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BEAUTIES 


England and Wales; 


“oR,. 


ORIGINAL DELINEATIONS, 


TOPOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE, 
or 


EACH COUNTY. 
EMBELLISHED WITH ENGRAVINGS. 


ay 


JOHN BRITTON, F.S. A. 


VOL. IX. 
——— 


Britennia, “hail! hail, happy isle! 
‘Where joys inhabit, pleasures smile ; 
Great nurse of beroes, seat of charms; 
Supreme in arts, and first in arms. 


Trade, arts, and science, flourish here, 
‘And bless each fair revolving year : 
Gay-smiling plenty reigns around, 
And golden harvests load the ground. 





LONDON: 
Printed by Thomas Maiden, Sherbuarn-Lonty 
VOR VERMOR, HOOD & SHARPR; LOMGMAN, HUAST, REES, & ORME; 
CUTMRLL & MARTIN; W. J. & J. RICHARDSON; 
CBS J. HARRIS; 
|. CROEBY, 





q14. 


B sb 
q 


LIBRARY OF THE 
LELAND STANFORD Jp. UAIVERSITY. 


OQ. 4este 
ocT 1, 1900 


} 
; 
; 





iv ; INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 


calculate on the communications of intelligent Correspondents ; 
who will not be likely to write freely and fully, unless they feel 
confident that their favours will be properly appreciated and ap- 
plied. 


Lancasuire. The following topographical account of this 
county, though necessarily concise to a certain degree, is more 
copious and circumstantial than will be found in any other pub- 
lication: for besides a careful cxamination, and advantage of 
every preceding literary work, many particulars were derived from 
a personal survey, others from the communications of kiud and 
int lligent correspondents, and some from original documents. 
To the following noblemen and gentlemen I am indebted for 
many personal civilities, and for much useful information :— 





Earl Wilton.* Edward Wilb. Bootle, Esq. M. P. 
"The Earl of Radnort. John Blackburne, Esq. M. P. 
Sir Richard Clayton, Bart. William Roscoe, Esq. 

Lady Anne Hamilton, John Dalton, Fsq. 

John Dent, Esq. M. P.* The Rev, Dr. Whitaker. 
John Hodson, Esq. M. P. Holland Watson, Esq. 

John ‘Towneley, Eaq. John Forster, Eaq.* and the 
R. J. Harper, Esq. Corporation of Liverpool. * 
‘The Rev, Thomas Starkie. James H. Markland, Esq. 
George Ormerod, Esq. Joseph Allen, Esq. 

Edward Holme, M. D. Samnel Oldknow, Esq. 

John Pilkington, Esq. Joseph Gandy, Esq. A, R, A. 
Matthew Gregson, Esq. Mr. Geo. Bullock. 

James Lonsdale, Esq. | Mr. William Close, and 


‘The Rev. John Greswell. Mr. William Ford. 





LuicesTeRsHine. The Topography and Antiquities of this 
County, having been very fully and minutely narrated by Mr. J. 
NIcuoLs, 

* To each of those gentlemen whose names are accempanied by an aste- 
risk, I am obliged for the presentation of a Plate to this work. 

+ At the time this acconnt was written, the Author heard, with sentiments 
of sincere sorrow and regret, of the death of Lord Bolton, who had mani- 
fested much kindness and unaffected civility'to him, both with respect to 
this County, to Hampshire, and some other places, 

















6 LANCASHIRE. 


Setanti must have been the original appellation of the original colo- 
wists; and Sistantii, or Sistuatii, must have been afterwards con- 
ferred on them when new colonists had taken possession of West- 
moreland and Cumberland, and when accuracy was obliged to 
distinguish one from the other.”* 

Although very little satisfactory information can be adduced re- 
lating to the state of political or civil society, antecedent to the 
Roman conquest of Britain, yet Mr. Whitaker offers a few conjec- 
tural remarks on this subject, which, if not demonstrative, appear 
rational; and as they have peculiar reference to this county, I shall 
quote them. ‘ The singular nature of our towns in Lancashire 
before the entrance of the Romans imto it, was the necessary re- 
sult of that life of hunting and grazing, which is the natural em- 
sploy of man in the infancy of society, and which, in all the 
‘horthetn regions of the Istnd, when the arts of agriculture were 
totally uspractised, was peculiarly the employ of the natives.t 
‘The towns of the Britons were not their places of perpetual and 
‘general residence; they were only their places of refuge amid the 
dangers of war, where they might occasionally lodge their wives, 
their children, and their cattle ; and where the weaker might occa- 
sionally assist the stronger till succours could arrive, And as, 
defore the Roman Invasion, they had known no other enemies 
than their Celtic brethren, who, like themselves, were always eager 
to decide the contest by a battle in the field, neither the one ner 
the other could be expected to have any considerable skill in the 
Yeience of fortification, But the Britons’ certainly possessed a 


greater 
* Whitaker's Manchester, 4to. Vol. I. p. 7. 


+ Casar, by Clark, p. 92. Cognoscit non longe ex eo Joco oppidam 
Cassivellauni abesse, sylvis paludibusque munitum; quo satis magnus 
hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni 
‘yocant quum sylvas impeditas vallo atque fost’ munierunt—Locum repe- 
rit egregié natura atque opere munitum.—P. 87. Se in sylvas abdide- 
Tunt, locum nacti egregié natura et opere munitum,—quem—jam ante 
preparaverant; nam, crebris arboribus succisis, omnes introitus erant 
praclusi—See aho Strabo, p. 306, Amstel, 1707; and more particularly 
Div, p. 937.—Whitaker's Manchester, Vol. I, p. 10, 


8 LANCASHIRE, 


about sixty years only after the reduction of it, Having been five 
of them originally British fortresses, they were now changed into 
stationary camps; and small garrisons, consisting principally of the ine 
firm and raw soldiers, were lodged in them ; while Agricola, with the 
rest, attacked the more northerly Britons in the following summer.”* 
Thus wes the autumn of 79,” continues Mr, Whitaker, “ the 
very remarkable epoch of the first erection of our present towns in: 
Lancashire.” Though this writer has specified six stations as po- 
sitively belonging to this County, yet their exact situations are not 
satisfactorily defined ; nor are other antiquaries agreed with respect 
to this number: for Antoninus, in his Tenth Iter, only marks three, 


which, with their relative distances, are thus set down in a journey 
from the north towards the south: 
Galacum m. p. XIX. Westmoreland. 


Bremetonaces m. p. xXV1I- 

Cocciumt = m. p. XX. te Lancashire. 
Mancunium =m. p. xvii. 

Condate m. p. X¥UI. Cheshire. 


Richard of Cirencester, who is Mr. Whitaker's guide, gives another 
rout, in the same direction: and Dr. Stukeley affixes the modern 
names to the places as follows :t Brocavonacis 


of Whalley, questions the Monk's authorities, and observes, that “he 
was possessed with the general spirit of his profession in the middle 
ages; something between bold conjecture, and inventive fraud. He 
laid out new Itinera; he imagined colonies, towns invested with the 
Jus Latii, and others merely stipendiary, long after those distinctions 
were abolished : he inserted some names, which, though real, were pos- 
terior to the Roman empire in Britain, and some which may safely be 
affirmed to have been fabricated by himself." History of Whalley, p. 15. 
* Whitaker's Manchester, Vol. I. p. 31. 

+ This Station was invested with the Jus Latii, or Latin Privilege, 
whereby the inhabitants were exempt from the ordinary jurisdiction of 
the Pretor, and were no longer governed by a foreign Prefect, and a 
foreign Questor, but by a Prefect and Questor elected among them- 
selves. Every inhabitant of such towns, who had borne the offices of 
Praetor or Quaestor, was immediately entitled to the privileges of a Roman 
citizen, ‘Tacitus Ann, B. xiv. Whitaker's Manchester, Vel. I. p. 243, 


2 “ Account of Richard of Cirencester,” 4to. 1757, p. 53. 


eaten 


27 ANS ts Spa ea 








“10 LANCASHIRE. 


Concering the known stations, and principal antiquitics, disco- 
vered at each, we shall have occasion to treat when describing the 
parishes where they are situated. The whole of this County, with 
Yorkshire, &c. was denominated, by the Romans, Mazima Ca- 
aariensis, or Britannia Superior: and by the Saxons, Lancaster 
was included within the kingdom of Northumbria; and, acconding 
te the statement of Mr. Whitaker, was “ formed into a separate 
county about 680; and soon after the conquest of it by Egfrid.” 
At this period, continues our shrewd historian, “the Roman 
Alaona received the honor which it retains at present; was made 
the metropolis of the shire, and lent its own appellation to the 
county.” Soon after this event the county was divided into hun- 
dreds, tythings,* &c. and that part called South Lancashire was 
first parcelled into three, and subdivided into six just before the 
Conquest; these were called Blackburn, Derby, and Salford; aiso 
Newton, Warrington, and Layland; the three latter being sepa- 
rated from, or taken out of, the others after their original forma- 
tion. These were all denominated from the towns, or villages, 
which were constituted the heads of their respective centuries, 
* And those of Salford, Warrington, and Newton, Blackburn, 
Derby, and Layland, were so constituted because they belonged 
to the Crown, All of them, but Newton, continued in its pos- 

session 


« % Mast of our topographers have attributed the subdivision of Eng~ 
lend into counties, hundreds, &c. to the illustrious Alfred; but Me. 
Whitaker boldly asserts, “ they are al! mistaken. The tything, hun- 
qed, and county, constituted a part of that original polity which the 
Saxons brought with them from Germany: and two of them appear ex- 
isting in Britain, and all three in France, even some ages before the 
time of Alfred. The tything, and shire, are both mentioned in the laws 
of the West Saxons before the close of the seventh century, and during 
the reign of Ina. “And the tything, the shire, and the hundred, are no- 
ticed in the capitularies of the Franks before the year 630.” Vol. 1. 
p. 113,“ The hundreds of the Saxons were exactly the same with the 
éantrefs of the Britons: as the latter consisted of a hundred townships ; 
and the former were composed of ten tythings. These were always 
¢onsiderable districts, and exist to this day the great divisioas of our 
cousitiés.” Ib. 120. . 








taken fay 1292, by command of Pope Nicholas [V. the whole 
County of Lancaster, exclusive of Furness, whieh thea belonged to 
Westinareland, was partitioned into thirty-six paristcs only. By 
the same record it appears, that these parishes were included with- 
in these four Deaneries, all in the Archdeaconty of Chester; Bluck- 


« has never been diminished by time. On the contrary, it has 
grown with our towns, and increased with our population.” 

The Landed Property which his Majesty possesses in this coun- 
ty, as Duke of Lancaster, is of great extent, although the revenues 
arising from it are by no means cousiderable, 

The principal part of this property consists of what are gene- 
wally styled the Forests of Myerscough, Fulwood, Bleasdale, 
Wyersdale, and Quernmore, all of which are situated in the most 
northern parts of the county. In these his Majesty is entitled to 
the Estrays, and the game, the right of holding the Courts, &e. and 
must be considered as Lord of the Mavor for all the Forests, 

The township of Quermmore is situated in the hundred of Lons- 
dale, and parish of Lancaster; and contains a considerable quan. 
tity of inclosed and waste land, which amounts to upwards of 
3000 acres, The fishery of the Lune is claimed by the King as far 
as it adjoins Quernmore, There is a separate Court for this Fo- 
rest, held half-yearly by the Master Forester of Amoundemess, 
whose duty itis, in right of his office, to hold the several Courts 
for the said Forests, 

Wyersdale is situated as Quernmore, The river Wyer rises in 
this Forest, and flows through a valley about the middle of it, 
‘The open and inclosed parts together, are computed to:contain 
more than 20,000 statute acres, The greater part consists of 
mountainous land, whith is deemed not worth inclosing; but it 
: produces 




















by the iineaiycacichiliO6 Hesry: the Eighth this power is much 
abridged.” The Duchy was declared -forfeited to the Crown in 
the first year of the reign of Edward the Fourth, by the attainture 
of Henry the Sixth for bigh treason; and at the same time an Act 
of Parliament was passed* to incorporate the Duchy of Lancaster 
with the County Palatine; and also to yest the whole in the King 
and his heirs, Kings ef England, for ever, under a distinct governs 
ance from the other possessions of the Crown. This Act was con- 
firmed by Henry the Seventh, with a power of resuming such parts 
of the Duchy land as had been dismembered by Edward the® 
Fourth¢ ' — 


© This is a private Act, and was never printed, but is preserved in the 
| Archives of the Duchy Chamber. Nalson's ALSS, p. 208. 


t List of Records, Letters Patent, Sc. relating to the Duchy of 
Pr . ’ 

“1, An Exemplification made ia the first of EAward the Fourth, of the 
grants made by Edward the Third unto John of Gaunt, for créating 
him Duke of Lancaster, making the same a County Palatine, as free as) 
Weit Chester; with other liberties, granted in the fifty-first of Edward 
the Third, for term of life only. “This exemplification contains a grant, 
made to John of Gaunt, and Blanche, his wife, and vo the heirs male of 
their bodies, of the ssid Dukedom and County Palatine, 

2 Charta de Tnspeximus of King Richard the Second, with recital of 
four several charters of King Edward the Third, made to John of Gaunt, 
of Liberties and Lands annexed to the Duchy of Lancaster, aod Lands 
exchanged. Dated fit of Richard the Second. 

3. A Charter of Edward the Fourth, in the first year of his reign,- 
for confirming the separation of the Duchy of Lancaster from the Crown, 
by authority of Parliament,-with an Jnspeximus of the Charter of Henry 
the Fourth. 

Ay A Charter of the first of Henry the Seventh, wherein is this pro- 
‘vise, “* Fron semper quod omnes ct singuli tenentes, inbabitantes ¢& 
residentes, imposterum solvent Theolonium, Pariagium, Passagium, Pie 
sagium, Stallagiom, Lastagiom, Tallagium, Tollagium, Cariagiumy 
Pesagium, et Terragium in omnibus et singulis Foriis, Mercatis, Villis et 


losis 








20 LANCASHIRE, 

sulphuret of Barytes. The former, which is a very rare mineral, 
is found in the greatest abundance near the surface: and as it 
descends, it becomes progressively contaminated by the sulphuret, 
which in the lowest strata seems completely to usurp its place, 
‘The existence of carbonat of barytes, as a product of nature, was 
first distinctly ascertained by Dr, Withering; * but that gentleman 
seems to have been mistaken respecting the place where his spe- 
cimens were obtained. To James Watt, Jun. Esq, the public 
are indebted for a description of the extermal character of this sub- 
stance, and its effects on the animal body when taken internally. + 
In the neighbourhood of Chorley it is employed as a poison for 
rats; and there can exist littke doubt of its being the sume sub- 
stance, mentioned by Dr. Leigh, ¢ who erroneously ascribes ils dle- 
leterious qualities to the admixture of arsenic. ; 
RIVERS.—The chief of this county are the Irwell, the Bfeysey, 
the Douglas, the Ribble, the Calder, Wingert: 
PEt all of which disect their course towards the west, a 
empty their waters into the Irish Sea, Comencing our deserip- 
Deere 7 aie 
Dudden skirting and separating the western side | if Furness 
from Cumberland, sud, ts junction with the sea, a con- 
siderable bay at high water.—See Beauties, &e, Vol, TIT. p. ee 
The Crake River rans nearly parallel to the above, ii iatale 
the waters of that’ Lake called Thurston Water, with | the sea at 
Leven Sands, The waters of Winandermere Lake join the A 

througlt the channel of the Leten, nearly at thie dame place, The 
most considerable river in the north part of the county is the Loyne’ 
or Lune, which, emanating from the fells of Westmoreland, enters 
Uiisjcounty near Kirkby Lonstlale. | Soon afterwards its stream is 
augmented by the waters of the Greta, and the Wenning from 
Yorksbiice, and the expanded river then passes through the inuich 
"admired 


ai bape 





* Sce Philosophical Transactions for 1731. 
t See Manchester Memoirs, Vol. IL. 
¢ Natural History; By 1. Ch. TV. p, 20. 








22 LANCASHIRE. 

bearings and distances laid down by that geographer. “ This 
beautiful stream,” continues the Doctor, “ intersecting in its si- 
nuous course the whole county of Lancaster, receives, near Mitton, 
the Hodder, which, coming down from Cross of Grete, for several 
of the last miles, forms the boundary of Yorkshire and Lancashire, 
as it must originally have done between two British tribes: the 
word Oder, in that language, signifying a limit, or bound.” The 
Ribble is one of the largest rivers in the north of England, and 
has its source in the high moors of Craven in Yorkshire. Taking 
first a southerly course, it passes by the town of Clithero, and, 
forming the boundaryof the county for a short space, is joined by 
the Hodder, and the Winburne from Whalley. In a devious 
westerly course to Ribchester, it also receives three other smaller 
streams, whence flowing through the romantic valley of Ribbles- 
dale, it passes near the populous town of Preston, and soon after- 
wards joins the Irish Sea. The chief course of this river is 
through a highly commercial and well cultivated country ; and 
near the thriving town of Preston its banks are bold, grand, and 
finely adorned with hanging woods. Two handsome bridges, in 
the vicinity of this town, combine to enrich and dignify th¢ 
scenery. A little west of this place, the Ribble forms a spacious 
estuary, which is enlarged by the mouth of the river Douglas. 
This has its source in the vicinity of Rivington-pike, and after pass- 
ing the town of Wigan, proceeds north-westerly by Newburgh, 
and near Rufford is joined by the Elder brook from Ormskirk. 
After receiving the united streams of the Yarrow and Lostock 
xivulets, it empties itself into the estuary of the Ribble, at a place 
called Muck-Stool, 

‘The Alt river, rising near Knowsley Park, and flowing in a 
north-westerly direction, joins the Irish Sea, near Formby Point. 
‘There are several small streams, that join the river Mersey, on the 
north side of the county ; the chief of which is the 

Irwell. This stream appears to originate in the moors, about 
the parallel of Haslingden, near the Yorkshire and Lancashire 
boundaries, whence it flows, swelled by other small streams, 
through the manor of Tottington to Bury. Below this place it 

1 forms 





24 LANCASHIRE. 
Manchester, was an improvement much wanted by the manufae- 
turers of that town, and its vicinity. To effect this, an act of 
parliament was obtained in 1720, whereby certain persons of Man- 
chester and Liverpoul, but mostly those of the former town, were 
empowered to make the rivers Jrwell and Mersey navigable be- 
tween those towns. Though the act specified this extent of 
river, yet, as the Mersey was already navigable from Liverpool to 
Bank-key, near Warrington; and as all the stipulated demand for 
tonnage is confined to the navigation between that place and 
Manchester, it appears that the undertakers meant only to open 
the upper part of the river. This has been effected by means of 
wears, locks, &c_ and in places where the stream formed consider- 
able curvatures, ents were made across the necks of the principal 
bends. By these contrivances a navigable communication was 
opened between the two towns: but the later improvements in the 
Duke of Bridgewater's canal, which is not dependant on droughts 
and tides, have nearly superseded the use of the former channel. * 
Whilst the navigation of the Mersey was thus an object of com- 
mercial speculation ; that of the Douglas was equally attended to, 
‘The country round Wigan: being particularly rich in coal, the 
proprietors of the mines in that district obtained an Act of Parlia- 
ment in 1719, for rendering this river navigable. This being 
completed in 1727, enabled the speculators to convey their coals, 
&c, readily and cheaply to the mouth of the Ribble; and thence 
coastwise to send them to the northern parts of-Lancashire, West- 
moreland, &c, “The Douglas navigation has since been pure 
chased by the proprietors of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, who 
have in part substituted an artificial cut for the natural channel of 
the river.” + 
The Sankey CANAL originated with a company of gentle. 
men and merchants, who, in 1755, obtained an act of parliament, 
authorizing them to make Sankey brook navigable from the Mer- 
ty river, which it joins about two miles west of Warrington, to 
pear St. Helens. This act empowered certain commissioners to 
pureliase 
© For an account of this Canal, &c. see Beauties, Vol, II, p, 195, 
t Aikin’s Description of the Country round Manchester, 





26 LANCASHIRE. 


‘the lowest lock. Loaded vessels are generally neaped about three 
days, but unloaded can pass to or from the river at every tide, 
‘The old lock by which at first it communicated with Sankey 
brook still remains, but is seldom used, unless when a number of 
vessels are about entering from the Mersey at once; in which 
case some of the hindmost often sail for Sankey brook, in order 
to get before the others, This Canal has proved very beneficial 
to the public and to the undertakers. Some of the first collieries 
upon its banks are worked out, and others have been opened. Its 
business has been increased by the large copper-works belonging 
to the Anglesea company, erected on one of its branches; and by 
the plate-glass manufactory, and other works founded near it, in 
the neighbourhood of the populous town of St. Helens,”* Besides 
the above named Canal, this county is intersected by portions of 
nine others, four of which communicate with the populous town 
of Manchester, I shall proceed to detail a concise account and 
description of these, in the alphabetical order, and therefore com- 
mence with that of, 

‘The Ashton-under-Line Canal, which communicates between 
Manchester and the town of Ashton, was made in consequence of an 
act of parliament, passed in 1792. Commencing at the east side of 
Manchester, it crosses the river Medlock, passes Fairfield, and at 
Ashton passes through a long tunnel in front of Duckenfield Lodge. 
Near this place it is joined by the Peak-forest Canal, and at Fair- 
field a branch goes off to the New Mill, near Oldham. ‘The whole 
length of this canal is eleven miles, with a rise of 152 feet. 

Bridgewater's Canal. A portion of this has already been de- 
scribed ander Cheshire ; but there is a branch which exclusively be- 
Jongs to this county, and communicates from Manchester, to Wors- 
ley, Leigh, &c. ‘This immensely profitable navigation originated 
with the late excellent and patriotic Duke of Bridgewater, who 
individually and courageously undertook to expend an almost 
princely fortune ia effecting this scheme ; the object of which was 
to supply the manufaetories, &c. of Manchester with coal from 

his 
* Aikin’s Description, &c. of Manchester, p. 1145 


Poa 


2 a aoa lg aly 


ey 





a8 LANCASHIRE, 


depth under Walkden Moor; most of the tunnels are hews out 
of the solid rock: from the lower one the coals are hoisted up in 
‘boxds, out of the boats, as already mentioned, at Manchester? 
and the whole of the lower works are prevented from filling with 
water by large pumps worked by the Aydreulic machine, and the 
water is thereby always kept at the proper height for navigation 
in the lower Canal. In making the tunnels at this place, the ene 
gineers ericountered some serious difficulties: after the workmen lad 
proceeded a considerable way into the hill, they came, at a great 
depth, under a small stream of water, by the side of which a large 
water shaft was sunk, and a drum and large brake-wheel were 
¢rected over it. Tis was made of sufficient size that aman, who 
stands before @ lever, attached to it, can, by means of valves, com 
mand the whole machinery, and direct its operations at plensiire, 
By means of this machine, the mine water isdrawn fromthe lower 
Jevel, into the middle Canal, and the height and depth of the 
down from the upper shafts into the boats, by this machine, whieh 
was one of the ingenious inventions and contrivances of Mr. James 
Brindicy, ‘he eminent canal engineer, Near Worsley, a cut 
branches off, and ends at Chat Moss, a distance of about @ mile 
and a half, By the first act, it was intended to carry this branch’ 
to Hollin Perry, near Glazebrook, there to join the Memey and T= 
well navigation, This plan was never completed, The principal: 
feeders for this Canal ure the Worsley brook, with the mine water 
there collected, and the Medlock brook’ at Manchester, The 
Sea WAY Rest ‘and the Canal thencesto Manchester, were! 
itt ce joe C1 titywemd oe begun 
Si ach a cn pete completed In 1778. 
Te was calcalited to convey bouts, and their cargoes, from different levels in 
the Caml, and vas found fully to answer its intention, Seean accoent of 
this,with prints, im Plymley’s Agricultural Heport of Shropshire, Ie 17975 
of Bridgewater had a sienilar inclined plane, ¢ +4 
at Worsley ; and ia 1000, his Grace caused an account it to. 
to the Sociéty of Arts in the Adelphi, London ; for which the So 
Voted tiim the Gold Medal, and published Plans and Sections, with an ac~ 
count’in the 18th Vol. of their “ Trensactions.” 








380 LANCASHIRE, 

‘Canal st Briers Mill. From the mouth to Solom, about) five 
miles, the original river Douglas, (or Asland,) is navigable; and 
thence to Briers Mill is a cut of four miles, with a rise of eiglit 
locks, the whole rise from the Ribble being forty-nine feet. The 
width of the Canal is from twenty-four to thirty fect, and its depth 
generally five feet. The locks are 70 feet long, by 154 feet wide. 
By the first act, Messrs, William Squires and Thomas Steers were 
to make the Dooglas navigable from the Ribble to Miry-Lane- 
end, near Wigan. This was effected about the year 1727, and 
the proprietors were allowed 2s, Gd. per ton for goods, whatever 
distance they might be navigated thereon. By the first act for 
the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, (tenth of George the Third,) the 
successors of the first proprietors of the Douglas navigation, were 
antliorised to make @ jusiction with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal 
at Newborough, by a cut of 34 miles long, parallel to this river, 
with a fall of 12 feet, which they completed in 1774; and the 
same riow forms part of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, south- 
east of Newborough Aqueduct Bridge, in consequence of the pur- 
chase which that company made of the whole of this concern, in 
pursuance of their act of the twenty-third of George the Third ; 
since which the Canal from Brier’s Mill to Solom above describ- 
ed, as part of the lower navigation, was cut, and completed in 
7781; and the river navigation between Solom and Wigan, 
twelve or thirteen miles, we are informed, has been disused. 

Hastington Canal,according to an act of Parliament obtained in 
the thirty-third of George the Third, is intended to communicate 
in a distance of about thirteen miles between Bury, where it joins 
the Bolton and Bury Canal, to Church, where it joins the Leeds 
and Liverpool. ‘No locks are to be made on this line except by 
consent of three fourths of all the millers who occupy the streams 
of water; butin their place it is intended to erect inclined pillars, 
‘This Canal is not yet completed. 

Lancaster Canal takes a long course of 75% miles, through 
nearly the whole county of Lancaster, and part of Westmoreland ; 
and is authorised by acts of Parliament in the thirty-second, thirty= 

third, 








se LANCASHIRE. 
From the Bason to Greenhend Farnt, 5m. 1f, 1. 201. is level. 
‘Thence to a spot near Borwick++--9 1 7) 75. falls 65 feet. 
Borwick to near Prestun+««+ 42 5 +1), /28> level: 
Prestou to near Clayton Greens +-+S © S 75 rises 299 feet. 
Clayton Green to West Houghton1s 5 3 72 level. 


Total----75 5 9 70 








Collateral Cuts. 
Gale Moss to Dusbury--++ ++ soee2 7 O IL level, 
Borwich to Warton Cragg--++----2 3 8 15 level. 





+ This Canal is on am average seven feet deep ; the boats are fifty- 
six feet Tong, fourteen feet wide, and carry sixty tons. There are 
two tunpels on its course ; one at Hincaster near Leven’s Park, of 
about cight bugdred yards long, and another through the Whittle 
Hills near Chorley, which proved extremely difficult to executes 
and at Ashton near Lancaster, there is an amazingly deep piece of 
cutting. The part of the line between Wheelton, near Clayton 
Green, and the south end of the Jong level, is at present supplied 
witha rail way. Mr. James Brindley was employed, in 1772, to 
survey apart of this line: the whole of it was soon afterwards 
surveyed, by Mr. Robert Whitworth; and in 1791, Mr. Joha 
Remie was employed to proceed with, and complete the works, 
To the science and good sense of this skilful artist, are the Lancas- 
trians indebted for the astonishing Aqueduct-Bridge near Lancas- 
ter, and for several other contrivances in the progress of this un- 
dertaking. The Lancaster Canal Company is authorised to raise 
414,000L in 1001. shares, and 200,001. more in shares of Sol. 
each. In July, 1796, the last arch of the great Aqueduct-Bridge 
was completed. In September, 1805, it was stated that the shares 
divided 11. per cent, From Bolton to Lancaster, and thence to 
Preston, the canal was opened in 17:97; and in a few years afterwards 
the whole of the long level was completed. In Jane, 1803, the 
Whittle-tunnel was finished, and 14 mile of the rail-way: so that 
coals passed from West Houghton to Bramber Bridge; and in 
1805, the remainder of the rail-way was opened for conveying 

coals 


i hm ek ee a 
cera tee 








5 CANCASHIRE. 


Windhill with the Bradford Canal, Collateral cuts branch off ta 
Ighton-Hill collieries; another to Mr. Waltham’s Altham-collie- 

fies; andl provision is made for cuts to be opened by the Earl of 
Ralcarras and Mr. Shuttleworth, between their coal-works and the 
ling. The old bason at Liverpool is fifly two fect above low: 
‘water mask in the Mersey river, ‘Thenee to Newborough, twenty= 
eight sniles, the water is level; to Wigap, seven miles, it is raised, 
hy five Jocks, thirty feet. This last length js sometimes called the 
Upper Douglos Navigation, as it origivally constituted a part of 
tat concern. From the last place to Dradshaw-Hill, mear As+ 
perle, is three miles; and in that short space the level is raised 
tiyo hundred and seventy-nine feet by twenty-eight locks, ‘Thence 
to the Agueduct over the Derwent, near Blackburn, is a level of 
193 miles: thence to Grimshaw Park, near Blackburn, only three 
quarters of a mile, are seven locks, raising it 54] feet. From this 
place to the end of the deviation at Barrowford, near Colne, is @ 
Tevel of twenty-four miles, The next three quarters of a mile car= 
ries it up 673 feet by seven locks, when it enters. the Foulridge- 
‘Tunnel, gnd thence descends; by several locks, to Leeds. The 
Jocks on this Canal are 70 feet long, by 153 feet wide; and 
the barges employed are keel bottomed, and camry thirty tons of 
goods, Between Leeds and Wigan, one hundred fists, of forty= 
two tons burthen, are employed in the coal trade; and passage 
boats are in constant use between those places, 

‘Near the north-east extremity of Liverpool are very spacious 
Wharfs and Warehouses, connected with the canal, The first, 
survey for this navigation was made by Mr. Longbottom in 1767 3, 


Whitworth and Mr. Fletcber were employed. The western end) 
of the line was completed from Liverpool to the Douglas old na- 
vigation at Newborvugh, a distance of twenty-eight miles, in 17703 
and in 177, it was completed us far as Wigan. The Company. 
was authorived by their Acts of Parliament, (tenth, twenty.third, 
thirtieth, and thirty-fourth of George the Third.) to raise 60,0001. 
fu shares of 2001. The rate of tonaege on lime-stune, and other 

stone, 





“36 LANCASHIRE. 
&ci 2d. per ton, per mile, if they passa lock; but all these, ex= 
cepit line-stone, are to pass the levels at Jd. per ton, per mile. 
Passage boats are established between Bolton and Manchester; 
‘but when the water has been low, passengers have been required 
to walk past the locks, and take to another boat on the other side, 
in order to avoid the waste of water. 
| Rockdale Canat. By Acts of Parliament passed in the thirty- 
fourth, fortieth, and forty-fourth of George the Third, the pro- 
Prictors of this concern were authorised to open a navigation from 
the. Duke of Bridgewater's Canal at Manchester, to the Calder Na= 
vigation at Sowerby Bridge, uear Halifax. ‘The course and rise of 
this Canal are, from its commencement to the Manchester and 
Asliton Canal, one mile and a half, is a rise of seventy-five feet 
and a'half: thence to Hollingwood branch four miles and a half, 
with a rise of eighty-one feet: thence to Failswortl. brook, two 
miles and three-quarters, is level: thence to the Rochdale branclt, 
four miles and a quarter, with a rise of 120 feet: thence to 
Clay-hill, two miles and a quarter, rising sixty-two feet: thence 
to the Summit-pound, and through the deep cutting to Brier's 
Mill, five miles aud a bulf, is level. At Halling’s Mill is a farm 
nel seventy yards in length, seventeen feet high, and twenty-one 
wide, with a towing-puth through it. Between Litteborough and 
‘Todmercten is a piece of stupendous deep cutting through hard 
tock, of fifty feet. A very large reservoir is mide on the west 
side of the summit; and a steam-engine, of a hundred horse 
power, iy axed to pump the water up to the summit-pound. On 
@ bog at Blackstonc-edge, are two other large reservoirs, one of 
which is fourteen yards deep. Gauges for regulating the streams: 
of the Roch, Inwell, and Trk rivers, so that only their flood waters 
are taken for the supply of this Canal, were contrived and erected 
by the inyenions Mr, John Rennie, the engineer. Steam-engines, 
within twenty yards ofthe Canal, are allowed to condense by its 
water. ‘The east end of thie line, from Sowerby Bridge to Roch- 
dale, was completed on the 28th of December, 1798 ; and on the 
1sth of September, 1802, it was continued to Lome-wharf, The 
whole line was completed to Manchester, 21st December, 1804. 
‘This 




















38 LANCASHIRE. 

dom, and to the sea ports for foreign exportation. ‘The vast ex= 
pense of Canal-making has long continned,an obstacle, and) this 
can only be surmounted, and its immense charges, witl: accumu- 
a RG ha Re ned An 
ing manufactories. 

At the beginning of the last century tievershoeried|a ial 
arduous task to make a Aigh road for carriages over the hills and 
moors which are found between Yorkshire and Lancashire; but 
now this country is pierced, and rendered! pussable for merelian- 
dise, &e. by three Navigable Canals. ‘The rocky mountains are 
also perforated, and their steepness subdued, by the genius and 
persevering labour of man, in cutting subterraneous tuunels 
through their ucclivous und craggy sides. 

On reviewing the present snd past state of Canals in this king 
~ dom generally, and in. Lancashire particularly, and. comparing 
them with the present and former state of the manufsctures and 
commerce of this county only, the human mind is expandal with 
admiration and astonishment. It may, perhaps, be safely stated 
that there is no one shire in England where the exertions of human 
ingenuity and persevering labour have prodaced such extensive and 
beneficial effects, as in Lancashire: for in this county, the varions 
machinery connected with manufactures, also with the engines and 
mines, have been eminently promoted, if not originally invented ; 
and here the system of Commercial Docks was first successfully 
and advantageously carried into effect, although the latter has 
since been surpassed in the immense and astonishing Docks belong» 
tag tosthesport of honden.*/ 


‘Mien aliatictobics ‘abounds with those Bogs, caubioranta) 
which bear the provincial uame of Mosses. ‘The principal of these 
are called from the chief places in their vicinity, Chat; Pilling; 
Trofford; Risley; Ashton; Road; Bickerstaff; Rainford : 

Marton ; 

-* For an interesting history of Cauals, with much useful information on the 

subject, soe Reca's “ Cyclopedia,” Vol. VI. The very able article for which 

owas written by Mr. John Farey, See also Phillips's “ History of Inland Ne» 
~vigution,” the fast Quarto Edition, 





40 LANCASHIRE. 


chroniclers, a great portion of Chat-Moss was carried into the Ir- 
well, and-thence into the Mersey, and on to the sea, Leland 
mentions this event in the following terms: “ Chateley More a ¥I- 
miles yn lenght, sum (way St.) brast up within a mile of Morley 
Haul, and destroied much grounde, with Mosse thereabout, and de~ 
stroied much fresch water Fische theresbout, first. corrupting with 
stinking water, Glasebrooke, and so Glusebrooke carried stinking 
water and Mosse into Mersey Water, and Mersey corrupted carried 
‘the roulling Mosse part to:the shores of Wales, part to the Isle of 
Man, and sum into Ireland. In the very toppe of Chateley More 
where the Mosse was hyest and brake, is now a fair plaine valley, 
as was in tymes paste, and a Rille rumnith in bit, and peaces of 
small Trees be founde in the Botom.” Itin, Vol. 7, p. 46. 
Without entering into particulars relating to all the Marasses, 
or Mosses of this county, I shall give a short account of two or 
three of those, which have been brought into a state of improve- 
ment. On the south side of the river Irwell, is a tract: of moss 
land called Trefford-Moss, which contains about 500 weres, and. 
adjoins the park of John Trafford, Esq. at the distance of about 
three miles from Manchester. The Canal of the Duke of Bridge- 
water, from that town to Worsley, runs through this Moss, the 
level of which is upwards of thirty feet above the bed of the river. 
The facility of drainage afforded by this circamstance, und. the 
abundance of materials found under the bed of the Moss, suggest= 
ed the idea of the practicability of improving it; and in the year 
1793 an act of parliament was obtained, enabling Mr. ‘Trafford to 
grant both Trafford and Chat Mosses for long terms of years, 
on a lease for improvement. The improvement of Trafford- 
Moss was undertaken by Mr, Wakefield and Mr. Roscoe, of 
Liverpool ; and the whole of this hitherto useless tract of land is _ 
now 
Iand were then overflowed by the moss, and the habitations of twenty-seven 
families wero destroyed.—See Beanties, Vol. TEL. p. 107, &¢e.  Asimilar ine 
andation of moss occurred at Monteith, in Scotland. An interesting wscount 
ef the Strata, prebable origin, rise, progress, and present state of the High 
and Law Moses of Kincardine may be seen in Sinclair's Statistical Account 
f Scoriund, Vol. XXE. p. 151—181. ' 





42. LANCASHIRE. 

Rainford-Moss, near Prescot, has been amazingly improved 
under the judicious management of Mr. Join Chorley, who ob- 
tained it, on a lease for three lives, from the Earl of Derby, and 
pays a rent of eight shillings per acre, per annum. He began 
his operations on this apparently sterile waste in 1780, and bydrain= 
ing, paring, and manuring, nearly similar to what was practised om 
‘Trafford-Moss, has rendered the land eapable of bearing oats, bar= 
ley, clover, potatoes, &e. According to bis own menvorandums, 
potatoes, with dung, produced for the first time about four 
hundred bushels per acre of eight yards; next year potatoes again 
Without dung, produced about three hundred bushels.” This 
gentleman tried Turtarian oats, &c. but thinks that Moss-lands, in 
general, are not calculated for grain, as they are more congenial 
to the production of grasses, &c. which come spontaneously, ifn: 
couraged witha little dung. He frequently sows clover seed im= 
mediately after the potatoes. Mr. Chorley has built dome cot. 
ee eee ennnen Nee ee meee 
per annum for rent.* 


‘The Ackrcutruran Propuctions of Lancashire are prin- 
cipally Outs and Potatocs, both of which are used for human sus~ 
fénance; and many of the labouring classes, in the northern and 
eastern parts of the county, are chiefly supported by this food. 
A considerable quantity of Barley, and some Wheat, are cultivated 
in Low-Purness, the Filde, and in the south-western parts of the 
county; bot it is imagined that Lancashire does uot produce one 
quarter of the grain consumed by its own inhabitants, The lands 
near the great towns are chiefly appropriated to pasturage and 
gardens, The first Pototors said to have been cultivated ip England, 
were grown in Lancashire. ‘They were originally introduced into 
Ireland from North America, about A. D. 1565; and in conse~ 
quence of an Irish vessel being cast away on the western coast, 
. near 

* Holt's “ General View of the Agriculture of Laneashire;" 8¥0, p. 97. 
To this work the reader will find many useful observations relating to the 
different plans of draining end cultivating the Mossy, 





4 LANCASHIRE. 


by crossing, &c, made such improvement. Butas the breed has 
been under a progressive state of melioration in Leicestershire, it 
_seems to have been'in an equal state of retrogradation in Lanca~ 
shire, and as if over-awed by competition, bas silently yielded toa 
conqueror. ‘Ibis notlong since, however, that a celebrated traveller 
made the following observations in his tour through Lancashire."* 

« Beeakfasted at Garstang, a small town remarkable forthe 
fine cattle produced in its neighbourhood. A gentleman bas re- 
fused thirty guineas for a three year old cow; has sold a calfiofa 
month's age for ten guineas, and bulls for one hundred; and'has 
Killed an ox weighing twenty-one score per quarter, exclusive of 
hide, entrails, &c. Bulls also have been let out at the rate of 
thirty guineas the season ; so that well might honest Barnaby + ce- 
lebrate the cattle of this place, soanigareaya oyna se 
met with in one of its great fairs."t 


Veni Garstang, nbinata 
Sunt Armenta fronte lata, 
‘Voni Garstang, ubi mal 
Totrans foram bestiale, 
Forte vaeillando vieo 
Hoc et illuc enm amioo 
Tn juvence: dorsum rni 
Cujus coro besus ful.” 


‘The Curate of this county is proverbially Wet, and this 
seems a natural consequence from its peculiar situation, belween 
the broadest part of the Trish Sea, and the high ridge of hills 
which ‘form its eastern border, All this side of the county is 
more subject to rains than the side bordering on the coast; for as 
the clouds are wafted over the Trish Sea from the Atlantic Ocean, 
they are first checked and broken by the mountainons ridge, which 
has a direction north and south; aud hence the rains, are almost 
perpetually falling on the western side of these intercepting emi- 

nences, 
* Hoit's “ General View of the Agricultare,” p.143. 
$ Better known by the name of Dranken Barnaby, who published his 


‘Travels in the North of England, 
+ Pennant’s “ Tour in Seotland, in 1784,” 








46 LANCASHIRE. 

the Parliamentary Report, Middlesex, including London and West+ 
minster, contained 112,912 houses, which were inlubited by 
199,854 families; ond 5,171 uninhabited houses. Of these pers 
sons, 373,655 were males, and 444,474 were females: 16,417 of 
them were employed in agricalture, and 162,260 in trades and 
manufactures: and the total number of persons is set down in 
the printed report at 818,129, 

From this comparative view it appears, that the number of 
Konses in Middlesex is only 419 more than the total of Lancas 
shire; and that the occupied houses of the latter county exeeedt 
the total of the former by 1,358. The difference of inhabitants 
ig more disproportionate; and this is accounted for by the un- 
healthful and miserably crowded manner of filling the houses 
with lodgers, which is so universal among the lower classes of 
people in London. Dr. Aikin, in Stockdale's * Description of 
the Country round Manchester,” has entered: into a long disqui- 
sition on this subject; but, for want of satisfactory documents, has, 
with conjectural data, drawn erroneous conclusions. “The idea of 
Lancashire containing as many inhabitants as Middlesex, and 
which are there estimated at a million, onght certainly to be quali« 
fied and corrected, as it can by no means be admitted by the 
political arithmetician, without the most authentic and unequivo- 
cal proof; for, supposing its two great towns of Liverpool and 
Manchester to contain 75,000 each; its four other principal towns 
60,000 amongst them; 50,000 more in its manufacturing parts; 
and 50,000 more in its remaining parishes, this would only give 
300,000; nor will any probable data give a number bearing any 
considerable proportion to a million.* Such conjectural ealcu- 
lations shew the fallacy of making any deductions, or forming any 
décided system, from the imperfect returns of the population that 
have hitherta been made. By the following Tuble, the totals of 
the county, of the different hundreds, and of some towns, will be 
seen at one view: 


* W, Pitt: ina note to Holt’s General View, &c. p. 216, 











‘The county of Lancaster sends fourteen members to Parlia- 
iment; two knights for the shire; and two representatives for each 
of the following boroughs—Lancaster, Liverpool, Preston, New- 
ton, Wigan, and Clithero: an account of these will be given under 
their respective heads, One of the members for the county is re~ 
turned through the interest and influence of the Earl of Derby: 
and the other is nominated by what is usually termed, the Inde- 
penilent interest, 

Respecting the common judicial administration, Lancashire is 
included in the Northern circuit, and the county assizes are held 
at the town of Lancaster, as are also the Quarter Sessions, Though 
this county does not abound in antiquities, yet it formerly contain~ 
ed a few castles and monastic buildings, as will be seen by the 
following list: 

CasTLEs—at Clithero; Gleaston; Holland; Hornby ; Loncas- 
ter; Peele; and Thurland. 

RELicious Houses—at Burscough; Cartmel; and Conings- 
head, Augustine Priories: At Cockersand, an Abbey of the Pre- 
mionstatentian order: Furness and Whalley, Cistertian Abbeys: 

Holland, 








40 LANCASHIRE. 

anents;* observes Mr. Holt, “ are the most expensive and most 

disagreeable of ail roads, but we have no other material that will 

stand heavy carriage.” The expense of this pavement pe 

Sotiris Fe peaked ‘Copper scoria, or fag, bas 
excellent side-road to the 


Welsh coasts, and cost abdut six’ shillings per tou. Some of the 
tarnpike-roads im the vicinity of Manchester, paved with these 
stones, cast from 15001. fo 2000). per mile, 

In the northern, and north-castern parts of tho county, ma 
terials for making roads are found apdn the spot; the lime-stone, 
when broke, binds together, and makes an ‘excellent ; 
but in'the midland, and southern parts, the materials, except w 
the rivers afford, are brought from the Welsh and Scotch coasts, 
and at considerable expense *." It has been remarked, that this 
county abounds with roads, and that many of these are unneces- 
sarily wide, and others could be entirely dispensed with, In proof 
of this opinion, Mr. Holt, from the documents of Mr. Yates, wha 
surveyed the county, states that the ‘* parish of Goosnargh contains 
3703 weres, and the length of reads in that parish is nearly forty 
‘miles, besides three miles of bridle road, and three mites of road 
repaired by certain individuals, Tue township of Walton near 
Liverpool, which only contains 1950 statute acres, has a public 
road two miles and a half in length ; parochial roads, eleven miles 
two furlongs, besides occupation roads. An ingenious road- 
maker in the neighbourhood of Warrington, has of lute exploded 
the common convex form, and adopted that of an inelined-planeg 
the inclination just sufficient to throw off occasional water. By 
this alteration he finds that a road becomes more durable; for 
when it is convex ull heavy carringes use the centre of it, and keep 
in the same track.” In Mr. Holt’s volume are several judicious 
and useful observations on this subject, with reference to some 
other writers whe have deseanted on the same, 

Lancashire 
* Holt’s General View, p. 186. 








52 ULANCASHINE. 
it, prove it to be Longovicum, where, ander the Dur Britannia- 
yum, according to the Notitia, was stationed the numerous Longe~ 
vicariorum, who took their name from the place.” It is extremely 
probable that Lancaster was the station upon the Lune, 2s Rib+ 
aster war upon the Ribble; and Longovicum may possibly have 
elated merely to the form and appearance of the place wherever 
it was situated ; indeed the Roman station of Lancaster must have 
been the Trajectus of the Loue itself, and not far from the mea- 
dow described in Speed's map, as the “ Greene Ayre,” which 
is now covered with houses. "Phe Rev. John Whitaker observes, 
in his History of Manchester, “ Ja Richard's Iter, the station Ad 
Alaunam, appears clearly from the mention of Luguvallium and 
Brocavonacis on one side, and of Coecium and Mancusium on 
the other, to be somewhere upon or within the northern borders 
of Lancashire. And this and'the name Ad Alaunam carry us at 
once to the station at Lancastar, the castrum upon A Laun, or the 
river Lan, The reality of this station has always been confessed, 
but the name of it has been sometimes supposed to be the Lugane 
dinum of the Chorography, and more generally, but more wildly, 
the Longovicus of the Notitia. It was certainly fixed upon the 
plane of the present Castle-hill, as the rocky eminence of the hill, 
and the immediate vicinity of the river, clearly eviuce of them- 
selves, and as the still hanging remains of the Roman wall upon 
the steepest part offit concur to demonstrate.” Vol, I. p. 74. 

Reynolds, in his * Iter Britanniaram,” identifies this place as the 
Bremetonacis of Antoninns; and as Richard Jeft out that name in 
his Itincrary, Mr. Reynolds thinks it may be the Portus Sistuntio- 
rum of the monk. ‘Thus various opinions prevail concerning the 
Roman name of this station, though all the antiquaries are agreed 
that itwas possessed by the Romans. Camden seems very decided 
on this head, but the fragment of a Wall which he and Mr. Whit+ 
aker ascribed to that people, seems to have belonged to some mo+ 
nastic building, ft was sifwated on the declivity of the hill, between 
the castle and the bridge, and was called “ Wery-Wall,” probably 
from the British name of the town Cacr-Werid, thé Green City, 
or perhaps the City on the Green Hill. 

Dr. 








5a LANCASHIRE. 
merly stood some very old houses, which were then used) as 
the Judge's lodgings. ‘The principal frazments, and relics discover= 
ed, consisted of burnt wood, Roman bricks, broken paterw, urns, 
coins, horns of animals, bores, and ushes; also two fragments of 
strong walls, about fifteen fect asunder, with large blocks of stone 
between them. Similar articles to those just mentioned, with the 
addition of a bumen skull, and an earthen sepulchral lamp, were 
found inclosed by the walls, The cemetery here alluded. to 
Bppears to have extended under Church-street; as on the apposite 
side discoveries of the same description have been mace. : 

‘The only perfect inscriptions on the coins, were confined to one 
of brass of Marcus Aurelios ; and a second small one of silver, in 
excellent preservation, of Faustina his wife; on the obverse Ding 
Faustina Pig, and on the reverse a monument and Consecratio. 
About 300 feet eastward of the Judge's lodgings, several large 
hewn stones were afterwards found, one of which was supposed to 
weigh at least three tons. This was only six feet beneath the 4ur- 
face, atid tinder it were discovered many coins of Domitian, Ves- 
pasiau, &c. Tt was thought to lave been the corner stone of a 
temple, or of some other public building*. In the year 1796 
another Roman relic was discovered on clearing away some 
earth for improving and enlarging the castle. This was a small 
votire-Altar, and was deposited at about six feet from the sur~ 
face, “ between Adrian's + round Tower, and the great square one 
of Saxon architecture.” From the discovery of this inseribed fraz- 
ment, Mr. Lee is induced to identify this station with the Lengo~ 
vicwm of Antoninus, where “ the imperial lieutenant of Britain kept 
a company of the Longoeict in garrison.” Mr. Lee has made out 
the inscription as follows: DEO-SANCTO.MARTI-COCIDIO 
VIBINIVS LYCIS. BI-CS, V; 8. L. Me 

From these evideuoes, it cannot be doubted that Lancaster was, 

during 
© Archwologia, Vol. V, p. 98, 101, &e, 

+ “So called, and the lower part of it is evidently of Reman workmai 
ahip.—Extract ofa letter from the Reverend Francis Lee, M, A. Archmalo- 
gia, Vol, STM. p, 404, 


SE oka ee ‘ 








56 LANCASHIRE. 
constituted the chief and designating town of the county. This 
marked event is referred, by Mr. Whitaker, to the “ Seventh cen= 
tury,” at which period he observes, thut the “ Roman Alauna re- 
ceived the honor which it retains at present, and was made the 
metropolis of the shire*,” Of its annals during the Saxon Hep- 
tarchy, we have no records; but soon after the Norman conquest 
the town again assumes some historical consequence; though by 
the decisive evidence of the Domesilay-book, Lon-caster, and 
Cherea-Longeastre, appear simply as two vills, or Berwics, 
among the twenty-wo which composed the manor of Halton, It 
must be observed, that the Term inter Ripam et Mersam was 
surveyed by itself, and Amounderness, together with that part of 
Lonsdale Hundred east of the estuary of Ken and Leven, in Yorks 
shire. Roger of Poiton was, at the time of the Domestay survey, 
possessed of Amounderness; but Halton, with its appurtenances, 
was still in possession of the crown. It must also be observed 
that there was at this time no church at Lancaster; yet from the 
name Chercalancaster affixed to one of the villages, it seems pro- 
bable that here, as in many other instances, had been a Saxon 
church, which was probably destroyed in the ravages of the Danes, 
Amoundemess, however, an unmarked and level tract of country, 
afforded no convenient site for a great baronial castle. Lancaster 
therefore, on account of its bold and elevated situation, was pro- 
bably obtained from the Conqueror in the end of his reiga, or 
from William Rufus soon after his accession, by Roger de Poitou, 
for this purpose, For, as carly as the year 1094, we find this per- 
son granting the church of St. Mary in this place, then newly 
founded by him, to the Abbey of Sees, in Normandy, to which it 
continued a cel! until the alien Priories were seized by Henry the 
Fifth, when it was granted once more to the Carthusian Abbey of 
Sion, in Middlesex, to which it continued to be a cell till the ge- 
neral dissolution of monasteries, The foundation of the Church 
and Castle were probubly contemporary with each other. The 
great Tower of the latter, still standing, displays the strong massive 
style 
© Hist, Man. Vol. IT, p. 192. ‘ 














5 _ LANCASHIRE. 

ter. |The style of John of Gaunt was now Duke of Laneas 
ter, unl Earl of Richmond, Leicester, Lincoln, and Derby*: and 
or Steward of England; as Duke of Lancaster, to bear the great 
sword called Cevtena, before the hings of England at their coro- 
nation; andas Earl of Lincoln, tobe grand:carver at the dinner 
given on tit occasion t." The Dake being mow invested with this 
fitle, hisroval parent next conferred)on him certain (grantsiand 
privileges to support his dignity; and \by the charter given below, 
‘it-appears that the Dachy of Lancaster constituted an. important 
ee nig op pe 
tre bine = that 


am + - 7 = ie6 te 
* Sanifimd, Book f. Ch. IV. 
"Vi Godinins “Tite of Chsucer,” Syo, Vat, Th p. 825, hieiedenihes 
a fers to “ Cotten, Abridgment of Recordy ail aun)” 
> The following charter, ccatghininls alae pied neaniae 
tary’s office at Preston, shows the important. privileges of the Duchy, and 
‘pobaberallipry character of tho tlanes, 

* Edvard, b the grace ef Gout, Ke. Know ye, That Whereas we weighing 
with dae tien the great exploits of all those who ave lawlablly and 
Edaepieay wets wee ode cr encevar or ccangy eal 
t0 mire expecially it behoveth us to bestow greater henors and favers apon 
2 ace eng avestiopmnd conspicuous for their wisdom and 

actions, ani who areso nearly connected with us by ties af blood. 
; therefore the anshaken filelity, and excellent 
sot, Joli, King = (pe Leon, Duke f Lancaster, 
Weide Co Ge aa seas Canes the nectaiy readied it, 
Spay Geka a tices 0 car bien eA 
Yo our service | and wishing oo that account, and desiring to reward our said 
Son with some sort of advantage end honar for the present, (though not fo the 
{\ Mas bis uerits justly require,) of our certain knowledge, an with beartielt 
ny to, With the escent of the Lords spiritual and temporal, in owr present 
tat Weetminster being assembled, grant for ourself and our heirs 
“tote owt said som Jobn, That he shall have foethe term of his life his Chancery 
‘and Writs undér bls Seal (or deputing to the office of Chancellor, for appoiat. 
ing his Justices, as well to Lold Pleas of the Crown, as other Pleas whatsoever 
touching te Common Law, and to pass Judgments in the same, aiid to.issne 
Executions of what sort soever by their writs andofficers: and other liberties 
and Royal Higtts (jura Regalia,) whatsoever to a County Pulatine appertain- 
ings 


eR In ie RE Le 


Set eet 











60 LANCASHIRE. 
‘was counterbalanced by their losses through their devotion to the 
Lancastrian line, daring the unhappy civil war between the houses 
“of York and Lancaster, which deluged the country with blood *, 
‘Tt appears that this town was half depopulated; and even in 
‘Cumden's time the residents consisted principally of husbandmen, 
‘On the confirmation of the charter, with additional privileges, by 
‘King Charles the Second, the town again revived, and from that 
‘period it eppears to have progressively augmented its commerce, 
‘been alternately the terror, glory, and safeguard to the town, is 
‘spacious in plan, and commaziding in situation. Occupying the 
summit of a high bill, built of strong materials, with massive walls, 
and several guard towers, bastions, &c. it must formerly have as 
mmed a grand, and apparently safe residence. Though mach of 
its ancient character and diguity have been sacrificed, yet it still 
occupies @ spacious area, and its architectural features and appro- 
priation are entitled to general admiration. The encircling walls 
embrace an arca of 380 feet from east to west, by 350 feet from 
north to south. In which space is a large court-yard, with smaller 
yards, and several differcntly shaped towers. At present the whole 
is appropriated to the county-gaol, with its necessary appendages 
‘of Gaoler’s-house, Prisoners-rooms, Cells, Work-shops, Courts of 
Justice, &c. Nearly facing the east, and communicating with the 
town, is the strongly fortified towersgateiway, or chief entrance, 
‘This consists of two semi-octangular projections, which are per+ 
forated near the bottom, with narrow apertures in each fice for 
the discharge of arrows; and the whole of the summit has bold 
amachicolations, with embrasures, &c. The gateway was addlition- 
ally guarded by port-cullisses. Within this entrance is a large 
open ares, or court-yard, surrounded with towers and fortified 
walls; and nearly facing the entrance, at the opposite side of the 
court, is the large square Acep, already referred to, The walls 
of this are of amazing thickness, and its spartments are of grand 
: dimensions, 
* For a copious account of these wars, and of John of Gaunt, see Nicholsis 

History of Leicestershire, 





—_ 8 8=— 





2 Shes 


A ae Seale ee 


are TS PRY RY ee a 


— 





62 LANCASTIRE: 
eanopies, and the windows, doors, pannels, séats, &@. are all finiati= 
of the fifteenth century. Over the Judges’ Seats are two fall» 
length portraits of Colonel Stanley and Mr, Blackiuerne, wmem= 
bers for the county: ‘These are by Mr. J. Alien, and are execut= 
ced with that fidelity and truth which distinguishes this artist’s pice 
tures. Between them is a poanel intended to contain a full length 
portrait of bis present Majesty, seated ona charger, with a-view 
of Lancaster Castle and Church in the back ground. ‘This grand 
picture is by Mr. Northcote, R. A. and the horse is drawn and 
~ painted in a style of expressive energy, and peculiarity of fore 
shortening, which manifest the eminent abitities of this artist. On 
it'fs the following inseription: * Presented to the County Palatine 
of Lancaster, by the High Sheriff! James Ackers, Esq. of Lark+ 
Hal), Ann. Dom. 1800.” 

In a circular tower, commonly called Jokn of Gaunt’s Oren, is 2 
collection of rolls, records, &e. relating to the official business of 
the county. In another part of the new buildings, are the Crowns 
Ball, a spacious and appropriate room, also # library, &e. all 
finished and fitted up ina grand, substantial, and elegant style. 
Viewed as 2 whote; or analysed in detail, it may be safely asserted, 
that no county in England can boast of a Gaol, with all its concos 
initant parts, so’ complete, grand, and admirable, as Lancaster, 
And whilst the directors are Uius laudably employed im giving 
granileur, elegance, and comfortable convenience, to tat building, 
whieh was formerly the palace of the county, but now its publie 
prison, they will be justlyentitied to the praiseof the loca! historian, 
amd the approbetion of future ages. On the north and south: 
sides of the Castle are raised terraces, whieh constitute very pleas 
sant and interesting promenades. ‘The following accoust, from 
the benevolent Mr. Howard, will serve to explain ‘the regulations: 
and economy of the Gaol; though it is but justice to say, that 
many judicious regulations, aud improved arrangements, have 
been made here by the prtsent worthy gaoler, "Mr. Higgin, since 
the publication of Mr. Howard's Observations, 1777. “The 
gooler has no salary; debtors’ fees, $3.5 felons, 19s, 4d.; 

1 end 





Pe ars 





6a LANCASHIRE. 


September, A. D. 1698. A bust of him, with a large flowing wig 
anil cap, is attached to the monument, 

Ona grave-stone, in this Church, is a pompous inscription, 
commemorative of the varions offices and transeendant virtues of 
Thomas Corell, who was “ six times mayor of the town, forty-eight 
years keeper of the Castle, forty-six years one of the coroners of 
tive county ; captain of the frechold land of the hundred of Lons~ 
dale, on this side of the sands, &¢. and died August 1st, 1639." | 


“ Cease, cease to mourn, all tears are vain and void, 
‘He's Hed, not dead, dissolved, not destroy'd ; 
Tu heaven his soul doth rest, his body here 
‘Sleeps in this dust, and his fame evory where 
‘Triumphs: the town, the country farther forth, 
‘The land throughout proclaim his noble worth. 
Speake of'a man so courteous, 
So free, and every where maguanimons 5 
‘That story told at large here do you see 
Epitomizd in brief, Covent, was he.” 


__ “ This is given asa specimen,” says Mr. Pennant, “ of an Epi~ 
faph so very extravagant, that the living must laugh to read; and 
the deceased, was lie capable, must blus to hear, Lancaster 
Church was one of those reserved by Henry the Eighth as a 
sanctuary after the abolition of that dangerous privilege in the 
rest of England.” 

‘The situation of Lancaster being on a gentle ascent, and the 
summit adomed with the Church and Castle, the general appear 
ance is commanding; yet Mr. Gilpin observes, that the portals. of 
the latter “ are neither well shaped, nor well combined.” The 
river Lune makes nearly an acute angle on the north side of the 
town, whence several regular streets proceed to the south, leaving: 
the church and castle in some measure detached. Many of the 
former are narrow, but the houses are generally good, constructed 
.of free-stone, aud covered with slate}. Besides which there are 

several 
# Toar ia Scollaud, 4to, Vol. If. p. 25. 
t For the anvexed View of the Town, from a painting by Ebbetson, Tam in 
debted and obliged to Jolin Dent, Esq. M. P, for Lancaster, 


> 








66 LANCASHIRE. 
rebuilt by subseription in 1682, under the auspices of Bishop Pil- 
Kington, and has a master and an assistant. 

One of the Charity-schools is for fifly boys, who ure cloathed, 
educated, and allowed the sum of 61. as an apprentice fee, The 
master of the school receives an anual salary of 351. and a resi- 
dence, from the amount of the voluntary subscriptions which sup- 
port the school, 

‘The other school, supported by similar means, is situated in the 
High-street, where forty girls are cloathed and educated. 

‘The Manufactories of the town are inconsiderable, and chiefly 
consist of cabinet making, spinning of twine, cotton printing, and 
weaving of sail-cloth. Ship-building has been greatly encou- 
raged, and many large vessels constructed, particularly by Mr. 
Broockbank, who has sent ships, launched at his dock-yard, to 
London, of 450 tons burthen. Unfortunately for the traders of 
Lancaster, the river Lune is obstructed by shoals, which, in their 
present undisturbed state, prevent vessels of considerable bulk 
from approaching within six miles of the town; nor can those 
above 250 tons reach the quays. Lancaster trades to America 
with hard-ware and woollen manufactures, in vessels of seventy 
tons, Forty or fifty ships tride also to Norway, ° Besides the ca- 
binet goods, a considerable quantity of candles are exported to the 
West Indies, Much wheat and barley is imported. [t appears 
from the custom-house entries, that in the year 1799, fifty-two 
vessels cleared out of this river for the West Indies, with 11,669 
tons of goods, in more than 90,000 packages. These cargoes 
were estimated at a value of two and a half millions of pounds 
sterling, The Custom-Howse is a small neat building, with a 
portico supported by four Tonic columns. Each of these is fifteen 
feet and a hulf high, and consists ofa single stone. It was design- 
ed by Mr. Gillow, architect. 

Nearly in the centre of Lancaster is the Town-Hall, a large com- 
modious building, ornamented with a bold portico, which was de- 
signed by Major Jarrat. In the Council-room is a full length por- 
trait of the gallant Aduiral Nelson, painted by Mr, Lonsdale, an 
artist of very promising talents, who is a native of this town, ‘This 

gentleman 





os LANCASHIRE. 

By the late inland smavigation, Lancaster has communication witie 
the rivers Mersey, Ribble, Ouse, Trent, Darwent, Severn, Humberr 
Thames, Avon, &c. which navigation, including its windings, ex- 
tends above five hundred miles into the counties of Lincoln, Not- 
tingham, York, Westmoreland, Chester, Stafford, Warwick, Lei- 
cester, Oxford, Worcester, &c. All the country from Kendal, in 
the course of the Lancaster canal, for sixteen miles, is full of lime- 
stone; and from Chorley to West Hoaghton, there are immense 
wines of sea and cannel coals, The whole country north of Chor- 
ley, through which the canal passes, is very much in want of coals, 
and the country south of Lancaster is in want of lime; hence, by 
opening a communication between the port of Lancaster, and so 
large # tract of inland manufacturing country, this new navigation 
must iaterially benefit the whole, by improving the lands, manu- 
factures, and commerce of this part of the kingdom. 

Abont one mile north-cast of the town is a grand AQuEDUCT- 
Brine, which conveys the Lancaster-canal over the river Lune, 
This stupendous fabric was designed, and successfully executed, by 
Mr. John Rennie, civil engineer, who has hereby mauifested the pos 
session of much: skill and science. It is justly considered the most 
magnificent structure of this kind that has ever been erected in 
Great Britain, and muy fairly vie with any of the pompous works 
of the Romans. At the spot where the present bridge is built, the 
architect had to encounter and surntount depth of water in the bed 
of the river, and a soft muddy bottom. It was therefore found 
necessary to lay a foundation at the depth of twenty feet beneath 
the surface of the water. ‘This consists of a flooring of timber, sup 
ported by piles 30 feet long. The foundation alone is said to have 
cost 15,0001. and the superstructure above double that sam, although 
the stone was obtained within about one mile and a balf of the 
place, ‘The bridge consists of five circular arches, springing from 
rusticated piers, with Gothic ends. Each arch is of seventy feet 
span, and rises thirly-nine feet above the surface of the rivers 
‘The whole bridge has a handsome cornice, and every part of it is 
designed with strict regard to strength, durability, and elegance, 
The total height from the surface of the river to tliat of the canal, 

is 





70 LANCASHIRE. 


“© Gray's Jounal.” “T crossed the river, and walked over the 
peninsula three miles, to the village of Poulton, which stands on 
the beach. An old fisherman niending his nets, (while I inquired 
about the danger of passing those sands,) told me, in his dialect, @ 
moving story; how a brother of the trade, a cockler*, as he 
styled him, driving a little cart, with his two daughters, (women 
grown) in it, and his wife on horseback following, set out one day 
to pass the seven mile sands, as they had been frequently used to 
do, (for nobody in the village knew them better than the old man 
_ did). When they were about half way over, a thick fog arose, 
and as they advanced, they found the water much deeper than 
they expected; the old man was puzeled; he stopt, and said he 
would go a little way to find some mirk he was acquitinted with > 
they staid a while for him, but in vain; they called aloud, but no 
reply: at last the young women pressed their mother to think 
where they were, and go on—she would not leave the place 5 at 
length she wandered about forlorn and amazed; she would not 
quit her horse and get into the cart with them: they determined, 
after much time wasted, to tum back, and give themselves up to 
the guidance of their horse, The old woman was soon washed 
off, and perished. The poor girls clung close to their cart, and 
the horse, sometimes wading, and sometimes swimming, brought 
them back to land alive, but senseless with terror and distress, and 
unable for many days to give any account of themselves, The 
bodies of the parents were found the nest ebb ; that of the father 
4 very few paces distant from the spot where he had left them,” 
Ta the midst of these sands is the channel of the Ken or Kent 
river, and in other places are several smaller rivulets. These 
abound with the flat fish called flook, also salmon, &¢. which are 
caught at proper seasons, by means of fixing sets across the chan- 
nels, and these are examined at ¢bb tide. For a certain distance 
from shore the right of fishing in these streams belongs to the Earl 
of Derby ; but beyond his bounds, the sands and fords are common 
property, 
* It is a common practice for old women, children, &c, to follow the ebbing 
tide, and pick cocktes out of the sand, 





72 ~ LANCASHIRE. 

Sea. This district consists of an irregular and romantic mixture 
of high craggy hills, narrow vales, lakes, rivers, and brooks; and 
on the Cumberland border are some mountains of a wild, lofty, 
and romantic character, The southern extremity, which projects 
into the sea, and is called Lower-Fumess, to distinguish it from 
the northern part, called High-Furness, contains a considerable 
tract of level fertile land, fronted by the singular bow-like Isle of 
Wainey, which is of the same nature, Besides the main land, it 
comprehends the islands of Foulney und Walney, Roc; Sheep 
Pile, Old-barrow, &c: 

We have no certain evidence of any Roman station in this part 
of the county, nor does it clearly appear that the pared ronds, 
which Mr, West describes as Romun, were really made by that 
people: indeed the assertions and arguments of that author on 
this subject, require more decisive proofs than he has adduced. 
Tn the Domesday Survey, the name of Furness does not occur, yet 
almost every village in Low-Furness is mentioned, together with 
the land-owners, and the quantity of arable land belonging to each. 
From this authentic document, it appears that this part of the 
county was provided with “ Sixty-six ploughs, exclusive of those 
which belonged to the Lords of the particular manors, and to their 
tenants. Furness, in the Conqueror’s survey, is included within 
the west riding of Yorkshire, and in the division of Hougun: 50 
is all the north of Lancashire, and the south of Westmoreland, 
with part of Cumberland*.” As many further particulars relat- 
ing to this district, are clireetly connected with the Abbey of Far- 
ness, and some of its towns, I shall proceed to describe the prinei- 
pal places, and subjoin such general acccounts as may tend to il- 
Justrate the history and antiquities of the whole. ‘The first town, 
after passing the Sands, is 


CARTMEL, 


” Wuzeu is situated in a narrow, and well wooded vale, nearly 

surrounded with bold hills, among which, ‘the high ridge ealled 

. - Hampsfield-felt 
* West's Antiquities of Furness.” 


t Pdward the First at Carlisle, in 1305, 
to 





74 LANCASHIRE, 

to attend him into Scotland". Another was erected by Christopher 
Rawlinson +, to his parents, whose mother was a direct descendant 
from Edward the Fourth. Here are some fine monuments in 
- commemoration of different branches of the Lowther and Preston 
families of Holker-Hall ; and on a small marble slab in the south 
wall, isan ancient Epitaph in verse on Etheired Thoraborough, 
who was of an ancient family of Hompefield-Hall, near Cartmel. 
‘The poetry is curious, On the monument of Mr.J. Robinson, is 
recorded donation of twenty pounds, the interest arising from 
which is ulways to be given to the Guide over Lancaster Sands, 
Attached to this church are five Chapelries; i.e. at Staveley, six 
miles north; Cartmel-fell, six miles north-east; Lindal, three 
miles east; Broughton, two miles north; and Flockbungh, which 
is two miles south. — All the livings are in the gift of Lord George 
Cavendish. 

‘The streets of Cartmel are narrow and irregular, Besides the 
ehureh, here isa Free-Grammar School, well endowed ; and its 
School-House was rebuilt in 1790. Cartmel-well, or spring, 
about three miles south of the town, issues from the base of a pro- 
jecting rock, and is of a brackish taste. Having the reputation of 
being serviceable in scorbutic cases, occasions a considerable ine 
flux of company during the summer months. 

About four miles north-west from Cartmel is. BiGLAND, the 
seat of George Bigtand, Esq. The house and grounds are plea- 
santly situated, near a smail piece of water; and from the higher 
lands very extensive views are obtained over Furness-fells, Leven 
Sands, the pile of Fouldrey, &e. In the kitchen at Bigland is 
‘an inscription on the chimney-piece, with the following letters and 
figures: I. B. 1161. From this, some persons have erroneously 
ascribed the carving to that era, 

At 


* Dugdale’s Baronage, Vol. IE. p. 99, 
+ This gentleman, who resided at Clark-Hall in this county, made lange 
‘Topographical Collections relating to Westinoreland and Cumberland; copies 
of which are at Rydal.  Gongh's British Topography, Vol. TI. p. 311. 





76 LANCASHIRE, 
upright nobleman was the staunch friend of Lord Clarendon, and 
virtuous treasurer of the first years after the Restoration. — 

Van pycx, when young, by himself. ‘ 

Lonp Ricuarp Cavenoisn, by Sir Joshus Reynolds, 

Six Tuomas Risvon, anancient ah sc muanatvn 
amd Manor. 

Among the Pictures, the Siondngtaiistihcialiesilletia 
merit: Two Landscapes by Claude; and one by Zuccarelli; 
two Interior Views of Churches, one by day-light, and) the 
other represented under the effect of lamp-light; by Py Neefs, 
with figures, said to be by Elshiemer- 

Sv, Francts p’Assize, kneeling. ‘This is a fine, and very 
impressive picture, in the style of Spaguoletto. 

Two Large Lendscapes, by Claude: a Party of Peasants play- 
ing at Cards, by Teneirs. 

‘Two Pictures, by Wouverman. 

‘Two fine Battle Pieces, by Borgognone. 

An Historical Picture, by N. Poussin. 

A Landscape and Cattle, by Rupes; with a gleam of sun 
seen throngh the trees. This has been engraved. 

A Landscape, by Hobbima. 

In the vicinity of Holker is FLookBOROUGH, which was once 
@ market town, and had a charter granted it by King Edward the 
First ; bat is now reduced to a small village. Near this place, ace 
cording to the statement of Mr. West, is a noted Spa, called the 
Holy-aell, the water of which is esteemed of service in most cu- 
taneous diseases, 


‘The direct and nearest road from Cartmel to Ulverston, Dal- 
ton, de. is across another bay, or creek, called the Leren-Sands. 
This passage, like that over the Lancaster Sands, is precarious, and 
a Carter, or guide, is always stationed here to conduct the stranger 
through the bed of the river. At spring-tides, the walter is some- 
times fifteen feet above the level of those sands. Nearly in the 
midst of these sands is a sinall insulated tract called Chapel-Island, 
where are a few remains of an ancient Oratory, or chapel, sup- 


posed 





80 LANCASHIRE, 
tand ; also into Ireland, Scotland, America, &c. The above named 
George Fox, who is admitted to be the founder of this sect, having 
seceded from the protestant chareb, left his natal soil*, and first 
attracted public notice at Derby, in 1650. Here le was inyprison~ 
ed for profanely addressing the congregation after divine service; 
and during his examination before the magistrate, he commanded 
the company to ¢remblr at the voice of the Lord; whence both 
himself and his followers were jeeringly called Quakers, Having re- 
gained his libertyhe proceeded northward, and zealously proclain- 
ed his mission, doctrines, and tenets. These being novel and singu> 
lar; were adopted by some persons, and scouted by others. After 
encountering many obstacles, be reached the district of Furness; 
and during the absence of Judge Fell, prevailed on his wife and 
family to embrace his opinions, This was in the year 1652, 
The Judge, on his returo home, manifested some displeasure to- 
wards the new preacher, and opposition to his principles; but Uke 
Jatter persevered, and at length converted the Judge also. George 
now secured himself within the home, and influence of Mr. Fell, 
who established a weekly meeting in his house; and accompanied 
the preacher in some of his spiritual excursions. “ At Gleuston, 
Dendron, and Hampside, he was well received ; at Ulverston, 
Cocken, and Northscale in the Isle of Walney, he not only met 
with opposition, but abuse, to the imminent danger of his life. 
Judge Fell, after being convinced of the rectitude of his principles, 
was ever a steadfast friend ; but death terminated his suffiage in 
September, 1653+." Eleven years after this event, George mar- 
ried the Judge’s widow, wlio survived her second husband about 
eleven years, and died at Swartnoor-Hall, in 1702, in — 
year of her age. 

Swart, or Swarts-moor, appears to bave uniadsieanseniie 
one Martin Swartz, who, with an urmy of Germans, encamped 
is i Re REE 

- fore 
* He was bor in Leicestershire; und some memoirs of him will be given ln 
the course of describing that county. 
+ The Antiquities of Furness, edited by W. Close, 6vo. 1805, p. 402. 





32 LANCASHIRE. 

gradually ‘attained a superior state of commercial pre-cthinenct. 
Dalton consists of one principal street, which ascending to the 
west, terminates in a spacious market place, The appearance of 
the town is of late much improved ; as some'of the old houses 
“have been rebuilt and covered with slate. Being siteoted on ah 
eminence of limestone, much inconvenience is experienced in’ ob- 
‘taining soft water, which is brought by hand from a small brook 
sin the adjoining valley. A charter for a weekly market on Satuf- 
-days, and an annual fair, was granted by Edward the Third, The 
market is seldom held for grain, except when it is atia very.ad- 
vanced price. Wheat and oats are generally sent to Ulverston, ‘or 
other markets ; and barley is never sold in public, but carried to the 
maltsters: maltmaking is the only trade carried on here to any 
great extent. The ancient fair is held October 23d; another 
SecibisAidbeekonk are eae 
wattle, and for ‘hiring servants. 

Gsdic diy ubdiossiiiicaxeegesgiedtiece eae 
‘a Square tower of an ancient CasTLE, which was probably built 
‘by the abbots of Farmess, to guard the northern approach to the 
Abbey. To this fortress, the chief of thut religious house held his 
secular court, and secured his prisoners. Atpresent, the building 
contains three floors, and is appropriated to the courts-leet, and 
baron of the Doke of Buccleugh and Lord Beaulieu, who are the 
chief lords of the liberty and mauor of Furness. 

‘The Cuuxce is a small neat building, and contains an organ, 
the expence of which was defrayed by voluntary contribution. 
‘The parish of Dalton is divided into four portions, or townships, 
and the customary tenements in each are of equal size, pay the 
same yearly yent to the lords, cannot be divided, by the proprietor, 
aud are not deviseable by will. Every tenant used formerly to fur- 
nish the abbot with a man and 2 horse for the service of the king. 
‘Dalton has been noted for its annual hunts; and here are some 
Jarge rooms, which were built by geatlemen who resorted to this 
place, from different parts of the country, to enjoy the sports of 
the chace, This jubilee was formerly denominated the Dalton- 

. route, 


Dako, end 


i SS a hall mall 


ry thre 








Se LANCASHIRE. 
open, free, aud plain; but Romney, like, several other English 
artists, had neither of these important, and almost. necessary 
Serenade il enhancer: geverally sur- 
mount difficulties, by encountering 


» and acquire additional vigor 
Beare 5) Nteni ads & pi Wy & vt come 1 pHa 


jeslousy in the master, smd parting ensued.  Romucy returned to 
Lancashire, and though deprived of the advantage of old pictures, 
he pursued his professional studies ; and produced, in this obscure 
part of the island, seyeral paintings; smovg which was one repre- 
senting the story of the Death of Dovid Rizsio., He also painted 
several scenes from Sterne’s Tristram Shandy, . It is incompatible 
with the brief nature of this work, to follow the progressive history 
of our artists sufice it to say, thatvin the year 1762, he settled in 
the British metropolis; (the great focus of genius, taste, and _ 


of historical andl fancy pictores.. Declining in years, and in health, 
he retired to his native county, where he died on the 15th of 
November, 1902, and was interred at Dalton. Asa private mem- 
cities of manners; but was honest, sincere, and warm in his 
selected friendship, As an artist he acquired yery considerable 
eminence ; and divided the tributes of fashion with Reynolds and 
Gainsborough, His painting rooms were thronged with noble- 
men, judges, the literati, and Indies; and of those he paint~ 
ed/an immense number of portraits, and began many more, for he 
was naturally very industrious, It wus a singular trait in his pro. 
fessional character, that he commenced and proceeded to different 
stages, with several heads, at the same time many of whith be at 
jast.Jeft unfinished. Some of his finished portraits evince a consi- 
derable share of taste and talent, with an eye true to nature: and 
some of Lis fancy and historical pieces are designed and executed in 

¢ a style 











wet oP 
x - ; ead 
Co, in the course of next year. 


ett tym tra 





| 7 


36 LANCASHIRE. 

monastic life; and in the most retired part of it, King Stephen, 
while Earl of Mortaign and Bulloign, founded, in the year 1127, 
the magnificent monastery of Furness, and endowed it with 
Princely wealth, and almost princely authority, in which it was 
second only to Fountain’s Abbey, in Yorkshire. The windings of 
the glen conceal these venerable ruins, till they are closely ap~ 
proached; and the bye-road that conducted us is margined with 
a few ancient oaks, which stretch their broad branches entirely 
across it, and are fine preparatory objects to the stene beyond. 
A sudden bend in this road brought us within view of the northern 
gate of the Abbey, a beautiful Gothic arch, one side of which is 
Juxuriantly festooned with nightshade, A thick grove of plane 
trees, with some oak and beech, overshadow it o the right, and 
lead the eye onward to the ruins of the Abbey, seen through this 
dark arch in remote perspective, over rough but verdant ground. 
‘The principal features are the great northern window, and part of 
the eastern choir, with glimpses of shattered arches and stately 
walls beyond, caught between the gaping casements. On the left, 
the bank of the glen is broken into knolls, capped with oaks, 
which in some places, spread downwards to a stream that winds 
round the ruin, and darken it with their rich foliage. Through 
this gute is the entrance to the immediate precincts of the Abbey, 
‘an urea said to contain 65 acres, now called the Deer-park. It is 
‘inelosed by a stone wall, on which the remains of many small 
buildings still appear; such as the porter's lodge, mills, granaries, 
ovens, and kilos, that once supplied the monastery; some of 
which, seen under the shade of the fine old trees that on side 
adorn the broken steeps of this glen, have a very interesting 
effect, 

“ The Abbey, which was formerly of such magnitude as nearly 
to fill up the breadth of the glen, is built of a pale red stone, dug 
from the neighbouring rocks, now changed by time and weather 
to atint of dusky brown, which accords well with the hues of 
plants and shrubs that every where emboss the mouldering arches. 
‘The finest view of the ruin is on the east side, where, beyond the 
‘yast shattered frame that once contained a richly-painted window, 

is 





88° LANCASHIRE, - 
of thé borders. On'a euinmit over the Abbey are the remains of 
abeacuny or watelitower, raised by the society for their further 
security. It commands extensive views over Low Farness, and’ 
the bay Of the sea immesliately beneath; looking forward to the” 
town’ and castle of Lancaster; appearing faintly on the opposite” 
‘coasts on the south, tothe istes of Walney, Foulney, and their 
numerons islets, on one of which stands. Peel-castle; and on the! 
nofth, to the moutains of High-Furnest! and Coniston, rising in” 
a grand amphitheatre round this inlet of the Irish Channel 0) © 
“ The sum total of all rents belonging to the Abbey immedi-! 
ately. before the dissolution was 9461. 2s, 10d, ‘collected fram 
Lancashire, Cumberland, and even from the Isle of Man; a sun! 
which, considering the value of money at that period, arid the) 
woods, meadows, pastures, and fisheries, retained by the society im 
their own ‘hands—the quantity of provisions for domestic use” 
brought by the tenunts instead of rent, and the shares of mines, 
wnills, and salt-works, which belonged to the Abbey—swells its) 
former-riches to anenormous amount *."" oie 
'Frora the first establishnyeot of this Abbey, till the’ period ‘of ite 
dissolution, the Abbot was invested with many? privileges, and. 
the military establishment depended on him, and every mesne Tord, 
and free homager, as well as the customary tenants, bound them- 
selves to him by an oath of fealty. Every oceupier of a whole 
tenement furnished » man and horse for guarding the coasts ; for 
the border service; or for any expedition against the common 
enemy of the kingand kingdom, ‘Thus the peculiar situation of» 
this Abbey, and power of tle Abbot, gave to the former a warlike 
character, very incompatible with the customs, and religious habits: 
ofthe monks. In the calamitous contests between the houses of 
‘York and Lancaster, the Abbot supported the claims of the latter, 
and thereby obtained additional advantages to the Abbey from 
Henrys’ 
* For a copious nccoat uf Furnesx Abbey, &¢, I refer the reader to 
“ The Antiquities of Furness,” by Mr. West; anew edition of which, “ with 
additions," was published in 1205, by Mr. W, Clase, of Dalton. ” 





90: LANCASHIRE. 

that Mr. Kirkby, Mr. Rigby, and Colonel Hudleston, were in com 
motion in Furness, and that they had gotten together 1500 horse 
and foot, many of them out of Cumberland; young Mr. Pennington 
being, there with a company, and the rest of Furness: they were 
about 200 firemen, and the rest clabmen, and they kept their ren- 
dezvous at Dalton. Whereupon Colonel Righy, at the earnest: 
desire of divers of Furness, who fled thither, marched with seven. 
or eight companies of foot, and three troops of horse, all firemen, 
except about twenty, who had pikes; they were all complete, and 
very stout fellows. I being prisoner at Homby Castle at that 
time, and three weeks before, was appointed to go with the colo~ 
nel; and the last of September they came to Ulverston, and 
rested there that night; and early the first of October, 1663, 
being Sunday, they set forward, and had prayers on Swartmoor; 
which being ended, they marched forward till they came’ to 
Lyndal, and there the foot halted, but the borse went on to Lyn- 
dal-Cotte, and drew up in a valley, facing, and shouting at Mre 
Hudieston’s horse, who were drawn up on the top of Lyndal 
Close, who did shout also in return; which lasted about an houry 
while the foot were receiving powder, shot, and match; which 
being ended, the foot marched up to the horse; then the king's 
hoyse fled, whereupon they raed a great shout, and did parse 
them very hotly; and took Colonel Hudleston prisoner, Mr_ 
Stanley, aud Mr, Latus, Mr. Easton, with 300 common soldiers, 
or thereabouts, They took most part of their arms, six colours, 
two drums, und all the money and apparel the common soldiers 
had on, with a coup laden with magazine, drawn by six oxen, 
‘The common soldiers plundered Dalton, and the parish, and re- 
tumed that night to Cartmel. There were three or four of the 
king's men killed, and some hurt—" 


Gieaston-CastLe.—The ruins of this ancient fortress are 
situated about two niiles east of Fumess Abbey; and at present 
display portions of three square towers, with some connecting 
walls. These encompass an area, or court yard, of 288 feet, by. 
168 and 132; al cach commer of which were formerly fortified, 

towers, 





breadth, and pecetrinons of a reir? Vn 
Hence it was called by the Saxons Waghney, 
It éoutains two ger, ind 


has a chapel of ease Dilton, At the 
thelisland is a c 
g are madeto re- 


this is another stall istand called the PEE 
‘on hich are the mouldering remains of am ancient pore 
cording to Camden, this was built by an Abbot of 

first year of the reign of Rdward the Third, 

tended to gourd the coast in the neighbourhood ‘oF 

als t6 serve for a’ place of retreat, in case an enemy: 

the mouks from their sacred monastery, ‘This castle was formerly” 
extensive, and strong, ond consisted of several towers, with ia 
termediate walls, which inclosed two ‘court-yards, Near the 
soutliern end of theinner court, was the wvalu-tower, or keep, a 
strong edifiee; and in the outer ballia was a small chapel, 
“At Notthiseale are several Wells of fresh water, which are af 
feeted by the flax ant influx of the tides ; and the waters rise and! 
fall With the Guctuating ocean. The deepest wells begin to gait 
water about half food ; but those which perforate the higher part 
of the stratum are them empty, ond do rot receive their supply 
util sbout the time of high-water, and during the first part of the 
ebb-tide; for the fresh water will continue to accumulate until it 
attains the level of the salt water in the elnunnel. ‘These wells are 
| aa i aa and are sunk into’ 
‘ a bed 


7 











a) LANCASHIRE. 
tities of copper ore; pp h hnd emanhp orae 
ia these mountains, 

ContsTon-HALL is an old mansion, almost covered with ivy, 
and seated near the western edge of the lake, 


HAWKSHEAD 


“Ts @ small market town, sitinited in a wale nedr the lake of 
Estwaite, at the northern extremity of this county, where it pro- 
jects between those of Westmoreland and Cumberland. Tt is 
sheltered from the bleak winds by the overhanging fells of 
Coniston. Being the ptinefpal town of Furness-Fells, Hawkshead 
is the centre where all the business is transacted, and the produce 
disposed of; and though it has no staple manuftieture oF trade, 
yet, froin the concurtente of local circumistances, it has a condider- 
able market, held on Monday, by a charter granted by James the 
First, who, by the same grant, established four annual fairs, | “Phe 
Church, which was formerly a chapel under Dalton, was made paro- 
chial towartls the close of Uie sixteenth century, by Edwin 
Arelibishop of York, who was a native of this place: he also 

8a free grammar school here, and endowed it with a revenue of 
SOL. per anoum, which is now increased to opwards of 1001. One 
hundred boys are educated in this school, which is held fi High 
estimation, A nest Town-Honse was lately built by subscription, to- 
wards which several merchants of London, who had received their 
education in this selsool, were the chief contributors. At Gallow- 
Barrow, an adjoining village, is a charity-house, endowed in 1717, 
by the will of the Reverend Thomus Sandys, enrate of St, Martin- 
in-the-Fields, London, for the maintenance of poor boys born it 
this town, who are to be educated in the free-school. Hawkshead), 
in 1801, contained 160 houses, and 634 intrabitants, 

‘Near this town are the remains of a house where one or more 
monks, as répresentative of the Abbot of Furness, resided, and 
performed divine service, and other parochial duties. Over 
‘the gateway is a court-room where the Abbot's temporal rights and 
jurisdiction were exorcised by the bailiff of Hawkshead, 

2 Dr. 





6 DANCASHIRE, 


ge aae Meadlenipalinet man been found 
Beha’ ae on ie 
eld deren et ee et ave Dsabeninals > QeoLooks np Lappe 
_ Wixpermere, or WENANDERMERE, is a large luke ‘on the 
eastern border of this county, dividing the district of Furness from 
Westmoreland, ‘The water occupies an area of uboutfifteen miles 
in length, by one mile. in width on an average. Tn some places 
the, breadth is more, and in others it is mot above ‘500. yards 
across. Near Newly-bridge it is fordable.\* On the third and 
fourth, of June,.1772, when the water was: six. feet below its 
was ynade to ascertain by soundings the depth and formiof this 
Jake, which is the Jargest in England, and) supposed to: be un 
fathomable. Its greatest depth was, however, found ‘to be 20% 
feet, near Ecclesrig-erug. ‘The bottom of the lake in the middle 
of the stream is @ smooth,rock; in, many places the sidés are yper- 
pendicular, and in some they continue so for a mile without inter- 
reservoir. About four mites lower down, om the east side, Trout- 
beck river descends from the fells, and joins the mere. Estwaite- 
water also discharges itself into Windermere at Cunsey-beek*” 
AL ifs southern end. this mere terminates at Newly-bridge, whence 
the waters usually fall with great rapidity through the channel of 
the Leven-river, and in their course form. several cascades over 
the cragged rocks. From Newly-bridge, to the mouth of the 
Crake-river, a distance of about two miles, the water of the Leven 
falls nearly 105 feet. As the principal iskinds of this Jake, ‘and 
many of its local characteristics, are more directly connected with 
Westmoreland, than Lancashire, Alia. whsle ofsaheor/ Hi DSAER. 
after cleseribed in the history of that county. 


_ Al CasTLE-nEAD, near Lindale, on the banks of the Winster 
river, is the beautiful modern seat of Joke Wilkinson, Esq. whe 


* West's Antiquities of Furness, Svo. p, 32 





9B LANCASHIRE 
hrorsof the Scofe* Stag, as they seem to agree with the descrip~ 
tion given of that anim by Camden, ‘The largest of those heads! 
Kadl'the iorts fixed to the skull, which wad entire: ‘The length of 
the hori’ was three feet nine inches, the width between the extres 
nilty of the tips three feet’ seven inches and half, the round of 
the beam seven | Maar anbbils and. br erearmae 
inclies, ony . x 6 

Sidi dna dager weve Ubi asta sacenes ea 
Mb West observes, “In the seventh year of the reign of Queen! 
Blizabethy the woods beigg greatly reduced, certain blommaries’ in) 
High-Purness were suppressed at the common request of the! 
tenants of Hawkshead and Colton, that the tops and croppings of 
these woods might be preserved for the riourtshment of their cattle’ 
in ‘winter. ‘The blomaries, or iron smithies; were then leased by! 
Christopher Sandys, Gent. and William Sawrey, who paid twezity! 
pounds annually to the queen for the wood they consumed. At* 
the suppression of the blomaries, the tenants charged themselvew, 
and their successors, with the payment of this rent, which is'called 

or wood-rent, and is rated and assessed amongst! 

the customary tenants, at the discretion of four and twenty: of that’ 
Hody, elected by a majority of the whole. Since the beginning’ of! 
the eighteenth century, the re-introduction of furnaces and forges,” 
for making and working iron, has advanced the value of wood’ 
considerably, and the tenants have found the means of improving* 
part of their fantls into meadows, and preserving their woods for! 
the use of the furnaces." Among the trees of this district, the! 
Holly is sedulously Cultivated and preserved ; and its greet leaves! 
att given to the sheep ring the Tong and hard winters 


HORNBY 


, Is a stnall market town, seated on the eastern banks of the river 
Eune, over which there isa stone Bridge of three arches, The 
: views 

* A place in High Furness, noted for a breed of large deer or seghs. 
© Ae West's Antiquities of Fumes, avo. p. 35, &e. 


eviw 





100 LANCASHIRE, 

Sir John Girlington, who was colonel of a regiment of borse, 
was afterwards slain at Melton Mowbray, in Leicestershire, In 
1719, this estate was possessed by Pan! Burrand, Esq. and mow 
Delongs to a descendant of his family. 


Near the village of Kellet is a natural curiosity called Duw ate 
Miti-Ho xe, which is a large cavern of very romantic aspect, and 
extends for nearly 200 yards into the bowels of the hill. The en- 
trance to the cave is neara mill, which, with the accompanying 
scenery, is extremely picturesque. The mouth of the cavern “ is 
romantically fringed with trees, which growing from the rocks, 
and impending over the entrunce, contribute greatly to the awful 
gloom. Immense fragments of rocks hang from the roof of the 
orifice, as if ready to drop down, and crush the intruding visitor, 
forming altogether one of the rudest and most grotesque entrances 
imaginable, Nothing can be conceived more alarming than the 
appearance of this rugged cavern; the numberless large chinks 
and crevices grinning on every side; the dark passage before us 
unfathomable to the eye; the massy lumps of rock projecting 
from the roof and walls; and the dashing of the water from rock 
to rock, heard at a distance in awful yells—all conspire to alarm 
the stranger not accustomed to such scenes. This, however, is 
not always the case; for in dry seasons the cave may be explored, 
not only without danger, but with pleasure to those who are eu- 
rious in viewing such singular works of nature*.” ‘This cavern, like 
those at Wokey, Somersetshire, at Castleton, Derbyshire, and others 
in lime-stone hills, consists of several large and sinall apartments, 
or open spaces, with intermediate chasms: and its roof is hung 
with various stalactites and incrustations. A small rivulet which 
passes through, and issues from this cave, after running under 
ground for about two miles, again rises near the village of Corn- 
forth, and there falls iuto Morecambe-bay. About five miles north 
of Hornby is the villuge of OvVeRnonoven, where the Romas 
© “ A Descriptive Tour and Guide to the Lakes,” Ke. hy John Houswan, 

Gyo. 1802. p. 104. 


















































demption, of assnined by 
his son/Theobald, who had married the sister of Thomasa Becket, 
ati aan ee Ve tee at ea lea 

Preston, 


-_: teow 


nw wee © Itinerary, Vol. IV. fo: 38, ewe 


PN 








108 TANCASHIRE, 


ale aaa 
40s. are issued, aud executions follow on failure of appearance. 
Buit writs holding to Dail are iéued from the prothonotary’s office, 
and directed to the sheriff, who grants a warrant for a 

Other courts are also held here ; ail couUoh titi Rae 
the peace, by adjournment from Lancaster, on Thursday fn the 
week after Epiphany. 

“The Parish Church is a large building, and was impropriated to 
the college of Leicester, but is now int the patronage of the Hoghton 
family. ‘The parish is ierge, aud bas three chapels of ease; Brough- 
ton, St. Lawrence, and the New Chapel. ‘Butthe last had no certain 
endowment until the Rev. Samuel Peploe, ‘then vicar of Preston, 
procured’ the queen's bounty for it in 1717; aml on his promo- 
» thon to the see of Chester, in 1725, his son succeeded him as vicar 
bere, who was presented, in 1727, by the dean and chapter of 
Chester, to the rectory of Northenden, in that diocess, worth about 
1501. per annum. : 

In the time of the civil contest between king Charles the First, 
and the parliament of England, the duke of Hamilton, who bud 
brought an army from Scotland for his service, was routed on 
Ribbleton moor, to the eastward of the town, and at the pass of 
‘the bridge. ‘This was in 1648; the army under Cromwell and 
Lambert being very inferior in uumbers, but much superior in 
discipline. In the yeur 1715 also, the friends of the pretender 
were defeated here by the forces of George the First, under the 
commanc of Geverals Willes and Carpenter, Having been join 
ed by many disaffeeted people, especially papists, great numbers 
of them were made prisoners, brought tu trial, and found guilty of 
Ligh treason. Amongst those who sutiered may be noticed the 
mimes of Richard Chorley, of Chorley, Esq. Mr. Shuttleworth of 
Preston, Mr. Roger Muncaster, an attorney of Garstang, Mr, 
John Ord of Lancaster, and other neighbouring gentlemen, witli 
even or eight others of Preston, five of Wigan, and tive of Man- 

chester, 








iid cANCASHIRE! 

in the forty second year of his presetit Majesty: the ouly motiareli, 
except Queen Elizabetli, who fn rr tine f three! 
guilds*, It begins about the litter ead of Auguit; dnd’ by the’ 
charter, Which obliges the cérpotation tek i the ene 
of every tweiity yetrs, oh’ pal’ of forfeiting’ their’ elective 
chides, and their Fighis ad burgéisds, twenty «ight days of grace are’ 
allowed! to all Who afe disposed {6 reueWw theit freedom.” By” 
public proclamation, it is declared, that on failure of doing 6, 
they are ever after to be débarred of the same on any foture oe- 
casion.” The lait guild commenced of the Soil of August, 1802, 
when atl iminense concoutse of people ofall ranks wis assembled > 
and procetsions of the gentlemen at thé Head of the diferente 
classes of inantfacturers, with symboliéal representations of thei 
respective branchés of trade and commerce ; und bands of misie’ 


© By the following list, in which the mayors, and respective festivals, are! 

enumerated, there appéars to have been formerly some irregularity in the’ 
periods; but since the restoration of Charles the Second, they have been 
exact, 


Aubert, son of Robert, Second of Edward the Third, 1328, 
‘William Erghim, 96, 


Henry Johason, + Fifth of Henry the Fifth, 1617. 
‘Robert Haughton, ‘Thirty-seventh of Henry the Sixth, 1458, 
‘William Marshall, Sixteenth of Henry the Seventh, 1500. 
‘Thomas + ‘Thirty-fourth of Henry the Eighth, 

‘Thomas Wall, ’ Fourth of Elizabeth, 1562, 
George Walton, + Twenty-fourth of Elizabeth, 158%, 
Henry Cotterall, . ~—-Fourty-fourth of Elizabeth, 1602. 
‘William Preston, . ‘Twentieth of James the First, 1622. — 
Edmund Werden, . Eleventh of Charles the First, 1635. 
James Hodkinson, . Fourteenth of Charles the Second, 1662. 
Roger Sudtall, + Phirty-fourtl of Charles the Seceuil, 1682 
Josins Gregson, + First of Anue, 1702, 
Edomad Asheton, ~ Ninth of George the First, 172%, 
Henry Farrington, . Sixteenth of George the Second, 1742. 
Robert Parker, »  Sccond of George the Third, 1762. 


‘Twenty-second of George the Third, 178%. ~ 
NicholasGrimshaw, . Forty-second of George the Third, 1802, 








12 ° LANCASHIRE. 
were gtanted; at this day a guild implies a company united to- 
gether, with private laws and orders, after licence obtained from 
the king for that purpose. 

The mischiefs which were done to this town by the rebels, in 
1715, were the cause of its being rebuilt in a mere commodious 
and pleasant manner ; for it is now a handsome well-built town, 
with broad regular streets, and many good houses. It has three 

_ weekly markets, on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday; but the 
last is much the largest, and is under very particular regulations to 
prevent forestalling and regrating. Every necessary of life is here 
to be purchased, and in general at very reasonable prices. The 
town is supplied with coals by the Douglas navigation, which joins 
the river below Walton bridge; and the new Lancaster canal 
which is to pass near it, will add to the sources of supply of this 
useful and essential article of comfort to the inhabitants. By 
these canals communications are opened with the rivers Mer- 
eey, Dee, Ouse, Trent, Derwent, Severn, Humber, Thames, 
Avon, &c.; for the Ribble is only navigable for small vessels 
that coast it with goods from Liverpool and other parts, and trans- 
mit cotton and other manufactured articles, which are made here 
in prodigious quantities, in return, 

Asa military post, Preston, from its commanding situation, ‘has 
been deemed of the utmost importance in all the civil commotions 
of the kingdom. Traces of a Roman military way may be dis- 
covered on the adjoining common, from the mouth of the Ribble 
to Ribchester. Near the town also are many fine walks; but the 
most favourite is that of Enim, asa MS. authority writes it, or 
Haynam; from which the Pretender is said to have viewed the 
town and the country below it, in 1745, with extraordinary emo- 
tions, 

The Town-hall here is a very large and handsome building, 


Sir Edward Stanley, Bart. who was one of the knights of the => 
shire, and afterwards Earl of Derby, made a present of the picture =»: 
of George the Second to the corporation, which was placed inaned 
their town-hall on the birth-day of the king, October 30th, 17292 
when he entered on the forty-seventh year of his age. These dl’ 

Asendlys S- 





ws - LANCASHIRE. 


between Prestou and Lancaster, and at the distance of aboot 
eleven miles from cach of those places. ‘This town was incorpo~ 
rated hy Charles the Second, and is governed by a builiff, and 
seven capital burgesses, In the charter granted by thut monarch, 
the corporation are invested with authority to try all misde- 
meanors committed within their liberty. 

Tt has a market weekly, on Thursday, with three annual fairs; 
and the Lancaster Canal, which now pases by it, will be of essen~ 
tial advantage in a commercial view, and be a means of sur~ 
mounting those obstacles which have beretofore operated against 
the establishment of any considerable manufactory in the town. 
The river Wyre, which runs parallel to the east side of the chief 
street, at a small distance, abounds with trout, chub, and gudgeons, 
and in the spring with smelts. It also supplies the inhabitants 
with abundance of fine soft water, This river, after several days 
incessant rain, was so swelled as to flow over the church yard, which 
is above a mile south, at a place called Garstang-church town, 
and break into the chureh; by means of which the foundations 
were so weakened and undermined, that it was obliged to be 
tuken down and rebuilt in the year 1746, at an expence of 19101. 
‘The church was formerly inmpropriated to the abbey of Cocker~ 
sand ; and it has chapels at Market-Garstang and Pilling. 

A large printing cotton and calico manufactory has been long 
established at Catleral, about two miles to the south; and at 
Scorton, three miles, Dolphinholm, five miles, and Catstraw, seven 
miles, all to the north-east, are various spinning manufactories 5 
aod another about three miles to the south-east. 

About a mile to the north-east of the town, are the ruins of 
GrReennaven CastLe. At present there is only one tower 
remaining, and that in a very shattered state; but it seems to 
have consisted originally of seven or eight towers of great height 
and strength. Some writers have dated its foundation in the 
times of the Saxon heptarchy ; but others attribute it to Thomas 
Stanley, the first Earl of Derby, in the reign of Henry the 
Seventh, as a place of protection from the nobility of the country, 
whose estates he had obtained on their being proscribed as guilty 

of 








a6 BANCASHIRE. =” —_ 


POULTON 


Is a small town of only 197 houses, and 769 inlabitants. ‘The 
Jordship, with that of Biscopeham, between it and the sea, were 
given to the abbey of Shrewsbary by Roger de Poitiers. The 
yicarage also of this place, with the curacy of Biscopeham, were 
both impropriated to the nuavery of Sion, in Middlesex; but the 
patronage of both is, or lately was, in Messrs. Fleetwood and 
Rameden. 


At the distance of five miles west of Poulton is Buackroon, 
which, within the last thirty years, has attained some distinction as 
2 wotering-place. For this purpose its situation, and other 
characteristics, are peculiarly favorable, whether we consider its 
fine breezes from the western ocean, ils fat and smooth beach, to 
the breadth of half'a mile when the tide is out, the straight coast 
for nearly twenty miles, or the purity of the water with which its 
‘Fisitors are supplied. The name is derived from a pool of water, ” 
of a black, dark, or liver colour, which formerly was known to be 
atits south ead, but now filled up and converted into meadow 
ground. Some faint views of the Isle of Mun, to the north west, may 
be seen from the land behind it, in a clear evening; to the north, 
the fells of Westmoreland at forty miles distance, the crags of 
Lancashire, and the hills of Cumberland, are visible; to the south, { 
even at fifty miles distance, are seen the mountains of North 
Wales; but the rising ground to the east, limits the prospect om 
that side. Such is the situation of Blackpool. The sea has en- 
croached upon the land here very considerably within the memory 
‘of persons now living; and from the flatuess of the beach, no yes- 
sel can approach the shore, and even the smallest boat cannot be 
entered without wading. The tradition of the country is, that a 
public house stood wpon firm land, near astone called Peuny-stone, 
which is now at least half a mile from the shore. The sea, pro- 
bably from its lithe depth, affords but few fish; though fresh 
water tisb, and those ef a mixed nature, are abundant from the 


a 





8 LANCASHIRE. 

of twelve marks was reserved to the Abbot, with a clause for the 
incumbents fealty for true payment. ‘This claim, however, seers 
to have been of little avail; for Edward the First appropriated it 
to the abbey of Vale Royal, in Cheshire*. ‘The vicarage is now 
in the patronage of Christ-church college, Oxford; and it com= 
prebends the chapels of Goosenarth, White Chapel, Hamledon, 
and Lund, We read of Walter de Kirkham, who was keeper ‘of 
the king’s wardrobe, nineteenth of Henry the Third. In thistown 
is a well endowed free-schoo), with three masters. Its market is 
on Tuesday; and it has two fairs, in Jane and October. It has 
some trade in coarse linens, and also in sail cloth. One mile west 
of the town is Rinpy-HAs, a large well-built brick even 
Delanging 16 np Hornby, Ta, 


Se i 


BrackaurN Hunpren is bounded by Yorkshire on the 
north and east, with Salford Hundred to the south, and the 
Hundreds of Leyland and Amounderess to the west, This district 
Was formerly called Blackbuynshire, wv though at an early 
period it was a wild, dreary, and uncultivated part of the county, 
yetitis now filled with inhabitants, and abounds with manufactories. 
The Leeds and Liverpool Canal, with that called the Hoslingden, 
traverses this hundred, and opens a navigation with the towns of 
Colne, Burnley, Haslingden, and Blackburn. Besides these towns, 
that of Clithero is within this hundred, which is noted for an 
important Reman station at Ribchester: also for a Castle at 
Clithero, and an Abbey at Whalley. In this district were several 
ancient manor houses, some of which are deserted, and in ruins: 
and instead of the old wood-built mansion, many elegant and) 
comfortable structures have been raised within the last century, 
Several turnpike-ronis intersect this hundred, and render the in- 
tereourse, either for pleasure or business, between the towns, easy. 
and pleasant, e 

The 


9 See King’s Vale Royal, p, 115, Dugdale's Mon, Angl, Vol, 1, f. 925, 








120 LANCASHIRE, 

A rivulet, whose ancient name, Blakebourne, has been long ab- 
sorbed in that of the town, divides it into two unequal parts, 
of which the westem is by much the larger. There is little re- 
gularity in the form of the streets, which may ina great measure be 
accounted for by the intermixture of glebe and other lands. This 
town contains two Churches on the establishment, one Chapel for 
Presbyterians, one for Anabaptists, one for Papists, two for Me- 
thodists, and one in which the services of the Church of England 
are performed by a person licensed at the quarter sessious; but 
who never obtained episcopal ordination. It has 4 Gremmar- 
School, founded by Queen Elizabeth, and governed by fifty 
persons, who are required by the charter to be inhabitants of the 
vill, or parish of Blackbum. ‘The present revenues of this school 
are 160l, per annum; of which 1001. is appropriated to the 
master, and 601. to the usher, “There is also a Charity-School, 
founded by a Mr. Leyland, for the instroction of about sixty girls, 
in reading, sewing, and kuitting: they are partly cloathed, and 
the whole is supported by benefactions and annual collections 
made in the two churches on the establishment, Above twenty 
years ago.a Sunday School, for 300 children, was established, and 
continues to be superintended by the Reverend Thomas Starkie, the 
present vicar, It is supported by annual subscriptions. At a 
little distance from the town, in an airy) sitwatioo, is a commodions 
welling. for the reception of the poor belonging to the town: in 
one of its apartments is a dispensary, appropriated to their use 
and benefit. 

‘Three fairs are annually held in this town, viz. at Easter, May- 
day, and Michaelmas: it bas also a market every Wednesday anid 
Saturday; and a police for regulating the market, and for paying, 
lighting, watching, and cleansing the streets, ‘The expence of the 
police is supported by a rate on the occupiers of buildings. The 
distance of Blackburn from Manchester is 25, and from London 
208 miles. 

The benefice of Blackburn is a vicarage remaining in charge, 
and valued in the king’s books at Sl. 1s. 8d. per annum, It is in 
the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the appropriate 

rector, 


vans shea) 
haere AP RRS 





122 LANCASHIRE. 
come subject toa tax of three-pence halfpenny for every square 
yard; but this is withdrawn on exportation of the goods. 

Perhaps tliere is no business which requires so much capital, 
ingenuity, and altention, as the printing of calicocs. As it is now 
carried on by sowe of the first printers in this county, it includes 
a variety of subordinate trades and arts, In the first place, the 
cali¢oe-printer buys the raw material; le aflerwards spins it, 
weaves it, and bleaches it, These operations are often conducted 
s¢parately, and give employment and bread to the merchant, the 
cottomspinner, the manufacturer, and the bleacher: of which, the 
three former often employ very large capitals, After the calicoe 
has been bleached, aod before it can be printed, the calicoe- 
Printer must bring to his aid the chemist, the puttern-drawer, the 
bioek-catter, and the engraver. Much time and experience are 
wecessary to bring any one of these different arts to perfection. 
‘Po erect buildings adapted to the various operations, to furnish 
them with all necessary Implements und materials, and to regulate 
aud Keep in due motion the wheels of this vast and complicated 
machine, requires a purse of no common moghitude; and an 
attention which must be constant and indefatigable. 

To such a state of perfection are the arts of spinning cotton, 
and printing calicocs, now brought in this county, that e pound of 
colton can be spun into 300 hanks, each 640 yards in Fength, and 
sold for eighteen guineas; and a furniture pattera be printed, 
which in the execution requires 448 blocks, to produce the requir~ 
ed figure and colors, 

Little can be said in behalf of the state of agriculture in this 
parish, Estates are generally divided into small farms, for the 
purpose of supplying the farmer, who is generally a weaver or 
mechanic, with milk and butter for his family. [tis by the loom 
chiefly, that rents for land are paid, in the neighbourhood of this 
town, There are few farms in the whole purish that exceed a 
bantired statute acres, und not many whieh approach nearly ta 
that magnitude, The grain most commonly grown is oats. 
Neither the climate, nor the soil, are favorable to the cultivation 
of wheat, of which very little is grown, except in the more shelter~ 

ed 


AS DAT Se 8 
ehik At abi Ra Slides. 
GAEL Es 2 
Sir heativeine 
“Pies ae eee 





128 LANCASHIRE. 

ground about the rock is wild and irregulir, and forms a good 
contrast to the cultivated park which makes the foreground of the 
Tandseape. A. little to the west of the rock, and a mile or two 
beyond it, stands on more elevated ground, and on the very sum- 
niit of the precipice, the old mansion of Hocuton-Towkr, be- 
longing to the Hoghton family. Within the last few years the 
roof of the gallery, and some of its walls, have fallen prostratey 
though some parts of this ancient and extensive building are i= 
Irabited by a few families of the lower class. The building is fall- 
id “ear pes uneiemipa ata AS 
resque, grand, melancholy, and venerable, 

. The west side of inihadeocmcendbacch nat ciaaiel 
the vales of the Ribble and Darwen rivers, which mingle thei 
streams below the village of Walton, The banks of both these 
streams are well clothed with woods, and adorned with several 
handsome buildings, some of which the eye catches in pursuing 
the course of the Ribble, 

AbWrrron, something less than two miles from Blackbur, is 
the newly-erected mansion of Henry Feildew, Esq. It stands on 
fising ground, at a little distance from the Darwen, and isem- 
bosomed in wood. Ip is built of a cream-coloured froe-stone; 
richly veined, and has in the centre of the eastern front a portico 
supported by Doric pillars, This chaste and elegant villa coms 
mands two pleasing views of the Darwen, whose banks ure diver~ 
sified with swelling knolls, well planted with thriving woods, 

Less than a mile below Witton, and on the same side of the 
vale, is another new stryeture of stone, the seat of J. FL Butler; 
Esq. Both of these houses are screened from the north by the 
sombrous Hill of Bilfinge, the termination of that chain of hills 
which extend from Yorkshire into this part of Lancashire. The 
elevation of this hill-nbove the level of the sea is about 300 
yards; and from its top may be distinctly seen, in. clear weather; 
the mountains of Ingleborough and Pennigent, in Yorkshire; 
Blackcombe in Cumberland, the hills near Frodsham im Cheshire; 
and the whiole coast of North Wales, 

Still 


eT er Ee 
le RG Ahn ee Perea tee 
RN CngE: 





126 LANCASHIRES 


Whalley demesne terminates the valley in this direction, and is 
crowned by the noble woods of the Honorable Rickard Pent 
Curzon und Robert Whalley, Esq: on one side, and of Sir Thomas 
D. Hesketh, Bart. ov the other. Indeed, viewed from hence, 
theyscem ta form one continued forest, and exclude all objects 
beyond them, except the summit of Grindleton Fell, whiok is 
caught through an opening made by the Calder valley. Im- 
mediately in front is Manon, a seat of James Taylor, Esq. the 
grounds of which swell finely, and are capable of great embellish= 
ment. Beyond Marton, the park and mansion of Cuerx-Hine 
appear to great advantage; and Pendle-lill, which forms @ back 
ground, ntore grand than beautiful, closes the prospect. -@ 
‘The other station is on the margin of the Ribble, near Brock 
HALL, the property of James Taylor, Esq. below its junctions with 
the Quer mi Caller. To the east, near the banks of the Ribble, 
which here holds a winding course, stands Hackinc-Hatt, ‘an 
ok! mansion, now the property of a branch of the Petre family. 
Beyond this, in the fertile vale of the Calder, ‘and situated on its 
banks, is Whalley, so interesting to the antiquary for its ancient 
Church and Abbey. Above Whalley rise the fine woods ‘and 
gtonnds, which were formerly a part of the Abbey domain, and 
terminate the prospect in this direction. Turning to the west, 
is seen, over the bend of the Ribble, the large pile of Sroney- 
BuRst, the ancient residence of the Sherburnes, with ils turrets 
and cupolas, and surrounding woods; this view is terminated by 
the lofty grounds of Long-ridge, To the north a very rich and 
extensive view is obtained of the vale of Ribble, intersected by the 
finely wooiled vales of Calder on the east, and Oder on the north- 
west. The objects which embellish this landscape are, the chureli 
and woods of Mitton, the ehurch of Waddington, the beautifally 
swelling and woody grounds of Wadda, with the town, the 
castle, ind the chorch of Clithero, That vast mountain, Pendle 
Hill, forms the right sereen to this view: and Waddington and 
Grindleton hills form the left: in front it is terminated by the 
more distant hills in Yorkshire, As no public road passes near 
: 2 this 





128 LANCASHIRE: 
‘cording to him, the hindred of Blackburn was granted by the 
Conqueror to Roger de Busti, und Albert de Grestet ; but the 
Dr. doubts the authority of Dogdale, in placing * Mbert de Laci, & 
Norman adventurer,” av the first Lord of Clithers; and is inelin~ 
ed to identify Robert de Laci as the earliest possessor, “ who was: 


certainly Lord of Blackburnshire.” The great fee of 4 
in which was comprehended this lesser one of Clithero, after 
dispossessed of it by Henry the First, for espousing the cause 
Robert Curtois, was restored tohim, after a temporary alienations 
and the grants of the church of Whalley, by Hugh, or Gay de fa 
Val, during his possession, to the monks of Pontefract, was anni 
led for want of Robert de Laci’s confirmation, though he ratified! 
several other grants made during his altainder. ‘The castle of 
Clithero, suid to be built by this Robert, was fixed by him to be 
the seat of his barony, on an insulated conical rock of lime-stone, 
88 the most eligible situation for his temporary residence, most 
convenient for transacting the business of the fee, which consisted 
of twenty-vight manors within the hundred, and 35-2 fortress most 
desirable for defending his lands, His second son, Henry de 
Laci, his elder brother, bert, dying without issue, founded a 
Cistertian Abbey, at Barnoldswick, which was afterwards trans- 
Jated to the more genial clinmte of Kirkstall, on the river Aire, 
about three miles west of Leeds, in Yorkshire, wherein Robert, the 
second son of this Henry de Laci, after his death im 1193, 
without isue, was interred. He devised his estates, by the 
mother’s side only, to his sister Awbrey, whose husband, pees 
Fitz-Eustace, Lord of Halton, and constuble of Chester, died” in 
1178, as well as his son John in 1190; whose son, 

Laci, the terror and scourge of the Welch, succeeded to the fees 
of Pontefract and “Clyderhow,” a fine having been esied, in 
115, between him and his grandmother Awbrey for that purpose, 
after his return from the siege of Acre, in the Holy Land, whither 
he had accompanied Richard the First, in the third crusade. Tor 
the Abbey of Stanlow, which had been founded by John de Eus+ 
tace, improperly called John de Laci, this Roger, his son, gave 
the advonson of the clureh of Rochdale, with four bovates of 
. land 


> an 


130 LANCASHIRE. 


widow, ‘Mick. tis Leek secs ox bos. Seorcacrnee anid 
Yorkshire, and the manor of Widues in this county, and, after mar- 
rying two other husbands, died in, 1348; the first of these was Eu- 
‘bulo L’Estrange, wilh whom she is stated previously to. have lived in 
great familiarity, and afterwards married without the king’s licence, 
of which circumstance he took advantage, and seized on her inherit~ 
ance, both in this county and in Yorkshire. ‘These remained in the 
bands of the crown until the beginning of Edward the Third's 
teign, when, with the exception of Ightenbill park only, they were 
granted for life to Queen Lsabella. But on the reversul of Thontas 
of Lancaster's attainder, which was before her death, Heary Duke 
of Lancaster, by virtue of the entail on Edmund, the king’s bro- 
ther, and his heirs, succeeded to this honor and Imundred. ‘This 
Heury founded an hermitage for (wo reclases, in Whalley church- 
yard: he also granted the bailiwick of Blackburnshire to the abbey 
and convent there; and the manor of Downham, to John de Dy- 
neley. He died March 24th, 1360, leaving ouly two daughters, 
co-heiresses, of whow, Blanch was married to John of Gaunt, 
fourth son of Edward the Third, Earl of Richmond, who was 
afterwards, in her right, created Duke of Lancaster, By this mar- 
riage he had the fees of Pontefract and Lancaster, and the hundred 
of Blackburn, or honor of Clithero, with the appurtenances, and 
died the 3d of February, 1398, leaving Heury of Bolingbroke, 
his son and heir, duke of Lancaster, who was then in. banish- 
ment. 

Henry, ov his return, deposed his unfortunate master, Richard the 
Second, and the honor of Clithero thereby merged in. the crown ; 
but, aware of bis usuxpation, he made a charter of separation af 
She duchy of Lancaster, lest it should, of any future contest for 
the crown, follow its fortunes; yet still continued Lo pass all grants 
of lands, &c, under the great seal of England only, until the third 
of Henry the Fifth, when the duchy seal alove was directed to be 
used, a practice which was followed until Heory the Sixth was de- 
posed, Leland* hes thus retated the manner in whieh thatun- 

fortunate 
* Sce Collectantas Voi, TT. p. 500. 





132 LANCASHIRE. 


the baron, his family, tenants, and foresters: for the forests of 
Trowslen, Rossendale, Bolland, and Pendle, were all considered 
2s within its limits. This chapel had been always deemed a parish 
church, as appears from the deeds of many of the neighbouring 
gestry, though now totally rained, having followed the fate of all 
the chantries in the time of Edward the Sixth. The several 
chapels of Pendle, Whitewell, Rossendale, and Goodshaw, are 
under Clithero, and in the church, which is a chapelry belongmg 
to Whalley, are the alsbaster figures of 2 knight and his lady, 
probably some of the family of Hesketh. This parochial chapel 
is of high antiquity, being expressly mentioned in De fa Val's 
charter; and the fine Saxon areh between the nave and the choir, 
is a complete specimen of the style which prevailed until the time 
of Heury the First. All the ancient inhabitants of the forests, in 
the most inclement seasons, and by roads almost impassable im 
winter, were obliged to bring their dead here for interment, 
though in some parts nearly twenty miles distant, before the 
foundation of Newchurch, in Rossendale. But the castle, with 
the demesnes and forests, is, strickly speaking, extra-parochial; 

and to this day it is distinguished by the name of castle-parish. 
‘This town has evidently assumed its name from thesituation which 
it possesses. Tt is of an origin purely British, Cled-dur denoting a 
bill or reck by the water, and the additional syllable Aow is purely 
Saxon, which also denotes a hill, and is merely an explanatory addi~ 
tion, adapted to the language and ideas of the Saxons, A fair, 
which had been held in the church-yard of Whalley, was by letters 
patent of the eleventh year of Henry the Fourth, transferred to Cli- 
thero,and appointed to be held there, on the eve, day, and morrow 
of the annunciation; and a confirmation of privileges by charter of 
the first of Henry the Fifth, to the free burgesses of Clyderhow, 
with an exception of the wood of Salthill, to be inelosed by the 
said burgesses at their own expence, and saving the king’s rights 
of trying criminal causes only by the laws of the land. Clithero 
muist have been a place of considerable importance, as we read of 
+ Lambert, physician of Clyderhow,” probably in the time of 
Henry the First, or at least not mach subsequent to the conquest, 
3 and 





ise : LANCASHIRE. 
seems to have been thrown up by the same convulsion; and ime 
mediately to the north again, appears a surface of limestone, with 
its concomilunt systen of plants and minerals, which, had the 
Jain at a vast depth beneath, ‘The effet of this convulsion is felt 
‘over a tract of forty miles to the north, scarcely a seam of coal 
being found before we arrive at Burton in Lousilale, ‘This fact 
serves to shew how mach more the character of a country is de~ 
termined by soil, than by climate; since, on the porth of Pendle, 
“unel even ou a declivity to the north we see wheat, peas, beans, 
and other usual productions of a more southern husbandry, ripen- 
ing at least in favourable seasons ; while on the south, upomade- 
clivity also, the hardy black oat itself is often indebted to the 
frosts of November for all that resembles maturity about itz” 
‘This bill of Pendle, noted in the boasted rhyming phraseology of 
‘the country", makes a couspicnous figure ou the south side of the 
plain; and we have the authority of Mr. Peunant-, for asserting 
that ** the sides are verdant, and the tup moorish and very extensive, 
On this stood Malkin-Tower, celebrated, in 1633, for being the 
yendezvous of witches. Seventeen poor wretelies were contlem- 
rerun — 
= etapa Wark mths cgi Ss Pong ear ARN 
pemantry of this county, avd the wifjoining one of Yorkshire, especially im 
the district of Craven, than the following distich p— 
" #* Pendiebill, sod\Pennygent, and little Ingloborough, 
: ‘Areieeesach hile as yor not fry ecoking Ipod thoroms 


Or, ab it is otherwise expressed, 


4 Ingleborough, Pendiekill, and Peamygent, ee. 

Aro ihe highest bills between Seotand and Treat’) ss 
“Yer these who have calculated the altitude of these tiitls, and tbe weliifoar- 
Jing One of Wissrimidé, ail of which art io Vorkabice, except Pendietitl, Mave 
sated that of Wharmide to be considerably Ligher than any of the otbus. 


+ Tour from Downing to Alston-Moor, 410, 1801, p. 72, 











136 LANCASHIRE. 


CoTTON-PRINTING, &e.—About two miles from Clithero, 
and nearly the same distance from Whalley, on the road from 
Padibain to the former town, are situated the extensive FacTORY 
and Print-Grounps of Messrs. Miller, Buys, und Co. in a 
beautiful valley, watered by a small branch of the Ribble. The 
sitaation of this part of the country is peculiarly romantic; aed 
those works, which consist of numerous cottages and houses, in- 
termixed with the various work-shops, form a striking “ coup- 
doiel from Black hill, behind which Pendle hill rises in awful 
grandeur, extending, itself over an immense tract of country. 
This mountain towers in one part to a very high peak, on the top af 
which the Chamemorus, or wild mulberry, (a plant peculiarto high 
mountains and cold countries), is found in great plenty, Th the 
works of Messrs, Miller and Co, the while process of spinning, ~ 
weaving, and printing, is carried on to a great extent; but it is 
alniost impossible to give a clear and full description of the tatter 
process, as every color is raised by a different method, The 
mode of printing a single piece of two colours, with plumb or 
bloom ground, and a yellow object, may, however, convey some 
idea of the different processes attending this part of the business. 
When the piece is sufficiently bleached for printing, it is ealender- 
ed, or pressed between two rollers, and is then removed to the 
print-shop, where it is printed by means of blocks *, with a solue 
tion of lime-juice, mixed with pipe-clay. In this process the picoe 
is stretched on a table before the printer, behind whom is placed 
a sieve which contains the color to be printed. This gives em- 
ployment toa boy or girl, who js continually effacing with a brush 
the impression made by the block on the sieve, and keeping the 
surface constantly smoothed. After it is thus printed, it remains 
two or three (lays, when it is removed to the padding-shop, where 
it is padded, or steeped in a mixture of allum and sugar of lead, 

~ about 


* Tie blocks are generally abont eighteen inches Jong, and twoive broad, 
andare cut, or engraved, with the figure, or pattern, in bold reticf, which is 
Intended to be impressed om the colton, 





188 LANCASHIRE. 


block, and is practised with the greatest ease and dexterity. The 
latter is the coarser kind of block-work, and is chiefly done by the 
apprentices, to instruct them in the business. 

These works are reckoned the most compact, and better adapt- 
ed to the purposes of printing than any ia Lancashire. The shops 
are all detached from one another: in one the patterns are drawn ; 
in another the blocks are cut; in a third the cloth is printed, &c. ; 
so that every different department is conducted by a separate 
person, called an overlooker. : 

As these works are detached from any town, Messrs. Miller, 
Burys, and Co. have opened a shop, froin which their men are 
supplied with every thing they may require at prime cost; and 
meat has frequently been sold at twopence in the pound under the 
market price. In and about these works are employed nearly 
2000 persons; and mauy of the printers earn above 1001. and 
Rone less than 50!. per annum *. 

This manufacturing hamlet being some distance from the parish 
church, the proprictors of the works were induced, seme time 
back, to build a chapel here at their own expence, and huve also 
‘engaged to pay a clergyman a regular yearly salary tor perform- 
ing divine service. 


COLNE 


Is a small market town, advantageously situated on a dry and 
elevated ridge, in the eastern extremity of the hundred. Dr. 
Whitaker asserts that this place “ is unquestionably the Cclunio 
of the anonymous Ravennas, and was probably never abandoncd 
entirely in the long and obscure period of Saxon history. Ecclesia 

de 


© Ina subsequent part of this voiume, when describing Manchester, I in- 
tend to detail some further particulars concerning the Cotton Manufactures, 
&c. For an aceount of some Machinery, with a Memoir of Sir Richard Ark- 
wright, who was a native of Preston, in this county, the reader is referred 
to Vol. ILL. of this work, 


LANCASHIRE. 189 


de Calna is expressly mentioned in the charter of Hugh de la 
Val, which was probably not sixty years posterior to the conquest ;” 
and as it was @ chapel dependant upon Whulley, the silence of 
Domesday-book, with respect to it, by no means disproves its 
exmtence ut an earlier period. Here Was one of the four manor 
houses of the Lacies, from which several of their charters are 
dated, now, in the mutability of all human things, degraded into 
the work-house of the town*.” Mr. Gough observes that Colne 
“has no other marks of a Roman station,” than what arose from 
the discovery of some Roman copper coins, and others of silver, 
which have been found here at different periods. The latter were 
discovered in a silver vessel, and consisted of some of Gordian’s, 
and some belonging to one of the Antoniuest. The chapel of- 
Calne is subordinate to the church of Whalley. It is “a spacious 
and decent building,” and appears to have been restored, or re- 
Iuilt, about the tine cf Henry the Seventh, or Henry the Eighth, 
The font is angular, and bears the name of Townley. On three 
sides of the choir are portions of an old wood screen, “ extremely 
elegant,” and resembling one in the chapel at Townley, which Dr. 
Whitaker considers to be of the age of Heury the Eighth. In 
this building are two chantries ; one on the north side of the choir, 
delonging to the Banister family of Parkhill, and one on the 
south side belongiag to the Townleys of Barnside. Attached to 
the wall of the former, is the following singular inscription ent 
upon oak: — 


© Qualibus in ccelo precibus succurrere mondo 
) 


Hac recitare via dches letare Maria 
Larvas interita'diluet illa manu 
Hyrd genetrix Christi Withelmum deprecor andi 
Ne superet mors me virgo parens retiac.” 
Dre 


* History of Whalley, p. 366. 
¢ Additions to Camden, Vol. TI, p. 138, 


+ The first pentameter line is wanting. 


2 


40 LANCASHIRE, 


_ Dr. Whitaker, after printing the above inscription, says, “I am 
ashamed to notice the absurd and disgusting reading which has 
‘been palmed upon the last excellent editor of Camden's Britannia, 
ant the equally offensive conjecture that accompanied it, from his 
correspondent *. The whole was evidently a prayer addressed to 
the virgin, by one Hyrd, probably a chaplain, or chantry priest of 
the place, against diabolical illusivns (larvas) in the hour of 
dewth.” : 
_ The manufactories of Colne formerly consisted in woollen and 
worsted goods ; and it appears from the inquisitiones post mortem 
‘of Ure Just Henry de Laci, Earl of Lincoln, fourth of Edward the 
Second, that here was “one fulling mill,” charged at 6s. 8d, 
‘This clearly implies that cloth was manufactared here at an carly 
period, and “ plainly contradicts the generally received opinion, 
that English weol was universally manufactured in. Flanders, tilt 
the act of the tenth of Edward the ‘Toird, inviting over Flemish 
manofacturers, and granting them considerable privileges. ‘The 
Girt falling mill known to have been erected in the parish of 
Halifax was seventeenth of Edward the Fourth }.”. See Watson's 
History of Halifax, p. 66. The cotton-trude now prevails here, 
and the articles of manufacture consist chietly of caticoes and dim- 
ities, For the ecconmodation of: trade, » Cloth-Ballpor piece 
hall bas been erected here. The Leeds canal, passing within a 
muile of the town, hus proved eminently serviceable to the manu- 
factures of this place. ‘The country is billy, and abounds with 
coal, 


* ‘The inscription and conjecture given by Mr. Gogh, are 


“ Flac tentare via debes letara Mare f 
Laryas in coin diluet it mann, 


Dr. Cowper of Chester fonnd, 1737, an inscription in the eburch, or chapel, 
in relief, in Seron aracters; und the Dr. believed that Madona was some- 
dimes Invoked as a Clistian Locisa, but did not keow she previonsly inter- 
pooed™ Gough's Additions to Camuley, Vol, TH. p. 356, from the « Avtiqua- 
rian Society's Minutes —S 


4 History of Whalley, p. 360. © 




















146° LANCASHIRE. 

fords 4 single ¥éin' of lend runaing along oné of the givat fistires 
in the erust of the earth, wilieh i tectinieally Knowl to the miriera 
by the nnme‘of alés. Some clitious platits are found in this «ise 
triet and tHe inieed4sTble" FOCKS af€ tHe sdchre Batints of Hawlés, 
anil soihe other birds of piey, Among’ tliese, oilé pair of far 
supériot sie iid strength, popula called’ Roek-Edéetex, but pro- 
Dably the trie’ Gyrfalcon of May and’ Pendant, hive anmially bred 
for time ifomemorial, in defiance of all the etiteavours used’ by” 
sfldrtsinen, of shephetds, to exterminate so formidable'a rival of 
ofié; and! rotiber of the otlier, Iu'the yea¥ 1696, « number of 
Rémdn' coins, and other relics, were fouiid neay Merceloughi; oi 
thé skirt’ of tle wild moors ordering on Yorkshire; and sonie 
reiisint of Britis character liave been discovered ity this neigl- 
bourhood at different’ periods. Qe 


Horme.—Tlie country around this plice, which belomgs to the” 
Rev, Dr. Whitaker, bas beet greatly improved in scenery atid 
appeariice, Detwitt the years 1789 and 1799, doring which 
peribd' 422,000 trees of various specits have’ Been platited on the 
bare aiid ‘rueky Drows, also in the gletis and’ gullies, off this estate. 
‘The house, like most of the ancient structures in the neighbourtisod, 
was originally built of wood, and contained some private closets 
foe the condealment! of priests, asthe finnily continued recusants to 
tie latter did of Queen Elizabeth's reign, Appendant to this 
démestie wis a chiatry, founded after the dissolution of Whalley 
Abbey, by Tho’s, Whitaker, of Holine, Gent, ; bat this appears to 
have een agdim dissolved in about ten yeirs after its first entlow- 
ment. "Thé chantry was not, however, destroyed; and what is 
rathér sitgular, it Had a clergyman licehced to it by Bishop Pep- 

. Wo 1742. 10 wow belongs to Dr. Whiltker, who was'liceneed 
on hi¥ own petition, “The first step towards are-endowment of 
this! Poor neglected foundation, vas a rent charge of 1. per an- 
num, left upon the estate of Hane, by Mr. Henry Wood, a native 
of that place; wlio lind been clerk of the wotls antler Sit Cliris- 
toplier Wren, durlig the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral, and 


whose curious accounts of that great work are now in the author's 


< possession 


us LANCASHIRE. 
Holme, where he was born in the third year of Edward the Sixth, 
A.D. 1550. He died in 1598, in the forty-cighth year of his 
age, and was interred at a vast expence, and with wnusual demon- 
strations of sorrow, in the ante-chapel, of St. John's college, at 
Cambridge, of which he had continued master above eight years, 
At the age of twelve he was sent to St. Paul's school, London,, 
then one of the most flourishing seminaries in the kingdom; and. 
thence he was soon aflerwards conveyed to ‘Trinity College, Cam- 
bridge. About the thirty-first year of his age, he was elected 
regius professor; and cousidering the period of bis life,“ this 
elevation,” says Dr, Whitaker, “ niust be regarded as an evidence. 
of very extraordinary talents, in the successful candidate, In 
1585, be first became a controversial writer, and in the remaining 
ten years of his life, with many other avocations, produced that 
huge tome (fo. 1610) of polemical theology, which was printed 
some years after his death, a monument at once of incrédible, 
industry, and great facility in composition *.” 
About two miles ean pf Boraley a. OnsE BoD Housr, srhichs, 
‘appears to have been built in, or near the year 1595, as that date, 
with the names of Lawrence Ormerod, and Elizabeth Barcroft, 
are inscribed ov it, Behind the bouse isa grove of sycamores and 
elms,,peopled by a numerous colony of rooks; and in this town 
ship is, still preserved an instrument, of ancient and approved 
efficacy in suppressing the licence of female tongues, It is called 
a Brank, and was placed on a woman's head, who was led, or 
Ser Race Sera. Weare eee 
BRIERCLIFFE 


* History of Whalley, p. 467, 
1 For representation of it, see Plot'y History of Staffordshire mand 
Brands History of Neweastle. The former Topogeapher, after giving a 
minnte description of it, says it- is mach to be preferred to the ducking- 


stool, which not only endangers the health of the party, but also gives the 
tongue liberty ‘twixt every dip ; to neither of which thisisat all able." 


2 














450 LANCASHIRE. 

‘tombs over John Duckworths, who died minister here, in 4695; 
John Holmes, who died in 1767, and his successor Joh. Wads- 
worth ; dpdona stone before the steps of the altar, is a brass 
plate which commemorates Dr. Lolmes, amative of this place, and 
rector of Wiitechapel, in London, who died in August, 1795. 
By an inquisition of the parliament commissioners, in June, 1650, 
this parochial chapelry consisted of the township of Hestingden, 
with part of Rossendale, then coutaining about.300 families; in 
1801, there were 773. families in this township only, and 4040 in- 
habitants. The town is governed by a constable, and six charch- 
wardens, who have under their ease six divisions, or posts; two of 
these bare a chapel of ease of their-own, subject to Haslingden, 
called Goodshaw chapel, about two miles on the Burnley road. 
A spirit of industry and enterprize pervades all ranks. Amongst 
other improvements, a handsome square is already completed, 
which contains some capitel buildings. ‘The canals, which afford 
the benefit of water-cerriage for such heavy goods us used to pass 
many miles by land, are of the most essential advantage. A num- 
ber of milis are established on the river for carding cotton and 
sheep’s wool, and for spinning them into twist and woollen yarn, to 
make flannels. 


Rrscuesrer, though now reduced to a poor humble village, 
‘was once a military Roman Station, and from the antiquities that 
haye been found here, it is presumed that it was a place of some 
diguity and importance. ‘The original name of this station bas 
occasioned much dispute with antiquaries, Camden supposed it 
to be the Coccium of Antoninus, and the Rigodunum of Ptolomy, 
Horsley agrees to the first, but wishes torfix the latter at Warring- 
ton: and Mr, Whitaker, the historian of Manchester, contends 
that Ribehestcr must be the Rerigonium of Richard of Cirences- 
ter. Dr. Whitaker, the last who has investigated and discussed 
this subject, has satisfactorily identified itas the Coccium of Ante- 
ninus. “ This celebrated station,” wriles the Dr, “was placed 
with the peculiar judgment which merks Agricola’s encampments, 
for to him unquestionably it must be referred, on the northern 

bank 


Beealati soecaivtiauad eral 
et wine nenecee susie 
these do not furnish any thing curious, either relating to the place, 
orto the people. Beside inscribed stones, innumerable. smaller 


of the upperempire. An Jn- 
i issengraved in Leigh's Natural history: and Dr. 
e a gold ring, setwith a cormelian of many 
- faces, having 


‘representation .of dove in the ceutre, with, the 
illoning words round it: AVE. MEA. VITA. “ Bat. the 





1152 LANCASHIRE. 
‘qient apon’ancient monuments; but for a particular illustration, 
the reader is referred to « monument of Lucius Duccius, Signifer 
‘Of the 9th legion in Horseley, pl. 63. 6th. A very fine helmet, of 
which the crest’ was a/sphinx, afterwards unfortunately lost, 
the heat-piece enriched with basso relievos of armed men, 
skirmishing with swords, and @ vizor consisting of un entire and 
beautifal female face, with orifices at the eyes; mouth, and no 
‘Arils:) From the style of the head piece it is conjectured by the 
Dest judges; nol to be prior to the age of Severus; butthe vizoris 
a mach more delicate am! exquisite piece of workmanship, and is 
supposed not only to be Grecian, but, from the boldness of its 
‘lines; to belong to a period somewhat anterior to the last perfec 
tion of the arts in that wonderful country*.” 
.“Dhese relies were all deposited in the museum of Charles Town- 
Hey Baqi 
* The helmet and mask of bronze, with some of the other Roman 
“antiquities, were'eugraved for the Antiquarian Society, and pob~ 
“Tidhed) with am account of them, \in the fourth volume of the Ve- 
‘“tusta Motiamenta: ‘and inthe XILth vol. of the Archwologia, 
“the Rév. Stephen Weston wrote some observations on the helmet, 
‘The latter is-a singular anil elegant specimen of ancient art, and 
Paecording to Mr, Weston, may be considered of “the best Roman 
work on the Greek model.” It is ornamented with a greatnur- 
ber 6f Bzures of warriors.on horse and foot, in basso-relievo. | 
' Near the church are the remains of « rampurtand toss, where 
“Anchors have been found, from which the place is supposed to have 
-obfained the uame of Anchor-Hill. Rings of ships were also f) und 5 
“and iti sinking a well someyears ago, a ship, or vessel, was discovered 
‘atthe same place, From Ribehester, a Roman’ road, called the 
' Wutling-street) takes | a northern course over Lougrilge-fell, and 
‘@s distinguished |as a long ‘stripe of green, intersecting the brown 
‘heath of the ‘mountain: Having reached the summit of the Lill, 
it takes @ turn towards areas descends agitin, is very com- 
nD, spicuous, 


f History of Whalley, p. 25. 


a 


Brag ‘LANCASHIRE. 

body of the late catholic bishop Petre, whe lived and died at 
Showley, ia his 84th year, December 24th, 1775, lies interred 
under aslab of beautiful white marble, with an appropriate in- 
scription. .. On account of bis interment, the stone, though re- 
moved, was not taken away ; the letters of whieh lave been form- 
ect round its margin, by sinking the surface of the stone. around 
(thew, and filling up the cavityyby a fluid white mortar, represent- 
Jing # mde cameo of two colors, aad exhibiting an appearance 
rarely to be. met with. The glaxing of the east window having 
(been broken from, time to time, and not repaired, allows room for 
the most.luxuriant branches of ivy to force its way into the interior 
of the building, where it mantles in rieh festoons over the 
altar*.” 

Tn the township of Aighton, about three miles to the north- 
qastof Ribchester, is SronyHunrst, the princely mansion of the 
Sherbumes. * This venerable house stands on an eminence, 
which commands some extensive views both of Calder-bottom and 
Ribbles-dale ; butis wellscreened from the north by the vast bulk 
andestent of Longridge-fells; and probably was begun by Sir 
Richard Sherburne, who died in 1594, and finished by his son in 
1596. The heavy cupolas were added by Sir Nicholas Sher- 
burae, who cameto reside here in 1695; and the cauals dug, and 
gardens laid out by himself in the Dutch taste, According to the 
ieustom of our old mansions, the domestic chapel was above the 
gateway; but @ spacious aud handsome oratory bas been more 
Tecently fitted mp, which, together with the size and general ‘dis- 
sposition of the apartments, render the whole easily convertible to 
the purpose of a large catholic semimaryt,” to which itis now 
-appropriated. ‘The house and demesne belongs to Thomas Weld, 
Esq. of Corfe Castie, Dorsetshire, ‘The former isa lofty, large 
pile, constructed. at different. periods, with a court in the middle, 
Hts entrance gateway is ornamented with columns of the different 
vorders, placed in pairs one above the otter. The apartments are 

spacious, 
* History of Whalley, p. 442. 
+ Thid. p, 435, 


156 | LANCASHIRE. 

‘elurch of St, Mary, in Whalley, had two plonghlands, about 260 
statute acres, free from all customs and impositions, and it lind at 
least a square mile of wood, or about 640 statute actes ; the rest, 
nearly 660 acres more, making in all 1561 statute acres, were 
then in common. But though it had so large # proportion of 
wood at that time, it has now only enough to adorn, but not to 
encumber it; and may be deemed a tract of more than usual 
fertility and beauty. ‘ 

“ Augustine, the first missionary of christianity to this island, 
founded a chureb in these parts, which was long parochial to the 
wide tract of Backburnshire and all Bolland. As converts in- 
creased, more places of worship were erected, ‘These had no par- 
ticular patrons; but the lords of the soil, in which they lay, ap- 
pointed their relations or friends to the cure, who were called 
sectors, aud were generally married men and persons of property, 
‘The country at that time was yery thinly peopled, and the 
bishops left the government of the newly erected churches to 
iheir owners, with the power of deans, an honourable appellation, 
for which they were long distinguished, the office being hereditary, 
In the reign of William Rufus, the last dean being probibited 
marriage by a council, the presentation of Whalley and its chapels 
was granted fo his relation, John, constable of Chester, and lord 
of Blackburn ; and Henry Laci, earl of Lincoln, a successor of 
his, bestowed this church, on the white monks of Stanlaw, in 
Wirral, with the proviso that if the number of monks sliould be 
augmented from forty to sixty, they should remove to Whalley, 
‘This was effected in 1296, when the new tnonastery was built by 
the munificence of the earl, who translated to it the bones of his 
ancestors, who had been interred ut Stanlaw*. This abbey flou- 

rished 


* % This removal soon gave umbrage to the neighbouring abbey of Salley, 
which complaincd that the new house was, contrary to the institutions of the 
‘order, placed (60 near to the other; that it raised the market; and, by the. 
‘Bdvanced'prices of corn, sult, butter, cheese, and other articles, they suffered 
Qumially to the amount of twerty-six pounds (én shillings; but is 1305, by 

the 








cess 


ere aaron 
Wither ante, 











158 LANCASHIRE. 

of wood, in Blackbarn Clase. Another grant was made of the! 
same nature, in the neiglibourhood, to support « femate recluse, 
and two women servants, within the parish elterch-yard of What 
Jey, who were perpetually to pray for the souls of the duke, andl” 
all his posterity. ‘The convent was to repair their habitation, and! 
to provide a ehaplain and a clerk to sing! mass to them’ iy the 
chapel belonging to their retreat; to bestow on them weekly se 
venteen loaves, weighing fifty sondz de sterling apiece, of such 
breail as was used in the abbey; seven loaves of the second sorty 
eight gallons of the better sort of beer, and three-pence for theif 
food. * Ajl this must have been surely intentfed to'enable them to 
keep hospitality. Besides, they bad annually, on the feast of” 
Al Saints, ten large stoel-fish, a bushel of entineal for pottage, 
2 bushel of rye, two gallous of oil for their lamps, one pound of 
tallow for candles, six loads of turf and one of faggots, for their” 
fuel. Ethortlged A Meh ecatiea bination 
were to appoint successors *.” 

During the civil commotions, in the year 1643, this place sef- 
fered very considerably. Having been possessed by the Ear! of 
Derby, be posted his men in the chureh and tower, where they” 
remained for some time, until the country people, who were zeal- 
ous partizans for the parliament, took up arms, and with great 
slaughter expelled them, 

‘The name of Whalley is of Saxon origin, from a word-which 
signifies the field of wells, a term peculiarly descriptive of its si- 
tuation, on the skirts of Pendle Hill, where the land, if not 
drained, bleeds at every pore, besides six considerable springs 
within the immediate limits of the place. As a parish, it had 
seven chapels founded either on or before 1284, viz. “ Cliderhow, 
Calne, Brunley, Elvetham, Dowuur, Chure, and Haslingden 5. 
aud afier the year 1400, those of Padiham, Whitewell, Holme, 
Marsden, Newehurch in Rosendale, Goodshaw, Newcburch in 
Pendle, Accrington, and Bacop in Rossendale, ranked . 
to the priority of foundation, are met with, and the last us late. 

ms 


* Penmant’s Tour from Downing to Alston-Moor, p. 60-75. ‘ 
3 


> aes 














160 LANCASHINE. » 
bered that he bad made use of the following remarkable words ; 
“amy man, Shuttleworth, of Hacking; made this form, and here 
will T sit when T come; and my cousin Nowel may make one 
behind: me if he please 7’ this is theexact relative situation of the 
two pews at present, ‘end my.somne Sherborne shall make ove 
on the other side, and Mr. Catteral another behind him, and 
for the residue the-tise shall be, first come first speed, and that 
will make the proud) wives of Whalley rise betimes to come to 
church. ‘These words were reported and authenticated by. the 
derk, and another witness, on the information of the last agent 
of the abbey; and it isnotdikely they: would. soon be forgotten, 
as they would probably occasion some mirth in the husbands, and 
some spleen in the proud wives of Whalley, Of this: pew, the, 
old wainscoting still remains,)though the Jattice work above has: 
been cut away.” 

» The site of the abbey having been recently surveyed, is this: 
deseribed. by Dr. Whitaker *. “The whole area of the close, 
containing thirty-six acres, three roods, and fourteen perches, is 
still defined by the remains of a broad and deep trench which 
surrounded it; over this were'two approaches to the house through: 
two strong ard. stately gateways yet remaining, -are con- 
stracted in that plaiu and substantial style which characterized the 
Cistertian houses, « style which approximates to that of fortifica- 
tion, and shews that the monks did not obtain a licence to ker- 
vel and embattels without an end.in view. Within this area, and 
ou the verge of Calder, which formed the southwest houndary of 
the close, was the house itself, cousisting of three quadrangles, 
besides stables. and offices. Of these the first and most westerly 
was the cloister court, of which the maye of the conventual 
church: formed the north side; the chapter-house and vestry yet 
remaining, the east; the dormitory also remaining, the west; and 
the refectory and kitchens, the south. ‘The cloister was of wood, 
supported as usual, upon corbels, still remaining ; the area with- 

n 





* History of Whalley, p. 108, 109. 


LANCASHIRE. 161 


in was the monks cemetery, and some ancient grave-stones are 
still remembered within it. Against the wall on the south side of 
this quadrangle, is a wide surbased arch, apparently of Henry 
the Sesenth’s time, which, under one span, has evidently embraced 
two tombs placed lengthways against each other. Beyond this 
court to the east, is another quadrangular area, formed hy the 
choir of the church on one side, the opposite side of the chapter 
house, &c. on another, a line of ruinous buildings on the third, 
and a large distinct building, itself surrounding a small quadran- 
gle, on the fourth. ‘This appears evidently to have been the 
abbet’s lodgings, and inust have been a modern building at the 
dissolution, for which reason it immediately became the residence 
of the Assbetons; and, after many alterations, and a demolition 
of its best apartments, particularly a gallery nearly 150 feet in 
length, has still several good and habitable rooms, and is now 
preserved with due care by its noble owner. ‘The ancient kit- 
thea, the coquina abbs of the computus, whence such hecatombs 
were served up, remains, though roofless, with two huge fire- 
places. On the southern side of this building is a small but very 
picturesque and beautiful ruin mantled with ivy, which appears to 
kave been a chapel, and was probably the abbot’s private oratory. 
But the conventual church itself, which exceeded many cathe- 
drals in extent, has been levelled nearly to the foundation. This 
work of havoc was probably an effect of that general panic 
which seized the lay-owners of abbeys, on the attempt made by 
Queen Mary to restore the monks to their cloisters. ‘ For now,’ 
says Fuller, ‘ the edifices of abbeys, which were still entire, 
‘looked lovingly again on their ancient owners, in prevention 
‘whereof such as possessed them for the present, plucked out 
‘their eyes by levelling them to the ground, and shaving from 
* them as much as they could all abbey characters*.” 

Vou. IX. L The 


* In the history already quoted from and referred to, is a ground Plan of 
the Abbey Church, with its connected buildings ; also two views of the re- 
Matins, and onc of the cluisters. ‘The latter are engraved from drawings of pecue 

liar 


~ Jow nite produced 621. 11s. 24, The herbage of the park sind 
wood, (ihe Lord’s park), two miles im circuit, was demised to 
Sir Alexander Osbaldeston, for 121. ‘This, I suppose, was pretty 
near the current (price of mae ena | Every acre of land 


ee Ser ~— © Co mie blow 
Kine excellence, by Parner “Tn the Hall of this Abbey, 
‘in Vis tour to Alstom Moor, *' isa 


strane portrait of the Orkney hermaphrodite, 
whovwns born in 1615, drewed in along plaid, fastened with a broach, a red 
‘petticoat, and white prom, and.at the fect appear. the, figures, of a: cnek 
aid a ben, to denote the duplicity of the sex, i 
at the eeurt of Charles the Second, in 1662." 


planters Rm se 
proportion to the statute measure, at the square of eight to the sqhare of five 
and @ half, or as 256 to.193. Hience every customary acre of land will con 
tain two statute acres and 560 square yards; and conseqnently lend Jet at 
£6, per acre, by the customary meamre, does not ameunt filly to Is per 
acre, or less than one half, ‘The sme siay be observed of the other propor 
Gons, . 


LANCASHIRE. 163 


then let for 2s. is now worth thirty times the sum; and yet the 
price of the necessaries of life is not advanced in the same interval 
more than ten ur twelve fold. The reason of this disproportion 
is, that in times when there is no trade, farmers must live wholly 
from the produce of their farms, and therefore require a much 
larger profit in them. This was also a reason why land-owners 
retained so large a portion of their estates in their own occupa- 
tion. At the death of Sir John Towneley, of Towneley, A. D. 
1541, the whole estate was valued at 1001. per annum. The 
same, when strippecl of all additions by purchase or enclosures, is 
pow worth 3000]. Nor was the price of lands in this district 
greatly advanced in the reign of James the First. In the year 
1612, the demesnes of Towueley were surveyed, and valued at 2s. 
peracre. In the Parliamentary Survey, about forty years afer’, 
the same lands averaged between 4s. and 5s. Eight shillings per 
acre was about the average rent of farms here in the reign of 
Queen Anne. In balf'a century more it had increased in a ratio 
of two and a half to one. In the same interval, from that time 
to the present, it may be gencrally considered as trebled again+.” 
In the church-yard of Whalley are three ancient stone Crosses, 
views of which are given in Dr. Whitaker's work; and this 
gentleman conjectures that they were raised in the time of Pauli- 
aus, whose ministry in Northumbria commenced in 625, and 
terminated in 631, when he was driven from that kingdom. Soon 
after the establishinent of christianity in the Anglo-Saxon do- 
minious, it was customary to raise stone-crosses in church-yards 
at the time of consecrating those places, and in many other situa- 
tions upou the ratification of any solemn covenant or agreement f. 
Le In 
* This was in 1650, i. ¢. or 1651, thirty-cight or thirty-nine years after ; 
‘but most of the surveys were made in 1650. 
t History of Whalley, p. 124. 


+See Gongh's Sepulchral Monuments, Vol, II. Pref. p. 177; also 
Architectural Antiquities, Vol. I. where, in plate 1, fig. 4, will be seen the re- 
breatation of a stone cross, similarly ornameuted to one of those at Whalley, 


164 LANCASHIRE. 


In the village of Whalley is a small School of the foundation of 
Edward the Sixth, which, with those of Middleton and Burnley, 
have thirteen scholarships in Brazen-nose College, Oxford. This 
township, as distinct from the other parts of the parish, in 1801, 
contained 154 houses, and 876 inhabitants. 


Littte Mitton is a hamict end maner within the parish of 
Whalley, and with Henthorn and Coldcoats, form one township: 
Tt stands near the confluence of the Ribble, the Hodder, and the 
Calder rivers. The Mangr-House, the scat of Rickard Henry 
Beaumont, Esq. F. A. S. is a fire specimen of that style of 
domestic architecture which prevailed in the reign of Henry the 
Seventh. Its basement story is of stone, and the upper part is 
formed of wood. The Hall, with its embayed window, screen, and 
gallery over it, is peculiarly fine and curious: “ the roof is cciled 
with oak in wrought compartments ; the principals turned in the 
form of obtuse Gothic arches; the pasterns deeply fluted ; their 
capitals, where they receive the principals, enriched with carving; 





the walls covered with wainscoat, and the bay window adorned 
with armorial bearings in painted glass. The screen is extremely 
rich, but evidently of more modern style than the rest of the 
wood work. Upcen the pannels of it are carved, in pretty bold 
relief, ten heads, male and female, within medallions, which have a 
ind of character, and were evidently intended for por- 





«The situation of Little Mitton is a remarkable instance of the 
predilection of our ancestors for a southern aspect; to attain 
which they bave tumed the frout of the house against a marsh 
overgrown with alders, and have neglected cne of the most 
delicious landscapes in Ribblestale, which opens to the north and 
wesl®.” 


The 


© History of Wlalley, p. 257, in wLich there is an extremely fine print of 
the Hall at Mitton, ficm a drawing hy W. M. Craig. 


LANCASHIRE. 165 


The village of GREAT MITTON, though within the boundary 
of Yorkshire, is a portion of Whalley parish; and its Church is 
boldly seated on a high precipitous bank, above the river Ribble, 
near its junction with the Hodder. The church uppears to be 
about the age of Edward the Third, and contains several monu- 
iwents and tombs to the memory of the Sherburnes of Stonyhurst, 
in this parish. Most of these arc within a private chapel or 
chantry *, on the north side of ‘the choir, The most ancient of 
the monuments is that to the memory of Sir Richard Sherburne, 
who, according to the inscription, was “ masfer forester of the 
forest of Bowland, Steward of the manor of Sladeburn, Lieutenant 
of the Isle of Man, and one of her Majesty’s deputy Licutenants 
in the county of Lancaster.” Sir Richard died the 26th of July, 
1394. Here is a mural monument to another Richard Sherburne 
aud his Lady, kneeling: he armed; she in a ruff, with a black 
hood turning from behind over the top of her head. Three 
Altar-tombs, with recumbent figures in while marble, having long 
hair and Joose gowns over their coats; one of these has his Lady 
lying by him. All of them are of the name of Richard, and each 
figure is spurred, and placed cross-legged. A long inscription to 
the memory of Sir Nickolas Sherburne, among other things, 
tates, that he “‘wasa man of great humanity, simpathy, and 
concem for the good of mankind, and did many charitable things 
while he lived ; he particularly set his neighbourhood a spinning 
of Jersey wool, and provided a man to comb the wool, and a wo- 
man who taught them to spin, whom he kept in his house, and 
allotted several rooms he kad in one of the courts of Stonihurst, 
for them to work in, and the neighbours came to spi according- 
'y; the spinners came every day, and span as long a time as they 
could spare, morning and afternoon, from their families: this con- 
linued from April 1699, to August 1701. When they had all 
leam‘d, he gave the nearest neighbour cach a pound, or half a 
L3 pound 








* A View of this is given in tlie History of Whatley, from an exquisite 
drawing by Tarner, 


166 LANCASHIRE. 


pound of wool ready for spinning, and wheel to set up for them- 
selves, which did a vast deal of good to the north side of Ribble, 
in Lancashire. Sir Nicholas Sherbumn died December 16th, 
1717. This monument was set up by the dowager dutches of 
Northfolk, in memory of the best of fathers and mothers, and in 
this vault designs to be interr’d herself, whenever it pleases God to 
take her out‘of the world.” “This epitaph, or rather history,” 
says Dr. Whitaker, “ was written by the Duchess herself, who had 
certainly no mercy on the marble cutter.” 

The two tombs, and four statues of the father and saat, 
grandfather, and grandmother of Sir Nicholas Sherburne, were 
finished in 1699, for 2531. by William Stanton, lapidary, who 
lived near St. Andrew's Church in Holborn, London. The two 
male figures on these tombs, Dr. Whitaker says, “ are probably 
the latest instances of cumbent cross-legged statues in the king- 
dom.” In November, 1328, Archbishop Melton appropriated 
the church of Mitton to the Abbey of Cockersand, reserving to 
himself 40s. per annum, and 20s, to the deacons of his cathedral, 
ordaining also a perpetual vicar, presentable by the convent. 

Near Mitton is BASHALL, a plain large house, formerly belong- 
ing to the Lacies, and granted by them to the Talbots, who pos- 
sessed it for many centuries; but the present mansion appears to 
have been erected since the extinction of this family, and now 
belongs to Jolin Lloyd, Esq. of Gwerhids, in Merionethshire. 


Wapnpow Hatt, also on the Yorkshire side of the Ribble, 
and immediately opposite to Clithero, is the seat of Thomas Weddel, 
Esq. The house is seated in a most romantic and picturesque 
district, on the side of a round and insulated hill, that rises from 
the bank of the river, which here runs furiously over a rocky 
channel. The views from this mansion, and the surrounding 
eminences, are greatly diversified, and comprehend the town and 
castle of Clithero, with the hills of Pendle, Penygent, and the 
more lofty Wharnside. 

In this parish is the chapelry of WADDINGTON, where is an 
Almshoxse, which was founded and endowed in 1700, by Robert 

Parker, 


LANCASHIRE. 167 


Parker, Esq. of Browsholine, in this parish. WADDINGTON 
HALt, a stone house, with small ancient windows, and a narrow 
winding stair-case, though now the residence of several poor fa- 
nilies, formerly afforded shelter and protection to the meek and 
ill-fated, King Henry the Sixth, after the fatal battle of Hex- 
bam, in 1463. The monarch was conveyed into this county, 
where he was concealed by his vassals for a whole year, notwith- 
standing the most diligent search was made after him. At length 
be was surprised at dinner, in Waddington Hall, and taken near 
Bungerley hipping, or stepping stones. The account which 
Leland® gives from an ancient chronicle, agrees with the tradition 
of the country, that he was betrayed by Thomas Talbot of Ba- 
shall, and John, his cousin, of Colebry. The house was beset, 
when the king contrived to escape, and fled for some distance, but 
was pursued and taken. He was tied on a horse, and carried to 
London as a prisoner. Rymer+ has preserved the grant of a re- 
ward for this service, dated from Westminster, 9th July, 1465. 
Al this time Waddington belonged to the Tempests, who inherited 
it by virtue of the marriage of their ancestor, Sir Roger, in the 
eign of Edward the First, with Alice, daughter and heiress of 
Walter de Waddington. 


BrowsHOLME, the seat of Thomas Lister Parker, Esq. is 
within the boundary of the original parish of Whalley, in the 
county of York. It stands on a commanding elevation, in a tract 
of land formerly part of the forest of Bowland}, which, though 

L4 now 


* Collectanea, Vol. 11, p. 500, from which Holiushed and Stow have copied 
their accounts of this event. 


+ Fordera, Vol. 11, p. 548. 


+“ The whole tract of country vulgarly called Bowland, and consisting of 
the parishes of Slaydburn and Mitton, together with the forest properly so 
Called, is equally 4 member of the fee or honor of Clithero, and was equally 
comprehended within the original parish of Whalley ; but the two former 

were 





LANCASHIRE. 169 
chapel, washes the foot of a tall conical knowl, covered with oaks 
to its top, and is soon lost in overshadowing woods beneath.—But 
it is for the pencil, and not the pen, to do justice to this scene. 
On the opposite hill, and near the keeper’s house, are the remains 
of a small encampment, which has been supposed to be Roman, 
but the remains are too inconsiderable to justify any conjecture 
about them. At no great distance a cairn of stones was opened, 
and found to contain a sort of kist-vaen, aud a skeleton: it issin- 
galar that neither of these remains have been noticed by Rauth- 
acli, the diligent and accurate investigator of the Roman antiqui- 
lies of his own neighbourhood : but as he was minister of Whyte- 
well, he could scarcely be ignorant of this encampment, and may 
therefore be presumed not to have thought it Roman. On an ad- 
joining height was discovered a quarry and manufactory of querns, 
or portable millstones, of which, though probably introduced by the 
Roman soldiers into Britain, the use appears to have continued 
among us till after the Norman conquest”.” 

The mansion at Browseholme is a large pile of building, with a 
centre, and two wings projecting at right angles from the ends, 
In the front of the centre is an ornamental facacle of three stories, 
with pilasters of four orders of architecture, and the whole in the 
fashion of Elizabeth and James the First's reigns. 

Though many very considerable improvements have been progres- 
sively made, and are still making in the house, yet the present posses- 
sor carefully guards against any innovations or alterations in the ex- 
terior character of this venerable and interesting specimen of an- 
cient domestic architecture. Within the house is a fine old library, 
well stored with curious, useful, and amusing literature; a col- 
lection of coins, and a valuable assemblage of manuscripts, many 
of which relate to the history and antiquities of the neighbour- 
hood. Among other curiosities preserved here with laudable at- 
tention, is the Original Seal of the Commonwealth, consisting of 
massy silver, and inscribed “ The Seale for approbation of 

Ministers.” 


© History of Whalley, p. 208, 





LANCASHIRE. : “aa 


by a family of that name at a remote period. It was purchased | 
towards the end of Elizabeth's, or beginning of James the First’s 
reign, by Sir Thomas Walmsiey, Knight, one of the justices of 
the court of common pleas, and now belongs to a descendant of 
the late Robert Edward Lord Petre. 


Ata short distance sonth-west of Ribchester is SAMLESBURY, 
an extensive manor, which continued the property of the great 
family of Southworth for 350 years. The manor house was for- 
merly moated round, and inclosed three sides of a large qua- 
drangle. In the centre was the great Hall, “a noble specimen 
of most rude and massy wood-work, though repaired in 1532, 
by Sir Thomas Southworth, whose name it bears, is of very high 
antiquity, probably not later than Edward the Third. The re- 
maining wing, which is built of wood towards the quadrangle, and 
brick without, (the earliest specimen of brick work in the parish), 
is of a Jater date. There is about this house a profusion and 
bulk of oak, that must almost have laid prostrate a forest to erect 
it. The principal timbers are carved with great elegance, and the 
compartments of the roof painted with figures of saints, while the 
outsides of the building are adorned with protile heads of wood cut 
in bold relief within huge medallions; it is curious to observe 
that the inner doors are without a pannel, or a lock, and have 
always been opened, like those of modern cottages, with a latch 
and a string. It is also remarkable, that in this house the boards 
of the upper floors, which are indeed massy planks, instead of 
crossing, lie parallel to the joysts, as if disdaining to be indebted 
to the other for support *.” 


SaLEsBuRY HALL, on the banks of the Ribble, nearly op- 
posite Ribchester, has been successively the property of the 
Salesburies, Clitheroes, and Talbots, the last a branch from Ba- 
shall. This is the birth-place of Thomas Talbot, who, in the year 

1580, 


* History of Whalley, p. 474. 
































LANCASHIRE. 177 


and was interred in St. Peter's church, in the tower of London, 
where a bandsome marble monument, with a long inscription, 
das been raised to his memory, by his son-in-law, William Han- 
way, Esq °. 


CuIsENHALE, or CHISNAL-HALL, about two miles north- 
west from Standish, was the ancient residence of a family of that 
Baume, who had long been its proprietors. At this place was born 
Epwarp CHISENHALE, Esq. who bore a colonel’s commission 
in the royal army during the civil wars in Charles the First’s reign. 
He was one of the six captains selected by Charlotte, countess of 
Derby, for the defence of Lathom house, at the memorable siege 
of that place, in 1644, where, with singular address, and a skilful 
mamceuvre, he drew off the besicgers into a private place, and cut 
of 500 of them, under the specious pretence that the house was 
openedt. For this exploit he was fined 8001. for delinquency. 
Granger } mentions another anecdote of him, that “‘ he sallied forth 
jpst after the enemy had been boasting of their provisions, and 
stole their dinner.” As a literary character, no less than a mili- 
tary ove, “ he well deserves to be remembered,” being the author 
of a Catholic History, collected out of Scriptures, Councils, Fa- 
thers, &c. occasioned by Dr. Thomas Vane’s book, called The 
Lost Sheep Returned, 1653, small 8vo. the frontispiece of which 
presents a portrait of him, with various significant and emble- 
matic figures. At this time Dr. Vane was a convert to popery. 
The old manor house is entirely destroyed, and the estate, on 
shich is a farm-house, belongs to James Hammerton, Esq. of 
Hallytield-Peel, in Yorkshire. 

Vou. IX. M 


® See Birch’s History of the Royal Society, Vol. IV. p. 106, &c. Au- 
brey's MSS. in the Ashmolean Muscum at Oxford. 


1 See Peck’s Desid. Cur. XI. p. 42, &c. and Lloyd's Memorials, p. 690. 


¢ Biographical Hist. of Engl. Vol. II, 8vo. 1894, p. 106. 























Lea LANCASHIRE. 

cogniae the origin- of a town, which was then a place ofttrifiing: iat 
port, und which continued so for many centuries, Yet in dif 
ferent subsequent charters, it is spoken of by each monarcl: as 
“our borough or vill” of Liverpool ; and mention is made of per 
sons bolding burgages under the crown, A second charter was 
geanted to the town by king John, in the width year of bis reign, 
A.D, 1209", whois therein styled “Lord of Ireland,” a place 
that was not mentioned in the preceding charter, This only al 
ludes to burgage houses, and the free possession of the same by 
any of the king's “ faithful subjects,” In the next reign, (Henry 
the Third), the burgesses renewed their charter, but were obliged 
to pay “a fine of ten marks in money;” and “a merchant-guild, 
or society,” was then established. It was. stipulated that “no 
strangers should then carry on business in the lown, without the 
consent of the burgesses.” This prohibitory and impolitic clause 
seems to have continued in force till about the middle of the reign 
of George the Second, when strangers were allowed to settle in the 
town, upon the payment of u small fine, “ Since the beginning 
of the present century this demand has Teen discontinued; and 
the town, although a borough, niay be considered as perfectly free, 
for the purpose of commerce, to all the world,” 

In adopting this wise principle, the burgesses of Liverpool have 
set an exatnple pceuliarly worthy of imitation; for hy encour. 
aging the industrious and speculating tradesman to settle here, 
the town consequently increases its population, commerce, and 
viches, Whilst the selfish and slothful proprietors of thove 


appears some ambignity relating to this Charter; for in a petition fromthe 
corporation to the king, 1751, the petitioners state that Liverpool 
« Wea eery ancient borough by presetiption, long befere the time of king Joka, 
‘who granted its first churter.” 


An the history of Liverpoo! now publisiing in mmmabers, there appears 
some confusion respecting this date: as at page £¢ it is enid that the Charter 
of John i dated A.D, 1207; afterwards it appears to be given in the 947 
year of his reign, (1209,) and in the next pnge it is said lo be “ granted to 
Liverpool in the year 1203." 


LANCASHIRE. iss 


boroughs, whose chartered laws entitle them to exclude all 
strangers, are gradually sinking to poverty and shame, the inhabi- 
tants of the free town are stimulated to energy by competition, 
and are advanced to riches and honor by laudable industry and 
urrestrained talent. These remarks could be satisfactorily eluci- 
dated by reference to numerous boroughs, which are notorious for 
their venality, corruption, and impoverished appearance. 

The following concise notice by Leland, will furnish us with 
some idea of the place during the reign of Heory the Eighth. 

“ Lyrpole, alias Lyverpoole, a pared towne, hath but a chapel. 
Walton, a iii miles off, not far from the Le, is paroche chirch. 
The king bath a castelet ther, and the Erle of Darbe hath a stone- 
house ther. Irish marchaunts come much thither us to a good haven. 
Good marchandis at Lyrpool, aud much Yrish yarn that Mam 
chester men do by ther. At Lyrpole is: smaule custume payd, 
that causith marchauntes to resurte *.” 

From this early and accurate tourist, we learn that Liverpool 
was a paved town when he visited it, much resorted to by Irish 
merchants, &c. and that its small port dulies were then deemed 
attractions to traders. This account is rather vague, and from 
the town record of November 1565, which is more decisive, we 
find that the merchandize and commerce of the place were 
then much reduced, or had not been previously of that ex- 
tent which Leland’s terms imply. Aceording to this document, 
Liverpool contained ouly 138 householders and cottagers. Be- 
tides, in a petition from the inhabitants to Queen Elizabeth, in 
1571, the place is styled “ her Majesty’s poor decayed toun of 
Liverpool.” The term decayed indicates that, from some cause 
unrecorded, and unknown, the town had suffered some material 
losses, and its remaining inhabilants had to deplore its former 
comparative prosperity. At this period there were only twelve 
barks, or vessels, with seventy-five men, belonging to this port, 

M4 and 


* Ttinerary, Vol. VIE, fo. 56. 


184 LANCASHIRE, 
and the whole estimated at 223 tons burthen*. By going further 
&, we find an order from Edward the Third, commanding this) 
sea-port town to “ provide all its vessels, ina sufficient manner, 
with men, arms, and stores,” to assist in a foreign expedition: and 
“about the same time,” says Macpherson, «the comnumity of 
Liverpool were repeatedly empowered to levy duties for paving’ 
their streels+.” Wanting satisfactory records ‘to explain the 
causes’ of these apparent fluctuations in the ‘early history of the 
place, it would be fatile to enter into a conjectural dissertation on! 
the subject. Suffice it to obyerve, that in consequence of the €x- 
tended increase of the town, it was found necéssaty, inthe rei 
of kiog William the Third, to obtain au act “Of parliament for 
making Liverpool a distinct and separate parish from that of 
Walton on the hill. From this period we shall find the town’ 
and riches. This is amply illustrated by the titles and objecis of 
the several public and private acts of parliaments that liave been 
obtained at different periods ; and’ the nuniber of charters that 
have been granted by the following monarchs, is a further evi- 
dence of the increasing consequeuce of the town, Must of these 
charters are still preserved among the Archives of the corporation : 
Al. Henry the Second ; in whieh he is styled Duke of Aquitain, 
and Earl of Anjou: und it is known that King Joba wftérwards 
lost those possessions—II. Jo/t—IU, “Henry the Third AVE 
Edward the Third—V. Richard the Second; av ancient copy 
of this charter was lately preserved at Speke-Huall.—VI. Henry the 
Fourth.—VMl. Henry the Fifth; 2 charters,—VUL Philip and 
j , Mary 
* On the opposite banks of the Mersey, in Cheshire, was a senall semport 


‘called Wellasey, which, at this time, possessed three barks, of sixty tone 
darthen, and manned with fous teen seamen. 


4 Annals of Commerce,” Vol. 3. p. 514, S16. [Rot. pet. second of 


EAward the Third; prim, seventh of Edward the Third, m, 27; prim, tenth 
of Edward the Third, m. 45.) 


LANCASHIRE. 185 


Mary.—IX. Charles the First.—X. Charles the Second.—XI. 
James the Second.—XI\1. William the Third.—XIII. George the 
Secoud.* 


Acts oF PARLIAMENT. 


Tenth and eleventh of William the Third, c.36.—A private Act 

To enable the town of Liverpool to build a Cuurcn, (St. Peter's), and 
endow the same; and fur making the said town and liberties, a ParisH of 
itself, distinct from Walton. ‘This act empowers the Corporation “ to baild a 
heuse fin the rector, and to raise 4001. by assessment, on the inbabitants, for 
that parpose. ‘That two rectore should be appointed, one for the new 
church, the other for the parochial chapel, who should enjoy the same eccle- 
saastic Lenefits as the rector and vicar of Walton had before enjoyed; that all 
parish dues, &c. shoudl Le equally divided between the two rectors. That 
the patronage and presentation to the rectory should be vested in the 
Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, for the time being; and sheuld any 
Gspate arise, the decision to be referred to the Bishop of Chester.—k&c. 


Eighth of Aune,c. 12. 4 public Act 


For making a convenient Dock, or baron, at Liverpool, for the secarity of 
all ships trading to and from the said port. 


Eighth of Anne, c. 25. A pricate Act 


‘To enable the Corporation to make a grant to Sir Oleave Moore, Bart. 
for liberty to bring FRLSit WATER into the said town. 


First of George the First, c. 21. 4 pritute Act 


For building aud endowing a CHuncn upon the site of the castle of Liver- 
pool, held by lease fiem the Dechy of Lancaster, aud for explaining a 
former act for the building auuthe veh there. 





‘Third 


© By this Charter, wl.i-h was confirmed by George the Second, it was or- 
Aaied, tha peace, Ne. there should be the following 
offcers, &c.—Fonty-one good ard disereet persons, who shal be called the 
Common Council of Liverpool, out of which skould be yearly chosen a 
Mayer. Recorder, aud two Baiiiffz. This is the esistitig corporation,” 
ce, “ whose by-laws and authorities are binding to the present 





1 order to preserve tl 








386 LANCASHIRE. 
"Third of George the First, c.1. A private Act 
For enlarging the time granted by an act, passed in the eighth year of the 
reign of her late Majesty Queen Anne, intituled, “ An act for making a con- 
venient dock, or bason, at Liverpool, for the security of all ships trading to 
and from the said port of Liverpool.” 


Seventh of George the First, c. 15: A public Act 


For making the rivers Mersey and Irwell NAVIGABLE from Liverpool to 
‘Manchester. 


‘Twelfth of George the First, c.21. A public Act 


For repairing and enlarging the RoAp from Liverpool to Prescot, and other 
rbads therein mentioned. 


Eleventh of George the Second, c.S2. A private Act 


For enlarging the time granted by an act, passed in the third year of the 
reign of his late Majesty King George, enlarging the time granted by an act 
awed in the eighth year of the reign of her late Majesty Queen Anne, for 
making a convenient dock, or bason, at Liverpool, for the security of all ships 
trading to and from the said port of Liverpool; and for enlarging the same 
‘by making an additional dock, and building a pier in the open harbour there ; 
and for enlightening the said dock. 


Nineteenth of George the Second, c. 19. .A public Act 


For enlarging the term and powers granted by an act, passed in the twelfth 
year of the reign of his late Majesty King George the First, for repairing and 
ealarging the road from Liverpool to Prescot, und other roads therein men- 
tioned ; and for amending the road leading from Prescot to the chapel of St. 
Helen, in the said county. 


‘Twenty-first of George the Second, c. 24. A public Act 


For building a cuurci in the town of Liverpool, and for enlightening and 
cleansing the strects of the said town, and for keeping and maintaining a 
nightly watch there. 


Twenty-fifth of George the Second, c. 45. A public Act 

For the more casy and speedy recovery of sMALL DEBTS in the town and 
port of Liverpool, and liberties thereof. 

In this year, it appears that the corporation petitioned the king for an 
act, to “ grant an additional number of Justices of the Peace, and to empower 
the recorder to make a deputy, and for granting the sca-shore to the corpoia- 


tion 


LANCASHIRE. 17 
fin in express words.” In this petitinn ie recited the various charters that 
had been previously obtained. 


‘Twenty-sixth of George the Second, c. 65. A public Act 

For enlarging the term and power granted by two acts of parliament, one 
pawed in the twelfih year of the reixn of his late Majcsty Kiug George the 
Prat ; and the other passed in the nineteenth year of Lis present majesty, for 
repairing the ROAD from Liverpool to Prescot, and other roads thercin men- 
timed ; and also for repairing the. road from Prescot, through Whiston, Rain- 
Mall, Bold, and Sankey, to the town of Warringfon, and also the road from St. 
‘Helen to Ashton. 


Second of George the Third, c. 68. 4. public Act 

For bailding fro new cnurcHEs, aud providing borial places. within the 
town of Liverpool ; and for the better preserving the percwents of the streets 
in the said town; and for ascertaining the fares and prices to be paid carters, 
Within the said town. 

Second of George the Third, c.S€. 4 public Act’ 

For enlarging the term and powers granted by an act, passed in the 
deventh year of the reign of his Iate majesty; for continuing several acts ret 
lating to the HaRsour of Liverpool, and for enlarging the said harbour, by 
Raking an additional dock, and building a-pier in the openbarbour. there, and 
for enlightening the said dock, and for making unother deck, with proper piers, 
inthe said harbour, and for erecting light-houses, and other proper lights in 
@ near the port of Liverpool. 


Such are the principal Charters and Acts.that bave been suc- 
‘sively obtained in behalf of this town, and on which its im- 
Dunities, privileges, and civil proceedings are founded. Yet it 
Tust surprise many to be told thut some ambiguity and diffi- 
culty still exists respecting the formation of the corporate body. 
Adispute has arisen, and generated two parties, or ccrporations, 
the old and the wew; the first consisting of the mayor, bailiffs, 


tnd burgesses; and the latter of the mayor, bailiffs, and common- 





council, In order to setUle this dispute, the old corporation re- 
wolved to try the issue of their claim at the Lancaster assizes, in 
1791: and after various learned and legal arguinents were ad- 

vanced 


183 LANCASHIRE,’ soo =| 


vanced on both sides, it was decided in favor of the old corpora- 
tion. This decision was contested by the new corporation, who 
obtoined a new trial in the Court of King’s Bench before Lord 
Kenyon, when it was decided that the mayor, bailiffs, aud com- 
won couneil constituted the proper corporation. This disagree- 
ment of the two verdicts has determined neither, and the poiut at 
issue is still a theme of dispute * 

~The present prosperity of Liverpool has evidently arisen from 
a coimbination of causes; and among these may be chiefly noticed 
its vatural situation, its free water carriage with the numerous 
manufacturing towns, and mines of the county, and the enlight- 
ened policy of its civil government. Seated on the eastern bank 
of the estuary of the Mersey, which may be called the key of its 
commerce, and source of its wealth, it possessed a ready and easy 
communication with St. Gcorge’s channel, and thence to the 
Atlantic ocean. Ships, when the wind is fair, at about east-south- 
east, will sail from the doeks to the main Irish sea, in a few hours. 
The river gradually expands, between the town and the sea. 
From the fort, to Seacombe ferry opposite, it is about 1300 yards 
across. Al spring tides the water sometimes rises thirly feet; but! 
at dead neap, only thirteen feet: 

At what time Commerce fixed on the banks of the Mersey, as 
one of her principal seals in Britain, is a subject, though, per- 
haps, of no high antiquity, buried in profousl oblivion. Le- 
laud observes that this port was well frequented by Irish mer- 
chants fy his time; and its first importance doubtless arose from 
the low ratio of its import duties. Prom the flatness of the shore, 
and other circumstances, the shipping must formerly have been 
stibject to great inconveniencies; for though vessels rode safely in 
thie offing, “they were obliged to’ ride there’ as in a road, ‘rather 
than an harbour. In the Reign of Elizabeth it appears that a 


mole 


* The whole of tht proceedings, an the above trials, with the speeches 
and opinions of Council, have been published. —See List of Books at 
exal, 


EE 





Tg0 alge 
Fae 19a, So feta. 
Old Dock- «+2198 by 85 + ‘Tagua 3d reo Kes 
Salthouse Dock2i3 hy 162.-—— 34 0 ——— 25 o—- 
George's Dock 246 by 100-- ——— 88 3 ——— 26 2—— 
King’s Dock - -272 by 95 }-- 42 0. > 26 0 —— 
Seema Des 280 by J20- eA Ras 37 0-—— 
ow aM 

oo Ein Pe ae a taser 
pared with those of London, will appear relatively small. ., 4 

‘The principal buson of the Wes1-INpia Dock, “aceneas 
‘opened August 30th, 1802, measures 2600 feet, by 510, andag 
deep. Contiguous to’ this is another bason, or dock, of the same 
Jenyth and depth, by ubout 400 feet wide. The first, of about 
thirly acres, will contain between two hundred, and three hundred 
sail of West-Indiamen, and is appropriated, for unlading the ves~ 
sels. ‘The latter, for loading oaiwards, contains about twenty- 
four acres. These are accommodated with inmense warebouses, 
basons al each end, aod sarrounded witha high wall, and deep 

‘The Lonnon Docx for unlading is 1262 feet lowg, by 699 
feet wile, and coptains 20 acres. 

‘The East INnta Dock, fon, unleling, i 2410\feetTougsaley 
$60 feet wide, and contains 18) acres; und for loading, i 780 
feet long, by 520 fect wide, and contains 9} acres. 

These immense works haye been nearly, cormpleted, sione,,the 
commencement of the year 1800, and thus demonstratively prove 
to the astonislied country, and to the world, the unlimited powers 
of English energy, skill, and riches, when properly stimuluted and 
rightly directed. 

Of the Liverpool Docks, it. may be necessary ia Leauntale 
camstanlial. The uncertainty of the tides, and flatness of the 
shore at this port, first suggested the necessity of some artificral 
accommodation forthe merebant’s vessels, and, as ewrly as 1561, 2 
scheme was planned for constructing a sort of dock, as a shelter 
from storms, &e.; but it was not till 1710, that an act was ob- 
tained to construct a regular dock. Since that time the docks 

have 





LANCASHIRE. 191 


have increased in number, with the increase and population of the 
town, and are now augmented to thirteen * :—Five wet docks, five 
graving docks, and three dry docks, (independent of the duke of 
Bridgewater's dock) ; occupying a space of about three miles ia 
drcamference ; the whole constructed, formed, and built upon 
the bed ofthe river. It is to be observed that George's, the Old, 
and Saithouse docks, communicate ; so that ships can pass from 
one to the other, and into the graving docks, without going into 
the river, where their being. unmanned or unrigged, might expose 
them to injury from the wind and tide. The King and Queen's 
docks communicate together in the same manoer, and with their 
own graving docks. There are perfeet communications under 
ground between all the wet docks, by large tunnels, for the pur- 
pose of one dock cleaning or washing another ; so that when a 
dock is to be cleaned, which is generally done once a year, it is 
left dry at low water, by keeping the gates unclosed ; the sluices 
are opened into it by different directions, and a great number of 
men enter, who, with spades, shovel the mud into the currents 
made by the sluices, till the dock becomes sufficiently cleared, 
which is usually done in ten or fourteen days. The dry docks are 
¢ckared from mud in the same manner, by sluices opened from 
their respective wet docks. This ready and effectual mode of 
deaning the docks by sluices, is rather of late invention and adop- 
tion; as it was originally done by means of flat-bottomed boats, a 
method tedious and imperfect. Each wet dock has a dock- 
taster, with an annual salary of 105!. whose office is to regulate 

“the internal decorum of the dock, by allotting the positions of the 
ships in their loading and unloading ; to direct the management of 

the food gates, and to attend to the docking and undocking of the 

ships at the times of the tide; as, without such,a regulator, who is 

cbliged to act with impartiality, according to existing circum- 

stances, confusion and consequent injury would ensue. The docks 

have 


“An act of parliament has been obtained for constructing two more wet 
docks, 


192 LANCASHTBE. 
town. Fires are tot suffered ; and even candles are not permit= 
ted to be lighted on boar! the ships, exceyit sectired fu Hinthortis’s 
for tobicco smoked, unider'a penalty of 40s. ; nor any combustible 
matters left on the decks, or‘on the adjoining quays in the night, 
ander a fine of tol. By these precautions, strictly attended to, aa 
‘accitleut from fire (so much to be dreaded)has only happened once 
yet scarcely a day pastes without fines being’ incurred for these 
Practices. ‘The penalty for having gunpowder in the docks isos. 
‘Large ships, when’ loaded, perpetine staat canta = 
tides, for want of sufficient depth of water there: s0 that, when @ 
ship of that description, in the dock, is ready for sea duriag’the 
spring tides, and the wind unfair, it is conveyed into the river; and 
there remains at anchor, to take the advantage of a fivolrable 
wind. Ifa large ship arrives from sea ditring neap tides,’ it con= 
tinues in the same’ siftiation till the’ next spring tide "rite high 
endugh to floatitinto the dock, 
© The following table exhibits the progressive increase of the 
Dock Duties, which are levied upon ships, according to a certain 
Tate'per ton. Tt shows the number of ships that have heen assess 
sei in euch year, “with the aggregate suns “Paid to the Dock -eoutis 
ee | 
“Year. SSips. 1 enn Yes. “'Suipe. Ve tee 4 
‘4760 1245 © 2390 6 7| 1780 2801 528° 79" 
“1765 1930 3455-8 4| 1785 3429 Stil’ 91S" 
“1770 2073-4142 17 2| 1790 4203" 10087 ca 
1775 W291 © S484 49] 1795 3948 ‘9368 16 
Years, Ships. ‘Tonnage. A te & “ 
1800 4746. 450,060 23,879 18 6h. 
1801 5060 489,719 23,365. 8 2 


1802 4781 510,691 28,192 9 10 
1803 4791 494,521 28,097 13. 7 
1804 4291 448,761 26,157 0 12 


18c5. 4638 463,482 33,364 13. 1 
In 1724, the dock duty amounted to only S101, 115. Od. 


LANCASHIEE. 193 

The aggregate current expenditure on account of the docks, 
(which we may suppose has increased in a similar proportion to 
the duties received), appears to have amounted, in the year 1805, 
to 27,8801. in which year, by the preceding statement, the duties 
received were 33,3641. 13s. 1d *. 

The view of the duties, as exhibited in the foregoing table, 
dearly shows the amazing increase of the annual receipts; yet, 
although this revenue appears so great, the Dock Proprietors are 
sill considerably in arrears: for by a statement in the small 
volume already r ferred to, it appears, that “ the original and pre- 
sent constructions of the docks and piers bave incurred a debt of 
106,7361. 18s. 7d. by money borrowed upon them under different 
Acts of Parliament. 

Connected with these docks are wide and commodious quays, 
with large warehouses, calculated to store up all such goods as are 
tot immediately delivered to the retail dealers, &c. 

Besides the five docks already mentioned, here is a smaller one, 
alled the Duke of Bk1pGEwaTERr’s Docx, which is devoted to 
the flats and barges, belonging to the canals that communicate to 
Runcorn, Manchester, and the manufacturing towns in this part of 
the country. 

The direction and government of the docks are vested in the 
Corporation, as trustees ; whose accounts are annually examined 
and settled by seven commissioners, who are appointed for that 

Purpose. 

The following table displays the quantity and qualities of va- 
tious articles of merclandize, that were imported into the town, 
for five successive years. 


© See Picture of Liverpool, 1805. 


Vou. LX, N Imports 


LANCASHIRE, 











9218 | si99 
SOL1 | BLSE 
e121 | csiel 
1Z8€ | £268 
L883 ee 


“sau x Suymonof ays ui joodsaarT Jo wog ay) jus aonposg fo syeoduy 


LANCASHIRE. 195 


Cotton imported into Liverpool. 
Ye Ba of st Ye Tncresse 
(cars. 8. Soe e ‘ears. Bags. ae 
1770 6043 1804 148389 60839 


i788 23775 17732 || 1805 163220 14831 
1800 87550* 63775 || 1806 172638 9418 


Coals brought to Liverpool by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. 










In 1781-- ++ 31,000 tons. 
1784-- +++70,000 
1787+ +++ 98,000 —— 


1790-- s+ 137,790 —— 


Coals exported in 1791.—To Foreign parts, 57,000 tons. 
—Coastways, 40,000.—Total 97,000 tons; leaving 41,000 tons 
used in Liverpool, besides the quantities brought down the Sankey- 
canal, and carted from the collieries. 


A list of the number of British and Foreign Ships that have en- 
tered inwards, and cleared outwards, at the port of Liverpool, 
from October 10th, 1801, to October 10th, 1802. 


British ships entered inwards in 1801, 
aneees PEPE Lees Tews BBO 
Foreign ships entered inwards in 1801,- 







British shipsclearing outwards for 1801, 
teeeceseeeensecescsesees 1802,° 
Foreign ships clearing out in 1801,-+++ 705 
Seca ececececcecerceeees 1802, +e%s 461 


If the increased tonnage of the ships, and the increased number 
of men employed in them, be considered, the result, as to the to- 
tal increase and decrease, respectively, of the British and Foreign 
ships, would be found still more considerable. In 1801, the 
anount of the tonnage was 22,696 ; do. for 1802, 25,527. 

Ne Oo 


"The quantity of cotton imported into London in 1800.was 86,450 bags, 


i96 LANCASHINE. 

‘On the 20th of Jane, 1807, there were in the Liverpool pox 
262 sail of American vessels. 

‘The rapid increase of the Anierican commerce, during the pre- 
sent devastating and calamitous war, is calculated to injure that of 
Great Britain, For the former bus every port oper to its mer~ 
chants; and among other effeets that must result from this free 
trade, it is very likely that i will undermine the monopoly of the 
East Indian traffic. This subject is entitled to serious considera~ 
tion. 

Long have the two ports of Bristol and Liverpool been acknow- 
Tedged rivals, The latter lias, at length, obtained the ascendancy 
over the emporium of the west. Though the merchants of each 
are desirous of being competitors, yet the places are so situated, 
95 maturally to divide the trade, upon very remarkable equalities, 
Each presents a different theatre for commerce toact upon. They 
possess no legitimate cause of interference ; cach bas room to ex- 
tend its trace, both abroad and at home, without clashing with the 
‘others interest, Bristol lies open to the Irish trade, as well as 
Liverpool: but while the former trades ehiefly to the south and 
south-west ports, from Dublin to! Galloway ; the latter niust have 
the trade of the east and porthern shores, from Dublin to Londou- 
derry. The one has all the south of England; the other all the 
north, to correspond with: Bristol has the south-west counties, 
extending northward to Shrewsbury; Liverpool the north, and 
midland counties, extending southward to Birmingham. Nature 
has opened a communication, by the river Severn, between Bristol 
and the counties of Monmouth, Glocester, Hereford, Worcester, 
and Salop; yet Liverpool bas obtained many advantages by the 
rivers Mersey, Wever, &e. and the various canals which now open 
@ communication for her, not only into the heart of the eountry, 
but to the eastern shores, the Tyne and the Humber. Wales 
seems equally divided between them: Bristol commanding ‘the 
harbours down to Milford, and its centre by the rivers: Wye and 
Lug: and Liverpool does the same to the north, by the Dee, Con- 
way, and Straights of Menaiz 

‘Thus 








198 LANCASHIRE. 

another. It is common to attach partiruler reproach to this 
town for engaging so largely in this business, but the discredit 
more particularly belongs to the legislative councils, for tolerating 
and eucouraging it. ‘To correct long nurtured evils, anil to anni 
hilate a profitable branch of trade io an actively commerchil 
country, require much patriotie courage and patriotic perse- 
verance. Its, therefore, with glowing pleasure that we hail the 
‘ascendancy of reason and justice over obstinate folly und merce- 
nary cupidity; for the noble maxiin of Papinian is then 
exemplified, “To suppress wrong is wise, to do right is 7 
“Much illiberal and ungenerous reflection,” says the editor of 
the Picture of Liverpool, ‘has indiscriminately been cast upon 
the inhabitants of Liverpool, on account of this trade, It is too 
commonly suppose! that it bas the unqualified sanctivn of all 
who take up their residence in this town, and it has been hence 
emphatically called the “ the metropolis of slavery” yet nothing 
can be more unfounded, not to say illiberal, than such an inmpt- 
tation. ‘The trade is limited to a very few of the merchants of 
Liverpool, chiefly to three or four houses; and many ships are 
fitted out in that trade from this port, belouging 10 owners and 
merehants who reside in different purts of the kingdom, but who 
give the preference to Liverpool, solely on account of the superior 
accommottations it possesses, “The friends of the liapless Africans, 
and many such are to be found even bere, have not been passive 
and unconcerned in the stroggle whieh has been raised for putting 
a stop to the trade, ‘Their talents ave been consecrated to the 
service. ‘They have remonstrated in public and in private, 
through the mediam of the pulpit and the press. They have 
called to their sid the powers of argum nt, the charms of poetry, 
and the graces of oratory; in doing whieh they bave acquitted 
theniselves of what they conceived to be an imperious duty to 
" their own consciences, their country, and their God.” 

In the year 1709, Liverpool began to have a share of the slave 
trade, and tras long been the principal English port in that branch 
of traffic. The following is a statement of the number of vessels, 

and 





























202 LANCASHIRE. 

southern front, is a profusion of sculptured decoration, but exe- 
cuted in such a bad style, that it more disfigures than ornaments 
the building. 

The first foundation stone of a NEw CoRNn EXcHANGE, in 
Brunswick-street, was laid on the 24th of April, 1807. This 
building is intended for a general resort of the corn-merchants, on 
the plan of the Exchange in Mark-lane, London; and, consider- 
ing that Liverpool is the seat of the second corn-market in the 
kingdom, it is somewhat surprising that an establishment of this 
kind has not been instituted before. It will be a handsome struc- 
ture, of plain Grecian architecture, with a stone front to Bruns- 
wick-street. Like the New Exchange buildings, it is erected by 
subscription ; a fund of 10,0001. having been raised, by shares of 
1001. each, 

The Custom-House, situated on the south side of the Old Dock, 
has nothing peculiar to attract attention: and the Tobacco Ware- 
house, with various other commercial warehouses, are devoted to 
the stowage of various articles imported into this town. 

Buildings appropriated to Religion, are numerous and various 
in this large and busy place of traffic; but I shall restrict my re- 
marks to those belonging to the protestant doctrines, and of these 
I must necessarily be concise. 

The most ancient, called St. NICHOLAS, or the OLD CHURCH, 
is a very low structure, having windows with pointed arches, and 
a small tower, crowned by a spire. Though called the Old 
Church, it does not excite curiosity; and its interior exhibits 
gloom, without grandeur. Near it formerly stood a statue of St. 
‘Nicholas, a tutelary deity of the maritime part of the place, to 
which sea-faring people usually made a peace-offering, previous 
to their embarking ; and another, as a wave-offering, on their re- 
turn, for the successful issue of the voyage. 

St. Perer’s CuuRcH, built in 1704, is a plain structure, 
having a quadrangular tower, the upper story of which is octan- 
gular, terminated by eight pinnacles, in the form of candlesticks ; 
with'a gilt fane, shaped so as to resemble flame. 

St. Ggorce’s Cuurcu, which was finished in 1744, is more 

systematically 








am LANCASHIRE, 


Yetnot-so far as to group the most palpable imcongruities. The 
» rule is applicable here— 


“ Denigne sit quod vis simplex duntaxat & anam.” 


Horace, 


Sr. Pavu’s Cuurcn, which was erected at the public ex- 
pense, and consecrated in 1769, isa minialore imitation of the 
great cathedral of Londen, Ou the west side a grand Ionic por- 
tico forms a suitable vestibule to the building, which is also of the 
Tonic order throaghout. The base is rustic, the walls plain, ter- 
minated by a balustrade decorated, but not croudedly so, with 
plain neat vases, The domes crowned with a lantern, and its 
finial u ball bearing across. “Though the exterior of this building 
loses all appearance of grandeur, or beauty, to the eye that has 
dwelt on the designs of St. Peter's at Rome, and St. Paul's at 
London, yet it assumes some importance and elegance when com- 
pases! to the other, modern churches of the town, or- the gene~ 
rality of those sacred eilifices that have been erected since the 
reign of Henry the Eighth. Its interior is more imposing than 
the exterior, from the disposition and character of the pillars 
that support the dome. Like most buildings with domes, or of 
circular arrangement, this is very unfavourable for the communi~ 
cation of sound: and the congregation is said to be very limited 
from this circumstance LF 

St. ANN’: 5 Church was built by two proprietors, in 1770; and 
is remarkable for having its galleries supported by slender cast- 
iron pillars, which were the first employed for this purpose. The 
church is, very unusally, placed in a north and south direction, 

Sr. Joun’s Church was erected at the public expense, and was 
finished in 1784, The lower part of this, like that of St. Paul's, 
is appropriated to the public. 

Trinity Cuuncn, built by private proprietors, and conse- 
crated in 1792, is commodious, and peculiarly neat. 

Curist’s 


* See a small view of this building in the Plan of the Town, published in 
The British Atlas,” 









































LANCASHIRE. 207 
rate London actors join it. In the season of 1798, an incident, 
at once singular and solemn, occurred at this theatre :—As John 
Palmer was performing the part of the Stranger in Kotzebue’s 
once popular play of that name, and pronouncing the words— 
“ there is another and a better world ”—be sunk down on the 
stage, and immediately expired. He was buried at Walton, and 
soon afterwards the proprietors generously gave a benefit play for 
Mr. Palmer's orphan family; to whom was remitted, exclusive of 
funeral expenses, &c. the sum of 4121. 

The ATHENZUM is a building and establishment, calculated 
to embrace a News aud Coffee-Room, and Public Library. It 
was commenced in 1798, and the coffee-room epened on the Ist 
of January, 1799. The building, which was erected by a sub- 
scription of 4,400. arising from the shares of different members, 
has a stone front in Church-street ; and, besides the rooms already 
specified, contains a handsome committee-room, and apartments 
to accommodate the librarian. The whole of the building, with 
its establishment and current support, is defrayed by about 450 
subscribers, 300 of whom paid, on entrance, ten guineas for each 
share, afterwards the shares were raised to twenty guineas, and 
subsequently to thirty guineas each. Besides this, every subscriber 
pays two guineas annually. 

The Union News Room, a similar establishment to the 
above, was instituted on the 1st. of Jan. 1801, the day of establish- 
ing the Union of England and Ireland. This building cost be- 
tween four and five thousand pounds, and has a stone front in 
Duke-street. 

The Lyceum; consisting, like the above, of a coffee-room, 
library, and other necessary apartments, is a large handsome pile 
of building, erected by Mr. Harrison, of Chester, at an expense 
of about 11,0001. This sum was raised by a subscription of 800 
proprietors, who pay annually one guinea each towards its support, 
&c, The coffee-room is sixty-eight feet by forty-eight, with a 
coved ceiling, thirty-one feet from the floor; and, besides most 
of the London and provincipal newspapers, it is also supplied with 
many Literary Reviews and Magazines, The library-room is cir- 

cular 





LANCASHIRE. 209 


spirit of those who erected them: bet being principally of brick, 
they lose much of the erand effect produced by free-stuee froma: 
In 1774, the number of streets, lanes, alleys, dc. was 250; but 
this number has been greatly increased, 2s the scheme of building 
several new streets, at the south end of the tuwn, bas been, since 
that period, in a degree carried into effect. Besides which, sevee 
ral rows, terraces, places, &c. in the environs, cootainisg mamy 
good houses, have been erected. : 
To ascertain exactly the pupulation of a place, so crowded witt 
inhabitants, is a dificult ask; and the dithculty is mereased by 
the uncertain numbers necessarily absent on business. Two modes 
have been resorted to for ascertaining a point, which involves 
questions highly important in the view of policy and commeree, 
The one mode is, forming an average of the number of persons 
to each house, an} multiplying that by the number of houses. 
Bat this is liable to considerable errors. Nothing but actual enw 
Meralion can effectually answer the purpose, and the difficulty of 
making it, does not leave this method free from objections. : 
From lists of the population, as detailed in the histories of the 
town, the numbers appear to have rapidly increased during eer 
in intervals. 2 


fn 1700, the number of houses was 1312, inhabitants 5714 
1753, ++ eeee 3700, eeee++ ++ 20,000 
4760, - sees 4200, seeeeee 25,000 . 
E774, cecceececscceceeeees 800), seeseees 34,407 

From the reports of. 
a wo} the House of oon. 11,774, 
MONS sere deoese 











ee eeeeee 77,653 


Burt from the very incorrect method in which this census was 

‘> owing to the perverseness of families on the one hand, and 

the imdolence of those appointed to make the returns, on the 

ther, even this statement cannot be relied on. In the present 
Mhnce it is said to be very incorrect. 

\o the year 1793, the corporation, by failures, and want of mo- 

Vou Ix. 0 ney, 


210 LANCASHIRG. 

ney, were obliged to apply to parliament for relief, The state of 
their affairs was printed, avouched, and Iuid before parliament ; 
by which it appeared that their income, for the year 1792, was 
95,0001. 178. 1id.—that their whole property was valued at 
1,044,7761.—and that their debts amounted to 367,8101, 12s— 
leaving a surplus of 676.9591. 88.—besides some contingent 
concerns, estimated at upwards of 60,0001 more. ‘This state- 
sment was ordered to be printed iSih April, 1793, in order 
to ascertain the propriety of allowing the corporation to issue ne- 
potiable notes, which was granted the same year, for a limited 
time, aud was of great service to the trade of the town, This met 
laid the foundation of that for the issuing Exchequer Bills, for 
the relief of the country: thongh the former was kept back till the 
Tater had been passed. 

Liverpool, as a borough, returns two members to. parliament, 
who are elected by the votes of the free burgesses; and of these 
about 2,500 possess thut privilege. The town was constituted « 
borough 23 of Edward the First; and, in 1729, it was determined 
that the right of election was vested in the mayor, bailiffs, and 
freemen noi receiving alms. 

‘The military history of this towa is short; end confined aie 
arrow limits. 

‘The parliament had a very strong garrison here in 1644, under 
the command of Colonel Moore, of Bank-Hull. Prince Rupert, 
assisted by the Earl of Derby, approached the town, after taking 
Bolton. It was defended on the east and north bya strong mud 
wall, with a vallum and foss, twelve yards wide aad three deep. 
On the top of these were placed’ numerous bags of Trish wool; a 
‘vast importation having previously taken place. ‘The south-east 
side was naturally defended by a wide mursh, inundated from the 
tivec; the streets leading to this were shut up, aod those towards 
the land were defended by gates, with pieces of cannon planted 
in each avenue. 

Tt had a strong castle on the sonth, ssrrounded with a diteh, 
twelve yards wide and ten deep: npon the ramparts of which were 
cannon, and the entrance defended by a fort of eiglt guns. A 

covered 


BANCASIIRE. a 
covered way-led thence to the river, by which the ditch was filled 
occasionally with water; and by which, at ebb tide, provisions 
and stores were brought in. The prince having possessed the 
heights, thought the conquest easy. He encamped on the hill, 
and, having in vain summoned the place to surrender, he com- 
menced the siege. Ti:is, with continual repulses, atended with 
great slaughter, continued one month: when, from treachery of 
the commandant, which has beeu alledged by some—or the works 
on the uorth side being deserted by the troops, as mentioned by 
others—a breach was made, avd the Prince’s army entered the 
town on the 26th of June, putting to the sword all they met, 
The troops from the castle thea beat a parley, submitted to ber 
come prisoners of war, and the whole town surrendered, It was 
soon after retaken by the parliameut army, and Colonel Birch was 
appointed goveruor of the castle. 

After this the works were dismantled, and the place, in point of 
.defence, totally neglected. During two insurrections in the north, 
in bebalf of the abdicated family of James, the inhabitants, from 
the defenceless state of the town, were under just apprehensions 
for its safety. For, had not the rebels been arrested in their 
progress by the buttle of Preston Pans, in the one case, and di- 
verted in their course, on the other, before they had seized the 
Amportant post of Warrington, they would immediately have re- 
duced Manchester, and the taking of Liverpool would then have 
gproved a very eusy tusk. There they would have met with men, 
hips, stores, &c. been enabled to have formed an easy commu- 
amication with the rebels in Ireland, and opened an inlet for fresh 
Sausiliiaries from France. Their designs were providentially frus~ 
‘rated ; but this can uever form an apology for leaving so import- 
Sant a place so totally unprotected, by sea and land, as it bas long 
Raeen, during the threals of invasion, and the apprehensions of re- 
~olt. For though a fort is erected on the banks of the river at 
Che N.W. end of the town, yet this istoo trifiog and weak to afford 


" MWearcely apy protection to the place. 


Such are the chief historical and topographical features and pe= 
‘Suliarities of the second sea-port town in Great Britain; but to 
Oe detail, 





ss sa espa acta 
het, ant whieh wil be pabertarretit 


VASee Ba tha a north fit. and 9» 30° Tong. at 
ee eee The whole town, 
proper suburbs, includes, according to w survey taken by 
“Charles Eyre, in 1785, aa area of 4,000 yards ftom north to 
‘south, ‘and 2,500 yards from east to west. The litter side is 
| by the river Mersey, and on the opposite side are the 

‘Borders of the townships of West-Derby und Everion » whilit 
Toxtlh-Park shirts its southern side, and the wortheru sile jolts 
the township of Kitkdale. ‘The whole of this area is not, how 
éver, covered with buildings, though the practice of erecting new 
houses, and forming new strects, continues to prevail to an ama 
ing extent: and, if persevered in, will in a short period necupy 
the whole space, by a connected and spacioustown, = 
‘Aniong thé eminent natives of Liverpool, the names of DEARR, 

& sculptor, and Sromns, the paiuter, will be long remembered 
‘with reipect and admiration, by every true'lover of the fine arts, 
who has had the pleasure of examining some of their best works. 
‘George Stubbs was born here in 1724, and died in London, July 
“10th, 1806. In early life he acquired some distinction for bis know- 
“ledge in anatomy, and more particularly for that of the horse. In 
* 1766, he published a learned scientific work, entitled “The Ana- 
tomy of the Horse,” including a particulur description of the 
“bones, cartilages, muscles, facias, ligaments, nerves, arteries, 
veins, and glands; in eighteen tables, all done from nature. Tits 
work obtained him considerable reputation; and the many excel- 
lent 


* The shape of the town, situation and positions of the docks; and oum- 
bee of streets, squares, &c. are all Ixid down in the grount-plan af the 
town, published ia No, XIV. of the British Atlas: A snail engraved view 
‘of the town taken froin the opposite side of the Mersey, a ' 
eecription. 


LANCASHIRE. 213 


lent paintings of horses, and other quadrupeds, that he continued 
occasionally to exhibit at Somerset-House, established for him a 
permanent fame, in this branch of the fine arts. As a painter of - 
animals, he eviuced not only a peculiar taste, but a style of ex- 
cellence that conferred interest, beauty, and grandeur to his pig- 
tures. [lad he rest salistied wilh the fame that he tlus merited, 
and acquired, his faithful biographer would not have had occasion 
to notice the poor attempts xt a new species of painting on wedge- 
wood plates, that he exhibited a short time previous to his death, 
These plates have been erroneously called enamel, and some eri- 
tics have injusliciowsly praised them; but I cannot reflect on 
them, or characterize them, in any other view, but as the playful, 
or weak productions of genius, when strayed from the paths of 
judgment and taste. 


South of Liverpool, and nearly adjoining the town, is CHtLD- 
WALL, an extensive parish, which includes the chapelries of Hale, 
Speke, Garston, Wavertree, Allerton, Great and Little Wolton, 
with several seats and manors. Among the latter, the mogt 
ancient and curious is the old mansion of SpgKg-Hatt, or 
Speak-HAtt, built mostly with timber and plaster, and when 
entire enclosed a square area or court. The house was formerly 
turrounded with a moat, and came into the possession of the Norris 
family, by the marriage of Wiiliam Norris, Esq. with Joan, 
daughter and heiress of Jolin Motinesux, Esq. of Sefton. The 
Norris family was settled here for many generations: and Sir Ed- 
ward Norris particularly distingu'shed himself in the battle of 
Flodden-field. A mutilated pedigree of this family is painted on 
canvass, and attached to an ancient carved mantle-piece in one of 
the rooms here. This mantle-piece is esteemed a curious speci- 
men of old carving, and is traditionally said to have been brought 
from Edinburgh Castle, after the battle of Flodden, in 1513; but 
Mr. Hinckliffe, in the XIVth volume of the Archzologia, p. 22, con- 
Noverts this opinion, and concludes his paper by saying— 
“Sprxn-HALt certainly offers an interesting scene, as an ancient 
Mansion, where, although the hand of ‘time bas already made 

O3 : considerable 

















7 TIVE ROTEET TY z 














LANCASHIBE. 21g 

SgrTon isa parish and manor, which formerly belonged to the 
Molyneaux family, who had a seat here, which they possessed, 
from their Norman ancestor, William de Moulins, who settled 
here on the grant made him by Roger de Poictiers. Previous to 
the latter, this property was held by the Thanes, who were the 
gentry of the Anglo-Saxons *. The church at Sefton is a larga 
and handsome pile of building, with a nave, two aisles, and a toweg 
with asteeple. It is said that this building was erected in the time 
of Henry the Eighth, by Anthony Molyneaux, a rector of thie 
place, and who was distinguished for his preaching, and for magy 
acts of piety +. The chancel is divided from the nave by a screen, 
and contains sixteen stalls of elegant carving. In this place are 
deposited the remains of many of the Molyneaux family, and se- 
wral curious and fine monuments are still remaining to perpetuate 
the race. Among these are two cross-legged figures in stone, with 
triangular slields; which, Mr. Pennant says, are ‘expressive of 
their profession of Knight's Templars. These effigies are drawn 
ina book in the herald’s office, from a fine pedigree sent them by 
Lord Sefton, Around an altar-tomb, of white marble, is an in- 
‘cription in memory of Sir Richard Molyneaux, who died in 
1439, and Joan his wife. He was Lord of Bradley, Haydike, 
Warrington, Newton, Burton-wode, and Newton-in-the-dale; dis- 
tinguished himself in the battle of Agincourt, and received the 
fonour of knighthood from Henry the Fifth. Enfigies, in brass, 
ae Preserved of Sir William Molyneaux, and his two wives: he 
*knatized himself in three actions against the Scots, in the reign 
of Henry the Fighth, and in that of Flodden took two banners, 
© Lancashire archers contributed much to the victory: and 
Heney, under his own seal, séut Sir William a letter of thanks for 
his Share of it. He died in 1548. The figures of Sir William 
Oly neaux (son of the last mentioned) with his two wives and 
thirteen children, are also expressed in brass plates. On a flat 
stone 


See Penuant's “ Tour from Downing to Alston-Moor,” 4to. 100. 


tSee Lodge's Irish Peerage. 





P LANCASHIRE. 219 

Derby®, by will dated 1572, directed that a chapel, with a ce- 
metery, should be built at Ormskirk ; and that his body should 
be interred there, and 4 monument eiected to his memory “ ac- 
cording to bis honor and vocation.” Ata subsequent periud some 
of the monuments of the Stanley family that had been raised at 
Burscough priory, were brought here. In the year 1719, the vie 
carage of Ormskirk was one of the sixty-three small livings aug- 
mented by Queen Anne's bouvty. The church, which stands at 
the N. W. end of the town, on an eminence, contains, among 
other monuments, “ two figures of Stanlies; short hair, hends 
closed, heralds mantles and arms. ‘Two ladies in close bodied gowns, 
one with an Earl's coronet. These probably were the first Earl 
of Derby and his two wives; the lady with the coronet his second 
wife, the Countess of Richmond ; for the first, who was sister 
to the famous Richard Earl of Warwick, died before he was created 
Earl, The Earl, in bis wiil, mentions “ personages” which he bad 
caused to be made fur his father, mother, grandfather, and grand- 
mother, at Burscough. Probably all, except the above, were 
destroyed at the dissolution t.”. In the year 1801, this town had 
a population of 2554 iububitants, The parish includes several 
‘ other 


© The faneral of this nobleman, who died at Lathom Honse, October 24, 
1574, and was buried on the 4th of the following December, was pecoliarly 
magnificent, and conducted with great pothp and parade. A particalar ac- 
eount of it is preserved in Co tins's Peerage, extracted from the MSS. of 
Jobn Austis, Esq. Garter King at Arms, Among other things it states, 
that “the chapel, aud house, with the two courts, should be hanged with 
black c!oth, and garnished escutcheons of his arns.” A hearse was erected 
at Ormskirk, “ of five principals, thirty feet of height, twelve feet of 
Jength, and nine feet of breadth, double railed, and garnished with black 
cloth, veivet, frinee of silk, taffaty lined with buckram ; also gold and silver 
ornaments; iwim, crest, and esentcheous.” - This stately hearse was erected 
in the nave of the church, where the body was conducted by a grand pro- 
cession ; and in which it was deposited for some time, during the performance 
of several formal ceremonies, and afterwards interred in the chapel. 


t Pennant’s Tour from Downton to Alston Moor, p. 33. 





of Heaven to all persons who would inerease the gifts, 
and “giving to the Devil, and his angels,.all who 
piously infringe on his bequests"*.—At the time ofthe disolution, 
this house maintained a prior and five canons of the Augustine 
Order, with forty servants; and was endowed, | 
ner, with au annual income of 1291, 1s. 10d. OF this 
tensive priory, only a small fragment ¥ shee 
Contiguous to Burscough is 


Larnom- Pi lamba fae y 
TLE, Esq. M. P. This place is particularly di 
ancient residence and property of Robert de 
thom +; several of the Stanley family; and lastl Bo 
Daring the calamitous cri wars in Chaides the Fess Ue, 
thom, like Wardour Custle, in Wiltshire s, acquired particular 
renown in consequence of the gallant and heroic resistance that it 
nianifested under the command of Charlotte, Countess of Derby, 
who was besieged here by Colonels Egerton, Rigby, Ashton, and 





* Dugdale's Monasticou, Vol Th ps 804. 


" a. 
4 He was one of the Barons whose names are recorded on a curious ma- 
‘anecript roll, relating ro the memorable siege of Calais, in the twenty-first 
your of the reign of Edward the Third, On this occasion be had under hie 
anc baron, eight eaquires, one knight, and twenty-three archers on horse- 
Lack.—For some accoun| of this siege, Ke, see Telit GAS 
under the article of Windsor-Gutle. 


4, See Benutics of Wiltshire, Vol Te 


LancasHins. eet 


Holcroft, from the 28th of February, 1644, to the 27th of May 
following, when the commander.withdrew his forces to Boltott. 
The Earl was in the Isle of Man during this time. In this attack, it 
is stated that the Parliament-army lost above 2000 men, and yet 
marched nearly the same number away. “The heroic, and most 
undaunted Lady Governess was often without the gates, and some- 
times near the trenches of the enemy, encouraging her brave sol+ 
diers with her presence ; and as she constantly began all her utt- 
dertakings with prayers in her chapel, so she closed them with 
thanksgiving; and truly, it was hard to say whether she was more 
eminent for courage, prudence, or steady resolution ; or justice, 
piety, and religion*.” A description of the house, as.it then 
stood, will shew how well it was adapted to resist the assailnient 
of a considerable army. It stood upon a flat boggy ground, and 
was encompassed with a wall of two yards in thickness. On this 
wall nine towers were erected, each of them mounted with sit 
pieces of ordnance, so placed as to enfilade the country, and 
command the approaches in every part. A moat, of twenty-fout 
feet in breadth and six feet in depth, surrounded the whole; and 
round the bank of the moat, between the wall and the graff, was 
a strong row of pallisadoes. In the midst of the house, was the 
Eagle Tower, surmounting all the rest ; and the gate-house, at the 
entrance of the first court, had a strong tower on each side. . On 
these the best marksmen were judiciously placed to harass the be- 
siegers, and frequently killed the officers and others in the trenches, 
and in their passage to and from them. The singular situation of 
this house increased the difficulties of the siege to an almost incre- 
dible degree ; and the enemy was unable to raise a single battery 
against it, so as to make a breach iu the wall practicable to enter 
the house by way of storm+. After the siege of Lathom house 
had been raised, on Prince Rupert's arrival there, directions were 


given 
© History of the bonse of Stanley, 8vo. ed. p. 239. 


+ History of the hovse of Stanley, p:234, 254, &e. 





Burscough, 

and Rufford.” To drain this stagnant pool, was a favorite 
scheme of a Mr, Fleetwood of Bank-Hall, as, early as the year 
1692; but although he euta canal from the meer to the sea, and 
expeniied considerable sums of money in coustructing banks, flobd~ 
gates, &e, he filed in effecting fis intention, Undismayed by 
this event, Mr, Eecleston, assisted by the scientific und skilful wi- 
vice of Mt. Gilbert) ‘of Worley, (who hail j 


towards accomplishing this object. The prin 
struck out, which I have executed,” says Mr. Eccleston, wus to 
have, in the main slnice*, three different pair of floodgates.” 
The first, to keep out the sea; the'second, at about bulf a mile 
distance nearer to the meer, to stop the sea there in cose any ac 
cident should happeu to the first ; and the third built closeto, andl 
in the same walls with the sea-gates, bot to open and shut in @eon= 
trary direction, All these gates are kept open when the tide tins 

sufficiently 


* The sluice, or canal, is nearly five miles in length from the sea-gates. 


LANCASHIRE. 295 
sufficiently retired ; and when the water rises above the level of 
meer, the sea-gates are shut. ‘* Thus,” continues Mr. Ec- 
cleston, « by the great skill and superior ingenuity of Mr. Gil- 
bent, the great obstacle to the perfect draining of Martin-Meer is 
dor away, which had bafiied the many vain efforts of the pro- 
Prieiors for almost a century.” A part of the land being drained 
4“ 1783, in the following year some few acres were ploughed up, 
amd “yielded a tolerable crop of spring corn ; some yielded a very 
4a Ferior kind of hay; and the rest was pasture. In the next year 
proprietor prepared for oats and barley, by ploughing nearly 
2 Qo large acres.” He progeeds to state the advantages that have 
T==aulted from this drainage; and observes, that previous to this 
“* She best meer-lands let for a few shillings the large acre.” In 
le 85, he sold some standing barley at 111. 17s. 6d. per acre; and 
tae purchaser to cut, carry off, &c. at his own expense. “ Good 
T<2<ads, for several miles in length, have been made across the 
Mme=er, by means of faggots, covered with a stratum of sand. The 
=<orered land is now generally appropriated to pasturage, on 
© Raich horses thrive better than any other kind of stock. 


RurrorD-HAtz is seated between the meer already described 
22d the great road leading from Ormskirk to Preston, at the dis- 
of about six miles north of the former town. This estate be- 
'acagsto Sit Thomas Dalrymple Hesketh, Bart. who has recently built 
@  waew mansion on it,and much improved and adomed the park by 
Dw, plantations, &c. This estate, in the parish of Croston, and in 
the hundred of Leyland, has a chapel of ease, which was built at 
2m expense of 11651. raised by brief. The dean and chapter of 
Raster receive 401. per annum from this manor. é 
Soururort, in North-Meols, has, within a few years, be- 
©<>ame a place of fashionable resort for bathing; and its fine flat 
S™2rads are peculiarly favorable to this healthful recreation. Here 
© good inn, and several lodging-houses. 


Vou. IX. . (FF PRESCOT, 


226 LANCASHIRE. 


PRESCOT, 


A mannfacturing town, is seated on high ground, on the great 
road between Liverpool and Warrington. Leland calls this place 
a “litle market, having no notable water about hit, a iii mile 
from Mersey up toward Lyrpole. Mr. Molineux, a knight of 
great landes, a ii miles from Presteode, dwellith at a place called 
Crostoffe. Tokstofft, a park of the hing’s hard by his howse. 
Konollesly, 2 parke having a praty house of the erles of Derby 
within a mile of Prestood. Sir William Norys dwellith at a house 
called Speyke, a ii or iii miles from Prestoud*." ‘This parish 
abounds with collieries; and supplies the town of Liverpool, and 
muiny adjaceit places, with coals at a cheap rate. Among the 
manufactures of Prescot, those of watch-tools, and movements, 
and also small files are particularly celebrated, The former have 
been long established here; and, in consequence of various in~ 
ventions and improvements that have originated in this town, the 
‘business is now carried on to a consitlerable extent, A large por- 
tion of the inbubitants are regularly employed in making the 
movements, springs, chains, cases, wires, and various other com- 
ponent parts of watehes; and also in the manufactory of tools, 
&e, for the London artizans. The small files are also much va- 
lued for their superiority of steel and cutting. Coarse earthen- 
ware, sail-cloth, and cottons, are also manufactured in this town 
‘and its yicinity. The church is large, with a lofty steeple; and, 
attached to the outside wall of the former, is a statue, in stone, 
of John Ogle, of Prescot Hall.—By a valuation of chureh livings, 
made January, 1756, the rectory of Prescot was rated at 5001. 
perannum. Ibis now a vicarage, and in the gift of King’s Col- 
lege, Cambridge. ‘The chapelries of Farnworth to the south, 
Rainsford to the north, St. Helens and Senkry to the east, are 
all within this parish, In 1801, the township of Prescot con- 

tained 


* Itinerary, Vol. VEL. fl, 53, 


LANCASHIRE. 227 
tained 736 houses, and 3,465 inhabitants. Among the great ma- 
nufactories of this parish, that of PLATE-GLAss, at Ravenhead, 
is entitled to particular notice, as being the most complete and 
ample of the kind in this country. In the year 1773, an act of 
parliament was obtained for establishing these works, and iucor- 
porating the proprietors: but though this company appears to 
have spared neither application nor expense, yet it failed in about 
twenty years; and the proprietors were obliged to sell the pre- 
mises, &c. in 1794. In the same year, a new company was estab- 
lished and incorporated ; and, combining prudent with scientific 
management, they have succeeded in firmly establishing the con- 
cern, and improving many processes in the manufacture. Cast 
plate glass, with concave and convex mirrors, are now made 
here, of sizes and qualities equal, or superior, to any that have 
been imported from the continent. Of the latter, some have 
been made thirty-six inches in diameter; and of the former, 
one hundred and forty-three inches in height, by seventy-two 
inches in width. In these extensive works, which cover about 

twenty acres of ground, nearly 300 persons are usually employed 
in the processes of melting, casting, blowing, polishing, &c. The 
oom, or hall in which the glasses are cast, is two hundred ‘feet 
Jong, by seventy-eight feet wide; and its roof is supported by 
lofty pointed arches. In it are three furnaces; and the table on 
Which the plates are cast, is a solid piece of copper, fourteen feet 
Jong, by eight feet iu breadth, and seven inches thick. Two 
‘ge steam engines are employed for grinding and polishing the 
alas plates. At the compauy’s warehouse, near Hiackfriars 
Bridge, London, a great variety of specimens are to be seeu. 


St. HELENS, or St. HELLEN, 


From its advantageous situation on the Sankey canal, and 
from its natural characteristics, has gradually increased to 
@ town of considerable size and consequence. A most exten- 

8ive copper work was established here about the year 1780, by 

P2 the 





228 LANCASHIRE. 

the proprietors of the Paris-minc, in Anglesea; and it is stated, 
in the “ Description of the country round Manchester,” that 
20,000 tons of ore are annually smelted bere and at another of 
the company’s works on the same canal, “The Ravenhead 
works manufacture thirty tons weekly, of small copper bars (not 
seven ounees troy weight), for the East India Company, which 
fire exported to China, and supposed to pass for coin, These 
bars are dropt from the mould into water, when an effervessence 
begins, in a few minutes, to take place at one end, and proceeds 
quickly to the other, by which the bar is changed, from aleaden 
hue; to the colour of red sealing-wax *.” In the vicinity of Pres- 
cot, is 


Knows ey, or KNowsi8y-Park, an ancient seat belonging 
tothe Earlof Derby, The park is extensive, and abounds with 
fine woods; but many of the largest trees are nearly stript of their 
foliage, and smaller branches, and slope towards the north-east, 
Seated on an elevated part of the park, is the mansion, a building 
that bas evidently been erected at different periods, The most 
ancient part, which is built of stone, and has two round towers, 
is said, in the work just quoted from, to have been raised by 
Thomas, the first Earl of Derby, for the reception of bis son-in- 
law, King Henry the Seventh ; but, in the “ History of the house 
of Stanley,” itis stated, that the Earl only “ enlarged his house, 
at Knowsley, by the stone building, and repaired and begntified 
the other part; and also that of Latham.” The preparations 
made by the Earl, in consequence of the Royal visit, were upon a 
grant seale ; for, besides enlarging and decorating his mansions, 
© be purchased a road, from the cross-ways leading from Sankey 
and Winwick (cow called Market-gate,) to the river, through the 
field, now called Bridge-street; and, at the bottom thereof, erect- 
ed a spacious stone bridge, and. threw up a causeway across the 
‘warsles, to the rising ground on the Cheshire side, and kept, ther 

same 


*  Deacziption of tbe comutry round Manchester,” kendto. p. 318. 


LANCASHIRE. 229 

same in repair all his life, and his successors after’him, to the 
tine of William Earl of Derby*.” The additions which were 
then mace to Knowsley mansion, are not precisely defined; and 
the next account of any alterations, refers to the time of James, 
the tenth Earl, who was an active public character, during the 
reigns of William the Third, Queen Anne, and George the First. 
He died at Koowsley, in February, 1735-6; but for some time 
Previous to his decease, he had retired to this seat, and made 
great additions to the house, &c, The work just referred to, 
specifies, that he rebuilt the old seat, “ after the modern way, im 
the most sumptuous and beautify’ manner,” and caused the fol- 
lowing “‘calumniating inscription,” as Mr. Pennant styles it, to 
be cut on the front.—“ James, EARL of Dersy, Lord of Man 
end the Isles, grandson of James, Earl of Derby, by Charlotte, 
daughter of Cloud, Duke of Tremouille, who was beheaded at 
Bolton, the 15th October, 1651, for strenuously adhering to 
King Charles the Second, who refused a bill, unanimously passed 
by both houses of parliament, for restoring to the family the 
estates which he had lost by his loyalty to him.” Of the ancient 
and honorable family of Stanley, the house contains many por- 
traits; some of which are curious as works of art, but more inte- 
Testing, as serving to perpetuate the likeness, costume, &c, of per- 
sous who have, at different periods, been distinguished in the tented 
field, in the senate, or at court. Among these are the following: — 
‘Portrait of Tuomas Lord STANLEY, afterwards Earl of Derby, 
Grewedd in black, with the George, iv a bonnet, small ruff, and a 
tite wand. This nobleman was an active character in the reigns 
Edward the Fourth, Richard the Third, and Henry the Seventh. 
Hehe distinguished himself at the siege of Berwick, under 
‘hetard, theri Duke of Gloucester; and for his fidelity to Ed- 
Ward and his children, he provoked the hatred of the Usurper. 
‘te lirtowly eseaped assassination at the council board, at the 
“ht hit friend: Hastings was dragged from it to execution, At 
™ Ps the 


‘3. Ws stthetadiy eine bode of Stanley, Svo. p. 105, 


250 LANCASHIRE, 

the memorable battle of Bosworth-field, he joined Henry, Earl of 
Richmond, whom he had the honor of crowning with the coronet 
tom from the brows of the stain tyrant, For bis bravery on this 
cecasion, he was created Earl of Derby, and received many other 
honorary favors from his monarch. He died in 1504, and was 
buried at Burscough. His second consort, 

Portrait of MARGARET, CounTEss of RicHMoND, is repre- 
sented in a religious habit, in the act of praying. The Earlwas her 
third husband; and, after the old lady had satiated herself with the 
pleasures of life, she requested, and obtained permission of her 
spouse, to spend the remainder. of her life in chastity, and, ac- 
cording to the irrational custom of the times, mortify both her 
“ flesh and spirit,” in acts of self-denial'and punishment. In the 
presence of Bishop Fisher, she made this vow of chastity; and 
afterwards wore girdles aud shifts of hair, to irritate and chastise 
the “sinful flesh.” In translating religious books, and perform- 
ing many acts of charity, she appropriated much of her time; 
and among other “ pious deeds,” she founded St. John’s College, 
at Cambridge *.” She was daughter to John Beaufort, Dake of 
Somerset ; was first married to Edmund Earl of Richmond, ute- 
rine brother to Henry the Sixth, and afterwards to Sir Henry 
Stufford. By the former husband she had Henry the Seventh. 
She died June 29, 1509, and was buried in the sumptuous cha- 
pel which that monarch crected at Westminster, 

Portrait of GEORGE, son to the first Earl, who died in the 
life time of his father. He was a young man of promising talents, 
and distinguished himself both in the cabinet and in the field, be- 
ing appointed commissioner to treat with Ihe Scots, in the reign of 
Edward, and in that of Heary, was véry instrumental inthe de- 
feat of the Yorkists, at the conclusive battle of Stoke, ' , 

Portrait of Tuomas, Seconp Ear of Denny, who 'be- 
came surety ina 50,0001. bond, for the performance of the mar- 
tinge contract between Mary, third daughter of Heury the Se- 

yenth, 


+ See Beauties, &c, Vol. IL. p. 69, 


LANCASHIRE. 231 


venth, and the Prince of Spain, afterwards Charles the Fifth. 
He was present at the celebrated battle of Spurs*, with Heary 
the Eighth, and sat on the trial of the ill-fated Stafford, Duke of 
Buckingham. 

Portrait of Epwarp, the TH1RD Ear of DerBy, painted 
by Holbcin. This nobleman was the greatest character of the 
age, and is the theme of panegyric to many writers of that pe- 
riod. Lloyd +, Stow, and other authors, have descanted on his 
munificence, loyalty, &c.; and the former quaintly remarks, that 
“ his greatness supported his goodness, and his gooduess endeared 
his greatness.” Mr. Pennant observes, “he is the finest example of 
the ancient independant English nobility that remains on record. 
He lived among his people, ready to sacrifice his life in the cause 
f his prince, when popular tempests arose, not to insult hiny with 

Zmpertinence, faction, and ingratitude, like the independants of 
Hater days}.” Stow says, that he offered to raise 10,000 men at 
his own charge, in defence of Queen Elizabeth ; and that his hos- 
Pitality and house-keeping were so “famous,” that he kept 
“* eleven score on checkroll§, never discontinuing, the space of 
fwelve years. His feeding, especially of aged persons, twice 
a—day, three score and odd; besides all comers thrice a-weck, ap- 
P4 pointed 


‘= “The curions old painting, representing this event, and described in Vol, 
K~ w>_ 217, of this work, has been presented by his Majesty to the Society 
OF AA antiquaries of London. 


¢ State Worthies, Vol. I. p. 433. 8v0 1766, 


& “Woar from Downing to Alston-Moor, p. 26, where there is a pa'try print, 
tending to bea portrait of the above-named nobleman, Indeed, the 
he 2 the prints in that volume are contemptibly bad: aud we cannot 
© regretting, that the respectable name of Pennant should be attached to 
avolume, many passages of which are unacknowledged extructs trom 

works. 


$ "This was a roll, or book, containing the names of such servants, Sc. as” 
‘Were in the pay and service of great pergous, 


232 LANCASHIRE. : 

pointed for his dealing days; and every Good-friday, these thirty-five 
ears, one with another, two thousand sever hundred, with meat, 
drink, money, and moneys-worth, His yearly portion, for the 
expenses of his house, 40001.” As he lived thus magnificently 
he died greatly regretted; and, as has been already stated, page 
219, was interred with distinguished pomp at Ormskirk. 

Portrait of Henry, Fourre Eant of Deapy, whe liad: 
the honor of the esnbassy, to invest Henry the Third, of Frances 
with the order of the yarter; and the mortification of bemg ap- 
pointed one of the judges of Mary Stuart, 

Portrait of Ferpinano, virva Eat of Derey, who 
was cut off, early in life, by poison. A particular account of the 
symptoms preceding his deat, &c. is printed in the tor just re- 
ferred to, extracted from Camien’s annals of Elizabeth's reiganp 
by whieh it appears, that the murderer, teking advantage of the 
superstitious folly of the age, endeavoured to sereen himself hy 
exciting a belief, that the Earl died by te influence of witel~ 
eraft. Iman instrument called, “a true report of such reasons 
and conjectures as caused many learued men to suppose him to 
be bewitched,” it is related, that ‘Sir Edward Filton, who, 
of them being bidden to say the Lord's prayer, said it well; bat 
being conjured in the name of Jesus, that if she bad bewitched 
his honour, she should be able to say the same, she never could 
repeat that petition, forgive us our trespasses, no, not although 
it was repeated unto her.—A homely woman, about the age of 
filly, was found mumbling in a corner of bis, honowr's chamber ; 
but what, God knoweth.” Several other equally frivolous and 
stupid circumstances are detailed to prove, as then intended, the , 
power of Witchery; but all of which rathet exemplify the wicked: 
eraftiness of some persons, and weak credulity of others. , 

Portrait of Witttam, the Sixtu Eanc of Dattay, who is 
printed in full length, witha high crowned hat, and in the fae 
shionable dress of James the First's reign. 

Portrait of Jamus, the Seventu Eant oF Derpy, distin- 
guished for his loyalty, courage, and tragical eud, ‘The truly 

magna- 


LANCASHIRE. 238 


™magnanimous conduct of his lady, the Countess of Derby, has 
already been described, page 221; and his bravery was equally 
eminent, and often put to the test duriag the unbappy civil wars. 
Asa proof of his extraordinary influence in Lancashire, when he 
was directed, in 1642, to assemble his friends and forces in bee 
half of the unfortunate King, it is stated, that no less than 20,000 
men came to his standards on each of the heaths of Bury, Orms- 

kirk, and Preston. 
At this period, it was first proposed to erect the royal standard 
at Warrington, where such a force would have proved peculiarly 
important; but in consequence of raising it at Nottingham, this 
advantage was lost. The Earl, however, subsequently mustered 
three regiments of foot, and three troops of horse, at his own ex- 
pense, and turned them over to the use and command of the king: 
The most memorable instance of this Earl's courage, occurred at 
a place called Wigan-Lane, in this county, where, in 1651, he 
vigorously opposed his little army, of only 600 horse, against the 
enemy, consisting of 3000 troops, commanded by the determined 
Lilburne. This superiority of force compelled the Earl to retreat 3 
but not till he had been wounded, and had one horse killed under - 
him*, He afterwards sought refuge in the Isle of Man, which 
place he was summoned to surrender, by Colonel Ireton, but re- 
Sted the demani, in a letter which displays peculiar eloquence of 
style, and maguanimity of sentiment+. He was at length tre: 
panned 


* See Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion, Book XIII. 


+ “T received your letter with indiznation,” he writes, “ and with scorn I re- 
turn you this answer—Thut I canuot but wonder wiseuce you should gatherany 
‘Pes from me, that I should (like yon) prove treacherous to my sovereign; since 
¥U cannot be insensible of my former actings in his late Majesty's service, 
from which principle of loyally I am no way departed. T acorn your prof: 
©F4 ; I disdain your favours ; I abhor your treasons ; and am so far from de- 
Wwering this island to your advantage, that I will keep it to the utmost of 
™Y Power, to your destruction, Take this final answer, and forbear any 

further solicitations ; for, if you trouble me with any more messages upon ~ 
g this 


234 LANCASHIRE. 


panned by the Parliamentary party, carried before a court-mar- 
tial, at Chester, sentenced to death, and unrelentingly and bar- 
barously executed at Bolton, in this county, where he fell with 
the firmness of a soldier and picty of a Christian, April 1, 1651. 
Collins, in the Peerage, has detailed an affecting account of the 
heroic conduct and spzech of this nobleman, when on the scaf- 
fold*. He was not only a warrior but an antiquary, and wrote a 
small topographical work, which has been printed in Peck's Desi- 
| derata Curiosa +. 

Portrait of CHARLOTTR DE LA TREMOUILLE, CouNTESS 
of DERBY, wife of the preceding nobleman, and daughter to 
William, Prince of Orange. 

Portrait of Cuaries, ErcutuH Eart of Dery, who 
joined Sir George Booth, and other insurgents, in 1659; but be- 
ing taken prisoner, he was confined ’till the following year gave 
freedom, but not content, to the long depressed royalists. During 
the civil wars, this family lost most of its landed property; and 
after the restoration, some of the Lords, in parliament, formed a 
private bill, for the purpose of restoring, to this loyal Peer, the 
estates which had been sequestrated. This bill was strongly op- 
posed, and rejected, without coming to a second reading, or be- 

ing 
this occasion, T will burn the paper, and hang the bearer. ‘This is the im- 
mntable resolution, and shall be the undoubted practice of him who accounts 
it the chiefest glory to be 
His Majesty's most loyal and obedient subject, 


DERBY.” 
Castle-Town, July 12, 1649. 


* See also Lord Somers’ Tracts, Cull. IJ. Vol. IL. p. 507. 


+ It is entitled, “ The History and Antiquities of the Isle of Man, by 
James, Earl of Derby, and of Man; with an account of his many troubles 
and losses in the civil war, and of bis own proccedings in the Isle of Man 
uring his residence there in 1643. Interspersed with large and excellent 
advices to his son Charles, Lord Strange, upon many curious points, From 
the original (all in his Lordship’s own hand writing), in the hands of the Hon. 
Roger Gale, Esq.” 





_ LANCASHIRE. 235 
ing submitted tothe King; though the inscription already quoted 
states otherwise, and reproaches the monarch for refusing his 
assent to the bill *. 

Exclusive of the above, here are several other portraits; and 
also a large collection of pictures, by the old masters, some of 
which are works of acknowledged merit. The chief of these were 
collected by James, Earl of Derby, who patronized a Mr. Win- 
stanley, a vative of Warrington, and sent him abroad purposely 
to purchase them}. I shall briefly specify the titles and subjects of 
@ few of these. A holy family—Tit1an. The feast of Belshax- 
zar—Rembrandt. The Roman Augur—S. Rosa: Banditti in 
a rocky Landscape; also Hugar and Ishmacl with the angel, 
Dy the same sublime master, The Augel driving Adam and Eve 
from Paradise—Denis Calvert. A Wild Boar Hunt—Snyders 
zand Rubens. The feast in a gallery, and The Wife of Pilate in- 
‘erceding in behalf of our Saviour—Paul Veronese. Our Saviour 
delivering the Keys to Peter—Vandyck: and The Descent from 
he Cross, by the same master. The Love of the Arts, repre- 
ssented by a beautiful figure of Cupid leaning over rich armour, 
musical instruments, pictures, aud pieces of sculpture; a fine 
wicture, said, by Winstanley, to be the joint production of Sny- 
ders and Vandyck. St. Bartholemew, by Spagnolet, which Mr, 
_ Pennant calls, “a horribly fine picture.” 
Nicodemus communing with our Saviour by night—Tintoret, 


WIGAN, 


4 Borough and market town of considerable importance, in a 
Cora m mercial point of view, is situated near the rise of the river 
Sor “uamglas, whose banks are celebrated as the scene of the memo- 

Tal» § e defeat of the Saxons by King Arthur. So far back as the 
Umax of Leland, Wigan is called, a “ paved town, as big as War- 
rington, 


® See Drake's Parliamentary History, XXIIL. 50, 53. 


+ He etched twenty of these pictures, which are published. 


236 LANCASHIRE. 

yington, bat better builded, and inhabited by some merchants, ar= 
tificers, and farmers,” In its present state, it bas a neat, thongh 
irregular appearance ; and has been lately much improved, by the 
opeuing of two new streets, and the erection of several handsome 
‘Duildings. An extensive trade is carried on in the manufacture of 
coarse home mude linens, checks, calicoes, fustians, and otlier 
cotton goods. Here are also large brass and pewter works. 

Wigan isa borough, by prescription, and fas had its privileges 
confirmed by the several charters of Henry the Third, Edward 
the Second, Edward the Third, Richard the Second, and Charles 
‘the Second. Tis corporate body consists of a Mayor, Recorder, 
twelve Aldermen, and two Bailiffs. Two Members are returned 
to Parliament ; and the right of election is vested in the free bur= 
gesses, in aumber ubout 200. The representation of this borough 
has occasioned some very expensive contests; and it issaid to have 
cost George Byng, Esq. 10,0001. in his opposition to the interest 
of Sir Fletcher Norton, and Sithon Luttrell, Esq. Returns ap- 
pear so early as 23d and 35th Edward the First, after which the 
privilege was suffered (o be dormant for 240 years, no olber re~ 
turn being made till 1 Edward the Sixth. ” 

‘The Parish Church, which is ancient beyond any traditionary 
secount, is commonly called an handsome stricture, composed 
ef a nave, a spacious chancel, anc two side aisles. ‘The original 
chancel was taken down and rebuilt on a larger scale, about the 
middle of the seventh century, in a style corresponding with the 
yest of the fabric, by an ancestor Of the present Lord Bradford, 
who is the patron of the living. Te only monoments Worthy 
notice are, one to’ the metoly SfSiF Rheer Bradshalgh, who 
eminently distinguished himself by Lis" Zelfous loyally iit the evil 
war of Charles the Pirst—and Qn altar and tomb, now widell oli 
scured by successive coats of white-wash, of Sir Wiliam, and Lady 
Mabel, Bradshaizh, who died id the reign of Edward thé Tied, 

“Within the Communiou-rails, are deposited the remiins of Dr. 
Grorcr Harz, rector of this church, and bishop of Chester, 
who died Avgust 23, 1068, ‘The rectory is one of the best 

endowed 


LANCASHIRE. 2sy 
‘endowed in the kingdom: and the incumbent is always Lord of 
the Manor. 

Within the town is a chapel of the establishment, also three 
dissenting meetings, and a Roman Catholic place of worship. A 
Town-hall was built in 1721, at the joint expense of the Earl of 
Barrymore and Sir Roger Bradshaigh, the then representatives of 
the borough, A Free-school was erected, and liberally endowed, 
about the beginning of the last century, by voluntary contribu- 
tion; and upwards of thirty years ago, the same liberality estab- 
lished a Blue-coat-school for thirty boys. A commodious Work- 
house has been also built at the town’s expense, where the neces~ 
sitous, and superannuated poor are comfortably accommodated; 
industry, in the more able, is furnished with the means; and the 
meritorious are encouraged and rewarded. A Dispensary, built 
of stone, has been lately erected, and is supported by the benevo- 
lence of the town and its vicinity, where the poor, when properly 
recommended, have the benefit of the advice of an able and ex- 
Perienced physician, and are provided with medicines gratis. The 
best surgical assistance is administered in cases requiring it. 

At the north end of the town, is a monumental pillar, erected 

an 1679, by Alexander Rigby, Esq. then Sheriff of this county, 

to commemorate the valour and loyalty of Sir Thomas Tyldesley, 

‘who was slain on this spot, in 1651, in the action wherein the 
~M2arl of Derby was defeated by Lilburne. : 

In a field near Scholes Bridge, contiguous to this town, a spring 
‘wewas lately discovered, which has obtained the name of Wigan- 
—SSpa, or New Harrowgate, as the water resembles that of Harrow- 

&===te, in Yorkshire. It is highly impregnated with sulphur, and has 

Ween successfully recommended in various cutaneous disorders. 

xn appropriate building bas been erected for the use of the in- 

‘“* alids resorting to this spring, with conveniences fur drinking the 
‘Sw iter, and for using it either as a cold or hot bath. 

The population of Wigan, which has been progressively in- 

“= Seasing, was, in the year 1801, according to the return to parlia- 

Meat, 10,989, the number of houses 2236. 

: The 








258 LANCASHIRE. 


The parish of Wigan contains twelve townships, in three of 
ides that in the town, are chapels of the establishment, 
ic to the mother church, Three of these townships, 
, ASPINALL, and HINDLEY, are worthy notice, for the 










pre ff the fiuest cannel or candle coal, which is found in 
Hang is black as jet, and will bear a beantifol polish, ‘The 
beds are about three feet in thickness; the yeins dip one yard in 
twent | are at considerable depths, with a black bass above 
aud hele This coal is notwonly an agreeable species of fuel, 





but is cupable of being manufactured into various ornamental 
ulensils. Ou an eminence in this township, about a mile north of 
Wigan, is 


H\icu-Ifa., the ancient seat of the Bradshaighs, a family 
of high antiquity and distinetion, but now extinet; from whom it 
descended, by marriage, to the Earl of Balcarras, who now re- 
sides here. This venerable mansion was built at different periods ; 
the chapel is supposed to be coeval with the reign of Edward IT. 
In the front are the arms of Stanley and Bradsbaigh. The house 
contains some excellent portraits and other pictures, Adjoining 





LANCASHIRE. 239 
tm scholars of the.eighteenth century, and more particularly « 
= Sebrated for the critical sagacity which he displayed in a va- 
ge *y Of valuable publications. He was the youngest of twelve 
Eesldren of the Rev. Ralph Markland, A. M.° vicar of Childwall, 
=o ‘this county, author of “ The Art of Shooting Flying,” and was 
gE» o™ there in the year 1693. As the friend and cotemporury of 
<x Ss learned Bowyer,’ many interesting memorials of his life-and 
ew Kitings are preserved in Nichols’s anecdotes of that geutleman. 
Upon quitting the university, Mr. Markland received a liberal 
proposal from Dr. Mead, to travel into France and Italy, in search 
oF such literary treasures us appeared worthy of preservation. . 
Some accidental occurrence, however, in the progress of this 
spepoiation, gave offence to the natural delicacy of his feelings. 
‘aastead of travels, or any public honors, he devoted himself to a 
iff of retirement, and twice refused the tempting offer of being 
fected to the Greek professorship of Cambridge. He closed his 
Zong and valuable life in the year 1776, at the villaze of Dorking, 
Sea Surrey, at the advanced age of eighty-three, not more admired 
for the depth of his learning, than beloved for the benevolence of 
Bais heart, and the primitive simplicity of his manners. His remains 
wwere interred in Dorking church, and a Latin inscription, written 
B> vy his friend Dr. Heberden, (to whom he bequeathed bis library 
zzard MSS.) was inscribed on his tomb +. 

Hour miles west of Wigan is the village of HOLLAND, or Up- 
EE Lian, whence the illustrious, but ill-fated family of Holland, 
Aerived their name. This family attained the highest offices of 
etiate, with the titles of earls of Surry and Kent, and dukes of 
JE xeer; but were as remarkable for their sufferings aud miserable 

ead, 


> Nearly allied to Abraham Markland, B.D, Prebendary of Wivehestcr, 
znd master of St. Civss, author of two vulumes of sermons, and a variety of 
pous s, works, 


+ A portrait of Mr. M. engraven at the expense of his grateful pupil, 
Ware Strode, Esy, is imerted in we Rev. Owen Manning's Listory of he 
Couas © ¥ of Surrey, Vol. i. 

1 


240 LANCASHIEE. 


end. In this village was formerly a priory of Benedictines, of 
which nothing now remains but the church and ‘a few walls, 


About a mile and a half from Wigan was a WELL, which, when 
a candle was put to it, burned like brandy, aud the flame con- 
tinued a whole day, with heat sufficient to boil eggs, or even meat, 
though the water in the well remained cold*. This well, or at least 
its peculiar property, is now lost. 

About three miles north of Wigan is the village of BLACKRODE, 
at which place Mr. Whitaker fixes the Roman station, named 
Coccium, but in support of this he acknowledges, there is only 
“the faint retrospect of traditionary history, and the vague 
generalities of a winter's tale; and in this state of uncertaiity the 
attention of the antiquarian is naturally engaged at first by the 
name of Castle-Croft, at the south eastern extremity of the village, 
by the tradition of a castle upon it, and the evident remains of 
ditches round it.” Mr. Percival and Mr. Watson both agree with 
Mr. Whitaker in placing Coccium at this place+; but these opinions 
are satisfactorily refuted by the historian of Whalley, who contends 
that this ancient station was at Ribchester. 


LEIGH 


Is a market town, situated near the eestern extremity of West- 
Derby Hundred, at the distance of six miles from Wigan, and five 
from Newton, It isa vicarage, having the chapelries of Astley 
and Chowbent under its ecclesiastical jurisdiction. In the 28th of 
Henry VI. this vicarage was appropriated by Win. Lovell to the 
canons of Erdbury, who engaged that two monks of their convent 
should daily perform mass, for the peace of the soul of the said 
Lovell. The dairies round this town are famous for their cheese, 

which 


* Phil. Trans. No. 26 and 245. 


t See Archeologia, Vol, I. p. 65. 


LANCASHIRE. 241 


‘hich is mild and rich. A branch of the Bridgewater Canal passes 
by this town, and has facilitated the commerce of the place. Both 
the town and neighbouring hamlets abound with manufactories ; 
aad coals are abundant on the spot. 

According to the official report of the population, the township 
of West-Leigh, as called in that work, contained 277 houses, and 
1429 inhabitants ; and Astleigh township, a place contiguous, con- 
tained 275 houses, and 1545 persons. North of Leigh is 


ATHERTON HALL, a seat formerly belonging to a family of 
tht name, is now the property of the Honorable T. Powys. The 
howe, which was built by Gibbs, is large, and bas a spacious 
abical entrance hall. A plan of this mansion is given in the 
Vetravius Britannicus. In the year 1680 a shower of Seeds oc- 
curred at this place, and excited much curiosity and controversy. 
By some persous it was said to be wheat from heaven; but the 
ore rational part of society acknowledged it to be a quantity of 
IWvyberries, which were supposed to have been foreed into the 
higher regions of the air by a whirlwind, and fell at this spot. 

The chapelry of Cow BENT has greatly increased in houses and 
Population within the last twenty years. Though its chapel hes 
been properly consecrated by the Bishop of Sodar and Man, yet it 
ia exempted from the jurisdiction of the diocese of Chester, and its 
Patronage is vested in the proprietor of Atherton Hall. In the 
tebellion of 1715, Mr. Wood, a dissenting minister here, led his 
flock to join the royal standard; and on this occasion the important 
Pes over the Ribble at Walton was committed to his protection. 
For his bravery, &c. he then obtained the title of Captain Wood. 
East of Leigh is 


TYLDESLEY, a hamlet that has grown up with the thriving ma- 
mufactures of this county. A family named Tyldesley was seated 
here as early as the reign of Henry III.; but the estate was after- 
wards alienated. About the middle of the sixteenth century, it 
again returned to Thurston Tyldesley, of Wardley, who then 
married Anne, the sole heiress of the Lelands of daurleyes- 

Vou, IX. Q Hall. 





a2 LANCASHIRE. 

Hall*, OF this family was Sir Thomas Tyldesley, who parti- 
cularly signalized himself during the troubles of Charles the First’s 
reigo, and fell in the fight of Wigan-tane. On a pillar near Wigan 
ia ela eee) Peace eee 


memory: 

* Au high act of gratitude erected this monument, which con. 
veys the memory of Sir Thomas Tyldesley to posterity, who served 
King Charles the First as lieutenant-colonel at Edgehill battle, 
after raising regiments of horse, foot, and dragoons, and for the 
desperate storming of Burton-upon-Trent, over a bridge of thirty- 
six arches, and received the honour of knighthood. He after- 
wards served in ail the wars in great command; was governor of 
Litchfield, and followed the fortune of the crown through the three 
kingdoms, and never compounded with the rebels, though strongly 
invested; and on the 25th of August, A.D. 1650, was liere slain, 
commanding as imajor-geaeral under the Earl of Derby, to whom 
the grateful Alexander Rigby, Esq. was corset; and when he was 
high sheriff of this county, A. D. 1679, placed this bigh obligation 
on the whole family of Tyldesteys,” 

Sir Thomas Tyldesley was interred in the chureh at Leigh, 
where a tomb was erected to his memory, of whieh ouly a few 
relics are now to be seen. 

‘The chief property in the bamlet of Tyldesley belongs to Thomas 
Johnson, Esq: by purchase of his grandfather, When the present 
proprietor took possession of this estate, there were only three 
farms on it; but by his active and spirited exertions in establishing 
urnoufactures, it pow contains a population of 1,200 persons. 


NEWTON, 


A small town, about five miles north of Warrington, and nearly 
eight miles south from Wigan, belongs to the rich rectory of 
Winwiek 


* OF this ancient seat, between Astley and Leizh, a few fragments only 
remain. These consist of a parlour with ornamented ceiling, the moat and 
bridge, ach a dungeon, also some Mts of stained glass, 





Wiawick®, King Edward the Confessor was lord of it, as appears 
fom the Domesday book; und since the Conquest, it was long 
posesed by the family of Langton, who have been usually styled 
jojariament, from the first year of Queen Elizabeth j, Itbad once 
amarket, which is now disused, Leland describes it in these 
tems: Owa brok a litel poore market, whereof Mr, Langton 
jath the name of his barony, Sir Perse Lee of Bradley bath his 
place at Bradley, in a park, ji, miles from Newton.” Ittnow con- 
tilt principally of one broad street, which is ouly remarkable for 
is numerous public houses, Here is an old ball built of wood, 
Wilh muck painted glass sill remaining in its windows, It stands 
oa rocky foundation ; and bebind it the rock is hollowed out in 
avery unusual manner, appearing to huve had subterraneous pas- 
pase, which, by removing the surface of the rock, are now laid 
open. Adjoining to this hall is a small rising ground, which was 
formerly nearly surrounded with a moat, of which a small remnant 
isatill remaining. ‘The tradition of the place is, that it was the 
raidence of a hing. 
Ata place called the Red-Bank, near Newton, a detachment of 
Crommell’s army, in August, 1648, defeated a party of Highlanders 
on their march from Preston, and the greater part of the prisovers 
sere hanged in a field near the scene of action, which still bears 
(he mame of Gallows Croft. A large stone was fixed in the hedge, 
ee Newton contained in 1801, 
wee ’ 172 houses, 
“Te is frequently called Newton-in-the-Willows, perhape from the large 
‘qualities of those trees growing tear the place, 3 


# Thorgh the property of the town appears to be now in the family of 
Leghof Haydeek, im this parish, and of Lyme, in Cheshire, 


7 The right of election is in the free bargeses, who are occepiers of certain 
hemes only, about thirty-six in number. The steward of the lord of the 
smipor, with the bailiff, are the returning officers. 


244 LANCASHIRE, 
172 houses, and 1,455 inhabitants. About midway between this 
town and Warrington, is 


Wriewick, remarkable as beg one of the richest Rectories in 
England, the preseutation to which is in the gift of the Ear] of 
Derby. ‘The rector is lord of the manor, and the whole township, 
excepting one estate, is glebe land. The living is estimated at 
3,000). per annum. The church is an ancient pile of building, 
with a lofty spire, and on the south side of the former is a Latin 
inscription in old characters *, intimating that this place was a 
favourite seat of Oswald, king of Northumberland, who, aecord- 
ing to Camden and several other writers, was slain at Oswestry, in 
Shropshire, But this is not very probable, for if it be recollected 
that Oswald was a peaceable and religious king of Northumbria, 
which only extended to the river Mersey southward, and as Penda, 
the Pagan king of Mercia, was at war with him, and pursuing bis 
conquests through the kingdom of the former monarch, it is mot 
very likely that Gswald would have penetrated his enemies’ terri- 
tories so far as Oswestry. Indeed there is more probability in 
supposing that be might have sustained a defeat, and met his 
death on the borders of his own kingdom. Bede says, that the 
place where he was killed is called in the English tongue Maserfeth : 
but neither bas he, nor any of his annotators, satisfactorily desig- 
nated the fatal spot. Archbishop Usher, in his notes on Gildas, 
expresses an opinion, that Cair-Guintguic, one of the twenty-eight 
British cities, mentioned by that ancient writer, was at Winwick +; 

besides, 


* This inscription, according to. Pennant, is in the following terms = 
“ Hic locas, Oswulde quondam tibi placnit valde; 
Northanwnbrorum fueras Rex, ooneque polorum 
Regna tenes, Prato passus Marcelde vocato, 

Anno milleno quingentenogue triceno, 
Selator post Christum murum renovaverat istum = 
Hesricus Solnston curatus erat simul bie tune,” 


t Gale’s Hist. Angi, Script. Vol. I. p. 136, 





LANCASHIRE, 245 


besides, this parish appears to have borne formerly the name of 
Muacrefeld: and the church bere is dedicated to St. Oswald, king and 


martyr, These circumstauces, jointly considered, tend to support 


‘the opinion, that Winwick, and not St, Oswestry, was the place where 
this good king was slain and barbarously mangled in the thirly- 
eighth year of his age*, In the church at Winwick is a chantry 
delonging to the Legh family of Lyme-Hall, Cheshire, in whose 
Possession are some origioal papers concerning the same, Among 
the mowuments is oue with a brass plate, effigies, Mc, to Sir Peter 
Legh aud his lady, 


WARRINGTON, 


A large, populous, thriving manufacturing town, occupies the 
northera bank of the river Mersey, ubout midway between the two 
grat towns of Manchester and Liverpool. Some aothors have 
teatended that a Roman Station was formerly established at this 
place, a8 2 guard to the ford; but no particular remains or dis- 
coveries ave been sade to justify this opinion}. Thata Roman 

Q3 toad 


# See Tureer's History of the Anglo-Saxons, to. Vol. I. p. 146. ‘Thoogh 
this respectable historian, coinciding in the common opinion, fixes on 
Orwestry as the place of Oswald's death, 


¢ Mr. Whitaker, with his usual ingenuity of argument, asserts, that “ the 
title of Warrington to the character of a Homan station, is proved by the 
concurrence of three reads at it: one from Condate, another froiy Coccium,’ 
(this, however, is onty the continuation of the first road) “ and a third from 
Mancuniom,” He next eadeayours to define and trace the courses of thow 
suilitary-ways, and then unequivocally asserts, that “just upon the ford of the 
BMerey, was a Roman station, though equally overlooked by antiquariuns, 
ud forgotien by tradition.” Tn anpport of this assertion he adduces many 
Ingenious arguments; bat falling in proa/s, be adverts to a discovery of some 
oblong pieces of learl, whieh were found a “few miles from this place, but en the 
southern bank of the Merscy.” However plausible the arguments, or im- 
posing the auertions of this learned writer, we must hesitate before we admit 


all his deductions; for in ones to secure the mind against exror and falechood, 
we 





246 LANCASHIRE. 


road entered Lancashire from Condate, in Cheshire, is extremely 
probable, and traces of it have been satisfactorily defised in some 
places. The bridge already referred to, built by the Barl of 
Derby for the passage of Henry VIL. crosses the river at this place, 
Leland describes Warrington as “a paved town of pretly bigness,” 
with achureh * at the tail end” of it, and having a © better market 
‘than Manchester.” Here was an Angustine Friary, founded before 
1379; but the building is entirely obliterated. A charter for a 
market and fairs was obtained in the reign of Edward the First, by 
2 Sir Thomas Boteler, of Bewsey, near this town, where an ancient 
moated mansion still remains *, 


The 


we mus! never allow any statements to be truly historical that are not proved 
by demonstrative evidence, or justified by the most rntional and conelusive 
arguments. ‘This maxim is of peculiar importance in all antiquarian naqniries, 
‘and ought to be forcibly impressed on the attention of the juvenile topognayher 
aad bistorian. - 

* ‘The first perdon on recon of this family was Robert, who held the office 
of Butler, or Botcler, (and thereby obtained this sucmme), under Ranolph 
de Gernons, Earlof Chester, in 1158. William, 1 sen of the above Robert, 
certified in the time of King John, that he held eight knight's ees of the King 
in copite im this county. To him succeeded another William, who, in the 
forty-third of Henry the Third, was high sheriff of this county, and gewernor 
of the castie of Lancaster, whose lands were ali seized, on his taking part 
wilh the Barons of that age, After the batile of Evesiam, forty-ninth of 
Henry the Third, the Sheriff of Lancashire was commanded to restore this 
lands. In the filth of Edward the First, he obtained the King’s charter fora 
market every Friday at bis manor of Warrington, and for a fair anneally on 
the eve, day, and morrow after the feast of St. Andrew, and the five days 
ensning. In the thirteenth of the same king he obtained another grant to 
change the market to Wednesday, on which day it still contiones, amd for 
another fair to continue eight days from the eve of St. Thomas the Martyr's 
translation. From the twenty-second to the twenty-fifth of that reign, be 
had summons to parliament among the Barons. ‘The family Hourished at 
Bewsey till the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when that estate is formd to be ime, 
the possession of Robert, Earl of Leicester, by whose Will, dated the tat ca 
Angust, 1587, his executors were Cirected to self all his lands, &e. in Lanes— 

shite, 





LANCASHIRE. 247 

The town of Warrington consists of four principal streets, which 
are mostly narrow, inconvenient to passengers, and unpleasant to 
the inhabitants ; and though these are chiefly composed of shops 
and small houses, yet a few handsome modern buildings are inter- 
spersed. “ The entrance into the town,” says Mr. Pennant, “ is 
unpromising, the streets long, narrow, ill-built, and crowded with 
arts and passengers; but farther on are airy, and of a good width, 
yet afford a striking mixture of mean buildings and handsome 
houses, as is the case with most trading towns that experience a 
sudden rise*.” The principal trade of the place consists in the 
manofacture and sale of sail-cloth, or poldavy; but some coarse 
linens and checks are made in the town and its vicinity. The 
former is chiefly composed of hemp and flax mixed, and some 
sorts are manufactured with flax alone. The raw materials are 
mostly brought from Russia, and imported into the town of Liver- 
pool, whence to Warrington is a cheap and expeditious water 
carriage. Among other manufactures of this place, may be 
specified pin-making, glass-making, and iron-founding. “ Warring- 
ton may, in some measure, be considered as a port town, the 
Mersey admitting, by the help of the tide, vessels of seventy or 
eighty tons burthen to Bank-Quay, a little below the town, where 
warehouses, cranes, and other conveniences for landing goods are 
erected. The spring-tides rise at the bridge to the height of nine 
feet. Upwards, the river communication extends to Manchester. 
Besides the parish church, here is a chapel of ease, and another 
chapel of the establishment in the suburb over the bridge, belong- 
ing to the parish of Groppenhall. There are also places of wor- 
ship for the Roman catholics, presbyterians, anabaptists, metho- 
dist, and quakers. There is a very well endowed free-school in 
Q4 the 


thire, which had been the lands of Sir Thomas Bniler, and of Edward, 
bis son, who is said to have been the last heir male of the Butlers of 


Bewsey. 


* Tour in Scotland, 4to. pt. L P- % 


pc nn rareaRar Fp aR ge bo 
, gitive Scotch army, under the Duke of Hamilton, 
_ from Ribbleton-Moor; and though they made an 
sistance, for some hours, at this bridge; yet 

Bayley, wi 






killed, and their 
were taken prisoners. Again in 1651, General 1 
bad commanded on the former occasion, fixed ¢ 
oppose and resist the Scotch army under the ys i 
was here repulsed. In the year 1745 also, . 
Weigle boleaioss 6 toe een 

and again restored on the ters i 

“A. thot! distance: nor of: Waniogtea is O: 










He died at the advanced age of ninety-six, 
was cousidered an object of curiosity, and i 
the most eminent botanists in the | reoanty.’ Ac 









‘The town of Warrington, in 1801, contained 2,296 bo oust 

10,567 inhabitants. 4 

‘The Warrington-Academy, tly 

Dissenters, has been justly celebrated for the literary eminenc 

its masters and tutors ; cmang wine, the, bees atl 
oe 


* Description of the country round Manchester, 4to, p, 306, 


LANCASHIRE. : 249 
Wakefield, will long be remembered with respect and esteem. 
Tuomas PercivaL, M.D. F.R.S. and R.M.S, was a native 
of this town, where he was born 1740, and died at Manchester 
in 1804. He lost both his parents during his infancy; and the 
guardianship of his early years devolved on his uncle, a learned 
and eminent physician of this town, who also died before his 
nephew had attained his tenth year. After receiving the rudi- 
meats of his education at the free grammar school, he was 
earolled the first student of Warrington academy in 1757, where 
be continued about three years, and then removed to Edinburgh, 
where be studied physic for three winters. The year 1763 was 
spent in London for the same purpose, when, by the friendship 
of Hugh Lord Willoughby, of Parham, he was unanimously 
elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He afterwards visited 
Paris, and other places on the Continent, and in 1765, took his 
degree of M.D. at Leyden, on which occasion he published his 
thesis, “‘ on the Effects of Cold on the Human Body.” In 1766 He 
married Elizabeth, daughter of Nathaniel Basnett, Esq. and in 
1767 settled at Manchester, where he soon had a very extensive 
Practice, and his merits ensured him proportionable success, 
which he pursued, with universal respect, till his death. He was 
well kaown in the literary world, by his ‘ Father's Instructions to 
his Children; Moral and Literary Dissertations; and Medical 
Ethics,” besides many excellent papers in the Memoirs of the 
Manchester Society, of which he was one of the principal 
founders and ornaments. The Society have testified their unani- 
mous respect to his memory, by placing a marble tablet over the 
dir which he had so many years occupied as their president. 
His works, with “ memoirs of his life and writings,” have recently 
been published in four volumes. 


SatyorD-HUNDRED occupies the south-eastern corner of the 
county, and has Yorkshire for an eastern boundary; is divided 
from 


“250 LANCASHIRE. 
from Cheshire by the rivers Mersey and Tame, whilst the hun- 
dred of Blackburn abuts against its northern bounds; and the 
hundreds of Leyland, and West Derby, attach to the western ex- 
tremity. This large district contains the great manufacturing 
towns of Manchester, Ashton, Rochdale, Bury, and Bolton®; is 
intersected by portions of the canals kuown by the names Roch- 
dale, Bridgewater, Ashton, and Bolton and Bury; besides which 
the river Irwell is navigable westward to the Mersey. Though 
most of this district is rather flat, yet on the Yorkshire side, the 
hills rise to considerable altitude ; and the whole courses of the Irk 
and Irwell rivers, north of Manchester, are distinguished by high 
and steep banks, At the various sources of the Medlock, the 
grounds are bold, and the hills are lofty. A great part of this 
hundred is occupied by the steril mosses of Ashton, White, and 
Chat; besides several uncultivated tracts of moor-land. Coal. 
pits are numerous ; and the plentiful supply of that useful fossil 
has tended materially to promote the establishment of trade. 
Every town abounds with warehouses, shops, anil factories; and 
every village and hamlet presents an industrious and restless scene 
of human activity. At the period of dividing counties into hun- 
dreds, and those again into parishes, this part of Lancashire was 
bat thinly peopled, and consequently separated into a few por- 
tions, or parochial divisions only; but as the prodigious increase 
of manufactures has attracted a vast augmentation of inhabitants, 
the original parishes have been repeatedly divided and subdivided. 
From this circumstance also, most of the old land proprietors 
have sold or let their estates, deserted their venerable and uncom 
fortable mansions, and sought rural retirement and picturesque 
beauty in other counties, where land was less valuable, and 
where their habitations would be less annoyed with the smother- 
ing smoke of furnaces, or the boisterous manners of the lower 
ordera 


® Little Bolton, and Oldham, are also marked as Towns in the official re- 
ports of the popniation; in which work, the whole number of houses in this 
bundred is set down at 30,750, and persons, 177,682. 


LANCASHIRE. 251 
orders of society. It is a lamentable fact, that where these asso- 
ciate in large numbers, as in great commercial and manufacturing 
towns, they acquire depravity and generate vice by social confe- 
deracy; and this is likely to continue a growing evil, unless a 
more general system of moral instruction be adopted ; to promote 
which, honesty and probity should be publicly encouraged, and 
vicious pursuits unequivocally reprobated and punished. 


MANCHESTER. 


The name of this place implies the pre-existence of a Roman 
Statiou ; and it has been satisfactorily proved, by the learned his- 
torian of ancient Manchester, that the Romans possessed an im- 
portant military post on the banks of the rivers Irwell and Med- 
Jock, which streams unite their channels at this place. Though 
the present town offers but few attractions to the antiquary; and 
though such a traveller may find but little to gratify his curiosity, 
yet the elaborate dissertations, in 2 vols. quarto, by the Rev. Mr. 
Whitaker, entitled “ The History of Manchester,” are calculated 
to deceive the stranger into a belief, that here would be an ample 
field for the researches, and abundance of food for the appetite 
of the professed virtuoso and confirmed antiquary. To obviate 
any erroneous inferences of this nature, it may be proper to ap- 
prize the reader at once, that the present Manchester is an im- 
mense manufacturing, mercantile, and trading town, consisting of 
great number of streets, lanes, alleys, and courts, which are 
crowdedly fillet with warchouses, factories, and shops. At the 
extremities of the town, however, as near London, Bristol, and 
Birmingham, are many comfortable and handsome houses, either 
fanding alone, or congregated in rows, places, and parades. 
To furnish the reader with just ideas of the place, it will be ne- 
cessary to advert to its ancient history; and endeavour, in a con- 
cse manner, to display its progressive augmentation, and present 
state, 

Respecting a British settlement here, previous to the conquest 

. of 
































252 LANCASHIRE. 
of England by the Romans, it would be futile to record 
lish conjectures; and it would be equally chimerical to endeay 
to ascertain the original occupation of the place by those co 
rors. Mr. Whitaker, however, observes, that Agricola establi 
& post bere, called Mancunium, “in the year of Christ 
‘The same writer also asserts, that ‘a castle was builton the 
Castle-field ; and the protection of a castle conslantly gave ri 
atown.” He proceeds to slate, that “ the dimensions of 
nion, the British name of the place, are still” (in 1771) “ 
It filled the whole area of the present castle-field, except th 
swampy part of it on the west, and was twelve acres, three 
and fen perches in extent, Terminated by the win fi 
the Medlock on the south, south-cast, and south-west, 
bounded on the east by a fosse, on the west by the presenl 
Joly bank, and on the north by a long and broad ditch, 
description applies to the British fortress; for afler the 
posséssed it, they abridged the limits of the castrum, and, 
ing to the same writer, reduced it from an area of * th 
of our statute measure, to about five acres and ten 
After describing many transactions, de. whieh Mr. W.s 
uve taken place, he proceeds to state, that “the new 
fort, in castle-field, now became a stationary castrum of the R 
mans, and the Romans now settled a garrison within it. ‘The new 
erected fort, in castle-field, still retained the name of the a 
fortress upon it, and Mancenion was only changed i 
nium.” Twill be \eliver to fellow ovr eathor bai al 
minule particularities of history, description, and critical disquisi- 
tion, whieh he indulges in; and it may suffice to remark, 
though all traces of a military station are obliterated, yet 
Roman antiquities have been found here. ‘These serve to prove 
the identity of the station, and the names of the coborts, &e. thar 
were estublished in it, Besides some sepulchral wms and coins, 
here have been found altars and imscribed stones. One of these, 
with the following inscription, was. discovered on removing the 
rubbish that obstructed * the Praetorian galeway of the Roman 
_ 
camp 


LANCASHIRE. 253 
camp in castle field.” It is described in the following terms, by 
the leaned Dr. E. Holm, of Manchester, who has supplied the 
characters, here printed, in Italic capitals. 


CHOR. I. 
FRISIAVO 
N.Q. VI MVNL 
M. P. XXIIIL. 


“Probably; Cohortis prime Frisiavonum que viam municit mil- 
lium posswum viginti quatuor; which may refer to the construc- 
tion of the military road between Mancunium and Condate; as 
the distance between these stations, fixed by Richard of Cirences- 
ter, in his tenth Iter, at twenty-three miles, measures, according 
to Mr. Whitaker, twenty-two English, which are nearly equiva- 
leat to twenty-three Roman miles and three quarters*. The re- 
lic betore us is of importance, as it evables us to restore the proper 
appellation of the cohort that garrisoned Mancunium ; concerning 
which antiquarians bave been misled, by an ambiguous contrac- 
tion in the inscription at Melandra castle, and probably in that 
transcribed for Camden, by Dr. Dee. It is farther valuable, as 
it may serve to vindicate the authority of Pliny, and the purity of 
his text, in regard to a subject on which they have been ques- 
tioned, in a work of great erudition, published by an eminent 
tholar of the seventeenth century+. The Frisiabones, or adopt- 
ing the reading of Harduin’s MSS. Frisiavones are twice men- 
tioned by the elder Pliny; first, as inhabitants of an island si- 
tuated at the mouth of the Rhine, between the Maese and the 
Zayder Zee ; and secondly, as a nation of Belgic Gault. The 
former are supposed, by Harduin, to have been a body of emi- 
Gants from the latter, The name is likewise preserved in an in- 

scription 

* History of Manchester, I. 102. 
t Vid. Cluverii German. Antiq. 561, 


$ Hist. Mat. Lib. IV. capp. 99, 31. 


254 LANCASHIRE. 
scription found at Rome, of which | shell insert a copy from 
Grater". 
D. M. 
T. FL. VERINO. 
NAT. FRISEVONE. 
VIX. AN. XX. M. VIL. 
T, FL. VICTOR. 
EQ. SING. AVG. FRATRI. 
DVLCISSIMO, 
B.C. 


Whether the Mancunian cohort was the same with the Cohors I. 
Friragorum of the Notitia, stationed, inthe decline of the em= 
pire, at Vindobala, is a question that ‘must be decided by future 
discoveries, as no inscriptions occur at Rutchester, which is sap~ 
posed, by Mr. Horsley, to coincide with that station.” 

‘The Roman station of Muncunium was connected with " seven" 
others, by means of military-ways, or roads, Of these Min 
Whitaker endeavours to define and describe six; one leading to 
Ribchester, a second to Blackrode, a third to Warrington, @ 
fourth to Buxton, a fifth to likley, in Yorkshire, and a sixth to 
Kinderton, in Cheshire, Besides the station already described as 
occupying the site of Castle-field, Mr. Whitaker coutends, that it 
was connected with a Custra-ZEstiva, or summer-camp, which he 
fixes at that part of the town where the college, &c, now stand: 
His account of this spot, furnishes a curious specimen of ingenious 
conjectural writing, He says, “ this is infinitely the properest site 
in the vicinity of the town, that can pretend toattract the notice of 
the enquiring antiquarian. This is absolutely the only site m the 
vicinity of the station that could pretend to attract the notice of 
the examining Romans. In the earliest period of the Saxon his- 
tory of Manchester, selected for the seat of its lord, as 1 shall 
shew hereafter, and accordingly denominated. Barons-hull, and 

Barons- 


* Inseript. Antiq. DXIXKI. 7. 


LANCASHIRE. 255 
Barons-yard, aud a part of it still retaining the appellation Hunts- 
bank, it, and it alone, is exactly such a site as the exigencies of 
the Romans required. It is banked on two sides by ribs of rocks, 
either very steep, or absolutely perpendicular, and looks down 
from a very lofty summit upon the waters of the Irke, stealing 
directly along it on one side, and upon the stream of the Irwell 
breaking directly against it on the other. It spreads its area of 
dry compacted sand, gently leaning to the north and west; and 
from the lowness of the ground about it, on the south-west, west- 
north-west, and north-east, and from the constant ventilations of 
the air, by the briskness of the currents below, peculiarly feels, 
in the summer, a succession of refreshing breezes: and thus ad- 
mirably fitted for a camp, by its formidable barriers upon two 
sides, and incomparably adapted for a summer-camp, by its po- 
sition upon two concurrent streams, its overlooking all the low 
grounds of Salford and Strangeways, and commanding a distant 
view of the country, even as far as Howick-Moor; it had the Ro- 
man road, to Ribchester, stretching along the western side of it; 
it still shews the striking remains of an ancient ditch along the 
southern and eastern sides; and it just contains, within its limits, 
the requisite number of acres for a summer-camp. The area 
comprised within the ditch and the rivers, is exactly twelve sta- 
tute-acres and an balf in compass.” 

After describing the manner of its formation, it is added by 
Mr. Whitaker, such “was the pleasing, impregnable site of the 
summer-camp of the Romans, lined with tall impracticable pre- 
cipices behind, covered with a fosse enormously deep and broad 
before, and insulated by the three lively currents of water around 
it; where, for more than eight successive centuries the public 
devotions of the towns have been regularly preferred to Heaven, 
and where, for more than twenty successive generations, the 
plain forefathers of the town have been regularly reposited in 
a place, the Romans once kept their summer residence, and en- 
joyed the fanning breeze of the west and north. Where the bold 
barons of Manchester spread out the hospitable board in a rude 


magnificence 


256 LANCASHIRE, 

magnificence of luxury, or displayed the instructive mimicry of © 
war in a train of military exercises; where the fellows of the col 
Jege studied silently in their respective apartments, or walked con 
yersing in their common gallery; and where young indigence now 
daily receiving the judicious dole of charity, and folds his little 





hands in gratitude to God for it, there previously rose the spread= _ 
ing pavilions of the Romans, and there previously glittered the ~ 


tmuilitary ensigns of the Prisians*.” 

Without following this sanguine and elaborate historian any 
farther, or dwelling longer on the Roman anuals of Manchester, 
it nray be briefly remarked, that afler the Romans had possessed 
this station for nearly 400 years, it was re-oceupied by the Britons, 
who soon relinquished it to the Saxons. During the dynasties of — 
these invaders, Manchester was several times a place of military 
conflict, for, seated near the borders of the Northumbrian kingdom, 
it was likely to be stubbomly defended by its possessors, and 
fought for by those who sought to make conquests, Wis aid to | 
have been fortified and partly rebuilt by Edward the Eider, king 
of the Mercians, in 920. In the next century, when the domesday 


book was compiled by order of William the Conquerer, mention — 
is made of two churches as belonging to this place, St. Mary's and 


St. Michael's, One of the followers of the Norman invader fixed 
his residence here ; and his wame spelt Albert de Gresley, Gredley, 
Gressel, and Grelle, appears as witness to a charter to our Lady of 
Lancaster, in the time of William Rufus. 

His som Robert resided chiefly at his barony here, but gave his 
mills on the river Irk to the Cistercian monks of Swineshead, in 
Lincolnshire; and, after attending the king in Normandy, obtained 
the grant of a fair at his lordship of Manchester, on St. Matthew's 
day, annually, and the day before and after. His great grandson” 
‘Thomas, on the 14th of May, 1901, granted to his burgesses of 


Manchester a charter, which is said to be still extant, of the cus 
tom of the manor, and was summoned us a baron to parliament, — 


from 


s 
© History of Manchester, Vol. I, p.i64, 


a | 


LANCASHIRE. 257 


from the first to the fourth of Edward the Second. Dying with< 
out isue, John, son of Roger Delawar, succeeded to this inke+ 
titunce, and chiefly resided in Baron’s-Hul', or Baron’s-Yard, 
as the site of t'v: present college is still sometimes called. This 
John was summoned to parliament, as a Baron, from the first of 
Edward the Second to the sixteenth of Edward the Third, 
inclusive, and die! about the tweuticth of the last king’s reign. 
His grandson, when of age, did homage to Edward the Third, aad 
had livery of all bis land's, and was with the prince at the memoras 
ble battle of Poitiers. His eldest son was summoned to parline 
ment as a Baron from 1370 to 1398, to whom, as he dicd without 
issue, his brother Thomas, who was rector of Manchester, and in 
those days of priestly celibacy, consequeutly unmarried, succeeded 
ip this barowy. In the ninth year of Henry the Fifth, 1422, om 
the payment of 200 marks into the exchequer, he obtained a licence 
to found a collegiate church, &c. here, which he liberally endowed, 
The establishment was to consist of a oraster, or keeper, eight 
fellows, (of whom two were to be parish-priests), two canons, 
four deacons, and four choristers. Tue bishop of Durham and 
other parties authorized in the licence of foundation, granted to 
the first master or waren of the suid college, five messuages and 
ten acres of land, which were parcels of the manor of Manchester, 
one messuage with the appurtenances, and one aere and twenty- 
four perches, called Baron’s-Hull and Baron’s-Yard, with eight 
acres‘of land in Nether Aldport, one messuage of eleven perehes 
in Gorton-Greon, und another in Heaton of the same extent. But 
Fuller, in his Worthies, observes on the subject, tbat “ the endow- 
ment of this colegiate and parochial church were the glebe and 
tythes of the parsonage, which glebe was computed to be about 
800 acres of this county measure, (about half as many more of the 
statute measure), besides a considerable part of the town com- 
monly calted Dean’s-Gate, (a corruption of St. Dionys-Gate, to 
whom and to the Virgin Mary and St. George the chureh was for- 
merly dedicatedl), now situate on the site of the glebe land belong- 
ing to the church; and the tythes of the parish arose from the 

Vor. IX. R thirty-two 





LANCASHIRE. 259 . 


by the soldiery under Colonel Thomas Birch, when the deeds and 
writings relating to the foundation were taken to London, and 
never returned. They were afterwards destroyed in the great fire 
of 1666. In 1649 the independents converted the College- 
house into a meeting-house. In 1642, during the siege of Man- 
chester by the Earl of Derby, it had been used as a store-house 
by the troops within the town. After the death of Mr. Che+ 
tham, in 1653, it was purchased of the Earl of Derby, in pur- 
suance of a recommendation in the will of the former, as a suit- 
able building for the benevolent institution he then had in con- 
templation *. 

To return to the manor, which passed on the death of the founder 
of the college, 4th of Henry the Sixth, Roger Delawar, who was 
sat the batile of Poitiers, by a second wife, bad a daughter Joan, 
~who was married to Sir Reginald West, knt. the son of Sir Thomas 
“West. He was not only the nearest heir to the estates of Thomas, 
Baron of Manchester, and rector of the parish, but he was also 
Summoned to parliament in the next year by the title of Lord 
Welawar, from whom the present Earl Delawar is desceuded. In 

R2 1579, 


* Of the various wardens of Manchester college who have been promoted 
Bo the episcopal bench, John Booth, the successor of John Huntingdon, was 
“<onsecrated Bishop of Exeter in 1465, when he resigned the wardenship, 
Sand died the 5th of April, 1478; Dr. James Stanley, the sixth son of Thomas, 
ar! of Derby, the fourth warden, was consecrated Bishop of Ely in 1506, 
Zand held the wardenship with it until 1509; John Wolton, the tenth warden, 
‘wwns consecrated Bishop of Exeter, August 2d, 1597; William Chadderton, 
‘Rae vext warden, held Chester diocese with this wardenship ; Nic'iolas Strat- 
Ford, the fifteenth warden, was consecrated Bishop of Chester, September 15, _ 
2 Gag, bnt appears to have vacated the wardenship five years before, when 
‘Yr. Wroe was appointed ; Samuel Peploe, the seventeenth warden, was com 
crated Bishop of Chester, April 12th, 1726; and Dr. Samuel Peploe, his 
Som, held the wardenship from 1738 until 1781; the twelfth warden was 
Dokn Dee, of whose academical honours biographers are not agreed; but be 
Probably had a claim to the degree of doctor, because that of M.A. would 
Mot have qualified him for this preferment. His writings are but little known, 
‘Yhongh his literary claims may deserve some attention.’ Dr. Thomas Biack- 
‘bum succeeded to the wardenship in 1799. 


























262 . LANCASHIRE, 
shire*; Knyvett’s Project fur the Defence of England. At 2 
short distance south of the college is the CottuciaTe CHuRcH, 
a large pile of building, which occupies the site of the old parish 
church of Manchester, and is described in the following terms by 
the Rev. Dr. Whitdker, in a communication to this work. 
‘The outside being constructed of red crumbling stone, has 
’ suffered 


traces of which are still easily perceived. George, his elder brother, resided 
St Turton, near Bolton, at the house ealled Turton Tower t. 

Fuller briefly mentions Mr. Humphrey Cactham among his * Worthies of 
England,* (and asaredly he deserves to rank high among them) baving re- 
ceived his information from Mr. Johnson, preacher of the Temple, and one 
of the feoffecs named in Mr, Chetham’s will, From this authority we are 
told that he was * a diligent reader of the scriptures, and of the works of 
‘sound dlivines, a respecter of such ministers as le accounted truly godly, up- 
right, sober, discreet, anc sincere, He was High Sberiff uf the county of 
Lancaster, A, D. 1635, discharging that office with great honosr, insomuch 
that very good gentlemen of birth and estate did wear hiis eloth at the axsiae, 
to testify their unfoigned affection to him, and two of them (John Hariley, of 
Strangeways Hall, and H. Wrigiey, esquires), of the same profession with 
Limself, were afterwards slicrifis of the county," 

‘The charity of Mr.Chetham was not to appear only after hls death; the 
chief institution provided for in his will wus but a completion of one which 
he had formed long before. The uraesuming mannce in which tis is alluded 
to in bis wilt shews him to have been free from all pride and 
‘Doring his tife he had “ takeo op and maintained fourteen poor 
town of Manchester, six of the town of Salford, and two of the town of 
Droylsden; in all twentytwo.” Having never manvied, be thes became a 
father to the fatherless and destitate ; and doubtless many were the children 
of adversity, that, during tho life-time of this good man, successively found 
protection in his fostering and paternal benevolence, Were it not 
Bere, it might perhaps with confidence be asserted, that of all the clanwels in 

which. 








* In Whitaker's History of Manchester is some account of these MSS. 


¢ Camden sayn that be saw (about 1693,) “ Turton-Tower, and Entwissely 
neat and elegant honses, the former oace the seat of the famous family of the 
Orrelis, then of the Chethams.” 
Britannia Uvetrat, Vel. 11, p. 143. Fol, 1772, 


LANCASHIRE. 263 


suffered extremely from the operations of fire and smoke. - The 
church-yard, from the multitude of interments, its exposure to 
every annoyance of a crowded town, and the neglect of railing off 

R4 the 


which charity delights to pour its streams, in none do they flow so extensively, 
and as it were vitally efficacious, asin that in which Mr. Chetham chose to 
direct these the more public overflowings of his benevolence ; though at the 
tame time it is very probable that the charity of such a man, while he lived, 
was not confined to this alone. By his will, bearing date December 16th, 
1651, he directs that the before-mentioned number of twenty-two boys be 
increased to forty, by the election of another boy from the township of 
Droylsden, ten from Bolton-in-the-Moors, and five from Turton: bequeath- 
—ing the sum of 7,001. for the purchase of a fee-simple estate, the profits of 
—which are to be applied to the support of this institution. The boys are to 
“be elected, in the proportion specified, and from the six townships mentioned 
an the will, the children of poor, but honest parents, not illegitimate, nor 
—wliseased, lame, or blind when chosen. They are to be cloathed, fed, and 
WHistracted from the age of about six to fourteen (since limited to thirteen) 
when they are to be bound ont at the expense of the institution to some 
—MiRovest and useful trade. 

Nearly one fourth of the boys are annually discharged at Easter, and others 

“smmmelected in their stead, by the feoffees, twenty-four in number, and who have 

“WEERovariably been gentlemen of the first respectability in the neighbourhood. 
feoffees are a body corporate by charter, dated November 20th, 17th 

swf Charles II. (A. D. 1665.) 
Perhaps no institution of the kiad las been more indebted to its guardians 
“SHEEEFor their jodicious management of its resources, and attention to its interests, 
“WiiRhan this; and they liave found an ample reward for the anxiety whieh they 
we evinced for these objects, by having been enabled to enlarge the sphere 
“SZDf this benevolent institution, aud to augment the number of boys upon the 

S"vandation to eighty. 

Mr. Chethara, hy his will, bequeathed also the sums of 1,0001, for the par. 
“hase of books ; and 1001. for a building, as the foundation of a public library ;’ 
‘SE Sr the augmentation of which he devises the residue of his personal estate, 

“™™mafter the payment of certain legacies, and this is said to have amounted te 
‘Wmemmore than 2,0001. : é ; 
He further bequeathed the sum of 2001. to purehase godly English books, . 
‘B-@ be chained upon desks in the charches of Manchester and Bolton, and the 
Shaped of Turton, Walmsley, and Gortéa. . 
‘The founder departed this life October 12th, in the 74th year of his age, 








264 LANCASHIRE. 
the different footpaths and projections of the building, is ia avery 
disgusting and offensive state. Within, and on the south side, are 
several large chnntries, one of which is the property and. burial 
place of the Traflords of Traftord, At the east end, and behind 
the altar, is the chupel of the Chethams, where the manificent 
founder of the hospital has a tamb. There are also some later 
monuments of the family, of which the marble retains very little 
either of its original whileness or polisix, incewant showers of 
side of the north nile is a very spacious chapel, built by Bishop 
Stanley, and now the property of the Earl of Dechy, which, being 
Jet out for interments at a stated price, is become little betler thum 
a chamel, Beyond this is 2 small projecting chantry, under the 
founder's areh of which, aud within 2 plain altar tomb, lies the 
same James STANLEY, Bishop of Ely and Warden of Mane 
cliester, who died in the college. There ts « sumll figure of him 
in brass, aud an inscription in old English, whieh bas been giver 
by Mx, Bentham in his History of Ely. But the greal ornaments 
of this church are the stalls, screens, and lattice werk of ihe choir, 
finished in-a great measare at the expence of this prelate*, who, 
though little of a scholar or an ecctesinstic, seems to have tad a 
thuniificent spirit not unworthy of bis birth, His family connexion. 
iniuced him to reside much at Manchester, to which be seems to, 
have bern grently attached; for nothing less than the powerful: 
ipfluence of the Sianleys could: have obtained for hin permission’ 
to hold # commendant with the rich See of Ely, and the value of 
the wardenship most have been a very inconsiderable addition to 
Bis income. In richness und delicacy of execution, the canopies of 
these stalls exceed. any thing L have seen, though perbaps in point 
OL lightuess, Ley love sometiting frons the want of tose til spiring: 
frent 


* The annexed, view, from a, drawing by George Ormerod, Eaq, who 
Kindly presents. Uie plate to this work, displays soma of these abzlls, the, 
character of the arches and upper windows on the nerth side of the eboiry. 
also the Battened casters window, with the flat weoden toof, dc. 


LANCASHIRE. ‘266 


front pinnactes, which marked the stells of the two fermer cen 
turies, and a fut horizontal cornice (though much enriched) which 
sannounts the whole. 

The town (probably the church) of Mauchester was origially a 
place of sauctuary, and one of the eight places to which this prie 
vilege was euntirmed by the statute of 32 Henry the Eighth, ia” 
1540-1. But the privilege was transferred to Chester in the fol 
Jowing year, as it had been found to operate to the prejudice of 
the wealth, credit, and good order of the place. 

On the alarm created by the Spanish armada, when every town 
ja the kingdom, or at least of the marilime counties, was called te 
contribute its quota of defence, Manchester furuished only thirty 
eight men for harquebusiers, the same number for archers, and 
244 men for bills and pikes; and in 1599, on raising men to sup- 
press the rebellion in Ireland, the magistrates were cautioned met 
to send any vagabonds or disorderly persons, but men of geod 
eharacter, aud particularly young men, who were skilled in the 
wee of the hand-gun. Tn 1605, @ pestilence here carried off 1000 
persons ; aud we know little more of the general history of Mam 
ehester watil 1642, when, iv the dispute between Charles the First 
and bis parliament, it took side with the latter, and the town was 
eecapicd by the county nmi Ta September of that year the 
Earl of Derby besieged it im vain, retiring, after several days, with 
considerable loss: the ends of the streets were then only fortified ; 
but it was better gurrisoned and defendeil in the course of the next 
year. A violent pestilerice broke out here in 1645, when eo 
lections were niade iv all the churches of London aad Weat- 
minster. The fortifications of the town were dismantled in 1652. 
Dotwithstandiag the resolute apposition of this towa to King 
Charles the First, the coronation of Clrarles the Second, on the 
23d of April, 1661, appears to have been honoured with particular 
distinction. In 1708, an act was obtained for building St. Ann's 
church, the site of which, with the square, was formerly a corn- 
field, and so remembered to be, by the name of Acre’s Field, by 


an old man.who died in or about the yeat 1780. St, Mary's church 
was 








266 LANCASHIRE. 


was built by act of parliament in 1753; and in 1757, anact was 
obtained to exonerate the town from the obligation of grinding 
corn at the free-school mills. In 1776, another act was passed 
for widening the streets. In 1791, an act was,obtained for light- 
ing, watching, and cleansing the town, on which occasion a watch- 
house was established ; und in 1792, the centre of the town was 
farther innproved by taking down the Exchange. 

In this account of Manchester, it will be expected that some of 
the public buildings be noticed; but this must mecessarily be concise. 

The InrinMAny, Dispensary, Lunavic HospPiTat, and 
ASYLUM, are all included in one spacious building, in the high 
est part of the town. ‘The foundation for the first edifice was laid 
in 1753, when only 2501. had been subscribed towards it, The 
plan for receiving forty patients, was aflerwards extended to 
eighty; but 160 beds are now appropriated for the use of pa- 
tients; and in 1792, a Dispensary was added, and a suitable 
building annexed, collections for which were made at the differ~ 
ent places of religious worship, to the amount of more than 
4,0001. Perhaps it should be added, that benefactions and lega- 
cies for the support of the Infirmary and Dispensary, prior to the 
24th of June, 1803, amounted to more than 32,6001. and the 
annual subscriptions to more than 68,5001—The Lunatic Hos- 
pital and Asylum was opened in 1766 *. 

A pcor-house also was opened in 1792, and another at Salford 
in 1793; in both the paupers are employed, according to their 


and capacities, in the various parts of the 





weaving, &c, and in such 


aRerwards, with much propriety, succeeded, has been produc- 
The Pupiic-Batus, which are 
“situated at the entrance of the Infirmary Walks, consists. of hot, 
tepid, vapour, and cold baths, to which are attached very com- 
Fortable dressivg-rooms, that are regulated with the strictest order 
‘and propriety; we feel doubly called upon to express oun appro- 
ation of the terms of admission, which are moderate, and the appli- 
to the support of the Infirmary. The Ly1nc- 
[EN Hosprrat, at Salford, instituted in 1790, not only provides 
‘Brofessional aid and domestic accommodation for pregnant wo- 
nen who are received into it, but for the delivery of poor mar- 
ied women at their own houses, with proper advice, and suitable 
—auedicines. The Housk or Recovery is an appendage to the 
espe eaegl accommodate 100 patients, with prov 
"Per olives... This originated in 1796, and is calculated for per- 
cv acme bot persons having scarlet and_epide- 
mn are completely shut out from the rest 
being ventilated in the best possible 
. "manner, to lessen the predominant effluvia,, and it the cir 
~ ealation of the morbid matter. The SrRaNGEss’ Farenp So- 
CLETY, instituted in 1791, distributes cloaths, beds, and. blan- 
kets, 2nd whatever may be found necessary for the consfort of poor 
“atrangers, who have been industriously soughtout, when sinking 
tader the pressure of poverty and’ disease; und it should not be 
unnoticed, that people of every religions persuasion are subscribers 
fo it, and that the miethodists, with whom it first originated, in- 
‘variably excluile their own poor from its benefits, The Bo- 
ovGuREEVe's CHaxity arises from lands and moneys, Ici 
for distribution to poor, aged, and impotent inhabitants in Man- 
are provided with linen cloth, coats, gowns, or 
money, at <iscretion, according to their respective wants; but 
‘the lands have been lutely sold for building on, and the value 
of that part of the property is augmented in more than a quad- 
cmuple ‘The cloth given on this occasion, is so marked 
ent its being either pawned or sold, 


ae ees 


Societi 


== 


268 “LANCASHING. 

Societies for the progutgation of knowledge, and disséifiidtion 
6f useful and valunble discoveries, are mutterous in Mariehester 
‘The Gaasan Scnoor bas beer alfeddy mentioned: beside 
which there ate many private schools, both here and in Salford — 
The Literaky any Puttrosopnican Socrety, established 
in 1781, of whictr the late Dr. Thomas Percival, a ative of Wate 
ridgtod, way long president, is the most noted. Tt hee pisblished 
several volumes of its memoirs, some of which huté been tran 
fated into the Preneh and German feoguages, THE society's 
meetings are every Friday fortnight, from: October to: April, 
thelusive; and, ot admission by ballot, each meniber pays ath 
éntranee of two guiveas, and an annual subscription of one gui 
niea.—-The Pationoci¢an Sociery wis itstitated im 1809, of 
the model of a similar society in Livefpoot. Its professed object 
ts, “ torcoltivate fiteratore and science in general, Potemie poti= 
fies, dnd Poleniic divinity only excepted.”—The MANCHESTER 
Ctrctuatine Liana, instituled iw 1757, is the joint pro~ 
perty of aGout 370 subscriliers; the price of ai admiisdiow ticket 
being five gaititas. ‘The price’ of wit aditisiow and proprietary 
ticket, which is transferable by sale of leguey, is néw Give guined?, 
and eact member pays Afteen shillings yearly.—The Mancues- 
ren New CrecunaTine Liokamy way iastituted i 1792, 
dod is supported by an advanced sum, aid atitual subscription 
frody the menibers. ‘Phe library contsins pesrly 3000! volume, 
A new baildivy iy Mostuy Street, calted the Portreo, Bes been 
erected fora Hbyary, newsroom, &e. ‘Thiv hay beer built, aft 


© it expences are defrayed By a muchbér of proprietors, wits paid 


thirteen guineas” I advance, and an ania! subscription of Wo 
guineas, ‘This buifding ix firge und handsonse, and covtaing @ 
cOfTEe OF HewS-roortt, sixty-five feet long, by forty-five feetwite, 
aed forty-four’ feet it Height to the top of the dente: Besides 
there, bate cnptbiowan depts 


* This eam las been sioge raved to twenty gsivent; and when nia 
gui 


ber amounts te 400, the price of admissida will bé advanced to 
a 


LANCASHIRE. 269 

The MANCHESTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, jnstituted 
for the purpose of promoting and encouraging the useful arty and 
sciences of life, was established in 1767, and since that period 
has distributed many premiums for valuable discoveries, One 
ahject of this society caynot be too warmly recommended, por 
can it be too much imitated ;—that of granting premiums to enty 
tagers who support their families without parochial aid, Honest 
and good serygnts are also rewarded by honorary presents, 

The ReposiToRy is an institution adapted to encourege and 
teward industrious females. At this repository, the necessitone 
taay send, with a ticket and price, any article of fyncy-work, or 
weful contrivance, which is exposed for sale, and, when sold, 
the money is paid over to the owner, who pays one penny in @ 
shilling for commission, This very important establishment has 
proved eminently serviceable to many individuals, and is catitled 
ta Jikeral and careful suppost. - 

Though most of the public buildings be devoted to business 
and religion, yet, in so populous a place, we may justly expect 
to meet with some appropriated to amusement. Of these, the 
TusaTERE is the most prominent. A new building, on 9 large 
tale, has very recently been erected, and was first opened im 
1807. The present manager and proprietor is Mr, Macready, who 
is also propietor of the Birmingham, and some other smaller pra-: 
vincial theatres, 

The AssumBLy Rooms are contained in a plain building, 
which was erected by a subscription of 100 persons, at 504 
each. The first public assembly occurred in Sepiember, 1792. 
‘The ball-room is cighty-seven feet long, by thirty-four feet broad; 
aad ig decorated with three elegant pendant, and twelve murat 
glass chandeliors. In the tea-room isa full length portrait of the 
ate Lopp StRawes, father to the present Earl of Derby. Am 
jascription on it states, that the former nobleman procured the 
Tepeal of an act for imposing a duty on linen-yarn. This pieture 
‘was painted by “ Edward Penny, professor of painting 10 the Royal 
Academy, 1773.”. 

A ConcERT- 


270 LANCASHIRE. 

A CoNCERT-RoOM Was erected here in 1777, and its meet« 
ings are well sopported by amateur musicians, and are generally 
frequented by a crowded audience. 

From places of information and amusement let us turn to such 
as have been raised for the purposes of restraining and punishing” 
vice. THe New Batvny Prison, in Salford, was finished in 
3790, and isa large appropriate pile of building. Tt is construet- 
ed on Howard's plan, and was raised at the expense of the hun+ 
dred of Suiford, to which district it is wholly appropriated. The 
whole building is inclosed within a square wall of 120 yards in 
diameter. At the entrance is a handsome rusticated building, 
containing the sessions-room, wherein weekly and quarterly courts 
are assembled ; and at|joining it are’ with-drawing rooms for the 
magistrates, counsel, jurors, wittesses, d&c. The Turnkey lives 
‘on the ground floor, and beliind the lodge, in the midst of a large 
area, is the prison, of the form of @ cross, three stories high. 
From the centre of euch story all the four wards, with the doorof 
every cell, mey be seen, No prisoner hece is fettered; but, if 
refractory, is removed to a solitury cell. All the prisoners wear 
bloe and red before conviction, and blue and yellow afterwards ; 
and no person is suffered to be idle, people of all trides being 
constantly employed. Tt is under the direction of the magistrates 
of the division, and affords a model of management for other 
prisons, which cannot be too strongly recommended, 

Tut Bankacks are situated in Hulme, a township in the 
suburbs of Manchester, and are constructed in an uniform plan, 
for the accommodation of dragoons 

The civil government of Manchester is vested in a borough- 
reeve, who is annually chosen; two constables, and a deputy 
constable; and the township of Salford is under a similar govern- 
ment. Freed from a corporation and the degrading slavery and 
eramping powers of a chartered borough, the inhabitants are 
never annoyed with the tantalizing contests of political elections, 
and every tradesman is at liberty to commence and pursue kis 
business unmolested by arbitrary laws. For the administration of 


justice, 


LANCASHTRE. m1 


justice, several respectable magistrates assemble on Wednesday 
and Saturday mornings, weekly. Quarter sessions, also, are held 
four times a year ; when, from press of business, the court bas 
been sometimes kept sitting nearly a fortnight. The lord of the 
manor, too, holds a baronial court monthly, for the recovery of 
small debts; and in Salford, which is a royal demesne, is a 
handred court, for the same purpose, holden under the king, by 

the right honourable the Earl of Sefton, once a fortnight. 
BaipGEs of communication between the two towns, and more 
distant places, over the Irwell, are the Old Bridge, which was 
erected about the time of Edward the Third, of three arches, on 
which was a chapel in Leland’s time, since used as a ‘dungeon, 
but removed in 1778, when the bridge was made wider. Black 
Friars’ Bridge is built of wood, though flagged with stone for 
foot passengers only. The New Bridge was erected in 1783, and its 
expenses defrayed by subscription shares of 401. each. It is hand- 
somely built of stone, with three arches, besides a small one left 
open as an acknowledgment of the Duke of Bridgewater's right to 
a towing path-to his quay on the Salford side of the river. The 
subscribers, at the end of eighteen years, having reimbursed 
themselves by a toll on passengers of every description, with am 
interest of seven and a half per cent. on the original capital, ‘not 
only purchased buildings, to be pulled down, at the upper end of 
Bridge Street, to extend the shambles, and widen the access to 
the bridges, but generously relinquished all future toll to the 
public, though, in the year preceeding it had been let for 11501. 
perannum®. The small stream of Irk, which passes through a part 
of the town, has six bridges upon it; and the Medlock, a larger 
current, has no fewer than nine bridges in various parts of the 
town. That of Oxford Street, in particular, merits much atten- 
tion, 


© Only one halfpenny was paid by foot passengers, and a proportionate 
tell for carriages. The recollection that there were two free bridges on 
this river, must strikingly point out the great popalation of the towns; and 
this surrender of the rent of the tolls, sufficiently demonstrates the liberality - 
of the proprietors, 





a2 LAMCABIIRE, 

tion. Shooter's Brook has three bridges ovwr it, und there ix one 
of three arches over Sijude-hill Pits.’ Not to notice more than 
tweply over the different cana)s, the grand aqueduct of Ashton 
canal over Shuler’s Brook, in a diagonal direction, is of singular 
construction, and is truly picturesque on the approach from Pic- 
cadilly. Neither evnst we omit the tunnel at Koot-mill, throogh 
which the Rochdale canal passes, to join the Duke of Bridge- 
water's below Castle-field; whieh tunnel passes under the street 
Teading to Castle Quay, at cach end of whieh are bridgestike bat- 
Uementsin Gaythorn Street and Castle-Field. 

‘The conveniences for conveying goods both to the east and 
west, us well as to Loudon, are almost incalenlable. About forty 
years ago,only eight flats (vessels wo ralled) were employed in the 
trade between this town and Liverpool ; but now more than 120 
are constantly in motion. The land-earriage also bas increased, 
in the same period, more than in equal proportion. The canals, im 
like manner, are continually Boating goods to Hall, &e.” Wagzons 
and cartsare employed in abuniunce. Eighteen couches leave 
‘Manchester daily, for London and diferent places, and eight 
others three times a week: whereas two only left this place twice a 
week, so late a9 in 1770, one of them to London, and the other to” 
Liverpool. In 1754, the Flying Coach eugayed to be in London 
in fowr‘days aod» half; now the mail coaches constantly ran itin: 
thirty hours; and the Defiance aud Telegraph coaches reached 
Manchester, from London, on the peace in October, 1402, im less: 
than twenty hours. 

‘The Manuvacrures of Manchester may be said to consti- 
tule the very seu of the place, and the factories ils body. Whilst 
the former give animation and spirit to the genius and energies 
of man, the latter are desigued and exeeuted by him to suit the 
progressive improvements of science, and as best adapted to the 
“vastuess of the covcerns, To furnish a full and sutisfugtory ac- 
count of all the operations and complicated parts of them would 
require several volumes; add he nature of this work will not al- 
dow, 








‘274 LANCASHIRE. 

Cotton goods, of English manufacture, appenr to have been a 
novelty in the year 1774, when an act of parliament was passed, 
declaring, that stuffs made entirely of cotton span in this king- 
dom, had lately been introcuced, and the same were allowed to 
be used as a lawful and laudable manufacture. A duty of three- 
pence per square yard was to be paid on every piece that was 
printed, painted, or stained *, 

‘The author of a pamphlet, published in 1788 4, observes, that 
not above twenty years before that period, the whole annual va- 
lve of the cotton manufactures of this kingdom was under 
200,0001. and that not above 50,000 spinilles were employed in 
spinning cotton-yam ; but in 1787, that number was calculated 
to have augmented to 2,000,000, and muslins were then made 
in British looms, which rivalled those of India, The following 
table, shewing the progress of the cotton manufacture for seven 
years, will furnish the reader with some idea of the amazing in- 
erease of this business, 








Cotton used in the Mannfactures of Estimated value of the Cotton 
‘Great Britain, ‘Manufactures of Great Britain. 
5,101,920 pounds in the = 1781 ++£2,000,000 
11,206,810 +++ 1782 ++ 3,900,060 
9,546,179 + 1783 ++ 3,200,000 
11,280,238. 1784 + 3,950,000 
17,992,888 1785 6,000,000 
19,151, trad ‘ 1786 6,500,000 
22,600,000 «++ © 1787 teeeee eeeeee 97,500,000 


A writer, who investigated the subject of the cotton manufac- 
tures-in 1787, estimates the supply and expenditure of cotton 
in the following proportions >— 

Imported 


* 14 Geo. BIL, ch. TH. 


4 Evtitied, An important Crisis in the Calico und Mastin Mamnfactory 
in orcad Britain Exphcined.” 








276 LANCASHIRE. - 


‘The whole cost of which was cstimated at 715,001. ‘There were, 
at the same time, 550’ mule-jennies, or machines of ninety spin- 
dies each, and 20,700 hand-jennies, of eighty spindles each, for 
spinning yam for the shoot or weft; the cost of which, and of 
the auxiliary machinery, together with that of the buildings, is 
stated to have been at least 285,0001. making, together the 
former sum, 1,000,0001. These establishments, when in full em- 
ployment, were estimated to produce as much cotton yarn as 
could be spun by 1,000,000 persons on single wheels; and in- 
stead of diminishing the employment of the people, as was ap= 
pretended, they called out numbers from idleness to comfortable 
independance. At this time they were supposed to employ 





159,000190,000| 101,000] 350,000 persons employed in this most 
beneficial manufacture ; and nearly one-balf of them in the calico 
and muslin branches, wherein the value of the raw material is ad- 
vanced, by industry and ingenuity acting upon capital and ma- 
chivery, to from ten to fifty times the value of it, when purchased 
by the manufacturer. Such are the powers of machinery; and 
such are the benefits conferred upon this nation by the inventive 
genius, and persevering industry, of Sir Richard Arkwright. 
Manchester has been Jong famed for -its varions and extensive 
manufactures. But the high rank it holds in the scale of com~ 
mercial importance, may be attributed to the nature aud extent 
of the improvements introduced into the cotton sP1NNING trade, 
by which the prodaction of all. the articles essential to the manu- 
facture of cotton goods has been facilitated, and every competi- 
tion, heretofore regarded as too formidable to be successfully op- 
posed, has been most completely borne down. 
‘The spinning concerns, in the town and neighbourhood, are 
numerous, 





LANCASHIRE. “77 
mumerous, and many of them of great magnitade, some employ- 
‘ing from 30 to 70,000 spindles, and yielding upwards of 600,000 
thanks per week, each bank measuring 840 yards, or, in the 
whole, 504,000,000 yards, « prodigious length to be the produce 
of six days labour, ‘The improvements made for the last twenty- 
five years have been, in a great degree, confined to the spinning 
department, and those preparatory procesys which the present 
mode of making yarn requires; and it will ppear matter of won- 
der, when we revert to the trade in its origin, that, in so, short a 

perfection should have been attained. 

Not more than half'a, cestury has elapsed since all the cotton 
sara, maoufactured ia this country, was spun by hand, upon that 
well known domestic instrument, called, a One Thread Wheel: 
the quantity, therefore, produced at that time, must have been very 
limited indeed; and, from the oncertainty of the operation, must 
have yiekled an article so uneven, and various jn its fineness, as 
to baye operated qs a very material bar to the extension of the 
‘trade, in any but coarse or heavy goods: inlecd no attempt was 
made at the manufacture of muslins, for which the Eastern world 
owas so celebrated, until the present system of spinning was in 
some degree matured, ‘The various mechanical contrivances by 
which the numerous processes through which cotton necessarily 
passes, are more accurately, as well as expeditiously performed, 
having effected @ prodigious reduction in the price of labour, and 
the value of all te various sorts of goods composed, either partly 
or wholly, of cotton, the demand bas rapidly increased; and cor- 
ton goods, of British manufacture, have found their way over the 
continents of Europe and America, The first successful attempt 
-thatwas made to spin colton by machinery, was by a person of 
‘the name of Hargreave, of Blackwell, in Laneashire, who con- 
structed a machine, which ie called a Jeuny, and by which a 
single person could spin from twenty to forty threads st one 
time. ‘These amachines, ima short time, became very general; 
and upon thei was produced the weft or shute of which the va- 
tious kinds of cotton goods were made, The warp or webb of 
—* ss these 


278 LANCASHIRE. 

these goods was almost universally linen, until it was discovered 
that by uniting two of the threads produced by the Jenny, and 
‘twisting them together, an excellent substitute was provided for 
linen yarn used heretofore for warp, 

‘The late Sir Richard Arkwright, for whom the accomplishment 
of this great object was reserved, after many experiments, finished 
his first engine in 1768, and in the following year took out a 
patent.. He still, however, continued to study improvements; 
and in the year 1775, having brought his original machinery to 
greater perfection, and having invented machines for preparing 
the cotton for spinning, upon which a single thread could be spun 
sufficiently compact and firm to answer all the purposes of warp, 
_he obtained a fresh patent for his new invention, Hitherto he 
and his partners had reaped no profit from the undertaking; but 
now proper buildings being erected, at the expense of 30,0001. 
and the machinery possessing the superior advantage of being put 
in motion by the application of power, and by which an intivite 
number of spindles might be incessantly employed, requiring only 
the attention of a few children to piece up the ends that may oc- . 
easionally break, and thus producing, in a fiftyfold proportion to 
what had before been conceived practicable; the business began 
to be productive to the proprietors, and an object of importance 
to the whole ution. Manufacturers, und other men of property, 
now wishe’ to participate in the benefit of Arkwright’s invention ; 
and several spinaing mills were erected in various parts oF the 
country, the pro, rietors of which contracted to pay him @ certain 
aupual rent for every spindle contained in their nmichinery, Seve- 
ral spinning mills, established in Lancashire, the west part of 
Scotland, and elsewhere, together with the general use of the 
Jennies, (engines for spinning the woof or weft,) produced such 
an abridgment of labour, and improvement of the fabric, the 
yam being spun upon truer principles than if dove by hand, tat 
the prices of goods were much reduced, and consequently the 
British manufactures of cotton goods of all kinds were grea'ly ex- 
tended, and many thousands of people, including women, and 

children 


LANCASHIRE. 279 


children of both sexes, were now instructed in the vatious opera- 
tions of the busivess. Four spinning mills were erected in Ire~ 
land; and two were established near Rouen, in France, under 
the able direction of Mr. Holker, an English manufacturer, who, 
with his partners, were patronized and assisted by the goveru- 
ment. It was not long before Arkwright’s machivery was even 
transported across the Atlantic, and a spinving mill erected in 
Philadelphia. Sir Richard securing, by patent, to himself the ex- 
dlusive privilege of using (hese machines, acquired, in a little 
time, au immense fortuse. The trade was by this means much 
limited ; but a question arising as to the right of Sir Richard to 
the exclusive privilege, and the matter caning under legal inves- 
ligation, it was, after long litigation, determived in the Court of 
Kiag’s Bench in.1785, when the issue proved favourable to the 
ardent. wish of those who had instituted the enquiry, und the 
“mysteries of the trade were no longer concealed from those whose 
genius, whose spirit, and fortunes enabled them to enter the lists, 
as competitors with Sir Rickard himself, 

He, however, continued the business after he was deprived of 
the monopoly, anc, probably, with some advantages over his com- 
Petitors, derived from his experience and establislied plan of cop- 
ducting the business. He certainly deserved the great fortune he 
acquired; for the advantages be conferred ppon the nation were 
infinitely greater than those which accrued to himself, and far more 
solid vod durable (hun an hundred conquests, Instead of depriving 
the working poor of a livelihood by bis great abridgement of la- 
bour, that very abridgement has created a vast «eal of employ- 
ment for more hands thin were formerly engaged: und it was 
computed that hylfa million of people were, in the year 1785, em- 
ployed in the cotion manufactures of Lancsshire, Cheshire, Derby, 
Nottingham, and Leicester. That computation was perhaps exag- 
gerated ; butthe numbers must have been very great, as we find by 
the report of the commiltee of the House of Commons this same 
year, ou the business of the commercial intercourse with Ireland, 
shat 0300 were employed by Mr. Peele, several thousands by Mr. 
. $4 Smith, 


980 LANCASHIRE, 
Smith, and numbers proportionably great by the other manufac- 
turers of cotton. The manufacture of calicoes, which was begun 
in Lancashire in the year 1772, was now pretty generally esta- 
blished in several parts of Eagland and Scotland. ‘The manufac- 
ture of mustias in England was begun in the year 1781, and was 
rapidly increasing. In 1783 there were above a thousand looms 
set up in Glasgow for that most beneficial article, in which the skill 
and labour of the mechanic raise the raw material to twenty times 
the value it was of when imported. 
| “The rapid increase in the number of spinning engines, whieh 
took place in consequence of the expiration of Arkwright’s patent, 
forms a new wera, not only in manufactures and commerce, but 
also in the dress of both sexes. The common use of silk, if it 
were only to be worn while it retains its lustre, is proper only for 
Jadies of ample fortune: and yet women of almost all ranks affected 
to wear it; and many of the lower classes of the middle ranks of 
society distressed their husbands, parents, and brothers to procure 
that expensive finery. Neither was a handsome cotton gown altain= 
able by women in humble cireumstances; and thence the cottons 
were suixed with linen yaro to reduce their price. But now cotton 
yarn is cheaper than linen yarn; and cotton goods are very much 
used in place of cambries, lawns, and other expensive fabrics of 
flax; and they have almost totally superseded the silks, Women 
of all ranks, from the highest to the lowest, are clothed in Britis 
manufactures of cotton, from the muslin cap on the crown of the 
head, to the cotton stocking under the sole of the foot, The in- 
genuity of the calico-printers has kept pace with the ingenuity of 
the weavers and others concerned in the precediag stages of the 
manufacture, and produced patterns of printed goods, whieh, for 
elegance of drawing exceed every thing that was imported, 
and for durability of colour, generally stand the washing so well, 
as to appear fresh aud new every time they are washed, and give 
an air of neatness and cleantiness to Wie wearer beyond the elegance 
of silk in the first freshness of its transitory lustre. But evea the 
most elegant prints are excelled by the superior beauty and virgin 
purity 
2 


DANCASHIRE. 281. 
parity of the muslins, the growth and the manufacture of the 
British dominions *,”” 

From the expiration of Mr, Arkwright’s patent, the spinning of 
yam, and manafaeture of cotton goods rapidly increased ; mecha- 
nies were ‘successfully employed to abridge labour, and no difli- 
culty or competition presented itself of so formidable a nature as 
to defeat the genias and industry of those who were engaged in 
the'trade, However favourable these gigantic strides towards un- 
rivelled distinction may be regarded in a commercial point of view, 
(the establishment of extended factories, requiring the congregated 
numbers of men, women, and children, for the purpose of attend- 
ing to the multiplied and curious processes that it was found ne~ 
cessary for the cotton to pass through preparatory to spinning), has 
certainly operated to the injury of public morals, a circumstance 

which the friends of humanity cannot ‘but deplore. The cotton, 
@s it is received in its original packages, is committed to women, 
or girls, who beat it with slender rods, by which the fibres are 
expanded, and the seeds and lwsks are loosened, and more dis- 
inetly seen ; these are carefully picked out, and the cotton is then 
‘taken toa machine, by which it is carded. This machine consists 
of two or more cylinders, moving with great velocity in opposite 
directions. By this machine the cotton is so disposed ns to be 
tuken off in a small substance, much resembling a spider's web, 
‘This i conveyed into a can, (bya pair of rollers, fixed to the 
machine); in a perpetual or endless carding, after which several 
of these exrdings are united, aud frequently passed between iron 
rollers, by whieh the fibres become better arranged, and the bulk 
considerably reduced. Another, and similar operation called 
roaring, suoceeds with this difference, that afler the cotton has 
passed through these rollers, it falls into a cau, apen at the top, 
which moves upon a centre with considerable velocity, and by 
Which the coltow beconies a soft threud, and eapable of further 
extension, according to the fineness of the yarn required. ‘This 


process 


* Macpherson’s Ancals of Commerce, Vol. IV. 





282 LANCASHIRE, 

process is sueceeded by another called stretching, or roaving, upon 
a machine very similar to the mule, and which is the lust of the 
Preparatory processes, The sue upon which these roavings are 
spun is 2 curious machine, and like the Jenny when first invented, 
carried from 80 to 100 spindles; these have been successively in- 
creased, until the prevailing size now is $00 spindles. Power 
having also been found applicable to give motion to these machines, 
two of them are managed by one man, and three or four children, 
whose employment it is to. lay the thread, when made, upon the 
spindles, and to piece up those that may break. By this arrange- 
ment, and the successful application of mechanics to this branch 
of business, what would, thirty years since, have required six hun- 
dred women or girls to have performed, congrats 
man and four children! 

(GE cial eoculinaapldeen iieeeyaikia tanpatiatoatian 
here, that more than 400 hanks, weighing two pounds, have been 
drawn from four pounds of raw East India cotton, each hank 
measuring 840 yards, and reaching upwards of 80 miles, or nearly 
as fur as from London to Manchester, The following caleulation 
will shew the value of this business to the country at large, and 
how necessary it is to give it their encouragement and support, 
The number of printers is caleulated at about * 7000; and each 
of these employ in their works three persons, making the whole 
21,000. Each printer will employ nine weavers to make the cloth 
he prints: now, supposing the printer to print three pieces por 
day, and the weaver to weave two pieces per week, the number 
will be 63,000, ‘These 63,000 weavers will employ 25,000. per- 
sons in making the yarns ready for the loom. According to this 
caiculation it appears that there are 109,000 persons dependent 
on these 7000 printers, so that every printer set to work will 
employ pearly sixteen persons in all the different branches of the 
colton business, notwithstanding the great improvements in ma+ 


chinery — 


* This calculation from the number of persons who signed the petition to 
parliament, 





284 LANCASHIRE. 

Joun Byrom, A. M. and P.R.S. a native of Kersall, near 
Manchester, was the youngest son of Mr. Edward Byrom, of this 
fown. After receiving a, grammatieal education in the country, 
he was sent to Merchant Taylor's school, in London, where he 
distinguished himself by bis classical acquirements; and in 1708, 
in his seventeenth year, he was admitted a pensioner of Trinity 
College, Cambridge. In 1714 he was elected a fellow of his 
College, soon after which he wrote his first paper in the Specta- 
tor, and afterwards his admired pastoral of Colin to Phabe. He 
then practised short hand, with some success, at Manchester; 
and on coming to London, soon acquired, by successful exer~ 
tions, a comfortable competency. ‘The celebrated Earl of Ches- 
‘terfield was his pupil. In 1723 he was admitted into the Royal 
Society; and in No. 488 of the Philosophical Transtetions, fs his 
paper on the Elements of Short Hand. He published Miscella- 
neous Poems, in 2 vols. Svo.; but those on Enthusiasm and the 
Immortality of the Soul, are considered as excelling in merit. 
He dicd in September, 1763, having supported, through alte 
a character of integrity and virtue, 

Taomas Fauxwer, the son of an eminent peor - 
Manchester, was originally brought up to his father’s profession. 
At the age of twenty he removed to London, for the sake of 
learning the practice of the hospitals, but soon afterwards engaged 
as surgeon in a vessel which was bound to the coast of Africa. His 
health having been severely impaired during the voyage, when 
the ship arrived at Buenos Ayres, he went on shore to recover it. 
He there received so many acts of kindness from the Jesuits, ax 
induced him to become a member of their college; whence he 
was soon sent out as 2 missionary to visit the extreme parts of the 
Suuth-American contivent, where he remained six years. Onhis 
relurn, he was appointed physician to the college, and continued 
until the suppression of the order in 1767, when their property 
was confiscated, end he and his colleagues were sent prisoners 
to Cadiz. He there lingered some months in a dungeon, but at 
length procured bis release, through the English ambassador, 

and 











LANCASHIRE. 285 
ne to London, after an absence of thirty-eight > 

























modern seats, In the first class is 
ble house, the seat and property of 
who is Lord of the Manor of Man- 
ts of this building consist of timber and 
disposed in various figures, form a sort of 
is employed to fill up the interstices, 
ies overhang the ground floor, and the great. 
e the face of the building. Of a similar 


or Houme, a little west of Manchester, 2 
of ancient domestic architecture. But its exte- 
tic and picturesque than fine or beautiful; and 
wer be well adapted for domestic comfort. It 
a shelving benk of the Trwell, and being 
it poor temants, is fist falling to decay, 
to Adam de Rossindale in the time of Ed- 
s appears bya grant from the said Adam of 
um, to Henry de Trafford, out of his ma- 
Manchester for life, dated thirty-first of 
‘Afterwards, in the time of Heury the 

Sixth, 
ty [bia Sitériry Life? observes, that Falkner retened ta 


of Patagonian cloth, a cup of born, a little pot of Chilian 
hole frults of thirty-eight years’ labour, whic the Spaniards 


286 LANCASHIRE, 

Sixth, it belonged to the family lof Prestwich. November 10, 
the first of Henry the Seventh, Thomas West, Knight, Lord de 
Ja Warr, and Dame Elizabeth bis wife, grant to Blyse Prestwich, 
of Holme, beside Manchester, a liberty of aitaching a wear for 
mills near Holme-bridge, by Alport, the site of the castle. It 
continued in the name of Prestwich till 1660, when it was pur- 
chased by Sir Edward Moseley, whose heiress, in 1684, married 
Sir John Band, of Kippax. George Lloyd, Esq. bought it ia 
1751, and sold it, in 1764, to the late Duke of Bridgewater. 
The Dowager Lady Prestwich, in the civil war, encouraged her 
son to continue in the royal cause, saying, she had treasure to 
supply him with: this was supposed to be hid about Hulme; but 
on account of her being taken speechless in her illness, was never 
found. She was grandmother to Lord Dacy Morton. 


ALKINGTON, the seat of John Lever, Esq. was the property 
of his uncle, Sir Ashton Lever, who commenced his grand and 
interesting museum, of natural and artificial curiosities, at this 
place. I have been informed, by a gentleman who was intimate 
with Sir Ashton, that the latter was induced to commence his col- 
lection, from having shot a white sparrow. As he succeeded in 
preserving this, he tried experiments on other birds, &e. and 
progressively accumulated one of the finest musenms in Europe. 
His zeal for the subject, and the uvidity with which he purchased. 
every object of curiosity and rarity, having greatly injured his 
fortune, he obtained an Act of Parliament for the disposal of his 
museum by way of loitery *. ‘This was determined in 1785, pre~ 
vious to which it was publicly exhibited in Leicester-Honse, Lei- 
cester-Fields, and afterwards it was removed to Blackfriar’s- 
Bridge, where u large buililing was purposely erecter to receive 
it, and where it was considerably augmented by Mr. Parkinson, 
the successful holder of the ticket which conveyed the prize. 
‘This latter situation being found unfavourable for a public ex- 

hibition, 


* Sir Ashton died in 1788, 








LANCASHIRE. 287 
al aa dispersed by public auction in 











in 171 Be oes; the young> 
Clowes, Esq. of Clraclwiek, in this 
the present possessor,) to whom, as 
manor was alloited, with other con- 
‘The new Hall was built by the late 


HALL, the seat of Jolin Trafford, Esq. 

h of the river Inwell, about five msiles 
er. ‘The house is a modern brick structure, 
‘The Trafford family appears to have been 
from the time of the conquest; and the 















of the Earl of Wilton, is situated in 
al thedistance of four miles north-eust 


d in the parish of Prestwich. It came into 
the reiga ef Queen Anne, when Sir John 
toarried Elizabeth, doughter of William, 
aud 


‘Baronetage, Vol. I. p, 271, ke. 


i = 


288 LANCASHIRE, 


and sister and sole heiress of Edward Holland, Esq. who, with 
his ancestors, inherited this estate, with another at Denfon*, in 
this county, for several generations. Sir Robert de Holland, 
Knight, of Holland, in this county, was, by King Edward the 
Second, created Lord Holland, and was summoned to parliament 
by writ among the Barons. This family had considerable pos- 
sessions in the counties of Lancaster, Norihampton, and Leices- 
ter; and one of them built Denton-chapel in the seventh year of 
Edward the Fourth. The present noble possessor of Heaton in- 
herits it in regular descent from his great grandfuther, the above 
named Sir John Egerton. The mansion here is a handsome mo- 
dem structure, built of stoue, from designs by the late Samuel 
Wyatt, Esq. It stands on a commanding situation, in the midst 
ofa fine park, which abounds with venerable trees and numerous 
thriving plantations, In the centre of the south front is a semi- 
cireular piece of architecture, of the Ionic order, surmounted 
with a dome ; and branching from the former, are two spacious 
colonades, connected and terminated with two oetangular pavil- 
lions. The elevation of this front is at once simple and elegant, 
and commands some pleasing prospeets of the home scenery and 
distant country. The interior arrangements are comfortably dis- 
posed, and elegantly furnished, At a short distance from the 
house, on a high spot of ground in the park, is a circular temple, 
which commands very extensive views into Yorkshire, Cheshire, 
Derbyshire, and Sisffordshire +. The park includes an area of 
about five miles in circumference. This will be inclosed with a 
wall, and a new Doric Lodge is now building, 


Prestwicn, north of Manchester, is a large parish, which 
embraces 


* At this place is the old family mansion, still standing, but now in the 
‘oecnpation of a farmer. 


t The annexed print will illustrate the preceding description, as the 
Principle front of the house, with the temple, and the park-scenery, are all 
represcuted in this small view. 


LANCASHIRE, 289 


embraces an area of about fifieen miles in Iength, by three in 
breadth. This, with Oldham, constitutes one Rectory, under which 
are seven chapelries. 


OLDHAM, 


‘“Hhough recently advanced to a market town, is subordinate to 
‘fhe parish of Prestwich; but basa church, a chapel of the estab- 
Riashment, and some dissenting mecting-houses. This town is 
Built on high ground, on » branch of the river Medlock, near its 
<ssource; and the river Irk also commences its channel near this 
spot. The peculiar utility of these streams in carrying on the 
emachinery, é&c. of manufactories, has occasioned the erection of 
gesiany ; and an immense number of these, with connected houses, 

eave been erected in this part of the county within the last twenty 
= eats. Another inducement to setilers, is the abundance of coal 
geBnt is easily and cheaply obtained here. A free-school was 
here by James Asiteton, Esq. of Chaderton. Accord- 
22% to the population report, this town contained, in 1801, 1231 
Bw ouses, and 12,024 imbabitants. About two miles north of Old- 
Eeanis 
Royton, a chapelry to Prestwich, abounding with manufac- 
‘=zresand coal-mines. In this township is RovTon-lavt, the 
seat of Joseph Pickford, Esq. but formerly belonging to the By- 
fn family, who had considerable landed property here. The 
Esouse is pleasantly seated in a deep valley, surrounded by high 
EeGlts. In the house is a circular stone stuir-case, remarkable for 
is solidity and strength. 


CHADERTON-HALL, the seat of Sir Watts Horton, Bart. is 
= modern brick building, seated in a part of the country which is 
Aistinguished for its bold inequality of surface. The park, from 
this circumstance, abounds with — scenery; and imme- 
Vou, IX. distely 


290 LANCASHIRE: 

diately contiguous to the house are some fine pleasure grounds, 
with shrubberies, &c, The manors of Chaderton and Fox-Den-' 
ton belonged to Geoffrey, second son of Richard de Trafford, in: 
the time of Henry the Third. 


MIDDLETON 


Having beeu gradually increasing in size and population for some 
years, was coustiluted a town in the year 1791, when a grant was” 
obtained from the crown for holding @ weekly market on Friday, 
and three annual fairs. The manor, and chief landed property 
of the place belongs to Lord Suffield, who obtained them in mar~ 
riage with Mary, eldest daughter and coheir of Sir Ralph Ashe- 
ton, Bart*. ‘The present possessor has erected a market-place, 
with shambles, also, warehouses, &c, in thistown., The police 
is governed by two constables, who are annually choses at the 
court-leet; and the parish, which contains seven or cight hamlets, 
isa rectory, Inthe church, « venerable pile of building, are de- 
posited several of the Asheton+ family, who for many centuries 
resided in this parish, In the church windows are several shields, 
with other subjects of painted glass. The side ailes to the church 
appear to have been built in 1554. They are embattled; and 
under the embrasures are shields with devices, A carved screen, 
of seven compartments, divides the chaneel from the choir, on 
which are shields with the armorial bearings of the Ashetons, Rat~ 

clifles, 


* This gentleman left two daughters, the youngest of whom marriod the 
present Earl of Wilton, 


+ Of this family was William Ashetou, B.D. who was the last male heir, 
and who was rector of Prestwich in 1727, and at the same fime held that of 
Carleton, in the county of Lincoln, ‘This singular privilege was enjoyed by 
licence from Charles the Second, who was induced to grant his royal dixpen- 
sation at the intreaty of Colonel John Asheton, who was in partientar favour: 

* with the monarch. 





go2 LANCASHIRE, 
‘The cotton manufactures of this town and its vicinity are carried 
‘on to an almost ij extent; andon the rivers and brooks 
in the parish, which is very extensive, are many factories for 
carding and spinning both cotton and sheep's wool, and for fulling 
woollen cloth. The different inventions and improvements in ma- 
chinery are astonishing. Amongst others, isa machine made by 
Mr. Robert Kay, son of the late Mr. Jolin Kay, who invented the 
wheel, or Ay shuttle, for making several cards at once, It not 
ouly straightens the wire from the ring, but cuts it in lengths, 
staples it, turns it into teeth, and forms the lioles in the leather. 
Tt also puts the tecth in, row afler row, until the cards are 
finished, All this is done, very easily and expeditiously, at one 
operation of the machine, by a person turning a shaft, who neither 
touches the wire nor leather, 

‘The very capital manufacturing and printing works of Sir Ro-~ 
bert Peel, Bart. and Co, on the banks of the Irwell, in the val~ 
ley beneath Castle-Croft, have been of essential benefit to the 
town, Large reservoirs of water, for bleaching and other pro- 
cesses, are formed and filled from the river. A separate reservoir 
is supplied by a spring, for washing the pieces when the river is 
muddied by floods. Printing is executed here, and at their other 
extensive works, both on the [rwell and on the Roch, in the most 
improved methods; but some are confined to carding, subbing, 
and spinning cotton, others to wasbing the cottons with water- 
wheels of quick velocity, which can be instantly stopped to take 
out and put in goods, and at others are performed tie operations 
of boiling and bleaching. ‘The canal from this town to Manches- 
ter commences at the works, and greatly facilitates the conveyance 
of raw materials, and the return of the manufactured goods, 

The country about Bury, especially towards Haslingden end 
the north parts, is finely diversified with hills and vullies; the 
latter containing many winding rivulets, of the most important ad- 
vanlage for working the various factories which every where 
abound in the neighbourhood: ‘The roads about it are also ex- 
cellent, the materials being both plentiful and durable, 


Bury 


LANCASHIRE. 203 
Bury is a large and extensive parish, and consists of several 
townships, of which, including the town, Walmesley, Heaps, and 
Elton, are usually called the lordship of Bary. ‘These are mostly 
held by lease under the Earl of Derby; and Tottington, higher . 
and lower End, are considered as the royal manor of Tottington, 
‘The chureh has been Iately rebuilt, in a very handsome manner; 
besides which the parish contains three chapels of ease, at Hol- 
combe, Exlenfield, and Heywood. One half of the town is the 
reetor’s glebe, and the other is held under lease from the Earl of 
Derby. By an Act of Parliament of 1764, the rector is em- * 
powered to grant building leases for ninety-nine years, with the 
privilege of renewal at any intermediate period, The town also 
contains a chapel for the establishment; and the Methodists, Pres- 
byterians, and Independants, as in most populous and manufac 
turing towns, have places of worship here. A handsome free 
sehool for boys, with two masters, who have each a good house, 
with comfortable salaries, and a charity school for boys and girls, 
have been established here. The number of families in Bury, in 
2773, was 464, and the inhabitants 2090; but in 1801 they 
amounted to {400 families, who occupied 1941 houses, and the 
inhabitants had increased to 7072, At the north end of the 
town is CHAMBER-HALL, the seat of Sir Robert Prel, Bart, & 
gentleman wlio his particularly distinguished himself, by his active 
zeal in promoting the cotton manufactures. 
<— 


BOLTON, on BOLTON-LE-MOORS, 


Bo called to distinguish it from some other places of the same 
pame in this county and in Yorkshire, is 4 large thriving maoufac- 
‘toring town ; und it is traditionally asserted, that the colton ma- 

. T3 nufacturing 


On pulling down the old chureh, in 1776, Cameos, uncovered a 
piece of timber, called a pen, on which was cut DCLXXY. There was uo 
appearance ofan M before the D. 


204 LANCASHIRE. 
nufacturing machinery originated here*. Leland remarked, in 
the time of Henry the Eighti, that the market at this place 
 stondeth most by cottons aud course yarne. Divers villages in 
~ the mores abowt Bolton do make cottons. Nother the sie nor 
ground abowte Bolton is so good as it is abowt Byri_ (Bury.) 
‘They burne ut Bolton sum canale, but more Se cole, of ihe wich 
the pittes be not far of. They burne turfe also+.” These vagne 
notices are curious, though not completely satisfactory. Accord~ 
ing to tradition, some Flemings settled in Bolion in the year 1569 
or 1570, and established a novel species of business here. Soon 
after the revocation of the edict of ‘Nantz, A. D. 1685, some 
French protestants settled in this town and ueighbourhood. Again, 
in the reign of Queen Anne, about the year 1709, some poor 
Pulatine weavers carried on their professions here. Some large 
wooden-shoes, or sabbots, said to have belonged to these men, 
were preserved a8 objects of curiosity at Anderton, in the house 
of Alexander Shaw, Esq. From the kind communications of 
John Pilkington, and Samuel Oldknow, Esquires, I am enebled 
to record a few memorable events and circumstances respecting 
the manufactures of this place and its neighbourhood. What 
were called cotton goods, previous to the invention of the late Sir 
Richard Arkwright, were chiefly composed of Trish, Hamburgh, 
or Bremen finen yarn warps, and cotton weft. Counterpanes, 
velvets, quiltings, India-jeaus, ribs, some thicksets, and same 
strong jeans, were, however, then made solely of cotton, The 
warps of corded dimities were made of colton and linen mixed, 
Cotton velvets were first made by Jeremiah Clarke in 1756; and 
4 colton- 


| ‘The first machines, called Mules, or“ Hull-in-the-Wood-Wheels,* from 
being made ata place named Hall, siteated ina wood a little north of Bol- 
ton, were invented by a poor weaver of the name of Samuel Crompton, who 
retiderl at that place, Asa reward for his invention, and as an inducement 
for him to make it public, the manufacturers subscribed, and made him a 
present of 1001, : ’ 


t Itinerary, Vol, VII, fo. 57, 


LANCASHIRE: 295, 
colton-quiltiogs by Joseph Shaw, of Bolton, in 1763. British 
‘muslins were first manufactured at Anderton, in this county, in ~ 
1764 At this period Mr, Joseph Shaw manufactured plain, 
atriped, and spotted mustins, and supplied his looms with yarns 
spun on the old single spindle band wheels, But he could not get 
a quanlity sufficiently cheap to cope with the East India Company's 
muslins, which he had to mect in the home market, and was 
under the necessity of abandoning the pursuit, without being re- 
warded for his meritorious labours. 

Tn the year 1782, Mr. Samuel Oldknow commenced the ma- 
nufactare of British muslins.at Anderton, on his uative soil, At 
that time Sir Richard Arkwright’s fine yarn, and other roller 
drawn yarns, were become tolerably plentiful, and had induced 
Mr. Thomas Ainsworth, of Bolton, Sir Richard Arkwright, and 
others, to begin to make this thin and delicate fabric: but it is 
generally admitted, that Mr. Oldknow was the first that produced 
the Balasore handkerchiefs, the jacconot and japaned mustins, 
inthe style of India; and was the first person.who realized 10,000). 
by the manufactures of British muslins, 

In the neighbourhood of Bolton, bleaching of the very best 
quality in the kingdom is performed ; and of late bas been iatro« 
duced, by M. Vallete, (an ingenious Frenchman.) a more expedi- 
tious mode of bleaching, so much, that a piece of calico which 
would have required, by the customary process, three weeks in 
the most favorable season, may now be rendered perfectly white 
in the space of one hour, and that, as it is said, without the least 
injury sustained by the cloth.” 

Previous to the present war with France, an Act of Parliament 
was obtained for the sale of a large waste piece of ground, called 
Bolton-Moor, for the purpose of building on it. An account of 
this sale will show the value of land in the district. The moor 
consisted of about 250 acres; and after five Lords of Manors had 
‘teen satisfied for their respective claims, the land was divided into 

T4 lots, 


* Holts! Agricultural Survey, v0, p. 214. 





lots, and sold by auction, for the sum of 26321. per annum, be- 
side 101. per acre, which was to be paid down at the time of 
sale. This sum, after paying for the necessary roads, bas been 
‘appropriated to the improvement of the town, and towards the 
poor's rates. t 

» ‘The principal streets of Bolton unite at the market-place, and 
of them are each nearlya mile in length. From this place to Man- 
chester, where most of ils manufactured goods are sent, is a Canal, 
@ branch of which also communicates with Bury. On this canal 
are twelve locks, and three aqueduct bridges. The latter are at 
the respective heights of ten, sixteen, and twenty yards above the 
bed of the river, which pursues the same course through a nar- 
row, picturesque vale: fn the year 1773, the number of houses 
in Great-Bolton was 946, and of inhabitants 4568. Little-Bolton 
at the same time contained 239 houses, and 771 inhabitants, In 
1801, Great-Bolton contained 12,549 inhabitants, and 2,510 
houses. At the same time Little-Bolton contained 966 houses, 
and 4,867 inhabitants. 

‘The parish church of Bolton is only remarkable for having ia 
its windows the shields of Chetham and Bridgeman. It is situate 
in the part of the town called Great-Bolton, besides which there 
is a chapel of ease at Little-Bolton, Several mecling-houses, 
for dissenters of various denominations, have been also erected in 
the town. Here is likewise a good free school, which bad for its 
master the noted Mr. Ainsworth, whose name will be long revered 
by classical characters, for bis laborious and intelligent Latin Dic~ 
tionary. “In the Sunday-schools of the methodists,” says Dr, 
Aiken, “ upwards of 1000 children are instructed by teachers 
without pay.” Bolton has a weekly market on Monday, and two 
annual fairs. The police is under the cognizauce of two constables, — 
assisted by the magistrates of the division, or county. . 


About two miles to the north-west of Bolton is SMITHILLS- 
HAut, originally the properly of the Ratcliffe family, but passed 
by marriage to a younger branch of the Bartons of Barton and 

Holm, 


LANCASHIRE, 207 
Holm, Tt-was afterwards the property of the Byroms; but was 
sold; féow years) ago,'to Mr. Ainsworth, a bleacher. in the 
neighbourhood. It is situated in a wood, above a small rocky 
glen, and is built in the form of a quadrangle, with entrances 
under gateways from tbe north and west sides, It was originally 
built of timber and plaster, and a clumsy open gallery of timber 
now rans round the second story of the interior. ‘The east front 
is somewhat more decorated, and of stone, which, from the bows 
of the chapel and recess in the dining-room, has rather au elegant 
appearance. Both the chapel and hall windows contain some 
painted glass; and the latter is wainscotted all round, from the 
‘ceiling to the floor, ‘The middle row of pannels is charged with 
carved devices of names, beads of kings, crests, knots, &c, In 
the windows of the kitchen, and ou the wainscot, are the mono- 
grams of A, witha ber and a tun, or cask, said to allude to Sir 
Andrew Barton, a noted pirate mentioned in Percy's ballads; 
but the pedigrees of the Radcliffes and Burtons, of Smithills, ra- 
ther tend to prove that the house was built, or greatly altered, by 
Andrew Barton, who lived about the time of Henry the Seventh 
or Eighth; and the crest of the oak branch, which has been sup- 
posed to belong to the Fuuconbergs, must have been the badge 
of the Smithills branch of the family of Ratcliffe, as it does not 
appear by this pedigree ever to have belonged to the Faucoa- 
ae 
To the parish of Bolton is TurTON-roweER, now attached to 
@ farm-house, and consisting of four stories, with an embattled 
‘Parapet. Here is some ancient armour. ‘This estate belonged to 
George Chetham, Esq. who was high sheriff of the county in 
2660; and’ his suceessor, Samuel Chetham, Esq. procured the 
‘Queen's bounty for the chapel here in 1717. 


meh bie mw 


© This peiligree goes back to the Ratcliffes, of Smithills, six descents an- 
“Rerior to John Barten, of Swithills, who lived in the time of Meury the 
Ba. 


Losrock- 


298 LANCASHIRE. 

_Lostock-Hatu, about three miles west of Bolton, is an an+ 
cient mansion, which, with the estate, belonged to the Andertons, 
but passed, by a female branch, to the Blundells of Ince. The 
house is formed of wooden beams and plaster; and over the en~ 
TE EE Ver avait oe iipoen ety ae Lee Mersin 
date when it was built, -45. 1563. Most of the rooms are wain- 
scotted, with massy panels. ‘The gateway is of stone, and re- 
sembles the style of the schools at Oxford. prevent 
bay-window are the royal arms, with the date 1590. y 


ROCHDALE 


Isa parish of great extent, and crowded population. It measures 
eleven miles from north to south, and nine from east to west; 
and according to @ statement in “the Description of the Country 
round Manchester,” the inhabitants are estimated ‘tat 50,000, of 
which about 10,000 are resident in the town.” In the official re- 
port of the population, Rochdale is not named, but I presume it 
is either included im Castleton, or in what is there termed the 
town of Spotland.” ‘This comprehends Failinge and Healy, 
Chadwick, Catlcy-Lane, and Woolnstenbolne, also Whitworth: 
and Brandwood, all of which places contained 1,795 houses, and 
9,031 inbabitants. Rochdale parish includes the townships of 
Hunderstield, Spotland, Butterworth, and Castleton, the two last 
of which are separately noticed in the population report, and their 
inhabitants numbered: at 9,390, whence it is presumed that there 
smiust be some error in that enumeration, respecting the number 
of persons in this parish; or otherwise the population of the 
whole amounted to 18,421 persons. 

‘The vicarage of Rochdale is said to be of superior value reat 
other in the kingdom ; though in the reign of Henry the Eighth, it 
was estimated at only 111. 4s. 9jd. The present vicarial dues 
arise from Jands and houses *, and the preseatation is in the Arch- 

bishop 

* Thomas Hrey, D. D. soon after obtaining possession of this vicaragey 
about A.D. 176%, procured an Act of Parliament (for whieh, says Dr. 

Whitaker, 





LANCASHIRE. 299 


bidliop of Cantérbury, to whom the tythes beloug. This living 
formerly: eppertained to Whulley-Abbey; and coming to the 
‘crown at the dissolution, was granted by the King, Sistof Au- 
gest, 1537, ta Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, in exchange 
for the manor and park of Mayfield. Nine chapels of ease are 
subordinate to the church of Rochdale, one in the town, and one 
at each of the following places; Littleborough, Milurow, Tod- 
mord.n, Whitworth, Friermeer, Lydyate, Saddleworth*, and 
Dobcross. 
~The original town of Rochdale was entirely within the towne 
ship of Castleton, where au ancient castle formerly reared jts em 
battled wails, and where still remains a lofty artificial mound of 
~ earth, called the Keep. Dr. Whitaker supposes that a castle was 
erected here before the Roman conquest, as in a record, appa- 
reaily part of an inquisition after the death of Thomas of Lane 
easier, ‘it is deseribed as the site of an ancient castle, long since 
petites ‘The parish of Rochdale, as distinct from Saddle- 
worth, 
,4 
‘Whitaker, bis ecersors, ax well as the town, are much indebted to his 
‘emory), to enable the vicar for the time being to grant bailding leases for 
inety-nine years. 
b te 
9“ The chapel of Saddleworth, the only one upon the old foundation with- 
in this parish, was erected by Willinm de Stapleton, Lord of that remote 
and barbarous tract, (in Yorkshire,) in the end of the twelfth, or beginning 
of the thirteenth century ; for by charter, S. D. Geofiry (the elder), dean of 
‘Whalley, and the vicar, that is ow the first foundation, of said Cedde in 
Rachedam, with the concent of Roger de Lacy, patron (advecati) of the 
‘said chareh, gave licence to the said Stapleton to cause divine offices to be 
See a is chspeit Sqdieword."—History of Whalley, p, 433. 
> 
+ This ix in the Harleian collection in the British Museam, and states, 
© Rachedale ab antiquo vocato Rucheham est quedam patria continens in 
ongum XIX mit et amplins et in lat X snil, et amplius et valet annuatim 
prises INE E et continet in se FIET Villas divitatas et multas Ham~ 
Diettas cum multis magnis vastis in cisdom villis et Hamblettis vid. Honoris. 
Feld, Spottland, Buckwortl (sic) et Castleton.” 





300 LANCASHIRE, 

worth, occupies two vallies, formed by the Roch and Spodden 
rivers, “ with the great inclined planes and collateral gullies sloping 
downto each.” Archbishop Parker® founded a free grammars 
school in this town, by indenture+, bearing date January Ist, in 
the seventh year of Queen Elizabeth's reign. The ground on 
which the school-house stands was given by the Rev. Richard 
Midgley, viear. Since the first fountlation, the revenues of the 
school have been increased by additional benefactions; but, ac~ 
cording to Dr. Whitaker, the master’s salary is now only 30L 
@year. Another free-school was established bere by Mrs. Hard- 
man; and since the year 1784, sixteen sunday-schools have been 
formed.  Besitles the parish church and chapels of the establish+ 
ment, bere is a meeting-house of the presbyterians, another be+ 
longing to the baptists, and a very large one appropriated to the 
methodists, Here are two weekly markels and three unnual fairs, 
‘The parish abounds with slate, stone, and coal ; and the manufae= 
ture of baize, fannels, kerseys, costings, and cloths, is carried on 
to a considerable extent. 

In the parish church was interred, November 25, 1800, Dr. 
Mephew Young, Bishop of Clonfert, in Ireland, who was induced 
to reside at Whitworth, in this neighbourhood, in order to obtain 
the advice aud medicines of a person who professed to cure cans 
cers, and indeed almost every human malady}. But though the 


inspired 
* See Strype's Life of Arehbishop Parker, p. 182. 


+ The original deed, with several MSS. by the Archbishop, are deposited 
in the libeary of Corpus Christi Coll, Cambridge. 


t This populons part of Lancashire is noted for a class of persons who some- 
times rapidly acquire fame and fortune by professing to cure certain disorders 
of the frame and coustitution by the application of some secret nostram. If 
this should accidentally effet one cure, or if nature performs it during the 
administration of the prescription, the babbling tongne of wonder circalates 
the tale, and produces an astonishing celebrity for the medicine, Thousauds 

flock 





LANCASHIRE. 301 
inspired son of Esculapius had accidentally succeeded in some 
cases, be failed in the present. 


Strusixy was long the residence of the original family of the 
Holts, a memorable name in these parts, The house appears to have 
been built by Robert Holt, Esq. in the reign of Henry the Eighth, 
and consists of a centre with two wings. “ It contains within much 
«arving in wood, particularly a rich and beautiful screen between 
‘the hall and parlour, with a number of crests, cyphers, and cog- 
aiizances belonging to the Liolts, and other neighbouring families, 

Tt was abandoned for the warmer and more fertile situation of 
‘Cartletou, by Robert Holt, Esq. about the year 1640 *."” > 

n 
feck around the selfcreated doctor, and confidently swallow any harmless, 
#¢ powerfil Consposition he may recommend. Among sach a concourse a few 
must acquire health and soundness, and though the prescription did not in the 
Teast contribute towards this, yet the whole cure is ascribed to the medicine, 
and credulity both confides in, and loudly extols its unexceptionable virtues. 
Daring my stay in Manchester, I heard of three instances where an illiterate 
old woman, ao ignorant farrier, and an impudent weaver all assumed 
wperior knowledge i anatomy and medicine, and arrogantly assumed the 
profession of physician or surgeon; but what was more surprising, each of 
‘hese wat consulted by a oumerous flock of patients, among whom were some 
persons of property. Since therefore credulity and fully are so prevalent, it 
{snot to be wondered at that knavery and cunning should occasionally prey 
upon them. Thowgh the superstitions fears of ghosts and enchantments have 
pearly subsided, @ superstitiows respect to quack medicines and pompous 
testrams, oecnpies the place in the minds of the illiterate ; and it és diffieult 
to say which be the most absurd and degrading folly of the two, In the 
slapeiry of Whitworth lived two persons known by the name of the J hi¢- 
worth Doctors, whose fame at one time spread all over the neighbourhood, 
and even to the metropolis and other parts of the kingdom. “ They were 
chiefly noted! for setting broken and dislocated bones, and for the cure of 
cancerous snd other tumours by caustics, properly termed by themselves 
heen. Not less than one hundred persons annually take lodgings in Whit- 
‘worth to be under their care, besides the great resort of occasional wisitants. 
‘With very reasonable charges they have realized handsome fortunes, which 
they enjoy with the general estoom of their neighbours.” 

Dexeviption of the Country round Manchester, p. 250. 

~ ® Whitaker's History of Whalley, p. 436. : 


302 LANCASHIRE. 

On the bank of the Bei? is the ancieat house of BeLrizty) 
formerly part of the possessions of the Knights of St. John of 
Jerusalem, and, after the dissolution of that order, the property of 
the Butterworths, of whom Alexander Butterworth, Esq. dying in 
extreme old age, devised this, and other considerable estates to 
Richard Townley, son of a younger son of Royle Townley. In 
the township of Bulterworth is CLegG-Hatt, a strong square 
building, apparently of James the First's time. It was built by the 
Ashtons, of Little-Clegg, and is the only estate within the parish 
which still continues in the local family name. 


Foxnoves, to the north of Rochdale, is the seat of John 
Entwisle, Esq, who inherits it under the Will of his kins- 
man, Robert Entwisle, Esq. The present mansion was built by 
Mr. Entwisle, on the site of the old hall, in 1792. The family of 
Entwisle are of great antiquity in this county, and were originally 
seated at Entwissell, which Camden styles “a neat and elegant 
house, formerly belonging to un honourable family of that name.” 
They derive their descent from Sir Bertyne or Berthram Eutwissell, 
Viscount and Baron of Brybeke, in Normandy, who, for his 
eminent services, was knighted at the batile of Agincourt. He 
was slain, in support of Henry the Sixth, at one of the buttles of 
St. Albans, His family quitted their paternal estate in the six- 
teenth century, and fixed their residence at Foxholes. 


Rochdale and its vicinity are considered as the centre of that 
provincial phraseology, known by the name of the Lancashire- 
Dialect, and which has acquired some literary notoriety by the 
humorous writings of Tim Bobbin. Of this quaintly jocose author, 
whose name was Jonn COLLIER, a few particulars will not be 
irrelevant. He was born near Warrington, and was first intended 
by his father for the chureh; but insteud of that he was placed 
with a Dutch-loom-weaver. Disliking this sedentary life, he com- 
mence? itinerant school-master, and taught both by day and nigbt. 
After wandering about precariously for some time, he obtained an 

humble 





304 LANCASHIRE, 

soon excited public curiosity, and not only rendered a second’ 
edition necessury, but provoked some mercenary publishers to: 
pirate it. Wile the former gratified the moderate ambition of the 
suthor, the latter provoked his indignation and anger, and made 
him exclaim “ that he did not believe there was one honest printer 
in Lancashire.” In drawing up a preface toa subsequent édition, 
he justly reproved and satirised those insidious offenders, His last 
literary production was entitled “Curious Remarks on the History 
of Manchester.” This small pamphlet of sixty-five pages, contains 
some sharp strictures on that learned and desultary book; and the 
author concludes by saying that the style of that work “* appears 
fo him to be affected, of a mongrel-py'd kind, produced by the 
dregs of Ossian, and the lofty fustian of a proud Oxonian,” 

Mr, Collier died in the possession of bis mental powers, at the 
advanced age of eighty, leaving three sons and two daughters, 

Eccies Pantsn, to the west of Manchester, comprebends: 
an area of about nine miles from east to west, and four from north: 
to south, The church is @ lorge ancient structure; and in the 
windows are the arms of te Booths, “In the chancel is a curious 
monument to Richard Brereton, of Tatton, and Dorothea his wife, 
whose effigies are on the tomb. The vicarage is in the giftof the 
crown, It formerly belonged to Whalley-Abbey ; but at the dis- 
solution was made parochial. Two new chapels of ease have been 
built since 1775, at Pendicton and Swainton in this parish. The 
gradual and considerable increase of the population of which 
‘will best show its relative state at different periods, ‘This will be 
taken at six distinct and distant times, In 1776 there were 8,723 
persons; in 1780—9,147 persons; in 1785—10,522 persons; in 
1790—12,430 persons; in 1793—14,265 persons; and in 1800 
there were in Barton 6,197; in Clifton 812; in Pendlebury 457; 
in Pendleton 3,611; and in Worsley 5,062, all places within this 
parish, making together 16,119 inhabitants, 

Worstey-H act, in this parish, isa large, venerable, old brick 
mansion, now in the occupation of R.H. Bradshaw, Esq. in trust 
for the Bridgewater estate. Sir Elias de Workedesley, was lord 

1 of 


206 LANCASHIRE, 

in the midst of a large comcourse of spectators. Formerly the 
figure was cased in a coat of armour, and a sum of money was 
advanced by the court towards defraying the expence of the effigy. 
A traditional account of the origin of this now absurd custom, 
states that Thomas Asheton, in the time of Edward the Third, was 
particularly distinguished in the battle of Neville's Cross*, and 
bore away the royal standard fromthe Scotch king’s tent. For 
this act, king Edward, on his return from France, where he had 
obtained a great viclory, conferred on Asheton the honour of kuight- 
hood, who, on his return to his manor, instituted the custom 
already described. 

Asbton has a large old church, part of which appears to have 
been built by the lords of the manor, as their arms, impaling those 
of Stealy, are affixed in a shield on the south side of the steeple. 
Tn the church are some old carvings ow the pews, or seats; and in 
the windows are some figures painted om the glass. Many of the 
Asheton family lie interred here, and their names were inscribed on 
the windows, Near the church is a curious ancient mansion, 
called the Old-Hall, the oldest parts of which are said to have 
been Luilt in 1435, Adjoining this, is a pile resembling a prisou, 
and was formerly used for that purpose. Its walls are thick, and 
at the extremities are two small round towers. 

Connected with the town of Ashton are two hamlets, called 
Charlestown and Boston, from having bea begun in the time of 
the deplorable American war. Manufactures of different kinds, a 
canal to Manchester, and an abundance of coal contiguous to the 
town, have conspired to render Ashton and its ricinage extremely 
populous and flourishing. Ow the western side of the town is dsi- 
ton-Moss, which supplies the poor with peat-tarf. This being dug 
away to about ten feet in depth, lays open a fine loam-soil, which, 
under cultivation, becomes good pasture. The diggers find many 
fir and oak-trees among the peat. In the year 1775, the town of 
Ashton was estimated to contain 559 houses and 2859 inhabitants; 

P and 

* See Reanties, &e. Vol. E. p. 998, und Vol. V. p. 199, forsome parti- 

culars of thia pattie. 








308. LANCASHIRE. 

of these forin a square mass, round which is a broad paved street, 
ant this again neatly surrounded with a series of respectable dweil- 
ings. Most of these persons are engaged in some manufacture, 
or useful employment ; and whilst the men prosecale the spinning, 
weaving, and other branches of the cotton business, the wamen are 
usefully and loudibly executing tambour and fine needle works 
The Morayvians, I believe, are not a numerous class. Their chief 
sebtiement is at Fulneck, in Yorkshire, and there is.a sivall one at 
Tytherton, in Wiltshire, 





Incs-Buenpst, the seat of Heary Blandel, Esq. is situated 
in the parish of Sefton, within the Hundred of West Derby", at 
the distance of pine miles north from Liverpool, This estate and 
manor appear to have been possessed by the Blundel family from 
a very remote period; and in the time of Henry, the Third, a 
William Bluudel. was seated here, From him it descended to. 
Robert Blundel, au eminent lawyer and bencher of Gray’s-Inn, 
aud. it has continued 10 the present. possessor in regular sye- 
cession. ‘The mansion, a large handsome building, is richly 
stored. with works of art, and contains a collection of ancient 
statuary, which aay safely be pronounced of unrivelled merit 
and value in this country, Attached to this house is a mew 
building, culled the Pantheon, exactly resembling the edifice of 
that name in Rome, though one third less in size. This was 
erected ou purpose to contain, and display the choicest specimens 
of the sculpture. The assemblage of statues, busts, buss-relieves, 
cinevary-wrns, and other ancient marbles, is not only very Du- 

merous, 
"* The author was prevented from imerting this xecoent In its proper place, 
from the circumstance of a genticman to whom the MS. war seat for core 
rettion, baving detained it at Liverpool, till the sheet was obliged to be 
worked off in whieh the account ought to have been printed. 


~ The annexed print represents ‘the front of the mansion, withthe Pan- 
theon, &e, - 


LANCASHIRE. 309 
‘merous, but many of them are esteemed the finest productions of 
those unrivalled Grecian artists whose works are rare, but whose 
praises have been often repeated in the writings of the historian, 
the critic, and the poet. In amassing this collection, Mr. Blundel. 
kkas expended immense sums of money, and devoted a long and 
active life. Possessing a laudible zeal for the subject, and heing 
mauch abroad, he had favourable opportunities of collecting and 
selecting many subjects, the real value of which was not knows at 
the time, but which is now well understood, and therefore pro- 
perly appreciated. Though it will be impossible to furnish the 
reader with any thing like a satisfactory account of the whole 
Collection in the present work, yet he may form some idea of its 
extent by knowing that it consists of about one hundred stetues, 
ove hundred and fifty busts, one hundred and ten bass-relieves, 
ninety sarcophagi and cinerary-urns, forty ancient fragments, 
besides marble pillars, tables, and other antiquities; also about 
two hundred pictures *. 
Of this immense collection, a few of the best in each class are 
Rete specified. 
Among the most excellent of the STATUES, are those of Mi- 
Merva and Diana, both of which now stand in the Entrance Hall. 
—These rank with the very finest works of the ancient artists, and 
@arein good preservation.—The Minerva is remarkable for the 
Braceful ease of the figure, and simple, yet dignified expression of 
character. The head, extremely fine, has never been broken off. It 
‘<ame from the Duke of Lanté’s palace at Rome. 1t was found at 
Ostia. The Diana is admired for its sweet, yet firm and spirited 
‘Altitude, curious dress, and rich buskins. The legs and fect of this 
Statue are admirably executed, and claim particular attention. In 
this hall is a lovely figure, of modem sculpture, the work of the 
celebrated Canora, who is by birtha Venetian. This statuc repre- 
sents 
* A catalogue Raisonné of this collection, with numerons prints, is now 
Printing by the worthy proprietor, who, by such a pubiication, will confer 
‘an essential favour on every lover of the arts; and will thereby set a laudable 
‘example to others who possess valuable collections. 


S10 CANCASHIRE. 
sents Psyche, gently and gracefully bending over a butterfly, (an 
emblem of the human soul,) which rests om the open palm of one 
hand, while with the other she holds its wings, The statue of 
Jupiter Pacificus finely expresses the attributes belonging to the 
God of Peace. The countenance is majestic, and unites grandeur 
and sublimity with mildness ane benevolence. It is executed in 
the same broad style of sculpture which is visible in some of the 
most valuable statues on the Continent, and the chisel marks are 
discernable all over it—The Theseus, who was King of Athens, 
and one of the most celebrated heroes of antiquity, isa remarkably 
fine statue, nearly seven feet high, This statue was found in Adrian's 
villa, and was bought by Mr. Blundel from the Duke of Modena. 
Nothing can exceed the beauty and symmetry of this admiralfe 
figure; nor is it possible to describe, in language, the easy dignity, 
und careless grace of the attitude. It is altogethera perfect work, 
and cannot fail of particularly interesting every spectator.—The 
Hsculapins, six feet eleven inches in height, is in fine preservation, 
and was for many years much noted in the villa Mattei—The 
figure of the muse Urenia is remarkable for its beautifal dra- 
pery, and elegant form.—The Juno veiled, and holding a powue- 
granate—The statue of a Romen Senator. in his robes—The 
Bacchus, Apollo, Anchyrhoe, and several different fine statues: 
of Minerva, Apollo, Venus, Mercury, Hygeia, Isis, &e. are en= 
titled to, particular attention, as do some rare and curious an~ 
tique Egyptisn-idols, among which is one in Basalte.—There are 
also two groups of statuary, placed in the conservatory, one of 
which is esteemed, by connoisseurs, to be the finest specimen of 
ancient sculpture extant. The artist who executed it was a Greek, 
anch his name is inseribed in Grecian characters on the plinth. 
Among the Busrs, the most conspicuous, in point of merit, 
both as acknowledged portraits and good specimens of sculpture, 
are those of Adrian, Septimius Severus, Saleius Otho, Cicero, 
Claudius Albinus, Cato, Claudine Drusus, Augustus Caesar, 
Julius Cesar, Didia Clava, Marciana, Julia, and a Colossal 
bust of Vespasian, « true portrait, which stands on a pillar of 
Cippoline 


- 


LANCASHIRE. sn 

Cippoline marble. The busts of Jupiter Serapis, Bacchus, and 
several others, are wonderfully fine, and genuine antiques. Here 
also are two casts in bronze, from the heads of the celebrated 
Centaurs at Rome, and three or four curious tragic masks, three 
feet in height, valuable not only on account of the excellence of 
their sculpture, but from their rarity, as there are few, if any, 
real antique ones of that size in England. In mentioning the va- 
Tuable collection of fragments of ancient sculpture, there are 
none more worthy of observation than the curious and highly 
finished Hand, which stands on a porphyry pillar in the Entrance 
Hall, and which displays much trath and nature, Also an Mand, 
undoubtedly belonging to the famed statue of the philosopher 
Zeno, in the Capstotinum at Rome, It admirably expresses the 
character of an old man’s hand.—An antique foot on a pedestal of 
Pavonezza, isa fine piece of sculpture-—Also a leg and thigh, 
uncommonly well executed —A fragment of some Colossal figure, 
Which, in proportion to this knee, must have been twenty-five 
feetin height, the sculpture of the most excellent kind.—§In 
the collection of Bass-Re.igves, a lion's kead, an Etruscan sa- 
srifice, a Tabula Votiva, Terminus, Bacchanalian Scene, Chariot 
Races, an elegant figure of Victory carrying a wreath to adom a 
‘Temple, Nerides, a Sepulchral Monument, and n Jupiter Paci- 
ficus, command particular attention, and are all of admirable 
workmanship, Bat the numerous Sercophagi, and Cinerary- 
Uras, are valuable and rare specimens, especially one of the Sar- 
cophagi seven feet long, and four feet high, at each end of which 
are lions devouring their prey, executed in a masterly style—— 
The collection of Marble-Tables, between thirty and forty in 
number, is peculiarly choice and valuable. These are of Sicilian- 
Jasper, Verd-Antique, Pecorella, Oriental-Alabaster, Lava-Dove, 
Brocatella, Bianco-Nero, Specimen Tables, and fine Mosaic, both 
ancient and modern. Also several Columns ond Pillars of the 
Verd-Antique, Cipollini, Brescia, Red Granite, Porta Santa Ru- 
bia, Pavonezza, Porphyry, Grey-Granite, and other Marbles— 
and a variety of Alabaster and Etruscan Vases, and curious An- 
tigue 




















LEICESTERSHIRE, 


Cattep in the Domesday Survey Ledecestrescire, is an in- 
aod county, situated nearly in the middle of England, and envi- 
roned by the counties of Rutland and Lincola to the East, Not- 
fingham and Derby on the North, Staffordshire and Warwick- 
shire to the West, whilst port of the latter county and Northamp- 
tonshire attach to its Southern border, The greatest part of this 
boundary is artificial, but on the South East the rivers Welland 
and Ayon constitute a natural line of demarkation, A part of the 
great Roman road, called Watling-Street, appears to have formed 
a regular division. between Leicestershire and Warwickshire to the 
South West. The district included within these boundaries was, 
‘at an early period, a part of the territory belonging to the Coritani, 
or moré properly Corani*. After the Romans had subjugated the 
Britons, and had established colonies in different parts of the 
Island, the country now under consideration was included within 
the province of Flavia Cesariensis, and had military stations 
established at Rate (Leicester); Vernometum, on the northern 
border of the county; Benone, neat High-Cross; and Man- 
duessedum, at Manceter +. These stations were connected by re- 
gular artificial rowds, or mililary ways, known by the names of 
Watling-Street, Foss-Way, ant Via Devana. The first enters 

Vou. IX. x this 


* For some account of these, see Beantics, Vol. UL. p. 291. See also 
‘Whitaker's History of Manchester, and Pegge's Dissertation on the Coriten’, 
‘annexed to his Coins of Cunoboline. 


1 Tho Rev. ‘T. Leman, on the Roman Roads and Stations of Leicester- 
shire ; see Nichols's History, Vol. J. p, 147, where are different observa- / 
tons on the same subject, by the Bishop of Cork and Ross, Mr.R. Gale, © 
‘Dr, Pegge, Mr. Throsby, Mr, Reynolds, and Mr. Ashby. 


ss LEICESTERSHIRE. 

this county at Dowbridge, or Dovebridge, on the Northampton- 
shire border, where the station called Tripondium was fixed, 
Hence to Manduessedum it(passed nearly in a straight line, having 
the sinall station of Benone on its course. Near this place the 
Foss-Way intersects it at right angles, and passes in almost « 
straight line to Rate, whence it continues, ina northerly direction, 
to Vernometum, and passes on to Margiduxum,a station near Bast 
Britford, in Nottinghamshire. Ia the years 1788 and 1789, Mr. 
Leman, in company with Dr. Bennet, the present Bishop of 
Cloyne, travelled this road from “ Ludford, an undoubted station 
at the head of the Buin, clearly to Lincolu, und. thence into De- 
vonshire.” Of its course through Leicestershire, he gives the fol- 
lowing description: — After quitting the station at Vernometum, 
the Foss makes a small bend (as it frequently does at entering, or 
leaving a station) but soon regaining its former bearing, continues 
straight to Ser, or Segs-Hill, and, though now much defaced, is 
still easily traced, by ils continuing almost always in the same di- 
rection, and from its being still in mamy places high-ridged, and 
iu some paved with large round stones. 

« At Sex-hill isa considerable turnulus, and also the remains of 
un entrenchment, where the Foss is intersecled by another road, 
apparently Roman, coming from Paunton on the Ermin-street, in 
an E. N. Easterly direetion, pointing towards Burrow-vpon-Soar, 
and which, if continued in the same bearing across Leicestershire, 
would have passed the Via Devana north of Markfield, and fallen 
into the Watling-street, near Etocetum, or Wall, in Staffordshire, 
ut its junction with the Rykuield-Street. 

“From Sex-bill, the Foss, in going over the commons and 
‘Thrussington Woulds, keeps generally nenr the hedge, till it de- 
scenrls into the valley beyond Ratcliff, It leaves the great oblong 
turmulas of Shipley-Hill to the left, und, crossing the Wreak, and 
another small rivulet near Syston, passes by a vast Lumulus at the 
place where the Melton Mowbray quits the Leicester Roud, and 
going through Thurmasion, proceeds directly to Rate, or 
Leicester. 

“In 


LBICESTERSHIRE. 318 
© To Leicester it joins the Via Devana, and both, continuing 
through the town together, leave it by the great Gate-way still 
remaining (but which bas, I know not for what trifling reason, 
been called the Temple of Janus), and passing the meadow oppo- 
site to’ King Richard's Bridge, where its original breadth is still visi- 
ble, it suddenly turns to the left (on crossing the second branch of 
the Sour) over the meadows ; and, gaining its old bearing, joins the 
Narborough turnpike, and continues with it as far as the fourth 
mile-stone from Leicester. The Foss here quits the turnpike, and, 
going over the fields, leaves the town and church of Narborough 
tothe left, and is still quite plain as it descends the Inst inclosure, 
opposite the Green-Lane, by which the Foss is continued to High 
Cross. 

“ Near Croft the farmers were breaking up iu many places the 
ridge of the Roman road, by carrying out their manure, when I 
passed it in 1788; and it was impossible not to observe still parts 
‘of the stone, with which it had been paved, lying about on every 
side. Near Soar-Mill, where the road has been entirely neglect- 
ed, and is covered with water, one could feel plainly the broken 
pavement as one rode over it, Ina direct line, aud without any 
variation, the Foss continues from hence over fields to Benone*, 
where it joins the Watling-Street +.” 

‘The Via Devana, according to the opinion of Mr. Leman, ex- 
tended from Camalodunum (Colchester) to Deva-Colonia (Ches- 
ter), and entered this county near Bringhurst, whence it proceeds 

x2 to 


**Bewna, Rute, andi all other towns in the plural number, were so 
called, as consisting originally of more towns than one; thus Benone included 
the present buildings at Claylurst and Claychester; Rate, the buildings or 
towns on each side of the river: and, among the ancients, Athens was called 
Athenee, wd comprehending four distinct villages ; and Syracuse, Syracuscr, 
‘as made up of five.” ‘War. Conx and Ross. 


+The course of this Roman road, as well as those of the Watling-street 
and Via Devana, are laid down by ure Rev. T. Leman, in @ small Map of 
Leicestershire, published in “ The British Atlas,” 


516 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

to “ Medbourn*, an undoubted station on it.” Here is'a tumn- 
lus, and, on the hill between the parishes of Cranoe and Glooston, 
is another, and the road is still visible. Hence it continues in al+ 
most a straight line to Leicester, passing between the villages of 
Great and Little Stretton ; and is scen in many places consider- 
ably raiseil above the original surface. It joined the Fossway 
near the southern side of the town, and again left iton the north, 
where it branched off North-West, and continued ey nd 
Grooby, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, &e. to Burtow. 

Another ancient road, which Mr. Leman’ calls the “ Salty,” 
and considers as of British origin, entered this county from Lin- 
coloshire, in its way to the great salt mines at Droitwich: after 
passing by Croxton, on the north eastem border of the county, it 
continued to Segs-Hill, ani, crossing the Foss, proceéiled to Bar- 
tow, and is afterwards seer in some places in Charnwood-forest. 

After the Romans had evacuated the Island, this district be- 
came part of the kingdom of Mercia; and when the subdivision of 
the Anglo-Saxon provinces into counties was established, and 
Bishops’ Sees created, the town of Leicester was constitited the 
seat of the Diocesan. ‘The Mercian kingdom was divided into, 
or distinguished by the names of Southern and Northern, aad'the 
inhabitants of Leicestershire were calted Miditérrane, or Middle 
Angles. They were frequently harrassed by the invading Dates, 
who, entering the district from the eastern const, laid the whole 
country under contribution between the German Occan and Lei- 
cester; and having conquered this’ place, established themselves 
here for some length of time. Indeed, Leicester was considered 

. ‘one 

; *<Ifone were to indulge w' conjecture, Medtourn ‘might erigisally be 

called Medivm, a name not uncommon in the Itineraries. It is nearly tho 

centre, or halfway station between Colchester and Chester, the two great 

Roman colonies, which were united by this road; aud the Saxons often pre- 

served the first syllable of the Romau name with a termination of their own, 

ts Londinwn, Loudon; Corsopitwa; Corbridge,” &e. Wor. Comx and 
Rows. 


LELCESTERSHIRE, a7 


one of their five chief cities in the Island, After the Norman In- 
~svasion, in 1066, Leicestershire experieuced a complete revolution 
‘in its civil and manorial privileges; as the conqueror divided it. 
among his vassals and relations, ‘To his kiysman, Robert Earl of 
_ Mellent, who was afterwards Earl of Leicester, le gave the whole, 
on the greater pact, of sixteen lordships in this county; to Hugh 
‘Lupus, his nephew, who was created Earl of Chester, he gave 
twenty-two lordships; William Peverell, his nataral son, he made 
Earl of Nottingham, and gave him six lordships; to Judith, bis 
niece, Countess of Huntingdonand Northampton, he gave thirty- 
sight Jordshipe;, to Earl Anbrey, fourteen; to Henry de Ferra- 
tis, thirty-tivey to Robert le Despencer, seventeen ; to Geofirey 
de Wirce, twenty-seven; und to Hugo de Grentemaisnell, sixty- 
seven. Thus the chief parts of the county were allotted, and par~ 
celled out to different Norman chiefs, who again regranted various 
allotments to their followers aud dependants, tu be held of them 
‘by kuight’s service, Besides the above-named landholders, the 
King, the Archbishop of York, and the Bishops of Lincoln and 
Constance, possessed lunded property in the county: und some 
‘was annexed to the Abbies of Peterborough, Coventry, and Croy- 
fdand. In order to seenre their yewly-acquired possessions, these 
| Novinan chiefs and barons svon built on their respective estates 
“strong and magnificent eastles, which might at once seeure them- 
_ eelves, and keep. the conquered English in awe,” ‘The several 
townships, in. which such castles are known to have been erected, 
: é names of the founders, are, Leicester, Mount-sorel, 
4 and Shilton, founded by the Earls of Leicester ;— 
Groby and Hinckley, by Hugo de Grentemaisnell ;—Donington, 
by Eustace, Baron of Halton ;—Melton, by Roger, Lord Mow- 
_ bray;—Ravenston, by Goesfrid Hanselin ;—Sauvey, by the Lord 
‘Bosset of Weldon: and Thorpe, by Ernald de Bois. “ Most 
ofthese castles, during the unquict reigns of Henry the Second, 
‘King John, and King Henry the Third, being held by the rebel- 
fous barons, and rendered receptacles of thieves and freebooters, 
were, by command of the latter king, utterly demolished ; and 
Sau Xs though 


Lil jz 





LEICESTERSHIRE. 319 


afterwards Duke of Lancaster, &c. 1555. Resides the above, 
there were several Free-Chapels, Hospitals, Preceptories, Chan- 
tries, &c. founded in different parts of the county. 

At the time of compiling that great national work, the Domes” 
day Survey, Leicestershire was divided into four Wapentakes, or 
Hundreds: Framland, Guthlaxton, Gartre, and Goscote ; and thus 
it continued till the twentieth of Edward the Third, when one of 
these was subdivided into Guthlaxton and Sparkenhoe; and after- 
terwards that of Goscote was divided into two, and denominated, 
from their relative situations, East and West. ‘The whole of these 
are withia the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the See of Lincoln, and 
in the province of Canterbury. ‘The county is under one Arch- 
deacon, and six Deaneries, Barton, who published “a Description 
of Leicestershire,” in 1622, treats of 115’Reetories, 81 Vicarages, 
and 105 Chapels, (33 in ruins) besides 75 Villages, Granges, Ma~ 
nors, &e. Ecton, in his Thesaurus, mentions 115 Rectories, 85 
Vicarages, (200 Parishes,)and 110 Chapels, which were donatives, 
peculiars, perpetual curacies, &c. “but several of the chapels are 
now down, and some of the hamlets have not the trace of 1 dwell- 
ing*” 

‘Mr. Nichols states, from the Domesday Survey, that the whole 
‘county, at the time that record was compiled, contained 34,000 
Jubabituats: and, according to the following table, this number 
‘wvas augmented to 130,080 in the year 1801, when the parliament 
-<ordered an account of the population of every county, &c. to be 


printed. 
POPULATION, 


+ ad * Nichols’s History, Vol. If, pt.a, peas 


$20 LEICESTERSHIRE. 


Anhebited. 


ChieAy em 
eh cr 





“GUIBSUTLSIOTT dO 27 ‘NOLLVINdOd 


*TOST Ni “LNANVITEVd @O ALINOHLAY Ag GaHSIIEnd SV 





‘The circumference and extent of the county have not been salis~ 
factorily defined, Mr, Nichols statesthe former to be “about 150 
miles,” whilst Mr. Monk * sets the same down al about ninety-six 
miles.” The latter writer also estimates its superficial contents 
at * 560,000 acres of land’” In table now before me, drawn 
up carefully from the best maps of the county, the number of 

‘ square statute miles is set down at $16; and the acres at 592,240; 
by which calculation Leicestershire appears to be the twenty-sixth 
in 


*“ General View of the Agriculture of the County of Leicester,” to. 
17% 


LEICESTERSHIRE. Ba 
Gio a scale of forty, where Yorkshire is the first, and Rutlandshire 
cathe ast, 

Rivers. This county has not any rivers of jaipaisioasy but 
those that pass through it “ are convenient and ornamental.” The 
_chief are the Soar, the Swift, the Welland, the Avon; the Wreke, 
cand the Anchor. The Soar, anciently called Leire, the largest of 
these, rises from two heads, or sources, in the south-western part 

of the county, aud) afler receiving a small tributary stream near 
Whetstone, passes by the west and north sides of the town of Lei- 
cester. ‘Thence it continues almost due north, and after passing 
dose by Mount-sorel, receives two or three small rivers, and 
disembogues itself into the ‘Trent a little aorth of the village of 
Radcliffe. Prom this place to Stanford, about a mile and half 
north of Loughborough, it constitutes the natural bounslary be- 
tween this county and Nottinghamshire; and in this short course 
of about nine miles, are five artiticial cuts, or canals, made to 
avoid the windings of the river, &c. In the year 1634, Thomas 
Skipwith, Esq. obtained a grant from King Charles to make this 
river “portable,” or navigable, for boats and barges, from the 
‘Trent to Leicester.“ By an act of parliament in 1776, the river 
Soar was allowed to be made navigable from the river into which 
it empties itself to Bishop's-Meadow, within the liberty of Garen- 
don; and a navigable cat was at the same time authorised to be 
made and maintained thence, near, or up and into The Rushes at 
Loughborough. ‘This plan being accomplished in 1778, @ canal 
was then opened at Loughborough, supplied by several neighbour= 
ing streams, and communicating with the Soar; which now brings 
up coals, &e. ata very easy price *.” 

~The Welland, according to Sir Thomas Cave, “ hath his bead 
‘at Sibertoft;" but, by Prior’s Survey of the county, it appears to 
have three’or four sources, or heads, near the south-east angle of 
the county; all of which anite at Medbourn, and leave the county 
between Caldecot and Rockingham, where another river joins it 
opp caeeseit tence Near Husbands Bos- 

é worth, 

. © Nichols's History, &e. Vol. Lp. 140. 





322 LEICESTERSIURE. 
worth, the Avon has its source, and running westerly, forms the 
outline of the county to Dovebridge, where it enters Warwick- 
shire: and continues till it unites with the Severn, near Tewkesbury. 
‘Thus the fatter river flows to the Irish Sea, or St. George's Chan~ 
nel; and the Welland, which has its source in the same part of this 
county, empties its waters into the North Sea, or German Ocean. 

The Wreke, Wrekin, or Wreak, rises in the parish of Abkettleby, 
in the eastern part of the county, and passing by Welly, joins ite 
waters with the Zie, or Eye, whose united streams pare 
Soar wear Mouut-sorel, 

~ Leicestershire beiug more en agent than a iglesia 
district, und deprived of avy particular mives, has not equally par- 
ticipated with many other English counties in Canat. Navica- 
tron. Some plans for this purpose have beem projected, at dif- 
ferent periods, and « few ave been executed, In 1782, a bill was 
presented to parliament for | making a navigable conol from’ ) Chil- 


Shakerston, and Soareston, in Leicestershire, whence it was to 
proceed through some parts of Derbyshire, and terminate on ‘Ash 
by-Woulds, in this county. ‘The objeet of this canal was to-open’ 
a water carriage communication between the coal-mines on the 
Woulds and the several places already mentioned; alsa to facili< 
tate the conveyance of lime, and goods of different kinds, and join 
with the Oxford and Coventry cauals, “This scheme, being op- 
posed by a variety of interests, failed of success.” Another 
scheme, for opening @ canal communication between the towns of 
Loughborough and Leicester, was strenuously proposed by some 
gentlemen in the county, in June 1785; again in 1786, and, in 
1789, a bill for that purpose was introduced ivto the House of . 
Commons, but “thrown out" on the second reading, In the 
year 1790, another public meeting, supported by Lord Rawdon, 
now the Earl of Moira, took place, and an act was obtained in the 
following year, “ for making aud maintaining a navigable commu- 
nication between the Loughborough canal, and the town of Lei- 
cester; and for making and maintaining a communication by rail- 

z ways, 





aM LAICESTERSHIRE, 


excited very general emulation among a class of persons, that had, 
uot previously evinced any particular symptoms of laudable ambi- 
tion, It will be difficult to. define the soils of the whole county; 
but it mzy be observed, in the words of Mr. Monk, thab “ it 
varies pretty much from a light candy, or gravelly loam, to a stitt 
marly-loam, including all the intermediate degrees possible be- 
tween these two extremes. Very little of the land can (with pro- 
priety) be called a mere sundy, or gravelly soil; nor is there any 
great quantity of it that may properly be called clays Phe best 
soil is apon the hills; and the worst, or nearest approaching to. 
coy or cold lands, in the valleys; though there ave may excep~ 
tions from this rule. “The soil, or what the farmers generally call 
mould, is generaily deep, which maks it very proper for grass: 
such deep soils not being very soon afiected by dry weather. _ 
About Lutterworth, some part is alight yich Joam, excellent for 
larnips snd. barley; a part stiff, inclining to marie, or rich clay; 
the remainder chiefly a sort of ineilines between both, with a sub- 
soil, iuelining to mari, bearing excellent erops of oats and wheat, 
aod good turnips also, though not so well adapted for their being 
eat off the land with sheep, Round Hinckley most of the land is 
a good mixed soil, amt bears good crops of grass, dec. Askby-de- 
da-Zouch, and te northern part of the county; thesvil bere is 
various, sand, gravel, lam, and clay, bat mostly clay.| Melton- 
Mowbray: the soil in this part of the county, is im general» 
heavy loam; and immediately underneath, a very stiff impervious 
clay, mixed with sniull pieces of lime-stoue, These lindssre very, 
wet in winter, and the turf so tender, as scareely to be able to. 
Dear the treading of sheep at that season, withoutinjury,’ Afarket 
Herborough: the soil here, in general, a 
chiefly in grass.” we 
Aysaaet ia '0UGleve beesniatabeoniin Niaddtaigreaatiii 
Leicester, the Forest, and the New-Leicester, or Dishley, consti- 
tute Ue principal sorts, aud of them the latter classis ia the most 
repute, It is & judicious maxisn with the graziers to procure that 
breed, which, ona given quustity aud quality of food, will pro- 
duce 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 325 

‘duce the most profit; and this has been proved in those of the 
New-Leicester. The extraordinary price for which many of these 
sheep have been sold at. public auctions, and the large sums for 
which:some of the rams and bulls have been let out for the season, 
serve at once to shew their estimation in public opinion, and the 
Taudable zeal that prevails among certain clases of the nobility 
and yeomancy of the kingdom, for improving the breeds of cattle, 
&e. At an auction of Ewes, belonging to Thomas Pagett, Esq. 
inthe year 1793, the following sums were given for different 
sheep:—Five ewes; at 62 guineas each; five, ut 52 guincas each; 
five, at 45 guineas each; ten, at 30 guineas, and several others at 
29, 25, 22, 20, andl 16 guineas each, One of these sheep, which 
was killed at Walgrave, in Northamptonshire, was of the following 
weight:—The carease; 144lb., or 361b. por quarter; blood, Slb.g_ 
head, 441b.; pluck, 441b.; guts, large and small. 14!b.; pauneh, 
‘2b; rough fat, 16Ub.,, and the skin L8lb.; making, inthe whole, 
4774lb. It sno ancommon thing in this county to salt down the 
mutton, and keep it in the usual way, and as a substitute for 
bacon, In the year 1793, Mr. Pagett sold several bulls, heifers, 
cows, and culves, by public auction, when some were knocked 
down at the following very extravagant prices. A bull, called 
“Shakespear,” described in the catalogue, as * (bred hy the late 
Mr..Fowler,) by Shakespear, off young Nell. Whoever buys this 
Jot; the seller anakes it a condition that he shall have the privilege 
‘of having two cows bulled by him yearly. Four HUNDRED 
euingeas!!" Avbull-calf, 31 guineas; a three years old heifer, 
u 5 others at 35 and $2 guineas each; a two years old 

f r, at $4, and another.at GO guineas. It is asserted by Mr. 
Monk, that Mr. Bakewell had Jet out a bull for 50 guineas, for 
‘the season; and that it occasioned the following curious case for 
the lawyers. The gentleman who hired the bull, died before the 
expiration of the season, and his executors, ignorant of the agree- 
ment, sold the animal, with other stock, at « publicuuction. The 
‘bull was bought hy the butcher for about eight pounds, and killed ; 
on afterwards, Mr. Bakewell, not knowing of the transaction, 
~~ sent 


© 


826 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

sent for it, when be was first informed of the circumstance ; and 
as the executors refosed either to pay the stipulated sum, or the 
value of the beast, the owner wis necessitated to seek restitution 
in a suitat law. His demand was 200 guineas for the bull, and 50 
more for the season, The executors plea for refusing this de- 
mand, was grounded on the publicity of the sale, and the small 
sum that it then obtained, although “there were many far- 
amers present, and some of those thought to be men of judgment.” 
On the trial, however, many witnesses gave their opinion, on oath, 
that Mr. Bakewell had not overvalued his property, and after a 
full examination of the case, a verdict was given in. favour of the 
plaintiff “to the full amount, with costs of suit.” 

“ There are no manufuetares in Leicestershire, except that of 
stockings, which bath, of late, been much encouraged, so that the 
shepherdand husbandman engross almost all to themselves; for, as 
the latter supplied other counties with corm and pulse, the former 
sends wool into many parts of England. . The whole county pro- 
duces wheat, barley, pease, and outs; but its most natural and 
plentiful crops are beans, especially that part of Sparkenhoe 
hundred, which lies about the village thence called Barton-in-the- 
beans, where they are so Iuxuriant, that towards harvest time 
they look like a forest®." Since the commencement of the last 
century, cheese has become an article of some importance to the 
Leicestershire farmers; and a large cheese-fair is annually held im 
the county-town, for the sale of this commodity. Among the 
different sorts manufactured in the county, that called SrinroNn- 
cHEESE, is deemed the finest, and consequently obtains the highest 
prices, If acquired the title of Stilton, from « place of that name 
on the great north road in Huntingdonshire, where it is well knowa 
to have been first publicly sold by retail. This cheese is 

‘ sometimes 


* MS. Chetwynd—Nichols'’s History, Vol. II, pt. 1. Py 5- 
+ It is asserted by Mr. Marshall, in his Agrieultoral Work, on the “ Mid- 


land Counties,” that Mrs. Paulet, of Wymondham, near Melton-Mowbray, 
was 


LEICESTERSHIRE. . 237 
_ sometimes called the Parmesan of England, and is usually formed 
in square vats, The cheeses seldom weigh more than twelve 
pounds each, and from that to six pounds is the general average 
weight. ‘They are sometimes moulded in nets, but thivmode is not 
deemed so eligible as that ofthe vat, A good deal of this cheese 
is made on the farms about Melton-Mowbray. Its process of 
making was for some time kept a secret ; but is now very gene- 
rally known, And asit may be manufactured equally well in other 
dairies, as in those of Leicestershire and Rutlandshire, the receipt 
will not be unacceptable to those who may wish to make an ex- 
periment, nor to such as are laudably curious about every branch 
of human knowledge. 

“To the morning's new milk, aid the skimmed cream of the 
preceding evening’s milking, with a proper quantity of rennet. 
When the curd is come, it is not to be broken in the usual way of 
making other cheese, but it should be tuken out carefully, and 
placed in a sieve to drain gradually. As the whey drains off the 
curd is to be gently pressed till it becomes firm and dry; 
thea place it ina wooden hoop or vat, to be kept dry, and turned 
frequently. After taken from the vats, it is still kept in the cloth 
till quite dry and firm, and afterwards repeatedly brushed. If 
the dairy-maid should not succeed in the first attempt, she ought 
not to be disheartened, for in a second or third trial she may be 
equally successful with an experienced maker.” The process of 
making is very simple, but the cheese requires much care to be 
kept sweet and good, till fit for use. ‘The precise time of keeping 
is not defined ; as some farmers say they are quite ripe in twelve 
months, and others contend that they ought not to be used ander 

ey eighteen 


was the first person who manufactured this sort of cheese ; but other dairy- 
women lay claim to priority. However, it is known, that Mrs. P. wae a 
relation, or intimate acquaintance, of the well-known Cooper Thornhill, who 
formerly kept the Bell-fnn, at Stilton, and that she supplied that house with 
@ peculiar and novel sort of cheese, which obtained muck celebrity, and was 
frequently retailed by the landlord at half a crown per pound, From the 
place of sale, therefore, it certainly acquired its distinctive name, 


328 LEICESTERSHIR Kt, 

eighteen months or two years. The price of this cheese, in 
Londov, now (1807), is from one shilling tojvighteen-pence per 
pound; by retails = 6 pope quiet dategeegtl thre eee ete 

Mr. Marshall, in. the work already refered to, deseribes Leices- 
tershiize as a very fertile distriet » and the only parts of it-which 
are not absolutely in good cultivation, are Charmwnnod- Forest, a 
tract of land in the northern part of the county, called the Wolds, 
or Woulds, and another similar tract in the southern side of the 
shire. The first consists of a rocky and bare surface, whilst the: 
two others. are distinguished by a cold dark-coloured clayey soil, 
and a sandy surface. The district called Carn woop Forest, 
though divested of forest scenery, and almost without a tree, is 
very striking feature in this county. it comprehends between 
fifteen and sixteen thousand acres, “ three fourths of which,” ob- 
serves Mr. Monk, ‘* might be made very useful goon land, and if 
enclosed, would make some excellent farms. If the bills were 
planted, and the other parts enclosed, iL would be a wonderful 
ornament to the county, ‘The chief proprietors, are the Earliof 
Stamford, Earl of Moira, William) Herrick, Esq. of Beaumanor, 
anda few others, who, I was informed, (by one of the proprietors) 
wished much to have itenclosed.” The following description of 
this tract, by Mr. Marshall, is too characteristic to he omitted. 

“ The Charnwood Hills are too. striking a feature of this dis- 
trict to be passed without especial: notice. » Like the Malvern 
Lills, their style is singular; but the style of one is very different 
from that of the other, ‘The Malvern Hills, seen from a distanee, 
beara most striking resemblance to the Atlantic Islands; towering 
up high and ragged; and, on a near view, appear as one large 
mountain fragment. The Charnwood Hills, on the contrary, seen 
obscurely, appear as an extensive range of mountains, much 
larger, and. of course much more distant, than they really are. 
When approached, the mountain style is still preserved ; the pro- 
minencies are distinct, sharp, and most of them pointed with 
ragged rock, One of these prominencies, Bardon Hill, rises above 
the rest; and, thongh far from an elevated situation, comparatively 

’ , with 


LEICESTERSHIRE. “oy 
ity, a greater extent of surface than any other point of view in the 
island, It is entirely insulated, standing every way at a consider= 
able distance from lands equally high. The horizon appears to 
aise almost equally on every side; it is quite an ocean view, from 
a ship out of sight of land; at least more so than any other land~ 
siew [have seen. The Midland district is, almost every acre of it, 
seen lying at its feet. Lincoln cathedral, at the distance of near 
sixty miles, makes a prominent object from it. With a good 
glass, the Dunstaple Hills, at little less than eighty miles, may, it 
is said, be distinctly seen. ‘The Malvern Hills, Mayhill, and the 
Sugar Loaf in South Wales, are distinetly in view. Enville, the 
Wrekia, and other mountains of Shropshire and North Wales, are 
equally distinguishable; aud the Derbyshire hills, to the highest 
‘Peak, appear at hand. An outline, described from the extremi~ 
ties of the views, would include near one fourth of England and 
Wales. It may be deemed, without risque, I apprehend, one of 
‘the most extraordinary points of view in nature*.” 
en nee nee 


= Giadaraccmsvee 
"The like in any place, what flood hath hapt to find? 
No tract in all this isle, the prondest let ber be, 
Can shew a Sylvan nymph for beauty like to thee: 
. ‘Phe Satyrs and the Fawns, by Dian set to keep, 
__ Rongh hills and forest holts were sadly seen to weep ; 
"When thy high-palmea karts, the sport of boors and honnds, 
S By grpple borderer’ ands were banished thy grounds” 


oe of East and West GoscoTe antenna 
and considered only as one, till the taxation of 1346, when it was 
divided, and in all civil proceedings relating to the county have 
ever since that period been distinctly and separately specified. As 
‘the county town is included within the hundred of West-Goscote, 
» Vous IX. Yy this, 


owe t 


=" © Marshall's Rural Economy, Vol. f, p. $—12, 


Lat | Ss 


‘390 -LEICESTERSMIRE. 

‘this, with its principal towns and places, will be first taken into 
‘consideration: ‘The hundred extends from the town of Leicester, 
‘to the river Trent, which bounds the county on the north, and is 
separated from East Goseote by the river Soar. Part of the 
ancient road, called the Salt-way, already: deseribed, may be 
traced in the forest between Barrow and Bordon-Hall. Besides 
Leicester, this hundred contains the towns of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
Mount-sorel, and Loughborough. — Its principal seats are Casthe- 
Donington, Staunton-Harold, Garendon, and Bradgate-Park. In 
this district is also comprehended the forest of Charnwood; and 
eae 
pits and lime-works, 


| ComMONLY pronounced Lester, formerly written Lege-cestris, 
‘Legeocester, and in the Saxon annals Leger-ceaster, during 
part of the Heptarehy, was @ city, and bas always been the chief 
town of the county, Without referring it to a British origin, or 
entering into a frivolous discussion respeeting the derivation of its 
name, and of its civil privileges from King Leir, it will amply 
satisfy every rational enquirer, to commence its history at that 
period when the Romuns had settled themselves in this island, 
and held the natives in military subordination, As those con- 
querors marched gradually from the south east, towards the cen- 
tral and northern parts of the country, they could not have obtained 
possession of the present district, till the intermediate places 
between it and the sea were subjugated, and competent garrisons 
established. Having accomplished this, and overpowered the 
Coritani, they took possession of the chief town of that people, 
This town, or strong hold, was the site of the present Leicester, 
and, at the time of its conquest, was “ denominated Rate, in the 
Itinera of Richard, Antoninus, and Ravennas; Rage, in all the 
copies nearly of Ptolemy's Geography, and absolutely and only 
Rage in Richard’s Roman description of Britain, ‘The real name, 


LEICESTERSHIRE, 331 
therefore, must be equally-Ratre and Rage, the former implying 
the town to be fixed upon the currents, and the latter importing 
it to be the capital of the kingdom”. ‘That the Romans had a 
permanent station here, is unequivocally manifested by the tessel- 
ated pavements, and other remains, that have been discovered at 
different periods : and, according to Antoninus, Rate was one of 
their stipendary towns.“ Antiquaries,” says Mr. Carte, “* gene- 
rally agree that this is the place which is called Caer-Lerion, by 
Nennius in his catalogue of the 28 cities which are said to have 
flourished in Britain before the invasion of it by the Romans; 
and that the Romans, making it one of their stations, called it 
Rate. Whether the British name proves it to be a city 20 
ancient as some assert, I think doubtful; but no doubt can be 
made of its being very considerable in the time of the Romans, 
seeing that so many of their remains have been, and are discovered 
among us. Mr. Baxter, in his British-Glossary, p. 197—200, is 
of opinion, that upon a Roman colony being settled at Lindunt, 
Lincoln, Leicester beeame the chief city, or metropolis of the 
people, called Coritani; and for that reason, in Ravennas, it is 
called Ratae-Corion, and in the Vatican Rate Coritanorum+.” 
‘Thongh there be little reason to doubt the identity of this station, 
yet Camden and Bishop Gibson were not satisfied with the evi- 
dences they obtained, and therefore left their'accounts undeter- 
‘mined respecting the name. Horsley, however, is decided in 
fixing the Rete here, and shews that the distances between this 
place and Verometum and Vennonw, correspond with those in 
Antonimus’s Itinerary. The foss-road in its way from Londinio, 
‘London, to Lindum, Lincoln, came by Vennone; whence to Rate 
‘was twelve miles, and thence to Verometum, thirteen miles; and 
‘these distances very nearly correspond with those between Clag- 
-ebester, Leicester, and Willoughby, 

Sacess ¥e To 
~ ee ~~. 

® "Whitaker's Hist, of Manchester, Vol. I. p. 151, 4to. 
——# Carte's MSS, quoted by Nichols, Vot, ¥. p. 5. 


“* 


3 LEICESTERSHIRE! 
» To illustrate the Roman history of this station, it will be neces’ 
sary to particularize some of the remains that have been found. 
here; but l presume it will neither be necessary nor interesting to. 
discuss eacl subject in an elaborate and minute dissertation, Dr. 
Stukeley endeavoured to define and desctibe the form and/extent 
of the station, but bis plan and account have been. discredited. 
‘That it was formed on the southern bank of the river Soar, that 
an artificial channel was eut for the water to flow up to, and con~ 
stitute one boundary of the station, and that the Romans were 
settled here for some length of time, are ‘circumstances easily 
proved, as ample evicenees remain, aud are recorded in support 
of these inferences. Many tessellated-pavements, coins, uros, and 
other domestic and military relics of the Romans, have been dis+ 
covered at different times : some of which are still. carefully pre~ 
served as memorials of ancient art, but many of the most interest= 
ing objects must have been destroyed during the ravages of war 
which Leicester experienced under the Saxons, Danes, and: Nor+ 
mans. Of the Mosoic Potements, that which was found inva 
cellar nearly opposite the town prison, in the year 1675, isthe 
‘Most curious, as the Tessere are disposed to represent two human 
figures, anda buck or stag... Many conjectural opinions have'been 
‘published respecting the objects and ‘story here represented » but 
it iv less difficult to prove whut itis; than to define its import. The 
present fragment, only part: of a floor, is nearly octangular, of 
about three feet in diameter, and consists of variegated tesserte, 
Jaid in cement, on a bed of oyster shells. ‘The figures represent a 
stag, with a waked female resting against it, and) before both is a 
boy with wings, and a bow and arrow; probably intended for 
Cupid. This group las been described by some antiquaries asa 
representation of that nousensically fabulous story of Diana end 
Acteon, whilst otlicrs have hastily supposed it alluded to Cypressus 
Jamenting the death of his favorite stag ; but an intelligent writer, 
who has too much good sense to. be captivated by wntiquarian re- 
veries, says, that “ no story in the whole smetamorphoses, can be 
found bearing the slightest resemblance to the subject before 
us.” 











EEICESTERSHIRE: 333 
‘us’. Mr. Gilpin strangely calls it “a curious piece of Roman 
sculpture,” but.is more just in pronouncing it * a piece of miser~ 
able workmanship.” That this, and several other similar pave- 
ments, are curious and interesting, as) samples of ancient, art, and 
- gvrelics of particular customs, ix readily admitted; but I cannot so 
far impeach my judgment as to praise, or even approve of them, as 
being beautiful-in design, or fine in execution. _ Whatever tasteor 
talents the Romans displayed in their own country, may be pretty 
well: appreciated by the specimens which have descended to our 
own times> bat if they ever executed any. truly elegant-or meritos 
rious works in this island, such productions. have been citheren= 
tirely destroyed, or are yet reserved for future discovery. Ithas 
supposed that these mosaic pavements were princi= 
pally or only used in the floors of baths, but this opinion is not 
satisfactorily proved; and it is more probable. that they were in 
general use in the houses of officers, and the higher classes of the 
Jn some. of the ancient mansions in Italy, now in mins, 
floors consisted aes mosaic —_ 
ment. 
Ia apIbaba.ticin other rlasqrol. Beane nocinseng teed 
discovered in that part of the town called the Black-Friars. 
“These consisted of as many square compartments, ornamented 
with the guilloche border, engrailed fret, &¢. Another fragment 
of @ pavement was found in the year 178%, in a place called the 
Cherry Orchard, Two or three other fragments of this sort bave 
been uncovered in digging cellars, graves, &c. Mostof these were 
found from four to six feet beneath the surface of the present streets, 
‘The; most curious relic of antiquity, and one that has’ pro- 
soked the most: copious copious dissertations, is the Minniary, or Ro- 
man mile-stone, which was discovered in the year 1771, 0n the side 
‘of the foss-rond,. at the distance of about two miles north of the 
town, The stone is circular, resembling part of a shaft of a 
re eetianred laniatiy ack niche 
eT Se ee Cea substance, 


* Oi tisk atid Sate, ces 





334 LEICESTERSHIRE. 


substance. It measures two feet ten inches in height, by five feet 
nine inches in circumference, and is placed on a square pedestal, 
with a tapering column above it surmounted by a lamp. This 
antique monument did not excite any particular attention till 
the year 1773, when an account of it was sent to the Gentleman's 
Magazine; and in the year 1783, the Corporation of Leicester 
deemed it worthy of removal to their town, Had they properly 
estimated its curiosity, they would have also taken care to guard 
it against wanton injury; but having fixed it on @ pedestal in a 
public street, they fancied they had perpetuated their own fame 
with the name of Fladrian, in aequainting the public it was placed 
there “ at the expence of the corporation at large, in the mayoralty 
of Jomes Bishop, Esq. in 1783." Surely, if the expence of re- 
moval deserved to be publiely recorded, the monument itself was 
worthy of some care to preserve; but it isnow exposed to every 
species of injury that ignorance, sottishness, and folly, may choose 
to exercise upon it. “Mr. Bray, the worthy treasurer of the society 
of autiquaries, communicated to that institution some account of 
“orc setrameromape aeenatinaeetnat sO 
Inbly tegen the year 1701 


“IMR CAES. . 
DIV. TRALAN, PART x F. DIV. 
TkAIAN. HADRIAN. AVG. 
POT. IV. COS Ul A. RATIS. 
H. 


‘On another part of the stone are the letters—E: P. B. 
If the abreviations were filled up, the full: reading appears 
tobe | 
“ IMPERATOR CHSAE, 

Dive Teatanr Parruter Firivs Divus, 
‘Traranus Haprianus AuGustus, 
Porestare iv. ConsuLatu 11. A RATIs. 

" 


. 





: LEICESTERSHIRE. 335 
Avid thus in English : bas me 


ase Hadrian ‘Trajanus Augostus, ~e> 

apne ‘Emperor and Cresar, the Son of the most : ~a 

Cs ih " Traj P fi “ rr 

Ta the th year of his reign, and his third Consulate, 
From Rate (Leicester) two miles. 


it Leideshdtnepsaecenconur jenatranahithae! 
and, it is rather singular that so many of them should be destroy~ 
ed: for a very few only have been preserved. Horsley only no- 
tices three, one of which has already been referred to im the 
present volume, That now under consideration is the most cu- 
tious that has hitherto been found, as it defines the station of 
Rate, and contains the mame of the Emperor Hadrian, whose 
name, says Horsley, “ is the first that ocears in any of our British 
inscriptions; and we have but few of his, though he built a ram- 
(a linen Re mae 
“ple and short®.” . 
DAUM perticttn wed sndieh Seen polis Gah, 
have been found a great number of Roman Coins: among which, 
were several with the names of Titus, Trajan, Dioclesian, Con- 
stantine the Great, Constantine Junior, Constantius, Hadrian, 
‘Theodosius, Honorius, &c. Besides these, broken pottery, urns, 
jugs, &c. have been dug from the earth; and, ina place near St, 
Nicholas church, a vast quantity of bones have been found beneath 
the surface, "This spot is still called Holy- Bones, and is supposed 
to have been a place of sacrifice, Contiguous to this is a curious 
fragment of Roman architecture, commonly called the JEwRy- 


Want. It consists of a mass of brick-work, stones, and rubbish, 


with dilapidated arches. Mr. King describes it in the following 
terms: “ What remained of this wall was about 70 feet in length, 
‘and between 20 and 0 feet im height, and about five feet im thick- 
ME Gnd from theibottom to: the top it wasibaltt oF ‘alternate 

st Ys courses 


* Horsley’s Britannia Romana, p, 183. 


336 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
courses of rag-stone and of brick, in the Roman manner. Each 
course of bricks consisting generally of three rows, though the 
upper one of all has only two; and the several bricks being of 
unequal dimensions; yet, in general, a little more, or a little less, 
than 18 inches long; and about 1 inch thick, or sometimes alittle 
more, and about 10 or 12, or sometimes 15 inches broad, The 
mortar between each row was found to be nearly as thick as the 
bricks themselyes*.” The courses of stone were not so regular; 
as they consisted sometimes of four or five rows of rough forest 
stone, and in some places the stones were thrown carelessly and. 
promiscuously inte the mortar. The arches were turned entirely 
of tiles, which are bound together by @ large quantity of mortar. 
‘The peculiar shape of these, with the disposition of the bricks or 
tiles, have excited many and various conjectures. Some writers have 
considered it a3 a remnant of a temple of the Roman Janus, whilst 
others have described it as the Jana, ‘or great gate-way to the Ro~ 
mantown. Though neither of these opinions scems very plausible, 
it would be difficult, in the present mutilated state of the object, to- 
lefine its original appropriation. Ifinteuded merely as a gate-way, 
‘it would not have had above two arched openings, and these nearly, 
or close together; but, according to Dr. Stukeley’s drawing, this 
bad four large arches on the eastern side, with a sort of urched niche 
jn the middle, and ow the western side two arches, Besicles, a tes- 
sellated pavement, with other Roman relics, have been found on 
the outside of this wall—between it and the river—and had it been 
intended as a great gateway, it would certainly have been in the 
exterior wall of the city, "The other opinion is liable to many ob- 
jections, anid it would be extremely difficult to assign it a use that 
should prove quite satisfactory to all persons, A wall, with very 
similar arches, constructed with stone, is now remaining at South- 
ampton, a particular description of which may beseenin Sir Henry 
C, Englefield’s interesting little volume, entitled “4° Walk 
through Southampton,” &c. 1805, Another: bg mn 
* antiquity, 


_* Manimenta Antiqua, Vol. IL. p. 216, 


_ERICESTRRSHIRE. 337 
‘antiquity, though not immediately in the town, is (properly con- 
nected with the present class, and will consequently best come into 
this place. Abouta quarter of « mile soutl: of the Infirmary are 
some artificial banks, which are known by the name of Radykes, 
or Rawdykes*, ‘These were furmerly about four yards in height, 
aad consisted of two parallel mounds of earth, extending 67 yards 
in length, at the distance of fifteen yards from each other. Be- 
fore Dr. Stukeley visited Leicester, these earth works were gene- 
rally considered as purts of a Rontan encampment, but the Doctor 
suggested the idea that they formed a British Ourcus, or race- 
course, and this opinion has since generally prevailed; but I am 
more inclined to consider them Aoman than British,—Such are 
Roman-Leicester ; and though these may appear merely trifling 
memorials of a warlike and refined nation, who probably possessed 
Ahis-station for more than three centuties, yet they afford abundant 
mutter for reflection and investigation. 1f these remains are neither 
beautiful nor fine, as works of art, they are all curious as vestiges 
of remote times, and of a particular people. OF Leicester during 
the Saxon Heptarchy, the history is very vague and uncertain, 
though, from the concurring testitnony of all writers, it was cer- 
sainly a place of considerable note from the departure of the Ro 
mans to the time of the Norman conquest. According.to God- 
(A PIPER AE Se > 
seed weed tiers ’ ip 
ak bere 4! borne 
. "In tho connty of Merns, in parece is an endelgabialicalihtii 
in. the county of Aberdeen is another, culled Redykes, See 
Monimenta Avtigua, Vol I. p, 157, ides 


Daehn tate tyne Roman station, for its name 
inplies ito be such, has afforded a subject of mach coutroversy ; for writers 
Are not agreed in fixing its site, Camden says, that itis “ now to far ont of all 
sight and knowledge, that, together with the name, the very ruins also seers 
tohave perished, for, by all my curious inquiry, I could learn nothing of it." 
Bishop Godwin is equally at a loss. Camden, however, conjectures that 
Gainsborough, in Lincolushire, was the place; Gibson refers it to Stow, or 

Mariestow, 





in the year 737. At this period the Saxon kingdom of Mercia liad, 
according to some authors, three Bishops’ Sees: Lichfield, Dor- 
chester, and Leicester, Carte specifies Landesse and Worcester, 
Dut omits Dorchester. ‘The accounts of these, as related by early 
chroniclers, and retailed by later topographers, are very vagne and 
unsatisfactory, whence it becomes almost nugatory to particularize 
any of their annals. ‘Those writers who have dilated on the sub- 
ject, are very equivocal and contradictory, Carte siys, that the 
See of Leicester was taken out of the Diocese of Lichfield in 691, 
and another account states, that Leicester was constituted a 
Bishop's See in 680, when Sexwulfus was installed. As this place 
was nearly in the middle of the Mercian kingdom, it must matu- 
rally Lave participated in the barbarous wars that were constantly 
occurring during the irruptions of the Pics, Scots, Danes, &e. 
From the Saxon annals, it oppears that Ethelfrid, King of Nor- 
thumberland, being an avowed enemy to Christianity, marched an 
amy to Leicester, where they slew so many of the inlabitants, 
that they could not be all numbered, This account must not be 
taken in its full lutitade, for though Leicester was certainly well 
peopled at that period, it is not very likely that its population was 
innumerable. It has already been noticed, that the Danes made 
themselves masters of this town, and kept possession of it for some 
time. Jowallensis relates, that Ethelred, King of Mercia, and 
his Queen Elfreda, who was daughter of Alfred the Great, re- 
paired the town, and rebuilt and enlarged the walls, about the year 
901. The latter was now made to inelose the castle, which before 
‘that period appears to have been on the outside of the town, On 
‘the conquest of England by William the Norman, Leicester soon 
became part of the royal demesne, and a castle was either newly 
erected, or enlarged, and strengthened, to ensure the subimis- 
sion of the inhabilauts and those of the surrounding country. "The 

wardenship 
Mariestow, in that connty; and Pegge, with some other writers, are im 
clined to fix it at Kirkton, in the same county. In the History of Lincola- 


shire, which will follow that of the present county, I will endeavour to eluei- 
date this doubtful subject. 


“LEICESTERSHIRE. 339 
} wardenship of this was entrusted to Hugo de Grentemaisoel, baron 


of Hinckley, . 
} = {The following is a translation of that part of Domesday Book 
of itare, Civitas de Ledecestre, Tempore Regis Edwardi, &c— 
™ The City of Leicester, in the time of King Edward, paid yearly 
to the king thirty pounds by tale, (every one of the value of ten- 
pence) and fifteen sextaries of honey, When the king marched 
with his army through the land, twelve burgesses of that borough 
attended him. If the king went over sea against the enemy, they 
gent four horses from that borough, as far as London, to carry 
arms, or such other things as cireumstances required. At this 
time King William bes, for all rents from that city and county, 
forty-two pounds and ten shillings inweight, Instead of one hawk 
hevhas ten pounds by tale; and instead of a baggage, or sumpter 
horse, twenty shillings, Of the mint-masters he has yearly twenty 
pounds, every ore of the value of twenty-pence. Of this twenty 
pounds, Hugo de Greatemaisnel has the third penny, The king 
"has in Leicester thirty-nine houses, The Archbishop of York two 
houses, withsac and soc; and they belong to Cherlintone, Earl 
_ Hugh has ten houses, which belong to Barbou, and six belonging 
to Cacheworde, and one house belonging to Loctebume, The 
_ Abbey of Coventrea has teu houses. The Abbey of Cruiland has 
three houses, From all which the king has his geld, Hugo de 
_ Grentemaisnel bas a hundred and ten houses and two churches; 
- besides these he has, in common with the king, twenty-four houses 
inthe same borough. In the same borough has the same Hugo 
two churches and two houses, and four houses decayed. The 
| Countess Judith has in the same borough twenty-eight houses; 
and from thésmoiety of a mill she has five shillings and four- 
pence, _ Witbout the borough she has six plough-lands belonging 
_ to the borough ; and she has there one plough, and her homagers 
three ploughs. There are eight acres of meadow, and a wood 
_ six furlongs Jong, and three broad, ‘The whole is worth forty 
Stacy : 










During 


340. LEICESTERSHIRE, 

During the disputes concerning the succession, onthe death of 
the Conqueror, the Grentemaisnels seized Leicester Castle, and 
held it for Duke Robert. . This subjected it to the fury of the suc» 
cessful partizans of William Rufus, who battered, it. nearly to the 
ground, and it continued in ruins for some time. . er ets 

In the reign of Heory the First, Robert, Earlof Mellent being: 
created Earl of Leicester, chiefly resided in the castle, which: he - 
fortified and enlarged. He was very liberal to the town; asawas 
also Robert Bossu his son; (but the arrogant. behaviour of the 
laiter to the king, involved the town in broils and war; it being: 
the practice, in those times, for sovereigns to revenge themselves, 
for the offences of tie nobility, on the people and places immedix 
ately under the patronage of the offenders., Of this. a remarkable 
instance touk place in, the reign of Henry, the Second, when Eark 
Robert Blaochmains, leaguing with the king’sson in his unnatural 
rebellion, Leicester, the chief resort of the disaffected, stood along. 
siege. The earl and his adherents were defeated near St. Edy 
saund's Bury by the king's arany, under Richard, Lucy, ‘chief jus+ 
Aiciary of England, The carl was taken prisoner; and the king's 
forces gaining possession of the town, fired it in several places, 
and overlbrew by, the force) of engines what the flames did not: 
destroy. The castle held out some time longer, but the garrison 
was at length compelled to yield, and the whole, building: was. 
made a heap of ruins. This almost complete destruction of Leix 
cester is visible in the frequent discoveries of foundationsef build~ 
ings, walls, and subbish ; some of the former are found imdirecs 
tions right across. the present streets, ‘ je at we 

 Blanchmains, however, regained, the king's ieeninnaiennneds 
stored to his estates, but both he and his son, Robert Fitz-Parnel, 
engaging in the crusades, the town of Leicester was, but ifh-rebuilty. 
and the castle remained many years in a state of dilapidation, 
Filz-Pamel dying without issue, the honor of Leicester, as part of . 
the Bellomont estates was called, passed into the family of Simon 
de Montfort, in consequence of his marriage with one of the sig 
ters of Fitz-Parnel, But the Montforts, Earls of Leicester, both 
father 


_ BRICESTERSHIRE, sat 


father and son, were too much engaged in the busy transactions of 
‘their times'to pay much attention to their property at Leicester. 
After the death of the latter in the Gattle of Evesham, the Lei- 
cester property was conferred by Henry the Third of his second 
son, Edmond Earl of Lancaster, whose second son Henry, heir 
and successor to Thomas Earl of Lancaster, beheaded at Ponte- 
fract;-in the'year 1322, made Leicester his principal place of re- 
sidence, and under him, and the two next succeeding earls, the 
castle ‘recovered, and, probably, surpassed its former state of 
splendor. When'the Dukes of Lancastér ascended the throne, 
Leicester, though “frequently honoured with their presence, re- 
ceived/no’ permanent’ benefit; and though seversl parliaments 
were held therein the reign of Henry the Sixth, the castle had 
sovfar decayed inthe time ‘of Richard the Third, that he chose 
rather to'sleep at an inn, w few evenings before his fall, than oc- 
copy the royal apartinents in the castle. From this time the castle 
seems lo have made constant progress to deeay, so’ that in the 
reign of Charles the First, orders, diited the ninth of his reign, 
were issued to the sheriff, ‘William: Meyrick, Esq. of Beaumanor, 
(as appears from papers in the possession of that family) “to take 
dowy the old pieces of dut'castlé at Leicester, to repair the castle 
house, wherein the audit’ hath’ been formerly kept, and is here- 
after tobe kept, and wherein our records of the lionor of Leices~ 
terdo now remuin; to sell the stones, ‘timber, &c. but not to in- 
tetfere with’ the vault there, nor thé ‘stairs leading therefrom.” 
From ‘others'of the same’ papers, it appéars tliat the timber sold 
for SI. 5s. 8d. the free-stone and iron-work for 361. 14s. 44. and 
that the repairs above ordered cost about 50]. "Thus was the cas- 
Me reduced fo nearly its (present state; and though the antiquary 
nay) in the eageriess Of his curiosity, lament that so little of it 
now remains,’ yet he must surely rejoice, in his reflecting mo- 
sment3,'that soch structures are not now necessary for the defence 
ofthe kingdom, and that the fortunes of the noblemen are now 
spent in a way calculated to encourage the arts and promote in- 
dustry, rather than in maintaining in these castles a set of idle re- 


tainers, 


a2 LEICESTERSHIRE® 
retainers, ever ready to assist therm in disturbing Uke peace of the 
eet nA es ele eee 
bitants in their neighbourhood *.” - a! 
uC ah aula eee reeves is eeebe aentaelcammpiiatads 
maining but an artificial mound, or the earth work of tbe keep, 
near which is a part of the town, with some ancient buildings, 
called “ the Newerk,” or New-Works, This name appears to 
have been given to distinguish it from the castle with its original. 
buildings, which was either called, or considered as the old works. 
"The former is said to have been founded by Heory, the thirdearl 
of Lancaster, and bis son Henry, the first Duke of that name, By 
Abese two noblemen some large buildings were erected here; and 
Joba of Gaunt, who was Earl of Leicester, &c. ailded considers 
ably to this pile. When completed, the whole must have formed 
grand display; but nearly all of these have fallen beneath the 
devastating hand of man, and the slowly devouring tooth of time, 
From the remains of the surrounding walls, it is presumed that the 
Newark was an inclosed area, bounded on the north by the castle, 
‘on the south by fields, to the west by a branch of the river Soar, 
and to the east bya street of the suburbs. Atthis side is still re- 
maining a large castellated gateway, called the Magazine, which 
name it obtained in 1682, when it was purchased by the county, and 
applied to the use of the trainbands. Throsby says it “was built 
with the New-works, by the founder of the hospital and collegiate 
church.” This gateway has a large pointed arched entrance, witha 
‘stuall posterndoor-way, and communicated with an area neatly sur 
rounded with buildings. On the south, another gate-bouse opened 
‘4 communication to a second court, opposite to the southern gate 
of the castle. To the west rose a college, with a church and ai 
Lospital, which completed the buildings of the Newark, These 
latter structures formed another smaller quadrangle court, having: 
on the north side the present old, or Trinity-Hospital, which was 
built and endowed for one hundred poor persons, with ten women 
- to 


* Walk through Leicester, p. 109. 


‘ 


93 


= LEICESTERSHIRE, ss 

to wait on, and serve them. On the south stands St, Mary’s chureh, 
which has eloisters; and on the west was the College for the Pre- 
bendaries, which Leland says, “ be very praty2"> ‘The walls and 
gates of the college, occupying the west side, were pronounced by 
Leland to « be very'stately.” ‘This college was not.only spacious 
in , but was liberally founded by the Lancastrian family 
for ‘twelve prebendaries, thirteen choral vicars, three 
clerks, six choristers, and one verger 3 at the dissolution its yearly 
revenues were estimated at 5951: 19s. 11d. Among the various 
donations to this establishment, the following is worthy of notice. 
By the Parliamentary Rolls of the year 1450, it appears that King 
Henry the Seventh granted to the dean and canons of the collegiate 
ehureh of our Lady at Leicester, “ a tunne of wynne to be taken’ 
by the chief Boteller of England in our port of Kingston upon 
Hall;” and it is further added, ‘they never had no wynne granted 
to them by us, nor our progenitors, pe scrpela Hoes ees 
nor otherwise.” ‘ 

| ‘The buildings of the Newark continued in good and habitable 
preservation till the dissolution of the monasteries, in the time of 
Henry the Eighth, when Robert Borne, the last dean, surrendered 
his house and possessions to the king’s commissioners. “ From this 
period, the: buildings of the college, being unsupported by any 
fund, sunk into decay, or were applied to purposes widely different 
from the intention of the founders. The church, cloisters, und 
gateway are entirely removed, with the exception of two arches of 
the vault under the former, which are still to be seeu, firm and 
‘strong, in the cellar of the house, now a boarding-school *.” 
OF the ancient religious buildings and foundations of this town 
that of the Aepry was formerly of great local importance ; but 
its buildings are nearly levelled to that earth which covers the ashes 
of its founders, patrons, monks, and dependants. It is said that 
thisabbey was founded by Robert Bossu, Earl of Leicester, in the 
ot year 


* Walk through Leicester. 


a vaterstErsiees 


, year 1145; who, being advanced in age,. became one of the rege: 


Jar canons on his own foundation, and continued bere, in penance 
and prayer, till the time of his death. ‘This réligious-foundation 
sebn acquired sanctity and celebrity, and thence obtained nu~ 
merous liberties and immunities. Besides thirty-six parishes in 
and about Leicester, it had lands, privileges, fie. in most oft’ 
the manors in this and many other counties, The religions.of ‘this: 
abbey had great bequests of deer, fuel, and feeditig of cattle; fish 
pools, cattle, fish, and corn. -Stoughton-Grange, near Leicester,’ 
was the grand-repository of food ‘fot this house. This place sup-. 
ported almost the whole poor of Leicester and its neighbourhood 3 
and it. was on-all pressing occasions subsidiary to the king, andé 
hospitable.to travellers, who were. fed and often lodged here om 
their journies. Several: kings of Evglind were entertained andi 
lodged here on their excursiops to and from the north. Richard’ 
Il. ‘and his queen, with their retinue, gmongst whom were ‘the: 
Doke of Ireland, Earl of Suffolk, Archbishop of Canterbury, and: 
several other great pereoenges, wert entertained and lodged ab this 
‘bouse in grand and sumptuows:style. © 3: + 
« The death of the great and shiagnificent Cardinal Wolsey hap= 
pened at this abbey, November 29, 1530, on his journey from York! 
to London. He had just before been stript of his dignities, and his” 
pride wounded by his royal master, who had before loaded him with: 
riches, honour, and power, unequalled by the first of princes, He: 
was yo weak and depressed when he came to the gate leading te’ 
the abbey, that he could only thank the-abbot and monks for-their' 
civility, and tell them that he was come to lay his bones among them.» 
Heimmediately took to his bed, and died three days afterwards ®.” 
It was.at this place, whilst the cardinal was on his death-bed, and: 
aurrouuded by the listening monks, that he pronounced the follew~: 
ing memorable sentence, which displays that he had been more: 
of a courtier than religionist: “ If I bad served my God as faiths 
fully 


© Throsby’s History and Antiquities of Leicester, 4to, p. 285. 


LEICESTERSHIRES 345 
Pally asd, served the king, he would not argo vee 
wld ages” 

«<Near.he North Bridge of this Ngee ey ee 
‘place where money was minted; and the series of eoins that has 
‘een collected, prove that at the LazexsreR MINT a regular 
ssuccession of coinage has been produced from the reign of the 
Saxon king Athelstan, down to Henry the Second, ‘The Monetariis 
or governors of the mint, were entitled to considerable privileges 
‘und exemptions, being Soemen, or holders of land in the Soe, or 
franchise of a great baron, yet they could not be compelled to xe 
‘Winquish their tenements at their lord's will. ‘They paid twenty 
‘pounds every year, a considerable sum, as @ pound at tie time of 
“the conquest contained three times the weight of silver it does ot 
present, These pounds consisted of pennies, each weighing one 
‘ora,,or ounce, of the value of twenty-pence. Two thirds of this 
som were paid to the king, and the other third to the feadal Baron 
of Leicester. The Leicester coins of Athelstan and Edmund the 
First, have only a rose with a legend of the king's name, that of the 
moneyer, and Leicester: from Etheldred the Second, they bear the 

‘the royal head and sceptre, with the same stile of legend 

o __ In this series of Leicester coins, which bas been ens 
graved with accurate attention in the valuable work of Mr. Nichols, 
the triangular helmets, uncouth diadems, and rudely expressed 
countenances of our Saxon sovereigns, exhibit, when opposed tos 
Plate of Roman coinage, a striking contrast to the nicely delineated 
features of the laurelled Casars. In no: instance of comparison 
does the Roman art appear more conspicuous. The geeat quautity 
of coins of that scientific people, which have been found at 
Leicester, is an additional testimony of its consequence aga Roman 
town: these, unfortunately, upon being found at different periods, 

various bands; and although some few gentlemen 
have, made collections, -yet it is to be regretted, that by far the 

— Zz greater 

= Sil assed Pest kaye pd sg cad eckady 
Picture representing this awful event. 


$46 LEICESTERSHIRES 
greater part of the coins have been takea from the towh. Had 
those found in the last century been thrown together jato one 
éabinet, Leicester might have exhibited at this time a respectable 
éeries of Roman coinage, both in brass aud silver, from the 
Emperor Nero down to Valens*.” \ 
Cuarters, &c, The first Charter granted to Leicester wat 
by King Jol, in the first year of his reign: and at the same timd 
Robert Fitz-Parnel, Earl of Leicester, granted a charter, or deed, 
to the burgesses of this town, investing them with the right of 
buying and selling lands, &c. Some of the privileges of the Cor= 
poration are first defined and confirmed by a grant from Robert, 
Earl of Leicester: and his successor, Simon de Montefort, Eart 
of Leicester, extended and ratified their rights by a charter, dated 
at Leicester, in the twenty-third year of the reign of King Henry 
the Third. ‘The next charter shews the peculiar intolerance of 
the times, It was given by Sinion de Montefort, son of the above 
tarl, and particularly specifies that “no Jew, or Jeives, in my time; 
‘or in the time of any of my heirs, to the end of the world, shall 
inhabit or remain” in the town of Leicester, In the year 1287; 
this wandering and persecuted sect of people was expelled the 
kingdom, Till the time of Henry the Seventh, Leicester does not 
‘@ppear to have obtained any further royal charters, except the 
grant of Edward the Third for the establishment of a fair be 
deemed asone, Henry's charter, dated 1504, confirms all the 
previous privileges of the burgesses, dec. and empowers the jas 
tices, or a part of them, to “ take cognizance of treasons, murders, 
felonics, rapes, and other transgressions.” Several public acts and 
resolutions occurred during this reign, relating to the local govern= 
ment of the town, for as that monarch conquered bis sival and 
adversary near this borough, he appears to have paid particolae 
attention to the wants and wishes of the corporation, The charter 
by Queen Elizabeth specifies that the borough of Leicester is very 
‘sacient and populous, and front remote times has been a borough 
incorporate 5 


7 Walk through Leicester, ‘ 


7 
LEICESTERSHIRE. | a7 


“Fheorporate; “and the inhabitants thereof and their predecessors: 
Ahave hitherto had and held divers liberties, franchises, privileges,’ 
and immunities, as well on account of different prescriptions and: 
“customs used in the said borough from time immemorial, as from! 
-Aowations and grants made by different of our progenitors, once 
|" It then proceeds to state, that, in consequence 
‘of petitions from ‘the mayor and burgesses, the corporate ad® 
‘politic body was to be created anew, by the name of “ mayor,’ 
‘Dailiffs, and ‘burgesves of the borough of Leicester,” By this 
‘charter certain regulations were particularly specified for * mait=" 
‘aining the peace and good governwent of the people.” ‘The cor 
poration were | hereby empowered to buy and sell lands, houses,” 
&e.; constitute freemen ; refuse the building of malt-kilns withia® 
Hie abavce ce titty yards feo any “orien Nooding, et It 
grants also a market for wool-yarn and worsted, and other com- 
modities. A hematite ie 
oda 
~ Asa Parliamentary borough, iteiee iliac mana 
‘the national councils from the time of Edward the First, “In the 
of Heury the Eighth, one of the burgesses was elected by 
‘ mayor and his brethreo,” and the other by the commonalty. 
‘ofthe town. ‘This freedom of election exeitéd much popular dis 
‘turbatice, even so far back as the time of Henry the Seventh, who: 
jaine “the mayor and his brethren should choose forty-" 
of the most discreet inhabitants of the town,” who should! 
‘election of all officers for the borough, as well as members! 
‘ » Thus it continued till the reign of Charles the 
+ hembbieaeragaontheinedira niet 
the “commons at large” Though the corporation en 
rd to overrule this election, the House of Commons ad= 
its validity; and from that time the-right of election has’ 
= breast mda not receiving alris, and in the inhia~ 
‘Ditants paying scot and lot*.” ‘The number of voters is supposed 
Zz 
cS "2 “ns ¥ 
_* Throsby's History and Antiquities of the ancient town of Leicester, 4to. 


48: LEICHSTERSHIRE, - 
to be about 2000. The history of parliamentary elections generally 
unfolds so many traits of buman baseness, depravity, and state+ 
emotions of sincere sorrow aud regret, At the general election for. 
1790, a violent struggle arose in this town, when two candidates, 
im the court interest, and two, called the opposition, claimed and 
enireated the suffrages of the voters, After a poll of several days, 
the parties coalesced, and one on each side agreed to decline the. 
contest, But, previous to this, the populace, provoked at the cis~ 
eumstance of having two court candidates forced on them, com-, 
mitted many depredations, and, “had it not been for the timely. 
interference of the military, their proceedings would have termi 
nated only in the destruction of the place *.” me he 
Cyvrcues, At the time of the Norman conquest, there ap~ 
Pears to have been no less than six churches in this town, and it, 
would be highly interesting to the architectural antiquary to as- 
eertain if either of the present structures contains any part of the 
Dwilding then standing. According to a manuscript in the Cot- 
_toniam Library, the following nine churches, &c, were slanding bere, 
in 1220: St. Mary's, St, Nicholas's, St, Clement's, St, Leonard's, 
All Saints, St, Michael's, St. Martin's, St, Peter's, St. Margaret's; 
also a chapel of St. Sepulchre. Of the religious edifices now re~ 
maining, that called St, Nickolas'’s Church is esteemed the most: 
ancient, ‘This stands contiguous to the Jewry-Wall, and appears, 
to have been partly constructed with the bricks, tiles, d&c, taken, 
from the fallen parts of that building, Not only the walls, but some, 
of the arches of the church are very similar to the Jewry-Wall, 
whence some antiquaries have thought that they are beth parts of 
the same structure, or built about the same period. The church: 
consists oaly at present of a nave and south aile, with 2 square, 
tower at the west end, The latter has semi-circular arches, and 
areades near the top, and altogether ae 


© History of the Boroughs of Grmt Bite, Vol. TH. p. 201. 


st en 











ERICESTERSHIN ES 949 
fecture called Saxon. Between the nave and aile is a series of low 
arches, springing from massy columns. == 





of St. Mary, distinguished by the addition of infra 








se outer ballium, or precinets, it stood, wus often mast dan 

“Phat there was a church on this spot in * the Saxon times 
s almost certain, from some bricks, apparently the workman 
of that people, found in the ehancel; and the chevron work 
windows of this chancel proves that the first Norman 
f Leicester, Robert de Bellomont, when he repaired the 
wit oes or rather of the-attack made 





founded in the time of Henry the Seventh, by 
cheverele, kut. and the good Lady Hungerford, 
guild, the following list of articles, bought in for 
, will serve to shew the value of money, and prices 
period. “ A dozen of ale, 20d.; a fit wether, 
abs, 7s.; fourteen goslings, 4s. Sd.; fifteen 

‘2 Vv capone, 


> bow cna» ar, 















350° LEICESTERSHIRE:. 


capons, 55.; half 2 quarter of malt, 2s.; four gallons of milk, 4d.g: 
apig, 54.” c 
» At the west end of the church isa handsome tower, surmounted 
by alofly and elegant spire, The. latter has suffered two acci, 
dents from storms. On that memorable day, March 14th, 1757,. 
when Admiral Byng was cruelly shot, a tempestuous wind blew out 
one of the windows of the spire, and did so much other damage 
that it was obliged to be new lined with brick, and bound round in 
many places with iron bands. In the year 1763 it again sustained 
much injury by means of lightning ;, and in 1783, another Bash of 
the electric fire struck the upper part of the stecple, and nearly 
split, it from top to the bottom. The whole was obliged to be 
taken down, and a new one was erected at ap expence of 2451. 10s, 
besides the value of the old materials, The eastern end, or chancel, 
of this church, is a curious specimen of ancient architecture, 
having three stone stalls, or seats, in its southern wall, and the 
old windows have semicircular arches, oryamented with bold zig- 
vag mouldings. The buttresses are flat, with the same sort of 
mouldings running up their extreme angles*. Near the north 
door is a passage leading under an old building, which forms a 
gateway to an area called the castle yard. At this gateway was 
practised, till within a few years past, an ancient ceremony, ex- 
pressive of the homage formerly paid by the magistrates of Lei- 
cester to the feudal lords of the castle. The mayor, knocking for 
admittance, was received by the constable, or porter of the castle, 
and then took an oath of allegiance to the king, as heir to the 
Lancastrian property. The office of constable of the castle is 
still nominally held. Opposite this gateway is a building, partly 
old and partly modern, within which is a large hall, “ exceedingly 
curious.” Its dimensions are seventy-eight feet long, fifty-one 
feet wide, and twenty-four feet high. This space is divided by 

two 
© Since T saw this church, October 1806, I learn that part of the chancel 


has been taken down, and rebuilt with much skilloby Mr. Firmadge, an 
pgenions architect of Lebcesters 


LEICESTERSHIREs 55k 
two rols of tall and massy oaken pillars into three divisions, like 
the nave and side ailes of a church. “ This vast room was the 
‘ancient hall of the castle, in which the Earls of Leicester, and 
afterwards the Dukes of Lancaster, alternately held their courts, 
and consumed in rude but plenteous hospitality, at the head of 
their visitors, or their vassals, the rent of their estates, then usually 
paid in kind. On the south end appear the traces of a door-way, 
Which probably was the entrance into a gallery that has oftea, 
among other purposes, served as an orchestra for the minstrels 
and musicians of former days, This hall, during the reign of 
~ several of the Lancastrian princes, was the scene of frequent par- 
liaments. At present it is ysed only for the holding of the assizes, 
and other county meetings, to which purpose it is, from its length, 
so well adapted, that though the business of the civil and crown 
bars is carried on at the same time at the opposite ends of the 
room, the pleadings of the one do not in the least interrupt the 
‘Pleadings of the other *,” ' : 
_ The fine Collegiate Church of St. Mary, in the Newark, way 
‘wholly demolished in the year 1690. 

‘Near the north gate of the town was formerly another church, 
galled St. Clement's, but this has been destroyed, as has one de- 
dicated to St. Leonard, which stood near the north bridge. The 
church-yard of the latter is still preserved ay a burial groynd to 
the parish. 

‘The church of All Saints is a small modern structure, consist- 
ing of a nave and two ailes, all nearly of the same length. This 
“Pearage, with that of St. Peter, which was annexed to it in the 
reign of Elizabeth, include the ancient parish of St. Michael, and 
‘part, if not the whole, of that of St. Clement. Ona wooden 
an inscription to William Norice states that he is 
. Si. ——~" Dead and gone, 
. Whose grave from all the rest is knowne 
By finding out the greatest #tone.” 
Z4 This 
: : * Walk through Leicester. ery 
a + Of which an ample history is given by Mr. Nichols. 


ae a 


se LEICESTERSHIRE? 

 "Phis stone isa Litge rough pebble, William Norict, who wat 
twite ntayor of the towo, had three wives, and “ gave: thrice fif+ 
teen groats yearly to All Saints poore,”—also five marks yearly to 
the second master of the freeschool, He died in herd 
ninéty-seventh year. | 

\ An epitaph on Joseph Wright, a gardener, coc tr 
pea pd A tet t 


—t1 
ont “& My mother Eoth, though mysticaly cast, 
Hath me, her son, moat bountifully wurst ; shdihuss 
2 ‘For all my pains, and seed on her bestow, P 
‘Ont of whieh store that L of her receiv'd, 4 . 
. My painfull wantfull brethren I reliev'd ; hata “4 
4 ‘And though this mother I full well didtove, 
e LT better lov'd my father that's above ; aie SW 1’ 


My mother feeds my body for a space, we: “ol asad 
_ My soul for aye beliolds my father's fuce.* 7 


The ‘following may also be noticed emote tonal 
tefiptions which are too frequent in chureh-yards, and which serve 
as public memorials of reproach to the clergy, churchwardens, and 
writers. Churches, and places of human interment, are not the 
proper spots for illiterate and ridiculous jesting. "A father, whos® 
trite was John, had two children baptised in the same name, and 


both dying infants, he wrote this stanza for their tomb: aes 
r “t 


“ Both John and John soon lost their lives, 
_ And yet, by God, Jolin still survives,” 


” Bishop Thurlow, Win a a 
« by God,” to be altered “ thro’ God.” 

The Church of St. Martin, formerly called St, Crosse, is alarge 
old building, consisting of a nave, three ailes, and a tower, with 
alofty crocketted spire, In the south aile the Archdeacon of 
Leicester holds his court; and the chancel, which belongs to the 
king, was built in the time of Heury the Fifth, at an expense of 
S41. This church is considered the largest in the’ town, and of 
the county, and is used at all the public nieetings of the district 

F ; for 


— 


LEICESTERSHIRY, 553 

forthe bishop, ‘members of parliament, judges at assizes, &e, 
Within it were formerly two chapels, or oratories, und before the 
dissolution it contained three altars, Several carvings, sculptures, 
and tabernacles, also contributed to adorn the interior of this 
fabric: bat these were systematically destroyed, and sold at the 
time of the reformation, The churehwardens’ accounts respecting 
this church and parish are copious and well preserved, ‘They be- 
gin io 144, and contain many curious notices, descriptive of the 
peculiar manners and costoms of the different times, In this 
eburch was held St, George's Guild a fraternity whieh: was in+ 
‘vested with peculiar privileges, and annually ordained a sort of 
Jubilee ia the town, valled “the Riding of St. George.” The 
‘amiaster of the guild gave public notice to the johabitants of the 
day appointed for this ceremony. In ah old Wall-book, 17th of 
Edward IY. is an express order, enjoining all the inhabitants, by 
general summons, to attend the mayor—* to ride against the king, 
ér for riding the George, or any other thing, to the pleasure of 
the mayor and worship of the towa.” Another order occurs, 
Ahe 24th Henry Vil. specifying, “ that every one of the forty-cight 
should contribute towards the support of St. George's Guilds 
those who had been chamberlains sixpence, and the others four- 
- peuce annually,” Inthe 15th of Henry VILL, the master having 
neglected to notice, or proclaini, this annual custom, an order was 
made, subjecting him toa fine of 51. in default of appointing a 
day between St. George's day and Whitsunday. “In St. George's 
chapel, the effigy of an horse hamessed, or decorated with gaudy 
‘churel trappings, was formerly kept. “When the reformation 
had overthrown the monkish mummeries, that so inconsistently 
blended religion with pastime ®,” this horse was sold for twelve- 
pence,—In St. Martin's church was also another Guild, called 
Corpus Christi, which, Mr. Throsby says, “ was the most ancient 
and principal in Leicester,” ‘To all public charges this guild con+ 
Aribated largely. There were two masters presided, who bad 
great interest in the corporation, They had power, in eminent 
. vee 
© Walk through Leicester, p. 158. 


853 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

with the mayor, to inflict penalties upon the members of the cof 
poration for misconduct ; and, upon the mayor's neglect to obtain 
these penalties, they had power to levy them upon him.” ‘The 
present hall of the borough belonged to this guild. 

Bc Mastists chorch'was converted atop benvack, sot SEB 
during the civil wars, when the parliamentary soldiers, who had 
been driven from their garrison at Newark by the royalists, took 
a temporary refuge here; but many were slain in this building, 
and in the market-place. Among the entries in the churchwardens” 
accounts are the following, which serve to exemplify many anr 
cient customs, and shew the value of money, and of different arti- 
cles, at the respective periods here mentioned :_ 

A.D. 1545. Paid to Robert Goldsmith, for: mending the 
chalis belonging to Seat Georges chapell, and a pix, xvid.” 

“ Paid for rib, of wax, and ¢+»++» weke for a torche, and 
smakyng the same, 1s. vd.” 

* Paid to Robert Crofte for a day wark at the store hows, 

Fe t 
ie gl al fen witch sieso put inte 
wrid. 

_ Paid to the Viker, Pry and Cs fre prema 
S*. Mgetts, on Whissun Moday, x111d. 

e Paid fora yard of arene silke, and ix sheynea thred; wiid:? , 

aid on Pslcna Gonday to the toll and for aap Ra 
the passon, 11d.” a) 
» Paid for chercole on Est. evin. 11d.” 

& Paid for the charges of the preshor on Whissun Monday, ta 
@oth appeyr in a bill, xs. 11d.” 

* Paid to jj pore wemen fac soning tha arplaal omaha 
caniilstix, and ali wal'. stop, xx11d.” 

“ Paid for this chirche boke, bought at London the xrv day 
of February, Anno, Dom. 1544, ris. vyrid *,” 

AD. 


"This folio contains 773 pages of writing-paper, Den ght th 
strong brass clasps. 





856 UBICRSTERSHIRE: 
the times when his Majesty touches for healing!2"—"This * déclirae 
tion” is a curious “stale poper,” and shews at orice the supers 
stitious credulity of the people, anid the pliable poticy of the king 
furd his courtiers; who, instead of endeavouring to enlighten ‘the 
age, rather countenanced its folly, in giving royal sanction to @ 
species of supernatural agency,—By a paper, which was careflilly 
preserved im the ‘vestry of this church, it appeitts that) at ‘the 
Court of Whitehall, Jany. 9th, 1683, King Chiarles’ Me. with 
tiventy of his noblemen and privy councellors, drew up and signed 
‘a declaration respecting the efficacy of the Royal touch in cases of 
King's Evil. t states, “ Whereas, by the grace and blessing of 
God, the Kings and Queens of this Realm, by many ages past, 
have had the happiness, by their stored touch, arid invocation of 
the name of God, to cure those who are alllicted with the disease 
called the King’s Evil; and his Majesty, in no less measure thant 
any of his royal predecessors, having had good success therein; 
and in his most gracioys and pious disposition being as ready and 
willing as any king or queen of this realm ever was in any thing 
fo relieve the distresses and necessities of his good subjects: yet, - 
in his prineely wisdom, foresceing that in this (ai in all other 
things) order is to be observed, and jit times are necessiry to 
be appointed for performing this great work of charity: his 
Majesty was therefore this day pleased to declare in couneil, his 
Royal will and pleasure to be, That the time of public healings 
shall henceforth be from the feast of All/Saints, till a week before 
Christmas ;” the above time’ being most convenient, and the seat 
son not so likely to produce contagion to bis “ Majesty's sacred 
person.” Patients are to bring certificates that they have not pre~ 
viously “been touched by his Majesty.” "The order to be publicly 
read in all charches, and then affixed to some conspicnous place. 
"The year 1729 is rendered memorable in this church and town 
‘bya violent and passionate controversy, that arose between Mr, 
Carte, the vicar of the parish, and Mr. Jackson, some time con, 
frater, and afterwards master, of Wigston’s Hospital. By public 
discourses from the pulpit in the morning, the former supported, 
. and 


La 





LRICESTERSHIRES 37 
ly enforced the doetrine of the Trinity ; which the latter 


actively exerted upon a subject like the present. Accord- 
‘ingly, at onetime, the sexton stopped Mr, Jackson on the pulpit 
stairs, and opposed his preaching: at another time, the same 
was commanded by the churchwardens to leave the pul 
he midst of his discourse. This dispute was at length set~ 
bya process of law—and it appears, among theentries in the 
already quoted, that the churchwardens “ Paid to the 
, upon news that the parish’s appeal to the arches was aly 
against Mr, Jackson, Gs."—Another sum of Gs. was 
+ when the good news came of the parish's casting Mr. 
Saab eae —The bill for retaining council, 
‘aw this occasion amounted to 361. 17s. Gd. 

The altar piece in this church, sipceornting the Ascexsion, apd 
pea ae 
_ The parish register records the calamitous effects of 
e which raged here oh Ranh k es 

period above 166 persons were buried in this parish. Iy 
inp ai Te a 
la Russel, the first of -whom being “deofe and also 
fil it was dgreed by the bishop, mayor, and other gentle. 
men of the town, that certain signs and actions of the bride, 
groom should be admitted instead of the usual words enjoined 
by the protestants’ marriage ceremony. « First he embraced her 
with his armes, and tooke her by the hande, put a ringe upon her 
fioger, and lide bis hande upow his harte, and apow her harte, 
and helde up his handes towards heaven; and, to shew his conti- 
muance to dwell with her to his lyves ende, he did it by closing 
of this eyes with his hands, and diggine out the earthe with his 
‘fete, and, pullinge as though be would ringe a bell, with diverse 


— 


te 


358 nRICESTERSHIRE. 

~ Ina part of the church called Heyrick’s chancel, are tombs 
and inscriptions to several persons of that family, who “ derived! 
their lineage from Erick the Forester, a great <oincstndes, —_ 
opposed the landing of William the Conqueror*” 

St. Margaret's Cherch, according to Leland’s account, is “the 
fairest church in that place, which once'was a cathedral church, 
and nedr which the Bishop of Lincolne hath a palace, whereof 
little yet standeth”” "This edifice consists of a nave, side diles, 
chancel, and a handsome tower, and was annexed as a prebentl! 
to the college of Lincoln, by the bishop of ‘that diocese, at the? 
time when the other churches of the town were given to the ab- 
bey. ‘The right-of presentation to this church is vested ia the pre~ 
bendary; ‘and this parish, with the neighbouring dependent parish’ 
of Knighton, are exempted from the jurisdiction of the Archdeacon 
of Leicester. The interior of “ thischurch is handsome ; the nave 
and side ailes are supported by Gothic arches, whose beauty and 
symmetry are not concealed by awkward galleries. Several ele~ 
gant modern monuments adorn the walls, and in the siorth aile is 
the alabaster tomb of Bishop Penny, many years abbot of ‘the 
neighbouring monastery of St. Mary de Pratis. In the church- 
yard, the ‘military trophies of a black tomb commemorate An 
drew ‘Lord Rollo. "This nobleman was an instance of the attrac 
tion which a martial life affords to an elevated mind, for he en~ 
tered the ‘service at the age of forty, when generally the babits 
ani inclinations of life are so fixed us scarcely to admit any 
change. After many years of severe and dangerous services, he 
died at Leicester, as the inscription informs us, on his way to 
Bristol, for the recovery of his health, 1765+.” Tt may be ob- 
served of this, and the other churches of Leicester, that their 
floors are considerably lower than the level of-the church-yards, 

antk 


* Throsby’s History, &c. of Leicester, p, 271, where, and in his Lele 
éestershire Views,” is a“ pretty full pedigree,” &c. of this “ ancient and 
respectable fninily,” , 


. + Walk through Leicester, p. 16. 


CEICKSTERSHIRE: 359 
sid the streets; whence it is inferred, that thé latter must have 
accumulated from rubbish, &c, posterior to the build- 
of the former, which are entered by a descent of several stepss 
» Besides the foregoing churches on the establishment, Leicester 
éontains some chapels, or mecling-houses, belonging to differs 
ent sects'of dissenters. ‘The principal of these, called the Preshys 
terian or Great’ Mecting-house, was built in 1708, and has seals 
‘alculated fo accommodate cight hundred persons. ‘Opposite this 
yoo peaninene appropriated to a sect denominated Jn- 
dependents: near which is another religious structure, raised in 
1803, by, and for the use of a society, known by the title of 
Episcopalian Baptists. atk, 
© The County Gaol was erected in this town, in the year 1791, at 
‘an expense of six thousand pounds, which were raised by a county= 
rate, Tt occupies the site of an old prison, and is built after the 
plan recommended by Mr. Howard, with solitary eells, &e. "The 
architect was George Moneypenny, who, unfortunately, was doom- 
ed to be one of the first prisoners for debt. In the front elevation 
‘are sculptured, in bold relief, the Cap of Liberty, the Roman 
fasces and pileus encircled by heavy chuins: beneath which, ia 
large letters, the name of the architect. 
The Town Gaol isa commodious stone building, designed by 
Mt. Johiniog, amative of this town, and executed by Mr. Firmadge. 
1 taking down the old gaol, in 1792, for the purpose of etecting 
present, the labourers discovered the remains of the chapel of 
St.John; which was supposed to have been destroyed during the eon- 
tests between Henry the Second and his son, A regular semicir 
‘solararch of stone, with ornaments of chevron work, was taken from 
these ruins, aud preserved by Mr.'Throsby, the industrious historian 
ofthe town: who had also fragments of a Roman column, several 
Pieces of Roman pottery, many coins, and other relics of antiquity. 
- The Free Grammar School, according to Leland and Carte; 
was founded by Thomas Wigston, who was a prebendary of the 
‘collegiate church, ‘where his remains were interred, This school 
was considerably augmented and new-estublished in 1573, in the 
1s filleenth 





360 LEICESTERSHIRES 

fiteenth of Blizabeth, when a new school-house was erécted, 
Several other public schools are established in the town, among 
which is one called the Green Coat School, for 35 boys, who ara 
instructed in the common routine of education, and cloathed in 
green coats, with red collars. St. Mary's School-howse was built 
by public subseription, in 1785, and is founded for 45. boys and 
85 girls, who are provided with cloaths and education, The 
building is contiguous to St. Mary's church, and. cost 6001, for 
execting. St. Martin's School is intended for the poor children of 
Abat parish, and its school house is a handsome building, which 
cast 9501, At the southern extremity of the town is a large 
pile of building, called The Infirmary. ‘This useful structure and 
establishment origiuated with Wm. Watts, M.D, and the honse 
was erected in 1771, It is a plain square building, with two 
uniform wings, and is calculated to admit, exclusive of the fever 
ward, fifty four patients, Adjoining the infirmary is an Asylum 


for the reception of indigent lunatics, for the foundation and sups - 


port of which, Mrs. Topp left a legacy of 10001., and Mri. Ann 
Wigley bequeathed 200]. for the same benevolent purpose. In 
an open square called the market-place is a plain building, known 
by the name of the Exchange, where the town magistrates ‘hold 

their weekly meetings, and transact public business. rr 
The Hotel, an handsome modern building, #an erected ftom the 
designs of Mr. Johnson, architect, and was originally intended 
for a coffee-house, tavern, &c. but is now appropriated to assem= 
bly rooms and a library. ‘The ball room is fitted up inan elegant 
manner, having a coved ceiling, enriched with three paintings im 
circular compartments, representing Aurora, Urania, and Night» 
these are from the pencil of Mr. Reinagle, who bas also decos 
rated the walls with painted representations of dancing nymphs. 
Eight beautiful lustres, besides branches for lights, combine tq 
ornament the room. Adjoining this, is a couvenient and commo- 
dious Theatre, which was also built by Mr. Johnson, and is at pres 
sent under the management of Mr. Macready, who belongs to 
the greater theatres of Birmiegham and Manchester, Inthe class 
of 


LEICESTERSHIRE, 361 


of places devoted to the recreation and comfort of the inhabitants 
of Leicester, may be noticed the New Walk, which oecupies a 
space of thret-quarters of a mile in length, by twenty: feet in 
width: ‘Phe ground! was given hy the corporation, and the ex+ 
pense of laying’ it out, planting, &e, was defrayed by 9 public 
subscription. It extends in a south-east direction from the town, 
and from differebt stations, many pleasing views are obtained of, 
the town, the meadows, and the surrounding country, 
~vAmong the curiosities of the town, the Old Wooden Bedstead, 
stid to have belonged to king Richard, and ov which he slept, pr 
raher reclined, the night preceding the memorable Battle of 
Bowworth®, must not be unnoticed, ‘This ancient relic was fors 
anerly preserved ata publichouse called the Blue Boor, afterwards 
hanged to the Blue Bell fin, an old timber building, having 
its Wpper stories overhanging the basement. Antiquaries have 
spoken of this bedstead as belonging to the king, rather than to 
~~ the master of the honse; ahd this opinion lias been thought 
favoured, by the circumstance of a large sum in gold coins, partly 
of Richard's reign, accidently discovered in its double bottom. 
‘The bedstead is of oak, highly ornamented with carved work, and , 
is Row in the possession of Thomas Babington, Esq. M.P, ‘There 
semis but little reason to suppose thata royal General, while at= 
tending the march of his army, should. unnecessarily encrease his 
baggage by so cumbrous a piece of furniture, or that s sovereign, 
guarded by nearly all the military force of the nation, should find 
it Expedient to hide his gold like a private unprotected person, 
‘The bedstead, therefore, it may safely be inferred, belonged not 
too monarch, but to the master of a good inn; and the money was 
Secreted ih it by some person anxious to secure his property from 
‘ei dumgerertiredtenct by times of civil distraction }." 


= Vou, IX: Aa ‘The 
oi ante! 
“EP Some account of this will be piven dnim subsequent part of thet pecsent 
.. “a 


+ Walk throng Leicester, ps 32. Views of the bedstead and house are 


Given in Nichols's History, &c, of Leicestershire. 


362 LBICESTERSHIRE. 
__ The principal, and almost onlyarticle of marufactmre in Leicester, 
'sthatof Stockings,which has been an established and staple coumo~ 
dity here for above two centuries. |“ It has diffused with a boun- 
tiful band amongst the inhabitants, riches and population. In this 
branch of commerce, Leicester has no competitor of consequence 
but Nottingham. These places together form one grand machine; 
whose movement, at this time (1792), is smooth and rapid, and. 
furnishing employment for 20,000 people*.” These consist of 
the various persons respectively belonging to the hosiers, stocking- 
makers, wool-combers, dyers, frame-smiths, comb-makers, winders, 
sizers, seamers, spinners, hobbiners, sinker-makers, stocking-needle~ 
makers, Kc, &e. In Leicester there were, according to Mr. 
Throsby’s statement, “ upwards of seventy manufacturers, called 
hosiers, who, it is computed, employ 3000 frames; i. e. including 
the wrought goods they individually purchase.” About 6000 
persons, Mr, T. conjectures, are directly or indirectly employed 
at Leicester in some branch of “ this great business.” A few 
historical particulars respecting this useful manufacture, it is pre- 
sumed, will neither be irrelevant nor uninteresting, The first 
machine, by which stockings were made, is said to have been in- 
vented by the Rey, W. Lee, of Calverton, Nottinghamshire, in the 
year 1590. This was exhibited before Queen Elizabeth, but as 
neither the bigotted queen, nor any of her subjects, thought proper 
to patronize and encourage the invention, Mr, Lee carried it to 
France, and was on the eve of establishing himself and bis manu- 
factory at Rouen, under a grant from the French king, when the 
latter was murdered. This frustrated Mr, Lee’s plans, who, dying 
soon afterwards in Paris, some of his workmen returned to Eng- 
land, and settled in this county. In the year 1680 there was 
only one stocking-maker in Leicester, who, taking two or more ap- 
ptentices, thus disseminated the secrets of bis trade, and laid the 
foundation of a business which bas proved highly beneficial to 
the tradesman and to the community, Deering, in bis History of 
Nottinghar, 


* Throsby’s History, &c. of Leicester, p. 401, 


LEICRSTRRSHIRE. 363° 


Nottingham,’ states, that the first pair of worsted: knit stockings 
was made by Wm. Rider, a Loudon apprentice, in the year 1564, 
and was presented by him to the earl of Pembroke. Prior tothis 
period it was wy for the kings and nobility to wear eloth~ 
ose ‘Heury the Righth always wore cloth hose, exeept by: 
chance’ a pair of silk stockings was brought over from Spain, 
where silk abounded, His son, Edward the Sixth, was presented 
with a pair of Spanish long silk stockings, by his merchant, Sir 
‘Thomas Gresham, and this present was then taken much notice of. 
Hence it appears that the invention of knitting stockings originated 
in Spain; but some contend that it was first used by William 
Rider. Howell relates*, that queen Elizabeth, ia the third year 
of her reign, 1561, was presented with a pair of black silk knit 
stockings’; by her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague, and after that time 
she'never wore cloth hose again. The process of weaving stock~ 
ings was not much ased till the middle and latter end of the sevens 
teenth century. In the year 1640, a stocking-frame was intro= 
duced, aud employed at Hinckley, in this county, where the busi+ 
ness las been ever since carried on by some of the family of Iliffe, 
who introduced it. At the time the frames were first employed in 
Leicester, they encountered much opposition, for the knitters, like 
the shearmen, &&c. among the woollen manufacturers, feared that 
‘machinery ‘would deprive them of the means of livelihood. ‘The 
first weavers were therefore obliged to set their frames up in 
cellars, and other secret places: nor was this precaution adopted 
without very cogent reasons; for Mr. Throsby records, that * the 
manufacturers of stockings in Leicester, and the villages adjacent, 
hearing some unfavourable reports respecting 2 stocking-frame 
which had been made by an ingenious mechanic, assembled on 
. Monday, March 15th, 1773, for the purpose of destroying its it 
Being supposed so to expedite their business, that it might occasion 
Aa? numbers 





— * History of the World, Vol, IL. p. 222. 


‘t This name appears to have been first given to such coverings for the legs, 
‘=es were knit, to distinguish it from the hose, and hosen, made of cloth, 


364 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

numbers of them to be unemployed, But although the report 
was groundless, they dared even to force themselves into the 
*Change, where it had been lodged by order of the mayor, took it 
thence, and carried it in triumph round the town*." Even go late 
as November 1787, the common people were not reconciled to 
machinery, for a mob assembled on the 30th of that month, to 
destroy a spinning machine, and baving searched many, houses 
without finding it, they broke into. Mr. Wetstone’s house in. the 
Pre NNR abdomen ad 
&e, 

"This town tnd its vicinity, with Nottinglence: and tel nedghbotie: 
hood, are the principal places in England for the manufacture of 
stockings; and the latter is most noted for silk and the finer sort 
of goods, whilst the former is chiefly devoted to the coarser 
articles, of which a very large quantity is annually made, ‘The 
trade at present is very flourishing, and in the “Walk through 
Leicester,” it is stated “ that 15,000 dozen per week," of stock- 
ings are made on an average. ‘ 

Sa NER ET 
ancient fonts +. 

(dasa sicunties thie sere) hiniebsalahe Maerua, 
was Dr. Richagp Farmer, who was born in 1735, and dis 
tinguished hitnself by his masterly “Essay on the Learning of 
Shakespeare.” This point bad previously exeited much disputa- 
tion among theatrical crities, but the doctor’s arguments. very satis- 
factorily decided the question, Besides the above essay, he only 
published a few miscellaneous papers and poems, and collected 
some materials towards the history of his native town and county, 
whieh he gave to Mr. Nichols, for the use of his comprehensive 
topographical work, Dr. Farmer died in 1797, 

MOUNTSORELL, 


* Throshy’s History, &c. p, 167. 
+ Engraved in Nichols's History. 


‘ LEIOESTERSHIRE. 363 


eeeetaenrns niet ee ean cite © : 

“1 2) 9 | MOUNTSORELE, © we of omy 

menmate io Ma Sh — 

Crean. -» 1 sored 

Se iraaeaicigelntoun-viinigran tnalasy veh deine 
‘ler to Derby, at the distance of seven miles from the former. The 
name of this town presentsa very oir! compound of three words, one 
‘of which becomes tautological: Dfount-Soer-Hlill, i. e.a place dis- 
tinguished by @ Mount or ‘Hill on the banks.of the Soar... The 
natural features of this place are singularly romantic. Immedia- 
tely on the western side of the town, is the termination of a ridge 
of high hills, which extend hence, through the midst of Cham- 
wood forest, into Derbyshire, &¢. ‘The extremity -here is loily 
and steep, presenting a variegated face of grass and rock; and the 
highest point, almost overhanging the town, is called Castée-hill, 
where was formerly a fortress, which Mr. Nichols: conjectures 
was buill by Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester. It is mentioned. as 
early as the reign of king Stephen, when amicable articles of agree- 
ment were made and signed between Ranulph de Gernoniis, Earl 
‘of Chester (great nephew of the founder), and Robert Boss, Earl 
of Leicester, who was ut that time one of the king’s foremost cham- 
-pions. ‘This agreement speeifies that each of these noblemen bad 
large possessions, joining together at this place ; and assigns the 
castle of Mountsorel, to’ the Earl of Leicester and his heirs, on 
_ eondition that: Ranulph and his family should be received in ia 
» friendly way within the borough, bailiwick, and castle, whenever 
"they chose; This curious document is printed in Nichols's History 
of Leicestershire, Vol, I. p. 26. ‘The castle continued in the 
-of Robert Bossu till 1167, and then devolved to his 

son Robert Blanchmains, who, rebelling against Heary the Second, 
‘was dispossessed of this, and his other castles, &c, At the great 

_ eouncil beld in Northampton, 1175, he was restored to the royal 

favour, and bad all bis other possessions returned ; but the king 
retained thisas his own, and different governors were appointed to 
hold it, in that and some succeeding reigns, Saer de Queney was 

Aas invested 














966 LEICESTERSHIRE. : 

invested with its gorernment by king John, in 1215, and he oecu- 
pied it with a strong garrison, not for his own monarch, but for 
‘Lewis the French king, whom the barons bad invited to their as- 


opposed and 
‘cobquered, by # party of royalists from Nottingham <astle. "The* 
‘castle of Mountsorell, however, was not subdued, and Henry the 
‘Third commanded the garrison of Nottingham to besiege and de- 
‘molish it. This was attempted without success, The French 
‘party and burons were afterwards conquered, and this castle was 
‘possessed by kinig Henry the Third, whoappointed Remulph Blon- 
deville, Earl of Chester, its governor. Tt was now razed to the 
‘ground, “as a nest of the Devil, and 3 deo of thieves aud robbers, 
‘anid was never again repaired *” sor at er 
. Edward the First, ia 1292, granted to Nicholas de Segrave, sen. 
‘and his beirs, a weekly market, and a yearly fair, for eight days: 
‘also liberty of free-warren, in all their demesne lands of Overton, 
Segrave, Sileby, and Dithesworth, in this county. In 1781 an 
‘act of parliament was obtained, for * dividing, allotting, and in- 
‘closing, within the manor, lordship, and liberties of Mountsorell, 
prt whereof lies in the parish of Rothley, and the other part in 
‘the parish of Barrow upon Soar, several open fields and common- 
‘able grounds, containing about 300 aeres, and a certain common- 
able place called Mountsorrel Hills.” In this act, Sir Jobn 
‘Danvers, Bert. is described as lord of the manor of Mountsorell, 
also as impropriutor of all the tythes of corn, grain, and hay, and 
all the great and rectorial tythes arising’ from the said fields and 
‘commonable grounds. The town is in the two parishes of Barrow- 


tythes, im the ground which was then to be incloseds) 
'  Mount-sorel-hill, is 2 rock of reddish granite, with pieces — 
whereof the streets are paved. ‘They are commonly called @har- 
js ley-forest 
< lked 
* Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol, IIL, p. 86. 





LEICESTERSHIRE. 367 


Icy-forest stones, and in many places stand out bare, and are of 
such hardness, after being exposed to the air, as to resist all tools, 
Such pieces as can be got from under the ground, are broken with 
a sledge, and used in buildings, in the shape in which they are 
broken. Many houses are built with them, and make a very sin- 
gular appearance. They are often imperfect cones; and being 
too hard to be cut or broken, the smoothest face is laid outermost 
in beds of theexcellent lime of Barrow, These stones, from their 
uncommon hardness, are coveted for painter's mullets*,” 4 

_ Atthe end of Barn-Lane, which separates the parishes of Roth- 
Jey and Barrow, formerly stood a curious cross. It consisted 
of a slender shaft of eight sides, fluted, and ornamented within the 
iutes, with carved heads, quatrefoils, &e. The upper part of the 
shaft was terminated with a crocketed pediment and niches, sup- 
ported by carved figures of angels, and at the base were “rude 
figures with wings.” This litle relic of monastic antiquity was 
taken down in 1793, and removed into the grounds belonging to 
‘Sir John Danvers, Bart. who caused a small market house, iv imi- 
tation of a pavilion, to be erected jin its place. 

» Tn ‘this town, says Burton, were formerly two, chapels; but 
it hasmow only one, which belongs to, and is subordinate to the 
church of Barrow. Here are also three meeting-houses belonging 
to Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists. In 1800 the town 
‘contained 231 houses, and 1233 inhabitants. 

 Gonnected with this town, and about two miles to the north 
of it, but in the hundred of East Goscote, is 

oe 
» Barrow-vron-Soar, called in ancient writings, Baro, 
 Baroo, Barhoo, Barwe, &e. This is a large and pleasant Village, 
‘containing 231 houses, and 1090 inhabitants, ‘The parish is within 
the deanery of Akeley, and. includes the townships of Barrow, 
Quorndyn,. Woodliouse, and part of the town of Mountsorell. 
_ The place appears to have taken its name from an ancient'Tumulus, 
fom Aas or 


* Bray's “ Sketch of a Tour into Derbyshire,” &c. 





‘or Bartow, and the addition is to distingnish it from another 
village of that name, on the Treat, not many miles distant. In 

the time of Edward the Confessor, this extemsi 
to Earl Harold ; afierwards to Hugh Lupas, who held it immes 
diately under the king, In the reign of king Stephen, Ralph de 
Gernoniis gave the church here, with the chapel of Quorndon, 
and one carucate of his demesne lands, to the abbot)and con+ 
vent of St. Mary de Pratis, at Leicester, ad proprios uss. In an 
act passed'1766, for dividing the several open fields, »within this 
lordship or liberty, Francis Earl of Huntingdon is described) as 
Jord of the manor, andthe master, fellows, &c. of St.) John's 
College, Cambridge, as patrons of the vicarage. ‘These, with the 
vicar, and other proptietors, ate allotted certain parts, tythesd&ce. 
of the lands which are specified in the said act, wherein the Earl 
of Huntingdon is styled lord of the manor, in right of Erdington 
Maner, which now belongs to the Earl of Moire. “The 
greater part of the lordship, however, belongs to gentlemen fare 
mers, wha occupy it themselves; not-only for the profits of 
husbandry, but there are several who get up and burn large 
quantities of lime, which brings them no small profit*."” Im this 
village is an hospita?, founded by the Rev. Dr. Humphrey 
Babington, vice-master' of Trinity: College, Cambridge, for-six 
poor men, sagral owt os 
Dr. Witttam Bevertnek was a native of this place, and 
baptized here, February 1ith, 1636-7. After passing through 
different church preferments, he was consecrated bishop of St. 
Asaph, in 1704, but did not enjoy bis episcopal dignity above four 
years, as he died in March; 1707-8; in the cloisters of Westminster 
Abbey, and was interred in St, Paul's Cathedral, « where he has 
no memorial, He was author of many learned pieces, and had 2 
peculiar felicity in composing sermons;” one of which, * on'the 
use and excellency of the Common Prayer,” is in much repute 
with the clergy. His books he directed to be placed in St, Paul’s 
Cathedral, 


© Nichole’s History of Leicestershire, Vol. IHL. ip. 69. 





LEICHSTRRSHIRE. 969 


Cathedral, asa foundation of a library for the use of the 
clergy. His writings, mostly on the subject of religion, are nu- 
_ merous, and have been spoken of im varied terms of praise by 
‘different critics. In the Biographia Britannica, Vol. Tl. many of 
_ these criticisms are collected, with a copious memoir of him*, 
Barrow has for many centuries been famed for a hard blue Stone, 
which, being calcined, makes a very fine L1Me, and thata hard, 
 firm,,and much esteemed cement. ‘This is in particular request 
for water works, for making dams, flood gates, &c. and is export- 
etl to Holland, and, other places, in large quantities. ‘The stone 
Ties in thin strata; the first uuder the surface is of a yellowislt 
‘colour, :and below this are several others of a blue colours The 
latter strata. are about six inches thick, and two feet asunder. 
Both sorts are dug out, piled up in the form of a cone, and burnt. 
| Mr, Marshall observes, “ it is an interesting fact, that the stone 
_ from whieh the Barrow lime is burnt, is in colour, texture, antl 
_ quality of component parts, the same as the clay-stone of Glouces- 
- ershire, from which the strong lime of that district is burnt ; and 
_ what is still more remarkable, it is found in similar situations, and 
deposited in thin strata, divided by thicker seams, of calcareous 
clay, in the very same manner in which the clay-stone of Glouces- 
-tershive is found, One hundred grains of the stone contain eighty 
six grains of ‘calcareous matter ; affording fourteen grains of an 
impalpable tenacious silt, which seems to be possessed of some 
singular properties, forming a subject well entitled to future en- 
quiry, One hundred grains of the e/ay, contain forty-six grains of 
calcareous inatter, leaving fifty four grains of residuum, a fine clay. 
Hence this earth, which at present lies an encambrance in the 
‘quarries, is richer in calcarosity, than the chy marl of the fleg- 
hundreds of Norfolk, with which very valuable improvements are 
giade, In the Vale of Belvoir, is a similar stone, situated ina 
similar manner, co apa Ameer ann evan or 
tastes jibrina! ane AO OF 
Adetiwee) Ves 
7 See also Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. ITT, p. 80, fc. 


od + Rural Economy of the Midland Counties. 


‘370 _  LEICESTERSHIRE- 
A tec ule a teens wt Eagle ta 
colishire. Mr. Arthur Young, in his * Annals of Agriculture,” 
remarks, that the Barrow-lime, with ull its reputation, can never 
come into general use, from the central situation of the place, &e. 
but, as the river Soar is made navigable through this parish, and 
communicates directly with the Trent, and thence to Liverpool, 
Hull, and other sea-ports, the lime-stone may now be :readity 
and cheaply conveyed to all parts of the kingdom. At the time of 
making Ramsgate-pier, the Barrow-lime stone was conveyed to 
that place, and there burnt and made into mortar, by a Barrow 
mason, The cement was employed and found to succeed, after 
the Dateh terras mortar had failed. Among the natural curiosi- 
ties of the place, may be specified the Jethyolithi, or fossil fish ; 
and Cornu Ammonis. Besides which, various sorts of sea shells, 
fossil plants, &c. are often found. ‘The fish are mostly in the 
‘lime-stone, and the shells are bedded in a gritty kind of calcareous 
stone. Petrified fishes, either entire, or in pieces, are common in 
‘various parts of the globe, and are usually found in argillaceous, 
‘or schistose bodies. One of the petrifactions found at Barrow, 
has excited much curiosity and controversy among naturalists. 
Tt was preserved in the Museum at Cambridge, with Dr. Wood- 
ward's fossils, and is a plain and bold representation of a flat ish, 
about twelve inches long. Mr. Jones, in his “ Philosophical 
Disquisitions,” 4to. 1761, concludes one of his sections, after 
describing several good specimens of fossil bodies, by suying, that 
our own country hath lately afforded what I apprehend to be 
the greatest curiosity of the sort that ever appeared. It is the en- 
tire figure of a bream; more than 2 foot in length, and of a pro- 
portionable depth, with the scales, fins, and gills, fairly projecting 
from the surface, like « sculpture in relieve, and with all the linea~ 
ments, even to the most minute fibres of the tail, so complete, that 
‘the like was never seen before.” ee 
» Mr. Crabbe, in his communications to Mr. Nichols, says, that 
« the species of this fish cannot be accurately told ;” and Dr. 
Pulteney also declares, that “ this figure cannot well be referred 
to 


ay “a 








“LEICESTERSHIRE. ‘ST. 


to the sen-bream ; its outline has more resemblance to a flat fish.” 
"Representations of this, still doubtful, petrifaction, with other 
ws and accounts of it, also views of several other fossils 
at Barrow, are given in Mr. Nichols's volume, fines 
bosigeaend 


BRE Ciiaaspertaavecning yas Guarte paseo 
-rondon, &c. is large Village, belonging to the parish of Barrow, 
seated on the great road, at the distance of two miles and a half 
south of Loughborough. | ‘The ground’ about ‘here is: hilly and 
srocky, and abounds with a great variety of different species of 
sakes: A chantry was founded here in 1528, by Sir John 
-Hemelyn, who endowed it with lands at Wymondham, in this 
“county; und it is said that a small priory was established here, for 
‘in 1352 William de Ros died seised of the moiety of one knight's 

~ fee, in Houly, which the prior of Quorndon held. Another 
“chantry was founded here in 1379. | Tn this place: is the ancient 
seat of the Farnhkams, who derive themselves from Sir Robert de 
Parnham, a compauion of the conqueror. Many of this.family 
-were interred in Quorndon church, where are some long inscriptions 
‘to their respective memories. In 1762 an act of parliament was 
obtained for inclosing the common fields of Quorndon, computed 
“to contain 1620 acres or thereabouts, and Francis, Earl of Hun- 
tingdon, is described as Jord of the manor. Here are some good 
‘houses, among which is one called QuoRNDON Hatt, lately the 
seat of Hugo Meynell, Esq. the celebrated sportsman, who made 
“many improvements to the house and grounds. Mr, Nichols says, 
there are some good pictures at Quorndon-hall.” 


4 
J LOUGHBOROUGH, 

- AccorDING to its size and population, may be called the 
second town in the county. Leland says, “ The towne of Lugh- 
* borow is yn largeness and good building next to Leyrcester, of all 

the markette tounes yn the shire, and hath in it a 4 faire strates, 
or 


- ee 
. 


s72 LEICESTERSHIRE, 

or mo, well pavids The paroch chirche is faire, Chapelles or 
chirches beside, ya the towne, be none, The bole toune is builded. 
of tymbre, At the southest end of the chirch isa faire house of 
tymbre, wher ons king Henry VII. did lye*,” Loughborough 
consists of one parish, to which belong the two hamlets of 
Wooil-thorpe and Kuight-thome, both about a mile distant; each 
having ils proper officers, and maintaining its own poor, Great 
part of the town is the property of the Earl of Moira, to whom it 
tak Seams tieibate, She lane Rent of Hating tow: Jo geet 
‘ithas been since the time of queen Mary. 

An Act was passed in 1759, for inclosing. veveral open fiekds, 
within the lordship, township, or liberty of Loughborough, where 
the last mentioned nobleman was acknowledged. to be lord of the 
manor, and the masters, fellows, fer. of Emad sCoteges Game 
bridge, as patrons of the rectory. 

From a list, returned by the constables of this parisl, in 1770, 
itappeared, that Loughborough then contained 43 licenced inns 
and ale-houses ; and in 1783 there were above 50 licenced houses. 
Tn the place of an old cross is a modern market-house, or what 
is called the Butter and Hea Cross, which was erected in 1742, 
and is supported by cight round brick pillars, _ At the upper end. 
of the market place stands a ruinous brick edifice, called The 
Court Chamber, where is anuvally held the lord's leet. The 
building appears to bave been erected in 1688, It is sometimes 
‘appropriated to a ball-room, and to a theatre, The chief manu- 
factures carried on at present are, hosiery, wool-combing, and 
frame work knitting, The Loughborough-caoal bas proved very 
serviceable to this town, and a valuable concera to the original 
proprictors ; as 951. a year dividend has been paid on a share of 
3251. and one of these shares has sold for 18001, 

In the year 1557 this town was twiested by a peculiar discase, 
calledia the Parish Register “‘ The Swat,alius New-Acquaintance, 
Stoupe, Kuave, and Know thy Master,” ‘This disorder carried 

aor 
* Leland, Vol. I. p. 20. 


: ' 
LEICESTERSHIRE: 373 

‘off nineteen persons in six days, and was called, by Dr. Freind, a 
pestilent contageous fever of one day, Between Midsummer 
2555, and Midsummer 1559, there died of the plagne and 
other diseases, 295 persons. In 1566 the assizes were held at 
‘this town, in consequence of the plague being then at Leicester. 

“This fatal disorder prevailed here at different subsequent periods, 
and carried off several persons; in the year 1609, not less than 
500 of the inhabitants died. 
| Inthe chureh yard isa free-grammar school, which was endowed 
with the rents arising from certaiu lands, &e. left by Thomas Bur- 
ton, for the maintenance of a chantry within the church, Here 
‘is also a charity school, for eighty boys and twenty girls. 
~ ‘Phe chureh is a large pile of building, consisting of a nave, side 
ailes, chancel, transept, and tower. ‘The latter is handsome, and 
was built by subscription, towards the eud of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, Here are four dissenting meeting-houses; one for the Pres- 
byterians, another for Baptists, a third for the followers of Westley, 
and a fourth for Quakers. In 1800 the town contained 981 
houses, and 4546 inhabitants. 


ne ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH, 


__ EN ancient writings called Ascebi and Esseby, is a small market 
town, situated near the north western extremity of this county and 
hundred. The parish is very extensive, and includes the hamlets 
of Blackfordby and Boothorpe, also the extra parochial lordship 
of Alton-Grange. The manor and principal part of the lordship 
belong to the Earl of Moira. The town consists chiefly of one 
,and was formerly almost environed by the three parks, dis- 

“tinguished by the names of Prestop, the Great, and the Little. 
original name of this place was simply Ashby ; but aequir- 
addition ofde-la-Zouch, to distinguish it from other Ashby's, 
af who married an heiress, who possessed the 
‘manor ‘in the time of Henry the ‘Third, In the year 1461 the 

manor devolved to the crown, and was then granted, énter alia, to 
. Sir 


Le 


376 LEICESTERSHIRE, 


Sir William Hastings, Knight, who was particularly favoured by 
Ee anal and was a bk We. 


ae powered gnc ft eben pd Solin 
times, may be estimated by the following statement of Dr. Fi 


; Kernellare, to pinnacle; imbat 
turretare, to make holes ot lanps ia walls; mashecolare, t 
device over a gate, or other passage, like to a grate, 





‘or house of atrengtls, without special leave of the king," 
3 








LEICESTERSHIRE. | 375 
a. ‘That which he built at Ashby, was of great 


Nichots peeled III. p, 609. 








376 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
aile is an instrament of punishment for the disordérly; called “a 
fihger pillory,” which Mr. Nichols describes as a ** singular: eu- 
riosity.” _1t consists of two upright posts, supporting an horizontal 
beam in two parts, opening with a hinge, the lower part containing 
een Amongst the 
sepulchral monuments, those of the Huntingdon family are most 
eonspicuous. ‘The memory of Francis, second Earl of Hunting- 
don, who died in 1561, and Katherine his wife, is preserved by a 
large and costly altar tomb, with their recumbent statues on it, 
and the effigies of their children round it. Here is also a mural 
mopument for Theophilus, the seventh earl, who died in 1702; 
and another for Theophilus, the ninth earl, who died in 1746, 
His countess, Selina, died in 1791, and was interred here. ‘This 
lady is well known for ber piety and philanthropy, and for the 
sate gee petronnatint opmmeroce, chapel Hipage aaa 
dom called after her name. 

“ This town,” says Burton, ‘inthe itive ace of thane 
ornament of our times, the right reverend Father in God, Joseru 
HALL, now Bishop of Exeter.” “ Few, if any, of the fathers of 
gur church,” observes Mr. Nichols, “ have left behind them suelt 
illustrious memorials of learning, piety, and unwearied industry in 
the cause of truth, The innocence of his life, the fervour of his 
charity, the variety and importance of his theological writings, have, 
been so many irresistable claims on posterity to preserve him from 
the oblivion into which most of his cotemporaries bave fallen.” 
He was bom, according to his own statement, “ July 1, 1574, at 
Prestop Park, within the parish of Ashby, of Lonest and well 
allowed parentage.” After obtaining and passing through ‘severul 
different church preferments, he was translated from the bishop- 
rick of Exeter’ to that of Norwich, where he died in September, 
1656, in the eighty-third year of his age. His literary works are 
copious, and occupy, exctusive of his satires, five volumes in folio: 
and quarto, He was styled the Christian Seneca, from his senten- 
tous manner of writing, and was jusily celebrated for his piety, 

wit, learning, and extensive knowledge of mankind. 

Four 





-LEICESTERSHIRE, 7 
. Four fairs are vow annually held at Asliby, also a statute for 
hiring servants, and a weekly market, which is plentifully supplied, 
‘The place is well watered with springs; and on the adjoining wolds 
are several lurge stagnant pools. “ Ashby-de-la-Zoueh contains, by 
‘estimation, about 11,200 acres; and 195 liouses pay the window, 
or commutation tax, The inhabitants are shop-keepers, ian- 
keepers, manufacturers of woollen and cotton stockings, and hats, 
farmers and Inbourers, Here is one of Lady Huntingdon’s 
‘Chapels, one Methodist Chapel, and one Presbyterian Chapel, 
A Latin Free-vchool was founded ia this town in 1567, by 
Henry Earl of Huntingdon, and others, “ for instructing youth 
in good manners, learning, knowledge, and virtue.” Another 
free-school was founded here in 1669 by Isaac Dawson; and 
others, for instructing twenty-six boys in the usual branches of 
school knowledge. In 1800 Ashby contained 621 houses, and 
2674 inbabitants, 


_ Bgxron, in old writings styled Beleton and Belinton, is a 
pleasant village, seated in a past of the county distinguished for 
its pictaresque scenery. The church is large, with a neat plain 
tower and spire, and within the former is « curious old monument, 
with a recumbent statue of a female, representing the Lady Roesig 
rs galntaamaliaaheed 


emi niaceiiatrts: ‘This religious house was beauy 
tifully situated in a retired and secluded spot, near (he centre of 
‘Charnwood forest, at the distance of six miles from the towns 
of Loughborough and Ashby-de-la-Zouch; and was founded by the 
above named lady, between the years 1236 and 1242, for nuns of 
the order of St. Austin. The whole of Gracedieu was a park, 
and is still so denominated. ‘The outer wall of the garden, which 
is now remaining, formerly included a space of about two acres, 
As one of the smaller monasteries, this was included in the suppres+ 
sion which took place in the year 1536; but, with thirty others, 
‘was allowed, by licence from the king, to continue some time 

Vou. IX. Bb longer, 


‘s78 “LRICESTERSHINE, 
“ooger. It finally surrendered in 1539, when there were fourteen 
“nuns, 2 prioress, and a subj-prioress, ‘The site Of tie priory, with 
‘the demesne lands, were granted in the same year lo Sir Humph- 
‘rey Foster, Knight, by the service of a fourth part of one knight's 
fee, and the rent of 50s. a year. “This geritleniun “immediately 
‘conveyed the whole to John- Beaumont, Esq. to whom a’ very 
curious inventory* of the “ household-stuffe, corne, eatell, orna- 
‘ments of the church, ‘and such other lyke,” in the priory, ‘was 
made out. Among them is the following entry, respeeting the 
number ‘and prices of * cattell.”” * Item—twelve Oxon, fOl.; 
eight kyne and bullet, 66s. 8d.; twenty-four bests it thie forest, 
} seven calves, 15s. ; six horses, 66s. 5d. ; swyute, 
siya at 26s. 8d.: sum of the whole, 251.158." In the elureh 
were, “ Fyrst, one table of wode; over the hygh alter certain 
‘mages, two laten candlestyks, one lamp of latex ; certain oulde 
formes in our lady chappell, certain ould images, one particion of 
tymber, one Jampe, and ould formes in the munnes quere, one 
-rote, certeen images, and the muines stalls; inthe belhdwse one 
cloke, certein ould images, ould stoles of woode, ‘one ould chest, 
one ould holy water stole of brasce, and the rose, glasse) ierom, 
ssa tnarhoncrtlipeebanf peter onc 
‘as sould for 151.” Howe elt Indes 2 
Francis Beaumont, the cold ei nse 
name is generally associated with that of Fletcher, his literary 
coaidjutor, was a nitive of Gracedied, where he wis bors id 1586. 
‘Whilst Beaumont was remarkable for the accuricy of hits jada? 
ment, Fletcher was distinguished for his energy and fertility’ of 
imagination; thus, what the one created, was, by the other; 
«formed and. fashioned,” with so mich discrimination and effect, 
a8 tot only to prove extremely popular ot the’ time, but entitted 
to admiration and praise of the present fastiduous age, © These 
co-authors produced fifty-three plays, the greater parts of whicl: 
Fc baanee geen pint sale says Mr. EL Briplgeé, 
i ei 


ved? > yew ‘ led poenta war 


Lidia sss ees ef Leta 


LAICRSTERSHTRR.S 379 
who unites the vivid fancy of the poet with the: more substantial 
judgment of the antiquary and biogmpher, “that great injustice” 
has generally been done to Beaumont, by the supposition that his 
merit was principally confined to lopping the ‘redundancies of 
Fletcher. Indeed, the judicious authors of tlie Biogruphia Dra- 
matica are not guilty of this fault ; for they siy, «Iti probable 
that the forming the plots, and contriving the conduct of the fabley 
the writing of more serious and pathetic parts, wud loppivg the re= 
dandant branches of Fletcher's wit, whose luxuriance we are told 
frequently stood in need of castigation, might be in general Beau- 
mont’s portion of the work.’ This is to afford him very Ihigh 
praise; and the following authorilies induce me to believe it just, 
Sir John Birkenhead, in his verses on Fletcher, has the following 
Hines, which prove al least his opinion, that Beaomont waht 
employed than in lopping !uxuriances :” 

HP a Seme thick your wits of two complealon’y frantay | 
‘That one the Sock, th’ other the Buskin claim'd; 
__ ‘That, should the stage ombatile all ifs force, a 
©) Fletchor would lead the foot; Beanmont the horse 5 
But you were both for both, not scmi-wits ; ve 
Bach piece is wholly two, yet never splits.” ‘ | 


Beaumont died at the very prime and vigour of life, in the year 
1615, | before he had attained bis thirtieth year, and was buried at 
the entrance of St. Benedict's Chapel, in, Westminster Abbey 
Church. A volume of his Poetical Essays, with a little Dramatic 
Piece, was published in 1683, in octavo. See a portrait of hin, 
with many particulars respecting his writings, &e, in ai 
ualataey of Lespyicpag Vol. II. p. ge &e. 


Burvox, a considerable village ou the verge a ‘this poset 
and county, is seated at the buse of a high lime-stone rock, on the 
Summit of which the church stands, prously elevated above the 

im country, and commands very extensive views. The 
‘parish is large, and includes the hamlets of Staunton-Harold and 
Worthington, Breedon Brand, Wilston, part of Cole-Orton Manor, 

¢ Bb2 ; a third 


ase LEICESTERSHIRE. 
a third part of Launt, and a part of the village of Diseworth. An 
aet was obtained in 1759, for inclosing the open and common 
fields of this manor, amounting to 1536 acres, and Harry, Earl of 
Stamford, is described as lord of the manor, patron of the vicarage, 
and proprietor of the principal linds. ‘The manor is still belong~ 
ing to the Earl of Stamford, who is also proprietor of the valuable 
aad ¢xtensive lime-works here. “ Whoever,” observes Dr. Dar 
win*, ‘ will inspect with the eye of a philosopher, the Lime» 
mountain at Bredou, on the edye of Leicestershire, will not hesitate 
@ moment in pronouneing that it bas been forcibly elevated by 
some power beneath it; for it is of a conical form, with the apex 
cut off; aud the strata, which compose the central parts of it, and 
whieh are found nearly horizontal in the plain, are raised almost 
perpendicularly, and placed upon their edges, while those on each 
side decline like the surface of the bill; so that this moyntain may, 
well be represented by a bur made by forcing a bodkin through 
several parallel sheets of paper.” 

‘The time produced from this rock is of a singular quality, and 
is occasionally used as manure on the adjoining Jands,-to the 
amount of five or six quarters per acre. If more than this quan- 
bity be laid on, the farmers consider that it will poisom (he land. 
Here are six or seven kilus generally kept burning, and the quarries 
are between thirly and forty feet high, each presenting a cliff of 
heterogeneous rock, whence the stone is obtained by blasting, 
This stone is very brittle, and when broken, is laid on the kilns, in 
layers of about half a yard thick, between each of which layers is 
another of coals, five or six inches thick. ‘The latter are obtained 
in abundance within three miles of the kilus, and very strong fires 
ure donstantly kept up. Each kiln burns, on an average, four loads 
a day. 

At Bredon was formerly a Priory, or rathera Cell, of Augustine 
Canons, subordinate to the priery of St, Oswald, at Nostell, ia 
Yorkshire, The present church belonged to the cell, till the dis- 

solution, 


* Philosophical Transactions, Vol, LXXY. p. 4 


= LEICESTERSUIRE. ss! 


solution, when it was'sold by Henry VII. to Francis Shirley, Esq. 
as a burial-place for himself and his successors. This gentleman 
afterwards granted it to the parishioners. ‘The porch is decorated 
with several small fragments of ancient sculpture, probably taken 
from the older church; and within the building are some fine 
monuments to the Shirley fumily. 


SrauNnToN-HAROLD, an extensive lordship, is the seat of the 
Shirley fomily, and is now occupied by Robert Shirley, Earl 
Ferrers. The name of this place is evidently derived from the 
natural character of the spot—Stone-ton, or town, and the adjunct 
of Harold from the name of an ancient lord. After the Norman 
conquest, Staunton was given to Henry de Ferraris; and came 
into the Shirley family by the marriage of Margaret, sole heir af 
John and Joan de Staunton, with Ralph Shirley, Esq. in the year 
1423. ‘This family, says Burton, is of great antiquity, and 
descends from ‘an ancient Saxon line, long before the conquest.” 
“Of the opulence and dignity, as well as the antiquity of this noble 
family, a copious account may be seen in three distinet MS his- 
tories preserved in the British Museum ".” 

‘The mansion-house at Staunton-Hareld is a large pile, com- 
posed of brick and stone. Its south-eastern, or principal front, is 
ornamented with pilasters and Dorie columns in the centre, sur- 
mounted with a pediment, The interior of this mansion is spacious, 
aud many of the rooms are decorated with pictures, &c. In the 
library, seventy-two fect by cighteen, is a splendid and copious 
pedigree of the Shirley family ; also the complete Works of Con- 
fucius, the Chinese philosopher, in sixteen quarto volumes, Here 
4s also a curious old bugle-horn, formed from an clephant’s toothi, 
and adorned with representations of various field sports, Of the 

Bbs pictures 


* Nichols's History, Vol. IIT. p. 11. p. 704, where are extracts from, and 
descriptions of, these MSS. ; also an account of the chief persons of the 
family, with portraits of Sir Robert Shirley, Baronet, who died 1656; and a 
fall leagth portrait of another Sir Robert Shirley, the celebrated tuaveller in 
Peria, from a picture at Petworth. 


a’ 





38¢ LEICESTERSRIRE. 


pictures only a few can be particularized. Portraits—Sir 
Robert Shirley, by Vaulyck; and bis Lady, by Lely; a small full 
length of King Charles the Second, in his robes, very highly 
finished ; six Ladies, commonly called King Charles's Beauties, by 
Sir Peter Lely. ‘These last seven portraits were given by that 
monarch to Robert Earl Ferrers. In the dining-parlour is one of 
Wright's best pictures, called the Lecture on the Orrery, in which, 
among several portraits, is that of Mr. Burdett, who surveyed 
and published a map of Derbyshire, and was afterwards made 
chief engineer to the Prince of Baden. 

Dead Game, dc. by old Weenix ; and a penta with figures, 
ruins, &c. by Wynants, in his best manner. A large picture of 
the Cracifixion, by Carracei. The Last Judgment, by Rubens, a 
fine and highly-valued picture ; two landscapes, by Berghem; and 
two others, with an encampment and a battle-piece by Wouver- 
mans. A landscape, representing the effect of a storm, by N. 
Poussin. 

The house stands in a fine park of one hundred and fifty acres, 
in which is a large Juke, that covers about thirty acres, and is 
adorned with a handsome stone bridge. Adjoining the house is 
the church, or chapel, consisting of a nave, uiles, chancel, and 
tower. Withinside are some monuments and long inseriptions, 
commemorative of the names, titles, aud characters of several per- 
sons of the Shirley family interred bere. 


- CoLk-ORTON, anciently written Ovretone, is a large parish, 
distinguished for its collieries, and whence it appears to have 
derived the corrupted addition of Cole, or Coal, The country is 
high, and commands very extensive views every way.’ Orton con- 
sists of two townships, called Over-town, or Cole Orton Saucy ; 
and Nether-town, or Overton-Quatermarsh. This place has been 
noted for its coal-mines for many ages; and in the reign of Henry 
the Eighth these «did barn for many years together, and could not 
be quenched until that sulphurous and brimstony matter (whereupon 
it wrought) was utterly exhausted and consumed,” In this village 

? is 





LBICESTERSHIRE.; ase 
is a0 Aospital and school, united in one building, and erected at, 
the expence of the Right Honourable * Thomas Lord Viscount: 
Beaumont of this place.” Some steam engines have been erected 
ere, to drain the mines, and pull up the coals. This village is, 
stated, to,liave contained, in 1800, 237-houses, and 1069 inhiany 
Litants, Sir George Beaunont,, Bart. is now building an elegant 
-— shansion here. 

rere 
_ Distpey is a small village, rendered important in the agricul-: 
Jural annals of (he county avd kingdom, from the successful ex— 
periments and practices of the late Mr, Bakewell, who was a native 
of this place, and who gave dignity and a scientific character to 
the pursuits of the grazier and farmer which were never known or 
acknowledged before his time. As the history and interest of the 
place have arisen from this man, und as bis professional practices 
were at ouce laudable, exemplary, and praiseworthy, u few parti- 
enlars of his life cannot be deemed either irrelevant or unin- 
structive. ‘ ? 
- Ropert BAkEW ELL was bom here in 1726, and having im~ 
bibed a partiality, when a youth, for the pursuits of his father, was 
entrusted, by that respectable yeoman, with the sole management 
of his farm ut an early stage of life, when the generality of young, 
‘men ip his station are almost wholly employed in the rude and. 
boisterous sports of the field, and the less innocent pastimes of a 
comntry village or town, It may be remarked, thal whenever a 
_ man of genius becomes partial to a profession, and is enabled to 
pursue it willout, any accidental or unfortunate obstroctions, he, 
will not ouly acquire fame to himself, bot confer dignity and in- 
terest on the object of his studics. The yelive aud enterprising 
mind will certainly elicit sonue sparks of light, and if these be kine 
dled by fortumte coincidencies, science will he improved, and the 
nation benefitted. Among all the various ant! ownerous pursnite 
of man, that of agriculture is certainly the most useful; for the 
necessaries of life are of the first importance—its lusuries and 
Pleasures but a secondary cousideration, He, therefore, who aug- 
Ments the former, and causes them to be reudered Letter and 
aids i Bb4 cheaper, 


384 LEICRSTERSHIRE. 
cheaper, imay fairly be ranked with the greatest philanthropists 
ahd patriots, It has been repeatedly anil justly remarked, that’ 
there is 110 elass of men, above the very vulgar, more obstinately 
attached to old systems und inveterate prejudices than the husband 
‘and farmers of this country. Among these, therefore, useful 
novelty and innovation became more extraordinary and praise- 
worthy. Before the establishment of the London’ Agricultural’ 
Society, scarcely any experiments in the science of agriculture bad 
béen made, or, if made, were never publicly promulgated. ‘That 


Sify, pein: fly SABornt: tho the cre, MAB a 
jointly co-operated in disseminating useful knowledge, The com- 
sbob-place complaint of reprobating these, as tending to enbanot- 
“the prices of the necessaries of life, and produce superfluity of fat 
in animals, is scarcely entilled to serious refutation, as dogmatic 
and illiterate assertions are unworthy of argument. It may be 
confidently said, that no individual has effected so much towards 
the removal of prejudices from, and establishment of enlightened 
practices in, his profession as Mr. Bakewell, His maxims were: 
founded on the best principles of philosophy, and he fortunately 
exemplified those maxims in most of his experiments and practices. 
His grand principle, in stock-breeding, was that “ like will produce _ 
its like” or, that well made, finely proportioned, and theiving 
animals, will produce others of similar qualities. He also con-— 
tended and proved, that cattle and sheep, when in good condition, — 
did not devour so much food, or cost so much for keep, as poor 
and starving animals. The form of these was also @ point of cone 
sequence in his estimation; and he always chose those with bodies _ 
shaped something like a barrel: i.e. round, large in the middie, 
and tapering towards both ends, ‘Their bones and heads were to 
be very small, and their legs short; ott been eee 
and useful than offal or bone. " 
‘few particulars relative to the life of Mr. Bakewell, and of his 
practices at Dishley, will serve to illustrate these remarks. The 
instructive conversation of his father, combining with the senti- 
ments 


LEICESTERSHIRE.” $85 
ments of Ellis, of Gaddesden, ‘who had published some works om 
farming and cattle, were the first incentives to improvement ex- 
perienced by our rural philosopher, These, however, only pro- 
daced theoretic notions, and excited a désire to visit other count 
ties and places, in order to observe and learn the practices of some 
experienced and foted farmers, He therefore made toars into 
Norfolk, Ireland, Holland, Flanders, &¢. and from carefully and 
rationaily examining the various and different practices of others, 
acquired a large portion of that useful wordly wisdom which con 
tists io knowing what ought to be avoided, and what may be bet 
and most advantageously adopted and persevered in, Nothing 
Gither of great or inferior consequence in rural economies escaped 
his intlefatignble research, Having satisfied himself respecting the 
management of others, after bis father’s death, he employed the 
fall energies of bis mind and knowledge on his own farm at Dish- 
ley. This, according to Mr, Young, ‘* consisted of four hundred 
and forty acres, one htmdred and ten of which were arable, and 
the rest grass. On this he kept sixty horses, four hundred large 
sheep, and one buhitred sind fifty beasts of sll sorts, and yet he 
has generally about fifteen acres of wheat, and twenty-five of spring. 
com ;"the turnips not more than thirty acres, If the degree of 
fatness in which he keeps all these cattle be considéred, and that 
he buys neither straw nor hay, it must at once appear that be keeps 
a larger stock, on w give number of acres, than most men in Eng- 
Innd: the strongest proof of all others of the excellence of his 
husbandry *.” In selecting the above stock, Mr, Bakewell evinced 
‘Ais discriminating judgment; which bite displayed in his 
mode of keeping and fattening them. general treatment of 
live stock, and management of servants, all constituted parts of 
thut system which at once did honour to his htad and heart. At 
Dishley every branch of rural economics was systematized ; und 
persisted in which had proved most successful, and therefore pro- 


* “ Parmer's Tour,” 1774; 80. 


386 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
mised to be most advantageous. Thoayh the vicwsand plans of 
Mr. Bakewell embraced almost every object and office:in the com- 
pass of ugriculture and breeding, yet le appears to have been 
most successful in the rearing and mrauagemeatof Sheep. The 
peculiar sort that originated from his mode of breeding and rear- 
ing, has acquired the ngine of the Dishicy, or New Leicester, 
sheep. Their bodies" are as true barrels es can be seen*; round 
broad backs, and the legs not above six inches long; and a most 
unusual proof of their kindly fattening is, their feeling quite fat, 
just withia their fore legs on the ribs, a point in whieh sheep are, 
xever examined ig commou,”) In making his sheep fat, as in, 
fattening his cattle, he was only, solicitous of augmenting and en- 
tiching the usyful parts of the curcase. He also enured_ his live 
stock to hardihood, and contended. that. his sheep would thrive. 
much better on the mountains of Wales, in lanes, &c. than those 
accustomed to such places... The original breed was the Lincoln~ 
shire; but these were greatly improved and altered. Respecting, 
that destructive and fatal disease called the rot in sheep, Mr, 
Bakewell tried different experiments, and ultimately coveluded 
that it arises wholly from floods. The grass produced from these 
inundations being unnaturally forced and “ flashy,” almost invari~ 
ably causes this disorder in sheep, Irrigation, when discontinued 
before the month of May, does not occasion the grass to produce 
this effect, nor does any contimation of rain. ‘This was repeatedly 
tried by Mr, Bakewell, who also made use of the following plan to 
satisfy himself that his fut sheep should always be killed when sold 
to the butcher, He overflowed a piece of pasture, or meadow, in 
summer, and in the following autumn turned in such sheep #s were 
destined for the butcher, and these invariably were affected with 
the rot. ‘After the middle of May,” says Mr. Young, ‘ water 


5th 70024 oo. soomatly emesis makaiia. Fd 
sated —* Girt 5 fect 10 inches; beight 2 fest 5 inches; his collar broad at 
the car tips, 1 foot 4 inches; breadth over his shoulders 1 foot 114 inches ; 
ditto over his ribs 1 foot 10} inches ; ; ditto his hips t foot 4 imcluss.” 


‘LEICESTERSHIRE. 387 


DEE Ci 008, cere. som einer ie 
“soil.” 

_ After examining the Cottle of different counties, — Me Bakewell 
taienithe S snveaskice: or long-homed breed, as most adapted to 
his system; and many bulls and heifers bred at Dishley have been 
much admired for their beauty, docility, and aptitude to fatten. 
‘In the mode of wintering these he was particularly careful. They 
were all tied up in oper sheds, or houses, from November till the 
end of March, and fed upon straw, turnips, or hay. The lean 
cattle had only the first; and the proprietor never littered any of 
these from a motive of using all the straw as food, The floors on 

“which the beasts stood were paved, raised six or eightinches above 
the yard, and so narrow that the hind legs of the animals reached 
the extreme edge. By this plan the dung generally fell beyonit 
‘the floors, and these were kept dry and clean, Instead of oxen, 
cows were generally used in harness, though horses wete also em- 
ployed; and Mr. Bakewell is said to have been the first person 
who adopted the economical and judicious plan of ploughing with 
two a-breast. While one man was employed with only two horses 
“in turning up the earth on bis farm, many of his neighbouring 
farmers sent a team of four and tive, with a man and boy, to per- 
"form the same work, and in similar soil. In tite breed of Horses 
he was also very scrupulous, and chose the short, thick, black 
“sort, as most advantageous for the harness. Some of his stal- 
lions were let out for very large sums; and one, a famous black 
horse, was made a public exhibition of in the court-yard, at St, 
~ Yames’s. The Dishiley breed of horses originated in that of Flan- 
ders, whence Mr. Bakewell selected the most valuable he could 
"procure, and that at very great prices. “The handsomest horse 
T have ever seen of the Leicestershire breed,” says Mr. Marshall, 
and perhaps the most picturable horse of this kiod ever bred in 
the island, was a stallion of Mr. Bakewell’s, named’ K. He was in 
reality | the! feted war-horse of the German painters, who, in the 
“Tuxurianes 


- * Varmer’s Tour. . i 





LRICESTERSHIRE. 389 
| “Ms. Bakewell, of Dishley, stands fist in this quarter of the 
kingdom as an improver of grass land by watering. Formerly, a 
suite of meadows, lying by the banks of the Soar, received con- 
siderable benefit from the water of the river being judiciously 
spread over them in,the times of the floods, But now, not aly, 
these meadows, but year one bundred acres, I believe, of ligher 
land, lying entirely out of the way of natural floods, are watered 
on this modern principle. Mr, Bakewell, like a man of experience 
in business, before he set about this great work, studied the art 
on the principal scene of practice, the West of England, where he 
spent some days with the ingenious Mr, Boswell, who some years 
ago published a treatise on the subject. The great stroke of 
management in this department of Mr, Bakewell’s practice, whicls 
marks bis genius in strong characters, is that of diverting to his 
purpose a rivulet, or small brook, whose natural channel skirts the. 
farthest boundary of his farm, falling, with a considerable cleseent, 
down a narrow valley, in which its utility, as 2 source of improve- 
ment to land, was confined, This rivulet is therefore turned at 
the highest place that could be commanded, and. carried, in the - 
canal manner, round the point of a swell, which lies between its 
natural bed and the farmery; by the execution of this admirable 
thought, not only commanding the skirts of the bill asa site of im- 
provement by watering, but supplying, by this artificial brook, the 
house and farm offices with water; Gilling from it a drinking pool 
for horses and cattle, and converting it to a multitude of other 
purposes, one of which is too valuable to be passed without dis- 
tinction. Mr. Bakewell, three years ago, was endeavouring to in- 
vent a flat-bottomed boat, or barge, to navigate his turnips from 
the field to the cattle-sheds; but, finding this not easily practi- 
cable, his great aiind struck out, or rather caught, the beautifully 
simple idea of launching the turnips themselves into the water, and 
letting them flout down singly with the current! “ We throw them 
in, and bid them meet us at the Barn Bod!” where he is now 
(October, 1739) contriving a reservoir, or dry ditch, forthem to 
sail into, with a grate at the bottom to let out the water, but re- 

+ taining 


390 LELCRSTERSHINE, 
taining the turnips, which will thére be laid up clean-washed, and 
freight free, asa supply in frosty weather, Mr. Bakewell's iin- 
provements, iu this department of rural afiairs, are not only exten- 
sive, but high; and are’ rendered more striking by “ proof pieces,” 
(a good term for experimental patches) left in each site of improve= 
ment. Mo. Bakewell is, in truth, a master in the art; and Dish- 
ley; at present, a school in which it might be studied with singular 
advantage.” nt oy ap 
© ‘Tough it is evident that Mr, Bakewell, and his plan of breed= 
ing“ and agriculture, were generally entitled to commendation, 
yet the one has had envious rivals, and the other serious oppo- 
nents. Having been pretty copious in explaining his merits, it will 
be no more than’ justice to exhibit some of the arguments em- 
ployed to prove his defects ; for the biographer does not fulfil his 
duty who dwells only on excellencies, and confines himself to the 
flattering terms of panegyrie. As the human mind must ever 
be imperfect, and liable to error, the language of truth ‘should 
deséribe it ds itis, not as wished to be. 
+ Mr. Bakewell’s cattle, selected and reared with immense care 
and’ cost, ‘assumed that stately and beautiful appearance which 
eharmed a whole country, where such a sight was perfectly novel : 
and the cultivators, being admitted in the critical moment of the 
animals’ bite, were equally ready either to be duped or instructed. 
‘The idea was new, and the rationale of it centered in the inven- 
tion ‘and judgment of a single enterprising individaal. It could 
bot be supposed that his purchasers and disciples were first rate 
judges of the true lines of animal proportion, or that they could 
artfully and scientifically combine the ideas of beauty and utility: 
for it is well known, that these are extremely variable and ancer- 
fin among our-cattle-fanciers.” The truth is, a large quantity of 
beautiful and valuable stock was distributed about the country 
from Dishley; and of this there was no small share, the sole 
valtic of whieh cons'sted in a sleek und bulky appearance, con- 
ferred solely by the great care and expense of the breeder, These 
animals having cost the purelasers, or those who hired them, 
: ‘ considerable 





the arts, and iput in practice all ‘the tricks, of jockies fail fore 
dealers: Sham eoutracts and “purchases were taadlé’ at wouilertit 
‘high prices -puffets)were ‘regularly ‘erigiged! 10° Spirit ap “the 
‘buyers at auctions; "and a young’ Tord, or gentleman) (willl tis 
‘pockets well lined, and his senses intoxicated by the fines of in 
piVabeapened dale to be imposed mpon by Nese Lay Bg 
_—gebtry at Newmarket. ‘The pens of itinerant sgriculturists, whose 
knowledge of live stock originated merely in their writing about 
‘it, mow took up the cause, und blazoned forth the transeendent 
‘qualities of the “new Leicesters.”” In consequence of this, the 
‘countty begat to considér these oracular decisions as orthodox: 
Not 'so the Town, "Phe sages of Smithfield, before whom the 
. ‘fattedd animals of afl counties pass'in hebdomadal review, ard who 
try the nietits of all by the netting’ standard /6f the bilance, at- 
hough dhey were coinpelled to: purchase the ‘commioitily, never 
_—-pproved the barrelshape, or the Dishley improveinents./ They 
“paetend) at this hour, that the original breed ‘of Leicester sheep 
was more advantageous, in point of public utility, thi the ew 
one: and tat the Lincols, a branch of the ancient paths of 
Weesivater, iis, Tv 'regpect to Form, superior to ol, “Tliey'do nut 
chen seruple to aster, Alun the! pac tnaainlinttndhink ent 
hs the cultivator, "It is certain that Mr, Bukewell was 
wot enriched, notwithstanding: his unremitting exertions, the ail- 
anirable econbmy of his farins, and the ‘vast sums wliich he ol 
Gained for lis cattle, But this is to be altribited etitirelyto the 
| Renetous style of hospitality whieti he constantly nisintsined wt 
| FA where ery periitine stranger was received and ente = 
tt Lome fained 


‘ 


- & 


S92 LBICESTERSHIEE, 
tained with the most frank and liberal attention, The expanded 
heart of this man demanded more capacious means for the grali- 
fication of its generous desires; and it is evident, from his con- 
duct, that he was ambitious rather of the honour, than the profit 
of his calling *.” 
which all intelligent und inquiring persons were iseated. Every 
thing about the farm was arranged with admirable order, and at 
the same time so calculated as to satisfy curiosity. Even the shew 
of the cattle was conducted with the most pleasing and interesting 
regularity, The sheep were exhibited singly in a small louse, 
adapted to that purpose, having two opposite doors, one for ad~ 
mission, the other for retreat; and the inferior were always in- 
_ troduced first, that the imagination of the inspector might be 
raised by degrees to the utmost pitch at the exhibition of the last 
and finest. 

cama lite Sxeasiog paciicilars be acadexgetll leader 
appreciate the character of Mr. Bakewell, who, after devoting an 
active and industrious life to a laudable profession, which proved 
to him an endless source of pleasure, died, after a tedious illness, 
October 1, 1795, and was buried in Dishley church, He was 
never married. In person he was tall, broad in the chest and 
shoulders, and, in bis general figure, exactly tallying with our 
ideas of the respectable old English yeomav, His manners kad 
a rustic, yet polite and pleasing frankness, which rendered him 
acceptable to all ranks. —- 


BxuauMAnor is the name of an extensive manor, situated in 
a fertile vale, on the eastern side of the forest of Charnwood, in 
the parish of Barrow. This, with a large mansion, belong to William 
Herrick, Esq. whose ancestors have possessed the place from the 
year 1594-5, when it was purchased from the agents of Robert, 
Earl of Essex, by Wi.tiam Hevricke, Esq. of London, who 
im the next year held a court here. This gentleman was born at 
Leicester, _ 
* Annual Necrology,, 1800, 





394 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

WulTE, to the corporation of Leicester. In the year 1605, he 
was knighted at Greenwich, and, afler sustaining many public 
Offices and trusts, died Mureh 2, 1659-3, and was buried in St. 
Manrtin’s church at Leicester *, 

An inventory of glass in the windows of the house at Beaumanor, 
in 1599, shews the prices of windows at that period, and the names 
of some of the apartments: “In the parlour a glasse window, 
10s.—The glass in Mr. Adrian Stock's chamber, 3s.—In my Lady 
Frogmorton’s chamber, the glasses 58,—"The glasse in the nur- 
serye chamber, 2s,—The glasse in the duke’s chamber, 63. 8d.— 
‘The glasse in the great chamber, 1s. 8d.—The glasse im the 
hallate, 5s.—The glasse in the paweing place, Is. 6d." &e. 

Beauman was part of the queen's jointuze in 1621, when the fee- 
farm rent of 341. 14s. 9d. was paid by Sir William Heyricke. In 
1656, it is thus deseribed: This ancient manor-house of Beau- 
smanor standeth, and is seated in the park culled Beaumanor- 
Park, ‘The manor-house is moated round about with a very fair 
and clear moat; and a little distant from the said moat are barns 
and stables, and all other useful offices standing and seated ; about 
which said building is a second moat, and round about this said 
ancient manor-house lieth the said park,” &e. ‘The latter was 
disparked by Sir William Heyrick, aod, in 1690, the greater part 
of the timber trees were cut down. 

‘The park aud scevery of Beaumanor are justly extolled by Mr. 
‘Throsby and Mr. Nichols, for picturesque beauty, combined 
with serenity and sublimity of character. Large timber trees of 
oak, ash, elm, and willow, are stilt abundant; amd many very 
large trunks of the former were cut down some years back, for 
the use of the Navy, measuring twenty-two feet and upwards in 
circumference. In the place of the old manor-house, a new one 
was erected in 1725. In the great ball is « curious chair, cut out 

4 ot 


* Nichols's Hist, of Leicestorshire,Vol. ITT. p. 150, &c. where is aportrait 
of Sir William, and many curious particulars respecting him, and the times 
when he lived. 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 895 
‘of one solid oak tree, which measured thirty-four feet in circum- 
ference. Among several portraits, is one of King James the 
First, and another of liis consort, Queen Anne of Deamark, both 
originals, and presented by the Monarch to Sir William Heyrick. 


At BrapGare are the ruins of an old mansion, which was 
formerly magnificent and spacious. The place was parcel of the 
manor of Groby, and belonged, at an early period, to Hugh 
Grentesmainell, from whom it passed, by marriage, to Robert 
Blanchmains, Earl .of Leicester, and afterwards, by marriage 
again, to Saher de Quency, Earl of Winton. A park was here in 
1247, when Roger de Quency, Earl of Winton, granted permis- 
sion, by written agreement, to Roger de Somery, to “ enter at 
any hour on the forest of him the earl, to chace in it (ad versan- 
dum) with nine bows and six hounds, according to the form of a 
“eyrograph before made, between the aforesaid Roger, Earl of 
Winton, and Hugh de Albaniaco, Earl of Arundel, in the court 
of the Lord the King at Leicester. And if any wild beast, wound- 
ed by any of the aforesaid bows, shall enter the aforesaid park 
by any deer-leap, or otherwise, it shall be lawful for the afore- 
said Roger de Somery, and his heirs, to send one man, or two of 
his, who shall follow the aforesaid wild beast, with the dogs pur- 
‘suing that wild beast, within the aforesaid park, without bow and 
arrows, and may take it on that day whereon it was wounded, 
without hurt of other wild beasts in the aforesaid park abiding; 
‘so that if they be footmen they shall enter by some deer-leap, or 
“hedge; and if they be horsemen, they shall enter by the gate, if 
it shall be open; and otherwise shall not enter before they wind 
‘their horn for the keeper, if he will come*.” 

‘The park, in Leland’s time, was “ vi miles in cumpase,” and 
‘the foundation and walls of ‘a greate gate-house of brike” were 
Jeft unfinished when this tourist visited Bradgate. He also states, 

Cc2 that 


* This agreement is printed at length, in Nichols’s History of Leicester- 


Aire, Vol, IIL. p. 661, 


396 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

that Thomas, the first Marquis of Dorset, erected, and “almost 
finished ij toures of brike in the fronte of the house, us respon- 
dent on eche side to the gate-house®.” ‘The ruins of this vene- 
rable, and once dignified mansion, with the forest scenery around, 
are highly picturesque. A correspondent to Mr. Nichols says, 
that * traces of the tilt-yard are still visible; and the courts are 
now occupied by rabbits, and shaded with chesnut trees and mul~ 
berries.” 

‘Contiguous to the mansion is a chapel, in which is a handsome 
monument for Henny Lonp Garey of Groby, and his lady: 
beneath an arch on the monument is a figure in armour, of the 
nobleman, and another of his wife, and the front and summit are 
decorated with the armorial bearings and quarterings of the fami- 
lies of Grey, Hastings, Valence, Ferrers of Groby, Astley, Wid- 
vile, Bouvile, and Harrington. Lapy Jans Grey, a native 
of this place, was born in 1537. She was the eldest daughter of 
Henry Grey, Marquis of Dorset, and Duke of Suffolk, by Frances, 
eldest daughter of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. ‘The wife 
of the latter was Mary, Queen Dowager to Louis XIL. of France, 
and youngest daughter of Heary the Seventh of England. Jane 
Grey was married to Lord Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke 
of Northumberland. She was prevailed on to accept the British 
crown, but reigned only nine days, when she and her husband 
were imprisoned in the Tower; and soon afterwards both were 
beheaded, by command of Queen Mary, in 1554. Thus she fell 
a sacrifice to the ambition of her relatives, at the early age of 
seventeen; and all authors who have written about her life, or 
times, have indiscriminately portrayed her as a paragon of excel- 
lence and merit. Though it may be deemed irrelevant to the nature 
of this work to investigate and minutely detail such subjects, 
yet a few cursory remarks, it is hoped, will not be extraneous, or 
useless, Lady Jane Grey, afterwards Lady Dudley, according to 
‘her own statement, was treated with great rigour by her parents, 
who employed Roger Ascham and Dr. Aylmer to instruct her im 

the 
* Itinerary, Vol. I, p.19, 21. 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 397 
the usual education of the times; and, in the routine of instruc- 
tion, the Protestant Religion constituted an essential part. Indeed, 
if we estimate her character by her own writings, we shall infer, 
that the scriptures, and religious books, were the chief subjects 
of her study and solicitude, Her tutors, however, panegyrised 
her learning, and the Martyrologists and Protestant advocates (for 
religion then engrossed the minds of men) descanted on her vir~ 
tues, meekness, humility, and “ godliness.” Subsequent writers 
have ofmitted, and repeated, nearly the whole of these enco- 
minis. Bigots and enthusiasts never discriminate, and from such 
writers we are not likely to obtain plain facts and “ unvarnished 
truth!’ If full credit be given to the statement of her tutors, 
Aschain and Aylmer*, she was one of the most extraordinary fe- 
anales that ever lived in this, or any other country. They relate, 
that their pupil, ut the age of sixteen, understood the Greek, 
Latin, French, and Stalian languages, and was also acquainted 
with the Hebrew, Chaldee, und Arabic. It is further asserted, 
that she played on several musical instruments, and sometimes 
accompanied the tunes with her voice: and added to these ac~ 
complishments the advantage of writing a fine hand, and excel- 
Ting in various kinds of needle work. Such transcendant attuin- 
ments seem to exceed the bounds of credibility, and are nearly © 
allied to those monkish romances of saints and martyrs, invented 
by craft, to impose on credulity, The historical interest attach- 
ed to the memory of this lady, and the engaging accounts that 
have been given of her meekness, amiableness, and learning, eom- 
bining with the afflicting and inhuman circumstance of her mur- 
der, all conspire to rouse our feelings, and excite our sympathies 
ia her behalf: but we must not allow these emotions to impose 

Ccs on, 


"Dr. Aylmer, flying from Henry tho Righth, and the court, found an 
asylam at Bradgate, and wfriend and patron in the Marquis of Dorset. “ He 
‘was for some time the only preacher in Leicestershire, where he so effectu- 
ally fixed the Protestant Religion, that neither force nor fraud could blot it 
out.” Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. IU, p. 667, Strype’s Life 


of Aylmer, p. 9. 











LEICESTERSHIRE. 300 

was bequeathed, by Francis, the last Earl of Huntingdon, to _ j 
Francis, Lord Rawdon, now Earl ef Moira. ‘This truly patriotic 
and munificent nobleman has made yery extensive and important 
improvements on the estale, since the al period, and, among 
these, has erected a new miansion, on @ and liberal scale. 
‘This was:raised after the designs of Mr. William Wilkins, of Cam- 
bridge, and is described in the following terms in a recent work. 
“ The prevent house, which has been lately erected by his lord- 
ship, stonds in a plain, formed by the union of three delightful 
vallies, which radiate from: the spot in the direction of east, south, 
and south-west, The situation is, notwithstanding, considerably 
above the general level of the country. The style of the front and 
entrance-hall is Gothic, adapted by a plan suggested by his lord- 
ship, as most fitting to the scenery of the place, The is 
equally convenient for the residence of either a large or small 
family ; perhaps few are better calculated for the purposes of ex- 

cercising the rights of hospitality, in which the noble possessor. | 
vies with his feudal ancestors, ‘The principal rooms, namely, the 
Gothic hall 24 feet square, the dining-room 43 by 24 feet, the 
anti-chamber and the drawing-room 40 by 24 feet, have a southern 
aspect; the library 72 by 26 feet, looks towards the west; and 
the breakfast parlour towards the east. On this side a wing ex- 
tends, in which is the chapel, 58 by 20 feet, and it is 90 situated 
as to screen the offices. The various offices on the ground-floor, 
on the north side, are very little below the common level of the 
ground, although the vaults under the south side are entirely suns, . 
and are appropriated to the butler’s department*.” ‘The house is 
built of stone, and surrounds & court-yard. Many of the apart- 
ments in this elegant mansion are decorated with pictures, several 
of which are interesting, as specimens of art, and as portraits of 
illustrious characters, Among the latter are Portraits of King 
Edward the Fourth. —George, Duke of Clarence, his brother, an 

Ces half | 


* New Vitruvius Britannicus, Vol. IL. See two good Views of the House 
Jo Nichols's Leicestershire, -| 


400 LEICESTERSHIBE. 
half length, in mail armour—Cardinal Pole, Anno. 15357. 7Bt. 
87-—Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, 1514. 2.64, by Hol- 
bein.—Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester-—Jane Shore-—Jaque- 
tine, Dutchess of Hainault, who was warried to Humphry, Duke 
of Gloucester, 1. Henry VI. 1425. This is described by Mr. 
Nichols 2s a curious and remarkable portrait in several respects. 
—Francis, second Earl of Huntingdon, Kaight of the Garter, 
three quarters.—Henry, third Earl of Huntingdon, Knight of 
the Garter, half length—Henry, fifth Earl of Huntingdon, in 
his coronation robes, by Vansomer, 1614. Et. 28.—Theophilus, 
seventh Eerl of Huntingdon, by Sir Godfrey Koeller, half length. 
eee eighth Earl of Huntingdon, by Sir Godley Kneller, 
half length.—Theophilus, ninth Eorl of Huntingdon, by Le Bell, 
f whole length.—Francis, tenth and last Earl of Huntingdon, by 
Soldi, half length—Henry Hastings, second Lord Lough= 
borough, by Cornelius Jansen—Dr. Hareey, by Vandyok. 
\ —Sir Daniel Heinsius, by Mirevelt—Sir Thomas Wyatt.— 
Sir John Chardin —Henry, Lord Loughborough.—Sir Godfrey 
Kneller.—W. Prynne, author of Histriomastix, 1632.—Alexan~ 
der Pope.—Edmund Waller.—Samuel Butler.—Duke of Ber- 
wick, natural son of James the Secoud; a rare and curious Por~ 
trait—The Hon. Robert Boyle, by Sir P. Lely—Dean Swift, 
—George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, temp, of Charles If, by: 
Sie P. Lely.—Algeraon Percy, Earl of Northumberland, by 
Dobson.—Eer? of Derby, temp, of James the First, by Corne- 
Jius Jansen.— Earl of Warwick, temp. of Charles the First, by 
Vandyck.—Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, temp. of Blizax 
beth, by Porbus. Most of these portraits are in the dining-room, 
Besides these, here are some valuable miniature heads, by 
Isaac Oliver, Hoskins, and Cooper. The principal apartments 
are also ornamented with some select cabinet pictures, by old 
masters, As these have never been noticed, 1 believe, in any 
publication, 1 shall give a list of the principal pictures, specifying 

the rooms wherein they hang. 

In the Breaxrast-room, Two Landscapes, by Beschay— 
Dogs and Game, by Fytt.—Apollo and Daphne, by Romanelli, 
Battle 





LEICESTERSHIRE, 408 
—Battle of the Boyne, Old Wycke. A long narrow picture, full 
of bustle, and treated in an interesting manner. The grand and 
truly excellent picture by Mr. West, of the same subject, must 
be very generally known, by the excellent print from it by Hall ; 
and it becomes amusing to compare the picture of the Dutch 
master with that of the English historical painter—Head of 
Cromoell—Two small pictures of the Nativity and Transfigura- 
tion, by Zucearelli—Storm at Sea, by Salvator Rosa ; a large and 
peculiarly fine picture, in which this great master of the art has 
displayed bis unrivalled powers in force and harmony of colouring 
with impressive and horrific effect—Landscape, Seb. Bourdon.— 
Landscape, De Vadder—Two Landscapes, by Van Goyen.—Sea 
Piece, by Senes.—A Hungarian Camp and a Battle Piece, by 
Boudwyns and Bout.—Battle Piece, by Wouvermans.—A Port 
in Holland, by Storck. f 

Lapres Drawinc-noom. Waterfall, by Watteau.—Virgin 
and Child, Pietro Perugino.—Infant Christ asleep, Elisabetta 
Serani.—Water-Mill, Paterre-—Sea Port, Bartolomeo.— Dutch 
Sea Port, Storck.—Christ and the Samaritan Woman, Ludovico 
Caracei.—Holy Family, Palma Vecchio.—Aaron and the Golden 
Calf, Eckhout.—Tico Landscapes, Braeghel.—Two Landscapes, 
Mams.—Sea Port, Occhigli—Tiwo Pictures of Boors, Teniers. 
Two Views in Rome, Studio— Magdalen's Head, and another 
of St. John's, Guido—Venus, Titian.—A Painter drawing a 
noked Woman, Schaleken.— Landscape, a Sketch, Salvator Rosa. 
A Philosopher end a Huekster, two small pictures, Gerhard 
Douw,—Nymphs and Satyrs, Rubens and Brueghel.—Seamen 
Drinking; Adrian Vander Werf.—Sportsmen, Peter Wouver- 
ynans.—Moarriage of St. Catharine, after Corregio.—Tivo Land- 
stapes, by Brueghel—Venus and Satyr, a sketch, Titian — Mater 
Dolorosa, Carlo Dolee,—Landseape, Asselyne.— Peasants, Bam- 
boccio.—Virgin and Child, Vanuechi,—Poetry anit Painting, 
Murillio— Dutch Boors, Ostade.—A Philosopher, Quintin Mat- 
sy8.—Portrait of the Conde-Dugque d'Olvarez, Velasquez.—Sea 
Storm, Tempesta—Lendscape, Gaspar Poussin, in his best style, 

and 





402 LEICESTERSHIRE. 


and another by the same master ; a very early picture.—Finding 
of Moses, Francisco Milt—Two Landscapes, Poelemburgh,— 
Three Pictures, a Frost Piece; a Night Piece, and a Sea Port, 
Grevenbroeck, Here are likewise some curious specimens of 
painted glass, past of which was brought from the id asapa 
Stoke Pogeis, in Buckinghamshire. 

The Park at Donington is celebrated for its tine, old, nage 
oaks, and other forest trees; and the grounds are alternately: 
thrown into bold swells, and sunk into sweeping vallies; thas 
presenting, from nrany stations, scenes of great picturesque beauty 
and interest. Near the northern extremity of the grounds, is a 
precipice called Donington Cliff, a scene much admired for its. 
romantic and wild features. A bold projecting crag, with hang- 
ing woods, and the pellucid waters of the river Trent, constitute 
ascene peculiarly interesting to the landscape painter; and has 
been represented in two large prints, engraved by ee in 
1745, from paintings by T. Smith, 


Diseworrk, a small village, about six miles North-west of 
Loughborough, is the birth-place of Witttam Livy, the 
astrologer, who was born in May, 1602, and who died June, 
1681, This gentleman was one of those “ blind buzzards,” as 
Gataker calls him, who first deceive themselves, by am assumption 
of supernatural powers, and then impose on others, equally silly, 
by pretending to foretel human events, and to develope the sacred 
and inscrutable dispensations of Omnipotence, — Lilly was for 
many years in the humble capacity of a footboy, but his diligence, 
sanctity, or something else, recommended him to his mistress, a 
widow with a fortune of 10001. ‘This fendered him at ease and 
independant. He now pursued his favorite study of astrology, 
and, according to bis own acknowledgement, made so rapid a 
progress in the art, that it seemed supernatural inspiration, He 
declares, in his account of his life, that “he prayed for several 
weeks to those angels who were thought and believed by wise 
men toieach and instruct in all the several liberal sciences. These 

angels 


LEICESTERSHINE. 4035 
angels very rarely speak to any operator or master; and when 
they do speak, it is like the Irish, much in. the throat®.” In 
1647, he finished a book which he arrogantly and impiously 
called “ Christian Astrology ;" but this work does not evince the 
possession of angelic inspiration. Perhaps the angels either 
turned a deaf ear to the author's prayers, or dictated in such 
guttural and Irish tones, as not to be understood by him, It is 
evident that he considered judicial astrology as a science; and it 
is equally evident, that he exercised his pen in bebalf of Cromwell 
and the parliament+. Astrological, predictions and’ prophesies 
were well suited to the bigotted phrenzy and folly of those times; 
and Lilly had enough human cunning to know how to adapt 
them to the capacities of the populace. Like all other dealers in 
destiny, he was generally ambiguous and oracular, and amused. 
his disciples with unintelligible hieroglyphics. Many of those, 
says Aubrey, he stole froma Monkish manuscript. These bave 
again been stolen by Francis Moore, the almanack maker, and by 
other makers of the same contemptible pamphlets. Lilly, though 
known to be an imposter, had a pension of 1001. a year granted 
him by the council of state}. Butler characterizes him under the 
name of Sidrophel; and Sir John Birkenhead satirized his alma- 
nack, by calling it “the Art of discovering all that never was, 
and never shall be.” Lilly's almanack maintained as high degree 
of reputation for many years, as the present popular, and almost 
equally silly aunual publication, called “ Vox Stellarum.” “By 
the profit arising from his great practice among the vulgar in the 
profession of eonjurer, prophet, physician, &c. he acquired a sum 
sufficient to enable him to purhase a considerable estate at Walton 
upon Thames, where he died, and was buried in the chancel of 
the church there. A slab was placed over his remains by Elias 
F Ashmole,” 

* Lilly's Life by himself, last edit. p. 88, 
+ When Cromvell was in Scotland, a soldier stood with Lilly's (Mer 
Finas) Anglicus in his hand, and said to the several troops passed by him, 
Lot hear what Lilly saith, you are promised victory, fight it out brave 


boys," and then read that month's prediction.—Life, p. 83. 


$ Thurloc’s State Papers, Vol. V. p. 451. 


404 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

Ashmole*.” A portrait of him is preserved in the Aslimolean 
Museum at Oxford. Besides bis almanack, which was published 
for thirty-six years successively, he printed several other works 
on Astrology, &c. Mr, Nichols gives a list of twenty, 


GARENDON, the seat of Thomas March Phillips, Esq. is 
about four miles north of Loughborough. ‘The present mansion 
occupies the site of an Abbey, which was founded by Robert 
Bossu, the good earl of Leicester, in 1133, for Cistercian, or 
White Monks. This abbey was very liberally endowed and sup- 
ported, as may be inferred from the number of granges attached 
to it, These were at Diskley, Burton, Goddey, Ringlethorpe, 
Sysonby, Aulton, Staunton, Ravenston, and Hoaliwell in the 
county of Leicester; Hampeston and Cortingstock in Notting- 
hamshire, and Heatkcote in the Peak of Derby. 

The church belonging to the abbey was demolished soon after 
the dissolution, and all its furniture and materials sold. Therfels 
lowing are the prices given for some articles: 

“Ttem, 2 Wyndowes glasyd with old glasse in the quyer, 120 
fott—a1l. 0. 0.” 

By the inventory, there appears to have been twelve more 
windows, the glass of which sold at the same rate. There were 
also six altars, or “ Auters,” antl a chapel. 

“ A monument of alabaster, 01. 10s. Od. The pavement of the 
quyer with bryke, 13s, 4d. 

“ A Masse boke and a bell, 1s—An Auter Stone, Is. Od.” 

‘The Lordships of Garendon and Shepeshed were purchased 
in 1683, by Anthrose Phillips, Esq. an eminent counsellor of 
the Middle Temple, for the sum of 28,0001. This gentleman was 
knighted by King James, and was buried at Shepeshed Church, 
where an handsome monument is erected to his memory. Am- 
brose Phillips, a nephew of the above knight, after travelling over 
several parts of the Continent, settled at Garendon, and built in 
the park here an handsome gateway, in imitation of a triumphal 
arch, also a Circular Temple to Venus and an Obelisk. He 

* Nichols’s Hist. of Leicestershire, 111. p. 752. 


LEICESTERSHIRE. A405 
designed the magnificent garden front of the present House, which 
was built by his brother and successor Samuel Phillips, Esq. mer- 
chant; on the death of whose widow it passed to his maternal: 
cousin, the present Mr, —— Phillips. 


Locxtncton Haut, the seat of the Rev, Philip Story, is 
a moder mansion situated near the turnpike road, about two 
miles north-west of Kegworth. Here are several good family 
portraits and some other pictures. The late and present posses- 
sors have greatly improved the scenery of the place. 


KEGWORTH, 


Anciently written Cogeworde, is a town on the great turnpike 
road, six miles north of Loughbourgh, and eleven south of Derby. 
Tn the year 1289, King Edward the first granted to Robert de 
Hausted and Margery his wife, the privilege of a market on 
‘Tuesdays, and two annual fairs, at this place. It appears that 
there were only sixty-eight families in Kegworth in the year 1564, 
and in 1575 a free school was founded here by a decree from 
Queen Elizabeth. About 2000 acres of land were inclosed in 
this parish, in consequence of an Act of parliament passed in 
1778, when two Miss Bainbrigge’s were acknowledged to be ladies 
of the manor; and the master, fellows, &c. of Christ College in 
Cambridge (connected with Frederick Augustus, Earl of Berkeley, 
under certain restrictions), as patrons of the rectory. The 
market at Kegworth is nearly discontinued. In 1800 the town 
contained 262 houses and 1360 inhabitants. 

‘The church is a handsome, light building, with a nave, ailes, 
transeps, chancel, and tower with a spire. Most of the windows 
are large, with two mullions and tracery; and some of them 
have pieces and complete figures of painted glass. On the south 
side of the chancel are-three stone seats or stalls, with the seat on 
one planc, and ornamented with purfied pinnacles, foliated pedi- 
ments, &e, 

At 


* fa 


406 LEICESTERSHIRE. 


At LanGury, “a beautiful sequestered lordship,” was found- 
ed a priory for Benedictine nuus at a very early period, and at 
the dissolution the site and demesne lands were demised to 
Thomas Gray. From a descendant of this gentleman, Langley 
priory, since called LANGLEY Hau, was bought by Richard 
Cheslya, Esq. for 77691. 17s. 6d. aud now belongs to Richard 
Cheslyn, Esq. a descendant of the above. The house is situated 
in a sequestered spot in a low situation, and consists of three 
sides of a quadrangle. Parts of the building appear to be rem- 
nants of the priory, and withinside are many family portraits, 


RoTu.ey is a considerable village on the turnpike road be- 
tween Loughborough and Leicester, and is distant from each of 
those towns about five miles. This place anciently belonged to 
the Knights Templars, who had a temple here, The manor house 
now called Rothley Temple, belongs to Thomas Babington, Esq. 
Lord of the manor. This manor is extensive, and is invested 
with peculiar jurisdiction in ecclesiastical affairs; being free 
from all higher courts, and, as the lord of the manor can 
grant licences of marriage, is exempt from the, jurisdiction 
and visitation of the Bishop of the diocese, “The custom 
of Gavelhind prevails throughout the soke; a sokesman’s widow 
holds all her husband’s real property therein, so long as she con- 
tinues such; and the lord receives an alienation fine for every first 
porchase made by w foreigner, i. e. a non-sokeman, These 
several privileges are holden in virtue of a patent of the land 
heretofore of the Knights Templars, and afterwards of the Knights 
Hospitalers, who originally enjoyed it by special and express 
words conveyed by the patent; whicl, with all its privileges, was 
conveyed to the ancestor of the present owner. The Soke of 
Rothley enjoys moreover the privileges of court-leet, court-barom, 
&e. oyer, terminer, and gaol delivery, independent of the 
county®*.” 

In 1722, a Roman Pavement, with foundations of a floor, 

. walls, 


* Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. IIL p. 935. 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 407 


walls, &c. were discovered near Rothley. ‘The church is a large, 
ancient pile, and in the inside are some curious old moutments ; 
also an ancient low fond. In the church-yard is the shaft of a 
stone cross, the four sides of which are decorated with fanciful 
sculpture of scrolls, tracery, &c. 


At Tuurcaston, a small village about four miles from Lei- 
cester, in EastyGoscote hundred, was born, about the year 1470, 
Hugh Latimer, D.D. This zealous divine was, at the com- 
mencement of his ministerial carcer, an enthusiastic Papist; but 
deserting the doctrines and tenets of the Catholic church, after- 
wards adopted and powerfully enforced the Protestant Religion. 
He was advanced to the See of Worcester, and in 1449 preached 
sermon before King Edward the Sixth, wherein he gives the 
following account of himself, his family, and the value of farms, 
&e, at that period : 

“ My father was a yeoman, and had no lands of his own; only 
he had a farm of three or four pounds by the year at the utter~ 
most, and hereupon he tilled so much as kept half a dozen men. 
He had walk for an hundred sheep; and my mother milked thirty 
Kine, He was able, and did find the king a harness, with himself 
and his horse, while he came to the place that he should receive 
the king’s wages. I can remember, that I buckled bis harness, 
when he went to Blackheath field. He kept me to school, or 
else I had ‘not been able to have preached before the king’s 
majesty now. He married my sisters with five pounds, or twenty 
nobles, a piece; so that he brought them up in godliness and fear 
of God. He kept hospitality for his poor neighbours, and some 
alms he gave to the poor; and all this he did of the said farm; 
where he that now hath it, payeth sixteen pounds by the year or 
‘more, and is not able to do any thing for his prince, for himself, 
‘nor for his children, or give a cup of drink to the poor.” 

At the time Latimer excited popular attention in promoting the 
reformation, Bilney.was equally or more zealous in the same 

cause. These two at length sq far prevoked the rage of the 
$ intolerant 


408 y LEICESTERSHIRE. 

intolerant Catholics, that both were apprehended, and sentenced 

: be burnt as heretics; Bilney at ane oP 
Dr. Ridley at Oxford, 


SuePesHED is a large village, four miles west of re 
borough. By an Act passed in 1777, for dividing and inclosing 
certain lands within this parish, to the extent of about 2000 acres, 
Sir William Gordon, in right of dame Mary Gordon his wife, is 
described as Lord of the manor and patron of the vicarage and 
parish, A very large stocking manufactory is established bere, 
which, exclusive of combers, spinners, &c. is supposed to employ 
400 persons in frame work knitting only, Inthe middle. of the 
village is a stone cross of a single shaft, standing on steps. Here 
are three meeting houses: one for Mr. Wesley's followers, one 
for Anabaptists, and one for Quakers, In 1801 Shepeshed 
contained 485 houses and 2627 inhabitants. In the church are 
some ronuments, with long inscriptions to Sir Ambrose Phillips, 
Kat, and other persons of the same family, 


= hom Oba 
——— 

At Unvescrorr, in Charnwood forest, was.a priory, or, as. 

commonly but improperly called, au Abbey, The church, or 
chapel, is in ruins; and the priory house, which has been altered, 
is now occupied by a farmer, The situation of the house js 
sequestered in a decp valley, by the side of a brook; and the 
combination of ruins, trees, &c, presents various scenes of pic- 
turesque beauty, ae at 


sin 

At WAN LIP, five miles north of Leicester, was found a Reman 
tesselated Pavement, with coins of Constantine, broken Urns, &e. 
Herc is an handsome modern house, called WANtAr Hatt, belong- 
ing to Sir Charles Grave Hudson, Bart. P. R. S. who inherits it 
in right of his first lady. The house, built of brick and stuecoed, is 
situated near the river Soar, and is fitted up, and the pleasure 
grounds laid out, with much taste, Near the mansion is the neat 
village church. Q ‘ 


AST 





410 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
Gaddesby, with Caldwell, Grim- Quenyborow, a viearage. 
stone, Keame, the south eud Radcliffe on the Wreke, a rec 
of Mountsorell, Wartnaby, tory. 
and Wykeham, are chapelries Rakedale, a perpetual curacy; 


belonging to Rothley. including the manor of 
Hoby, a rectory, Wilghes, : 
Humberstone, a vicarage. Sarulby, a rectory; including 


Heangarton, a vicarage; in- the chapelry of Shouldby. 
cluding the hamlets of Ba-  Segrare,a rectory. 
grave and Ingarsby (ii Gar- Sileby, a vicarage. 
tre hundred) and Quenby  Skeffington, a rectory. 
Hall. To this vicarage that Syston, a vicarage. 
of Twyford (including the Thrussington, a vicarage. 
chapelry of Thorpe Sachevile) Tilton, a vicarage; including 


is also united, the hamlets of Halsted, South 
Laund Abbey, extreparochial.’ Markficld, and Whatbo- 
Lodington, a rectory, rough. 


Loscby, » vicarage; including Tugby, a. vicarage; including 
the hamlet of Newton Bur- the hamlets of Keythorpe (in 
det, or Old Newton, Gartre Hundred) and East 

Prestwould, a vicarage; includ- Norton. ‘ 
ing the hamlets of Burton, Waltonon theWoulds, arectory, 
Cotes, and Hoton. Wymeswould, a vicarage.” 


Brooxssy, in ancient writings called Brockesbi and Brokeabi, 
though formerly a village, is now reduced to a gentleman’s house 
and farm, ‘This demesne belonged to the Villiers family for many 
generations, Of this family was Groner Vittrers, Duke of 
Buckingham, who was born here Augyst 28th, 1592, and who 
was memorable in English history for having been the favourite 
ef two kings, &c, He was the youngest son of Sir George Vil- 
liers, by a second wife, Mary, daughter of Anthony Beaumont, 
Esq. of Cole-Orton, in this county. Young Villiers attracted the 
attention and excited the admiration of King James at an early 
period, and proved hiniself one of those supple and insinuating 
courtiers who can condesctnd to flatter the vices, or follies, ofa 

monarch, 


LEICESTERSHIRE, 41 
monarch, of any person of superior fortune, to promote his own’ 
interests. This, Villiers did to an amaying extent, and was pro- 
gressively advanced in dignity froma commoner to a dukedom. 
Sir Henry Wotton quaintly remarks, that favours poured apon 
him “ker main showers, than sprinkling drops or dews.” | Hume 
gives the following character of him, by stating, that he ‘ govern- 
ed, with an uncontrouled sway, both the court and nation; and, 
could James's eyes have been opened, be had now full opportu- 
nity of observing how unfit his favourite was for the high station 
to which he was raised. Some accomplishments of a courtier he 
possessed: of every talent of a minister he was utterly devoid. 
Headlong in his passions, and incapable equally of prudence or of 
dissimolation ; sincere from violence rather than candour ; expen+ 
sive from profusion more than generosity; a warm friend, a fu- 
rious enemy ; but without any choice or discernment in either ; 
with these qualities be had early and quickly mounted to the 
highest rank; and partook at once of the insolence which attends: 
a fortune newly acquired, and the impetuosity which belongs to” 
persons born in high stations, and unacquainted with opposition, 
Among those who had experienced the arrogance of this over+ 
grown favourite, the Prince of Wales himself had not been en- 
tirely spared: and a great coldness, if not an enmity, had, for 
that reason, taken place between them.” Such is the character of 
af eminent statesman, who exercised those passions and powers 
for many years. ‘The House of Commons at length had courage 
to im him, and charged him of having united many offices 
im his own person (a crime that still seems very prevalent); of 
having bought two of them ; of neglecting to guard the seas, in” 
consequence of which several merchant ships had been taken by 
the enemy; of delivering ships to the French king, in order to 
serve against the Hogenots; of being employed in the: sale of 
honours and offices; of accepting extensive grants from the crown ; 
of procuring many titles of honour for his kindred ; and of adminis 
tering physic to the late king, without aequainting his physicians. 
Another charge was, that of extorting 10,0001, eee 

Dd2 


412 LBEICESTERSHIRE. 


dia company, &c. The impeachment never came to a determi_ 
nation; and the validity of the charges are left for the investiga . 
tion and decision of the historian, who being enabled to review 
past events untrammelied by partiality, bribery, or fear, may, with 
tolerable safety, pronounce sentence of condemnation, or acquittal, 
on this public plunderer, as well as on many others, Villiers was at 
length assassinated by Felton in 1628, and interred in Henry the 
Seventh’s chapel at Westminster*. His son, George Villiers, 
Duke of Buckingham, was a distinguished profligate in the licen- 
tious court of King Charles the second ; and, as a consummation 
and just reward of bis vicious career, died a beggart. He was 
author of “The Rehearsal,” and distinguished himself by his wit 
and talents as well as by bis vices. 4 


. COsSINGTON, in some old writings called Cossentone, Cosing- 
ton, Kestyngton, &e. is a large and pleasant village, seated at the . 
confluence of the rivers Wreke and Soar. Here are about forty 
houses, of which that of the rectory is the principal, and this has 
some marks of antiquity, Near this is the church, in the chancel 
of which is a piscina, and three stone seats, 


“Souru Cxoxton, a village about seven miles north-east of 
Leicester, had formerly a very considerable ubbey, which was 
connected with the priory of Old Malton, in Yorkshire; to both 
of these houses Aldulphus de Braci was a liberal benefactor, 


Datay on THE Wouuns, so named to distinguish Ws stan. 
tion on the high open grounds, near the northern edge of the 
county, is a village, whercin is a considerable spring of chalybeate 
water, This, it is said, will rust through a bar of iron an incl in 
diameter, in the course of a year. Old Dalby is extra parochial, _ 





“Avery copious account, both of this nobleman and his 300, gives in 
Nichol's History of Leicestershire; Vol. ITT. pu.t99) Se. + 


"4 See Beauties, Vol. I. p. 307, 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 413 


_and-amenable to no court, A coristable does all the offices of the 
place. Part of the manor here formerly belonged to the Earl of 
Radnor, in right of bis Lady ; and his lordship presented to the 
ccharch of NerueR BroucHTon, ap adjoining rectory, a pat- 
temand chalice of silver, of exquisite taste and design®.” 


AtFrissy, a village, nearly in the middle of this hundred, is 
an ancient Stone Cross, with ornamental mouldings on the shaft, 
standing on three steps: and at a small distance from the town, 
ata place called Frisby Hags, is another shafi, on four circular 
steps, and known by the name of Stamp Cross, ‘ 


QuENBY, or Quenby-Hall, about seven miles north-east of 
Leicester, has been for many generations in the family of Ashby. 
‘Mr. Arthur Young gives the following account of this place, in his 
Eastern Tour: —“ Quenby Hall is an old house; but what is very 
extraordinary, is an admirable structure, being on a very high 
eminence, finely wooded, that commands all the county: it was 
formerly the taste to place their seats in the lowest and most un- 
pleasant situations of a whole estate. Mr. Shukbrugh Ashby, when 
he came to the estate, found the house a mere shell, much out of 
repair, and the offices in ruin, He has, in a few years, brought 
the whole into complete order; fitted up all the rooms in a style 
of great propriety; his furniture rich, and some of it magnificent 
—and his collection of prints an excellent one. His library su- 
perbly filled with the best and most expensive books, in several 
languages. Around the house is a new terrace, whieh commands 
2 great variety of prospect; on one side very extensive, over a dis- 
tant hilly country, and even to the mountains of the Peak. Ow 
‘the other side a beautiful landscape of hanging hills, with scut- 
tered wood, shelving into a winding valley, so-low that you look 

down upon it in a very pictaresque manner; the sides of the bills 
all eut into rich inclosures.” 
Dds Quenby- 


* Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. IIT, p. 256, where is an en- 
(Faved representation of these two articles, 


ou _ LEICESTERSHIRE. 


Quenby-Hall is a substantial, large, commodions, and venera- 
‘ble building, and consists of a centre, with a large lofty ball, and 
‘tivo side wings projecting from each front, The windows are large, 
and divided into several lights by perpendicular and horizontal 
stone mullions, The house and estate now belong to ‘Mrs, 
Latham, relict of the late William Latham, Esq. F.R.S. and 
‘one of the cobeiresses of the before-mentioned Mr. 

Ashby, 


At Launp, Leunde, or Lawnde, a sequestered spot on the 
borders of Rutlandshire, was a Priory, founded in the reign of 
Henry the First, by Richard Basset, and Maud his wife, for black 
canons of the order of St. Augustin. ‘This religious house was 
liberally endowed with several churches, and parcels of land, alll 
which were confirmed to it by Henry the First; also again by his 
successor, and other monarchs. ‘The site of the priory, with the 
manor, buildings, and lands, thereto belonging, were conveyed, 
after the dissolution, to. Thomas Cromwell, whom Fuller quaintly 
calls “ the scout master-general” in the act of dissolving the 
monasteries, ‘This gentleman was created, by Henry the Eighth, 
Earl of Essex, and Lord High Chamberlain of England, and wag 
particularly active in promoting the overthrow of the mooks, In 
advising the king to marry Anne, daughter of the Duke of Cleves, 
and by zealously accelerating that union, he excited the enmity of 
* the lustful, cruel monarch, who, in spite of the artfully hypocri- 
tical letter of Cromwell, ordered him to be beheaded on Tower- 
Hill, the 28th of July, 1540. 

Though Cromwell and his emissaries, (hi camriioagettaes 
very strict in securing the property and effects of the monasteries, 

yet they were often deceived and cheated, by the superior cunning 
is abr, of the monks. This is particularly 
in the case of Laund Priory, as appears from the following letter, 
addressed by Mr. Smyth, owner of a neighbouring lordship, to big 
friend Francis Cave, dated Dec, 22, 1538. 

# My heartie commendacons to you premysed, this is to ad- 

“verti 





LEICESTERSHIRE. 415 


vertise you, that uppon Wenyday last I recevyd your letter; and 
syns the recypt thereof 1 have indevored myself to the best of my 
power according to theifecte therof. And as concerning the 
priory of Lawnd, I have caused too honest persons to viewe the 
demeynes of the same. And wheras the said demeynes, with 
Whatboro felde, were wontand accustemyd to kepe this tyme of the 
ere too thousand sheepe, or very nere, ther be at this daye scant 
fyve hundrede sheepe; of the wyche I suppose the one half of them 
be not the prior’s, And wheras the said prior was accustymed to 
keppe uppon his comynes in Loddyngton feld fyve hundred sheepe, 
there is at this daye not one sheepe, And wheras the said prior 
was accustymed to have uppon his comyns in Frysby feld a flocke 
of sheepe, there is at this day none. And as concerning beyves, all 
fate beyves, except a very fewe for the house, be sold ; and much 
of the stuf of household is conveyed away (wiche sheepe, beyves, 
anna ee was sold and conveyed before the last going of 
the prior to London, and in the tyme of his beyng ther): but 
syns hys comyng home I cannot lerne that he hath mate aweye 
any catall, except certayn of the best milehe kye he hade, and 
one bull, wiche I am informyd he cawsed to be conveyed, the 
first nyght that he came from London, to Loddington, And as 
concernyng the plate, the prior told me that he hade made hit 
away a good whyll agoo, to the intent to have redemyd his howse 
if it wold have been, except the juells, and plate of chirche, 
wiche Tam informyd remayns styll. And as for his horses, he 
told me that he had gyven to dyvers of bys serviunts every of 
them a geldyng, so that I thinke there remayne but a fewe good. 
And as concerning lecis, 1 thyncke there be none Jetten out of the 
demeynes, except hit be tythes, wich I thyncke were grauntyd but 
upon condicons; as 1 suppose the partyes, if they be well ex. 
amyned, will confesse, And as concerning Loddington, T under- 
stand there be dyvers lecis granted of certain clouses and of the 
mylisther, wiche I thinck were lykewyse Ietten but upon condi- 
‘eons, wiche leases were grauutyd before the prior’s going to Lon- 
don ; but, as] am informyd, thei were not all delyvered tyll the 
Dds” prior’s 


416 _ LEICESTERSHIBE. 


prior's comyng whom agayne. Syns the prior’s return from Lon- 
don, T thyncke, ther were no leycis sealed, Notwithstanding 1 
have perfect knowledge that the prior huthe bene sore in hand 
with bis brether, syns his comyng whom, to have @ leace sealyd. 
of all his parchesed land in Alstyd and other townes adjoining for 
on of his kynnesmen; wherunto his brether wyll not agree as yet, 
becawse hit is unresouable as his brether report. This is all that 
T can seye at this tyme; but as I here, so shall I certyfy you. I 
trust I shall lear more agaynst the kyng’s commyssioners com 
yng. As knowethe the Lorde, who. kepe you. From Withcoke, 
the xxii day of December, by your loving brother, Jou 
Smyras.” 

The house and estate at Laund belong to John Finch Simpson,. 
Esq. just nominated sheriff of Leicestershire for the year 1808, who, 
has made considerable alterations in the former, and in the adjoining, 
plantations. The house has gables, with large bay windows, and, 
attached to it isa small chapel. The lordship contains about 1400 
acres, much of which is well wooded; and portions are Jet off to. 
grazing and dairy farms. In this district a large quantity of Stil 
ton cheese is annually made. 

In the chapel at Laund are two distinct vaults, in one of which: 
are deposited the body of Gregory Lord Cromuell, to whose me~ 
mory there is a mural monument, stating, that he died the, 
4th day of Jaly, 1551. The original burial-ground, is. still -_ 
served, planted with trees, as an ornamental shrubbery, and. 

- occasionally used for the interment of tenants of the aves = 
domestics belonging to the manor-house, 


In LopinGTon, a small village adjoining Laund, is Lontne= 
TON Haut, the seat of Campbell Morris, Esq. who inherits it from: 
his father. The house is modern, and seated in a fine part of the 
county. Mr, Nichols describes Lodington, as “.one of the finest 
lordships of old inclosure in Leicestershire, and: contains about 
2000 acres; and a famous wood, called Reddish Wood, In the 
porth-cast comer of the lordship, in a field about a mile from the 

mansion 


LEICESTERSHIRE. wy 
matision house, (called the Conduit Close) is a remarkable build- 
ding, consisting of a stone roof, whieh covers two wells, one a 
squaré, anél''the other round; the water stands about two feet 
deep in cach, and is remarkably clear and pure. Hence the 
water was conveyed to the priory at Laund by leaden pipes, at the 
distance of a mile, through woodlands. Tt is situate about two — 
miles ftom Houback, or Honbank Hill, in Tilton lordship, a place 
where there is supposed to have been a Roman station; several 
entrenchments beiiiy still perfectly visible to the south,” &e.) Part 
of the conduit has been removed. Near the church is a spring, 
the water of which possesses a sfrong petrifying quality. ' 


In the large parish of Prestwould, is PrasrwouLp-Haut, 
the seat of Charles James Packe, Esq. It is a large modern min- 
sion, standing in a fine park, and contains several good family 
portraits, by Vandyck, Sir P. Lely, Sir Godfrey Kneller, and 
Dahl. Among these are the following Portraits: Jane Shore, a 
good picture,” and believed to be an’ original.—The Right Hon. 
Sir Christopher Packe, Lord Mayor of London, 1655; he is re- 
presented in the scarlet gown, black hood, gold chain, &e. of an 
Alderman.—Sir Gervase Clifton, of Clifton, Bart. He had 
seven wives, and died in 1668. Sir James Houblon, Knight, by 
Sir Godfrey Kneller. In the church at Prestwould is a monument 
of alabaster and touch, erected to the memory of Sir William 
Skipwitl, of Cotes, Knight, and Lady Jane, his second wife. He 
died on the Sd of May, 1610. ‘The above named Sir Christopher 
Packe, and several others of the family, were interred here, where 
‘their titles, ages, virtues, cc, are fully set forth in monumental 
inseripti i 

Rape.irre on THE WReExE, isa village seated onthe river 
Wreke, near the place where the ancient foss-road crossed it; and 
within the parish is'a large tumudus, or mound of earth, measur= 
ing ubont 350 feet long by 120 feet broad, and forty feet in 
height. It is called Shipley Hill, and Dr. Stukeley attributes it 
‘to-a’Celti¢ origin, whilst Mr, Carte thinks it was raised as a mo< 

: : nument 


418 LEICHSTERSHIRE. 

pument to the memory of a Danish king. The present Earl 
Ferrers, ina letter to Mr, Nichols, opposes both these conjectures, 
by stating that * the hill is lately proved to be the wontlerful work 
of nature, not of art; and has been produced by some ancom- 
mon surflux of the river Wreke, It was cut open a few years 
past, and found to contain strata of gravel and red marle, evidently 
washed together by some extraordinary vortex of the river, or 
waters making strands round it; which are very perceptible. 
‘There are strata of different sorts of carth ; first soil ; then gravel 5 
marie, red and while ; some little blue marle; mixture of gravel, 
&e, but all evidently appear to have been the work of Providence, 
not of man, This Ail/ is close to the river,” &c, Another cor- 
respondent of Mr, Nichols’s states, that the hill is “about 200 
yards from the river;” and a third says, “ it does not appear likely 
that any part of it ean be washed away, for it is a furlong at least 
from the Wreke.” 


© Such jarring judgments who can reconcile?” 


It will be impossible for me, not having seen the spot; butthe 
arguments of the noble Earl do not appear either conclusive or 
probable. It is very unlikely that any river, like the Wireke, 
should have formed such a hill as that above described: besides, 
its contiguity to the Roman road, shape, dc. are circumstances 
that induce one to view it as artificial, and thence eonelude it to 
be a barrow, or tumulus. Besides, there are other hillocks of a 
similar character, at different places near this Roman way. 


RAKEDALE, anciently called Ragdale, Ragdale on the Wil- 
{ows, is a village on the northern border of the county, near Segs- 
hill and the foss-road, and with the manor of Willoughes, be- 
Jong to Earl Ferrers. These two lordships contain about 1430 
acres of land, the greater part of which is appropriated to the 
grazing system, About 400 acres of this is on the Woulds. On 
this estate is a large mansion, now occupied by a farmer, 
wnder Earl Ferrers. Over the entrance porch, which was built 

about 








» ‘420 LEICRSTERSHIRE, 
Bart, fins whivays bees ultached to the fine urts, and artists. ‘Among 
the paintings ure the following: Moses trampling on the Crowh 
of Pharaoh, by Rembrandt.—Our Saviour esting the Childeedt, 
by Le Seur.—Two Landscapes, on copper, ae eae 
Dovid with Golioh’s Mead, by Ciro Ferri,—A 
of life, by Parmegiuno.—A Landscape, with geese, 
spaniel, &c, by Weenix.—A large picture, 
Four Elements, by Jorduens.—Venus returning ‘rons Funding, 
by Luca Giordano.—A Landscape, by Vander Uden, and ‘the 
figures by Teniers.—The Adoration of the Shepherds, by 
L. Giordano —A Landscape, by Larubert.—A Hare sitting, by 
Denver. Powrraits. The Karl of Holland, by Dobsou— 
Pope Paul the Third, by Titian.—Charles the Second, and Ge- 
neral Moneky vot by Sir Godfrey Kueller.—Head of on Old 
Man, by Vanilyck.—Head of King Charles the First, by Vane 
dyck.—Head of Henry the Bighth, by H. Holbein.—A whole 
length of King Charles the First, by old Stone.—A wholé length 
of James the First, and his Queen, by Vansomer.—King Wile 
linws the Third, by Sir G. Kneller.—Quecn Anne, by Vandyck.— 
A large picture of King Charles the First, his Queen, te Prince 
of Wales, and James Duke of York, by old Stone, after Vandyek. 
According toa record in the family, and the traditions of the 
place, the floor of the drawing-room, measuring 32 fect in 
length by 23 in breadth, was obtained from oue oak tree, which 
also furnished the whole of the wainscoting to the same room, 
‘This tree grew in the neighbouring woods. dae 
‘The church at Skeffington, dedicated to St, ‘Thomas i Becket, 
is built of stone, and consists of a nave, two ailes, and a a chancel. » 
At the end of the north aile is a private chapel for the Skeffington 
family, and in the south wall of the chancel is a curious Piscing. 
In the same place also remains the rood loft, nearly in a perfect 
state. In the eastern window is some painted glass, in which aré 
several figures and mutilated iascriptions ; and in the private cbapel 
aud chancel are several inscriptions to the memories of different 
branches of the Skeffington family, and some handsome monu- 
_meuts, A particular account of the Skeffington pedigrees, with 
some 







4 


LEICESTERSHIRE, 421 


‘some particulars of the principal persons of the family, are detai!- 
ed in Nichols's History, Vol. 11]. p. 449, &c.; also in Shaw's 
History of Staffordshire, Vol, I. p. 365.) 

At this place was born THoMAs SKEFPINGTON, who was 
consecrated Bishop of Bangor in June 1509. He caused a 
window to be made in this church, in which, says Burton, was 


“his picture, arms, and a subscription,” He also made another. 
window in Merevale church in Warwickshire, wherein was the. 


following inscription in old letters, “ Orate pro ‘anima Thome 


Skeflington, episcopi Bangor ;” with his arms, impaling those of. 
‘the See of Bangor. Burton further states, that this Bishop " built 


all the cathedral church at Bangor, from the quire downwards to 
the west end, and the fine tower steeple, which was not fully 
perfected when he died, but after finished by his executors, 
though not to that height he had intended.” Wood relates, that 
Bishop Sketlington became, when young, professed in the monas- 
tery of Cistertians at Merevale; instructed in theological and 
other learning in St. Bernard's college, criginally built for Cister- 
tians in the north suburb of Oxford (being now St. John’s college), 
to which place he bequeathed 201. towards its reparation. He 
was afterwards made Abbot of Waverley, a house of that order in 
Surrey.” He died in 1533, and his heart was interred in the 
cathedral at Bangor, but his body was conveyed to and buried in 
‘the monastery of Beaulieu in Hampshire. 


S¥sTON, one of the most populous villages in the county, is seated 
on the turnpike road between Leicester and Melton, at thedistance 
‘of five miles from the former. The Lordship contains about 
1800 acres, the greater part of which is appropriated to grazing. 
‘The Earl of Stamford is Lord of the manor. In the year 1777, 
the open fields of this village, and those of Barkby, were appoint- 
ed to be inclosed by Act of Parliament; a brook runs on the 
western side of the village, over which a Bridge was erected in 
1797. This was begun and completed in nine days by three 
bricklayers, ‘with their six labourers; and from the rapidity of its 

execution, 


feral LEICESTERSHIRE. 
execution, has since been called “The Nine Days Wonder”” 
‘The quantity of materials used in this bridge, was 25,000 bricks’ 
and 150 tons weight of stone. Within this lordship is an eminence’ 
called Mowde-bush-Hill, on which is a stone inscribed with that 
name, The late Sir John Danvers formerly held a meeti 
Mountsorele, called Mowde-bushi-Court, at which time the 
or Steward of Sir John went to Mowde-bush hill, and cutting 
a piece of turf, carried it to the court. c= 
‘The Parish Register of Syston begins in 1594, and coutains, 
among various other entries, the following ; which are curious, as 
illustrative of the customs, expences, &e. of former times, 
“1597, paid to the armour dresser, 3s. 4d.; also for the town 
sword, 7s. —1599, paid to Peter Pollard, for helping to drive” 
away the Town Bull, that was sold, 1d.—Paid for a Ball, 30s. ;, 
paid for another Bull, 40s. 6d.—1600, paid to Thomas P 
for moving the Bull-looke, 12d—1601, old Julien TRivett, 
widow, bequeathed by will, 12d. upon the church; which was 
bestowed upon painting the church porch and oiliag of the same, 
—1601, spent at Leicester, when we were summoned to appear at 
the court, for that some of the priests bad wrought ou St. Bar- 
tholomew’s day, 12d.—1602, paid to Lord Morden’s , 
because they should not play in the church, 124.—1602, harvest 
late; barley not got in before St. Matthew's day; and on that” 
day no peas nor beans were got in, in Syson.—1603, a pound of 
good hops sold for 2s. 8d.; a strike of malt, 17d. and a strike of 
wheat, 25, 4d.—1606, grinding was so scant, either by water or 
wind, that at the feast of St. Luke, the people came from Hinck- 
ley to Syston to grind their corm.—1609, at Loughborowgh, 500° 
people died of the plague.” ~ 
‘The church is large, with a nave, ailés, chancel, and a square 
tower. A passage to the rood-loft still remains, and!a skreent 
separates the nave from’ the chancel. A Chantry was founded 
here by William Grendel, priest, for one priest to sing mass and 
perform other service, for which he was to receive SL 113. 2d. 
arising out of lands and tenements. In 1534-5, the procurations” 











424 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
Northampton and Rutland attach to its southern and eastern 
borders. This hundred is regularly noticed in Domesday-bpok 
by the names of Gertrev and Geretrev, Nearly in the centre of 
it, isa place called Gartre-Bush, where, till the beginning of the 
last century, were held the county courts; since beld at Tur- 
Langton, The great mail road from London to Leicester, Man- 
chester, &c. now crosses this hundred, vearly in a line from 
South-east to norjli-west, The principal road was formerly more 
to the east, and is supposed to have been in the track of the 
Via Devann, a Roman road which enters this hundred, from 
Colchester, near the village of Bringhurst, and continues in a 
direct line to Rats: or Leicester. Near Medboura are the earth- 
works of an encampment; and between Cranoe and Glooston is 
a large Tomolus on the course of this road. 

‘The townships in Gartre Hundred, with their ecelesiastical dis- 


tinctions, are 


Bagrave, a chapelry belonging 
originally to AKeame, aud 
afterwards to Hungarton. 

Billesdon, avicarage ; including 
Goadby and Roeleston, in 
each of which there is a 
chapel. 

Bishop's Fee (Suburbs of Lei- 
cester.) 

Blaston, a small township with 
two chapels ; the one, a royal 
donative, within the parish of 
Medbourn; the other, a cha- 
pelry to Hallaton, 

Bosworth, Husbands, a rectory. 

Bowden, Great, a perpetual 
curacy; including the vicarage 
of St. Mary in Arden, and 
the chapelry of Market Har- 


borough. 


Bradley, the site of an old 
priory. 

Bringhurst, a vicarage; in- 
cluding the chapelries of 
Drayton and Great Easton; 
with Prestgrace. 

Burrow, a rectory, “ 

Burton Overy, a rectory. 

Carlton Curlew, & rectory; in- 
cluding the chapelry of I~ 
ston. . i 

Cranhoe, a rectory. 

Evington, a vicarage, 

Foxton, a vicarage. 

Galby, a rectory ; including the 
chapelry of Frishy. 

Glen Magna, a vicarage; in+ 
cluding the chapelry of Great 
Stretton. 

Glewston, 





426 LBICESTERSHIRE, 


HARBOROUGH, 


Or Market Harborough, is the chief town in this hundred, 
and is situated near the southern border of the county, where it 
joins Northamptonshire on the northern bank of the river Wel- 
land, It is a respectable well builttown, consisting of one prin- 
pal street, two short streets, and four lanes. Within the last 
twenty years, Harborough has been very materially improved, 
and several new houses have been erected in the vicinage within 
that period, Many of these buildings are, however, included in 
the parishes of Great and Little Bowden, to the former of which 
the town is attached, 

“The latitude of Harborough, deduced from many very 
accurate observations of the altitude of the sun’s centre, made 
in the year 1757 by my late worthy father, Mr. Samuel Rouse, 
a draper in this town, is 52° 29’ north; its longitude is 55” or 
3 40” of time, west of Greenwich. The accuracy of these ob- 
servations have been confirmed by the satisfactory authority of 
the late Rev. William Ludlam, who took much puins nicely to 
ascertain the latitude of St. Martin’s church in Leicester. The 
latitudes and longitudes of places, when settled with accuracy, 
are valuable, as well to the practical astronomer a5 to the 
geographer; and those of Leicester aud Market Harborough 
may be relied on*.” 

In the Testa de Nevill, this place is called both Herberburr 
Buggedon, and Haverberg, and by the latter name it is designated 
in most other ancient writings wherein it is mentioned. Haver, 
Johnson informs us, is a common word in the northern counties 
for oats. This may haye given occasion to the tradition, that it 
owes its rise to the good oats which travellers used to find at an 
inn here (the King’s Head), supposed to be at that time the only 
house in the place. To this tradition Moreton has given some 
authority by observing, that ‘ Market Harborough and some 

‘ other 


* Mr. Rowland Rouse, inwletter to the Royal Society, May 11, 1775. 


© 


LEICESTERSHIRE. a7 
other road towns that are now considerable, took their rise from 
only a single inn.” Another account is; that this town was built by 
an earl of Chester, who resided in Leicester castle, for the con- 
venience of a lodging-place for binself and his retinue, in his 
passage to and from London, But there is reason to believe that 
neither of these traditions have any foundation in trath ; for it is 
certain, that Harborough bas a strong claim to Roman antiquity. 
On the east side of the town are plain tracés of an ancient 
Excampment, which, from its form, may be considered of Roman 
origin. Ata short distance, both east and west, Roman urns and 
other pottery have been discovered; and even in the street, an 
ancient drain was lately found, a few feet below the surface, 
which appeared to be of Roman masonry. ‘The most conspicuous 
remains of the encampment are in an old inclosure called The 
King's Head Close, The house, formerly the King’s Head Inn, 
but now converted into private houses, stands opposite the south- 
east corner of Lord Harborough’s new building. It is said to 
have been the ancient manor-house; and from its vicinity to this 
camp, probably was soz for wherever these camps are discovered, 
the manor-house is generally built in or very near them. This 
eficampment was of a squarish form, and included about six acres 
of ground; but the banks and foss are nearly levelled with the 
adjacent lands. Near this spot was discovered, in the year 1779, 
two sepulchral urns, one of a large size, and the other smaller. 
"Those were formed of clay, very slightly baked. ‘Two other 
smaller urns were afterwards found; and at subsequent times 
various fragments of other urns, with burnt bones, pieces of a 
pattera, &e. have been discovered ; all which prove, that this spot 
‘was once @ considerable cemetery. 

It is rather @ curious circumstance, that Harborough has no 
Band or fields belonging to it; whence originated the local pro- 
Werb, that “A goose will eat ull the grass that grows in Har- 
‘Borough field.” In ecclesiastical affairs, this town is dependant 
<on the parish of Bowden Magna; and its chief religious structure 
Sa only waliapel of ense. ‘This building, however, is large, hand- 

Ee2 some, 


428 LESCESTERSHIRE: 

some, and nearly uniform in its style of architecture. It may be 
fairly ranked with the finest religious edifices in the county ; and 
consists of a nave, two ailes, a chancel, with two tiers of windows, 
two porches, and a tower, with a spire, all measuring 140 feet in 
jength. The latter is octangular, and ornamented with erockets 
at each angle, extending all the way up. Mr. R. Rouse conjee~ 
tures, that this chapel, &e. was built by John of Gaunt, as the 
tradition of the inhabitants, and the various arms found in the 
building, seem to indicate; but Mr. Nichols supposes that it was 
erected by Geffrey le Scrope, “whose arms were repeated on 
the steeple. This chapel is mentioned in an ecelesiastical record. 
Ce ei i tarecatille” al apis cee | 
‘Magna. 

In this town are three meeting houses; for Presbyterians, 
Quakers, and Methodists. Here is a weekly market held on 
Tuesday, and one chartered fair annually; another fair is also: 
established by custom. In the principal street is a large town~ 
hall, and near the church is a charity School, founded by 
Mr. Smith. In the time of Queen Elizabeth, a large manufactory 
of shoes for foreign trade was established here; and at present 
the making of tummies, shalloons, plain and figured lastings, &c, 
afford employment and succour to many poor families of the 
town and neighbourhood. The business in these articles is very 
considerable; and Mr. Nichols observes, that in some years * it is 
computed that 30,0001. has been returned in the article of tammies 
only.” Harborough contains 330 houses, and 1716 inhabitants. 

Harborough appears to have been the head quarters of the 
King's Army, previous to the memorable battle of Naseby, in 
Northamptonshire, which proved so fatal to the royal cause in 
June, 1645, The king was at Lubbenbam, and hearing that 
the parliament's army was beating up in the rear of the royal: 
camp, hastened to Harborough, and called a council of war. Tt 
was then agreed to hazard an engagement the next morning > 
and the royal army formed, it is supposed, upon the bill south 
‘of the town, between Oxendon and Farndov. From this advan——~ 

a 





LEICESTERSHIRE. 429 


tageous position they were drawn by the raskiness of Prince Rupert, 
and hurried on to battle, in which, in a few hours, the king’s 
party was completely routed, Had there been the same caution 
and prudence on the side of the Royalists as with the Parliamen- 
tarians, the issue would most likely have been different; for 
thongh in point of numbers the armies were nearly equal, yet the 
royalists had considerable advantages, if they had prudently and 
skilfully employed them, Instead of which, they made a quick 
mareh of four miles, and attacked the enemy ina lofty, command- 
ing, and advantageous situation, before their own cannon arrived. 
‘The consequence was inevitable, and the infatuated and ill con- 
ducted royal army were nearly all slain and taken prisoners, 
Many of them were conveyed back to Harborough, and confined 
all night in the chapel. ‘The following puritanical letter from 
O, Cromwell to the Speaker, dated from this town, details some 
events of this memorable engagement, 


“ For the Hon, William Lenthall, Speaker of the Commons’ 
House of Parliament. 


“Sin, “ Haverbrowe, June 14, 1645, 

“Being commanded by you to this service, I think myself 
bound to acquaint you with the good hand of God towards you 
and us. We marched yesterday after the king, who went before 
us from Daventry to Haverbrowe, and quartered about six miles 
from him. This day we marched towards him, He drew out 
to meet us. Both armies engaged. We, after three hours fight 
vyery doubtful, at last routed his army; killed and took about 
$000; very many officers, but of what quality we yet know not, 
‘We took also about 200 carriages, all he had, and all his guns, 
being twelve in number; whereof two were demi-culverins, and 
(I think) the rest sakers, We pursued the enemy from three 
miles short of Haverbrowe to nine beyond, even to the sight of 
Leicester, whither the king fled, Sir, this is none other but the 
and of God ; and to him alone belongs the glory, wherein none 


, Ees are 


430 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

are to share with him. The General served you with all. faith- 
fulness and honour; and the best commendation I can give of 
‘him is, that 1 dare say be attributes all to God, and would rather 
‘perish than assume to himself, which is an bovest and a thriving 
‘way: yet as much for bravery must be given him in this action 
as toa man. Honest men served you faithfully in this action. 
‘Sir, they are trusty. T beseech you, in the uame of God, not to 
discourage them. I wish this action may beget thankfulness and 
humility in all that are concerned in it. He that ventures bis life 
for the liberty of his country, I wish he trust God for the liberty 
of his conscience, and you for the liberty he fights for. In this 
be rests, who is your humble servant, ~ 
: . «0. CROMWELL.” 


‘The movements of the king, immediately before this battle, 
are thus recorded by an attendant: 

June 4, 1645, the king, from Leicester, a ee 
night at Sir Richard Halford’s. 

* 5th, Removed to Lubbenbam near Harborough, cod atid 
two nights at Mr. Collins's. 

47th, Went to Daventree, and staid six nights at the Wheat- 
‘sheaf; whence Oxford was relieved from the siege and victualled. — 

13th, Re-marched to Lubbenham, to Mr, Collins, 

14th, An alarm affrighted the king and army at two in the - 
morning to Harborough, the general’s quarters; thence, about 
seven, marched towards Naseby, where the parliament's army 
quartered; rasbly fought with them; were utterly defeated 
through the cowardice of the horse, who fled to the walls of 
Leicester, sixteen miles, aud never fuced nor rallied till there,” 

This defeat was attended with two peculiarly distressing cir- 
cumstances, The King’s cabinet of letters, among which were 
the private ones that passed between him and his Queen, were 
basely published by the insulting foe. And the conquerors, 
fiercely pursuing the routed royal army, killed, besides many men, 
Indies, whose coaches were overturned in their hasty. flight, 

8 pee 


LEICESTERSHIRE, 43) 
particularly in the south part of Farndon-field, within the gate- 
place in the road between Naseby and Farndon. The parliament 
horse galloping along, as Mr. Morton (the author of the Natural 
History of Northamptonshire) was informed by an eye-witness, 
cut and slashed the women, with this sarcasm at every stroke, 
“ Remember Cornwall, you whores!” Sir Ralph Hopton, as they 
scid, having used their women in Cornwall in the like manner. 
In this pursuit, the enemy killed above one hundred women, 
whereof some were the wives of officers of quality. 


At Brapiey, in the parish of Medbourn, a small lordship on 
the south-eastern edge of the county, was a Priory of canons 
regular of the order of St. Austin, founded by Robert Bundy, or 
Burnely, in the reign of King John. ‘The lords Scrope of Bolton, 
styled by Dugdale the second founders, were considerable bene- 
factors to, and afterwards patrons of, this small religious house. 
On the site of the priory is a single house, and near it is a deep 
Well walled round beneath the surface, 18 is called Our Lady's 
Well, 


Burrow, in some old writings called Burg, Erdeburg, 
Erdburrow, &e, is a village situated on an eminence near the 
verge of the county, where it joins Huntingdonshire. This place 
is noted by some antiquaries for its castrametations, on which 
both Leland and Stukeley have descanted. The former says, 
“the place that is now cawllid Borow-Hilles, is duble diched, 
and conteinith within the diche to my estination a iili score acres, 
‘The soile of it bearith very good corne, First | tooke hit for a 
campelof menne of warre; but after I plaine perceived that hit 
‘had beene waullid about with stone, and to be sure, pallid ont 
some stones at the entering of hit, where hath bene a great gate, 
and ther found lyme betwixt the stones. But whither ther hath 
been any mo gates there than one, I am not sare, but I conjeet 
ye Very often bath be founde ther Numisma Romana of gold, 
sylver, and brasse, and fragmentes of al foundations in plowying. 

Ecs This 





‘This stondith in the very hy way betwixt Melton and London. 
To the Borow-hilles every yere on Monday after White-Sonday, 
eum people of the contery ther about, and shote, ronne, wrastel, 
dawnee, and use like other feates of exercyse.” (These rural sports 
continued in vogue till within a few years.) “ Borow village is 
within lesse than half a mile of bit; and there dwellith es 
Borow, the greatest owner there. 

“ Borowshilles be aboute a vii miles from Leyreestre. ‘Peon 
Borow-hilles to launde a vy mile. The soile directo itinere,— 
betwyxt Southripe and laund, is baren of wood, but plentiful of 
eorne and pasture, especially abowt launde quarters. But the 
soile abowte launde is wooddy; and the forest of Ly, of sum 
caullid Lyfeld, joynithe to Iaunde by Este. And the soile of 
Owsen Abbey is also very wooddy”,” A 

ZTieetticen cf crpcld,tobt nas, caroosendsdaeriel gan 
displaying the state of the place when he. visited it, and also as_ 
serving to characterize the customs of the people, and natural 
features of the county, almost three hundred years ago. Camden 
conjectures that the Roman station, called -by Antoninus, Verno- 
metum, was at Burrow: but, by the authority of later antiquaries, 
and particularly on the judgment of the Rev. 'T. Leman, 1 have 
been induced to fix this station on the northern border of the 
county, near Willoughby. Dr. Stukeley describes the hill at Bar~ 
row “a5 a great Roman camp, on the north west tip of a ridge 


~_ 


of hills, and higher than any other part of it, of a most delightful 


and extensive prospect, reaching as far as Lincoln one way, The 
fortification takes in the whole summit of the hill; the high ram-. 
pire is partly composed of vast loose stones, piled up and covered 
with turf, It is of an irregular figure, humouring the form of 
the ground nearly a square, and conformed to the quarters of 
the heavens, its length lies east and west; the narrowest end east 
ward, It is about 800 feet long; and for the most part there is” 
a ditch besides the rampire, ‘To render the ascent still more 
difficult to assailants, the entrance is south-west at a corner from 

a narrow 

* Leland’s Itinerary, Vol. V. p. 93, 94. 


LEICESTERSHIRE: 433 
a narrow ridge. Here two rampires advance inwards, like the 
sides of a gate for greater strength. Within is a rising hill about 
the middle ; and they say that vaults have been found thereabouts. 
Antiquaries talk of a Temple, which may have been there, and in 
the time of the Britons. Several springs rise from under the hill 
on all sides; and I observed the rock thereof is composed of sea- 
shells, They frequently carry away the stones that form the 
rampires, to mend the ronds with. There is another Roman 
castle, southward near Tilton, but not so big as Borough- 
hill.” 

‘Though Leland and Dr. Stukeley speak so decisively of walls 
here, the Rev. George Ashby doubts the existence of any 
masonry having been ever used in this fortification; and Mr. 
John Tailby, in a letter to Mr. Nichols, positively contradicts it by 
observing, that * Burrow Hill is an encampment, in a great mea~ 
sure formed by nature, and shaped by art and labour. The hill 
consists of a loose open-jointed rock of soft reddish stone, covered 
with a shallow soil. In this rock some fossil shells appear, some 
indented, some plain, but most of the cockle kind: one I found, 
when broken, shewed the ligaments, or membranes, which join 
the fish to the shell; this was a small plain one. ‘The joints of 
the rock, at first sight, appear as if formed by art as a wall is, for 
between the joints is a white substance, which adheres to the 
stone, and much resembles lime, or lime-mortar; but is in reality 
no such thing. Insome places the joints are so open, that the 
earth, which is not more than six or eight inches deep above the 
rock, (in some places the stone appears above the soil) is worked 
into the chinks, so as to appear as a cement of dirt-mortar_” 

Ta the church at Burrow isa small piscina, and a curious cireu- 
lar font, ornamented with various tracery, &c, Here is an old 

monument 


* Itinerariam Curiosum, Edit. 1724, p, 102, The castle or encumpment 
here referred to is probably that of Saucey, in the lordship of Withcote, about 
four miles 8. S. E. of Burrow Hill, where the embankment is single, com- 
posed chiefly of a rock of the same nature as Burrow Hill, and interspersed 
with fossils of the same kind. 


438 LEICESTERSHIRE, 
monument to a knight of the family of Stockden, with his effigy 
in armour. ~ 06 ee 
em 
At Car.eron, or Carleton Curlien, so called, to distinguish 
it from East Carleton in Northamptonshire, is an old house, 
named CARLETON CurLieu HALt, the seat of Thamas Pal- 
mer, Esq. who inherits it from his father, the late Sir John Pal- 
mer, Bart. ‘This estate and manor was purchased by Thomas 
Palmer, Esq. in 1597, when it was found, by an inquisition, that 
Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, died seised of the office of 
bailiship (Satliot) of Carleton Curley, held of the queenim eapite, 
by the service of an hundreth part of a knight's fee; and, bya 
subsequent inquisition, September 5, 1607, it was found that 
George Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, died seised of the same 
bailiship; and that it was within the bonour of Leicester, and 
parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster. ‘The lordship now contains 
about 1600 acres of old inelosure, the greater part of whieh is 
disposed im large pasture grounds. ‘The manor house is a curious 
old building, of the style commonly called Queen Elizabeth's 
Gothic. In the front are three projections, with three tiers, or 
stories, of windows, and terminated at top with escaloped pedi- 
ments, like the street front of University College, in Oxford. 
Among some family portraits, there is one of Sir Gegffrey Pal- 
mer, Bart. who was born in 1598, and who was the first Attorney 
General after the restoration. He acquired particular eminence 
in the law, and in early life was one of the select friends of Ed- 
ward Hye, Earl of Clarendon. In 1678 he published a volume, 
entitled “ Les Reports, de Sir Jeffrey Palmer, Chevalier and 
Baronett,” with his portrait, from painting by Sir P. Lely, now 
ih the possession of Mr. Cambridge. + tri 
Jo the church at Carleton Curlieu is an alabaster tomb, with 
the effigies of a man in armour, and his lady; and two inserip- 
tious, in Latin, to the memory of Sir John Bole, who died in 
1621, and Frances his wife, who died in 1629, aged 80, 


SrRerTON 


sae | 


LEIQESTERSHIRE, 435 

_ SpRETTON MAGNA, sometimes called Bishop's Stretton, (from 
Robert Eyrick, Bishop of Chester, who was bora here) isa hame 
let, on the Roman road, whence it derived its name of Stretton, 
or Street-ton. The family of Eyrick was settled here at an early 
period, and held two. yirgates of land (about filty acres) from the 
Abbey of Leicester, on the payment of a pound of pepper to the 
king, as an annual quit rent. A Robert Eyrick, or, as commonly 
called, Robert de Stretton, LL.D, founded and endowed a chan- 
try here. ra 

In this lordship, which is almost ‘surrounded with groves of 
trees, isa good manor house, built by one of the family of the 
Hewetts, who yesided here ‘till the death of the late William 
Tlewett, Esq. in 1766. 'This gentleman was an intimate friend 
of the great Marquis of Granby, with whom be travelled to Italy. 
Qu his return, and settlement at this place, he set a large quantity 
of acorns, and is said to have disposed some of them in the form 
of the colonpade before St, Peter’s at Rome. At Crorton, a hunt- 
ing seat belonging to the Duke of Rutland, is a small portrait of 
him; and bis character is said to be well drawn in one of Smol- 
let’s novels. ‘The hall here now belongs to Sir George Robinson, 
Bart. in right of bis lady, one of the heiresses to the Hewetts, 


_ GUMLEY, a village situated on an eminence, about twelve 
miles from Leicester, is dignified with the seat of Joseph Cradock, 
Esq. M. A. and E.R. S. This isa large modern building, called 
Gumley Hall, and was begun in 1764; since whieh time the fine 
plantations, pleasure grounds, &c. have beew gradwally and pro- 
gressively improving. In the library, which contains an excellent 
collection of books, (for Mr, Cradock is a literary character) are 
several first editions of the classics: Euripides, with Milton’s MS 
notes, mentioned by Dr. Johuson, and more fully by Mr. Jodeell, in 
hig “Illustrations of Euripides.” —A Manilins, with Dr, Bentley's 
MS notes; andthe “Thesaurus” of Gravius and Gronovius, of 
25 large volumes, bound in vellum, large paper, &c. &c, 

Gumley, from time immemorial, has been famous for its fox- 
earths; ~ 


436 LEICESTERSHIEE. 
earths; and here isa noted mineral spring, which has beea men- 
tioned in some very old writings. From the experiments of Mr. 
W. Morris, it appears to resemble, in some degree, the Tunbridge- 
Wells water. This gentleman observes, that “ its lightness and 
ehalybeate properties, at the spring, seem to be equal, if not sus 
perior, to any of our mineral waters in Great Britain” 
- -—_| 


HALLATON, a +0 


A small market town, is situated in a valley at the distance of 
about six miles north-east of Market Harborough. “ It has been 
fancifully called a Hal/-Town,” observes Mr. Nichols, “ but ra- 
ther seems to denote a Hallowed, or Holy-Town.” Leland calls 
it “a pretty townlet."—*" This lordship, from the earliest times, 
was divided into two capital manors, one called Peverels, or En- 
gaine’s, the other Anselin’s, or Bardolf’s; both held of the fee of 
Peverel; and attached to this was a subordinate manor, called 
Hackluit’s, or the Duchy Manor*.” ‘ 
Tn un act of parliament, passed in 1770, for dividingand inclos 
ing the common fields of Hallaton, being by estimation about 3000 
acres, Benjamin Bewicke and Thomas Vowe, Esqrs. are described 
as severally lords of manors within the parish. ‘The town now 
contains 149 houses, and 548 persons, A market, which had been 
Jong discontinued, was revived here in 1767, and the town has the 
Privilege-of two annual fairs. A school was established here in 
1707, by the benefaction of a lady. ce 
Hallaton is distinguished by a singular and ridiculous ancient 
anual custom. A piece of land was bequeathed to the use and 
advantage of the rector, who was then to provide “two hare 
pies, a quantity of ale, and two dozen of penny loaves, to be 
serombled for on Easter Monday atinually.” The land, before 
the inclosures took place, was called Hare crop-leys; and, at the 
time 


* 


* Nichols’s Hist. of Leicestershire, Vol. IL. p. 593. 


LEICESTRRSHIRE. 437 
tinte of dividing the fields, in 1770, a piece was allotted to the 
rector in lieu of the said Leys. The custom is still continued; 
but, instead of hare, the rector provides two large pies, made of 
veal and bacon. ‘These. are divided into parts, and put into » 
sack; and about two gallons of ale, in two wooden bottles, with= 
out handles or strings, are also put into a sack: the penny loaves 
are cut into quarters, and placed ina basket. Thus prepared, 
the men, women, and children, form a procession from the ree~ 
tor’s, and march to a place, called Hare Pie Bonk, about a 
quarter of a mile south of the town. In the course of this journey 
the pieces of bread are occasionally thrown for scrambling; but 
the pies and ale are carried to the grand rustic theatre of conten- 
tion and confusion. ‘This is of old formation, and, though not 
upon so great a scale, or destined for such bloody feats, as the 
Roman amphitheatres, yet consists of a bank, with a small trench 
round it, and a circular hole inthe centre. Into this the pies and 
ale are promiscuously thrown, and every frolicksome, foolish, and 
frantic rustic rushes forward to seize « bit, or bear away a bottle. 
Confusion ensues, and, what began in peurile sport, occasionally 
terminates in that common, but savage custom, 2 boxing-match. 
How much more noble, and praise-worthy, would it be to encou= 
rage and reward some laudable competition, or instructive ema- 
lation; and, instead of sowing the seeds of discord and passionate 
contention, endeavour to-cultivate the benign blessings of peace, 
brotherly love, and social harmony. 

About one mile west of the town is an encampment, called 
Hrallaton Castle Hill. This consists of a circular entrenchment, 
with a lofty conical keep; branching out from which, towards the 
west, is a squarish plot of ground, encompassed with banks and 
ditches. To the north-east is a small square entrenchment, con- 
nected with the outer foss. The keep measures about 118 feet in 
height, by 630 feet in circumference, and the whole occupies 
about two acres of land. About a quarter of a mile south west of 
this is the appearance of the remains of another encampment, 
which assumes a squarish shape, and includes one acre and three 
rods of ground. 

The’ 


458 LEICESTERSHIRE. 


‘The church at Hullaton is a large handsome structore, consist 
ing of a nave, ailes, chancel, and tower with a spire. The ailes 
areas bigh as the nave, and have large windows with mullions, 
and elaborate tracery. At the north-east angle is « sort of tower? 
buttress, ornamented with niches, canopies, and pinnacles. Over 
these are the arms‘of Bardulpl and Engaine, cut or stone shields, 
and the whole is surmounted with an handsome crocketed pinta- 
cle. Round the exterior summit of this aile is a perforated tale 
lustrade, In the north porch is an ancient piece of sculpture, 
which originally formed the impost of a doorway, and. represents 
the patron Saint, Michael, slaying a dragon. In the chancel aré 
three stone seats, gradually rising one ubove another; and in thd 
south aile are three others, of different shaped arches and orma- 
ments, Here is also an ancient font, of square form, with eo. 
Jumns at the angles, baving grotesque heads in the place ~ 
capitals. 


In Drystoks Cuurcw (in Rutland), on the eastern border 
of Gurtre huudred, is a fine alabaster monument, with the effigies 
of aman aod wonmn, The former is represented im plated are 
mour, with sword and dagger, ruffles, beard, and curled hairs at 
his fect is the figure of a lion. Round the edge, fo vebsech fetter 
is the following inscription — 

© Mere Weth the bebieg of Menelne Dighy, Egquier, whieh Mee 
neime beceaged rhe 21 of Aprif, 1590: and of anne Sis Wife, 
‘which Anne deccaped”- 

On the north side of the tomb are statues of “a swaddied 
babe, a woman, a man, in a furred cloak, waisteoat, avd trunk 
hose; another in armour, with a falling cape, double collar, 
gloves in his left hand, his right on a shield; a fleur de lis, and 
ereseent of difference; four females in ruffs, and heads dressed 
like the larger figure, aud another swaddled babe; two women at 
tle head, im the same dress as the others, and) between them 
Digby, impaling, azure, on a chevron, between three roses, slipt 
azure and vert, three fleurs de lis, Cope, in’ a: garter’ inscribed 





LEICESTERSHIRE, 439 
NVL QVE VNG, None but onc*.” This Kenelm Digby was 
Grandson of Sir Everard Digby, of Tilton, and Sheriff of Rut- 
land, 1541, 1549, 1554, 1561, 1567, 1585; and represented 
‘that county in parliament from the first of Edward the Sixth, to 
the fourteenth of Elizabeth inclusive; and great grandfather of the 
famous Sir Kenelm Digby. In this church are other monuments 
and memorials to different persons of the Digby family, 


At HonntnoHonon, a village alittle north-east of Hallaton, 
the church is entitled to the notice of the architectural antiquity. 
Its southern door-way presents a curious specimen of the reab 
Saxon style. From two rudely sculptured capitals spring « semi- 
eircular arch, the face of which is ornamented with a sort of dia 
mond shaped work, and this is encircled with a biilet moulding, 
er band. In the chareh is an old octangular font, supported try 
four round pillars, with a large one in the centre, Horninghold: 
church, with the lordship, was held by Robert de Todenci, im~ 
mediately from the Conqueror: and this Norman lord gave the 
lordship, &c. to the priory of Belvoir, whence it was transferred 
to the Abbey of St. Alban’s. 


Kipworth is situated on the great turnpike road from Lon- 
don to Leicester, at the distance of nine miles from the latter. This 
parish consists of the three hamlets of Kibworth- Beauchamp, Kibe ~ 
worth-Hercourt, and Smecton-Westerby, now considered a5 one 
hamlet though actually two distinet villages. The whole parish ex- 
tends about four miles in length, and. comprehends nearly 4000 
acres of land. In Kibworth-Beauchamp, Walter de Beauchamp 
obtained leave to hold a weekly market, from King Henry the 
Third, in 1221; but this has long been discontinued, 
~ Near the hamlet of Kibworth-Larcourt is an encampment, con- 
sisting of a large mount, encompassed with a single ditch, the 

cireum= 


* Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. I. p. 600, 


4pSbe Beauties of England, ke. Vol. I. p. 328, 329, Vol. IV. p. 496. 


410 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
‘circumference of which, at the bottom, is 122 yards. ‘The height 
of the slope of the mount is 18 yards, and its diameter at top is 
16 yards, About 200 yards from the Meeting-house is a large 
Barrow, raised on elevated ground. At Kibworth is a free 
Grammar School, founded and supported on a liberal planz but 
the Lime of the foundation, and the name of the benefactor, are 
not satisfactorily defined ; whence some litigations bave arisen re= 
specting this establishment: but these being settled by a decree 
from the Court of Chancery, Francis Edwards, Esq. who posses- 
sek cuedorabe prope ie Begs had a new school-house 
erected in 1725. oe 
The church, seated on an eminence, is spacious, and consists 
of a nave, ailes, chancel, two porches, and steeple, The: latter 
is lofty and taper, and measures fifty-three yards in height. On 
the south side of the chancel are three handsome stone seats, and 
a small piscina, ithe palpltincarianny oxenee ae 
of the font, 
; in 
Laneron, aicussiderable diasTit tnichassotibebt part of the 
county, includes about 3000: aeres of land, and comprebends the 
five chapelries and hamlets, of Church-Langton, East-Langton, 
West-Lengton, Thorpe Langton, and Tur-Langton, The three 
former, though distinct manors, may be considered as one 
district; the two latter have separate chapels, but each has an ap- 
propriated aile in the mother church, Cuurcn LanoTon is — 
pleasantly situated o11 an eminenee, at the distance: of nil 
from Harborough, and is particularly marked in the 
nevolence, from the charitable character, &e. of the Inte E 
William Hanbury, who was the rector of this living, and resided 
here for many years, ‘ Amidst the numerous plans,” observes” 
Mr. Nichols, « proposals, and schemes, offered to the public, for 
relieving distress, encouraging merit, promoting virtue, exciting 
industry, and propagating religion, none bas appeared in the pre-— 
sent age more extensive, benevolent, and disinterested, than the — 
charities projectecl, and in some degree established, by the late 
Rev, 


co al 


» ~PEICESTERSHIRE. aa 
Rev, Mr. Hanbury; which justly entitled him: to the thanks, es- 
teen, and patronage, of his contemporaries, and have ensured 
him the yeneration of posterity. These charities, as the public- 
spirited founder informs us, owed their origin to his natural ge- 
ning and inclination for planting and gardening; and the intentions 
of this benevolent Divine were so perfectly pure, that one would 
Ls prereset ge Setmerties ye oe 
vented the slightest censure on the projector,” 

STi elfen nd ogension i a: pvenpeeecoa sie 
and cultivate very extensive plantations: the profits arising from 
which he intended to appropriate to the foundation of several no- 
ble and important charities, When only twenty-six years of age, 
he informs us, he commenced his plan, in first cultivating an ae~ 

ce with gardeners, seedsmen, &e, and thereby acquiring 
the knowledge of the nature, properties, value, &¢, 
of seeds and plants. ‘This not’ satisfying his ardent mind, he 
established a correspondence abroad, and obtained from: North- 
America, and other distant countries, a great variety “of seeds, 
&e. “All the time,” he observes, “ 1 was employed in settling 
this correspondence, I was very busy in preparing the ground for 
the reception of the seeds of all sorts; together with a spot for 
the planting of such trees as were to be headed down, for what 
gardeners call stools, in order for their throwing out fresh shoots 
for layering. ‘Two years closely employed me in the different 
parts of such necessary preparations ; ; and, by the spring of 1753, 
the seminary was completed, by containing a very large quantity 
of almost every sort of sced that could be procured ; besides, a 
large spot of ground was planted over with such trees and shrubs as 
‘are propagated in the viminenous manner.” Soon afterwards Mr. 
Hanbury found his plants increased to such an extent, that he 
wanted additional land to transplant them in, He therefore ap- 
plied for @ small Close, which was part of the glebe, but ia which 
the parish had a right of common after the bay was cléared off 
All the parishioners but two, Mrs. Pickering and Mrs. Byrd, 
eae eater Snort cenerenaitt rises tient Ss 

Vou. IX, 


Ee eae 


442 DEICESTERSHINE. 

two ladies partly consented. Mr. H. funcying himself secure, 
prepared the ground, and planted it in the spring with about 
20,000 young trees, of different sorts: but, either envy, jealousy, 
or some worse passion, operated on the two ladies and some of 
their dependents, and impelled therm to claim their right of eom- 
mon} and, “the moment the harvest was in, their tenants’ cattle 
were turned amongst the young trees, and in a little time destroy- 
‘ed them all, . Neither was this all, I was served, for a trespass, 
with twenty-seven different copies of writs in one day*. Not dis- 
mayed at this,” continues the enthusiastic projector, “ I rallied 
again, and, ina year or two, my nursery at Tur-Langton was plant- 
ed all over, Firm and unshaken, I closely pursued the main point 
in view; and, by the year 1757, my large plantations at Gumleyt 
were all made.” 

By such spirited exertions, Mr. Hanbury bad raised, by the 
year 1758, plantations, the value of which were estimated at 
10,0001. In this year he published proposals for the sale of a 
Jarge quantity of these trees, &c. towards the foundation of his 
charities. He soon afterwards went to Oxford, and there printed 
his “ Essay on Planting,” which was dedicated to the University, — 
and in which he gave additional publicity to his favourite plans. 
i . To 

* In Mr. Nichols History of Leicestershire, Vol. TL, p. 686, is the ful 
lowing note on this passage. “ In two or three years after he had process 
entered against him in the spiritual court, by Thomas Brsrard, Charehwar 
den; but Buszard signed his recantation March 31, 1766, in which be ac: 
knowledged to have been instigated toact as he did, not by the devil, 








J atdinensindane paianiiasniaalie ssc 
‘and are now the ornament of Mz, Cradock's residence.” Nichols's History 
of Leicestershire, Vol. UL. p. 686... ae 


LEICESTERSHIRE. MS 


To promote these, be appointed an Oratorio to be performed at 
Church Langton, Sept. 26 and 27, 1759, and these were again rex 
peated in the two following years ; but the profits arising therefrom 
were very trifling. In the winter of 1761, the sale of plants, &e, from 
the nurseries, amounted to upwards of 10001. In the year’1763, 
Mr. Hanbury had his portrait painted in full length, by Mr: Penny, 
who was the first professor of painting to the Royal Academy. 
‘This artist also attempted to paint a likeness of Mrs. Hanbury, 
but not succeesling, apologized for his incapacity by a compliment 
to the lady, in saying, “ She is out of the art.” This appears to 
have been peculiarly grateful to the husband: for he observes, 
“ Several other painters have since attempted a likeness, but in 
vain; so that if ever we have a picture of Mrs. Hanbury, it must 
be when age has brought her under the power of pencil-and 
paint®. My age at this time is 38, and Mrs. Hanbury’s 28.” 
Our benevolent clergyman was intimate with the Rev, Charles 
Churchill and Robert Lioyd, whose deaths he particularly de- 
plores, in the year 1763. In conjunction with the latter, Mr. 
Hanbury had agreed to present to the public an English edition of 
Virgil. The translation, “ in long measure,” ee 
Ffe 


* This vulgar notion is too prevalent with puerile miniature drawers, and 
impotent portrait painters; whose universal system is flattery and falschood. 
‘These endeavour to make their representations of ordinary faces pretty, and, 
failing to imitate “Nature's fairest forms,” contrive generally to shelter 
their own imbecilitics, and also deceive their indiscriminating employers, by 
saying, to each pretty woman, that its beyond the power of paint, or colour, 
todo justice to your inimitable countenance. Wonld Vandyck ever have dis- 
graced his art, and his own pencil, by such pityfal subterfuge? or would that 
great arlist, Sir Joslma Reynolds, have deigned to excuse himself from ex- 
‘ecuting the portrait of a beautiful female, by saying his pencil was incom- 
petent? But the man who professes to be an artist, and neglects the neces- 
sary studies to be a meritorious one, must resort to a baser art, for the pur- 
pose of obtaining a livelihood. Such are the transcendant powers of the 
painter's pencil, that, in a skilful hand, it can be made to imitate almost 
any visual object not in motion; as the mirror, or transparent water, re- 
fleets and combines all objects immediately opposed to their responsive sur- 
faces. 


MA LEICESTERSHIRE. 

and copious notes, containing “ the modern names of the different’ 
shrubs and plants, together with their order and class, in the Lin- 
nean system,” by Mr. Hanbury, This gentleman was not alone 
deyoted to planting and botany; as music was also a fayourite 
study with him; and on these partialities he was complimented in 
the following lines : 


+ So sweet thy stritin, 30 thick thy shade, 
‘The pleas'd spectator sees— 

‘The miracte once more display'd, 
Of Orpheus and his trees.” 


‘The benevolent plans of this gentleman had excited so muck: 
publicity, and his private character was so mucl: respected by 
some literary friends, that several poems and essays were pub- 
lished in his vindication and praise. Among these was. poem by 
Lioyd, entitled “ Charity?" and another by Wm. Woty, entitled: 
“ Charch Langton ;" wherein the author thus désctibes the eba~ 
acteristics of the country— : 


* On yonder broad circumference of groands 
Where chilling clay diffus'd its damp around, 
Within whose bounds no living charm was secn, 
No tree to shelter, and no bush to skreen, 
‘The rich plantation now salutes our eyes, 

And waves its foliage of enchanting dyes.” 


‘The poet then proceeds to describe, in flowing mumbers, the 
different objects of utility, ornament, &c. that were to arise from 
the completion of Mr. Hanbury’s plans: but these, like the poet's 
visions, have never been fully accomplished. Different trustees, 
at different periods, have been eppointed to execute the trust 
deeds. The whole of these, with the schemes of the author, were 
published in an octavo volume, entitled “« The History of the Rise 
end Progress of the Charitable Foundations at Church-Langton, 
logether with the difierent Deeds of Trust of that Establishment, 
by the Rey, Mr. Hanbury,” 1767. = 


LEICESTERSHIRE, 445 
"© With a firnmess of mind equal to the benevolence of his 
-beart,” says our modern Camden, “ Mr. Hanbury seemed, in the 
course of about twenty years, to have brought to the utmost de- 
gree of maturity and stability human affairs are capable of, this 
singular undertaking of raising, from a plantation of all the 
various trees, plants, &c, the world produces, a yearly fund of 
near 10,0001; sufficient to relieve the distressed, imstruct the 
ignorant, assist the curious, adorn the parish, and benefit this 
and the neighbouring county of Rutland, as long as integrity and 
public spirit subsist in Britain, or dare to defy singularity and 
censure. This generous desiga elaims a place here on a double 
account, We antiquaries have great obligations to this liberal 
founder, who has appropriated part of this fund to the compiling 
and publishing a history of every county of England, by a pro- 
fessor appointed on purpose*.” 
' Mr, Hanbury, persevering in his favorite pursuits, published in 
1773, @ large work in two volumes folio, entitled, * A complete 
body of Planting and Gardening; containing the natural history, 
culture, and management of deciduous and ever-greem forest 
trees, with practical directions for raising and improving woods, 
nurseries, seminaries, and plantations, &c, &e.” In the preface 
to this work, our author is- rather harsh and severe in his strie- 
tures on former horticultural writers; thinking, like many other 
system-mongers, that to establish a new theory or practice, it is 
necessary to depreciate or invalidate all that had beew 
known. He is not very elegant or clear in his style; nor on the 
whole was this work likely to exalt his fame, or benefit his 
charitiest. Mr. Hanbury died, Feb. 28, 1778, in the 53d year 
of his age, and his remains were deposited in a niausoleumr at 
Church Langton, near the rectorial house. tw 
"It may, perhaps, with confidence be said, that no charitable 
scheme, or public plan of an individual, ever excited so much 
serene : Fs notoriety 


* «Anecdotes of British Topograpiy;" Vole Te ps 520, 
~£ Soe a fair character of this work in Monthly Review, Vol, Le p. ts 


v 


46 LEICESTERSHIRE, 

notoriety as that of the rector of Church Langton; thousands of 
persons were captivated with the prospect, and most of the neigh- 
bouring gentry cheerfully joined in his trusts, and patronized his 
efforts. Yet he had his faults, and was attacked by enemies; 
. for in the fervour of his zeal, he occasionally gave way to the 
impulses of passion and indignation; and some persons, either 
actuated by envy, jealousy, or false judgment, publicly opposed 
and reprobated his schemes. Whatever may have been the 
motives of the man, is not very material; but that his ultimate 
object was of a very important and praiseworthy nature is evident, 
manic WR: ever belle, subject oticigrel, at ae Uae eae 
from such very laudable schemes. 

‘The church of West Langton, «a large and venerable Inild- 
ing,” consists of a nave, ailes, chancel, south porel, and lofty square 
tower. Between the nave and each aile, are four semi-circular 
arches, springing from fluted columns; and at.the west end of 
the former is a substantial gallery and organ, raised from the 
profits of Mr. Hanbury’s plantations. In the angle between the 
north aile and chancel is a rood [oft, the stone steps leading up 
to which remain in a perfect state. Near this is a piscina, and im 
the chancel is another in a handsome niche, connected with whieh 
are three stone seats of the sume style. The nave of the church: 
48 appropriated to East, West, and Church Langton's ; the south aile 
to Thorpe Langton, and the north aile to Tur-Langton. The 
advowson of the chureb, with all the lands, tithes, and appur- 
tenances thereto belonging, was given to the Abbot and Convent 
of St. Mary de Pratis at Leicester, by William de Novo Mer- 
cato ; and confirmed by Robert Bossu Earl of Leicester, by Hugh: 
Bishop of Lincoln, and by Christiana filia Gore, the grand- 
daughter of the original donor, In the Matriculus of 1220, it is 
stated that the church was then under the patronage of the Abbot 
of Leicester; that the rector was G. nephew to the legate, by 
whom he had been instituted ; that it had two chapels, Thorpe 
and Thyrlangtoo, having each a resident chaplain appointed by 
the mother-church ; and that the abbot bad an ancient pension 

= from 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 447 


from this church of half a mark. ‘There was another chapel at 
(either East or West) Langton, where service was performed three 
times in a week from the mother-church, The value of this 
living in 1615 is fully explained im a letter from “Thomas Her- 
tick” to Sir William Herrick, wherein the writer says, “the living 
is a parsonage; that the incumbent, Dr. Osborne, would sell the 
inheritance, “it being an advowson to him and his heirs for ever,” 
he demands 20001. for it, or he would be tenant to the incum= 
bent, and “ pay 5001. a-year for it, for twenty-one years, if the 
incumbent live so long.” In 1650, the rectory of Church Lang- 
ton, with its divers chapels, was returned to be worth 1001; “the 
sinister sufficient, and one curate sufficient,” 

“ After the death of Archdeacon Bretton, or Britton, in 1669; 
the patron is said to bave presented two several clerks to the 
Bishop for institution; both of whom being refused for lack of 
learning, ‘he presented Nathaniel Alsop, whose abilities were 
known, and who afterwards purchased the advowson; which con- 
tinued in his family till sold to the Rev. Mr. Hanbury, who, ia 
1753, became Rector on his own presentation*.” 

Pits jetta then hanconie! infers NAAR, era 
ed by the present Mr. Hanbury. In the village of West Lang- 
ton was bom Watrsr pe LANGTON, who was appointed 
Lord high treasurer of England, Sept. 28, 1295, and elected 
Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, Feb, 20, 1295-6, He was 
@ particular favorite with Edward the First, in whose cause he 
suffered excommunication, and whose corpse he had afterwards 
the honour of conducting from the borders of Scotland to West- 
minster. Immediately on his arrival in London, he was arrested 
and imprisoned in the Tower; and though the clergy repeatedly 
petitioned Edward the Second to grant his release, yet he was 
shifted from the tower to Wallingford, thenee to York, and de- 
tained for two years before he obtained his freedom. He thea 
retired to his See at Lichfield, and though he found the cathedral 
mean, yet, says Fuller, he left it magnificent, Langton con- 

Fis tinued 
+ Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. If. p. 665. 


— 


4465 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

"tinued in this See twenty-five years, during which time he “ens 
compassed the cloisters with a stone wall, and bestowed a rich 
shrine upon St. Chad, which cost him 20001. He also. ditched 
and walled that enclosure about the cathedral called the Close 
erected two stately gates at the west and south sides of it; and 
joined it to the city by the bridges that he built there in 1910. 
He also built a new palace at the east end of the close at Lichfield, 
and repaired his castle at Eccleshall, his palace by the Strand in 
London, and his manor-house of Shutborough, in the county of 
Stafford. He died Noy. 16, 1521, and was buried in the chapel 
of St. Mary, a stately and costly building of his own erecting®.” 

Tuomas STAveuEy, author of the “ Romisk Horscleech,” 
was bom at East Langton in 1626, and after completing his 
college education at Cambridge, was admitted of the Inner 
Temple in July, 1647. He did not publish any other work, but 
left some MS collections, among which was “a History of 
Churches,” which was published in 1712, and again wilh “Im- 
provements” in 1773. Mr. Staveley also made some collections 
for the Borough of Leicester, which have been used by Mr. Ni- 
Sa ee se pntabed pvctraie <b Me, Sen 
wife in his History of Leicestershire, Vol, 11, 

Luppexnam, a cocionh writings calla eefenkot alpine 
able village, is two miles west of Market Harborough, on the 
northern bank of the river Welland, which bere divides the 
county from that of Northampton. The parish contains more 
than S000 acres of land, the whole of which is inclosed, and 
mostly kept in pasture. In this parish are found some of the 
fossils called Astroites, or vulgarly Peter stones, On the bank 
of the Welland, near the village, are the trenches of an encamp- 
ment, which Mr. Reynolds pronounces to be evidently Roman. 
The hills which command it on the north and north-east,” 
observes this gentleman, “ made me suppose that such expert 
soldicrs would have choven a situation not so exposed. But these 

hills, 
© Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. LL. p. 674. 


bills, probably at that time covered with woods, formed a very 
necessary barrier against the east and north winds, an adi » > 
not lo be neglected in their winter habitations, The small river 
Welland lies at some little distance, and it is probable was 
originally turned through the south ditch of their camp; but in 
the highest flood, it never interferes with the area of the camp, 
‘The lines of the ramparts are very visible on all sides; but the 
ditches are nearly obliterated, except to the south, The area of 
the camp contains about eight acres.” Near this is a mount, 
which Mr. R. calls a,tumulus, and the manor-house is inclosed 
within the entrenchment, Tt may be remarked, that old manot 
houses frequently occupy the sites of, or are immediately contigu- 
ous to, encampments. } 
About one mile from Lubbenham, is an old house called 

PariLton HAL, from the name of the person who built it, 
It now belongs to Charles Bosworth, Esq. The shape of this 
building is octangular, and it had formerly only one entrance: 
‘The rooms were so disposed, that each communicated with the 
next, and thus every apartment formed a sort of passage room to 
the others, A moat originally surrounded this odd building, but 
it has been filled up. The family of Papillon was settled in 
Leicestershire at an early period; and David Papillon® obtained 
a licence} from Archbishop Abbot, in May, 1623, for himself 
and 

_ © He was author of'a work entitled, “ A practical abstract of the Arts of 
Fortification and Assaiting ; containing four different methods of fortification, 
with approved rules to set out in the field, all manner of superfices, intrench+ 


ments," Ke, 1645. Ho also published a volume, entitled, “ The Vanity of 
the Lives and Passions of Men,” 1651, 


+ Te appears from this cireumstance, that » person in former tinies had 
t the free choice of attending any other church, but that of his own parish, 
Should he feel inclined to frequent another, an express licence from the 
primate of hix diocess was necessary, as exemplified in the above instance; 
and in the History of Lambeth Palace and Parish, is reference to a ticeuoe 
gramed by Archbishop Parker, to his son Jobn Parker, who, with is 
Gunily, were enjoined to appear in the parish church on two Sundays of 

festival 





450 LEICESTERSHIRE 

and family to frequent the church of Marston, in the county of 
Northampton, as being wearer and more convenient for them 
than the parish church of Lubbenham, which was above a mile 
from his house; in this licence is a proviso, that he and his 
family should at least once in the year (at Easter) go to the 
church of Lubbevham, to hear prayers and preaching, and re= 
ceive the sucrament, 


Mepzouny, a pleasant village near the S, E. angle of the 
county, is six miles N.E. of Harborough, and consists of 102 
houses, with 461 inhabitants. The village is situated at the 
western base of a large and lofty hill, and the lordship consists of 
ubout 1800 acres, mostly in open field, 

Mr. Burton states, that Medbourn has “doubtless been a 
Roman station, a3 a great number of coins and medals have been 
found here.” In the year 1721, a tesselated pavement was dis- 
covered at this village, It was again opened in 1793, and fouud 
to be about three feet and a half beucath the surface. The floor 
cousisted of small square stones, of about three quarters of an 
inch over; most of these were coloured red, black, &e. but the 
pavement does not appear to have been ormamented with any 
figures. In a field N,W. of the village, are the remains of 
entrenchments, With foundations, &c, covering a plot of ground 
of about half a mile square. “ Tradition says, that in this field 
once stood a city called Midenborough, or Medenborough, which 
was destroyed by fire; and there appears some degree of proba- 
bility in the name, from the situation and the present town pow re- 
taining the former, part of the traditional name, The undisturbed 
partof the Roman Road is lofty and visible for four or five hundred 
yards; and when it joins Slauston lordship, it is called Port-Efild: 
a very strong evidence in favour of a station and Roman road 

being 
festivals every year, This Parker was allowed the privilege of un Oratory, 
either in bis house at Lambeth, or at Nunney Castle in Somersetshire ; or in 
any house which be might fora time inhabit: a similar licence, dated 1455, 
is mentioned in the same work, granted to the host of the Cheeker-Inn, in 
Lambeth, by the Bishop of Winchester. 





LBICESTERSHIRE. 451 
being here. In this field were three barrows, or tumuli®,” but 
none of these are perfect. Numerous ccins, pieces of pottery, 
bones, &c. and a small mill-stone, have been discovered here. * 
Some of the coins are represented by engravings in the history of 


At Hout, a hamlet attached to Medbourn, a mineral, spring 
was discovered in 1728; and Dr. Short poblished a pamphlet in 
1742, descriptive of the “contents, virtues, and uses of Nevil- 
Holt spaw-water; with some histories of its signal effects in 
various diseases,” &c. This was reprinted with additions, &e, in 
1749, In the church at Holt, are some monuments to the family 
of Nevill; a descendant of whom, Cosmas Nevill, Esq. F.S. A. 
has a large bandsome house here, 


‘The village of Norton, anciently called King’s Norton, seven 
and half miles distant from Leicester, has a remarkably handsome 
small modern church, which was built by the late William 
Fortrey, Esq. who died, seized of the lordship of Norton, in the 
year 1783. The church consists of only a nave, at the west 
end of which is a steeple. The whole building is uniform in style, 
and has seven pointed arehed windows on each side, with three 
at the east end. These are all divided into four lights each, by a 
perpendicular and a horizontal mullion, over which is a quaterfoil 
opening. The parapet has two rows of perforated stones, and 
the summit is ornamented with sixteen crocketed pinnacles. The 
inside of this sacred structure is fitted up with two rows of pews 
(in the manner of collegiate chapels) made of fine English oak. 

“The chureb of King’s Norton was given to the abbot and con- 
‘vent of Ouston, by Robert Grimbald, and confirmed to them by 
King Henry the Second, and again by King Richard the First, 
‘Some disputes arose between the rector and the abbot, at three 
or four different times; and the Pope appointed delegates to 
settle these differences, . 

Nosevey, 
* Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. Il. p, 117. 


452 LEICESTERSHIRE, 

- NosEev, in some old writings written Noveslie, Noustee, 
and Guousale, is 2 village, about seven miles north from 
Market Harborough. Here isan old manor house, called Noseley- 
‘Hall, which belongs to the Hesilrige family; and was much 
enlarged and nearly rebuilt by Sir Arthur Hesilrige, Bart. who 
was an admirer of the fine Arts, and passed a considerable time 
in Rome and other parts of Italy; whence he brought home 
many pictures and antiques. Among these are the following: A 
large portrait of Peter the Great, painted when he was in Eng- 
land in 1698. A portrait of the late Sir Arthur Hesilrige, in 
the Green parlour, where are some other pictures painted by 
Francisco ‘Trevisan, at Rome, in 1723. A full length of 
Buffordin, who was musician to the King of Poland, with two 
listening females. Portraits of Albano, Rembrandt, Pietro de 
Testo, Reffael, Michael Angelo, and Titian. Large portraits 
of George Villiers, first duke of Buckingham ; and of Heary Rich, 
first Earl of Holland. In the dining room are six views of dif- 
ferent subjects in and near Rome. Full length of Cuianus, a 
Swede, wt. 27, painted by E. Seaman; he was seven feet ten 
inches high, and was shewn at the king’s theatre in London, in 
4734. Two small portraits of King Charles the First and. his 
Queen: a whole length portrait of Oliver Cromwell in armour. 
His head is uncovered, and an attendant at his side is tying his 
sash. Besides these, here are a great number of portraits, 
fandscapes, and other pictures. Part of the house is now oc- 
eupied by a farmer but the principal rooms are fast hastening to 

. 


The church at Noseley, with the tithes and the churches of 
Carleton, Glenfield, ahd Balgrave, aud two virgutes of land, were 
given by Hugo de Grentesmainell to the abbey and convent of 
St. Ebrulph. Ande no ban ak ee 
chirch, of three priests, two clerkes, and four choristers. - 
Jongeth to the Blaketes; and an heir general of them, ‘= 
Edward the Third tyme, was maried to one Roger 
that foundid the litle college of Noseley. This Noseley and 

other 


LEICESTERSHIRE, 453 
other landes thereaboute cam onto two doughters of one of the 
Mortevilles, whereof one was maried onto Hughe Hastinges; the 
other was a nunne, and alienid much of her parte. After this, 
Nosely, by an heire generele, cam in mariage to Hesilrig, in 
which name it dothe yet remayne. The name of Hesilrig came 
outof Scotlende*.” The church is large, and consists of a nave _ 
and chancel of the same height and width. In the eastern window: 
of the latter is some painted glass, consisting of figures of some 
of the Apostles, with scrolls and coats of arms, In the chancel is 
three stone-seats and a piscina, and in the body of the church are 
two piscine and a locker, Here is.also a very elegant font, orna- 
mented with panelled compartments, tracery, foliated pinnacles, 
pediments, 4c. In the chancel is a large Tombstone of black 
and white marble, with the effigies of three persons; a man, 
im amour, and two women, On the pedestal are the figures of 
twelve persons kueeling, the children of Sir Arthur Hesilrige by | 
his two wives, as described in the following inscription : ‘ 

“ Here lyes Sin AntuuR Hxsitnicr, Baronet, who injoyed’ 
his portion of this life in y* time of greatest civill troubles y' ever 
this nation had, He was a lover of liberty, and faithfull to his 
country. He delighted in sober company ; and departed this 
life, 7th of January, in England's peaceable year, Anno Dom. 
1660,—Here lyes Dame Frances Husturtes, daughter of 
‘Thomas Elmes, of Liiford, in y* county of Northampton, Esq. 
She was charitable, prudent, virtuous, anda loving wife. Sir 
Arthur Hesilrige had by her two sons and two daughters. She 
dyed in y* year 1632.—Here lies Dame Dorotuea Hesti- 
RIGE, sister to Robert Greevill, Lord Brooke, and Baron of 
Beauchamps-Court. God gave to her true and great wisdome, 
and a large and just heart: she did much good in her generation. 
Sir Arthor Hesilrige had by her three sons and five daughters, 
She lef this life y° 28 of January, 1650,” 

Jn the chancel is another monument, with reeymbent effigies of 
Sir Txomas HestieiGe, Kut. and “ dame Frances” his wife; 
mud on the pediment are the kneeling statues of eight sons and 

six 


s— * Itinerary, Vol. I. p. 15. 


454 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
six daughters, Here are monuments and inscriptions to other 
persons of the same family, But the charch and monuments will 
all soon totally perish from neglect. “ 
Ouston, or OsuLvEsTON, formerly written Oselwestom, 
Oulveston, and by Leland Wofolveston, is a village situated in 
a.portion of Gartre hundred, that is environed with that of East 
Goscote. The whole lordship contains about 3000 acres of 
land, 400 of which are occupied by woods. At this place Robert 
Grimbald, one of the justices of England in the time of Henry 
the Second, founded a small Anbzy, for canons regular of the 
order of St. Augustin. This was endowed with the whole “ town- 
ship of Osulveston and the advowson of the church there, with its 
chapels of Mardefeld and Nybothle; and the advowson also of 
the churches of Burrow and Slauston, and a moiety of that of 
Withcote, all in this county.” Other Jands and churches were 
afterwards given to it. Mr. Nichols has printed a curious inven- 
tory of the goods, &c. remaining in thisabbey in 1539, wlien 
most of them were sold, The site of this monastery, with the 
demesne lands, together of the yearly value of 431. were leased 
at the dissolution to Roger Ratclific, Esq. by indenture under 
ihe Seal of the court of Augmentation. When Buck visited 
Leicestershire, there was a large gateway, with several apart- 
ments of the abbey house remaining; but thet a ee 
taken down. , 


At PicKWELL, a village on the eastern side of the county, 
was born, Dec. 50, 1097, Witttam Cave, son of the Rev. 
Jolin Cave. This gentleman obtained several eminent promotions; 
being first appointed vicar of the church at Islington, Middlesex, 
where he was buried in August, 1713. He was appointed chap- 
Jain to King Charles the Second, and was made a canon of 
Windsor. Dr. Cave was author of several publications ; among 
which his «Lives of the Apostles’, folio, 1676.—* Lives of the 
Primitive Fathers,’ folio, 1677—and Primitive Christianity)’ firet 
printed in 1672; and since several times republished, have ob- 

tained 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 455 
tained most celebrity. “* He was,” says Mr. Nichols, “an ex- 
cellent and universal scholar, an elegant and polite writer, and a 
florid and very eloquent preacher, He was thoroughly acquainted 
with the history and constitution of the Christian eburch.” 


SADINGTON, a village on a gravelly eminence, about six miles 

NN. W. of Harborough, was a royal demesne in the time of Bd- 
ward the Confessor, and was thea valued at four pounds « year. 
After the conquest it was estimated at nine pounds a year, and is 
recorded in the Domesday-Survey as belonging to the new mo- 
warch, Part of the Union Canal passes through this’ lordship; 
and in cutting a Tunnel, about half a mile north of the village, 
several curious fossils were discovered. Among these were some 
Ammonites, or Cornu-Ammonis, which appeared as if formed of 
brass; others were of a dark-blue colour, and some were black, 
and bore a“ beautiful polish.” Besides these, petrified cockles, 
muscles, and oysters, were obtained in abundance, and the earth 
appeared to contain much mineral substance. 
» In the village of Scraprorr, four miles east of Leicester, is 
Scraptorr HALt,a seat belonging to Eduard Hartoppe Wigley, 
‘Esq. and surrounded by a mass of fine woods, which cover nearly 
100 acres of land. In the chureh-yard is asmall stone cross, con- 
sisting of a single fluted shaft, raised on three circular steps, 


STAUNTON, called Staunton-Wyvile, and Staunton-Bradenell, 
from the lords who possessed it at different periods, is a village 
about three miles north of Harborough. Of the former family 
was ROBERT DE WYVILE, who was born here, and made Bishop 
of Salisbury, at the instance of Philippa, Queen of King Edward 
the Third, in 1929, After officiating in this see for forty-six 
years, he died in Sherborne Castle, Dorsetshire, Sept. 4, 1375, 
acid was buried in his cathedral at Salisbury, where is a large mar- 
ble slab, inlaid with a brass plate, to his memory, Fuller ob- 
serves of this Bishop, that ‘*it is hard to say, whether he were 

. ea al’ t f toy more 


456 LEICESTERSHIRE, 

more dunce, or dwarf; more unlearned, or unbandsome ; inso= 
much that T. Walsingham tells us, that hed the Pope ever seen’ 
him (as no doubt be felt him im his large fees) he would. never 
have conferred the place upon him.” Mr. Gough, in bis splendid 
work on “ Sepulchral Monuments,” has given an engraved view 
of the brass plate*, which represents a castle, with a warrior stand~ 
ing as centinel at the entrance door, and the Bishop looking out 
ofa large window above, In the church ut Staunton are several 
monuments, with inscriptions to different persons of the Brudenell 
family, of whom was Robert Brudenell, Knight, Chief Justice 
of the Common Pleas, aud the first of the family who inbenited 
Staunton, | tor 


aiiialniettn ixacpatedigtycisiaanicuaanaaia 
eastern angle of the county, part of which is in Rutlandshire, 
John de Boyville founded an Aospital here, for a chaplain and 
three poor people, by licence from King Edward IV. in 1466, 
and obtained permission to settle Jands upon them in mortmain 
to the value of 101, a year, This John de Boyville died in 1467, 
possessed of the lordships of Stockerston and Cranhoe, and other 
considerable property, which devolved to his three daughters and 
coheirs, who maile partition of their father’s lands, by deed dated 
May 17th, sth Edward 1V, Some of the windows in Stockerston 
church are ornamented with painted glass; among which are 
figures of saints, and other scripture illustrations, 


aad 


Wisrow, or, as written in old records, Wistenesto, Wystan+ 
stow, and Winstanton, from Wistan, “ a reputed saint, or holy 
person, to whom the church is dedicated,” is « village aboutsewen 
miles from Leicester, and nearly the same distance from Harbo- 
rough. In this parish is Wistow Hatu, formerly the seatof 
the Halford family, nee 

- owiehe 


Another plate of it, with some particulars respecting the 
Given in Nichols's History of Leicestershire, Vol. II. prvi : 


Sayuri EVER. esr 
‘Charles the First with a place of refuge and retirement. “He also 
supplied the monarch with large sums of money, and sent his eldest 
son, Andrew, with a number of men, whom he bad raised and main- 
tained at his own charge, to protect and attend his Majesty in Leices~ 
tershire, and the adjoining counties. In their excursions they took a 
party of the rebels prisoners, among whom was a person of the name 
of Flude; who was then High Constable of Guthlaxton hundred. 
‘These were all conveyed to the King’s camp, where they were tried. 
and hanged; and for which Sir Richard Halford was doomed to 
suffer severely. Oliver condemned him to die for the murder of these 
men but his life was purchased, according to the statement of Sir 
Willian Halford,“ for no less a sum than 30,0001.” In the Journals 
of the Honse of Commons, Vol. III. p. 572, is the following en- 
ty respecting this gentleman: ‘ Resolved, upon the 
that Sir Richard Halford shall pay 5000l.; it appearing that he 
put the commission of array in execution in Leicestershire; hath 
been 2 main incendiary of the divisions between the king and par- 
liament, and a continual prosecutor of good men; and hath not 
to this day shewed himself in any considerable matter that hath 
condluced to advance the proceedings of parliament. Hath 1800). 
lands per annum, under his own stock; besides, he rents much, 
and it himself; and therefore we hold him fit to pay the 
said 50001.; his son’s estate not being considered in this valua- 
tion:”"—Again, in another entry, “ August 16, 1645, Sir Richard 
Halford’s fine of 20001. was accepted for his delinquency.” 
Wisrow-Haxt is a marked feature in this part of the coun- 
try, from’ the forinal plantations which encompass the mansion. 
‘This consists of brick encased with stucco, and has in the principal 
front five gable pediments. ‘The principal room is a large lofty 
hall, which extends nearly the whole length of the house. Here are 
Porrrarrs of Kitig Chories the First and his son, King 
CHAREES the SECOND, and s few other pictures, ‘This deniesne 
~ flow Belongs to the Countess Dowager of Denbigli, who en- 
joys it for life, under the will of her first husband, Sir Charles 
Halford. In the chureb, which is contiguous to the mansion, are’ 
Vou. IX, Ge some 





458 LEICESTERSHIRE. z 
some smonunients, with inscriptions to different persous of the 
Halford family. On one of these is an effigy of a knight in a 
-wour, laying on his side, and resting bis head preven =: 
with the following inscription :— . 


Orinver, sorimer, exoriteur. — 
‘Here lyeth the body of Sim Rierano Harrop, B’. 
and Baronn’, oldest soon of Edward Halford, of Lang 
tam, in the cornty of Rytland, Gent, He first mam 
ried Isabel the danghter of George Bowman, of Med- 
bourn, iu the covaty of Leicester, Gent. by whom he had iene two 
sons, Andrew & George, & one danghter Joan. Afterwards he married Joan, 
the retict of Thomas Adams, of Walden, in the eovnty'of Extex, Esq. He 
departed this life Angust 30th, An‘o Dnii 1658, Aged 78 yours, 
Here also lye y* bodies of Andrew Halford, of Killyy, Esq. who depasted y* 
A ori 
‘Torlanglston, Gent, who departed this life August 18, Axo] 
Aged 54 yeares.” 


Ls 
Vs 
GUTHLAXTON Hunpasp assumes a wedge-like shape, with 
ils narrow point running up nearly to the town of Leicesterp and 
its broad end towards the south, abuting ou the counties of War- 
wick and Northampton, Its westem boundary is Sparkenhoe 
hundred, whilst the hundred of Gartre, bounds the easter: side, 
Mr. Nichols supposes that-this hundred obtained its. name from 
Saint Guthlac, a celebrated Anchorite, who resided at Croyland 
in Lincolnshire, and who wequired very eminent notoriety by pre- 
tended miracles, and other monkish impositions, ‘This hundred 
formerly included that of Sparkenloe, which was separated from 
it in the reigu of King Edward the Third, It contains only one 
market town, Lutterworth, though, in the reign of pees | 
the Third, a ntarket was held at Emesby (Amesby), t 
two Roman roads, called Watling Street, and the: 
attached to this hundred: the former constituting its boundary to. 
the south west, and the latter divides it, for some distance, from 


> 


LEICESTERSHIRE, 459 
the hundred of Sparkenhoe to the west. At, or near High Cross, 
where these roads intersected each other, Camden, and some 
other authors, have affixed the Roman station of Venones, or Be- 
nones ; and at Dowbridge was another station, or encampment, 
‘This hundred affords but little subject for the investigation and 


description of the antiquary snd topogrupher. 
‘The hundred court for Gutblaxton is now anpually held by the 


steward of the Lord Somers, at Kilby. 


‘This hundreds at pre- 


sent divided, as stated by Mr. Nichols, into the following towu- 


ships, parishes, &e, 


_ xoshial district, This is con- 
_nected with the town of Lei- 


“a, with the chapelries of 


Gg2 


of Utes-thorpe. . 
Cosby, a vicarage ; including the 
chapelry of Little-Thorpe, 

Cottesbach, a rectory. 


_Dunton Basset, a vicarage. 


Enderby, [iu Sparkenboe bun- 
dred) a vicarage, with the 
chapelry of Whetstone, io 
-Guthlaxton hundred. 

Foston, a rectory. a? Sa 

Frolesworth, a rectory. 

Gilmorton, « rectory. 1. 

Kilby, x chapelry of Wistow,._ 

Kilworth, North, a rectory. 

Kilworth, South, a rectory. , 

Kimeote, a rectory; with | the 
chapelry of Halton, and ham- 
let of Cotes-Devile. 

Knaptoft, 3. rectory, with the 
chapelries of Mousely and 
Shearsby, pena creieid 


Walton. 
Knighton, 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 


360 
ne a chapelry to the Peatling Parca, a rectory. 
church of St. Mergaret at Shawell, 2 rectory. 


‘At the southern extremity of this hundred is Cat-rnon?e, a 
village, which is situated on the side of a gentle eminence, and 
commands a view of a pleasant valley, through which the river 
Avon winds its course. Over this stream, about three-quarters of 
a mile south-west of the village, is Dowbridge, or Dovebridge, 
neat the Tripontium* of Antoninus. Dr. Stukeley describes’ the 
bridge as “placed in a sweet little valley, with thie sides pretty 
steep. The stream here divides into two, with'a bridge over 
each ; upon one a stone inscription, very laconic, shewing: the 
three counties that repair it. Hard by antiquities have’ been 
found, both at Cat-thorpe and Lilbum, one om the northy the 
other on the south side of the river; so that the Roman 
‘on both sides, Castle-hills, a place of Lilbum, where are'some 
old walls.” Vestiges of encampments appear both: on the Nars 
thamptonshire and on the Leicestershire sides, The Roman read 

passed through the middle of an encampment, which, Mr Tre- 
pees indisputably the Roman station mentioned'by 
Antoninus, in his journey from London to Lincoln, ‘under the-dé+ 
nomination 


<Ceidaxentgn Oi tation 4a Toweastary Hasiey pct Wot Beles 
and Dr, Henry fixes it at Ragby. 
#Stubeley’s Itinerary, Vol. Ip. 112. 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 461 
nomination of Tripontium. ‘The circular tumulus, called by dif- 
ferent writers the Pretorium Augurale, or Augustale, is sixty feet 
in height, having its base formed. by a rampart or vallum, washed 
on the north side by the river Avon. This elevated spot, which 
commands a view of the whole encampment, was allotted to the 
general, the superior officers, and young men of rank who served 
as volunteers, On the eastern side of the Pretoriam, and ad- 
joining to it, is the upper camp, the north side of which is in like 
manner washed by the Avon, The northern side of the Preeto- 
‘rium, with that of the upper camp, form one line, two hundred 
‘and seventy-six feet in length, The inner vallum, or agger of the 
middle camp, is only twenty-eight feet in height, being defended 
by the river *.” South of this encampment is another of larger 
dimensions, which is separated from the former by a foss, Its 
southernmost outer vallum is about two hundred and fifty-eight 
feet in length, and the height of the inner vallum is fifty-seven 
feet +, 


SwinrorD, a village and parish adjoining that of Cat-thorpe, 
was originally @ preceptory of the Knights Templars; and within 
the church was a chantry, founded by Nicholas Cowley, for one 
Priest to sing mass, &c, The gift of this chantry was in the 
King, in right of the late moriastery of Leicester, The church 
here has a semicircular east end, which being without windows, 


renders the altar very dark and gloomy, In the church is a large 


circular font, standing on four short columns, and ornamented with 
‘series of arches running all round, \ 


In the parish of Stanford is STANFORD-HALE, the seat of the 
Cave family, some of whom resided here for many generations ; 
but the chief property in this place was purchased after the disso- 
Simi, Thome Cove, Boy, At that period the manor, ree- 

Ges tory, 

+ Pictarvaqoe Views oa the Upper, or Warnichalice Avery py 92). ke, 


+ As the principal part of this station is within Northamptonshire, I skall 
1 a leiamead naa ae nial 


462 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

tory, and advowson, of the vicarage of Stanford, with all the 
messuages, lands, and tenements, in Stanford upon Avon, Downe, 
Stormesworth, and Boresworth, part of the possessions of Selby 
Abbey, were first transferred to this family, the principal branch 
of which had previously resided at Cave, in Yorkshire. Sir Thomas 
Cave, who died in 1778, wasan active, liberal, and learned pub- 
lic character. He completed the family mansion at Stanford, and 
stored its library with a large and well-selected collection of books, 
Being partial to topographical literature, he contributed very ma- 
terially towards the publication of Bridges's History of Northamp- 
tonshire, which was above fifty years in the press. He also made 
ample collections for the history of his own county; and though 
he did not live long enough to arrange these for publication, the 
proprictor of them has very liberally submitted the whole to the 
use and benefit of the present indefatigable historian of the 
county, 

Stanford Hall is now the properly and residence of Henry 
Otway, Esq. in right of his wife, only sister to the last Sir 
‘Thomas Cave, and is a large convenient family mansion, seated 
in a fine park. In front of the house the river Avon is foreed 
beyond its original banks, and constitutes a pleasant featare in 
the landscape. The whole of the village is within the county of 
Northampton ; and in the church are some monumental memo- 
rials, with inscriptions to different persons of the Cave family. 


CLAYBROOK is a large parish, comprehending an area of 
about four miles in length, by nearly two miles and a half in 
breadth; and contains, according to estimation, 4000 acres of 
land. The parish is divided into two villages; the one indiseri- 
minately called Great-Claybrook, Nether-Claybrook, or Lower- 
Claybrook: the other Little-Claybrook, Qver-Claybrook, or Up- 
per-Claybrook, The church stands in the latter, which ig sitteated 
on the great tarpike-road between Lutterworth and Hinckley. 
Though the two Claybrooks have separate poor-rates and over- 
seers, yet they are subject to the jurisdiction of one constable; 
and the Jand-tax in’ both lordships is collected by the same asses- 

sors, 


LEICESTERSHUIRE, 463° 
sre About two miles westward of Over-Claybrook is a place, 
now called High*Cross, but whiich, according to some antiquaries, 
was the Benone, or Fennones, of the Romans, Dr.  Stuleley de- 
Scribes this station as situated at the iaterseétion of the two great 
Roman roads, “ which traverse the kingdom obliquely, and seém 
tobe the centre, as well as the highest ground in England; for 
from hence rivers run every way, ‘The Foss-road went on the 
backside of an inn standing here, and so towards Bath, The ground 
hereabout is very rich, and much ebulus (an ‘herb much sought 
after for the cure of dropsies,) grows here, “Claybrook lane has 
a piece of a quickset herige Teft across it, betokening one side of 
the Foss ; which road, in this place, bears exactly N. E. and SW. 
asitdoes upon the moor on this side of Lincoln, In the garden 
before the inn abovementioned, a tumulus was removed about 
the year 1720, under which the body of a man was found upon 
the plain surface; as likewise hath been under several others here- 
abouts; and foundations of buildings have been frequently dug up 
along the street here, all the way to Cleycestre, through which 
_ went the great street-way, called Watling-street for on both 
sides of the way have been ploughed and dog up many ancient 

coins, great square stones and bricks, and other rubbish of that 
pa et Roman building; not far from a beacon, standing upon 
the way now called High-Cross, of n'cross whieh stood there 
some time, upon the meeting of another great way *.” 

A short distance west of High-Cross is atuntulus; called Clouds- 
ey-busl; about which Dugdale offers sonte conjectures, but 
nothing explanatory has been published. The preceding observa- 
tions of Dr. Stukeley, and what has been advanecd by other 
writers, do not satisfactorily prove the existence of any eonsider- 
able Roman station at this place ; and therefore if the Venonm of 
Antoninus wag here, it must have been merely a small temporary 

station, or guard camp, on the roads, The situation is high, and 
the surrounding country low and flat, It is said that fifty-seven 
churches may be seen from this spot, by the help ofa glass. 
thi Get Ag 
. * Itinerarium Curiosum, edition 1724, p. 104+ 


_ 
464 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

At the intersection of the roads is the pedestal, &c,of a Cross, 
which was erected here in 1712, and om which are two Latin in~ 
‘scriptions, The following judicious remarks on the customs, 
manners, and dialect, of the common people of this district, by 
Mr, Macaulay, who published a History of Claybrook, may be 
amusing to many readers. ‘The people bere are much atlached 
to Wakes; and, among the farmers and cottagers, these annual 
festivals are celebrated with music, dancing, feasting, and smch 
inoffensive sport; but in the manufacturing villages “ the re 
tum of the wake never fails to produce a week, at least, of idle- 
ness, intoxication, and riot: these, and olher abuses, | 
those festivals are so grossly perverted from the origiual end of 
their institution, render it highly desirable to all the friends of 
order, of decency, and of religion, that they were tolally sup- 
pressed.” On Plow-Monday is annually displayed @ set of Mor- 
ris Dancers; and the custom of ringing the Curfew is-still conti- — 
nued here. On Shrove-Tuesday a bell rings at moon, as # signal 
for people to begin frying their pancakes. The dialect of the 
common people is broad, and partakes of the Anglo Saxon sounds 
and terms. “The letter H comes in almost. on every occasion 
where it ought not, and is as frequently omitted where it ought 
to come in, ‘The words fine, mine, and such like, are pronounced 
as if spelt foinc, moine; and place, face, with other similar 
words, as if spelt pleace, fegce ; and in the plural 
hear pleacen ; closen for closes; and many other words in the 
same style of Saxon termination, The words there and soherey 
are generally pronounced theere and. acheere ; the words mercy, 
deserve, &e. thus, marcy, desarve, The following peculiarities 
are also observable: us, strongly aspirated for us; war for was, 
meed for maid, faither for father, ery for every, brig: for bridge, 
thurrough for furrow, Aawf for half, cart-rit for rut, malofac- 
tory for manufactory, inactions for auxious. ‘The words mysen 
and Aimsen are sometimes used instead of myself and himself > the 
word shack is used to denote an idle, worthless, vagabond ;,and_ 
the word ripe for one who is very profane. The following phrases 

j are 


_ 
+. 


‘LEICESTERSHIRE, 465 
are common, “a power of people ;”—“ a hantle of money ;"—* I 
“don’t know I'm sure;’—* I can’t awhile as yet as,” The words 
_ ike and such frequently occurs expletives in conversation: for 
example, “ If you don’t give me my price dike, I won't stay here 
hagling all day and suck.” ‘The monosyllable as is sub- 
‘stituted for that; for instance, “ the last time as I called.”—“ I 
reckon as T an't on,”—I imagine that Lam not singular. It is 
‘common to stigmatize public characters by saying that they “ set 
poor lights ;” and to express surprise by saying, “dear heart 
alive!" The sub antive right generally usurps the place of 
ought: for instance, “ Farmer A, has a right to pay his tax.”— 
“ The assessor has.a just right to give him a receipt.’—“ Next 
ways,” and “ clever through,” are in common use: Thus, «1 
shall go next ways clever through Ullesthorpe.” Nigh-hand for 
probably, as, “He'll nigh-hand call on us.” Duable, eonve- 
nient or proper: bys, “the church is not served at duable 
hours.” It is not uncommon for the wives of farmers to style their 
husbands Onr Master, and for the husbands to call their wives 
Moamy ; and a labourer will often distinguish his wife by calling 
her the O'man. ‘Tiere are many people now living, who well re- 
member the time when “ Goody” and “ Dame”—* Gaffer” and 
“ Gammer,” were in vogue among the peasantry of Leicester- 
shire; but they are uow almost universally discarded, and sup- 
planted by Mr. and Mrs. which are indiscriminately applied to all 
ranks, from the squire and his lady down to Mr. and Mrs. Pauper, 
who flaunt in rags, and drink tea twice a day*.” 
© A Sunday-School was instituted in the parish of Claybrook in 
1786, and is liberally supported by the contributions of the pa- 
rishioners, 


_ At Knapvort, near Shearsby, and at the distance of ten miles 
south of Leicester, the church is in ruins, and traces of an ancient 
@xampment are still visible. Here are also some remains of an 
old-mansion-house, at one angle of which was. circular embattled 

tower. 


«¢* History and Antiquities of Claybrook.” 


466 LEICESTERSHIRE, 

tower, In the contiguous village of Shearsby is a salt spring, 
the water of which las proved serviceable iu some scorbutie com-— 
plaints, 


LUTTERWORTH, 


‘Now the only market-town in this hundred, is thirteen miles south 
of Leicester, and had its weekly mart, with an annual fair, granted 
it by King Henry the Fifih, in the second year of his reign. Two 
other fairs have since been obtained for the town, Lutterworth 
is situated on the bank of the small river Swift, which, soon after 
leaving the town, joins the Avon. Leland describes this “ towne 
as scant half so bigge as Lughborow; but in it there isan hospital 
of the foundation of two or three of the Verdounes, that.were 
Jords of auncient tyme of the towne. A good part of the Jandes 
of Verdounes be cum in processe unto the Lord-Marqnise of 
Dorsett. And the college of Asscheley, in Warwickshire, by Nun- 
nerton, where the Jate Lorde Thomas Marquise of Dorsete was 
burjed, was of thé foundation of Thomas Lorde Asteley. And 
all the Jandes and manor that the Lorde Marquise of Dorsete 
hath in that egge of Leicetershire, or Warwickshire, were long- 
ging sum time to the Verdounes and Astleis. ‘There risetlh certain 

springes in the hilles a mile from Lutterworth *.” ‘ 
The town of Lutterworth was formerly noted for a peculiar vas- 
salage of its inhabitants; all of whom were obliged to grind their 
malt at ove particular mill, and their corn at another, ‘This eus- 
tom of feudal tyranny was continued even to the year 1758, when 
the inhabitants obtained a decision at the Leicester assizes, em- 
powering them to erect mills, and grind where they pleased; and 
had costs of suit allowed, to the amount of three hundred 
pounds. In the year 1631, an official order, or decree, was made, 
enforcing the inhabitants to “ grind their com, malt, and grits, 
at certain ancient water com-mills, called the Lodge-Mitls, and 
an ancient malt-mill,.within the manor of Lutterworth,” Jn this 
order 

* Itinerary, Vol. I. p. 21, 





LEICESTERSHIRE. “467 
order it is specified, that King James was seised in his’ demesne 
as of ‘fee, in the right of the crown of England, of the said 
mills, &c. and did grant them in fee-farm unto Edward 

and Francis Phillips, gentlemen, and their heirs and assigns, to- 


gether with oll the suit of wills, ‘and benefit of grinding and 


miulcture ; reserving unto his said late Majesty, bis heirs and suc- 
cessors, for ever, the yearly rent of 51.” "This arbitrary decree 
created much litigation; and at length a person, named Bickley, 
possessing a little more courage’ and resolution than any of his 
neighbours, erected a mill in opposition to the old ones, Some 
other persons soon fullowed his example, and the proprietors of 
the “ancient ‘mills” contested their long-established rights by a 
suit, at law, which was terminated, as'already observed, in'favour 
of the inhabitants, In 1790 an act of parliament was ‘passed 
for dividing and inclosing in this parish about 1400 acres of lund; 
in whieh act Basil Earl of Denbigh and Desmond is mentioned 
‘as lord of the manor, a proprietor of considerable part of the 
lands, and entitled to right of common in the open fields, © sid 

Majesty is described as patron of the rectory. ho rtus 
~ Sir Thomas Cave supposes that Lutterworth formerly contained 
~ more houses than it docs at present ;' and particularly notices Bly 
Gate, a5 standing in a place called The Ely Lane, In 1801 ‘the 

town contained 277 houses, and 1652 inhabitants,» oe 
The cotton manufacture is now carried on in’ this town toa 
considerable extent; and some large buildings’ have been lately 
erected here as factories and workshops, The stocking trade is 
‘also carried on here; and many handls are employed’ fir the btisi- 
“ness. Among the benefactions of this town, the following are 
"entitled to particular notice, Richard Elkington, of Shawell, by 
‘Will dated May 2th, 1607, gave, in trust, to the mayor, bailiff, 
and burgesses of Leicester, 501, to be lent in sums of 101. each, 
"to five tradesmen of Lutterworth, for the ‘term of ‘one year, at 
‘the rate of 51, per cent, This interest to be distributed’ among 
| tertain poor persons, &e. The same person left a similar legacy 
‘to the town of Leicester—Edward Sherrier, of Shawell, clerk, 
Fe left 


46s LEICESTERSHIRE. 
eft 2001. towards building a school, school-house, and almshouse, 
in this town.—In the reign of King John an hospital was founded 
ere by Roise de Verdon and Nicholas her son, for one priest 
and six poor men, and “to keep hospitality for poor men tra- 
yelling that way*.”  “* The statutes for the regulation of this hos- 
pital were draws up soon after the year 1910, under the sanction 
of John D'Alderby, Bishop of Lincoln, and are preserved among 
the records of that cathedral}.” In 1322, Wm. Poyntell gave 
eight messuages, with one yard land and a quarter, lying in Hill- 
Morton, in the county of Warwick, to this hospital, for a chantry 
priest to sing mass for the souls of the said William and his wife. 
Some other donations were afterwards made to this hospital ; for, 
as Mr. Nichols observes, “so desirous were the men of former 
ages to add their benevolent shares, even to the additional support 
of religious places founded by others.” 

In this town is only one mecting-house, which was built in 
1777, and is numerously attended by dissenters. The parish 
church isa large handsome building, with a nave, two ailes, a 
tower, and a chancel, which last is separated from the muye by 
“a beautiful screen.” The chancel, Burton supposes, was built 
by the Lord Ferrers of Groby, as his armsare cut on the outside 
over the great window, By a storm, which occurred in 1703, the 
spire was blown down, and, falling on the roof of the church, did 
great damage to the building, pews, &c. In the church isa fine 
old carved oak pulpit, from which the great reformer, John 
Wickliffe, is said to have often addressed his congregation. Wick- 
liffe was presented to the living by King Edward the Third, and 
died bere on the 31st of December, 1387. Being the first per 
son who opposed the authority of the Pope, and the jurisdiction 
of the Bishops, he was much persecuted, and, even after his 
bones had laid in the earth about forty-one years, they were or 
dered, by the Council of Sienna, to be taken from the grave, and, 
afer being burnt, the inveterate spirit of Catholicism committed 

the 
Tanner's Notitia, p. 243. 
+ Nicholss History of Leicestershire, Vol. IV. p. 259. 





genuous heart, but will likewise excite a laudable desire of being 
particularly acquainted with the lives and characters of those mix 
nent worthies, who, in times of peculiar ber. ara 
nobly dared to oppose the tyrannical usurpation and 

superstition of the church of Rome, mepierrd irae sd 
consideration om earth to the cause of truth and liberty. Wickliffe 
was in religion what Bacon was afterwards im science: the great 
detector of those arts and glosses, which the barbarism of ages ‘ 
had drawn together to obscure the mind of man.” 

Tn the church are some old monuments with inscriptions, come 
memorating different persons of the Fielding family, some of 
whom obtained the titles of Earl of Denbigh*, and Desmond. ‘They 
possessed considerable property here. A portrait of Wickliffe; by 
amarante 





MAGNA, Great Wiostox, dearer wirt 
large village, about four milés to the south 
vehn al of 


Ja 


aay vegies acces of ie family is published in Nichols History 


of Leicestershire, Vol. IV, 


470, LEICESTERSHIR i. 

of Leicester, and is distinguished by having two churches. with 
steeples, Se. though ove of them being disused: is naw falling to 
decay. By au act of parliament, passed in 1764, for inclosing 
about 3000 acres of land in this parish, it appears that George, 
Duke of St, Alban’s was impropriator of all the tithes: of com, 
grain, hay, &e. im several fields and parcels of ground therein 
specified ; and. that the vicar was entitled to: the tithe of wool 
and lamb, and all other vicarial or small tithes. By the popala- 
tion act of 1801, Great Wigston contained 352 houses and 1658 
inhabitants, the greater part of whom were employed in trade, 
manofactures, &c. Here is an hospital, founded by Mrs. Clarke, 
of Leicester, for three poor mee ard as many women, who are 
provided with Labitations, a weekly allowance of money to each, 
and an anoual gift of coals. Here is a meeting-house for presby- 
terians, who are numerous in this village. Within the lordship is 
a piece of moated ground, with some ruins uf walls, where the 
famity of the Davenports, who formerly possessed a large estate 
here, had a mansion. At a place called the Gaol Close, was 
a temporary prison during the civil wars, to which the prisoners 
were removed from the county gaol at Leicester. Some frag- 
ments of antiquity have been discovered here ; among whieh were 
parts of afibula, a-ring, pieces of a glass um, pottery, a spear- 
head and helmet. Several eerihethies dere Se vin the 
lime and gravel pits here. 





SPARKENHOE Hunprep is bounded on the north by the 
hundred of West Goseote, and parts of Staffordshire and Warwick- 
shire bound it to the west and south, whilst the eastern side is united 
to the hundred of Guthlaxton, This part of the county is distin 
guished by some elevated tracts of land, and is watered by several 
small streams. A part of the Ashby de la Zoueh canal passes 
through it from north to south; and just after entering it, at 
Snareston, proceeds under a hill by a tunnel, It afterwards passes 
Gopsal Park, Shakerston, Carlton, and Market-Bosworth, and 

leaves 


LEICESTRRSHIRE. a7) 
Jeaves the county near Hinckley. The mail-coach road from Lon~ 
don to Lichfield, &c. passes along the southern edge of this hun~ 
dred ; and turnpike roads are made between Hinckley and Leices- 
ter, Hinckley and Ashby de la Zouch, and the latter place and 
piv eee Warwickshire. Within’ this district are the two 
market-towns of Hinckley:and Bosworth, and near the latter is 
the memorable scene of battle called Bosworth-Ficld, where the 
long disputed contest, between the Houses of York and Lancaster, 
‘was finally terminated by the death of Richard the . 

“In 1546, the Hundred of Sparkenhoe (on the aid then 
granted for knighting Edward of Woodstock, the king’s eldest 
son) was assessed 341.; and then said to contain 17 knights’ fees*. 
‘The high sheriff of Leicestershire pays annually, to the Earl of 
Stamford, 101. for licence to come into this Haaser sG.eeacete 
any part of his officet. 

eee ee fin hanaren Rovcrieg to Ms Nichol a, 


Anebein, now @ lee aiet 
villages 
Appleby Magee: a rectory ; in~ 


bach and Sketehiey, with the 
hamlet of Smockington, 
Barwell, @ reclory; including 


[Marker] Boswortu, a 
rectory; including the cha- 
"patie of | Barleston, | Corle- 


* Rot. Aux, 20 Edw, [11. 


ton, Coton, Shenton, aid Set- 


ton Cheynell ; with the bam~- 


lets of Anebein, Naneby, West _ 


Osbaston, and RedovwrePlain. 

Bruntingthorpe, Danet's Hall, 
and Westeotes ; Salas 
chial, 

Cadeby, a rectory; including 
the hamlet of East Osbaston, 

Congeston, a rectory. 

Croft, a rectory. 

Desford, a rectory. 

[Fenny] Drayton, a rectory. 

Elmesthorpe, a rectory. 

Enderby, a vicarage ; including 
the chapelry of Whetstone in 
Guthlaxton Hundred. 

Glenfield, a rectory; including 

L the 


+S. Carte, MS. 


tl 


472 
the chapelries of Groby 
Castic, Braunston, and Kirby 
Muxtoe. 

Hether, » rectory. 

Highom, 2 yeetory; including 
the chapelry of Lindley. 

Hinexey, @ vicarage, with 


Fbstock, a rectory; including 


Kirby Malory, a 225. in- 
cluding the chapelry of Earl- 

* Shilton. 

Lea Grange, extra-parochial. 

Eeicester Forest, and Barn 
Pork. 

Lubbesthorpe, a chapelry to 
Aylston (described under 
Guthlaxton.) 

Markfietd, a rectory. 

Naitston, 0 rectory; including 
the chapelries of Barton and 
Normanton. 

Narborough, a rectory ; includ- 
ing the chapelry of Huncote. 

Nowbold-Verdun, a rectory ; in- 
eluding the fumler of Bres- 
cote. 

Norton, a rectory; including 
the chapelry of Bilston. 





LEICESTERSHIRE: 


Orton on the Hill, a rectory} 
including the chapelries of 


Shakerston, 2 vicarage + inde 
ing the ciapelry of Oddes- 


ton. 
Snareston, a chapelry to Sweb- 
ston, 


Sharnford,? rectory. 

Shepey Mogna and Parva, a 
rectory ia two medieties ; ; in 
cluding the chapelry of Rate 





LEICESTERSHIRE, ‘3 


HINCKLEY, k 


‘The principal town in this hundred, ,is situated near the borders of 
Warwickshire, Soon after the conquest it was created a burony,” 
and held by Hugh de Grentemaisnel, who erected a stately cas 
tle here, and also a parish church, “The ruines of the castle,” 
says Leland, ‘ now longying to the king, sumtyme to the Earl of 
Leicester, be a 5 miles from Leyrcester, and in the borders of 
Leyrcester forest, and the boundes of Hinckeley be spatious and 
famose there.” In Burton's time only the earthworks of the castle 
remained ; and these are now nearly levelled, The site had long 
been occupied as a gardener’s ground, when, in 1760, it was pur- 
chased by William Hurst, Esq. who built a handsome dwelling- 
house on it; when the foundation of a bridge, which crossed the 
castle ditch, was discovered. The ditch and town-wall may yet 
be traced in many places, and also the vestiges of what are called 
two Roman works ; a mount near the river, and the ruins of a 
bath near the church. A Priory was founded here, according to 
Tanner, by Robert Blanchmaines, and according to Dugdale by 
~ Bossu the futher of Robert; but Mr, Nichols controverts those 
claims, and ascrihes it to Hugh de Grentesmaisnel, who gave the 
priory, with the appropriation of the parish church, to the Abbey 
of Lira in Normandy, This priory, like all foreign cells, was 
often seized by the Crown, during the wars with France, and was 
wholly suppressed by Henry V. when its lands were annexed to 
the priory of Montgrace in Yorkshire ; and, after the dissolution, 
were given by Henry VIII. with the church, to the dean and 
chapter of Westminster, the present impropriators. 

‘The parish of Hinckley is of very great extent, and includes 
Stoke-Golding, Dadlington, Wyken, and The Hyde, which, 
though distinct villages (the latter being in the county of War- 
wick), are considered as hamlets of Hinckley. ‘The town, under 
ts original lords, certainly enjoyed the privileges of a-borough ; 
sand probably sent deputies to the great council of the nation: but 

Von, 1X. Hh ~ being 


474 LRICESTERSHIRE. 
being connected with the house of Lancaster, and tuking a decidled 
part in favour of that party in the civil contest; whatever those 
privileges were, they became forfeited to the conquering monarel 
of the house of York, The town is now divided into The Bo~ 
rough and the Bond without the liberties. ‘The limits of what 
is now called the Borough, were anciently those of the town: which, 
lias been extended by the successive addition of four streets, The 
Bond End, The Costie End, The Stocken Head, and The Duck 
Poddle. The civil government of Hinckley is vested in the Mayor, 
Constables, and Headboroughs. The assizes for the county were 
formerly held here: but the gaol and the gallows are now re- 
moved. On inelesing the common field where the latter slood, 
many human bones were found in a state of petrifaction. ‘The 
introduction of the stocking manufacture has greatly augmented 
the traffic of Hinckley. ‘The first frame was brought into the 
town, before the year 1640, by William Iliffe, and is said to have 
cost him sixty pounds ; which must have been a very considerable 
sui at that time, as the price of a good frame is not more than 
fifteen guineas at present. With this single frame, whiel, with the 
help of an apprentice, he kept constantly working day and night, 
hegained a comfortable subsistence for his family. The manufacture 
is now so extensive, that a larger quantity of hose is supposed ta 
be made here than in any town in England. Nottingham ‘has 
more frames; but many of those being confined to the finest sorts, 
of silk and cotton, the number of stockings there made is less than, 
at Hinckley, where the frames are generally employed on strong 
serviceable hose, of a lower price, iu'cotton, thread, and worsted. 
‘The number of frames inthe town aud adjacent villages is comput~ 
ed at upwards of 1,200,which furnish employment to nearly 3,000 
persons. A respectable market is held om Mondays; and, om 
August 26, an annual fair, which, as may be inferred from Shak- 
Bear's mention of it in bis second part: of Haney tiie es 
anciently in high repute. 

‘The Parish Church of Hinckley is an ancient edifice theliody 
of itis probably to be ascribed to the thirteenth century; the 

E west 


“<g 


LEICESTERSHIRE, ‘475 
west door resembles those of the time of Edward I. orl, The win- 
dow immediately over it is supposed to be an improvement made 


about the reign of Edward IV,. when windows were in general en- 


larged, and divided.with four or five mullions, The upper windows 
were also improved about that time, but were most probably built 
temp. Edward H.when they were generally divided in the middle by 
one mullion. The building of the steeple, which is forty yards high, 
may also be dated with probability in the reign of Edward IV, 
“ The church,” says Burton, “is very fair and large, baving 
very great aud strong spire steeple, so spacious within, that two 
rings of bells may hang therein together, and’hath (for the better 
ornament thereof) a very tunable ring of five bells and a chimes 
to which a treble bell was added by public subscription, in 17773” 
and, in 1779, the great bell was exchanged, which now renders 
them a complete set, The length of the charch, from the chan+ 
cel tothe western door, is twenty-two yards; the width, near the 
chancel, twenty-six yards and a half; in the body, eighteen and a 
half. The chancel is six yards by thirteen, The roof is of beau+ 
tiful old oak; the beams are supported by large pendant Cheru- 
bim (like those in Westminster Hall), and ornamented with a num+ 
ber of grotesque faces. In the chancel was a large window, which 
contained various arms, with figures of ‘saints, warriors, &c, on 
small panes of painted glass; which, as it darkened the Chancel, 
was changed for plain glass in 1766, when several ees 
the old window were crowded together at the top, 

To the church of Hinckley four chapels were annexed, that of 
Stoke, (aow a parish church), that of Dedlington, and those of 
Wyken and Hyde, which have been long since cutirely demolisheds 


"The ancient chapel of Sroxe was taken down at the beginning of 


the fourteenth century, by Sir Robert de Champaine, who, by 
his marriage with the daughter and heiress of Sir Roger de Stoke, 
became possessed of a moiety of the manor, By this Sir Roger 
the present church was founded, in or about the’year 2304, and 
dedicated, in honor of his lady, to St. Margaret? amemorial in- 
scription of which still remains agaiust the wall in the: north aile 
of the church. From that period Stoke is to be -considered as a 

Hhe separate 


476 LBICESTERSHIRE. 
separate parish, though ‘the rectory has been constantly annexed 
to the vicarage of Hinckley, ‘That it is, however, perfeetly dis 
finct as to parochial rates, was determined by a cause tried at 
the Lent assizes for the county in 1627, and confirmed the same 
by. solemn determination of the Court of King’s Bench, : 

The Chapel of Dadlington bears evident marks of anti- 
quity: it has a small wooden turret, with two bells, ‘There was, 
within memory, a large old iron door on the north side, now 
stopped up; part of the arch remains, filled vip with modem 
brick-work. Dadlingtow, though a hamlet depending on the town 
‘of Hinckley, is, like Stoke, distinct as to the collection of paro- 
chial rates. Wykin and The Hyde, though they anciently bad 
chapels of their own, are now wholly incorporated with the mother 
parish. Besides these pluces of worship on the churel: establish- 
ment, there are in Hinckley five meeting-houses for Presbyterians, 
‘Tndependents, Quakers, Baptists, and Methodists, and a chapel 
for Roman Catholics, ‘The population of Hinckley bas been pro- 
gressively increasing; by the returm to purliament, in 1801, the 
town, wilh its depentlencies, contained 1059 houses, and 5686 

At a short distance from Hinckley, on the road to Lutterworth, 
is a spring, called “ The Holy Well,” originally dedicated to the 
Virgin Mary, and once known by the name of “ Our Lady's 
‘Welt ;” and good mineral waters are also found in this vicinity at 
Cogg’s-Well, Christopher’s-Spa, and the Priest-Hills. 

APPLEBY is a consitlerable village in the angle of this hun- 
dred, connecting the four counties of Leicester, Derby, Stafford, 
and Warwick, ’ 


MARKET BOSWORTH. 


‘Phis town has acquired some historical and dramatic celebrity, 
from the memorable battle that was fought near it, aud thence 
was designated by the name of the place, and from the great pub- 
licity Usat Shakespeare's Play of King “ Richard'the Third,” bas 
: obtained. 


LECESTERSHIRE. aT 


obtained. ‘The town itself has, however, little to excite or gratify 
public curiosity. It consisted of 120 houses, and 791 inhabit- 
ants, in the year 1801. Formerly here was a considerable market, 
but this is now much reduced, A free-school was founded here 
in 1586, by Sir Wolstan Dixie, who was a Lord Mayor of Lon- 
_ don. The revenues of this formerly supported a master and 
usher: but, in consequence of some legal litigation, the charis 
table intentions of the founder have been partly frustrated. Ia 
the church, which isa large, but low hehe as Sosa 
nument of the Dixie family. 

Bosworth is the birth-place of Tomas Suess PRS. 
who was born in 1710, and who, from humble. origin and po- 
verty, rose to respectability and fame, by the proper exercise and 
exertion of his natural faculties. Though precluded from a scho- 
lastic education, and only tanght to read by his parents, he ulti- 
mately became a proficient in mathematical learning. His latent 
genius was first roused at the age of fourteen, when an eclipse of 
the sun greatly excited his curiosity, and induced him to make 
those inquiries and researches, which, at the same time served to 
stimulate and gratify the mental appetite, From an itinerant 
pediar and astrologer he obtained some knowledge of the occult 
sciences, and from this man he also acquired an insight into the 
_ Principles of arithmetic. He now determined to “ try his fortune 
in London.” His poverty and wishes, however, appear to have 
been greatly at variance on this point; and, but for the friendly 
assistance of a shopkeeper of the town, he could not have accom 
plished his laudable intention, In the year 1732, he visited the 
metropolis, and obtained employ and subsistence in weaving at 
Spitalfields, and in giving some instructions to others in the ma- 
thematics, &c. So rapid was the progress of this self-taught 
scholar, in his favourite sciences, that, in the year 1737, he pub- 
lished bis excellent Treatise on Fluxions. This soon established 
his fame, and tempted him to prepare and publish another work, 
in 1740, on Annuities and Chances, which involved him in a 
dispute with Demoivre. In 1743, he was appointed Professor of 

"Mathematics to the Military School at Woolwich. He was elected 
Hhs a Fellow 


478 LBICESTERSHIRE. 

@ Fellow of the Royal Society, and a Member of the Academy 
of Sciences at Paris... He died in 1761, and his widow was pro- 
vided with an annuity-from the crown, She died. in 1782, aged 
102. Besides the works already named, he wrote the Elements 
of Geometry and Algebra, and some papers in the Philosophical 
‘Transactions. His remains were interred, in Sutton-Cheyual 
church-yard ; but no appropriate memorial has there been:raised 
to bis memory, This, however, we do not so much regret, when 
we reflect on the elegantly expressed and truly appropriate lines 
of Shee: who, speaking of Sir Joshua Reynolds, says— = 


“ Genius, like Egypt's monarchs, timely wise, 
‘Constructs its own memorial ere it dies ; 
‘Leaves its best image in its works enshyind, 
And makes a mausoleam of mankind.” 


Contiguous to the town of Bosworth is Boswortn-HALt, the 
seat of Mrs. Porlim, sister to the late Sir Wolsten Dixie, Bart. 
who succeeded his father in this estate, é&e. in 1766. The Ba- 
ronetage was conferred on Sir Wolstan, July 14, 1660, for his 
great exertions in the royal cause during the civil wars. 


The Barrie of Boswortn Fixtp is a most memorable 
event in English history, and has been rendered more particularly 
popular by the much admired and often repeated drama of our 
immortal Shakespeare, under the title of “ King Riebard the 
Third.” The scene of this desperate conflict was. large open plain, 
or field, about three miles to the S. E. of the town of Bosworth, 
‘The opposing and contending houses of York and Lancaster bud 
created a continued succession of wars, hostilities, and personal ani- 
mositics in the nation, from the beginning of the reign of Henry 
the Sixth to the termination of that of Richard the Third. Atthis 
eventful crisis, August 1485,a battle more desperate and sanguinary 
was fought than any of the former: and the issue of it tended to. 
unite the two families, and gave tranquillity to the nation. Itmaynot 
be irrevelant to narrate a few particulars respecting this national 
erent. Richard the Third supported the British crown about 

two 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 479 
‘two years, during which short government, he exercised (accord- 
ing to the testimony of most historians), a cruel, arbitrary, and 
intolerant dominion over his subjects, This naturally excited 
‘something more than discontent; and Henry, Earl of Richinoad, 
who had some ¢laitus'to the English seeptre, was invited to head 
the Lancastrian purty. This he readily agreed to; and bringing 
from Harfleur (where he had retreated from the persecutions of 
Richard), about 2600 men, he landed at Milford-Haven, iu Wales, 
antl proceeding through the central part of the principality, soon 
increased’ his numbers. When he arrived at Shrewsbury, his 
“army became very formidable, not merely in number, but from 
the rank and influence of many persons who joined his standard. 
Richard, who Jhad heard of Richmond's landing and progress, 
exerted all his influence to assemble an army, and marched to 
“Nottingham. ‘The Usurping Tyrant was exposed at once to the 
just indignation of his open enemies, and to the infidelity of his 
pretended friends. ‘This must have greatly embarrassed ‘him; and 
it is evident that suspicion was generally, if not always, preying 4 
‘ow his vitals, Thus circumistancell, he laboured under palpable 
disadvantages; but such disadvantages must ever attend the ca- 
‘reer of the cruel and crafly tyrant, in hig intercourse with society, 
With the exception of the Duke of ‘scarcely any noble~ 
man was attached to his cause; and’ who feigned the most 
loyalty, appear only to have waited for an opportunity to desert 
and betray him, But the persons of whont he entertained the 
greatest suspicions were Lord Stanley, and his brother, Sir Wil- 
Tiam ; whose connections with the family of Richmond, notwith- 
standing their professions of attachment to his person, were never. 
entirely forgotten, or overlooked by Hint. “When he 
Lord Stanley to levy forces, he still retained his eldest son, Lord 
Strange, asa pledge for his fidelity. ‘The two rivals at last ap- 
proached each other, and rallied their respective armies in a spa~ 
cious plain, situated between the towns of Bosworth and Hinckley. 
Henry appears to have headed about 6000 men; and Richard an 
army of double that number, Stanley had accumulated, and 
commanded about 7000 men, whom he posted at Atherstone, 
Hhs not 


480 LEICESTERSHIRE. 


-nol far from the rival camps, but so situated, that he could readily 
_ join that party which proved to be the most-successful in the 
conflict. ‘This disposition was perceived and suspected by Rich- 
ard; but, confident in the superiority of his numbers, he forbore 
to intimate his doubts, or demand obedience from Stanley. Fully 
expecting to secure a victory, and knowing that he could then ex- 
ereise unrestrained power over those he suspected or feared, he 
desperately rushed on to battle. Richmond, more wary and 
prudent, calculated on contingencies, and sought every ad- 
vantage of time, place, and mode of fighting, ‘The van of his 
army, consisting of archers, was commanded by the Earl of Oxe 
ford ; Sir Gilbert Talbot led the right wing; Sir John Savage the 
Jeft; the Earl himself, accompanied by his uncle, the Earl of 
‘Pembroke, preceded and directed the centre*. Richard also 
commanded his main body, and entrusted his van to the Duke of 
Norfolk, Thus situated, an awful anxiety and suspence pervaded 
both armies, whilst that of Stanley was kept in ambiguous ane 
certainty, Though this General had decided, his men were not 
apprised of his intention, This policy of Stanley determined the 
issue af the contest; for, soon after the battle commenced, be 
proclaimed his resolution, and rushed forward in aid of Rich, 
mond, ‘This measure luced its intended effect on the two 
armies; for it inspired of Henry with confidence and cou- 
rage, 


‘In the representation of historical events in the drama, costume, read: 
ing, scenery, and all circumstances, should conspire to illustrate facts, and 
also be in strict consistency wish truth. Shakespeare generally adheres 
to these, and the managers and first class of performers in the London theatres 
should earefully attend to them. Mr, Kemble, in playing the charneter 
of Richard, addresses the following passage to one part of the stage, and 
consequently to one part of the army : whereas Mr, Cooke, with more nice 
discrimination, appeals to the archers, and cavalry, as two distinct bodies, 
‘and occupying different posts in the army, These punctilions readings are 
important, when thus calculated to display ancient manners, customs, dc, 
Richard, informed of the commencement of the battle, exclaims— 


“ Draw, archers, draw your arrows to the head— 
‘Spur your proud horses hard, and ride in blood.” 


LRICESTERSHIRE. 431 
rage, and at the same time terror-struck and dismayed their ad- 
versaries. “The intrepid tyrant, sensible of his desperate situa~ 
tion, cast his eye around the field, and descrying his rival at no 
great distance, he drove against him with fury, in hopes, that 
either Henry's death or his own would decide the victory between ~ 
them. He killed, with his own hands, Sir William Brandon, 
standard-bearer to the Earl; he dismounted Sir John Cheyney: 
he was now within reach of Richmond himself, who declined not 
the combat; when Sir William Stanley, breaking in with his 
troops, surrounded Richard, who, fighting bravely to the last mo~ 
iment, was overwhelmed by numbers, and perished by a fate too 
mild and honorable for his multiplied and detestable enormities. 
His men every where sought for safety by flight. There fell in 
this battle about four thousand of the vanquished, and among 
them the Duke of Norfolk, Lord Ferrars of Charley, Sir Richard 
Radcliffe, Sir Robert Piercy, and Sir Robert Brackenbury. The 
Joss was inconsiderable on the the side of the victors. Sir William 
Catesby, a great instrument of Richard’s crimes, was taken, and 
soon after beheaded with some others at Leicester. The body of 
Richard was found jn the field, covered with dead enemies, and all 
besmeared with blood: it was thrown across a hone; 
was carried to Leicester, amidst the shouts of the insulting spec - 
fators, and was interred in the Gray-friars church of that place *.” 

“ While we survey this awful field,” says Hutton, “ the first in 
consequence in the whole island, that of the battle of Hastings, 
in Sussex alone excepted, we may consider it as English classic 
ground. Here contemplation brings in review important deeds, 
and their more important effects.” 

Hoy transcendaatly beautiful and energetic are those passages 
of Shakespeare, which describe and display the varied characters, 

~ sentiments, and emotions, of the principal personages who per- 

formed in this national tragedy, ‘That scene, where Richard is 

represented in his tent, and inly ruminating on the morning's 

_danger, is one of those master-pieces of dramatic and philosophic 
* Hume's History of England, Vol. IV, 


482 LEICESTERSHIRE. 


writing, which no author has ever excelled, and which, therefore, 
finds its way to every head and heart. In the night previous to. 
the fatal battle, our immortal bard describes Richard in bis tent, 
when harassed by a guilty conscience, and incapable of sleeping, 
he thus expresses his thouglits :— 


How awful is this gloom!—and hark, from camp to camp, 
‘The hum of cither army stilly sounds ; 

‘That the fixt centinels almost receive 

‘The secret whispers of each other's watch. 

Steed threatens steed, in high and boastfal veighings, 
Piereing the night's dull ear.—Hark, from the tents, 
‘The armourers accomplishing the knights, 

With clink of hammers closing rivets up, 

Give dreadful note of preparation: while some, 
Like sacrifices, by the fires of watch, 

With patience sit, and inly ruminate 

‘The morning's danger. ——-—+ 


About four miles to the west of Hinckley, is Livpney-Hauz, 
the seat of the Rev. Samuel Bracebridge Heming This place is 
rendered memorable from having been the residence of John 
Hardwick, who led the Earl of Richmond to the field of battle. 
It was afterwards possessed by 

Witx14M Burton, who published the History of Leicester- 
shire, and who was bom here on August 4th, 1575. He ob- 
tained the first rudiments of education at the grammar-school of 
Sutton Coldfield ; was admitted a commoner at Brazen-nose Col- 
lege, Oxford, in 1591; entered the Inner Temple in 1593; and was, 
next a barrister and reporter in the Court of Common Pleas. Ac- 
cording to Wood, “ his natural genius leading him to the studies 
of heraldry, genealogies, and antiquities, he became excellent in 
those obscure and intricate matters; and look upon him-as a 
gentleman, was recounted by all that knew him to be the best_ 
4f his time for those studies, as may appear by his description of 

Leicester 


‘LEICESTERSHIRE. “483 
‘Leicestershire*.” This .work was first published in one volame 
folio, 1622, At the time he was preparing it, he cultivated an 
acquaintance with Sir Robert Cotton, Sir William Dugdale, and 
Michael Drayton, all of whom had studied the topography and 
antiquities of the kingdom; and all, by their collections and — 
works, have perpetuated and preserved many useful and curious 
documents and facts. ‘The reputation of Burton's work,” as 
Mr. Gough justly observes, “arises from its being written early, 
and preceded only by Lambarde'’s Kent, 1576; Carew’s Cornwall, 
1602; and Norden's Surveys; and it is in comparison only of 
these, and not of Dugdale's more copious work, that we are to 
understand the praises so freely bestowed on it, and because 
nobody has treated the subject more remotely and accurately ; 
for Dugdale, says Burton, as well as Lambard and Carew, per 
formed briefly, The typographical errors in his volume, espe- “ 
_ cially in the Latin, are so numerous, and the style, according to 
the manner of that time, so loose, that the meaning is often doubt- 
ful. The description is in alphabetical order, and consists chiefly 
of pedigrees and moot-cases.” 
- Ropert Burton, younger brother of the above, was bora 
+ at Lindley, in 1576; and falling in wit prevalent whim of 
the times, called himself Democritus Junior, Under this signa- 
ture he published 9 work, with the quaint title of “ The Ana- 
tomy of Melancholy,” which, by the injudicious praises of Dr. 
Jobnson and Dr. Ferriar, has obtained considerable celebrity. 
Granger calls it an agreeable * cento;” but acknowledges, that 
had the anthor employed more of his talents in original composi- 
tion than in merely copying the unconnected sentiments, &c, of 
other writers, he would probably have made his book much more 
valuable than it is, His work appears to have been 2 local satire 
on the pedautry of the times; for it was then customary for all 
‘writers and speakers to embellish, or rather diversify, their lan- 
guage by quotations from various authors. Sir Edward Coke, in 
a speech concerning the gunpowder plot, contrives to introduce 
= some 
* Athenz Oxonienses, Vol. II. p. 75. 
. 


las a 


434 LEICESTERSHIER. 

some passages from the Psalinist, Ovid, &c; One of Burton's 
biographers describes him in the following terms, by stating, that 
he was “an exact mathematician, a curious calculator of nati- 
vities, a thorough-paced philologist, and an intelligent surveyor 
of lands; a devourer of authors, a melancholy, yet humorous 
man, merry, Sacete, ami, although advanced in years, a juvenile 
companion; readily and dexterously interlarding his discourses 


with verses and sentences from classical authors.” Such is the 


account of the man, by one who appears to be rather partial ; 
the following critique on his book is more discriminating, and, 
in my own estimation, is perfectly just. “ I have attempted 
several times to read it, but was perpetually disgusted with crude 
fancies, verbose pedantry, dull common place, and eternal quo- 
tation, spun out in unceasing repetition; it has seldom happened 
that I was more fatigued, and so anxious to close a book; and ¥ 
impute the sentence of approbation pronounced on it by Dr. 
Johnson, to Burton's chiming in with some favorite opinion, or to 
his perusing the work ata moment unfavorable to critical sagacity, 
similar to that in which he condemned Dr. Walls, and exalted 
the muse of Blackmore*.” The work of Dr. Ferriar, that tended 
to excite some enquiry after the Anatomy of Melancholy, and 
gave it a temporary notoriety, was entitled, “ Jdlustrations of 
Sterne.” In this work the Doctor endeavours to prove, that our 
witty and highly satirical Divine was indebted to Burlon for 
much of his eccentric style, &c. and therefore accuses him of 
plagiarism. On comparing-the writings of the two, there will be 
found but very few similitudes; for whilst Sterne is constantly 
displaying wit, satire, novelty, and fine writing, Burton's work is 
merely a heterogeneous common-place-book, more distinguished 
for its dulvess than its vivacity or brilliancy, Besides, the writings 
of Sterve will be long read and admired, after those of Burtou 
and Ferriar are forgotten, or disregarded, And such will ever 
be the happy pre-eminence of that writer who draws his literary 

pictures 


* Loungcr's Common-place-book, Vol. J. p.189. Edit. 1005. 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 485 
pictures from the fascinating and immutable face of Nature; 
while the copyist, and dull critic, will become more and more 
obscured by shadow, as 'Time proceeds ia his gradual career, 


GorsaL-HALL, or Goppeshull, the seat of the Baroness 
Howe, is about three miles north-west of Bosworth, This ele- 
gant mansion, according to Marshall, was built, and the grounds 
laid out, at the expense of 100,001. “ by the late Mr, Jennens, 
famous for his friendship to Handel and the Pretender,” Charles 
Jennens, Esq. was descended from an opulent family of Bir- 
minglam, who bad acquired a large fortune in business, Having 
purchased this estate, he built a spacious mansion, and adapted the 
whole for the reception of a great establishment, He died with- 
‘out issue in 1773, and left Gopsal to his nephew, Penn Asheton. 
Curzon, Esq. who married a niece of Mr. Jennens, This gen- 
tleman made a considerable collection of pictures®, and adorned. 
the grounds with ornamented temples, &c. In one of these isa. 
statue, by Roubiliac, of Religion, holding in one hand the book 
of fife, and in the other a cross, The temple is consecrated. to 
the memory of Edward Holdsworth, who died at Coleshill, in 
Warwickshire, in 1746. He was author of “ Muscipala,” and 
“ Remarks and Dissertations on Virgil.” On a cenotaph in the 

le is a figure of Genius, represented in a pensive attitude ; 
Virgil's tomb, and his bust, with various antique fragments ; and 
@ Latin inscription, complimentary to the talents of Holds- 
worth. 

Among numerous pictures io the house are the following :—— 

A Landscape, by Teniers; Two Landscapes, with figures, by. 
Poelemburg: a whole length Portrait of HANDEL, by Hudson; 
" two 


* These were first displayed in his house in Great Ormond Street, Lon- 
don ; amd a list of them was published in “The English Connoisseur,” 2 vols. 
‘atmo, 1766, By this list the collection appears to have been not nly very 
pumerous, but to have consisted of many pictures by the most eminent ar 
tists; though there were many of very inferior notey 


486 LEICESTERSHIRE: 
two Views in Venice, by Canaletti: St, Peter delivefed from 
Prison, the scene by De Neef, and figures by D. Teniers; 
companion to this is, e View of the Taterior of the Jesuit’s Church 
at Antwerp, with the ceremony of the priest bearing the bost, 
by the same artists; Infant Jesus Sleeping, by Murillio; Tobias 
curing his Father, by Rembrandt; two Landscapes, by Teniers; 
two pictures, representing # calm and a storm at sea, by Vander- 
TR re ik Gna arheaidn ta 
and Cattle, by Cuyp; @ Crucifixion, by Vandyck; David 
Solomon, by Rubens; and Hercules and Antens, by the same 
painter; View of Scheveling, storm coming on, by, Ruysdacl ; 
a Clialk Kiln, by the same artist; évo Landscapes, by Claude; 
the Death of Richard the Third, by Hayman. This curious 
picture displays that incident in the battle when Richard had just 
Jost his horse; and as Hayman was intimate with Garrick, it is 
presumed that he drew the character and expression of Richard 
from tlrat actor's personification of him. Mr. Boultbee, of 
Loughborough, issued proposals, some time back, for publishing. 
print from this picture. The library contains a consider- 
collection of books; aud in the house are several portraits 
of the Stuart family. 


Toouey PARK, once a great ornament to the hundred of 
Sparkenhoe, is now chiefly disparked, and appropriated: to the 
purpose of farming. It formerly belonged to the honor of Lei- 
cester, and was attached to the castle of Earl's Shilton, when the 
Earls of Leicester resided there. Iwan, pometee Oia 
generations, by the Boothby family, 


Earu's SuiuToN was formerly distinguished by its Norman 
castle; but this building is entirely destroyed, and ils site ouly 
denoted by a mount, and a place called the Castle Yard, or 
Hall Yard. The court-leet belonging to this manor, says Bur- 
ton, “is of large extent, to which the revenue of. twenty-five 
towns belongs, This manor is now accounted part of the duchy 

of 


WSICESTERSHIRES 487 
of Lancaster, and bas been 50 ever since Sion de Montford, 
Earl of Leicester, was slain at the battle of Evesham; upon which 
all his lands were given, by Henry the ‘Third, to Edmond Crouck- 
back, Earl of Lancaster, his second son,” peeeaca od 
pelry to Kirkby Malory, in which village is 

Kinxsy Hatt, the pleasant seat of Lord Viscount Went. 
worth. This house is built of brick, and its principal front 
stuccoed. In the contiguous chureh are several monuments to 
different persons of the Moe! family. 


At Kirnsy Mvxtos, near Leicester, a dares’ cheba; 
are the ruins of an old mansion, which was formerly moated 
round, and had towers at the angles. This house is traditionally 
said to have been built by Lord Hastings, as a place of refuge for 
Jane.Shore. The Hastings family certainly possessed this estate 
and lordship for many generations, 


Rasy, about four miles north-west from Leicester, is a vil- 
Jage and lordship belonging to the Earl of Stamford, Within this 
parish is a large entrenchment, which is formed in the shape of a 
parallelogram. Throsby says, that the embankment includes an 
area of “ nine acres and thirty-one poles; the slope is thirty-nine 
fect and a half.” From its lofty apex is obtained an extensive 
view of the circumjacent country. Our antiquaries have not de- 
‘scribed any Romun road in this direction; but it is extremely 
probable that the Via Dicana, in communicating between Rate 
aud Deva Colonia, passed this encampment. Near it is a spring 
called Holywell; and the place is usually called the Springs. 
Contiguous is an estate called Stewerd’s Hay, which formerly 
belonged to the Secheverell family, to the memory of one of 
whom there is a monument in the church. He gave a consi- 
derable sum of money to purchase lands for the benefit of the 
poor of Ratby, It is said, that John of Gaunt also gave other 
Jands here for the same purpose. Steward’s Hay is now the hunt- 
ing-seat of Lord Stamford, who, as Baron Groby, is owner also of 
Groby Castle. 


Braunston 





LEICESTERSHIRE. 489 
» FRAMLAND HUNDRED occupies the north eastern portion 
of Leicestershire, and runs, in a narrow neck of land, between the 
counties of Nottingham and Lincoln ; the latter bounding itto the | 
east, and the former to the north. Part of Rutlandshire attacties 
to the southern side, and the hundred of East Goscote bounds it 
on the west. A small portion of this hundred is included. be- 
tween the hundreds of Gathlaxton and East Goscote, The na- 
tural features of this part of the county are diversified by some 
bold elevations and fertile vallies. Among the latter, the Vale of 
Belvoir, which extends along the north western side of this bun- 
dred, is noted for its prolific pasturage. Part of the Wolds ex- 
tends nearly through the centre of it; and the rivers Bye and 
Devon derive their source from this district... The Grantham 
Canal crosses it from Nottinghamsbire.to Lincolnshire, Here is 
only one market town, Melton Mowbray; but itis adorned with 
noble seats at Belvoir, Croxton, Godeby, and Stapleford. A 
turnpike road communicates between Melton and Leicester; also 
from the former town to Oakham, to Nottingham, and to 
Grantham, 
Tn 1283 this hastinndiowts granted, by Edward .the Se- 
cond, to Roger Beler, for the fee-farm rent of 100 shillings. 
To. the following year the grant was renewed, withthe specifi- 


cation of some annual rents, which were termed Palfrey-Sileer 


of Beawer, Wakyng-Silver, Shirefs-toth, and Frank-pledge. 
To 1346, this hundred was assessed 311, 03. 4d. towards knighting 
Edward of Woodstock. The hundred court now belongs to the 
Earl of Moira. 

The following list of townships, &e, in this hundred, is ex- 
tracted from Mr. Nichols's History. 


Abhettleby, vicarage; includ- Bottesford, a ae includ- 
ing Holwell, which hasacha- ing the hamlets of Easthorpe 


_ pels and the ancient hamlet and Normanton. 
of Holt. Braunston, a rectory. 
Barkston, a vicarage. Broughton (Nether), rectory. 
Relvoir castle and priory. Buckminster, a vicarage; in- 
, You. IX. li cluding 


490. LEICESTERSHIRES 
cluding the hamlet of Sew- — carage; including Hunfon- 
atern. - Lazavs, Freeby, Sysonby, aud 
Cawdwell, a chapelry belonging §=——Welby, in each of whieh there: 
to Rothley; with the hamlet isachapel; and Eye-Kettleby, 


of Wikehants where the chapel is im ruins. 
Claxton, Long, a vicarage. Muston, 4 rectory. 
Cold-Overton, a rectory. Plungar, 9 vicarage. r 
Coston, a rectory. Redmile, a vectory. 
Croxton-Kyriel, a vicarage. Saltoy, » vicarage; including 
Croxton abbey. the manor of Berisanby, 
Dalby, Little, a vicarage. commonly called Besenby. — 
Eastwell, a rectory. Sarby, a rectory. - 
Eaton, x vicarage. Scalford, a vicarage; including 
Edmondthorpe, a rectory. Goldsmith's Grange. 
Garthorpe, a vicarage. Somerby, a vicarage. ” 
Godeby-Marwood, a rectory. _. Sproxton, « vicarage. 
Harby, a rectory. Stapleford, a vicarage. 
Hareston, a rectory. Stathern, a rectory. ‘ 
Hose, 2 vicarage. Stoneshy, a vicarage. 
Kirkby-Beler, a curacy. Thor pt-Ernald, 2 vicarage 5 
Anipton, a rectory. eluding chapel, 
Leesthorp, a hamlet belonging Waltham on the Wolds, = ree- 

to Pickwell. tory. 
Markfield, South, a chapelry Witheote, a rectory. | 

belonging to Tilton, Wiverby, « rectory, 


MELTON-MowsRay, 2 vi- Wynondhem, a rectory. 


MELTON MOWBRAY, 
t 


In ancient writings called Medeltune, Meltone, and afterwards 
Melton-Mowbray, from its early lords, is a small well built 
town, situated in a vale, on the bauks of the river Eye. It is 
fifteen miles distant from Leicester, sixteen from Grantham, 
twenty from Nottingham, and ten from Oakham; and is inter- 
sected by the tarmpike roads leading to these towns, In the 
ecclesigsticn! division, it is included in the deanry of Pramland, 

“ From 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 4g 
« From Clauson to Melton,” says Leland, “a good iii miles by 
good corme ground. Betwixt Trent ripe and Melton many benes 
and peson, as yt is communely thorough al Leyrecestreshir,. 
Front Melton to Barton Lazar, a veri fair hospital arid colle- 
giate chirch, scant a mile, To Borow hills more than ii milés.. 
‘This standeth in the very by way bytwixt Melton and Londons 
To thes Borow hills every yere on Monday after White Sonday 
come people of the contery therabout, and shote, renne, wrastle, 
daunce, and use like other feats of exercise”.” The parish of 
Melton is four miles in extent; and, the five hamlets of Burton 
Lazare, Eye-Kettleby, Freeby, Sysonby, and Weiby, are de 
pendant on the town, and inclided in the parish, paying levied 
tothe mother choreh, and having divine service performed at 
each in turn by the viear. In the reign of Edward the | 
fessor, the lordship of Melton, originally of very great 
was in the possession of Leurie Fitz Leuins and was the chief of 
twenty-seven lordships, which, afler the conquest, was bestowed 
on Goisfrid de Wiree: at this remote period’ it had obtained 
the peculiar privilege of a market, whence accrued’ revenud 
of twenty shillings per annum. Goisfrid was succeeded inthe: 
lordship by Nigel de Albini, whose son, by order of Henry the 
First, assumed the mame of Mowbray, in which’ family it‘long 
continued. Tn the beginning of the seventeenth century we find 
it possessed by Robert Hudson, Esq. citizen of London, anda 
great benefactor to his native town of Melton. From the Hud- 
sous, John Coke, Esq. purchased the manor and honour; which 
descended in 1750, by marriage, to Matthew Lamb, Esq. an 
eminent conveyancer of Lincolu’s Inn, who was created a 
Baronet in 1755. In an act passed in 1760, for dividing and 
inclosing the several open and common fields und common pas- 
{Gres in Melton Mowbray, containing together about 2000 acres, 
‘Sir Mutthew Lamb is described as lord of the honour and manor, 
and proprietor of a considerable part of the lands and grounds 
* li2 “ * therein, 


* Thin, Vol. V. p. 93. 


492 LEICESTERSHIRE. 

therein, Sir Matthew died in 176, and was succeeded by his: 
son, Sir Peniston, who was created Baron Melbourne in 1770, 
and Viscount in 1780. 

~ Near this town a severe battle took place, Feb..95, 1644-5, 
between Sir Marmaduke Langdale, who commanded the royalists, 
and aparty of the parliamentary troops, under becomes 
Colonel Rossiter. 

About the middle of the seventeenth century, aoe = 
men’s tokens were issued at this town ;. whence Mr. Nichols infers, 
that the place was then distinguished for “ considerable tratfie!* 
Six of the tokens are engraved in Vol. I. of the History of Leices~— 
tershire. Connected with this town are three bridges, over the 
rivers Eye and Scalford. These are repaired, and the streets are 
_preserved in good condition, with lamps, é&c. from the rents 
arising out of the tows estates. Here is a weekly market oo 
Tharsdays; and at every alternate market is generally a large 
shew of cattle, In this town are three annual fairs, and also a 
statate fair for servants, It appears by the parish register, that 
in the year 1653, and some following years, the publication of 
banns was announced at the market cross, und that two justices 
of the peace performed the marriage ceremouy. In this town 
is a manor oven, fourteen feet in diameter, the possessor of whicl 
endeavoured to compel all the iuhabitants to bake their bread 
in it, in. the time of Sir Matthew Lamb; but the townspeople 
refused to comply, and established another oven of larger di- 
mensions. 

The church is « large, handsome structure; and consists of 

a nave, ailes, transepts, chancel, tower in the centre, and an 
handsome porch at the west end. The latter is a peculiar fea- 
-tare in the building, and bas an elegant door way, with ogee arch: 
also two niches on each side, and two ornamented windows. 
Above this porch is the large, western window, consisting of five 
dights, with four lofly mullions, and some decorated tracery. 
Over the ailes is a continued, and almost connected, series of 
clerestory windows, of three lights each, The whole eburch 
: is 





LEICESTERSHIRE. 493) 

iserowned with an» embattled parapet; and at each angle is a” 
crocketed pinnacle. ‘The tower consists of two stories above the 
church, of good proportion, and handsome architecture. In 
the lower tier are three lancet-shaped windows in each face, with: 
Jong slender columns, having central bands, and. plain: circular 
capitals, In these windows the zigzag ornament prevails; and. 
at the angles of the tower (in this tier) are three quarter columns. 
‘The upper tier is of a different, and later style of architecture; and 
the summit is adorned with eight purfled pinnacles, and a richly 
perforated and embattled balustrade. _ At the north-east angle is 
acircular stair-case, projecting beyond the square of the tower: 
Within, the building presents a neat, and nearly uniform ap+ 
pearance; and the wliole has been carefully and laudably pre 
served by the present worthy vicar, the Rev. Dr. Ford, whovhas, 
in. this, sacred. building, set a most exemplary pattern to the 
neighbouring clergy. The nave is divided from the ailes by six 
bigh pointed arches on each side, springing from four clustered 
columns; and in the transepts are ailes, arches, with columns, 
&c. The transepts measure 117 feet in length, by 38 feet’ in 
breadth ;. from the western door to the chancel is 113 feet; 
the chancel is 51 feet long, by 21 feet in width; and the nave 
is 56 feet wide. Leland calls it “a faire paroche church, sum- 
time an hospital and cell to Lewis in Sussex.” On the north 
side of the chancel is an embattled vestry, with the date of 1582 
over its eastern window. Here are some fragments, and figures 
of painted glass. Among the monumental inscriptions is. one 
to “Rosert Hupson, Esq. citizen of London, and of St. 
Mary Bothaw; was born in this towu, 1570; founded the 
hospital adjoining to the church, 1640; and died 1641." Se~ 
veral others of the Hudson family were interred here. In the 
south aile, commonly called Digby's Aile, is an effigy of a 
cros+legged knight, in a round helmet of mail, with a band, 
Ais shield on his left arm, bearing a liom rampant. Over him, 
in modem characters, “ This is the Lonp HAMON BELER, 
lis brother 


oe LEICESTERSHIRE, 

brother to tlie Lord’ Mowbray.” ‘Tinihen eae ae 

and 1766 inhabitants. 

‘The poor of this town are benefited by erverel tac 
nefactions; and among these are some public schools. As early 
asthe reign of Henry the Third, we find these taken underthe 
immediate patronage of that monarch. A large building was 
" ereeted in 1795, to be appropriated to a free-sehool for girls. 
| ‘This town has given birth to the following eminent public . 
characters. Joun px Kinkpy, who was canon of Wells and 
York, dean of Winbum, archdeacon of Coventry, and in 1272 
he was made keeper of the great seal. In 1283 he was con- 
stitoted Jord bigh treasurer of England, He was presented to 
the bishopric of Ely in 1286, and died in 1290, when he was 
interred before the altar of his own cathedral. ‘To this bishop 
the subsequent prelates of Ely have been indebted for their 
London residence ; as he bequeathed, for their use, “ his manor 
house, @ capital messuage, with some cottages in the village of 
Holbourn, in the suburbs of London *.” 

“WILLIAM DE MELTON, provost of Beverley, and’ after- 
wards archbishop of York, was a person of distinction it the 
early part of the fourteenth century. He wis appointed, by 
“Edward the Second, lord high treasurer of England in 1325: 
* and Edward the Third made him lord chancellor in 1834, “He 
died at Cawood in 1340, and was interred near the westera end 
of his cathedral church, where his coffin, (ae ‘were aces 
on new paving that edifice +. 

Joun HENLEY, better known by the popular appellation of 
Orator Henley, was born here, August 3, 1692. Few publie 
characters ever excited more notoriety than the one pow under 
consideration; for, by a prolific pen and “flippant tongue, he 

wrote 


* Nichols, Vol. I. p. 259, from Godwin de Presulibas, p, 258, Ed 
Richardson, 


+ See Drake's Antiquities of York, 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 405 
wrote and descanted on almost every popular subject of the day. 
Te aren measures, were treated with a boldness 

and freedom of lauguage, that provoked astonishment and cn- 
riosity. It will be impossible to delineate the varied charac- 
teristics and proceedings of this man, in the limited space which 
Tam necessarily confined to in this work; but in detailing the 
following particulars, I hope to experience the approbation of 
the reader: For whenever it becomes necessary to discuss and 
decide on the merits of public characters, it should be done 
with freedom and discrimination. John Henley has furnished us 
with ample data for writing a copious memoir and character 
of him, in bis own “ Oratory Transactions,” Whence it ap- 
pears, that ambition was his ruling passion; and this impelled 
him, in all his scholastic proceedings, to aim at pre-eminence. 
He was generally head boy, or captain, in each school, and acquired 
a considerable knowledge of languages, &c. When at College, 
he still persevered in his studies; and there displayed some traits 
of that spirit which afterwards excited so much popularity, 
# He here began to be uneasy,” says Mr. Nichols: “he was im- 
patient that systems of ull sorts were put into his hands; and 
that he incurred the danger of losing his interest, and the scandal 
of heterodoxy, if (as his genius led him) he freely disputed all 
| propositions, &c. He was always impatient under those fetters 
ef the freesborn mind; and privately determined, some time or 
_ other, to enter his protest against any person’s being bred like 
‘a slave, who is bom an Engtishman. Here he also observed, 
that the space ‘of four years was employed on the forming of 
such qualifications as might be mastered, to more perfeetion, in 
a fourth part of the time. He likewise found it was a great 
defect that, though he was brought up for a clergyman, he was 
‘not instructed to preach, or pray, or read prayers, or speak, or 
catechise, or confer, or resolve a ense of conscience, or under= 
stand the seriptures, or form any natural and clear idea of the 
Christian religion, He determined, therefore, some time to lay 
a foundation for removing such a complaint, that men might be 
Tia educated 








LEICESTERSHIRE. AMT 


Oratory. Here he delivered, on Sundays, a theological discourse 
in the morning, and a lecture in the evening, Every Wednesday 
he also gave lectures on the sciences, and on various miscellaneous 
subjects. He next took a room near Lincoln's Inn Fields, con- 
tiguous to the great Catholic chapel, and called it, “ The Little 
‘Catholic Chapel;” By quaint and aceasionally witty adver- 
tisements and handbills, he announced his lectures; and gene- 
rally attracted a numerous audience. The prices of admission 
were sixpence and one shilling each person, A syllabus of his 
Jectures was also published, containing a long list of the various 
topics on which he proposed to descant during a course, The 
distinguishing characteristics of Henley in bis lectures were, 
to play round the surface of a subject, without puzzling his 
hearers by deep argument, solid learning, or abstruse specula-” 
tion; to excite curiosity by singularity and extravagance; to 
provoke mirth sometimes by broad humour, and occasionally by 
barefaced impudence; to treat public men and public measares 
with sarcasm, personality, satire, and buffoonery*” When Lord 
Chesterfield was secretary of state, Henley was arrested, and 
brought before the privy council; but, careless and unabashed, 
‘be there indulged in his usual freedom of language, and yas at 
length dismissed with a reprimand. Among other public cha- 
acters whom he attacked, was Alexander Pope, who retaliated 
iw the following terms, in that severely satirical poem of his 
ealled the ‘ Dunciad’ 


—*“ Imbrown'd with native bronze, see Henley stands 
‘Tuning his voice, and balancing his bands, 
How floent nonsense trickles from his tongue! 
‘How sweet the periods neither said nor sung; 
O great restorer of the good old stage, 
SS Preacher at once, and zany of thy age! 
© worthy thou of Egypt's wise abodes ; 
A decent priest where monkeys were the gods !"— . 
Henley 


* Lounger’s Common Place Book, Vol. II. Sd Edit, 











This hospital was the principal, or chief of the Java 
England ; and its revenues supported a master, and 


‘for the leprous fraternity, the founders were probably 
‘by the peculiar character of a bath, or spring, | : 
whieh were formerly in high reputation for that + called 
leprosy. A bathing room, aud drinking room, were built: 
about the year 1760, and the place frequented by 
afllicted with scrofidous and scorbutic complaints. Some of 
these are said to have derived very considerable benefit from the 
‘use of the waters, ‘These “are fectid and saline, without any 
imioeral taste;’ but are esteemed pure in the highest degree, and 
ereate au appetite. They brace and invigorate weak constitutions, 
Perabmipiwetaincieenca = 
ther.” 
‘The-cinpel'et Dertiw coaiina ab hse nl Aah 
at the west end are two bells, suspended beneath arches, = 
STAPLEFORD, 


* See a copious list of his publications, and many further potas vo: 
specting him, in Nichols's History af Leicestershire, Vol I p. 260, dec, 
+ History of Leicestershire, Vol. 1. p. 272. woe 


¢ Ibid. p. 269. ‘Throsby, in his “' Leicestershire Views,” p. 178, fe. has 
iven a Tist of persons who obtained cures from bathing im, and drinking the 
waters. Most of the disorders appear to have been scorbutic, — 





 Srarneronp, a large paris’ bordering on Rutlandshire, 
comprehends an-area of land, measuring about two miles and a 
aif from cast to west, anc'two miles from north to south, Here 
is Sraeterorp-HAut, a seat of the Earl of Harborough. 
‘The house is seated on rising ground, in an extensive park, at the 
distance of four miles from Melton Mowbray. ‘This building con- 
sists of three distinct parts, erected at different periods, ‘The most 
‘ancient was raised by Thomas Sherard, Esq.-in 1500, as appears 
Dy a date on the eastern frout. Another inseription states, that 
“ William Lord Sherard, Baron of Letrym, repaired this 
building, An. Do. 1631.” This part of the house displays a 
curious specimen of the English domestic architecture of the age. 
Tt has square headed windows with mullions, and is ornamented 
with fifteen statues in niches, besides several coats of arms, and 
pieces of sculpture, in basso relievo. ‘The statues are intended 
to represent different persons, ancestors or founders of the fa- 
ily; and six of them are inscribed with the following names. 
« Schirerd, Lord of Chelterton; King William the Conqueror; 
Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester; Bertram, Lord Verdon; 
Welter de Lacy, prea i Te Nr) 
vd Brabanzon, the greut warrior.” — © 

The church, Giinted ‘ons ths wandaly touts Gling 
and was erected in the year 1783. Within it are some fine 
‘monuments to different branches of the family. Among these is 
ove by Rysbrach, raised to the memory of the first Earl of 
Harborongh ; an effigy of whom is represented in Roman costume, 
with one arm reclining on a cushion, and the other arm directed 
towards the figure of his lady, who is displayed with a naked in 
fant seated on her knee, On the pedestal is the following inscrip- 
tion. 


_ *To THE MEMoRry oF BENNET, Fikst Eant or Har- 
» BOROUGH, ONLY SURVIVING SON-AND HEIR oF BEn- 
wer, Lorp SHERARD OP STAPLEFORD; BARON OF 
LerRIM, IN THE KINGDOM OP IRELAND, BY ELiza- 
BETH, 


500) LEICESTERSHIRE. 


BETH, DAUGHTER AND couEre or Sir Henry Can- 

VERLY, oF ARCHOLM®, IN THE BisHorrick or Dur- 

HAM, KNIGHT, BY WHOM HE MAD ISSUZ ONE SON, 

WHO DIED AN INFANT. He WAS MANY YEARS, AND 

ro THE TIME OF MIS DEATH, Lory LrguTENANT, AND) 
Custos RoruLorum or THE couNTY or RuTLanpy’ 

Lory WagpEN AND Justice IN EyR® NorTH OF 

Tesent. He piep THE iGrn pay or OcroBER, 1 
_ THE YEAR OF ouR Lorp 1732, AgED 35.” _y 

In the middle of the nave is a brass plate, with engraved: 
outlines-of the figures of Geoffrey aad Joan Sherard, dated 1490. 
Hesis represented in armour, his head resting on u helmet, and 
his feet on a greyhound, with large sword and spurs. On the: 
same plate: are: figures’ of seven’ boys and seven girls, with four, 
shields of arms. 

Here is am elegant large marble monument, erected to the me~ 
mory of William Lord Sherard; a statue of whom, in armour, 
with another of his lady, are laid on a table tomb, beneath an 
arch, On either side of the tomb, three sons in armour, and & 
daughter, each kneeling on.a cushion; another son on a cushiony 
in the middle‘of the tomb. He died the 1st of April, 1640. 


Borresronn, in ancient deeds written Botesford, Bottelesford, 
Boclesford, Bokillisforde, &c. and in modern pronunciation Bots- 
worth, is situated on the river Devon, ia the vale of Belvoir, and ad« 
joins to the two counties of Nottingham and Lincoln. The turnpike 
road: from Grantham to Nottingham leads through it. In the 
ecclesiastical division of Leicestershire, Bottesford, with its two 
hamlets of Easthorpe and Normanton, is within the deanry of 
Framland. 

This lordship (with fourteen others in the county) was given, 
by the Conqueror, to Robert de Todenci, a noble Norman, who 
accompanied the monareh into England as a standard-bearer; 
by whom it was held at the time of the Domesday survey, and 

whose 





SOL 

ESSE: till, by an heir. general, it came, by. 
of Res; in which, and in that of 

it has continued (except a few years, in the contest 

cen the houses of York and Lancaster) to the presentdlay. 

je church of, Botteafoed: isa large handsome structures\eom- 

of a nave, a spacious chancel, two ailes,.south porch, 

and north and south, transept. At the west end is. towery. with 
a lofty ornamented spire. This church, haying been ;the burial 
place of the Manners family since the dissolution, is ornamented 
qwith several memorials and monuments, raised at different pe- 
siods, and to different persons. Some of the monuments are 
ancient, and from {heir mutilated condition are not, perhaps, 

now, to be identified, THOMAS MANNERS, the 

Rutland, was buried at Bottesford in 1543... Previous, to this 
period it appears that the family was buried at the »priory 
church of Belvoir; and after the dissolution, the principal tombs, 
effigies, &c. were removed from that church to this.of Bottesfords 
_ Here are now some fine and costly, monuments; among which 
the following. claim attention, cither for their, individual splen= 
dour, or on account of the persons whose names and deeds they 
serve to record. An aT 
Near the middle of the nave sn. 20claater moran iit 
effigies of the first Eant. or RuTLAND and his CounTHss. 
‘The former is represented in the appropriate, robes of the. garter, 
with bis head resting on a helmet, and his. feet , against: against an 
unicorn, The Indy is dressed in the, uncouth, and formal, cos 
tome of the age. Ou the north side.of the tomb are. figures. of 
_ their six daughters, and on the south side those of their fixe sons 
_and one daughter. The young, men are, represented in surcoats 
and mail, At the west end of the tomb is a statue of a sixth son 
im armour; and at the cast cud are the figures of two other 
daughters. sae dae 
_ Near this monument is another: Ofte wth he allow 
ing inscription, } ee 
“ Heare lieth HENRY MANERS, EARLE apaRewnentns 
and 


502, LEICESTERSHIRES 

and Margaret his wief, daughter to Radulphe, earte of West? 
merland, which Earle of Rutland died, beig lord presidet of ber 
Majestic’s coursayle in the Northe, the sevententhe days of Seplem= 
ber, 1563.” 

A figure of the Earl represents him in plated armour, with a 
collar aud George hanging down almost to his waistband, a garter 
round. his knee, coronet, rings on the fore and third fingers of 
both hands, dagger at his right side, sword in his left hand, @ 
book in bis right, his flowered: kelmet and crest wader his head, 
am unicorn at bis feet, By him fies bin Indy hit robes, with het 
head reclined on a scroil, her hair reticulated with jewels, a ¢o- 
rovet and roi, her bands joined with a book, and a lion at Het 
feet, Their eldest son Edward in armour, their second son Jolt, 
rector of Helmesly, in a gown, with long pendantisleeves; and 
their daughter Elizabeth, all kneel on the tomb: the eldest son 
and daughter at the head of their parents, and the other som at 
their feet. Over the figuresisa canopy on heavy-wrought pillars,” 

On the south side of the ebancel is a large monument, with 
the figures of Epwarp, the rutnp Bart of RutLand; and 
his lady. He is in robes, raff, and armour, bareheaded, garter 
on his knee, long cordon, a bull at his feet: she in ermine robes, 
high toupee, ruff, embroidered sleeves, puckered wristbands; 
with one daughter knecling ut her feet, in similar sleeves, ralf, 
and drest hair. The following inscription, specifying his titles, 
&c, ison two tablets. “The right honorable and noble Lord 
Edwarde Earle of Rutlande, Lord Rosse of Hamelac, Trusbote, 
and Belvoyre, lieth bere buried. In the yeare 1560 he was sent 
into the north parts, in the tyme of those civill troubles; fliere 
made Lieutenante to Thomas Erle of Sussex (then Lord Generali 
of her Ma’®* Armie) and also Colonel of the footmen, and one 
of the counsel im that service, he being then but 20 years of age; 
and warde to her Ma*, He travuiled into Fraunce 1570. Hé 
was made lieutenant of the County of Lincolne 1582. He was 
made Kuight of the Garter 1584. On the Sth day of July, 1586, 
as chief commissioner for her Majestic, he concluded with the 

Scottishe 


LEICESTERSHINE. 508 
Scottishe King’s Commissioners at Barwick opow Tweede, a legue 
| of Amitye between the two Reales, Ou the 14th of April fole 
lowing, being Good Friday, 1537, be departed this life near 
Puddle Wharfe, in Londen, fro whence his corps was hither 
brought, and boried the 15th day of May next followinge. He 
left yssue by his honourable wief, Isabel Holcroft, daughter to 
Sir Thomas Holcroft, knight, one daughter, named Elizabeth, 
‘then of the age of eleven yeares, and almost four monythes, which’ 
daughter was married in January 1588, to Willia Cicell, Es 
quier, eldest sonne to Sir Thomas Cicell, kuight, eldest sonne to 
the Lord Burghley, then and now Lord High Treasoror of Eng- 
Iande; Lc: og ele am pagaammbisonstae =~ 
at London in April 1591.” f 

Ui eat hast wall ofthe, change ie onary Toei 
FOURTH Earl of Rutland, whose effigy is in armour, with # co- 
ronet, and ruff, a mat under his head, and a bull at his feet. By - 
his side is his lady, in am ermine mantle, ruff, drest hair, falling: 
rufites, with a leopard's head at her feet. At their head isa Indy 
kneeling, in a ruff, drest hair, and pinked sleeves, a son and ~ 
daughter at their feet ; two more kneel in front, and three sons 
ip aymour with ruffy. The inscription states, that this Earl diéd 
on the 24th of February, 1587, being then Lieutenant of Not~ A 
tingham; and that he had by ‘his most honorable and virtuous 
lady, Elizabeth Charicton, daughter of Fraunces Charleton; — 
five sons and four daughters.” 

‘On the north side is a monmment, for Rooker, eatin 
of Rutland, with wn imscription, recording that, in the year 1595) 
he travelled into Frauce, Italy, Swisserland, and the Low Couns 
tries; that he was Colonel of Foot in the Irish wars, 1698; arb 
Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire, 1603: when he went Ambassa- 
dor to Denmark, to carry the Order of the Garter to the King; 
and that he died, without issue, June 26, 1612. He is repre 
sented ia ermine robes, with a coronet Ker osinos oe 
and 2 peacock at his feet. oo 

arte tie eee id doeurcinlelt tania 

FRANCIS, 


ee LRICKSTERSEIER. 
Francis, the s1xtH Earl of Rutland, whose difigy is habited § 
the robes and insignia of the garter,. with a picked beard, agg 

whiskers, sword, satin trunk bose, with s peucock at his fegt..OF 

this Earl. we are informed, in a long. inscription, that he wap 

highly boooured by most of the Princes of Europe; was Kuight 

of the Bath in 1604; married Lady Francis Bevill, daughter of Sir 

Heory Knyvett, by whom be bad one daughter, Katherine Duchess 

of Buckingham ; afterwards married Lady Cecilie Hungerford, 

daughter of Sir John Tufton, by whom be .had two,sons, “ both 

which died in their infancy, by wicked practice and sorcerye.”_ In 

1612 he was made Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire, and Chief 

Justice in Eyre; in 1616, made a Knight of the Garter; and.ja 

that year was one of the Lords sppointed to attend King James 

ipto Scotland. At the foot, on .a fiat stone, it it stated: this 

“ Francis, Earl of Rutland, was buried Feb. 20, 1632.” 

- Against the same wall is a white marble monument, for GEORGE, 
SEVENTE Earl of Ratland, who is represented in a Roman habit ; 
the inscription specifies, that he married Frances, sister of Viscoupt 
Falkland, and died in the Savoy, London, 29th March, 1641. 

, Asimilar monument, on the opposite side, commemorates JOHN, 
gi@uTH Earl of Rutland, and Fratces his wife, who are repre- 
sented in effigies as large as life. He ina Roman habit; she with 
her right hand on her breast, bearing her robes with her left; her 
hair strung with jewels. She died May 1671—the Earl, September 
1679. 
: These monuments, and the whole interior of Bottesford church, 
are now preserved in careful and clean condition: though for- 
merly they were obscured by dust and filth, and greatly injured 
by mischievous boys, &c. The Rev. William Mounsey, dering 
bis curacy here, laudably appropriated his leisure time to clean 
and repair these monuments; and to his exemplary care is to be 
ascribed their present respectable condition. “No monumental 
inscription,” says Mr. Nichols, “is yet placed in memory of either 
of the four Dukes of Rutland, or the great Marquis of Granby, 
who are all buried at Bottesford with their ancestors.” 

BELvorr CasTLE 





LELCHSTRRSHIRE, | 508% 

“PeLvorR CastLE, the splendid seat ‘of the Manners family’. 

for many generations, and-now belonging to John Henry’ Man, 
ners, the fifth Duke of Rutland, is the greatest ornament of the: 
cétinty ; and the whole demesne embraces u large tract of landat 
the north eastern comer of Leicestershire, and extends into Lins) 
colishire. ‘Tn some topographical works it has been described as! 
situated in’ the latter county. ‘Camiten says, “ Tn the west part of 
Kesteven, on the edge of this county (Lincolnshire) and 'Leicester+ 
shire there stands Belvoir castle, so called (whatever wasits ancient! 
name), from the fine prospect on a steep hill, which seems. the 
work of art.” Burton expressly says, tht this castle “is cer- 
tainly in Lincolnshire ;” and the authors of the ‘ Magua Britannia’ 
repeat the sime terms, Mr. Nichols, whose authority on- this, 
and most otlier subjects of local history respecting Leivestershice,: 


‘ate now'no buildings but the Castle, with its ofices, and the Inn, 
Tewould be a difficult matter, notwithstanding, to trace out with 
nt asta tie tro counties i this nigh 


Pd ci si erm ee ty 
standéth in Leircestre (Lincolashir), in the vale of Bever+.” In 
another place he writes, “The Castelle of Bellevoire standith in 
‘the utter part of that way of Leicestershir on the very keepe of an 
ce canna on aren naame 
-mennes bandes, as it may evidently be perceyvid. 
Wither ther were any Castelle ther afore the conquest, or no, I 
‘aim not sure; but surely I think rather mo them yes Totemite was 
“the first echabiter aftor the conquest. ‘Then it cam to Albencivs, 
* Vou, IX. Kk And 


* History of Leicestershire, Vol. I. p, 23, 
Itinerary, Vel. VEL £. 294 


506, EBICESTERSHIRE. | 
And from Albeynius to Ros. Of pepsin pin. 





To Lincolashire his domains were still’ more numerous. — 

amptonshire he had nine lordships; one of whieh, 

the additional name of Albin, when it came into the poss 

ef his son $.” en 

. William de Albini, tcf the abate, Sakceaalna hese 

ships; and, like hiis father, wasa celebrated warrior, and distin 
alt a 







Stuer, VOLK 630K 4g 36 Rad 


$ History ot Lascesterthire, Vol. I, p. 23. 


-tensrensumne, 507 
guished himself at the Battle of Tenerchebray in Normandy, where 
“Henry the First encountered Robert Curthose, his brother. | Mat- 
thew Paris. ‘describes the setions. of William s being particularly 
valiant on this occasion. King Stephen and Henry the | 
granted the castle of) Belvoir, to Ranulph de Gemons, Earl of 
‘Chester: but it was again obtained by de Albini, who died. 
about 1155. manera arb nr be ani as 
‘nual fain at Belvoir, to be continued for eight days, 
| William de Albini (alias Meschines, and Brito), epi 
sessor of Belvoir, &e. endowed the Priory here with certain 
ands, and, in 1165, on the aid granted to. ‘Henry I. for marry- 
‘ng his eldest daughter Maud to the Emperor, certified the | 
‘that be then held of him thirty-two knights’ fees under the 
Serene in was enfeotied in the time of ‘King Henry 


ra A RA of the name,was a distinguished cha- 
racterin the reign of King Richard the First, and went with that m 
nareh into Normandy in 1195. In 1211, a peace boing e 
“tween King John and the Freneh King, William de “Albini was 
‘one of the sureties for the former. He was also one ‘of those 
twenty-five barons who swore,to the observation of Magna Charta 
and Charta de Foresta, sealed by the King at Runnemeade, ia 
‘the 7th year of his reign. Afterwards he was engaged in the 
andl was taken prisoner by the king’s party at Ro- 
chester Castle, The castle at Belvoir was alsoseized by the mo- 
arch. Previous to his death, he granted several immunities to 
the Priory of Belvoir, for the-health of bis own soul, and the soul 
‘of Agatha his wife, and the soul of Margery his former wife. He 
o> Rag eine the hospital . ‘of ourlady, 
called Nowum-locum, (Newstead,) at Wassebridge, between Stam- 
ford and Uffington,.where he was interred in May 1236. 
+ Am opulent heiress of the house of Albini, named Isubel, mar- 
ried to Robert de Ros, or Roos, baron of Hamlake, and thus 
carried these estates, &c. into 2 new family. The bounds of the 
lordship of Belvoir at this time are described by a document 
“ Kk2 printed 





1608 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
eusine Nichols's History. ‘This new lord. obtained ‘a licénce 
fro Henry 111. to hold a. weekly starketvat Belvoir) witham an 
hail fi, He died in 1285, and his body was buried wt Kirk 
‘bam, his bowels before the bigh altat at’ Belvoir, and his bieart 
vat Croxton Abbey. It was-a cominon (practice im this ages for 
-eminent characters to have their corporal remains thus distributed! 
-after death, An inscription, with the army of Robert de Ros) is 
preserved in the church at Bottesford. . In.1304, William de Row 
was allowed to incloge 100 acres in the parish of Redmilé under 
the name of Bever Park, which was appropriated solely: to the 
- preservation of game. This gentlemait was’ /benafietor to the 
-Priory of Belvoir, te the Priory of Ouston, and also to the house of 
White Friars at Blakeney iv Norfolk. He died)in'1917; and was 
buried in the monastery of Kirkhamecy 5 0) Wh 
William de Ros, eldest sou of the above, finished. 
tion. in 132), which his father. bad begin, at Blakebey s/-was tiitide 
Lord Ros, of Werke, tookithe title ‘uf Baron Ros} of Hamlake, 
Werke, Belvoir, and Trusbot: and. bad sunimons: to parliament 
from 11th Edward If. to 26th, Edward, Ike He Wwas also ape 
pointed Lord High Admiral of Eugland. Dying in 1542, he was 
interred at Kirkham, in Yorkshire, undera . 
reat altars) ci vu villoyyr chicos stl = me 

Sir Williom de Ros, Koight, was: a very distinguished ’charact 
ter during the xeign of Henry the Fourth ; was appointed, Lord 
High Treasures in 1402, and one of ste triers of petitions: ia 
parliament, . He also held several other offices of state, By kis 
will he gave 4001, “for finding ten. honest chaplaitiy to pray fut 
his soul, and the souls.of his father, mother, brethren, ‘sisters? 
Xe, for eight year, within his chapel at'Belvoir Custle,’ He died 
Here in.1414; and his monument was removed from ae 
ory to Bottesford church, after the dissolution, 

John Ros, the eldest son of the abovey aL er 
in 1414, and was sluin, with bis brother William, at Baugé, near 
Anjou. His remains were brought to England, and immured at 
Belvoir, and his monument is now et at Bottesfurd. He 

was” 


LEICESTERSHIRE, | 5098 
st ioe. by Timer Rh bra wg 
in the wars of France. Dying im 1431,'he wai succeeded: by: 
his son, who was'then an infants but who; on coming to one ae 
took an active part in the civil wars between the hawses of York. 
and Lancaster, He was attainted in parliament,’ the 4th of Noo 
vember, 1461; and the’ possessions of this noble fiimily were: 
parceled out, by. King Edward >the! Rourth, ‘athong his tus! 
merous partizans. . “The honor, castle, and lordship of Bele 
voir, withthe park, and all: its:members, -viz.) Wolsthorp, Barks 
ston, Plungar, Redmile, Harby, Botteiford, Normanton, aud: 
Eatthorpe, with the advowsons. of their several eburches, and 
the rent, called Castle-guard throughout Briglaid, nt that time 
an appurtenance to this castle, were granted, ‘August 9th, 14675" 
to William, Lord Hastings, to hold of ‘the’ king’ and hiv heirs, 
by homage only®*.”. Leland gived the *fullowing ‘aécount “of the | 
easlle, Ses) at this time.’ The Lord Ros toke King” Hear. 
the VI. parte’ agaya_ ‘King: Edwardes wherapot'the'Lotd Roses _ 
andes slode. as confiscate, King Edward prevailing; and Belle? 
voir, castle was given, in keeping tothe Eord Hastings’; the 
— upon a tyme to perase the ground, and 

to lye inthe castel, was sodenly repellid by. Mry Haringtoa, 
man ofipoure thereabout, and: fricad to ‘the Lord Ros; wheres 
eRe teeing cote tains soehedh WALA ¥ 
poure, aud apon.a raging wylle spoilid the castelle, “defite 
the rofes; and taking the leades of them ty whtrwith they wi 
‘al covirid., ‘Then, felle alle the castelle to'ruine ; prev del 
of unkeverid rotted away; and the soile betwene the 
] ae geranenchapeterer treme At} 
SALAM oh tert tae eo fot Unc ay 
« oll weet capt A 4 
Pro «gerne SI ea sell, nly! 
4.6 The Lond nt “1 4 ‘ 
Ot Sram hey The BAL oe a 
‘Albayue, & goodly mnanor'place of the Roses, 1. «'miles from Stare 
‘Word, as remember, in Northamptoushire, and carryid part of it also to 
Armueby-de-la Zouche.” Leland's Itiny Vol, I, fy #4-115, 





— 


510° LBICESTERSHIRE, 
there ty that of Inte. dayes. the eyrle:of-Ratland hath made St 
fairer than ever it was*.” 
t In: 1479:8,-0n the. petition of, Sir Henry: Ros, Knight,. the: 
Act of Attainder was repealed. Again, in-1453,, Edmund Lord 
Ros presented a petition to the parliament, for obtaining poses 
sion of all the family estates. He resided at the manor house of 
Elsinges, in Enfield, Middlesex, where be died in 1508, and 
where an elegant monument was erected to his memoryes Dying 
without issue, his sisters became heirs to the estates ; andi Elea- 
nor, the eldest, marrying Robert de Maners, of Ethale, in 
the county of Northumberland, conveyed her moiety of the 
* Ros’ property into’ the family, who have continued: to, possess it 
to the present time. George Manners, eldest son. of the abover 
named Robert, succeeded to his father’s estates; among which 
were thase of Belvoir Castle, Hamlake im Yorkshire, and: that 
of Orston in Nottinghamshire. By his will, a! copy of which 
is given by Mr. Nichols, dated October 16th, 1913, heis styled 
Sir George Maners, Knight, Lord Tos.” He way interred, 
with his lady, ina chantry chapel (founded: by 
Jaw, Sir Thomas St. Ledger) in the chapel of St. George, at 
Windsor, where an handsome monument was raised to his me+ 
morye Thomas Lord Ros, succeeded his: father, and was 
created, by Henry the: Eighth, a knight, and afterwards Eann 
oF RuTLAND, a title which had never before been conferred 
on any person but of the blood-royal. ‘This nobleman, being 
very active in suppressing some rebellions during the time of 
dissolving the monasteries, was rewarded, by the monarch, with 
several of the monastic manors and estates. Among these were 
the dissolved priories of Belvoir, and Egle in Lincolnshire, He 
caused many ancient monumeuts of the Albinis and Rosses to 
‘be removed from the priory churches of Belvoir and Croxton 
to that of Bottesford. And to this nobleman is to be attributed 
the restoration and rebuilding of Belvoir Castle, which bad 
continued in ruins from the time.of Lord Hastings’s attack, It 
v2 
© Hinerary, VoleI. fo. 114. 


LBICESTERSHIRE, “$i 
was during the time that this Earl of Ratland possessed Belvoir 
“Castle, that Leland visited it, and described «it -in’ the following 
terms, “It is a straunge sighte to se be how many steppes of 
stone the way’ goitlh vp from the village to the castel. In the 
castel be 2 faire gates; and the dungeon is @ faire rounde 
‘towere now turned to pleasure, as a place to walk-yo, and to 
se al the countery aboute, and raylid) about the round (wail), 
‘and @ garden (plotte) in the midle. ‘There: is| also a welle’ of 


go0dl*.” ' te Ce ae ted S| 

‘Henry, the second’ ma ther suceeeded his father 
in 1543; and, after being engaged iu some ‘of the Scotch wars, 
devoted his attention to the ‘castle’ 6f Belvoir, the buildings of 
which were greatly extended during his life, He also collected 
together, from the ruined monasteries, several of the monuments 
of his ancestors, In 1556, he was’ appointed, by Philip and 
Mary, captain-general of all the forces then going to Francé, 
also chief commander of the fleet, Hewas installed knight of 
the garter, Jone 4, 1559; and the same year was made lord:liew- 
tenant of the cotnties of Nottingtinw and Ratland, His mone 
ment, with those of the other Earls of Rutland, have been al- 
ready noticed in the account of Bottesford. 
Edward, the third Earl of Rutland, eldest son of the: for- 
met, sticceeded in 1563 ; was made lord lieutenant of the 
“of Lincoln in 1582 ; and knight of the garter in 1585, Cam- 
den calls him, “a profound lawyer, and. man. accomplished 
with all polite learning +.” In his will, which is written, in a 
- atyle Very superior to the generality of such "produetions, he dit 
Fects 1001, at least, to be expended on his tomb, 

John, & colonel of foot in the Trish wars, became fourth 
Earl of Rutland iv 1587 ; Re ene ringet 

Kk4 


* “This well is 114 fect decp, and has still jeitigta sumer atin 
‘thirty-eight feet of water.” Nichols. D 4 


+ History of Queen Elizabeth, Book III, p.127%. 


(siz /LEICESTERSHIRE. 


~eonstable of Nottingham Castle, and lord. lieutenant: of dhat 
~eounty, and died in February 1587-8. He was followed -by is 
son. Roger, the fifth Earl, whose, titles, S&e. are, already speci- 
fied, Dying without issue, his brother #rancis was nominated 
his beir, and made, the sixth Earl. He) was a great trayeller, 
\and appointed to several important offices of stale, He married 
’ by the first of whom be had oaly one child,, uamed 
“Catharine, who married George Villiers, the first. Duke of 
‘Buckingham, Her issue, George, the second Dake of Bucking~ 
ham, dying without an heir, the title of Lord Ros of Hamlake 
again reverted to the Rutland family,’ By a second marriage 
he had two sons, who, according to the monument, .were mur 
dered by “* wicked practice and sorcery *." gs 
| George was created seventh Earl in 1632; and was honoured 
aith'a visit from King. Charles, at Belvoir Castle, in July, 1634 ; 

The eighth Earl was John Manners, who was born in 260i, 
pepe to the Belyoir estates after the death. of the preceding 
earl. | Attaching himself to the Parliamentarians, he thereby 
involved his castle in the consequences.of attack. from the royal 
ey qt at all alent by each party; and,.in 


ral wt thew telee 

mr et 

- WA Thwtetive;of tho ely mod supertsion ofthe, Howes Ht bo 
amusing to explain this, Joan Flower, and her tee who were 


Servants at Belvoir castle, having been dismissed the ‘funy, | revenge, 
“wade use’ of all the enchantments, spélis, dnd’ charmé, that were at dak 
‘time supposed to answer their malicious purposes, Heriry, the eldest sam, 
died 100n after their dismission ; but-po suspicion of witcher arose till 
five years after, when the tree women, who are said to have entered into 
8 forwal contract with the devil, were accused of * Henry Lord 
Ros by witcheraft, and torturing the Lord Francis fis brother, and Lady 
Catharine his sisier:*” Affer various examinations, before Feaucis 
Willoughby’ of Eresby, ‘and’ other magistrates, they were committed 1 
Lincoln gaol. Joan died at Ancaster, om her way thither, by wishing the 
bread and butter she eat might choak her if guilty, The two danghters 
werd tried before Sir Henry Hobbert, chief justice of the Common Picks, 
aud Sir Edward Bromley, one of the Barons of the’ Exchequer, ones 
their guilt, and were executed at Lincoln, March 11, 161819, 


LBICESTERSHIRE. oe 
vthe struggles for victory, the place srt ave egy ied 


October 25, 1645, the Earl of - represented to the. 
‘Home of Peers, * that he bath had bis whole estate, estate,, 
colne, Leyeester, Nottingham, and Yorkeshire, ed hy the 


enemy, fromthe beginning of these ‘unhappy wars, | h 
spoiled, aud not received aay of his rents, whereby 4s put 
to great streights for maintenance of his family ; cy Was 
left in much debt by the late Earl of Rutland, which 2 is so 
pareupenrepnee hcp iteog aril age N 
40 itis, that the Lord Viscount eae 
instrument in the ruin of the petiti Coa paras 
About Belvoyre, ever since the first aking t : 
commander. there, and to the da i 
ps 20,0001.” The lors assy 5 hire 
iol Goons nel heb GTR ee 
4,500. a year be allowed and paid to the Earl. of Rolland, for 
iis present subsistence, out of the Lord Vi gunt, Campden's 
‘tate, nil 5,0001. be levied out of the said estate, to. the 











; peli 
pala depar pane age wars 


Pop oyna a .in 1679, when be, became the niall 
Eerl, He was married three times 5.was particularly attached to 
the castle of Belvoir ; and spent-a sort of rural Be here, Though 
Ahe declined appearing at court, the | advanced | 

filles of Marquis of Granby, in the county of, Nottingham, and 
Duke or Rutsanp. He died bere in January, 1710-11), 
was buried at Bottesford, when the Rev. Mr, Felton ett 
@ sermon, which was afterwards published, and which contains 


some account oF the family, napa ea eee Se, 
Oa 


ert  * Journals of the House of Lends, Vol. VII. ean 


$14 LEICESTERSHIRE. 
On the death of the preceding nobleman, John his son, succeedel 
to the title of Duke, and obtained the connected estates. He hail 
two wives: the first bore ‘him five sons and four daughters, amd 
the second six sons. He was succeeded in the titles, &c. by John, 
the eldest son, February 22, 1720-1. ‘This was'the last of the 
Rutland family who made Haddon, in Derbyshire, an occasional 
residence} and is said to have built the present hunting-seat at 
Croxton Park, about the year 1730. He also made some im- 
provements at Belvoir, about the year 1750; died May 2» 
1779; and was buried at Bottesford. He was succeeded by 
his grandson, Charles Lord Ros, rourrit Doke, who died lord 
Geutenant of Ireland, October 24, 1787; when his son John 
SSeS pases Meet, ear se abe: eaine fe 
of the titles and estates. 

(BeleotrCastie, in. its ancient state, may Te pretty, well est 
mated from the accounts of Leland, &e, already recited; but 
to give a full and satisfactory account of it in its present con- 
dition, would be no easy task, For when a large’ building 
is enveloped with scaffolding, mortar, loose stones, Sc. and 
masons and carpenters are daily making alterations, it would be 
absurd to deseribe it in the real state, as presented to the eye} 
and equally, or more absurd, to specify what it is intended 16 
be, Tt must suffice to state, that the castle occupies nearly the 
summit of a lofty bill, up the sides of whieh are several stone 
steps, and on its southern slope are some “ hanging gardens,” 
or inclosed terraces, with shrubberies, &e, The building sur 
founds a quadrangular court; and by the alterations now making, 
from the elegant designs of James Wyatt, Esq. it will assume 
& majestic, castellated appearance. The situation and aspect 
i tak se 
. “ Belvoir, art's master piece, and mature’s pride, 
‘High in the regions of ethereal air, 

Above the troubled atmosphere, 

Above the magazines of hail and snow, 


LEICESTERSHINE. ‘51S 

Above the place that meteors'breedsy 
Above the seat where lie the seedy 

_ Whence mging storms andtempests grow, we 

‘That do infest the troubled world below *." ae 
“The noble mansion of Belvoir is entiched and ‘adorned wih 
valuable and numerous collection of pictures; ) to™ the 
whole of which would occupy a volume. On the the 
late Duke, they were entrusted to’ the care of the Rev, William 
~ Peters, rector of Knipton’ in this neighbourhood, a gentleman 
who has evinced the possession’ of considerable ‘talents as) an 
artist, in some pictures painted for’ the Shukespeare gallery. As 
a painter ‘and scholar he’ is, therefore, peculiarly qualified to 
appreciate, and write: an account of the valuable: charge com: 
mitted to his care, In a communication to Mr. Nichols, he says, 
Belvoir Castle contains one of the best collections of paintings 
in this kingdom, whether considered: im the variety of schools 
which: are brought together in’ one’ view, or in the judicious 
choice of the works of each masters’ Of the Italian school, Ni- 
_ cHOLO Poussin, in his’ celebrated works! of the Seven’ Sacra 
ments, stands’ most conspicuous; Guino, Canto Doncr, ‘and 
~ SAtvaror Rosa, have’ eacli a) performance; which may’ vie 
with any other work extant of these’ celebrated masters; and if 
Ccavpe Ds Lorgarn be admitted as an Italian—and in'trath, 
"as a painter, no other country than Italy cam with equal right claim 
him as her own; for, though born'in Lorrain, his school was oh 
_ the banks of the Tyber; the ruins of ancient Rome were his build+ 
‘ings; his shepherds were the inhabitants of ‘Tivoli; and the clear 
and warm air of the Campagna, breathes in every tint and floats 
upon the canvas—let us then, without hesitation, class him'with 
the natives of his beloved country, and” he’ will” bring a powerful 
aid to their assistance; for of his peneil there are no less than five. 
Ruwxns, the prince of Flemish painters, appears no where with 
more brilliancy than in Belvoir Castle; it is enriched with six of 
‘his 
* A Pindarie Ode upon Belvoir Castle, written about 1679; first printed 
im the’ Hurleian Miscellany, ‘Vol. IV. p. 527, and reprinted in Nichols 
History of Leicestershire, Vol. I. Appendix, p. 40, &c. 


516 LEICESTERSHIRES 
his hand; of MURILLO, "the boast of Spain,’ there aréthree large 
compositions; and TENIzRS, that child of Nature, futnishes the 
castle with eight of his best finished and most pleasing perform- 
ances. ReYNOLDS, the first, and as yet chief, of the English 
school, holds a distinguished rauk “among his brethren of the 
pencil; and by the classic arrangement of his figures, the group+ 
jing of his angels, the beauty of his colouring, and the distribation 
of his light and shade, in his picture of the Nativity, takes the 
palm of victory from one of the best:pictures Rubens ever painted, 
which hangs opposite to it, in seeming competition with this un- 
sivalled work of our British artist. oy bad) : os 
+ John the third Duke of Rutland, and Charles the late much 
lamented owner of these works, were both of them Patrons of the 
Arts, in the fullest extent of that word; for they were not ons 
tented only to look at and admire the dawniug of genius in the in= 
fant mind, but songht out excellence wherever it could bé found, 
eberished it in its bud, protected it in its progress, and supported 
it with their fortunes, when ripened: into that state of perfection 
avhich itcould only attain to by the liberal and ‘steady patronage — 
of the good and. great, Joho, the third Duke, delighted much 
io the management of the pencil; and employed! many/of his” 
Ieisure Lhours in that most pleasing amusement; and to the fosters | 
jng hand of the late Duke, the Arts-are indebted ‘for their’ flaws 
sishing state in this country. By'an learly and warm attachment 
4o men whose works have formed that style of painting whiels had” 
ereated an English schol, he did equal honour te hithself, to his” 
country, and to the age in which he lived. All the modern pics 
sures, of which there are a very considerable ndniber, were of his 
| Among the pictres already referred to, are the following >— 
_ Porrrarts, by Sin Joshua Repnolds:' Journ; Manguis' of 
Granby *, three-quarters, Another, full length, with his buss 
* *An engraved Portrait of this eminent General, from a picture by Sir 
Joshua, with a Memoir of his Life and public: seryicesy are yireparing’for 
publication, in a work devoted to the memories of distinguished English 
. ‘ ‘Characters 





Pdea cy. 








King John delivering Magna Charta to the Barons.—A Conver=_ 
sation Piece, with a Pilgrim.—Ditio, with Soldiers, «Woman, 
be msn ali ik re. ae 





a large folio yolume: was printed by order of the House of 
ons, comtaining a Adutract of nad Returvs 
pursuant to an Act(43d Geo, TL) for: 

lative to the Expence and Maintenance of the Poor 1%) EXG~ 
LAND.” After the returns respecting 

that, in the.year.1776, returns were obtained from $12 
or places ;" in 1785, the returns amounted to: 3058 
the number of “ parishes or places", 

isthen further stated, that * Sixty-nine parishes or 
tain all, or part of, their Poor. in Workhouses. » ‘The mu 
persons so maintained, during the year 

was..954; and the expence, incurred. therein, 
10,7101, 7s. /9d~ being at the rate of 111, 44. Gfe. foreach per 
son maintained in that manner. It appears from the returns of — 
4776p thatsthere.ace. forty-four. Wicrkhonaes, 98 : 

: modating 


LRICRSTERSHIRE, Hg 
modating 1311 Persons,—The, number. of persons relieved. out 
of Workhouses was 18,200, besides 2,268 who were) mot) pa~ 
rishioners.. The expence incurred: in the relief of the poor not in. 
Workhonses, amounted t0,69,1361. 9s, Sd. A: large proportion 
of those who were not Parisbioners appear to have been Vagrants; 
and therefore, it is probable, that the relief given,to this class of 
poor could not exceed two shillings each, amounting to 2261. 16s. 
which being deducted from the above 69,1361. 9s. 5d, leaves 
68,9091. 13s. 5d. being at the rate of 3113s. 8}d. for each 
parishioner relieved out of any Workhouse.—The number of per- 
sons relieved, in and -out of Workhouses, was 19,154, besides 
to be incurred .in the relief of this class of poor, all other 
expences, relative to the maintenance of the poor, amounted to 

‘ 83,5792 As. 103d. being at the rate of 41. 7s. S}d.for exch 


been 150,081; so that the namber of Parishioners relieved from 
the Poor's Rates appears to be fifteen in an hundred, of Resident 
Population—The number of, persons belonging to Friendly So- 

cies appears to be eight inan hundred of Resident Population — 
‘The amount of the total money raised by Rates appears'to aves 
rage at 26s. Gjd. per head on the Population.—The aniount of 
the whole expenditure on account of the Poor appears to average: 
at 19s. 10}. per head on the Population.—The expenditure-in- 
suits of law, removal of paupert, and expences. of overseers and 
other officers, according to the :present abstract, ainounts to 
3,8951.. 0s 63d. The amount of such expenditure, according to 
the returns of 1785, was then 1,5961. 18s. 2d.—Theexpenditare 
in purchasing: materials for employing the ‘poor, by the present 
abstract, amounts to S0sl. 19s. Ojd. by the abstract of 1786, it 
was then 1651 16s. 5d.—'The Poor of Eleven Parishes or Places 
in this county, are farmed, or maintained under eontract-—It is 
not known that any Parish or Place in ‘this county maintains its 
Poor under a-special Act of Parliament.—Oue hundred Friendly 
ed Societies 


520. LEICESTERSHIREL 
Societies have been enrolled at the Quarter Sessions of this county,’ 
pursvant to the Acts of 35d and 35th Geo, LIf,—The area of they 
county of Leicester (according to the latest authorities) appears to: 
be 816 square statute miles, equal to 522,240 statute acres? 
ee 
at poo 4 

al | 


vowitate bok eed te - U 


, ‘Among the natives of eminence of this county, was Dr. Rron~ 
ABD PULTENEY, who was bom at Loughborough, Feb. 174 
3730. Whilst at school, he ‘there formed a taste for natoral his~ 
tory; and devoted his hours of relaxation to the study of plants 
Having served an apprenticeship, to’ an apothecary, he first 
settled in business at Leicester, where religious animosities re~ 
tarded his practice; bat he sought eousolation, and found it, in 
‘the study of botany, Which he wished to render an object of more 
general attention than it hitherto bad been. On this, 


which he wrote two Essays in that Magazine, he afterwards treated: 
more scientifically in the Philosophical ‘Transactions. He obtain- 
eda Doctor's degree from the University of Edinburgh in 1764; 
soon after which, baving inefiectually endeavoured te obtain an 
estublishment in London, he commenced practice as & physician 
at Blandford, in Dorsetshire: where, by his exemplary private 
and professioyal. conduct, he soon acquired reputation and affiu~ 
ence. Having hitherto confined his literary undertakings to de- 
tached and occasional essays, in 1781 be appeared, before the 
public as a.regular author, by the publication of his General 
View of the Writings of Linnzus;" the reception and ‘effect of 
which were fully adequate to his wishes. Sanctioned by the ap- 
probation of all who were conversant on the subject, the work 
soon attracted gencral notice ; the labours of Linnwus, andthe 


LEICESTERSHIRE, ' Jai 


‘seiences to which they related, became more correetly understood, 
and the doctor found himself among the first of Linowan seholars, 
and philosophical naturalists. The work had an extensive gale ni 
this kingdom, and, ‘being translated into French, wequired great 
eclebrity ‘on the Continent, Thus encouraged, he undertook x 
more origifal und laborious performance, entitled ‘ Historical 
and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England, 
from its Origin to the Introduction of the Linnzan System,” which 
was published in 1790. Besides these literary labours, im which 
his reputation was more immediately involved, he furnished co- 
pious communications on the subjects to various contemporary 
authors. Among’ other publications of repute; (Dr. Aikin’s 
‘England Delineated.” Mr. Gough's edition of -# Hutehins's 
Dorsetshire,” and Mr. Nichols's ** History of Leicestershire,” me- 
quired from his pen some ample arid valuable materials, Having 
been admitted a member of mavy Scientific Societies, and having 
exercised the medical profession forty years, he died the 13th of 
October, 1801, and wits buried at Langton; about a: mile‘ from 
Blandford, Am elegant tablet to his memory waserected by: his 
widow in Blandford chureh.” A good portrait of him’ is given 
by Mr. Nichols. ‘Dr, Maton has also furnished the public with 
a well written scientific Memoir of Dr. Pulteney, ‘prefixed towhich 
as mee oe opm 8 ule xt Somes 
we cement Meee wilt reo rnesn oe 

‘The hundred of West Goscore, according to: Mr) Nichols, 
contains the following townships, which having pret ns 
omitted in the introductiow to the hundred, the list is now giveu, 
to correspond with the other hundreds. ol i Seti we 
+ Ady de ta Zouch, a viear- —Bradgate-house and Park. — 
“age; including AltonGrange, —Bredon, « vicarage; including 
and the haralets of Baliroft, ‘the hamlets of Newbold, 


Beaumanor, |. Burstaliya chapelrys «> 
Belton, a Vicarage; including Charley, extraparochial. 
Vor. IX. LI Castic 


522 
Castle Donington, a vicarage ; 
including Wartoft Grange. 

Cole Orton, a rectory, 

Diseworth, a vicarage. 

Dishley, a donative ; including 
Thorpe Acre. 

Garendon Abbey. 

Gracedic Nunvery. 

Hathern,a rectory. 

Kegworth, a reciory; including 
the chapelry of Walton Iveléy, 


LovUGHBOROUGH, a rectory; 
including the» hamlets of 
Knightthorpe and Weod- 
thorpe; Burley Park, avd 
Loughborough Old Park. 

Newton Linford, a chapelry. 

Osgathorpe, 4 rectory. 

Packington, avicarage ; includ- 
ing the chapelry of Snribston. 

Quorndon, 2 chapelry. 

Raunston, a rectory. 


END OF LEICESTERSHIRE. 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 


Rothiey, a vicarage and peculiar 
jurisdiction; including the 
chapelries of Cadwell, Ged- 
desby, Grimstonr, Keame, 
Mountsorel! superior, Wart- 
naby, and Wykeham. 

Rothley Temple, extraparochial, 

Seile Nether, a rectory; includ- 
ing the hasnlets of Over Seile, 
Donisthorpe, ad Okethorpe, 

Shepeshed, @ vicarage. 


| Stretton en le Field, a rectory. 


Swebston, a rectory + including 
the harnlets of Newton Bur- 
guland, aud Snareston, 

Swithland, a rectory, 

Thurcaston, a rectory ; inelod- 
ing the barulets of Anstey 


and Cromstons 
Uleescroft Abbey,” extrapaio- 
chial, in age 

* Wanlip, rectory. vre 


Whatton, Long, 2 rectorye 

Whitwick, a vicarage; inelod- 
ing the hamlet of Sienning- 
ton, and the manor of 
Thringston. 

Woodhouse, a chapelry.” 


LINCOLNSHIRE. oa 


"Tue county of Lincola presents to the topographer, antiquary, 
historian, naturalist, and agriculturalist, a theme replete with: 
interest; and to each of these, the latter excepted *, it also un- 
folds a subject hitherto unexplored, and consequently fall of 
novelty, Its topographical history having never been given to 
the public, renders it extremely difficult to collect into one focus 
the numerous rays of information that are now dispersed. in 
various directions+; and to. give a concise, but satisfactory ac- 
eount of the principal, places, persons, and subjects, which pe- 
culiarly, and directly, belong to the county, is an arduous task; 
Lut it devolves to me as a duty, and I will eaceavour to execute 
it in a manner satisfactory to. myself,) and to the Jiberal reader. 
‘The present history must, however, be very brief, as ils limits 
are bounded by the volume, and that must not. be dispropor- 
tionably large. Hence, if I omit some places, or am not satis« 
factorily copious respecting others, I hope to experience the 
indulgence of those gentlemen of the county whose local par 
Wialities may have required, or anticipated, more. circumstantial 


Liz _ That 


* Outhis mbject we have had two large volumes; oneentitied “ 4 Ge- 
eral View of the Agriculture of the County of Lincoln.” By Anruun Youno, 
vo. 1799. This was followed by another volume of about 440 pages, en- 
titled, “ A Review of the corrected. Agriculturdl Survey of Lincilnshire)" &e. 
by Tuomas Stone, Svo. 1800, ‘This volume contains also, “An Address 
to the Board of Agricaltare, a Letter to its Secretary, and Remarks on tlle 
recent Publication of Sir John Somerville, and on the subject of Inclosures.” 


+ At the end of the volume will be given a list of such books, &e. as hare 
‘been published respecting the topography of this county. 


524 LINCOLNSHIRE, 


‘That part of the British Islands now called Lincolnshire, was, 
anterior to the Roman conquest, possessed by a class of the 
Britons known by the name of Coritani, who bave been already 
décribed in the third volume of this work. During the domi- 
nign of the Romans ‘in Britain, this district was ‘included within 
the province of Britannia Prima; and from the evident re- 
‘mains, and best published accounts, it is indubitable, that it 
was intersected by different roads, occupied by military stations, 
and some of its natural inconveniences removed by means of 
Roman science and industry. ‘The exact number of Stations, 
roads, and eucampments, however, is not, I believe, ascertained ; 
but the Rev. Thomas Leman, of Bath, who has particularly 
dtudied the Reman Topography’ of England, has Kiddy furnishied 
fie with the following inforriation on this subject. 

“The British Ermin Street, afterwards adopted by the Ro- 
mans, enters this coubty to the west of Stamford, and, joining 
the north road, runs by Dvrnomagus, (Great Castertou,) and 
Cirisennis, (Aucastet,) through Lindum, (Lincolo,) and in’ medio, 
Hout fifteen miles north ‘of it, to Ad-Abum, near the batks of 
the Humber. A’second bratich of the same street branches off 
froin’ this road to'the westward, about five miles north of Lin- 
cola, anid’ crosses thie river Tretit near Littkeborough, the Sere. 
locum; and proceeds in a north-westerly direction’ to Doneaster, 
the Darium of Antoninus.” A third branch ‘of ‘this road, sepa- 
tated from that first described, after crossing the Nen River in 
Northamptonshire, and ran in a straight line to Lotham Bridges; 
whence it probably continued, with the Car-dyke, all the way to 
Lincoln. 

Another branch left the Ernmtin Street, about six miles north 
of Stamford, aud run by Stenhy, Denton, and Bottesford, to- 
wards ad Pontem, in its way to Southwell and Bantry. 

“The Foss, beginning on the coast not far from Ludborough, 
is visible from Ludford, where was a station, probably Banno- 
valium, to Lincoln, on to Crocolana, (Bruff,) to Newark, &c, 
Besides these, there are also remains of other British track-ways; 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 

particularly one from Horncastle, ore nv Om 
been a station towards Castor and. the. Humber. sneiet st 
called the Salt Way, branched off from the Ermin Street, near 
Pouton, and ran by Denton into Leicestershire®.” 

Doctor Stukeley supposes, that another Roman road was 
made “from the northern high country,” se tee 
“about Bolinbrook, by Stickford, Stickney, Sibsey, and so to 
Boston river, about Redstonegote, where it passed it by a ferry. 
From thence to Kirkton ‘tis indubitably Roman, being laid with 
avery large bed of gravel; and just a mile from the river is @ 
stone, now? called the Milestone, standing iv a quadrivium; 
‘tis a large round stone, like the frustrum, of a pillar, and. very 
probably a Lapis Milliaris.” In another place the Doctor, says, 
* At Sleaford, I am inclinable to think another road came from * 
Benovallum, or Horn-eastle, to the yeast of the river Bane, 
southward by Les Fates, and s0 crossed the Witham by Chap- 
pel Hill and the Car-dyke, somewhere about Kyme, 1 think 
we need not scruple to assert, that Revensbank be another an- 
cient road, going east and west through the heart of she country, 
from Tid-St, Mary's to Cowbit, | have rode some miles upon 
‘it, where 'tis now extremely strait and flat, We have been ip- 
formed, that ’tis actually ia some old writings, called Romans- 
Bank+," The stations, encampments, &c, directly, and: colla- 
FY Ae ot “Lis th beat isi mov Rerelly 

Gs ola niy Sala ap ali But Mr. Tamer, fn bis 
‘ of the Town and Soke of Grantham,” furnishes the following ad- 
arly ietiarts abdadclee ine bate 


nai 


', 
nd King ‘Lad’s intrenchments, on Saltby Heath, noti ta Niches 
/ of Leicestershire, where Roman coins have been ‘are five 
‘Barrios off the Lincolnshire side, in Woolsthorpe tordsliip, and two in the 
‘deljoining parish of Stainby, all within a little distanct of this branch of the 
Enmine Street. A Roman pavement, also not far off, near Denton, and the 
Roma ruins near Stoke, mentioned in Nichols, &e. Sc.” 


# Teinerurinm Curiosum, p, 14, &c. Edit. 1724, 


526 LINCOLNSHIRE: 


terally connected with these roads, will Ue described inthe sub- 
sequent pages of this volume, 

~ Agteat work of thiscounty, generally attributed to the Romans, 
is the Can-Dyk8, a large canal, or drain, which extends from 
the river Welland, on the southern side of the county, to the 
river Witham, near Lincoln, Its channel, for nearly the whole 
-of this course, an extent of about forty miles, (Dr. Stukeley says 
fifty,) is sixty feet in width, and has on each side a broad fiat 
bauk, "The Doctor ut first ascribed the origin of this great work 
to Catas Decianus, the procurator in Nero's time; aud supposed 
that his name was preserved in the appellation of places, &c. in 
the vicinity of the Dyke, Those of Catesbridge, Catwick, Cate- 
grove, Catley, and Catthorpe, he adduced in sipport of his inp 
pothesis; but having afterwards devoted some time and atten- 
tion to the life of Careusius, the Doctor fancied he recognised 
part of the name of his hero in that of the present work. ‘Thus 
some authors trifle with themselves and their readers by useless, 
and often puerile etymologies, Salmon, in the “ New Survey 
of England,” says, that “ Cardyke signifies no more than fen- 
dyke. The fens of Ankholm-level, are called Carrs.” Doctor 
Stukeley also admits, that Car and Fen are nearly ik 
words, and are “ used in this country to signify watery, boggy 
places.” Cr, in the British language, is applied to raft, sledge, 
&e, yebicles of carriage. This great canal preserves a level, 
but rather meandering course, along the eastern side of the high 
grounds, which extend in an irregular chain up the centre of 
the county, from Stamford to Lincoln, It thus reeeives, from 
the hills, all the draining and flowing waters, which wake an 
easterly course, and which, bat for this Catehweter drain, as 
now “appropriately called, would serve to inundate the Fens. 
Several Roman coins have been found on the banks of this dyke. 
‘The whole of the present county is supposed to have been named 
by the Romans, Lindwm, and the principal station, or town, 
Lindum-Colonia. 

During the Anglo-Saxoy dominion of England, Lincolnshire 

6 wat 


LINCOLNSHIRE: 5a 
was incorporated within the kingdom of Mercia,” which, ae- 
cording to an old chronicle quoted by Leland, was 
two! provinces, north and south; and as the Trent was “the. se- 
parating line, the county of Lincoln constituted @ great part of 
South Mercia. Crida was the first Mercian sovereign, and 
began his reign in 586. At this time Mr. Turner supposed that 
‘the whole Island was governed by eight Anglo-Saxon monarchs ; 
whence it should rather be denominated un octarchy than ao 
heptarchy. During the establishment of these petty kingdoms, 
the Saxons were in constant warfare with the Romanized Britons; 
and after these were subdued, they were repeatedly embroiled 
in conflicts with each other. In the midst of these civil ‘comino- 
tions Christianity was introduced, and gradually made its pro- 
gress through the island. Peada, the son of Penda, was the 
reigning monarch here when this religion was offered to, and 
accepted by the South Mercians. ‘This benign stranger gave a 
new turn to human pursuits, and soon diverted and engrossed 

attention of the barbarous heathens. Peada founded 2 mo- 
nastery | at Mederhamsted, now Peterborough ; and, according 
to Speed, governed all the middle part of Mercia, and, after 
the death of Oswy king of Northumberland, by gift, received 
all the southern part of that kingdom. This was only given on 
condition of his adopting the Christian faith; when he was also, 
to marry Alfleda, daughter of Oswy. Peada was soon after- 
wards murdered, as supposed, by his wife+. ‘ Edwin the Great, 
the first Christian king of Northumberland, conquered the 
counties of Durham, Chester, Lancaster, the Isleof Man, and 
Anglesea, carried his arms southward over the Trent, and ob- 
tained all the province of Lindsey. Paulinus, who converted 
him. to Christianity, preached it wherever that King’s, power 

( Lia extended. 





* Another chronicle says, that this kingdom was departed into three: 


partes, into West Mercia, Middie Mercia, and East Mercia: it contained 
Sp Sasowte Liacso, Wircester, Sars Sey: atta i: 


Bede, lib. IKI. ca. 24.—Speed, 252. “2 


extended. He built the cathedral of Southwell, @ litte westof 

‘Newark, baptized many ‘thousands in the river Trent, near to 
Tiorulfingacester, and converted Blecca the governor of \Lin- 
eoln*. This was about A.D. 630, The learned and pious 
Alldrid kept his court at Stamford in 658.) After the death of 
Oswy, ‘King of Northuinberland, Egfrid his son invaded Wile 
fere, and wrested from him the whole province of Lindséy, di 
Lincolushire. . This was about ithe year 673. In '677) he 
erected the Episcopal Seo of Sidnacester; in favour of» Eadhed, 


who had been chaplain to his’ brother, King Alkfrid, ‘of “Deira. 


In A. D. 683, we learn from Ralph de Diceto, Eadhed left Lin- 
dissi for Ripon, where he remained ‘till his death+.” Phe South 
Mercian kingdom, and bishop's see, being thus established, we 
hear of but few other public events, ‘till the incursions and:pil- 
lages of the Danes. These free-booters were particalarly active 
ia this county, and committed ‘numerous depredations on the 
bree dees —" has auabiataET ee 
' ree WOOT 
a ~ Bee 
a dicts sulizune pom: Siene dieaahaeeen 
operiscrreait)in the city of Lineal, the roof whereof being fallen to decay, 
or destroyed by enemies, left the bare walls standing alone. “ In this place, 
however,” he observes, “ that every some miraculous cures 
erally wroiglit, for the benefit of those who seek the faith.” "Trecdton 
of Bede; Book [1 ch, 16. In this wotk the city of Lincoln ix phitiduarly 
specified; but to identify the Linclocoline elvitatis of Bede with the! présént 
ity, requires something more than assertion; for the place adopted by Pai 


Tsay Be easton this stone church, was most probably the subsequent 
- In the same chapter our venerable historian 

that a cértain Abbot and priest of singular veracity, named en 

ith The Kintw an! aged peHion who was baptizdd’at hoon-day, 





by 
© Pautlings, in the presence of King Edwin, it the vee le 


‘Which, in tho English Tongue, is called. Tivvalfingacester, ‘Tevet Seeeke 
particularly enguired into hereafter. 

4 Dr. Stokeley, ina MS, acted by Dickenson tne «Par edt 
tiquities of Newark," 4to. 1806, Tn this worle the Doctor and Mr. Dicken- 
son endeavour to prove that Newark is the Saxon Sidnacester. 


5 


& — | 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 629 
of their eruelties in. this :part of the island, and Hearne thus 
translates the abbot’s, narrative. Early in the year 870, ‘the 
Danes took shipping, and went into Lindisse, in Lincolnshire; 
and, Janding at Humberstan, spoiled all. that-country, At which 
time the famous and ancient monastery of Bardney was destroyed, 
the Monks being all massacred in the churelh without merey. 
Andowhen they had stayed there all summer, wasting the country 
with fire and sword, about Michaelmas they came into Kesteven, 
iu the same county, where they committed the like murders and 
desolations, At length, in September, 870, Count Algar,. and 
two knights, his seneschals, call’d Wibert and Leafric, (feom 
whose names the people thereabouts huve since given sppellations 
to | the villages where they lived, calling. them | Wiberton and 
Leofrington,) drew together all the youth of Holland, with a 
brave body of two :bundred men, belonging to: Croyland Abby, 
who. were led on by one Toly, a famous soldier among the Mer- 
cians before his conversion, but now a converted monk of the 
same monastery. ‘These taking with them about three hundred 
more stout and warlike men from Deping, Langtoft, and Baston; 
» to whom: also joined Morehar, lord of Brunne, with his stroug 
and numerous family; and being met by the’ sheriff of Lincoln, 
named Osgot, a valiant and ancient soldier, with the Lincoln- 
shire forces, in number five hundred more, mustered together in 
Kesteven on St. Maurice's day, gave the Pagans batile, and, by 
God's \assistance, vanquished them, with the slaughter of three 
of their kings, and a great number of common: soldiers; the 
christians pursuing the barbarians to their very camp, where find- 
ing a very stout resistance, night at last parted them, and the 
Earl drew back bis army, But it seems the same night there re 
tumed to the Danish camp all the rest of the princes of that 
nation, who, dividing the country among them, had marched 
out to plander.” . tas 
‘The next morning, notwithstanding the weakuess of their forces, 
the Christians again gave battle to the Danes; who being “ exas- 
perated at the slaughter of their men, having buried their three 
kings 


* 


’ 530 LINCOLNSHIRE. 


‘kings early in the morning at a place thea called Launden, but 
afterwards, from this burial, Trekingham, four of their kings and 
eight counts marched out, whilst two kings and four counts 
guarded the camp and captives, But the Christians, because of 
the smallness of their number, drawing themselves up in one 
body, made, with their shields, a strong ¢esfudo against the 
force of their enemics’ arrows, and kept off the horse with their 
pikes. And thus being well ordered by their commanders,’ they 
kept the ground all day. But night coming on, notwithstanding 
till then they had remained unbroken, and had withstood the 
force of their enemics arrows, whose horses being tired, began 
to flag: yet they very imprudently left an entire victory to the 
Pagans: for the Pagans feigning a flight, began to quit the 
field, which the Christians had no sooner perceived, (however 
their commanders forbade and opposed it,) than they broke their 
rauks, and, pursuing the Pagans, were all dispersed through the 
plain-without any order or command; so that the’ Pagans ree 
turning like lions among a flock of sheep, made a most pro- 
digious slaughter.” a4 
The Christian combatants being thus completely conquered, 
and nearly annihilated, a few youths of Gedney and Sutton con- 

trived to escape to Croyland, where their afilicting ‘news created * 
anuch alarm and distress. The terrified monks, expecting an 
immediate attack from the sanguinary conquerors, instantly em- 
ployed themselves in ‘secreting and securing their sacred relics 
and valuables, some of which were thrown into>the well, and 
some committed to the care of the youthful class of their com- 
munity, who were impelled to. seck self preservation in flight: 
‘Thus prepared, the old monks devoted themselves to prayer, 
from which they were roused by the flames of the neighbouring 
villeges ; and the clamours.of the fierce Pagans drew nearer.’ The 
abbot, and they who were too young or too old to fly, assembled 
in the holy choir, hoping there to secure life; bat the despe- 
radoes rushed into the sacred place, ‘and, with savage exaltation, 
embrued their swords in the bodies of the unresisting victims. 
Every 


LINCOLNSHIRE. $51 
Every part of the sanctified building was stained with blood ; and 
by the statement of Ingulphus, it appears that only one youth 
was preserved from the general massacre. The spoilers broke 
down all the tombs and monuments, with the avaricious hope of 
discovering treasures ; and on the third day, they committed the 
whole monastic buildings to the flames. With immense plunder, 
of cattle, &c. the barbarians marched the next day to Meder- 
hunsted, or Peterborough, where they committed similar atro- 
_ cities and barbarities; and it is related that the monastery conti- 
ued fifteen days in flames. 

‘Though the horrible proceedings of the Danish marauders were 
so truly calamitous in their immediate operations; and though 
language can only depict their repeated exploits, in the terms of 
plunder, murder, rape, famine, and distress; yet these were the 
harbingers of national improvement and amelioration. The 
petty, jealous, and opposing kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons, 
were compelled to confederate: for, mutual defence ; a cousolida- 
tion of the different states arose, and during the greatest distrac~ 
tion of the realms, that amiable mau, wise monarch, and skilful 
general, Alfred, was sent asa guardian angel to the country. He 
employed the energies of intellect to repel invasion, to discomfit 
the public and private enemies of the island, and to administer 
comfort to the distressed by wise and appropriate laws. After 
his firrmestablishment on the throve, the nation assumed a new 
aspect ; and afler that felicitous event, its annals became more clear 
and enlightened.“ The sovereignty of Mercia, on the defeat of 
the Danes, fell into the power of Alfred. He did not, however, 
avowedly incorporate it with Wessex. He discontinued its regal 
honors, and constituted Ethelred its military commander, to whom 
he afterwards married his daughter, Ethelfleda, when her age 
“permitted *.” This larly continued the command of Mercia after 
Alfred’s, and her husband's decease; and during the reign of 
Edward the Elder, it was found necessary to construct and for- 
tify several places on the borders of Mercia joining Northumbria, 

particularly 


© Tumer's “ History of the Anglo-Saxons,” Vol. I. p. 267, dor 1807, 


552 LINCOLNSHIRE. 


| particularly on the banks of the Humber. 
Mercia was incorporated with Wessex; but some 
atill held by the Danes. Among these were the towns of 
ford an Lincoln, even so late as 941, when Edmund the Elder 
expelled them lence, ws 
‘The trnumections of the Church and .See-conlitute the prin- 
cipal subjects of historical narrative respecting this county, “tll 
the conquest anit subjugation of England. by William of Nor- 
+ Innovations of every kind were now introduced; and 
‘rlicke property of Lineotoahice was: denise acini 
favorite followers. ‘The authors of the Magna Britannia, give 
the following list of names and manors from the Domes 
day book, “To Alan Rufus, Earl of Britaia and Richmond, 
he gave 101 lordships, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux audsEarl of 
Kent, 76. Walthrof, Earl of Northumberland, 2. Judith, 
‘Countess of Northumberland, 17, Robert Wesei, 7, William 
Mallet, 1. Nigil de Albini, 12, Robert de Stafford, 20. 
William de Percy, 32. Walter D'Eincourt, 17. Guy de 
Creon, or Crown, 61. Geisfrid Hanselin, 15. «Ranulph de 
St. Valery, 6. William le Blound, or Blunt, 6. Robert de 
Todenes, 32. Ralph de Mortimer, 7, Henry de Ferrers, 2. 
Norman D'Areil, 2. Alured de Lincoln, 51. Walter Bee, 1. 
Ralph Poganel, 15. Eynisius Burun, 28. Gilbert de Gon- 
doro, or Gaunt, grandson of Baldwin Earl of Flanders, 113.” 
It will not be an easy task to specify the respective lordslips thus 
distriboted ; and indeed it wil) be extremely difficult to, identify 
the plsees where each of those Barons erected their castles, and 
established their habitations, S&c, ae 


Castles, Encampments, &e. ‘The Maritime counties of Eng- 
Jand being more directly exposed to’ attack from | 
‘and piratical plunderers ; and in the early periods of our eis 
tablishments, being more populous than the midland 
were, ‘therefore, frequently ett ort ana 
and hence it is found, that these districts abound with military 
works and castles, or castellated mansions. Besides the perma- 
. pent 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 538 
nent stations of the Romans in Lincolnshire, they threw up cas- 
trainetations in different places; to guard the vallies, protect their 
great roads, and defend the mouths of the ri In the con- 
tinued wars between the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, these were again 
occupied by those people; and, afler the Norman'conquest, some 
of the most commanding were ‘adopted by the conqueror’s eap- 
tains, and barons, and then became heads of extensive Lordships. 
To describe ordiscriminate them, is, aud ever will be impossible, 
for documents ure wanting, and the innovations of the latter 
occupiers generally obscured, or annihilated all traces of their pre~ 
decessors. Exclusive of the Roman stations, i Ratecieen elias 
following fortifications, &e. 

ENCAMPMENTS at, or near, Brocklesby; Hibberstony Brough. 
ton; Roxby; Winterton Clifis; Aulkborough; "Yarborough ; 
South Ormsby; Burwell; Stamford; Castle-Hill, near Gains- 
borough; Winteringham; Humington ; Ingoldsby ; ¢ Castle Carle- 
ton; Burgh; Brough, north of Caston; Barrow. 

' CAsries, or remains of Castles: at Horncastle; “"Tattershall, 
‘a noble remain; Bourne, only earthworks remaining; Castor; 
‘Somerton ; Moor Tower; Stamford ; Scrivelby; Torksey, ie 
temain ; Sleaford, only earthworks; Bolingbrook ; Eincoln, with 
‘walls and gates; Folkingham, with large fuses; /Kyme ‘on 
Huisey ‘Tower, near Boston ; Pinchbeck, ' noated 

Bitham. 

‘Drocess and See of LINCOLN. According to the pen 
‘Of the best authorities, the Bishop’s See was estabfished at Lineoln 
‘in the year 1057, or 1088*, previous ‘to which « era, “the Fri 
consisted of the two Anglo-Saxon Sees of Dorchester}, now a 








ey . «\Sar 

ak 1D gest te i ot mths Most 
writers adopt the latter date; but Beatsan, in his Political Index,” ote 
“Wat the se was removed to Lincola in 1057. peat a 3 

1 Mace was founded bout he year 625 en bad loon pe, whe 
raames and times of installation are—I. Birinus, 625; 11, Aptlburtus, 650; 
mis 


536 LINCOLNSHIRE. 


village in Oxfordshire, and Sidnacester*, a place bordering on the 
iver Trent. _ This diocess is the largest in the whole kingdom, 
those of Oxford, Peterborough, and Ely, have 
been detached and taken from it. It comprebends the counties 
of Lincoln, Leicester, Huntingdom, Bedford, and f 
except the Parishes of Mouks Risborough and Halton, which are 
peculiars of Canterbury; and Abbots Aston and Winslow, (which, 
with fifteen other parishes that are in Hertfordshire, and were 
takeo hence, being made of exempt jurisdiction, and appropriated: 
to the Abbey of St. Albaus, became, on the dissolution of that 
monastery in the year 1541, part of the Diovess of Loudon). The 
See of Lincoln also still retains the better balf of Hertfordshire, 
and the Parishes of Banbury, Tame, Milton, Croperdy, Horley, 
and Horaton, inthe county of Oxford; Langford, in Berks and 
Oxfordshire; Empingham, ‘Lidlington, and Ketton, in Rutland- 
shire; King's Sutton, Gretton, and Nastingtoa, in Northampton- 
shire; and the chapelries of Wigtoft and Hyde, in the county of 
Warwick, though the last chapel, Hyde, is desecrated. “AIL which 
are subdivided, and under the immediate jurisdiction of these six 
ARCUDEACONRIES: I. Lincoln, which is divided into he 
DEANMETES 


TIT, Totta, who was the first Bishop of Leicester; 737; Tv, Bibtess $085 
V. Unewona, 786; VI. Werinburtur, 801; VIL. Retiwnus, 814; VILE, Aldredup, 
861; EX, Ceobredus, 873; X. Harlardus, ++++ +; 1 XI Genta Kelp 
905. 


© This Seo was established in0vd, eedectersin: 19g 
Paramount over the province of Lindsey. Its first bishop was Eadhedue, 
who was consecrated by Paulinus in 673. pedenientbs ld 
IL. Ethelwinns, 678 ; WL Edgarws, 701 ; 1V. Kinelbertus, or Embertur, 720; 
‘V. Alwigh, 7335 VL. Eadulphus 1.781; VIL Celyfun, 767; VIM. Umicona, 
783; IX. Eudulphus IL. 789. After his death the See remained long vacant, 
and was occupied by the Xth Bishop Lenfwinus in 949, when the See og 
Dorchester was transferred to, and united with this, XI. Aailnother, 960; 
XIUL, Astewinus, ar Ocsewynus, 967; XIE Alahelmus, 994; XIV. Buddaoe 
Owes T1004: XV. Eadheriews, 1016; XVL Eudnothws 11. 1034; XVET 
Ulfus Normanws, 1052; XVI. Hulfinus, 1052. After. the, death of this 
Bishop, bis suecessor St. Remigine, removed the See to Lincoln. +z 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 535 


DeanertEs of Lincoln, Aswardburn cum Lafford, Avilawd, Bel- 
tislaw, Bollingbrook, Candleshoe, Caleewaith, Gartree, Gran- 
tham, Graffoe, Grimsby Hill, Horncastle, Longobovey, Loveden, 
Lowth cum Ludbrook, Nesse, Stamford, Walscroft, Wrighoe, 
Yarburgh, all in the county of Lincoln. IL, Stow, which has the 
Deaneries of Aslacko, Coringham, Lawres, and Maoluke, all like- 
wise in the same county. ILL. Leicester, the Deaneries of whiel: 
are Leicester, Ackley, Framland, Gartree, Goscote, Guthlaston, 
and Sparkenloe, all in the county of Leicester. IV. Bedford, 
which bas Bedford, Clopham, Dunstable, Eaton, Fleet, and Shef- 
ford, all in Bedfordshire. V. Huntingdon, which has Hunting- 
don, St, Ives, Leightonstone, St, Neots, and Yasley, all in the 
county of Huntingdon. With Baldock, Berkhampstead, Heriford, 
and Hitchin, in Hertfordshire, VI. Buckingham, the Deanerics. 
of which are Buckingham, Burnham, Mursley, Newport, Waddes- 
“deo, Wendover, and Wycombe, all in the county of Buckingham, 
In all which, and the out-lying parishes in Oxon, Northampton, 
“Rutland, &e, The number of parishes contained in this diocess 
(which yet continues by fur the largest in England) ie stated by 
Browne Willis to be, including donatives and chapels, 1517; and: 
the clergy’s yearly tenths in this very extensive jurisdiction 17511. 
~ 14s. Gd.“ The revenves of this bishopric were valued at the dis- 
solution of the mouasteries ut 20651, 12s. 6d. and the common 
revenues of the chapter at 5781, 8s, 9d. But many of its manors 
being seized, it is now only rated in the king’s books at 8941. 10s. 
Ad, and computed to be worth 32001. The clergy’s tenth is valued 
at 17511: 143. 6d.*” "This see has given to the Romish church 
three saints, and one-cardinal. From its prelates have been se- 
lected six lord chaucellors, one lord treasurer, one lord keeper, four 
chancellors to the University of Oxtord, and two to Cambridge, 
Willis computes the number of parishes in this diocess at 1517, 
of which 577 are’ impropriated. Camden says there are 630 
parishes in the county. 
Connected 
* Beatson’s Political Index, In the Red Book, the revenne of the 
Bishopric is set down at S281. 4s. 9d. but in this the Bidiop’s tenths, of 


G6l. 153. dd. are not included. 


596 LANCOLNSHIRE. 

Conmected with the cathedral, and its- ecclesiastical establish 
ment, were the MonastTEeRizs, Hosritats, &c. which were 
very numerous, and some of great influence, in this extensive 
district. In the following list I have endeavoured to farnish the 
reader with the sames and denominations of the whole at one 
view, A further account of some of these will be given when de- 


ames ef Places. Orders. Fownded. 4 Granted to Weer, 
Alvingsam = Giilbertine Num. temp.Stophen Ed. L. Cliston §=——_-—— 
*Adackby © Kn, Templars temp. Rich.L. Ditto Folkinghem 


° Bardney Benedictine A. temp.W.Con. Sir Ro. Tirwhit Horncastle 

© Barlings Premonstra. A. —1154 Ch. D. of Suffolk Lincoln 
LoagBenningtooCist. P. —1175 Dean & Ch. West. Boston 
Bondeby Alien P. temp. Joan —————___. —______ 
BOSTON 1Hospital —_—temp. Edw. I. —. 
‘2 Austin Friers —— Edw. II. Mayor,Ac,of Tow2—_——-— 
$ Black Friers ante 1288 © Cha. Du. Suffolk —————_- 

















4 Grey Friers ‘Mayor, &c. _oO 
———— _ 5 White Friers cirea 1300 Ditto —_—— 
Bourne Austin Canons —— 1138 Rich, Cotton 
° Temple Breer Templars ante1185 Ch. D. Seffolk Sleaford 
Bullington Gilber, P. tempStephen Ditto ‘Lincola 
Barwell Bened.P. © ————— Ditto 
Cameringham Premons.P. _ temp.Hen.II. Rob. Tirwhit 
Catley Gilber. P. _tetmp.Stepben Rob. Carr Hather 
Cotham Cister.N. | —— Stephen Ed. Skipwith Grimsby | 
(Covenbam § Bened. P. — circa 1082.» Wm.Skipwith Louth 
*Croyland © Bened.A. -—— 716 Ed. Ld.Clinton Peterborough 
Deeping Bened. Cel. — 1139 Th. Du. Norfolk ————— 

: Th. El. Ratl 

Egle Templars temp. Stephen ny’ pent 
Elsham Austin Canons ante 1166 Ch, Du. Suffolk © GlanfordBrigg. 
Epworth Carthus, P. —temp.Ric. I. John Candth —_ Isle of Axbolme 
Fowe Bened.N. — tempHen.III.Ed. Ld. Clinton Torkesey 
Freston Bened. Cel. temp. Se Boston 
Glanford Brigg Hospital temp. Joba : 
Gokwell Cister. N. ante 1185 Sir W. Tirwhit W. Tirwhit Barton 


* Where the Asterisk is affixed, implies that some of the buildings remain. 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 537 


















































Names of Place,» Orders. Founted. Granted to. Near. 
Rob. Bocher and 
Guanraam Grey Friers ante 1290 Dav. Vincent 4 a¢ Grantham 
Greenfield Cister, N. -——1153 Ch, Du. Suffolk Alford ‘ 
* Goxiill —P. Barton 
Grimey Bened. N. ante 1185  D. Chap, Westm. Barton 
Hagh ' . Alien P. circa 1164 John Ld. Russel Loveden 
Hagiam |" Alien,” temp. Ric. 1 PMRW 9} 
Hagneby Premonst: A... —— 1175, John Freeman Bolingbroke 
Haverholme Gilbert. P. — 1157 Ed. Ld. Clinton Sleaford 
Hevening Cistertias N, circa 1180 Sir Tho, Henneage Gainsborough: 
Horexacn Hospital cirea 1551 at Holbeach 
Holland Brigg Gilbert. P. temp. Joho Ed. Ld. Clinton 
Humberston _Bened. A. temp. Hen, II. John Cheke, Exq. Grimsby: 
Tanocents, St, Hospital temp, Hen, L. Lincoln 
Inford Prewoustr. N. temp. Hen, IE. Rob, Tirwhit ™M. Rasin 
* Kirksted Cistertinn A, —— 1139 Cha. Du. Saffolk Tuttershall 
Kyme Awtin Canons temp. Hea. Ti. 9 geen ¢ Sleaford 
‘Legborn Cistertian N. ante John ‘Tho, Henneage ‘Louth 
LINCOLN = Nunnery anteConquest —_— — 
*Cathedral Bp, Remegius a 
Gilb. Priory =—— 1148 Cha. Du. Suffolk —————— 
J. Bellow and J. - 
——— College — 1855 
—— _ Five Hospitals -_—__ 
Five Orders Co) 
——___ Frien wig 
houses here 
*Lovra Park Cistercian A. —— 1139 Sir Hen. Stanley at Louth 
Markby Black Can. P. Cha. Du. Suffolk Louth 
‘Maliby Austin Can, P. Ditto Louth 
Mere K. Teplars }=————— Lincoln 
‘Newbo Premons. A, —— 1198 Sir John Markham Grantham 
Newsham — Gil, P. temp, Hen.IL- Brocklesby 
‘Newhouse Premon, A, = —— 1143 Ch, Da, Suffolk 
pee } Gib. priory Hen. 1. Rob, Hermeage Burton 
Nem” ¥ aust, Can,P. Hen. IIT, Rich, Manowrs Stanford 
Vor. IX. Mm Noctoa 


SS 

Nana of Piece. Orders. 
Nocton Ang. Can. P. 
North Ormesby Gitbertine A. 
Revesby Ciat. A. 

© Sempringham Gib. P. 
Sixhill Gab. P. 
Skirbeck Hospital 








Srapinc —Benedic. A. —— 103% Sir Jobo Cacke at Spakding 
Srussy College ————_ Dah. Saffolk at Spittal 
° Spittal Hospital Ant. Edw. II. D. Chap. Lincoln Helmerwell 
Stanfield Bea. N. Hen. IL. Rob. Tirwhit Linco 
STAMFORD 1 Bea. Ceil Hes. IL. Rich. Cecil ——- 
2Bea.P. ‘Will. Cecil _ 
*S3Gib.P. 20 EA 1. CSC 
———. "4Hospital —— 1496 —_——. 
——— _ 5 Hospital temp. Heo. 1L_—_———————— ——__——. 
——— 6 lem Ko —— — ———_——_  —__— 
—\——._ 7 Aut. Fri P. —— 1240 Ed. Ld Cites —L-— 
———_ 8 Black Fr. Con.——-_ 1240 Dav. Vineet §——— 
——_ 9 Grey Fr. Ho. 48 Ed. 1. (Cha. Du, Sef 
———— 10White Fr. Ho.by Edw... —————__. 
———_ 11 White Mo. A._—_—__—_ ————_ 
————_ 12 Canoms P. —— 
13 Hospital “tin. 9 John 9 Jokn 
Stow Mon. of Ben. ab.1040 ——___——-_ at Stow 
Stikeswold Cis, Non. temp.Stephen Rob. Dighton ‘Horncastle 
° Swineshead = Cist. A. — 1134 Ed. 14. Clinton Boston 
© TarrensHay College 17 Hen. VI. Ch. Du. Suffolk. at Tattershal 
‘Thornton Aus. Can. — 1139 Barton 
* College 33 Hen. VIILUp. of Lincoln Barton 
© Thornboim Aus. Can. P, ‘King Step. Ch. Da. Suffolk Brigg 
Torksey Avs. Can, P, ——-— i Stow 
‘Tanstal Gilb. N. tem. Step, ——___—_ Redboara 
*Tuptolm = Prem. A. temp, Hen, ILSir Tho, Henncage Kirksted 
Vaudey Cist. A. — 1147 Cha. Da. Saffolk Edenbam 
‘Wellow Aus. Can, A, Hen. L Sir Tho. Hermeage Grimey 
‘Wenghale Alien P. ——— Trin. Coll.Cam, S. Kelsey 
Wilsford Alien P, temp.Stephen Cha. Du. Suffolk -Grantisten 
Witham Prec. Templars —— 1164 Stephen Holford ———=---_ 
Belleau ——_ a. ———_ ——_——_ Loon 


LINCOLKSHIRE: 


‘Fotended. Granted to. Ser. 
temp Stephen Che. Du. Saffolk Lincoln 
temp Stephen Ro. Heneige Louth 

— 1142 Cen Du Selick Spidby 











LINCOLNSHIRE, 639 
» The Eccuystasrican Arcuitecturs of Linconnsmine 
‘las Jong, been justly celebrated :for sts) avagnificence, and the.nu- 
merous churches in the county have been repeatedly spoken of 
cin terms of admiration. It is not unworthy of remark, that the 
chiefly in its lowest and most fenny situations, where all commu- 
snication must formerly have been, and even to this day is, ex- 
tremely difficult, It will, perhaps, be no easy task to assign a 
reason why our ancestors, in the erection of their churches, many 
of them of darge dimensions aud splendid in their decorations, 
should prefer such a tract of country to the higher and more 
frequented districts. The vicinity to the sea, and the numerous 
surrounding drains, might indeed have afforded a convenient con- 
-yeyance for the materials which were not the produce of the 
seounty, ‘Though the beauties of nature are scattered with a very 
sparing band over Lincolushire; the froitfuloess and richness of 
its soil, make ample recompense for this deficiency; and its in- 
ternal wealth, which is asserted at the present time to equal that 
of the most extensive counties in England, might have enabled 
its inhabitants to have supplied its natural defects, by erecting 
pbuildings and works of art, which still display an extraordinary 
-magnificence, equal, if not generally superior, ia 
county in the kingdom. 
‘ Shy ecclesiastical elfices in the dlnision oft.Lindey, ountes 
the cathedral of Lincoln, are.in general inferior to those in Kest- 
even and Holland; but in the north eastern part of the division, 
which is bounded by the German ocean to the east, and the high 
“Jands called the Wolds to the west, which is a low, flat tract 
‘of country, there are several churches, displaying much ele- 
in their architecture, and built of excellent materials. In 
of these are some ancient brasses, and other memorials 
_ of families who, three or four centuries past, were resident here, 
and many of whose descendants, from their possessions, still 
tute the principle family interest of the county. The 
in this district wary but Jitthe, as to their form and 
Mm 2 character; 





LINCOLNSHIRE. Sat 
~in' the county; Those of Kesteven differ little ftom each other 
in their general plan : the spires, which are lofty, are octagonal, 
lighted by thtee tiers of eanopied windows, and rising from 
noble towers at the west end of the building, The towers-are 
frequently divided into three or four distinct stories, and formed 
of excellent taterials and masonry. The date of the churches in 
this division, with the exception of these of Sempriogham/and St. 
Leonard, Stamford, is, in few instances, earlier than the thirteenth 
century; and, scarcely any having been rebuilt, few will be found 
of later date than the time of Henry the Seventh, =) 
It is principally in the Divivion of Holland, that Lincolnshire 
boasts superior excellence in ecclesiastical architecture; and it is. 
really surprising that-so many fine monastic buildings, and sacted. 
edifices, should have been erected in 2 county. so inconvenient 
for travelling, so unpleasant to the eye, and uncongenial with the 
common comforts of life. Yet, in this fenny, and swampy dis~ 
trict, are the churches of Boston, Gosberton, Pinchbeck, Spald- 
ing, Holbeach, Gedney, Long-Sutton, Croyland, and many others, 
which have a just claim to universal admiration. To the munifi- 
cence of the abbies of Croyland and Spalding, the greater part of 
the churches which adorn the southern part of this division probably 
owe their otigin, Atthe period when most of them were erected, 
Holland was one extensive fen, accessible in many parts only by 
water, and at particular seasons overflowed from the surrounding 
drains and marshes. Under these circumstances, the architects 
of those days were compelled to make artificial foundations, by 
Jaying piles or planks of wood, or different strata of earth and. 
gravel, previous to the superstructure of brick or stone. The 
akill of our ancestors in building on such a precarious soil is strik~ 
ingly apparent: few of their churches have swerved from their 
perpendicular; and a firmness and) solidity are retained which the 
peculiar nature of the ground would hardly seem to admit. » 

‘The character and plan of the churches in thi divistoe vary. 
in different’ parts. Some are cruciform; many have spires in 
conimon with those of Kesteven; ‘while emabaljtedtowers-at:the 

Mm3 west 


~ haw 





trict is universally found to be of ane: 


still retaiding at the distance, in many instances, of six: se 
centuries, its original face and firmvess, ‘The 

Clee, Crowle, Washingborough, Fiskerton, 

Sheheh abd"w Spi ctinor te chceneh ena 
mens, and parts of very early architecture, some of which I should 
sibiocharetowelte Wo MARE SN ee Pat. | 


SEATS, &c. Tis uty ie more. od Sor lions hn 
for its civil architecture. Though av extensive 

tains but few mansions of consequenec, grandeur, 

and those that are standing are chiefly of modern 
making the following list, saceoeied Sana 
names and situations, with that of the proprietors, of all the seats 
in the county. Tivese are arranged aceording | c 

of -rank, and to cach name is added the title 


nobility from places in the county. 


Grisisruorre Castx, near Corby, Duke of Ancaster’ snd 
‘Kesteven; also, Marquis and Earl of Lindsey.—This noble- 
Cw man 





LANCOLNSHIRE, Se 
aman Las other. family scape or manors at Uffington and Swines- 
head in this county, 

Brtvorr Castie, near Graatann, Duke of Rutland, 4 

| possesses several nminors in Lincolnshire. The seut is in the 
county of Leicester, and has been described in a preceding part 

__ of this volume, 

Nocron, near Lincoln, Eael of Buckinghamshire. 

GLenrworrs, near Spittal. Earl of Scarborough, 

Brock.espy, near Brigg. Lord esiiccopaby ok lias another 
seat at Thurgunby. 

Benton, near Grantham, Lord Brownlow, 

Reppounn, near Brigg. Lord William Beauclerks 

Burron, near Lincoln. Lord Monson, 

DoppinGron, near Lincoln. Lord Deleval. : 

BioxnoLM, near Sleaford, The Honourable Colonel Manners. 

Mansy, near Brigg. Honourable Charles Anderson Pelham, 

Aswarsy, near Folkingham, Sir Thomas Whichcote, Bart. 

Caswick, near Stamford. Sir John Trollope, Bart. 

Denton Houss, near Grantham, Sir William Earl Welby, 

Harminoron Haut, near Spilsby. Lady Ingleby Ameotts, 
who bas another seat at Kettlethorpe near Lincoln, 

Easton, near Grantham. Sir Montague Cholmondeley, 

Summer Caste, near Spittal, Lady Wray. 

Haney Haut, near Folkingham. Sir William Manners, Bart. 

HAVERHOLME Priory, near Sleaford. Sir Jenison Gordon, 
Bart. , 

Normanny Hate, near Burton, Sir John Sheffield, Bart, 

Revespy AsBey, near Boston. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. 

StuBToN, near Newark. Sir Robert Heron, Burt. 

SysTon, near Grantham. Sir Jobn Thorold, Bart. 

Stawxey, wear Brigg. Sir Henry Nelthorpe, Bart. 

AsuBY, near Sleaford, Neville King, Esq. 

-BLANKNEY, near Lincoln, Charles Chaplin, Esq. M. P. for 
Ube county, : 

: Mm 4 Baxgow; 





- LINCOLNSHIRE. 545 


RiseHonse, near Lincoln, Francis Chuplin, Esq. © rer 
Rees near Horncastle, The rete Clam 
~ Dymocke, Esq, 


SomeEnsy, near Brigg. + Weston, Esq. wo jer 
SomERBy Park, near Gainsborough, An ol seat oft the 
Seafurth Family—now John Beckwith, Esq. ' 
Sroxe Rocurort, near Grantham, Edmund Turnor, Esq. — 
Swintor, uear Castor on the Wolds. The Bits Moinicieka 
Alington, ' 
Supsnooxx: Hotme, near Lincoln. Richard Elisa, ow 
oo M.P. 
SraAiNrrgeup, near Barling's Abbey. “Tyrwbit Family.» 
TaTHWELL, near Louth. C. Chaplin, Esq. M. P. é : 
Temrue Bert woon, Isle of Axholme. yeti ery 
‘Tuorzssy, ‘South, near Alford. W. Wood, Ex. 
Tea.sy CorracE, near Rasin, George Tennyson, Esq. ~ 
‘THonock, near Gainsborough. Mrs. Hickman, { 
TuorPnars, near Louth. Captain sae ' 
UprincTon, near Stamford. ed 
Wart Varn, near Alford. ale Esq. 
WELLINGORE, near Lincoln. . Christopher Neville, Esq. — 
Waxcor, near Winterton. Thomas Golton, Esq. 
WILetnouaM House, near Rasin. Ayscongh Boucherett, Esq. 
Worrton, near Barton. John Appleby, Esq. , 





GrocrapnicaL Features, NaTuRAL’ CHARACTERIS- 
. otres, and AGRICULTURAL Practices. ‘This county, as 
well as those of Essex, Cambridge, and Norfolk, have been 
generally described, asiparticularly unfavourable to human health- 
fulness; and from their contiguity to the sea, with the numer- 
ous fens, meres, brooks, &c. with which they abound, are eom- 
monly stigmatized as producing pestilential climates, unfit for 
human habitation, or only calculated to excite agues, cramps, 
and endless rheumatisms. These general maxims, though often 
oae in just and appropriate facts, are too commonly per- 

verted, 





MINCOLNSHIRE: 5A 


froin the higher wolds presents an object that must be interesting 
toall, This, with the very great plantation of Lord Yarborough, 
areseen to mach advantage, from that most beautiful building 
‘the Mausoleum at Brocklesby*.” Many other places and parte 
of the county might be pointed out as presenting in themselves, 
or commanding, interesting scenery. The country around Gran 
‘tham, also in the vicinity of Louth, and that more particularly 
‘between Bourn and the former place, including the noble and 
very spacious woods of Grimsthorpe, abountls with that inequas 
ity of surface, that diversified interchange of hill and dale, wood 
and lawn, which constitute the aspen beautiful in na- 
tural scenery, 

_ Lincolashire is a large county, and occupies an area, aecording 
to the best authorities, of about 2,814 square statute miles, or 
4,800,880 statule acres. Arthur Young makes the total different; 
but it must be observed, that for want of a good survey of the 
county, we cannot come to any satisfactory conclusion on this 
head. That gentleman divides. and estimates the contents of the 
a een 





vr 28 w ¥ 
» Mr. Stone, in his agricultural survey of the county, gives the 
following statement respecting the ‘extent and division of Lin- 
-colashire, The whole number of acres 1,893,100¢ of which he 
conjectures there may be 473,000 acres of inclosed, marsh, and 
fen Jands, 200,000 of commons, wastes, and unembanked salt 
marshes, 268,000 of common fields, 26,000 of woodlands, and 
927,120 of inclosed upland. 

Lincolushire 

- * General View, &c. p. 5. 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 549 
to tillage, and produce all sorts of grain, Some of: the wolds, 
however, are not yet divided, but are devoted to sheep and rab- 
bits. The lower: lands, that have been perpcenenie sind ‘ 
produce abundant crops of oats, hemp, flax, &e. 

_ Lincolnshire has long bees. famous for # fine breed anitaae 
dead thacadjlaiog county of York has now the credit for rearing 
amany that are really bred in this county, In some districts there 
are numerous mares kept for the sole purpose of breeding. To 
Hollant ‘division, almost evory farmer keeps ‘some; and the 
number of colts reared is very great. These are chiefly of the 
black cart kind; and are generally sold off from the mares when 
At Loug Sutton, and in the yieinity, according to Stone, there is 
with the accustomed riding weight, they will trot sixteen 
miles an hour, and are allowed, by competent judges, to be the 
best saddle horses in the kingdom. ‘About Normanby. and 
Burton ‘many are-bred both for*saddle and coach ; sell at two 
-or three and: four years old; get from eighty guineas, at four 
_ years old for a bunter, down to 7 or Sl.; Reaiorva. ~ 
four years old, 30 to 401.*” 

“Many cecupiers of grass lands purchase praipendnet een 
-at the Yorkshire fairs, keep them a year, and, after trimming, 
ne ee 
prices of, from 35 to 40l.cach. : 

Mr. Stone deseribes, the juarsners of hincomniyi as ‘being, 
for the greatest part, of a large. sort, baving great heads and 
short horns ; are stout in the bone, and deep in. the belly; with 
-short necks and Heshy quarters, narrow hips and chines, high in 
their ramps and bare on the shoulders, The cows, he remarks, 
when fat, weigh from eight to nine hundred, and the oxen from 


. ° ‘ten to twelve hundred each, But though this be the geteral 


SEED ee 
&e. 


* ‘cual ; 


550 LINCOLNSHIER, 


&c. are possessed of cattle of i 
qualities. 

Lincolnshire is not only a breeding, tet! wigniieg ioe 
and many farmers occupy themselves entirely in buying wp full 
grown beasts, letting them rua on rich pastures for a eertaiir 
period, and then finish their feeding by oil-cake; when they are 
driven to Smithfield market, The dairy here is not regarded, 
further than for the use of the family; the rearing of -calves, 
where cows are kept, is the principal object of care, These are 
‘Aept till three or four years old, and then usually sold to the 
feeders when in a lean state, Few farms are found in the county 
where farmers keep cows professedly forthe profit arising from 
butter and cheese. “It is evident, upon the whole, that the 
Lincoln breed of cattle, upon Lincoln pastures, are. profitable; 
and it appears evident, from the general colour of the comt- 
parisons made with the long-horned Leicester, their own short- 
Horned! ave superior *.” ‘on amb 

Perhaps the most profitable stock of the county \is sheep. 
‘WNumbers are bred and fattened in this part of the: kingdom. 
Large quantities of wool are theace obtained, to. supply the de- 
mands of the manufacturing districts. Itis a curious fact, that 
while so much has been said in commendation of the Leicester- 
shire breed, as though it was a singular species, the Lineoln- 
shire, which is the same, should have beea passed over in:silence. 
Mr. Stone says, these sheep are not even varieties, “* It iswell 
known, that the late Mr. Bakewell, who was the original breeder 
of the pretended variety of sheep, called the new Leicester, laid 
his foundation upon the old Lincoln ‘breed, selecting sheep that 
possessed the most perfect symmetry for his purpose, antl iafter- 
wards crossing them with others, or peor 
blood +." 

‘The sheep of Lincoloshire'is a large, horned: eniianj wnt 


© Young's Agri. Surv. 
+ Review of the Agricultare. 


BINCOLNSHIRE. ‘652 
Yor the rich grazing, and marsh land of the county ; and gene- 
rally weighs well when fat, and bears a heavy fleece of coarse, 
but long stupled wool; the weight per fleece is 8lb. and upwards. 
Mr. Young nientions a sheep sold at Smithfield, whieh clipped, 
the first year, 23d. of wool, in the second year 224.2 
_ Few manufactures are established in the county; but two 
objects of considerable merchandize must be specified; deal- 
ing in. rabbit's fur, and goose feathers. ‘These were formerly of 
great consequence, and furnished articles of extensive trade, be~ 
tween the sellers, buyers, and merchants. From the system af 
bic: ia eet aa porns a 
much abridged in this county. 

« aeaSEd sf: hdr‘ sei bel edition 
ell lam place, iealisialogpaeadioa principle of 
improvement; some being broken up for tillage, and others, 
which hnd been under tilth, being again laid down for this pur- 
pose, ‘The soil of old warrens, by the urine and dung of rabbits, 
and. their continually stirring and ventilating the earth in bur- 
‘rowing, has been found incomparably better than lands of a like 
nature left in their original state. Rabbits are’ highly prolific: 
and when in season, and of a proper age, their flesh is esteemed 
‘both wholesome and delicate. This, though in’a degree an ob- 
ject of profit, does not render them so valuable as their skins; 
these it was that recommended them to the notice of manorial 
proprietors; and though now, from various causes, much re- 
duced in price, they still continue to be of no inconsiderable 
walue. ‘The occupier finds, that the investment of a snrall ca- 
pital, yield an interest that nothing eae will, and larger profi 
‘with Jess Inbour, than any other kind of tenure. 

| Their fecundity was a circumstance ot anita 
when the skins of large, well chosen rabbits would produce 
9s. Gd, or 3s, euch, At thut time they were used in making 
-touffs, tippets, lining robes, &c. the down was also employed 
in the hat manufactories, - 
_ As rabbit kins constitute the principal profit of the proprictor, 

it 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 55S 
state of those lands, nothing else will, ‘They breed numerous 
young, which quickly become saleable; or if thought: more dé 
sirable, speedily contribute to increase the stock.» Their’ feathers 
care highly valuable; and however trifling it may appear in detail, 
the sale of quills alone amount,’ on a large flock, to a very 
-considerable sum, Of feathers the use is well knowa; and of all 
Lindo, forthe stafing of hed, those of geese are considered the 
best. Whether from increasing luxury, the diminution in the quan~ 
tity produced, or both these causes co-operating, the present le- 
mand in England is obliged to be supplied by importations from. 
abroad; and the article js greatly advanced, and advancing, in 
price, From the cheap mode which persons in this county pos- 
sess of keeping these aquatic fowls, Lincolyshire. still furnishes 
the markets with large assntiies of goose-feathers and goose- 
quills. ve sual oy, 
*-Dubag te breeding setsop, thous irda arb lodged ‘in the same 
houses with the inhabitants, and even in their very bed-chambers; 
in every apartment are three rows of coarse wicker pens, placetl 
one above another; ¢ach bird has its separate lodges divided 
from the other, which it keeps possession of curing the time of 
silting. A gozzard, or gooscherd, attends the dock, and twice 
a day drives the whole to water, then brings them back to) their 
habitation, helping those that live in. the upper stories to their 
nests, without ever misplacing a single bird ®")) 0 
‘The geese are usually plucked five times. year, though some 
persons pluck them only three times, and others four, . The first 
plucking is at Lady-day, for quills and feathers, and ‘again at 
Midsummer, Lammas, Michaelmas, and Martinmas. ~ Gostings 
are not spared; for it is thought, that early plucking tends to 
increase their succeeding feathers. “' The feathers of a dead goose 
‘are worth sixpence, three giving a pound; but plucking alive does 
not yield more than threepevce a head, per annum, Some wing 
them only every quarter, taking ten feathers from each goose, 
Vou. IX, No which 


‘© Govghis additions to Camden, Vol, II. p, 3b, Edition of 1792. 


RR ORT TRE Ka 
 eeneteatoeest Reeush Won liditietis <tindiaed 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 556 
under tillage, produces large crops of oats. This grain is almost 
the only object of agriculture in the inclosed fen-lands; and im- 
«mense crops of it are produced with little labour or skill. 

“ There is an extraordinary circumstance,” says A. Young, 
jn the north-west corner of the county. Agues were formerly 
“commonly known upon the Trent and Humber sides—at present 
they are rare; and nothing has been effected on the Lincoln side 
of the Humber, to which it can be attributed ; but there was a 
coincidence of time with the draining Wallin-fen in Yorkshire 
to this effect: that county is now full of new built houses, and 
highly improved, and must have occasioned this remarkable 
shange*.” 

‘The Wolds extend from Spilsby, in a north westerly direction, 
for about forty miles to Barton; near the Humber. They are, on 
the average, nearly eight miles in breadth, and consist of sand 
and sandy loam, upon flinty loam, with a sub-stratum of chalk, 
This is peculiarly their appearance about Louth, and in the ex- 
tensive rabbit warrens between Gayton and Tathwel, But where 
the friable loams prevail, rich upland pastures are seen pleas- 
ingly intermixed, From Binbrook to Caiston, with the inter~ 
ruption of Caiston Moor, a sandy soil prevails; and thence, sand 
with an intermixture of argillaceous earth, till they change into 
the rich loam of which Barton field, a space of 6000 acres, 
principally consists, 

" Beneath this line, and parallel with the eastern shore, lies am 
extensive tract of land at the foot of the Wolds, in the direction 
of north west to south east, reaching from Barton to Wainfleet, 
of various breadth, from five to ten miles. This tract of country, 
called the marsh, is secured from the encroachments of the sea 
by embankments of earth, and is agriculturally divided into 
north and south marshes, by a difference in the soil, called 
middle marsh. The first comprises a large extent of rich salt 
Jands, the value of which is well known to the grazier; the 
second consists of stiff, cold, and tenacious clay, consequently 

Nu@ of 

© General View, p. 6. 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 557 
drains, which in some instances are navigable for boats and 
barges. At the lower end of these are sluices, guarded by gates, 
termed gowts or-gouts. During the summer, numerous flocks 
and herds are seen grazing over this teonotonous scene, and 
‘many of the pastures afford a rich and luxuriant herbage; but in 
the winter, or the autumn, if it should prove wet, the aspect is 
changed ; the cattle quickly disappear; the scene rapidly alters; 
and the eye must pass over thousands of acres of water or ice, 
before it can find an object on which to rest, save the nuterous 
wild fowl which then occupy this watery expanse. ' 

There are several causes which combine to produce this 
drowning of the lands. Many of the fens lie below the level of 
the sea; some are lower than the beds of the rivers; and all are 
Deneath the high water mark of their respective drains. The 
substratum of the Fens is silt, or sea sand, which is a well 
known conductor of water. Through this, when. the drains are 
full, the sen water filters; and, unable to pass by the drains, 
rises on the surface, and is known by the name of soak, “To 
this is added, after rains, the water which flows fromthe higher 
lands, the overflowings of the ditches and rivers, and inundations 
from the sea, by the frequent breaches made in the banks formed 
for fencing it out. It is a circumstance no less interesting to the 
philosopher, than mortifying to the inhabitants of this county, 
that in many situations where the latter are almost ruined by this 
clement in winter, during summer they are greatly distressed 
for it, even for the most common purposes, They are often 
in want of it for watering their cattle, In dry seasons, rich 
marsh land, which would feed a bullock an acre, being destitute of 
fresh water, cannot be depastured, and consequently becomes of 
little value; for any thing of the nature of ,a flood, to which the 
vallies or low lands of more unequal districts are so offen ex- 
posed, has been unknown in this part of the kingdom since. the 
general system of draining has been practised. At this season 
the drains are very shallow, and the ditches dry, the soak filters 
off through the silt; and, except in a few places, springs of 

fresh 


Nas 





I{NCOLNSHIRE, 559 
bers of oak, fir, and other trees, which have been of late fre+ 
quently found in the moor, upon making of sundry. ditches and 
channels for the draining thereof; the oak trees lying somewhat 
above three feet in depth, and near their roots, which do stilk 
stand as they growed, viz. in firm earth below the river*.” 

In speaking of the great level, Dugdale is of opinion, that it 
was formerly firm and dry land, neither annoyed with stagnation 
of fresh waters, nor inundations fromthe sea; and this he sup- 
poses was the case both of the fens in Lincoloshire and the ad~ 
joining countics: for it is an established. fact, that large timber 
trees will not thrive in watery or marshy lands, and’ such have 
been found lying in the earth abundantly in this country. Hence 
it will appear, that these lands were at a former period in a very 
different state to what they are at present, and the cause of such a 
remarkable change it is desirable to ascertain, On such occasions 
it is usual to wave the trouble of inyestigation, by referring it to 
some extraordinasy convulsions of Nature; and an earthquake 
often in this way suddenly swallows up or supplies the place of 
@ long train of natural causes, Dugdale himself unable to find 
any documents, which might enable him to affirta positively on 
the subject, is obliged to have recourse.to this Kind of copjec~ 
ture— By what means that violent breach and inundation of the 
sea was first made into this country, I am not able positively to 
affirm, therefore I must take leave to deliver my conjectute there- 
in, from the most rational probabilities; which is, that it was by 
some great earthquake: for that such dreadful accidents have 
occasioned the like we have unquestionable testimony}.” 

But the enquiring mind does not easily rest satisfied with such 
precipitate conclusions ; it must have recoursé to facts, for as it 
aims at truth, it requires demonstration, With this view, there- 
‘ Nn4 fore, 


* Dogidale’s “ History of Imbanking and Draining,” edit. by Cole, p. 141. 
—See Beauties in Cambridgeshire. 
+ History of Imbanking, &c. p. 172. 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 564 
derive its source near South Witham, a village about ten miles 
north of Stamford ; and thence flows almost duly north, by North 
Witham, Coltersworth, through the park of Easton, and to Great 
Ponton, where another stream joins it from Skiilington and Stoke 
Rochford. At Little Ponton it reoeives a small brook, and then 
proceeds on the eastern side of the town of Grantham ; whence it 
flows by Belton Park and Syston, and then turns westerly to Long 

i . Here it bends again to the north ; and after flow- 
ing by Claypole and Beckingham, it proceeds through a wide 
sandy valley to Lincoln. It now flows almost directly east to 
Grubhill, where it tarns to the south-east, and continues in this 
direction to Boston, and unites its waters with the sea, at a place 
ralled Boston Deeps. From its source to Beckingham its banks 
are diversified with rising grounds and ornamental objects. 
Among the latter are the elegant spire of Grantham church, the 
fine woods at Belton Park, Syston Park, and Little Ponton. 
Jn its course to Lincoln the contigtous country is diversified by 
high grounds, vallies, and woods: after passing the city it leaves 
the high lands, and continues through a level tract of country to 
the sea. Much of the present bed of the river from Boston up= 
wards is a new artificial cut, made for the purpose of widening 
and straightening the channel, rendering it more commodious 
for navigation, and better adapted to receive and carry off the 
water of the contiguous fens, 

These rivers, with those of the Grant, Ouse, and Nene, in the 
pall plese, coomtion, from the obstructions they meet in delivering 
their waters to the occan, are the cause of drowning so large a 
portion of valuable land. By which means, instead of deriving 
the benefits the country otherwise might, from the occasional over- 
flowing of their waters, had they been permitted to have a free 
passage to the sea, it has heen greatly injured by their stagnating 
effects; yielding little profit to the proprietors, and annoying those 
who reside in their vicinity, From these and other causes the 
courses of the rivers have been changed at times; their usual 
chamels being obstructed, the waters have forced through the 

low 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 563 
fo Langrick Ferry, and thence through Anton's Gow!, to the 
grand Sluice near Boston, — 

‘That the obstructions, which these rivers mect in their passage, 
has been the cause of the inundations, is clearly evident; but 
perhaps what has occasioned those may not be so manifest. Ia 
viewing the various inlets of the sea on this part of the coast 
‘it is surprising to observe the immense quantity of sand and 
sludge which is continually depositing on the shore. ‘This is 
caused by the nature of the tides, which, from the form of the 
channel, flow with much more violence than they ebb, This 
causes the mouths of the rivers to be choaked up, and the de- 
ucending waters to be thrown back on the lowlands, in the vici- 
nity of their banks. * Whosoever hath observed the constant 
tides, which flow ap the river Ouse, at Lynne, will find the water 
always very thick and muddy there, because the sea bearing & 
Targer breadth northwards, from thence worketh with so much 
distemper. It is no wonder therefore, that a great proportion 
of sidt doth daily settle in the mouth of the Ostiary, and likewise 
in the other, viz. of Wisbeche, Spalding, and Boston, so that in 
time it could not but grow to that thickness, without some artifi- 
cial helps to quicken the current, upon its evacuation at every 
ebb, whereby it might be carried ont again, that it must needs 
force back the fresh waters, and cause them not only to over- 
flow, but at length to drown the whole level, through whic 
‘their streams did pass, And this we see was apparently the 
case here; for to such an height is the silt grown, that in the 
year 1635, upon the deepening of Wisbeche river, the workmen, 
at eight feet below, came to another bottonr which was stoney, 
and in it, at several distances, found several boats that had lain 
there overwhelmed with the silt for many ages*.” 

The Great Bay, or Estuary, into which the different rivers, 
* passing through the Fens are disembogued, is very shallow and 
fall of shifting sands and silt, The rivers, which are constantly 

loaded 


* Dugd.lmb. p. 177, 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 563 

Io the time of the Conqueror, Richard de Rulos, chamberlain 
to that. monarehi; inelosed this part of the Fen Country, from the 
chapel of St. Guthlake to Cardyke, and beyond to Clei-lake, 
near Cranmore ; excluding the river Welland, by a large and 
extensive bank of earth. “And having by this good busbandry 
brought! the ‘soil to that fertile condition, he converted the said 
chapel of St. Guthlake into a church, the place being now called 
Market "Deeping; by the like means of banking and draining 
he also made a village, dedicated to St. James, in the very pam 
of Pudlington; and by much labour and charge reduced it 
into fields, meadows, and pastures, which is now called Deeping 
St. James*.”" . 

As property became more divided, greater attention was paid 
to the improvement of the soil; and various presentments were 
made, add grants obtained, for scouring the rivers, and drain- 
ing off the superfluous waters, 

‘The Foss Dyxe is an artificial trench, extending about seven 
miles in length, from the great marsh near the city of Lincoln 
to the river ‘Trent in the vicinity of Torksey. This was made, 
or materiully altered, by king Henry the First, in the year 1121, 
for the ‘purpose of bringing vessels from the Trent to the city ; 
as well as for making a general drain for the adjacent level. 
From its passing through so flat a country the water could have 
but a slow current, whereby it became unnavigable from the in- 
creasing accumulation of mud, so that it was soon found neces- 
sary to cleanse it. To defray the expense certain sums of 
money were assessed on the lands that had been, or were to be, 
benefited by the drainage. And on complaint being made, in 
the time of Edward the Third, that the collectors converted the 
money to their own use, an order was made for an enquiry to be 
instituted, and comimissioners were afterwards appointed to super= 
intend in future the concern. 

Of the Marshes on the river Ancholme, the first account on 
record is 16th of Edward the First. “ The King theu directing 

his 
© Dugd. Imb. p. 194, 


for carts and 0 
het i eles log 
“The said abbot of Selby, Richard cs, an 
fronts of Crolitmectes ? Ca 


to keep th 
“ to make, without the said sluice, towards the 
demmyng, ab the feast of Easter next ensuing.” 
termined, “ that the cleansing, scouring, r 
Maredyke” should lie with the said inhabitants 
er cneseihaer tei: So 















winter, but in surimer were often so deeply 
that boats could navigate over them to the 
These belonging chiefly to the crown, 
visable, both for the good of the country and | 
royal revenue, that an attempt should be made | 
same; and King Charles the Second did, under 
of England, contract for this parpose with C 
‘then of the city of London; Esq. by articles 
24th day of May, in the second year of his re 
The purport of the agreement was, that the : 
should, at his own charge, drain the lands spec 
deration of which he and his heirs for ever should. 
king one full third part of the said surrounded 
should pay to the owners oF ee lying within t 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 569 
level; and so surrounded, such sums as the lands should be 
deemed worth by four commissioners, two of whom to be no- 
mivated by Cornelius, and two by the lord treasurer of England, 
for the time being. When the works were finished, a corpora- 
tion was to be formed of such persons as the said Cornelius, or 
his heirs, should nominate, to make acts and ordinances, a oc- 
casion might require, for the preservation of the same, That 
three years after that completion, six commissioners should be 
appointed to estimate what the annual charge might amount to, 
for their perpetual maintenance, and for conveying lands of suffi- 
cient value to support the said estimated charge. Commissioners 
also were appointed to ascertain the claims of those who pleaded 
aright in the commonable lands within the level, and to settle 
the same. “The agreement being therefore made, this great 
work was accordingly begun, and had so successful a progress, 
that, with the charge of 55,825]. or thereabouts, it became 
‘fully finished within the space of five years; the waters: which 
usually overflowed the whole level being conveyed into the river 
‘Trent, through Snow-Sewer, and Althorpe river, by a sluice, 
which issued out the drained water at every ebb, and kept back 
the tides upon all comings-in thereof *.” 

_ Wrrnam Mansuezs, &c. It is traditionally affirmed, that 
Jarge vessels could formerly sail up the river Witham from Boston 
to Lincoln; and from the ribs, timbers, &e, of ships that have 
been frequently found near it, the tradition seems to be justified. 
At present, however, it is only adapted for barges; and the 
flow of the current is so small, that it does not cleanse the bed 
‘of the river, The first notice of the great inconveniences arising 
from the obstruction of its waters, appears in the sixth year of 
Edward the Third, Henry de Fienton, William de Dysney, and 
Thomas de Sibthorpe, being in that year constituted the king's 
commissioners for surveying the same, between the town of 

‘Vou, IX, Oo Beckingham 


*Dagd.Imbank. Sce more also in “ State of the Case,” printed London, 
A.D. 1656. 





‘LINCOLNSHIRE: S71 
cluded, that a sluice should be made at Boston, “after the 
mind of Mayhake; that aa agreement be made with him for 
performing the same, and rewarding him and his men. For 
this purpose,.an assessment to be made, and the sum of 1oOol. 
borrowed of the king, lords, and great possessioners, till it could 
be levied by the commissioners of sewers, according to the law 
of Romuey Marche, whence a bailiff, juratts, and levellers, 
were to be obtained. ‘The bailiff to have, for himself and ser- 
vant, per diem, @s. 4d. every of the said juratts, Is. 4d. and 
each leyeller Is.” New commissioners were chosen, consisting of 
the abovenamed council and others, who were instructed to as 
certain the number of acres; order statute duty to be performed, 
till the work was finished; levy contributions; send ships to 
Calais for Hake and his companions skilled in imbanking and 
draining, und materials for the work; appoint proper officers for 
directing and expediting the same; and whatever else might fall 
under the necessary management of the concern, 

By a deed of agreement, drawn up by the order of his Majesty 
in council, the fiNeenth year of his reign, between Sir John 
‘Hasse, Knight, and John Robinson, of the one part, and May- 
have Hake, of Graveling, “in the parts” of Flanders on the 
other part, it appears, that the said Hake covenants to bring 
with him, from Flanders, fourteen masons, and four labourers, 
to make a proper sluice and dam, near the town of Boston, suf- 
ficient for its future safeguard. The said Mayhave Hake, and 
his companions, to be remunerated for their labour by the fol- 
lowing wages:— 

“ Mahave Hake to lave, for hiniself and man, holy day as 
well as common day, per diem, 4s, The masons and stone- 
hewers, per week, 5s. The Isbourers, per week, 4s. The 
said Mahave Hake, after the work was fully completed, to re- 
ceive an additional reward of 501. Should any more workmen 
be necessary, during the progress of the work, they should be 
provided at the expence of the inhabitants of Boston and the 
level of Holland and Kesteven.” 

O02 The 


572 LANCOUNSAIRE, 

‘The engincer further agreed, to make “ sure purveyanee,” at 
Calais, of iron work, and all other stuff or materials necessary 
for the aceomplishment of the sluice, &c. ‘The costs und eharges 
of the whole to be borne by the inhabitants of Boston and the 
Jevel aforesaid. And by a writ issued the Sth day of March, 
to the mayors, sheriffs, bailiffs, constables, &e. the contracting 
parties were allowed “to take and retain, at competent wages, 
such, and as many workemen, laborers, and artificers, and alsoe 
as much timber, stone, and other things, together with carts and 
catriages for the same, at pryce resonable, as they shall think 
necessary and behoveful for the speedy performance of such 
works, as be requisite to be done in the said partes.” And the 
King’s officers were required to aid/and assist, in procuring suck 
necessary articles, from time to time, under pain of meeting the 
King’s displeasure, In “the remembrancer of diverse articles, 
when examination was to be made respecting the sluice at Boston, 
dated the 13th of May, fifteenth year of Henry the Seventh,” 
are the following curious items. 

“eJiem, that it is determined, that forthwith they,” the masons, 
&c. “shall begin and Jabour upon the makeing the said sluce, 

*Jtem, that provision be made for stuffe in all goodlye haste, 
for the makeing the said sluce. 

*Ttem, that all such broke and oulde houseinge, as be within 
the town of Boston, be had and taken at a reer a 
the making of the said sluee. 

“ Item, it is agreed, that Mayhave Hake shall have wets 
William Robinson and bis man; and the said William shall have, 
for him, bis servant and horse, for the costsat such time as they 
shall be desiered: to ride about the makeing of the said sluce, 
every wake 10s. and likewise at whome, when they ride not. 

“Item, it is ordeined, that every anann, as expenditors, and 
other by them to be assigned, with two horses, being on business 
for the makeing of the said sluce, shall have, by the day, aeaa 
and aman with one horse, Is. 

Item, that the said expenditors shall have a clerk of sewers 

‘ for 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 573 
for the work, such as My Ladyes Grace shall appoint, which 
shall weekeley have, for him and his servant, 8s. es 

“ Item, that provision of all manner of stuffe concerning the 
said sluce be mace and provided by the said expenditors, and 
the workemen to the same, 

Ttem, that Mathew, or Mahave Hake, be contented of his 
wages for him and his masons, according to the indenture made 
between My Lady's Grace and the said Mathew.” 

‘These items allude to an indenture made subsequent to that 
in which Sir John Husse, Knight, was a party, between the high 
and mighty Princesse Margaret, mother to the King, Countesse 
of Richmond and Darby, on the one part, and Mathew Hake 
on the other, Whereby it is stipulated, that he and his masons 
should have no further allowance than was made in the inden- 
ture, bearing dute the 19th of February preceding; “ and alsoe 
other masons and workmen, taken for the said workes, to have 
such wages as the expenditors aud the clerk of sewers over the 
works shall agree with them for. And for reward, and in re- 
compense of fourteen masons and twenty-four workmen, and 
other demands, he shall abide the order and rules of the said 
Princes and the King’s Counsaile, Dated May 13th, fifteenth of 
Heory the Seventh.” 

Ju the above: manuteript ia contained ‘alist: of the sprincipal 
articles that were to be provided for the necessary conducting the 
work, and the places pointed out whence they ought to be pro- 
cured. ‘The iron especially, was to be purchased in that part of 
France then belonging to the crown of England. As the items 
relating to this article may tend to throw some light ou the state 
of one part of our manufactures, as well as ascertain the price of 
the most useful metal at the period in question, it may be de« 
sirable to insert it. ‘This will be seen by the following items ; 
being the charges of * iron made and bought at Callis, for Bos- 
ton sluce, in anno 1500*.” 

Oos First 
* © The iron consisted of bars, small cramps, long cramps, rings with 
cramps, great chains, hoops, pynns, hookes, great bands, bolts for locks 
wad keys, and great scherya. 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 575 
the banks of both sides the haven, that it drowned all the com- 
mon fen; soe that men might have roome with boates from 
Garwich to Boston towne: and likewise from Boston to Kirkeby 
land side,—And that the sea bankes and fen bankes were at 
double more charge, than they be now.” 

\ To the north and north-east of the Witham, whose outlet to 
the sea was intended to be facilitated, and the adjacent lands 
benefited by the work just mentioned, lies the large fenny tracts 
called Wildmore Fen, West Fen, and East Fen. 

Upon a writ of Ad quod damnum, in the forty-tirst of Queen 
Elizabeth, concerning the draining of these, it appears, that in 
East Fen 5000 aeres were drowned, half of which was then eon~ 
sidered drainable, and the other half irrecoyerably lost; and that 
the commons and severalties on the borders of the said fen, con- 
tained about 3400 acres, the whole of which was surrounded. 
At a session of sewers held at Boston, the 15th of May, sixth 
of Charles the First, a recital was made, by virtue of a decree, 
that the greater part of these lands, whose bounds are stated, were 
surrounded grounds in the winter season, It was therefore de~ 
creed, that the outfall at Wainflect-haven should be deepened 
and enlarged, the various gowts cleansed, and all other uecessary 
works done for draining the extent of country taken in the survey, 
Each acre of land receiving benefit by the said drainage to pay 
ten shillings. ‘The money to be paid into the hands of Sir An+ 
thony Thomas, Knight, and the rest of the undertakers, after 
the work was completed, or proportionably as it might be done. 

At another session of sewers, held the 15th of April, A.D. 
1631, adecree was made, “That Sir Anthony Thomas, and his 
participants, for their expences, should not only have the one 
half of the said East Fen, and a third of all the severals adjoining 
thereto; and likewise the fourth part of all the surrounding 
grounds lying in the West Fen, and the severals thereto adjoin- 
ing, limited and appointed te them bya former decree, but some 
further augmentation in certain other particular places *.” 

Oo4 Notwithstanding 
* Dogd, Imb, p. 425, 





LINCOLNSHIRE. ST 
prietor, Many, however, have been the attempts to remedy these 
evils, and a spirit of improvement, within these few years past, 
seems to have pervaded all ranks of people in this extensive 
county. 

 Deeplag- Fen, which extends most. of, the, eleven miles from. 
that town to Spalding, is a very capital improvement by draining. 
Twenty years ago the lands sold for about 31. an acre; some 
was then let at 7s, or 8s. an acré; and a great deal was in such a 
state, that no body would rent it. Now it is in general worth 205, 
an acre, and sells at 201, an acre: 10,000 acres of it are taxable 
under Commissioners, pay up to. 20s, an acre, but so low as 2s. © 
average 45. including poor rates, and all tithes free. The free 
Tand also sells from 15L. to 20). anvaaro ands more, three 9s fis 
years ago*.” ; 
Mr. Stone, however, furnishes capi aeons eesblalicaes 
back upon this flattering account, and suggests some useful hints 
towards a more favourable prospect—* The drainage of Deeping 
fen, he says, so improperly commended by Mr. Young, is chiefly 
effected by three wind-engines, above Spalding, that lift the Deep- 
ing fea water into the river Welland, the bed of which, I apprehend, 
is now higher than the land intended to be drained, assisted by a 
side cut, called the West Load, which falls into the Welland, just 
below Spalding ; and which district, in violent floods, in « calm, 
when the engines cannot work, is reduced to a most deplorable 
condition, more especially when the banks of the Welland are 
overflowed or give way, as happened in 1798, in consequence 
of an accumulated weight of water, occasioned by violent floods, 

and the obstractions met with below from the choaking sands.” 
An act passed in 1794, for improving the outfall of the rivor 
Welland, etter draining the low lands of South-Holland, and 
discharging their waters into the sea. The leading point in this 
scheme js to cut a deep canal, like the Eau-Bank, from the re- 
servoir 

© Young's General View. 4 

+ Review of the Agric, Surv, of Lincoln, p. 142, 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 679 


‘years ago, it was carried in a straight line through the level, for 
‘the purposes of draining and navigution. Before the draining it 
psn abp onic i er eaiang> oa 
30s, much of it arable, and much of it in grass. a 

‘ Foil cin si tlt ana ealrnghionaed zat 
teen thousand one hundred and ninety-seven acres, the tax amounts 
to 2,140]. per ann, or 25. 6d. an acre, It is now chiefly pasture 
and meadow; but the cars which were rough and: rushy have 
been pared and bumed, and sowed with rape for sheep, and 
then with oats for a crop or two; and on the better parts some 
wheat, then laid to grass: there is not a great deal kept under the 
plough *.” 

{Though 1 rest portion of the land itm this district kewery vals 
able, and much has been done to improve the rest; yet a large 
quantity still remains in an unprofitable state, It appears by © 
Mr. Stone’s account, and as he was one of the commissioners 
under the act he ought to be a competent judge, that the en- 
gineers were improperly limited by the net, to drain into the 
river Trent. The work was executed to the best of their judg- 
ment, and as well as the situation of the country would admit. 
In the execution of the plan 20,0001. were expended; and 
though now several years have expired since its completion, yet 
the desired effects have not followed, The floods of the upper, 
and the tides of the lower, part of the river have ofien over. 
flowed the works, whereby the lowlands, comprising some thou- 
sands of acres, have, during the greater part of the year, been 
under water: and unless: more effectual works shall be added, 
by means of steam engines or some other mode, to lift the water 
into the Trent, the most valuable part of the district will be ab- 
solutely useless for the purposes of grazing or agriculture. ; 

Mr. Stone is of opinion also, that upwards of fifty thousand 
acres in Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, which 
are now flooded, will ever continue to be overflown until the 
present plan of draining into the Trent shall be given up, And 

he 


* Young's General View, &c. p. 241. 





LINCOLNSHIRE 531 
From this’ statement, and some miner improvements, whiely 
fall under this description by various individuals, more especially 
Sir Joseph Banks, at Revesby; Mr. Young exults on the sub- 
ject, and thinks wonders have been performed in this way, yet 
acknowledges, that “ about Mavis, Enderby, Bolinbroke, &c. 
the wetness of the sides of the hills is lamentable ; bogs are so 
numerous, that he is a desperate fox-hunter who ventures to ride 
here without being well acquainted with the ground. I have 
tarely seen a country that. wants: exertions in draining more than 
this. Many similar springy sides of hills are to be met with all 
the way to Ranby, and thence by Oxcomb to Louth*.” ' 
. This remark serves to illustrate a statement made by Mr. Stone, 
which, as it is unconnected with any details of particular spots, 
would) otherwise amount to no more than mere assertion. 
“ There are upwards of three hundred thousand acres of land 
at this time, 1500, in Lincolnshire, suffering at least on an 
average 300,0001. a year for want of an efficient drainage, which 
aight be carried into effect for one or two year’s improved value ; 
and upon the borders of the county nearly the same quantity of 
and connected with it, capable of the sanie improvement by si- 
milar means. When this statement shall be explained, and the 
truth of the remark established, what will become of the table of 
forty-three thousand four hundred aud seven acres.” 

- Though flattering prospects from past exertions are too apt to 
relax our present energies, yet a too great respect for our own 
views and capabilities should not make us fastidious, or induce 
us to disparage the laudable attempts of those who have preceded 
us, nor illiberally to undervalue the labours of others, 7 

Whoever has travelled with an observant eye through the 
county of Lincoln, marked its peculiar situation and characteristic 
features, and made himself thus acquainted with its preseut state, 
and compared this with its appearance and productions in different 
periods 

* General Reviow, p, 245, 

+ Review of Survey, p. 133, 


LINCOLNSHIREs 583 


will be effectually drained; and the low lands of this part 
be nip ia Sp, Cae 
others, the most productive in the kingdom. t 
‘Msi Ribaho, ran dale, pric ur epoca bl’ Cad 
situation of the abovementioned fens, the different drains, and 
out-fall gowts, which conveyed their waters to the sea,—to point 
out the defects of the then existing system, and the best methods 
of supplying them, or suggesting a new and better plan for a more 
effectual drainage of those levels. Upon this subject he printed his 
first Report in 1800, and with that penetration which marks the 
superior mind, and that comprebensiveness which evinces perspe- 
cuity of judgment; he quickly discovered the cause of the evils, 
which had been so long complained of after repeated attempts to 
remove them. Viewing their aclual state, the remedy instantly 
presented itself, The first object which struck him was the out- 
fall; the second, the discharging the water which falls om the sur+ 
face of the fens, or which arises in them; the third, the inter 
vcepting and carrying off the up or high land water, without 
‘allowing it to descend into, and overflow the fens, Each of 
these necessary points had at times been canvassed; but never 
generally and unitedly adopted in any previous system. ‘This was 
reserved for the scientific mind of our present engineer, who, 
after describing the nature of these fens, divides them accord- 
ing to the usual mode; but from the levels, which were takem 
on the occasion, he was induced to place Wildmure and West 
Fens im one draining plan, and East-Few in another. In the 
drainage of the former the outlet was made by Anton’s Govt or 
‘Maudfoster, the gutes of which he found were loo narrow for 
‘the quantity of water occasionally to be discharged through 
them; and that the sills of these, as well as those of the granil 
sluice, were too high for the level of the country, so as to admit, 
in their present state, of an efficient drainuge, not to mention the 
want of attention to secure the water of the high lands from 
running into the fens, 
Mr, Rennie then gives a sebeme, first for draining Wildmore 
Fea 








‘LINCOLNSHIRE, i $85 
which pass through these fens, the quantity per day is often suf= 
ficient to-cover the whole surface three-teaths of an inch deep ; 
and in wet seasons much more. To discharge this Mr. Rennie 
‘proposed a catch-water drain, to commence near the Witham in 
‘Coningsby, skirting the high lands to near Hagnaby comer, there 
‘to join Gote-sike drain through Fen-side drain; and thence by a 
new channel to Maudfoster Gowt, ‘The length from the mouth 
‘of the river Bain to Maudfoster Gowt is twenty-one miles, 
and the rise is litte more than fourteen feet, This will give a 
fall to the water at the said Gowt of eight feet, or about four 
‘inches and a half per mile, but it may admit of five inches. He 
then proposes a new Gowt to be constructed near Maudfoster, 
with three openings, each fifteen feet wide; one of which to be 
appropriated, in times of flood, to the discharge of the waters 
condacted by the catch-water drain; butin ordinary cases theseare 
to form a junction, ‘This taking the water which fall or issue from 
40,000 acres of land through Maudfoster, will cause so ample a 
scour, as to prevent the silt from accumulating to any great de- 
gree, and keep the out-fall in a proper and useful state, By 
this scheme also the drains are to be made sufficiently capacious 
‘to admit of such vessels as are generally used in the fens, being 
navigated upon them ; for this purpose locks are to be constructed, 
‘to permit them to pass into and out of the Withar, and to form 
@ communication with each other. Also, sluices with penstocks 
to admit of ranning water from the brooks to the fens, for the use 
of cattle during the summer months, 

Respecting the drainage of the East Fen and the East Holland 
Towns Mr. Rennie observes, that some parts of these, at present, 
drain through Maudfoster Gowt, and others have separate Gowts 
at Fishtoft and Butterwick; but part of the waters at Friskney 
are raised’ by an engine, and sent afterwards to sea by a small 
gowt: The general surface of East Fen is eight feet above the 
sill at Maudfoster, and but five feet six inches above that at 
Wainfleet; whence, as the distance is nearly equal from the centre, 
iu’ the one case, the fall would be but one inch and five-tenths 
~ Vo, IX. Pp per 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 587 
scheme for Wildmore and the West Fens; but that some im- 
provements may be made, not in the principle, but in the dis 
position of some drains in the scheme proposed for draining 
the East Fen. 

‘It was judged proper to be thus particular respecting these Re~ 
ports, because the grand works therein specified are now carrying 
into execution, and when completed will not only occasion this part 
of the country to wear a more cheerful appearance, and be highly 
advantageous to the inhabitants, but be a lasting monument of the 
apirit of the land proprietors, and the skill and ability of the 
‘engineer. 

Amongst the many agricultural improvements, Irrigation, or 
the plan of watering meadows, so successfully practised in other 
counties, does not appear to have been pursued in this, Arthur 
Young mentions a solitary instance. But a plan of using water for 
fertilizing the soil is adopted, which is peculiar to this part of the 
Kingdom, and principally practised in this county. This is called 
‘Wanrine, und is a perfectly simple process. It consists in pers 
mitting the tide to run over the land at high water, and letting 
‘it off at low. It is very different from irrigation, for the effect 
‘here is not produced by water, but by mud, which is not meant so 
mich to manure the land as to create a surface, The kind of land 
‘that is intended to be warped is of little consequence; for the 
warp deposited will, in the course of one summer, raise it from 
six to sixteen inches, and in hollow places more, so as to leave 
the whole extent a level of rich soil, consisting of sand and mud, 
of vast fertility. Its component parts appear to be argillaceous and. 
silicious earths, with portions of mica, marine salt, and mucilage. 
‘Whence this warp is derived has been a subject of dispute, be- 
cause the waters at the mouth of the Humber, when the tide 
flows, are observed to be transparent. But whoever examines the 
Estuary further inland, and the tides as they roll up the Trent, 
Dun, Ouse, and other rivers, cannot be at a momeut’s loss to 
cia ages The soil of the rich lands through which 

Ppe they 
















Houses. 
and Towns. 
| Himpaey Drysst0N com 
tinned, 


Lyd 19,791 
pare gs a 4 
Bradley Haverstoe, Wey 


pentakesss+-eseeescee §| 1527 


Visions «++ +e2+e-eree8 
Candieshoe, Wapentake, 

‘Marsh and Wold Di ¢| 
“Visions «le eseeeeeee 
Corringham, Wapentake.+++| 9,128 
Gartree, do, N.and 8. Di- »| 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 589 


A TABLE 
OF THE POPULATION, &o. OF LINCOLNSHIRE, 
As published by authority of Parliament, in 1801 > with the names 
of the Divisions, Hundreds, Towns, &c. 







Persons. 


‘Wapentakes, Hundreds, 















HOLLAND DIVISION conta 
3 Hundreds, 5 Market Towns, 
and 36 Villages, 
Elloe, Wapentake +> 
Kirton, do, -- 
Shirbeck, do. 
Boston, Town -+ . 


KESTEVEN ptvision is subdi- 


Grantham, Town, and Soke 
Stamford, Town «.-+--+++. 
LInpse¥ Dtyiston is subdi 
‘vided into 15 Hundreds am 
2 Sokes; which contain 1 
City, 19 Market Towns, 
and 431 Villages, 
Aslacoe Wapentake, East 
and West earned) 


592 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
population.—The amount of the whole expenditure, on atcodnt 
ofthe poor, sppears to average ut 9s, Sd. per bead on the:po~ 
pulation,—The expenditure in suits of law, removal of paupers, 
and expences of overseers and other officers, amounts to 56,3201. 
8s. 4}d. The amount of such expenditure, by the return of 
1785, was 2,168]. 10s. 3d.—The expenditure in purchasing ma- 
terials for employing the poor, amounts to 94S. 3s. 49d. The 
amount of such expenditure in 1785 was 4791. 198 9d.—The — 
poor of eighteen parishes or places in this county are farmed, or 
maintained under contract.—The poor of the’ city of Lincoln 
are maintained and employed under the regulations of a special 
uct of parliament,” oom 
f atin 
a atl 
a, 
LINDSEY, or as called by Bede, Lindia, isthe largest of the 
three Divisions of Lincolnshire, and occupies nearly one half 
of the county, extending from the sea on the cast, to Nottingham 
shire-on the west; andl from the river Witham, which intersects 
the county from cast to west, to the river Humber on the 
This area extends about forty-five miles, on an average, 
higenhecrabenraprepiem ims 
soils are much varied, and its geographical features 
many inequalities, High lands, called the Wolds, occupy'al 5 ridge. 
of it from Spilsby to the Humber, having a rich tract of marsh 
Jand to the east, between it and the seas another ridge of high 
Jand, called Lincoln Heath, extends up the western side of this. 
division from Lincoln to Brigg. ‘The greater part of the latter 
district has, for time immemorial, been uncultivated, and - 
priated almost solely to the breeding of rabbits; but withia a few 
years past, most of it has been iuclosed, and rendered subs 
vient to more useful and profitable cultivation, ate 
western extremity is the river island of Arholme, a low | 
land, formerly a morass; but, from the operations of 
and draining, is now a very fegtile spot. The river Trent bounds 
the 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 593 
the eastern side of this island, whilst the rivers Idle, Dun, and 
‘Torn, environ the southern and western sides. The property of — 
this district is divided among many small proprietors. 

In the preceding tables is specified the number of hundreds, 
or wapentakes, which is included within Lindsey division; and 
it has been already stated,” that the Bertie family derive: the 
title of Marquis from the name of this district. 


LINCOLN, 


Au ancient City, and a place of considerable note in the eccle- 
siastical and military annals of England, is singularly situated on 
the top and side of a high bill, which slopes with a deep descent 
to the south, where the river Witham runs at its base. A large 
part of the cily or rather: suburbs, extends, in a long street, 
from the foot of the hill’ to the south. On the northern side 
of it, without the walls, is another suburb, called Newport, sup- 
posed to have been an outwork of the Roman station. 'Cam- 
den, and some other antiquaries, state, that this place was 
occupied as a station, or strong hold, by the Britons, anterior to 
the Roman colonization of the island ; and that it then bore the 
“name of “ Lindcoit, from the woods, (for which some copies have, 
corruptly, Lintcoit).” By Ptolomy and Antoninus, the name of 
the place is written Lindwm: and from having the privilege of a 
colony, was called Lindwm-colonia*. Bede appears to have 
identified the spot, by the names of Lindecoliinum and Linde- 
colina; and in the Saxon annals it is called Lindocollyne and 

Lindeyllan- 


* “Towns of this class were occupied by Romans, and mostly by legionury 
soldiors, who received portions of land inthe neighbourhood, asa reward 
for their services, and as an encouragement to be vigilant in suppressing any 
attempts of the natives to recover their liberty, ‘Their constitution, their 
eonrts of justice, and all their offices, were eopied from Rome; and the 
inhabitants were Roman citizens, and governed by Roman laws,”—Mac- 
pherson’s Annals of Commerce, Vol. I. p. 197, 


594 LINCOLNSHIRE. 

Lindeyllan-ceaster. When the Normans took possession of Brix 
tain, they gave new names, new laws, and 

all the cities and baronies; and this place was denominated, ac~ 
cording to some writers, Nichol; but Mr. Gough doubts it, and 
says, “May one suggest a suspicion, that Nichol is owing to 
aeiorabihabiag at uni; or Lincol, or to the imperfect pro- 
nunciation of the Normans, as the French have disguised many 
proper names in later times.” 

Whatever may have been the character of this station, pre« 
vious to its possession by the Romans, we cannot commence any 
thing like true history before that event; and even then we dis- 
cover but little to excite interest, or gratify curiosity. Asa mili- 
tury station, oceupied by a colony of Romans, it must have been 
2 place of some extent and consequence. ‘This is manifested, by 
the vestiges that remain, and by the various discoveries that have 
been made at different periods. ‘The form of the fortified station 
was that of a parallelogram, divided into four equal parts, by 
two streets, which crossed it at right angles, At the extremities 
of these were four fortified gates, nearly facing the cardinal 
points. The whole was encompassed by an embattled wall, 
which, on three sides, was flanked bya deep diteh, but on the 
southern side the steepness of the hill rendered a foss unnecessary, 
‘The area thus inclosed was about 1500 feet in length, by 1200 
feet in breadth, and is estimated to have contained thirt 
aeres, The walls have been levelled to the ground, and the 
gates, except that to the north, have been for many years demo- 
lished. The latter, called Newport-Gate, is described by Dr. 
Stukeley, as “the noblest remnant of this sort in Britain, as far 
as I know;” and he expresses much surprise, that it had not 
‘been taken notice of” before his time. The great, or central 
gateway, has a semicircular arch, of sixteen feet in diameter, 
which is formed with twenty-six large stones, apparently =i I 
mortar. The height is twenty-two feet and a half, of which ¢ 
ven are buried beneath the ground, On cach side of the arch 
are seven courses of horizontal stones, called springers, some of 

whiels 


— 
<<- 
_— 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 595 


which are from six to seven fect in length, Om each side of the 
great arch are two small lateral door ways, or posterns, bath of 
which are now closed up, ‘The diameter of each was seven feet 
and a half, by fifleen feet in height. [a the great arch there 
appears to bave been no key stone, A mass of the old Roman 
wall is still to be seen eastward of this gate; and to the west is 
another large mass, called the Mint-wall, which ran parallel 
with the town wall, und is deseribed by Dr. Stukeley, as con- 
sisting of “a layer of squared stones, with three layers of brick, 
each one foot high, then three of stone for the same height, then 
three of brick, and twelve of stone, and then brick and stone to 
the top.” It was about sixteen feet high, and forty feet long, 
and had seaffold-holes, and marks of arches, Mr. Gough thinks 
‘this was part of a Roman granary. Southward of the station 
above described, were other Roman works, which extended from 
the brow to the bottom of the hill, As the colony increased, 
this was necessary; and the southern side of the bill would be 
found more pleasant and temperate in winter than the summit, 
Besides, the river in the bottom would attract the inhabitants, 
when they felt themselves protected by a commanding and power. 
ful garrison *. It appears that a fortified wall, with towers at 
the corners, continued from the top to the bottom of the hill, 

, where 


| The following are the Romy RoADs branching off from, and Statioms 
connected with, Lindum-colonia, The Ermine Street, sometimes called 
High: Street and Old Street, left the station on the north, and continued, 
nearly in a straight line, to the river Humber, on the southers bank of 
which were Roman settlements, or villas, at Ad-Adum, Winteringbam, and 
Horkstow. About five miles north of Lincoln, anothér road, or military 
way, branched off from the former, at nearly right angles, and passed 
‘westerly, by Scampton, Stow, and Marton, where it forded the Trent, 
and near which was Seyelocum, On the east of Lindom, the read called 
‘the Pow-Way, branched off towards the sea coast. The sane road entered 
‘the city, on the southern side, and in a southwesterly direction commupi- 
cated with Cracolana, probably at or near Bruff, in Nottinghamshire, The 
Ermine Street joined the last road near the southern border of the station, 
and communicated with the station af Causennis, supposed to be at An- 
caster, 


596 : LINCOLNSHIRE: 

where it tumed at right angles by the side of the river. These 
fortifications underwent several alterations -and additions, da+ 
ting the various civil wars to which the place was subjected. 
Hence it is very difficult, if not wholly impossible, to define what 
is really of Roman origin, or of Saxon or Norman workmanship. 
It is equally perplexing to ascertain the time of estab 

first colony here, forming the station, building the walls, or ex- 
tending the city, The Rev. Mr. Sympson, one of the vicars — 
choral, has offered some conjectures on those subjects; and as 
they serve to illustrate a few points respecting the Roman city, I 
shall avail myself of some passages from his writings. In taking 
down the Roman wall, several coins have been found, belonging 
to the following Emperors—Fl. Vespasian, Nero, Caransivs, Ja- 
lian, &c. “From considering them, and the situation in which 
Gen eafaneas une uncacenaae 
Carausius, or built or repaired after the time of Ji 

Carausius assumed the purple, and bade defiance to the authority. 
and power of Maximian Hercules, who was so exceedingly en= 
raged against him, that he bad endeavoured to assassinate him, — 
we may reasonably suppose, that so vigilant and consummate a 
general would fortify himself in the securest manner; and this 
colony being of the greatest importance to him, from its’ situa- 
tion near to the banks of that part of the Witham which conm- 
tigued the communication between the Carsdyke and another 
arlificial canal called the Fossdyke to the Trent, for the conve- 
nience of carrying corn, and other commodities, from the Iceni, 
&e. for the use of the norlhern prietentures; it is not improbable, 
that he built the walls and gates of the old city, ‘This was wbout 
the latter end of the third century.” From the various “ 
Carausius found here, at diflerent times, Mr, Sympson 

that Emperor resided here for some time. Among these was 
one of Dioclesian, with the reverse “Pax Aveaa,” which was 
struck in honour of the peace made by Curaosius and Diocle- 
sian, and Maximian, A votive tablet, with the following in- 
scription, i em Se ag i 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 597 
M. LA ETI 
F MAX CT 
MI 


‘Mr. Sympson reads it as follows; ‘ Marcus Laelius AETIL 
Filius Maximo, cr (et) Maximo Lovi, and 1 suppose it dedi- 
cated to the Emperor Maximus.” 

In 1739, a discovery was made of three stone coffins at the 
south-west comer of the close, near the chequer gate. Beneath 
these was 2 tessellated pavement, and under that a roman hypo- 
caust. On the floor of strong cement, composed of lime, 
ashes, and brick-dust, commonly called terrace mortar, stood 
four rows of pillars, two feet high, made of brick, eleven in a 
row, iu all forty-four, besides two half pillars. ‘The round pillars 
being composed of ten courses of semicular bricks, laid by pairs, 
the joint of every course crossing that of the former at right 
angles, with so much mortar betwixt the two semicircles, rather 
form an oval, making the pillars look at first sight.as if they were 
wreathed ; the square pillars are composed of thirteen courses of 
bricks, eight inches square, thinner than those of the red ones. 
The floor of the sudatory resting on these pillars, is composed 
of large bricks, twenty-one by twenty-three inches, which lie 
over the square bricks on the pillars, the four corners of each 
reaching to the centres of the adjoining pillars. On this course 
of brick is a covering of cement, six inches thick, inlaid with a 
pavement, composed of white tessele. The walls of this room 
were plaistered, and the plaister painted red, blue, and other 
colours, but no figures discernible in either painting or pavement, 
‘This pavement, which is on a level with the testudo of the hypo- 
caust, is about thirteen feet below the present surface of the 
ground: so deep is old Lindum buried in its ruins*.” 

In 1782 another similar discovery was made near the King’s 
Arms. This appears to have been also.a Swdatory. Oo a 
floor, composed of two courses of bricks, and two layers of ter- 

race 
* Camden's Britannia, by Gough, Vol. II. p. 257. 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 509 
sepulchral monument, evidently Roman, and of some person above 
the rank of the lower order; but as the arn, which the sarcopha- 
gus inclosed, contained nothing but sand, ashes, and bunt bones, 
the wra of interment could not be ascertained. The sarcophagus 
consisted of a large round stone trough, of rade workmanship, 
with a cover of the same; both the stone and its cover had ori~ 
ginally been square, but the ravages of time had so worn off the 
angles, as to give it the appearance of rotundity. Another stone 
of the same kind was found near it, of a quadraagular shape, evi- 
dently used for the same purpose, but without a lid or urn. 

‘This, with many rare fragments of antiquity, were preserved by 
the Rev. Dr. Gordon, the Precentor of the Cathedral; who, in a 
letter to Mr, Pownall, dated March 2, £791, gives an account. of 
several earthen and glass urns, which were discovered in the 
same field, some of which were of singular shape. He also 
describes a room, twenty feet by sixteen, which was discovered in 
a quarry, about one hundred yards west from the other; the 
height could not be ascertained, but the bottom was about twelve A 
feet from the present surface. The floor was covered with black 
ashes, and the walls bore evident marks of fire. Two skeletons 
were found lying on the floor, also a large stone trough capable 
of holding a man, but not of sufficient depth for the purpose of a 
coffin. This was probably a sarcophagus, in which, as Pliny in- 
forms us, in his Nat. Hist. Lib. If. that all bodies, previous to 
‘urn-burial, were accustomed to be burnt. The Doctor thinks the 
room might have been appropriated for the reception of bodies 
that were prepared for the funereal ceremonies: Suetonius in 
under the name of Libitina: where dead bodies were carried pre- 
viows to interment.—“ Erat porro, Rome porta Libitina per 
quam cadavera ad Libitinam efferebantur®.” 

The same field having been broken up for the parposes of quar- 
tying, several stone coffins of various shapes have at different times 
been discovered in the loose ground, which covers a substratum 

; > oie 
+ Lazius Comm, Reipub, Rom. 


600 ‘LINCOLNSIRE. 


of rock. From these and other WRENN 
bable, that this was a Roman burial-ground for the great 
guous Muncipium; and continued so till a different mode of 
burial was established by the introduction of Christianity. 
Fragments of Roman pottery were found here in 1786. "They 
consisted of fine close clay, cleared of heterogeneous sand; and 
so baked as to preserve an equal hardness and uniform red colour 
throughout. Between the Castle and Lucy tower, on the side of 
Fossdyke, have been found some glazed earthen pipes, two feet 
long, and between two and three inches diameter, fastened’ to- 
gether by joints. ‘These formed part of a sct of conduit pipes, 
for the conveyance of waters to the town from a spring on the 
high ground near, In a field north-east of the town was dis- 
covered another supposed conduit of the same wra, About four- 
teen yards to the north of the Assembly Room was a large Well 
or cistern of very singular construction, called the Blind Well. 
Jt was built with neat walling ; and at the top was eighteen feet di- 
ameter, narrowing towards the bottom, This has sonte years since 
been filled up.—Communicating with this, it appears, pipes were 
luid from a spring head, at the distance of forty-two chains. Ina 
low ground, abounding with springs on the other side the hedge 
‘of Nettleham inclosure, are traces ofa building, supposed a reste- 
voir, whence, from undera raised bank, parallel with a balk pointing 
to the spring head, are pipes to another such bank, forming with 
it an obtuse angle. In the bank, or road, to which the first series 
of pipes point, are in places raised parts, whieh bear a r 
semblance to a Roman Rampart; and a remarkable 
is said to have been discovered in it some years since, by the 
breaking in of a loaded waggon. ‘The whole length from the 
mound to the second pipe is sixsty-three chains and forty-six links, 
or nearly one thousand three hundred and ninely-seven yards. 
‘The pipes are about one foot ten inches long, They have-no in- 
sertions, but are joined by an exterior ring or citcular course, 
with an introceplive process of strong cement, like the bed in 
which the pipes are Jaid. Count Caylus, in his Receuil d’Antiq. 
‘Tom. Il. 


LINCOLNSHIRE, “Gor 
‘Tom. II, describes a similar kind of aqueduct, which supplied 
Paris with mineral water from Chaillcot, in the timeof the Romans, 
A plan of that at Lincoln is engraved in Gough's Camden. 
Witbin the area of the Cathedral cloisters is part of a Roman 
_tessellated pavement, still preserved, ciepaniaeaniienaninnceys 
and injury by a small building erected over it, 

In Sry ll 
vessel, nearly entire, three feet and a half below what appears 
_to be the natural rock, and fourteen beneath the present surface, 
Tt was of black pottery, and one side of it was corroded, Au- 
other fragment of a Roman vessel, found in the rubbish of 
Roman building within the castle, had been apparently gilt; 
and was, according to Governor Pownall, who furnished the se- 
ist nag ean telat amptieai iyi 
had ever seen, 

From these, and other considerations, it is not improbable, 
that the Romans or Romanized Britons had, a fortress onthe 
site of the present castle, before its erection by the Norman 

Sir Henry C. Englefield, in a communication to the Antiquarian 
Society, describes an arch opening into the diteb, in a tower still 
_ Femaining amid the ruins, which had escaped the notice of Mr. 
King, in his account of this structure, The tower fronts the west, 
haying in the lower part a large semicircular arch, which is sixteen 
feet wide in the clear, turned with forty-five stones, each of whieh 
is two feet deep. Above, to the right hand is a small doorway, 
now walled up, having a semicircular arch,,crossed by a transom. 
_ Mone in the Saxon style. This is six feet six inches high, by two 
feet four inches and a balf wide. It led from the lower to. the 
higher floor. To the left are two loop holes, covered with single 
stones, cut cirealar at top. It appears, that nearly eight feet of 
the original building is now buried beneath the surface... Up » 
hollow part in the rock went a flight of steps, which has been de- 
stroyed. The wall of the outer arch is five feet thick, but the 

Vou. IX, Qq superstructure, 


602 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
superstructure only four; having in the centre, a porteallis 
gtoove. Nearly the whole of this wall i composed of 
the Lincoln stone, of which a reddish and harder steatem 
has been selected for turning the arches both of the gateway 
and door above, for covering the beam holes, and for closing 
the loops. Its situation is precisely im the line of the Roman 
wall, and not far ftom the middle of the west side of it; and, as 
near as the eye can judge, is directly opposite to the site of the 
eastern Roman gate, which was destroyed some years since, 
‘The learned Baronct then observes, “The dimensions of the 
‘arch, its materials, its being so far below the present surface of 
the earth, and its situation in the line of the Roman wall, and 
opposite the east gate, would at once determine me ‘to pronounce 
it the old gate of the Lindum of the Ronrans; did not-some re- 
markable differences in this, from the north and south gates still 
existing, seem to discountenance the supposition, They have an 
‘impost, this has none. They are built of vast stones, this of ra- 
ther small ones, (though the three thin stones on cach haunch of 
the Newport Roman arch are very like those, which turn this wreh) 
yet as the present castle, which was built by William the €oa- 
queror, is evidently of more modern time than the tower, and the 
tower itself appears to have been of a date posterior to the arch in 
‘question, as appears by the different thickness of the walls, Sc, I can- 
‘not help still thinking, that the Normans and Saxons both found this 
great arch built to their hands, and so, instead of destroying tumed 
it into a postern, when they dog out the ditch and builta Aight of 
‘steps to it, I must end by'remarking, that the diameter of this 
arch is much greater than any other gate now about ‘the city, 
Woe cup bariag ecw only Seen th SR 
thirteen feet ten inches in the clear*.” 
ove fr the Than Akal ea 
with other places of consequence, shared in'the general calamiti¢s, 
“Which ensued, by the incursions of the Piets, Saxous, and Danes. 
At 


* Archwologia, Vol, VJ. page 579. 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 603 
At what period thé Saxons. possessed themselves of this city does 
not appear in history. But soearly as the year 516, or accord- 
ing to Mathew of Westminster, 518, Arthur having been crowned 
King of Britain, proceeded imuiediately with his forces against 
the Saxons, who had been ravaging the country under their leader, 
Colgera Who, on the approach of the British Rajnee, fled, and 


kingdom, he again advanced, and carried on a depredatory, ware 
fare. Arthur obtaining advantages against the combined army 
pursued it towards Lincoln, which city was then besieged by the 
troops of Cerdic; who, on the arrival of the Britons, were come 
pelled to retreat from before it. 

Soon after this, from the successes whic the invaders oot 
ally met with, Lincola was probably in the possession of the 
Saxons. In those struggles it was that the old town was nearly 
destroyed, and that, as Leland thinks, “new Lincola was made 
out of a piece of old Lincoln.” ‘The Saxons, for their better se- 
curity, fortified the southern part of the bill with ditches and 
ramparts, walled the town, and erected gates, 

_ A.D. 940, but according to. the Saxon chronicle, A. D..957, 
Edmund pursued the Danes into the north of England, defeated 
them, and recovered many towns; among ,which are mentioned 
Lincoln, Leicester, Stafford, Nottingham, and Derby; obliging 
them at the same time to swear allegiance to him, and to receive 
Christian baptism. Fresh supplies of troops coming over under 
Sweyne, the Danes over-ran the north, commilted great devasta- 
tions, and laid on the people most insupportable taxes. Sweyne 
dying at Gainsborough, was succeeded by Canute; who, A. D. 
1016, laid waste the counties of Buckingham, Bedford, Hunting- 
don, Nottingham, Lincoln, and York. In this career, however, 
he was arrested by the valiant Edmund Ironside ;_but from a con- 
spiracy in his army that prince was obliged to disband it, and seck 
refuge for himself under the protection of Uchtred his brother-in- 
law, Earl of Northumberland ; Brounen msscenshieedlp 


Qq2 


606 LINCOLNSHIRE, 

retire to London, and his father dying, soon after his arrival ier 
that city he was crowned king. ‘The issue of the further struggles 
between him and Canute, it is well known, igen i 
sion of the kingdom between them. 

Lincoln, at the time of the Norman conquest, éneeian 
been one of the richest and most populous cities in England; 
and of great importance as an emporium of trade and commerce. 
The Domesday Survey mentions 1070 mansions, 900 Burgesses, 
and 12 Lagemen, having sac and soke, On the accession of the 
Conqueror to the throne, he appears to have felt that dread and 
insecurity, which ever attend usurped dominion; and having no 
hold upon his new subjects, but what principally arose from fear, 
he endeavoured by every precaution to prevent insurrection and 
revolt. Maleolm, King of Scotland, refusing in 1067, to. give up 
Edgar, who had fled to hima for protection, excited alarm im the 
bosom of the Conqueror; and numbers of the English fying to 
that country from the yoke of tyranny, tended to increase his sus- 
picions. Convineed of the disaffection of many, and doubtful of 
more among his people, he ordered four strong castles to be built; 
one at Hastings, another at Lincoln, a third at Nottingbam, and a 
fourth at York, In consequence of this a large and strong castle 
was erected A. D. 108¢, on the ridge of the bill on which this city 
‘was situated, The ostensible design of it was, as 2 fortress to de- 
fend the city; but the more immediate and real object was to 
overawe and keep in subjection the inhabitants, whose wumbers, 
wealth, and partialities the Conqueror viewed: with a jealous eye. 
‘The building was 644 yards in circumference, and occupied the 
space onwhich had stood 166 houses, "These are said tohave been 
taken down to furnish room for its erection, and 74 more were 
al the same time destroyed without the limits, that the whole 
might be insulated, or stand alone. 

ols the reiga of Henry ‘the ‘Fintia navigable canal wanimade, 
‘or enlarged, from the river Witham at Lincola to the Treat near 
Torkscy; and was probably the first cauul of the sort ever made 
in England. ‘This'was about seven miles ia leugtly, and is)at 
present 


Pes’ |: | 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 605 


present called the Foss-Dyke. By this a. communication was 
formed with the river Trent, and down that by the Humber to the 
sea. Thus being accessible for foreign vessels, and having also 
the advantage of an inland navigation, the city became thriving, 
populous, and wealthy. And, according to Alexander Necham, a 
poet of the age, ** Lincoln was now stored with good things, and 
became the support of the neighbouring country.” At this period 
it is related by some historians that it possessed a very large share 
‘of the import and export trade of the kingdom. 

A.D. 1140, The Empress Maud coming over to England, to 
assert her title to the crown, and oppose the pretensions of 
King Stephen, she took up her abode at Lincoln, strongly for- 
tified it, and amply stored it with provisions. ‘This, she thought, 
was a place of safety, and conveniently situated for keeping up a 
communication with those persons who were friendly to her cause, 
Stephen hearing of it, marched quickly thither, closely besieged 
the city and took it, But the Empress had, during the siege, 
found means to escape. The King having possessed himself of the 
city, appeased the tumulls of the neighbourhood, and finding the 
country quiet, he lefta garrison, and proceeded to his army acting 
in other parts of the kingdom, : 

Shortly after this, in the same year, Ralf de Gernons, Earl of 
Chester, and William de Roumara, his half-brother, who had 
claimed the earldom of Lincoln, in right of his mother Lucia, 
sister to Edwin and Morcar; possessed themselves of the castle 
by surprise, und intended with their countesses and friends, to 
keep their Christmas there, The citizens espousing the king’s 
cause, sent private intelligence to him, that the Earls were in an 
unprovided state and apprehensive of no danger; thatit would 
be easy to secure them, and offered to assist in the enterprize. 
Upon this advice Stephen came by rapid marches from London, 
and invested the place on Christmas-day. The citizens rising in 
his behalf, seized and secured seventeen mea at arms, The 
‘Earls knowing that the place could not hold out long, without the 
siege was raised, and the younger brother's liberty being necessary 

Qq3 for 


Ie 


606 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
for that purpose, Ralf broke through the enemies’ guards in the 
night, reached Chester, levied his yassals, obtained assistance from 
the Welsh, and gained over to his cause his father-in-law, Robert, 
carl of Gloucester; and these joining their forces marched towards 
Stephen, who bad now laid before the city six weeks. On 
their approach he prepared to give them battle; but an unlucky 
omen, and a worse disaster, happened that day to the king: the 
tapers he offered according to custom broke, and the pix, with 
‘the consecrated water in it, which hung over the alfar at ras, 
augured worse, But what really led fo the fate of the day was, 
the defection of Alan, earl of Richmond, who, refusing to fight, 
marched off before the batlle began, Undismayed, and persist- 
ing in bis resolution, Stephen dismounted, put himself at the head 
of his infantry, while the earl of Gloucester placed his troops 
in such a position, that there could be no retreat, Both armies 
fought desperately, but Stephea’s cavalry being routed, he was sur- 
rounded by the enemy's horse; and though he behaved wilh the 
ulmost intrepidity, his main body was soon broken, and himself 
taken by the earl of Gloucester; by whom he was conducted 
prisoner to the castle of Bristol, Stephen, was exchanged for 
Robert, earl of Gloucester,: who had been taken by William 
of Ypres, and being released out-of prison, and restored to the 
throne by capitulation, his affairs assumed a more pleasing aspect, 
Oxford and many other places yielded, Ralf, earl of Chey 
ter, sided with him, and delivered up his castles of Coventry 
and Lincoln*; and here, A. D. 1044, he passed his’Christmas}. 
The deed of pacification drawn up between the Empress and 
Stephen, by which Prince Henry his son was to succeed to the 
crown ; among otber articles of agreement stipulates, ‘That the 
castle of Lincdln should be put into the hands of Jordan de Bus- 
acy, 
* Simon of Durham testifies that Stephen entered Lineoln in triampl, fny- 
ing on his royal robes and wearing his crown, which was as pow @ specios of 
pomp, as it was surprising and disgnsting to the people, 


+ Carte’s Hist. Exy. 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 607 


sey, a5 governor; who, on taking possession, was sworn to deliver 
it to Prince Haney: 6, wvomn he igh esha: Sate Aa st 
‘Stephen*, 

Timp lehotes teac eulaaenetons sata sine kaceendi 
Empress and that king, obtained a degree of consequence in 
‘the estimation of future monarchs. After Henry the Second had 
been crowned in London, Speed says, he was afterwards, in the 
year 1155, crowned at Lincoln, Repin deseribes the event as 
having taken place at Wickford, an adjacent village, in A.D. 1158, 
But the date of Speed is likely to be right, as it is highly proba- 
ble, that Henry adopted this measure among olhers, to secure the 
fidelity of his subjects previous to his departure for Flanders, 
Carte, however, says, that “ it was probably ow his return from 
the north, where he had been to meet Malcolm, King of Scot- 
Jand, and at the festival either of Easter-or Whitsuntide, that 
Henry wore his crown at Lincoln; not in the city, but in the su- 
orbs, called Wickford, out of a prudent compliance with the su- 

s notions of the people, who imagined that a king’s wear- 
ing it within the walls was always the forerunner of some dise 
aster.” 

Tn the time of Richard the First, Gerard de Camville possessed 
fi a i lane oN art nsec Pembtn Si 

al lig etc ini Pe or 


fe pre Rt Bn 
pacwenombo.mere saxted by Lewis) Dauphin of; France, ithie 
city was taken by Gilbert de Gaunt, who had been made by the 
ususper, earl of Lincoln; but the castle still held out for the 
kingt. John having raised a powerful army, marched in the 
autumn of the year 1216 to relieve it. Taking the nearest way 
from Norfolk across the washes, he left in that dangerous pass, 
ail his carriages, treasure, portable chapel, regalia, and other bag- 

, Qaqs , gages 

* Matth, Paris Hist. 


4 Tewas kept and defended by a noble Lady of the name of Nichole; 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 609° 
the King’s army; hence the discomfiture was reproachfully 
termed Lewis-fair, Bach royalist wore a white cross on his” 
breast, on account of the battle being fought in the Whitsun week.’ 
At began at two o'clock, and ended at nine, So expeditious,” 
says Matthew Paris, were the merchants in transacting the bu- 
siness at this fair.” This battle, fought on thé 4th of June, — 
__ A.D, 1218, was the ruin of the Dauphin’s cause in England, as 
well as that of the barons; and at the same time evinced the folly” 
of the latter in accepting the aid of a French power to enable them 
to oppose their legal sovereign, Specd says, that in the fiftieth of 
Henry the Third, A. D. 1266, the city of Lincoln was sacked. — 

‘The castle and bail of Lincoln appear to have continued in the 
crown till the time of Edward: the First, when Henry de Lacy: 
died seized of them, and they passed, with other parts of bis 
inheritance, to the Earl of Lincoln, and 0° became annexed to 
the duchy of Lancaster. Jobn of Gaunt, Duke of that palati- 
nate, greatly improved the castle, and made it bis sununer re- 
sidence; having, according to a tradition of the place, built 
himself a winter palace below the hill, in the southern suburbs. 

+ Anthe time of King Edward the First, A. D. 1301, a parlias 
ment was held bere, to consult about an answer to the Pope's 
letters, in which he had prohibited the King from waging war 
against the Scots, who had previously resigned their kingdom to 
that monarch. In this the King and Nobles resolved, that, as 
the: King’s quarrel with the Scots was founded upon his just title 
to the crown of Scotland, no foreign power had a right to inter= 
fere; und a spirited remonstrance to that effect was transmitted 
to Rome: upon which the Pope relinquishing his prohibitory 
plan, the war was continued, Four years after this, the King 
kept his court here a whole winter, and held another parliament, 
in which he confirmed Magna Charta*, and obtained a subsidy, 

s - A parliament 
* A fino and perfoet copy of this important national deed, is still preservod 
among the archives of the cathedral. "This has been carefully copied, under 
the direetion of Mr. William Iilingworth, and is now engraving for the 
“ Parliamentary Reports on the Public Records of Great Britain,” 





LINCOLNSHIRE. ou 
' Henry the Sixth eame here’ fa the year 1.446, and then-held 
iis court in the episcopal palace. 

A rebellion breaking out in the time of Edward the Fourth, 
Sir Robert Wells, son of Lord Wells, out of revenge for the 
death of his father, whom Edward, after promising safety, had 
caused to be beheaded, took up arms, and raised a great com- 
motion in the county. Collecting together about 30,000 men at 
Lincoln, be marched out, and fell upon the King’s troops in the 
vicinity of Stamford, ear which place a most sanguinary battle 
ensued, when Sir Robert, with Sir Thomas Deland being taken, 
the Lincola men were so terrified, that casting off their coats, 
Teast they should be impeded in their fight, ran away. ‘This 
conflict is still called “ The Battle of Lose-Coat-Field.” Ow 
this occasion it is said 10,000 were killed, and Sir Robert 
‘Wells, with many other persons of distinction, were put to death 
iy the King’s command. After the battle of Bosworth Field, 
King Henry the Seventh was at Lincoln, and here it was lie first 
heard of the escape of the Lord Lovell, who had raised an ariny 
against him, After his coronation in the camp, le came to this 
city, where he spent three days in offering up public prayers and 
thanksgivings, and in making splendid processions, for the signal 
Victory he had obtained over Richard the Third. In the year 
1533, Cromwell, the minister of King Henry the Bighth, ob+ 
tained an act of Parliament to enforce the reading of the Lord’s 
Prayer, the Creed, and the Ten Commandments, in English. "This 
was not agreeable to the common people, who, instigated by the 
monks, rose in various parts of the kingdom, A commotion was 
made by the men of Lincoln and Lincolnshire, ander a leader 
‘of the feigned name of Captain Cobler. ‘They amounted to 
‘nearly 20,000 men, against whom the King prepared to march 
in person, charging several counties to furnish a certain number 
of soldiers, properly equipped, to meet him at Ampthill. This 
being known to the insurgents, they sent to his Majesty a list of 
‘articles, or items of their grievances; and an humble request, 
that he would pardon their haying taken up arms against him. 

‘When 





LINCOLNSHIRE. O15. 

‘after this, Lincoln was in possession of the royalists; for, May Sd, 
A.D, 1644, the Earl of Manchester sate down with an army 
before the city, and, after meeting some little resistance, took 
the lower part of it, the besieged retreating into the Minster and 
Castle. These he intended to storm on the night of the 4th, had 
not a violent rain prevented him, by making the Castle Hill too 
slippery for the purpose. On the following day, receiving in- 
telligence that Colonel Goring, with 5 or 6000 horse, was conz- 
ing to relieve the city, Manchester resolved to carry the castle by 
storm that afternoon. But again being informed that they could 
not come up during the night, he deferred the attack till the next 
morning. In the mean time, Cromwell was detached, with 
2000 horse, to cause a diversion of their rout. The infantry 
were ordered to lie among their works, that they might be ready 
when a signal for onset should be given, ‘This was.about two — 
o'clock in the moming, when they instantly commenced a most 
furious attack. In the space of a quarter of am hour they got up 
to the works, though the King’s:troops made a gallant resistance, 
and soon were enabled to fix their scaling ladders. The garrison, 
at this time, desisted from firing, and threw down large stones 
on the assailants, which did much more execution than the 
shot; but the besiegers getting into the castle, slew about filty; 
and the rest, intimidated, denmandedquarter, which was immediate- 
fy granted. Among the prisoners were Sir Francis Fane, the 
governor, Colonels Middlemore and Baudes, two Lieutenant Co- 
lonels, two Majors, twenty Captains, and about seven hundred 
private soldiers. One hundred horse, and eight pieces of Ord- 
nance were also taken, Of Manchester's party, eight were hilled, 
in which number were Captain Ogleby and Lieutenant Saunders; 
«and about forty were wounded. : 


The Diocess of Lincoln, ufter the Sce was removed frum Sid- 
naeester, soon acquired a vast accumulation of territorial juris 
diction and wealth. It took in so many counties, that it was 
described as ready to sink under the incumbent weight of its 
ewn greatness; and though Henry the Second took cut of ik the 

diocess 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 615 


Tostrate many points of local history, I seatnsahxelatevateee 
particulars respecting the lives or actions of the ' 

BISHOPS o¥ LINCOLN.—The account of these will be given 
jn a chronological order, from the period of fixiog the see here 
to the present time ; and to each will apaereselilit Heoece fick 
sespective consecrations and deaths. 

‘Sr. Remicivs pe Fescamr, who had been Bishop of Dor 
chester about eighteen years, became, on the removal of the see 
in 1088, (oras stated in the Lincoln MS." 1086,) Bishop of Lin- 
coln. He founded the cathedral, which he brought to sucha 
state of forwarduess in four years, a3 to be ready for consecration, 
at which all the bishops of England were summoned to attend: 
bat, two days before the intended solemnity, he died, May 6, 
1092; and was buried on the north side of the choir of his ca 
thedral, where a monument was erected to his memory. r 

Rosser Biogrt, or Brover, who had been chaplain to Wil- 
diam the Conqueror, and was now chancellor to William Rufus, 
‘was consecrated in 1092. He finished the cathedral, dedicated, 
it to the Virgin Mary, and greatly enriched it. Having presided 
Ahirty years, he died January 10, 1123, at Woodstock, (while on 
horseback attending the king), and was biiried in the north tran- 
sept of his:cathedral, where « monument was raised to his me- 
mory. cgkatkspenegce pois 
independent of that, of Lincolu, 
| ALEXANDER DE Btots, Arilidestarof Salisbury, suid Chiat 
Justice of England, was consecrated July 22, 1123, through the 
interest of his uncle Roger, the celebrated Bishop of Salisbury, 
‘Having rebuilt jhe cathedral, which had been, in 1124, destroyed 
ay fire, he arched it over with stone, to prevent a similar acci- 
ident ; and greatly encreased the size and augmented the ornaments 
af it, so as to render it the most magnificcat sacred edifice in his 
-time. His extensive generosity obtained fur him the nome of Alex- 
wander the Benevolent, He died July 20, 1147, and was buried near 
‘the two former Bishops. ‘This prelate, and his ambitious uncle of 

Salisbury, 
© Willis's Survey of Cathedrals, Vol. IL. p. 542. 








LINCOLNSHIRE, 67 

‘was received. by several bishops, who carried. it into the choir, 
where it was busied, and enshriaed* im silver, ‘This being 
pulled down iu the, civil war. of the 17th century, Bishop Fuller 
setup a plain altar tomb over the grave, ; 

Sanderson states, that the shrine erected to lis memory. was 
“‘anade of beaten gold, and was in length cight feet by four feet 
broad, as, is now. to be seen: It wastaken away by virtue of a 
commission, in King Heury the Eighth’s time; Ja she this ses009) 
year of his reign.” 

Govght a He hl amg in fpr nd 
a silver chest, in which his reliques were transtated by the kit 
of England and France, Sth John, behind the high altar of 
cathedral. ‘This has been succeeded by a wai monument, erected. 
by. Bishop: Fuller, between 1667 and 1675, with an inscription, 
which may be seen in Browne Willis’s account of the cathedral., 
‘The monument, or, shrine, commonly ascribed to him, and en- 
graved, by Dr. Stukeley, was supposed by Mr. Lethieullier to be, 
that of Hugh, a child, erucified and canonized 40th Henry the 
Third.” Mr. Gough. here inserts Mr, L.'s. account at large, in a 
letter to Mr. Gale, ;printed in Archwologia . 26: and in vol. UL.) 
P- 1: Sep. Mon. p, laviii, &c. he gives a circumstantial account of 
the discovery of the cofia, skeleton, Se. of Hugh, a'boy. 

After a vacancy of three years, on account of a dispute between, 
the king and canons, WILLIAM DE BLEYS, called by Leland 


William de Mortibus, precentor and ; of this churel,» 
was consecrated August 24, 1204. He died | i 08h a 
was. buried in the upper north transept of the cathedral, The 
see remained vacant three years more, when 
Hueu WALLYs, or DE WELLES, was consecrated Dec. 23, 
\ oe Rr 1209, 


4 A ditt he sie iin Dr Staley I, Cot * 


ar Wa ew 


+Sepuh Mon. Vol. Ep. 233. 


3 Mr. Gough seems to have made a mistake retin hinpreat Having 
sn ahamenionineoanigpresiiniots Withen, Storey, 


7 


618 Lincoitsirith. 

3209. We rendesed himself comspicuces by his adherence to the 
barons agsiast the king? for which, being excommunicated by the 
Pope, be was forced to coumsate the seatrace by the payment of 2 
thousand marks. He died Feb. 8, 1254, and was interred in the 
exthedral. 

Rosznr Grosruxap, or Gaoestrusrs, who kad been 
Archdeacon of Chester, Wilts, and Leicester, and Chancellor of 
Oxford, wzs consecrated May 18, 1235. He was the most cele- 
brated scholar of his age, and also a great promoter of learning. 
Fits writings were numerous, of which several in manuscript ae 
Siow extant in the Mivaries of the universities; some were printed, 

_ S eatalogue of which may be seen in Augtia Sacra If. $45. Haev- 
piety, he died October 9, 1255, and was buried, ntcivding to 
Godwin, “ in the highest south aile of his cathedral, and hath 2 
Goodly tomb of marble, with tn iatage of Fries on it.” Bir. 
Gough gives = plate of this toinb, sad says, “lt appears to have 
been am altar tomb, with a border of foliage round the table, 
Which wns supported by citcaler pillars at the comers, bet sow 
ies broken and disordered on the floor. So insperfect is the me- 
morial of this great prelate, a protestant in popish times, whose 
superior judgment struggled hard to break the ice of reformistion 
in the thirteenth centary®.” 

Henry LExinGTon, dean of this chureh, wks conseerated 
hishop May 17, 1253; died August 16, 1238, atid was buried 
wear the remains of his predecessor. 

Ricuanp D&E GRAVESEND, also deen of this chureli, was 
eonsecrated Nov. 3, 1258; died December 18, 1275, and was ia- 

tered 


also Bishop of Lincoln, who died in 1206. This must evidently be the same 
&s the former, fot ho prelate of the mame of Bietensis is found ih any other 
authority. ‘This name may Lave heen the Htialsed ward according tothe ox 
tom of the times, 








"© Pegg has published an account of this priate, fo a qinirtn voli 
setiiod "Tos ih of feshert Gromotnn te ceeennea hhaoy ob Lao 
With'emaccouns of the Bishop's Works, and an Appendix.” 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 618 


tired in tlie south ‘ile of the cathedral, near the last two bishops. 
‘The inscription, in Saxon characters, is 

OLIVER SUTTON, another ‘Dean of Lincoln, was consecrated 
May 19; rea Wil ABD le plies Ran 
1299, and was buried inthe cathedral, fear Bishop Wallys. © 

“JouN' DE ALDERAY, cliancellor of this diocess, ‘was ‘cones 
crated Sime 12, 1300. He'wasaman of exemplary’piety, aid 
esteemed a saint by the common people; who, after his death, 
Which took place J 5, 1319, pala Wier dctolled ul te tbeab 


and shrine, which were erected in the largest south of his 
eatliedral, SSeS ern 
Mr. Gough says,’ eT ee 
hand?’s time, nomine 

epee ee i 


- onc orne renin, on their tops Kind 
— it paar ee euae 


aa fara: also relates, tha ig bob few'y 
set Me ea ig ree r ihe 
po Par nape echt sh by the 
ihason, and George Hastings, then v ‘the latter was 
for the theft, ta ited, een td nit 
ahd the’ hr deposited in the vestry. beh 

ement, in 1782, the 
Cea “ete ge 

Tuomas Brake, or Le Bik, canon 
to the see January 27, 1319, but died 





~ HeNny Burwasu, or Bagh shilling of York, 
brother to Bartholomew Lord B persh, was by the inte 





Taller advanced to this see, and was 7 
1320. He was a 1 
position he was i In the a 
tee at cea 
bra of ee ory. er dah ge 


body was brought to -Syraeeeae 


Rr g 


620 LINCOLNSNIRE. 

his cathedral, where 2 monument was erected; of which Mr. 
Gough has given a platé®, snd describes it as having “ his Sgue 
ém freestone, recumbent on a slab, bordered with roves and Bens 
heads, with angels at his bead, a lion and grifim at his fect. The 
point of his mitre is broken off; om the froat of it a winged lien. 
Ble has on a rich robe, flowered with reses in quatrefoils aad plain 
@quatrefoils, and rich flowered shoes. On the north side, im five 
arches, ten sitting figures, in hoods and religious habits, praying, 
with a-book om 2 desk between each pair; but oaly two here 
heads.” 

Tuomas Beax, or Le Bek, prebeodary of this church, a re- 
lation of the former bishop of the sume name, was consecrated 
July 7, 1342; died Feb. 1, 1346, aud was interred in the upper 
north transept of his cathedral. 

Joun GYNEWELL, GINDWELL, or Syaucn, prebeadary of 
this church, and Archdeacom of Northampton, was consecrated iq 


~ 1867; died August 4, 1362, and was buried in his cathedral, ta 


which be had been = considerable benefactor, by building the 
chapel of St. Mary Magdalen. . 

_Joun Boxincuam, or Buckinghem, Archdeacon of ‘Now 
thampton, and Dean of Lichfield, was consecrated Jue 25, 1363. 
In 1398, the Pope, on some umbrage given, translated him to 
Lichfield, which was not half so valuable a see. This he disdain- 
ed to accept, and retired to Canterbury, where be ended his days 
among the monks of that cathedral. 

Haney Bravrort, Dean of Wells, and balf-brother to Heary 
the Fourth, was consecrated July 1398. In 1404, he was tran- 
slated to Winchester, where he presided forty-three years. He 
was Chancellor of Oxford, veveral times Chancellor of England, 
and created a Cardinal by the Pope. He died April 11, 1447, 
‘and wes buried in Winchester cathedral, where a stately monu- 
ment was erected to his memory. 

Puitip Repincpon, Abbot of Leicester, and Chancellor of 
Oxford, was consecrated March 29, 1405. He was a learned 
man, @ great writer, and a cardinal. Preferring a life of retire- 
© Sepul. Mon, Vol, I. p. 2, pl. SS. ~ 7 





EINcOLNsHTRE. 621 
nent, ‘he Voluntarily’ ‘resigned ‘his bishopric, in May 1420, and 
lived privately, He died about 1425, and was buried in the south — 
aile of the cathedral, where a marble tomb, with a’ brass plate, 
and the | following’ inscription, serve to perpetuate his memory = 


ae * Mermorea i tsa, snp sae fate eal, 

ee Repington natus, jacet hie Philtippas hamatus, 

Flos, adanias cleri, pastor gregis ae proco veris 
soanan ad a. apts: ie Gaieaeaie 


~ Ricitann Frewine, Canon sat en wikeueiardad lasing: 
He founded Lincoln College, Oxford ; and wai so much in favoor 
with the Pope, that he translated him to York in 1499 ; but this 
being opposed by the king and the chapter, the bishop returned tohis 
former see, He died at his palace at’Sleaford, Jan. 25, 1430, and © 
was interred in a chape? which he built on the north side, near the 
eastern end of this cathedral, Tn the chapel is an handsome monu- 
ment, with tis figare in freestone, poutifcally hated, and be- 
neath is a stone figure of a skeleton in” a shroud. 
4 Winniam! Gnev, or GRAY, asicoiedtried 'Bidhiop of Lon« 
don in 1436, and of Linéotn io da; this see being then as much 
superior in ‘valtie to” London as it is now inferior, He died at 
Buckilen, in February 1435, and was buried in the upper lady 
chapel of this cathedral. No memorial remains of him. I 
~ WILLIAM ALNwick, Bishop of Norwich, succeeded to the 
see of Lincoln September $436; He wasa considerable benefactor 
to both these cathedrals; of the latter he built the stately porch at 
the great south door, and of the former the west front. He also 
erected the castle gate-and chapel at Lincoln, Dying December 
5, 1449, he was buried oe er re 
en atl 

| MarMapuxe Lomery, Bishop of Carlisle, where he Ind 
| ear aater Fare was translated to Lineoln 1450. He died 

Rr3 “the 


* Goiigh's Sepul. Morits, Vol IT. ptt. p. 76. 


San ct 

he Subowg se 5 code, te ees eed ie 
Chnestees, 3c Contene Wee fe. 

cves Cassweess, Sosa of Ci, eed > he 
oe of inoes 5 ct det Noweeee &, 16°: ad ee 
wont 2 tee enh ote of foe cote, ee ee 
swt wes vet es me memers, wit me cowed bee, beg 
2 eg oie mecpten Thee pee we 2 meter of Giese 
not, wh mide meter of Cuerns coleye, Conbenige, in 
set. 
Tana Sorry, eewe os for meee of Bethorbem, Balep 
66 Siscuestes, Conmecies of Camianige, Kexper of the Prory Sel, 
aut Ered Chmeelier, was eamkerd » Leche 1471: a 
thence to Youk m 1499, when 

Sous Rxcertt, Bubep of Rechrarr, ex tonite” & the 
oot, He was the Grit frued CommcrBier of the Uuersity of Qs- 
foot; 20 befsee his Game the efiice was fied by semmel clecton, 
‘This porlate was Lied Chmporier im the tome of Richeod the 
‘Fated, and is highly speben of fox lemmume aed pty, by Sx 
Thom Move, im his history of that king He added a chapel 
to the cathedeal, and but great part of the cqiscepel polace at 
Beckdes, in 1450. He died at Netticham, Jam. SO, 1494, accerd- 
hag t the regytes cf that ceurch; 2nd was beried im the cathe- 
dal. Near the wath door of the chanier’s alle 5 an offer tomb, 
aed surtrased arch, with a chapel behind it, dedicated to St. Blase, 

Wiittas SsxiTH, Bisbop of Lichfield and Coventry, was 
trandated to Lincoln, November 1495. While Chancellor of the 
University of Oxford, be laid the foundation of Brazen-aose 
College, but died before be had finisbed it, Jan. 2, 1513; and was 
buried near the west door of the cathedral. His Will contains 
many curious bequests of vestments, books, &c. to the chapel 
of Brazen-nove college. 

Tuomas Wotszy, dean of this church, was consecrated 
bishop, March 26, 1516; but being in high favour with the Pope 

and 


© Mr. Gough has it, “ Dec. 1, 1471." 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 

_and the King, he was within a few months translated to 
“episcopal See of York, and afterwards advanced we di 
Cantinal and Lord Chancellor, in which characters, 
distinguished in the annals of this kingdom. _ 

Wrutam Atwater, Dean of Salisbury, a 
Lincoln, was consecrated, Nov. 12, 1814; lied at hip pela 
Woburn, Feb. 4, 1520; and was buried in the naye of 
thedral, where was a ‘ome tombs ih ani criti 
brass plate, 

_Joux Lonctanp,, Dean, of Salisbury, was 
May 3, 1521,, He was esteemed » aman of et 
@ popular preacher; but. generally — for, 
tage of his situation, as Confessor to the. 
mnie Anse teenie ATR 
This prelate greatly improved the cepts e 
chapel in the eathedral, in imitation, of Bishop Russ 
similar tomb for himself; but dying at Woburn, May 


aul 
ie Hf 2 


E 
Fr 


- 


i 


Fuk 
feu 
Hu 
Tie 
| atta 
Ue 


“Hunny Hounsc, D.D. who, for his, ‘pliant t concurrence in 
the atbitrary measures of Henry the Eighth,, had been | 
tothe See of Rochester, and. was thence translated 
Ae nat glioma 
up the episcopal estates, to which he readily agreed; 
he had been a month, in possession, he confiscated in one day 
all the principal manors aunexed to the sce, 7 ns 
seen in the patent, printed in Rymer’s Faxdera, Vol. XY, py: 
Baton eats tena oF ; 


Fez 
te 
PFS ¢ 


pai 
a Lineola, “hear he ‘andation the. spire of the 
cathedral, 


Pal 


624 LINCOLNSHTRE. 

‘@uebedral, reputed highér than thal of Salisbury, felldown. He 
died Avg. 2, 1551, and was privately buried: in the cathedral. -‘ 
- Joun Tayon, dean of this church, was advanced to the 
bishopric, June 26, 1552; but, beitg a zealous Protestant, 1 wis 
deprived of his see by Queen Mary. 

JoHN Wut, Prebendary of Winchester, and Warden ot 
Wickam's college there, was consecrated. bishop of ‘Lincoln, Aptil1, 
1554. 10-1556, he was translated to the see of Winchester. 

, Tuomas Watson, Dean of Durham, and Master of St. 
John’s ‘college, Cambridge, succeeded to this see, being eame- 
erated, Aug. 15, 557. He obtained restitution of part of the 
plate and other ornaments of. which his cathedral hed bees 
deprived ; and also procured for the see several estates, instead of 
those which had been surrendered by Bishop Holbech, and ‘thé 
patronage of many benefices, which had belonged to religiows 
houses, but on the dissolution was vested in the crown. - On the 
‘accession of Elirabeth, and the re-establishment of the reforme: 
tion, Bishop’ Watson, being a strenuops papist, was deprived of hig 
see, and committed to close confinement in or near London, for’ 
twenty years, when be em rmneret 00, abet, where: he died; ‘ 
in 1584. 

- On the deprivation of Bishop Watson, Nicuouas Botuine- 
HAM, archdeacon of this church, was consecrated bishop, Je- 
nuary 21, 1559. Having surrendered all that his predecessor 
had obtained for this see, he was translated to that of Worcerieg 
in 1570. On the 24th of February, in the same year, 

‘Fuomas Coorsr, Dean of Oxford, was consecrated, and 
translated in 1583 to Winchester, where he died, April 29, 
1594. 

WILLiam WIckHAM, as of this church, succeeded Bishop 
Cooper in the see, December 6, 1584, and in that of Winches- 
ter, February 22, 1594; but died June 11, following, before he 
had taken possession of the latter bishopric. He was buried isi 
the church of St: Mary Overy, in the borough of Southwari? ’ 

Witt14m CHapzERTON, Bishop of Chester, was traustated 

te 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 695 
to" Lincoln, April 5, 1595; died April 11, 1608, and ‘was obé 
seurelyiburiedl at Southion,/withia\s mile of his Poet 
den, 

Wittram Bartow, Bishop of Rochester, was removed 
thence to this see, July 21, 1608; he died September 7, 1613, 
at his palace at Buckdeo, where he was privately interred. . 

Ricnanp Neate, who had been Bishop of Rochester, and 
afterwards of Lichfield and Coventry, was translated to Lincoln, 
in 1615. ‘He was removed to the see of Durham ia espns 
of Winchester in 1627, and lastly to Yorkin 1631. it many 

Geonrce Monratens, Dean of! Westminster, scat 
Bishop Neale in the see of Lincoln, Dee. 14, 1617, whence he 
was tratslated to London 1621, thence chicas sim 
wards advanced to the See of York. 9 © tell beter semen 

Joun Wittiams, Dean of Westminster, and Lord Keeper 
of the Great Seal, was consecrated bishop of Litcoln, Nov. 17, 
1621. He contributed targely to the repairs of the palaces at 
Lincoln and Buckden. “In 1640" he was translated to York. 

THomAs WINNiFrE, Dean of St. Paul's, was consecrated, 
February 6, 1642. In the civil ‘commotions of the ensuing 
yeurs, lis palaces were destroyed, and all the revenues and tem* 
poralities of the see sequestered and plundered, On whieli he 
retired to Lamborn, where he discharged the ‘duty of a! patish 
minister, died September 19; 1654, and was'there buried,” 

On the restoration of monarchy uid episcopacy, RopErt 
SANDERSON, prebendary of this church, was consecrated, Octo- 
ber 28, 1660; but enjoyed his dignity only two years, dying Ja~ 
nary 20, 1668. He was: buried in the ‘chancel of Backden 
church. Though a man of universal learning, he was parti- 
cularly skilled im antiquities and heraldry, and assisted Mati ea 
liam Dugdale in his ecclesiastical researches. 

Bengamin Lancy, Bishop of Peterborough, dekh 
to Lincoln 1663; and thence, in 1667, to Ely, where mane 
January 24, 1674, and was buried in that cathedral. 

‘Wrtrjam Fourier, Bishop of Limerick, in Ireland, suc 

ceeded 


a LY, 


ee FE 


Re, 2 ey 





romey 


LINCOLN CATHEDRAL —WE! 





i ih by Wer tot oy bP 








LINCOLNSHIRE, 627 
in 1761, He was appointed Canon Residentiary of St, Paul's ia 
name, and Dean of Rochester, was. advanced. 

Lincoln. appointed Dean, of St, Paul's jn 1781 











} 


LANCOLNSHIR 629. 
. #12445. The great tower fell down, and greatly damaged, 
the church. . Very little was done to. repair this disaster, till the. 
time of Oliver Sulton, elected Bishop, 1279. The first, thing, 
which he set,about, was extending the Close wall, but not so fax, 
to the cast as,it now is, for it, was, as will) be seen, further, en 
larged; and he aflerwards completely repaired, in concurrence: 
with the dean and chapter, the old church; so that the whole was 
finished, printed, and whitewashed, after the year 1200, When, 


to the part where the large windows begin,-and where the bells, 
now hang. ‘The upper part was, wilh the other new work, begun 
sixteen years after.” be neh @e hie eet 
1306. The dean and chapter contracted with Richard de 
‘Stow, mason, toattend to, and eimploy other mesons wuder hina, 
for the new work; at which time the new additional east end,’ as: 
well as the upper parts of the great tower avd the transepts were; 
done, _ poke pit there perp ot 
fine carved work wod.imazes by the day.” ie) 
| £1314, |, The dean and chapter carried the: ieee Sate 
eastward, 90 a3 to enlarge the canon’s houses and nransions, the 
be sheinretinnieele at i iar’ of the anand 
Abe Lee Yihy 
of 1321,, Tn this pas ene po rt ot abhed for 
Bishop Burghwash, finding that those who were entrusted to 
collect, the money given, by voluntary. contribution, and legacies 
to the church, detained. the, same, and were backward in their 


in this way, which tended,“ in retardationem fabriew,” 5 

“18%, It may be collected, the whole was finished about 

13243, but, this. is no. where specified... The lute Bishopiof Car- 

lise, Dr, Lyttleton, conjectured, that all was finished about 1283, 

Conjecturers are led into. this mistake by. supposing, that the 

work was finished soon after eagle Dacia 
Hoe chur and 1086." og 


granted for enlerging th 
SATO John Welbara yas, rgasurer.. He built te ter 

















> 

LINCOLNSHIRE, | osu 

the height of which was 101 feet. The great tower in the middle 
of the church, from the top of the corner pinnacle to the ground, is 
300 feet; its width is 63 feet. Exterior length of the church, 
with its buttresses, 524 feet; intetior length, 482 feet; width of 

ibestern front, 174 feet; exterior length of great transepc, 250 
~ fedt; and interior, 222 feet; the widthis G6 feet. "The lesser or 
eastern transept, is 170 fect in length, and 44 in width, including 
the side chapels. Width of the cathedral 80 feet; Acight of the 
vaulting of the nave, 80 feet, ‘The chapter-house is a decagon, 
and measires, interior diameter, 60 fect 6 inches, "The eloisters 
measure 118 tribe whim alas ge a 
the eastern and western sides. 

sl eutinpc sit d0 ls podl o to 
deseribe the whole of which would oceupy « volume. Therefore, 
in nents acted a deat ee od 
of its prominent features. 

‘Though it will hot ben éasy tadk to Wefine ‘and discrimiate 
all the remaining portions of Remigius’s and Alexander's buildings, 
yet there are some parts which may be confidently referred to'as the 
works of those prelates. ‘The grand western front, wherein the 
greatest variety of styles prevail, is certainly the workmanship of 
three, if not more, distinct and distant eras, This is apparent to the 
most cursory observer; and on minute inspection by the discrimi- 
Rating architect and antiquary is very decisively displayed. "This 
portion of the fabric consists of a large square-shaped facide; 
the whole of whieh is decorated with door-ways, windows, areades, 
niches, &c, Tt has a pediment in the centre, and two octangular 
‘Stnir-case turrets’ at tlie extreme augles, surmounted by plain spire- 
shaped pititiactes. This front may be described as divided into three 
distinct, though not separated parts; a centré and its tivo Lateral sides. 
‘The first presents three perpendicular divisions, and three others 
froiwr the bottom to'the top. Tn the lowest are three /déor-ways, 
a large one in the'centre, which directly opiens to’ the mave, and 
to Hi te tata the side diles, These urches are.semicir- 
% cular, 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 633, 
Bishop St, Hugh. The great transept, the gallilee porch*, and 
the vestry are nearly of the same, but ing later style, The vestry 
is vaulted, the groining having strong ribs; and, Paneth ite 
crypt, with groius, converging into pointed arches. 

‘The nave and central tower were next rebuilt, PENS Ry 
by Hngh de Wells, as the style of their architecture is that of the, 
Jatter part of the reign of Joo, or the. beginning of Henry the 
‘Third. It seems to have been carried on from the west, as the 


tached shafts: the upper windows, are clustered three together, 
and two are included within each arch, of the, ailes.. ‘The lower, 
part of the north wall is plainer than the south, whence it may be, 
concluded that this was built first... Part of the great tower was — 
érected by Bishop Grosthead, who also finished. the additions, 
which had beeo begun to the old west front; for there is the same_ 
* fascia or moulding under the uppermost story as is continued twice, 
round the rood tower, and altered, it to, its present fona, The. 
Part extending from, the snraller transept, to the east end, was, 
probably. built ‘by Bishops 5 ese ah, ten See 
about the conclusion of the thirteenth, or, commencement of 
‘the fourteenth century. Over, the south porch, which is, 
highly ornamented, isa: represetitation of the final, judgment,, 


pail eae + and lower, tiers, ap 
tne erp teed hw aed 
plan et Pore} was 


7 aan 6 ure ee 
tionary. ent retooled reteset communion with 
“an 

. = 
- 


634 _MNCOLNSHIRE. 


was constructed of timber, and covered with lead. ‘This was 
blown down in a violent storm of wind, A. D. 1547; and the 
damages then sustained, were not wtclinegeeas till the 
year 1775. 

isha: Adbwick pckbly.xcned te wesc: howten: salami 
the wood spires, the taking down of which, lately by the dean and 
chapter, has provoked much splenetic animadversion. He udded 
also, the three west windows, and the figures of our kings, from 
the conquest to Edward the Third. The arch of the centre win- 
dow is much older than its mullions. The ceilings of the towers, 
and facing of the interior parts of the three west entrances, are of 
the same age. The great marigold window at the south end 
of the lower transept, was built about the time of Edvard the 
‘Third. 

Vatious Chapels were fected, aiid chantries founded af dif 
ferent periotls, fur the interment of the great, and the perform 
ance of mass, to propitiate the Deity in favour of their de- 
parted spirits, and those of their friends and relations, A chantry 
was founded within the close of the cathedral, by Joan de Can- 
telupr, in the thirty-first of Edward the Third, for a warden and 
seven chaplains, to pray for the soul of Nicholas de 
her husband ; as also for her own soul, after death, and for the 
souls of all the faithful departed, John Welbourn, treasuter 
of this church, fortieth of Edward the Third, founded a chantry 
here. In an ancient MS. of the dean and ebapter, containing 
copies of deeds and charters respecting this chantry, &c. is a 
curious instrument, which conveys the house that belonged to 
“Elye” (Elias) the son of a Jew, who was hanged at Lincoln, 
and the lands of another Jew, who was outlawed, 

Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, built a chapel near the 
uorth door, where a statue lies on an altar tomb of marble in 
his pontifical robes. Bishop Russel, in the time of Henry the 
Seventh, also built one for the place of his interment, on the south 
side of the presbytery. And! in imitation of this, during the suc 
ceeding reign, Bishop Longland erected another for the like pur 

pose. 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 635 
pose. ‘Tein ie teat iting pet oF We ai: 
ture of the age. 

crhetetintot Biigeacichase tists endl gail 
the title of the English Palladio, in a question of precedeney between 
the eathedrals of York and Lincoln, gave a decision in favour of the 
latter; and preferred the west front of it to any thing of the 
kind in Europe, observing, “That whoever bad the conducting 

of it, was well acquainted with the noblest buildings of old Rome 
and had united some of their greatest beauties in that very work.” 
‘That nothing might be wanting to render this church as splendid in 
furniture as it was elegant in its decorations, it received the most 
lavish donations. Tadeed so sumptuously was it supplied with rich 
shrines, jewels, vestments, &e. that Dugdale informs us Heary 
the Eighth took out of its immense treasure no less than 2621 
‘ounces of gold, and 4285 ounces of silver, besides pearls and pres 
cious stones of the most costly kind. Also, two shrines, one 
called St. Hugh's, of pure gold; and the other of massy silver, 
called St. John’s, of d’Alderby: at the geet 
Initre is said to have been the richest in the kingdom. 
” From the time the custom of burying in churches was | 
‘Ul the present, this cathedral has Trad its share of costly 
tures; its chapels, walls, and columns have been ornamented or 

‘by monumental records and emblems of mortality. 

But when the observer views tlie state of such pious memorials, 
aid compares them with the number and grandeur of those, 
which history relates to have been here erected in the different 
Periods, he is strongly reminded of the transitory nature of the 
very exertions made to counteract the oblivious ravages of time ; 
and of the ineffectual mote of securing to ourselve# or others 
‘the med! of posthumous fame, by the pomp of monument or 
Jeltered. stone. Of miany of these tombs not a vestige remains, 
for are the places known where once ‘they stood. exades 

"At the reformation, for the purpose of finding secreted’ wealth, 


and under thie pretence of discouraging superstition, many of ther 
‘were destroyed, Bishop Holbech and Dean Henneage, both vio- 
Sse Tent = 


636 LINCOLNSHIRE, 
lent zealots, caused to be pulled down or defaced most of the 
handsome tombs, the figures of saints, crucifixes, &e, so that by 
the close of the year 1548, there was scarcely a perfect tomb or 
uomutiluted statue left. What the flaming zeal of reformation bad 
spared.was altacked by the rage of the fanatics in the time of 
Charles the First. During the presidency of Bishop Winniffey 
A.D, 1645, the brass plates in the walls, or flat stones, were 
torn out, the handsome brass gates of the choir, and those of 
several chantsies pulled down, and every remaining beauty, which 
was deemed to savour of superstition, entirely defaced; and the 
eburch made barracks for the parliamentary soldiers. $ 

In 1782, the floor of the cathedral was new paved, which 
occasioned a great change in the state of inseribed stones, antl 
the alterations lately made in the transepts and choir, have totally 
disarranged many of the principal tombs. In the choir were 
four monuments, one of which is said to have belonged to Re- 
MIGIUS, the first bishop. Mr. Gough* observes, “ both Remi- 
gius, who began to build this church, aud his successor Bloet, 
who finished it, are said by Willis to have been buried in the 
church of Remigius's building; the first in the choir, the other 
in the north transept, and both to have bad contiguous monu- 
ments, or as he calls them, chapels ou the north side of the choir.” 
It seems probable that the present monuments ascribed to boil: 
were erected over their remains within the old choir, whem it was 
rebuilt by Bishop Alexander in the reigns of Henry the First and 
Stephen. This choir was continued further cast about the clove 
of Henry the Third’s reign, and the screen, rood-loft, anc stalls, 
madein that of Edward the Second. To one of these periods may 
those monuments therefore be ascribed. ‘The knights on the froat 
of this monument may denote soldiers placed to guard our Lord's 
scpulchre ; as ona tomb in the north side of the altar at North 
wold in Norfolk, where are three armed men between three trees, 
all in a reclining posture, Another monument commemorates 
aero Safer, wie of John of nl Ea at 


* Sepul. Mon. Vol. L Part IL. p. 11, 18, 


LINCOLNSHIRE. O37 


peed etait Shawl peerage err pao ea 
scription is preserved on the fillet: 


“ Ici gist Dame Katharine, duchesse de Lancastre jadys femme 
de la tres voble & tres gracious prince John duc de Lancaster; 
fils au tres noble roy Edward le tierce. La quelle Katherine 
moreult le x jour de May Van-de grace mil. cece, tiergz, De 
quelle almes Dieu eyt mercy & pitee.” Amen, 


At the foot of the above is another monument, to the memory 
of Joan Countess of Westmoreland. She was only daughter of 
John of Gaunt, by the above wife, and was also interred here in 
November 1440. Attached to a monument of grey marble, on 
a fillet of brass, was this inscription : 


Filia Lancastr, ducis inclyta, sponsa Johann’s 
‘Westmorland primi snbjacet his comitis. 

Desine, scriba, suas virtotes promere oulla 
Vox valeat merita vix reboare sua. 


Stirpe, decore, fide, tum fama, spe, prece, prole, 
Avtibus & vita polluit immo sua, 

Natio tota dolet pro morte. Dens tolit ipsam 
Ta Bricii feeto, M, quater C, quater X." 


In the south aife were twenty-four monuments ; among which 
were those to Bishops Repingdon, Gravesend, and Grosthead. 
In our Jady’s chapel was a marble altar monument, or cendtaph, 
with the figure of a queen, and on the edge, in old Engin 
characters, this inscription : 


Hic sunt, sepulta viscera, Alianore quondam Regine 

Anglie Uxoris Regis Edwardi fili Regis Hentici cujus 

Anime Proprietar Deus, Amen. + Pater noster,” 

On the north side of the same chapel were two curious tombs 
of freestone, arched and carved. One of those, zeal eee 


Ss3 af 


638 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
of a man in armour, Mr. Sanderson supposes was intended for Sir 
John Tiptoft, in the time of Edward the Third, » Under the small: 
east window is a chantry founded by Nicholas Lord Cantalupe. 
In this under a lofty pinnacled canopy, is an allar tomb of speckled 
marble, ascended by steps, having three large shields on the «ides, 
with the figure of a man, armed as a knight, designed for the 
said Lord Cantalupe, And another under a like canopy, with a 
figure in his robes, to the memory of Dean Wymbisl, At the 
east end of this chantry is a flat stove, with the brasses gone, to 
‘the memory of Lady Joan Cantalupe. In the centre of the cast 
end is a chantry, which was founded by Edward the First, 
wherein the bowels of his Queen Eleanor were interred, - 
“ BarTHotomew Lorp Burenersn, brother to the 
bishop of that name, lies opposite to him in the north wall of 
what was Borough's, or rather Burgherst's, or St. Catharine's 
chapel, on a tomb under a canopy; his figure in freestone, in ar- 
mour ; at his feet a lion; under his head a helmet, from which 
issues a lion on his side, like another with two tails, on a shield 
held over his head by two angels. On the front of the tomb, 
over six arches which have formerly held twelve figures, are 

twelve coats *.” 
On the north side of the lady chapel, or rather on the south 
side of St. Catharine’s or Borough's chapel, north of the other, at 
the feet of Bishop Burghersh, is an altar tomb, without eanopy 
or figure, The cover is made up of two flat blue slabs, the upper- 
most and largest seemingly reversed, and the other a fragment of 
a grey slab once charged with a brass shield and ledge; neither 
of which seemed to have belonged to this tomb originally. On 
the north side are five arches with ten figures of men and women 
all buttoned with roses, (one man holding a seroll), and all stand- 
ing in pairs, and in the spandrils of cach arch over them these 
coats beginning from the east.” Mr. G. particularly describes 
the arms; gives the various conjectures which have been formed 
of the person for whom this monument’ was intended, and coo- 
clades 

* Gongh, Sep. Mon, Vol, I. Part TL. p. 108. 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 639 
it is most probable it was erected for John Lord Welles, who 
died thirty-fifth of Edward the Third, 1361, seized of vast pos, 
sessions iu the county of Lincoln?” a“ 

lis the.alle, 00 tbe\esuthside of the.cheir, ithe, pedetelis®s. 
monument, which Stukeley supposed to have been formerly the 
shrine of St, Hugh, the Burgundian, and in his Itinerarium 
Curiosum he has given an engraving of a raised altar tomb, 
with an elegant pinnacled shrine, of a pyramidal shape, under 
this name, But Mr, Lethiculies, in the first volume of the Archm- 
login, chersca, :that 20 hitanceiseress jofipe’ saint! paving tere, 

shrines dedicated to him im the same church, 
<The imputation of the. Jéws baving from time, toitime erncified 
children bas been, by Rapin and some other historians, considered as 
an unfounded calumny. It is mentioned, however, by Mathew 
Paris, an historian of veracity, who was unlikely to be deceived 
as to an event which happened during his life time. The fact is 
established, Mr. Lethieulier thinks, beyond all contradiction, by @ 
commission from the king to Simon Passeliere and William de 
Leighton, to seize for the kings use the houses belonging to the 
Jews, who were banged at Lincoln for crucifying a child, &e, 
Many defaced monuments, and others which had lost both 
figures and inseriptions, were taken up during the new paving, 
and are intended to be placed in the ailes of the choir, or in the 
eloisters. On the north side of, and connected with the cathe- 
dral, is the Cloisters, of which only three sides remain in the 
original state. Attached to the eastern side is the CHAPTER: 
Hovse, a lofty elegant structure, It forms a decagon, nine- 
teen yards in diameter, the groined roof of which is supported 
by an umbilical pillar, consisting of a eireular shaft, with ten siall 
fioted colurmns attached to it; having a band in the centre, 
with foliated capitals. Front this the groins issue, resting on small 
columns on each side. One of the ten sides forms the entrance, 
ye cetera he pi “Yn the 
Ss4 . other 

* Gongh, Sep. Man. Vol. I. Part IL. p, 111, 115, 


i & 


"640 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
lights each. peteainttepedcaepraas pic 
ufider the two others are four, 7 
The Library over the sont thie et Aim cihaase ae 
Dean Honeywood, whose portrait by Hanneman is still here 
preserved. In this room is a large collection of books, with 
some curious specimens of Roman antiquities: One is a red 
glazed Uri, having at the bottom the maker's name, DONATYS, 
F. Also several fragments of pottery, among which are many urns 
and vessels of various construction. A very large one of baked 
earth, unglazed, is of a roundish shape, with a short uarrow 
neck, to which are affixed two circular hanilles. It is one foot 
four inches in’ diameter, and two feet four inches in height. 
‘There is also a very curious glass phial, of a bluist green colour, 
with a handle near the mouth ; it is tlirce inches diameter, by nine 
inches and a balfhigh. Its contents consist of pieces of bones of too 
large a size ever to have been put in through the present apér 
ture, This circumstance has excited much surprize; bat it 
would hence appear probable, that in some instances, the Ro- 
mans, after they had blown the. vessel, and deposited the sacred 
relics, again heated the glass, and gave the upper part of it- the 
requisite shape. J) 
The Officers belonging to this cathedral are the’ Bishop, Dean, 
Preceator, Chancellor, Subdean, six Arcldeacous, fifty-two Pre- 
Ddendaries, four Priest-Vicars, five Lay-Clerks, or Singing-men, an 
Organist, seven Poor Clerks, four Choristers, and six Burghist 
Chanters. The dean is elected by the chapter upon the king's 
Jetters recommendatory ; and upou the election being certified 
to the bishop, le is instituted into the office of dean, and collated: 
to. some vacant prebend, to entitle him to. become a residentiary. 
‘The precentor, chancellor, and sybdean, are under the patronage of 
the bishop, and by him collated to their several dignities. ‘To 
the precentorship and chancellorship, prebends are annexed, 
And when the subdean is collated, if he is not already a’ preben- 
dary, the bishop confers on him a vacant pate = 


» LINCOLNSHIRE, on 


the-statutes of the church, hen elapse aig Sea 
ties, are of course residentiaries*.” 
. OF the ‘Aoi Suiiaasonn;nct ed teeter ie 
pious sentiments of the early ages, some account bas been given 
in the enumeration of religious houses. ‘The disposition of the 
English seems, naturally, or politically, adapted to religion; and, 
ata very early period, christianity met with a favorable reception ; 
madea rapid progress, and exhibited in its converts more zeal, 
and retained its fervor longer in this kingdom than in any other: 
upon which account England merited the appellation it received, 
“ The Isle of Saints.” Besides monasteriés, nunneries, and 
other buildings erected for pious uses, Lincoln could boast of 
more than fifty churches; most of these, however, by the oblite- 
rating hand of time, exist only upon record, and the dilapidated 
state of others tend to remind the reflecting traveller, that devo+ 
tion was mare the characteristic of former, than of the present 
times. Exclusive of the cathedral, eleven churches}onlynow remain, 
* Bacou's Liber Regis, : ‘ 
+ According to Leland's statement, “There be in the north part of the 
town, apon the hill, 13 paroche churches yet used; I saw a roll, wherein I 
counted that there were xxxviii paroche churches in Lincoln.” In another 
part he says, “ there goith a commune fame, that there were ons 5% paroche 
elinrehes yn Lincoln citie, and the soburbs of it." Tn the lower part of the 
town, called by him Wikerford, he says, “ there are xi paroche chorches, 
ue there I saw in clene rune, beside the other xi,"—Sinee that period 
many have fallen into decay, and some have been-rebnilt, Bat as very 
Srroneous statements baye been made, in works professing to furnish anthen- 
tic accounts of the present state, &e. of places, especially in the list of parisizes 
contained in Carlisle's Topographical Dictionary, itwill be proper to give the 
following more accurate list of churches anit parishes in Lincoln Alt Saints, 
in the close, a vicarage; All Saints, Hongate; St. Andrew's, Danegnte; 
‘St. Andrew's, hy the palace; St. Andrew's, Wigford ; St, Anne's, Thorugate ; 
‘St. Augustine's; St. Baron’s; St. Bartholomew's, a curacy ; St. Clement's, 
in the bail, a vicarage; St. Clement's, Butterwiek ; St. Cross; St, 
Cathbert’s, near Dewstone; St. Dennis's; St. Edomnd's; St. Edward's; St. 
Faith's; 








‘LINCOLNSHIRE, os 
Betke-amd family, on which are engraved the effigies of bim.and 
his wife, and childzen; the date 1620. 

‘The Church of St. Mary de Wigford bas a nave, chancel, and 
a north aile; a south porch, and a lofty square tower, at the west 
end of the nave. ‘The tower is of the Norman style. It has no 
buttress, but is square and plain up to the belfry story; where a 
torus moulding forms a base for the uppermost story, whieh is 
narrower than the other parts of the edifice. ‘The belfry has four 
windows, each consisting of two lights, divided bya column; the 
ornamented battlements, with figures at the angles, appear of 
more modern date. ‘The south side of the nave is coeval with the 
tower; the aile seems to have been added, and the windows en- 
larged, about the reign of King Jobim; but the upper part of the 
aile is of Henry the Seventh's time. Against a doorway, now 
blocked up, in the north wall, is a statue of an upright feniale 
figure, much defaced. ‘The west door-way is of singular construc: 
tion: the frames are plain and square, with a circular areb; 
having imposts, not projecting in front, but ornamented with small 
squares, alternately raised and depressed ; the latter of which have 
a small knob; in the centre of each is a transom stone resting on 
the iimposts, and the arch is blocked up. Round the arch is a 
double billetted moulding, on the right of which is a Roman mo- 
numental inscription, almost obliterated with dirt. From the 
appearance of the arch, cerivenp lene 
of the building is very ancient. ‘ 

St. Peter's, at Gowts, situated on ‘ina -inaaosivGvansale 
building, opposite what is called John of Gaunt’s house, is 2 very 
ancient structure. ‘That was probably some religious house, anid 
this the chapel annexed, The church has a lofty tower in the 
Norman style, similar to.that of St. Mary’s; but ina more perfect 
state. On the front isa figure carved in relief, which, from the 
key placed in its hand, was doubtless meant for St. Peter. . The 

- muave and chuucel are very lofly, and appear to have been coeval 
with the tower. On the north side of the nave isa short thick 
column, with two circular arches, through which formerly the 

communication 





ou LINCOLNSHIRE. 


communication was made to the north aile, vow taken down, Os 
each side of the chancel are narrow lancet windows, like loop-holes; 
and on the north side is a doorway, having a fiat arch built up. 
The south aile, which is in the style of the fourteenth century, 
kas a porch, and is separated from the nave by two lofty elegast 
pointed arches. On the south side of the chancel is a chapel, 
with some remains of pamted glass in its east window. Under 
one of the arches, which separates the nave from the south aile, 
is a small stone font, of high antiquity; round the outside ma 
row of small circular arches, 

St. Martin's Church is still prebendal ; it consists of a nave and 
chancel, with a modern tower, built in the last century, by Alder- 
man Lebeey. Ina chapel to the north of the chancel is a barge 
monument of alabaster, with two whole length recumbent figures, 
to the memory of Sir Thomas Grantham an his lady; date 1618, 
The canopy falling down some years ago, greatly damaged the 
figures, : ; 


Other places of worship for the different denonsinations of dis- 
senters, are, one for Roman Catholics, one for Independant Bep- 
tists, one for Calvinists, and another for Methodists. 

The number of parishes within the city are twelve, which, with 
the four townships within its jurisdiction, make sixteen. These, acr 
cording to the late government survey, consist of 1574 houses, 
which accommodated a population of 7398 persons. Though 
many of the houses are old, there are some very good buildings, 
both upon and below the hill. The city has of late been consir 
derably improved, by the making of a new road,. paving some of 
the footways, erecting a new market place, also shambles for 
meat, and lighting it. 

Lincoln has a large trade in corn and wool, quantities of which 
are exported into Yorkshire, by vessels which obtain a back 
freightage of coals, and other necessary articles for the use of the 
interior. This city is a county of itself, having subject to it four 
townships in the neighbourhood, Bracebridge, Canwick, Branston, 

and 


LINCOLNSHIRE.” GAG 
and Waddisigton, called the “ Liberty of Lincoln,” ‘This privilege 
was conferred in the third year of the reign of George the First; 
ani in official acts itis denominated, “ The City and County of 
the City of Lincoln.” Its viscountial jurisdiction extends twenty’ 
miles round: a privilege unequalled by that- of any city in the 
kingdom. It sent menibers to parliament as early as the time of 
Exward, the First. In the twenty-sixth your of that monarchy 
A. D, 1298, Willielinus Disney aed Johannes Marmion, were 
summoned to parliament as-its first representatives. In the His- 
tory of the Boroughs of Great Britaiu, it is said) *"Phis city had. 
summons with London and York, to send, members to parliamenty 
the forty-ninth of Henry the Third. The right of election is con~: 
sidered to be in the freemen, and the number of voters is about 
cleven hundred. ‘The political influence, though it is by no means 
absolute, is possessed by Lord Delaval, who has a seat at Dod 
dington, in the neighbourhood.” 0 a et al yn GP 
Lincoln is governed by a corporation, consisting of a mayor, 
twelve aldermen, two sheriffs, twenty-eight common councilmen, 
and four chamberlains; who have a recorder, deputy-recorder, 
steward of the courts of borough-mote, a town-clerk, and four 
coroners. Also a sword-bearer, mace-bearer, cryer, four sergeants: 
at the key, or bailifis, constables, and. other inferior officers. 
‘The mayor is elected on the fourteenth of September, from 
among the aldermen ; the senior, if he has not served the office 

He nt ape Ifall have served the office, them 
he who is the highest in order of standing, is elected to serve a 
second year.—At the same time two citizens, who lave served the 
office of chamberlain, are elected sheriffs: the one noutinated by 
the new mayor, and the other elected by a majority of votes among 
the mayor, aldermen, and common council: the mayor having a 
casting vote-—The chamberlains are chosen from among the free~ 
men, by the mayor, upon the Monday after the feast of St. 
Michael. If any refuse to serve the offices to which they are thus 
elected, the mayor and corporation aze invested with a power to 
socnpel tea biiagand mteieoneeate ” - 


656 LINCOLNSHIRE, 


"The cordwainers and weavers are the ouly privileged companies 
still subsisting here: indeed, they appear to have been the only 
companies incorporated by royal charter. "The ; 
the second year of King Richard the Second, A.D. 1989. 

Like all other corporate places, the genius of trade is shackled 
in Livcola; and that vigour which it derives from a spirit of 
rivalry is suppressed, by what is considered, in such cases, a 
justifiable partiality : though in no instance does it contribute to 
the wealth or comfort, and certainly not to the credit, of @ town. 
All persous who have not obtained their’ freedom, if they carry 
on any kind of trade, are obliged to pay an annual acknowledge 
ment to the sheriffs for the time being, sana 
Privilege. 

Ju wen iococporeted eo Sartyed thé injurv Cinna 
Henry Best was the first mayor, in the seventh year of that reign. 
This city bas had the honour of conferring the title of Earl wpom 
several noble families. ied 

Leland observes, in his description of Lineolo, “| There be # 
commune places, named as ferys, upon the water of Lindis, be- 
twixt Lincoln and Boston ; the which feris leade to divers places. 
To Short Fery, 5 miles. To Tutershaul Pery, vitj miles. 
To 1 Dogdich Fery [1 mile]. ‘To Langreth Fery [five miles). 
‘To Boston [5 miles]. ; / 

« Gates in the waulles of the citie of Lincola. Barregate, at 
the south enrle of the toune. Builegate, by soutly a little a this 
side the minstre. Newportgate, flat north. Estgate and West- 
gate, toward the castel, Sum hold opinion, that est of Lincoln 
were 2 suburbes of it, one toward S, Beges, alate @ celle to S. 
Mari Abbay at York; the which place T take be Jeane, Wher 
was an house of monkes ya S, Botolphe's tyme, and of (he 
spekith Bede. Itis scant half a mile from the minster, 

“It is easy to be perceived, that the Toune of Lincofn bath 
be notably buildid at S tymes, ‘The first building was yn the 
very toppe of the hylle, the oldest part wherof inhabited in the 
Brilon’s tyme, was the northethest part of the hille, directely 

withoute 


LINCOLNSHIRE. Os7 
wikoute Newporte Gate, the diches whereof yet remayne, and 
great tokens of the old towne waulles, buildid with stone taken 
oute of y diche by it; for atthe top of Lincoln hille is quarre 
ground, This is now a suburbe to Newport Gate, in the which 
now is no notable thing, but the ruines of the house of the 

freres on the south side, and a paroch chirch of the 
est side; and not far from the chireh garth apperith a great 
ruine of a towr in the old towne waulle. Sum say. that this old 
Lincoln was destroied by King Stephen, but I thinke rather by 
the Danes. Much Romaine money is found yn the north (feildes) 
beyond this old Lincoln. After the destruction of this old 
Lincoln, men began to fortifie the souther parte of the hille, 
new diching, waulling, and gating it; and so was new Lincoln 
made out of a pece of old Lincoln by the Saxons. » 

“The third building of later tymes was in Wikirford, for 
commodite of water; and this parte is enwallid wher it is not de- 
fendid with the ryver and marish ground. The river of Lindis 
fleateth a Title above Lincoln towne, and maketh certain pooles; 
whereof one is called Swanne poole.” 

Of the Castux, built by the Cilayedr0i) lie eoahretalias 
and the area is occupied by buildings appropriated to uses of the 
municipal power. The few remaining vestiges convey the same idea 
of original Norman architecture as that of York, erected nearly 
at the same period. The Keep was not included, but stood half 
without and half within the castle wall, which ascended up the 
slopes of the hill, and joined the great tower. ‘This being situe 
ated on a high artificial mount, it was equally inaccessible from 
within and without the castle area. Tt was nearly round, covering 
the summit of the mount; and was thus rendered a distinet 
stronghold, tenable with or without the castle. ‘This accounts 
for the circumstance mentioned by Lord Lyttleton, of the Earl 
of Chester making his escape, while the castle was invested by 
Stephen. From the Keep to another tower, placed also on an 
artificial mount, was a covered way, by which a private commu- 
nication was kept up. The walls are above seven feet thick; 

and 














_ LINCOLNSHIRE. 649 
two gate houses ; the western ose was takin dow but ten years 
ago. That to the east still remains, and has three galeways, vaulted 
with brick, and two turrets between them, Th Bastgate Street 
are two very ancient gateways, one of which is nearly entire, 

At the bottom of the town, near to Brayford water, are yet 
the remains of a fort, called Lucy Tower, whence, by a subter- 
rancous pussaze, a communication is traditionally said to have 
been formed with the castle. Near the remains of # chapel, 
called St, Giles's, on the top of the bill, in an adjoining close, is 
an entrance tv a subterrancous passage, vulgurly called St. Giles’s 
Hole; how far it extends has not been ascertained. In and about 
the city ure several of these passages through the rocks, il | 

At the north east corner of the minster yard is a large gateway, 
with a groove fur a porteullis; and near it a smaller one, Jead- 
jog to a house called the Priory: ‘The greater portion of this 
house is modem; but on the north side is an ancient tower of 
three stories, much defaced, which, from its situation oo the 
town wall, appears rather to have been 9 military than.a religious 
building. The most singular feature is in the south wall; it re- 
sembles.a niched tomb, about three feet six inches in length, and 
‘over it is a recess, having an ornamented architrave, the jambs 
of which are curiously earved; at tie back is the appearance of 
an apertaré, now blocked'up,. if it: was ever plerced throughs like 
the mouth of am oven. 

Following the close-wall eastward are two castellets, or watel. 
towers, each of which had two floors, the lower oves vaulted, and 
surmounted with fat roofs; they have battlements, and the walls 
are pierced ‘with loop holes. ‘These stand at the comers of the 
chancellor's garden. From the eastern of these towers the wall re~ 
turns to Pottergate, the south front of which is nuch defaced, but 
‘the north front is tolerably perfect, embattled, and handsome, ‘This 
gate is supposed to have taken the name froma Roman pottery 
once here. The Priory Gate, the two towers of the Chancellor's 
garden, and Poltergate, are of similar architecture, and of a 

Vou. IX, Tt syuchronical 


~ 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 651 
lege, Gough says, “ was begun by Bishop Sutton, whose exe - 
cutors finished the hall, kitchen, and several chambers. But 
the style of building would induce me to refer it toa later period, 
Edward the Thied was the first of our kings who quartered the 
arms of France with those of England. Bishop Sutton, therefore, 
probably was not the founder, as he died in 1299. The long: 
building below the quadrangle, now divided into stables and) 
hay-lofis, seems to have been built by Bishop Alnwick, and’Jobn 
Breton, prebendary of Sutton cum Bucks; the Bishop's arms, Ay 
a cross moline, S, mahte iee Sou en a 
eastend” PAT Ubemeee 

‘The Bisuor's. rans on the southside of the bill whic 
from being situated on the summit, Leland described as hang 
ing in declivio,” was built by Bishop Chesney, to whom the site 
was granted by King Henry the Second, and enlarged by sttc~ 
ceeding prelates, This, when entire, was a noble structure, and 
scarcely exceeded in grandeur by any of our ancient castles. It 
‘was completely repaired by Bishop Williams, prior ta the civik 
war, during which unhappy contest it was demolished. The 
gateway, the work of Bishop Alawick, whose arms are on the’ 
spandrils and. wooden door, was left entire, The shell of the 
magnificent hall, begun by Hugh of Burgundy, and finished by 
Hugh the Second, who also. built its famous kitchen, is eighty« 
four feet by fifty, supported by two rows. of pillars, with three 
arches opening into the screen at the south end, and communiw 
cating, by a bridge of one lofty pointed arch, with the kitcheny 
and other principal apartments, It bud four double windowson: 
cach side. Purt of the kitchen wall, with seven chimnies in it, is 
yet standing, and the front exhibits three stout buttresses. Dry 
Nelthorpe, obtaining a lease of the site, built of the old mate~ 
rials a handsome stone house, in a ree 
accommodated when he visits the city, 

‘Ad.the:wppatiind of: Boondgsin itil baiheg el Oe, 
handsome mullioned windows, and un arched door-way, ap- 
parently a conyentual-hall, or refectory, Over -the eae 


Tre 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 553 
appears to have formed part of the original plan. ‘The arches 
are circular withinside, and plain; and in one of the chambers is 

” a large arched fire place, also a niche, with a triangular bend. 
This house was possessed by Belaset de Wallingford, a Jewess, 
who was hanged for clipping in the eighteenth of Edward the 
First, and the year following it was granted, by that monarch, 
to William de Foleteby, whose brother gave it to Canon Thornton, 
pele phere anes io pNPenbslh ot nto 


a 

» The Stonrbow is a large tower tei decay RT Ui 
street. This edifice is said to have been built about the thir- 
teenth of Richard the Second; but from the style, probably 
much later. The south front is decorated with the statues of 
the Angel Gabriel holding a seroll, and the Virgin Mary’ with 
the serpent at her feet. An old building at the east end, for 
merly called the Kitchen, is now used as the city gaol. 

‘The High Bridge, over the main stream of the river Witham, 
consisting of one arch, eleven feet high and twenty-one feet nine 
inches in diameter, is ut least considered 500 years old, -From 
the main arch spring two others at right angles eastward, one on 
each side the river, which is vaulted over, dnd upon this vault 
stood the ancient chapel of St. Thomas the Martyr, in which was 
a chantry, founded by the corporation in the time of Edward the 
First. 

* The Market House was built during the second mayoralty of 
‘Mr, Joba Lebsey, in the year 1736, by an act of common council 
for appropriating, during tew years, the sum of LOOL which'bad 
before annually been spent on the city feast. 

- Here were formerly two grammar schools, one in the Close, 
maintained by the dean and chapter; the other in the city, sup- 
ported by the corporation, In the year 1583, both were united; 
‘the master is elected, and paid balf his stipend, by the dean and 
chapter; the usher is elected and paid by the corporation, who are 
bound to pay the other half of the master’s stipend, and repair the 
school-house, 

- The Blue Coat School, or Christ's Hospital, joins the west gate 

Tts of 





* 

EINCOLNSHIRE, 655 
ett eer namie eb mine pa 
to the benevolent mind. 

‘The City Gaol at Stone Bowegate, has long farished a welan- 
choly contrast. Situated in a dank dark spot, confined im its 
dimensions, and so constructed as almost wholly to exclude both 
light and air, itis highly injurious to health; and facing a great 
thoroughfare passage, by which means the rabble from without can 
hold communication with the abandoned within, it is rendered ex 
tremely prejudicial to morals, and a: common nuisance to the city. 
It isan act of justice, however, to the late and present magistrates, 
to observe, that a new prison is erecting, upon the plan of that for 
the county, which, when finished, will do away what has long 
een matter of just complaint and general reprebension ; and it is 
devoutly to be wished. that the like activity, as to internal regula- 
tion, and the same spirit of humanity, will prevail, which so 
civil dingsh the regu of the cout psg, 
thereby redound to the honour of its magistracy, 

‘Over the butter-market an Assembly Room was built'in.a757, 
for the subscription bulls of the citizens. A larger one, north 
of the cathedral, is appropriated to the inhabitants of the Close, 
‘tie vie ese rope sens fn ee gs Ane 

for the accommodation of the Children of Thespis, and to a A 
the amusements of the place. It is a neat but small 
ing, and consists of a pit, two rows of boxes, and one g 
Plays are performed here during the race time, Se 
ge ; 


degree, in the year 1740, After entering into holy < Hid 

gee te neon at Or ee sa 

partiality to the medical profession, he de + 

_for which purpose, in the year 1759, beaceumulated the 

“of bachelor aid doctor. of physic at his\own university, In this 

Profession he soon becane eminent ; aiden. 
Tis 








— 

LINCOLNSHIRE. 637 
de Haye, in the time of Henry the Second; A. D2 1154. Tt 
was first situated, Tanner says, at Barling-Grange; but Ralph 
de Haye having bestowed on the religious a more eligible spot, 
called Oxeney, the abbey was removed thither; ‘ Hence it was. 
sometimes called the Abbey of Oxenry, or de Oxeniaco, but ge-~ 

nerally Barlings.” Itwas much enriched by the liberal dona- 
tions of Alice Lucey, Countess of Lincoln, and subsequently by 
further grants from several illustrious families. In the twenty= 
sixth year of Henry the Eighth, the revenues were rated, ac- 
cording to Tanner, at 2421: 4s. 11d. The famous Dr. Makerel; 
who headed the Lincolnshire rebels, under the assumed mame of 
Captain Cobler, was abbot of this monastery. The eause of that 
insurrection was the suppression of some religious houses, or as 
it is stated by others, the imposing an unpopular tax. Mukerel 
was taken, and hanged at Tyburn, for denying the king's supre- 
macy, March 29th,1537. ‘The hexagonal tower at Barlings, en< 
graved by Buck, isnearly down; nothing of the building remaining 
but part of a wall, and some pieces of mutilated columns, “These 
were clustered; and the fragments shew, that they were richly 
ornamented with capitals, terminating in light and — foe 
satin Not fardistantis 


_ SUDBROOKE Hoxatz, the seat of Richard Ellison, Esq. M. P. ; 
city of Lincoln, and lieutenant-colonel of the royal 
Lincoln militia. The mansion, a handsome brick edifice, 
was built by the late Richard Ellison, Esq. The parish is a ree- 
tory, in the patronage of the Bishop of Lincolu, The old church 
being dilapidated, a new one was erected by the liberality of the 
proprietor of Sudbrooke Holme. In the churcl-yard is a tee 
ment of an old cross. 

Souru Canuron is asmall xllige, famous foe being Sonwesly 
the seat ofthe Monsons, Sir William Monson, who was knighted 
at the siege of Cadiz by the Earl of Essex, was a naval ‘captain 
in several expeditions against the Spaniards, in the time of Queen 
Elizabeth. He took a carrack of sixteen hundred tons, at Cax 
zimbria, near Portugal ; and, for that gallant action, was made an 

admiral, 


658 LINCOLNSHIRE, 
admiral. He wrote an account of the Spanish wars from 1585 
to 1602; stood high in fame at the commencement of James the 
First's reign, and died shortly after. Sir John Monson, Kaight 
of the Bath, and a Baronet, was also of the same faniily ; studied 
at the Inns of Court, and became an eminent lawyer.” During 
the troubles between King Charles and his parliament, be at- 
tended that monarchs, and assisted in all bis councils and treaties. 
After suffering much for his loyalty, his estates being sequestered, 
he purchased the privilege of retirement at the expence of 26421. 
Here be wrote “ An Essay upon Affiictions,” “ An Autidote 
against the Errors:of Opinions,” and “Supreme Power and 
Common Right.” The grandfather of the present Lord Monsow 
was created a bitron, by the title of Baron Monson, of Burton, 
in Lincolnshire, by King George the Second, ‘The present fa- 
niily mansion is at BURTON, @ village about two miles south of 
North Cariton, ‘The house is seated in a finely wooded park. 
, 2 eng 
| At ScAMPTON, a village about six miles north of Lincoln, 
was discovered,’ in the’ year 1795, the foundations, Se: of 
Roman villa, ° Vt wal situated on the'brow OF we Wil) ME short 
distance north of the Roman road, which communicated between 
Lindom Colonia, and Agelocum, on the Trent. The ch 
and dimensions of it have been carefully in 
©. Illingworth, the worthy rector of this parish,’ who’ 
seribed it with plates, &e. in a topographical history. 
From the plan, inchiding an drea of 200 feet square, the wumber 
of apartments, which were upwards of forty, and the diniénsions 
of some, with their decorations of painted, stuccoed walls, and 
tessellated pavements, it appears to have been a villa of consider- 
able elegance and distinction, Ont of thirteen’ paveitients, only 
one was perfect, which was engraved by Mr. Fowler, of Winter- 
ton. Samal aeebend wh ar eye ‘and various 
Roman antiquities were found scattered over the foundations. 
In two of the rooms were discovered skeletons, which, from some 
- of them lying upon the foundation walls, others being inelosed in & 
fort OF stone coffins, rudely feraued of ‘one hollow stone covered 





. LINCOLNSHIRE. 659 
by another, and all placed in’a position due east and west, Mr. I. 
concluded, “ that some Saxon, or other Christian chapel might 
have been erected on the site of the villa *;” which conclusion he 
considered was supported from the circumstance of its : 
record, that a chapel, dedieated to St: Pancras, did exist as early 
as the commencement of the twelfth century on that spot, neat to 
a chalybeate spring, still called St, Paneras’ Well, 

In domesday book the manor which was granted to the Gaunt 
family, is stated to contain ten carucates of land, And it is a 
singular circumstance, that the lands in Lincolnshire, as set forth 
in that celebrated survey, were measured qnd taxed, not ac- 
cording to hides, but cardeates; and whenever these are men- 
tioned, without reference to hides, a carucate was equal in quan- 
tity to the hide, which was about six score acres, though the 
quantity varied in different counties. “ In provincia Lincolnie 
non sunt hide, sicut in aliis provinciis, sed pro Aidis sunt carucata 
terrarum et now minus valent guam hide+.” An ansient eustom 
prevailed in this manor, as it did in many parts of the north, 
ealled Jaham, but more properly Jntok, or Intak, whieh signi- 
fies, any corner or part of a field fenced out from eid 
and sown with beans, peas, oats, or tares. 

Crlitiichheth'an hover nti tei SbtbiMhedliy 
ancientiy lords of the manor. At a short distance from the 
churely formerly stood the family: residence, Seampton-Hall, 
erected ‘on the site of the West Grange, belonging to Kirksted 
Abbey. Bat upon the death of the last Sir John Bolles, Bart. 
in 1714, his sister and heiress, Mrs. Sarah Bolles, residing at 
‘ Shrewsbury, 

* At the early dawn of Christianity in this kingdom, it was usual to erect 
buildings for Christian worship on the site of others whicl had been 
‘cated to Pagan superstition, ‘The first catbedral of St. Paul's was, 
the site of a temple dedicated to Diana, ‘he pacsh church of Richborvug 
stands on the site of a sacellum belonging to the Pretorium, And the same 
Peet SFR Verulam, and other Roman stations. 


+ Walter dé Witteley, Monk of Peterboro’. Fol, 37. 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 661 


conducted the outlet of the Fossdyke, between ‘two small eae 
” intovam angle of the ‘Trent. 1 akoeall 
Tse yocesntrtoriledlSltusiestfies Wb wlcsieeioa ide 
four irregular turrets, placed at unequal distances, and a frag-’ 
ment of the south end, originally part of the aifices, now con= 
verted into stables. ‘The apartments seem to have been spacious; 
but there is no appearance to indicate that any outworks ever 
existed. It was probably, therefore, intended rather as a mag- 
nificent residence, than a place of defence. The building is of 
brick, but the corners and battlements are of stone, and stands 
about sixty yards from the bank of the river, oo 
flows up to the foot of the ruins. 2 
Here was a priory of Austin Canons, built by King John, ib 
consisted of only four religious persons about the time of the dissolu- 
tion, when its annual revenues were valued at 131 1s. 4d. In the 
thirty-fifth of Henry the Eighth, it was granted to Sir Philip Hobby 
‘The priory and convent fined to King John in a palfrey, for the 
confirmation of their grants, and that they might not be obliged to 
plead, except before the king. Here was also another religious 
house, called the Foss Nunnery, founded by the same monarch, 
and its privileges confirmed by King Henry the Third, It was 
of the order of St. Benedict, and valued, at the dissolution, at 
7\. In Leland’s time, Torksey had two churches; at present 
there is but one, which is a small, neat building, in the centre 
of the village. ‘The ancient charter of this place is still pre- 
served, by virtue of which it enjoys the privilege of a toll from 
strangers, who bring cattle or soods to its fair on Whit-Monday.: 
The manor of Torksey was formerly the property of the Duke of 
Neweastle, by whom it was sold to the father of the present 
proprietor, Sir Abraham Hume, Baronet. 
~ Kwai is a sinall village, formerly the property and resi- 
dence of the Barons Darcey, and afterwards of Lord Willough- 
by, of Parham. This place is rendered famous from having 
a ida ead hc inrclaee 554 
Tuomas 


& 


662 LINCOLNSHIRE, 

‘Taomas Surron, Esq. who was born here, A.D. 1532. He 
received his education at Eton college, and studied 

Lincolu’s Inn; but it does not appear that be ever 

profession. According to the Magna Britannia, be entered into 
the army, and obtained the paymastership of a regiment. Quit 
ting the military service, he became a merchant, and acquired 
great riches by trade. ‘The author of his life says, Usat be made 
several valuable purchases in the county of Durham,) where he 
discovered coal mincs. By working these, he gained, immense 
property, and by marriage oblained still more. On the death of 
his wife, which happened in 1602, he led @ retired life, and be- 
gan to think of disposing of his wealth in a way becoming the 
profession and hopes of a Christian. He purchased the Charter 
House, Londov, and formed it into an hospital for the infirm, 
and a seminary for youth, This noble monument, of protestant 
charity, was begun and completed in his own lifetime, and endowed: 
at his own charges, It is an institution perhaps. the most magy 
nificent ever founded in Christendom at the sole expence of an 
individual, He died at Hackney, in the year 1611. 


Burton GATE, five miles south of Gainsborough, is the seat of 
William Hutton, Esq. by whose father the present mansion was: 
erected. It isa regular plain buiJding of brick; but of a colour 
0 nearly resembling stone, as ata distance not easilyto be dim 
Ainguished from it, ‘The grounds are terminated on the west by. 
the river Trent, to which there is a gentle, though irregular 
descent from the house, of uearly half a mile, Thiessen 
the objects on its banks, form a beautiful feature, 


SIDNACESTER. This place, anciently the seat of the Bishops 
of Lincoln, before the see was united with Dorchester and re- 
moved to that city, has long had a mame without “a local he- 
bitation.” Bede informs us, that Pauliaus, after converting the 
Northumbrians, into the northern part of the kingdom of 
‘Mereia. Successful in preaching the gospel here, he converted 

Blaceca,, 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 663 
Blaecea, the governor of Lincolnia, or Lincoln, and baptized 
many people of this district in the river Trent, at a place called 
Tiovuifingacestre.. And Mathew, of Westminster, says, that 
over his new spiritual acquisitions, Paulinus ordained a bishop, 
who had six successors, On the death of Fadulph, the see having 
been vacant eighty years, Bishop Gibson observes, that it was united, 
by Leofwin, to that of Dorchester. But the question is, where 
was this Sidnacester? Mathew, of Westminster, when speaking 
of two of its bishops, Ealdulfas and Ceolulfus, observes, « Hi- 
antem episcopi ubi sedem haberent cathedralem penitus ignora- 
mus.” Wharton, in bis “ Anglia Sacra,” asserts, that hitherto 
its situation bas not been known. And Camden states, “This is 
now so entirely gone, that neither. ruins nor mame are now in 
being.” Hence most aptiquaries have adopted a general mode 
of description, One says, «It was near Gainsborough ;” another, 
“ In Lincolnshire, near the Humber ;” and Camden, “In this 
part of the county 4” while, some are entirely silent, Others 
have, however, decided upon thesitpation. of the. places Mie 
Johnson thought it was Hadfield, in the county, of 
Stukeley, at Newark-upon-Trent; which opinion Mr. 


hereafter clearly demonstrated, Mr, Pegge proposes to consider 
Kirkton, or Kirlon, the place, Horsley, in. his Britannia Ro- 
mana, after having fixed the Rowan station, Causenna, of An- 
tonine’s Itinerary, at Ancaster, supposes that to have been Sid- 
nacester, and, the name derived from Causcnnacester, the: first 
syllable being dropped, which makes Sennacester,, Camden was 
inclined to fix it at Gainsborough; and his editor, Gibson, at 
Stow. This latter place seems to have the fairest claim; and I 
shall endeavour to shew the superiority of that claim to those 
made in favour of the places previously named, by frst appealing 
to the authority of Bede, “ Eadhaed in provincia Lindisfarorwm 
quam nuperrime ateeiaainanhaaidh nett ps4 


: \ r 





664 LINCOLNSHIRE: 


here, obtinucrat, ordinatur episcopus*.” Of this province, 
which be afterwards calls Lindissi, he says, Eudbaed was the 
first bishop. ‘The question now reverts, where 
situated, and how far did it extend? Its bounds are, by the same 
writer, described with sufficient accuracy, to discover that it cou- 
tained the tract of country still retaining the name of Lindsey. 
* Lindisst que est prima ad meridianum Humbra fuininis ripaa” 
So also Mathew, of Westminster, “Inter Lincolniam et fuaen 
Hurmibri;” and further, “ provinciam Lindisse regions quae est ad 
meridianam plagam Hurnbri fluminis.” Higden also states,  Pro- 
vincia Lindisfarum est idem quod Lindisria, que jacet ad orien 
tem Lincolniz, cujus ipsa caput est.” Here is given its northern 
boundary, the Humber; and its southern, or south-western 
boundary, the city of Lincoln, ‘This will invalidate tle claim of 
Hatfield and Newark, neither of these places lying within the 
division of Lindsey. ‘The observations of Stukeley, quoted by 
Mr. Dickenson, That the divisions of counties were not made 
till the time of Alfred; that then the wapentake of Newark was 
forcibly taken out of Lincolnshire; and that the ‘Trent’ was the 
ancient, because the natural, boundary between that county and 
Nottinghainshire, are assertions which, if granted, would prove 
nothing iu favour of his opinion; because the position om which 
his argument rests, that Provincia Lindissi was taken by our at- 
cestors in so large a sense, that “ It meant all Lincolnshire, whiere- 
of Lindum was the capital city,” is unfounded, as appears by the 
definition of its boundary, above quoted from Bede, and other 
writers. The opinion of Mr. Pegge, given in his dissertation on 
the subject +, that Kirton, about midway between Lincoln and 
the station of Ad-Abum, on the Humber, was the place, is 
equally untenable. The only argument be makes use of is, 
* that 





* Hist, Lib, TV. c. 12, nal 
+ Printed in an Appendix to the First Volume of Nichols’s History axd 
Antiquities of Leicestershire. 








“LINCOLNSHIRE. 665 
" thut this name, signifying the Church Town, woukl be one 
probably given by the Saxons at first to Sidnacester.” In'a subse= 


quent place he destroys this argument by observing, that “The name 


has a manifest reference to a church, which is uswally pronounced 


kirk in the name of places in the northern parts,’ particalarly in. 


Lincolushire, where this word enters the composition of a um 
her of names.” On this ground, other places might have’ ec 
pretensions, especially as Kirton has no vestiges of s ity, though 
Dr. Stukeley fancied it was the Jn Medium of the Roniiais, nor 
cy aiinpreiyeobielar ite epptosince teres aedisbretien 
this the preference above the rest; yet, by an unaccountable and 
extraordinary mode of reasoning, Mr. Pegge thinks, “Tie tery 
obscurity of Kirkton, weiled as it were by its modern name,” is 
a good argument that this was the place in question! = 
‘The reasonings of Bishop Gibson, for placing Sidnacester at Stow, 
are the strongest of any hitherto adduced; and his conclusion, if 
not decisive, is extremely plausible. Eadnorth, the Bishop of Sid: 
nacester, who died A. D. 1050, built St. Mary’s, or the chureh of 
our Lady, in Stow, “ Where then can we imagine,” says Gibson; 
“a Bishop of Sidnacester should 20 probably build a church as 
at Sidnacester? Or whence should he sooner take his patter 
or platform, than from his own cathedral of Dorchester?” ‘The 
see of Legecester, or Leicester, is concluded to have been where 
St. Margaret's now stands; and as that is a peculiar, @ prebend, 
and an: . $0 is Stow. Besides, the preseot’ ecele- 
siastical privileges of this place are greater thay any lereabouts, 
except Lincoln; and they have formerly even’ exceeded that. 
For that it was famous) before Lincoln, and 'was'a 'bitiop's see) 
is beyond dispute; and it is a common notion in those 
both of learned and unlearned, that Stow was the mother 
to Lincola. ‘The steeple Sia sath vaiebinaaallings 
much) greuter than it is. And Alfred Puttock, or Putta, Arch- 
bishop of York, anno 1023, when he guve two great bells to 
Beverley steeple, which he had built, and two others of the 
Vou, IX, Uu Y same 


h 


666 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
same 


Pr stn ype pty 


fordable, About a quarter of a mile from Marton the Roman 
road is still visible; and several pieces of pavement have been 
found here. The ancient city might have stood more to the 
west; and, being built near the station, would of course obtain 
the addition of Castra, and Saxon Ceaster, mea 
Stow, though now a small village, is an archdeaconry and its 
jurisdiction, comprehending the whale of Lindsey, is m strong 
argument in its claims to ancient note; but @ still stronger is ad- 
duced by Mr. Gough, who says, “the district round it is ealled 
Sidena.” The see, in the early time of Remigius, was certainly 
at Sidnacester; and that prelate is said to have built, or rather 
re-cdified, the church of Stow, which had been raised by Bad 
north, 


* Gibson, in Camden Col. 571. 


+ Britonuia Romana, p, 434. ni 


LINCOLNSHIRE: | 667° 
north. "This is a Jarge cruciform structure, hving'a nave, train~ 





six inches, ~ 

ath Saxon styles rm ean ise 
three retiring columns oa each side, with zigzag, nae 

Scala ind ‘de eis NBR ate 
Two of the shafts on each side are plain, the others — 
with a zigzag ornament. Over this is a large west window, 
a sharp pointed arch, od Pietra gde it 2 
is & very old Saxon arch, and another with the ends of the 
ing terminating’ in snake's head orvament, Round the inside of 
the chancel is a continued arcade, consisting of semicireular 
arches, with aigaag mouldings resting on plain columns, On the 





uniform in style and ornament, and from many parts being similar 
to what appears in Malmsbury Abbey Church, in the county of 
Wilts, it is probable that this part was rebuilt, by Bishop Alexander, 

subsequent to the time of Remigius*, ‘The chancel appears to have 
been once vaulted; and within it are two stones, bearing Saxon 
characters, but illegible. On the floor is an ancient monument 
of coffin shape, with a head, or helf bust, in relief, within an ex 


cavation. Pampa ait athoenantin fd PS Wee aD 
’ ae ee | 
Pee “tanec: 26408 me 
tae Exe Seo 

” ol tee Seth ey red 


+H 


oe a ee. 
Great Brituin, Vol Le 








LINCOLNSHIRE, 669 
cirealar,’ and ‘surrounded, by eight short pillars, with foliated ca- 
pitals. » So ce na ‘and each face, or side, 
has un ornamental device. bee Goma tee OG. 
cee ale carcass enh of euiepiebiigibaaliy, 
which, itis supposed, surroundsd/elther:n Gialace 'otsahe sbltidp, 
or the old manor house. It is evident that the bishops had 





pa ww ta tenn cata who got 0 
dared raiaunn eat acum, ‘in Oxfordshire, 
whether his successor, > Robert Bloet, removed them, reserving 
Sr rie oe ti nL 
which he gave them in exebange Charlbury, aud others*,’ - 

About one mile south-west of the church ig | 


Stow Park, which is now vided it four 5 and 


ori tre 7 t ’ 
Wu GM pre ld hh Vs wel wil 5 


" ASLACOE EAST’ AND WEST WAPENTAKES "ells 
ihe parishes of Atterby, Cainby, Firsby cast, Firsby west, 
Hackthorn, Naseniiy® Nartan 








Conmerjaghem, Coates, Fillinghem, fh, Herprell, 
Hemawell, Taghom, and Willoughton. n the parish of Hems- 
‘well i 

: ee P = \ “SpiTTaL 


a Tamers Notitia, 


670 LINCOLNSHIRE, 

SPITTAL IN THE STREET, taking the former name from 
having a0 hospital, and the latter as lying upon a Roman road. 
This place consists of a farm-house, an- inn, a sessions-house, & 
chapel, and an almshouse for poor women. Over the chapel, 
which is a small building, is this inscription: 





tall Qui hanc Deus hunc destruct, 


‘The hospital, to which the chapel is annexed, was founded 
before the sixteenth of Edward the Second, and augmented by 
Thomas Aston, canon of Lincoln, in the time of Richard the 
Second, It is under the protection of the dean and chapter of 
Lincoln. Against the wall is—Deo & Divitinvs, Ao. Dxt. 
1620, Over the sessions-house, Hee domus dat, amat, punit, 
convervat, honorat, Equitiaa, pacem, crimina jura bonos, 1620. 
Arms of Ulster. Over the door, Fiat Justitia, 1619. The 
manor belongs to the family of Wray, au ancestor of whom, who 
was Lord Chief Justice of England, built the sessions-house, 


Near Spittal is Norton PiAce, a handsome seat of John 
Harrison, Esq. M. P. The house was built in 1776, from a 
design, and under the direction, of Mr. Carr, architect, of York, 
The interior of the mansion consists of elegant apartments, com- 
manding fine views of the pleasure grounds, which are Said out 
with taste; and a handsome stone bridge, of three arches, over 
an extensive piece of water, gives 2 pleasing effect to the sar 
rounding scenery. 


In the parish of Fillingham is SumMeER CASTLE, 
mansion of the Wrays*. It was built of cee aaa 


a 


"Pais faly wan anclently ceased bi tie county of Desbam, Mall rd 
sessed estates in the county of York, Sir Christopher Wray, Kuight, 
lent 


LINCOLNSHIRE: oF 
in the year 1760, ‘The house is in the eastellated form; square, 
with a cirenlar bastion tower at each corner, and um embattled 
parapet. Standing on an eminence, the views frown it are very 
estensive, bounded on the west by the Peak of Derbyshite, on 
the south by the high lands of Leicestershire, on the north by 
those of Yorkshire, anid on the east by the Lincolnshire Wolds., 
‘The park is well wooded, and the effect of the plantations 
greatly heightened by that animated appearance which water ever 
gives to sylvan scenery. In the grounds aijacent to the castle 
are evident marks of a Roman camp ; for in digging have beeti 
found Roman coins, broken spears, swords, and bridle orna- 
ments. In a stone coflin were discovered human bones, cased in 
seareloth and lead, with the vacancies filled up with liquid lime 
and alabaster. Fossil shells have also been dug up here, such 
as ophites, or cornua ammonis, and pyrites. 


i mr Cl 





CORRINGHAM WAPENTAKE, contains the parishes of 


thorpe, Springthorpe, 
Stockwith East township, Walkerith township, and Wildsworth 
hamlet. 


GAINSBOROUGH, _ 


apne ciphnine wena cabal saan 
the eater bank of the ‘Trent, and consis principally of one 

Uua Tong 
Lord. Chief Justice of England in the time of Queen Elizabeth, on his 
first residence in this comnty, settled at Glentwworth; in which church is 
@ tomb erected to his memory, with the effigies of the judge ip his robes, 


and his lady by his side, 








. LNNCOLNSHTRR. 673 
small windows, coped with stone, the sistilieedeia 
the flat pointed style. ‘Hence:to ‘the southern extremity of the 
eastern end, the facing is brick, with stone-coped windows. Ja 
the lower story of this wing is a large room, till lately used:as a 
ball-room. On the northern side is a small handsome building, 
formerly the chapel, | The staircase, made of oak, was very spa~ 
cious; and a few years ago this, with the kitchen, and two im- 
mense fire-places remained entire, In the arches, within the ball, 


are niches, with figures of kings, warriors, &c. ‘The! highest 


tower is twenty-six yards in height; and the whole building was 
about six hundred feet square. It was once moated round, fart” 
of which is still visible, and had large gardens and*fish-ponds, “At 
the south end of the eastern wing is a sun-cial, bearing the date 
1600; whence a conjecture has been formed, that it was erected 
about thut time; but:the building is evidently much 

probably of a later petiod thau the time of John of Gaunt, whose 
palace it is said to have been. Ibis now converted into apart- 
ments for families, In 1742 it was inbabited by Sir Neville — 


Gainsborough: is fansoun ah history, aeeithiagaiierteliee 
place of the Danish ships, when the sanguinary tyrant Sweyne 
ravaged and laid waste many parts of the country, Returning 
from his horrid expedition, Mathew, of Westuinster, informs sy 
that he was here stabbed by an onknown hand, and thus received 
the punishment due to bis crimes. On the south part of the town 
was an old chapel of stone, in the time of Leland, in which, tra- 
dition says, many Danes were buried. Some ages afterwards, 
Gainsborough formed part of the possessions of William de Va- 
Jenee, who obtained for it the privilege of a fair in the time of 

Edward the First. The Barons of Burgh, who formerly resivlet 
here, were descended from this nobleman, by the Scotel: Earls, 
of Athol, ‘and {he Pereys, Earls of Northumiberland, = 

OF this: family, Thomas, Lord: Burgh, grandson of Thomas, 
who was created Lord Burgh by King Henry the Eighth, was 
born here. He lived in the time of Queen Elizabeth, by whom 


074 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
be was appointed to the highest trusts, and distinguished himself 
Loth ina diplomatic anu! military capacity: ‘This town was also 
the birth-place of WiLtIAst D£ GalNsBoRoUGH, who was bred 
a franciscan ih Oxford, became an ambassador to King Edward 
the First; and for his zealous defence of the Pope's infallibility 
was, by Boniface the Eighth, preferred to the see of Worcester, 
where he died A.D, 1308. The learned and pious Simon Pa- 
trick, Bishop of Ely, was bom here in 1626, and died ia 1707. 
‘The town has a good-market: ae and gives title of 
Earl to the noble family of Nod 
Half a mile to: the north ef this plats einai 
along the eastern bauk of the Trent, are some embankments called 
the *“CastLe Hites.” The central encampment contains an area 
one hundred and seventy yards in circumference, surrounded by 
a double foss and vallum. ‘These are higher and deeper towards 
the south-west than on the south-east, where the descent is im- 
meiliate to the plain. On the south side of this circular work 
and joining it, is another inclosed area, of an oblong shape, and 
raixed mound, without a fos. The length from east to west is 
one hundred and fifty yards, and breadth’ from north to south 
fifiy. On the northern side is another oblong inclosure, extends 
ing cighty yards, but the mound less perfect, and the site lower 
than the one to the south, The circular part appears to have 
been a Ronan work, and the additions are’ 
‘Near this are several subordinate works; and along the ridge, to 
the southward, are varions inclosed areas, both cireular and ob- 
long, of great dimensions; and many remains of antiquity have, 
at different times, been found in digging. ———s 
‘This station appears to have been occupied by the contending 
parties during the civil wars, Rushworth says, that near Gains 
borough, Cromwell defeated General Cavendish, who was slain 
in a quagmire, by Cromwell's lieutenant, in 1643. "The Lord 
Willoughby had before taken this town, and made thie Earl of 
Kingston prisoner. The Earl being seit to Hull, was shot, ia 
mistake, by the royalists in his passage over the Humber, 
At 


4. i 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 675 
At Heynin@s, two miles from Gainsborongh, was a cister- 
tian nunaery, founded by Reyner Evermue about the year 1180. 
It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and bad a prioress and 
twelve nouns; valued at the dissolution, according to Speed, at 
581, 13s. 4d, when the site was granted to Sir Thomas Henneage, 
Gough, by mistake, states its revenues ab49510 de 


yma owe ae 


oe ey V2 we od ho at Yeon 


-MANLEY WAPENTAKE, tc a following - pitriahes 
and townships:—western division; Allkerpe, Amcotts: town- 
ship, Belton, Butterwick west towaship, Crowle, Eastoft town- 
ship, Epworth, Gerthorp township, Haxey, Keadby town= 
ship, Luddington, Owston, Wroot. Eastern division; Ashby 
township, oo Broughton, ‘Brumby tovnship; aa! 


Mm 1 var ee ae | 

sitRiochihn hiailcd canes adacianelparealinn which are 
subdivided into thirteen constableries. "The chief, or prineipal of 
these is Epworth, the manor of which, held by lease under the 
crown, includes the parishes of Epworth, Haxey, Owston, and 
Belton, also the townships of Didditliorpe and Althorpe. 


Haxgy, whence the river istand of Axholime derives its name, 
Camden says, “ was anciently called Axel, But it hardly des 
serves the name of a town, it is so thinly inhabited.” By the 
returns of the population made to parliament in 1801, it appears 
that the place then consisted of 323 houses, and contained 1,541 
inhabitants, Here is the site of a castle which once belonged — 

chen ' it eld to 


676 LINCOLNSHIRE. 


to the Mowbrays, formerly lords: of this FAI 
the building was demolished in the: 
1175, according to Mathew Paris, mentee oo 
nouncing bis allegiance to the old king*, repaired. castle at Kine 
nard Ferry, in the isleof Axholme, which hud been destroyed of old. 
A body of Lincolnshire men crossed over in boats, and taid siege 
to the castle; forced the constable and all his men to surrender, 
and razed the castle. Leland. says, “ there was a castle at the 
south side of the chirch garth of Oxtan, whereof no peace now 
standith ; the dike and the hill wher the ara stoode yel be seene; 
it.was sumtyme caullid Kinard +.” a a) 
Near Milwood Park, formerly a seat of the Mowbrays, stood, 
according to Leland, 2 “ fair carthusian smonaatry,” inthe church 
of which was buried John Mowbray, second Duke of Norfolk, 
and grandson of the first, who died in the eleventh year of Henry 
the Sixth. It was founded about the nineteenth year of Richard 
the Second, by Thotnas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, and Earl 
Marshal of England, who was afterwards Duke of Norfolks' ‘The 

yearly revenues of this priory at the ii 
to Dugdale, 2371, 15s, 2d, ‘The site of it was granted, in the 
thirty-second of Henry the Eighth, to Mr. John Candish, who, 
Laland observes, in his time had turned “the monasterie to a 
goodly manor place.” It went by the name of “ the Priory in 
the Wood ;" or, © the house of the visitation of thé Blessed Vie- 
gip, near Eppworth, in the isle of Axholm,”» et) 
Ne in oe tem 





i ) 


ERWORTH ». owshett maul 


Iga long straggling town, the living of which isa rectory, and Was 
held by the pious divine, Samuel Westry, father of the eelebrated 


—— wentor 
* Hoary the Second, 20 eile with respect ois 08, who wns 
Jiom against his father. eal ae 


‘a eal 


t Lelund's Itin. Vol, L fol. 40 aud 4%, 


leaders of the Arminian Methodists, Joka and Charles Wesley, 
‘The trade of this place, which is not very considerable, is ehiefly: 
the manufacture of sacking and bagging; for which there is one. 
large factory, and several others of less note. A great quauitity of 
hemp and flax is grown in this part of the county; and the poor 
are chiefly employed in spinning it. Here is a-market on Thurs 
days, and two anpual fairs, Quantities of large oaks, with acoms,: 
fir, and other kinds of trees, some of which appear to have 
been burot, and others cut down, are frequently found at the 
depth of three feet beneath the surface in, this neighbourhood. 
Tn the Gentleman's Magarine for May, 1749, it is stated, “ that 
at Crowle, on the river Dune, was found the body of « woman 
standing upright in a peat moss, andi two ancient shoes." About 
prs rirts oo seepage =o 
espns eotvent enn 
eh Gato tne ee ome at 
pees ei nates of St. Austin annexed to 
Nostell Abbey; im the county of York, valued at 51. 10s. Here 
‘is a seat of Cornelius Stevin, Esq. oe 
Sait eal a vib. ecm | 
r+ ath popecnpase oven Dr Sade pes the Aguis of Ravene 
nas, discovered a Roman castrum and a vicinal road. - 
Posty sree is square, | 800 feet each side, the entrance 
porth, the westside is objected. to the steep. cliff 
the Trent, which here falls into, the Humber; for this casfle is 
very conveniently placed in the north-west angle of Lincolushire, 
as a watch tower over all Nottingham, and Yorkshire, which it 
SUTVeys.. Tam told the camp. is new elle Cote Pea 
they say a Countess of Warwick lived there, perhaps owned the 
estate; but there are no marks of building, | nor L believe ever 
were.» The vallum and ditch are very perfect. Before the north 
entrance is a square plot, called the Green, where 1 suppose the 
Roman soldiers lay pro castris. In it is a round work, formed 
into a labyrinth, which they call Julian's Bower *.” ‘The places 
which go by this name, are generally discovered near Roman 
, towns, 


4 Itiwerarinna Curiosum, p. 91. 


ore LewcoLusuren. 

towns. They are circular works, made of banks of earth, im the 
form of 2 maze, or labyrinth; the commen people indaige 
ides, that they are extraordimary things; and boys often divest 
themeelves by reming, im their various windings and turning, 
through and beck ageia. The doctor thinks 2 was one of te 
old Roman gzmes, which were brought into Itely from Trey; 
end that it took the latter name, not from Sewer, an asbeur, bet 
from bereugh, any work consisting of earth ramparts; and the 
formes from Julus, the son of Eness, who introduced it inte 
Italy, according to the account of Virgil, im his fifth Eneid, 
‘That the intent of it was to exercise their youth im military ac- 
tivity; end that it was also a practice of the ancient Britons, 


A mile to the south of Wintcringhem, at WINTERTON, where 
the Roman road disappears, Stakeley asserts, was the siation AD 
Asum®. “Upon a rising ground at the end of the road, a Iitie 
to the right, and half = mile east of the present Winteringhet, 
stood the old Roman town, of which they (the people) have a 
perfect knowledge, and ploughed up great foundations within 
memory; ‘tis now a common, skirted by the marshes of the 
Humber. The city was plowed up six years ago, and great num: 
bers of antiquities found, now lost; great pavements, chimney- 
stones, &c. often breaking their plows: in several places they 
found streets made of sea sand and gravel. The old haven 
mouth is called Flashmire. This place is over against Brough, 
the Roman town on the Yorkshire shore +.” Winterton has a cor- 
poration, but is a place of little trade. It contains 174 houses, 
and 773 inhabitants. 

In Winterton Great Com Fields, near Roxby, by ploughing, 
were discovered, in the year 1747, three curious ¢essellated pave- 
ments, which have been destroyed. The Society of Antiquaries, is 
1750, had them engraved. One of them was thirty feet in length, 

by 
© Horsley says, that the ancient name of the Humber was Abus. 


t ttn. Corio p. 90. 


LINCOLNSHIRE: 679 
by nineteen feet broad, and was supposed to have been the floor of 
adining-room, It had, in the centre, a figure of Orpheus play= 
ing on his harp, surrounded by beasts; at the comers fours 
handled. wine vessels, for libations. In the centre of another, 
which was forty-four feet by fificen, was the figure of Ceres, 
holding in her hands ears of corm: and on a third, which was the 
least perfect, was the figure of a stag, in a bounding attitude. 
Atthe same time and place were dug up quantities of Roman 
pc AA eani eante ay! 
siesta foi evvetire tes 

ee) A. Hel 

Ah. Baa casero ls Soahd. msdn pe 
ment, composed of red, blue, and white tesselle, “ six.or seven: 
yards long, by more wide,” with ox bones, pieces of red and 
yellow plaister, and Jarge stones. AtAPrLEsy is a rampart, 
called Julien's Bower, At HinganpsTow,are the foundations: 
of Roman buildings, where numerous tiles, coins, and other frag~ 
discovered at Broughton®, where is a tumulus, or barrow; and’ 
near it is a petrifying spring, where fossil fish have been dug up. 
At SANDTON are barrows, and a Roman pottery was found there; 
and between Sealby and Manton isan ancient encampment, In- 
deed, along the whole of this part of the tine of the Emin Street, 
numerous remains of the Romans have been discovered at diffe- 
rent periods, aes dices ives Brenehinnnens eae 

*. y Bi pias sd 
ae ere Wx 
a I sss Byte Be He 
ara ce rn ee 


pre cotaaereeoime oe esa out of 
the former.” Britannia Romana, p. 407. 4 


68D LINCOLNSHIRE. 

» THORNEHAM, or THORNHOLM Priory, which was 
founded, for canons of the order of St. Austin, by King Stephen, © 
and .endowed, at the suppression, with 1551. 19s. 6d. anoual: 
income, according to Speed. It was granted, by Henry the 
Eighth, to Charles, Duke of Suffolk. 


<6 





. YARBOROUGH WAPENTAKE contains these parishes 
and townships:—Esst divison; Croston, Habrough, Helton 
East, Immingham, Keelby, Killingholme North, Killingholae 
South, Kirmington, Limber Megane, Limber Peros,cum Brockia- 
by, Riby, Stallingborough. South division; Barnethy le Weld, 
Bighy, Cadney with Housham, Castor, Clizby, Glandford Brigg 
township, Grassby, Kelsey North, Melton Ross, Netticten, 
Searby with Owmby, Summerby, Wrawby cum Brigg. 
division; Barrow, Barton St. Mary's, Barton St. Peter's, 
Bonky, Elshan, Ferriby, Gothill, Horkstow, Saxby, Theraten- 
Curtis, Ulceby, Wootton, and Worlaby. 


GLANFORD BRIDGE, or BRIGG, 


As usually called, is a small market town, on the banks of the 
Ancholme river, over which is a strong stone bridge,. Here was 
yn Aoepital, founded by the predecessors of Ralph Paynel, and, 
as Tanner thinks, by Adam Paynel, in the time of King Jom. 
It was subordinate to the abbey of Selby, in Yorkshire; a monk 
of which house was always the master. 

At Elsham, adjoining, was an hospital for several poor bre- 
thren, begun by Beatrix de Amundevill, which her son com 
pleted, and committed to the care of a friar, and regular canons 
of the Augustin order, previous to the year 1166. About the 
year 1180, the knight’s hospitalers made some pretensions to it, 

- but 


LINCOLNSHIRE: | 681 
but were obliged to abandon their claim. It was dedicated to 
St. Mary and St. Edmund; and a little before the suppression it 
had five canons, when its possessions were valued, according to 
Dugdale, at 701. 0s, 8d. The site was granted to Charles, Duke 
of Suffolk, To the south was Novws Locus, or Newsted-on~ 
Ancholme, a Gilbertine Priory. King Henry the Second give 
to St. Gilbert, and the canons of Sempringham, an island called 
Rucholm, within the bounds of Cadney, thereon to found a 
priory of their order, which was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, 
and endowed, at the dissolution, with $81, 13s, 5d. according to 
Dugdale, The site was granted to Sir Robert Henneage, = 

Neus, or Newhouse, the first Premonstratension abbey. int 
England, was built by Peter de Gousla, or Gousel, A. D. 1143, 
according to the “ Mailross Chronicle ;” but according to the 
“ Monasticon Anglicanum,” A.D. 1146, to the honour of St. 
Mary and St. Martial. At the dissolution it had an abbot and 
eleven canons, who were possessed of an antual revenue of 1141, 
1s. 4d. Twas then given, by Henry the Eighth,to Charles, Duke 
of Suffolk, 


‘Wort any gave the title of Baron to Lord John Belasyse, who 
had that honour conferred on him by King Charles the First, 
for his loyalty and attachment. But his son, Lord Harry, being 
attainted of the popish plot, in the time of James the Second, 
was confined some years in the Tower of London, where he died, 
1668, The title is extinct; and the estates have descended to 
Sir John Webb, Bart. of Candford Magny, in the county of 
Dorset, The old seat, Gough says, still remains; over the door 
of which is the motto, “Bonne & Belle assez.” In the east 
window of the chancel was some handsome stained glass, repre- 
senting the descent from the cross; but it has unfortunately been 
mutilated by a ruthless glazier. 


At Horxstow have been found many Roman remains. 


These consisted chiefly of tessellated pavements and foundations. 
Vox. IX. Xx Mr. 














LINCOLNSHIRE. + 683 

St, Mary's church, considered a chapel of ease to that of St. 
Peter, is evidently a more modern building, and is very spacious. 
‘These being repaired by separate distriets, has probably given rise 
to the idea, that the town contains two parishes, Barton is an, 
improving place, aud carries on a considerable trade in corn, 
having several flour mills in the vicinity, and others for the manu- 
factory of Paris whiting, and French barley. But itis principally 
noted for being the place where the great northern road passes the, 
Humber to Hull; and the great improvement which has been 
made in the ferry, and the additional: accommodations made for 
travellers, within these few years, bave rendered it a great tho- 
roughfare, A neat packet-boat for passengers, auc another for, 
carriages, cross and recross the river every day. ‘The town has a 
well supplied weekly market on Mondays, and another for fat 
cattle once fortnight. Its annual fair is held the ‘Thursday. 
after Trinity. According to the returns under the late act, the 
number of houses was 412, and of inhabitants 1709, About two 
miles to the east of this town is - 2) 
Barrow, large, but irregularly built village, Tt was for- 
merly the seat of the ancient and celebrated family of Tirwhit, 
of Cornwall. About a mile north-west of it, in a marsh, stands 
a large earth work, called the Castle, which, tradition says, was 
erected by Humber, when he invaded Britain, in the time of the 
Trojan Brutus, Stukeley says, “it is dissonant from any thing 
lever saw;” und, after a minute iuestigation, considers it to 
be “an alate temple” of the Britons, and places it in the third 
class of his “ druidical buildings.” Having thus decided on its 
origin, he gives an account of what he conceived to have been 
its form, and describes the dimensions, Its features, however, 
are more of a military than a religious kind ; and it was probably 
an entrenched camp of the Britons, who, in many instances, pre~ 
ferred such inundated situations, Adjacent to the foundations are 
several tumuli, orlong barrows. In’some, on the north side, which 
have been opened, were found human bones, ashes, uros, &c, 
Xzx2 AU 


6a LINCOLNSHIRE. 

At CroxuiL, generally misnamed Gokewell and Gozhill, was 
a priory for Cistertian nuns, founded by William de Alta Ripe, 
before the year 1185. A little to the south are the noble mins 
of THORNTON ABBEY, which was founded by William le 
Grass, Earl of Albemarle, and Lord of Holdemess, A. D. 1139, 
for black canons. Dugdale informs as, that when first founded 
it was @ priory, and the monks, with Richard theit prior, were 
introduced from the monastery of Kirkham; but was changed 
into an abbey, and Richard made abbot, by Pope Eugenius the 
Third, A. D. 1148. ‘The founder died about the year 1180, and 
was supposed to have been interred within the walls, King Henry 
the Eighth, his’ Queen, and attendants, were splendidly enter- 
tained, im a visit they made the abbot in the year 1541. At the 
dissolution, when the revenues were valued at 7S0I. 17s. 2d. ac- 
cording to Speed, the King appears not to have been unmindfel 
of the flattering altentions he had received; for though he sup- 
pressed the abbey, he reserved the greater part of the lands te 
endow a college, which he erected in its room, for a dean and 
prebendaries, to the honour of the Holy and Undivided Trinity. 
‘This was a large establishment, for after the dissolution of it, 
A. D. 1558, in the sixth year of Edward the Sixth, it is asserted 
by Willis, that nineteen members received pensions. At that time 
it was granted, in exchange, to the Bishop of Lincoln, 

From the remains, it must have been a magnificent building. 
Originally it consisted of an extensive square, surrounded by & 
deep ditch, with high ramparts, and built in a style adapted for 
occasional defence. The gate-house, which formed the western 
entrance, is yet tolerably eutire. The entrance-road is flanked 
with brick walls, huving loop-hole arches, supporting a broad 
battlement, and terminating in two round towers, between which 
was formerly a draw-bridge. The grand entrance arch is still per- 
fect; over it is a parapet, four feet broad, and opening into a 
cell, probably the porter’s lodge. The front has been richly or- 
namented with cornices, niches, and statues. There is a groove 
for a portcullis, and parts of the great wooden doors are stilt 

pendant 





LINCOLNSHIRE, 685 


pendant on their massy hinges. ‘The roof is finely groined, tha 
ribs of which are supported by elegant brackets, enriched with 
flowers and figures. Over the gateway are two rooms, and four 
Landsome hexagonal towers form the four angles, A winding 
stairease opens into a spacious apartment, probably the refectory. 
‘The brackets which supported the ceilings are half length human 
figures, s0 distorted in their countenances, as if represented in pur- 
gatory. On the east side of the refectory is another room, with 
recesses in both sides. To the east of the gateway, are the re- 
mains of the abbey church, The chapter house, part of which 
is standing, was of an octangular shape, and highly decorated, 
having round it, under its handsome windows, an arcade, con~ 
sisting of pointed arches, with cinquefoiled beads, and in the 
centre of each an ornamented trefoil pendent drop, The abbot’s 
lodge, which stood to the south, is occupied as a farm-house, 
The site of this abbey belonged some years to the family of Sut- 
ton, but is now the property of George Uppleby, Esq. 


On a high ridge of the downs, west of Thornton, is YaRBO- 
rnouGH CAMP; a large entrenchment, said to be of Rotman 
origin, From its lofty situation very extensive views are obtained, 
particularly to the east, Vast quantities of Roman coins have 
been found here, among which were some of the Emperor Lici- 
nius, East of this is 


Brock.Espy Park, the seat of Lord Yarborough. The 
house is not remarkable for its architecture, but his lordship has 
recently made many additions and alterations to the building and 
park; among which is an elegant Picture Gallery, from designs 
by C. H. Tatham, Esq. a gentleman who has distinguished him- 
self both in architecture and in some scientific works on the sub- 
ject. The length of the gallery, which was finished in 1807, is 
sixty-three feet, the breadth forty-eight, by twenty feet high. The 
ceiling is very elegant, being enriched with antique vases. That 
compartment appropriated to the cabinet pictures, has an arched 

Xx3 ceiling, 


636 LINCOLNSHIRE, 
ceiling, highly ornamented. ‘The gallery contains @ fine eol- 
lection of paintings, which were bequeathed to Lord Yarboronglt 
by the late Mr. Aufere, of Chelsea, near Loudon. A few years 
since his lordship erected in the park an elegant Chapel and Maw- 
soleum, which was began under the direction of James Wyatt, 
Faq. in the year 1787; and completed in‘ the year 1794. "The 
Glevation on which it stands is a tunmulas, once a place of Roman 
sepulture, as appears from the sepulchral urns that have been dis 
covered here: these contained burnt boves and ashes; ale 
rings, combs, and small perforated stones. The chapel, which 
was consecrated by Bishop Prettyman, in Jane 1794, isan elezent 
citcalar building, having fluted Doric columns, supporting a rich 
entablature, and surmounted by a dome, which is surrounded by 
an open balustrade, &c. The interior is divided into four com- 
partments, by eight fluted columns of the Corinthian order, sup- 
porting a highly decorated and lofty dome. Beneath the chapel 
is a vault, with compartments avd recesses for depositing coffins, 
This is divided also by pillars, and has a circular sarcophagus in 
the centre, The whole, which displays much clegance and taste, 
is highly ornamental to the park, which is extensive, and diver- 
sified by numerous plantations and swelling grounds, 


CASTOR, ' 


Carstor, or THONG-CasToR, accoriling to Camden, who 
follows some old chronologists, was called by the Britons Cae 
£garry, and by the Saxons Thong-Castor, The latter name, it 
is said, to have derived from a circumstance that occurred im the 
time of Hengist. This Saxon general, after defeating the Scots 
and Picts, obtained from Vortigern very extensive possessions in 
other parts of the island, and was granted as much land at this 
place ashe could encompass with the hide, or skin, of an ox. ‘This 
being cut into small strips, or thongs, extended round a large 
plot of ground, on which he built a fortified mansion, since called 

Thong- 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 687 
Thong-Castle. Of Byrsa, a famous citadel of Carthage, a sitilar 
story is related; and other parallel traditions are told of 
Castle, near Sittingbourne, in Kent. Whence the author of the 
History of England, in Latin heroic verse, lias Meaipelecierities 
allusion in Virgil :-— ¥ 


* Accepitque solum facti de nomine Thongum, 
‘Tanrino quantum poterat circundare tergo.” 


“ He had the spot called from the story Thong, 
What a bull's hide inelosed when inid along .” 


‘The British name of Caer affixed to a place, always refers to a 
British or Roman fortress, {ts present name is from the Roman 
Castrum, and a Roman road goes from this place ina south easterly 
direction, passing a station at Ludford, towards Horeastle— 
“There can be no doubt that this eastle was built long before 
Hengist’s time: for f saw enough of the old Roman wail to evince 
its founders. One great piece stands on the virge of the church~ 
yard, another by a house. ‘There are more behind the school- 
house in the pastures, and I bave met with many mep that bave 
dug at its foundations in several places. It is built of white rag- 
stone, laid sometimes side.ways, sometimes flat, in mortar, ex-, 
eceditigly hard, full of pebbles and sand; nor is it mixed to any 
fineness, so that I conjecture they used to pour the mortar om 
liquid, as soon us the lime was slaked*.” This, which was called 
boiling mortar, with the herring bone manner of laying some of 
the stones, is peculiarly characteristic of the Roman mode of 
building. 

‘The soil hereabouts abounds with springs, one of which, called 
Syjer +, is very peculiar. Its waters flow in four direetions, be- 

Xx4 ' tween 
* Stukeley's Ttin, p. 96. 

t Stukeley derives the name from the Saxon word Syfer, which he says 
means, “ pure, clean, as the stream here deserves to be called,” Is it not 
more probable, on the doctor's own hypothesis, of its having been a Roman 
British city, that it comes from the mentees eh me 
hich signifies hard, and is descriptive of this water, 





LINCOLNSHIRE: Gag” 


GRIMSBY, ox GREAT GRIMSBY, 


So called to distinguish it froma village of the same name, is a 


for its internal trade, The town still enjoys many immunities, 
has a weekly market on Wednesdays, and an annual fair on St. 
Bartholomew's day, It also sends two members to parliament, 
Of its origin and ancient history much bas been written, The 
story, that it was founded by a merchant named Gryme, who ob- 
tained great riches in consequence of having brought up an ex« 
posed child, called Haveloc, who proved to be of royal Danish 
blood, and, from being scullion in the King’s kitchen, had the 
honour to marry the King’s daughter, is ridiculed by Camden, 
and placed among old wives’ fables. ‘The corporation seal, which 
appears to be very ancient, however, emblematically gives coun- 
tenance to such a story, whether fictitious or true, Holles sup- 
poses this town was founded by a Norwegian pirate; and Mac- 
pherson observes, “ Grimshy is uoted by the Norwegian, or 
Islandic wrilers, as an emporium, resorted to by merchants from 
Norway, Scotland, Orkney, and the Western Islands*.” 

‘The town is governed by a mayor, two bailiffs, twelve alder- 
men, and thirty-six burgesses. The mayor and bailiffs hold se- 
parate courts; the former on Tuesday, the latter on Friday, 
"The first charter was granted in the reign of King Joli, It was 
once rich avd populous, and carried on considerable trade. In 
the reign of Edward the Third, Grimsby furnished eleven ships, 
and one hundred and seventy mariners, to assist at the siege of 
Calais, But the trade afterwards forsook it, and the harbour 

became 
* Annals of Cgmmerce, Vol. I. p. 991. 


690 LINCOLNSHIRE, 
became nearly choaked with sand. ‘Formerly it was fortified with 
two blockhouses, of which no traces remain. The spirit of the place 
has of late revived. ‘The harbour has been improved, and a’ dock 
constructed at a great expence, by which means the trade of the 
port has been increased, and the town extended by many ad- 
ditional buildings. In the town were formerly two churches, that 
of St. Mary’s, whieh was an handsome building, and its steeplea 
good land mark for mariners, has been long since taken down. St. 
James's church is a spacious structure, built in the form of a eros, 
with a tower in the centre. Originally it was of greater extent, 
a part of the choir having fallen down about the year 1600. | ‘The 
steeple is a beautiful specimen of English pointed architeeture, 
and appears to have suffered less: from the depredations of time 
than other parts of the church. The alterations it has undergone 
at different periods by no means correspond with the style of the 
original building. In the upper part of the steeple is this inserip+ 
tion, “ Pray for the soule of John Empringham.” ‘This person 
was eminent, according to Gervas Holles*. This gentleman was 
born here in the reign of Henry the Fourth, and was a consi 
derable benefactor to the church. The large west window had 
figures of the Kings of Judah branching off from the stem of 
Jesse. In the church are many ancient monuments and inscribed 
stones, some of which appear to have been removed frou the 
three monasteries that were formerly in the town. Ae 
Beside a monastery of gray friars, and a convent of benedictine 
nuns, Grimsby had 2 priory of Augustine canons, founded by 
King Henry the First, who liberally endowed, and conferred on it 
several privileges. ‘These, his son, Henry the Second, confirmed, 
and further granted, that the monks should enjoy their lands and 
rentals free from all exactions and secular services; a proof of 
the power and influence of the religions orders during that period 
of our history. ti 
Stow 
© He has given a minate description of the monuments anid armorial bear 
ings painted in the several windows in this church, among the Harleian 
MSS. in the Britisty Museum, 


LINCOLNSHIRE, a GOL 
+ Stow relates, “that Joun WaLsn, a native of this place, being 
accused of high treason by a gentleman of Navarre, did, on St. 
Andrew's dag, in the eighth year of King Richard the Second, 
A.D. 1585, enter the lists to combat with the « Navarois, 
named Martileto de Vilenos,” that he might, according to the 
custom of the times, refute the eharge, by obtaining the victory 
over his antagonist ; whieh ih pt his nara 
for false accusation. 

The brightest ornament of this hunches daphne 
tinguished prelate, Dr. Joun Wurreret, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury. He received his education in. the university of Cam- 
bridge, where he became master of Trinity College, and regius 
professor of divinity. He was first promoted to the see of Wor- 
cester, and thence translated to the metropolitan see of Canter- 
bury. A lover of order, he became a zealous assertor of the 
doctrines and discipline of the established church, against the 
violent advocate of the puritans, Cartwright, who, with bis fol- 
lowers, were encouraged and supported in their opposition by 
namerous friends at court. Whitgift, however, conducted the 
controversy with so much wisdom, moderation, and piety, that 
he overcame and won over many of his adversaries, though he 
could not convince those obstinate enemies, who would be satis- 
fied with nothing, except the overthrow of the constitution, and 
destruction of the hierarchy. ‘This prelate was born in the year 
1530, and died February 29th, A. D. 1603. About two miles 
from Great Grimsby is the small village of 


x88, which has a very ancient church, consisting of a nave, 
with noith and south ailes, separated from the former by round 
massy columnsy These support semicircular arches, variously or- 
namented with zigzag, cable, aad billet mouldings. In this church _ 
is a curious font, formed of two cylindrical parts, oné placed upon 
the other; over which, in the shaft of the cireular’column, is in- 
laid a small piece of marble, with a Latin inscription’ in Saxon 
characters, referring to the time of King Richard, and stating 
" that 


692 LINCOLNSHIRE. 


Abut it was dedicated to the Holy Trinity and St. Mary, by Hugh, 
Bishop of Lincoln. The date, A. D. 1192. 

In the vicinity of ‘this place are many of those extraordinary 
fountains, called Buow-Wexis. These are deep circular 
pits, which furnish a continued How of water in a considerable 
stream. ‘They are vulgarly supposed unfathomable; but Mr. 
Young says, “ Sir Joseph Banks found the bottom without diii- 
culty*.” Ata small distance from Clee is 


CLEETUORPE, @ township, which is inhabited by a few fisher- 
mea only in the winter, but iv the summer season is much re- 
sorted to for sea-bathing, Persons visiting it for that purpose 
will find an excellent hotel for their accommodation. 





- LUPBOROUGH WAPENTAKE containg the parishes. of, 
Brackenborough, Covenham St. Bartholomew, Covenhan St. 
Mary, Fotherby, Grimsby Little, Ludborough, Ormsby, North, 
Utterby, and Wykam cum Cadeby. 


At CovenuamM, William Carileph, Bishop of Durham, 
founded a benedictine priory about the year 1082, and made 
it a cell to Durham; but afterwards, in the thirtieth year of Ed- 
ward the First, it was given to Kirksted abbey. No remaips of 
this priory are at present left. 





WALSHCROFT WAPENTAKE contains the parishes of, 
Claxby, Holton le Moor, Kelsey South, Kingerby, Newton, 
Normandy on the Wold, Osgodby with Kirkby, Owershy North 
£nd, Owershy South End, Rasin West, Thornton le Moor, 
Toft, Usselby.— Binbrooke St. Gabriel, Binbrooke St, Mary, 

_— Croxty, 


* General View, p. 15. 


LINCOLNSHIRE. : 69s 
Croxby, Linwood, Rasin Market, Rasin Middle, Tupholm and 
Drakes, Stainton te Hole, or Stainton Vale, Tealby, Thoreswey, 
Thorganby, Wailsby, and Willingham North, 


MARKET RASIN, 


A-small town, so called from lying upon the Rasin, # stream 
which flows into the river Ancholme, and having on Tuesdays a 
well frequented market, The only thing here calculated to ex- 
cite notice is the peculiar form of the upper windows in the em- 
battled tower of the chureh, ‘They have a pointed arch, divided 
into two pointed lights, and a quaterfoil head, Up the centre 
goes a strong mulliov, crossed by a transom, terminating at the 
imposts, These are similar to those of Yarborough cbureh, near 
Louth, Both were erected, it is probable, at the same period; 
for on the south side of the tower of each is a representation of 
our first parents on the branches of a fruit tree, on the trunk of 
which is the dart of death, allusive to the effecis of eating the 
forbidden fruit. ‘The living is a viewrage, in the gift of the 
crown ; and in the endowment, the vicar is entitled to the unusual 
tythe of ale, 

» In the town is a Roman Catholic chapel, a Methodist: meeting 
house, a small free school, and an hospital for four poor men. 


The church of St. Peter, in MropLe RAsIN, an adjoining 
village, is small, but has a curious entrance porch, with zigzag, 
nailhead, and other mouldings. The chancel is separated from - 
the nave by elegant screen work, beneath a pointed arch, sup- 
ported by Norman circular pillars, which was probably co- 
eval with the doorway. The nave appears to have had side ailes, 

‘ag the pillars and pointed arches stand in relief from the present 
wall. ‘This place is divided into two parishes, called Drax and 
Tupholm. The latter had an abbey of premonstratensian canons, 
dedicated to the Virgin Mary, founded by Alan de Neville, and 


- 








° 
_ LINCOLNSHIRE, 695 
LOUTH ESKE WAPENTAKE contains the parishes of 
Alvingham, Cerlton Castle, Carlton Great, Carlton Little, 
Conisholme, Grainthorpe cum Ludney and Wragholme, Gri- 
moliby, Mandy, Reston North, Soltfleetby AU Saints, Salt- 
fleetby St. Clement's, Saltfleethy St. Peter's, Skidbrook swith 
Saltfleet’ Haven, Somercotes North, Somercotes South, Yar- 
borough.—Authorpe, Burwell, Calcethorpe, Cockerington St. 
Leonard, Cockerington St. Mary, Elicington North, Elking- 
ton South, Farforth with Maiden Well, Gayton le Wold, Flal- 
lington, Haugham, Keddington, Kelsterne, Louth, Louth 
Park, Muckton, Raithby with Maltby, Ruckland, Stewton, 
Tathwell, Wetton le Wold, Witheall, and Wykeham. The prin- 
cipal place in, and which gives name to the wapentake, is 


LOUTH, 


Anuciently called Lada, from the situation on the Led, a small 
rivulet, formed by the conflueuce of two streams, is a large well 
built town, in a fertile valley, at the castern foot of the Wolds. 
‘The valley, which runs east and west, is sheltered on the north 
and south by sloping hills of indurated chalk, whose horizontal 
strata are principally covered with an argillaceous soil for several 
inches deep. Towards the nest the rising grounds afford nume~ 
rous and varied prospects. ‘The scenery of the Wolds is highly 
diversified with hill and dale, and the interesting effects which 
arise from wild irregularity; but being generally devoid of wood, 
the features are not so intricate and picturesque as the more 
mountainous or woody parts of the island. To the east is a 


Respecting this place history is neatly silent. To the rebellion 
of the year 1536, occasioned by the suppression of religious 
houses, the inhabitants of Louth, under Dr. Mackerel, alias 
Captain Cobler, the prior of Barlivg’s abbey, took part in the 

: ti 


696 LINCOLNSHIRE. : 
insurrection. This person, with the vicar of Louth, and thirteen 
ather ringleaders, were afterwards put to death. . 

In this place were established three religious fraternities, called 
“ The Guild of our Blessed Lady, the Guild of the Holy Trinity, 
and the Chantry of John of Louth.” n the time of Edward the 
Sixth, the funds which had been conferred on these guilds were 
alienated, and granted for the purpose of erecting and endowing 
a free grammar school. The lands then brought 401. per annum, 
but are now let for 4001. One half was granted for a head 
master's salary, one-fourth for the usher’s, and the remainder was 
to be appropriated for the maintenance of twelve poor women, ia 
perpetual succession. The trustees of this foundation were in- 
corporated by the name of “ The warden, and six assistants, of 
the town of Louth, and free school of King Edward the Sixth, 
in Louth.” The common seal ®, yet used by this corporate body, 
is a curious specimen of the uncouth ideas of the time. It ex- 
hibits a man exercising the birch upon the posteriors of a sup- 
pliant youth, while other scholars are shewn at their forms, The 
motto:—QvI PARCIT VIRGE OBIT FILIV. 1552. 

In this town is another free-school for poor boys, founded inf 
pursuance of the Will of the late Dr. Mapletoft, Dean of Ely, 
beariug date August the 17th, 1677. It is on a very respectable 
scale, and the annual salary of the master is forty guineas. 

The church of St. James is a large, handsome structure, and 
consists of a nave, two ailes, with an elegant tower and spire at the 
westend. The east end, whjeh presents a fine elevation, exhibitsa 
Jarge central window, having six upright mullions and varied tracery, 
with two lateral windows opening into the ailes. These are ee 
parated by two well proportioned buttresses, ornamented by ca- 
nopied niches; in the gable battlements are quatrefoils with 
crockets, and the angular poiut supports a fleury cross. The 
nave and ailes are embattled, and have numerous crocketted .pim- 
nacles. Internally the nave is separated from the ailes by oct» 

gen) 


© ‘This is engraved with a plan of the town, and published by Br. \ 
Jackson, of Louth, 


Taped By MDa Nias to 4 Bosetng By Linen of Bead tthe Bots of Daghand BM 





LOUTH STREPLE &c. 
‘oom se ABS 
[ebecobathirw. 


Ladin by Farscrsttved & Dearpe, ry, Lap siting 


2 ar areas See Eat dg, 
“ pcre Res aoa oh tee mae 








LINCOLNSHIRE. ‘ 607 
gonal columns, the altermte sides of which ate relieved by single 
flutes. ‘The capitals are plain, and the pointed arches are formed 
by arcs of circles, whose centres are the opposite imposts, The 
ceiling rests upon corbels, composed of grotesque heads, The 
chancel, which has au altar piece, containing a picture of the 
descent from the cross, painted by Williams, is of more modem 
date than the body of the church, and probably is coeval with the 
justly admired steeple. The latter, which is the most élegant part 
of the building, was begun, as appears from a manuscript still 
extunt, urider the direction of John Cole, a mastet mason, or 
architect, in the year 1501, who conducted the work about four 
years. After that time it went progressively on under the ma~ 
nagement of Lawrence and William Lemyng, with Christopher 
Scune. ‘The whole of this stately edifice was completed in fifteen 
years, for the sum of 3051.75. 5d. The height of the spire 
was originally 360 feet: but the flat stone on the summit was 
blown off in the year 1587, and carried with it part of the 
building into the body of the church. ‘The damage was repaired the 


following year, at the expence of 301. ‘The whole spire was blown — 


down on the 11th of October, 1634, and the present one erected, 
under the direction of Thomas Turner, whose charge amounted 
only to the sum of 811.73. ‘The extra expences were 54. 28. Od. 
making ‘together 1351. 9s. 91. The top stone has on its north’ 
and north-eastern sides Tho, Turner, and 6a the eastern side the 
date 1635. The tower part of the steeple consists of-three 
stories, the second of which has two iullioned windows, with 
tracery, in every front. Inthe third story, or tier, are two more 
highly ornamented windows in each face, and surmounted by 
crocketed canopies, in bold relief, ‘The angles of the tower 
are supported by buttresses, which contract as they advance in 
height, still preserving the finest proportion. Each stage ter- 
minates with elegant pediments, supported by orsamental corbels; 


in this manner diminishing to the top, where are octagonal, em- 


battled turrets, thirty feet high, whence issue four pinnacles, the 
angles of which are adorned with crockets, and end with finials, 
Vor, IX. Yy At 


At eighty foet from the base, round the exterior of the tewex, 
yuns g. gallery, guarded by a parapet wall; and at,the height of 
one hupdred and seventy feet the battlements commence, which 
are pierced with embrasures, and separated by the pedestals of 
three ual} pinnacles on each side. ‘The octangular centre spire, 
jn four of its sides, is connected to the corner turrets by spandrels 
or fying buttresses of excellent workmanship. In those faces 
enswering the cardinal points are small pointed windows, and 
the comers of the spire. are enriched with crockets, which contri- 
bute to ils decorated appearance.’ The top stone projects with 
8 cornice, and the height of the spire to the cross is ope bumdred 
and forty-one feet. ‘The total height of the whole is two hundred 
and eighty-eight feet. ‘The masonry of the tower and spire is often 
admired for its execution, ‘The living of St. James's parish joa 
‘vicasage, in the gift of a prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, to whic 
it was annexed by the conqueror. 

‘The vicarage house, which siands contiguous to the charch-yaml, 
jaan old thatched building, and the present vicar bas, in unison 
with its appearance, laid gut his garden in a curious style of ings 
pious, rusticity ; it.in denominated the hermilege. Lnterapereed 
among planted walks are several small buildings, and seats, formed 
of old timbers, branches of trees, with bark, &c. The floors are 
peved with pebbles, flints, and otber substances. The various clois- 
ters, pavilions, cots, obelisks and vases, inscribed with appropriale 
mottoes, and accompanied by numerous devices, are for the use 
of the supposed hermit. The singularity of this spot, the 
style in which jt bas been fitted up, and the attention manifested 
by its possessor, in preserving it in appropriate and pleasaut order, 
‘conspire to attract the attention, and excite the admiration, of alt 
persons who have an opportunity to view the scene. 

Here was formerly another church named St. Mary's, which 
probably belonged to the guild of the blessed virgin; the bells of 
this church having been valued at the dissolution. It is now totally 
demolished, but the church-yard is the present place of sepulture for 
the town; as that of St. Jumes’s has not been used for the purpasy 

fos 


* 

LINCOLNSHIRE. 699 

for nearly forty years past. Besides the church, there are three 
places of religious worship at Louth for dissenters from the esta- 
blishment: one for catholics, one for Baptists, and another for - 
methodists. When the warden and six assistants were incor- 
porated by Edward the Sixth, in the same charter two weekly 
markels were granted, one on Wednesdays, and the other on Sa- 
turdays, and three annual fairs. ‘The latter were to be held on the 
third Sunday after Easter, on St. James’s day, and the feast of 

‘St, Martin; with a particular injunction, that they should continue 
two whole days after; that the first day of each fair might be ap- 
propriated “ to hearing the word of God.” Queen Elizabeth, in 
the sixth year of her reign, gave by charter to the corporation the 
manor of Louth, of which the annual value then was 781, 148440, 
for the better support of the corporate dignity. King James, in the 
third year of his reign, constituted the warden and one of the — 
assistants justices of the peace, with an exempt jurisdiction not 
extending to life and limb; and authority to appoint other 
proper officers. In the fifth year of the same reign, by another 
charter, they were empowered to appoint a deputy warden, raise 
taxes for the good government of the town, and make other bye 
S06 

| "The fown-holl is an old plain building, standing at the end of 
the principal street Teading to the market place. By dividing 
a part of the street into two narrow lanes, it becomes offensive 
to the eye and a nuisance to the inhabitants, - 

a card-room annexed, forms a suite of elegant apartments, which 
ad mas A pierre orm 

| ‘The Theatre is a small but neat building, erected by Mr. 
Edward Blyth,. merchant; to whose public spirit Louth is in- 
debted for several handsome buildings and liberal institutions, 

A few years ago a Carpet and Blanket Manufactory was 
¢stablished here, and is now in « flourishing state, This trade, if 
it’ were extended to other towns, would be highly beneficial 
to Lincolnshire, as it would contribute towards the con~ 

2 sumption 


700 ‘LINCOLNSHIRE. 


‘sureption of coarse weol, the staple commodity of the county 
“There is also a large manufactory of soap, and 2 mill for making 
coarse paper. 

An act was obtaised in 1761 for cutting 2 cenel between Lowth 
and the North Sea. It commences about balf a mile from the 
town, and keeps parallel with the banks of the Ludd, which sup- 
plies it-with water. It leaves the river about four miles from the 
town, and, by a sweep to the orth, joins the sea at a place called 
Tetney Lock. The undertaking cost 12,0001. and the concem 
Row pays very good interest. By this channel.vessels of cousider- 
able burden regularly trade to several parts of Yorkshire, to Hull, 
and to Londen: carrying out quantities of corm and wool, and 
bringing in retarn, timber, coals, groceries, &c. Hence it has 
«proved highly advantageous to the town and neighbourhood. 

‘The open or common fields of Louth were inclosed by an act 
of Parliament in 1801. The number of inhabitants appears, by 
the return under the population act, to be 4,236, and the pumber 
of houses 950; but the former have -been mich increased since 
that return was made. 

In Louth and its vicinity are some geological circumstances 
well worthy of minute investigation by the philosopher as well 
aschemist. Astwell spring turns a fulling mill only two bandred 
yards from the source of the stream. St. Helen’s Well once sup- 
plied Louth park Abbey by means ef a cut called Monk’s Dyke. 
At the foot of the northern hills, several springs issue of a very pe- 
culiar vature. They run rapidly during the summer, but in winter 
ere generally dry. The method of obtaining water by everflowing 
springs bas been of the utmost utility to the lower part of the 
town, as well 2s to a great extent of fine marsh-land; which, till 
this discovery, made: a few years since, possessed little else bat 
stagnant water, retained in the adjacent ditches. A stratum of 
clay, about twenty-seven yards deep, runs in a sloping direction 
from the wolds to the sea, and extends several miles to the north 
and south. Beneath this is a stratum of gravel, which forms 
@ grand reservoir of water. The aggillaceous stratum being pes- 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 701 
forated, and a cavity of three or amore inches diameter made, = 
current rushes up to the surface, down which cavity atube of 
tin or copper is then slided, anda perpetual fountain, of inex- 
pressible value formed, ata very inconsiderable expence. ‘Tliese 
fountaius are become general along this part of the coast, and 
furnish an ample supply of water for an extent of thirty miles in 
length and ten in breadth; and were it necessary, might be ob- 
tained upon the sea shore, as far aslow watermark.) | 

About one mile front the town is the site of Louth Park Abbiy?, 
which was built by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, in the yeur 
1139, It was appropriated to Cistertian Monks, who were 
brought from Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire. In the time ‘of 
Henry the Third, itis related ‘that this house contained sixty-six: 
monks, and 150 Conversi +, At the time of the suppression here 
were only twelve religious persons, and its annyal revenues were 
then valued, according to Dugdale, a 1471 144 6 


SERRA which was once a marke town, ae saga has 
some church with a good tower. A few vestiges of a religious 
house still remain, which was a priory and cell to St. May's 
Syle@e majoris, and was founded by John. de Hay; who endowed 
it with various lands; from whom was deseended Gilbert de Um- 
phraville, Earl of Angus, who lived at Burwell, and had the ap- 
Pointment of the prior, by a claim derived from his ares 
aren ’ 

Burwei. Park, the seat of Mathew Bancroft Lister, Esq. 

Yys_ / who 


* From the circamstance of its being built in park, it msually went by the 
mame of the Monastery De Parcoluite, ts manuscript minutes are often 

quoted ty Bishop Tanne, in his Nitin Monastic, to ascertain dhe dates of 
other similar establishments. 
. {1s clea emia rd seven emeplshestes atte 
of laborions business in the Abbies and Granges, They were made trom 
novices, and learning being forbidden them, they could never bee 
come Monks. Harleian MSS. a ee 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 70s 
of Warmsley in Oxfordshire ; sometime a gentleman commoner 
of Hart Hall, and afterwards @ noted puritan, which made him 
take up arms for thé blessed eause in the beginning of the Pres 
byterian rebellion ; in which being first a eaptain, he was'at length 
a colonel in a regiment of horse. When King Charles I. was tried 
for his life by a pack of hell hounds, this person, Adrian Scrope, 
sat and was one of his’ judges in that dismal tragedy, and after- 
wards signed the bloody warrant for severing his head from his 
body*.” For this, after the restoration, he suffered execution, 
Oct. 19th, 1660. Sir Carr Serope, the famous poet and satirist, in 
the time of Charley the Second, was son of Adrian Scrope the 
loyalist. sae ihe PLIrpughaN pee MI 

i — rd chal melee heme ' 
’ AuriNowaw, famous only fora anal monster of Gibertine 
perapioashennetesia i dhimvetnlean dt ypeicnt-sshnee 
pamabne ie spas ~ 
, al 
| WRAGGOE WAPENTAKE ‘contains the parishes of Berks 
with East, Barkwith West, Benniworth, Biscathorpe, Brough 
cum Gireby, Hoiton, Hatton, Kirmond le Mire, Langton, 
Ludford, Panton, Sivhills, Sotby, Willingham South, Apley, 
Bardney, Bullington, Fulnetby, Goltho, Holton te Bickering, 
Legsby, Lissington Rand, Snelland, Staifield, Stainton cum 
‘Newball, Torrington perry ta Wah pce irae 
enby, and Wraghy. : 


Near the’head of the small river Bain, which empties itself into 
the Witham, is the village of Luprorp, by which a roman 
vicinal road passes from Castor, ina direction southward, and 
another south-west from this place to Lincoln. Many coins have 
been dug up hee, whence it i eonjetured that this must have been 
a Roman station. A 

Yys 2° At 


ae ente 1. 167. 


bind LINCOLNSHIRE, 
- AtSixa@i.y, was a Gilbertine Abbey, founded in the time ef 
‘King Stephen, by de-Grelle, an ancestor of Thomas de 
da Warre. In the time of King John the various endowments 
were confirmed to the Nunsand brethren of Sixhill. According tp 
‘Speed its revenues were valued, at the dissolution, at 1781. 8s. od. 
perannua. In this religious house Edward the. First confined 
Mary the wife of Cristopher Seton,.and sister of Robert Bruce, 
King of Scotland, A. D. 106°. _ It was-granted at the dissolution 
to Thomas Henneage, Esq. in whose family it still remains; and 
* fthey have a. Roman Catholic Chapel here for themselves and the 
accommodation of others of the same persuasion. The residence 
of the Henneages is at HaintoN. HALL, which is a very ancient 
and handsome seat. It stands low, and has been in the family 
ever since the time of Henry the Third. The present pro- 
prietor, George Robert Henneage, Eeg. has made considerable 
improvements to his house by the addition of a new wing and by 
other alterations, The house contains some pictures, and. several 
fine family portraits, particularly one of Sir Thomas Henneage, 
who was M. P. and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster; 
in the time of Queen Elizabeth. The village of Hainton has a 
church with a steeple, which Mr, Gough forgot to include with 
that of Linwood, when he observed of the latter, “ the church 
has a decent spire, the only one to be seen in the round of fifty- 
nine parishes here abouts +.” 





Grespy, near Brough, is a seat of Thomas Lister, Esq. who 
has lately rebuilt the house, and is making various improvements 
in the pleasure grounds and adjacent lands, 


WRAGBY, 


Which is called a village in the Magna Britannia, and erro- 
neopsly said to stand on the river Witham, is a small market town, 
© Hemingford, p. 224, Edit. Hearne, : 
t Gough's Camden, Vell, p. 267. 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 705 
situated eleven miles to the eastward of Lincoln, at the junction 
of the turnpike roads leading from that city to Louth and Horn- 
castle, It anciently formed part of the barony of Trushut, from 
the last male heir of which family it was conveyed ‘to the Man- 
ners, Dukes of Rutland; whence by marriage it came to George 
Villiers Duke of Buckingham, who obtained for the place a char- 
ter from Charles the Second, to hold. a weekly market on Thurs- 
days, and two annual fairs, which are now well frequented. . Of the 
duke, in the year 1674, it was purchased by Sir Edmund Tumor, 
of Stoke Rockford, who erected and endowed bere an almshouse 
for six clergymen’s widows, and six other poor destitute persons. 
‘The chapel of this charity was consecrated. by Bishop Gardiner, 
July 18th, 1697. Here is a free-school endowed with thirty 
pounds per anoum for the master, Itwas founded ia the yer 
1633, by William Hansard, Esq. The manor is possessed by 
Edmond Turnor, ORS in . 
east of Wragby, called, “? ~ 

1) hotell of ow @hiy reer PDs nt 

Panto House, which was built by Hawksmoor, tj 
Sir John Vanbrugh’s, in the year 1724. Since that time considerable 
additions have been made to it, from designs of Mr. Carr, archi- 
tect at York, and the adjacent country hits been greatly im- 
proved by ornamental plantations, Among some portraits in the 
house is one of Sir Robert Cecil, K. G. Earl of Salisbury, by Zuc- 
chero, and one of Sir Cristopher Turnor, a baron of the Exche- 
quer, by Lely. Two miles north of Wragbyis) 


Ha ron Lopce, a seat of the late Colonel Caldicot, in whose 
Sin eee 


ek iNew 


AU Gauruo are the remainsof GorrHo Haut, which ai fon. 
merlythe residence of the Grantham family; and at BULLINGTON 
are some vestiges of a Priory, which was founded by Simon Fitzwil- 
Jiam, but has not been mentioned by Speed or Twnner, In the 

- southera 


706 LIVOOLNSETRE. 
seathern commer of the Wapentake are the ruins of the ene lasge 
and eclebrated Abbey of + ; 4 


- BARDNEY, which was situated is 2 mamh on the north banks 
of the Witham. It was founded in the time of the Saxeus, bes 
fore the year 647; to which Kihelsed, King of Mercia, was 0 
great benefactor. Resigning bie crown, be termed monk, and 
was appointed the chief of this mousstery. It is suid to have had 
three hundred meaks. Bede suys thet King Oownld was beried 
‘here, and had 2 rich banner-of gold sad porple placed over bie 
tomb. Bat the remains of that king, except his right hand, were 
agfmoved by his niece, Queen Ostrith, to the charch of Gloces- 

* ter, A. D. 909. ‘The band was retained. by the monks ss a 
relique, to which they attributed a mireculous power, with the 
view of drawing to their house superstitious pilgrims. To sanction 
the imposture, for deception and falschotd ase imeparable, they 
pretended it was incorruptible, and had reasained sound for cam 
turies. The momestery being barnt by the Denes, A. D. 870, 
Petrus Blecemsis observes, it was rebuilt by Gilbert de Gaunt, “the 
noble and devout Earl of Lincole,” who bountifully annexed to-%, 
besides other valuable powsessions, the tythes of the whole of his 
extensive estates. William of Malmsbury attribetes the restora 
tion to Bishop Remigius, who filled it with Benedictine Monks, te 
the honour of St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Oswald, King and 
Martyr. Its annual revenues, at the dissolution, were valued, ac- 
cording to Speed, at 4291. 79. 





- GARTREE WAPENTAKE contains the parishes of Asterdy, 
Baumber, Belshford, Cawkwell, Donington, Edlington, Geld- 
aby, Hemingby, Ranby, Scamlesby, Stainton Market, Stenni- 
get, Sturton, Bucknall, Dalderby, Gautby, Horsington, Kirby 
Super Baine, Kirkstead, Langton, Martin, Minting, Scriveleby, 
Stixwould, Tattershall, Tattershall-Thorpe, Thornton Tumby, 
Waddingworth, Wispington, and Weodhall. 

ScRIVELsBY 


LINCOLNSHIRE, | vor 
- ScRIVRLSBY was ancientlya place belonging to the Marmions*, 
from whom, by marrige, it came through the Ludlows into the 
family of the Dymocks, This manor was held by barony and grand 
serjeantry, viz. at the lime of the coronation of a king, the lord of 
this manor, or, if he should be unable to attend, he was to pro» 
vide a substitute, «well armed for war, upon 8 good ‘war horse, 
into the presence of our lord the king ; ‘and shall then and there 
cause it to be proclaimed, ‘That if any one shall say, that our lord 
the king has not a right to his crown and kingdom, be will be 
ready and prepared to defend, with his body, the right of the 
king and kingdom against him, and all others whatsoever.” "This 
manor came into the family of Dymock in the reign of Richard 
the Second, since which time the descendants have been beredi- 
tary champions of England. Leland says, “Dymiokes dwelleth at 
Serivelsby, two miles from Homeastle” ‘The house was plain 
and antique, snd in the hall were all the champions of England, 
and the kings, in whose reigns they lived, with three suits of ar- 
‘mour. This part of the house having been burnt down, has never 
deen rebuilt. In the church are brasses for Sir Robert Dymoke, 
Kat, and Bart, anda bust of Lewis Dyinoke, who died in 1760, 
aged 91; and'who was champion te Kings George the First and 
Second. wn - ow iv oe we 


sf awn of ‘ © rennin ae 


~ At WeNoaut, im South Kelsey, was an Alien Priory, or cell 
subordinate to the Abbey of Sees in Normandy; and at this 
village, in the mansion of her father, Sir William Askew, was bora 
Anne Askew, who, according to Puller, “went to heaven in 
yo arte 
-. Lala iF aha el 
“Ome ny een neg em by Walter 
Scott, ‘entitled, “ Marmion; a Tale of Flodden Field” Lord Marmion, 
the fictitious hero of this poem, was an English kniglit of great rank and 
fortune in the reign of King Henry the Eighth, In Mr, Scott's work are 
some genealogical anecdotes of the families of Marmion and Dymock. Sai 


| AU KIRKSTRAD, On. the basks of tbe Witham, once stood 2 
CyeTERTIAN ABBEY, which was founded A. D. 1139, by Hugh 
Bits. Endo, segond Lord of Tettershall, in the immediate vicinity. 
twas valued at the dissolution at.2861..26.:7d. annually; only 
gnall. part of corner building, .perheps a tower, is left standing. 
‘The village of Kirkstesd gaye birth to that famous monk Huow 
Krirxstgap, whom Fuller styles, “ « Benedictine-Cistertian- 
Bernadine Monk, or, as it may be termed, a treble refined Chris- 
tian.” For as a Benedictive monk :was esteemed superior to & 
common Christian, so a Cistertjan was considered purer than a 
Benedictine, anda Berpedine still more so-than a Cistertian. . Se 
of piety, or teen at the: very summit of imonastic sanctity. He 
‘and Serlo,' ove of -his- owe. order, joming ‘together, composed a 
Chronicle of the Cistertiaus, from theiw: first arrival in England, 
A.D. 1131, when Walter de Espéke, ‘founded their fisst abbey at 
Bivauls, in Yorkshire, down: to their own. time; ubout A. D. 1210, 
‘The church at Kirketead, is:snisil and acat, originally the chapel of 
‘the: monastery was thatched.”! .-The living is.a-donative, extra 
episcopal, and formerly wes'verved by mimmters of the established 
church ;- but, in the latter end of the seventeenth century, Mr. Dis- 

" ney, in whose gift it was, being a Dissenter, gave it to a minister of 
his own persuasion ; and lefta further endowment of thirty pounds 
per annum, in the hands of dissenting trustees, to be paid to the per- 
eon whom they should recommend todo the duty. Thecelebrated 
Br. Jokn Taylor, of Norwieh, held it from about the year 1715, 
for eighteen years; and at this place composed his justly valued 
“ Hebrew Concordance,” in two volumes, folio. It has ever since 
been held by other protestant dissenting ministers, who, Mr. 
Gough says, “ bury by the established forms.” 

On an extensive marsh, about two miles from Kirkstead, stands 
what is called the Tower of Moor, or the Moor-Tower, It is a 
single octangular brick building, of a considerable height, with a 

- ‘winding staircase. Part of this is worn away, ‘and the lower part 
‘ : of 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 709 
‘of the tower, on itssouth side, is in a ruiuous condition. Various 
conjectures have been made, as to the age and intent of the build~ 
ing, There cannot be addubt, that it was an advanced redoubt, 
or wateh-tower, to Tuttershall Castle, from which it is distant 
only four, miles ; enti ars 8 Senor 
completely se fom tat hat important fortress 


ye le ee abet Mev 9th O07 Gemeee 
ee a me |) a en] 
6 pe TATTERSHALBy gg 


Pt eee fhe, eT ee 
tex small market-town, situated on the river Bain, just before it 
joins the Witham, — In thetime of King William the Conq 
place formed part of the possessions, which he granted to 
one of his Norman followers, a descendant of whom built a stately 
castle here. The Fitz Eudos were barons of parliament; and, from 
the place, assumed the name of Zadtershall. Robert Fitz Budo ob- 
tained a grant from King Jolm, by presenting that monarch with a 
well-trained Goshawk, for the iuhabitants of this town to have the 
privilege of holding a market weekly on Fridays: and his son, im the 
time of Edward the Third, received the royal licence to erect a cas- 
- te within his manor of Tattersall. Bat the present 
built by Sir Ralph Cronawell, who was made, by King Henry the 
Sixth, in A. D. 1433, ‘Treasurer of the Exchequer. He died 
A.D. 1455. Henry the Seventh, in A. D. 1487, granted the 
castle and manor to Margaret Countess of ‘Richmond,. the 
following year entailed them on the Duke of 3 who 
dying withont issue, they were, by Henry the Eighth, pole 
lelters patent, in 1520, to the Duke of Suffolk. ‘This grant was 
confirmed by Edward the Sixth, in 1547. Four years afterwards 
they were passed in fee, by the same monarch, to Edward Lord 
Clinton, aflerwards Earl of Liveoln, Of this family, Edward and 
Francis died at Tattershall, about the year 1693, By marriage 
with an heiress of the Clintons, it is now in the possession of Lord. 
Fortesque. ‘The Castle stands on a level moor, and is surrounded by 
two great fosses, the outer one formed of earth, and the inner ane faced 
with brick, ten feet deep, ‘This is oceasionall filed with water from 
the 


710 LINCOLNSHIRES 
the river. Tt was intended originally as a place of defemee, ‘amd 


above two hundred feet in height, and divided into four stories, 
* The main walls were curried to the top of the fourth story, 
where a capacious machicolation enclosed the tower, on which 
there is a parapet wall of great thickness, with arches. This was to 
protect the persons employed over the machicolations.  Uport these 
arches is a second platform: and parapet, containing embrasures ; 
above which the spired turrets rise to a cousiderable height. ‘The 
tower is constructed upon ponderous groined arches, whieh sup+ 
port the ground floor. 2a there hla 
adomed with sculptured foliage and emblematic devices; such 25 
the treasury bags and shields of the Cromwell arms, with the 
motto, " waime je droit,” &c, Similar ormaments are at Colywes 
ton Hall, in Northamptonshire, which was a’house begun by the 
treasurer, and afterwards finished by Margaret Countess of Rieh- 
mond. On the second floor is another fireplace,” decorated in & 
similar manner ; and over these was 2 third story, with # flat roof, 
In the east wall are some narrow galleries, curiously arched, 
Uirough which there were communications froin the grand stairs, 
in the south east turret, to the principal apartments. oe 
‘The church, built in the form of a cross, stands near the outer 
moat, and is a beautiful and spacious edifice. Few churches, 
perhaps, have suffered more dilapidations than this. Tt eon- 
sisted of a nave, having five large arches on a side, and eight 
clérestory windows, placed ii pairs; 'a transept, and a magoi- 
ficent choir. ‘The windows of the latter were glazed with beau- 
tiful stained glass, which was removed by a lute Earl of Exeter 
tothe chapel of Burleigh*, on condition that he replaced it with 
plain 

* Mr. Gough says, “The late Mr. Banks, of Revesby, was employed by 
Tord Exeter to get the gins; the townspeople threatened to rise and ob- 
stroet 


«a. 





LINCOLNSHIRG. m 
plain glass, which could have been. done for the sum of forty 
pounds; but thit being neglected, the inside, bas suffered greatly 
from the weather? although the walls, roof, and pavement, re- 
are almost rotten; behind it is @ stone screen, in the niches of 
which haye been painted figures of saints. The body of the 
church and transepts had their windows riebly adorned with the 
legendary histories of St, Catherine, St. Guthlac, and other saints, 
“To one of the windows the Passiony in another Hell Torments, 
with divers creatures bound together with a chain; among them 
one with a crown, another with a mitre, the devil tormenting 
them, and below, “Sic affliguntur penis qui prava sequuntur.” 
‘The history of Hermogenes, that raised up the devils; and of St. 
Guthlac, the saint of the fens; and of Catherine, who cast thens 
into the sea, that Harmogeues and Philetus raised; abd the his- 
tory of Cosdre, with his decollation*.” A few fine fragments 
remain at present in some of the windows of the transept, while 
others ave been blocked up, Before the altar lay two rich brass 
figures of Ralph Lord Cromwell, who died in 1455, and of Mar- 
garet his wife, who died in 1453, ‘This Ralph Cromwell, in the 

seventeenth year of King Henry the Sixth, obtained a licence to 
make the church of ‘Pattersball collegiate, for seven priests, six 
secular clerks, und six choristers. It was dedicated to the Holy 
Trinity, the Blessed’ Virgin, Sts Peter, and St. John the Baptist 
and Evangelist. Healso founded, near the churcli-yard, an hospital 
for thirteen poor men and women, for the good estate of King 
Heury the Sixth, and the said Sir Ralph, during life, and after- 
-? oo 
strnet bien ; at nasi silby joensen ‘The glass being taken, dons 
hastily, for fear of the parishioners, no plan for its rearrangement could be 
observed. Part of it was in the at given 
Lord Warwiek, Feprasacey by ree ponelrag “se 
pulchral Mouuments, Part IL p, 174. ’ 


* MS, of chureh motes before quoted, in the Harleian Collection, 


712 A LINCOLNSHIRE. 

wards for the health of their souls, and the souls of their parents; 
friends, and-benefactors; but chiefly for the soul of Lady Maud 
Cromwell, sometime lady of Tuattersball, his grandmother. 
‘The whole of tbe foendation was valued, in the twenty-sixth of 
Henry the Eighth, at 3481. 5s. 11d. per annum. The collegiate 
revenues were granted to Charles Duke of Suffolk. The hospital 
still remains, with a small endowment. The number of houses in 
this parish appears, by the returns made to parliament, to have 
been 191, and inhabitants 496. 


HORNCASTLE SOKE consists of the following parishes, 
Ashby West, Coningsby, Halthem upon Bein, Horncastle, 
Marcherm-le-Fen, Marcham on the Hill, Moorby, Boughton, 
Thimbleby, Toynton High, Teynton Low, Wilksby, and Woed- 
Exderby. 


HORNCASTLE, 


A market-town, is situated upon an angular piece of land, 
formed by a small rivulet, named Waring, and the river Bain, 
‘The latter is navigable from the Witbam to this place. Thename . 
of the town is derived from horn, or hyrn, in Saxon, signifying 
an angle or corner, and a castle or fortification. Traces of the 
latter are yet visible, and the whole formerly occupied an area of 
nearly twenty acres. The foundations shew that it was in the 
form of a parallelogram, and inclosed a great part of the present 
town, Numbers of Roman coins have been found here, and, in 
digging, several bodies have frequently been discovered. Lately 
there existed, near the river, one of these intricate circles called 
Julian's 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 713 
Julian's Bower, 'These circumstances, and its situation on a Hin- 
gala, or tongue of land, induced Stukeley to consider it a Roman 
station; and to place here the Ban Nov ALLUM of the Geographer 
Rayennas. Camden observes, that anciently this castle was part of 
the estate of Adeliza de Candia, and was levelled to the ground in 
the reign of Stephen, Afterwards the manor became the Barony of 
' Gerard de Rhodes. It Was also'a soke, containing thirteen lord- 
ships, of royal demesne; till King Richard the Second bestowed it 
‘on the Bishop of Carlisle, for his babitation and maintenance, when 
he was driven from his seat of Rose Castle by the Scots, But it ap= 
pears, from other authorities, to have formed, at an earlier period, 
part of the possessions of that See; for in the Court rolla itis stated, 
that the bishop, in the seventeenth year of Henry the Third, fined 
for this manor in fee; to etal gecialw het Bicesee! aan 
belongs to the bishopric of Carlisle. 
_ The town was incorporated in the time of Elizabeth, with pei 
vilege of holding a weekly market on Saturdays, and one annual 
Premiers Soma A considerable trade in leather is 
carried on here; the place being principally occupied’ by tanners. 
‘The returns, under the late act, make the number of houses 403, 
which are occupied by 2,015 inhabitants. 


——, 


HILL WAPENTAKE contains the parishes of Aly Pre 


At BRINKHILL, in a strata of blue clay, are found numerous 


_ veins of a barren marcasite, i i a: 
Vou. IX. Ze 


On a hill, at a small distance from the yi 
road, are three barrows, known by the m 
Hills, i.e, Hills of the Stain. 





LINCOLNSHIRE: 715 
Roman work. Several Roman coins, chiefly of the Emperor 
Constantine, have been found in and. near it. Embosomed in 
groves of fine timber, stands a: seat of C, B, Massingberd, 
Esq. . 


er ; : 1 hedive 
CALCEWORTH WAPENTAKE. contains the following 
parishes and hamlets:—Aéy with Greenfield, Anderby, Beileau, 


with Thoresthorpe, 
Mawthorpe, Willoughby, wid Withern with Stain. 


ALFORD fs 


Isa small town, having a market weekly on ‘Tuesdays, and’twe 
fairs annually, Camden’ says it owes these privileges ‘to’ Led, 
Lord Welles, ‘who obtained’a grant for them of Henry the Sixtl, 
‘But in the Magna Britannia it is asserted, that they were obtained 
‘by William Lord Welles, in the time of Edward the First, ‘The 
town consists principally of one street, about a quarter of a anilé 
in length, and is watered by a small rivalet, Leland thus de~ 
scribes its appearance in his time: '“ Alford, 16 miles from 
Boston, a mean market, in Low Lindesey Marsh, thakkid atid 
redid, and a brooke cometh by it*”” The éhurch is am insigni- 
ficant building, and the chancel is at present thatched. There is 

Z22 a considerable 


* nin, ¥, Vit. 50; 


m6 


a considerable grammar-school, 
to the vicarage of Salesby. ‘The number of houses, stated under 
the population act, is 229, of inhabitants 1,040.0 0 


At BELLEAD, 20 called from the seats aeleeiaiae 
which issue from a chalk bill® in the vicinity, are the remains of 
what has been termed The Abbey, but are now considered those — 
of a house belonging to the Earls of Lindsey, ‘The ruins consist 

t to have been 


_ with ivy, and overtoppedi.by jofty, sub trees. ‘After the termina~ 
tion of the civil war, this place was sequestered to thut eccentric 
Seis: Seer Ema nhe sents eee 


ever, to no authority, cod no mestion i. ada oe 
house, either in Dugdale or Tanner. — 


Near the village of WELL, adjacent to Alford, om a heath, 
are three curious Celtic barrows, which are contiguous to 
ach other. In the year 1725 were found, contained im two 
fair urns, six hundred Roman coins. “ The church,” Mer. Gough 
says, “ ins bem net bul rm fn ce 
temple.” me mye 
__.At Hacweny, three miles and a balf E, by | Alford, 
- NERY, ies al iN 
<i Beanery hee ote 
Myson by Herter, on leh de Oana 

Agnes 


i. Near his pac one ofthe Sst ping in th comnty, ing eit 
to turn a large mill immediately at its source. 


LINCOLNSHIRE, m7 
Agnes bis wife, in the year 1175. At the suppression it con- 
tained nine canons, whose annual revenues were valued, accord- 
ing to Speed, at 931. 7s. 4d. . 


*. 

Tuoressy is a handsome seat of Mrs. Wood, relict of the 
late William Wood, Esq. who was proprietor of this lordship. 
‘The waters descending from @ uumber of chalk hills in the vicinity. 
here joining, form a rivalet, which, increased’ by the'springs of 
Belleau, rans to Withem, whence it might be made, at a small 
expence, navigable to the sea, the fall from hence to Saltfleet 
being little more than five feet. Maplethorpe has a comfortable 
acting Hoge resorted’ toy) hiring: the sunnier imouto by Se 
niles from Louth and ether neighbouring places: 


CANDLESHOE WAPENTAKE contains the parishes of 
Addlethorpe, Burgh, Croft, Friskney, Ingoldmells, Northolme, 
Orby, Skegness, Wainflat AU Saints, Wainfleet St. Mary's, 
Winthorpe—Ashby, Braytoft St. Peter and St. Paul, Can- 
dlesby, Delby, Driby, Firsby, Gunby, Irby, Portney, Scremby, 
Skendleby, Steeping Magna, Satterby, and Welton in the’ Marsh. 


BURGH 


Ts 2 small town, situated on a knoll, or rising ground, ina marsh 
near the sea, According to Dr. Stukeley, here was once “a Ro- 
‘than castrum to guard the sea coasts, probably against the Saxon 
rovers. It isa piece of very high ground, partly natural, partly 
raised by Roman labour, overlooking the wide-extended marshes, 
perbaps'in those times covered with salt water, at least in spring 
tides. There are two artificial ¢wmudi, one very high, called Cock- 
hill, In St. Mary's church yard, now demolished, Roman coins 
have been found*” Burgh bas a small market weekly, on 

Zr3 ‘Thursday, 

* Thin, Curios. ps 27. 


718 ‘ LINCOLNSHIRE, 
‘Thursday, and two annual fairs. Jt had formetly.twe churches, 
St. Mary's and St. Peter's; but the latter only remains, in which 
was a chantry, founded by John Holden. It consists of 2 nave, 
north and south ailes, with a fine embattled tower; the battle- 
meats not pierced, hut ornamented with quatrefoils, a turret at 
eath corner, and three others on each side. The angles.of the 
tower are supported by double buttresses. A free school was 
funded im this town by one of the family of Le Hunt, bat from 
neglect, it is at present become.merely a sinecure. ‘Tbe popula 
tion returns, made under the late aet, render the number of houses 
335, and of inhabitants 716. 


“ Sxeonnsss, sometyme a great haven town, was omce 
wallid, having a castle; the old town clean consumed and eten 
by the sea. For old Skegnes is now buildid a poor new thing*.” 


WAINFLEET 


Jo umarket town, situated ia a marsh, on a smell creck, through 
which the river Lib flows isto Boston Deeps. This place, Dr. 
Stukeley affirms, was the Vainona mentioned by Ravennas; and 
whence he supposes the name evidently derived. ‘The ancient 
haven was near St. Thomas's chureh, now called Northolm; ’tis 
still very deep thereabouts, and appears to have been broad, 
being a pretty good river+.” But by diverting the waters of the 
Feus more southerly, towards Boston, that place became the part 
town, in consequence of which the haven of Wainfleet was neg- 
lected. A road across the fen is still called Salter’s Road, which 
Stukeley observes, was “ probably the Roman road” between 
Banovallum and Lindwm, Leland describes Wainfleet, in his 
time, aa “a pretty market town, standing on a creke, near to the 
‘ wea. 
* Leland? Itin, Vol. VII. 50. 


+ Itin. Carios,. p. 27. 


LINCOLNSHIRE: 7197 
sea. ‘To this town Tong small véstels. It bath been a yery good 
town, and in it two churches. ‘The school that Wainflete, Bishop 
of Winchester, nade and endowed with 101 land, is the most 
notable thing. ‘The Shippelets in hominam memoria@ chime up 
to the school, The haven now decayith*.” Probably the town, 
before the decay of the harbour, stood higher up the creck; for 
the church of All Saints stands at. a place called High Wainfleet. 
This is a handsome building, though apparently not older than 
the: time of Bishop Wainficet, It has a brick tower of modern’ 
date, and is going fast to decay. Tn the sooth aile of the chiurclii 
an-alabaster monument still exists, whieh was erected by the pious: 
bishop, fo the memory of his father. 

» Wainficet St. Mary's, or Low Wainfleet, has nothing worthy of 
note, ‘Phe school-house, founded in: 1459, is yet sfanding, and) 
hits # Hatidsome window, also two octagonal turrets, A nominal: 
niurket is held on Saturday, and the haven affords security tov 
vessels when driven on the coast, in) tempestuous weather, The’ 
number of houses retarted under the Jute set for taking am ac 
count of the population, was, in the parisly of All Saints, 96, im 
habited by 506 persons. air amen Bigg aig 
by 421 imbabitauts, 

vette grec predachyrenibielWifenuxed ot areviumcer five 
the place of his wativity, a¢cording to the custom: of the times’ 
amoug the clergy, was the eldest son of Richard Partin, Esq 
the descendant of an’ ancient family in this county, He was 
educated at-Oxford; where, being admired for the greatness of 
his abilities and acquirements, he was quickly preferred, and rose 
to great eminence in ecclesiastical preferments. He was made 
Bishop of Winchester, and was tlie munificent founder of that 
noble college, St. Mary Magdalene’s, in his own university, 





~ BOLINGBROKE: SORE: contains the: following parishes +=» 


East division; Enderby Mavis, Halton: Holegate, —_ 
Z24 


* Thin: Vol. VIE. so'aind 204. 








LINCOLNSHIRE.’ 721 
ut the market-place; ‘which forms a spacious square, intersected — 
in the centre by a row of houses, with the market-cross at the 
east end, and the town-hall at the west end. The market-cross- 
consists of a plain octagonal shaft, with a quadrangular base: ter! 
minated with a modern fane: the whole elevated on five steps. 
‘The town-hall isa plain brick buildidig, standing on arches. In 
1763, the fabric being in a ruinous and unsafe state, was taken. 
down, and the foundation of the present one lid in 1764, the — 
subscriptions of the inhubitants and neighbourhood amounting to” 
1631 118, The general quarter sessions of thé peace for the 
south division of the parts of Lindsey, have been holden at Spilsby 
for above a hundred years; on account, probably, of the situa~ 
tion being found more convenient for the inhabitants in tle 
neighbourhood than Homeastle, where no sessions have been ki 
since the year 1749. In 1807 an altempt was made to. 
them to the latter place, which was opposed by petition from 
press opens pica ce 





Here is a small free-sehool, the salary of the master arising 
from the rent of certain tenements bequeathed for that pu 
pose; and a sunday-sehool, which was established a few 
ago, promises to be of great service to the poorer i i- 
tants, In 1779 oe cn ne 
the present Lord Gwydir, then Sir Peter Bunell, who 
Lady Willoughby, a daughter of the late, and sister of the pre- 
sent, Duke of Ancaster. 

‘The church, which is situated on the west side of the | Aas 
an irregular building, consisting of north and south 
latter of much larger extent than heart enie 

of 





722° LINCOLNS1BB.7 


of which is placed the altar. - A chepel, probably the fostmer ehae-: 
cal, occupies the extremity of the body of the church, in which 
Willoughby, and Bertie, whe were successively imterred here.. 
et the west end of the church is a handsome embattled tower, of: 
@ more modem date than the other parts of the structare, and* 
prebably erected about the time of Henry the Seventh. Tradi- 
tion points out Spilsby to have formerly been a place of less mote. 
than at present, the market being removed hither from Partney; 
the church may be, therefore, ressousbly supposed to have been 
enlarged at thet time, and the families who were proprietors of 
the phuee, and resident at Eresby, to have occupied the orignal: 
chancel as a place of burial for themselves ang descendents. 
“In the chancel.is 2 brass figure of 2 lady in & mantle, boddiva,. 

and mittens; 2 rich head-dress, and two cushions under ber bead, 
witis this mecsiption - 

_ Hic jacet Margareta que fait uxor Roberti de Wylaghby 

Dini de Eresby qué obiit xv11 die mensis Octobris an‘o d'ni 

‘“Millimo ccc nonagesimo primo, cui aie p'picetar Deus.” 


Spitsby has a market on Monday, and three anual fairs. The 
feturn of its population, under the late act, was 932 persons, oc- 
cupying 200 houses. 


At Erespy was formerly a mansion house, belonging to the 
Bekes and Willoughbys. ‘The Lord Willoughbie had a house 
at Heresby, anda park of black deer two miles from Spilsby, 
where, as I hear say, he intendeth to build sumptuously +.” Some 
years since the house was burnt down, and has not been re- 
built. 


At Revessy was a Cistertian abbey, founded by William de 


Romara, 
© Gough's Sepul. Mon. Vol. I, Part 11.151. °* 
t Leland’s Itin, Vol. VII. 50. 


LINCOLNSHIRE®, 723 
Romara, Earl of Lineoln, William his son, and Handewisa’ his 
wife, in the. year 1142, By them it was amply endowed with 
lands, und subseqoently more. enriched by numerous benefac- 
tions, It was dedicated to St. Lawrence; and its annual reve- 
nues, atthe dissolution, were valued at 3491. 48, 10d. The site 
was then granted to Chatles Brandon, Dake of Suffolk, The 
charter of this monastery is preserved in Dugdale’s Monasticon; 
and among a variety of particulars respecting exchanges of lands, 
manner of grants, and other matters, is this curious fact. It 
appears that to give greater solemnity to the ceremony of founda- 
tiob, the Earl, on petition, mianumitted, or | sot at liberty,) seve- 
ral slaves, One of them was named Wilhelmus Medicus, a phy- 
sician; another is called Rogetus Barkarins, who was probably a 
shepherd, The surnames of persons and families being, at that 
period, taken from profession or oceupation, Till lately a family 
by the name of Barker resided in the neighbourhood. The 
Abbot's Lodge, which constituted part of an ancient mansion, now 
forms the offices belonging to a house built by Craven Howard, 
-son.of the Earl of Berkshire, but since considerably enlarged 
by the family of Banks. It is possessed by Sir Joseph Banks, 
Bart. who has laudably set an example to the gentlemen of the 
neighbourhood, by the nomerous agricultural and other im- 
provements he has made, or suggested, in the surrounding dis- 
triets. ‘The house stands. upow an elevated spot, and commands 
a view over tlie east and west fens, which, in the summer months, 
display a vast: tract of flat country. The grand ‘system of 
drainage ‘and inclosures, which is carrying into, execution, will 
add greatly to all ee ae 
‘vantage of the situation. 
‘ niin tt conn in Bl ti, Gen 
an area of land, which measures about 300 feet from east to west, 
and 100 from north to south. At each end is a large and lofty 
tumulus; about 100 feet in diameter, of similar form and position, 
having a space of 100 feet between.“ It seems to have been a 
place of sepulture; perhaps two British Kings were there buried, 
and 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 725, 
by raised causeways, called droves. The lower, or southern divi- 
sion, is most watery, and is only preserved from constant inundations 
by vast mounds raised on the sea coast and on the banks of the 
rivers, The air of these tracts is generally unwholesome, ‘und the 
water rather of a brackish nature; whence the inhabitants are 
obliged to make reservoirs of rain water. In summer vast swarms 
of insects fill the air, and prove a great nuisance to the inhabi- 
tants. Yet even here industry bas produced comfort and 
opulence, by forming excellent pasture land out of the swamps 
and bogs, and even making them capable of yielding large 
crops of com. The fens too, in their native stale, are not with= 
out their utility, as they afford vatious objects of curiosity to the 
naturalist, The reeds with which the walers are covered make 
good thatch, and are annually harvested in great quantity for 
that purpose. Prodigious flocks of geese are bred. among the 
vndrained fens, forming a considerable object of commerce, as 
well for their quills and feathers, as for the -bitds, which are 
driven in great oumbers to the London markets, The principal 
decoys in England for wild-ducks, teal, widgeon, and other fowls 
of the duck kind, are in these parts, and afford the chief supplies 
to the metropolis, Wild.geese, grebes, gocdwity, | whimbrels, 
coots, ruffs and reeves, and a great variety of other species of 
water-fowl, breed here in amazing numbers, and obtain plentiful 
food from the fishy pools and streams, 
_ Near Spalding is the greatest herony in England, and another 
at Surfleet, where the herons build together like rooks on high 
trees. The avoset, or yelper, distinguished by its bill, which 
bends upwards, is found in great numbers about Fossdike Wash ; 
as also those delicate birds, the knots and dottrells, Great 
quantities of these wild-fowl are caught by means of 

Decoys, which are more numerous in this county than in any 
other part of England. These are generally formed by pools, 
surrounded by wood, and branching off from them are small 
canals, or ditches, called pipes. At the time. of catching the 
fowls, these are covered over by nets, which rest on hoops, avd 


78 LSNCOLNSEIRR: : 

ase terminated by-a drawisg wet. .:Into ‘these the wild ‘foul ard 
enticed by. various devices ;: but the wounl mode is-byzaseus of ss 
decoy dick, i.e. one that has bean ttained up: for :the parpess: 
‘This is taught to dbey the whistic-of the decoy man, wha tenspts it 
toswim up the trupping funnel, when be seds 2 number of wild binds: 
‘Fhese follow the tame dne; and when they have ail entered the chan> 
nel, are inelosed, and.takes by the net, Im all cases, however, the 
tame duck does not. succeed in trephuning. the. others, when the 
decoy man employs a small deg,: which by swimming: abept 
among the rishes and reeds; chose to the mouth of the neck, ot: 
twucts the wild fowl. ‘The general season for catching these is 
from the‘ ead ef October: till Febroary. An.ect of partiament 
passed.io the tenth year ef George the Second,. forbids. the 
taking of them from June the ist till October tie let, under 5 
penalty of. five shillings for every bit 20 illegally caught: ‘The 
decoys of. Ladoln supply the Londos market with:.wild fowl 
and the uumber amnually:taken .is almost incredible.. ‘Tien:de: 
coys in the west. fen, it: is stated, during one winter, ana 
the enormons ‘number of 31,200. 

: phe wiperences of Holland are hc peak ol taal 
Kirton, and Elle. 





SKIRBECK WAPENTAKE contains the parishes’ of Ben- 
ington, Boston, Butterwick, Fishtoft, Freiston, Leak, 
Leverton, Skirbeck, and Wrangle. . 


BOSTON, 


The chief town in the division of Holland for population end 
trade, is situated on the river Witham, or, as named by Leland, 
Lindis, about five miles from its: mouth, -and thirty south-east 
of-Lincoln. The'parish is about two miles in length and one ia 

A breadth; 





LINCOLNSHIRE: ma 


breadth; arid the town occupies about! half of that extent, It 
is & market and borough town, incorporated as early as the fifth 
year of King Jobn’s reigo, and sent members to the national 
council inthe time of King Edward the Second, In succeeding 
reigns, by pew ebarters, it obtained many privileges and immu- 
nities, Ima charter dated the thirty-seventh year of Henry the 
Eighth, it was declared a borough, to be governed by a cor 
poration, consisting of a mayor, twelve aldermen, and eighteen 
common council ‘men, or burgesses ; a recorder, town clerk, six 
constables, @ coroner, two serjeants at mace, and a clerk of the 
market. The mayor and burgesses to be a body corporate, and 
to implead, or to be-impleadéd, by the name of, * The Mayor 
and Burgesses of Boston, in the county of Lincoln,” with privi- 
lege to hold two markets: weekly, on Wednesday and Saturdays 
and two fairs annually, on the feast of St. George, and the feast of 
St. James; and during the same, to. hold. courts of pie poudre. 
By a charter dated in the time of Elizabeth, the mayor and bar- 
gesses were empowered to hold a court of admiralty, for the 
port and creeks of Boston ; and in the reign of James terot 
still farther privileges were granted. Low Voge 

In_ early history little is found seaecing» iti inend: Wim 
from its situation, it probably obtained very early notice. 
Stukeley says that the Romans built a fort at the entrance of 
the Witham, and had a ferry over the river at Redstone Gowt, 
about a furlong distance from the south entrance of the preseat 
town; and that an old Roman foundation was dug up here, with 
an.urn, containing ashes, a small pot with an ear to it, an iron key, 
and an urn lined “ with lead, full of red earth mies 
questionably Roman.” 

In the early part of the reign jof Edwand the open 
staple* was established at Boston, for wool, leather, tin, lead, ~ 


"9 and 


+ * Leland says, “the staple and stiliard houses yet remain.” In the bite 
of the river, & bnilding stands, which goes by the mame of the Slilgurd, 


w 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 729 
Corpus, Christi, and St. Peter, The chief object of curiosity and 
‘eauty, in the town is the Crugcn, which is a large, elegant, 
and interesting pile of architecture ; at once an honour to the 
taste and science of our ancient artists, and to the religious geal 
of the people. At what time it was built is not ascertained, 
Stukeley says, that the first stone was laid by dame Margery 
Tilney, in the year 1309; and “ that she pat five pounds apor 
it, as did Sir Jolin Twesdale, the vicar, and Richard Stevenson, 
a like sum and that these were the greatest sums at that tine 
given®,” It is dedicated to St, Botolph, the tatclar saint of ma- 
rivers, and is supposed to be the largest chureb,, without cross 
ailes, in the kingdom, ‘The nave is extremely lofly and grand; 
and the ceiling, representing a stone vaulting, is said to be of 
Irish oak, It consists of fourteen groined arches, with light 
spandrils, which, by their elegant curves, intersections, and em- 
hossments, produce a beautiful effect. The upper part of the 
nave is lighted hy twenty-eight clerestory windows, between the 
springs of the arches. Beneath these, and on each side of the 
naye, is an aile, the roofs of which were formerly lined with 
flat ceilings, divided into a great namber of compartments, each 
ornamented with historic painting ; but these becoming impaired, 
were replaced by ceilings, in some degree corresponding with 
that of the nave. The latter is divided by an open sereen into 
two unequal parts; that on the west side, being about one-third, 
forms a noble area; that on the east, containing the other | 
thirds, is used for the performance of divine worship. 
chancel, which is spacious and lofty, has on each si 8 of 
stalls, the seats of which are ornameuted with grotesque. 
and over these formerly were canopies, highly embellished 
foliage and fret work, ‘The altar is, of oak, in the 
order, which, though beautiful, must disgust the eye 
extakiane © unieoy wib the sys of te balding, reer 
riched bya copy of Rubens’ celebrated picture, * The taking 
Co) idoamh.en-co > 
. ” ve iT + . 


* Tis, Curios, 




















LINGOLNSMIRE. 731 
A charity school was founded by a Mr, Laughton, for twenty- 


five boys, who are to be sons of free burgesses, and are admissible ~ 


at the age of seven years. They reinain till they arrive at four- 
teen, when each boy, as he goes off the foundation, is entitled to 
receive ten pounds us a premium to put him apprentice, pro- 
vided he bé bound to a free burgess. 

‘The blue-coat school, established about the year 1713, is sup- 
ported chiefly by subscription, and admits thirty boys, to be 
taught reading, writing, and arithmetic; and twenty girls, ged 
are instructed in reading, Knitting, and plain work. 

In the year 1795, a general dispensary was instituted, which 
has been landably supported by subscription; and from which 
the poor of the a ea ne ee 
siderable benefit. 

A permanent Tibrary was established in 1799, which, with 
various reading societies, evince, that the inhabitants of Boston 
have a laste for literature, and that, amidst other pleasures, they 
eH it Rh ME A Ci 
mind. 

A theatre, of a large scale, was erected, and fitted up mi 
modern style, in the year 1806. 

But among the greatest improvements which have been made 
in this town may be ranked that of deepening the channel of the 
river, and enlarging the harbour, which have been effected from the. 
designs of the scientific engineer, Mr. Rennie. “Part of the plan 
which has been put in execution, is the erection of an from bridge. 
It consists of a single arch, the small segment of a large circle, 
eighty-six feet in the span; and the breadth, including the cor- 
nice on each side, is thirty-nine feet. A circumstance observable 
in this bridge, and which is a striking feature in all Mr, Rennie’s 
structures of this kind is, the placing the abutments so deep and 
low, as to relieve the convexity of the arch. So that instead of 
the artificial and inconvenient hills which bridges usually occasion 
in the road, the passage is, by this means, permitted to keep am 
horizontal direction. The expence was defrayed by the corpora- 

SA2 tion 


—_ 


732 LINCOLNSHIRE. 

tion of Boston; and which, including the purchase-money of 
~ buildings, &c. amounted to nearly the sum of 22,0001. It was 

made passable for carriages, May 2d, 1807. 

Boston, like mast other places in marshy situations mear the 
gen, experiences a deficiency of good water, as that from the 
wells is geserally brackish. This is found to be the case after 
boring to a great depth. There are, however, a few private 
wells, or reservoirs, and one public pump, whieh furnishes 
tolerably good water. The cavity with which the latter commu- - 
nicates, consists of two large ancient vaulted rooms, built of brick. 
- Joun Fox, the martyrologist, whose fame, through his works, 
has stood the ordeal of ages, and who occasioned much contention 

+ mong the papists and protestants, was'a native of Beston, He 
was educated at Oxford, and became. fellow of Magdalen cel- 
lege; hut refusing to coaform to the motley religion set up by 
King Henry the Eighth, after he hed renounced the pope's 
supremacy, be was appointed tutar to the Dake of Norfalk’s 
family, and preached the gospel at Ryegate. To save him from 
the persecution of the sanguinary Gardiner, Bishop of Win- 
chester, the duke sent him into Germany. In the time of Ed- 
ward the Sixth he returned, and resumed his function at Ryegate. 
Queen Mary soon afterwards ascending the throne, he was again 
obliged to fly; on which occasion he went to his friend Operinus, 

_ Printer at Basil, whom he had formerly assisted, and there first 

published his Latin edition of “The Book of’ Mastyzs.” On 
Queen Elizabeth's coming to the crown, Fox returned again to 
England; was well received by the Duke of Norfolk, and 
through: his patronage, became minister of Ryegate, and pre- 
bendary of Shipton, in the diocess of Salisbury. 





KIRTON WAPENTAKE contains the parishes of Algerkirk, 
Bickor, Brothertoft, Donington, Fosdyke, Frampton, Goeber- 
ton, Kirton Quadring, Skirbeck Quarter, Suxfleet, Sutterton, 

Swineshead, 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 733 


_ Swoineshcad, Wigtoft, aod Wyberton, with the tio extripardelial 
rib ay goer ore 
DONINGTON, on DONNINGTON, “4 
Is a small town, which lias a weekly market on Saturday, and 
two fairs annually. A new road, called Bridgend Causeway, 
Las lately been made across the fevis, from this town to Folking- 
ham, whiel bas greatly contributed to the eonvetiienee of the 
neighbourhood daring winter, as the road, previous to this 
improvement, was almost impassable in that season, A free 
school was erected and endowed here in A, D. 1718, by Thonias 
Cowley, Esq, who left all his estates to be divided among, anit 
applied to the use of, the poor of every parish in whieh they re= 
spectively lay, and for other beneficent uses; of which 4001. pet 
annum came to the poor of Donington. ‘This place is noted for 
‘the sale of hemp arid hemp seed. ‘The number of houses ap~ 
iears,-by the retains mide to government ia F001; 06 ive’ Geet 
216, of inhabitants 1,321. 

In digging for foundations behind the school-house, was dis- 
covered a vault, four feet square, built of hewn stone, containing: 
an urn filled with red earth, And amid the ruins of some an- 
cient buildings, a few glazed earthen vessels, specimens, it is sup= 
posed, of ancient pottery made at Bolingbroke, were found. ‘ 

ALo@wR&IRK basa handsome church, Inthe ehureh-yard is ant 
image of stone, said to be the statue of Algar, Earl of Mercia, 
who, with his gallant stewards, Wybert and Leofrie, so! valiantly 
opposed the incursions of the Danes, over whom, near this place, 
he obtained’ decisive victory, Av Dy 870, but pai for it wit 
peice > spe di ; 

" SWINEHEAD, on SWINESHEAD, 
Isa small market town, containing, as stated by the returns made 


to parliament, 290 houses, and 2,544 iflmbitents, It is 
fionous 


sA3 


ae 























LINCOLNSHIRE. 986 


dni nt alibontnhgpnesa800406 an_ inscription over the 
door, respecting the Jicencing os the. belch ort st 
date. 
yi thie plac is mcrast larder sshloahaenaraaienak 
siderably reduced of late, on account of the damage. the birds 
do to the lands. The herons resort here for the purpose of re- 
pairing their nests about February, and settle. in, the. spring to 
breed... They are numerous and gregarious, and their nests so 
crouded together, that Mr. Pennant. nabaecvon tlt in egslond 
he has seen eighty on one tree, ! vay mt swt 
more edideheebaantddcaa is myorncious hinds 
and, according to Buffon, exhibits a picture, of wretcheduess, 
anxiely, and indigence, It subsists on fish, frogs, water newts, 
&e. and occasionally fies to a: great distance in search of food, 
In England this bird was formerly ranked among the royal game, 
and protected, as parteidges aud hares are now, by specific laws. 
Persons who destroyed their eggs were subject to a fineof twenty 
shillings for each offence. Heron-hawking was at that time a fa 
vourite diversion among the nobility and gentry of the kingdom, 
and at whose table this bird was‘deemed a choice dish. A passage 
in Shakespeare that alludes to the heron, has occasioned, much 
controversy with verbal critics.  Allusive, and\as a reproach, to 
ignorance, it states, “* He does not know a Aawk from a band- 
saw, or heron-shaw." The latter is the common name of the 
fowl; but, in vulgar pronunciation, it is often , called im this 
proverb, handsaw, An interesting account of the heron, with an 
accurate representation of it, are preserved in Bewick’s “ History 
of British Birds,” Vol. IT. 


Kinron, or Kinktown, is described as a market town in 
most topographical works; but though it formerly possessed a 
‘enh and ave socue ag penealenneat nea? 
Views as only ‘‘a large village.” In 1800 it contained 269 
houses, and 1,238 inhabitants. The patronage of the living, 
“dich artcheyl aeons decennial tee 


SA4 

















tended to support a warden, chaplain, and fourteen poor pen 
sioners. A free grammar-school was also founded here, by it 
licence from King Edward the Third, who granted certain lands 
for its support. Another free school was established here about 
the year 1669, by George Farmer, Esq, and the revenues for its: 
support have been much increased by subsequent donations and 
bequests, Ia the market place was an ancient stone cross, sup+ 
posed to have been raised about the year 1253; hear whielt 
period Thomas de Malton, Lord Egremont, obtained the grant 
of aweekly market and an annual fair, 
‘The chief building of Holbeach is the ciarch, which is a large 
handsome structure; and consists of a mave, ‘chancel, ales, porels, 
and square towers ‘The latter’ is surmounted with a o¢tangular 
ormamental spite. Each angle’ is clitrged with ‘crockets, andl 
each face has two windows, with canopivs, &e. ‘The’ north 
porch is rather curious, having two circular towers, with’ em= 
baltled parapets, at its extreme angles, Within the church aré 
some fine monuments to the Irby family, and to the Littleburys, 
both of which formerly resided ‘inthis neighbourhood. Dn 
Stukeley has given a plate, emp ecm 
nument, with aide eo belonging to. 
latter family. eee lewem We 
i cdbeuc he Ochoa wd ard oad 
‘one of whom was Henry de Rands, called, from the place of 
his birth, Holbeck. After passing through different ecclesiasticat 
offices, he was advanced to the bishopric of Lincolo. See some 
account of him inp. 623. The other native of. pis o 
WILLIAM SrukeLey, M.D. €.M.L. F.A.S, 
whose name and memory are respected apertinn 
Lay aint pti fy then 
considered curious, and therefore interesting, to a certain class of 
readers and amateurs of books. He way descended’ from ait 
ancieut family in this county, and was born mber 
1687. Afler receiving the first rudiments of education 1 
Me Edward Khon, ine (ee schoo of ‘tha om be wm 








“LINCOLNSHIRE. 739 
instance-of the. Duke of Montague, he resigned his preferments 
in the country, and, in liew of them, accepted the Rectory of 
‘St. George's, Queen Square, London. He was. seized, with a 





paralytic stroke, which terminated fatally. the 3d of March, 
— 1765; when, by temperance and regularity, he bad attained his 
seventy-cigbth year. ‘Thus ended a valuable life, sedulously 
spent in endeavouring to illustrate the obscure remains of anti- 
quity. His carly writings presaged what might justly be expected 
in maturer years, and the lovers. of antiquarian studies were not 
disappointed. He had w sagacity peculiar to great genius, joined 
with unwearied industry. But in his investigations he appears too 
~. partial: to a favourite hypothesis, and too fancifil in his de- 
scriptions for the impartial enquirer after truth. His character 
has been given by-his friend, Mr. Peter Collinson, and printed in 
the Gentleman's Magazine for the year 1703. His principal works 
are, 1. “ Itinerarium Curiosum, or an Account of the Curiosities 
and Antiquities of Great Britain.” Folio, 2. “ An Account of 
Stonchenge and Avebury.” 2 vols. Folio. 3. “ Palwgraphia Sa- 
‘era, oF Discourses of the Monuments of Antiquity, that relate te 
Sacred History.” Quarto. 4, ‘* Palwgraphia Britannica,” Quarto. 
"5." History of Carausius,” 2 vols. Quarto. 6,‘ Dissertation on. 
the Spleen.” Folio, 


About a mile and a half from Holbeach is the village of 
Gapney, worthy of notice for its chureb, which “ is the lightest 
and most airy, and perhaps the loftiest of any in this part of 
the county *.” It consists"of a chancel, nave, north and south 
ailes, porch, and tower. The number of windows ia the whole 
are fifly-three. In those of the north aile are considerable re- 
mains, of fine emis glass. The south door has a. curious 
o=—e c “copper 
to the Romans; but no author bas yet favoured the public with an excli- 
sive work respecting those belonging to the British Islands. Having col- 
Sencar ee eee 
Period, tosubmit itto the world, 


* Gough's Camden, Vol, 11. p. 854 


746 LINCOLNSHIRE. 

copper lock, bearing an ancient inscription; and over Ube deer is 

earved in o2k, in Saxon letters, “ Pax Christi ait buic dowel dc 

@mmibos inbabitantibus in es : hic requies sostre ;” and under four 
+ Mank shields, im capitale—IN HOPE. Agaiast 2 south window of 

the neve is a monument with an effigy, mered to Adierd Welby, 

oq. of Gedney, who died 1576, and Cassandra his wife. 


At Gedney Hill, which is 2 chupelry in this parish, several 
Beeman coine have been found; end about two miles morth of 
South Sea bank, in a field called the high doles, is an encampment 
with a double foes, wherein namcrous Roma coins have been dix- 
covered, ako the foundations of buildings. Another similar mented 
area is in the parish of Sutton St. Edmund's, about am equal dn- 
tance from the same bank ; and at Asvic grange, near Whaplode- 
@rove chapel, is another similar encampment, where alse various 
coins end urns have been dug up. These encampments, which 
form a triangle, are within view of each other, and being im the 
svath-eastern extremity of the county, near Catscove corner, Mr. 
Britain, as quoted by Stukeley, supposed were Roman Castella, 

, Talsed to secure the possession of the country: he also conjectures 
thatthey were the works of 2 Roman general of the name of Catus. 


In WHAPLODE were discovered various pipes inserted in 
each other, for the purpose of conveying water; and in the Sea 
Dyke Bank, between Fleet and Gedney, was dug up a brass sword, 
which Stukeley considered to have been of Roman fabric. 


SPALDING 


Isa considerable and ancient market-town, in the southern part 
of the division, about eight miles to the west of Holbeach. Seated 
in the midst of a feany district, and encompassed by the river 
Welland, and an ancient drain called the Westlode, with numer- 
ous other drains in the vicinity, Spalding has, not inappropriately, 
been compared to a Dutch ‘town, ‘Though thus situated, and 

: though 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 7a 
though such a site does not appear to be congenial to human. 
healthfulness, it certainly lays claim to great antiquity, as is tes 
tified by many ancient remains which have been discovered in the, 
town and its vicinity. It certainly existed before the foundation 
of Croyland Abbey, for in the Charter of King Ethelbald to that 
Monastery, the bounds of its lands are described as extending 
“ usque ad edeficia Spaldeling *.” Anterior to Lhe conquest, the 
manor was the property of Algar, Earl of Mercia; subsequent to 
that event, it was granted with the whole of Hollaud by Williant 
the Conqueror, to his nephew, Jro Tailbois. After various 
changes, it at present is the property of Lord Eaniley, who was 
some years since created Baron Spalding. Another manor, called 
Spalding cum Croyland, belongs to Thomas Buckworth, Esq. 
A castle was erected here by Ivo Tuilbois, the moat of which was 
visible in 1746, in ‘part of the castlefields, called Coney Garth, 
where that proud baron used to reside in great splendour, He 
also added to the endowments of the priory, which Thorold de 
Brokenbale founded, A. D. 1051, for six Benedictine mouks, and 
made ita cell to Croyland. ‘This religious house became in suc- 
ceeding times a monastery of great consequence, and.was one of 
the two mitred ones in this county. ‘The accounts of the differ, 
ent altercations between its priors and the abbots of Croyland, 
tend to illustrate the spirit and manners of the times. Ri 
Palmer, the last prior, surrendered his convent into the king's 
hands, A.D. 1540, at which period its annual revenues were 
valued, according to Speed, at 12171. 5s, 11d, From this place 
Egelrie, Abbot of Croyland, made a firm causeway, called Elnick- 
road, through the marsh, ealled Arundel Forest, to Deeping, being 
an extent of twelve miles. It was formed by deising in piles of 
wood, and covering them over with layers;of gravel; but no 
traces of this road are visible. The churches of Holy Cross, and 
* St. Mary Stokys,” being decayed, and the eonventual church, 
though spacious, much crowded; the prior, pulled down the 
\ awetrarytt ef « mn anf ‘latter, 


* Ingulphos. Hist. p. 40s, 4 








LINCOLNSHIRE, 7s 
situated at the north-west end of the market-phice "the upper rooms: 
of it are used for the quarter sessions, the courts leet and baron, 
the court of requests, and the court of sewers. ‘The under part 
of the building és let out'for shops, conformably to the will of the 
founder, and the rents appropriated to’ the use of the poor, “A 
small company of comedians was accustomed to’perform, at oné 
season of the year, in the upper rooms; but for their better ac- 
commodation, a small theatre has been erected near the market: 
place: and an assembly and card-rooms oe emractioaaie <i 
town-hall. Vw le 

Spalding, since the river Welland tea made menunbenale 
town, has enjoyed a good carrying and coasting ‘trade, It is 
registered, in the book of rates at the eustom-house, “a member 
of the port of Boston.” ‘The river is navigable for barges of about 
forty tons hurthen to the centre of the town, where are good 
quays with spacious store-louses; but vessels that require a large 
draught of water can come no further than Boston Scalp, distant 
about nine miles, Various attempts have beew unsuccessfully made 
tointroduce manufactures into Spalding; the town derives its prins 
cipal support at present from agriculture, and the many extensive 
grazing concerns carried on in the vicinity, Wool consequently 
forms a very prominent feature im its trade; more especially since 
allowance has been given, under certain restrictions, to carry the 
article coastwise,.. The neighbourhood supplies the manufacturing — 
towns of Yorkshire and Norfolk with long wool, which is here 
deposited and packed, and carried to the respective places. Spald- 
ing has a flourishing market weekly on ‘Tuesdoys; five fairs annu- 
ally, and two statutes for hiring servants. By the returns under 
the late act, the number of houses was 737; of inhabitants 3,296. 
‘The establishment of the society of antiquaries at London, in the 
begining of the last ceiitary, gave rise’ to several minor establish: 
ments in different provincial towns. — Literary societies’ were 
established at Peterborough, Doncaster, and Stamford; but the 
one formed here, under the auspices of Maurice Johnson, flou- 
Fished for-many years, and was composed of several gentlemen, 

= eainent 


44 . LJXOOLKsUIRK. 
quent for literary talents. The minutes or records of tbe mest-— 
imgs.coptain many valuable hints-aud discoveries: in the style of 
corporate antiquity,.they modestly qeenmed, for their house of 
meeting, the denomimation of “ a Cell.to that of London:” te 

which society transcripts of their minutes were regularly seat for 

ypwrards of forty years. : 

. The above named -MauRicE JOBNSON, 2 native of this place, 

and son of Maurice Jobueon, Esq. steward of the courts, was 

studied at the Inner Temple, Londen; was appointed steward of 

thy Soke, or manor of Bpalding; then belouging to the Duke of 

Buecleugh; and also of Kirktoa, the property. of the Easl of 

. Rueter. Ao early member of the society of sntiquaries, he dis- 

played, through the whole of his life, an ardent love of science 

aad literature. ‘He was the intimate friend of Stukeley, Gale, end 

others, who were celebrated for antiquarian research ; and was the 

founder of the Spalding society, #0 congenial to his own taste; 

which, by his zeal and attention, continued to flourish till his death, 

ou the sixth of February, in the year 1755°. 


‘At PincaseEc«, about three miles north of Spalding, are some 
eonsiderable remains of an ancient mansion, which formerly bore 
the name of Pinchbeck Hall, from a family of that name. Being 
afterwards possessed by the Otway family, it then acquired the 
appellation of Otway Hall. It appears to have been originally a 
large building, and was erected about the time of Henry the 
Eighth. It was moated round, and a few of the windows bare 
pointed lights, with square heads. The chimnies are singularly 
Jofty, and the gable ends have at the sides and centre spire-shaped 
omamnents, each crowned with an ornamental ball. In the gar 
dens of this mansion was discovered, in the year 1742, a large 
brass coin of Commodus; on the reverse, a woman sitting on a 


ghobe, 


© An éologiom of his charaeter, written by bis friend Dr. Stukeley, 
preserved ih the minutes of the society of antiquaries. 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 745 
globe, with her tight land extended, ‘and in her Teft, a victory. 
In the following year several pipes of baked earth were found 
here. The house has litely been purchased by a farmer, wlio 
resides in it, “About eight miles south of Spalding ig 


a 


CROYLAND, on CROWLAND, id 
A town of very remote autiquity, and peculiarly interesting to the 
Antiquary, from the ruins of its once splendid and extensive abbey, 
and its singular Uriangutarly-shaped bridge. Some writers, par= 
ticularly Dr. Stukeley, have supposed that the Romans bad a 
settlement here, from the various ancient remainy of that people, 
which have been discovered in the vicinity; but this i aot very pro- 
‘Duble. ‘The situation was not adapted for a military station, nor 
would it be selected for a villa. Early inthe Anglo Saxon dyiasty 
it was however occupied; and we are informed that Ethelbald, 
King of Mercia, founded a monastery here, and dedicated it to 
the honour of St. Mary, St. Bartholomew, and St. Guthlac*,” 
‘The history of Crosland is involved in that of ifs monastery, whieh 
constitutes the chief and almost only prominent artificial object 
of interest or curiosity. It appears from the charter of Ethel- 
bald, that the lands belonging to the abbey, compreliended “ the 
whole islaud of Croyland, formed by the four waters of Shepishee 
on the east; Nene on the west; Sopthee on the south; and 
Asendylke on the north; in length four leagues, in breadth three, 
Vor. IX. san” ad with 
* This Saint was the son of'a Mercian nobleman, named Perwald, vod his 
mother’s name was Tetha, Atan of life he distinguished fui 
Sit as tori taut cobaioel ts beahcoe sere 
‘the world; and became a monk under the Abbess Elfrida, im the monastery 
of Repton. “ By divine guidance he came in a boat to one of those solitary 
devsart islands, called Crulande, on St. Bartholomew's day ; and inan hollow, 
‘on the side of an heap of tarf, built himselfa hot in the dass of Conrad, King 
of Mercia ; when the Britons gave their inveterate enemies, the Saxons, all 
the trouble they could.” Gongh's Hist, and Antig, of Crayland. 


BC SARCOLNSEIRE. 

ith the merykgs pdjcining on both sides the Welend, past of 
jWphieh.to.the north, called Geggialend, is two leagues long: from 
Groyland ridge to Aepsth,: and .ane league bread frow the 
Weland south to Apeskall, and soother part of the mersh south 
Of the, Weland, two leagues long, from Croyland bridge to South- 
lake; and two leagues broad from the Weland to Fynset, with 
fiabery in the welers of diene and Walend.”. The charter is dated 
A.D. 716, and witnessed by Beithwald, Archbishop of Canter- 
-bery; Winfred, Aachhishop of the Mexcians; Ingwald, Bishop of 
Jendon; Aldwin, Bishop of Litchfield; Tobias, Bishop of Ro- 
shester; Ethelred, Abbot of Bardseys Egbert, Abbot of’ Medes- 
‘bamated ; Eggn, Earl of Lincoln ; Lurie, Earl of Leicestar, &c. The 
monarch further gave towards the building of the monestery, $00 
Pounds in silver, and 300 pounds a year for ten years to comes be 
lao puthoriend the. monks to build,or inclose a toarn for.theis om 
me, with a sight of common for thempclves api their servants. 
‘Lhe foundation heing in 3 marshy soil, the builders were obliged 
fo.drive piles of gk and ash, before they began to raise the edi- 
fice; indeed this appears to hava besn first covstmcted with tim- 
bes, for Ingulphus says, that the weodes oratory. of Guthlac was 
aeeorered by a church, nod house of stenc, in which dwelt 3 sc- 
cession of religious persons. 

Nunc exercet jbi se. munificentia regis 
Et magnum templum, magno molimine condet *.” 


After the massacre of the monks at this place, and destrnetion of 
the abbey by the Danes, A. D. 870, King Ethelred, to gratify 
his favourite and Chancellor Turkety/, or Turketule, restored the 
alienated lands about the year 948 ; and encoureged him to re- 
bduild the abbey; which was began, but not completed, tif the 


be! «© Gough History and Antiquities of Cropland Abbey. 

- Phe esighal charter in Saxon characters, the initial letters and crema 
-gilt, was daown tp the Society of Antiquaries by Dir. Lethieullcr, in thp yer 
1734. 


LINCOLNSHIRE. Tar | 
succeeding tein. Tn the year 1091, a most -ealamitous event 
befel the nronastery, whieh Ingulphus in his, history pathetically: 
describes. ‘This was a desolating fire, which was occasioned by 
the carelessness of a Plumber, ‘* whereby was cruelly laid waste: 
the habitations of the servants of God.” Tn the year 1129, under 
the auspices of its Abbot .Joffred, it was again rebuilt; and: the: 
account of the manner in which it was accomplished, tends to’ 
illuitrate the spirit of the times. | The relation of Peter Blesensis: 
demonstratively proves, that however different the arceptation of 
the terms may be, superstition and enthusiasm are intimately allied; 
aud that the former is the base, while the latter ix the superstruc= 
ture. ‘The abbot obtained of the archbishops and bishops remiss 
sion of a third part of the penance injoined for sins, to all who 
would assist in the pious undertakings Under this commission 
Jofired dispatched the monks, s preaching mendicants, in every. 
direction, to solicit alms for the purpose; and having procured’ 
by these, and other means, a tolerable fund, be appointed the 
festival of St. Perpetua and Felicitas, for the\ ceremony of laying 
the foundation stone, Numbers of the nobility, clergy, and com- 
monalty nssembled ‘on the occasion, -Afler the service of! masx 
was ended, the abbot laid the first stone, at the easterw end; 
then the nobles, and others, a stone in tura; and upon the re-) 
spective stones were laid sums of money, grants of lands, institay 
tions to churches, rectorial and vicarial tithes, &e. Others con- 
tributed stone, labour, &e. according to their means and situation 
in life. On all these benefactors the abbot, when be bnd finished’ 
the discourse, which he addressed to them, the stones were 
Inying, bestowed a share in the prayers and services of the church, ~ 
with the before recited episcopal indulgences; and after pro~ 
nouncing his blessing, the whole were invited to w sumptuous 
repast. It is related that more than five thousand persons were 
Present at this solemnity. The monastery from this period rapid-— 
ly rose in fame, and the celebrity of its monks, for their learning» 
and piety, procured for it most ample benefactions, and it pro~ 
rete REE elt ot tie, airs 
SBe2 





7s 


748 LINCOLNSHIRE. 

its annual revenues were estimated by Speed, at 12171. 5s. 11d. 
‘The site was granted, in the fourth year of Edward the Sixth, to 
Edward Lord Clinton. After the abbey bad lost its ecclesiastical 
inhabitants, the building soon fell into a dilapidated state; ant 
during the civil wars of the seventeenth century, wien the place 
was a garrison, first for the Royal, and then for the Parliamen- 
tarian forces, it suffered still further devastation. The onty re- 
main at present, is a portion of the conventual church, which is 
highly interesting to the architect and antiquary. The choir, cen- 
tral tower, transepts, and the whole of the east end are down: 
what portions at present are found standing are the skeleton of 
the nave, with parts of the south and north ailes; the latter of 
which is covered over, pewed and fitted up as the parish church. 
This portion is said to bave been built by Abbot Bardney, im the 
year 1247. The roof is groined, and the south side separated 
from the nave by pointed arches, which have been walled up. 

‘The nave, in ruins, is one hundred fosty-four feet in length, and 

twenty-eight in breadth. The nine pointed arches on the north 

side were filled up to euclose the north aile ; and on the south side 

remain six pointed arches, about eleven feet wide, and part of 

another, ‘These have monidings, descending to the ground, wiih- 

out column or band. Over these is part of an upper tier of win- 

dows, with three mullions in each, At the east end of the nave is 

a large semicircular arch, with zigzag mouldings, which spring 

from very singular capitals. The part of the west-front, which 

stands at the end of the south aile, exhibits four tiers of arcades; 

the lowest of which displays a row of narrow round arches with 

zigzag mouldings; and those above have pointed arches. The 

entrance to the nave was by a handsome pointed archway with 

quatrefoiled head, containing figures in basso relievo: over which 

was the large west window, ornamented in the same stile. The 

whole of the front of the nave is highly decorated with niches and 

canopies, in which are various sculptured figures, representing St. 

Peter, and other apostles, with effigies of kings, saints, and abbots. 

Oue of which is said to be a representation of King Ethelhald, the 


founder 











fo 


weddpnaey setingee se be mi 





The 
aniting in the centre, It is called, Pont Saas Pureil. 





























LINCOLNSHInE. 71" 
attempts to bring it back, have proved fruiffess. ‘TWie fuir, which | 
used to continue for twetve days, is still hel on Si. Bartholomew's 
day. By the refurns’ under the late set, it appears, the nuinber® 
of houses was 220, and of inhabitants, 1,245. This village iy so” 
surrounded witli fens, ax to be inaécessible, except from the 
north and east; in which directions the roud is formed by arti<’ 
ficial banks of earth. From this singular situation, it has been 
compared to Penive, Tie thliabitants are principally occupied itr 
grazing, attending geese, or in the Business of the: dijiry. Many’ 
derive « livelihood from the sale of fish and'wild fowl; but'for the” 
Privilege of eatcting them they pay to Ue erown 300k per anda.” 
‘The granting tits privilege was formerly vested’ in 

‘The manor und estates belonging to the alibey, are said to fave” 
been bounded by certain stone crosses, most of which are destroy- 
ed or down. ‘The form, inscriptions, and’appropriations of which 
have furnished’ themes for several different’ dissertations of'an-— 
tiquariess ‘Phat called St. Gutlilac’s is still to'be seen near Bro- 
thertoft turnpike, om the road to Spalding: It is of a square | 
Pyramidlical stiape, tapering upward'from one foot four inches, at 
the base; but the <op'of the stiaft is broken off, ‘The alternate 
sides are equilateral; and’ one ofits’ faces bears an illegible in- 
scription, Governor Pownal thought it referred to the names of | 
five brethren, left in the house when refounded by Turketyl. The © 
first words are sufficiently distinct, “ Aio hanc petran.” And 


Camden thus would’ read the remainder,  Guthlacas dabit sibi 


metam.” 


KESTEVEN, tlie third great division of the county, is bounded — 


on the north and north-east by the river Witham, which separates 
it from Lindsey; on the east by the division of Holland; on 
the south by. the river Welland; which divides it-fron 


\Northamp: 
tonshire; and: by parts of Nottinghars, Leicester, and. Rutland» 


shires, on the west. This district fs subdivided into ten wapen- 
*3Ba = "takes, 


758 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
takas, apd contains seven market towns, vis. Bourne, Corsy, 
Manxer Dggpine, FoLKINGHAM, GRANTHAM, SLEAFORD, 
and STaMvoRD, with 181 parishes. ‘The features of this division 
aye very diversified, and the sgils greatly varied : the western part is 
fine arable, as well as grazing land, and parts of it are well wooded ; 
more particularly the wapentake of Beltisloe. About Sleaford isa 
trngt of fertile pasture land, sufficiently dry for sheep; and yet calca- 
lated for fattening large cattle. The variations of soil are nearly 
‘all in a longitudinal direction from north to south. The south, 
‘wegtern.part contains some handsome seats of the mobility aad 
gentry, and.abounds with woods, particularly about Belign, Dea- 
tom, and Grimsthorpe. The eastern side of the division is low 
end swampy, partaking of the nature of the adjacent marsh lands 
in the division of Holland. ‘The south-western part was at a 
former period denominated a forest, as well as fen; and formed 
past of the possessions of Leofric Earl of Mercia, who was Lord 
of Brune and the adjoining marshes. -Jn the time of King Henry 
the First it was enlarged and afforested by royal mandate. The 
extent, as described by Dugdale, “ was from the bridge of East 
Deeping, now Market Deeping, to the church of Swaiston, on the 
one side; and from the bridge of Bicker, and Wragmere Stake, 
om the other side; which Metes divided the north parts, and the | 
river of Welland the south; excepting the fen of Goggislend, in | 
regard it was a sanctuary of holy church, as belonging to the 
abbey of Croyland. And being thus made forest, it continued so 
until King Henry the Third’s time, who, in the 16th year of his 
reign, granted unto all thé inhabitants within the same, that it 
should thenceforth be disafforested*.” “The men of Kesteven gave 
250 marcs to have the king’s charter, for deforesting this of 
Kesteven according ta the boundaries contained in that charter +.” 
This 


© Dugdale’s Imbenking and Draining, p. 194, 195. . The patent was com 
fizmed by King Edward the Third, in the twenticth year of his reign. 


+ Mag. Rot. 14, Hen. ITI, Linc. w.-2, 6, ys quoted in Gough's Camden, 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 753 


This division having been rosty iuclosed, drained, and ealtvated, 
contains much rich and valuable land. a 





BOOTHBY GRAFFO Wapentake, high division, contains. 
the parishes of Boothby, Coleby, Harmston, Navendy, Skinnard, 
Swinethorpe Hamlet, Welbourne, Wellingore ;—low division, Au- 
bourn, Bassingham, Bontham, Corlton in Moorlands, Dodding- 
ton, Eagle, Waddington, Hykeham North, Hykeham South, 
Norton Disney, Scarle North, Skellingthorpe, Stapleford, Scin« 
derby, Thorp on the Hill, Thurlby, and Wisby. 


- tt Vo 109t 
_ Through this wapentake a Roman road passes from Lincoln to, 
Brough, a village just without the bounds of the county, where 
Stukeley and Horsley endeavour to fix the ancient station of 
CROCOLANA. Lack barietedhead 


s ett (oY 

At EaGue, or Eoux, was a Commandry of knights templars, 
who had the manor granted them by King Stephen, It after 
wards was possessed by the hospitalars; and upon their suppres-_ 
sion, in the thirty-third year of Henry the Eighth, it was granted, 
to Thomas Earl of Rutland, and Robert Tirwhit, elles 


In the chancel of Norton DisN&EY church is the figureof a 
woman, with a cross and four shields: round which is this inscrip- 
tion: * Ici gist Joan que fust, la femme moun Gilkam Disni, et 
file moun Sire Nicolas de Lancforte Deu cite merci de sa alme, _ 
Amen?” 

“ In the same church is a brass plate, put up about the middle 
of the reign of Elizabeth, commemorating William Disney, Esq. _ 
Sheriff of London, 1532; and Richard Disney, Esq. his eldest 

‘ 50m 


* Gongh's Sepsl. Mon. Vol. I. pt. 1. Intro, cix. 


734 LINCOLNSHIRE, 

son and heir, burgess for Grantham, 1554, and Sheriff ‘pf Lincole> 
shire, 1557 and 1566; with their wives and issue. At the back 
is a long inscription, in the German or Low Dutch language, re- 
cording the foundation of a chantry on the Continent *.” 


In the parish of Boorusy, or BooTrHBY GRAFFO, are the 
rains of SOMERTON CASTLE, situated about eight miles south 
of Lincolu, The original building was erected about the year 
1305, by Anthony Bec, bishop of Durham, who presented 2 to 
King Edward the First; by whom it was afterwards granted to 
William de Beaumont. - In this castle Sir Saier de Rochford, whe 
proved himself a valiant soldier in the French wars, undertook, in 
the thirty-third year of King Edward the Third, to keep safely 
the King of France, then « prisoner in England. For which ser- 
vice he’#as to be allowed two shillings per day+t. From the 
present remains we are justified in supposing that the whole 
must have been a noble and capacions building. An outer and 
inner moat inclosed a rectangular area of considerable extent. 
The dimensions of which are about two hundred, by two hundred 
and fifty-one feet. - : 

At the angles of the area are the remains of four circlar towers,’ 
which appear to have been formerly connected by intermediate build- 
ings. The south-east tower is nearly entire, and the upper part sur- 
rounded by a parapet, out of whicl rise three pinnacles; and in the 
centre an octangular spire-shaped roof. The south-west tower, ia 
ruins, contains‘an octangular apartment, with eight niches; in oneof 
Which is the door way. The north-west tower is nearly in the 
same state, and that on the south-west exhibits a similar construe- 
tiou, except, that in every niche isa pointed window. In the re- 
mains of the north-east tower is an apartment with a curious 
vaulted roof, supported by an umbilical pillar, from which spring 
twelve arches, forming in the wall as many niches; in each of 
which is a pointed arched window. This interesting ruin is the 


Property 


© Googh's Sepal. Blan. Vo). I. pt, 4. Intro. exxii. 
+ Rymer's Faedera, Vol. VI. p. 131. 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 735 
‘property jof Moutague Cholmoudley, Esq. of "Easto, avd. is 
al p with some adjoining. buildings, occupied as a farm 
house. D A earns ER bee 


wt Wy 





LANGOE WAPENTAKE, first division, contains the pa- 
‘rishes of Billinghoy, Dogdyke, Kirkby Green, Kyme North, 
Martin hamlet, Thorpe, Tinley, ‘Timberland, Waicott hamlet. 
‘Second division; Blackncy, Dunston, Heighington township, 
Metheringham, Nocton, Potterhanworth, \ Scopwick, and 
Washing borough 


Tn the parish of Dunston, at the distance of about five miles 
anda lialf south from Lincola, is a lofty column, called Dux- 
STON Pinuan. It stands in a square area, which is planted 
with trees, and enclosed by awall. It isa plain quadrangular 
stone shaft, of a pyranidical shape, towering to the height of 
ninety-two feet, with au octagowal luntern, fifteen: and a half 
feet high, crowned with a fave at top. Phe lantern is’ sure 
rounded by a ballustraded gallery, resting oo a cornice. From 
the summit is an extensive prospect, including, with a great 
extent of the surrounding countey, the cathedral and city of 
Lincoln... ‘The different faces of the’ pillar bear each an appro 
priate inscription. Ow the north side, To, Lincoln v amilesz 
south side, From the city cxx miles; cast side, Dunston Pillars 
west side, Columnam hane utilitati publica, vinep. FP, Dash- 
wood, M.pec.it. The heath being thea‘an estensive waste; 
und the roads intricate, it was of great utility; but since that 
period, the lands having been inclosed, the roads feaced, and 
mile ‘stones erccled, it ouly now remains as a monunient of 
eee Pen eee of the. pmepraligyee =-% 


be raised, . ' ey edt OS Livvoring 
h 

Upon a Might called. Clificow, soseiia Dial 

. road, 


736 LINCOLNSHIRE. 


goad, and seven miles from Lincoln, is Corgsy Hau, the 
seat of General Bertie. It is a-fine old house, to which addi- 
tions have been made in a more modern style, and is surrounded 
with plantations. The entrance into the grounds is by an arch, 
which was intended to imitate the ruin of a Roman gateway. 
‘The gardens are ornamented by two temples: a small one upoa 
the terrace is of the Doric order, dedicated to the memory of 
the Iate Earl of Chatham ; the other, built upon the model of 
the temple of Romukis and Remus, at Rome, from a design of 
the late Sir William Chambers, is said to be the first building 
which he ever ereeted in England, that Sense the taste of 
this eminent architect, 


is ‘Nocron Park, about two miles and a half north-east from 
Dunston Pillar, aud seven miles south-east of Lincoln, is the 
handsome seat of the Earl of Buckinghamshire. It is recorded, 
that in the time of King Stephen, Robert de Areci, or D’Arci, 
erected, in his park at Nocton, a priory for black canons of the 
Augustine order. At the time of the dissolution, it had five 
monks, whose annual revenues amounted, according to Speed, 
to the sum of 571. 193. 2d. The site was granted by Henry the 
Eighth to Charles, Duke of Suffolk ; and in the time of Elizabeth, 
it was bestowed by the crown on Sir Henry Stanley, Lord 
Strange. By the Stanley family it was converted into a re 
sidence; but the greater part of the old house was afterwards 
taken down, and the preseut mansion rebuilt by Sir William 
EXlys, Bart. in the latter end of the seventeenth century. The 
house is a handsome building, for that period, consisting of a 
body with two wings, the angles turretted, with cupolas at top; 
and in the centre rises an octangular cupola, or lantem. The 
grounds were planted and laid out agreeably to the formal pre- 
vailing taste of the times, but have been much altered and im- 
proved by the present noble proprietor. The prospects are nu- 
merous, varied, and extensive; and near the magsion stands a 
chesnut tree, considered the finest of the kind in England. 

. at 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 737 


At CatTRLey, in the parish of Billinghoy, was a Gilbertine 
Priory, founded by Peter de Bilingey, in the time of King’ 
Stephen, for nuns and brethren of the order of Sempringham. 
At the dissolution, the annual entlowment was, according to’ 
Speed, 381. 13s. 8d. The site was granted, by Henry the 
Eighth, to Robert’ Carr, of Sleaford, whose wher was a cg 
merchant of the staple *. Ci 


oy whee A 
FLEXWELL WAPENTAKE contains the parishes of An- 
wick, Ashby, Blorholme, Branswell, Cranwell, Digby, Dor- 
rington, Leasingham, Rauceby North, Raneeby South, Rowl- 
ston, Rorholme tamlet, Rusktngton, and Sleaford New, in- 
cluding the hamlet of Holdiagham. 


In the north-western angle of this wapentake, ste dane 
of about ten mifes from Lincoln, are the rine of ‘ o 

view tlie eves 
TemP.e Brver, which formerly was a religious houses 
“Here was, before A. D. 1185, & préceptory, first of Knights 
‘Templars, and after of the Hospitalars, who had annexed sucli 
possessions to it as were valued, twenty-sixth of Henry" the 
Eighth, at 1841. Gs. 8d. per annum, as Dugdale and Speed $." 

The church is siiid to have been built after the model of that of 
St. "Sepulchre, at Jerusalem. “ There be great and vaste 
buildinges,” says Leland, “ bnt rude at this place, and the este 
end of the temple is made opere cireulari de more 2” “at 
present only a few yaulls, and the tower of the church ire fefts 
Tlie latter is a massy quadrangular’ building, and is accessible 
to the top by a winding stone staircase. The Tower part, axel 
wp tHETSCEAPNet of a adjacent farm house, is tearly entite: fav 
‘a wig’ 

* Tanner's Notit. Monast, 


* Tanner's Not. Monast. ¢ Tdinerary, Vol Lf 32. 


758 JANCOLNSHIRE. 

& window with a double pomted arch, and the entrance is by 2 
retiring circolar-headed door-way/, Opposite Temple Breer, 
Stukeley describes his baving seen a stone cross, “ cut through is- 
the shape of that borne by the Knights Templara,” aed which 

he supposed was erected to mark the boundary of their demesnes. 

“ The Hermin Street hereabout is very beld and perfect, mede 
of stone, gathered all along from the superficial quarries. It 
goes perfectly strait from Ancaster to Lincoln, full north, butting 

upon the west side of Lincoln town. “Tis about thirty foot 

broad, made of stone, piled into an easy convexity. There is 

generally likewise a little trench dug on both sides the road *.” 


SLEAFORD, or NEW SLEAFORD, 


A considerable market town, distant south from Lincoln fourteen 
wiles, is situated upon a snuall rivulet, called the’ Slee, which 
rises in the vicinity, and ruus to Chapel Hill, where it joins the 
river Witham. Many Roman coins, of the Constantine family, 
have been found about the spring head, near the castle. Stube- 
ley, from this and other circumstances, conjectures that this was 
a Roman town. ‘* We find the distance between Caster and 
Lincoln,” says he, “ about forty miles, and bas two towns upon 
it, at proper intervals for lodging; these are Sleafurd and Staa- 
feeld. The original name of them are in irrecoverable silence; 
but the eternity of the Romans is inherent. "Tis prebable Urat 
Alexander, the Bishop of Lincoln, built his work upon the seite 
of a Roman citadel. Beside, at Sleaford comes in the othes 
Roman road from the fen country, by Brig End Causy, and at. 
the intersection of these two roads the old town stood +.” The 
work here alluded to was the castle, which, in Leland’s time, 
was standing, and is thus described by him. ‘“ Withoute the 
towne of Sleford standith, west-south-west, the propre castell of 
Sleford, very well mantayned; and it is compassed with a ren- 

ning 

* Itin. Carios, p. 82. - + Itin. Carios. p. 8. 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 759 


ning slreme, cumming by a cut oute of a little feene, lying al- 
moste flatie weste aguinst it, In the gateway be two portcullices, 
ahigh toure in the middle of the castelle, but not set upon a 
hill of raived earth: the vaults of the castle by the ground be 
fair, The house, or manor place, lately almost new, buildid of 
stone and timbre by the Lord Husey, standith southward with- 
out the town, The town nor market is of no price; the orna- 
ments of it is the Bishop of Lincoln's castle and the late Lord 
Hussey’s house*,” Since Lelund’s time, however, Sleaford has 
become a different place, and is at present improving, both as to 
buildings and population. The. castle has been wholly levelled 
to the ground, and Lord Hussey’s mansion, at Old Sleaford, is 
now a farm house, 

The church is a handsome, spacious structure, and, from 2 
manuscript found in the parish chest, it appears to have heen 
built in the year 1271, by Roger Blunt and Roger Bricklam, of 
Sleaford, merchants, It was dedicated to St. Dennis, and en- 
dowed A. D. 1277. It consists of a chancel, nave, transept, 
and north and south ailes, with a tower, crowned by a spire, 
which rises to the height of 144 feet. The western front is 
curious, and rather elegant in its design and ornaments. It has 
three entrance door-ways, each laving a differently shaped arch; 
and above these are three winilows, also varying from each other. 
Part of this fagade displays the circular style, which was pro- 
bably erected by Bishop Alexander. ‘The windows, pinnacles, and 
ornaments, are all greatly diversified, and some of them partienlar- 
ly elegant. In the chancel are several monuments tothe family of 
Carr, some of whom were long resident in the neighbourhood; 
one to the memory of Joseph Carr, who died September 1th, 
1590; another to Sir Edward Carr, who died October Ist, 1618; 
and a third to Robert Carr, Chancellor of the duchy of Lancas- 
ter, and a privy counsellor, whodied November 14th, 1682, 

By Joseph Carr, one of this fumily, a free school was erected, 
and liberally endowed, in the year 1603; and also an hospital 

for 
* ltinerary, Vel, L. fol. 30. 


760 LINCOLNSHIRE. 

for twelve poor men. The manor and estates came by marriage 
with an heiress of the Carr family, to the present Earl of Bristol. 
‘The petty sessions are held in this town, which has a well sup- 
plied market on Mondays, and four anoual fairs. ‘The number 
of houses returned under the late population act was 333, and of 
inhabitants 1,483. 


At Kyme, aboot three miles from Sleaford, in Leland’s time, 
was “a goodly house and park.” Philip de Kyme, in the time 
of King Henry the Second, built here a priory for black eapons, 
of the order of St. Augustine, to the honour of the Blessed Vir- 
gin. Willis, in his History of Abbies, observes, that this house, 
in the time of Henry the Eighth, was surrendered to the king 
by the prior and nine canons. Its annual revenues were valued 
at 1381. 4s. 9d. 

In the twenty-first year of Henry the Eighth, Sir Gilbert 
Talbois was created Baron Talbois, of Kyme. He lies buried 
in the church, under a marble slab, on which is a brass plate, 
with this inscription: —“ Gilbert, Lord Talbois, Lord of Kyme, 
married Elizabeth the daughter of Sir John Blount, Knight, of 
Kinlet, in Shropshire; and died 15th of April, A. D. 1530.” 
His widow was the celebrated mistress of that lecherous monarch, 
Henry the Eighth; and it is more than probable that the coronct 
was the doceur for the infamous connivance of Talbuis at his own 
dishonour. 


About four miles east of Sleaford is HAVERHOLME Priory, 
the seat of Sir Jenisun William Gordon, Bart. The house aad 
grounds occupy an area of about 300 acres, which constitute an 
island, formed by two branches of the river Slea. This manor 
was given, “ by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, to the Cistertian 
monks of Fountain’s Abbey, in Yorkshire, about the year 1137, 
that they might build an abbey of that order; but after having 
made some progress in the same, they pretended not to like the 
situation, and thereupon removed to Louth Park. The good 

é bishop 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 761 
bishop quickly disposed of the island here, to ‘the nuns and ca~ 
nhons of the newand striet order of St. Gilbert, of Sempringham, who 
settled there A.D. 1199, and continued till the general dissolution, 
"when their income was rated at $81. 5s. Sd. per annum.—Speed. 
‘The site was granted, the thirtieth of Henry the Eighth, to 
Edward Lord Clinton®,” The present possessor of Haverholme 
made numerous additions to the old remains in the year 1788, 
and has formed a mansion in a AIS cexreepaniltig With tats 
POreaiee She Boer 





evidently been a Roman station; and though Dr, Stukeley is 
positive as to the CAUSENN# of the Itinerary being at Great 
Ponton, yet the author of the Britannia Romana, from a com- 
parison of the situation and circumstances of the two’ places; 
with much more probability fixes it here. ‘The situation is low, 
and a brook flows at the north end of the village. ‘Phe foss'and 
rampart, according to Horsley, might easily be traced out. 
“ What was its Roman name I know not; bul it has been a very” 
strong city, entrenched, and walled about, as may be seen very 
plainly, for the most part, and perceived by those that are the 
least verst in these searches; the bowling-greem behind the Red’ 

Vou, IX. 3c Lion 


* Tanner's Notitia Monastica. 
+ Britannia Romana, p, 493. 


ye i BINCOLNSKIAB 

“Lion Ian is made in the ditch, When they were levelling « 
‘my came to the old foundation. At this end of the tows, 
here a dove-cont stands, is Castle Close, full of foundation 
appearing every where above ground; the ditch and ranpie 
encompasses it. Here are prodigious quantities of Roman coms 
found. Many people ia the town have traded im the sale of 
them these thirty years*.” The coius are of various emperom 
Qae, 2 denariue of Otho, found here, is in the cabinet of the 
Earl of Sandwich. Harrison + observes, that Mosaic pavements 
ave been discovered at Ancaster. All which circumstances 
make it probable that this was the Causenna of Antonine. It 
is, however, proper to observe, that the numbers, as they stand 
im the Itinerary, do mot support this coujecture; nether will they 
agree with Great Ponton. However, “as it is impossible that 
Ancaster should be the place, if the nombers be just, so its 
impossible any other place between Ancaster and Great Posloa 
should be it; for between these two places is nothing bet baw 
heath, not » drop of wates, not a village nearer than half _ mile, 
no mark of a station, mo coias found; but the plain, perfect, u- 
interrupted high ridge all the way],” Causcnn x, in the Gfth 
Iter, is placed between Dunosnivis and Linpum, thirty 
wiles from the former, and twenty-six from the latter. This 
qreates a difficulty respecting the station, which Horsley thought 
was best removed by supposing, that a transposition bad oc; 
gurred of the numeral VI, or that XXX. and XXVI_. wese, 
through wistake, set instead of XXXVI. aud XX. over againd 
the names CausENNIs and Linpo. Admitting this suppedi- 
tion, the general distance is preserved, and the particular dis 
tances exactly answer by placing CausBNN& al Ancaster. : 


‘The church, and four caracates of land, in Lone Bannine- 
‘FON being given by Ralph de Filgeriis, or Fulgeriis, to the 
. abbey 

© Stukeley’s Iti, Curios, p. 80, 


# Description of Britain, Vol. IL p. a7. ¢ Stakeley’s Letter to Horsley 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 763 
abbey of Savigney, iu Normany, before A. D.°1175, here was 
founded an alien priory of Cistertian monks, subordinate to that 
foreign monastery. During the wars with France, it was seized 
into the king's hands, and given by Richard the Second to the 
Carthusians of St. Anne's, near Coventry. Its revenues were 
then valued at 501. per anuum. But after the suppression of the 
order, it was given, in the ninth year of Henry the Fifth, to the 
priory of Mountgrace; and as parcel of the possessions of this 
Jast mentioned monastery, this manor of Long Bemnington was 
granted to the dean and chapter of Westininister, in the thirty- 
fourth year of Henry the Eighth *, 





ASWARDHURN WAPENTAKE contains the parishes of 
Asgarby, Aswarby, Aunsby, Burton Pedwardinc, Culcerthorpe, 
Ewerby, Evedon, Hale Great, Hale Little, Heckington, Het- 
pringham, Howell, Ingoldsby, Kelby, Kirkly Laylhorpe, 
Quarrington, Scredington, Sempringhem, Silk Witloughly, 
Steaford Old township, South Kyme, and Sttarby 


Borron Pepwanpine formed part of the large estates of 
Alan de Crean, or Craon, who was of the noble. family of 
Anjou, and the most illustrious in France of those who came 
into England with William the Conqueror, Of this family 
Stukeley bas given a genealogy, commencing with Andrew de 
Craon, who lived about A. D. 940, The estate, by mar- 
riage, came to Roger de Pedwardine the’ second, who rebuilt 
the church, and St, Mary's ehapel on the north side; but-the 
south aile, and St. Nieholas’s chapel, were built at the expence 
of the parish, 


At Ixconpspy is a circular encampment, which compre+ 
sce hends 
: 


* NotitiaMouutice, © 4 


764 LINCOLNSHIRE. 


bends an area of about 500 feet in diameter. Here are some 
tumuli, called the Reuxd Hills, . 


The church of AswARBy has an elegant tower and spire; and 
adjoining the village is the mansion and park of Sir Christopher 
Whichcote, Bart. 





WINNIBRIGGS anp THREO WAPENTAKE contains the 
parishes of Allington, Borrowby, Boothby Pagnell, Harrowby, 
Haydor, Honington, Humby Little hamlet, Ponton Little, 
Ropsley, Sedgebrook, Somerby, Spittlegate, Haughton and 
Walton hamlets, Stoke North hamlet, Stroxton, Syston, Welky, 
Wilsford, Weolsthorpe, and Wywell and Hungerton. 


At LirTLE PonToN various Roman remains bave been dis- 
covered at different periods. In this village is a handsome mo- 
dern mansion, begun by the late Lord Witherington, who built 
the south side. Additions were made by ‘Mr. Day, who be- 
queathed it to Mr. Prettyman; the latter gentleman erected the 
west front; and it is now the residence of his son, William 
Prettyman, Esq. The house, which is handsomely built of 
stone, though erected at different times, preserves an uniformity 
of plan, and is situated on a fine lawn, surrounded by plantations 
of luxuriant growth. About a mile from the village of 


_ HonincTon, is a small Roman summer camp, which was 
defended by a double foss and vallum. Near it vast quantities 
of coins, contained in urns, have been found. 


Rops ey is famous for having been the birth-place of Rickard 
Fox, Bishop of Winchester, who built and endowed the free 
school of Grantham, from which circumstance he is said, by the 
autbor gf “The Magua Britannia,” to have been a native of 

that 


LINCOLNSHIRE, 765 
that town. He received his education in the university of Cam- 
bridge, and became president of Pembroke Hall, to which se- 
minary, on his demise, he bequeathed some curious hangings 
of tapestry, with a fox interwoven in the pattern, » Removing 
from college to the court, he commenced politician, and soon 
made a distinguished figure. He was not only instramental in 
establishing the elaim of King Henry the Seventh to the kingdom, 
but also continued to be one of his principal cabinet ministers 
after he was settled on the throne. For these eminent services 
the prince rewarded him by preferment to the valuable bishopric 
of Winchester. But in his exaltation he appears either to have 
forgotten, or purposely overlooked, his alma mater; for he 
Destowed a portion of his great wealth in founding Corpus Christi 
College in Oxford. He continued in the see twenty-seven years, 
and was buried in bis own cathedral. At the village of 


. Wooustuorre, near Belvoir Castle, about forty years ago, 
under an idea that coal might underlay this part of the country, 
the Duke of Rutland had the ground bored to the depth of 169 
feet, where a stratum of soft coal, fourteen inches thick, was 
discovered, ‘The miners bored deeper, but without further suc- 
cess, They again bored at Brawnston, three miles to the west, 
to the depth of 469 feet, but no coal was found; aor did the 
strata appear similar to that at Woolsthorpe, 


GRANTHAM, with the SOKE, contains the parishes of 


thorpe, Manthorpe, Ponton Great, Sapperton, and Stoke 
South, alias Stoke Rochford. 


scs GRANTHAM, 


\ 


66 . . LENCOLNSGIRE: 


GRANTHAM, | . , 


A. market and borough town, is the principal place in the soke, 
or wapeatake, to which it gives name, and over which it exerr 
cises exclusive jurisdiction. In Stowe’s Chronicle, Grantham is 
said to have been built by Gorbomanuus, King of Britain, 303 
years prior to the Christian wra. Such stories are entitled te 
little credit; but it appears from history, that Grantham pos- 
sessed peculiar privileges at an early period, and was the residence 
of a suffragan bishop®. At the time of the Norman survey, this 
place was held in royal demesne; for in Domesday Bouk it. is re- 
corded, that Editha, Queen of Edward the Confessor, had a 
manor in Grantham, and twelve carucates at Geld. Maud, 
William the Conqueror’s Queen, held ‘the town-and soke us past 
of the king’s demesne. In the forty-second year of King Heary 
the Third; that monarch being greatly distressed by the parlia- 
ment, which refased to grant him supplies, among other plass 
for raising money, mortgaged, to his uncle, William de Valence, 
Earl of Pembroke, the towns of Grantham and Stamford. 
- Near the pomt, where a small stream, called the Mowbeok, 
joins the Witham, formerly stood the castle; but no traces of 
the building remain: and the only evidence that the town bed 
a castle, arises from the adjoining street being called Castlegate: 
and the description in ancient deeds of certain tenements, which 
belonged to the chantry of St. Mary, as situated in Castle Dyke. 
The names of the three other principal streets of the present 
town, called Westgate, Watergate, and Swinegate, evidently de. 
note that Grantham was once encompassed with a wall, but no 
vestiges of it are now to be seen, On the 22d of March, 1642, 
this place was taken, for King Charles the First, by the forces 
under the command of Colonel Charles Cavendish, who made 
360 


© This ecclesiastical officer was appcinted to assist the bishop of the 
dices, and called by Sir Edward Coke, “a bishop's vicegerent.” 


LINCOLNSHIRE: 767 
360 prisoners, with all the captains and officers, together with 
three loads of arms and ammunition, and afterwards demolished 
the works*, . 

“ About this time,” says De Foe, “it was, that we began to 
hear of the name of Oliver Cromwell, who, like @ lithe cloud, 
rose out of the east, and spread first into the north, tll it shed 
down. a flood that overwhelmed the three kingdoms. When the 
war first broke out, be was a private caplain of horse, but now 
commanded a regiment; and joining with the Earl of Manches- 
ter, the first action in which we beard of his exploits, aud which 
emblazoned his character, was at Grantham, where, with only 
his own regiment, he defeated twenty-four troops iba bes 
dragoons of the king’s forces f.” 

Near the south entrance into the town, penetrate 
formerly stoud an elegant Cress, erected by King Edward the 
First, in memory of Eleanor his queen, who died 1290, this 
being one of the places where the corpse was laid ig state, in its 
way for iaterment in Westinioster Abbey. Grantham had se 
veral religious houses, ruins of which may still be seen, A priory 
of grey friars, called also franciscans, from the founder of their 
order, and minorites from their assumed humility, was founded 
here A. D. 1290. “The Angel Inn, which took its name from 
some representations of angels cat in stone, with several other 
religious devices about the building, was a commandery of the 
Knights Templars§.” The front of this inn displays some carious 
pmacaabromanmechemtienlbcsis oe thi — oe 
windows, &e. 

3c4 ' The 
= Mercurins Belgicus. 4 Memoirs ofa Cavaliers 

$ Of the church dedicated to St. Peter, said to have stood here, I 
have not been able to find any traces, exeept the mention made of 
chantry of St. Peter, in Grantham." Turnor’s Collections for the History 
of the Town and Soke of Grantham. 


§ Turnor's Collections, &c. p. 97, 


768- LINCOLNSHIRE: 

The following notices are contained in an index written jp 
Bishop Sanderson. “ Spittlegate hospital, 2 Edward IV. Richa, 
Bloer, master. 13 Henry VII. Mr. Thomas Isham, master & 
the hospital of St. Leonard, otherwise called rector of the pare-*. 
chial church of Spittal *.” axe 


In the present church, and in that of St. Peter’s were five chang: 
tries, respectively dedicated to Corpus Christi, St. Joba, . Sty’. 


George, the Blessed Virgin, and the Holy Trinity. ‘The two lattes” 
of which were given by King Edward the Sixth for the farther, 
endowment of a free school. The Chorch, consisting of a nave! 
with spacious north and south ailes, and lighted by large band= 
some pointed windows, is celebrated for the elegance of its spire. 
At what time the present church was built is not recorded. The 
style of architecture is that prevalent in the thirteenth century ; 
though Mr. Gough observes, that it was endowed by Hugh, 
Bishop of Lincoln, A.D, 1100. The crypt under the south aile 
of the church, now used as a charnel house, is the most ancient 
part of the building, and probably formed part of the former 
church, which was endowed as above described. The church 
underwent considerable repairs in 1628, the estimates of which 
amounted to 1450]. In 1651 the top of the steeple was blown 
down, and rebuilt by subscription, as appears by a table, con- 
taining a list of benefactors on that occasion, placed in the church. 
In 1797 it suffered by lightening, which displaced a stone on 
the south side, aud broke off two or three of the crockets, 
which fell through the roof into the church, This elegant part 
of the fabric consists of a quadrangular tower, containing three 
stories, the first of which is lighted by one mullioned window on 
each side; the second by pairs of windows, with pointed arches; 

and the third by one large window, with two smaller lateral ones, 

having triangular heads. At each angle of the parapet, which 

is pierced with quatrefoils, is an hexangular crocketted pinnacle. 

Orer this, in beautiful proportion, rises its octagonal spire, or- 

namented 


* Sanderson's Index, p. 629, as quoted by Turnor. 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 769, 
namented with crockels on the angles, and at three several dis- 
tances, eucireled with windows, having triangular heads. ‘The 
height of the tower, to the battlements, is 135 feet, and thence 
to the top of the weathercock 138, muking together 273 feet. 
‘The nave, or choir, as itis called, including the chancel and side 
ails, snesren in Tengit)tasideontrlemdeed sand sition Son 
and cighty feet in breadth. 

‘Within the lvacolcanteomevead? handacnte\zwsntiniebta: 8B 
memory of different families of distinction, One to Sir Thomas 
Bury, Knight, Lord chief Baron of the Exchequer in the time 
of George the First. A sumptuous marble monument, with the: 
figare of justice, and a medallion representing Lord Chief Jus- 
tice Ryder, who died May Sth, 1756, a day before) the patent 
could pass by a watrant issued for the purpose of ereating him 
Baron Harrowby. A mugniticent monument, consisting of a pyra- 
mid of blue marble, and a sarcophagus of white, and a bust or- 
namented with various naval trophies, with the arms, of Cust, to, 
the memory of William Cust, Exg. “a brave and. judicious sea, 
officer, who having signalized himself in a series of dangerous 
and successful enterprizes, was unfortunately killed by a canton 
ball, Mareh sth, 1747; ereeted by his siitaee the einen 
Honourable Viscount Tyrconuel.” 

‘The font jo shushertiele aeeseeaeenniclans alta 
sculpture. It stands upon a pedestal of two steps, The shape 
is octangular. The base of the shaft is ornamented with heads 
and alternate roses. On the shaft are statues of various saints 
placed in niches; and round the font, under crocketted canopies, 
many figures. in basso relievo. ‘These are intended to represent 
the seven sacraments. 

‘The, vestry has, heen thes) opt decal lalpeian ea 
books, which were left by the will of the late Rey, John New- 
come, D. D. Master of St. John’s College, Cambridge. He 
was a native of Grantham, and bequeathed them as a public 
library, for the use of the inhabitants in the town and neigh- 
bourhood. 4 


770° LINCOLNSHIRE. 

- Iu the church of Grantham were founded two vicarages, div. 
tinguished by the names of North aid South Grantham, to the: 
former of which were snnexed the livingy of North Gunnerby- 
and Londonthorpe, and to the latter South Gunnerby and 

Braceby. ‘Fhese are in the patronage of two prebendaries, who 

bear the same names in the cathedral church of Salisbury; and- 
were granted to that church by a charter of Bishop Osmund, 

dated the Sth of April, 1091, at Hestings; where it was cou- 

firmed by William Rufas, in the fourth year of his reign. The 

want of houses for the residence of the vicars was supplied by 

the pious bequest. of Bishop Saunderson, and thé two vicarages, 

with their profits, were consolidated -in 1714, under the name of 

“the united: vicarage of Grantham ;” from which time the : twe: 

prebendaries were to have the alternate right of preseatation. 

- Grantham wes first incorporated under a charter granted by 

King Edward the Fourth, A. D. 1463. The jurisdiction of the 

corporation extends over ‘the whole soke, and “the generat 

esemions of the peace for the town and soke, are-held by warrant 

eof the alderman, directed to the bailiff of the liberties, who acts 

‘ae sheriff of the town and soke, the sheriff of the county having 

Bo authority within the soke and- district thereof*.” 

The guild-hall was rebuilt under an act obtained for the pure 
pose in the year 1787, by 4 rate levied upon the soke; in addi- 
tion to which the Duke of Rutland and Lord Brownlow gave 
each S00l. to erect a large apartment for the occasional accom» 
modation of the corporation, and to serve as an essembly-rocer 
for the use of the town. 

A free school was founded here by Richard Fox, Bishop of 
Winchester, and further endowed by King Edward the Sixth 
with the possessions of two dissolved chantries. The school- 
house of stone attracts attention, from the circumstance of its 
baving been'a place of education to that astonishing genius, Sir 

. Isaac Newton, who here studied the classics for several years, 
Grantham 


* Turnor's Collections for the History ef the Town, &c. 


LINCOLNSHIRE: 7a 
Grantham sends two members to the British senate, has a 
weekly market on Saturdays, and five annual fairs. Prom the 
returns under the populution act, the number ae 
occupied by 3,303 inhabitants, 

Without Spittlegate, at what is termed Grantham Spaw, 2 
salutary spring rises out of sandy ground, the water of which is 
a mild chalybeate, contains a small portion of wrated iron, and 
is specifically lighter (han common spring water, 

‘A Cesel has lately hem cut frcan/Grantbayn tothe sivar‘Trent 
an extent of twenty-live miles, It is) supplied with water by 
means of large reservoirs made for the purpose, The level line 
from Grantham to Woolsthorpe Point is supplied by a reservoir, 
which covers twenly-seven acres of land, in the parishes of Den+ 
ton and Harlaxtoo. /This is fed by the flood waters of Denton 
rivulet. The other part of the live, from Wookthorpe Point to 
the Trent, has a fall of one hundred and forty. fect, and is sup- 
plied by a reservoir, comprising fifty-two acres, at Knipton, In 
1798 the suns of 114,7341. had been expended on the under. 
taking ; at which time the tonnage amounted to 43811. since that 
period it has annually averaged more, ‘The chief articles con- 
veyed by this navigation are corm and coals, ' 


BELTON Hous®, two miles north of Grantham, the residence 
of Lord Brownlow, is situated on a beautiful Jawa, in a finely 
wooded yalley, through which flows the river, Witham. The 
reversion of the manor and estate of Belton, after the death of 
Sir Henry Pakenbam and Jane his wife, was purchased by 
Richard Brownlow, chief prothonotary in the court of common 
pleas, in the year 1620. The present mansion house was begua 
by Sir John Brownlow, Bart. in the year 1685, from designs, it 
is conjectared, of Sir Christopher Wren, und finished iu 1689. 
‘The form of the building, like many houses of the same-period, 
is that of the letter H; which, though not approved of by modern 
architects, possesses considerable advantages in point of conve~ 
nience and utility, The house, built of stone, presents four 

uniform 


772 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
muiform elevations, without: any architectural demise The 
spartments are numerous, tofty, and well-proportioued. Sereral 
re semana ile ones coring fy en sat hepa 
is-wainscotted with cedar. - 
n» Tu the year 1776, the hie idole npn that dis- 
tinguished architect, James Wyatt, Esq. to make improvements ia 
the building. By his direction a cupola aod balustrade were re- 
moved from the roof; the drawing-room, which measures forty 
feet by twenty-seven, was raised to the -beight of lwenty-two feet, 
gud: new-entrance was added at the. south front. In several of 
the-apartments are many good pictures by eminent masters, of the 
Flemish and Italian schools, with numerous family portraits by 
Lely, Kneller, Reynolds, Romney, and others. Amongst them is 
_ & peculiarly fide one of Sir Joun Cust, . Bart. Speaker of the 
Howee of Commons, in his robes, by Sir Joshua Reynolds;. a half 
Jength copy of which by Ruyssen, a present of the late Lord 
Brownlow, is in the state apartments of the Speaker of the House 
of-Commons. . The founder of this stately fabric bad the bonoer 
of a visit from-King Willmam the Third, who,. on bis progres 
through the northern countries, was entertained at Belton bouse 
the 29th of October, 1695. Previous to that event he had ob- 
tained, in 1690, a licence of the king and queen, to form a park 
of his lands in Belton, Londonthorpe, and Telthorpe, which he 
enclosed with a wall five miles in circumference, and at the same 
time he made numerous plantations; the trees of which, now 
become large timber, are highly ornamental to the place. His 
nephew, Sir John Brownlow, K.B..created 1718 Viscount Tyr- 
connel, fitted up the library with a choice and valuable collection 
of books, and formed gardens of great extent and magnificence 
in the prevailing taste of that age; these have since been modem- 
ized and laid out in a style more congenial with rural scenery. 
+ The church at Belton is a small ancient structure®. The 
tower 


© "The arches of the nave and the font are probably of the 11th ceatury. 
, The manor and advowson were, at the dissolution of monasteries, in the pete 
‘session of St, Mary's Abbey ia the City of York. 


LINCOLNSHIRE.” Ws 
tower haé on it the date 1637, at which time it was Ye-built by 
Richard Brownlow, Esq. The chancel also was re-built by Dame 
Alicia Brownlow, who died 1721. The chureh is kept extremely 
neat, and in the south window! are six picces of ‘niodern stained 
glass, représenting parts of scripture history. Withia the nave 
and charicel are many fine monuments to the memory of the fa 
milles of Brownlow and Cust. few dealiead 

At the villagé of Dewron, anciently spelt Dentuns, was! 
discovered in the year 1727, @ inosaic pavewient. Tt lay'about 
eighteen inches beneath the surface, and was composed of white, 
red, and’ blue tesselle; forming 4 pattern, which consiited !of 
squares and lozenges. ‘The lozenges were ornamented with chequer’ 
work, and the squares with gordian knots» it measured about 
thirty feet square. ‘This formed the floor of aroom, which Dry 
Stukeley, who examined the place, supposed was the site of a 
Roman villa. A view of this pavement bas been’ engraved by: 
Mr. Fowler, who cliscovered part of another pavement, eight feet 
square, composed of similar colours, but of a richer pattern ; this 
is also engraved in his'“ collection of Roman pavements.” Near 
this place passes a Roman vicinal way, called Sulter's road. 

‘On the Denton estate is a spring of very pure water, similar 
to that of Malvern Wells in Worcestershire. The spring is much 
frequented, and many medical virtnes are ascribed to its waters, _ 

‘The church is a small structure, and contains some monuments, 
to the Williams's, the Welby’s, and the Cholmley’s. An alms- 
house was erected and endowed by William Welby, Esq, in the, 
year 1653, for six poor persons, who have a weekly allowance i in 
money, and an annual allowance for coals. Eastward of the 
chureh is a school-house, whieh is endowed for twenty-four poor 
children, Formerly there were three families of distinction in this 
parish, the Thorold’s, the Williams's, and the Welby’s. Some 
remains of houses belonging to the former are still standing in 
the village, The Welby's came from Gedney, in the division of 

‘ Holland, 


71% LINCOLNSHIRE, - 
Holland, in which church are several ancient movoments to the 
memory of the family. . 


* Denton Hovusk is the property and residence of Sir William 
Earle Welby, Bart. M. P. The mansion, which is a large hand- 
some building in the modern style, bas received considerable ad- 
ditions from the proprietor. It stands on a fine elevation, ma 
well planted park, which is generally, and deservedly admired for 
the pleasing irregularity of the ground, and for the fine woods 
and water with which it is highty ornamented. 


* Im the western corner ef this Soke, eight miles south of 
Grantham, is the village of CoLsTERWoORTS, which wil 
ever be celebrated in the records of lristory, for having given birth 
to that great luminary in the hemisphere of science, Sin Isaac 
Newton. Of whom it may be more justly said, than of any 
person who has either preceded or followed him : 


« Ergo vivida vis animi pervicit et extra 

Processit Jonge flammantia meznia mundi 

Atque omne immensum peragravit mente animoqne.” 
Lacretius, Lib. 1. 


Isaac Newton was born at the manor house of Wools- 
thorpe, a hamlet in this parish, on Christmas-day 1642; about 
three months after the death of his father, who was a de- 
scendant from the elder branch of the family of John New- 
ton, Bart. and was lord of this manor. When a child, Isaac 
lived with his maternal Grandmother Aiscough, and went to two 
small day schools, at Skillington, and Stoke, till he was twelve 
years of age. At which time he was sent to the free grammar- 
school of Grantham, where, under the tuition of Mr. Stokes, he 
shewed a partiality for mechanics, and displayed early tokens of 
that uncommon genius, which afterwards “ filled, or rather com- 
prehended the world.” After continuing at Grantham a few 

years, 





LINCOLNSHIRE.) 75 
years, his mother took him home, for the purpose of managing 
his own estate; bat his exaited mind could not. brook such am 
occupation, and he returned again to school, Soon afterwards 
he went to Cambridge, where he was admitted into Trinity Col- 
lege the fifth of June, 1660. The first books he read with his 
college tutor, were Sanderson's Logic and Kepler's Optics, A 
desire to discover, whether there was any truth in the pretensions 
of judicial astrolugy, a science then popular, induced him to study 
mathematics. Aud haying discovered its fallacy, in a figure be 
raised for the purpose, from a few Problems in Euclid, he ever 
afler discarded the contemptible study. He however at that 
time turved aside Euclid, looking upon it as a book containing 
nothing but obvious truths, and applied himself to the study of 
Descarte's Geometry. ‘To try some experiments on the doctrine 
of colours, advanced by that philosopher, be purchased a prism, 
in the year 1664 ; when he discovered the hypothis to be errone- 
‘ous, and al the same time laid the foundation of his own theory 
of light and colours. About that period he discovered the method 
of infinite calculus, or Fluxions; the invention of which was 
claimed by Leibnitz, alihough it has been proved*, that the 
 Lecaleul differential” was borrowed from tle English philoso~ 
pher. In the year 1665, having retired to his own estate, on ac- 
count of the plague, the falling of an apple from a tree in his 
garden first suggested his system of gravity. And it isa singular 
case, that he laid the foundations of nearly all his discoveries be- 
fore he was twenty-four years of age; and communicated them in 
Joose tracts and letters to the Royal Society, Of those an ample 
account is given in the “ Commercium Epistolicum.” In 1607 
he was elected fellow of his own college, and Dr, Barrow resigned 
the professorship of mathematics tohim in 1669, In 1671 he was 
elected fellow of the Royal Society, In 1688 he was returned by 
the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament, in 
which he sate till its dissolution, The Earl of Halifixx, then 

Chancellor 
* “ Commerciam Epistolicum, D. Johannis Collins, et aliorum de Acalysi 
promata: jussn Societatis Rogie in Incem editum, 4to, Landini’, 1712." 


776 LINCOLNSHIRE." 


Chancellor of the Exchequer, and a great patron of learnizg, 
obtained for him the appointment of Warden of the Mint. Ths 
afforded him frequent opportunities of employing his time and skill 
in mathematics and chemistry ; and occasioned him to produce his 
table of “ Assays of foreign Coins,” printed at the end of Dr. 
Arbuthnott’s “ Book of Coins.” In 1697, he received ‘from 
Bernovilli a celebrated Problem, which was intended to puxsle 
all the mathematicians in Europe; but our philosopher solved 
it in a few hours. In 1699, be was made “Master and 
Worker of the Mint;” and: in 1701 he appointed Mr. Whistoa 
his deputy.in the Mathematical Chair at Cambridge, allowing him 
the whole emoluments for the performance of its duties: though 
he did not resign the professorship till 1703; iu which year be 
was chosen’President of the Royal Society. This situation be 
held till his death, which happened the 21st of March 1726-7: 
He had previously received the honour of knighthood from Queea 
Anne, at Cambridge, in the year 1705. Sir Isaac was of the 
middle stature, of a comely aspect, temperate in his diet, and of 
a meek disposition. He was courteous and uffable; and modesty 
aod generosity were emitently conspicuous in his character. He 
was never married, and the manor ‘and estate descended to ihe 
heir at law, Mr. John Newton, who sold it to the family of Turnor, 
of Stoke Rochford ; and is now the property of Edmund Tumor, 
Esq, of that place*. The manor-house is still standing. 


“ Here Newron dawn’d, here lofty wisdom woke, 
And to a wondering world divinely spoke. 
If Tully glow'd, when Pheedrus' steps he trod, 
Or fancy formed philosophy a God ; 
Tf sages still for Homer's birth contend, 
‘The sons of science at this dome must bend. 
All bail the shrine! all hail the natal day ; 
Cam boasts his noon, this cot his morning ray.” 
HARLAXTON, 


* Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton, sent by Mr. Conduitt, to Monsieur Fon- 
tenelle, in 1727, and published in Turnor’s “ Collections for a History of the 
‘Town and Soke of Grantham.” 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 777 

Harsaxton, @ smull village, situated on the turnpike-road 
leading, fromm Grantham, to Meltoa, et ire eaedeien 
the forner place, has a handsome church with a beautiful: 
Some of the windows are singular in theie form, ‘baving ci 
heads, each contained within a square label, The manor, 
principal part of the properly of Hurlaxtoo, belonged in. the in = 
of Henry the Seventh to a fatuily of the name of Blewitt : one of 
whom it is supposed built the okl and curious Menor House. This 
underwent many alterations by a subsequent possessor, Sir Samuel 
de Ligne, The house is built of stone, and on the south side it 
is guarded by a broad and deep moat, with a bridge over it, The 
entrayce into the outer court is by an arched gateway; antl: the 
iuner court is separated from the outer by a handsome balustrade, 
Some of the windows are pointed, and others have square labeled 
heads. ‘The grand gallery, which is oue hundred feet in Jength, four- 
teen wide, and éleven feet high; and the dining room, whieh is 
forty feet by thirty-one, were superbly fitted ‘up; and the wine 
dows richly decorated with painted ylass,. by Sir Daniel-de Ligne, 
In the great bow windows are coats of arms of de Ligne, dé la 
Fountaine, de Cordes, and other relations of the de Ligne family, 
who emigrated together, and beeame refugees in this country, 
To other windows are emblematieal devices, and: representations ~ 
of events, recorded in seriptaral and profane history, Several 
“fine portraits of the de Ligne and Lister fimilies, exeeuted by Core 
nelius Janssen, are here preserved, One of these, which has exeited 
particular interest, is that of Susenna Lady Lister, painted in 
her wedding dress, by €, Janssen, 1626, when Lad; i 
She was considered the, moet distinguished hearty of her tine, age 
was presented in marriage to Sir Geolfry Thornhurst, yg 
James the First, in person, ‘The present proprictor, who is 
the manor, is George de Ligne Gregory, Esq. In the year 1740, 
an Urn was found’ here, it contained burnt bones and coins of 
Galliewus, a Claurlius Gothicus, and of other emperors, with a seal 
inseribed, “ SK ek oe Tu the fields near e 

Vou.IX. this ' 








LINCOLNSHIRE, 775 


‘goodly windows, and sundry monuments.” A handsome marble’ 
monument records the ancestors of the Turnor family, proprie~ 
tors of this plice; and a very elegant throne, with four kneeling 
figures in the habit of the times, was erected here by Montague 
Cholmeley, Esq. A. D. 1641; adescendant of whom, vl 
name, has a mansion in the hamlet of Easton. 

On a brass plate, fixed on a annadnidaadicddem 
chancel, is this inscription: 

* Pray for the soll of mastyr Oly?. Sentsehn, squier, sonne unto 
ye right excellent hye, and mightty pryncess of Sonisete gndame_ 
unto ou” soveyn Lord Kynge Herre the VIL. and for the soll of 
dame Elizabeth Bygod his wiff, whoo depted from this fnsitore 
liffe ye xii. day of June, iy" year of ou” Lord M,CCCCC and TEL.” 
‘The family of St. Jobo, ancestors of the’ present Lord Boling.’ 
broke, was connected by marriage with that Segre 
formerly resided here. 


Sroxe House, the residence of Edmutd Turnor, Esq. was’ 
built in the year 1794, out of materials belonging to an old man- 
sion house, erected by Sir Edward 'Turnor, about the middle of 
the seventeenth century, The park is small, bat abounds with 
picturesque features, and in it isa pleasing small cascade, formed, 
by the water of a single spring. 

An handsome stone building in this village, containing six sets of 
apartments for six poor persons, who Have a weekly allowance in, 
money, and an annual allowance for coals, was erected and en- 
dowed in the year 1777, by Sir Edmund Turnor; no less eminent: 
for his loyalty, than he was exemplary by bis charities, He took 
part with Charles the First, and in the year 1651 he was captain, 

sDe2 of 


* The great spring at Holywell, in Flintshire, is supposed to throw out 
twenty-one tons of water in a minute. ‘This, .in Stoke park, discharges nine~ 
teen tons ina minute, ‘They both come out of Limestone, and never freexe. 
Pewant's Hist. of Holywell, p. 225 as quoted by Mr, Turnor, in his collection, 
































LANCOLNSHIRE, 781 
are nearly entire, The area within the outer moat is about eight 
acres; between the moat and ditch are very large irregular works, 
‘on the north and west sides, They consist of raised banks about 
bores length, and ten in breadth, with a ditch between 


“BOURNE, ox BURN, 


eer ete 
_ Contiguons to the town is a large spring, which discharges a suffi~ 
Gent quantity of water to supply three mills near its source. The 
earliest notice on record respecting this place is in the time of the 
Saxons, when Camden states, on the ‘authority of Leland, that it 
was notable for the inauguration of Edmund, King of the East 
Angles, A.D. 838. ‘This, however, is proved to be an error, by Mr. 
Gough, who says, that the Saxon monarch was crowned at a place 
called Buers in Suffolk, Ingulphus, after noticing several bene- 
factions to the Abbey of Croyland, says, “ Leofric, lord of the 
castle of Brunn, a famous and valiant soldier, kinsman to the 
great Count Radin, who married King Edward's sister Godo, gave 
nvany possessions to this abbey ; and on many occasions assisted 
the monks with his counsel and favour®, This Leofric bad a 
chaleur wins mineys: 
who dying without issue, they were presented by William Rufus 
Walter Eitzgilbert, or Fitzgislebert +.” Tali, Lord Wake, i 
the eighth year of King Edward the First, A.D. 1279, obtained 
a licence for a market weekly on Saturdays, aud one annual fair, 
‘This was 2 life grant, as the same privilege was conferred on the 
place at the request of Thomas Lord Wake, his grandson, in the 
second year of Edward the Second. 
‘An abbey was founded here by Baldwin, son of Baldwin Fitz 
i ee - gislebert, 


© History of Croyland, folio 299. 
1 Bishop Gibson's Edition of Camden, p. 462. 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 739 
purgative quality; very similar in their effects, but of greater 
streagth than those of Astrop, in the county of Northampton, 

A Canal has been mde hence to Boston, for boats of ten tons 
burden. By means of this navigation some mercantile business 
is carried on; but the chief trade of the place is wool-stapling 
and tanning leather, The niarket, which is but little frequented, 
is held ow Saturdays, and. the town has four fairs annually, ‘The 
number of houses, nS eee DAEte NRE LS eR 
282, of inhabitants 1,474, , 

- That eminent statesman, and exalted aes onus 
Cecit, Baron Burleigh, whose loyalty to bis sovereign, and 
uwnuiassed patriotism, preserved the religious establishment and 
civil polity of this kingdom from falling @ prey. to despotic ty- 
ranny and papal superstition, was a native of this place, He was 
born at the house of his grandfather, David Cecil, Esq. in the 
year 1520. In 1595 he was admitted of St. John's College, in 
the yniversity of Cambridge, where, at the early age of fifteen, 
he read a lecture on sophistry; and at the age of pinetepn be 
gave a Greek lecture. After leaving college he applied himself 
to the study of the law; and in the year 1547, having been made 
master of requests, be, in the following year, partook of the 
(lisgrace which fell ou the Lord Protector Somerset, with whom 
he was sent to the Tower. After suffering three months im. 
prisomment, he was released, reinstated in his office, received 
the honour of knighthood, and was chosen a member of the 
privy council. In 1553 he was appointed chancellor to the order 
of the garter, with an annual fee of 100 marks, Oa the death 
of Edward the Sixth, Sir William Cecil prudently declined 
taking any part in the busiuess, which terminated fatally for 
Lord Dudley, and bis unfortunate eonsart, the Lady Jane Grey, 
On the accession of Queen Mary be was graciously received at 
court; but refusing to change bis religion, he was dismissed from 
his employments. On Queen Elizabeth's succeeding ta the 
throne in 1558, the cloud was quickly dispelled which had Jately 
obscured both his fortune and fame, A few days after her 

3Da accession 





























= ; LINCOLNSHIRE. 75 


POLKINGHAM 


Isa suzall Lown, pleasantly situated on the site and summit of « hill, 


abounding with springs, ‘The church stands at the N. W.cad of the — 


town, and consists ofa naye, with north and south ailes, chancel and. 
porel, with a room over it, and has a handsome lofty stone 
tower, crowned will eight croketted pinnacles, 

| The manor of Foikingham was given, by the Conqueror, to 
Gilbert de Gaunt, who came over with him frow Normandy, 
and eminently distinguished himself at the decisive -hattle of 
Ilustings: for which service William, when he came to the 
throne, amply rewarded him, For in the Domesday Book it 
appears, that besides forty-one other lordsitips which Gilbert 
was seized of in different counties, le possessed one hundred-and 
thirty-one in Lincolnshire, of which Folkioghans was one, This 
place le macle his seat, aad constituted it the head of the bas 
rony. A descendant of Gilbert de Gaunt, who died withoat 
issue, 2d of January, 1274, appointed King Edward the First 
his heir to the manor and hinds of this barony, They were, by 
that monarch, granted, for eminent services, to Henry de Bel- 
Jomonte; or Beaumont, who was usoally calle “ Consangui- 
neus Regis.” In the family of the Bellomontes the manor con? 
tinued till the time of Henry the Seventh, Afier thit period it 


came into the family of the Duke of Norfolk; but being forfeited - 


by the attainder of Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, it was granted by 
King Edward the Sixth, in exeluinge for lauls in the county of 
Worcester, to the family of Clinton. Here was formerly a 


Castle, probably built by Henry de Bellononte, Props Grins * 


thorpe to Sempringham five miles; and a mile thenee, hat 
inward, is the castle of Fokingham, sometime the Lord Bare 
dolfe’s, since the Lord Bellomonte’s, now longing to the Duke 


of Norfolk, Tt hath been a goodly house, but it now falleth to 


rain, and standeth even about the edge of the fenns*,” Evea 
‘ ‘ the 
* Leland’s Itin, Vol. 1. f. 28, 


_— 








LINCOLNSHIRE: 787 


should not be administered to’ both together, but in the [presence 
of many witnesses. Though this motley order was contrary to 
the law of the Justinian code, yet it long flourished, and nume= 
ous monasteries were subsequently founded, conformably to the 
Gilbertine scheme. The founder livect to see thirteen erected, in 
which were 700 mew and 1100'women. He attained the great 
age of 100 years: and from his austerity, and many miracles. 
having been performed after his death, according to legendary 
story, he was eanonized by Pope Inmocent the Third, A. D. 
1202. | For some ceuturies this order maintained its credit for 
superior sanctity; but haman institutions are liable to degenerate, 
and the brethren and: sisters, in a subsequent period, departed 
strangely from the continency and chastity they so oligo 
ee 

iar lad mca tenet ali ea 
suppression, were valued, according to Speed, at 3591. 11s. 7d. 
‘The monastery stood to the north-east of the church. The site 
is still marked by a moated aren. ‘The church, which serves 
the two parishes of Poyton and Billinghorough, is only a part of 
the ancient edifice. The transepts are down, and the chancel in 
ruins, 'The windows are lancet-shaped, und the doors have cir- 
cular arches, with chevron or zigzag mouldings, and evidently 
point out the time of its erection'to have been in the early Nor- 
man period. 





BETTISLOE WAPENTAKE contains’ the parishes of 
Bassingthorpe cum Westhy, Bitehjield, Burton Coggles, By- 
tham Castle, Bytham Little, Careby, Corby, Counthorpe han 
let, Crecton, Eidenham, Gunby, Holywell cum Awnby chapetry, 


i 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 789 
Robert Bertie, Earl of Lindsey, who fell.a marlyr to loyalty at 
the battle of Edgehill, in the time of Charles the First; the six> 
teenth year of his age, A.D. 1642. The other tablet records the, 
virtues and exploits of bis son H. §. B, Montacute, who. in the 
royal cause accompanied his falher; but survived the tempestuous 
perind, dying the 25th of July, A. D, 1656, in the difty-ninth year 
of bis age. Asmural tablet of white marble is sacred to the me+ 
mory of Richard Bertie Barl of Lindsey, Lord Great Chamber, 
Jain of England, who attended James Duke of York, afterwards 
King James the Second, and Mareschall de Tyccnne, at the siege 
of Mouzan in 1653, and that of Landrecy, 1655. He commanded 
# troop of horse in Ireland, and served against the rebel Duke of 
Monmouth: he died.a bachelor the 19th of January, A.D. 1686, 
On the south side of the chancel is a monument of white and 
warigated marble, with an inscription commemorative of Robert 
Lord Willoughby, who died May 9th, A.D.1701. Opposite to _ 
this is a tich marble monument with a handsome ‘entablature, 
supported by Corinthian columns, with an inscription,. eating, 
Ubat in @ vault beneath lie the remains of Robert Bertie, created 
Duke of Ancaster and Ketseven by King George the First, aud 
who by death quittod all earthly honours, July 26th, in the year 
1228, This monument was executed by L, J. Scheemakers and 
TL. Cheere, | Against the sue wall is a monument consisting of a 
pedestal of white marble, on which is the edigy.of Peregrine the 
second Duke of Ancaster, iv a Roman dress, recliaing on an uro, 
Ou the front is an inscription purporting, that he died January 1, 
1743, leaving four sons and three daughters. On the south side 
of the chancel is a very elegant ‘white veined murble monument, 
executed by Harris of Loadon, to the memory of Peregrine, third 
Duke of Ancaster and Ketseven, who died in the sixty-fifth year 
of his age, August 12th, 1778. It also records the memory,of his 
son Robert, fourth Duke of Ancaster, who died the 8th of July 
1779; only eleven months after he bad succeeded (9 the tiles 
and estate. 





LINCOLNSHIE B, 798 
‘This magnificent structure stands im a fine park sixteen miles in 
cireumference. On the north side of the castle is an avenue, 
which extends three quurters of a mile. ‘To’ the south are the 
gardens avd pleasure grounds. On the east side the view em- 
braces the hamlet of Grimsthorpe, with the Lordship of Edenham; 
and on the west, # beautiful sloping Lawn descends to two lakes, 
comprising about ap hundred acres: beyond which arising ground 
is terminated by w grove of forest trees. 

Tn the park, about a mile from the present mansion, formerly 
stood a Cistertion abbey, founded by William Earl of Albemarle, 
about the year 1451. It was called, Vauuis Det, and vulgarly 
Vandy. Gilbert de Gamb was a great benefactor, and Ganfred 
de Brachecurt gave the whole of his estate at Bracheurt to it, upon 
condition that the monks should maintain him and his wife with 
two servants in all necessaries s0 long as they both should live; 
with the additional proviso, that they should have double allow- 4 


NESS WAPENTAKE cootuins the parishes of Barholm, Bas 
ton, Braceborough, Carthy, Decping St. James, Deeping Market, 
Deeping West, Greatford, Langtoft, Stowe, Tallington, Thurlby, 
Upington, Wilsthorpe, avd the Town of Stamford, WANs 
eastern cad of this wapentake is + 


MARKET DEEPING, 





A small market town, which derives its name ihc elt 
‘The land to the east of it is said to’ be relutively the lowest in the 
whole county. Ingulphus observes, that Deeping siguifies a low 
meadow, He also states, that Riebard de Rulos, Chamberlain to 
William the Conqueror, -raised a lofty artificial bank to confine the 
waters of the river Welland, which before used frequently to over- 

flow; 


Mie in R= 
pa Rae eg iy 
isn een ie Lae me 











LINCOLNSHIRE! 793 
attrict. Te belonged “to several Parishes, and is partly holden ‘ 







; and all the land is free from every other 
ag er fw hats 
gh there is no poor asiessment, relief is granted 





of the acts respecting it, via, 18 
“inhabitants 


int 


and the survivor of them, and 
kind, ou 
spective parishes | inhabitant, or inhabitants, 

reside or dwell; any slatute or law to the contrary, whereof in 
any wise, notwithstanding.” “The qualification is, being holder 


of the common belonging to several parishes adjoining. ‘There 
is no church in the district; the inhabitants go to the weighboar- 


ing towns to church,” eke ay 









1. sn teclan espe and wate COAT oa’ the nottliera 
nek of tine ene ene 
Vou. IX. 








LINCOLNSHIRE. 795 


siderable place than Peterborough. In that reign, Leland ob- 
serves, that it was a borough, and ever after belonged to the 
crown *, In the time of the Danes it was reckoned one of the 
five great cities of the Danish kingdom, whose inlabilants, for 
the purpose of distinction, were termed Fisburgenses. The 
others were Derby, Nottingham, Leigester, and Lincoln; to 
which two more were afterwards added, Chester and York: 
when the appellation was changed to Seafenburgenses, which - 
name they relained till the close of the Danish dynasty in Eng- 
land. By the Saxon annals calling it Byrigh, and Florence of 
Worcester Arx, it was evidently then a walled town.—Leland 
says there were seven, principal towers on the walls of Stamford, 
to each of which the freeholders were occasionally allotted, to 
watch and ward; and, according to Speed's plan of the town, 
there were also four smaller forts, which sade the number 
eleven. Besides these, the town was defended by seven prineipal, 
and two postern gates, and a strong citadel. The castle was 
probably built by the Danes: for the Saxon Chronicle, and Henry 
of Huntingdon, speaking of its being taken from them by Ed- 
mund Ironside, A.D. 942, observes, it had been then a long 
time in their possession, But Leland, following Matthew of 
Westminster, states, that Elfreda, sister of Edward the elder, 
rebuilt the castle of Stamford, on the northern bank of the 
Welland, A.D. 914. The Danes again repossessed themselves 
of the castle, and held it till the death of their last king, in the 
year 1041, when it reverted again to the English. But by William 
conquering the kingdom, it fell, A.D. 1066, into the hands of 
the Normans. At the time of the general survey, there were in 
Stamford one hundred and forty-one mansions+, and twelve lage- 

SsE2 men, 


* Ito, Vol. VI. f. 28, 

t Muli kts, Sanibel pet 
acceptation ; for im Domesday it is stated, that “ Roger de Bosli had in 
Shottingham, or Nottingham, three mansions, in which were situated eleven 
houses.” 


796 LINCOLNSHIRE. 

men®, who had within their own houses sac and soc, over their 
own men, except the tax and heriots, and the forfeiture of ther 
bodies, and felons’ goods. In the reign of Stephen, the castle 
was besieged by Henry of Anjou, afterwards King Henry the 
Second ; who took it, and bestowed both that and the tows, ex- 
vepting the barons’ and knights’ fees, on Richard Humez or He 
metz, to bold them of the crown by homage and other service. 
By King Jobn they were granted to William Earl of Warren, to 
hold by a similar tenure, After his death, they were granted by 
John Earl of Warren to Edward the First, and by the king re- 
granted to the said earl, for the term of his life; on whose de- 
inise, by a previous agreement, they reverted again to the crows. 
After many grants, and as many reverslons arising from for- 
feiture, or failure of mate issue, the manor was given by Quees 
Elizabeth to William Cecil, first Lord Burleigh ; and by mar- 
riage of Anne, his grand-daughter and coheiress, with William 
Earl of Exeter, it descended to Henry Grey, first Eari of Stasi- 
ford, in which family it continued for several descents; but is 
now again, by purchase, vested in the family of Cecil. 

In the reign of Richard the Third the castle was thrown dows 
and demolished. The hill on which it stood, to the north-west 
of the town, appears to have been nearly artificial, the various 
layers of earth lying horizontally; and by the side are the small 
remains of a stone wall. 

In the time of the Conqueror, Stamford was governed by the 
lagemen or aldermen. In the time of Edward the Fourth it #b- 
tained the privilege, which it still retains, of sending two members 
to parliament: and in the first year of that reign a charter was 
granted, by virtue of which the aldermen and other officers were 
incorporated, under the name of the “ Aldermen and combur 


gesses, 


* These were jadgts of the laws, and were the first civil governers of 
towns; having sac, that is the privilege granted by the king to judge sed try 
causes, and receive the forfeitures arising from crimes within a certain tat: 
‘Fhe place of such jurisdiction was denombuated Sue. . 

















a 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 797 
gesses of the first and second bench.” Various other privileges 
were conferred by different cliurters in sueceeding reigns ; but the. 
town was not governed by a mayor till the reign of Charles the 
Seeond*, who, when he recalled the royal charters throughout 
the kingdom, granted a new one to Stamford, which was con- 
firmed in the reign of James the Second. By that, charter it was 
again incorporated ; and the corporation made to consist of a- 
ee nee 
the name of “ The , aldermen, and capital bargesses of the 
town or borough of Stamford.” By the same deed, the mayor 
aur! corporation ure empowered to chuse a recorder, deputy re- 
corer, @ corover, and a town clerk, “ to enter debts, according 
to the statutes of merchants, and the statute of Acton Burnell.” 

To Stamford were formerly four religious houses, besides one, 
in the parish of St, Martin, i vec ‘The prin- 
cipal of these 


A oS ae Priory, called St. _LEoxARn was, 
founded, according to Mr. Peck, by in the seventh 
century; and refounded in the time of r by Bishop. 
Gales, 0: Hodes iektaTie Denes ‘The site is, 
at a small distance from the town, but formerly was included , 
within it. A: part of the eonventual church is standing. The 
ailes and transepts are down. A portion of the nave, sixty feet 
Jong and twenty-one broad, is ap interesting rain. On the north 
side is a range of circular arches, with waving ornamental 
moulding: in the west front isa doorway, with a semicirculararch. 
‘This is connected with two lateral niches, and over them is an 
arcaile with an oval window in the pediment. ike 

a 3E3. p 


* wate etter directed ta Robert Fame, alderman, by 

Lg ee an hal pops Oo nego 

which soon followed 

pips A fmaay GG of gepemenye) 

King, was declared an improper person, and another wus nominated tn bis’ 
place, and served the office of chief magistrate, 


798 LINCOLNSHIRE. 

The WuITE, or CARMELITE Friaky, dedicated to the Vir- 
gin Mary, is said to have been founded by Henry the Third. It 
was evidently a royal foundation, from the king’s arms having 
been cut in stone over the western gate; but as the coat contains 
the arms of France quartered with those of England, it is evideat 
that Edward the Third was either the founder, or a great bene- 
factor to it. That monarch held a council here, when he confirmed 
the monastery of Newstede. It was a place used for the reception 
of the English kings, in their progress to and from the north, and 
was situated at a small distance from St. Paul’s-gate, where the road 
divides for Richall and Uffington; and from remains of walls ap- 
pears to have been an extensive building. The west gate still re- 
mains entire, and is a handsome, though small specimen of the ar- 
chitecture of the fourteenth century. 


The Convent of Grey Friars, Fransciscans, or Minorites, 
was founded by Henry the Third, or by some of the Plantagenet 
family, in the reign of that monarch; who was so partial to this 
new order, that he wished to place some of its monks in all the 
great towns of his dominions. Fuller gives a particular account 
respecting the surrender of this monastery, by its prior, or warden, 
and nine monks, to King Henry the Eighth, in the year 1539. It 
stood just without St. Paul’s gate. Mr. Peck describes various 
stone figures, and fine pieces of carvings, which have been dug up; 
but all the remains at present are part of an outer wall, and 
postern, or back gate-way. 

The Monastery of BLACK FRIARS, called also Dominicans, 
and Friar Preachers, was founded about the year 1220, by Wil- 
liam de Fortibus, the second Earl of Albermarle, who rebelled 
against his sovereign, Henry the Third. It was dedicated to the 
Blessed Virgin and St. Nicholas, the favourite saint of that mo- 
nastic order. Speed notices a Dominican friary of St. Mary and 
St. Nicholas, founded at a much earlier period, by Talbois, Earl 
of Anjou, and William de Romara. These were probably the 
same ; but if founded as above described, it must have been for 

monks 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 799 
monks of some other order, as that of St. Dominick did not taker 
its rise till A.D. 1216. William de Fortibus might therefore 
have further endowed it, and changed its monks to the more’ 
fashionable order of the time. ane boa ean 
and Tenter meadow, 

The Austin Friary, Leland says, was founded dhicehiles 
year 1380, by Fleming, Archdeacon of Richmond, who was a very- 
wealthy man of Stamford... Richard Warner, its last prior, with 
dive monks, surcendered this monastery to Henry the Bighth, Oc- 
tober 6th, 1539. 

. In this town were, at one period, fourteen parish ebarelies, be- 
sides chapels. Several of these were burnt by the northern sol- 
diers A.D. 1461, and never rebuilt. The number was further 
diminished at the dissolution of the monasteries ; and by an act 
passed in the year 1547, they were reduced to five, according tor 
the ancient division of the town into five wards: ‘This is the pre- 
sent number, exclusive of St. Martin’s, in Stamford Baron, The 
names are Great St, Michael's, St, Mary's, St. Georges At 
Saints’, and St. John's, 

— Micwart’s Cuuren, situated sear thisicentraotiitar 

is probably the oldest structure, part of it being built prior 
neantintiel Jt consists of a nave, north and south ailes, 
choir, with north and south chancels, which extend beyond the 
ailes, The eastern end of the choir, being in a ruinous con- 
dition, was taken down and rebuilt by the parishioners about the 
year 1705, when in the wall were found, thrown in as rubbish, seulp+ 
tured stones, the fragments of some religious building, which had 
existed anterior to this. At the west end of the nave was a wooden. 
tower, which was taken down, and replaced by another of stone in 
1761. The windows of the church have formerly been highly 
ornamented with painted glass, but the figures, arms, &e. are in 
a lamentable state of mutilation. 


Sr. Mary's Cuurcn appears to have been built at the latter 
end of the thirteenth century, and probably on the site of one ag 
SES early 


800 LINCOLNSHIRE. 

early as the conquest, as the inhabitants consider this the inéther 
church. The spire is a handsome structure, without battlements, 
having, at that part where it begins to contract, the figures of the 
four Evangelists, placed under elegant canopies, one at each cor- 
ner. At the upper end of the chancel is an ancient and curioes 
monument, without arms or inscription. The figure of a man 
armed cap-e-pee is recumbent by a female figure. This tomb 
is to the memory of Sir David Philips, who distinguished him- 
self at tlie battle of Bosworth field. He founded a chantry in 
this church.—In the Cottonian library is a manuscript bill of ex- 
pences for repairs, and other matters respecting this church in the 
year 1427, containing many curious items, 


; St. GgorGe’s Counc is a large plain building, consisting of 

a chancel, nave, north and south ailes, with a square embattled 
tower at the west end. The windows of the uiles are large with 
three lights, and pointed flat arches; those of the nave have 
square heads. It was rebuilt A. D. 1450, at the sole expence of 
William Bruges, first Garter King at Arms® In the chancel 
windows, which are very large, were numerous figures in ‘stained 
giass.—In this church lie the remains of David Cecil, Eeq. who 
was high sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1542, and grandfather of 
the first Lord Burleigh. 


ALL SAINTS CHURCH is a large well-proportioned structure, 
consisting of a nave, two ailes, and two chancels; one at the end 
of the south aisle, and the other answering to the nave. At the 
west end of the north aile is the steeple, which is a lofty, bhand- 
some, embattled structure, with octangular turrets at the corners, 
and crowned by a neat octangular spire, crocketed at the angles 

: from 


‘* This person bestowed numerous jewels, rich plate, and other valuable 
ornaments, upon the church. Mr. Peck bes inserted in his Annals, a copy 
of the will, which centains many particolars respecting these bequests, Ag, 
tiquarian Auals of Stamford, Lib, XIV. p, 24. 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 801 
from the base to the sumimit. This church, which Mr. Peck 
considers “ one of the principal ornaments of Stamford,” ) was 
built at the expence of a Mr. John Brown, merchant of the Staple 
at Calais, who, with his wife lie buried at the upper end of the 
north aile, On a gilt brass plate in the wall is this inseription, 
“Oraté pro animabus Jehannis Browne, mercatoris Stapule Ca- 
isi S Margerie uxoris ejus. | Qui quidem Johannes obiit xxvi* 

is Julii an. dai. M,CCCCXLIN; & que qoaidem Marge- 
ia objit xxii? die Novembris M,CCCCLX, quorum animabus 
propitietur Deus. Amen.” In St. Mary's chapel, where formerly 
stood the altar, are figures in brass of William Brown, who built 
and endowed the bead-house, and his wile; with scrolls over 
their heads— X me spede,” “ dere Inily help at ede.” Against. 
the east window of this chape! is a white marble monumedt, in 
memory of Mr. Thomas ‘Truesdale, who lived in the same house: 
that Mr, Brown did, and followed his example, —_— 
another almshouse. 


Sr. Joun THE BAprist’s Cuuncn was rebuilt’ about the 
thirtieth year of Henry the Sixth, A.D, 1452, It consists of a 
nave and two ailes, with a chancel at the east end of each, They 
are separated from the nave and ailes by elegant scteen work, and 
the roof bas beew highly decorated with figures, carved both ia 
wood and stone, ‘The windows of this chureh, aecording to Mr, 
Peck, exhibited some admirable specimens of stained glass, 

Besides religious foundations, Stamford had formerly several 
others devoted to the tuition of youth. In the year 1109, Jofirid, 
Abbot of Croyland, deputed three monks from his monastery 
for this purpose. This was probably the foundation of the Uni- 
versity, which has been the subject of much controversy, Cam= 
den* places the date of the establishment in the reign of Edward 
the Third; and Anthony Wood, im the yoar 1292+. But 

‘the 


* Britannia, Vol, 11, p. 225. 
t As quoted by Mr, Peck, Lib. IX. p. 22, 


a ; MENCOLNSHIEE, 
the foundation was Carlier than either of these assigued periods. 
‘The Carmelites had a monastery here in the time of Henry the 
"Third, gave public lectures om divinity and the liberal arts, aad 
bald public dispatations against Judaism. Numbers of the clergy 
- quad gentry sent their sons bere for instruction. . Other religious 
‘houses in this place followed the example. Stamford soon be- 
came celebrated as a place of liberal instruction. Public lectures 
were sppoiated, and. colleges erected for the reception of sgh 
dents. On a violent altercation taking place in the reign of Edv 
ward the Third, between the Northern and Soutitetm scholars 
in the University of Oxford, the former class removed te Stam- 
ford: but they-were obliged, by royal proclamation, to return to 
. Oxford, and it was afterward made a statute, that no Oxford. man 
should take a degree at Stamford. In this university were four 
colleges: namely, Brasen nese, wheticea college at Oxford, found- 
‘ett in the time of Henry the Seventh, probably took its name, was 
taken down in the year 1668, and a charity school erected out of 
the materials. Sempringham Hell stood on St. Peter's Hill, and was 
intended principally as a seminary for youth destined to profes, 
agreeable to the order of Gilbertines. It was founded by Ro- 
bert Luttrel, rector of Imham, A. D. 1292. 

Peterborough Hall was opposite the south door of AH Saints 
church. It was pulled down about 1705. 

. Bleck Hall, a school to prepare the youth for the monastery 
of Black friars, stood to the north-west of All Saints church, and 
was taken down soen after Peterborough Hall. 

The Free School, in St. Paul’s Street, was founded in the reign 
of Edward the Sixth, A. D. 1548, by Mr. William Radcliffe; 
aad further endowed in the tenth year of James the First, by 
Thomas Earl of Exeter, who gave the sum of 108]. annually to 
Clare Hall, in Cambridge, on condition, that he and his beirs 
fer ever should have the nomination of eight scholars, and out 
of them three fellows; and when uny of the scholarships should 
become vacant, that preference should be given, in electing, to the 
youth educated iu the free grammar school of Stamford. 

¥ In 





LINCOLNSHIRE, : 803 
* In'the Charity School, situated also in St. Paul's Street, thirty- 
six boys are cloathed and educated ; the expence of which are, 
in a great measure, defrayed by public contributions. 

Browne's Hospital, so called from Mr. William Browne, an 
alderman and merchant of the staple, at Calais, was founded 
in the reign of Richard the Third, for a warden, confrater, and 
twelve poor men, and endowed with ample lands for their sup- 
port. Itis an handsome old building, situated on the north side of 
the corn market. In the chapel, at the eastern end; which was 
consecrated A.D. 1494, service is performed by the confrater 
twice every day. In the windows is much curious painted glass. 
‘The revenues have greatly increased of late years, and the poor 
are comfortably provided for, 

Tn the year 1770, St. Peter's gate being in a ruinous contlition, 
was taken down, and near the site was erected St, Pefer’s Hos- 
pital, a well contrived building, for the reception of eight poor’ 
men and their wives, whose age, to be admissible, must be more 
than sisty. 

Truesdate’s Hospital, for six poor men, who have three shillings 
and sixpence weekly, and an anawal allowance of clothes and 
coals, is situated in the Seogote. Besides these, there are other 
chatitable institutions, named Callises, St. Johh’s Callis, adjoin-  - 
ing Truesdale’s Hospital, is for eight poor women. All Saints 
Calis, on St. Peter's Hill, is for twelve poor women. And Wil- 
liamson’s Callis, on the same hill, in the parish of All Saints, 
erected by Mr. G, Williamson, grocer, and endowed with lands by 
his widow, in the year 1772. ‘This charity provides an asylum for’ 
4ix poor widows, whose age, at admission, must be near forty-eight. 

‘The civil business of the town is transacted in the TowN HALL, 
a latge insulated structure, standing near St. Mary's ehureh, It 
was built by trustees, appointed under an act passed in the year 
1776, for widening the road from the north end of the bridge to 
the Scogate, when the old Hall was taken down. The building _ 
has two handsome fronts, and the whole is divided into twenty- 
two apartments, comprising the- municipal rooms, the largest of 


904 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
which is fifty-two feet long, twenty-five wide, and nineteen in 
height ;-a guard room, house of correction, and a gaol. 

‘The Theatre in St. Mary Street, a neat building, after the model 
of, those in London, was erected at the expence of 8061. in the 
year 1768. 

‘The river Welland is navigable to the town for boats and small 
barges. The town is supplied with water from Wolthorpe, 
wheneg it is conveyed by iron pipes. Stamford has two markets 
on Monday and Friday, and seven annual fairs.. By the returns to 
parliament under the late act, the number of houses was 701, of 
inhabitants 4022. 


Stamford Baron, though considered part of the town of 
Stamford, being separated from it only by the river Welland, 
over which is a sto:e bridge, is a distinct liberty and parish in the 
eounty of Northampton, Ancicutly this part of the town was 
ealled Stamford beyond the bridge, or Stamford south of the 
Welland. The first time the appellation of Stamford Baron oc- 
curs on record, is about the year 1455, beiug then part of the 
Tends held per beroniam, by the»Abbot of Peterborough, to 
distinguish it from the other part called the King’s borough, 
During the Saxon period, in the reign of Athelstan, it enjoyed 
the privilege of a mint*, and was particularly favored by suce 
ceeding monarchs. King Edward the elder fortified the soutbern 
banks of the river against the Danes, who frequently occupied 
the northero side; and built, according to Marianus, a strong 
castle in Stamfi rd Baron to prevent the incursions of that people 
from the north. Mr. Peck observes, he could not discover that 
it was ever walled; yet it was defended by five gates and a castle. 
The latter stood on the verge of the Roman road, where now is 
the Nuns’ farm. In Domesday book this place is mentioned af 
the sixth ward belonging to Stamford, and as being situated in 


Hantunescire. 
Here 


© Stowe's Annals, This was a prfvilege granted to the Abbot ef Medes. 
hamstede, and js mentigned in a charter of King Edgar to that monastery. 





LINCOLNSHIRE. 805 
Here was a nunnery of the Benedictine order, dedicated to thie 
honour of God end St. Michuel, by William Abbot, of Peterbo- 
rough, in the reign of Henry the Second, ‘The annual revenues 
of whieh, at the suppression, were, aceording to Speed, 721, 188. 
10}. , 
In a deed granted in the time of Richard the First, notice is 
taken of an hospital for lepars, dedicated to St. Exidius, or St. 
Giles; and a house of regular canons for Knights Hospitallers, 
but by whom founded is unknown, Where wow is the alms- 
house, stood an hospital dedicated to St. Sohu the Baptist, erected 
by Brand de Fossato, for the reception of pilgrims and poor tra- 
vellers. Upon the site of this, William Lord Burleigh, lord high 
treasurer of England, built an hospital, and endowed it for a war- 
den and twelve poor men. , 
‘The present Church, dedicated to St. Martin, was erected by 
Bishop Russel, in the reign of Edward the Fourth. It is a large 
handsome building, consisting of a nave, two chancels, north und 
south ailes, and a square pinnacled tower at the west end of the 
sorth aile. ‘The lofty nave is divided from the north alle liy six 
pointed arches, and from the#outh by five, supported by slender 
columus. “Mr. Gough erroneously states, that, “in 1737 all the 
painted glass in’ St. Martin’s was taken awdy to save the vicur 

from wearing spectacles *.” —J 
At the upper end of the north chancel is a cenotaph to the me- 
mory of Richard Cecil and his wife, the pareats of the first Lord 
Burleigh. The entablature is supported by'colunms of the Co- 
rinthian order, and under a circtilar canopy are the effigics of 
doth represented before an altar; avd on the front of the base, three 
female tigures, in a supplicating posture, On the altar are two 
inscriptions,, A very curious monument of various marble, eur 
sisting of two circular arches, supported by Corinthian pillars, 
aud surmounted with an escutehooned tablet, and which hus be- 
neath, on a raised altar tomb, a figure in armour, with « dog Iyiug 
a 

_ 


* Edivos of Camden, Vol. IL. p, 244. na 


ay 


006 LINCOLNSHIRE. 
at the.feet ; leone of tha sAies.o8 Wiaa Go 
“Baron of Burleigh, and Lord high Treasurer of Eagtand. “ 

Against the north wall of the north Chancel, is @ stately tomb 
‘of white and grey marble, erected to the mnemory of Jekn, Earl 
‘of Exeter, who died August 29th, 1700; and of his lady, whe 
died June 18th, 1709.—The earl is represented in a Romani habit, 
discoursing with his countess, who, has an open book resting on 
‘ber knee, and a pen in her hand, 2s rea.ly to take down the pus 
port of his discourse. Below is the figure .of Minerva with-the 
‘gorgon’s head; and opposite, the.sqme deity is represented in a 
mournful attitude, as lamenting the loss of the patron of arts and 
sciences. A pyramid of grey marble, ascending almost to the 
roof, is crowned with the figure of Cupid, ‘holdieg in bis band a 
‘snake with the tail in the mouth, emblematical of eternity. . 

These monuments were exeeuted at Rome, and display a style 
of sculpture more distinguished by the quantity, than quality of its 
workmanship. 

Against one of the pillars, ‘on the. north side of the nave, sa 
mural monument with a Latin inscriptiqn, importing, that it was 
erected at the expence of John Eql of Exeter, to the memory of 
William Wissing, an ingenious painter, a native of Amsterdam, 
and a disciple of the celebrated Peter Lely. He is compared to 

_ an early bunch of grapes, because snatched away in the flower of 
his age, September 10th, 1687, at the age of 39. 

Stamford Baron comprises one parish. ‘The living is a vicarage, 
which, by the munificence of the lord treasurer Burleigh, is en- 
dowed with the rectorial tythes *, 

It would be improper to leave Stamford -without adverting to 
an almost singular point in the law of inheritance, called Borough 
English ; by which the youngest son, if the father dies intestate, 
inherits the lands and tenements, to the exclusion of the elder 
branches of the family. This, as well as the law of Gavel kind, 

which 


© Burleigh, the handsome seat of Lord Exeter, abonta mile distant, will be 
uly noticed in a subsequent account of Northamptonshire, 





LENCOLNSHIRE, ‘sor 
which prevails ia Kent, were of Saxon origin ; respecting the rea 
son of its introduction, the opinions of lawyers aud antiquaries are 
divided. . Littleton supposes the youngest were preferred, as least 
able to provide for themselves, Dr Plot conjectures that it arose 
from an old barbarous right, assumed! by the lord of the manor 
during the fendal ages, of sleeping the frst night after marriage 
with the vassal’s bride. Whence the first born was supposed to 
belong to the lord. Though this might afford a reason for the 
exclusion of the eldest son, yet, in the case of there being more 
than two, it does not satisfactorily account for the: preference 
given to the youngest. Mr. Peck’s opinion is less exceptionable: 
he says, that Stamford being a trading town, the elder sons were set 
up in business, or generally received their respective shares of the 
paternal property, while the father wasliving. 

A singular custom, called Budl-running, which eaalieiies 
place bere and at Tilbury in Staffordshire, must not be passed un- 
noticed. Tradition relates, that William, the Fifth Earl of Warren, 
ia the reign of King John, while standing one day on the walls of 
his castle, sawtwo bulls contending fora cow. A butcher, to 
whom one of the bulls belonged, coming ap with a large dog, set 
him at bis own bull. The dog driving the animal into the town, 
more dogs joined in the chace, with avast concourse of people. 
‘The animal, enraged by the baiting of the dogs and the climour of 
the multitude, knocked down and ran over many persons, This 
so delighted the earl, who had been a spectator, that he 
gave the meadows where it commenced, after the first crop was 
off, as acommon for the use of the butchers in Stamford; om 
condition, that they should anoually provide a bull six weeks be- 
fore Christmas-day, to perpetuate the sport, » 

‘This plebeian cafuival, which bas been instituted five hundred 
and seventy years, is still held on the appointed day, the festival 
of St Brice; but from the account given by Mr. Butcher, of the 
manner in which the ceremony used to be conducted, it appears, 
that either the manners of the inhabitants are more refined, or 
their veneration for antiquity has diminished. Formerly, the night 

previous 


eos LINCOLNSHIRE, " ' 
previews to the importeot day; the bull procured for the occasiea 
‘was secured in the stable belonging to the chief magistrate ; sed 
the Bullerds, or men appointed to take the lead in the pursuit, 
were clad in antic dresses. But at present the magistracy deciise 
all interference, the builards are simply cloathed, and much of the 
original spirit has latterly evaporated, ‘The morning the bull is 
to run, proclamation is made through the town by the belles, 
that ne person, on pain of imprisonment, shall offer any violence 
to strangers, The town being a great thoroughfare, a guard is 
appointed to pretect persons passing throngh it that day. Ne 
person porsaing the bull is allowed to have clubs or sticks with 
iron in them. When-the people, after due notice given, have 
secured their doors. and windows, the bull is turned ont; whee 
men, women, children, dogs, &c. run promiscuously after the 
‘animal with loud vociferntions and wanton: frolies. ‘ After the di- 
‘version is over, the bull is killed, and the price for which he srlls, 
is divided among the Society of Butchers, who procured his. 
‘This custom of ball-ronning, which, to a stranger, mest appear 
highly ludicrous, Mr. Samuel Pegge observes, “is a sport of: 
higher kied than diversions commonly are, because it was made 
& matier of tenure.” Those, however, who have reed Bicunf's 
Jocular tenures, will not, from this circumstance, be inclined to 
change their opinion, if they before considered it cruel towards 
the animal, and derogatory to man. 


BND OF LINCOLNSHIRE. 


At ai amg 


LIstT 
Principal Books, Maps, and Prints, that have been publithed 


in Illustration of the Topography and Antiquities of the 
' Counties contained in the Tee rey ih Dance 


of Baglantd and Wales. 
— Me 
neers ple ya ies , 
LS em nage ig ge mo 


by Dr. C 3 tag Tie prin Principal coy 
the | in Deis: a with an “iho the Bri ertt 


hie eee Roman Antiquities’ in those parts. Oxford, 
peg thang of the pasiages in Lancashirt this Con- 
ire Stine rees niade an onset on the town of Boulton, 
The taki a of Lancaster, by Sexjesne- 
Sie. eae 
“ Strange newes of a prodigiotis monster, born ps eee 
‘the f St 
tag et a eacerpacamen 
pple: rd at Standish 
Account of Lancashire bli beh 
fullewing bed ay ine the Vaacabrs Gasetioo's : |pha- 
det ically mrranpeAreoant ofthe Hundreds Market Towns, 


Parishes, owas Gentlemens! Seats, Rivers, 
Novi Hor Coma eae 


Tati = = 3F | & Antiquitates 


* Dr. Cay, in his account of this book, Phil. Trans. No. 206, p. 1003, 
makes many objections to the Author's observations, 


LIST OF BOOKS, &c- 


“ Antiquitates Bremetonacenses ; or, the Roman Antiquities of Ovrt- 
noroucH ; wherein Overborough is proved the Bremetonacz of Ar 
toninus; the year when, and the Roman who erected this station, 
collected out of Tacitus; 4a account of the garrison there ; also of the 
idol who was tutelar deity of Overbotough; to which is added, aDe 
scription of as many Monuments of Antiquity as have been duy up or 
discovered there lately, tending to Illustrate the History of this once 
famous Station. By Richard Rauthmell, 1746,” 4to. The Authors 
explanation of an inscription on an altar found here was controverted 
by Mr. Pegge, in Gent. Mag. Sept. 1759, p. 407,.and by another 
writer in the Magazine for the following month, p. 451. 

“ The Happiness of Retirement, in an Epistle from Lancashire 3 
friend at county ro Br is added an Evcomium on the Town of 
Preston. Lond. 1733.” An Account, and Views of the Guild Mer- 
chant of Preston, &c. with a list of the company at the balls, &. 
Sept. 1762, were published that year, in 8vo. 

“ The Guild Merchant of Preston; or, Preston Guild Companica. 
Being an exact Representation, on nineteen Copper Plates, curious 
Drawn and Engraved, of that ancient procession, with a Letter Pres 
explanation, The whole laid down so easy and expressive, as to reo 
der it a proper help to those gentlemen and ladies resorting to Pree 
ton. Manchester, 1762,” 12mo. Williams inv. and del. ry, 

“ The Antiquities of Furness; or, an Account of the Royal Abbey 
of St. Mary, in the vale of Nightshade, near Dalton; belonging w 
the Right Hon. Lord George Cavendish. By Thomas West. Lond 
1744,” 4to. 
wil A oe Edition, with considerable aides, was published br 

illiam Close, 1805, 8vo. is useful and judicious Topographial 
Volume Uhave already had occasion to refer to. 

« The wonderfull discoverie of.witches in the County of Lancaster, with 
the Trial of nineteen notorious Witches at Lancaster Assizes, Aug 
6, 1612, &c. &c. By Thomas Potts, Esq. 1613,” to. 


“ An History of the Original Parish of Whalley, and honour of Cl 
theroe, in the Counties of Lancaster and York.” Ty the Rev. T. D. 
Whitaker, 4to. 1800. Some Additions to this Work were published 
in 1806. 2 


“ General View of the Agriculture of the County of Lancaster ; with 
Observations on the Means of its Improvement. “From the comme 
nications of Mr. Jokn Holt, of Walton. London. 8vo. 1795.” 


“ An Account of the beginning and erection of the Duchy and 
Palatine of Lavicuster, ant of the additions made thereunto; and of 
the honours, royalties, privileges, exemptions, which have been grant- 
ed and confirmed unto John Duke of Lancaster, (called John of 
Gaunt). And also unto all the officers, tenants, and residents there 
in, and throughout all the Duchy possessions, And also of the ho- 
nour of Tutbury; and how, and to whom the right of Inheritance; 
of and in the offices of Feodary and-Bailiff, Escheator, Clerk of the 
Market, and Coroner doth belung and hath been execuied therein. 


Pruper 


LIST OF BOOKS, &c. 2 


Proper to be known to alll such as have any estates or interests in the- 
said premises, Derby, printed 1735,” 4to. pp. 15. # 


MANCHESTER. 


“ The History of Manchester, in four books. By John Whitaker, B.D. 
F.8.A. and Fellow of C.C.C. Oxford. Lond. 1771.” 2 Vols, 4to. The’ 
Author afterwards republished the First Volume of this Work, with 
Additions and Corrections, in 2 Vols.8vo. Though this Publication, by | 
its Title, alludes only to Manchester, it may be considered rather as 
a Dissertation on British and Roman Antiquities in general, than as 
a local History. By some critics it has been denominated, ‘ An 
Antiquarian Romance;’ and Jokn Collier, who assumed the signature 
of Tim Bobbin, has satirized the book in ‘ Curious Remarks on the 
History of Manchester’ By Muscipula, Sen.” 12mo. 1771. 

“ ATrue and Faithful Relation of the Besieging of the Towne of 
Manchester, in Lancashire, upon Saturday the 24 of September, &c. 
&c, and the manner of raising the siege, having continued until Sa- 
turday the ist of October,.as it was credibly represented unto the 
House of Commons from a Godly Minister in the said Towne, &c.. 
1642,” 4to. 

A single sheet Account of Manchester College, with a Cut; printed 
by Bettenham, London; 1726, 

“ Experiments and Observations on Water, ‘icularly on the hard 
pump-water of Manchester. By Thomas Percival, M.D. F.R.S.. Lond. 
1769,” 8vo, on 

“A Description of the Country from thirty to forty miles round 
Manchester, &c. By J. Aikin, M.D. 4to. 1795,” with Maps, Plans,’ 
and Views. A part of this Work ouly was written by Dr. Aikin, ant 
the remainder is said to have been made up by the publishes. 

“ The Manchester Guide, a brief Historical Description of the 
Towps of Manchester and Salford, the Public Buil &ec.” 8v0. 
1804, with a Plan of the Town. This Work, written compiled by 
Mr. Aston, a bookseller of the Town, is a useful littke Volume. a 





LIVERPOOL, 


« An Essay towards the History Liverpool, drawn up from Pay 
left by the Tate Mr. George eo ae rom other materials since 
collected by William Enfield. .With Views of the Principal Pub- 
lic Structures, drawn by P. P. Burdett, and engraved by Edward, 
Rooker; a Chart of the Harbour, with the sounding at low water 
spring tides. By P. P. Burdett, 1771; and a map of the environs, drawn 
from an actual survey taken in the year 1768, by William Yates and’ 
George Perry; engraved by Thomas Kitchen, 1769. Lond. 1774.” © 
Fai: The second Edition, with Additions, was published the same 
year. 

« Experiments on the Spaw, at Mount Sion, near Liverpool; with a 

3F2 view 


Last OF BOOKS, &e." 
view to ascertain its contents, and to investigate its medicinal qui- 
ties. By James Worthington,’ surgeon. London. 1773,” 8vo. 

« on the Liverpool Spa Water. By Thomas Houlston, MD. 
Liverpool, 1973.” Bvo. 

“ A General and Descriptive Hist the Ancient and Preseat Stet: 

the Town ea prin Beviow of its Governmert, 
Gait, Antiquities, and Modern Improvements; the progressive i- 
crease of Streets, Squares, Public Buildings, and Inhabitants; tog 
ther with a circumstantial account of the true causes of its extensr 
African Trade. The whole carefully compiled from original mam 
scripts, authentic records, and other warranted authorities, Seca! 
Edition. Liverpool, 1797,” 8vo. Written by Mr. Wallace. 

“ The Picture of Liverpool ; or, Stranger’s Guide.” 12:0. 1805. 

“ The History of Liverpool, from the earliest records to the yar 
1806. By John Corry, and G. Perry,” 4to. 1806, now publishing in 
‘Numbers. 

“ Gore's Directory of Liverpool.” 8vo. 1805. 

“ Authentic Copies of the Several Aets of Porliament which have bea 

at different times relative to the Docks, Port, and Herter 
Epes and the Light Houses, &c. thereto belonging. The fintd 
which Acts, of the 8th Anne, created the Dock Estate. Liverpesl, 
1804,” 8vo. 


“ A Correct Translation of the Charter granted to the Bui af 
Liverpool, by King William IIT.; with ks and Ex; 
Notes; to which are added, the Charter granted by King 
the Order of the Common Council, and the Petition for roe 
that Charter; with the report of the Attorney and Solicito: 
thereon. Liverpool, 1782,” 8vo. 

“ A Correct Ieaslation of thé Charters of Liverpool, with Remarts 
and Explanatory Notes, By Philomidus,[Mr. Jos. Ciegg,a Comme 
Council Man], 1757.” 


“ A Familiar Medical Survey of Liverpool, addressed to the abr 
bitants; containing Observations on the Situation of the Town; th 
Qualities and Influence of the Air; the Employment and Manner of 
Living of the Inhabitants, &c. By W. Moss, Surgeon, 1783,” 8vo. 

« The Li Guide, including a Sketch of the Environs. With 


a Map of the Town. By W. Moss, third Edition. Liverpool, 1799," 
8vo. 


“ Proceedings in an Action at Law, brought by the Mayor, Bailiff. 
and Burgesses of the Borough of Liverpool for the recovery of a 
nalty under the hye-law made by them in Common Hall seserablel, 
containing the Arpuments of Council, as well at Nisi Prius, as upon 
the Motion of a New Trial in the Court of King’s Bench, The pro- 
ccedings on the Second Trial at Lancaster, and on the Motion in the 
Court of King’s Bench for a Third Trial, with the Reasons at Large 
ef the Honourable Justices of the said Court for granting the same. 
Ti 


LIST OF BOOKS, dec. 


Token in.sbort hand, by Mr. Gurney.” Liverpool, pri 
booksellers. 1796. arb i Pritt foe al the 


MAPS, PLANS, AND PRINTS. 


Survey of Lancashire, in 8 Sheets. By Yates. Faden, il. 118, 6d. 

A Correct Pian of Liverpool, on 1 Sheet of Imperial Atlas Paper; 
shewing all the Streets, Lanes, and Allies; with the Docks and 
Basons, and 2 Short Historical Account of the Town. Taken in J 
1765, by John Eyes, and engraved by Thomas Kitchen. § 

A Small Plan of the Town of Liverpool, 1766, published by William- 
son, in Liverpool. . 

“ A Plan of the Town of Liverpool, with all the late improvements, 
from an Actual Survey made in the year 1790.” Engraved by The. 
Conder, and published by Jobn Gore, Liverpool. e 

A Plan of the Towns of Manchester and Salford. By R. Casson and 
John Berry, with Prospects of the Public Buildings, on 2 Sheets. B. 
Cole, Sc. « 4 ° 

A Map of the Rivers Mersey and Irvell, from the Bank-key to Man- 
chester. PS Thomas Steers, 1712. J. ee Se. hey 

“ A Map of the County Palatine of Lancaster with its Hundreds.” 
By Richard Blome, dedicated to the Earl of Derby, then Lord Lieu- 
tenant of the County. 

A Plan of an intended Canal from Coln to Liverpool. By P.P. Bur- 
dett. 1769, 

‘A Plan of the Duke of Bridgewater’s Navigable Canal, already 
made, with the extension ool from Longford Bridge to Liver» 


A Plan of the Town of Liverpool has been published in the British 
Atlas, as H atonhd to this Work: also, A Plan of Manchester, 


and A Map of the County of Lancaster. 
PRINTS. 
N. BVew of Lancaster, 1728, and S. W. View of its Castle, 1797. 
Buck. 


’ 8, W. View of Liverpool, 1728. By Buck. 

Two Views of Liverpool, viz. the Town and Harbour from the 
Bowlin; n, near the Public Walk. ByM.A. Rooker, Engraved by 
Edward i ker, 

. 8 Prospect of the Charity School at Liverpool. By Jos. Mollins, 
Engraved by Hulsberg. 

8, W. View of Manchester. By Buck, 1728. 

The Exchange of Manchester, buils by Sir Oswald Mosly, 1729, 
now pulled down. Engraved by G. Thornton, 1729. Ger, 

: sFs Elevetion, 


LIST OF BOOKS, &e. 


Elevation, Ground Plot, and Vaults of @ new Church lately tat 
‘at Manchester. By Mr. Byrom. . 
S. View of Preston. By Buck, 1728. ee: 

k ngray in 1727, Views of Clithere, Gleaxe, 
ant ory Cader of Furnem, Whelley, and Cockersand Abts, 
and of Cartmel and Holland Priories. 

W. Front of Furness Abbey. Drawn by Hearne, 1778. 

N. View, Do. Hearne and Ellis. 

“ NE. View of Lancaster.” Drawn by Farrington, R A. ed 
Engraved by Landseer, 1791.” 

View of the Aqueduct at Barton, built by the Duke of Bridgewatz. 
Drawn by W. Orme, 1793, Large Aquatint Print. 

“ A North Prospect of St. Ann’s Church in Manchester. By 
Jos. Smith, 1733.” 

“ Haigh, Seat of Sir Roger Bradshaugh, Bt.” Knyff, Del. Kep,S- 

A Bird’s Eye View. 2 

* Lancaster Castle, View of the Front of.” Hearne, Del. Watts, S. 
1778. 


“ S. Prospect of Prescot.” Winstanley, Del. 1743. Toms, Sc. [a 
this the Summer House and Stand in Knously Park are shewn. 


LEICESTERSHIRE. 


“ The Description of Leicestershire; containing Matters of Ant- 
quitye, [istorye, Armourye, and Genealogy.” Published by William 
Burton, Esq. of Lindley, in this County, in folio, 1622. Re-published, 
and Corrected, hy William Whittingham. Lynne, 1777, ‘Bali. 

“ The crying Sin of England, of not caring for the Poor; wherein 
Inclosure, viz. such as doth unpeople Towns, and common Fields, is 
arraigned, convicted, and condemned by the Word of God; being 
the chief Heads of two Sermons, preached at the Lecture at Later 
worth, in Leicestershire, in May last, and now published in Love tt 
Christ, his Country, and the ‘Poor. By John Mene, Minister o 
Knaptoft in Leicestershire,” 1653, 4to. 

“ Bread for the Poor, and Advancement of the English Nation 
yromised by Enclosure of the Wastes and Common Grounds of Eng 
land. By Adam Gent,” 1653. 

“ Considerations concerning Common Fields and Inclosures, Dia 
loguewise, digested into a deliberative Discourse between two sup 
posed Friends, PhiJopeustus and Parrhesiastes, 1654,” 4to. 

T 


‘List OF BOOKS, de. 


“To the last Pamphlet Mr. John Mene published “ A Reply,” whictt 
produced 

“ A Vindication of the Considerations concerning Common Fields 
and Inclosures, or a Rejoinder unto that Reply which Mr. Mene hath 
pretended to make unto those Considerations,” 1656, 4to. 

“ Vindication of a Regulated Inclosure, wherein is plainly proved, 
that Inclosures of Commons in general, and the Inclosure of Catthorpe 
in particular, are both lawful and laudable.” Joseph Lee, Minister 
of the Gospel, 1656, 4to. 

All these Tracts are fully epitomized, by Mr. Nichols, in his Fourth 
Volume of the History of this County, under the Article of Catthorpe.- 

“ A Letter from a Freeholder in Leicestershire to a Friend in Lon- 
don, occasioned by Mr. Byrd's ppearing as a Candidate for that 
County, at the next Election of Members of Parliament, 1714-15.” 

Poll for the County, 1719—Ditto, 1775, 4to.—Poll for the Town 
of Leicester, 1775, 8vo. M 

“ A Brief Relation of a Wonderful Accident, a Dissolution of the’ 
Earth in the Forest of Charnwood, abaut two miles from Lough- 
borough in Leicestershire. Published by two Lovers of Art, J.C. 
and J. W. 1679.” 4to. in 1 Sheet. Re-printed in the Herleian Mis- 
cellany, If. 178.—This was pronounced, by Mr. Nichols, to be an ob- 
scene Tract, scarcely worth notice. 

“ Plan for a Public Library at Church Langton.” By the Rev. Mr. 
Hanbury of Northampton. Lond. 1760, 8vo. 

“ History of the Rise and Progress of the Charitable Foundations at 
Church Langton, together with the different deeds of trust of that es- 
tablishment. By the Rev. Mr. Hanbury. London, printed for the. 
Benetit of the Charity, 1767.” 4to. 

Dr. Hayes, of Oxford, being reflected on herein, published a Vindi- 
cation of Himself in a Pamphlet, entitled 

« Anecdotes of the Five Music Meetings on account of the Charitable 
Foundations at’ Church Langton, in which many misrepresentations 
and gross falsehoods, contained in a book, entitled, e history of 
the above foundations, are fully detected and confuted upon indubit-. 
able evidence; with an Appendix containing several original Letters, 
with Remarks, 1768,” 8vo. 

“ The contents, virtues, and uses of Nevil-Holt Spaw-water further 
proved, illustrated, and explained from experiments and reason. With 
some histories of its signal effects in various diseases, collected by 
several hands. Also rules and directions for its more easy use and 
Greater success. The second Fdition, with several emendations and 
great additions, Lond. 1749,” 8vo. with a postscript, printed 1750. 

“ The Siege and taking of Leicester, May 1645, by the King’s Forces... 
By G. Miller, 1645,” ae: ee teeta e 

“ The Taking of Leicester, with the Marches of the King’s Army 
since the taking thereof. Colonel Hastings made governor thereof. 


How they plundered the country; with the Fight between the North- 
SF4 ampton 


‘EMT OF BOOKS, ke. 


Hore; and the ‘Prince's Foot, 1645.” . 4to. . These tev 
Tracts are described in Nichol’s History of Leicester, Vol. LIL Ap 
pendix. p. 46. < a 
. “ The Memoi thé Town and County of Leicester, displayed unér 
an Epitome of the Beige of each Sovereign in the English istry; 
containing the Antiquities ofeach, and the historical and biograph- 
cal Relations at large; to which is added a brief supplementary Ac 
count of the present State of Leicestershire. By Johm Throsby. Le- 
cester.” 6 vols. 18mo. 1777. 

« A Great Fight at Market Harborough, in Leicestershire, betwitt 
the Preshyte jee ad Indcpendtenter &c. Londén, 1647.” to. By 
‘Thomas ie. 

“ An exact and true Relation of' the wonderful Whirle-wind, on Sn 
turday, June 2, about Four of the Clock in the Afternoon, at 
Worthington and Wort ington Hall, and at Tongue, and at some 
other places in the County of Leicester, &c. London, 1660,” 4to. 

« A faithful Account of the lamentable State of a young Man, ant 
his 1 ee aes upon ‘obeying a Voice, commanding to 
arise and walk, &c. at Cropston, in Leicestershire, containing the 
plain Matter of Fact, without reflections, 1706.” 8vo. 

* & Max jer to the er, of the storming and 
taking of all the Wo Monies of ‘sites Castle, &c. 1645.7 Ate 

Honesty yet to be found, 8 poem, in praise of Leicestershire. 
3B pated at Siatiford, 1791." to, p & 

The most copious and elaborate To; ‘ical Work that has been 
published respecting this, or any iat arg is 

# jistory Antiquities of the Count Lejcester. By J 
Nichols, FECA Mach aad eae on Teiorter. By Sein 


Vol. I. containing, The ancient History of the Town of Leicester. 

Vol, II. Parts I, and II. The Hundred of Framland. 

Vol. IEf. Parts I. and II. The Huudreds of East and West Goscotr,, 

Vol. IV. Part I, The Hundred of Guthlaxton. 

“« Select Views in Leicestershire, from original Drawings ; containi 
Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, ‘Town, Views ‘and ‘Ruins, accore 
pe with descriptive and historical Relations. By J. Throsby. 

sicester, 1789.” 4to, 

“ The Supplementary Volume to the Leicestershire Views ; containii 
a Series of Bxeursions in the year 1790, to the Vill and Places 
of Note in the County. By John Throsby. To which are added, in 
notes, the most valuable of Burton, Nichols, and other ante- 
cedent Writers on Leicestershire, London. 1790.” 4to. 

. “4 Walk through Leicester ; being a Guide to Strangers ; contain 
ing 8 Description of the Town, and its Environs, with Remarks 
‘upon its History and Antiquities. Leicester. 1804.” 1@mo. This 


rational little volume is fr i i 
and resident in, thee from the pen of Miss Watts, a native of, 


« A Collection 





LIT OF BOOKS, fe 


«A Collection of the Charters and wen for any roli- 
or other public Use to me a Hterticongh, Yo the 
En of Leicester, By eee Rowse, 1708," Svo. 


Paint Paty rt and Printer patie Societe of Adglerie ia Dee? 
‘sto. [Bibt, Top. Brit. No. VJ 

. and Ai 

solic towards the es (eee el Rt ane and 


sR pasar abe Byori te 


MAPS AND. PLANS. 
A Plan of Leicester, with a South Prospect, Thomas Roberts, 1741. 
Survey of Leicestershire, John Whyman: four sheets, with a Plax 
of Leicester. ‘ 
‘PRINTS. hn i 


Two Views of Dunnington Cliff, on the Trent, 1745. Vivares. 


View of the Parish Church of Husband's Bosworth, as damaged 
aStorm, July 6, 1755. $ Turner. Z bf 


Betese Cita, Dicetiy iit sd cae eae ere arty 


Buck casts “of Bin in SESS Views of ae 


femme 


— 


LINCOLNSHIRE, . 


§ An historical Account of Lincoln and the Cathedrel® ; with a List 
of remarkable Occurrences that have happened in Lincoln since the 
Conquest.” 12m0, 


Hatety oF this extensive shies ter. the a 





EIST OF BOOKS, &c. 


+ ©The History and Antiquities of Lincoln Cathedral; containing an 
exact copy of all the ancient monumental inscriptious there (in pum- 
ber 163), as they stood in 1641, most of which were soon after torn 
up, or otherwise detaced; collected by Robert Sanderson, &. T. P. 
(afterwards bishop of that church), and compared with, and cor- 
rected by, Sir W. Dugdale’s MS. Survey. Communicated by Nich. 
Lambert, L. L. D. Fellow of St. Peter’s, Cambridge,” is inserted in 
Peck's Desid. Cur. ii. b. viii. No. 1, with Notes and Additions by 
the Editor. 

* An historical Account of the Antiquities in the Cathedral Church of 
St. Mary, Lincoln; abridged from William of Malmesbury, Matthew 
Paris, Prince. Sir W. Dugdale, Rapin, Bishop Sanderson, and seve~ 
ral other Authors in MS. Compiled to gratify the curious Inspector 
of this magnificent Pile of Building. Linc. [1771].” 8vo. 


A Roman Sudatory, discovered thirteen feet under ground, near 
the west end of this Cathedral, February 16, 1739, was published by 
the Society of Antiquaries. Mr. T. Sympson, an officer of the 
church, gave an account of it in No. 461, p. 893, of the Philosophical 
Transactions, in a Letter to B. Willis. 


“ Statutes and Constitutions for the Government of an Ih /, OF 
Hospital, to be established at Lincoln, for the sick and e Poor 
of that County and City. 1743.” 8vo. 

There is scarcely a town in En; that has been more illustrated 
by local historians than Stamford, as is exemplified by the following 
list of books. 

“ The Survey and Antiquities of the Towne of Stauyorv, in tho 
County of Lincolne, with an account of its ancient foundation, 
grants, priviledges, and several donations thereunto belonging; also 
a list of the aldermens’ names, and the time when they were chosen, 
with the names of ten lord mayors (of the hon. city of London) 
borne in the foresaid county of Lincolne: written by Richard 
Butcher, Gent. sometimes towne-clatke of the same towne. Lond. 
1646.” 410. 

“ The Survey and Antiquity of the Town of Stamford, in the County 
of Lincoln. Lond. 1717.” 8vo. 

“ Acad:mia tertia Anglicana; or the Antiquarian Annals of Stan- 
Jord, in Lincoln, Rutland, and Northampton shires; containing the 
history of the university, monasteries, gilds, churches, chapels, hospi- 
tals, and schools there; with memoirs of the lords, magistrates, foun- 
ders, benefactors, clergy, and other ancient inhabitants: interspersed 
with many new and curious particulars touching the Britons, Ro- 
mans, Saxons, Danes, French, Jews, church-history, parliaments, 
councils, pleadings, occurrences in the barons’ wars, and the wars 
between the two houses of York and Lancaster ; as also the acts and 
ancestry of divers lord chancellors, knights of the garter and bath, 
abbots of Peterborough, priors of Durham, bishops of Lincoln, and 
sundry other famous ereane and ancient families; being not only a 
particular history of Stanford, and several cther old towns, but an 
uncommon series of civil and ecclesiastical affairs under each reign, 
gathered from the best accounts, print and MS. with a large chro- 

2 nological 





' LIST OF BOOKS, &c. 


nological table of contents, and variety of sculpture, in fourteen 
books. Lond. 1797." ag Sint ego) 

* An Essay on the Ancient and Present State of Stamford, its situa- 
tion, cee: israel and pcre ancien! ee 
sports, endowments, benefactions, churches, monuments, other 
curiosities ; mo: Saad schools, and hospitals; and some 


omega into tat ol The tdi gathered from the best printed 


accounts, 2s ‘MSS. particularly the registers of Dure 
ham and Petesboroughis hh ae rolls in nedoes and the Cotton 
library; old writings telonging to Brown's hospital, the ration 
books, Mr. Foster's papers, Stevens's Supplement to jes Mo- 
past and many other private repost At46.? 
ato. By ee 

* The wea St of te Charity Schon! ot Stanfird, in the County 


of Lincoln. Dente ast Stumford. 1748." 4to, 


“A Discourse concerning the great Benefit of Drayning and Im« 
banking, and of Transportation by Water, within the County. 
Presented to the igs Court of Parliament, by J. L, 1641." ato. 

“ The State of the Case ect Bape yy ea 
drayning the Fennes between Borne, Boston, and Lincoln.” 

“ The Case concerning the Gent pete of peice sh bole, ad 
Fennes betwect Borne, stated! 


* Sir William xiligee his fmemg to ae Feane ene OWjeions 


against the Earle of Lindsey, his drayning in Lincolnshire. Lond, 
1649." to, 
~ “The report of Messrs. Grundy, Edwards, and Smi 

concerning the gb alte 3 Ea of the sae 
and the Navigation thereo! and Schemes for re 
storing and improving iat eye Estimates of the 


— praca ees an 1764, rans 


Is, or Lead of a Bill, for restoring and out 
fall ofthe River Witham, of draining the Fee a a'r ths 
SL ae a 


waters breaking ee tbe Ln of five | wae ine 


Nov. 1615." 1614. 

“Atrue and impartial Relation of the 
the late ut Tempest, and overflowing of 
of ire und Norfolk, &c.” 1071. 

> ‘Thander, hi and pep from ote 
yetous persons, inhabitants of 


it to 
the poore, the $d of Ju ae 
in any 





LIST OF BOGE, Kc: 


his-wife, and two children, who were most stranglie consumed in s 
daye at Stow in Staffordshire, 9 May, 1616.” 4to. 

“ Lincolnshire, a Poem, Bury St. Edmund, 1720.” Fol. 

% The Prospect : a Lyric Essay. By Martin Scriblerus, jun. Lond. 
1769.” to. 

A Short Tour in the Midland County of England, performed in 
the summer of 1772; together with an account of a similar excursion, 
undertaken September, 1774.” Lond. 1775. 8vo. 

‘The former part of this publication had been previously (hut incor- 
reotly) printed in the Gent. Mag. for May, Juue, July, and August, 
1774 

« The matter of agistment tithe of unprofitable stock in the case 
of the Vicar of Holbeach; as decreed by the Right Honourable Lord 
Chief Baron Parker, Baron Smythe, &c. in the Court of Exchequer, 
in Michaelmas term, 1768. In a Letter to the Ci of the Arch- 
deaconry of Norwich. By Cecil Willis, D. D. Vicar of Holbeach, and 
Prebendary of the Cathedral Church of Lincoln. Lond. 1776,” 4to. 

“ Figures of Mosaic Pavement, discovered at Horkstow, Lincoln- 
shire, by S. Lysons. Part I. of Relique Romane, with Plates,” fol. 

“ Report concerning the Drainage of Witpmore Fex, and of the 
East and West Fexs. By John Rennie, Civil Engineer, and F.R.S. 
F.S.A. F.R.S-E. F.LS. &c. 4to.” 1800. A’Second Report, by Do. 

“ Collections for the History of the Town and Soke of Grantham; 
containing authentic Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton, now first pub- 
Tished, from the original manuscript in the sion of the Earl of 
Portsmouth. By Edmund Turnor, Esq. F.R.S. F.S.A.” 4to. 1807. 

‘This Work contains a Map of the Soke, plans of all the Churches, 
and other Engravings. It is printed uniformly with Howlet’s Select 
Views of the County of Lincoln, and intended to accompany that work. 

The following Publication is printed at the expence of a private 
Gentleman, but is not published for sale. Such conduct evinces a 
liberality of disposition which is eminently worthy of imitation; and 
were many of the afilucnt clergy, nobility, and gentry to follow this 
laudable example, it would prove interesting tw every lover of Topo- 
graphy, honourable to themselves, and very generally uscful. 

“A Topographical Account of the Parish of Scaurros in the County 
of Lincoln, and of the Roman Antiquitics lately discovered there; 
together with Anccdotes of the Family of Bolles.” By the Rev. Cay- 
ley Ulingworth, A.M. 4to. 1808, 

“ A Selection of Views in the County of Lincoln, comprising the 

rincipal Towns and Churches, the remains of Castles and Religious 

louses, and Seats of the nobility and gentry; with Topographical 
and Historical Accounts of each View.” 4to. 

This Work was commenced, and most of the Plates were drawn 
and engraved by B. Howlet, a young mau who is a native of the 
County, and who displayed some judgment in the selection and exe- 
cution of many of the subjects at the commencement of the Work. 
The descriptions, which are very concise, were mostly furnished by 
the liberality of Mr. WW. Brand, and other gentlemen of the Couney.. 

“ t 









LIST OF BOOKS, ke. 
« A Short Accomal ef Loere Cavbe with an Introd 


luctory Sketch: 
of the Progress of itecture in England. By ‘f. Espin,” ato. 1807. 
The same Gevtleman has published treo Fics of Louth Church. 


MAPS, PLANS, &c. 
Smull Map of this County with part of Yorkshire and 


shire, and a View of Hull, and the Humber, Engraved ty 


Another, 1793, with Dr, Stukeley’s eatrcieal Tide-Table for the 
Washes, By Bowen. 


Survey of the County, on Six Sheets. Amnstrong. This is con- 
sidered . ge Ma and Sate By A 


of 8. Holland in Lincolashire, the Hundred of Wisbech in 
cambnidgtatire, and the N. Level, shewing the course of the rit 
and other principal drains of sewers, with their guots, suices, 
outfalls, foe." 


Plan of the Borough and Port of Boston, with Views of the Market 
Cross and Church. Surveyed, 1741, by R. Hall. 


Plan of the Town of Louth. Surveyed and Urawn by T. Espin, of 
thet ve 1808, Hi - 


* Plan of the River Witham, and adjoining fens and low 
from Lincotn to Boston, with the new works to be execu 
thereon for drainin, the said fens and low grout and restaring the 
navigation of this river. By J. Grundy, Servayor and Engineer,’ 


PRINTS, 


Lincoln Cathedral, B.S. and W. sides. King. 
—————__,, §. and W. Harris. 
, W: front. Vivares. oe By 





J, Baker. 

Buck engraved, in Views of the Bish Palace, the Cistle, 
and John of Geant Pe neales Risto 
been! rete ot rhe os Halls; o Arai rae 


loore Tower ‘Temple Ber Chants J 
so rg al “rl a and Kirksted Abbiest’and in 1743, Views 


Pata of wont Castle, and Barling Abbey, Millecent and 


Bird's-eye View, and three other Views and Plans of Belfow 
then the seat of Lord Tyrconnel. Badeslade ani Harris. One 


td of Lord Tyrconnel’s New Water-works, &e. at Belton, Vivares. 
a 


S, View of Guinsborough. Vertue. 1747. 


S. View of Hatherthorp, the seat of Sir Michael Newton. Badeslade 
and Toms. 


Mr. Buckler has published Views of Bost: Church, th Tron Bridge 
et Boston, and of ‘Lincole Cuthaital. . = . 





INDEX™ . sipes 
TO.THE NINTH VOLUME OF THE 
BEAUTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES: 
vimecis Pitone, Borvaia, Priel eed alias aa ae 


quities, deseribed in Chis Volume, will be found referred to unde: 
one of these heals. - 


a> The Marner Towns are distinguished by small Capitals; the Villages 
t by Italics. ~ : 


A 
ABBIES in Lenceshire, Furness, 
85:90; Cuckersand, 105; Whal- 
ley, 155-158, 160, 161: in Leives- 
Aershire, at 


A ity 73D 
Alki Pek eats 
Alierton Hall, seat, Lam, 215. 





pr aes 68 Lord 
monde, H red y Han '105 | Frets pct 
Ancaster, village, Lin, Roman sta SCE TR at Hd 





Dake of Back no. 
liers, Duke o m4 

419; Thomas i, Earl of 
Enex, 414; Bi Skeffington, 
421; Bic Geattrey 3 » 434; 
Rev. William Fy, 410-446 5 
‘Walter de Langton, 447, 448; 


657, 695; Sir William Monson, 
- 657; Sir Joan Munson, 658 ; Tho- 
mas Satton, Esq. 662%; Lord 
Bue William de Gainsborough, 

Bishop Patrick, 674; John Walsh, 
Arai ‘White, 691; Adrian 


nal Willi Te 
ton, Bennett Lactoes "%, 714; 
Bishop ‘Wainfieet, 719; 

or we Dr. Stukeley, 
77 739 Johuon, zai 


1, 539-542. 

Arkwright, Sir Richard, bis improve- 
ments in the cottou-spinning ma- 
chi &e. 278. 

Arran, James Earl of, anecdotes of, 
103. 

Asupy-DE-LA-Zoucn, email town, 
Lei. 373; memoirs of William 
Lord Hi tinge, 374; charch, 375; 
finger pillory, monuments ef the 
Huntingdon family, Bishop Hall, a 
vative, 376, 

Ashhorst Beacon, view, Lan. 223. 

‘Ashton-undet-Line, canal, Lan. de- 
scription of, 26, 

AsnTon-UNDiR-Line, town, Lan. 
riding the black lad, custom of, 
church, 306. 

Ashton Hail, acat, Pace park, pic- 
tnres, memoirs of James Earl of 
Arran, fourth Duke of Hauilton, 
102-104, 





seeds, 241. . 
‘Avehed, yap wapentake, Lin. 780 to 
Askberoeghy Ua: a Roman castrem, 


Aveo; river, Lei. 322. 
Axhohne, river island, Lin, 675. 


B 


Bakewell, Robert, an eminent 
zier, anecdotes of, 325, 326; 
392. 

Roman station, 713, 
Abbey, Lin. 706, 
Barnside, seat, Lan, 141. 





9, 
fications, ancient hi , 

Hots courts, St. Petet’s 

682; St. Mary's charch; trade 

improvetnents of, 683. 


Belleau, village, Lin. “abbey, seat, 
church, 716. 

Belton, village, Lei. $77. 

Belton House, seat, Lin. 771. 

BELvoir Caste, seat, Led. 503; 
anemoirs of its successive 
sore, 514; mansion, 514; picteres, 
observation on, 515, 516; list of 

e principal, 516-518. 
Benign » priory, Lin. 762, 


nee one, Roman station, 313. 
Bettisloe, Wapoutaks, Lin. 787-791. 
Beveridge, Bishop, anecdotes of, 368. 
Hicland, se seat, a, Lan. 74. Se 
illiege-Hill, height of, 224, 
Biackbera, 





begtehpes ry ips 


477, 478. 
Bosworth Hall, seat, at 478, 
and 


sic 





Bottiaferd, vilage; Lei. Burton, 
SOL; micameniscapeniten 
land, 504 
Bourse, town, Lin, Bl; 


Bradgate Lei, 3955 eet 
monument, 596; memoirs: 
Lt Jae regret 38699 
for women, 148. 











i at, ising 

fla inscription, 39 male 

Colterwortdy in. 77d; me- | 
ep oy ee 


wed, 196. ‘ 1 
Coritani, ancient inhabitants of Lei- 
cestershire, 313; Do, af Lincola- 


shire, 
Coniegiam Wapeatake, Lin. €71- 


-apinning machines, invention 
i 27 8, 
Leben opel re 








APD PS 


G Tin, his- 


rimthorpe-Castle, seat, 

torr, present state, a8 ing 

Gumley, village, Lei. Gumley.Hall, 
458-136. 

GUTHLAXTON, Hundred, Lei. 


458 to 470; towaships and livings 
in, 459-460. 


He i idan anecdotes of 





Hall, tn ‘anecdotes Hs S76, 

HALLaton, town, Lin. 436; al 
lar annual custom, 436-437; en- 
campmeut, 437 ;_ church, 438. 

Halton Hall, seat, Lan, 69. 

Halton seat, Lin, 705, 

Hanbory, Rey. Wm, memoirs of, 
ANO-ANG, 


b Lin. remarkable hill and 
torrent at, 702, q 
Hannonoual vs fom Tai, situation, 


eee ew tlm crs Gaus, 676. 
Jey, town, Lin. 675}! 
“Heaton-House, seat, Lan. situation 


of, 207. 7 

‘Hiuens, St. town, Lam, copper- 
works, &c, 227, 

Henley, ‘orator, megnoirs of 


Hoan Tower, rie ruins of, 194, 
Soe Aes rend 7365 
ols, Cross, church, momuments, 


shire, 724-701. 
‘| ae village, Lan. 239; family 


Holme, seat, Lan. woods, ancient 
, teendowment, 1465 sue 
0 ae 


nd supposed means 
tous rent ay ee 


native, 147, 148. . 
Holt, wamlet, Lei. _Mnineral-water, 


451. 
nila, Lin. Roman 
Horlalve, Filings; Lis. Rotaipase- 
ment, &c. at, 681, 
Horney, 2 small town, Lan, manu- 
Soares Piast castle, chureh, 98, 


| Horncastle Soke, Lin, 712, 713, 


Homtweasthe, town, Lin, a 
station, TA TAS, 
Heruinghold, village, Lai. claire, 
per pov alg pee P 
Booties seat, my Lani? phi 5 
LJ 
a Wi 
tice erry 
fine collection of 


Paty &e. 308 Belgie 


SCRIPT ip aera 9 
id, MLC, Layee 
ton, 1495 at Knowsl 229; near 
Wigan, 2425 at Mi 

254) ona hilary, 394, 3355 at 
St ru, 499; at Stow, 667: at 











INDEX, 


pti and 
a 

Srinienanematae 
ation, boundaries, $13; Reman 
roads and stations, 315-316; auei- 
ent lordships, townships, and cas. 
tes, with thei em ‘abe 
bins, prioties, nupueri their 
respective fomvlers, 318% lien: 
Subthe sudebelice) ical divi Shy; 
popatation, VArB, 
canals, S22, toil and 
characteristics, 385, 324; sheep 
and eatile, high prices of, 395 ; 
mannfactures und produce, H 
Stilton cheese, process of muking, 
327; Chamwoord forest and hills, 
‘S28, S¢9; extent of the county, 


520. 
Leeds and Liverpool canal, deserip- 
Eutoustowm Lax vores wdeiion: 
1G, town, 
soa momo 


| S825 
na toral 





602-613; diocess, 613, 614; bish- 
Ops, 615-687 ;, cathedral, 627- 
G11; itssitnation and beauty, 627 ; 
‘, 648-650; dimensions, 630, 
6514 avchitecince, GIGS; mo- 
ere i 
ter house, 
Hae nae Wigtoeds Su Bears 
it , St. 
at Gots, GAS, 044; St. Martin's, 
+ parishes, population, trade, 
tion, 











Paes 5 .- La. r 
nari a Mee 


town, 128 ; doe! dimen. 
sone, 190 ; com 


B 

with 

of London, ibe; 1 

tom Ses seios decks 
3G4a . 











and progress of cotton manufite- |. 
turct,. Sth mpeaien oe ee 
3, persons employed, 2765 
senlin cf padlpsbenastea 0- 
ments in, 277, 
278 ; Sir Us ma- 
chines, their great ‘and ex- 
tensive adoption, 278; 
con! the 


279; beneficial consequences, 280; 
mode of carding and roaving eat- 
ton, 21; abridgement of labour 
in, and the magnitude of, cotton 
manufactures, 262; My 3 
commercial ling, popolation, 
285 ; eminent natives, YSd. 
Mancunium, a Roman station, 


287. 
Manchester, Bolton, and Bury canal, 
description of, 35. 


take, Lin. 675-600. 
Markland, Seremaiah, anecdotes of, 


339. 
Marlborough, Sarah, duchess of, 702. 
Martin.Meer, Lan. mode of draining, 
Ke. WL, LS. 
Meadows, seat, Lan, 2306 
Medbmurn, village, Lai, Roman sta- 
tion, pavement, 450. 
Melton, De, Abp. memoirs of, 494, 
MarrroxMowsray, town, Lei, 490; 


eminent natives, vit. Bp. de Kirk. 

. br Abp- De Melton, 494; Orator 
ley, 494-498. 

Milliary, or Roman milestone, in- 


scriptions on, 333-333. 
Mint, sat Leielater, ‘succession of 
coinage at, be 
Mistertow Hall, seat, Lei, 469. 
Mipwe.erox, town, Lan, chureh, 


990,291. 
Mitton, Little, hamlet, Lan. manor- 


monuments, 
165, 166. 

Monasteries, Sc. in Lincolnshire: 
name, order, date of fonndatioon, 
grantees, and situat of, 556- 


538. 

oa and bee mii bac; 
Catherine phony of ‘Lancaster, 
Joan Countess of Westmoreland, 


Elinor, Queen of Edward 1. 657; 
Batholomew Lard 


Mar- 





wee poh menta 
escough, forest, Lan. 1 -' 
Myerscough Houses seat, Lam, 115, 


N ‘ 














INDEX, 


Sankey Canal, Lan. description of, 


salesbury Hall, Lan. birth place of 
‘Thomas Talbot, topographer, 171, 
172, 

Salford Handred, Lan. 249 to 308; 
extent and popwation, 25 

Salt Way, Roman road, 316-525. 

Samlesbury, manor, Lan. house, 
sculptures 171. 

Sands Hestbank, Lan. description 
of, 69: distressing accident at, 70. 

Sands Leven, scenery of, 76, 77. 

Sandys, Edwin, Archbishop, anec- 
dotes of, 95. 

Scarisbrick Hall, seat, Lan. 224. 

Scampton, village, Lin. 638; Ro- 
man villa, 658; manor, church, 





659. 
Scampton Hall, seat, Lin. 659. 
Scraptoft, village, Lei. cross, 455. 
Scraptoft Hall, seat, Lei. 455. 
Scrivelsby, Lin. manor of the Dy- 
mocks, 707. 
Seats in Lincolnshire, with the names 
of the owners, 542-545. 
Sefton, parish, Lan. church, monu- 
ments, 217. 

Segh, a species of deer, formerly an 
inbabitant of Furness Fells, 97. 
Sempriagham, village and priory of, 

Lin. 786. 


"86. - 
ioe » Sir Gilbert, memoirs 
86. 
Setan ii, Segantii, or Sistuntii, an- 
cient inhabitants of Lancashire, 5. 
Shaw Hall, svat, Lan. 178. 
Shearaby, village, Lei, salt spring, 








466. 

Sheep and Cattle, varieties of, 324; 
high prices of, 395; Mr. ‘Bake- 
well's mode of breeding, 384 





ed, village, Lei. stocking ma- 
nufactory, cross, 408. 

Sherbnrne, Sir Nicholas, singular 
scription in memory of, 165. 

Siduacester, conjectures respecting 
the ancient city of, 337-662. 

Sidnacester, See and Bishops of, 534. 

‘Sileby, village, Lei, mausions, schools, 
church, 423. 

Simpson, Themas, mathematician, 
memoirs of, 477, 478. 

Sixhill Abbey, Lin. 704. 

Skeffington, village, Lei. lands, woods, 
4 


19. 
Skeffington Hall, seat, Lei. 419; 











Shirkbeck Wapentake, Lin. 726 


stave ‘Trade, observations on, 197. 

SLEaForD, town, Lin. situation of, 
Roman Antiquities at, 758: ca 
tle, -church, monuments, school, 
hospital, 760. 

Smedley Hall, seat, Lan. 287. 

Smithili’s Hall, seat, Lan. chapel, 
carvings, 296, 297. 

Soar, river, Lei. 321. 

Somerton ‘Castle, Jobn, King of 
France, imprisoned, dimensiom 
of, 754. 

South Carlton, village, Lin. 657. 

South Croxton, village, Lei. 412. 

South Ormsby, Lin. excampmest, 
seat, 714,715. 

Southport, Lan. bathing-place, 225. 

Sratpine, town, Lin. situation, 
740 ; ancient history, priory, eause- 
way, 741; church, schools, court 
house, 742; Pied be Dicrasy socie- 
ties, 745; ice Johnson, a 
native, mae 

SPARKENHOE, hondred, Lei. 
470 to 488 ; townships aud livings 
in, 471, 472. 

Speke Hall, seat, Lan. ancient carved 
mantle piece at, 213, 

Spitspy, town, Lin. buildings, crom, 
720; town-hall, school, chareb, 
721; monument, 722. 

Spital ‘in the Strect, Lin. hospital, 
chapel, inscriptions, 670. 

Staley Bridge, Lan. 307. 

SramrorD, town, Lin. ancient bis 
history, castle, religions houses, 
churches, St. Michael 
St. George's, All Saints, 
university, schools, hospitals, cor- 
poration, charter, town-ball, popu- 
lation, 793 to 808. 

Stamford Baron, paish, castle, nue- 
nery, hospital, church, monaments, 
Jaw of Borough English, custom of 
buil-rumning, 804 to 608. 

Stapleford, village, Lei. mangiou, 
church, monuments, 499, 500. 

Stapleford Hall, seat, Lei. curious 
architecture, sculpture, 499, 500. 

Stanford Hall, seat, Lei. 461; anec- 
dotes of Sir Thomas Cave, man- 
sion, monuments, 462. 

Standish, township, Lan.174; charch, 

monuments, 














Stede, scien chapel of, 153; mo- 
numnent, 
a Cheaes process of making, 


Pris Rooiford, bers Lin. chareh, 
monnments, 778 

Stonylinrst, seat, Lam. 154. 

‘Stme, vitlage, Lin. the-aucient Sidnn- 


eet eee 

“Stretton Magna, hamlet, Lei, 435. 

a George, iter, anecdotes 
i, 242. ¥ 


menioics of 737-739. 
Bubosks be Seema ‘Lin, 657. 
‘Castle, seat, Lin. 670. 
renee Yaa instance of, 
ole, + 


979, 80. 
eae es pra a 
-Bwcyne, King of Denmark, stabbed 
at Galnsborough, 673. 


‘SWINnMBAD, town, Gg a 
‘cumstances of King John's death, 
al seat, chureh, monument, 


Seinfr, village, Lei, churel, font, 


Drafford-H ‘Lan, 287, 
‘Trent, siser set e 





, w 
calms. 
house, 1665 Beir a , 
at, 167. “ 
= I, seat, seenery, 
Wanecxer ee paegicleg 


oe 


Wainy, ‘Waing, island, Law. lighthouse, 91, 














INDEX. 


Walshcroft Wapentake, Lin. 692- 


694. 
‘Walsh, John, anecdote of, 691. 
Walton, village, Lan, 216. 
-Walton-Hall, seat, Lan. 125. 


Weir, village, Lei. Roman pave- | 


408. 
wanlp! ‘Hall, seat, Do. ib. 
‘Wanainuton, town, Lan. situation 
ef, 245; bridge, friary, charter, 
ameodotes of the Boteler’s, 246; 








bale trade, manufactures, 
itary occurrences, 748, 
war = peestiag mode of ferti- 
|, 587. 


wate setae 152-513, $14, 
‘Weever, John, account of, 312. 
. Well, village, Lin. barrows, charch, 


716. 
Well Wapentake, Lin. 660-669. 
Welland, river, Lei. 321; Do. Lin. 


560. 
West Derby, Hundred, Lan. 178- | 


249, 
WEST GOSCOTE, Hundred, Lei. 
530 to 408 ; 
in, 521, 522, 


great extent of, 135; shistory of 


of the abbey, 160, 161; stone 
63. 


crosses, 1 
‘Whaplode Lin. Roman sword found 
at, 740. 
Whitgitt, Abp. memoirs of, 691. 
“Whittle-le-woods, parish, Lan. ‘Sir 
Jonas Moore, 176. 
‘Wickliffe, John, anecdotes of, 468. 
Windermere, Lake, Lan. 96. 
W1Gan town, Lan. situation of, 255; 
aacient and present state, repre- 


‘the abbey, 155-158; chapels, 158; . 
church described, 159 ; dimensions 


townships and livings | 
» Lan. situation and | 





hospital, antiquities, 
Willingham-Houte, seat, Liu. 694. 
Willis, Dr. memoirs of, 625. 
Winnibriggs and Threo Wapentake, 
Lin. 764, 765. 

Winrerros, small town, Lin. the 
Roman Station Ad Abum, 678. 
Wimeick, village, Lan. rich rectory, 
church, ancient inscription, 244. 

Wistow, village, Lei. 456. 

Wistow-Hall, seat, Do. 456; me 
moirs of Sir Richard Halford, 
mansion, portraits, church, 457, 
458. 


Witham, river, Lin, 560, 561. 
Witton, seat, Lau, 124. 
Wood, Mr. loyalty of, 241. 
Woodfold, ecat, ‘Lan. park, alum. 
amine, 123. 
Worlaby, seat, Lin. 681. 
‘horpe, village, Lin. coal ds 
Merce at, 765. 
Worsley-Hall, seat, Lan, 304. 
Wracpy town, Lin. 704; charter, 





wie: river, Ra 323. tagcat 
rightingtov- Hall, veat, Lap, 27: 
‘Wyer, xiver, Lancashire, 21, 
Wyersdale, forest, Lan. 12. 
Wyngalt, village, Lin. 707. 


Y 


Yarborough Camp, Lin. 683. 
Yarborough Wapentake, Lin. 680 


688. 
Young, Dr. Bp. of Clonfert, $00, 


EMD OF THE NINTH VOLUME, 


CORRECTIONS, §c. to the PRECEDING VOLUME, 


oe: Sor Mayerscough, read My igh. " 
13 16° for May lyerscor 
235 for Comstone, read Conistone. | 
27 for third son, read fourth son, 
7 "The picture by Northeote is aaee the Crown Court, 
4 Ue Hampeide se oi pit 
1 my read Rampside, - 
117 20 for Rost, vent Rossall. 
48 for Clithero castle, read Denbigh. 
4 for Aidburgh, read Aighurgl. 
25 for seventh, read seventeenth, 
34 for Hale, read Hall. 
20 


237 for 1679, toad 1697—and for 1651, read 1650, 

238 4 £ te ie father, road Husband, 

241 10 for Hon. T, Powis, read Lord 

248 18 for Oxford, reat Orford, mie > ° 
—_ 20 Father, Grandfather, 


Sor read 
286 415 for Se Alkeee read Alkrington, ¥ 


* Following the authority of Godwin in his ife of Chaaeer, we also 

other writers, it was inadvertently ay ‘tbat Jobn of Gaunt was 
Ekind son of Edward the Thirds but it ls eident from Sandford and the bests 
Phorities that John was the fourth son of thatmonarch. 





a 
































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