveyed out* from a material part of their most
valuable lands— landa now occupied by the white
settlement of Palm Springs where small lots bring
from $1500 to $2000— but this is another story.
Attitude of the Indian Office
I have no sympathy with many of the at,tack8
on tho Indian Office— such for i»'3tance a3 hold-
ing it culpable for insufficient schools and
appallingly inadequate miedical attention, when
as a matter of fact Congrena has provided only a
fraction of the funds noceasary to properly per-
forrr, itj duties in these directions. The position
of Corrmissioner of Indian Affairs is one of the
most difficult aHil tn/ing in the government ser-
vice and no man can conduct the affairs of that
office in such manner as to escape criticism.
(8)
Neverbheleas 1 hold '^he Indian Office rosivonaible
for the ^enei^l attitude of overbearing dictatorship
and intimidation by voiled threat that for yeura has
characterized rrsxny of it3 actiona— an attitude ob-
senrable both on the reservations and in th(^ central
office at Washington. Thia axiirit aT)> lies to arall
as well an
56 thin^jS— aa shown by such needless
anta",oni8m3 aa the refusal until a couple of montha
a^^o to do away with the obnoxious term •Di.xer' for
a California tribe— a tenn known to be re^^iarded by
the Indians as one of inferiority and contempt.
The rejoicin-^ of the Indians on hearing of its
abandonment is thus described by the Stockton Reconi
of April 21: "Burned at tho stake rimid the jeers
and taunts of h.jidreds of warriors in full ro""alia.
and with their faces covered rtith war xaint, an
eff l'?y representing the hated nar^'e of Di'c:er was
consigned to oblivion yesterday afternoon at a
coroff.oniai gutherir^ of tho triboamen from a half
dozen counties of Northern C'.lifomia. "
•j'hile relatively thia is a small nsitter, it
nevertbeleas illuatratea the arjino spirit of un-
•yrrpathotic arbitnxry dictcitorahip that prompts
the persistent deterr.i nation to force the diabolical
(9)
allounent rule upon unwilling, tribea now livin^^ under
a comrmnal ayatem lon/^ (xpji worked ';ut by thorrsolvoa,
An editorial in a California paper (the Bannir^
Record; asks: "Is it not a contemptible procedure
for UB who talk about liberty and individual rights
to force a small handful of Indians to lose their
horea and be dispossessed of their lands ar^inst
their will, when thev have a clear title frcMm the
United Sta^tea Government?"
It is hardly too much to say that one of the
greatest noeda of our Indian service today ^a the
replactjrr.ent of official indifference, coldness, and
arbitrary dictatorship by an atUtude of kindly
aympathetic friendship, patient cooperation and
helpfulness, to^^ether vdth the recognition of the
rights of Indians to their own lands and to their
own modes of life»
There is reason to believe that the present
Secretary of the Interior, Dr. V/ork, is in aympathy
with this ;oint of view and that vmder hia influence
reforms have already begun. Indications of this
may be seen in the recent abandonm.ont of the official
use of the odious term difn^r, in ^he support f7;iven
the -vise policies of the Superintendent of the
(10)
Black feet tribe, sjid in the poatponenent— I wioh I
dure aay ahoolute annulment— of the effort to allot
the cormiunal lamio of the Palm S^rinf^B Indians,
M^..y the £^ood work continue and rru-y it exp^tnd until
it covers the whole field of govomniental relatione
with tliC Indimia of tfie United GtateeJ
1
V *•'
CONDITION OF YUMA INDIANS - 1925
Toinas
The YuB» Beaerration oanprises about 30,000 acres, of Jthioh
8.110 are irrigated under the Yuma Project and allotted to individual
Indiana in ten-acre tracts.
The better part of the Yuma lands are leased to a man
Sanguinetti
The acreage so leased, ao-
cording to the Coniniasioner of Indian Affairs, is 1875 j according to
the present Superintendent, 3,000 acres.
Sanguinetti
for the leases is said to be less than one« third of the customary
tmparable
the soil.
$4.25.
iihausting
to average
Out of the 8,000 irrigated acres belonging to the Yumas
it is said that the Indians retain only about 600.
Until recently Indians who criticized or protested
against
mm
Until recently a man named Odle, a tyrant and iirqposter,
V
was the official Superintendent of the Beservation and althou^ ser-
ious charges were filed agiinat him he was not only j^sii, punished but
has been transferred by the Indian Office to a still hi^er position —
in charge of the Pueblo Indians.
f. H. Winn, former Financial Clerk at Yuma, preferred
charges a^inst Odle and was promptly dismissed from the Service with-
out being given an opportunity to defftad himself. His wife, also em-
T^iftvAd bv the Indian Service, was likewise discharged.
m>i
^:^'^-<^-tr^^
■ I I <■!»
f^.
^.
-O^V/-^ \ /
m0mmammm-m-
•Afc
BtL.vvj\: "Ko^itvciVl- t"e\^\ cvc
c
\5
l\
cw
J
•\>
iiriting from Fort Gaston, ^uly 2, 1864 to Capt. A. Miller
at Burnt Ranch, Lieut. A.W.Hanna said: "It is reported that the
Indians are troublesome ahout Hyampom and ahove there. Every effort
should be made to chastise them. The question of where your company
headquarters is to be is left to your discretion, whether to remain
at Burnt Ranch or remove up South Fork. . . Attention should also
be given that Indians from this valley venturing up the Trinity
be punished." v
On July 21, 1864, Lieut. Col. S. G. Whipple wrote from
Port Gaston to Lieut. Col. E. C. Drum: "I have the honor to report
. . . that the mail route between Areata, Humboldt County, and
Y/eaverville, Trinity County (Route No. 14849), is now considered
perfectly safe for the conveyance of mails without escorts, Private
citizens are continually traveling between these points without '
molestation, and supply trains are sent from this post to Burnt
Ranch, distant about 30 miles, on route to Weave rville, without
escort." V
On September 19, 1864, Lieut. Hanna wrote to Captain
Thomas Buckley at Gemp laqua: "Orders have been given Captain A.
MillerVT^IrTtheTieTdr, to capture all Indians found on the mam
Trinity River arid South Fork, with its tributaries, including Hay
Fork. . . It is directed by the district commander that you have
all Indians from any portion of the valley of the Trinity that arj.
at the iresent time with scouting parties .. sent to this post, l
F
yWar of Rebellion Records, Ser.l, Vol.50, Pt.2, p. 890. 1897.
5^ Ibid, p. 914.
^Ibid, p. 961.
4^co-v~ct^ jltJ,
O
if
BURNT RANCH REGION
On IJiay 16, 1864 Lieut.A.VJ.^anna virote to Gapt. A. Miller,
commending at Burnt Ranch: "I am directed by^the lieutenant-
colonel commanding to say that he approves o^your action i»ith the
Indians at the South ^^ork of Trinity River. Under the circumstances,
nothing better could have been ^one.^ Jhe Indians sent in say they
are satisfied to live in the valley^'^^d have received permission
from the lieutenant-colonel to return for their families and
Handsome Billy. You mil allov^ them an opportunity to accomplish
this object, after which you will watch and catch all found in your
neighborhood." r
#
^^?*-^}
"You will pursue the same course until no Indians are to be found
in that regions Particular attention is to be given that not an
Indian of those connected in this valley/be allowed there. Kill
the last one until they find it prudent to obey orders. . . In the
[5raSporii1u?'f!5t^^HiiS^"f?om Burnt Ranch. Can you not have
scouts out in that neighborhood? You are exacted to attend to
Lower South Pork. Seven or eight in parties are sufficient, as
most of the Indians are suir^ for peace and coming in." V
t-A
1'
^Mar of Rebellion Records, Series 1. Vol. 50, Pt.2, p847, 1897
\2'Itiid, p. 859.
^mmmmm
#.'
BUBNT RANCH REGION
On V.BJ 16. 1864 Lieut. A. T.'. Henna wrote to Cept. A. Killer.
coirananding et Burnt Ranch: "I em directed by the lieutenant-
colonel comTnending to soy that he approves ofyour action with the
Indians at the South u^ork of Trinity River. Under the circumstances,
nothing better could have been done. The Indians sent in say they
ere satisfied to live in the valley^. &d have received permission
from the lieutenant-colonel to retum for their families and
Handsome -RiHy. You will allow them an opportunity to accomplish
this object, after which you will watch and catch all found in your
neighborhood." T
■■^■m, «..•.—
On June 1, 1864 i-ieut. Hanna wrote to Cept. Miller;
"fou will pursue the same coarse until no Indians are to be found
in that region* Particular attention is to be given thft not an
Indian of Ihose connected in this valley^be allowed there.
the lest one until they find it prudent to obey orders. .
^infsntipie pet after these Indians. ,«., „«f
[Uyampom is but fifteen miles from Burnt itanch. Can you not
scouts out in that neichborhood? You are expected to attend to
Lovver South Pork. Seven or eight in ptirties are sufficient, as
most of the Indians are suing for peace and coming in*" \/
Kill
In the
have
n
\^ VJar of Rebellion Records. Series 1, Vol. 50. Pt.2. pB47. 1897
y^Ibid. p. 859.
i
It I i
l> /
i-riting from Port Gaston, July 2, 1864 to Cspt. A, Miller
at Burnt Ranch, Litut, A^W.Hanna said: ''It is reported thst the
Indians are troublesome aho; t Hyampom and above there. Every effort
should be made to ehastise them. The question of inhere your, company
headquarters is to be is left to your discretion, whether to remain
at Burnt Ranch or remove up South Pork, • • Attention should sl^o
be given that Indians from this valley venturing up the Tritiifj^
be punished." v
On July 21, 1864, Lieut. Col. 3. G. Whipple wrote
Port Gaston to Lieut. Col. R. C. Drum: "I have the honor tb rVport
• . . that the mail route between Areata, Humboldt County, 8^\
I t
:
n^
Weaverville, Trinity County (Route No. 14849), is now consi detel
perfectly safe for the conveyance of mails without escorts^ Pi\ivate
citizens are continually traveling between these points witi^Ow.-^
molestation, and supply trains are sent from this post to BiltntYA
Ranch, distant about 30 miles, on route to VIeavervillo, withoufir
escort." V
\
\
\
On September 19, 1864, Lieut. Hanna wrote to Capta^ .
^ ■ . W (\
Thomas Buckley at Cemp laqua: "Orders have been given Captai/n A. ^
Miller . . in the field, to cepture all Indians found on theim^ain
Trinity River and South Pork, with its tributaries, including H^y
i' A
Pork.
• •
It is directed by the district commander that you Wt
all Indians from any portion of the valley of the Trinity thst ire,
at the present time with scouting parties .. sent to this post, ] V
— -ii — ifj — \ —
War of Rebellion Records. Ser.l,' Vol.50, Pt.2, p.890, IBfT^
Ibid, p. 914. .. AAi^'
Ibid, p. 961,
^ *^a lii
\ \
' (
i
4>-<-«j^/«.>r\^- ii^
\
On May 12. 1864, Lieut. Col. S.G.V/hipple ii?rote from
Port Gaston to Lieut. James Ulio: "Captain filler . . started
this, day under my orders to proceed up the Trinity fdver to
vicinity of Burnt Ranch to operate against Indians of Eain
Trinity South J>ork, and Nev( Rivers ,&c., ^ ere the remnant of
Jim's party is at present." v
'\
t
i
'i
^,ar of ^"ebellion Eecord.. Series 1. Yol.50, Pt.2. p.843, 1897
il
jj-
\.
On August 2(^Lieut.Col.R.C.Druin wrote from San l^Yancisco
to Lieut. Col. S.G.Whipple at Port Humboldt as follows: "Persons
going to the New River settlements must be given to understand
that they must get along the best way they can with their Indian
wives end the Indians generally, and if they desire protection
they must come within the limits of your posts." Y
On April 12, 1864, Lieut. James Ulio wrote to Lieut. Col.
Whipple at Port Gaston: "He [the district commander] relies upon
your activity, energy, and zeal to conduct a campaign vifaich will
be characterized by desisive measures, to keep up scouts all over
the country to the eastern limits of this district [Humboldt],
particularly along the Trinity River and its branches, believing
the best protection that can be given to settlers and the country
is by constant scouts in all directions, hunting the foe in his
fastnesses and giving him no rest. . . You are authorized to call
the commanding officer of camp at PorkS-^ Ja^laQn ^^^ ^ P^rt of
his force to co-operate with you."*^
On April 28, 1864 Col. »^hipple reported to Lieut. Ulio
details of an interview with 'Big Jim' at Port Gaston, in \ii4iich he
said: "I also stipulated that the guns, watches, &c. , stolen last
winter on New River and South Salmon must be delivered to me with-
out delay. . .the promise was made."V
<^ War of Rebellion Records,
^^Ibid, p. 816.
^ Ibid, p.831.
Series 1, Vol. 50. Pt. 2, p. 585, 1897.
\03,
On August 2Q^ Lieut. Col.E.C.Drujn wrote from San J^ranoisco
to Lieut. Col. 3. G.Whipple at Port Humboldt as follows: "Persons
poinr to the New River settlements must be given to understand
that they must get along the best way they can with their Indian
wives end the Indians generally, and if they desire protedtion
they must come within the limits of your posts/* V
On April 12, 1864, Lieut. James Ulio wrote to Lieut. Col.
YMpple at i?ort Gaston: "He [the district commander] relies upon
your activity, energy, and zeal to conduct a campaign viiich will
be characterized by desisive measures, to keep up scouts all over
the country to the eastern limits of this district [Humboldt],
particularly along the Trinity River and its branches, believing
the best protection that can be given to settlers and the country
is by constant scouts in all directions, hunting the foe in his
fastnesses and giving him no rest. . . You are authorized to call
the commanding officer of camp at iJ'orks of Salmon for a part of
his force to co-operate with you.'* v
On April 28, 1864 Col. Whipple reported to Lieut. Ulio
details of an interview with »Big Jim» at Fort Gaston, in which he
said: "I also stipulated thet the guns, watches,&c. , stolen last
winter on New River and South Salmon must be delivered to me with-
out delay. . .the promise was m8de."V
\J/ War of Rebellion Records,
^Ibid, p.dl6.
^Ibid, p.831.
Series 1, Vol.50.Pt.2, p. 585, 1897
^^JXv/
^J/^-
^<ewX\
M^t
' •N».i^' '• 'N^y.* • • »**v-^ ■"*• V •*
r
Lieut. Col. S.G.Whipple in en official report from Port
Humboldt, August 12.1863, to Lieut.Gol.Richard C Drum says:"On_
the 30th ultimo the officer commanding at -^'ort Gaston, kaj.W.S.K.
Taylor, reported to these headquarters tha1t a rumor had reached
him through Indian channel of the murder of a man ai d woman on
New RiverT in Trinity County. The information was not deemed
vefFaiifhentic, hut as it might be true, a detachment of fifteen
men under a non-commissioned officer was forthwith sent to tne
scene of the reported outrage to inter the dead if fopd, as also
to use all practicable efforts to punish the perpetrators. Aug-
ust 3 kajor Taylor reported the return of the detachment. It was
found that the woman, Is-iadam Weaver, had been killed and her bouse
burned by Indians. ^ man also, it was supposed, had been kiilea,
but no trace was found of his body.j From appearances, several
occurrenc
guide the
xv-Lxwn up ana laenxify the guilty pa . _
dwell in the immediate vicinity, and it was impossible to tell
where the Indians came from that committed this depredation.
They mipht have been from any of the numerous small tribes or
clans living m thin thirty, forty, or fifty miles. It has been
very nearly demonstrated that the Hoopa Indians go out in small
.
white people, and even if but recently returned from a murderous
foray into some weak settlement, they will assume an air of meekness
But few
as far from any" considerable number of white people.
miners have benn living there the present season, and they have
but little property there which the Indians can destroy. Alto-
pether there cannol be more than twenty-five men, aid of this number
1 am credibly informed several live with Indian women. J •• IJ
cannot be expected that detachments of troops can be stationed
at every point where there may be danger of an attack from. Indians .
Wh
th „
mutual
such _-. — ^
from savage cruelties."!'
y War of Rebellion Records, Series l,Vol.50,Pt. 2, pp. 564-565, 1897.
General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, on arriving m
California in May 1851, wrote in his diary of "a distinct plan
of the governor and Legislature of California to call out the
militia, ostensibly for the defence of the State against the
Indians, and compel this government to pay the privates $5 a
day each and the officers in proportion. To carry out this
project, the Indians are to he forced into war." Y
On July 31 of the same year, when in San Francisco,
he called on a Methodist minister "who had the audacity to say
that Providence designed the extermination of the Indians and
that it would he a good thing to introduce the small-pox among
them!"^
Vij'ifty Years_ln
381, 1909.
^ Ibid, 395.
and Field, by General Ethan Allen Hitchcock,
; I'
General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, on arriving in
Cfilifornie in Hoy 1851, wrote in his diary of "a distinct plan
of the governor and Legislature of California to call out the
militia, ostensibly for the defence of the State egainst the
Indians, and compel this government to pay the privates $5 a
day each and the officers in proportion. To carry out this
project, the Indians are to be forced into war." v
On July 31 of the same yeer, when in Sen Prancisco,
he called on a Methodist minister "who had the audacity to say
that Providence designed the extermination of the Indians and
that it would be a good thing to introduce the small-pox among
thcm!"^
II
^ Fifty YftflTfl in Camp and ?ield. by General Sthan Allen Hitchcock,
3817TW.
^ Ibid. 395.
;
Lieut. Col. S.G.V.'hipple in an official report from Fort
Humboldt, August 12,1863, to Lieut. Col. Richard C.Drum saje-.^Oxi
the 30th ultimo the officer commanding at -"^ort Gaston, Maj.rt.S.R.
Taylor, reported to these headquarters that a rumor had reached
him through Indian channel of the murder of a man m d woman on
New River, in Trinity County. The information was not deemed
very authentic, but as it might be true, a detachment of fifteen
men under a non-conmissioned officer was forthwith sent to the
scene of the reported outrage to inter the dead if found, as also
to use all practicable efforts to punish the perpetrators. Aug-
ust 3 iwajor Taylor reported the return of the detachment. It was
found thfit the woman, kadam V^eaver, had been killed and her house
burned by Indians. ^ man also, it wrs supposed, had been killed,
but no trace -.vas found of his body, i^'rom appearances, several
days had elapsed since the occurrience of the tragedy, and there
were no tracks or trail to guide the soldiers that they mig^t
follow up and identify the guilty parties. No Indian tribes
dwell in the immediate vicinity, and it was impossible to tell
where the Indians came from that committed this depredation.
They mip^ht have been from any of the numerous small tribes or
clans living within thirty, forty, or fifty miles. It has been
very nearly demonstrated that the Hoopa Indians |o out in small
pnrrt es to points distant from ^^ort Gaston and depredate upon
white settlers, returning before their absence is noted. The
recent outrage in Trinity County irstarces the feeling of hatred
entertained against the whites by the Indians of Northern Califor-
nia, and illustrated^ their style of warfare. When seen at or near
their own homes the Indians but seldom evince animosity toward
white people, and even if but recently returned from a murderous
foray into some weak settlement, they will assume an air of meekneste
and a look of innocence which would disam the aispicions of any
but the most observing and experienced fromtiersman. The settle-
ment on T^ew River is about 30 miles distant from iJ'ort Gaston, and
as far from any considerable number of white people. But few
miners have be n living there the present season, and they have
but Ifettle property there which the Indians can destroy. Alto-
gether there cannot be more than twenty-five men, and of this number
1 am credibly informed several liv with Indian women. . . It
cannot be expected that detachments of troops can be stationed
at every point where there may be danger of an attack from Andians.
When this is made apparent to the few inhabitants of New River,
they will probably deem it advisable to live near each other for
mutual protection, or go to some less dangerous locality until
such ti' es as alljportiona of this military district shall be sefe
from savage cruelxies."\/
\y\iQr of Rebellion Records. Series 1. Vol. 50, Pt. 2, pp. 564-565, 1697.
\
On Kay 12, 1864. Lieut. Col. S.G.Whipple wrote from
Port Gaston to Lieut. James Ulio: ^^Ceptein Miller • • started
this day under my orders to proceed up the Trinity Biver to
vicinity of ^umt Ranch to operate against Indians of Alain
Trinity. South -U'ork, and New Riyers.&c,, ti ere the remnant of
Jim's party is at present." v
■ -
O/War of ^'ebellion Records, "'eries 1, Vol.50. Pt.2, p. 843, 1897
.Gen. Bennet Riley, when Governer of Calif. , stated in om,
official report to the N/ar department, dated Monterey Aug. 30,
1849: " General Kearney, during his administration of affairs
in this country, appointed jhy virtue of his authority as
governor of California, two sub-Indian agents, v/ho have ever
W
eew
part of those agents and
sine 6;^ continued in office, and their services found of great
utility in preserving harmony among the wild tribes, and in
regulating their intercourse with the whites.
They have been paid from the^civil fund* very moderare salaries
v/hich will be continued until arrivals of agents regularly
appointed by the general govemmeht.
•Noti:>ithstanding every efforTon
of the officers of the army here, it has not been possible at
all times to prevent aggression on the part of the whites, or
to restrain the Indians from avenging; these injuries in their
r
own v/ay.
In the month of April last, the agent in the Sacramento valley
reported that a body of Oregonians andfcountaineers had committed
m.ost horrible barbarities on the defenceless Indians in that
vicinity.
Those cruel and inhum.an proceedings , added, perhaps , to the execi
-tion of a number of chiefs some year and a half since by a
military force sent into the San Joaquin valley by my Predecessor,
( the facts of which were reported to Washing, at the tim.e),
have necessarily produced a hostile feeling on the part of the
natives, and several small parties of whites, who, in their
pursuit of gold , ventured too far into the Indian country^
have been killed".— Frost's History of Calif. ^p 441-442, 185Q.
In an appendix to the same rept. Governor Riley^ alluding
to the retaliatir* depredations of "H*© Indians in the Sierra
foothills, says: " These, hov/ever ,have been made the pretence
"by the whites in their neighborhood, for the commission of
outrages of the most aggravated character— in one or tvAO cases
involving in an indiscriminate massacre the wild Indians
of the Sierra and the tame Indians of the ranches. The commander^
of detachments serving on the Indian frontiers are instructed
to prevent any authorized interference with the Indians by the
whites , and to support the Indian agents of their districts
in the exercise of their appropriate duties. From the character
of the mining population, and the nature of their occupations,
unless a strong military force be maintained on that frontier
it vail be impossible to prevent the commission of outrages
upon the Indians; and they, in turn, will be avenged by murders
committed upon isolated parties of whites."— Frost's History of
Calif., p490-491,1850.
INDIANS TREATED BADLY BY CALIFORNIANS
V^ecJj^ War
Brigadier General S.W. Kearny in a letter to Hon. W.L. Marcy,"^
dated Monterey, California, April 28, 1847 saye:
"The wild Indians, by the frequent incursions of their small
parties, are very troublesome to the frontier inhabitants, driving
off much of their stock, cattle, and horses. These, as well as
the Christian Indians, have been badly treated by most of the
Califomians; they think they are entitled to what they can steal
and rob from them. I am of the opinion that much good mi^t be
done by making a few presents to them, and I reccommend that there
should be sent here for that purpose some medals, beads, (white
stones) red flannels, colored handkerchiefs^ tobacco, &c.; a few
colored blankets would be much prized by them." -^ S.W. Kearney
Congress
1850.
Carr. John Pioneer Days in California » Eureka Tines Publishing
Company, California , 1891,
p. 141. "In the runner of »50 a company flras formed on Trinity
Hi'7er to turn the bed of the str^^sin into an old channel
by building a dam at the head of the old stream. They
expected to throw all the water- of the Trinity River into
its old course, and lay bare, or nearly dry, the old bed
for r^/4 of a mile, which was said to be very rich in the
precious .natal. The oc^pan, wes oo.poaed of ,nen princi-
pally from /.rktmses, end they celled the works the
"^Arkansaw dam"." The dam "was about 10 miles from Weaver-
^ ville."
I
p. 194. h nan named Anderson was killed by Indians between
Stuart's x^ork and Vcaverville, about 16 miles from Weaver-
ville. The avenging party wont by Hay Frrk Uountain and
V^aiey, discovered Indians in Bridge Gulch, and attacked the
Indian camp. Thoy killed lueri, '^OT.ien, and. children.
p. 193. "The Trinity Indians were cioinplfttely annihilated and tboro
was no more trouble with Indians for several years." {—last
of April or first of ''ay ^^Z)
p. EOl. An sxpedition of ^'ouglas City -.ifles was ordered in pur-
suit of a band of Indians. They crossed Smith's Bridge over
Trir.ity ^iver, reached Beddings Oreok, and lent to OlemrQin's
ranch, "About half a mile from thp corral '*8S an old Indian
ranch or ia that seme tines wes used by Indians as o 3 topping
place. • . . Thig ^sr? situated on a large flfit gulch east
of Olenmin's house. It was ccwposed of ten or twelve hark
lodges, jonical in shape,'*
p. 310. Deopription of last raid made and Jest trouhla with
Indians in Humboldt end Trinity Counties. Nov. 28 » ^368.
4
•.I
p. 312. "Thero was a mail route froin i-'ort Gaston, Hoopa Valley,
to '"Veoverville. The Indians were on the warpath. They had
devastated the valley of the Trinity for miles, had killed
a grod many whites and Chinamen, and hod dntermined to clear
the country of all intruders. Between Hoopa aid Weaverville
they were particularly bold and troublesome. . • On the 12th
of September £t 6 o'clock in the evenirg, he [the mail carrier]
was to leave Port Gaston, but, owing to disturbances up the
river, it was thought best to send an escort with him. Ac-
cordingly two soldiers of Company C, 1st Battalion Mountaineers
were detailed. One of them tells the expedition's experiences
as follows:
"We left ^'ort ^aston about 6 o 'click that evening— 3ept, 12
..and crossed South Fork of the Trinity about 11 o'clock. We
passed Indian coi-nps, but the Indians were all asleep, and we
didn't disturb them, fte loft Burnt Ranch at daylight. Cross-
ing the main river at Cedar Flat, we went up the north side 85
*i*^<ii
I
Nr-,
far as Sandy Bar. As we came in sight of the rocks at that
point t told Van Arman [the regular post carrier] the ^ndians
were in there, sure. 1 • I saw them. But Van siid they were
^hinamen and we rode on.
p. 313. iifter details of their reception of the attack he continues:
"Supposing he [Van Arman] had gone on, I climbed unto the
mule and pushed on to Taylor's Plat. Here 1 found only some
Chinamen the Indians had killed in the morning, and i didn't
stop. I crossed the river here, headed for Little Prairie,
thus eluding two Indians who had fiilowed me, and who were
soon after killed by MclVhorter at Oregon Gulch. The store
and some hduses at Little y^rairie had been burned the day
before and 1 had to ride on to Cox's Bar before i could
attend to my wounds." . . "The people at Cox's Bsr and all
along the river were in arms, and e company was organized
at We^verville, headed by Hichard C lifford." . . "Terry's
body W8S found pinned to the ground with knives taken from
the Chinamen killed at Taylor's Plet* after the Chinamen
had beon killed, the Indians went to Drake's house and got
breakfast. The Indian, Big Jim, told me afterward at Hoopa,
O A ^
thet they wire the table for all hands— there were 21 of them
— -and they rang the bell and breakfasted. After that they
fired the buildings, Drake's house being the only one that
didn't bum. It stands there yet, a relic of early days." '
/
/
«
/
MAEYSVILL^ DAILY APPEAL
7
June 22, 1862
"Hum'boldt Indian V/ar?— 3o stands of State arms are to be
furnished to an independent Militia Company, which is being
formed for defense purposes simply, for the punishment of a
roving band of Mad River Indians. Three more companies of
volunteers from Oregon are ordered to scene of difficulty.
"The Modoc Indians have a large encampment near Yreka,
and are supplied with 100 good horsee and upwards of 2 tons of
*
flour."
June 25, 1862
Description of an Indian massacre on Owens River. A party
of 14 or 15 with 45 horses formed a corral and were besieged for
days .
<■
AugustvlO, 1862
tt
^ B\rj^ Record aays:— Dr. ptatt of Ro^ Creek has been
selected t^*^olicit assisian^/ in maiXtaining'' a company of men
in the ni^ntam^., until thl^ Indians
\
■%■•
been driven from the
vicipity of their i^^cept terrible ^epreda\ions, and the lives of
izens and innocent women and children rendered safe."
August 14, 1862
"Indian Fight in Mendocino~45 Diggers Slain: —The Mendocino
Herald gives the following account of a fight with Indians that
came off in Round Valley on \yednesday morning last:
"It seems that for some time past a band of Wylackies have
M/EYSVILL" DAILY APPEAL
June 22. 1862
"HuFiboldt Indian war? — 3o stands of State arms are to be
furnished to an independent r'ilitia Company, which is being
formed for defense purposes siroply, for the punishment of a
roving band of Mad Hirer Indians. Three more companies of
volunteers from Oregon are ordered to scene of difficulty.
"The Modoc Indians have a large encampment near Yreka,
and are supplied ^ith 100 good horses and upwrds of 2 tons of
flour."
June 25, 1862
Description of an Indian massacre on Owens Hiver. A party
of 14 or 15 with 45 horses formed a corral and were besieged for
days.
August 10. 1862
"The Butte Record says:— Dr. Pratt of Rock Creek has been
selected to solicit assistance ir maintaining a company of men
in the mount sins, until tho Indians have been driven from the
vicinity of their recent terrible depredations, ar.d the lives of
citizens end innoc^t women and children rendered safe."
August 14. 1862
**indian Fight in Mendocino— -45 Diggers Slain:— The Mendocino
Herald Jives tho follovvir.g account of a fight with Indians that
came off in Hound Valley on Wednesday morning last:
"It seems that for some tinie past a band of Wylackies have
\
\
KARY3VILLE DAILY APPEAL (cont.)
— /
been in the habit of coining into the Reservation aid stopping
a few days and then leaving for the mountai ns ,, driving with
them any cattle which might come in their way."
T*4©i*«»^tr»«#e«''*Pw«w*^^ ^
d a»»"€f J uly^&«^y£frfwe4n-'"^'»f »
August 17, 1862
"Humboldt Times of August 9 says: —
"An attack was made June 30 by a band cf Indians on the house
of Neil Hill, about 2 miles from Elk Camp, Klamath County, then
occupied by a man named Miller. . . It is now no longer doubted
that the Hoopa and Klamath Indians are engaged in thise predatory
excursions. . . As all the settlers have now left their homes in
the Bald Hills and all between there and the Mad River either
murdered or driven in, the Indians have but little now to do
except kill stock."
August 30, 1862
"A gentlemen who arrived in town from Tehama County yester-
day, says that the party of Indians who committed the murderous
outrage on the whites on Stony Creek early in this month, have
been pursued unremittingly by the whites ever since; until 12 of
the original 15 in the party have been killed. This is carrying
vengeance to a fine point belief in the I Scriptural rule of 'a life
MAEYSVILL^ DAILY APP^iL (cont.)
been in the habit of coining Into the l\eservation aid stopping
a fe\? days and thon leaving for the mountdns, driving with
them any cettls which might come in their way."
A ugus t
ticle on^|to-P0ftftrTBr!:^W^«r«^^ under
-ft^wW/W-J"'
date or July 2^iLapwai, W.T.
August 17, 1862
"Humboldt Times of August 9 says:—
"An attack was made June 30 by a band of Indians on the house
of Keil Hill, about 2 miles from Elk Camp. Klamath County, then
occupied by a man ncmed lililler. • • It is now no longer doubted
that the Hoopa and Klamath Indians are engaged in thiae predatory
excursions. . . Ar all the settlers have now left their homer in
the Bald Hills and all between there and the Mad River either
murdered or diriven in, the Indian? have but little now to do
except ckill stock."
August 30, 1862
"A gentleman who arrived in town from Tehama County yester-
day, says that tho party of Indians who committed the murderous
outrage on the whites on Stony Creek early in this month, have
been pursued unremittingly by the whites ever since; until 13 of
the original 15 in the party have been killed. This is carrying
vengeance to a fine point belief in t^e I Scriptural rule of »a life
MRYSYILLE DAILY APPEAL
for 8 life' and the vengeance of the settlers will not slip
prohahly, until the remaining 2 of the hand are also sacrificed
to avenge the names of Wilson, killed on brindstone i?^ork of
Stony Creek."
AnnotHlcotot of the slaugK^r oj^eo. Mc»8rliBnd^1)rivate
in the G^^Wo^ia Volunteers ^^i!^^ Ind^JnsJ^^ache Pass,
ishere^jfi'Lpany G,^th Cali^mia Regiibnt.Aas then\tationed.
'r^f^imrnf^erm^^'^^^
'W'^^^^^H^P^^fli^T^^
Sept. 13, 186S
A dispatch from Salt Lake says an arrival from Snake River
reports that Z trains iwere attacked hy Indians, at Souhlette's
Cut-off, 300 miles to the north, on the 15th of August. . .
The Snakes, Shoshones, and Bannocks v/ere well amed and
to prevent the immigrants from going to the Salmon River country
Sept. El, 1B62
The Hed Bluff Independent of Sept. 19 says: Capt.Mellen, of
the Port Crook company of Volunteers, and in temporary command of
Co.E, left camp on the east side of the river, yesterday morning
with hot^ companies, 128 men, for the purpose of scouting the country
between this piace and HoheuUif*. ^
4
liARYSVILL^ D/JLY APPEAL
for 8 life' and the vengeance of the settlers will not slip
probebly, until the remaining 2 of the band are also sacrificed
to avenge the names of Wilson, killed on Grindstone Fork of
Stony Greek."
1862
V/y Announcement of the slaughter of Goo, McKarland, a private
.1 I'l
in the California Volunteers by Apeche Indinns in Apache Pass,
*/
pre Company G, 5th California Regiment, was then stationed.
,,/ /September IC, 1862
JJews of Indian fig^t at i^'ort Ridgely, liinnesota, Septaonber 4
c
Sept. 16,1862
i
Fight at ^'ort Ambercrombie, Mirnesota,
Sept. 13, 1862
A dispatch from Salt Lrke says an arrival from Snake River
reports that 2 trains were attacked by Indians, at Soublette's
Cut-off. 300 miles to the north, on the 15th of Augi^st.
• •
The Snakes, Shoshones, and Bannocks were well anred and
to prevent the immigrants from going to the Selmon River country
Sept. 21. 1862 -
Tho i'^ed Bluff Independent of 3ept.l9 says: Capt.Mellen, of
the Port Crook company of Volunteers, and in temporary command of
Co.E, left camp on the east side of the river, yesterday morning
with bot^ companies, 128 men, for the purpose of scouring ^^® country
between this piece and H an-ew LoJce-
^^
Lieut. Col. 3. G.Whipple in an official report to Lieut.
Jen^ee Ulio. Actinp Ae^t-Adltrgen. Hurnboldt District dated :^ort
Geston [Hoopa Yelley. Celifornis]. :urje JO, lo64. ,vrote
^ •- 'The indii-^ns which have heretofore been livmp, ir tha
mountsins and depredatir^ tgainst the white settlemrrts, and
hfive now cenned hostilities and have come in upon the" assurnr.ce
cf thoir lives being spared, should be kept employed at sow
useful occupation and ptiid for their labor. The settlers' cf^n
hire but s limited number, consequently work must be furnished
them by the Governi/ient if they have it sufficiently to keep than
oat of mischief. At pi'esent I have 15 cutting wood for the post,
and intend to hrve e year's supply cut by them, but this \nll not
keeo a lerge number busy a great length of time. If I had authority?
to Eet 0 lot of them at work upon the trails and roads the ef:ect
would be mo?t beneficial to the indii.ns. They say they are filing
tc ^-fork. ad thry need £n opportunity to earn something; and more
ther that, they need to be kept employed, k few hundred dollars
pxpended in this vjay. vith care and judgment, .vould beyond a tiues^
tion -e E gpeat st;ving to the Government imd lead to good practical
result?. I- cannot in too strong terms urge upon the district command-
er the greet importance of this matter of the employment of the
Indians and paying them for their labor, for I feel fully convinced
it is the best and most rational way of managing them. If left in
idleness they will surely be in some mischief, l^ve hundred dollars
in coin expended in the manner above indicated will contribute more
toward a final closing of indi^.n difficulties in this district
than tenfold thnt amount in military operations against them, should
thoy again assume a hostile attitude." ^
ywar of Rebellion Records, Series l,Vol.50. Pt.2,p.8^2,18yv. ^^
HWlIiOJT
I
Lieut. Col. 3. G. Whippln in an official report to
Lieut. Jemes Ulio. Acting Asst.Adjt.Gen.. Humboldt District,
deted Fort Geston [Hoopa Valley], June 30. 1864. wrote:
"Three days ego the last of the hedwoods, kr.o^in as Curly-
headed Tom»9 hand, arrived and are now here. They express
ther.BlTes as tired of the war and willing .to remain here,
have had several tr.lks with the leading Indians and their
professions are all right. This bend of Hedwoods is the very
worst in the country, and have for yesrs been the terror of the
people of the oo unties of ^'umboldt. Klamath, and Trinity. By
their ovm a:lmi9slons they have been the rireJeoders in all the
depredr,tlons about Humboldt Bay for years past. Three year- ego
ih^.y n-^Tbcred ecmo 60 warriors, but they have lost severely in
the several engagements of th^ pest vear until they can now.
recording to their own statements, muster but 15 fighting men.
Small as their number is. they would yet be a formidable foe
from their perfect knowledge of localities and long practice,
in murder and robbery. It is therefore, in my estimation, a
great point .gained to hr.ve them under partial restraint for
the present, with the view of their being \toUy so nt no
remote period." ^
^War of Rebellion Records. Series 1, Vol.60. Pt.2.pa31-a8E.1397.
• 4
•p^^
^ ^ OVERLAND MONTHLY, Vcl 9. 156, 1872
"Although each of their iHoopa] petty tributaries
had their own tongue, so vigorously were they put to school in
the language of their masters that most of their vocabularies
were sapped and reduced to bold categories of names. They had
the dry bones of nouns; but the flesh and blood of verbs were
sucked out of them by the Hoopa. Mr. Yftiite, a man well ac-
quamted with the Oh ima la quays., who once had an entirely distinct
tongue, told me that before they became extinct they scarsely
employed a verb thet was not Hoopa. In the Hoopa Valley Reser-
vation, in the summer of 1871, the Hoopas constituted not much
over a third of the Indians present, who, taken together, rep-
resented some six languages; and yet the Hoopa was not only the
French of the reservation — the idiom of diplomacy and of courtesy
between tribes — but it was in general used inside of each
rancheria, as well as intertribally. I tried in vain to get the
numerals of certain obscure remnants of tribes: they sixoiEiixta
kxB]V7KBXBtkBr)(xsBxgni persisted in giving me the Hoopa, and,
indeed, they seemed to know no other — so great was the dread and
influence of the masterly race. While they did not equal the
famous Six Nations in their capacity for confederation and govern-
ment, they were scarsely inferior to them in prowess, and even
.their superiors in that certain something of presence, mental
gifts, which renders one man a born captain over another.**
8L/ ^ KocVcV^
CIO
Col. 3. G.Whipple, in sri official report to Gol.P..C.Druin,
. ^
During the succeeding tvFo
trouhle from hostile Indians
and Klanath. After that
occur; at first rarely, and
dated Fort Gaston [Uoopa Valley.Calif .] .Jan.lE.1864, wrote:", a
retrospective glance may not "be amiss. In the early part of the {Tvxvtt-J
year 1855 there was a serious difficulty with the Klamath^indians,
in which several white men lost their lives and quite a number of
Indians were killed. . . We found the settlers all under arms and
in a great state of excitement, ^ile many of the Indian had tied
to the mountains, as is their custom when they mean mischief. . .
In this disturbance the Hoopa Indians were with the whites sn doused
their influence against a general war
or three years there was little or no
in the counties of Humboldt, Trinity,
period, however, hostilities began to m-' -4.
then more frequently, but at some distance from the Lower irinity
and Klamath Rivers. This induced the belief that the guilty Indians
were those living nearest to viftiere the outrages were perpetrated.^
No doubt this was a just conclusion in many instances, but in the
last year or two circumstances have led the most candid and 90-
servant to suspect that the more powerful tribes of the Trinity
and Klamath were not entirely blameless, more espea ally the
former. Recent events have demonstrated that these suspicions
were not only well founded, but that the Trinity Indiais of Hoopa
Valley have been the prime movers in most of the outrages for^
vears. To shield themselves from the consequences of their crimes,
these Indians displayed considerable address. They have not only
been particular themselves to keep within the pale of the law when
near home, but have prevented other Indiais from committing deeds
of violence in their territory, extending each way several miles,
in addition to keeping the peace near home, these cunning scoundrels
were wont to put on the most innocent and l« friendly demeanor m
their intercourse with the whites, both citizens and soldiers.
With this state of affairs the Trinity (Hoopa) Indians would doubt-
will, managing to have the blame tail on tne smaller, irresponsiux
tribes, which of late years have had no pemanent places ot apode,
but with which the Hoopas remained upon friendly terms, and Dtien
hard pressed gave them succor and protection. Unfortunately, however,
for the continuance of these lawless practices.,, the crimes ot
murder, robbery, and arson . . have been brought home to their true
authors. . . Previous to thr capture of the Indians in September,
;.. the leading warrior of the village (Big Jim), with S9me JO
others, left for the mountains, and has not since that time deemed
it safe to dwell in the valley, thcugh he and his whole party are
often about their old haunts. According to the very best information,
and i deem it reliable, the Indians now out under arms number from
100 to 125. They would be well satisfied to be let alone during the
.\
U3
winter
determ
summer
a trib
terms
recrui
below
their
truste
immedi
;o out
0 the
and early spring, but there can be no doubt that they are
ined to wage a relentless warfare against the whites another
. . . The Upper Klamaths, as they are called, might not as
e become openly hostile, feut they are certainly on friendly
with those now out and would be their allies, furnishing
ts and the means of carrying o»i the war. . . The Indiais
the mouth of the Trinity (Lower Klamaths) continue to signify
intentions of remaining peaceable, and 1 think they can be
d. In the event, however, of extensive hostilities by their
ate neighbors, small parties of their young warriors would
on predatory excursions on the strength of its being laid
charge of those openly hostile. . .
". . it will be at once apparent that the destructiion
of the hostile bands now in the mountains is of primary and
great importance, and thaJL within the next three months this
should be accomplished." v
Sl/War of Eebellion Records, "Series 1, Vol. 50, Pt.2, pp724-725,
1897.
<• ^«
On August 25, 1864, Lieut. Col. S.G.Yfhipple, in en
official report to Lieut. Col. R. C. Drum, wrote: "All present
indications lead to the iDelief that the main Indian troubles
of this district [HumlDoldt] are in a fair way of settlement.
The Indians have been deceived so often they are yet very
suspicious and watchful, but as they see the promises which
have been made them are kept in good faith by the officers of
the Indian Department, they will gradually acquire full confidence
in the humane intentions of Government. There are still a few
small bands of savages in the mountains which must be hunted
out and destroyed, and for this purpose it will be necessary
to keep scouting parties in the field. It affords me pleasure
to state that the superintendent of Indian affairs evinces
discretion and zeal in the discharge of his duties and a desire
to courteously co-operate with the military authorities in the
management of the Indians in this district." ^
\V'War of Rebellion Records, Series 1, Vol.50, Pt.2, p. 957, 1897
mf. BEH V/EIGHT UASSACBE OP laODOK INDIANS
In Septanter 1852 an immigrant train of 65 persons,
traveling south from Oregon into California . was attacked and an-
nihilated by Kodok Indians near Tule Lake in northern Oalifo-nla,
The Indians oomitted this slaughter in retaliation for innuaer-
able murders of their people by the rtiitee.
When the news reached Yreka it created great excite-
ment. "NO one stopped to inquire what provocation had been
given or how many Indians had previously been shot down and
scalped by whites; but thew was at once a cry for vengeance
and extemination; and a company of armed miners and others was
immediately raised to carry out the proposed work of destruction.
At the head of these miners was a man. known as Ben Wright, a
It was reported that he purchased a quantity
citizen of Yreka.
of strychnine and, going into the Modoc country east of Kiett
L8kl}'^in;ited a number of Indians to meet him near Black Bluff
under the pretense of making a treaty. As a preliminary to
negotiations he prepared a fe.st. in which he seasmed the food for
the Indians with the poison: but it proved .to be so much adulter-
ated that, with the exception of one iran. it did not kill. . •
Wright, under the pre«ext of making peace, induced the Indiais
to meet him at Black Bluff and
threw them off their
guard by the «,e of a flag of truce and smoking the pipe of pe.ce
with them. It was a rainy day. The Indicia, of *o« there were
46. sat down to pull off their wet -noccasons aid dry their feet.
PM
and had tmatJrung and laid aside their tows, ^en Ben Wright,
drawing a pistol with each hand, began shooting his too-trusting
▼ictims; and his example was followed by his companions. In a
very short time all the Indians were killed except five, who
manafjed to
And not long afterwards, in supposed reward for his skillful
services in dealing with a difficult question.^e;^ wis appointed
by the administration at Washington an Indian agent." \?^
Hittell, Theodore H. , History of California, pp. 938-939^'^ Y.
fl
When in St. Louis October 6, 1855, General ^than iillen
Hitohcock wrote in is diary: ''a messenger came galloping across
the prairies towards St. Louis telling the story that our sol-
diers under 's command, had perpetrated the hloody butchery
of Ash Hollow, in which, after a treacherous parley, and while
they were negotiating terms of peace, they fell upon the Brules
and exterminated the tribe. The New York Tr_ibjm&- characterized
it as 'a transaction as shameful, detestable, and cruel as
anywhere sullies our annals, » and the SiL_LpuisLNeM said that
the commander 'devested himself of the attributes of civilized
humanity and turned himself into a treacherous demon, remorse-
less and bloodthirsty. '^^^
^ Fifty Yg^ra in Camp and Field, by General Ethan Allen Hitchcock.
PP.41S-T19, 1909.
./*
General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, in the diary of his
activities in/l851, mentions under d^te of May 15 that he had
arrived^ i
He si^eaks of "a distinct plan of the
governor and Legislature of Celifomia to call out the militia,
ostensibly for the defence of the State against the Indians,
apd compel this government to pay the privates. $5 a day esch
a
and the officers in proportion. To carry out this project, the
iflns are to be forced into war. tHid^-thfi-4)retenee is %hat 4he
%lted jtstxsB troops are^woxthlesB-for-ihe-d^fence-of-th
A
/■
Under date of December 4. 1851, his diary contains-
' ' ''Sonoma ^'
the following entry: ^-*^3 or ious ratters on hand. Day before
yesterday rijunors reached here of an outbreak of Indians in the
southern part of this State rerching from San Diego clear to the
Gila. To-day comes the first official notice. Lieutenant Murray
reports from the Gila an attempt of Indians to get possession of
the post. Lieutenant Sweeney was there with only ten men and a
few citizens connected with a ferry. Lieutenant l!urray arrived
in hflj'te from San Die/io end ordered the Indians ewey. They re-
fused to go till he levelled a howitzer at them. They then cut
away the ferry end hung oround in a hostile attitude. Near Los
Angeles, too, a settler and rn Indisn or two have been killed. 'V
^ Fifty Years in Camp and Field, by C"eneral Rthan Allen Hitohcook,
p. 381. 1909.
^Ibid. p. 390.
December 21, "Have three government vessels afloat
with troops and supplies. Major Heintzelman reports his de-
parture from San Diego with seventy or eighty men against some
hos tiles sixty or eighty miles distant. . . What do writers
mean hy talking about the primitive conditions of life and
♦primitive times,* when close by me here are natives who go
naked throughout the year, winter and summer, the men not wear-
ing moccasins or even a breech cloth, and the women using only
the fig leaf or its substitute."^
"Benicia, Apr. 28th. Three companies of troops have
arrived from San Diego, where they have been 'operating* for
several months. I put Major Heintzelman in command there when
I came end he has put an end to a combination of hostile tribes
and restored peace to that part of the State. My official books
and papers in the office keep a record of these things." v
"San Francisco, July 31. 1 called to see the Methodist
minister to-day. Pound there a man dressed like a gentleman, who
would be doubtless offended to be told he was none, who had the
on of the
audacity to say that Providence designed the
Indians and that it would be a good thing to introduce the small-
*
pox among themJ He soon found himself alone in that savage senti-
y Fifty Years in Gamp and i?'ield. by General Ethan Allen Hitchcock,
p.3^, T90§f
^Ibid. p. 395.
ment, but it is the opinion of most white people living in the
interior of the country." ^
"Reports of 'Indian outbreaks* and 'outrages by the
savages* broke in upon the diarist's meditation. To meet con-
tingencies threatened at the heed waters of the San Joachim he
was compelled to send (Aug. 5th) three companies of soldiers and
two howitzers with precise instructions. Of the causes at work,
he writes:
"♦The wrong came, as usual, from white men. The Indian
commissioner last year made treaties with these Indians, and as-
signed them reservations of land as their own. The whites have
oc-
To
this the Indians seem to have objected, and one of them told the
ferryran that he was on their land and he %'culd have to go away,
because his boat and apparatus stopped the salmon from ascending
the river. This, it is said, was considered a hostile threat,
and a party of whites was raised to go among the Indians and de-
mand an explanation. As what had been said to the ferryman was
said by only one or two and was not advised by the tribe, the
latter was teken entirely by surprise by this aimed party, eni,
knowing nothing of its object and becoming alarmed, some it is
said were seen picking up their bows, and this wes considered a
sign of hostile intent and they were fired on and fifteen or
^Elfty lMrF_Jn_teip_and_jleld, ^y General Ethan Allen Hitchcock,
p. 395. 1909.
twenty were killed! Some of the Indians "belonging to the tribe
were, at the moment their friends were fired on, at work on a
white man's farm some miles distant, without the smallest sus-
picion of existing causef5 of hostility.
"♦Affairs thereupon aasumed a threatening aspect, and
a great council has been appointed for Aug. 15th, at which all
the surrounding tribes will assemble on King's River, to discuss
the question of going to war with the whites. It is to overawe
this council that I have sent the troops to Port Killer. It is
a hard case for the troops to know the whites are in the wrong,
and yet be compelled to punish th*^ Indians if they attempt to
defend themselves.'**^
^ Fifty Years ju Camp and Field, by General Sthan Allen Hitchcock,
p. 396. 1909.
U-
Ck. ^
GENERAL ETHAN ALLEN HITCHCOCK ♦S VIEWS ON
THE TREATMENT OP INDIANS IN CALIFORNIA IN 1851 & 1852
General Ethan Allen Hitchock, in his book entitled "Fifty
Years in Camp and FieldJ' states under date of Washington, May
15, 1851: "Am ready for California, Had my last talk with Sec- [?^^»
retary of War and General Scott to-day. The General shew me
a private letter from General Smith in which he speaks of a
distinct plan of the governor and Legislature of California
to call out the militia, ostensibly for the defence of the
State against the Indians, and compel this government to pay
the privates $5 a day each and the officers in proportion. To
cariy out this project, the Indians are to he forced into war,
aoi the pretence is that the United States troops are worthless'
for the defence of the country.! I foresee that I am to be placed [382
in a delicate position, and that in California efforts will be
made at first to use me, and, failing that, to abuse and destroy
me. I shall hold to the ridit." .
Two months latei^'^hen at Benicia, an entry in his journal
[381
[384
reads: "I have broken ground against reputed corruption, and
have written a letter to Gol. a commissioner in the
Indian Department to treat with Indians injthis country, telling [385
him of the rumor of his misconduct and declining to furnish him
an escort to go among the Indians until he makes satisfactory
explanation. Instead of explaining the rumors or denying their
promiaea
We shall see. To cope with
corruption in this country requires both firmness and honesty
and may need support from Washington. I have succeeded hereto-
fore in these conflicts and ought not to fail now."
Gen. B. A. Hitchoock -2-
The following year, 1852, his journal states: '*Benicia, l^^ff
Apr. 28th. Three companies of troops have arrived from San
Diego, where they have been 'operating* for several months.
I put Major Heintzelman in command there ^en I came and he
has put an end to a combination of hostile tribes and restored
peace to that part of the State. My official books and papers
in the office keep a record of these things."
On July 31 of the same yea^^he made the following entry:
"I called to see the Methodist minister to-day. Found there L^t^'
a man dressed like a gentleman, ^o would be doubtless offended
to be told he was none, who had the audacity to say that Provi-
dence designed the extermination of the Indians and that it
would be a good thing to introduce the small-pox among them.'
He soon found himself alone in that savage sentiment, but it
is the opinion of most white people living in the interior of
the country."
On August 5, 1852, he was compelled to send three companies
of soldiers to the head waters of the San Joaquin in connection
with alleged "outrages by the savages." Concerning this his
journal reads:
"The wrong came, as usual, from white men. The Indiana [^^c
commissioner last year made treaties with these Indians, and ^: :
assigned them reservations of land as their own. The fiiites
have not respected the proceedings of the commissioner, but
have occupied the reservation to a considerable extent, and
established a ferry within the lands assigned to the Indians.
itchcock »3»
[396
To this the Indians seem to have objected, and one of them
told the ferryman that he was on their land and he would
have to go away, because his boat and apparatus stopped the
salmon from ascending the river. This, it is said, was
considered a hostile threat, and a party of whites was raised
to go among the Indians and demand an explanation. As what .
had been said to the ferryman was said by only one or two
and was not advised by the tribe, the latter was taken en-
tirely by surprise by this armed party, and, knowing nothing
of its object and becoming alarmed, some it is said were seen
picking up their bows, and this was considered a sign of hos-
tile intent and they were fired on and fifteen or twenty were
killed.* Some of the Indians belonging to the tribe were,
at the moment their friends were fired on, at work on a white
man's farm some miles distant, without the smallest suspicion
of existing causes of hostility.
"Affairs thereupon assumed a threatening aspect, and a
great council has been appointed for Aug. 15th, at which all
the surrounding tribes will assemble on King's River, to dis-
cuss the question of going to war with the whites,
overawe this council that I have sent the troops to Port Miller.
It isJhard case for the troops to know the whites are in the
wrong, and yet be compelled to paniall the Indians if they at-
tempt to defend themselves." —Fifty Years in Camp and Field,
Diary of Major-General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, U. S. A.,
New York, 1909.
It is to
•- \
1
"•*^a*.
1
INPOHJATION PROM WAB OP R^B?:LLI0N R!?C0RDS, SSRI1?3 1, ^^OL. ^OMHu^"^
1397
Mejor S» R. Taylor, commender of Port Gaston, Hoopa
Valley, in e report to Colonel R. C. Drum dated Hoops Valley »
September 19. 1863. states thi.t he "had some beef jerked for
the use of detachments when scouting," adding that "it answered
much better for the men, as frequently they go out Miith six
d8y«» rations on their becks, in some instorces they are not
V permitted to kindle fires, nor to shoot gane, eating nothing
but jerked beef find hard bread," -{pr-tSH ^
XB-"fee->^ome Foport he mentioned thst His company
'^Bice
tt
stationed at Fort Gaston
and South Pork up to Trinidad on the coast", (p. 239)
On January 29, 1864 Lieutenant Colonel S. G. »<bipple,
iS^ia, reports: "On the 15th
instant a btind of about thirty Irdinns, mostly Hoopas, made a
descent upon a miners' camp on Pony Creek, a tributary of New
River. The miners, nine in number, made their escape to South
Salmon, but a winter's supply of provisions for the miners, four
rifle?!, two watches, and some money fell into the hands of the
Indians. In this connection I remark that these miners returned
to or remained on
Yt^
I
?
rl
New River against the remonr trances of the officers of this
post. Captfiin Ousley informs ^e that four of the miners had
squaws living viith them. From Pony Creek the Indians crossed
over to South Salmon, but by another route from that taken by
the miners, and on the 16th killed 2 white men and 2 Chinamen,
also wounded 2 Chinamen near the month of Plnmmer Creek." ...
"jf-roB this post Captain Ousley prooeedad directly to the South
Salmon and returned via New Hiver. where he f«ind several hundred
pounds of p™ visions the Indians had left, which was cached by
the captain. A few miles farther down the stream were found
caches made by the Indians of their plunder, which were destroyed.
The party of thirty men which I sent out to intercept the Indians
were not successful in discovering any. This raid on Pony Creek
was nothing but what was expected if a few miners would persist
in remaining for the winter on any of the branches of Hew Eiver.
The region is so completelyVsolated and difficult of anpreach
for troops that it would be impossible to afford assistance or
protection to the miners, except a force was stationed there."
t'
(pp. 242-243)
Under date of .5une 1, 1864, Captain Abraham Miller.
writing from Burnt Eanoh. states that ea Indian na.«d Heeth was
at Quimby's house on ?!ew Eiver. Having despatched Li.utenant
.J-
ISiddleton with one enlisted man in search of him, "Ue found on
his arrival at the above-naned place that Heath had left for
i
1
pony Creek, twelve miles farther on. He was followed by
Lieutenant llddleton to this place, but the search proved
unsuccessful." (p. 284)
Lieutenant A. W. Harma, in a report from Port Gaston,
Hoopa V8ll.y. dated June 1. 1864. to Captain A. BiHer at Burnt
Eanch says: "You will pursue the same course until no Indians
are to be found in that region. Particular attention is to be
given thst not on Indian of those connected in this valley be
allowed there. Kill the last ore until they find it prudent
to obey orders.** (p. 859)
BARBARITIES ON CALIFORNIA INDIANS U \^H<i
»
Bemet Riley. Brevet" Brig. Gen. U.S. Amy, and Governor ol
California in a letter dated Monterey, August 30, 1849 says:
«•• ••••••
In the month of April last, the agent in the Sacramento valley
reported that a body of Oregonians and mountaineers had committed
most horrible barbarities on the defenceless Indians in that
vicinity.
nhumi
execution of a number of chiefs some year and a half since by a
military force sent into the San Jaoquin valley by my predecessor,
(the facts of which were reported to Washington at the time,) have
necessarily produced a hostile feeling on the part of the natives,
and several small parties of whites, who, in their pursuit of gold,
ventured too far into the Indian country, have been killed."-
General Bennet Riley in
->H.R. 31st Cong.. 1st Sess. . Ex. Doc. 17. pp. 789-790. 1850,
BAKKRSFIELD
I called also on a Jfr
Baker — a very large and very old man v/ho
/Settled in this country in 1853 and v^o is a statistical corres-
pendent of the U.S.Dept.of Agriculture. Got from him a lot
of information on a variety of subjects— agricultural aiid other-
wise. QA long time ago, when G-ibbs was curator of the California
Academy of Sciences, Baker sent the Academy large collections of
skulls and fossil bones found by him on a conical mountain or high
high hill (highest in the region) about 18 miles northesat of Baker
*
sfield and six miles north of Kern River. Here he found sharks
teeth by the thousand and many fossil skeletons of large size.
On the first water north of this fossil hill (say 1V2 mile
north and 19 miles from Bakersfield) there used to bo a large jn-
^ian Village, containing all told perhaps 150 inhibitants. There
was an earth covered "sv/eat house" here, perhaps 30 feet in dia-
meter v/ith the floor about 3 feet below the level of the ground
outside.
i»/>
In those days he says Rancherias or aindian villages were cok-
mon througli out the count re, but most of them were of small or
meduim size.
F I E L-^
Rancher ia
Tulare Lake v/as then about 100 miles long and there were
Rancherias all around it. Most of these v/ero not permanent hut
were moved from time to time to suit the food supply--the Indians
living largely on mascles(which were very abundant), fish, ducks
roots and so on. At that time Elk an.d Antelope abounded
throughout this region but the Lake Indians killed bur few.
Tliey preferred wild mustangs, which were easily snared. In winter
ducks, geese, swans, sandhill cranes and other waterfowl were here
in unbelievable profusion
The Lake Indians (tache) lived in Tule huts and made beauti-
ful boats of tules. These boats were from 12 to 15 or 30 feet
length(— so he says)and the big ones would carry a horse,
^rhe tules were cut and laid on the ground in bundles of the
riglit length and were gathered, and laced and bound together in
cigai'-shape cylindrica bundles about 6 inches in diameter. Then
these were grouped in bundles and tiers and lashed together until
the desired size and form were attained. The boats were good.
m
/^
About the mid-
shapely and serviceable and lasted a long t ime.
die of the Lake was a ferry where Indians used to cross to the
BAKEI^SFIELD LAKE INDIMS
Y/est side, to visit or trade v/ith those of the San Luis Obispo
region.
Beavers v/ere plenty in tlie lake and estuaries and ascended
Kings Rivers as far as Kingston or farther. Otter were common in
Kings River and also the leike
The Indians on lower Kings River (doubtless the Nat oonata) used
to gather immense quantities of acorns from the valley oaks vMch
grew so abundantly there, and cache them for winter. They set
up circles of poles about 3 or 4 feet in diameter and laced them
together ajid interv/ove with willows until they formed upright
cylinders 10-15 feet in height, domed at the top by drawing in the
0
tips of all the upright poles. These v/ere filled vdth acorns
»
every fall. The yield of acorns v/as unusually enormous.
My infonnant( Baker) when hunting about ^ miles north of
.5 or 6 feet deep to try
Kingston in the early days, dug a holey •
to get water. His pick struck throu gh and a big stream of clear
pure water welled up and continued to flow.
He gathered a big lot of Elk horns etc. 392
On November E3 and 24, 1326, Jose Antonio Sanches, ac-
cording to his o\m account, attacked the rancheria of the
Cosumnes Indians, burning the village, killing 41 men, women,
and children, and taking 44 prisoners.
'!.¥m
/
^^/^
Governor Downey, in view of complaints of alleged depreda-
tions by Indians in Bound Valley, "instead of sending troops,
addressed General Newmftn 3. Clark, then in command of the Pacific
division of the U. 3. Army at San iJ'rancisco, General Clark re-
plied that he had an officer with a detachment of troops at
Round Valley at that very time; hut that not a word had reached
him ahout any hostile movement among the Indians ;"and a few
weeks later, "transmitted a report from Edward Dillon, lieute-
nant in command at Round Valley, to the effect that not only
were the reports of Indian depredations in that (quarter entirely
without foundation, but that the Indians were in much more need
of protection than the whites. He said there were certain parties
having interests in Round Valley, whose aim it was to exterminate
the Indians, and that a company of volunteers had been ranging
in the vicinity all winter and in connection with the citizens
of the valley engaged in the indiscriminate murder of all the
Indians whose misfortune it had been to fall in with them."— Calif .
Assembly Journal, 1860; and Hittell. Hist. Calif. IV, 263.
1898.
WKK-o ur oiiiiUiuM
In an official report dated "Camp.ti ik« Porks of
Salmon, Prbruary 29, 1864". Lieut. A. HI. Randall wrote
to Brig. Gen. G. Wright: "Marched on the 12th, after
purchasing rations and ammunition at the lowest rates
they could be purchased at Port Jones, it being impos-
sible to get more than 10 days» rations over the moun-
tains. The snow being deep, it took us three days
crossing, and found every kind of provisions at high
figures, end the courty in a state of excitement here
as well as Gecilville. I have sent a smell party to
defend that plnce. while the main pert shall scour the
mountains as soon as I have cartridges made and rations
prepared. Ky force consists of 63 men with only 50
stand of arms." v
Special Orders, No. 24, dated Port Humboldt, Calif.,
June 24. 1864 and signed James Ulio, Acting Asst.Adj.Gen.
contained the following: "The camp at Porks of Salmon is
hereby broken up, and the commanding officer of the troops
at that point will proceed without delay with his commaid
to ?ort Gaston. Cal. , and report to commanding officer
cf that post for duty." ^
I
ns
at
ed
^ war of Rebellion Records. Ser.l,Vol.50,Pt.2,p.773,1897
>§/Ibid, p.876.
KONOMEHO — forks of S^amon
In a letter dated "Cainp at the ^rks of Salmon, Feb-
ruary 18, 1864" Lieut. A.W.Randall wrote to Col. b.G.V/hipple:
"1 received orders from General Wright ... to move my men to
this place acd operate against hostile Indians. [Orders dated
fXOpS of thj5.7
Feb. 6, 1864] . • ♦ We found considerable snow on the^mountains
which delayed us from getting here sooner. Passed an Indians
ranch on the 15th which was deserted by the males. Yesterday
an Indian was shot, and by making strict inquirirs I found that
he ':^as a bad Indian, who is accused of having killed and robbed
at Trinity Center. . . No further depredations have been com-
mitted at this place lately." ''^
Sk^y^ ^« W'.v BvdkVM^lV -- U>vVvov/oV<<^L Vu^^W^Vvj^ ^^ lva^a.>v^
#
Oakland Tribune^fciy 18,1930
— . — i-
More Indian Tales
And What Followed
1
•y
!
STORIES HERE of the Mill Creek Indiana
have brought requests for more of the
earlv accounts of the troubles the settlers had
with various tribes and the suggestion some-
thing be quoted from the pages of the nar^
rative of General John Bidwell. Bidwell ar-
rived in Oregon in 1842 and a year later
started south for Sutter's Fort. What follows
describes an incident which took place while
the party was camping on the present sit of
Red Bldf f : "This party had with them men, two
at least, who might be styled Indian killers, and
on the way very frequently fired at Indians
seen in the distance. The better portion tried
to dissuade them from this uncalled-for conduct
with, however, only partial success. On
arriving at the present site of Red Bluff,
the company camped early in the day, intend-
ing to remain during the night, but broke up
camp hastily owing to the following incident.
One of the Indian killers, seeing an Indian
on the opposite side of the river, swam over,
carrying a butcher knife in his mouth. The
Indian allowed him to approach tiU he came
very close, but at last ran away. The
man with the knife pursued him, threw
a stone, and crippling the Indian, completed
the barbarbus work by killing him with his
knife. The party in camp, now fearing Indian
retaliation, concluded to travel on. After a
few miles an Indian was- observed following
them, no doubt out of curiosity and not be-
cause he had heard of the killing of a member
of his tribe a few hours previously."
CARRYIIS'G on the story in which sympath;
is with the Indians the Bidwell narrative
has it: "One of the Indian killers seeing the op-
portunity for another murder, hid in the brush
Xtill the Indian came up, and shot him. The ,
company continued to travel on the west side
of the Sacramento river with more than ordin-
ary haste, feeling very insecure lest the Indians
who were very numerous in the vaUey at that
time, should exhibit hostility on account of
what had occurred. One of the encampments.
I remember, was near the river below what
is now called Stony creek, then Capay river,
in Colusa county. The Indians, however, came
near in considerable numbers, and hence evi-
dently had not heard of the shooting and knif-
ing just mentioned. In the morning as they
were packing up to leave camp, one of the In-
dian killers missed his bridle and swore the
-'damned Indians' had stolen it— a most un-
reasonable thing, since the Indians had no
horses and never had. In his rage he fired at
an Indian who stood by a tree about one
hundred yards distant. The Indian fell back
into the brush, while the rest of his frightened
companions fled in great haste. The company
was again rendered panicky by the blood-
thirsty impudence of the Indian killer, hastened
on their journey, and found the missing bridle
in a few minutes under a pile of blankets.
All that day the Indians on the east side of
the river manifested great excitement as the
company moved along down the west side.
For more than 40 miles there A^as at that time
no place where water could be found for horses
to drink, the banks being so steep or so grown
up with jungle and grape-vine as to be unap-
proachable. The day following, however, the
company encamped on the spot where Colusa
now stands. The excitement among the In-
dians had now preceded them and consequently
numbers of them swarmed on the opposite side
of the river. When the horses were led down
to get water, in almost famished condition, the
Indians fired at them with their arrows, but
no one was hit or hurt. THE KNAVE.
SENATORS DEPLORE
INDIAN CONDITIONS
NM^kt ^i0> >#Mw t%m6
Frazier and Thomas Visit South
Carolina Catawbas on
Survey.
Br the Associated Presg. <
ROCK HILL, S. C., March ».~What
was termed "deplorable conditions"
among the C^wba. Indians, living on
^ reservation 9 ihiles below Rock Hill,
were noted yesterday by United States
Senators Lynn J. Frazier, North Da-
kota, and Elmer Thomas, Oklahoma, who
visited the settlement yesterday after-
noon. The visit by the members of
the Senate committee on Indian inves-
tigation was the result of a recent move
by Senator Blease, South Carolina, to
have the Federal Government take over
the upkeep of the tribe.
The Senators said a full report would
be submitted on their return to Wash-
ington.
The Senators came here from Char-
lotte after having investigated a Cher-
okee reservation near Asheville, N. C.
They left last night for Florida, where
conditions among the Seminoles will be
investigated.
^
General John E. Wool, in a letter to Senator
John B. Weller. dated Benicia, California, October 5,
1856, states that the Nome Lackee reserve had not been
surveyed and therefore.it appeared to him, "the military
would have no right to expel a white man from the re-
serve, nor to interfere with him even if he should take
from the reserve. one or more squaws, or one or more
Indian children." 7
^
ad 3ess!fp!l44ri857/*°'^'°- """"^^ "•° ''^' ^**'' '^""S- .
\
"Although gold wfis discovered in California early
in 1848, the means of communication at that period were
9.0 slow that the Greet Rush did not get under way till
the following year. And astonishing as it ina.v seem,
by 1850 miners were already hastening to the remote
mountains of Trinity Hiver «nd also on Salmon River^*^ v
^ Wells , ilarry L. , History Siskeyou Co. , Osklm d, Calif. ,
1881.
General John ^. Y/ool, in a letter to the
Governor of California dated San Francisco, January 21,
1856, referring to Indian troubles in northern Cali-
fornia and southern Oregon, states: "It is, however,
greatly to he regretted that there are too many white
inhabitants, both in Oregon and northern California,
who go for exterminating the Indians, and. consequently,
do not discriminate between friends and foes, ...
Could the citizens be restrained from private war,
1 have no doubt peace and quiet would soon be restored."
/
Vind.Affrs.on the Pacific. Ex Doc. 76,
p. 103, 1857.
34th Gong. ,3^ 3es
s
General John i^, V/ool, in a letter to the
Governor of California dated San Prancisco, January 21,
1856, referring to Indian troubles in northern Cali-
fornia and southern Oregon, states: **It is, however,
«
greatly to "be regretted that there are too many white
inhabitants, both in Oregon and northern California,
who go for exterminating the Indians, and, consequently.
do not discriminate between friends and foes
• •
Could the citizens be restrained from private war,
1 have no doubt peece and quiet would soon be restored." v
^Ind.Affrs.on the Pacific, Ex Doc.76. 34th Cong. ,3<^ Sesp.^
p.l03, 1857. *
The only case I recall
exceeds in malignity
of treachery the Ben Wright massacre is the following:
Under date of March 20, 1862. Col. John R. Baylor,
commanding Second Begiment Texas Mounted Bifles, Con-
federate Amy, states in an order to Captain Helm,
C"The Congresg of
Commanding the Arizona Guards, tnatV^he Confederate
States has passed a law declaring extermination to
all hostile Indians. You will therefore use all means
to persuade the Apaches or any trihe to come in for
the purpose of making peace, a2id_!difliL.yfiJL.^„i:lffliL„
together kill all the grown Indians and take the chil-
dren prisoners and sell them to defray the expense of
«
killing the Indians. Buy whisky and such other goods
as may be necessary for the Indians and I will order
Touchers given to cover the amount expended. Leave
nothing undone to insure success, and have a sufficient
number of men around to allow no Indian to escape.** —
Tfar of Rebellion Records, Series 1, Vol. 50, Part I,
p. 942, Washington. 1897.
/ Xi t Iv I "K** TL'W^W^vS'^V ■Koo<,'K^ M Ol,\.\q.'
The following is from the Sacrar
mento Daily Democratic State Journal,
October 15, 1856.—
•Mr. S^' P. Storms is engaged in
removing the Yuba Indiana to the Nome
Cluclr)^Re3ervation,in Mendocino County.
He has already some 3,000 under his
charge."
iv/^-'-^^-^ V
The following i^ from the Siicm*
/
Journal
October 16, 1866.—
•Mr. S,, P. Stormi is onga^d in
remoTin^i the Yuba Indians to the Noi»
Cluclc\Re3enration » in Mendocino . County .
«
He has already some 5,000 under his
ohai^e,*
'.?
ii
Early in 1835 Governor Figueroa, learning tliat one Castillo
had ordered some of the Indian boys to be cruelly flogged, wote
him a letter reprimanding him in the severest language "and declar-
ing that nei,ther Castillo nor any other person would be permitted
to infringe the laws, which prohibited the flogging of Indians
even thougli they v/ere mere boys. Nor was he less imperative in
respect to the rights of the gentiles. An old abuse— corrected
for a time in the days of Borica— had again sprung up in the prac-
« •
tice, upon hostile expeditions against the gentiles, of seizing
their children and distributing them among the families of the
captors as domestic servants. Towards the end of 1835, on account
of the frequency of raids by Indian horse-thieves, it was found
necessary to organize monthly expeditions of soldiers, assisted
by the rancheros, to keep the marauders in check; and, during these
carrpaigns, it was not unusual to seize and make prisoners of gentile
children whenever they could be laid hold of."— Hittell, Hist.Ca-
lif. Vol. 11, p. 211.
Ar-itroe~aF~i:635~4«^4sa--eMidreii 'wbru bulll
Just ho\i late the stealing of |iidian children continued I do not
know, hut in 1835 Govenor Figueroa, leai'ning that during a recent
expedition from Saii Jose to the Tulare country for the purpose of
punishing Indians accused of horse stealing, seven children had
been seized and brouglit hack to San Jose, vnrote the Alcalde of that
place to send the children to the missionary at Santa Clara until
a fitting opportunity might present itself of restoring them to
their parents, and directed that no further expeditions should be
made except in actual pursuit of horse thieves.— Hittel^^Hist. Calif.
« •
Vol. II, 211.
Hittell states tlmtffeven after the teerican ocoupation-ffex-
peditions were gotten up on various false pretexts for the mm
purpose of stealim Indian children and supplying the mrket for
These servants v/ere not slaves in the eye of
, n+.tlfi else in fact. They were not worked
though
Indian servants.
the law, though tl:
in gangs under the eyo of a taskn^ster-the missions alone had tne
monopoly of that kind of husiness-but they were expected to ohey
the con^ands of their masters; ar.d. in case of disohedience. they
V/ere severely flogged, , _
in n^y cases they were affectionate and as faithful as it was pos-
sible for slaves to be.
. -;;7lilSS[lfT;ortion of the state in which there have not
heen some of these^Indian servants and in which there are not told
^ecdotes about their goal nature and in many cases of their devo-
tion to their ™.sters.--Hittell,History Califomia.Vol.III.PP.885.
^
CALIFORNIA INDIiM^^S'NOT PAID FOR THEIR LAND
Jairies A Patterson, Indian Agent at KLimath I^River] Reservation, in
a report dated July 15,1856, states:
"The Indians insist, and very properly so, in my opinion, that
they should be paid for lands before they are called upon to leatre t
their old homes. A sm-all appropriation by Congress for this pur-
pose will do much toward the easy m.anagement of the Indians and am.el'
ioration of their condition. Why our Qovernment should not extin-
guish the Indian title to land in this State, as well as in all pthet
portions of the United States and Territories, I am unable to find
any good reason , so far as doing justice to the Indiand is concerneil?
House Doc.l, 34th Congress, 3d Session, 801, 1856.
f
INDIAN DEPREDATIONS COX'iJ BAR, TRINIW 00.
The Red Bluff Semi* weekly Independent,
May 22. 1863 » publishes the following;
*0n Sunday last information reached
WeaTenrill* that the Indians, mobering
1,000, were in the Tioini^ of Cox*s
t * *
Bar. They burnt the ranch and other
points , B&king sad havoo with all the
houses and other property in thos#
plac
SoTeral families are r^orted
killed. Supervisor MoCampbell, of
Trinity County, who resides at Cox*s
Bar was obliged to flee from his house
to saTS his life. All his property
is reported destroyed. The militia of
Trinity county will pr bably turn out
and chastise them«*r Red Bluff Semi«
J. U&yiZ, 1663
lU^C
i
a
ui
"Therefore the Indian hates the American, yes he
despises him* He makes no other distinctions between nation-
alities but color and diTides man into good and bad (§
and qnimal]^a). He has learned to consider the Americans the
worst of all, as they have been the most heartless to him.
No wonder he feels this way! I saw with my own eyes how the
Americans stole their wives and daughters and treated then
like slaves, how they brutally forced the men to serve as
guides and burden-bearers!
^^
Jj- Translation from Carl Meyer Sacs'
V by Ruth Pry Axe. , n
^A
Incidentally this is a fair example of the
point of view of soldiers and miners, who as a rule are
deeply outraged "by the killing cf a white person by an
Indien, "but utterly oblivious to the murders and other
attrocities perpetrated by the whites on Indian men
and women — the inciting cause of the retaliatory acts
•es^er
the whites are all so quick to avenge.
SLAVERY 0? ^ CALIPOMIA INDIANS
Under the Spanish regime in California thousands of
native Indians were slaves to the Padres, and later, during
*
the gold rush days of the 50 ♦s and 60 »s^ large numbers were in
effect slaves to the miners.
Another kind of slavery that seems to have escaped
general notice was widespread among the early settlers. This
was the practice of gathering Indians at tte ranches— to work
for their keep.
A fourth type of slavery coming in at a somewhat later
period also existed\ particularly in the northwestern part of the
State. This was legalized by a curious process known as indenture^^
by which young Indians (both boys and girls) were taken from
their homes and forced to work for years mthout compensation
other than scanty food and a slight pretense of clothing.
These four types of slavery take no account of the
pi»*d*i^^of kidnapping Indian children and selling them to the
settlers, or of the widespread practice, chiefly by the miners
who ^overra
n the state in the 50's and 60's, of seizing Indiai
h
wo
men and keeping them at their camps.
WHY NOT BEGIN AT HOME?
The United States in its treaty obligaticns with World
PoT^ers is scrupulously painstaking to maintain a position of
honor. But how ahout our treaty obligations with the native
tribes from ^diom our great country was wrested?
Thousands of our citizens still living well remonber
the days when our Government was eager to put an end to bloody
Indian wars by TREATIES. These treaties gave us peaceful pos-
session of hundreds of thousands of acres of valuable lands
and in return promised the poor trustful Indiais certain rights
and perpetual possession of a remnant, called a Reservation, of
their fonrer territory. These contracts, backed by the Nation's
honor, stipulated the continuance of the terms of the treaty
"so long as grass grows and water flows". It was a sacred
pledge solemnly executed, and was agreed to (whether as a re-
sult of coaxing, cajoling, or force) by a multitude of tribes
from New England to Oregon, and from Arizona to the Canadian
f
^i
ll
boundary.
But with the ever increasing settlement of the V»est,
the steadily incoming white population soon came to covet
even
the small remaining holdings of the Indians and began a persis-
tent clamoridig for the throwing open of the reservations— a
clamortfig that is still ringing in our ears, though little of
their lard is now left to the Indians.
Has the Congress of the United States respected the
pledges of the Government? Has it rebuked those who clamored
for the violation of the rights and titles guarenteed by its
treaties? Has it insisted that the Honor of the Nation demands
the fulfillment of treaty obligations? Has it done any of these
things? Or is our Nation's pledge—except with foreign powers—
an empty mockery?
/f
I /
1
V-'-^A
^V»'
'i' <:^OiJLa^
California, at the time of its discovery was inhabited
by ajnultitude of kindly disposed Indians and was more densely
populated that any other area of equal extent in America.
The Indians were divided into a large number of tribes v few-
ihg dofinito boundori
idlspeaking languages in the main
wholly unintelligible to one another.
Unlike the tribes of the plains these Indians were
\
stationery, not nomadic. Their tribal areas had definite
boundaries respected by the adjoining tribes.
supply^ was so
abundant that the people had no occasion to
make raids on the territories of their neighbors.
lifhen the j^adres entered southern California from Mexico
in 1769 they were objects of interest to the natives and
as
'''^--^u
V^O*-JO^-'
J^
{ Vv-:
"•'•♦*"••
"• j^S-*»,. %.'i.. X., t
1
"•w^
.A>T
rrt,"^
f
a;
•^^Lw^
orvv^^"*
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^-.
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cicAw
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i;..
^ -E-
\
their own ac4Sfe»ti£^, were fed and saved from starvation
by the Ind
ians. '^'Aflithe p
adres
^pushetLa northward and estahlishwjb
a chain of missions from San Diego to San •iJ'rancisoo Bay, they
"baptized as many as possible and pressed the Indians into
service in building the mission structures, in herding the
stock, and in tilling the soil. The zealousy of the mission
fathers for converts was such that they soon came to
expeditions into the territory of adjacent tribeslafiel in the
course of a few years thooo osipoditiona oomo tcr bo aggresive
raids designed for the.purpose of securing additional Indians
and at the same time &i capturing and punishing those who
had escaped.
When Mexico succeeded Spain in the possession of Califor-nia
l^tl^yvvip'xi'j* ■wiaiii I »
-3-
an edict was issued in 1834 confiscating the missions, and /--^©H.^
this was followed in. 1846 "by the American occupancy.
ir,
I
In view of these well knoTO facts, vi
^^^^i©^ >^«LXXJ^
divide the pressure of the whites on the Indians j^into three
periods: tfee period of Spanish a^^ression, the period of
^.
<\
piexican agp.ression. 4^*6- period of American aggression
The first and last of these were periods of active
aggressive hostility. The middle period, that of the
confiscation of the missions beginning in 1834, was one
of passive aggression, the deadly effects of which were
due to the conditions ^aS^edng f-ronihthe first period.
^«
. -4-
Inasmuch as) the missions we re ^q on fi nod to-^the coast strip
from San Diego to San Rafael and Sonoma, the effects of the
Spanish aggressions, except in W^ case of some of the more
distant expeditions, were limited to the coast region.
oughly deserit)ed sv tjmbrauiiig the stnrni^ygyfe-^yn
. The effects of the second period, that
of tiires Mexican control and confiscation of the missions,
natural 1
0 the same area. But the
aggressions of the Americans/ covered the entire state and
y
completed the reduction of the native population to a fraction
of its former aumber-
The transfer of territorial possession from Mexico to the
United States did not at first affect the Indian population "but
V
-5-
mth the discovery of gold in 1848 an entirely new and
unexampled pressure began.
*
In 7ievi of these facts it is convenient to consider the
oUe^^ of the whites on the native population under 3 heads:
1\ The period of Spanish aggression ^)|ission period
^The period of Mexican aggression following the confis
cation of the missions.
3\The period of American aggression beginning with the
discovery of gold in 1848
;i^he barbaric cruelties, in most cases unprovoked, under
theWsion and American periods were almost beyond belief.
tet The depleting effects of the Mexican occupancy were na
markVd'^distinf'.uiphiBG orue^^i;S»<-^ A few illustrations under
each of these heads will suffice.
I
m
In 1848 j only two yeers efter the ecquisition of Csli-
fornie by the United States, ceme the DISOOVZI^Y OP GOLD.
The announcement of this discovery set in motion a
tremor of excitement that swept the world like a tidal wave,
gathering impetus as it sped from nation to nation, clogging
the avenues of transportation, and bringing to California within
a single year the astounding number of 77,000 men. Many
a large proportion « lawless
thousands of foreigners,
selfish men, and not^^^e few criminalsjoined the bands of hardy
pioneers who had crossed the continent from the Kast and in the
^ rush for gold suddenly took possession of the country.
This invasion, in the swiftness of its execution, the
extent of the area overspread, and the wholesale destruction
of the native population, can be compared only with the German
invasion of Belgium and Prance at the beginning of the recent
World War.
The invaders found the land inhabited by kindly well
disposed Indians, with hundreds of villages dotting the hills
and valleys. The Indian women were attractive and the miners
coveted them. From the rugged mountains and canyons of the
Klamath, ^iskiyous; and Trinity and from the flanks of the Sierra
—everywhere— the story was the same. Women were seized, peaceful
villages demolished, men massacred, the survivors scattered. Every
I
shallow pretext was given by way of excuse. If a horse or mule
or ox had wandered, its absence was sufficient cause for attack-
ing and burning neighboring villages— although in more than one
case the strayed animal was fcund nearby after the Indians had
been shot and their homes destroyed. Or if the seizure of wives
and daughters had prompted some of the outraged fathers to resist,
the men were shot down and the villages burned. One Oalifomia
writer had the frankness to declare In a California publication
in 1866 that Indian women were "the much prized trophies of war-
fare" and "almost invariably the only cause of war."
In the northwestern comer of the State several tribes,
goaded to exasperation by outrages perpetrated by miners, and in
certain cases by settlers, undertook to retaliate. There were
uprisings and killings, followed by mass meetings of the whites
leading to the organization of volunteer companies under State
or Federal officers, superceded by Government troops, resulting
in the wtiolesale slaughter of Indions ard the destruction of their
rancherias and food supplies.
During the Geld Period a number of the Indian villages
on the Klamath, Salmon, New, and Trinity Rivers were made targets
for the giant hose-muz25les of the hydraulic miners, by means of
which the Indian homes with their underlying gravels were precipi-
tated into the canyons below.
Three years after the discovery of gold the Government
sent three Commissioners to California to make Treaties with the
Indians end to establish Reservations, In 1851 and 1852 18
Treaties were signed in good faith, though reluctantly, by
332 chiefs and head men representing 119 tribes or bands; and
18 Reservations were
established. These were
not confirmed by the Senate. Nevertheless, thousands of
Indians were forcibly removed to them and for 70 years believed
they were official and final.
The sufferings endured by the Indians on being hustled
away from their hemes and driven to distent reservations which
they were forced to share with strange tribes, often enemies, on
lends utterly unfitted for their support; the brutalities of the
white men who drove them like cattle — only less humanely —
through the winter mud and rein of the valleys end through snow
and ice in the mountains— in the course of vh ich many of the old
ann feeble and not a few of the women and children fell by the
weyside—are among the cruel fruits of the Caucasian occupancy
of Celiforrie,
And is it not a trsgedy that today in California many
Indians ere working hard to earn money enough to buy back from
the whites small pieces of their own land in order that they
may have a home from ishich, if they pay the taxes, they white
man may not evict them?
In view of the fects— -the destruction of Indian homes
and villages, the seizure and occupancy of lends, the reduction
of the food supply by the destruction of game animals coupled
mth the restrictions on hunting end fishing end in some cases
even on gathering acorns for "breed, the confiscation of personal
property, the enslevement of \K>men and children, the disseraina-
tion of contagious and malignant diseases— can anyone doubt the
justice of the claim for compensation now being made by the sur-
viving remnant of Oslifornie Indians?
Major Lupton's Massacre of Indians ,'^o^u.^'P.\u.V«.^^t^^
G«ptain .iudah remarked (1355) thtt these killings
of white"^omen and children in P.ogue Fdver Yalley 7,ere literally
retfilietory of. and inmiedintely succeeded the massacre by ^iajor
Lupton (a volunteer) and hi? party of eighteen v^omen and chil-
dren out of tiienty.fi ve killed." And General John £. Wool adds:
"These ^ere friendly Indians, goiigon to the reserve for pro-
tection." V
Vind. Affrs. on the Pscific, Sx.Doc
?6, S4th Cong. 3^ Sess..
X
Ou
U^^ p,uWfm«W^ a^r<^HJ
wmmiAS. it it B«n»r«lly ttoittWl thrt gwat Injiatio*
h88 litin doM tht IndlMM of OalUbrnla hj oonfli«8tlng thilr
lanAit V ArlTing hoidrtdt of tht* la th« dwd of win tor through
««U ond wd «id nov to foMity tWofol •roiomtloiii»-«OB,
and llttlo ohlUroii. Inolndlng tho old. tho fooblo and %U
alok^-MBj portihlng on tlio my fiw hofdohlp an* *»»• >>wtaUtj
of tho drlToro, hj forolng thouaanda Into roaoto and Inhoa pltabl a
parta of tha Stata, by d^tlflng tham of ttiair natural food thora-
by oanalng ««By to dlo of atarratlon, by Uprioonlrg th« for
klUii* door or taking flA. by Inoonlatlng thorn with fatal dli^
9MWI and on aatarel oooaalona by ■aaaaorlng larga nncibara In
oold blood t i*iUo for a parlod of at laeat flftaan yoaja
(1849-1864) In oartaln porta of tho Stata tboy wtra huntad and
•hot doaa with llttlo or no protoitj and
tmQm
■ jmmM'iiwiiMHWMttft
"^^ (U
The Society vi;as partioularly fortunate in securing
Dr. 0. Hart Merriam as speaker at the October meeting.
Dr. Merriam recounted briefly the main episodes in the
tragedy of the California Indian^ - a subject on which .
his years of painstaking investigation, furthered by of-
ficial connections and personal enthusiasm,' have made him
preeminently qualified to speak.
Dr. Merriam has estimated that at the coming of the
Spaniards there were approximately 300,000 Indians in Oali-
fornia. Today there are^betweenX20,000 and ati,OQO, and
this remnant finds itself in deplorable circumstances.
""■ '" Their story, as he told it, naturally divides itself into
three complete chapters and an unfinished fourth chapter
which present-day Calif ornians may help to shape toward a
good or a bad close. The story of the Indians is bitter
and tragic beyond possibility of a happy ending; but there
remains the possibility of ameliorating their present hard
conditions/— of according them mercy since it is too late
to accord them justice.
The California Indians suffered at the hands of the
Spanish, the Ivlexican and the early American settlers suoces-
sively. Today, while the methods used against them are
less drastic than formerly, their portion is still lack of
sympathy, understanding and interest. During the Spanish
period, they suffered under a church militant. The Spanish,
in their r&le of Christianizers, were zealous to the point
of securing their converts by f or ce,so*^€^ killing those who
^-VvA
(2)
offered
resistance • In addition *MBaa were murdered,
villages burned and women and children carried off by way of re-
prisal for the stealing or alleged stealing of Spanish stock. ^
Frequently the stock in question returned, ±xi
having merely strayed off into the chaparral. Dr. Merriam
referred to documents in the Bancroft collection which contain
harrowing accounts of the treatment of the Indians by the Spanish.
In one case, two Indian horse-thieves, overtaken by two pursuing
Spaniards, were horribly mutilated and mw.yri9rrarl by the knife ft/Jl^ttuu^t^ji^^
In an Indian-hunt in the Go sumn^js region, the Spanish took so
many captives that they found it troublesome to drive them all
in to their mission - San Jose'. Accordingly, the natives -
sixty at one time and forty at another - were made to kneel, and,
certain religious forms having been gone through, were shot to
death with arrows.
The Indians, once brought under mission domination, were
not allowed to leave. The secularization of th*e missions by
mission
the Mexican government in 1834 suddenly thrust the ^Indians into
a new pitiable situation. Without regular occupation or means
«
of support, their homes of pre-mission days occupied in most
cases by Spanish or Mexican rancheros, they were unable to cope
with the new conditions^ and perished, at an enormous rate, from
starvation and sickness. The situation with regard to cattle-
stealing, moreover, continued under the Mexican regime. The ex-
uitous
treme penalty was inflicted, and v/as often preceded by
cruelty. llor were the Mexicans more careful than the Spaniards
had been to ascertain that punishment was merited. To cite a
(3)
singld episode from an unfortunate series, a punitive expedition
went oat from Sonoma against Indians of the Olear Lake region who
had btien accused of stealing cattle from Sonoma. A baby was the
sole survivor of that butchery. Ho consideration was taken of
the fact that the country between Sonoma and Olear Lake was held
by tribes hostile to the Clear Lake Indians, who would not have
permitted the Lake Indians to pass through their territory, even
had the latter been moved to carry their cattle-stealing opera-
tions so far afield.
In the early days, although an occasional native -hunting
expedition pushed into the interior, the pressure on the Indians
was confined for the most part to the coastal strip as far north
as Sonoma. The gold discovery, however, produced a sudden and
far-reaching change, and the pressure of the i^mericans came to be
re disastrous to the Indians than had been the pressure of the
mo
Spanish and Mexican predecessors. The Americans swarmed in vast
over all Oalifornia, particularly the northwest and
multitudes
north and Sierra regions. Their ranks included all classes and
conditions of men. They looked upon the natives as an obstruc-
tion in their way. A general policy of removing the obstruction
was adopted. In the Klamath, Trinity and Salmon River canyons,
as soon as the arrangements for h^^draulic mining had been com-
pleted, the Indian rancherias were systematically washed off the
bluffs. Mining interests were followed closely by agricultural
interests; and again the Indians were in the way. They had, natu-
rally, selected the fertile valleys for their dwelling-places; but
tha American prospective ranchmen wanted those desirable locations.
(4)
Today a larg^ paroentage of California's towns stand on the sites
of former Indian villages*
As was to be expected, the Indians - especially in the
northwest and more especially in Humboldt and Del ITorte counties -
retaliated. Unable to meet the white men in battle, they lay in
wait and killed them along th^ trails. The v/hite men replied
with a number of wholesale massacres in some of which United
States officers and troops participated. One such massacre -
again in the Clear Lake region - v;as the work of a regiment of
volunteers and some national troops under a Regular Army captain.
According to a first-hand report, they killed all the Indians
they could find, even pursuing those who fled into the tules,
where they bayonetted them. The Americans then proceeded to
the Russian River valley to a rancheria of the Ukiahs. The Indi-
ans there - about a hundred and tv;enty in number - had never be-
fore seen v;hite men. They v;ent out to meet them, drawing nearer
and nearer out of curiosity. Suddenly, at a command, the
sol-
diers fired at close range. ITearly every Indian was killed. One
there was - a baby - who escaped the general destruction. He was
Stephen Knight, one of those v;ho attended the conference held in
the interests of the Indians on the very day on which Dr. Merriam
addressed the Historical Society. Another massacre cited by Dr.
llerriam was that of a gathering of Indians at a religious ceremony
on an island in Humboldt Bay. A part^ of white men, armed with
axtis, swords, clubs, spears and other weapons of silent destruction,
invaded and butchered the entire gatherings Sven worse instances
were cited. A party of Indians were invited to a dinner to talk
(5)
0
paaoe with th. white m«n. It was stipulated that they oome un-
armed. The Indians oame. Food was passed - said to have Deen
poisoned. The talk of peaoe ^''S^'^^i^^^V^'^^^t^.ii', I'^iw*-^.
Indians were fired upon and killed., A similar i«el|en^ happened
on the Trinity and another on the lloOloud SlTar. In the last
case, the Indians took alarm and many succeeded in esoapine by
leaplnp Into the rlvar.
In their efforts to rid themselves of the Indians, white
settlers caused the establishment of a reservation in the Tulare
Yalle:-, »>■ 1001 oi- 'Ji'^t to which they drt-ve. various groups of
indlair^'lo'ig a^l'" especially stand out in'this conneo-
tion. in the'J^kl^'Isrtain Americans who were raising
cattle and hogs found that the Indians had large caches of acorns
in oak trees along the Lower Ki.igs Hlver. The white men took the
acorns for th.ir hogs. The Indians ol,jected. They were driven
up into the 7resno Indian reservation in the dead of winter.
iLose who fell by the wayside and those who tried to escape were
Dr. Uerrlam heard of this drive from the son of one of
the men who took part In it; and also from one of the leaders of
This man boasted of the exploit, and recounted
rtth satisfaction the killing of a white man. In his own doorway,
for trying to protect his Indian wife from being forced to go on .
killed.
ths expedition.
the drive
The second drive oocurre
d in 1856 in the northern Sacramento
The Indians were driven
Valley. Again it was the winter season.
over the coast ran.e into Round Valley. In Round Valley today
(6)
J
representativas of the Pit Hivsr, Hoopa, Sacramento, Yu^a and
Hevada tri'bes.are living. Most of tham are descendants of
the Indians who took part in the long drive of 1856. They re-
tain their various dialects and many of their other tribal dif-
ferencos.
Dr. Merriam has learned much of Indian customs and unre-
corded Indian villages from the Indians thomselves. He has
definitely located the sites of. •i^My t owns in the northern
half of Oalifornia, from 3an Francisco Bay to the Oregon line.
The ITapa, Sonoma and Sacramento valleys, where the food supply
was plentiful, were especially well populated. • It was doubt-
less due to the practically inexhaustible food supply of the
country that Oalifornia had so large an Indian population.
Even today about two dozen linguistic stocks and something over
one hundred dialects survive. In mission times there were
probably more than a hundred and fifty dialects.
The various tribes had occupied the country from time im-
has been found
memorial. As yet no unciuestionable proof^of the presence of
Indians in Oalifornia before the glacial period. That their
possession of the land goes back to very ancient times, however,
is indicated by their various origin-myths of the creation of
their ancestors in tha valleys of Oalifornia. The Indians, more-
over, say of the pictographs to be found from southern Oalifornia
up to the Donner region that their earliest ancestors knew noth-
ing of the signs save that, they were made by the divinities who
preceded them on earth.
t
The argument that b^a^giJ-S
a the Indians were nomadic they have
» «
(7)
V^^ss^
Dr.
tri"be
A
no legitimate olaim to possession of the land is^a
Merriam has worked out the distribution of the tribes and luapped
their territorial areas. Bvery'foot of ' land . with the exception
of twSXSrip^'Tf neutral ground, was owned hy a specified
and had definite boundaries. An Indian present at the October
convention in 3an Francisco told Dr. Merriam that only a year
previously he had been able to locate one of the boundary-stones
of his tribe near Mount laasen.
Only und.r osrtain definitely presorlbed conditions might a
mem-ber of ons trihe enter the territory of another trlhe
hunter might follow his guarry two miles Into the enemy territory;
tut oastom required that^2rossing the line into the hostile oountry
he leave as a sign of his entry an arrow hearing his tribal and his
individual emblem. It was against all tradition and oustcm, how-
ever, for a tribe to leave its territory and pass through the ter- ■
ritory of other tribes for the purpose of oommitting depredations
at a distance. Yet this fact was never recognized by American.
Mexican or Spanish punitive expeditions.
The facts which Dr. Merriam presented were not pleasajit ones.
They left on his hearers a deep sense of the Injustice which the
white men have inflicted on the Indians. They were told vdth
the purpose of helping to remove unreasoning prejudice and to
arouse to humane action the citizens with whom the fate of our
California Indians of today rests.
iSATIIIGTICt: OF 3;jTA BARBiiRA UV^d il-JXaN3
j)r. uustrV Siscii pt; tr;?:
"i^VcTT; thfl vciy first sflYont cf vihito nan it iwfS
refli^ed th* t tho islfjnds were iminonsely rich in
fur-ber-ri nr: animf 1<?, the reLottcr bcinf onr of the
most 7< lutble in tr.e vsorld. It is clwoat certain
th-- 1 'vhite hunt^rr of thef?e ??nim-ils played fxeiit
hpvoo vith tho Indians. In IdSB v»e irf^ told th^ t
fl vorsel fron the north Ifinded 30 Indiarf from Kodink
on ofij idooles, rnd thfc t these northern Indijjns,
en.ied vith fireemn, all but exterminrted the ntitives
i^rny simiLir recounts have beon recorded."— /iCocuiit
of indinnF of ^anta BarbF.ra Islf ndis . C^lif. by
Uuj-tiiv Msen. i^hi). ^Prag 1^04* p.^
^
Dr. Gusta7 3i3en. in hia isocount of the Indiums of the cosat
and i«?Und6 of southern California, states:
"The miBsionaries caused the i^diare to bo gtjtherod
pronnd th*» misflionp, end rnrde them live in stationary
huts? The «bfence if ail s^rit.ry e««4it ions soon told
or th9 nrtivos. As thf ground beceme infiltrated with
filth! diselsld ger^s thrived .nd the roj^sj^^'^^/^jf?,^
the natives becr^ne weak, in our ^f .f^^^J/X 1 telv
remain uro doomed to extinction. A friena .mo i wiy
?i?itSd the coSvent school Et ^^^^ Ji«eo^f;«^^ ^^0^17
indien children ;^ere tuui-tt ^^ ^^^^l^; J«''-«n?^tnhercSlo«ii
all the children were ill. Fome oi them 7?i th tuberculosis.
They'iere^eUr'upTithirfour^sii^ en ^'^rfSll.'r^v^r''^''
lives in exchange for e little 'jno-vledge J.^^^^f. P^f ®^-
horif krA \^hen he 05»ked the prioress of the school.
^Shv'donH yoTpive the child'ren tir ^r.d Pun? she simply
3t«?ed that^nt^Ws ep,.in.t the rules '.-^Account of
Indians _of i^EntB^Bfirbars^I<?land^^^^tilxf- by
fiustav" nsen, Fhd. Prag 1904
s^t
y
McNtughton (J H) Onnallnda^ a Pomancac Platan and other illustrations ^ 4to^
ppo 3O84 vailumu Londcm, 1888« Pul'd at $4 00 net^ for $2o25o
'•Mfo IcNaugbtcn*© »pirlted appeal on bahalf of the Ped Indians is ona in
which evary right thinlf^na ptraon will haartily ayrt^athiaac .oTte story is tolc
with npirit and tigor^ and tha varaiflcation ha© forca and powaro ^—Scottish
Paviaw.,
/V.-Tv-^AJ^^-'vo^^
Uc
.MEx:
In working among California Indians, excepting in the northern
part of the State, one frequently hears tales which were told the
Indians by the Spanish-Mexicans in order to prejudice them against
the Americans.
For instance, an old diief of the Hopland or Sanel Porno told
me that when he was a boy 12 years old, Santa Anna sold California
to the United States for 20 million dollars, but that George
Washington took forcible possession and never paid a cent of the
money
\
UTE INDIANS OP NOMIEEN UTAH
In 1863 the Ute Indians Gomplained of
the continued enoroaohfflent of the idiites in
**orowding then off their lands and hnntii^
grounds" ♦ Thsy lould often say, 'Hlhite man'i
horses, cows and sheep eat Indian's grass*
White nan bum Indian's wod, dioot Indian's
buckskins [deer], rabbits .etc."
Peter Gottfredson.
4i|
ITLAKEl INDIANS OP ROUND VALLEY Ri»TOH
Gdoxige If. Hanaon, Superintending Agent, Indian
Affairs, Northern District of California, writes ia
hie Report for 1862, 'the settlers in this Talley sur-
rounded the camps of about one hundred Ylackee Indians
on this resenration, and killed more than one* 'quarter
of their number, saying that they 'had done so to pre-
vent them f^rom stealing their cattle.* Ag^in, durii^
the growir^ season of our crops in this valley, the
settlers destroyed nearly everything raised on the
reserration by throwing down our fences, and turning
in their cattle, hogs, and horses. Uy informants say
that the fences are good, but often find them laid down
in from two to ten plaices during one night. After the
crops had all been destroyed, except a part of the po-
tatoes, the settlers drove away between three and four
hundred Indians out of the valley, under a threat that,
•if any of their stodc was killed, or should be missing,
they would kill ever>' one of the Indians, *"
Rept. Commr. Ind. /ffrs. for 1862, 311, 1863
Uunboldt, in specking cf -^lat he describe?'
as "that fine race of people the Caribs", remarks:
"The cruelties exercised by Europears have
entirely axtnminnted theTn from the Viest India
Islands, and the coasts of Darien;" and adds:
"the only vestiges now remaining throughout the
whole of the eastern West India Island? are skele-
tons petrified* or rather enveloped in a limestone
containing madrepores."— Humboldt's Personal
Narrative. Vol.3, pp.77. 78, 1385.
I '-tm^-mtki'
.HDK OP DKVILS CA3TLB, SACBAMSNTO
JoaquiB Miller, i» his book entitled »Life Amongst
the lodocs' published in London in 1873, tells about a
band of Indians living about Devils Castle (now known
as Castle Crags) on west side Sacramento canjon a little
south of DunsBuir. tJnfortunately, he does not sent ion
the name of the tribe, but doubtless they were the tribe
ILdUk
by the
pfcwanutau
They csarried off stqpplies from his camp, in return
for which their cai^ was attacked, plundered, and burnt,
and several of the Indians killed. He [Joaquin Miller)
»;»■■■
was wounded in the neck, and
carried by an old woman.
whose sons they had killed, to his camp on the bank of the
m "
Sacramento about a mile below Lower Soda Springs.
He was carried astride her back, resting in a large
buckskin, his weight supported by a broad strap passed
across her forehead. He states that he spoke to her ^^^^^.
own language, after which r"5?he talked and mourned, and would .
not be still. •Tou,* site moaned, 'have killed all my
boys, and burnt up my home.*
"I ventured to protest that they had first robbed us.
'••Ho,* she said, 'you first robbed us. Tou drove us
from the river. We could not fish, we could not hunt. »e
were hungry and took your Provisions to eat. My boys did
not kill you. They could have killed you a hundred times,
but they only took things to eat, iten they could not get
fish and things on the river."
Joaquin Miller, LlfeAmong^t the Modocs, pp.259-264, 1873.
TREATHBNT OP INDIANS Bt KHITBS
In an unsigned article in Uutohings California
«aga.ine f<rl858. the following statement occurs:
n-tho doom of the red man te once for all
i.re.oc.U, sealed as .oon as the ^'^^ ^'^^^^ ^
^,. A»,i if i« difficult 1
And it is difficult to
foot upon his hunting grounds . ,,tl.s have
sa, «th regard to Califon>ia. whether .ore victi.s have
Juen to the harharous. half-fanatic, half-ilitar,
. ditions of the Califomians during the Mexican ti.es
hdue certain trihes. and capture their ,o.en a^d
. , th, oretext of Christianization) or to the
children under the pretext uj. ^
irresistihle wedge of the American settler.
Hutchings- California Magazine. Tol. 3. So
October 1868.
. 4. 157,
TREATMENT OP INDUNS BI TraiTES
Miss Gordon Cunming, during her "brief stay in
California, learned much concerning the treatment of
Indians "by our people. The whites wanted the land,
and its original inhabitants were looked upon as
dumherers of the soil who must leave or be killed.
She goes on to say: "It is all such a pitiful history,
and it does seem so hard that the earnest solemn red men,
80 picturesque in their barbaric feathers and war-paint,
could have been taught no conciliatory lesson by their
^ite brothers— nothing but the oft-enacted deeds of
never-ending aggression, by which they have again and
again been compelled to retreat farther and farther into
the wilds, before the ever-advancing wave of settlers,
to whom all pleasant pastures and desirable streams and
springs were sites to be coveted, and therefore
appropriated."
C.P.Gordon Cumming, Granite Crags, p. 152, 1884 •
■^
iwi Mgi'irrf tit fry
CONDITION OP C/LiPGRNU lIJDli'NS IN 1862
^
Hillism ?• Dole, Comnissioner of Indian /f fairs, in his ro^orj
to the Secretary of the Interior for 1862 states:
"The condition of the Indiens in California is one of peculi?r
hardship, end I know of no people who hnve more righteous claiiis
upon the justice and liberality of the Anericrm people. Owing to
the discovery of its ninefi, the fertility of its soil, Pnd the selu-
ority of its cliinrte, th^^t Stete within f few yer^rs past became the
recipient of a tide of emigr? tion almost unexampled in history.
Dorm to the time of the commencement of this emigrr tion nature sup-
plied all the wants of the Ittdians in profusion. They lived in the
midst of the greatest abundance, and were free, contentod, and hfppy.
The emigration began, and every part of the Stete was overrun, as it
were, in a day. All. or nearly so, of the fertile vf lleys were
seized; the mountain gulches and ravines were filled with miners;
and without the slightest recognition of the Indians' rights, they
were dispossessed of their hones, their hunting grounds, their fish-
eries, and, to a great extent, of the productions of the e<irth. Prom
a position of independence they were at once reduced to the most ab-
ject dftpend«nce. Ift'ith no one of the mrny tribes of the State is
there an existing trerty. Despoiled by irresistable force of the
Ifnd of their frthers; with no country on earth to which they cm
migrate; in the midst of a people with whom they crnnot assimilrte,
they have no recognized clrims upon the government, and rre rlmost
nnmnftllflil to bflcome vagabonds — »» fitiftr.l or to starve. They rre
Conditio^ of California
Indirna in
not even unmolested upon the scf'nty reservations we set apart for
their use. Upon one pretext or another, even these are invpded by
the whites, and it is literally true thrt there is no plnce where
the Inditn cpn experience thft feeling of security which is the ef-
fect of just and wholesome laws, or where ho cm plrnt with rny as-
surance that he shall reap the fruits of his labor It is
now perhaps too late to correct this error by mrking treaties, and
it only remains for us to do voluntarily that justice which we hire
refused to acknowledge in the foim of treaty obligstions." (pp,39-40)
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laJlI^UcCt^MWM)'^^
INDIAN WAR IN
(
TULARE IN 1856
John Barker and W. R. Bower Only
Survivors, and Former Relates
the Story
The following is a portion of a pa-
per read before the Woman's Club
on Monday last by Mrs. G. H. Taylor,
and which was written by Captain
John Barker, the well known pioneer.
In tlie year 1854 a man named
Elisha Packwood who was one of the
early emigrants to Oregon who in
1843 followed the Lewis & Clark trail,
made by those explorers in 1803, im-
mediately after the purchase of the
Ix)uisiana claim of France from Na-
poleon the great. Mr. Packwood was
not satisfied with Oregon but in 1846
removed with his family by the land
route from the Williamette valley of
Oregon to Saa Jose. California.
Upon the discovery of gold, he, in
common with nearly all who were
here at the time, went to the mines,
and he was very successful there. In
the winter of 1852 he returned to Ken.
tucky and purchased several hundred
head of first class cattle and drove
them across the plains. He by reason
of his experience was enabled to
avoid many of the misfortunes that
befell the emigrants in the manage-
ment of their stock. He arrived here
safely and immediately drove his
cattle up to the Four Creek country
and settled on Tula River at the point
that is now known as Porterville.
Here he and his son made quite a
with their employes and
Their stock thrived well
to drive their beef and
their milch cows to San
it was not uncommon for
such cows to bring $200 each.
Packwoods family lived in luxury
in San Jose.
Tn 1856, from some quarrel or mis-
understanding with the Packwood
settlement, the Indians broke out in
rebellion — killed several of Pack-
wood's men, burned the dwellings an^l
driving off large numbers of the thor-
oughbred stock drove them to the
mountain upon Tule river. There they
induced the Owens river Indians, Who
were a numerous and warlike tribe,
to join them, it was their intention to
arouse all the tribes in the valley to
join them and at one swoop wipe out
the white settlement of the valley
which in view of their easy conqtiest
at Tulare river and the rich loot ob-
tained it looked to their untutored
settlement
vaqueros.
tney used
many of
Jose; and
r
■„:-L-j.;'..»>»»-i\,
minds, an easy task as well as a
highly agreeable and profitable one.
A party of settles from Visalia, sev-
enty in number, under a man named
Orson Kirk Smith followed the trail
of the Indians up Tule River, and at
the junction of the Norh Fork they
found the Indians in a very strong
position. A stone wall, some five or
six feet high was built in the form
of a crescent the points curving in
and joining the almost perpendicu-
lar walls of a canon on each side, and
backed behind by an almost impene-
trable thicket of chaparel and scruV
live oak with the trails throug'u .1
ambushed at short intervals and fin-
ally fortified in the rear by an im-
mense slide of large boulders from
the mountain side, that containei
caves and rooms where they had their
provisions and families, secure as
they thought in safety.
The Indians drove off the party of
seventy, who had trailed them up, but
who made no attempt to dislodge them
on account of lack of sufficient force.
Couriers were immediately sent all
over the valley as far as Fort Miller
and we mustered two hundred men
all told and twelve soldiers, with a
gun and ammunition for it.
Sergeant Cuddy, who lately died at
his ranch near Fort Tejon, was ser-
geant oft he company unaer command
of Lieutenant Livingston.
Our force was divided into two com-
mands, one under Foster Dechastero,
and the other under W. G. Poindex-
ter.
We left Visalia and entered the
mountains through and up the "No-
qual valley and with the aid of saddle
horses, men and ropes, we "man-
handled" that gun up over some very
steep mountains, and finally set our
camp about a half a mile from the In-
dian Fort, The next morning we
made a reconnoissance in force in or-
der to draw out the enemy, and to
force a plan of attack. They climbed
their breast works reviled and defied
us in the vilest and filthiest manner in
Spanish expletive. We retired with-
out making an attack, and our officers
held a council of war to decjde on how
the final assault was to be made.
In the morning as soon as we had
breakfast, and after throwing a few
shells into the fort, we marched up in
front and between the two horns of
the crescent so that they had a cross
fire on us from the horns on each side.
Several of our men were struck
with the arrows, they had no guns,
and the arrow was very effective at
such short range.
The leiutenant climbed up on an im-
mense boulder as large as an ord-
inary hous? so as to look over their
v/all. Although It was in the month of
June it was quite cold at night and
early in the morning.
The lieutenant had a m.ilitary cloak
over his uniform and they made a tar-
get of him. We saw the arrows strike
him several times but they could not
penetrate the cloak and being shot
from an angle below they simply
stuck in the cloak and slipped up and
hung there. It seemed as though one
must have stung him for he com-
menced to swear, and ordered his men
to charge the breast work. Upon this
we all went in and in about ten min-
utes we had it all our own way. There
were forty Indians dead and how
many wounded we could onl>' sur-
mise. The squaws made their way
up through the canon, following the
bed of the river. We immediately
commenced to loot the stores. Xl^ere
was a great quantity of dried beef
made from Packwood's fine cattle,
stores of pine nuta, arrows, grass!
seed, and grass hopper cheese. There
was the plunder they had stolen from
the houses they burned, saddles, etc.,
and such a store of Indian baskets as
would today delight the heart of a
connoisseur, all of which were con-
demned to the fiames.
Thus ended the Indian war of 1856.
We followed them through the
mountains for nearly two months af:
er this but no more were slain, all
Vv^ere landed upon government reserva-
tions and have never since given any
trouble.
The men who participated in this
furnished their own horses arms, and
, equipments as well as commissary
supplies and never asked or received
any remuneration for the service ren-
dered.
There ar(3 only two living in Kern
county today who participated in the
foregoing episode, viz: W. R. Bower
and Yours very Respectfully,
JOHN BARKER.
— ^ • »
MW^i^M: .1 y'^p^^rv'
Xnd;o«\ A\>uies C-^iffoWj
<5^
\6
c
A r;Fr.ANCI^CO CALir.
F
[CALIFORNIA INDIANS
NEED NEW FEDERAL
LAWS FOR PROTECTION
) ^alrforniaf s
Long ago ^alff6rni/s treatment of th
Indians was arraigned at the bar of pub-
lic opinion by Helen Hunt Jackson in he
novel ''Ramona.** It was fiction, but it
was based on fact. Now the legal status
of the Indian population of the state comes]
to the fore again, this time in so serious
guise as the **Califomia Law Review,"
published by the school of jurisprudence of|
the University of California. Chauncey
Shafter Goodrich, the author, points out
that the laws defining the status of the
state*s Indian population wer.e made at a
time when the local population was hos-
tile to the Indians and the federal govern-
ment, in reality, was the active guardian
of the Indians* welfare. Now, of course,
the entire situation has changed. Thought-
ful persons, who wish the state to deal
fairly by the Indians who were the first
owners of the land, will regard as timely
this article written ostensibly for lawyers
but having an appeal to the laity as well.
Goodrich analyzed and cited laws bear-
ing on the legal status of the California In-
dian. He contends that the rejection of
land treaties with the Indians has driven
them to small barren reservations; in this
regard he says: -
"The reservations provided by the re-
jected treaties were similarly treated as
part of the public domain and opened to
entry. As the land was gradually taken
up by the settlers, the Indians were scat-
tered and driven to the hills. Many years
later, out of the remaining and less desir-
able public lands, small executive order
reservations, in the main wholly inadequate
as to acreage, soil and water, have been
set aside for the use of approximately one-
third of the remaining Indians."
Because they were unable to make a liv-
ing on thic poor land, Goodrich contends
the Indians were forced to hire themselves
out for wages. He also says that Cali-
fornia Indians are the ^'stepchildren of the
Great White Father,'* and unlike the
wealthy Indians east of the Sierra, are
needy, and receive less in health and edu-
cational services than the average through-
out the country.
The article by Goodrich is to be com-
pleted in a forthcoming issue of the publi-
cation.
INDIANS HAVE A GRIEVANCE.
Policy of the Interior Department De-
nounced in Severe Terms.
Atoka, I. T., March 18.--A convention
met here to-day in which full-blooded ed-
ucated Indians and inter-married citizens
participated. It was called to devise
means to protect the property and rights
of the Chickasaw and Choctaw people,
which the Indians assert are not protected
by the United States government.
Chairman A. Telle, a prominent Choc-
taw, addressed the convention. He said
the Indian g:overnment was a farce and
had no power, scored Secretary of the
Interior Hitchcock for cutting royalty on
the tribes' coal, and declared the plan to
sell coal and asphalt mines, which were
producing enormous revenues in royal-
ties, was an outrage and should be in-
vestigated.
He said the rolls should be closed and
lands allotted, but he bitterly opposed
a rider to the appropriation bill which
limits the holding of land to 320 acre.s.
The method of forcing Indians to enroll
was denounced by the speaker. A resolu-
tion indorsing the Moon bill was passed.
A HALF CENTURY OF OUTRAGE
THE Mercury yesterday noted the
departure for Washington of C.
B. Kelsey. Secretary of the
Northern California Indian Association,
v/ho has heen ordered to appear before
the Senate Committee on Indians to
present his report and endeavor to ob-
tain a redress of the grievances under
v.hich the Indians of this State are
suffering.
A friend of the Indians in the East
some years ago wrote a boolt, setting
forth the injustice of the dealings of
the Government with the Indians,
which was entitled "A Century of Dis-
honor."
With even mor^. propriety the treat-
ment of the Indians of California might
be entitled "A Half Century of Out-
rage."
With all the faults of its Indian
policy the Government, elsewhere than
In California, has been accustomed to
recognize the Indian right of occupancy
of lands claimed by the several tribes,
and everywhere but in California this
right has been extinguished only by
payment. In the greater part of this
State the Indian right of occupancy
has been cancelled and the Indians
have never received a dollar for their
rights in more than one hundred thou-
sand square miles of territory.
In the early days of California, under
American occupation, commissioners
were sent out from Washington to
make treaties with the Indians, and
actually negotiated such conventions
with eighty or ninety tribes. These
treaties contained the usual provisions
of the time, but none of them were
ratified by the Senate, and so In the
governmental view never became op-
erative.
Yet, although the Government has
never recognized these treaties as bind-
ing upon Itself, It has appropriated
every advantage conferred by them,
without carrying out Its part of the
agreement, or paying any of the con-
siderations It agreed to pay. It has
not only seized the Indian lands it
agreed to purchase by the treaties, but
the Indian reservations also, and has
sold them to settlers.
Two or three tribes that resisted the
occupation of their lands by whites re-
ceived reservations, which are now
either allotted or In progress of being
set aside for them. These Indians
number about seventeen hundred. The
great body of Northern California
Indians, who were faithful to their
treaty obligations, have received noth-
ing, not even school privileges for their
children or the equal protection of
the law, and they number between
13.000 and 14,000.
In short the Government in this mat-
ter Is In the position of one who has
bought real estate and relies upon the
invalidity of Its own act to escape
paying the agreed price. It Is In viola-
tion of the generally recognized legal
principle that no man shall profit by
his own wrong.
The consequence of this action Is
that the greater portion of the Indians
of Northern California are landless,
without means ot support, and suffer-
ing privation because of the bad faith
of the Government.
The proposition of the Indian Asso-
ciation Is that these unfortunates
should be giv^n lands in severalty
wiiere they are now located, and to
which they are attached by long resi-
dence and custom, and that a suflftclent
sum be appropriated to purchase such
lands where there Is no Government
land ave^iiable.
Most of the government land re-
maining In California open to entry
will hardly keep a sheep. To put the
Indians on such locations would be
equivalent to starvation.
The just and logical course therefore
seems to be for the Government to buy
back from present holders the lands
v/hich It appropr^ted originally from
the Indians without payment, and so
right Its own wrong, while providing
for the necessities of Its wards.
rf%et»\Q-avs
c\oU.OcYo>v-t^^. ^^^
these we had to eat with so much show of enjoyment as wo
could force into our faces. <. ^i . . ui^. *i,o
As soon as we had taken our places at the tables the
theatrical performance began on the opposite side of the
court. The actors, of course, were all boys as no women
or ffirls are allowed on the Chinese stage, those of sligliter
build taking the female parts. It was quite impossible tn
follow the thread of the dialogue,^ for it was sung in high
falsetto, and in a very, very old dialect that was intelligible
only to the most scholarly of the Chinamen. The plot was
explained to us by one of the Taou Tai's staff who told us
that some robbers had kidnapped the son of a wealthy
mandarin, being instigated thereto by his brother (the heavy
villain) who wished to possess himself of his brothe s
wealth The mandarin discovered the whereabouts of tlie
robbers, and led his army of eight! against them A Ion-
parley was held, which resulted in nothing, and prepara-
tions were made for immediate battle. The wicked brother
now appeared in his true light and assumed command o!
the robber forces. A pitch battle took place on the stagv.
which resulted in a complete victory for the right; the
wicked brother was killed, nearly all of the robbers, and
many of the heroic father's followers. Tliere was much to
excite the mirth of the uninitiated foreigner-as for ex-
ample, when the wicked brother worked himself into a
f urv over the kidnapped boy, represented by the most
woodeny of wooden dolls, which he held at arm's length
and apostrophized in the wildest frenzy; and when any of
the warriors were slain in the engagement, to see them roll
off the stage (after lying dead for a few seconds) and im-
mediately appear on the other side to fight as valiantly and
yell as vigorously as they had just before done in the other
^^men the dinner was about half over, I fancy about :i
o'clock, the first piece was finished, and after a few mo-
ments rest and a little preparation of the stage, the corps
dramatique resolved itself into an acrobatic company and
entertained us with some really excellent tumbling. They
had no paraphernalia whatever, and merely built pyramids,
threw somersaults in various ways, contorted themselves
etc etc • but when it is remembered that they were all
bovs-some perhaps being eig|)teen or twenty-it was a
very creditable performance. OHe pyramid, I remember,
was built upon the shoulders of the oldest and stoutest lad,
who supported ^ix or eight others, whose size^ gradually
decreased until the topmost one was a little fellow of ten or
twelve ; this, and in fact nearly all of the pyramids, broke
UD bv the entire structure tumbling in a heap to the ground.
One little chap threw something like twenty-five or thirty
back somersaults without moving more than a few inches
from one spot. Altogether, the acrobatic performance was
the best appreciated of the company's efforts to amuse us—
at least by the foreigners. , , ^ ^ ^^ r^r.-
The after-piece seemed to tickle the fancy of the China-
men hugely. I presume because it was more of a typica
Chinese play ; beginning even before the birth of the royal
hero whose entry into the mundane sphere was very much
more than hinted at, in fact the accouchement was repre-
sented in a manner that, I know, would have scandalized
the average Anglo-Saxon theater-goer; following him
through infancy, childhood and youth into mature life with
a nicety of detail that was of itself sutticiently f^^tiguing to
me, but which became simply unbearable when dragged
out discursive wandering into side-paths of intrigue and
diplomacy and long dissertation on court etiquette and Chi-
nese metaphysics, all of which were accomplished with lit-
tle or no action and no change of scene, and accompanied
by the infernal din of a Chinese orchestra We were not
sorry when the appearance of large bowls of plain boiled rice
announced the end of the feast and gave^ us permission to
retire. This "piling on the agony," as the English consul
called it, is a polite bit of self-depreciation. In offering
rice, the staple article of food, the Taou Tai as much as
said • *'My efforts to properly entertain you have been fu-
tile-* I have been unable to procure anything good enough
for you, and rather than have depart hungry I beg of you
to partake of a little rice." J^
It was shortly after noon when we entered the lah
Mhun • it was nearly six when we left. Fot at least five
hours We had been at table, pretending to eat the messes
that were set before us one after another to taste of the
sam Shu occasionally for appearance's sake to keep up a
show of interest when interest collapsed with the ending of
novelty, and to be continually on the lookout for the Jaou
Tai's eye to be prepared to respond whenever he raised his
cup and drank our health, individually or collectively
One of our number, determined to do the correct thing
or die, tasted of every dish set before him. We h^ad some
trouble getting him home, and he paid for his politeness
with an attack of dyspepsia that did come very near killing
I was quite young when I went to that state dinner in
fact I was littli mo?e than a boy. I had a fresh, healthy
cornnirxion that took the Taou Tai's fancy, and my consul
told me Xrward that he (the Taou Tai) hoped to have th e
pleasure of seeing me often and info^^^l^V ^ that he m-
tended to invite me to accompany him to Chow Chow foo
to be his guest at his Yah Mhun there for some time, and
would show me a theatrical performance far superior to
that I had witnessed at his dinner, one that should last a
whole week! It was probably a fortunate thing for me
^at I lift Swatow soon after the dinner I have tried to
describe and escaped those well-meant attentions, for had
thf S Tai kept his promise I should have been com-
SSo accept his attentions, and nothing could have
been worsfijpr me than an intimate knowledge of Chinese
official momts and manners at that age.
Washington, D. C.
•^rr^
>y *'
THE WANE OF THE AB0EI6INES.
We are permitted to print the following characteristic
letter from M?. Charles Ilallock to Mr. Charles H. Barstow,
who has been for many years chief clerk at the Crow
Agency Montana. His apostrophe to the wane of the
fflglnesis almost as pathetic as Cooper's "Last of the
Mohicans :" ^ mj.ock, >Iinn., August 33, 188:5.
De\r Mr. B.^rstow :— The completion of the Northern
Paciflc Railroad on the 2;id of this month reminds me that
it is just two years and a day since I was present with you
at the council of the Crows, called to cede the right of way
to the railroad through their reservation With wh:.t
astounding rapidity has the great gap been hlled up which
then separatecl the-termini of the eastern and western di-
visions I often wonder if the poor Indians have yet re
3B0
k-f
t V
ceivecl the compensation promised to be paid in December,
1881. You wrote me in June, 1882, that they had not at
that date. Large bodies move slowly and Congress is di-
latory.
I see that the government is already moving the Crow
Agency from Stillwater, and that all the wild life and be-
longings of your present romantic location will soon pass
into dry memories. Somehow I dislike to see the old
regime pass away. I am too conservative to be pleased to
see primitive nature everj^ where overlaid by population,
and artificial surroundings. I am glad that I was born at
so early a date as to permit me to view the great West in its
full glory, as it was twenty-five years ago. For one-quarter
of a century I have watched the departure of aboriginism,
and seen the broad stretch of country between Leavenworth
and the foothills of the Rockies fill up with civilization. I
suppose we shall soon have the Indians all herders and
farmers! There is no help for it. Peace will reign every-
where, but there will be no game. Already I observe from
the reports of the Presidential party that game is scarce,
and hardly to be found ; and they have traversed the wild-
est parts of Wyoming. I can now travel all through the
beautiful precincts of the fine parks by rail, and see all the
fantastic rock-work and deep chasms, the timber-line and
the peaks of the snowy range. I can do all this in a day
where it took months before ; but what advantage is this
sweep of knowledge, and this power of omnipresence in
such a contracted sphere as this globe of ours, unless we
can have the range of the universe with other and newer
worlds to conquer!
Can we do this after our mortal coils are shufiied o5, and
the sjnrit is free to roam without the encumbrance of the
body? The Bible sjiys ^'knowledge is life;" and I believe
in a future life to give this knowledge full and free scope.
Tell our good friends, the Indians, that the only *'happy
hunting grounds" now reserved for the children of nature
are those which lie beyond the present limit of ken. It
mav be only shadows which we will pursue in tiie here-
after—nothing real— no actual, live, tangible creatures of
the chase, or fieet ponies to mount ; but there may be more
spiritual enjoyment of the ideal than the real, with less
danger of beingdismounted or run over by a gang of buffaloes
run wild !
1 should like to have you tell me of your doings now.
What will be done with the agency buildings after they are
abandoned V I remember them with the affection of an old
camp. Our fortnight's trip to that mountain lake up the
Rosebud Canon was one of the most pleasant experiences
of my life. And now, if I were you, with your opportuni-
ties, I would begin at once to collect as fast as possible all
the Indian trappings and paraphernalia to keep as histori
cal souvenirs of a past age. The next generation will have
no place to gather them from. Here and there, in some
sportsman's sanctum, or in some natural history collection,
are noble heads of buffalos, elks and bighorns. . When the
moths have eaten these, they cannot be replaced, for they
have already become extinct. Even now, if some old
straggling bull, who has survived the dangers of his precari-
ous life, may chance to meet another of his kind in some
isolated spot, I fancy they look upon each other as living
curiosities, scarcely recognizable as kin. The last of his
race will supply an elegiac poem for the successor of him
who wrote "The Last Man."
Tell the chiefs Leon, Bull, Long Elk, Two Bellies and
Plenty-coups, that I remember them and sympathize with
their situation. Tell them to accept the inevitable, and
under stress of circumstances to lead their young men in
the paths of wisdom. Let them seek such occupation as is
most congenial to their proclivities. Let them become
herders of cattle and ponies, if they don't like farming.
There is big money in this business as their white brothers
will affirm. Let some of the young men act as guides to
the thousands of visitors who will throng those mountain
passes which they all know so well. They can make good
camp and cook the trout and sage hens for their tenderfoot
friends from the big cities. There are many things they
can do to earn a living, but there is no more wild meat for
the pot, the war-path is overgrown with grass, the beaver
and mink have been wiped out ! Civilization is crowding
in everywhere. Fifty millions of people will swarm all
over the far West in the course of half a century more, and
the red man will become white. His individuality will be
absorbed and lost in the crowd.
Dear Barstow : I have struck a rich way-streak of senti-
mental romance, and cannot help vaporing. I will not ask
indulgence, for I know that my thoughts are yours. I have
always had a passion for the haunts which lie beyond the
easy access of men, and now that the most remote and diffi-
cult have been accessible to every one, invalids and ladies
included, I feel like one who has reached the ultima thule^
with nothing but darkness on the horizon.
Please drop me a line soon. Your reply will reach me in
days where it so recently required weeks. An remir.
Charles Hallock.
PRACTICAL HINTS TO EMIGRANTS.
Des Moines, Iowa.
Editor Amerpgan Field : — I wish to make a few re-
marks, from my owii observations, in your department of
Travel and Emigration. In this day and time of emigra-
tion to the West, and of land sharks and land swindles,
whatever will assist the emigrant, aside from the land
agencies, in choosing his location, should be placed at his
command.
As we all know, the plains embrace a vast region lying
east of the Rocky Mountains, and extending about a thousand
miles north and south, by . about three hundred east and
west. In all this vast region T dp not believe there is one-
fourth enough rainfall for ordint^ry agricultural purposes.
It is this lack of moisture that renders them so nearly bar-
ren. In very many places the soil is gOod, but the danger line
is where the rain ceases to fall. Here the hog pines for his
wallow, and dies further out. The Norway rat turns back
as soon as he loses the scent of water, and I can cite you
to towns of 500 or 1,000 inhabitants, even on the border, in
which you could not find a rat. Domestic fowls, prairie
chickens, and quails do not prosper on the plains, and can-
not maintain their existence there except upon irrigated
lands. The prairie chickens and quails are much like our
domestic fowls in their requirements, and while they are
abundant west of the Missouri River for some distance out,
they get scarcer as we approach the plains, and finally be-i
come extinct.
If the emigrant is in search of a home for a farm, I
should say to him, inquire for prairie chickens (pinnated]
THE COUNTRY^ff
A WEEKLY JOURNAL,
Devoted to the Kennel, Shooting, Fishing, Yachting,
Boating, the Road, Archery, and all Athletic
Pastimes and Rural Sports.
PUBLISHED BY
*'Mt CHotttttrji" ittWisWng i^isisadati«»»,
NO. 21 BARCLAY STREET, NEW YORK.
(Post-Office Box 3011.)
Terms, Three Dollars per Year, Payable in Advance,
TRADE SUPPLIED BY THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY.
ADVERTISING RATES.
Inside pages. Nonpareil type, 20 cents per line; outside,
25 cents per line. Special rates for three, six and twelve
months. Reading notices 50 cents per line.
NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 27, 1878.
wi
To Correspondents.
W^ cordially invite correspondence on all subjects comiig
ithia the scope of this paper. Letters intended for j^b-
lication\must be accompanied with the writer's real n^me,
but an ai^sumed name only will be printed where d^ired,
except wh«i persons or their property are criticised^ when
the writer*sVame must be given, to be published a^our op-
tion. All lexers, except those of a purely personal nature,
must be addre^ed to * * The Countby" Publishing Association.
^ WM. M. TILESTOJN, Editor.
ANSWER^ TO CORRESPONDENTS
\
/
/
\IMP0RTANT.
Persons desiring prescriptions for their dogs will please
note carefully the following points in each case: 1, Age;
2, diet for past month; 3,\xemedies used, both external and
internal; 4, condition of bowels and kidneys; 5, respiration,
temperature and pulse— if ei^er is materially affected; 6, if
kept on a chain ; 7, condition V the animal ; 8, condition of
nose, eye and tongue. Also af^ other information which
the writer may think useful.
Ettie. Brooklyn.— I hive a little Scotck Terrier whose breath is
smelling btdly. Conld you give me a remedMor this? Ans.— The offen-
sive breath may come ftrom ansound teeth,disdrdered stomach or worms.
If the latter are suspected, the symptoms bei^ roughness of coat, in-
ordinate appetite (sometimes) and thinness, give him, if full grown,
two grains of saotonine each day for three dajte, followed by a mild
aperient. If worms are not saspected, the dog Vequires a thorough
change of diet with some aperient medicine. Th\following is a good
prescription : Blue pill, half a scruple; compound e«ract of colocynth,
one scruple ; powdered rhubarb, five grains ; oil of anili^ seed, two drops'
Mix and divide into three pills, giving one each day.
^■
^^^
Removal. — The offices and editorial rooms ofVhis paper
have removed to Nos. 21 and 23 Barclay Street, being in the
same building in which the paper is printed, where we shall
be pleased to see our friends as usual.
WAR IN THE NORTHWEST.
From various parts of Eastern Oregon and Northern Idaho
come reports of Indian fighting. Substantially the same
ground operated over by the Nez Perces last year is being
fpught over again, and similar results may be anticipated.
The Umatillas, Cayuses, Bannocks and the rest of the
bands now hostile are, as was the case of the Nez Perces,
Indians who have long been trusted as entirely friendly,
and have not betrayed the confidence. Even now they do
not seem to have begun war by a treacherous and murder-
ous surprise of the white settlers, as is so often the case in
savage warfare, but to have deliberated over the matter,
sought peaceful means of redressing their wrongs and only
then taking up arms. Thus the whites were fairly warned,
but do not seem to have much profited by it.
So far as injury to property is concerned, the Indians have
kindly chosen that region as the seat war where they will do the
least damage to civilization, except in the way of killing those
who pursue them. It is fortunate that they have not aroused «.. v.^jci;tH seen under \^
to the point of digging up the hatchet (i. e., strapping on the at where the ohip^f o
River fifteen hundred miles to Fort Benton, and thence by
stage 150 miles. All supplies— and the territory produces
scarcely anything except crops— must, of course, be carried,
m the same way, and the main route is by way of the Mis-
souri and Fort Benton, which is at the head of navigation.
Here is landed four-fifths of the merchandise destined for
Montana and the scattering posts north of us in British
America. This amounts to millions of pounds annually,
and must all be transported hundreds of miles inland by
trains of freight-wagons. It happens, therefore, that the
majority of the men of the town are traversing with wagons
during eight months of the year a country filled with In-
dians, and often in places where an attacking party would
have every advantage. The opening of an Indian war in
this quarter, therefore, would be a misfortune not alone to
outlying villages, but one that would affect the whole terri-
tory and the Northwest in a most serious manner by prac-
tically cutting off all supplies beyond the mere necessaries
of existence. There is therefore serious danger of such an
outbreak.
A brief statement of the situation will be of interest.
The surrounding Indian tribes are the Piegans, the Gros
Ventres, Upper Assinaboines, Bloods, Blackfeet, Crees, Nez
Perces, Pond D'Orcilles and Crows. Some of the Sioux from
the Fort Peck Agency and beyond are occasionally seen
within fifty miles of there, and are constantly reported as
committing depredations upon the thus far friendly Indians,
to whose presence alone the settlements to the north of
Fort Benton are indebted for escape from Indian raids.
Last year Sitting Bull's Sioux, escaping from United States
troops, passed close by there, and ever since they have
been making efforts through emissaries to induce friendly
relationship and cooperation on the part of the friendly
tribes in our immediate neighborhood. This, naturally,
has been the subject of much fear on the part of the settlers!
Why ? Because every citizen of Montana knows that the
Gros Ventres and Piegans (the former about 700 souls
and the latter about 2,000) have many causes of complaint,
some of them very just, and that they are just now very
clamorous for their rights. The Gros Ventres, who are
hereditary enemies of the Sioux, have had their agency
and trading post taken from them, and have been attached
to Fort Peck and Wolfs Point, Sioux agencies, some hun-
dreds of miles below on the Missouri River. To go to either
of these places is for them an utter impossibility, as their
property and lives would be in the hands of a cruel and
powerful enemy. The Gros Ventres have always been
friendly to the whites and at war with the Sioux, and by
proper treatment on the part of the Government can be
secured as a valuable ally against the hostile Sioux, liable
any moment to make incursions into that region.
It is stated as a fact that the Gros Ventres have not re-
ceived any annuity goods or rations during the last three
years, and at the present time they are required to remain
upon their barren reservation by order from the Indian De- i
partment, and not allowed a particle of ammunition to kill
game, which is scarce at best in their ill-chosen country.
The result is that they are helpless before an enemy, and in
a state of destitution which is appalling. It is not strange,
therefore, that they are inclined to listen to evil advice from
outsiders, which is incessantly offered through runners from
hostile bands. The very precarious condition of affairs on
this exposed frontier, the helpless situation of the settle-
ments and the destitute and desperate condition of these
Indians have been brought to the notice of the military
authorities, who now have taken energetic steps under pur-
suance of orders from Washington to relieve actual distress
by issue of limited rations to them, and thus endeavor to
retain their friendship.
The Piegan tribe is very loud and bitter in its complaints
of the treatment it receives at the hands of its agent who
has the reputation of being a good, kind. Christian gentle-
man, but totally unfit for the task assigned to him, and who
m a short time has succeeded in making himself thoroughly
hated by the chief and most of the influential men of the
tnbe under his charge. By judicious and proper treatment
both these tribes could be kept friendly, but it is generally
feared that at a not far distant day the suicidal Indian
policy of the Government will drive them to make common
cause with other hostile tribes.
Lately watching some herons on one of those great mej
ows along the Delaware River which spread their gre(
pause so enchantingly before the eye on these midt ^
days, we became greatly interested in observing
tudes and motions in procuring their food. Sf
deep, as it were, in water, they would strike
thrust of a javelin, and bring up a fish,
other aquatic morsel, toss back their loni '
of It at a gulp. This way of getting fc
greater difficulty than at first sight
mobility is required to prevent th<
alarm and fleeing the impendij
within striking distance of that
obstacle exists in the refracj
all objects seen under wat<
cartridge-belt) the powerful tribes of Northern Montana.
Should they begin a general war during the s ^mmer months
the annoyance to the whole Northwest would be almost in-
conceivable. It must be remembered that Central Mon-
tana is a little island of civilization, as it were, surrounded
on all sides by a broad sea of wilderness, inhabited only, but
abundantly, by Indians. To Helena, the capital, a thriving,
busy, brick-built city of 3,500 people, one must ride 450
miles by stage from the Union Pacific Railway, or else an
equal distance from Oregon, or else go up the Missouri
mark. The salmon-si
stand this and make.
but how does the.
ing out of such
it was, too— wi
as all the sti
phy were
lence "
tion
THE COUNTRY.
5r
)e
ks.
)1-
It
Ith
)1-
MICHIGAN NOTES.
Onr State Fish Commissioner. Geo. H. Jerome, has been
doing a great deal of work at the hatchery at Pokagoo Fif
teen men are employed and three new ponds have been
built one for eels, one for golden carp with a fountain in
Its centre, and one for what Mr. Venus would call - assorted
wanous." One hundred mammoth goldfish have been re-
ceived, some weighing upward of a pound each
There are now at the hatchery brook trout, Salmo qninnat,
Salmo salar, Salmo gloverii, eels, bass, pickerel and grayline
Five hundred thousand eels have been distributed through
the waters of the State with good result; these were brought
from Eastern States packed in mud and river grass. Some
of those put out last year will now weigh upward of two
pounds. Strange to say, one weighing eleven pounds and
upward of two inches in diameter was caught in Lake Huron
near Port Huron, recently, certainly not one of late planting
Under the new law regarding fishways many corporations
are remodeling their dams, the Ypsilanti Paper Company
being the first to comply with the law by placing fishways
in the Huron Kiver at Ypsilanti and Lowell. The Fish
Commissioners are now experimenting with Shaw's Patent
which if satisfactory, will be placed in all rivers in the State
now obstructed by dams. \
At Lexington and Port Sanilac on Lake Huron, and at the
fisheries near Port Huron on the St. Clair River, great num-
bers of Salmo quinnat are being caught in the nets. A few
have also been caught with hook and line from the dock at
the waterworks in the latter city, x
In Cass County sunfish are dying by thousands, particu-
larly m Stone Lake. So great is the mortality and conse-
quent decay upon the banks that the health of the commu-
nity IS threatened. A like epidemic occurred ^ye years
since, which, like the present, has thus far remained unex-
plained.
The citizens of Romeo recently caught the fishing mania
and organized a grand excursion to the St. Clair Flats The
promises of black bass that should be caught still remain
unfulfilled. The Board of Trade, too, of Detroit caught the
infection and organized a like excursion, an elaborate
leather medal being prepared for the most unsuccessful fish-
erman Strange to say, the Board are remarkably reticent
as to the result of the trip.
And now Muskegon rejoices in a new industry— the cap
ture of frogs for the Chicago and Cincinnati markets That
marshy city is doing good business, ten cases of the batra-
chians being shipped daily, nearly all of which are caught at
Twin Lake. ^
Snminer visitors at Mackinac are comparatively few as
yet, owing to the weather, which thus far has been too cool
Further, those that make the island their headquarters for
piscatorial excursions are disgusted, the influx of fishermen
of all sorts into Northern Michigan having depleted the
streams to an inconceivable extent; to which, also, the es-
tablishment during the last year of canning establishments,
for the purpose of putting up brook trout for the market,
has contributed not a little, they catching the fish in winter
through the ice. What a pity we cannot have a suitable
game law and have it enforced! Mr. *' Pick" Russell, of
Cincinnati, one of the most ardent of Sir Izaak's disciples
declares that he has to go further and further for even pass^
able fishing each year. This season he is trying the wilds
of the north shore of Lake Superior. /
Wolves are said to be numerous on the Manistee River
this season. One man reports that he was treed one even-
ing recently by the varmints in Kalkaska County (July 1st)
and iompelled to take lodgings for the night.
Michigan papers are anxious to be known as *' well up in
sporting matters," and consequently most of them have
sporting columns, of which some rural baseballist is editor
and whose abilities are equal merely to cribbing from the
columns of The Countby, Spirit of the Times, etc. One of the
Detroit papers, flinty of heart, is notorious for this The
same journal is «' vyrathy " that The Countby and other New
York papers will not see the Henley regatta in its light- be-
sides, have we not ''been to Europe in search of cul-cha
sir"? *
William Campbell, of Smith's Creek, is the proud owner
of a wild-cat, killed by him recently, weighing thirty-four
pounds. It goes to Collins, the taxidermist of Detroit.
Some of onr Granger friends are agitating the cat ques-
^, and the result arrived at seems to be identical with
^f Jane Swisshelm, viz., that the cat is a powerful agent
^^Iture— when buried at the foot of the trees and
e gentleman has figured that, according to mod-
^iation, 10.000 birds are killed by cats in each
^le year, and therefore pussy's exit from the
- speedy. The same gentleman has been
-^ast by all sorts of vermin in his garden
-e of his three tabbies brought in ten
^ he ruthlessly slaughtered the mid-
-^ult this year is more than satis-
ell cared for by the birds. He
^e of Paris green is detrimental
bugs; and in proof opened a
Mch exhibited the remains
s: **A few years since
|tato bugs; now nearly
^d sparrows." The
e '*bugs" is the
close observer,
hich he can-
post-mor-
m right,
id the
cats, abolished Paris green and encouraged the birds. This i
leads to the sparrow question. Are we not inclined to allow
our prejudices to carry us too far, and thus fail to consider
the pro and con of each side ? It strikes me there is much
to be said both ways; yet the two factions harp upon theiri
own little string, each independent of the other. Mav not
the two played property result in a chord (accord) ? ^
The Fourth has -been and gone.^ Detroit had a yacht
race-a cat-boat is dignified by the title of yacht in this coun-
try, as IS everything larger than a skiff and a scow that can
be called a sail boat. The result may be told in few words
it was a gra7id fizzle. /
The Lake St Clair Shooting and Fishing Club of Detroit!
held Its monthly meeting July 2d. Resolutions expressive
of regret at the death of Mr. O. S. Gulley were drafted; and
Messrs. Chas Dupont, H. H. Jackson and Hamilton Devi
elected members. / ^
On July 10th the Detroit Gun Club again contested for the
State championship medal, which was won by Mr E H
Gillman by shooting oflf a tie with J. D. V. Eldridge. " ' '
July nth the London and Stratford (Ontario) Clubs played
lacrosse, for the delectation of the good people of ^mroit \
on the grounds of the Peninsula Cricket Club. Great en J
thusiasm was manifested by the spectators. The clubs are
stT^n er '"***'^^*^' *^»« Londoners usually proving the
A review of the Detroit Biver Navy was announced for
Saturday evening. July 13th. in honor of the launching of
a new shell by the Michigan Boat Club. Quite a crowd ^J
sembled consequently to witness the review, but were com-
pelled to take " their labor for their pains. " The boats had
been ordered by the Commodore to report at 6:30 p m aS
to be in line at 7 o'clock sharp. At the hour not a b^t had
reported, and the review was accordingly declared off Thi.
was done as an example and warning to be promptly on time!
Jour ai:!; , ' Tf ?: **' '^^^P''^^ '^^"^^ gue^ waidngi
hour after hour while the oarsmen are loafing, smoking and
Jl/^ ! T'' ''^ '^^ boat-houses is reprehensible, ani ha.
tended to keep many away from the reviews, knowing there
would be exasperating delays. The boys feel a Uttle sore]
and declare things will move hereafter.
The Peninsula Cricket Club of Detroit desire to meet the
St. Gewrgeof New York and Young America of Philadel
pJiia. We trust they may be accommodated. The Peninsula
18 an old club and a good one, and will not be foand w2
ing when weighed in the balance. ^
-• .
^iSHHATCHiNoiNAMEEicA.-Over the above caption in thi
last issue of the London Meld, Mr. Francis Francis imparirf
some information on the subject of Fish Culture to Pro J
fessorBaird, which, to use a homely phrase, is like the smalJ
boy teaching his grandmother how to suck eggs Here i*
what he says: ^^ * "
- 1 see from a paragraph in the PaU Mall Gazette that som-
new method of artificial fish hatching has been devised b
Mr. Fergusson, the Fish Commissioner of Maryland whicl
has been put m practice successfully under the auspices oi
Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian Institute. Professo
Baird beheves it can be used to hatch the spawn of codfish
and other sea fish, so as to rapidly increase their numbers
and to establish them at places near the coast where the/
are not to be found; and by such means it is hoped coi
banks more convenient to the American fishermen thai
Newix>undland may be established. In the latter aspiratioi
I make no doubt the Canadians warmly concur, and they
will be only too happy if the American fishermen can findl
matter to occupy them nearer home; but I fear that Pro
fessor Baird's wishes will scarcely be worked out in the wa.
he anticipates. I think that, for the most part, in localitie^
which are suitable to any special fish, there that fish will be
found. As regards the sea, cod banks, whiting grounds I
and so forth are very much a question of food Where th^
carcass is there the eagles will be. Where there is fish food!
in the sea, there the fish will find it out sooner or later Of
course, I wouldn't say that the scheme is impossible— it mav
succeed; but it is not one which I could regard as ver\J
hopeful. Then as to the hatching of the ova of cod etc
there is no difficulty at all about that; Professor Baird 'need
employ no special apparatus for that purpose. The ova wili
hatch in a simple tank supplied with sea water and modi
erately aerated; but the difficulty which he will meet with
when he comes to try his hand at it is the rearing of the frv
when hatched. We have had scores of fish of various
kinds— chiefly members of the Gadidse-throw their spawn
in our tanks at the Brighton Aquarium. We have seen it i
hatched and swimming about freely, times and again, over
and over; but we never have been able to rear one of them
yet. If the Professor is not above taking advice from one
who has had some twenty years' or more experience in all
kinds of fish hatching, he wiU be satisfied simply by bring-
ing the spawn into the selected spots and casting it loose
upon the waters, where it will possibly hatch in the natural
way, and where it may then stand a chance to be reared in
like manner." '
A party of billiard sharps were playing pool when China
Charley dropped in and said: <*Me take um ball." •'All
right, John;" replied one of the players, as he winked at an-
other. They all smiled when the Celestial went to make a
shot, but it turned into a sickly grin when the heathen
made a ramps. As the game progressed, and the Chinaman
made every pot, the players put up their cues and went out
cursing Chinese cheap labor. One of them was heard to
say: '* Kearney is right. It is getting to be so that a white
man can't make an honest dollar, but some d— d Chinaman
comes along and runs him out."
O^r Step-Child^ The Indian:
How Has This Country Kept ^
Faith With The First Americans!
\i
Evcrrv 4) .^Jfen cne gets first
hand ini^iTifati^n concerning our
Jndians>^hat_almog^^ shocks one
into wondering what sort of a
people we are. What does a sa-
cred ob]io:ation mean to
us?
PJeaj^e just listen in to this story
by Mad.j^e Clover, who is writing
of "Our Step Child, Tire Indian/'
in the Lo? Angeles Saturday
Night. She says:
How many men and women of
California know the relation of
the California Indians to the
ntate? Or the obligation of the
state to them? Very few, it may
be safely stated. Clarence F.
Lea, a California representative,
appearing before a sub-committee
on Indian Affairs at Washington
in behalf of the Kahn bill for In-
dian compensation, gave this
brief history of the case: After
the war with Mexico a treaty of
peace wag agreed to between the
United States and the Republic
of Mexico, under date of Febru-
aiy 2, 1848, by which the lands
of what U now California were
ceded to the United States. At
thVi, time, there were 200,000 In
dians in the state. Now, there
are about one-tenth the number.
The Indians were citizens of
Mexico. In the treaty, a particu-
lar obligation was placed upon
tho United States to protect them
in all their rights. In article II
ij, this language: "The sacredness
of this cbligation i^Kall never be
lost 5=igbt of by the said govern-
ment, when providing for the re-
moval of, the Indians from any
portion of the said territory, or
for it being settled by the citi-
zen?: of the United States, but en
the contrary, special care shall
then be*taken not to place its In-
iian occup:;nts under the neces-
sity of seeking new homes by
cci-nrnitting tho=e invasioni-: which
the United State? have solemnly
obigatcd themselves to restrain."
Under an act of congi-ess of
Febiuary 27, IBil, it was provid
ed that the Indians' treaties
should be negotiated by agents of
the Indian department. Pursuant
to that act a commission was cre-
ated to go to California and ne-
gotiate v.ith these Indians with
a view of securing to the federal «
^lovernment lands of which the
Indians v/ere in possess icn, and,
of course, with the idea of con-
fiirring the rights of the Indians
to l^inds in certain portions of the
state. Eighteen treaties were
made and .^i«:ned by 400 chiefs
and head men, involving about a
hundred and fifty tribe^ of Indi-
ans in 18e^)l, ceding their lands,
with specified reservations, and
agreeing upon the compensation.
These treaties were sent on to
Ithe President and by him to the
senate for ratification, where they
were unanimously rejected. And
why? In one word the answer is,
[gold. Greedy settlers had come
into the state from all over the
United States, claiming all the
land -And asking that the Indians
be removed beyond the borders
of the state!-
This was not done, but they
Iwere harried, driven, tortured,
massacred and left the prey to
starvation and disease. They had
given their lands in good faith,
thev have not yet deceived any
compensation for them. To be
Isure, money has been spent by the
Indian department in gratuities
and schools, but no justice has
been done the Indian and his debt
has been piling up since 1852!
Ptather a long time to wait for
dinner; is it any wonder that
ninety per cent have died?
There are two bills before con-
oret^s: the Raker bill, and the
Kahn bill, both having to do with
compensation. One plans to do
lit thr( ugh the court of claims, the
jother, the Kahn bill, wants con-
Igress to act directly, meeting the
moral obligation we assumed m
|the treaty of Guadalup-Hidalgo.
The wrong is of too long standing
|to right by legislation that would
have solved the trouble seventy-
five years ag^o. The various de»
tense associations have put much
time and thought on the Kahn
bill and it was drafted in consul-
tation with Dr. C. Hart Merriam
of the Smithsonian Institute, an
admitted authority on California
Indians. It is just to the Indian
and also just to the i^tate, but has
been unfavorably reported by thi
socretaiy of \he interior and also
by the budget bureau. Why tha;
particular bureau should have
anything to do with a strictly
moral issue no one but ^ politician
could see.
Dr. Merriam said many enlight-
ening things in his talk to the
at their knowledge of the food
value of plants ana animals, their
?kill In the preparation and use
of plants for textile, medicinal ^
I and decorative purposes, includ-
( ir:g tlfe making of permanent dyes
'and liieir cleverness and mechan-
j ical ingenuity in the construction ■
of articles of every day use .
,*Their mythology is as interest- '
ing as that of the Greeks and ?o- '
mans, the Egyptians and Chal- 1
deans. We are likely to be, aston- j
ished to learn that the proper ,
time for the gathering of certain |
plants for medicinal, ceremonial |
or other purposes is predeterm- j
ined by the position of certain
.^tars. The Indian will show you
the control star and tell you that j
you cannot pick its plant until the j
star is i« a certain position, which }
he will point out. I have never
found an Indian of any tribe who
did not amaze me by the extent
of, his knowledge. But their
knowledge differs from our know-
ledge. In contrasting their edu-
cation, experience and philosophy
with ours one may use the illus-
tration of the wheels of a wagon,
which, though continually revolv-
ing in nearby circles, never meet.
So with knowledge, that of the
Indian revolves in one sphere,
that of the white man in another,
and neither is able to understand
the other.''
Irn't it time that we kept, al
lea.st, part of our promises to'
Indians who fir*^"^ owned the Ian
we value and love and who has
never been compensated and nev-
er been taken care of with skill
or kindness? It should not be in
the realm of politics, no^- should
the "policy" if v/e ever had such
a thing, change with each new
secretary of the Interior. . Justice
and honest dealing are of no
pnitv and promises made in the
administration of Fillmore should
be kept in that of Coolidge, if
've arc to be an honest nation.
The In Han question is a real one.
and itj is time we informed our-
ceiv(v> about it.
ait:
fi
ericansi
i
Eyvy/\ 4) . Men cne gets f ii'^t
hand inJknHatiVn concerning: bur
JndianK^hat^jalmo^t^. shocks one
into wondering what sort of a
people we are. What does a sa-
cred oblio:atirn mean to us?
PJense just listen in to this story
by Mad^e Clover, who is writino:
of **Our Step Child, Tire Indian/'
in the Lor Angeles Saturday
Nip^ht. She says:
How many men and women of
California know the relation of
the California Indians to the
r.tate? Oi' the obliKation of the
state to them? Very few, it may
be safely stated. Clarence F.
Lea, a California representative,
appearino; before a sub-committee
on Indian Affairs at Vvashin.s:ton
in behalf of the Kahn bill for In-
dian compensation, gave this
brief history of the case: After
the war with Mexico a treaty of
peace was agreed to between the
United States and tho Republic
of Mexico, under date of Febru-
aiy 2, 1848, by which the lands
(?t what U now California were
ceded to the United States. At
that time, there were 200,000 In
dian? in the state. Now, there
are about one-tenth the number.
The Indians we-e citizens of
Mexico. In the treaty, a particu-
lar obligation was placed upon
tho United States to protect them
in all their rights. In article II
is this language: '*The f^acrcdne^s
01 this cbligation ?h'all never be
lost ^igl^t of by the said govern-
ment, when providing for the re-
moval of, the Indians from any
portion of the said territory, or
for it being settled by the citi-
zer*? of the United States, but en
the contrary, special care shall
then be "taken not to place its In-
lian occuprrtte. under the neces-
sity of seeking new homes by
ccmrnitting those invasion-: which
the United State- have solemnly
ob'igatcd themselves to restrain.''
Under an act of congi'ess of
P'ebiuary 27, 18")1. it was prcvid
ed that the Indians' treaties
.-hculd be negotiated by agents of
the Indian department. Pursuant
to that act a commission was cre-
ated to go to California and ne-
gotiate v/ith these Indians with
a vievv of securing to the federal J
^[overnmont lands of which the
Indians were in possession, and,
of course, with the idea of con-
fiimJrig the rights of the Indians
to l^nds in certain portions of tht
state. Eighteen treaties were
made and signed by 400 chiefs
and head men, involving about a
hundred and fifty tribe^ of Indi-
ans in 1851, ceding their lands,
v/ith specified reservations, and
agreeing upon the compensation.
These treaties were sent on to
the President and by him to the
senate for ratification, where they
were unanimously rejected. And
why? In one word the answer is,
gold. Greedy settlers had come
into the state from all over the
United States, claiming all the
land and asking that the Indians
be removed beyond the borders
of the state!-
This was not done, but they
were harried, driven, tortured,
massacred and left the prey to
starvation and disease. They had
given their lands in good faith,
they have not yet deceived any
compensation for them. To be
sure, m^ney has been spent by the
Indian department in gratuities
and schools, but no justice has
been done the Indian and his debt
has been piling up since 1852!
Rather a long time to wait for
dinner; is it any wonder that
ninety per cent h»ve died?
There are two bills before con-
gress: the Raker bill, and the
Kahn bill, both having to do with
compensation. One plans to do
it through the court of claims, the
other, the Kahn^bill, wants con-
Igress to acfdirectTyT meetings the
moral obligation we assumed m
the treaty of Guadalup-Hidalgo.
The wrong is of too long standing
to right by legislation that would
have solved the trouble seventy-
five years ag^o- The various de«
fense associations have put much
time and thought on the Kahn
bill and it was drafted in consul-
tation with Dr. C. Hart Merriam
of the Smithsonian Institute, an
admitted authority on California
Indians. It is just to the Indian
and also just ^o the state, but has
been unfavorably reported by thi
secretary of ^he interior and also
by the budget bureau. Why tha;
particular bureau should have
anything to do with a strictly
moral issue no one but ^ politician
could see.
Dr. Merriam said many enlight-
ening things in his talk to the
committee, among which was the
intelligence of the Indian. "Ev-
ery ethnologist, early in his career
?£ deeply impressed by the intelli-
.?ence of the Indian, he said. Even
* he lowest in scale possess a fund
,cf practical knowledge and imr.g->
j at their knowledge of the food
valuevof plants ana animals, their ,
rkill :n the preparation and use
of plants for textile, medicin.ni ^
and decorative purposes, includ-
ir:g tne making of permanent dyes
j^ind tkeir cleverness and mechan-
\ Tcal ingenuity in the construction ^
of articles of every day use .
/^Their mythology is as interest- '
ing as that of the Greeks and IJo- '
mans, the Egyptians and Chal- j
deans. We are likely to b^ aston- .
ished to learn that the proper
time for the gathering of certain .
plants for medicinal, ceremonial |
01' other purposes is predeterm- \
ined by the position of certain j
Ftars, The Indian will show you j
the control star and tell you that j
you cannot pick its plant until the j
star i>? in a certain position, which '
he Will point out. I have never
found an Indian of any tribe who
did not amaze me by the extent
of his kriowledge. But their
knowledge differs from our know-
ledge. In contrasting their edu-
cation, experience and philosophy
with ours one may use the illus-
tration of the wheels of a wagon,
which, though continually revolv-
ing in nearby circles, never meet.
So with knowledge, that of the
Ii^dian revolves in one sphere,
that of the white man in another,
and neither is able to understand
the other."
l^n't it time that we kept, a
least, part oi our promises lu
Indians who hr^*- owned the Ian
we value and love and who has
never been compensated and nev-
er been taken care of with^ skill
or kindness? It should not be in
the realnj of nolitics, no^* should
the ''policy'^ if v/e ever had such
a thing, change with each new
secretary of the Interior. . Justice
and honest dealing are of no
pnitv and promises made in the
administration of Fillmore should
be kept in that of Coolidge. if
've r.rc to b? an honest nation.'
The In Han question i? a real one.
and itj is time we informed our-
5:c]ve> about it.
1
1 abandoned
* NCISOO CHRONICLE, S
PLEA IS MADE FOR
Thousands of Outcasts in
California, Says Dr. Eliot
at Club Luncheon.
Dr. Samuel A. Eliot, member of
the United States Board of Indian
Commissioners, and son of President
Charles Eliot of Harvard University,
was the principal speaker before the
Commonwealth Club at its luncheon
at the Palace Hotel yesterday.
Dr. Eliot strongly advocated the
acquisition of more land in Califor-
nia for the use of homeless Indians.
He said that there are in the State
about 17,000 Indians, of which from
2000 to 3000 have no land whatever
and are outcasts. These people, he
said, must in all decency be cared for
in some manner and be given a
cliance to make a living.
According to Dr. Elioi, the Indian
is about the <^ly persoru>n the world
who cannot become an American citi-
zen, in spite of the fact that he is the
one and original American citizen.
The status of the Indian through-
the one and original American cit-
zen, the status of the Indian through-
out the United States is so uncertain,
he said, that it was safe to assume
that he had no status whatever.
The luncheon was unusually well
attended and Dr. Eliot's address was
said to be one of the best that the
club has heard in some time.
Indian Rights
Again Vhe proposal bobs. i)P to trAns-
tor to the states the gdvernmental
responsibility for the American In-
dians who are now federal wards.
Congressman Clyde Kelly of Penn-
sylvania says he is going to i^^^o-
duce a bill in December giving to
every state aathority- over its reser- I
vatlbn Indians.
• '^iore thai! $14,000,000 is being ap-
propriated annually," complains Kelly,
-to provide for the 200,000 restricted
Indians, and most of it is spent in a
manner worse than wasteful and^,
against every American principle of
Ireedom. The Indians are segregated '
. 1
l.and tr«t*il a. .lav^. Th.,y bH
' propTty worth »l,«».0W,O«, bmt th«
) .ntiM amount 1. aaml»i.t««4 by k
iunU group -of bufaucrat*. Th*f WM
''cfprived Ot jury triftl.. of ^'^^\
,any char|« ag^itvat th«m and of.
controlling th*lr own property or even
1
. making their own wills."
! Giving the states control, he thmks.
Kvould "start the course necessary to
intake these original Americans real
1 members of the community.
Probably it would, in -o^";;^;;^-
The history of our federal aximln..tra-
1 tion of Indian affairs, generally speak-
'ing. is nothing to be proud of.
looKs UK. a big human problem fum^
bled and * viUl situation all bound
round with red t^t-- ^^^ ^^^l
. mleht do better in that regard. Be^ng
, ;„ the Indians in their JUrisdic-
cloaer to the I«^"^ ^i.^ly
,tion. they might deal mo
I and easily with th« purely human
[problems. . ^
' On th« othfer hand, what oi
vast property belonging to the In-
dians? BUt« would ^'^^^^'^^^J,
that, a. Americans have ^^'^^^^^^
by Indian property '^«^ ^^ J'^,
J„,. The federal Sovernmeh at east
,oes protect the Indians' v«ted nghts
fairiy well in this generation.
rAN LEANDROk CMUfK
NEWS
JULY 18, 1929.
CALIFORNIA INDIAjlS DUE FOR ,
BEHER TREATMENT, IS CLAIM
Research Associate Visiting in California Confirms
Recent News Article But Says Better Days
/I , Are Ahead for Original Americans
Conflrmtng J^ editorial survey
recently printeA in The California
News, Mrs. C. D. Wolcott, member |
"Back in 1851 Federal officials
negotiated 18 treaties with them,
but because the Senate never ratl-
united States Board of Indian if led these treaties, we started
Commissioners now visiting Cali-
fornia, states that "Treatment of
the Indias, tius far has been such
fts to make us hide our heads in
^hatrie." She adds her belief, how-
ever, that the present vigorous ap-
proach to the question of tbe ad-
ministration of affairs by secre-
tary of the mterior Ray Lyman
Wilbur, will Insult in benefit to
the government wards.
**The Indian commission has
be^ the goat too long," Mrs. Wil-
cott complains to the United
Press "Where we have asked for
more 'funds to employ more and
better help, our appropriations
have been sliced down instead,"
8he claims. ^
"In our treatment of Call-
fornlii Indians, we have been
amoajK the lyarsit AffiAinxlftrsu
right in breaking them.
"We sold most of their lands
out from under them. fThe land
brought about $10,000,00(lthen, but
they are worth countlMS times
that amount now, and.^we Have
found the Indians have recourse!
to the court of claims in trying
to repossess them.
"There Is hope for some of them
yet," she concluded. "The Attor-
ney-General has been instructed to
bring such cases before the court.
Asaembling data for it Is a tedious
process, but we hope justice ulti-
mately will prevail."
Mrs. Wolcott's husband, now de-l
ceased, was head of the Smithson-
ian Institute, and, in Federal rec-
lamation work, championed the
project which wrested the Imperi-
al Valley from the desert, ^
BERKCL€V, CALIF
OAXIETTE
IS TOLD MEM
It "^T « — "-'
Dr Mary Roftcrt's Coolidge, former-
Iv of Mills College, adaressed the
Cltv Commons Club at the weekly
ifuncheon'^held at Booney's Resent
yesterday on "The Task of the New
''^*^S"prSlnt need Is for
iclti^'it trmakejh^nselves m^^^^^^^
have a new Secretary of the Interior,
fh^ ndlan' qulstfon; '^s&e said, ^and |
?^f s cond ^ett^led Is for citizens
to petition their co>^8ressmen to sup
Ifhese'^concerns the turi^g ov^'^°\t^
L-crinrth^-troirdirrespon-
"""Th^" condition of the California
IndSfs IS worse than that of other
%^:coo«dge spoke of the twc^com-
missioners recenuy J"^^^^ Indian
^"'*^r ChaX^Rhoifs^nd Joto -M.
Bureau, cnaries rv"""^ ^^ j^ q.
Scattergood. and contrasted tneir P
I sltion and views fth those who n
had charge o^ tJ"«.J'i'^"^of President
r^er-sltaff'Tm^, Alef work irx
l^"i^cS|e^'rec^eSToWleted a
to?/ of"f ?£ln;^n reservatujn^ o^ ,
the country ^ad spenL nve " , ^
alleged, tiie \vnoiecuiic^
fo^rim^e^ w^^ S" fraud and
igeneral inefflaency-j^^^
I During all the years no one hut
RooseveU attempted to reform the
rnnrtuct of Indian affairs. Dr. Cooi-
frill sBid but he and his commls-
Ithp Question was lost sight of because
fef the overwhelming interest of carry-
fc^J^s^^airc^oLY^^S"-
hTrio?matr^ortfe%^an Rights!
Eeatest help. ^ The ^organization o^
Ithe Institute of Government Bfsearcn
Ibv a group of wealthy and influential
^eoDle of Baltimore formed the basis
pthe work of all later reformers. 1
rThP^nroblem of the new commls-
K'? icL^bXror^ sr£i
bd '"TTefmU«Xdef the schools
End the health services as well as.ihel
Isupply system.
MRS, ellEY M(KE$ CHARGES
GROSS ILL-TREATMENT OF THE
INDIANS ALLEGED.
Declares That She Was Repeatedly
Arrested for Championing the
Cause of the Red Men.
Mrs. Helen Pierce Grey, the newspaper
writer arresLed last summer because of
her connection with the protests of Crow
Indians against the manner in which gov-
ernment agents managed the Crow ressr^
vation in Montana, appeared yesterday
before the Senate committee on Indian
affairs. In her testimony she charged
that, to keep from starving, the Indians
were compelled to eat the meat of dis-
eased cattle and sheep: that they were
frequently thrown into jail without cause
and kept at the mercy of the agents;
that the children of the government res-
ervation school wert; mistreated, and that
many of them suffering with running
sorss weie neglected and permitted to
associate with other children. She stated
positivelv that all of these things must
have been done with the knowledge of
some of the officials at Washington. Ai/-
other interesting chapter was added also
to her account of her own /experiences
as an investigator. f
That some of the members of the com-
mittee were impressed by the character
of the charges which Mrs. Grey said
were susceptible of absolute proof was
evident from the character of the cross-
examination. It is likely that a general
investigation will be ordered.
Contradicted by Garfield.
In telling her story Mrs. Grey read
from a prepared statement. It developed
that she had made this at the sugges-
tion of Senator Owen and Senator Clapp.
and that she had conferred with Senator
Teller conceining the case. During her
testimony Secretary Garxield. who is in-
volved in her sweeping charges, was pres-
ent. Mrs. Grey w^as describing her ex-
periences, and in telling of the six times
she was arrested and of the attempt on
the part of Indian Agent Reynolds to
"ti'ump" up a charge of insanity against
her she said that Mr. Garfield, when in
Billings. Mont., to attend the opening of
the Huntley irrigation project, told the
chief of police that she was a "dangerous
blackmailer and adventurer."
"That statement is without any found-
ation whatever." declared Mr. Garfield.
Mrs. Gray responded that the chief of
police would be glad to testify to the con-
trarv.
Continuing. Mrs. Grey said that Mr.
Garfield was in Billings, which place is
near the Crow reservation, while many
of the indignities against her had been
committed and could not have been ig-
norant of what was going on. She said
that Indians w^ere constantly mistreated,
and that when they were thrown into
jail that act constituted the \vho^e legal
procedure; that no charges were brought
and the time of incarceration depended
of the Indian agent. In
she declared that charges
against her on the sixth
f
upon the w-ill
her own case,
were brought
arrest.
FVevious to that proceeding she was
put in jail over night and that ended tlie
matter. On one occasion she said that
Agent Reynolds had threatened to incar-
cerate her with an Indian, but that the
feeling was such that he had not dared to
carry out his purpose.
Passing on to the alleged mismanage-
ment of Indian affairs. Mrs. Grey said
it was current report that Senator Car-
ter was part owner of Charlie Bear's
sheep. She had testified previously that
Bear, through influence with the agent,
had pastured about 125,000 slieep on the
reservation while paying for 35. (XX) head.
"Why do you not investigate this mat-
ter before bringing such charges against
Senator Carter?" asked Senator Dixon.
Arrested for Investigating.
go?"
de-
six
"How far would you have me
manded Mrs. Grey. "I was arrested
times for making investigations."
'^I^on-tinuing she said that Senator Car-
ter and Mr. Bear had given out that
they were going to Yellowstone on an
automobile trip, but it was- reported that
they had gone to the Big Plorn country
instead, to look for another range for
the sheep. She said they came back
from that trip just befor? the arrival of
the President's secretary. Mr. L<oeb, and
Maj. Gen. Young on a hunting trip
and that they entertained these gentle-
men wiiile on the trip.
Describing conditions on the reservation,
Mrs. Grey said that at the reservation
schools the management was responsible
for tlie inoculation of chil(^ren with run-
ning sores. When taken to task for mak-
ing such a statement on hearsay or wnth-
out positive proof. Mrs. Grey said: "I saw
children with running sores on their
bodies being washed with coarse kitchen
brushes, such as you would not use on
your hands. The sores were rubbed with
ihese brushes and the children suffered
torture. Then the same brush and the
same water w^ere used on other children."
Fed With Diseased Meat. '
Mrs. Grey said that while Mr. Dalby,
former secretary to Mr. Garfield, w^as
investigating the conditions on the reser-
vation he had been told at one of the
Indian councils at Gordon that the In-
dians knew they were eating lumpy jaw
cattle and sheep that had died of dis-
ease, but that it was "either eat that or
starve." . .
Mrs. Grey broke down in reciting the
alleged wrongs perpetrated upon the In-
dians, and. with a voice trembling with
emotion s.he aJmost sobbed:
"Sheep that die by disease is what the
Indians get. The whitj^ man gets their
land and the live sheep. '
Proceeding, Mrs. Grey said that the In-
dians were absolutely helpless: that if
thev protested they were thrown into
jail*. She said she "could not see how
senators can have this thing put up to
them nnd pass it by." She declared that
protests to the Indian office had boon
made without number, and thai invari-
ablv thcv had resulted in bringing punish-
ment upon the Indians, owing to the fact
that complaints were always sent back
to the agent, at whose nieroj the Indians
were. '
Alleged Indignities.
As a means of discrediting her with the
Indians and heaping indignities upon her
Mrs. Grey charged that Maj. Reynolds
and Mr. Dalby tried to induce Mrs. Joe
Cooper, half-breed wife of an Indian, to
sue her husband for divorce and name
her (Mrs. Grey) as co-resp6ndent.
Mrs. Grey told of one instance in which,
she said, she was decoyed to a hotel wiiere
plans had been made to arrest her, but that
she ?av tne purpose, and theie wrote a
telegram to President Rooaeveit, stating
that she was to b? arresttd. and asked
Maj. Reynolds to send it. It developed
that the telegram was sent.
"Did you not at tlie same lime send
telegrams to a number of newspapers,
asking them if they did not want sensa-
tional articles about your arrest?" asked
Senator Dixon.
"How did you know about those tele-
grams?" demanded Mrs. Grey.
"1 am not on the stand," leplied the
senator.
" said Mrs.
were stolen
was arrested.
"Well
grams
when I
thin
want
igs
Grey, "those tele-
from my handbag
Thai is one of the
I want investigated. Now, I
to know how you know about ii.*'
Senator
heartily
Dixon's colleagues laughed
over the turning of the tables.
Declares That She Was Bepeatedly
Arrested for Championing* the
Cause of the Red Men.
\
Mrs. Helen Pierce Grey, the newspaper
writer arresLed last summei- because of
her connection with I he pi-otefcls of Crow
Indians against the manner in which gov-
ernment agents nnanaged the Crow reserv
vation in Montana, appeared yesterday
before the Senate oommittae on Indian
affairs. In her testimony she charged
that, to keep from starving, the Indians
were compelled to eat the meat of dis-
eased cattle and sh?ep: that ihey were
frequently thrown into jail without cause
and kept at the mercy of the agent?;
that the children of the government res-
ervation school weit! mistreated, and that
man.>- of th^m suffering with running
sor2s were neglected and permitted to
associate with othei- children. She stated
positivel.v tliat all of these things must
ha\e been done witli the knowledge of
some of the officials at Washington. A17-
other interesting chapter was added also
to her account of her own /experlencas
as an investigator. /
That some of tiie memljeis of the com-
mittee were impressed by the chai-actor
of the charges which Mrs. Grey said
were susceptible of absolute proof was
evident from the chai-acter of the cross-
examination. It is likely that a general
investigation will be oidered.
Contradicted by Garfield.
In telling her story Mrs. Grey read
from a prepared statement. It developed
that she had made this at the sugges-
tion of Senator Owen and Senator Clapp,
and that she had conferred with Senator
Teller conceining the case. During Iier
testimony Secretary Garfield, who is in-
volved in her sweeping charges, was pres-
ent. Mrs. Grey w^as describing her ex-
periences, and in telling of the six times
she was arrested and of the attempt on
the part of Indian Agent Reynolds to
"trump" up a charge of insanity against
her she said that Mr. Garfield, when in
Billings, Mont., to attend the opening of
the Huntley irrigation project, told the
chief of police that she was a ''dangerous
blackmailer and adventurer."
"That statement is without any found-
ation whatever." declared Mr. Garfield.
Mrs. Gray responded that the chief of
police would be glad to testify to the con-
trary.
Continuing. Mrs. Grey said that. Mr.
Garfield was in Billings, which place is
near the Crow reservation, while manv
of the indignities against her had been
committed and could not have been ig-
norant of what was going on. She said
that Indians were constantly mistreated,
and that when they were thrown into
jail that act constituted the Tv^ole legal
procedure; that no charges were brought
and the time of incarceration depended
upon the will of the Indian agent. In
her own case, she declared that charges
were brought against her on the sixth
arrest.
Previous to that proceeding she was
put in jail over night and that ended the
matter. On one occasion she said that
Agent Reynolds had threatened to incar-
cerate her with an Indian, but that the
feeling was such that he had not dared to
carry out his purpose.
Passing on to the alleged mismanage-
ment of Indian affairs. Mrs. Grey said
it was current report that Senator Car-
ter was part owner of Charlie Bear's
sheep. She had testified previously that
Bear, through influence with the agent,
had pastured about 125,000 sheap on the
reservation while paying for 35.000 head
it
Why do you not investigate this mat-
ter before bringing such charges against
Senator Carter?" asked Senator Dixon.
Arrested for Investigating.
"How far would you have me go?" de-
manded Mrs. Grey. "I was arrested six
times for making investigations."
Oon-tinuing she said that Senator Car-
ter and Mr. Bear had given out that
they were going to Yellowstone on an
automobile trip, but it was- reported that
they had gone to the Big Horn country
instead, to look for another range for
the sheep. She said they came back
from that trip just before the arrival of
the President's secretary. Mr. lx>eb, and
Maj. Gen. Young on a hunting trip
and that they entertained these gentle-
men wiiile on the trip.
Describing conditions on the reservation,
Mrs. Grey said that at the reservation
schools the management was responsible
for the inoculation of children with run-
ning sores. When taken to task for mak-
ing such a statement on iiearsay or with-
out positive proof, Mrs. Grey said: "I saw
children with running sores on their
bodies being washed with coarse kitchen
brushes, such as you would not use on
your hands. The sores were rubbed with
these brushes and the children suffered
torture. Then the same brush and the
same water w^ere used on other children."
Fed With Diseased Meat. '
Mrs. Qiey said that while Mr. Dalbj',
former secretary to Mr. Garfield, w^as
investigating the conditions on the reser-
vation he had been told at one of the
Indian councils at Gordon that the In-
dians knew they were eating lumpy jaw
cattle and sheep that had died of dis-
ease, but that it was "either eat that or
starve."
Mrs. Grey broke down in reciting the
alleged wrongs perpetrated upon the In-
dians, and, with a voice trembling with
emotion she aJmost sobbed:
"Sheep that die by disease is what the
Indians get. The white man gets their
land and the live sheep. '
Proceeding, Mrs. Grey said that the In-
dians were absolutely helpless: that if
they protested they were thrown into
jail. She said she "could not see how
senators can have this thing put up to
them and pass it by." She declai-ed that
protests to the Indian office had been
made without number, and thai invari-
ably they had resulted in bringing punish-
ment upon the Indians, owing to the fact
that complaints were always sent back
to the agent, at whose mercy the Indians
were. -
Alleged Indignities.
As a means of discrediting her with the
Indians and heaping indignities upon her
Mrs. Grey charged that Maj. Reynolds
and Mr. Dalby tried to induce Mrs. Joe
Cooper, half-breed wife of an Indian, to
sue her husband for divorce and name
her (Mrs. Gre.v) as co-respOndent.
Mrs. Grey told of one instance In which,
she said, she was decoyed to a hotel w'here
plans had been made to arrest her, but that
she ?ay tne purpose, and there wrote a
telegram to i-*resident Roosevelt, stating
that she was to ob arrested, and asked
Maj. Reynolds to send it. It developed
that the telegram was sent.
"Did you not at the same time send
telegrams to a number of newspapers,
asking them if they did not want sensa-
tional articles about Nour arrest?" asked
Senator Dixon.
"How did you know about those tele-
grams?" demanded Mrs. Grey.
"1 am nut on the stand," leplied
senator.
"Well." .said Mrs.
grams were stolen
when I was arrested
things I A^ant uuvestigated. Now
want to know how you know about it."
Senator Dixon's colleague.^: laughed
heartily over the turning of the tables,
and he said tiiat it was stated in the
press that such messages had been sent
b\ Mrs. Grey. "They were not sent,"
said the witnesij, "and were not intended
to be sent. They were wi itten as bluffs
and intended to fall into other hands in
order to prevent my arrest."
the
Grey, "those tele-
froni my handbag
That is one of th.e
I
MRS. GREY'S STORY DENIED
CROW CHIEF CONTRADICTS HER
TESTIMONY.
Tells Senate Committee That Rey-
nolds Is Best Agent Tribe
Ever Had.
Cliief Plenty Coos of the Crow Indian
tribe testified yesterday before the Senate
committee on Indian affairs, and in re-
sponse to questions by Senator Dixon de-
nied many of the statements made b^
Mrs. Helen Pierce Grey that the Indians
were ill-treated by Maj. Reynolds, the
government agent. Plenty Coos is a
picturesque character. He is stout and
nas a broad face seamed with deep lines.
Although ho wears civilized clothing he
retains many of the Indian customs to
denote his rank. Two long braids ol
iaven hair a.o worn jiwt in tront of his
.ars and two earrings in each oi his ears,
one large ring in each lobe and a smaller
one above.
Two interpreters were used in the ex-
amination, one repeating the question to
Lhe chief and the other giving the answers
to the committee. Plenty Coos appeared
to be ^ man of intelligence. lie ex-
plained the manner of his tribe in farm-
ing tiieir Jands, and told of the relations
of the tiibe lo the agent, Maj. Reynolds.
He expressed the belief tiiat Reynolds
was the best agent the Crows had ever
had, in that he helped the Indians to help
themselves. The chief denied that Rey-
noias interfered with, members of the
trioe in selling their stocit and products
lor the best price obtainaDle. In other
ways he praised Reynolds, but said that
there nad been some complaint by those
Indians who did not like to work. i
Fought Under Crook.
Senator Dixon brought out the fact that
Plenty Coos was with Gen. Crook in 18715
and fought \vith him in advance of the
Custer massacre. He was asked why he
had been named Plenty Ccos, and ex-
plained that tlie name came lr..xi the coo
stick oh which deeds of valor are record-
ed by the cutting of notches, the driving
of the nails or the hanging of scalps. He
explained that he used to live in the cen-
ter of fighting tribes of Indians &€- other
nations and that he amassed so many
trophies of battle against hostile bands
that his coo stick would hardly hold them
all Therefore, he was called Penty Coos
and made the big chief of all the Crows.
Senator Brandegee wanted to know
whether the scaips on his coo stick were
white or Indian. Plenty Coos said that
the sallies of his tribe had been always
against the Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Pic-
gans and Sioux and never against the
white men, who had always been the
Crows' friends. He declared that his
scalping now is confined to "alfalfa and
oats; that he had ceased to war and now
shakes hands with everybody.
Only One Wife Now.
Members of the committee took great
interest in Plenty Coos and his followers,
about a dozen of whom were present.
They looked prosperous, and the chief,
through the interpreter, explained that
they were the flower of the tribe. In ex-
plaining the holdings of his family, Plenty
Coos excited some curiosity as to the
number of wives he has had. He ^sald
it was unusual for him to talk about any-
thing of that kind, but that before he
came fully under the control of the gov-
ernment he had married ten women at
various times, and had a number of wives
at one time. Now he believed In the
white man's law regarding marriages, he
said, and had only one wife.
The Indians came to Washington for
examination concerning two bills of gen-
eral interest to the Crow reservation and
were only questioned incidentally about
the charges that have been made by Mrs.
Grey.
,;i'Wiiw
INDIANS' BAD CONDITION
STIRS SENATORS TO ACT
Committee Fmds Health and Education
Neglected, and Demands Square
Deal for Red Men.
1
BY ELSIE WEIL.
IN the committee room of Indian
affairs in the Senate Office Build-
ing are calfskin rows of Indian
laws, files of official reports and
letters to Senators citing particular
Indian grievances or urging investiga-
tions of conditions on various reserva-
tions throughout the country.
To that room come defenders of the
Indian cause, pleading for legislative
reform. A picturesque Indian of the
old type, In buckskin and bead regalia,
drifts in now and then. He is eloquent,
the old Indian, tireless and timeless in
his native tongue, but he is also a little
disillusioned. He no longer quite be-
lieves in the myth of the Great White
Father.
Here he comes into contact with edu-
cated, well informed Indians who are
learning to substitute law for mythology.
Keenly they follow the progress and
final disposition of every bill introduced
into Congress which affects the welfare
of their people.
Several interesting witnesses have
been called to the Indian committee
vocni in the la^t year or so. Florence
1 M. Patterson, who had been appointed
Jby the American Red Cross to make a
■ atudy of the need lor public health
nursing on Indian reservations, de-
scribed the appalling health conditions
in Indian boarding schools, homes and
hospitals. She found the manifesta-
tions of malnutrition among the In-
dian children as acute and general as
among the children of the war-devas-
tated regions of Eastern Europe, where
she worked for the Red Cross.
Tremendous Infant Mortality.
Among the northern Pueblos the in-
ant death rate was 278 per thousand,
*our times the rate for the United
fetates for the same period. Miss Pat-
^rson estimated the tuberculosis death
rate on the Indian reservations to be
six times that for the rest of the coun-
try, ''fhese statistics represent only a
few of the dark spots brought out in
Miss Patterson's testimony.
The late Louis Marshill, the great
constitutional lawyer, appeared before
the committee to represent the Pueblo
Indians in the Middle Rio Grande Co-
servancy case. He voluntered his serv-
ices as a matter of simple justice, be-
cause from his study of the reclama-
tion project he was convinced th^t the
Indian interests were not being safe-
guarded by their legal guardian— the
Indian Bureau. The Pueblos were to
carry the chief burden of charges lor
flood control and irrigation, which was
to benefit white land owners, towns
and railroads.
The Bamctt Case.
get at the justice of their cause, they
confided how cases had been framed
against them. Mr. Wheeler looked
into the matter and proved that the
charges against the accused Indains
were unfounded. He refused to bring
indictments and dismissed the cases.
Prom that time the Flatheads have al-
ways regarded him as their friend.
With the ^elp of Senator Wheelftr
and other defenders of Indian rights,
the Flathead tribe is now fighting in
Washington to protect its power sites
against the encroachment of big power
companies. As exclusive owners of the
power sites on the reservation, they de-
mand their right to rent their property
to the bidder offering the most favor-
able terms. The Rocky Mountain
Power Co., whose bid has been favored
by the Federal Power Commission,
would offer an annual income of
$68,000. The other applicant, Walter
H. Wheeler of Minneapolis, offers 121/2
cents more per annum horse -power and
guarantees to develop the project to
yield an annual income of $240,750.
A Western Muscle Shoals.
The Flathead power project ha« been
called the Muscle Shoals of the West.
.Flathead bids and other disclosures
I led Senator Wheeler to say In the Sen-
ate a few weeks ago: "The scandal of
the last administration was oil . . . Dn-
less some of these things are stopped
that are going on down in the P«|fral
Power Commission the scandal ofihis
administration will be power."
Senator Wheeler does not consider
the Indian Bureau entirely responsible
for the irresent condition of Indian af-
fairs. , _,
"Congress, as well as the Indian Bu-
reau, is open to severe criticism for the
manner in which it has dealt with the
Indians. In the Western States with
Indian reservations, lumber, oil, water
power, cattle and sheep grazing groups
have sought favors from the Govern-
ment. They prevailed upon their Sen-
ators and Representatives to plead their
special interests with the Indian Bu-
reau. One has only to read the hear-
ings of investigations among the Chip-
pewas of Minnesota to learn how big
lumber interests have robbed the In-
dians."
The celebrated case of Jackson Bar-
nett, the "poor rich" Indian of Okla-
homa, also was thrashed out in the
Indian committee room. Jackson Bar-
nett, declared by the courts a mental
incompetent, was, according to the
testimony brought before the Senate
Indian committee, railroaded into a
marriage with a white woman of ad-
venturous background and persuaded
to thumbprint away a fortune of more
than a million dollars to his white
wife and the American Baptist Home
Mission Society, without any compre-
hension of the Importance of the traijis-
action. , , .
The unfolding of this melodrama, to-
gether \^ith the broadcasting of the
starvation diet in Indian boarding
schools, attracted public interest to the
inner workings of the Indian Bureau
under the regime of former Commis-
sioner Charles H. Burke and his as-
sistant, Edgar B. Merritt. Not many
months after the Jackson Bamett dis-
closures Burke and Merritt resigned,
and President Hoover appointed Charles
J Rhoads as commissioner and J.
Henry Scattergood as assistant commis-
sioner of Indian affairs, to bring their
social vision and experience to the
Indian Bureau. ^ x,. « -*-.
In talking to members of the Senate
rommittee on Indian affairs, who have
been conducting investigations on the
reservations, I found them sympathetic
to the new commissioners. It is not
their intention to hamper any construc-
tive and progressive proposals suggested
by the new heads of the Indian Bureau
for the benefit of the Indians, but they
feel that they must continue investi-
gations which have already disclosed
emphatic need for a complete reor-
ganization of the Indian service. They
oint out that the Indian committee
f the Senate has power to recommend
indmgs and new legislation to Con-
ress regardless and entirely independ-
nt of the Indian Bureau.
General Survey Ordered.
I In February, 1928, the Senate was au-
thorized to "make a general survey of
the condition of the Indians" and to
study the great body of Indian laws
ind the administration of the Bureau
of Indian Affau's for the P^H^se of
recommending legislation to conrect
abuses and encourage the progress oi
the Indians.
The Senate Indian investigating com-
mittee is composed of Lynn J. ^azier
of North Dakota, chairman; Robert
M La FoUette. jr., Wisconsin; W.B.
Pine. Oklahoma; Burton K. Wheeler,
Montana, and Elmer Thomas, Okla-
°Five volumes published by the com-
mittee cover their hearings in the States
of Washington, Oregon, California,
Utah, Wisconsin and at Washington,
^But the published record has heen
completed only through July, 1929^
Since that time the committee has
conducted investigations in Montana.
Nebarska and North and South Dakota
Toward the end of the year and at
the beginning of January Sena^ra
Frazier and Wheeler held hearings
among the Indians of New York State,
who have been front-page news be-
cause of the Marchand "witch mur-
der and the two pitful Indian de-
fendants—wrinkled old Nancy Bowen
and tubercular, wasted Lila Jimerson. •
The committee spent the month of
February in examining witnesses m
Oklahoma, whose Indian affairs have
long been tossed between the Indian
Bureau and the courts.
Championed by Wheeler.
Senator Frazier, the chairman, and
Senator Wheeler of Montana have been
the most active members of the com-
mittee, traveling to remote sections of
the country to hear the complaints of
■ - * - •' - and to sift cri-
Wherein the Blame Lies.
Prom his examination of Indian,
Government and local witnesses. Sen-
ator Wheeler has had an unusual op-
portunity to obtain a broad perspective
of the whole Indian situation. He
pointed out many conditions for which
he considers the Indian department
under former commissioners entirely
responsible. ^^ ^ .
"In the administration of the affairs
of the Indians scattered over remote
sections of the West, one unfortunately
expects to find a certain amount of
petty graft and abuse on the part of
minor officials. But. making allowances
for that, two outstanding facts have
been impressed on members of our
committee. „ , ..
"First, the Indians generally in the
United States are poorer, and second,
they are little more educated than they
were 50 years ago.
"Our whole educational system lor
the Indians has been hopelessly lax
and old-fashioned. At the best, the
Indians are given a sixth-grade educa-
tion equivalent to fourth-grade stand-
ards in the white public schools. A
few are sent to higher schools—the
show places of Indian instruction..
"For the most part they are turned
loose on their reservations after they
have finished, the Indian grades and
put on land where it is almost impos-
sible for a white man to earn a living.
There they have remained without fur-
ther advantages. All that 50 years of
Government education has done has
been to enable a few more Indians to
read and write. This situation must be
laid exclusively at the door of the In-
dian Bureau.
Health Conditions Disgraceful*
"On most of the reservations we
found disgraceful health conditions. I
won't elaborate, for detailed accounts
can be found in the Meriam report, the
Red Cross report and our own hear-
ings. But I was horrified as I listened
to the tragic story of disease and suf-
fering among the Indians. Tu^rcu-
losis, caused by malnutriation and im-
proper housing, has become a serious
menace, and practically none of the
reservations has facilities for checking
its advance. Venereal disease is preva-
lent on reservations near the white set-
tlements. Trachoma, which the Indian
Department has made a special effort
to handle, still shows a high percentage.
From the testimony, the life and death
of Indians is a guessing game. No re-
liable system of statistics has been
adopted. , ,. i «
"A legal commission should make a
study of the vast, confusing and in-
tricate body of Indian laws, many or
them antiquated, and set up a simple
code of laws which would eliminate
duplication and be pertinent to the In-
dian reservations today.
"One must remember that every new
administration haa promised to im-
prove the condition of the Indians and
give them justice, but, in the end.
bureaucrats and politicians have domi-
nated the Indian affairs of the coun-
try and nothing beneficial to the In-
dians has been accompUshed. This ad-
ministration,, under favorable circum-
stances, and with the support of newly
aroused public interest in the welfare
of the Indians, has an opportunity to
sweep out the unpleasant mess left by
machine-minded, bureaucratic prede-
cessors."
Damages Are Collected
By Faking Acci("
"Autolesionism," the well
lucrative art of faking in^
to collect indemnities,
wave of popularity in
an industrial town
25 working men hi
charged with havj
tions for accidej
really had, the^
collections be!
injuries, cripj
injuries to tl
be nothing a
properly invj
panics ant
[eves m
Father
Here he comes into contact with edu-
Power Co., whose bid has been favored
' llere he comes into contact with edu- by the Federal Power Commission,
ca^ed welHnformed Indians who are /ould offer an annua mcome of
i?.rlina^?n substitute law for mythol^^^^^ $68,000. The other apphcant Walter
H Wheeler of Mmneapolis, oners 1-2
cents more per annum horse -power ana
guarantees to develop the P^^ject to
yield an annual income of $240, lou.
learning to substitute law for mythology.
Keenly they follow the progress and
nnal disposition of every bill introduced
into Congress which affects the welfare
"*sl^v^ar'if.^restlng witnesses nave
b-en railed ^o the Indian committee
roo'^ 1^ the ia^t year or so. Florence
IM Patterson, who had been appoiniea
by the American Red Cross to niake a
•ftbidy of the need for public health
nursing on Indian Reservations ae-
iscribed the appalling health condition^
in Indian boarding schools, homes and
hospitals. She found the manifesta-
tions of malnutrition among the In-
dian children as acute and general as
among the children of the war-devas-
tated regions of Eastern Europe, where
she worked for the Red Cross.
Tremendous Infant Mortality.
Among the northern Pueblos the in-
fant death rate was 278 per thousand,
Vour times the rate for the United
States for the same period. Miss Pat-
terson estimated the tuberculosis death
rate on the Indian reservations to be
* six times that for the rest of the coun-
tr>\ these statistics represent only a
few of the dark spots brought out in
Miss Patterson's testimony.
The late Louis Marshill, the great
constitutional lawyer, appeared before
the committee to represent the Pueblo
Indians in the Middle Rio Grande Co-
servancy case. He voluntered his serv-
ices as a matter of simple justice, be-
cause from his study of the reclama-
tion project he was convinced that the
Indian interests were not being safe-
guarded by their legal guardian— the
Indian Bureau. The Pueblos were to
carry the chief burden of charges for
flood control and irrigation, which was
to benefit white land owners, towns
and railroads.
The Bamett Case.
The celebrated case of Jackson Bar-
nett, the "poor rich" Indian ff Okla-
homa, also was thrashed out in the
Indian committee room. Jackson Bar-
nett, declared by the courts a mental
incompetent, was, according to the
testimony brought before the Senate
Indian committee, railroaded into a
marriage with a white woman of ad-
venturous background and Persuaded
to thumbprint away a fortune of more
than a million do lars to his white
wife and the American Baptist Home
Mission society, without ^ny. compre-
hension of the importance of the trans-
^"^The' unfolding of this melodrama, to-
s^^Sir^dl^ iS^^ltrboa^^
St attrac^^^^ public interest to the
inner workings of ^^^^J^^^^^^c^^^fJ^
under the regime of^^former Commis_
A Western Muscle Shoals.
The Flathead power project haa been
called the Muscle Shoals of the West.
Flathead bids and other disclosures
led Senator Wheeler to say In the Sen-
ate a few weeks ago: "The scandal of
the last administration was oil ... un-
less some of these things are stopped
tha-i are going on down in the r*fra^
Power Commission the scandal or inis
administration wUl be power.''
Senator Wheeler does not consider
the Indian Bureau entirely resp<>nsible
for the present condition of Indian ai-
"Congress, as well as the Indian Bu-
reau, is open to severe criticism for the
manner in which it has dealt with the
Indians. In the Western Statos with
Indian reservations, lumber, oil. water
power, cattle and sheep grazing groups
have sought favors from the Govern-
ment. They prevailed upon their Sen-
ators and Representatives to plead the r
special interests with the Jndian Bu-
reau. One has only to read the hear-
ings of investigations among the Chip-
pewas of Minnesota to learn how big
lumber Interests have robbed the In-
dians."
Wherein the Blame Lie«.
From his examination of Indian,
Government and local witnesses. Sen-
ator Wheeler has had an unusual op-
portunity to obtain a broad perspective
of the whole Indian situation. He
pointed out many conditions for which
he considers the Indian department
under former commissioners entirely
responsible. . ^ ., «*r««^e
"jn the administration of the affairs
of the Indians scattered over remote
sections of the West, one unfortunately
expects to find a certain amount of
Tjettv graft and abuse on the part 01
ffir Officials. But, making allowances
for that, two outstanding facts have
been impressed on members of our
^^^rsT^the Indians generally in the
united States are P<>?r«^» J^f^.^^f:
they are little more educated than tney
were 50 years ago. ^„ef*r« fnr
"Our whole educational system lor
the Indians has been hopelessly lax
and old-fashioned. At the best the
Indians are given a sixth-grade educa-
tion equivalent to fourth- grade stand-
ards in the white public schools. A
few are sent to higher schools-the
show places of Indian instruction..
"For the most part they are turned
loose on their reservations after they
inner wuix^.x^b- -* :", r^^„,mu have finished, the Indian grades ana
under the regime of ^^^^i^^ ,^^^^1 pSt on land where it is almost impos-
sioner Charles H. Burke ^^^.J^^^^y ^ible for a whlto man to earn a living
sistant Edgar B. Merritt. Not many ^ ^^^^ remained without lur-
^iV aftfr the Jacl^on Barne d s. There^they h _ ^j that 50^years o
closures Burke and Merritt reslgnea,
and President Hoover appointed Charles
J Rhoads as commissioner and J.
ther advantages. All that 50 years or
Government education has done has
been to enable ajew more Indians to
T Rhoads as commissioner and J. wen i° <="";"'^ %^ situation must be
Ln^^Scatte^ood as assistant comm^- | ead and^write. Tlus^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^,
sioner of Indian ?«»?*• *2J!"f„Th^ dian Bureau.
Si viston anr"ex^riince to the
^'^UC to members of the Senate
committee on Indian a«"ff' ^^° ^?^|
been conducting investigations on tne
rese^-vations, I found them sympathe^^J
to the new commissioners. It is noi
their intention to hamper any construc-
WeVnl'progressive proposal suggested
hv the new heads of the Indian ^ureau
l?or the tenefit of the Indians but they
feel that they must continue Investi-
?at ens which have already discl^ed
l«»v,«vn>fip need for a complete reor-
tetion of the Indian service^ They
'^ nt out that the Indian committee
^ me senate has power to recommend
5„rfi,i£r. and new legislation to Cori-
ret^ ' ega^dless'Ind Urely independ-
mt of the Indian Bureau.
General Survey Ordered.
I Tn February, 1928, the Senate was au-
thoriz^d'T'^mke 'a |enfal ^^.^^ ^
r?'.v'''?hf «reat bSdy ol^dia^ la^s
tej^the admtaLt^tlon of the Bureau
n? Indian Affairs for the purpose of
rlcommeSdlng legislation to cwrect
. a <.nn/Mirairf> the prOKresB oi
dian Bureau.
Health Conditions Disgra«efnl.
"On most of the reservations we
found disgraceful health conditions, i
won't Srate. fcr detailed accounts
can be found in the Menam report, the
Red Cross report and our own hear-
ings But I was horrified as I listened
to the tragic story of disease and suf-
fering among the ,Indians Tuberw-
losis, caused by malnutriation and Wi-
proper housing, has become a serious
menace, and practically none of the
reservations has facilities for checking
its advance. Venereal disease spreva
lent on reservations near the white set-
tlements. Trachoma which the Ind^
Department has made a special enort
to handle, still shows f high Perc«n^ge^
From the testimony, the life and deatn
of Indians Is a Suesf'ng game No re-
liable system, of statistics has been
***''?A^*legal commission should make &
study of the vast, confusing and In-
trTcaL body of Indian laws m^y of
them antiquated, and set up » simple
code of laws which would eltolnate
code 01 laws «""-" """T t' TvT. tn.
recommenauiB .c»— "-- --,^p^ ., duplication and be pertinent to ine in
abuses and encourage the progress oi ^^^^ reservations today.
-^h^sr. Indian ^^^^r^h'^r "°"' '""^^ "'^^'"''^----•"— -"
^. Z Follette. jr Wisconsin; W^B.
Pine, Oklahoma; Burton K. Wheeler
Montana, and Elmer Thomas. Okla-
^Tive volumes published by the com-
mittee cover their hearings m the States
Tf Washington. Oregon, CaUtorma
Utah, Wisconsm and at Wasnmgion,
°But the published record has l^n
completed only _ through July 1929.
S' that t^e the' committee has
conducted investigations •" Montana,
Nebarska and North and South Dakota
Toward the end of the year ana »t
the beginning of January. Senators
■PrLier and Wheeler held hearings
Sg the indl^f ^JEtTge^'newfl^:
who have been front-pa.ge mws
i?.^?.-^^^^^ fv,0 courts. tions for accldejl
"One musi remcmwci. ^"f^^'V;' 7-
admlnlstratlon has promised to im-
proTihe condition of the Indians and
rive them justice, but. In the end,
bureaucrats and Politicians have doml-
nated the Indian affairs of the coun-
try and nothing beneficial to the In-
dlans has been accomphshed ^^J^"
ministration,, under favorable clrcum-
^nces, and with the f^PP^'^'^^J^^l^
aroused public Interest In the welfare
of the Indians, ha^ an opportunity to
sweep out the unpleasant mess left by
machine-minded, bureaucratic prede-
cessors."
Damages Are Collected
By Faking Accit'
"Autolesionlsm," the weU
lucrative art of faking Injj
to collect Indemnities,
wave of popularity in "
an industrial town
really had, the^
collections bei
injuries, cripi
injuries to tl
be nothing
Bureau and the courts.
Championed by Wheeler.
« ^.f^v -Prflzier the chairman, and
Senltor W^l« of Montana have been
the most active members of the coni- ^^ ,
mittee traveling to remote sections of ^^ly inv
«!,e country to hear the compla^ts^t ^^^^ \r.^
the humblest Indians and to slf t e^^ ^^^^^^-^ „,Ti
dence pointing to corruption. exP'oita ^^^
?ion and maladministration on Indian ^^^^^ .
reservations. . . _. -v»#^ tectives
'Senator Wheeler Is * jons^tent and L ^^ ^^
enthusiastic champion of the Indians. ^^^^,^5^
in his office in the Senate Building he
ixnanded on his experiences and ob- *'
sen ations as a member of the Indian
n 4stigating ^°'«'«i"^^,„^rtterdown Chil
rp«d from personal notes Jotted down 1
during his trips. Frequently, warm-
fng tS his subject, he paced up and
down the room as he related tragic and
Snal instances of Indian mlstreat-
"^Reduced to the simplest terms, it is I |nla
hif con" ction that the Indians have eign
Swn seriously wronged and that C<m- nav*
gress should take steps to right th^e ^^^J.
wrmigs without MachiaveUian hesitat on _
To spare the feelings of the mdian a
Bureau or of Congress itself. 1 mi
Indian Charges "Framing.
Senator Wheeler, flrst came into per-
sonal contact vi-lth Indians on the
Mon ana Reservation when he was ap-
no^rted bv President Wilson United
Stitef district attorney for Montana
an of&ce which he held from 1913 to
?918 As district attorney he was asked
bv the Indian Bureau t^ prosecute
some of the "agitators' on the Flat-
^^^he^^n^^S'di.ns d-ove^,^^^
Mr. T^APiPT wished m aU faimes^
Wi
POST EHQUIRER
OCTOBER 28,
i
Tv
#
■**<«>
ML OF
-By CLEM WHITAKER
SACRAMENTO, Oct. 28.— A con-
Quered race ruthlessly slain by the
conqueror —
Seventeen thousand survivors, of
whom 9000 already are condemned,
barrinar public awakening, to slow
but certain execution-
Such Is the true story of the In-
dian problem In California today,
as viewed by Mrs. Amy Steinhart
Braden, executive secretary of the
state department of public welfare
and chairman of the newly created
California committee on Indian re-
lief.
The story of -^The Vanishing ,
American" is no longer a romance, M
declares Mrs. Braden, who has just «
concluded a preliminary study of
the native Americans In California.
It is a tragedy, the final «c* of
which finds the crushed fragr .ts
of a once powerful race facing <-
termination by pestilence, stirva-
tion and spiritual misery,
ISSUES APPEAL
That state and local agencies may
be enlisted In an eleventh hour
crusade to save the 17,000.odd sur-
^vlng red men In California, Mrs.
Braden today issued an ^peal to
health officers, nurses, officials and ii
citizens generally to use the com-
mlttee on Indian relief as a clearing
house for all cases of social or eoo-
nomic need.
J
TXie commmee^decIaSa Mrs
Braden, will seek through legisla-
tion and agencies already estab-
lished to check the deplorable con-
ditions which she says now exist.
A triple program of economic rM-
t/tutlon, thorough scientifio health
servlc# and presistent intelh'gent
study of inidvidual cases must be
inaugurated, asserts the. welfare
workers.
OTHER COURSES USELESS
J'Untll this program Is adopted."
she adds, "compulsory education
county aid, state aid, sympathy and
I . -ternal benevolence are all sui •
fldal." *
A turvty Just completed fndfoates
that more than half of the Indians
now living In California are facing
death from starviktion or disease,
Mrs, Braden reports.
"And the exclusion from normal
-immunity life is of craver conse-
quence to the youn|r Indian boy or
I i. JTl than tLe mjre evident and ap-
pealing evils of starvation and un-
checked disease." she affirms.
*^egardless of the amount of
temporary palliative measures
which may be taken, he young
generation of Indians will be de-
stroyed unless they can become a
part of the community, with com-
m .nlty In t rests and responslbllltlos
I ther tha: being Isolated on rook-
bound res*^r atlons." I
HEALTH SITUATION
The most obvious and appalHnft
evil, she says. Is the he 1th situa-
tion. Commenting on conditions
fcund in Shasta and Siskiyou coun-
tl i, the state official said:
"It is unbelievable that a civilized
community could permit the whole-
sale slaughter of Indian families jy
tuberculosis without rising m pro-
test a.id demanding adequate medl
al service for these Indian neigh-
bors. The conquered race has been
slam by the conqueror as surely]
i id much n.ore cruelly than b
wholesale public execution.
••A race was uprooted and Its so
cial structure disrupted. It was r^
duced to extreme poverty, -ub
ted to - Mai humiliation, force
into association with the dregs
t* > conquering race and left
f .seless af Inst disease. After
years we take stock of the survi
o * and find the majority of the
have appalling social and heal
* roblems.
"Our task, however, is pitiful
small because death has left only
handful, enough In each county
one village. It Is, on the otxi
hand, a tremendouii task, because
t»
HEARS INDIANS' PLEA
Commissioner Valentine to Act
Against Moving Pictures.
HAVE PETITION TO MR. TAFT
Big Buck and Big Bear, After Seeing
^^Western Drama/' Denounce It as Out-
rageous— Red Men Always Depicted as
*^Bad,'> They Seek to Have Change
Made — Aid Is Promised Them.
Comvilaints made by a delegation of
Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians, who
have been in Washing^ton several days on
business concerning- their tribes, against
the manner in which the Indians are
discreditably depicted In movingr pictures,
has been taken up by Indian Commissioner
Robert G. Valentine, with a view to hav-
ing the moving picture producers por-
tray more truthfully Indian characters.
Th^i commissioner says the point made
by the Indians is a good one, and he has
personal knowledge that the modern In-
dian suffers great injustice at the hands
of the moving picture producers.
"I shall personally see what I can do
to improve matters," said Mr. Valentine
last night. "I have seen productions
wherein the Indian was pictured as a
cannibal, thief, and almost every evil
thing one can imagine, but I have seen
only a few wherein he has been favor-
ably represented."
Enraged by '^Western'' Show.
Big Buck and Big Bear, two of the
best educated of the delegation, accom-
a picture show yesterday evening, and
witnessed a western production which
pictured an Indian girl as having fallen
in love with a white man, while he was
held in captivity by her tribe. After-
ward finding that the man was married
she stabbed his wife with^ a poisoned ar-
row in order that the man be able to
marry her.
It is hard to describe the look of dis-
gust which came over the faces of the
red men at the show. Big Buck could
hardly restrain his rage, while Big Bear
sat stoically in Indian fashion, saying
nothing, but looking at the picture with
contempt and disgust.
"If the white people would only take
the pains to study Indian characterfs-
tlcs," said Big Buck, "he could possibly
produce something worthy of presenta-
tion to the public. This picture we have
just seen Is absolutely devoid of any-
thing like what an Indian would do un-
der the circumstances. The only thing
like a real Indian in that picture are
the feathers, the paint, and the bow and
arrow. The woman who played the prin-
cipal part has not the slightest concep-
tion of what an Indian is like. I wager
she has never seen one at close range."
Big Bear was rather reluctant to s-peak
on the subject. He studied the picture
very much, and would occasionally grunt
and frown.
Have Petition for Mr. Taft.
"I don't like it." he said after a long
silence. "We have to go home tonight—
if we didn't, I would go to President
Taft in the morning and ask him to close
up this house. It is bad to be lied about
to so many people and be helpless to de-
fend yourself. We have a petition for
the President, on the subject, but have
not had a chance to present It, so we
will attend to the business after we get
home."
F. Thomas Moore, a moving picture
man, said last night he didn't think the
Indians were justified in their complaints.
"AH the shows In which lYidlans are
portrayed are good cle&,n productions
passed on by the national board of cen-
>»
sor.«!
The members of both tribes were here
to settle a small land dispute between
themselves. Mr. Valentine says not
one of them asked for money to return
home on. all having supplied th»)msf»lves
well before leaving. He says this Is an
unusual thing for them.
Calif- Indian Hereld, April 19E3
BRUTAL ASSAULT UPON AN
INDIAN AT TONE
According to the "lone Valley
Echo" a most brutal and wicked
assault was made upon an Indian
named Dan. A copy was placed in
the hands of Mr. Collett in the San
Francisco office by Rev. Chas. Fish,
of the lone Indian Home, and on
consultation with Mr. J. E. Pember-
ton, attorney and member of the
Board, it was decided that he should
go and investigate. He accordingly
visited lone and made the following
report: *
Application was made to the
Indian Board of Co-operation for
advice regarding the trouble nar-
rated below. An attorney, who is a
member of the Board, was asked
to investigate. He went to lone,
and, after interviewing Indians and
! whites — including public officials —
1 gives the following facts :
* Ever since the whites came, and
I for long before that, the Indians
now on the disputed tract and their,
i ancestors have been in possesion of | ,
about forty acres of land a fewi i
miles from lone. Thereupon they !
have their houses, occupied as
1 homes. There once was their round-
house, or "sweathouse"; which, no,
longer being used, has been torni
down. There is their graveyard'
where their ancestors are buried, j
Fifty years or more ago, a pioneer
white man got the title to a large
i tract of land adjacent, and the hnes
I of his patent included the houses,
graveyard, garden, and some other
parts (but not all) of the lands
occupied by the Indians. He never
disturbed their possession. Neither
I did his heirs after his death. The ,
land claimed and used by the In-
I dians has long been fenced off from
' all other lands by a substantial
Two years ago the heirs of the
I old pioneer sold to one Bracchi-
' glione without reserving the rights i
of the Indians in the deed; but they
were there in open and notorious
.possession, and Bracchiglione well
knew it. Later, Bracchiglione con-
veyed an undivided one-half interest i
\o his brother; and they recently
gave written notice demanding from
the Indians possession by May 1.
Without waiting until the time
; they themselves had set, the Brac-
chigliones on March 19 began tear-,
i ing down the fence. One of the In- |
I dians named Dan Ganor and his i
nephew, John Oliver, remonstrated;
and a fight occurred. Stefano Brac-
chiglione beat Ganor on head and
face until he was unconscious, and
for many days not expected to live.
Brachiglione claime he used only
his fist. The Indians say he used
heavy wire-pliers. Dr. W. O. Solo-
mon attended Ganor. He describes
the wounds as follows:
"Broken nasal bone; deep lacera-
tion one-half inch long over nasal
bone and at sides of nose, as if
made with rather a sharp-edged in-
strument, upper jaw bone broken;
one jaw-tooth knocked out, and the
socket of another broken out; about
half a dozen deep cut wounds on
the hairy part of the scalp."
What a queer "fist" Bracchiglione
must have!
Although the doctor says he never
before knew a patient with so high
a pulse to live, the Indian's strong
constitution and the doctor's most
faithful and skillful care have ap-
parently won the fight with death;
but Dan will be confined to bed for
weeks yet; and be unable to work
for months more. The lawyer ad-
vises a civil suit for damages, leav-
ing it to the District Attorney to
judge whether a criminal suit should
also be prosecuted, and making no
criticism of that official if he
chooses to wait for the civil suit
to bring out the facts fully. The
i attorney we sent was authorized to
begin the damage suit.
Advice is given the Indians to
rely on the principles laid down by
the United States Supreme Court in
the very recent case of Cramer and
C. P. Railway Co. v. U. S., and to
refuse to vacate the lands — letting
the Board know if suit is brought
against them. We feel very hopeful
indeed of saving them the land.
The Indians seem to have the sym-
ipathy of all of the best citizens of
jlone, who warmly give to Dan
Ganor the reputation of being as
peaceful, inoflfensive, and law-abid-
iing a man as any they have in their
community.
While in that part of the State
|the attorney also visited a place in
[Calaveras County where a white
iman is trying to crowd Indians off
of unpatented Government land; and,
advising that steps be taken to put
the white man off of it instead, he
(CoulinuLd uu pagt 9, tol. 3)>
INJUSTICE OF EE32H7ATI0N COUBTS
Eev. W. H. TIeinland: Mission Indians
Hearings on H. E.
Indian Affairs,
[Printed July 1
7826, House Comm.
.77-'^8. Feb. -May 1926
]
Banning, Calif., February 9, 1926.
Hon. G. F. Brtmm,
Chairman Subcommittee on Induin Affairs,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir: Please permit me through you to file with your committee a
statement covering my views regarding the bill H. R. T826, which I understand
is bXe your committee at this time for consideration and report. Accord- .
iL to my information said bill provides that the courts of Indian offenses
shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine cases of wrongdoing on reserva-
tions for which no Federal law is provided. I have been working as missionary
amongst the Indians of southern California since 1889, and have had some
opportunity of observing how the courts of Indian offenses have operated, and
I woiild state that almost without exception their decisions have been traves-
ties of justice, insults to the more intelligent Ir^.tans, and a hindrance to
" On'oSrof ^ourTesli;itZs\TeTn VoufhU California work was scarce
fnto t^^l toik t lie fuilfevs as a line, and captain and judge divided these also
'"l Sr.U?o':U"i,S1S.:»r.U o, «h« w.„.<. Show .bat i«.Ue,
Ss of ottTlndiails. 'fea"nes\ly reW that this bill shall not become law.
Respectfully yours, ^^ ^ Weinland.
T,^^
f.AKEPORT. CAFi. BKU
D.ECEMBfcR 6, 1921
XM Angelest <^.. Exmiilne«
Ji>BS3;J»^4
— !|
IrSTaft Foregoes
omahawk for
Laii^er in Suit
oJot
The ancestors
Oqua Jones, when
were ruffled and undRll'
perslons cast upon thei
ohontas
elings
for as-
dlgnity,
reached for their tomahawk*.
Their bobbed-haired descendant,
under similar circumstances, sends
for her lawyer.
Pocohontas Oqua Jones, In a suit
to be filed today, asks $25,000 dam-
ages from the B. & G. Sandwich
Shop. 331 West Sixth street, and
its proprietors, D. W. Carpenter
and George M. Russell, alleging:
that on May 20 she was refused ser-
vice In the shop, both by a waitress
and by one of the proprietors in
person. ^
Miss Jones is the daughter of a
Cherokee father and a Blackfoot
mother, the descendant of a line]
of tribal chiefs, and highly edu-
cated. She is not accustomed, she
sets forth In her oomplaint. to be
treated in a manner that humili-
ates and embarrasses her.
And the attornejm in tha oa«» are I
Murphy & Cohen^
NDimiS SEEK
t-A«.-T.>> T-^ ^~Yr
Tiulians of Sonoma county held a
meeting^ifi Santa Rosa recently And
Ned Posli, Como Indian potato digger
of the Bloomfield section was selected
to represent this section of the State
at a proposed conference to be held
in the White House at Washington
with President Coolidge regarding bet-
ter government protection for western
Indians.
According to a published account
of the meeting appearing in the
Santa Rosa Republican, the Indians
feel that they have not been given
a square deal in being expected to
turn their lands over to the whites
and living themselves in unproductiye
parts of the country.
The western Indians are receiving
almost no consideration frbm the
government in spite of the treaties
while the Indians from Oklahoma,
Texas, and other southwestern states
are receiving large annuities from the
government on account of their oil
lands.
California Indians, it is known here,
gave up large tracts of land that is
now the most productive part of the
state and are receiving nothing in
return except the privilege of living
in a small area where no farming
can be carried on. ^
Lake County Indians Complain
In^ one case, the Indians state,
in Lake county, one of the largest
tribes was forced from the produc-
tive land near the lake shore in
the lower end of the county a/id
were; forced to move tcf an ;«Hd4'
area several miles inland where water
had to be carried a mile to the village.
Indians from all over the country
are putting money into a fund to
send their delegates to the * ', n;
chief" in Washington but begin to
fear now that the customary **re'l
tape" that must be untangled in tho
rfon's Capitol, will use up most of
nd produco notliin
Ty\()l\(x.ws
#aktan
?€nbuM
THURSDAY, APRIL. 2 2, 1920.
rzx:
\
A CRIME OF GOVERNMENT. ,
There are about 20.000 Indians in the State
of CaUfornia, all U) at ai-e left of more than 200,-1
000 who roamed the hunting grounds a little morel
Ihan half a century ago. They are the visual!
reminders of governmental neglect, the survivors,
of the eigliteen tribes who took the white maa'S;
word at face value and learned to regret. Since
1852 they have been the custodians of a pledge
which has not been fulfilled, a promise which
will forever remain an indictment of government
immorality, red tape methods and bureaucratic
lack of soul.
On May 28, 1852 President Fillmore sent eigh-
teen Indian ti'eaties to the United States Senate
for ratification and the tribes in California
agreed to keep the peace, to cede their rights to
I^ind, to forswear their allegiance to feathered
chieftains, and to accept in certain reservations!
about7,500,000 acres of land wortU then about'
J!?0,500,000. The government in turn was to pay
the Indians money and goods to the amount of
^1,800,000, to preseiTC in perpetuity use of cer-
tain reservations, to provide schools and other
buildings, and to provide instructors in farming,
blacksmithing, woodwork, etc. This was a Sen-
ate treaty of Indian reservations and the Senate
proved an Indian givei*. ♦
When the pacts were laid befuiv the Senate
consent ratification was denied bui with Ihe
provision that the action should be lopt secret.
The Indians believed the matter settkMl. Lnive up
iheir lands, and waited for Uncle Sa,m Jo keep
his promises. They have been waiting througU
neglect and disease and starvation and plague
and until there are but a few of them left..
It was but a few years ago, in 1905, that it was
discovered that iliese treaties had never been
ratified and were therefore noiiexistaiit as per.
fected coutraets, and that there was no legal'
reason wliy the government should make good on
its promise of the davs of Fillmore. For fiftv-
three years the Indians were victims of a silent
lie. The ethical reasons, however, have recently
been laid before Congress witb a persistency be-
speaking the determination of the Indian Board
of Cooperation that justice shall be done and the
slow wheels of legislation have been set in motion.
A bill conferring jurisdittion on the court of
claims to examine, consider, and adjudicate the
claims which any bands or tribes of Indians in
California may have against the United States is
now pending in both Houses of Congress and its
supporters believe that it will be passed. It will
not be ^ssible to return to these 20,000 Indians
the lands taken away from the 200,000 but it is
not too late to make reparation of a satisfactory
kind. Until the Jong-standing injustice has been
corrected the record of the government's dealings
with the tribes of California will continue shame-
ful and the sooner it is made right the better it
will be.
\
It is, of course lai-gely through ignorance and
carelessness that the condition was allowed to
. obtain. Recent hearings tefore the Subcomanittee
I of the Committee on Indian Affairs, of which
Representative John A. Elston of this con-!
! gressional district is a member, came with all the
, force of genuine surprise. It is one, however, tliat
has been known for some years by the Indiaii
Board of Cooperation and by certain others who
have the welfare of the red men at heart and with 1
its solution will be brought to a close a campaign
of education that has extended over a lom>!
l)eriod.
The reason that the Senate refused to ratifv
the treaty must remain obscure. It is only within
the last ten years that any provisions have been
made to care for the needs of the Indians in this
State, The chance to ''play square'' lies in the)
1 present bill before Congr-ess.
OAKLAND. CAC.
PO&T ENQUIRER
AUGUST 8. 1931
••• ••*
PHY THE INDIANS
"^ ,1
That's Probably All They Will Get
DR. GILES S. PORTER, state director of health, ap-
peals to the federal authorities to do something about
the tragic situation of hundreds of California Indians
who are living in the most squalid poverty.
His story is tragic. ^
The Indians deserve pity and sympathy — and prob-
ably that is all they will get.
For the story of the government's dealing with the
Indians Is also a tragic record of exploitation, greed and
Inefficiency.
And right now there are several million white Amer-
icans who are also living in poverty, who need many
things — and who have been told by the government,
quite plainly, that they must not depend upon federal
aid.
D STREAM
Far up in Minnesota there is a big man.
He is an honest and a fearless man. This
is Maj. Geo. L. Scott,
INDIANS AND 10th Cavalry, U. S. A.,
FOREST RE- acting Indian agent for
SER VES the Leech Lake, Red Lake
and other Indian agencies
in Minnesota. Major Scott does not like
Indians, perhaps, nor does he choose them
as associates. In all likelihood he would
rather Hght them than feed them, and as
he has done both he ought to know. But,
having a duty aijsigned to him for perform-
ance, he has gone ahead and done that duty,
just a little bit better, in our opinion, than
any Indian agent that ever took service
under the U. S. government.
The reservations under Major Scott's
care have been the scenes of the most
shameless pine lands robberies and thefts
ever known in the history of America.
When Major Scott went in as agent, he took ^
the simple and manly, if unusual, attitude i
that the property of the Indians belonged \
to them, and not of right to the lumbermen.
The lumbermen first tried to buy him, but
failed. They tried to scare him, and found
this quite as impossible. They tried to re-
move him, and used all manner of efforts,
commercial and political, to accomplish that
result; but they failed here as well, thanks
to the wisdom of the Chief Executive of
this nation.
We hear more of millionaire steel mag-
nates and oil kings than we do of the Major
Scotts of this country ; but we wish that the
latter might once in a while be held up as
models to the youth of America. There
is not much money in running the Leech
Lake Indian reservation on an honest basis,
not much glory, not much comfort and not
much thanks. But that work is being done
and done honestly by at least one man sim-
ply as a matter of honor and duty. The
newspapers and the commercial interests
which are camping on the trail of Major
Scott are in a bad business. They will not
succeed.
2886 WILMER, L. A. Life, Travels and Adventures of Ferdinand De Soto, dis-
coverer of the Mississippi. Illus. Pp. 532. Phila., 1859. $4-50
Conflicts between the Spaniards and the Indians, the Florida Indians, cruelties used by the Spaniards to
gain information from the Indians, etc. •
Contains many descriptions and illustrations
of cruelties practiced on the Indians by the
Spanish in the West Indies, Mexico, and Central
and Sou^ America*
2886 WILMER, L. A. Life, Travels and Adventures of Ferdinand De Soto, dis-
coverer of the Mississippi. Illus. Pp. 532. Phila., 1859. $4-50
Conflicts between the Spaniards and the Indians, the Florida Indians, cruelties used by the Spaniards to
gain information from the Indians, etc.
Contains many descriptions and illustrations
of cruelties practiced on the Indians by the
Spanish in the West Indies, Mexico, and Central
and South America*
8A!fTA' BARBAnA', CAfJi
MAY 24. 1930
HIDING FACTS IN
INmAN YOUTH'S
ATH ALLEGED
WASHINGT#tfw IM^ 124. (/PV-
The charge that J^SMRy in the
Indian bureau ^as^ beep incon-
ceivably determined to thide the
truth" in an eight-year-old case
of an Indian boy who died follow-
ing his escape from a government
schcoJ, was made yesterday before
a senate committee.
The accusation was made by
John Collier, secretary of the Am-
e].ijiiiiiMJndUMiwiA«teii^«j£ggdatlon
before a sub- committee ot' the
senate Indian affairs committee.
Chairman Frazier of the committee
began the Inquiry into allegations
of mass flogging and other mis-
treatment of Indian pupils aft
both Senators Hayden and Ashy^t,
Arizona, democrats, protested.
10
CiK^ SJolix^W*^^^ I
DAN GANOR CASE WILL BE PROSECUTED
AT EARLY DATE
Suit has been filed in the federal court at Sacra-
mento to recover $25,000 damages and $1,200 court
costs in the case of Dan Ganor vs. Stefano Brac-
chighione.
In a dispute that arose over the Indian's right
to use certain lands the Italian, Bracchiglione, at-
tacked and brutally beat Dan Ganor.
The land, situated in Amador County, had been
occupied by • Indians before the white invaders
entered the country. About fifty years ago a white
man secured a title to a large tract of land adjoin-
ing that which was occupied by the Indians and
including a portion of the Indian land. Neither
the white owner nor his heirs, however, disturbed
the Indians and they continued to peacefully farm
their plot. Year after year of uninterrupted tenure
the Indians had carefully tilled and improved their
small tract. It contained their homes, their gar-
dens and their sacred burial place. By right of the
years of toil it was indisputably theirs. The simple
justice of this was so evident to the Indian people
that they had no thought of aggression by those
who bought tracts of the neighboring property.
At length the heirs of the first white owner sold a
portion of their land to Stefano Bracchiglione, an
Italian, who later conveyed a half interest in his
property to his brother. This tract included the
Indian plot. The Bracchigliones at once sent writ-
ten notice to the Indians demanding them to quit
the premises by a given date. Six weeks before
that date, without giving the Indians time to make
plans or preparation, the Bracchigliones entered
the Indian premises and began tearing down
fences.
Two of the Indians, Dan Ganor and his nephew,
John Oliver, remonstrated with the Italians and a
fight ensued in which Stefano Bracchiglione at-
tacked and brutally beat Dan Ganor.
The Italian carried heavy wire pliers with which
he had been removing the fence, but he maintains
that he used only his fists in the attack.
Dr. W. O. Solomon, who attended Ganor, de-
scribes the wounds as follows: "Broken nasal bone;
deep laceration one-half inch long over nasal bone
and at sides of nose, as if made with rather a sharp-
edged instrument, upper jaw bone broken; one
jaw-tooth knocked out, and the socket of another
broken out ; about half a dozen deep cut wounds on
the hairy part of the scalp."
Local papers, strongly favoring the Indians,
made derisive comment on a fist that could inflict
such injuries.
For a time Ganor was in a critical condition, but,
due to a naturally strong constitution, he rallied,
but was confined to bed for weeks.
There were grounds for both a civil and criminal
suit. The District Attorney has so far failed to
prosecute the criminal case.
J. W. Henderson, attorney for the Indian Board
of Co-operation, has taken the case and will prose-
cut it as speedily as the routine of the courts will
permit.
DIAN HERALD
INDIAN LORE FROM PREHISTORIC TO
MODERN TIMES
By Ferona E. W. Colburn,
President of League of American Pen Women
The day given over to the Arts and Crafts,
Legends and Music of the Red Men by San Fran-
cisco Branch, League of American Pen Women,
at the Fairmont Hotel, on Saturday, March 22nd,
was an unusually scholarly afifair. The Terrace
Room was brilliantly lighted and made ga^^with an
exhibition of prehistoric American textiles and
with modern basketry and rugs. Ibfe tables at
which the tea guests were seated als6 carried the
Indian motif in kheir decorations and/ color scheme.
A very interest'ing talk was given/by Mrs. Ldgar
Phelps Lott, of Litaa, Peru, on the/textiles she had
assisted in excavathig in the ruin^ of Pachacamac,
near Lima, Peru. This was followed by an analysis
of prehistoric American designs fey Miss Kathenne
M Ball, Supervisor bf Drawing" in San Francisco
High Schools. Miss^Ball is atf authority on pre-
historic American design and /spoke of the simi-
larities between IndialYi and Japanese ornamenta-
tion The ceremonial Zuni Incfian Songs were well
rendered by Miss Hel^i Colbfrn Heath, who was
taught by the composer, the/late Carlos Troyer,
how to interpret the lantuage^^nd meaning of these
^"TiYederick Collett, of \the Andian Board of Co-
operation, told in a mokring^ fashion the story of
the Wintoon Indians ant^ gdve some very interest-
ing legends concerning^ t/eir heaven and how
flowers came into Califoi^ijti. • . ,
The entire program w!^ listened to with close
attention by the members And guests of the League.
The writers present weife asked to make Indian
lore the motif of their/pbems and stories, thus
making for a literature/th% shall be truly Amer-
ican as distinguished fr/m European ideals.
/ \
ASSEMBLY JOIH^ RESOLUTION No. 8
/ ''^
Relative to Needy Indians \Yithin the State of
.-balifornia \
' \
Whereas there are within thf borders of the
State of Californik approximately twenty thou-
sand Indians on lipid of little or upvalue, o whom
at least four thousand are without any land or
home, and furthermore, there are a^out four thou-
sand Indian children of school age'^i whom two
thousand five hundred are without adequate or any
school facilities, and a considerable nmiiber of the
Indian population are without necessa*^ food, and
medical attendance ; and ^
Whereas the National Government through a
duly authorized commission in the years one thou-
sand eight hundred fifty-one and one thousand
eight hundred fifty-two negotiated eighteen sepa-
rate treaties with the Indians of this State, and
secured the signatures of four hundred one Indian
chiefs and headmen to said treaties, agreed to re-
serve for them in perpetuity about seven million
five hundred thousand acres of land and to pay said
Indians approximately one million eight hundred
THE PULSE OF THE PACIFIC
(Continued from page 648)
the fact must be plainly announced on
Utge signs. A similar measure^ pending
before the Californian legislature.
The egg producers of the/racific Coast
If^ere hit hard by the tari^ which enabled
speculators to buy up c^ap Chinese eggs
find impolt them in vast quantities. The
recent rise\n the prkfe of cereals doubled
the cost of cSkkeiv^eed while the increas-
ing imports heJ^igif to cut the price almost
iti half.
Both consiu^ers ^1^ producers of fresh
eggs will prpfit by the raveling of the globe-
trottmg egg.
Oregon likewise proceeded against Aus-
tralian mutton and beef by requiring the
tebelffig ol imported meats.
Why Indians Cause Trouble
XAT^ in February an Indian uprising
occurred in the southeast corner of
Utah near the Colorado state line,
in a repon which lies more than a hundred
miles ftom the nearest railroad. A Ute
Indian, accused of having murdered a
Mexican, resisted a marshal's posse and,
surit)iii^ed by the faithful members of
his iittlcf tribe, gave battle to the pursuers.
One while man and several Indians, among
thetli a woman and a child, were killed;
quite a number of others were wounded.
The jfollowing letters may shed some light
upon the causes of the uprising:
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Forest Service,
La Sal National Forest, Utah,
Cottonwood Ranger Station.
November 14, 191 3.
To whom it may concern:
No one has any right to trespass on the
allotment allotted to Mancos Jim, although
he be an Indian, any more than any other
allotment, for as I have learned from the
supervisor, H. A. Bergh, that the Forest
Service had set aside the allotment for the said
Mancos Jim and his little band of Indians,
and all trespassers will be dealt with according
to law.
In the last two weeks there have been sev-
eral complaints of Bluff cattlemen driving their
cattle upon the Mancos Jim allotment. It
must cease, their practice of trespassing, or
they may find themselves involved in a tres-
pass suit in the Federal courts.
Very respectfully, Carl Stockbridge,
Assistant Forest Ranger.
From this letter it is apparent that the
white cattlemen of the district had little
or no respect for the property rights of the
race which once upon a time owned the
entire country. It also shows that the
Indians apparently did not seize their
weapons from sheer cussedness, but that a
long series of attacks and insults goaded
them to armed resistance. This inference
is borne out by the statements of Howard
M. Patterson, a Presbyterian missionary
among the Indians who, imder date of
February 19, accuses a wealthy cattleman
of Bluff, Utah, of having wilfully and de-
liberately broken down the fences of
Mancos Jim's allotment, damaging crops
and pastures, in spite of the Forest Ran-
ger's written request to respect the red man's
rights. As to the causes which led to the
uprising, Mr. Patterson writes:
"There is an Indian boy in this section who is
charged with the killing of a Mexican in Colo-
rado last summer. The Indian's father main-
tains the boy is innocent and refuses to give him
up, but I honestly believe that if they are as-
sured of a fair trial, there will be no trouble.
I know the boy well, as he and his father come
in to see me often. He is an extra^ood boy
and the only son, and the family are strongly
devoted to each other. If guilty, they all have
suffered, and if not guilty, they should be freed
from the awful suspense that hangs over them."
From the foregoing it is apparent that
the cattlemen of southeastern Utah need
the spiritual advice of a missionary far
more than do the Indians among them.
The episode is merely another incident in
the long chain of wrongs inflicted by the
white man upon the former owners of the
soil.
Clouds In the Far East
BLACK thunderheads are rising to the
zenith above the China Sea. The
Western powers being fully occupied
in most earnest attempts to disembowel
one another, Japan is making use of their
pre-occupation to "save^^ the Chinese Re-
public from its ravishers. It was reported
on March 10 that Japan had delivered an
ultimatum threatening to use force unless
her demands were complied with in three
days, but the report apparently is merely
a rumor. Having already obtained from
746
(Editorial section continued on alternate pages)
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