The beginner's Latin book

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It is suggested to teachers who are mueh pressed for time, that
the following sections may be omitted without too serious loss : —

Saale. 115, a5. 124; 1275; 145, Il.; 160; 17k5 47s tae
fi; ioe, 11.5 196; 197; 220, II.; 263; 274; 277, 0.3 2eae eee
330; 345; 394; 421; 428.

Attention is also called to the note introductory to Chapter LV.
Should it be necessary to curtail still more, it is reeommended that
it be done by occasionally omitting alternate sentences in the

exercises to be translated into Latin.
W. CG

M. G. D.

Boston, June, 1891.

ATINE KEDDENDA:
EXERCISES FROM

THE SEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK.

HE authors of the “ Beginner’s Latin Book” are of the

opinion that a separate edition of the exercises for

turning English into Latin will be a great convenience to
teachers.

After the exercises have been done once with the help
of the special vocabularies and under the direction and
criticism of the teacher, it will be found useful to review
them again and again, sometimes orally, sometimes in
writing, with all helps in the way of rules, special vocabu-
laries, and model sentences removed. The pupil is thus
left to depend entirely upon his previous study ana faith-
ful attention to his teacher's instructions.

It is believed also that teachers who use other elemen-
tary Latin books will be glad to have, in cheap and con-
venient form, a set of exercises which they can use as
supplementary to their regular work. For such, an edition
is published with an English-Latin vocabulary.

Both editions have the Glossarium Grammaticum for
the aid of those who wish to conduct recitations in Latin.

INTRODUCTION PRICES.
Edition with Glossarium Grammaticum (bound !n paper), 20 cents.
Edition with Glessarium Grammaticum and English-Latin Vocabulary
(bound in cloth), 30 cents.

THE

BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK,

BY

WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M.,

HEAD-MasTER Roxpury LaTIN ScHoo.,

AND

M. GRANT DANIELL, A.M.,

PRINCIPAL CHAUNCY-HALL ScHOOL, Boston.

Longum iter est per praecepta, breve et efficax per exempla.
sig autota'e'seS SENECA

Boston, U. 8..A?? ‘AND LONDON: >
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY.

1895.

a

ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL.

COPYRIGHT, 1886, BY

Wriiiam C. CoLLaR AND M. GRANT DANIELL.

ALL RiegHts RESERVED.

Gift of the PublishetTs
through
S0ston School vronnittee,.,

SADE «4 Bs:1 GOO, |

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© «

TYPOGRAPHY By J. 8. CusHING & Co., Boston, U.S.A.

PRESSWORK BY GINN & Co., Boston, U.S.A.

PREFACE.

HE aim of this book is to serve as a preparation for
reading, writing, and, to a less degree, for speaking
Latin. It is designed primarily for boys and girls who
are to begin the study of Latin at an early age; but as
all who would get from Latin the best mental discipline,
or lay a broad and firm foundation for Latin scholarship,
must traverse pretty much the same road, and as Latin is
begun in this country by most learners before any other
foreign language is studied, a beginner’s Latin book for
those who take up the study at the age of ten or twelve
need not be essentially different from one designed for
learners of fourteen or fifteen. The most important dif-
ference would lie in the knowledge of the terminology and
principles of English grammar that might be deemed an in-
dispensable prerequisite. As a matter of fact, children come
to the study of Latin with all degrees of ignorance of Eng-
lish grammar, and the minimum of necessary knowledge for
the beginner is unquestionably very small. What minimum is
considered essential for those who use this book, is indicated
on page 6. It is hoped, therefore, that the contents of the
book will justify its title; that it does not assume too much,
and is not too difficult for the least mature who are likely to
use it, and that it will not be found too much simplified, —
too juvenile, for those who begin Latin in high schools and
academies. Simplicity, clearness, and directness have been
studied throughout. The system of inflected forms, which
is seldom mastered, but the mastery of which is an indis-

*

1V PREFACE.

pensable condition of further pleasant, successful, and profit-
able study, is slowly but very fully developed, with the
addition of abundant and varied exercises. For conven-
ience, as well as on educational grounds, the paradigm of
the verb is given in one block, instead of in fragments de-
tached and dispersed, and everywhere the active and passive
forms are placed side by side, to be compared, and learned
as they are treated, simultaneously.

The idea underlying and controlling the plan is the maxi-
mum of practice with the minimum of theory, on the princi-
ple that the thorough acquisition of the elements of Latin
must be more of art than science,—more the work of
observation, comparison, and imitation, than the mechanical
following of rules, or the exercise of analysis and conscious
inductive reasoning.

The book contains : —

1. A brief introduction explaining the Roman and Eng-
lish methods of pronunciation, the necessary paradigms, an
outline of the most important principles of syntax, and a
large number of exercises for translation into English and
into Latin, accompanied by short explanatory notes.

2. About twenty-five simple Latin dialogues, added to as
many chapters. Some of these are on subjects of the
lessons, and include a good many grammatical terms ; some
are on various topics of school and holiday life; and others
on subjects historical and mythological.

3. Easy selections for translation, consisting besides a
number of fables, of extracts from Viri Romae, Nepos, Ovid,
Catullus, Czesar, and Cicero, some interspersed with the
lessons, others added at the end of the book. ;

Those who seek in a first Latin book a complete presenta-
tion of the facts and principles of the Latin language, will
not be satisfied with this volume. But, in the opinion of the
authors, there is no error in elementary instruction in Latin
more common and more deplorable than that of failing to

PREFACE. ¥

discriminate between the relatively important and unimpor-
tant; between what is suited to the beginning and what to
the more advanced stages of the study. It is not too much
to say that a very great part of the barrenness and futility of
the teaching and study of Latin in schools is due to this lack
of discrimination, and to a false conception of thoroughness.
It is not intended to imply that a hard and fast line can be
drawn, still less is this book offered as a realization in this
respect of the ideal. The ideal is never realized. But
it has been the constant aim to make just this distinction:
to determine every where, in the light of much observation
and reflection and of long experience, what should be made
the subject of immediate study, and what should be post-
poned ; what is entitled to prominence, and what ought to be
subordinated. Some excellent teachers think that the sub-
junctive mood should have no place in a preparatory Latin
book; and undoubtedly the syntax of the subjunctive does
involve too many and too great difficulties for such a work,
if anything more than an outline of some commoner uses is
attempted. On the other hand, the learner can hardly read
any Latin without encountering forms of the subjunctive.
The best way then seems to be to construct a large number
of very short sentences for practice on the forms, which
shall exhibit, in the briefest compass, some important and
most frequently recurring uses of the mood, more especially
because the ways of translating the subjunctive cannot be
illustrated from the isolated forms in the paradigms, as
in the other moods. This idea has been worked out in
part in Chapter LIV., the forms having been previously left
untranslated.

The colloquia have been added, not as an integral and
necessary part of the lessons, but to serve as an incentive to
the moderate use of Latin orally in recitation, and to afford
convenient exercises for training the ear and for enlarging
the vocabulary of the learner. The grammatical terms have

vi PREFACE.

been drawn chiefly from the Jnstitutiones of Rudimann.
The colloguium on page 5 has been borrowed from Dr. H.
Meurer’s Lateinisches Lesebuch, and suggestions and parts
of the materials for a very few others have been derived
from the same source; also two or three of the pas-
sages for translation, and here and there some sentences
in the exercises. Whoever examines these colloquia with
a critical eye, will find some words which are confined to
the vocabularies of grammarians and commentators, and
a very few others employed in senses for which it would
be embarrassing to be required to cite classical authority.
For example, the word pensum is used often in the sense
of a schoolboy’s task, something to be done or learned,
a lesson. ‘This word doubtless meant strictly a spinner’s
task. But in classical Latin it had already approached the
meaning task in general, and it is but a very slight extension
of its application to employ it as it is in the colloquia. Such
a moderate decanting of new wine into old bottles, it is
hoped may be excused. Still if any teacher thinks that the
Latinity of his pupils will be injured by the use of the collo-
quia, it is optional with him to omit them altogether, without
losing the continuity of the lessons.

The complaint is very common, and its justice must
be acknowledged, that first Latin books are often exces-
sively and needlessly arid and wooden. Accordingly an
effort has been made, while following a rigorously scientific
method in the development of the successive subjects, to
impart something of attractiveness, interest, freshness, and
variety to the study of the elements of Latin by means of
the colloquia, the choice of extracts for translation (intro-
duced as early as possible), and the mode of treatment in
every part, extending even to the choice of Latin words,
and to the construction of many of the exercises.

Usage is not fixed in respect to the so-called principal
parts of verbs, a few of the later school manuals giving the

PREFACE. vii

nominative masculine of the perfect participle, instead of the
supine, except in the case of neuter or intransitive verbs. It
has been thought better in this book to follow the prevailing
practice, only to treat the form that has been called the
supine in this connection, not as the stpine,— which in most
cases it is not and cannot be, since, as is well known, only
about 230 verbs can be proved to have a supine, —but as the
neuter of the perfect participle.’ Thus the learner is guarded
against errors and is spared the perplexity of having to
memorize now one, now another form.

It is hoped that this book can be finished and reviewed by
the average learner in a year, and that the transition then
to Viri Romae, Nepos, or Cesar will not prove too difficult.
More than two-thirds of the words used belong to the vocab-
ulary of Cesar, and only a trifle less than two-thirds to that
of Nepos. In the case of young pupils it may be advisable
to omit the translation of the English exercises into Latin,
beginning with Chapter LV., till after the selections for
translation at the end of the book have been read.

It remains to acknowledge the generous assistance of
several scholars. Professor George M. Lane, of Harvard
University, Professor George L. Kittredge, of Exeter
Academy, N.H., George F. Forbes, A.M., and D. O. S.
Lowell, A.M., both of the Roxbury Latin School, and Mar-
shall W. Davis, A.L., of Thayer Academy, Braintree, read
and criticised the work in manuscript. Mr. Forbes and Mr.
Lowell also read the proof-sheets and made important sug-
gestions and corrections. The authors feel especially in-
debted to John Tetlow, A.M., Head-Master of the Boston
Girls’ High and Latin Schools, and author of Inductive Les-
sons in Latin, for critically reading the proof-sheets, and for
materially contributing to the improvement of the book by

14 This plan has been followed by Dr. R. F. Leighton in his Fors¢
Steps in Latin.

vill PREFACE.

the correction of errors, and by the suggestions of his con-
scientious and exact scholarship.

Thanks are due to Mr. J. S. Cushing, under whose per-
sonal direction the book has been printed, for the patience,
eare, and skill whick he has constantly exercised to make
the work typographically as faultless as possible.

WM. C. COLLAR.
M. GRANT DANIELL.
Boston, Sept. 1, 1886,

The authors desire to express their grateful acknowledg-
ments to Miss Caroline O. Stone, of the Roxbury Latin
School, and to Professor E. M. Wallank, of Fort Worth,
Texas, for the correction of errors that had been overlooked
in the first editions.

1889,

CONTENTS,

CHAPTER
I. Introductory: Alphabet, ae eS Ac-
cent, Cases, Gender .. . : -
II. First Decfnsion. — Direct Object. — Possessive
Dative. — Indirect Object
III. Second Declension.— Words in us and um.— Pre-
dicate Noun . .
IV. First and Second Declensions. — Agieement of
Adjectives. — Colloquium, 58
V. Second Declension. — Words in er. — Ablative of

TX.

TEL.

RLY.

ig

A Cent. .55 >

. Second Declension. — Words in er. — Paradigms of

Adjectives of First and Second Declensions .

- The Verb Sum: Paradigm. . . etiyiabee = tees
. The Verb Sum: Present, Imperfect, and Future

Indicative; Present a ae and Infinitive.
— ioe Oi sake

The Verb Sum: Perfect, pie cee and Future
Perfect Indicative; Perfect Infinitive. — Collo-
OTT: Oo see eee 5S

First Conjugation : teres of the ve erb Am6

. First Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future

Indicative; Present lnperative and Infinitive. —
Ablative of Means. — Colloquium, 95 . .

. First Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future

Perfect Indicative; Perfect Infinitive . 5
Third Declension: Mute Stems. — Colloquium, 111 .

Second Conjugation: Paradigm of the Verb Mone6é

Second Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative; Present Imperative and Infinitive .

PAGE

27-29

30-31

32-34

35-38

39-41
41-43

44-46

46-49

x

CHAPTER

AE

AVE.

XVIII.

XXI.

XXII.
XXITI.
XLV.

XXYV.

XXVI.

pea Ii,

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXII.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Second Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect Indicative; Perfect Infinitive.
— Colloquium, 126 . 49-52
Review of First and Second Conjugations.—
Ablative of Separation. — Colloquium, 133 53-55
Third Declension: Liquid Stems. — Ablative of
Time. — Colloquium, 139 . 2s) 00a
. Third Declension: Sibilant Stems. * Ablative
of Manner. — Colloquium, 148 . 59-62
. Third Declension: Stems in 7. — Apposition. —
Colloquium, 162 . . . oot) GPa A
Third Declension: Mixed Stems. — Rules of
Gender. — Colloquium, 173 68-72
Third Declension: Review . 72-73
Third Conjugation: Paradigm of the Verb Reg6, 74-76
Third Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Fu-
ture Indicative; Present Imperative and Infini-
tive. — Colloquium, 187.— Passage for Trans-
lation, 183° se ix 75-80
Third Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Fu-
ture Perfect Indicative; Perfect Infinitive. —
Colloquium, 195. . . 80-84
Review. — Passage for Translation, 199 84-86
Irregular Adjectives. — Colloquium, 204 86-89
Comparison of Adjectives. — Declension of the
Comparative. — Ablative with Comparatives.
— Passage for Translation, 215 89-92
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs.— Col-
loqguium, 222 . 2. « e il et rg es oe
Fourth Conjugation: Paradigm of the Verb
Audis 96-98
Fourth Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and
Future Indicative; Present Imperative and
Infinitive . . e . . e . . . . 99-100

CHAPTER

XXX.

XXXII.

KOCXTV

XXXYV.

XXXVI.
OV EL.

XXXVITI.
XXXITX.

XL.
XLI.
XLII.
SLT:

LEV:
ye

XLVI.

XLVII.

ALY IIT.

XLIX.
L.
EY.

CONTENTS.

Fourth Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect Indicative; Perfect Infini-
tive. — Colloquium, 234 . . . 2. . « «

Third Conjugation: Paradigm of the Verb
APIO ios en Ss

Third Conjugation: Verbs in 70.— Tenses of
the Indicative; Present Imperative; Pres-
ent and Perfect Infinitive

Review of the Four Conjugations. — Collo-
UM a ie Nery ab) chai

Fourth Declension

Fifth Declension. AM of Berta
tion. — Colloquium, 261 .

Special Paradigms.— Passage for Translation,

Personal and Possessive Pronouns. — Collo-
quium, 269

Determinative Pronouns. — Colloquium, 274.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pro-
nouns. — Agreement of Relative .

Review of Pronouns. — Colloquium, 290. —
Passage for Translation, 291
Compounds of Sum.— Dative .

Deponent Verbs: First and Second Conjogs a-
tions. — Colloquium, 302.

Deponent Verbs: Third and Fourth Con-
jugations. — Ablative with Utor, etc. —
Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting

Numerals. — Accusative of Extent

Irregular Verbs: Vol6, N616, M416. — Pas-
sage for Translation, 320

Irregular Verbs: Fer6 and its compounds .

Irregular Verbs: E6, Fid.— Colloquium, 332,

Prepositions. Expressions'of Place. — Pas-
sage for Translation, 339

PAGE

101-103

104-105

106-107

108-110
110-112

112-115
115-116

117-119
120-122
123-125

126-130

130-154
134-137

137-140
140-142
143-146
146-149
149-152

152-156

156-160

xil

CHAPTER

Et.
LITI.
LIV.

LV.
LVI.

LVII.
EV EE;
LIX.
LX.

LXI.
LXII.

LXIII.
LXIV.
LXV.

LXVI.
LXVII.

READING LESSONS:

CONTENTS.

Partitive Genitive. — Descriptive Ablative and
Genitive. — Dative with Intransitives. — Da-
tiV6/OF Ervice ss eho ah

Derivation. — Comparison of Words .

The Subjunctive: Sequence of Tenses. — Forms.
— Purpose Clauses with Ut and Né

The Subjunctive: Relative of Purpose

The Subjunctive: Result Clauses with Ut
EINE! ete! Sete, ce Ses ee

The Subjunctive: Cum Temporal; Cum Causal
and Concessive.— Passage for Translation,
378 e e ° e e e e e e e . * e e .

The Subjunctive: Indirect Questions. . .

The Subjunctive: Wishes and Conditions. —
POUGRHUM, GOO. 5 no 0 fe Wile as

The Subjunctive and Imperative. — Passage for
DEatelatignatse 3 6 Ae ae eS

PPhiebefinieive ae sere! se eee Ode da BS

Accusative and Infinitive: Indirect Discourse.
— Passage for Translation, 407 . ....

Parties ss eek es eae ee
Participles: Ablative Absolute . .....

Impersonal Verbs: Miseret, etc. — Intransitive
Verbs in Passive.— Passage for Translation,

421 e s co] 3 © ? c © . . e e . e
Periphrastic Conjugations: Dative of Agent .
Gerund.—Gerundive.—Supine. .... .

Letters. — Fables. — Cxsar’s Two

Invasions of Britain. — Customs and Habits of the
Britons 2 . . . . . ° . .* . . . . . J . e

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY

Pea NIUM GRAMMATICUM »« o° “aldedeeeneise 6. an 8

PAGE

160-161
162-164

164-171
171-172

173-174

175-178
178-180

180-184

184-187
187-188

189-194
194-196
197-199

200-203
204-207
208-210

211-222
223-259
260-273
274-276

BEGINNER’S LATIN BOOK.

—_0,g500—__

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.

It is suggested to teachers who are not experienced in teaching Latin
that this chapter may, perhaps, be most profitably used for reference.
Pupils will catch pronunciation quickly from the lips of the teacher ; and
as they make mistakes, they will be interested in being referred to the
rules of pronunciation. It is therefore advised that the teacher begin
with the Colloquium, page 5, pronouncing slowly each sentence, the pupils
following successively, and then together. In the same way the teacher
might then construe literally. .

1. ALPHABET.— The Latin alphabet has no w.
Otherwise it is the same as the English.

2. VOWELS.—Vowels may be long (marked thus ~ ),
short (marked thus ~), or common? (marked thus ~).
The long vowel occupies double the time of the short
in pronouncing. :

3. CONSONANTS. — Of the consonants

The mutes are: P-mutes . . . p,b,f

mutes: sa. © a

K-mutes . . . Kk, c, g, q (a)
Thetiguids are. is... «>. -1, m, 2, F
‘Rhe-sipvlantie<: ieee se 8S
The double consonants are. . . x=cs,? z=4ds.

é

1 That is, sometimes long and 2 Also represents the combina
sometimes short. tions hs, qus, gs, V8.

9 PRONUNCIATION.

4, SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, RoMAN METHOD.

Vowels.
4 is sounded like the last a in papd’.
a - id the first a in papd’.
é - “ é in they.
e és sc e in met.
I « és i in machine.
“ “ i in pin.
6 s = o in holy.
re) ‘ = o in wholly?
ii? « ee oo in boot.
a és “00 in foot.
Diphthongs.
ae is sounded like ai in aisle.
au = . ou in our.
ei «és of et in eight.
oe $< é oi in boil.
eu $< és eu in feud.
ui “ _ we.
Consonants,

Consonants generally have the same sounds as in English. But
observe the following : —

ec is sounded like ce in come.
g a = g in get.

j * . y in yes.
S a a s in sun.8
t és as t in time.4
v sc ss win wine.
ch = -- k in kite.

1 That is, as the word is com- gu and su before a vowel, u is a
monly pronounced; the sound semi-vowel or consonant, and is
heard in Ao/y, shortened. pronounced like w.

2In gu, and also commonly in 8 Never like z. 4 Never like sh,

>

a PRONUNCIATION. 3

5. SYLLABLES.

1. A syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong with
or without one or more consonants. Hence a word
has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs:
ae-gri-ti’-d6, sickness.

2. When a word is divided into syllables, ‘a single con-
sonant is joined with the vowel following: a-ma/-bi-lis,
amiable.

3. If there are two or more consonants between two
vowels, as many are joined with the following vowel
as can be pronounced at the beginning of a word or
syllable: im’-pro-bus, bad ; ho-spes, guest.

4, But in compound words the division must show
the component parts: ab’-est (ab, away; est, he is),
he is away.

5. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima;
’ the one next to the last, the penult; the one before the
penult, the antepenult.

G6. QUANTITY.

1. A vowel is short before a vowel (with few excep-
tions) or h, also probably before nt and nd: p6-é'-ma,
poem; gra’-ti-ae, thanks; ni’-hil, nothing; a‘-mant,
they love; mo-nén’-dus, to be advised.

2. Diphthongs, vowels representing diphthongs, vow-
els resulting from contraction, and vowels followed by
nf, ns, J, and commonly gn, are long: in-i'-quus (inae-
quus), unequal ; cd'-g6 (cdags), collect ; cin'-fe-ro, bring
together ; mén'-sa, table ; hi'-jus, of him ; ma'-gnus, great.
In this book only long vowels are marked, unless for
some special reason.

4 PRONUNCIATION.

3. A syllable is long when it contains a long vowel
or a diphthong: v6’-cés, voices ; ae’-dés, temple.

4, A syllable is long if it has a short vowel followed
by two or more consonants (except a mute followed by
lor7), or by zor z; but the short vowel is still pro-
nounced short: sunt, they are; tem!-plum, temple ;
dux,! leader.

5. A syllable is common if it has a short vowel fol-
lowed by a mute with 7 or r: te’-ne-brae, darkness.
The vowel is pronounced short.

The above statements are useful in determining the p-
the accent.

% ACCENT.

1. Words of two syllables have the acce.
first: tu’-ba, trumpet.

Cv

2. Words of more than two syllables have the accent
on the penult when the penult is long, otherwise on the
antepenult: prae-di’-cé, foretell; prae’-di-cd, declare ;
ille'-ce-brae, snares ; pa-ter’-nus,? paternal. :

(1) Several words, called enclitics, of which the commonest are_
ne, the sign of a question, and que, and, are appended to other

words, and such words are then accented on the syllable preceding
the ne or que: amat’-ne, does he love? €6na’-que, and gifts.

8. ENGLISH METHOD OF PRONUNCIATION. — By this” ,
method the above rules relating to syllables (5) and ~
accent (7) are observed, and words are pronounced
substantially as in English; but final es is sounded as_
in English ease, and final 6s (acc. plur.) as in dose.

1 w pronounced like oo in foot. _ the penult is short, the syllable is
2 Here, though the vowel of long by 6. 4.

tory note, page 1.

PRONUNCIATION. 5

The following colloquium may be used, if the teacher wishes, for
practice, and to illustrate the foregoing statements.

See introduc-

9. COLLOQUIUM.

Augustus. Quid tibi vis?

Tilus. Técum ambulare ve-
lim.

A. Ego nolo; domi manére
mals.

IT. Gir mavis?

A. Ego et frater vesperi
cum patre ambulare malu-
mus.

I. Cir mécum per silvas
vagari non vultis ?

A. Quod vesperi amoeni-
tate frni malumus quam solis
ardore.

I. At jam saepe mécum
ambulare néluisti.

A. Non récté dicis; non
est causa cir técum ambulare

nolim ; at cum hortus avi satis

amplus sit et lacum silvamque
contineat, ibi malumus lidere.
Si vis, nObiscum veni.

10. CASES.

What do you wish (for your-
self) ?

I should like to take a walk
with you.

I don’t want to; I prefer to
stay at home.

Why do you prefer (that) ?

My brother and I had rather
take a walk at evening with our
father.

Why don’t you want to roam
with me through the woods?

.

Because we had rather en-
joy the pleasantness of evening
than the heat of the sun.

But often before now you have
not wanted to walk with me.

What you say is not true;
there is no reason why I should
not want to walk with you; but
since grandfather’s garden is
quite large, and has a pond and
a grove, we had rather play
there. If you like, come with us

1. The names of the cases in Latin are: nominative.
. yo 8 . . Vy a ; “ae.
vecatine, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative.
‘ Pu = Hf

6 CASE AND GENDER.

2. The vocative is the case of address, but it does
not differ in form from the nominative, except in the
singular of nouns and adjectives in us of the second
declension, and hence is not elsewhere given separately
in the paradigms.

“3. Another case, the locative, which denotes the place
of an action, is mostly confined to proper names, and
has the form of the ablative (sometimes dative) singular
or plural, or of the genitive singular.

11. GENDER.— The gender of Latin nouns is deter-
mined partly, as in English, by the meaning, but much
oftener by the termination. |

1. Nouns denoting males are masculine : agricola,
farmer; Cicerd, Cicero.

2. Nouns denoting females are feminine: régina,
queen; Tullia, Tullia.

3. Names of rivers, winds, and mouths are masculine:
Padus, Po; aquild, north wind ; Januarius, January.

4. Names of countries, towns, islands, and trees, are
feminine: Africa, Africa; Roma, Rome ; Sicilia, Sicily ;
pirus, pear-tree.

5. Indeclinable nouns are neuter: fas, right.

Other rules of gender will be given under the several declensions.

It is assumed that the learner knows the names and functions
of the parts of speech in English, and the meanings of the common
grammatical terms, such as subject and predicate, case, mood, tense,
voice, declension, conjugation, etc. So much knowledge is absolutely
essential for entering upon the study of the following lessons.

FIRST DECLENSION. 7

CHAPTER II. 1.
FIRST DECLENSION.
12. The stem! ends in a.

13. GENDER.— The gender is feminine; but see

general rules, 11.

14. — PARADIGM.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.Y. tuba, a trumpet. N.Y. tubae, trumpets.
“ONG. tubae, of a trumpet. G. tubarum, of trumpets.
<“D. tubae, to or for a trumpet. D. tubis, to or for trumpets.
<_< Ac. tubam, a trumpet. Ac. tubds, trumpets.
i e2SAb. _ tuba,’ with a trumpet. Ab. tubis, with trumpets.

1. For the reason why the vocative case is not given separately
in the paradigm see 10. 2.
2. Examples of the locative case (10. 3) in this declension are:
‘Rémae, at Rome; Athénis, at Athens.

15. TERMINATIONS. — These consist of case-endings,
joined with the final letter of the stem. But sometimes
the final letter of the stem is lost, and sometimes the
case-ending.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nea. wc So Se
ee Sa a ee eeemresar tars
Meee Ae, ot he eS
Pen 6. oo a, AS
ert ooo

1 The stemisthecommonbaseto dered, according to its connection.
which certain letters are added to _It is therefore recommended that,
express the relation of the word in declining words, no translation
to other words. of the ablative be given till its use

2 The ablative is variously ren- has been illustrated. See p.20,n. 1.

Si FIRST DECLENSION.

16. Observe that the genitive and dative singular and nomina-
tive plural are alike; also the dative and ablative plural.

17. In Latin there is no article: tuba may be translated
a trumpet, the trumpet, or trumpet.

18. The pupil should commit to memory the table of termina-
tions.

2.
19. VOCABULARY.

NOUNS. ADJECTIVES.?
aquila, F., eagle. alba, white.
cauda, F., tail. bona, good.
columba, F., dove. dira, hard.
filia,! F., daughter. lata, wide, broad.
puella, F., gi7l. longa, long.
régima, F., queen. magna, large.
rosa,” F., rose. mala, bad.
via, F., road, street, way. parva, small, little.

VERBS.

habet, (ie, she, it) has.
habent, (they) have.

est, (he, she, it) is.
sunt, (they) are.

20. Observe that in the above verb-forms the singular ends
in ¢, and the plural in nt.

NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. .

21. EXERCISES.

I.4 1. Viae latae. 2. Via lata. 3. Vids latas. 4. Viam
latam. 5. Cauda longa. 6. Caudads longis. 7. Caudam
longam. 8. Caudae longae. 9. Columbis parvas. 10. Co-

3 The masculine and neuter of
adjectives will be taken up in con-
nection with nouns of the second

1 Filia and dea, goddess, have
a dative and ablative plural in
-dbus, but this is mostly confined

to legal and religious language.

2 Caution: Do not pronounce
s like z, if you use the Roman
method. See page 2, note 3.

declension.

4 Observe that the adjective
takes the case and number of the
noun to which it belongs.

FIRST DECLENSION. 9

lumbae parvae. 11. Columba parva. 12. Columbam par-

vam. 13. Rosamalbam. 14. Rosae albae. 15. Rosa alba.

16. Rosas albads. 17. Régina mala. 18. Réginds malas.
II. In like manner give the nominative and accusative in both

numbers of the words meaning little girl, great eagle, good queen,
wide street. Decline together rosa alba, via longa, bona puella.

3.
22. EXERCISES, Jf
I. 1. Via est longa. 2. Dard est via. 3. Puellae rosas

habent. 4. Régina columbam habet. 5. Rosae sunt albae. |
6. Cauda est alba. 7. Candae sunt longae. 8.‘ Aquila cau-
dam habet. 9. Puellae tubis habent. 10.‘ Aquilae sunt

magnae.

II. 1. Via dara est longa. 2. Puella bona rosam habet.
3. Columba caudam parvam habet. 4. Réginae albas rosas
habent. 5. Rosa parva est alba. 6. Aquila magna est alba.
7.'Tubae magnae sunt longae. 8. Puella tubam longam
habet. 9.°Filiae bonae columbas habent. 10.’ Aquila magna
]atam caudam habet.

23. Notice the order of the words in the above sentences, and
see wherein it differs from the order in English. You will find
that —

1. The adjective is commonly placed after its noun. When
placed before the noun it is for emphasis.

2. The verb commonly comes: at the end of the sentence, but
est and sunt are less frequently so placed.

3. The object commonly comes before the verb.

24. Observe that the subject is in the nominative case, and
iat the verb agrees with it in number; as in English.

25. Observe that the verb habet (habent) is transitive, and
is its object in the accusative.

26. RULE OF SYNTAX.— The direct object of a
sansitive verb is in the accusative case.

10 FIRST DECLENSION.

4.

27. EXERCISES.

I. 1. The roads are broad. 2. The streets are long.
3. Queens have doves. 4. The girl has arose. 5. Eagles
have tails. 6. The dove is white. 7. The girl has a trumpet.
8. The eagle is large. 9. The rose is white. 10. The girls
are small.

II. 1. The long way is hard. 2. Good girls have roses.
3. Doves have small tails. 4. Great eagles have broad tails.
5. The good queen has a dove. 6. The little girls have
large trumpets. 7. The little dove is white. 8. The queen
is good. 9. The good queen has a little daughter. 10. A
little girl has a white rose.

28. Answer the following in Latin :'—

1. Estne? via lata? 2. Habetne puella rosam? 3. Ha-
bentne aquilae caudas longis? 4. Quid (what) habet regina
bona? 5. Quid habent puellae bonae? 6. Habentne co-
lumbae caudas?

5
29. VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
ala, F., wing. Galba, m., Galba.
Britannia, F., Britain. hora, F., hour.
Cornélia, F., Cornelia. lina, F., moon.
ADJECTIVES. VERBS.
multa, much (pl. many). amat, (he, she, it) loves.
pléna, full. amant, (they) love.
prima, /irst. dat, (he, she, it) gives.
secunda, second. dant, (they) give. ,
CONJUNCTION. ADVERB.
et, and. non, not.
1 Every answer should form a 2 The particle ne is appended

complete sentence. To the ques- to some word in a sentence, often

tion est ne via longa? theanswer the verb, as a sign of a question,

should be via est longa. and is not to be translated by any
separate word.

FIRST DECLENSION. 11

GENITIVE AND DATIVE.
30. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Linae plénae. 2. Linarum pléenarum. 3. Linis
plénis. 4. Horarum primarum. 5. Horis primis. 6. Filia
Galbae.t 7. Filiis Cornéliae. 8. Rosis albis. 9. Columbae
parvae. 10. Aquilarum alarum.

' JI. 1. The queen’s daughter. 2%. The queens’ daughters.
3. For the girl’s rose. 4. Of the wings of the dove. 5. For
Cornelia’s daughter. 6. Of Britain. 7. For eagles. 8. Of
the long streets. 9. For the little girls. 10. To the small
trumpet.

6.

31. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Puellae (dative) est rosa. 2. Puella rosam haoet.
3. Reginis sunt columbae. 4. Réginae columbas habent.
5. Rosa puellae est alba. 6. Rosae puellarum sunt albae.
_ 7. Galba filiae® columbam dat. 8. Cornélia puellis rosas
dat. 9. Galba Cornéliae aquilam dat. 10. Galba et Cor-
nélia filias habent. 3

II. 1. Filiae Cornéliae rosis albas habent. Q Cornélia
puellae parvae rosam magnam dat. 3. Est® hora prima liinae
plenae. 4. Hora est® secunda et lina est pléna. 5. Magna
est rosa puellae parvae. Galba puellae tubam parvam
dat. 7. Columbae albae sunt filiae bonae. 8. Multae et
longae sunt Britanniae viae. 9. Britannia réginam bonam
habet. Galba filiis bonae réginae rosas multas dat.

32. The first sentence in I. is literaily translated to the girl is
a rose. Evidently the meaning is the girl has a rose, the same as
that of the second. The dative thus used with est or sunt is called
the Dative of the Possessor, or the Possessive Dative.

1 Galba’s daughter. The geni- 2 Translate, his daughter.
tive * to be translated by 8 It is.
the ogssessive.

12 FIRST DECLENSION.

33. Examine the seventh sentence in I. The transitive verb
dat has a direct object, columbam ; but it also has a dative limit-
ing it, filiae. This dative is called an Indirect Object. Find
other illustrations of the following:

34. RULE OF SYNTAX.— The indirect object is put
in the dative.

cf
35. EXERCISES.

1. Before turning the following sentences into Latin, translate
mentally 2, 6, and 10, in 31. II., taking the words as they stand.
Observe that the indirect object precedes the direct.

2. In the following exercises try to cast each sentence into the
Latin form before thinking of the Latin words. Thus, the sixth
sentence will take the form, the girl to the queen a rose gives; and
the eighth, to a girl little is a rose little, or a girl litile a rose little has.

I. 1. It! is the first hour. 2. There? is a full moon.
3. The moon is full. 4. The dove is small. 5. The tail of
the eagle is broad. 6. The girl gives the queen® a rose.
7. The queen’s roses are white. 8.* A little girl has a little
rose. 9. The first hour is a long one.” 10. Galba gives the
girls some? roses.

II. 1. The queen’s daughter has a white rose. 2. The
queen of Britain gives the girl a great rose. 3. It is the
second hour of the full moon. 4. The daughters of Cornelia
are small girls.© 5. The daughters of Cornelia are good
little® girls.’ 6. The little dove’s tail is a long one. 7. The
wings of eagles are long and broad. 8. Eagles have long,
broad’ wings. 9. The little dove has a white tail. hos Many
doves have white tails.

1 Omit. Compare 31. II. 3 and 4. 4 Translate in two ways, like

2 Omit. - 31. I.; 1 and 2, 3 and 4.
3 That is, to the queen. Compare 5 Nominative.

$1. I. 7, 8, and 9; and 81. II. 2, 6 In Latin, good and little,
6, and 10. 7 Long and broad.

SECOND DECLENSION. LS

GEA P TER III.
SECOND DECLENSION.
36. The stem ends in o.

37. GENDER. — Nouns ending in wm are neuter;
most others are masculine; but see generai rules for
gender, 11. 4.

38. PARADIGMS.
Hortus, garden. Bellum, war.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. : SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N.V. hortus, € horti N.V. bellum bella

G. horti hort 6rum Goa: bells bell Grum
D. _ hortd hortis D. ibeilld bellis

Ac. hortum hort 6s Ac. bellum bella

Ab. hort6 hortis Ab. bell6 bellis

39. The vocative singular of nouns in us of this
_ declension ends in é.
1. As these are the only Latin nouns having a form for the

vocative different from the nominative, this peculiarity is best
regarded and treated as an exception.

40. Examples of the locative case (10. 3) in this declension
are: Corinthi, at Corinth; Thiriis, at Thurii.

41. TERMINATIONS.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Masc. Neut. Masc. Neut.

N.Y. us, é um I a

Gt. 2 i orum o6rum
AS pede: re) is is

Ac. um um os a

Ab. 6 6 Is Is

42. Although the stem ends in 9, the o does not appear except
in the dat. and abl. singular and in the gen. and ace. plural.

1 For peculiarities of nouns in ius and ium see 79.

14 SECONL ‘SION.

43. voc: ‘a as
NOUNS
Masculine. Neuter.
amicus, friend. bracchium, arm. (79.)
cibus, food. donum, gi/i.
discipulus, pupil. Ovum, egg. a
dominus, lord, master. pilum, javelin.
equus, horse. poculum, cup.
servus, slave or servant. vinum, wine.
ADJECTIVES. VERBS. ’
défessus, -a, -um, tired. laudat, (he, she, it) praisest
y z | gs
dirus, -a, -um, hard. laudant, (they) praise.
gratus, -a, -um, pleasing. portat, (he, she, it) carries,

novus, -a, -um, new. portant, (they) carry.

44. Adjectives of the first and second declensions
have three terminations to mark the different genders:
bonus, masculine; bona, feminine; bonum, neuter.
The feminine of the adjective is declined like tuba, the
masculine like hortus, and the neuter like bellum.
The full declension of bonus is given on page 24 |

1. Form the masculine and ueuter of all the adjectives in 19
aud 29. |

NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE. cae
45. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Amici boni. 2. Amicus bonus. 3. Amicds bonds.
4. Amicum bonum. 5. Péculum novum. 6. Pécula nova.
7. Equus défessus. 8. Equum défessum. 9. Equdés défessds. —
10. Equi défessi. 11. Podcula magna. 12. Servds malés. 4

1 Laudat may be translated 2In declining adjectives, it wit
praises, is praising, or does praise. be found advantageous to decline — *%
So of the other verb-forms. each gender separately. vi

SECOND DEC UENSION.

eee

II. 1. In like manner form the nominative 2
both numbers ef the words meaning jong
small horse, good wine. Decline
malus, vinurm novum. ,s

46. Examine ;

Ge -

i
*
‘a

Q
De 2
~*~

and Cornelia are friends

at the subject and predicate
ase, just as in English.

ULE OF SYNTAX.—A noun in the predicate
ing to the same eer or thing as the subject
the same case.

3.
; EXERCISES.

.

1. Donum est gratum. 2. Servus bonus est dcfessus.

micus pilam portat. 4, Discipulus 6vum dirum habet.

yuus défessus cibum portat. 6. Dona sunt pocuia

7. Discipulus bracchia longa habet. 8. Domini

s laudant. 9. Dominus servum laudat. 10. Servi po-

pparva portant. 11. Novum equum laudat. 12. Equds
laudant. 2:

1. The servant has the cup. 2. The servants have
ps. 38. The pupil has wine and eggs. 4. The master
ood food. 5. The gifts are long javelins. 6. The
r and the slave are good friends. 7. The little horses
ed. 8. The new pupil has a big? cup. 9. They praise
econd horse. 10. He is praising the good master.
hey have some® good friends. 12. The slave carries
ps and wine.

e adjective must be of the 2 See page 19, note 1.
ender as the noun. 8 Omit.

\
16 SECOND DECLENSION. a

4. 7

GENITIVE AND DATIVE.
49, ft EXERCISES.
I. 1. Amicis bonis. ~2. Amico bond. 3. Amici boni.

4. Amicodrum bonorum.. 5. Poculd nevd. 6. Péculdrum
novorum. 7. Poculis novis. 8. -Equi défessh. - 9. Equis
défessis. 10. Equérum défessdrum. 11. Equé Be te S
12. Servis bonis. i

. Pee
II. In like manner, form the genitive and dative in both na -
bers of the words meaning long javelin, hard master, small horse, ~
good wine. Decline together bonus amicus, discipulus malus, —
dénum gratum. ;

5. “ys

50. EXERCISES.
i. J. DOnum amici boni est gratum. 2. Servi boni domi-
norum malorum sunt défessi. 3. Amicis discipuli dat! pila
multa. 4. Amic6 bono discipuli sunt pila multa. 5. Amici
bonorum discipuldrum pila multa habent. 6. Equus défes-
sus cibum domini portat. 7. Longa sunt bracchia servi

boni. 8. Dona domini servis sunt grata. 9. Puellis parvis
ova alba dant.’ 10. Servi réginis 6va aquilarum dant. |

If. 1. The gift is pleasing to the good friend. 2.2 The
slave has the master’s cup. 38.? The servants have. the
masters’ cups. 4. The master gives the slave® a hard egg.
5. The food of the master is wine and eggs. 6. The mas-—
ter praises the little pupil’s cup. 7. The tired horses are ,
carrying gifts for the friend. 8. The girl has many new‘
friends. 9. The broad cup is pleasing to the new pupil.
10. The eagle’s eggs are gifts of the good servant.

1 When there is no subject ex- 2 Translate in two ways. See 32."
pressed in the sentence, how is the 8 Not accusative. ae
verh to be rendered ? 4 Many and new.

-
>
)

habet

FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.

ye poet =
Se 8. +
Sey" . . a 1
51. Av swer the jfvowing in Latin : * —
i ; < . -
portat@)acdbus (James)? 2. Portatne domind*
. N6énne*® portat ova columbae albae?

th

yin! baz
Sh ne Mas: jlongam equi albi? 5. Quid. Jacodbe,
ini filia in«{in) poculd? .
Fo d answer five other questions in Latin.
———Wo5G5, oo —
CBee Te EV.
HERST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
&2. VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. ADJECTIVES.
Masculine. clarus, -a, -um, famous. .
ALE .cola, -ae, L mer. peritus, -a, -um, skilful.
ghee Prt Ne oie quartus, -a, -um, fourth.
Der ta, is poet. quintus, -a, -um, ji/th.
edie tertius, -a, -um, third.
_— a at validus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy.
veutus, -i, wind.
Neuter. EPOSITION.
fri mentum, -i, grain. “*- in (witR®ablative), in, on.
mp oulum, -i, fodder. in (with accusative), into, to.

oss. ‘n the preceding exercises an adjective qualifying a noun
the same termination as the noun. Now observe the
‘owine examples: agricola bonus, a good farmer; agricolae
i, ef a good farmer; agricolae bon6, to or for a good farmer,
Hee the adjective has a different termination from the noun.
ce eericola is masculine, the adjective that goes with it must
» {he masculine form, as well as the same number and case.
note 2, p. 10. So in English, a

1 See note 1, p. 10.
question asked with nct expects

Jor, got to, the master,
-YW>on neisappended tono6n, the answer yes.

“bo amever yes is expected. See 4 See 11. 1. ,

nouns . er, oe 1.
5. EXERCISES,
I. 1. Agricolae validi. 2. Agricolam Valigum. 3. Agri-

colas validds. 4. Agricola validus. 5. Aficolae valido.

6. Agricolarum validdrum. 7. Agricolfi valide. —

>,

II. 1. Askilful sailor (nom. and ace.). 2. Skilful sailors
(nom. and acc.). 38. Of a skilful sailor. 4. For a skilful
sailor. 5. Skilful sailor (voc.). 6. For skilful sailors.
7. Of a famous poet. 8. Of famous poets. 9. Pleasing
poets. 10. A pleasing poet (nom. and acc.).

bh
*, : om
56. \ EXERCISES.

I. 1. Hortus agricolae magnus est. 2. Agricola validus

~ hortum maghum habet.. 3.’ Agricolae (dat.) est hortus mag-

nus. 4. Nautae rémus longus est. 5. Poeta vimum bonum
agricolae periti laudat. 6. Hora est quarta. 7.? Lina est

pléna. 8. Pabulumyequi albi est frimentum. 9. Dominus
servum peritum lau 10 utae (dat.) grata sunt Ova et
oni. -

vinum agricolae b

II. 1. O* agricola valide, carrus est plénus frimenti. °
2. Domine bone, secunda hora est, et discipulus est dé-
fessus. 38. Hortds agricolarum peritorum laudant. 4. Ps-
culum magnum est vini plenum. 5. Agricola bonus equé
valid6 dat pabulum.

1 See 32. 3 Translate this sentence with-
2 We may translate, there isa out changing the order of the
full moon, it is a full moon, or the words, and you will feel the em-
moon is full. There is nothing in phasis imparted to nautae from
Latin answering to our it and there _its position.
used in this way at the beginning 4 O sometimes accompanies: th
et w sentence. vocative,

FIRST AND

\ND DECLEN 21
» passive
By \, r ab,—
; ; A nts.
I. 1. The poe armer’s wine.

horses. 3. Skiloroper terminations
arden there? are man

er are in the wagon.,g v0c.).
grain. 7. There is Wéfegs-
girl’s cup. here are many* small girly.

9. Galba cates fodder for the horses.
the little dove is grain.

II. 1. My (O) good friend, the: master
2. The servant gives the queen’ a large ep
sailors are carrying javelins in their® arms.
wagon is good fodder for the farmer’s%y
poet’s gardens there are many friendg
horses, wagons, doves, eggs, and® wi

2. Vir
» agricolae

the rough sailor.
men (xom. and

58.
Datne® Carolus (Char

Quid in cymba habet Carolt
Carolus remum et pilum in cymba habet.

Quota (what) hora est?’ Hora est quinta.

Quid in carro habet risticus (countryman) validus?
Quid in pdculd désiderat (wants) risticus défessus ?

1 Occasionally words occur in
the English exercises which are
purposely not given as definitions
in the vocabularies, but by a little
thought the pupil will understand
what Latin word is meant.

2 Translate in two ways.

8 Omit.

4 Many and small.

5 Not accusative.

6 Remember that ne is append-
ed as the sign of a question. _

7 What time is it? or, Whe
the time of day ?

55, =) ECOND pm st08

I. 1. Agricola PARADIGM.
colis validés. 4 2°: TERMINATIONS.
6. Agricolarum y weer oe ee fo
pueri ge ST
1. A skiltt puer Grum i. shy, 6rum
(nom. and acc.) pueris S tay Is
sailor. 5. Skilf puer 6s Um os
7. Of a famous Pee ? ee

poets. 10. Ap

tener, -era, -erum, tender.
sextus, -a, -um, sizth.

a (ab), prep. w. abl., by, away from.
I. 1. Hort * amatur, (he, she, it) is loved.

ga ? amantur, (they) are loved.
laudatur, (he, she, it) is praised.
laudantur, (they) are praised.

. schieral word for children.

id Ay n. of free parents.

61. The farmer ‘ae sed. by the queen would be
expressed in Latin this ot ricola 4 (or ab) régina
laudatur ; and The queem. as praised by the farmer, thus:
Régina ab (not 4) agricola laudatur.

sil hortum mac
\ ere ree ay -erfiim,

Observe that in the first sentence, régina, and in the second,
agricola, denotes the person by whom the thing is done (the
agent); also, that these words are in the ablative, and are preceded
by aorab. The ablative thus used, together with the preposition, an-
swers the question by whom ? and is called the ABLATIVE OF AGENT.

1 To translate puerd, “ with, 2 Decline the masculine of
from, by a boy,” as is commonly adjectives in er in this lesson
‘one, is wholly wrong. Withaboy like puer. The full declension is

\d be cum puerd; from,orly given on p. 24.

, @ puerd. See p. 7, note 2.

*=The age
Miatative

6 before

verbs is expressed
ab before vowels or h,

63. Read again 53 and 54, then add the proper terminations
of the adjectives, and translate the following : —

I. 1. Generil bon-, gener bon- (nom. and voc.). 2. Vir
magn-, 4 viro magn-. 3. Ab agricola défess-, agricolae
miser-. 4. A régina tener-. 5. Pueri asper-.

II. 1. By the bad father-in-law. 2. By the rough sailor.

3. By the children of the hero. 4. The free men (xom. and
ace.). 5, Of the wretched sons-in-

a %
GA. EXERCISES, § ~®

I. 1. Gener virl servus est. 2. P
laudatur. 38. Liberi 4 naut& asperd
tenera columbas parvas amat. 45. Col e
tenera amantur. 6. Miseri servi & dor Ad bond laudantur.
7.) Lata in vid sunt puerl mulu et asperi. 8. Equi validi
agricolae 4 liberis laudantur 9. Filia soceri est misera.
10. Viri filias poétae laudant.

II. 1. The sons-in-law of the men are farmers. 2. Good
men are praised by their? friends. 3. The boy is loved by
the rough sailors. 4. The sixth boy isa new one.” 5. The
tired children are in the farmer’s wagon. 6. The tender
dove is loved by the little girl. 7. Poor slaves are not
praised by their rough masters. 8. The strong man is in
the poet’s garden. 9. The heroes are praised by the pupils.
10. They love the daughter of the poor sailor.

1 Adjective, preposition, noun, the three are combined. What is
is often the order where, as here, the English order? 2? Omit.

y ’ SECOND DECLENSION.

GELADPT Etre. ae

SECOND DECLENSION.

65. PARADIGM.
Ager, jield. TERMINATIONS.

SINGULAR. PLURAL. SING. PLUR.
N.Y. ager agri _ T

G. “agri agr 6Grum I Srum
D. agrd agris 3 Is
Ac. agrum agr Os um os
Ab. agrs .yagris fe) is

Observe that @he above terminations are the same as those on
page 20. Wherein does ‘the declension of ager differ from that
of puer?

_ 66. : VOCABULARY.
aper, aprj, aeger, aegra, aegrum,? sick.
culter, on Ti, M. ae niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
“*-~faber, -bri, ., smith. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,
liber,! -bri, . ves UA beautiful, handsome.
magister, tri, VM" master. ruber, rubra, rubrum, red.
minister, -tri, M., servant. septimus, -a, -um, seventh.

magister, a superior, director ; hence, master of a school, ete.
dominus (43), master of a household, slaves, ete.

minister, an inferior, attendant, servant.

servus (43), a serving man, slave.

67. Most nouns in er are declined like ager, and most adjec-
tives in er like aeger. The most important nouns and adjectives
that keep the e before r in all the cases were given in the vocabu-
lary, 60, and should now be committed to memory.

68. Decline together equus niger, bonus faber, aper asper,
vir aeger.

! Distinguish liber, free, from liber, book. 2 See p. 24.

=

SECOND DECLENSION. 23

2.
69. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Socer est faber. 2. Magister est discipuli amicus.
3. Generi virl sunt ministri. 4. Culter puer6d est gratus.
5. Libri magistri discipulis sunt grati. 6. Vinum rubrum
a fabro défesso amatur. 7%. Libri poétae 4 magistrd aman-
tur. 8. Puellae pulchrae viris rosas rubras dant. 9. Nauta
cultrum longum habet. 10.1 Librds multés in bracchiis por-
tat puer.

II. 1. The fathers-in-law are smiths.? 2. The masters
are loved by their pupils. 38. The man’s son-in-law is a
servant. 4. The knives are pleasing to the little boy.
5. The pretty® cups are liked by the boys and girls. 6. A

girl gives a man‘ a beautiful rose. 7. The sailors have many

long knives. 8. The children of the master are carrying?
the books in their arms. 9. The smith’s son-in-law has
-children. 10. There is a rough boar in the farmer’s field.

70. Answer the following in Latin: —

1. Quis (who) est amicus poétae? 2. Quis est socer
Caroli? 3. Ubi (where) sunt discipuli magistri? 4. Amantne
hodié (to-day) pénsum (task)? 5. Nonne Carolus columbae
frimentum hodié dat? 6. Quae (who, fem.) rosas rubras
habet? 7. Quis bracchia longa habet? 8. Quis est vir liber?
9. Ubi est equus ristici? 10. Quae puellds pulchras habet?
11. Réginane puellas pulchras habet? 12. Ubi sunt Jacobi
amici?

1 What is peculiar in the order andsunt? Compare the first three
of the words? Translate as the sentencesin I. See rule, 47.
words stand, and see what word is 3 See p. 19, note 1.
made emphatic by its position. 4 Not accusative.

2 What case is used after est § Not passive. See p. 14, note 1.

=

24

ADJECTIVES: FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.

71.

Sing.

Plur.

Sing.

Plur.

Sing.

Plur.

SECOND DECLENSION.

PARADIGMS.

Bonus, good.
MASCULINE. FEMININE.
bon us, é bona
boni bon ae
bou bon ae
bonum bonam
bond bona
bon? bon ae
bon 6rum bon arum
bonis bonis
bon 6s bonas
bonis bonis

Liber, free.

liber libera
liberi liberae
liberd liber ae
liberum liberam
liber 6 liber a
liberi liberae
liber 6rum liber 4rum
liberis liberis
liber 6s liber as
liberis liberis

Aeger, sick.

aeger
aegri
aegr oO
aegrum
aegro
aegri
aegr 6rum
aegris
aegr Os
aegris

aegra
aegrae
aegrae
aegram
aegra
aegrae
aegr arum
aegris
aegr as
aegris

NEUTER.
bonum
bont
bons
bonum
bon6

bona

bon 6rum
bonis
bona
bonis

liberum
liberi
liber 6
liberum
liber 6
libera
liber Grum
liberis
libera
liberis

aegrum
aegri
aegro
aegrum
aegr 6
aegra
aegr Orum
aegr Is
aegra
aegris

THE VERB Sum. yas

7 CHAPTER Vv LT.
THE IRREGULAR VERB Sum (stems es, fn), [ am.
72. Principal parts, swum, esse, fui.

73. For convenience the inflection of sum is given in full.
Directions will be given from time to time as to what parts are
to be learned. q

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. sum,! J am. sumus, we are.
2. es, thou art.” estis, you are.
d. est, he (she, it) is. sunt, they are.

IMPERFECT.

1. eram,? J was. eramus, we were.
2. eras, thou wast. eratis, you were. :
3. erat, he was. erant, they were.
FUTURE.
1. er 6,4 J shall be. erimus, we shall be.
2. eris, thou wilt be. eritis, you will be.
3. erit, he will be. erunt, they will be.
PERFECT.
1. fui, J have been, was. fuimus, we have been, were.
2. fuisti, thou hast been, wast. fuistis, you have been, were.

3. fuit, he has been, was. ; fu érunt, or

fuére, they have been, were.

PLUPERFECT.
1. fueram, J had been. fueramus, we had been.
2. fueras, thou hadst been. fueratis, you had been.
3. fuerat, he had been. fuerant, they had been.
1 Sum for esum. of the verb, if by you one person
2 Or, you are, as in the plural. only is meant.
But in translating into Latin be 3 Eram for esam.

careful to use the singular form 4 Ero for eso.

26 THE VERB Sum.

FuTURE PERFECT.

SINGULAR.
1. fuerd, I shall have been.

2. fueris, thou wilt have been.

3. fuerit, he will have been.

PLURAL.

fu erimus, we shall have been.
fueritis, you will have been.
fuerint, they will have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE.’

PRESENT. IMPERFECT.
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.
1. sim simus essem essémus
2: sis sitis essés es sétis
3. Sit sint esset essent
PERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
1. fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissémus
2. fueris fu eritis fuissés fuissétis
3. fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
SINGULAR, PLURAL.
2. es, be thou. es te, be ye.
FuTurRE.

2. est6, thou shalt be.
3. ests, he shall be.

es tote, ye shall be.
sunto, they shall be.

INFINITIVE.

PRESENT, esse, to be.
PERFECT, fuisse, to have been.
Future, futirus esse, to be about to be.

PARTICIPLE.

futirus, -a, -um, about to be.

1 No meanings can be given to better left untranslated until its
the subjunctive that are not mis- use has been illustrated. The sub-
leading. Its forms are therefore junctive is treated on pp. 164-186.

THE VERB Sum. if

CHAPTER Vill. i
THE VERB Sum.

74, Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
the present imperative and infinitive.

75. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Est, erat, erit. 2. Sunt, erant, erunt. 3. Sumus,
eramus, erimus. 4. Er6, eram, sum. 95d. Eras, es, eris.
6. Estis, eritis, eratis. 7. Es, este. 8. Esse.

Ii. 1. Iam, we are, I was, we were, I shall be, we shall
be. 2. He was, they were, he is, they are, he will be, they
will be. 3. You (sig.) will be, are, were. 4. You (plur.)
will be, are, were. 5. Be ye, be thou. 6. To be:

.

2.

From this point the vocabularies follow the exercises, and it is
recommended that the pupil go through the exercises mentally,
referring to the vocabularies for the meanings of words. Before
writing the translations into Latin the vocabularies should be re-
viewed, but the task of committing to memory will then be found
an easy one.

76. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Inimicus pilum habet. 2. Inimicd est pilum.
3. Somnus puerd erit gratus. 4. Liberi agricolae erunt
defessi. 5. Minerva dram in oppido habébat. Minervae
in oppidd erat fra. 7. In terra virl, in aqua ranae sunt.
8. Inimici eramus incolarum malorum. 9. Oculi domini
diri erant msgni et nigri. 10.1 Domin6 diréd erant oculi

magni et n 11.’ Dominus dirus oculds magnés et
nigros habéb.' ». Consilium fabri periti bonum erat.

1 What word ‘-y (oft untranslated, though needed in the Latin ?

28 THE VERB Sum.

II]. 1.’ The farmer had a wagon. 2. I shall be the man’s
friend. 3. There® is a large town on® the island. 4. There
was ared egg on the table. 5. Children were carrying the
food of the men. 6. A boy gave a smith* some? javelins.
7. In the town are enemies of the inhabitants. 8. They
were praising the words of the sturdy farmer. 9. The
poet’s gifts will be pleasing to Minerva. 10. Boys, be ye
strong and skilful.

EF
ad: EXERCISES.

I. 1. Eritis validd in carro agricolae periti. 2. Eras
nonus discipulus et filius poétae erat octavus. 3. O miser
serve, ti (/how) es inimicus pulchrae Minervae. 4. Amicus
er6 Minervae magnae. 5.° Agricolis aratra dtra et valida
dabant viril. 6. In Britannia sunt oppida multa et magna.
7. Puer bone, es amicus equi miseri.

II. 1. A girl gave a sick sailor® some wine and water.
2. The wine she carried in a pretty’ cup. 3. He praised the
maiden’s' pretty cup and the ruddy wine. 4. The maiden
and the sailor were inhabitants of Britain. 5. Britain is a
large island, and has handsome towns.

78. VOCABULARY.

aqua, -ae, F., water, incola, -ae, M. & F., inhabitant.
ara, -ae, F., altar. inimicus, -i, M., enemy.
aratrum, -i, N., plough. insula, -ae, F., island.
cOnsiliam, -1, N., advice, plan. ménsa, -ae, F., table.

1 Translate in two ways. of 69. I. 10, and see the note there.
2 Omit. See p. 18, note 2. What name is given to the dative
3 See vocabulary, 52. agricolis ?

4 Indirect object, see 33 & 34. ® See 69. II. 6, and note.

5

Compare the order with that 7 See p. 19, note 1.

THE VERB Sum. 99

Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, god- oppidum, -. 8. ou %
dess of wisdom. rana, -ae, 1.

nonus, -a, -um, adj., ninth. somnus, -i, M., sle

octavus, -a, -um, adj., eighth. terra, -ae, F., earth, « id.

oculus, -i, M., ¢7e. verbum, -1, N., word.

amabat, (he she it) was loving, loved.
dabat, (he, she, it) was giving, gave.
habébat, (he, she, it) was having, had.
laudabat, (he, she, it) was praising, praised.
portabat, (he, she, it) was carrying, carried.

amabant, they were loving, loved.

dabant, they were giving, gave.

habébant, they were having, had.

laudabant, they were praising, praised.

portabant, they were carrying, carried.
},

79. Nouns in ius and ium contract the genitive ending vi
to i: cOnsili. Filius (son) and genius (guardian deity), and
proper nouns in ius, drop the e of the vocative: fili, Mercuri,
Mercury. But the word is accented as if the longer form were
used.

4.
80. COLLOQUIUM.

Nonne aquam in poculd habet faber?

Minimé. Faber in poculd habet novum vinum.
no

Désideratne Galba somnum gratum ?
wishes
Certé, nam hodié est Galba défessus.
certainly for to-day
Ubi est amicus agricolae pigri?
lazy

Est in oppid6, nam non amabat amici consilium.
Ubi snnt arma agricolarum validdrum?

tools
Agricolarum equl, carri, aratra sunt in agro.

30 THE VERB Sum.

CBr ilek, Tee
THE VERB Sum.

81. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative,
and the perfect infinitive. See pp. 25 and 26.

82. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Fuit, fuerat, fuerit. 2. Fuérunt, fuerant, fuerint.
3. Fuimus, fueramus, fuerimus. 4. Fuerd, fueram, fui.
5. Fueras, fueris, fuisti. 6. Fuistis, fueritis, fueratis.
7. Fuisse.

II. 1. I have been, we have been, I had been, we had
been, I shall have been, we shall have been. 2. He has
been, they have been, he had been, they had been, he will
have been, they will have been. 38. You (sing.) will have
been, had been, have been. 4. You (plur.) will have been,
had been, have been. 5. To have been.

2.
83. EXERCISES.

I. 1. In Graecia erant templa multa. 2. In Graecia
erant templa dedrum et dearum. 38. Aurum erat in statua
Minervae. 4. Minervae fuit statua magna et clara. 5. Mi-
nerva statuam magnam et claram habébat. 6. Multae et
pulchrae erant Graeciae statuae. 7. Non alta erant pulchra
Graeciae templa. 8. Fluvil Graeciae non lati et alti erant.
9. Clari fuérunt multi Graeci. 10. Graecdrum antiquérum
erit gloria sempiterna.

II. 1. They had been in the towns of the Greeks. 2. The
monuments of Greece were temples and statues. 3. The
statue of Minerva had a shield and spear. 4. The arms of
the Greeks were shields and spears. 5. The gods had many
statues in Greece. 6. The red roses will be pleasing to the

THE VERB Sum. 31

a ee

queen. 7. The man’s children are in the street. 8. He
has been on the farmer’s horse. 9. The children sre carried
in the poet’s arms. 10. Many inhoibitants of Britain have
been skilful sailors.

84. VOCABULARY.
altus, -a, -um, adj., deep, high. gloria, -ae, F., glory.
antiquus, -a,-um, adj., ancient. Graecia, -ae, F., Greece.
arma, -Orum, N. (plur.), arms. Graecus, -i, M., a Greek,
aureus, -a, -um, adj., of gold, hasta, -ae, F., spear.

golden. monumentun, -i, N., monument.
aurum, -i, N., gold. scitum, -i, N., shield.
dea, -ae, F., goddess. p.8,n.1. sempiternus, -a, -um, adj., ever:
decimus, -a, -um, adj., tenth. lasting.
deus, -i, M., god (262). statua, -ae, F., statue.
fluvius, -i, M., river (79). templum, -i, N., temple.

3.
85. COLLOQUIUM.
Duo PuERI.
two
Ubi est Carolus hodié? Nonne est in schola?
Charles - school

Minime. Est in fluvid; nam habet cymbam parvam, et
libenter navigat.
likes suiling

Unde Carolé est cymba? Where did C. get a boat?
whence to Charles is a boat.

Ab avuncul6, nam Carolus ab avunculé amatur.
from uncle

Quid in cymba portat Carolus?

Nescid ;° procul dubid prandium; etenim in animé
I don’t know doubtless luncheon for mind

habet ...
Quid in animé habet?

Valé, bone amice, cras _— patébit.
good by to-morrew it will be open = the secret will be out.
e

32 FIRST CONJUGATION.

CHAPTER X.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
S6. A-VERBS.

Am6 (stem ama), love.
PRINCIPAL PARTS:! am6, amare, amavi, amatum.

INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
IT love, am loving, do love, ete. I am loved, ete.
amo am amus am or am amur
anas am atis aln aris, or -re am amini
‘nat amant am atur am antur
IMPERFECT.
. coved, was loving, did love, etc. I was loved, ete.
am abam am abamus am abar ain abamur
am abas am abatis amabaris, or-re amabamini
am abat am abant am abatur am abantur
FUTURE.
T shall love, ete. T shall be loved, ete.
ain abo am abimus am abor am abimur
am abis am abitis am aberis, or-re amabimini
am abit am abunt am abitur am abuntur
PERFECT.

I have loved, I loved, ete. I have been (was) loved, ete.
amavi_ | amay imus sum sumus
amay isti - amay istis amat us ~ es amati < estis
amav it amav érunt, or -re est sunt

* Certain forms of the verb perfect indicative, showing the

are called, from their importance,
principal parts. These forms are
the first person of the present in-
dicative, showing the present stem ;
the present infinitive, showing the
conjugation ; the first person of the

perfect stem; and the perfect parti-
ciple, showing the participle stem.
The neuter of the participle is
given, as intransitive verbs have
the perfect participle only in that
gender.

FIRST CONJUGATION. 33
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
PLUPERFECT.

I had loved, etc. I had been loved, eic.
amayeram amaveramus | eram eramus
aay eras amav eratis amatus Y ees amati < eratis
aniay erat amav erabt erat erant

FuTURE PERFECT.

I shall have loved, etc. I shali have been loved, ete.
amaverod amav erimus ers erimus
amay eris amav eritis amatus < eris amati ~ eritis
amav erit amay erint erit erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.?
PRESENT. :
amem am @émus am er ain émur
am és am étis am @ris, or -re am 6émini
“amet am ent am étur am entur
IMPERFECT.
am arem ain arémus am arer am arémur
am arés am arétis am ar6ris, or-reé am arémini
am aret am érent am arétur am arentur
PERFECT.
amaiverim amiavyerimus sim simus
amiv eras amiav eritis amitus < sis amati < sitis
amav erit amiav erint sit oe in
PLUPERFECT.
amfaivissem amavissémus essem essé6mus
amiv issés amiavissétis amatus ~essés amiati~ essétis
Amiav isset amay issent esset essent
a

1 See p. 26, note,

34 FIRST CONJUGATION.

IMPERATIVE.
ACTIVE VOICE. ‘ PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
ain a, love thou. am are, be thou loved.
am ate, love ye. am &mini, be ye loved.
FUTURE.
am ato, thou shalt love. am ator, thou shait be loved.
am ato, he shall love. am ator, he shall be loved.
am atote, you shall love.
amant6, they shall love. amantor, they shall be loved.
\
INFINITIVE,
PRES. amare, to love... am ari, to be loved.
PERF. amavisse, to have loved. amatus esse, to have been loved.
Fur. amatirus esse, tobe about amiatum iri, to be about to be
to love. loved.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. am Ans, -antis, loving. ee eee
c<UT. amattirus, -a, -um, about GER.2 amandus, -a, -um, to be
to love. loved.
1 PERF. amatus, -a, -um, having

been loved.

GERUND.
G. amandi, of loving.
D. amandé, for loving.
Ac. amandum, loving.
Ab. amando6, by loving.
SUPINE.
Ac. amatum, fo love. Ab. amatii, to love, to be lovea.
1 Observe that the Latin has 2 Gerundive, sometimes less

neither a perfect active nor a_ correctly called future passive
present passive participle. participle.

FIRST CONJUGATION. 35

CE Ah Ee XL ok:
FIRST CONJUGATION.

87. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and the
present imperative and infinitive, active aud passive, of am6.!

88. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Amfatis, amabatis, amabitis. 2. Améatur, amaba-
tur, amabitur. 3. Amat, amabat, amabit. 4. Amantur,
amabantur, amabuntur. 5. Am6, amor. 6. Amis, amaris.
7. Amamus, amamur. 8. Amabitis, amabimini. 9. Améa-
bat, amabatur. 10. Amfre, amari.

II. 1. He loves, he is loved. 2. He will love, he will be
loved. 3. They were loved, they were loving. 4. I shall
love, I shall be loved. 5. You (sing.) lox®, you are loved.
6. They loved, they were loving, they will love. 7. You
(plur.) are loving, you were loving, you will be loving.
8. Love (sing.), be loved. 9. To be loved, to love.

2.
89. EXERCISES.

| Laud, praise; portd, carry ; super6, conquer.

FI. 4. Laudat, portat, superat. 2. Laudatur, portatur,
superatur. 38. Laudabitur, portabitur, superabitur. 4. Lau-
dasne? portabasne ? superabisne? 5. Laudadmur, portaba-
mur, superabimur. 6. Lauda, porta, supera. 7. Superare,
portare, laudari. 8. N6n superaimini, n6én_ portabaimint,
non laudabimini. 9. Laudare, portamini, superate. 10. Lau-
dor, portabar, superabor.

II. 1. Thou praisest, you carry, he conquers. 2. He is
praised, they are carried, they will be conquered. 3. I praise,.
I was carrying, I shall conquer. 4. Thou art praised, thou

! Notice how frequently the Where is it absent in the first three
jetter r marks a form as passive. tenses ?

36 FIRST CONJUGATION.

art carried, thou art conquered. 5. Praise (thou), carry,
conquer. 6. He will be conquered, he was praised, it is
carried.. 7. To conquer, to be carried, to be praised. 8. Do
we carry? are we conquered? are we praised? 9. I am
not carried, he was not conquered, they are not praised
10. Thou wilt praise, he will be praised, they were carried.

90. Examine the following sentences : —

1. Agricola 4 régina laudatur, ‘he farmer is praised by the queen.

2. Agricola réginae verbis laudatur, the farmer is praised by
the words of the queen.

3. Servi gladiis armantur, the slaves are being armed with swords.

On the first example see 61 and 62. In the second and third,
observe that there is no 4 or ab used with verbis and gladiis.

These ablatives, verbis and gladiis, answer the questions by
what? with what? by means of what? The ablative thus used is
called the Ablative of Means or Instrument.

91. RULE oF SYNTAX. — Means and Instrument are
expressed by the ablative without a prepositicn.

3.
92. EXERCISES. i

I. 1. Puellae rosis amant. 2. Rosae albae 4 puellis
amantur. 3. Homerus virds Graecds laudabat. 4. Ab?
Homéro laudabantur virl Graeci. 5. Oppidum ndminabant
Romam.? 6. Oppidum Roma*® nomindbatur. 7. Servos
gladiis armabimus. 8. Inimicus gladid vulneratur. 9. Ini-
micus 4 Galb& vulneratur. 10. O Romani, servd6s hastis
armate. |

II. 1. Sing, good boy. 2. Many goddesses were loved
by the Greeks. 3. The boy will put the doves to flight.

1 Before words beginning with 2 Predicate accusative.
h use ab, not a. 3 Predicate nominative. See 47.

FIRST CONJUGATION. 37

4, The doves will be put to flight by the boy. 5. We shall
invite friends and enemies. 6. Friends and enemies will be
invited. 7%. ‘the Romans were not loved by the Greeks.
8. You will be summoned by a golden! trumpet. 9. The
slaves will be armed with javelins. 10. The black horse
was wounded by a bee |

—_
93. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Dum nds (we) labéramus, cantat caecus poéta.
2. Quid (what) cantabat caecus poéta dum laborabamus?
3. Dum in oppido ambulant domini, servi laborant in agro.
4, Pueri vigilabunt dum somnus gratus virds défessos recre-
abit. 5. Nauta défessus aqua frigida recreabitur. 6. Equi
défessi pabuld bono recreabuntur. 7. Verba bona discipuli
& magistro laudabantur. 8. Miuani alti ab oppidanis aedificd-
bantur. 9.? Mult6ds et altés miirds aedificabunt oppidani.
_10. Non 4 pigris viris oppidum eanebotin|

II. 1. While the man was working, the boy was singing.
2. While the master is being refreshed with sleep, the servant
is watching. 3. Pleasant sleep refreshes the weary boy.
4. By pleasant sleep the boy will be refreshed. 5. A high
wall is being built by the townsmen. 6. A famous Roman
was called the Sword*® of Rome. 7. They called.a famous
Roman the Sword* of Rome. 8. The tired farmer is re-
freshed by food and sleep. 9. We will walk in the streets
of the town, while the farmers are working® in the fields.
10. Sing, O blind poet, while we toil.

1 Golden, aurea or ex aurod. 8 Sword, in the nominative case,
The material of which a thing is just asif was took the place of was
made is expressed in Latin either called. See 92. 1.6, and note.

by an adjective or by € (ex) with 4 Sword, in the accusative case.
the ablative. Howisitin English? See 92. I. 5, and note.
2 Compare, for orde”, 77. I. 5, § Cf.5and6inL

and 69. I. 10, and note. 6 Imitate 4 in I.

‘

ye
ny

e

38 FIRST CONJUGATION.
94. VOCABULARY.
aedificd, 1, build. aqua,! -ae, F., water,
ambuld, 1, walk. aureus, -a, -um, adj., golden.
armo, 1, arm. caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind.
canto, 1, sing. dum, adv., while.
fugo, 1, put to flight. é (ex), prep. w. abl., out of, from.
invito, 1, invite, summon. frigidus, -a, -um, adj., cold.
labGrd, 1, work, toil. gladius, -i, M., sword (79).
laudo, 1, praise. Homerus, -i, m., Homer.
nominod, 1, name, call. Italia, -ae, r., Italy.
porto, 1, carry. murus, -i, M., wall.
recreo, 1, refresh. oppidanus, -i, M., townsman.
supero, 1, surpass, conquer. piger, -gra, -grum, adj., lazy.
* vigild, 1, watch. Roma, -ae, F., Rome.
vulnero, 1, wound. Romanus, -i, M., a Roman,
5.
95. COLLOQUIUM.
PaTER ET FILIOLUs.
Father and little son.
P. Quae, mi filiole, in pénso hodierno tractabantur?
what my little son lesson to-day’s treat or discuss
F. Tractabantur casus ablativus atque verbum amd.
case and
P. Quid significat Anglicé verbum amd?
means in English
F. Amé significat ‘* love.”
P. Dé ablativd quoque mihi narra.
about also me tell
F. Régulam dé ablativé tibi narrabd.
rule you
P. Régulamne tibi dabat magister?
F. Certé, régulam dé ablativé instraimenti. Cum abla

i.

certainly instrument with
tiv6 instrimenti nunquam podnitur praepositid; ante ablati-
never is put preposition before
vum agentis semper ponitur praepositid & vel ab.
ofagent always or
Optimé, mi puer; tibi erit malum rubrum.
well done apple

———

% Words are sometimes purposely repeated in the vocabularies.

—

FIRST CONJUGATION. 39

COAPTRE xi. a
FIRST CONJUGATION.

96. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indica-
tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of am6.

97. The compound tenses are formed by combining forms of
the verb sum with the perfect passive participle. The participle
(declined like bonus) agrees in gender and number with the.sub-
ject: amata est, she was loved; amati sunt, they were loved.

S8, EXERCISES.

I. 1. Amavit, amdverat, amdverit. 2. Amatus est, am4-
tus erat, amatus erit. 3. Amavérunt, amaverant, amaverint.
4, Amavi, amaitus sum. 5. Amaveraimus, amati eramus.
6. Amaveritis, amati eritis. 7. Amdvisse, amatus esse.

Ii. 1. You loved, you have been loved. 2. You had
loved, you had been loved. 3. You will have loved, you
will have been loved. 4. He has loved, he has been loved.
5. We had loved, we had been loved. 6. To have been
loved, to have loved.

2.

99. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Laudatus est, portatus est, superatus est. 2. Lau-
davitne? portaveratne? superaveritne? 3. Portavisti,
laudavistis, superavit. 4. Superaveras, portdveris, lauda-
veritis. 5. Laudati estis, portata_sunt,.superatus es.
6. Nonne laudatae sunt? ndnne portatae estis? ndnne su-
peratae sumus? 7. Portavi, laudatus sum, superatus eram.
8. Non laudavimus, ndn portaverimus, ndn superavero.
9. Laudavisse, portavisse, superavisse. 10. Portatus esse,
superatus esse, laudatus esse.

II. 1. They have carried, we have been praised, you have
been conquered. 2. Have I praised? have you been carried?

had they conquered? 3. We had been carried, I shall have

40 FIRST CONJUGATION.

praised, they will have been conquered. 4. You had not
carried, thou hadst not praised, thou hadst not been con-
quered. 5. To have been conquered, to have praised, to
have carried. 6. I had praised, I had been conquered,
I (fem.) had been carried. 7. Has it not been praised?
will it not have been carried? have they not been conquered ?
8. We (jfem.) had been carried, thou wilt have praised, he
conquered. 9. They praised, you carried, we conquered.
10. I was praised, thou wast conquered, it was carried.

3

100, In Latin, the words for my, thy, your, our, hos, her, its,
and their, are very often omitted when they are not emphatic.
Accordingly, in the exercises to be turned into Latin, for the
present, leave these words uniranslated.

101, EXERCISES. |

I. 1. Pagna fortinaé mitata est. 2. Fortina piignam
mutavit. 38. Romani Graecds superaverant. 4. Graeci 4
Romanis superati erant. 5. Viri multi et égregil agros araveé-
runt. 6. Ministri scitis arnati sunt. 7. Agricola égregius
4 ministrd miser6 vituperatus est. 8. Agri lati ab agricolis
aratro magno arati sunt. 9. Magister malds discipulds
vituperavit. 10. Poéta pignds et victorias virdrum clardrum
cantavit.

Read again (lic explanations and rules on pp. 20, 21, and 36.

II. 1. An eagie changed the fortune of the battle. 2. We
shall witness a battle on the broad river. 3. Many good men
will have been blamed by their enemies. 4. The boys will
have recited to their master. 5. The land in Italy has been
ploughed with iron ploughs. 6. The master freed his pupils
from their hard tasks (abl.).. 7. The goddess Minerva has
been praised by many poets. §&. The victories of famous
men have been sung by the poets. 9. The tyrant armed a
great number of slaves with swords.

102.

aro, 1, plough.

libero, 1, free, set free.

mito, 1, change.

recito, 1, read aloud, recite.
specto, 1, look at, witness.

supero, 1, surpass, conquer.
vitupera, 1, blame, censure.

ێgregius, -a,-um, adj., excellent.

403. The stem ends in a consonant or in 2.

THIRD DECLENSION.

VOCABULARY.

41

ferreus, -a, -um, adj., of iron, iron

fortiina, -ae, F., fortune.

numerus, -i, M., number.

pénsuim, -i, N., task, lesson.
pugna, -ae, F., battle.
scitum, -i, n., shield.
terra, -ae, F., earth, land.

tyrannus, -1, M., tyrant.

——0595 0c ——

GEAP Tra CEE 4.

THIRD DECLENSION.

victoria, -ae, F., victory.

104. Consonant stems are named, according to their
final letter, mute stems, liquid stems, sibilant stems.

See 3.

105.
Princeps, M.,
chief.
Stem princip-

Nas princep s

G. rincipis
D. principi
Ac. principem

Ab. principe

N.Y. principés
G. principum
D. _principibus
Ac. principés
Ab. principibus

MutvE STEMS.

PARADIGMS.
RéEx,M., Jtidex, M.,
king. judge.
St. rég- St. judic-

SINGULAR.
réx judex
regis judicis
réci judici
rég em judicem
rege judice

PLURAL.
rég 6s judic és
régum judicum
récibus jidicibus
réc és judic és
régibus judicibus

Aetas, F.,
age.
St. aetat-

aetas
aetatis
aetatiI
aetatem
aetate

aetat Es
aetatum
aetatibus
aetatés
aetatibus

Caput,N.,
head.
St. capit-

caput
capitis
capiti
caput
capite

capita
capitum
capitibus
capita
capitibus

42 THIRD DECLENSION.

Pés,M., foot. Mlés, M., soldier.

Si ced: St. mialit- TERMINATIONS.
MASC. & FEM.
SINGULAR. Sing. Plur.
N.V. pés miles s és
G. pedis militis is um
D. pedi militi i ibus
AG...) pedem militem em és
Ab. pede milite e ibus
PLURAL. NEUTER.

N.V. pedés milit és — a
G. pedum militum is um
D. _pedibus militibus i ibus
Ac. pedés milit és — a
Ab. pedibus militibus e ibus

106. Observe that the vowel before the final consonant of the
stem is not always the same in the nominative as in the other cases.

107. Consonant stems may be found by dropping the termina-
tion of the genitive singular. But there are some exceptions.

108. Decline grex, poéma, servitiis. Decline together lapis
asper, fidus comés, and milés aeger. For the nouns, see 110.

2.
109. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Poéta comiti aegrd poéma gritum recitavit. 2. Co-
més pottae poémate gratd liberatus est cird.t 3. Magnus
erat equitum numerus. 4. Milités multi 4 servé domini
inyitati sunt. 5. Gregés albds habent agricolae? insulae
vicinae. 6. Ager vicinus lapidés multds et asperés habet.
7. In agro vicino sunt lapidés multi et asperi. 8. Servitiis 4

non est amata. 9. Pés puerlt lapide asperd vulneratus
est. 10. Régis amici 4 militibus gladiis et pilis sunt fugati.

cin
if
viris

1]. 1. The king has changed the fortune of the war.
2. The fortune of the war was changed by the king. 8. The

a

1 from care. See 101. W. 6. 2 The subject.

THIRD DECLENSION. 43

soldiers will free the king. 4. The king will be freed by the
soldiers. 5. The king had armed the soldiers with shields
and spears. 6. Dvzedalus fitted wings to hisson. 7. Wings
were fitted to his son by Dedalus. 8. We shall read aloud
the poems of Homer. 9. The girl sings for the weary
soldier and is praised.

110. VOCABULARY.
comés, -itis, M.&F., companion. _ servitis, -Titis, F., slavery.
equés, -itis, m., horseman. voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure.
grex, gregis, m., flock, herd.
lapis, -idis, M., stone. apto, 1, \7ié.
milés, -itis, m., soldier. Daedalus, -i, m., Dedalus, builder
pés, pédis, M., foot. of the Labyrinth.
poéma, -&tis, N., poem. filius, -i, M., son (79).
réx, régis, m., king. vicinus, -a, -um, adj., neighboring.
oS
111. COLLOQUIUM.
FRATER ET SORORCULA.
brother little sister

S. Quid hodié narravit magister in schol&?

to-day school

F. Narravit dé Icard, Daedali filis.
S. Mihi quoque dé Icard Latiné narra. Fuitne Icarus
me also in Latin
puer malus?

F. Minimé malus sed miserrimus. Habébat alas ; alas cera

not unfortunate wings wax
aptaverat Daedalus; Icarus évolavit et céra sdle liquefacta
i. flew away sun wasmelted

oer 1 WM . es
tocn

me lum ... quid?
#, \ihi ndn sunt verba Latina. Itaque haesitd.

words that is why hesitate
y ~ = - = c=
S. Ergo narra Anglicé. Nam linguam Anglicam intelleg6.
a oO
well, then boa understand

F, Minimé. Latiné tibi narr6, nén Anglicé.
by no means

44 SECOND CONJUGATION.

= a eee ee

CHAPTER -2rv.
SECOND CONJUGATION.

112. E-VERBS.

Mone6 (stem mon6é), advise.
PRINCIPAL PARTS: mone6, monére, monul, monitum.

INDICATIVE.

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRESENT.
I advise, ete. I am advised, ete.
mon eo mon émus moneor mon émur
mon és mon étis mon €ris, or -re mon €mini
monet monent mon étur mon entur
IMPERFECT.
I was advising, ete. I was advised, ete.
mon ébam mon ébamus mon ébar mon ébamur
monébas: monébatis mon ébaris, or-re monébamini
mon ébat mon sca mon ébatur mon ébantur
FUTURE.
T shall advise, etc. LT shall be advised, ete.
mon €bo6 mon €ébimus mon €ébor mon ébimur
mon €bis mon ébitis ~ mon éberis, or-re mon ébimini
mon ébit mon ébunt non 6bitur mon €buntur
PERFECT.
I have advised, I advised, etc. I have been (wa: advised, ete. —
monuit monuimus sum evmua
monuisti mouuistis monitus ~ es moviti < estis
monuit monu érunt, or -re est stu s
PLUPERFECT.
T had advised, ete. I had been advised, ete.
monueram monueramus ‘ eraim eriimus
monueras monueratis monitus<eraés moniti< e*tis

monuerat monaerant ( erat evant

SECOND CONJUGATION, 45

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
FUTURE PERFECT.

I shail have advised, ete. I shall have been advised, etc.
monuerG monu erimus ero erimus
monu eris monu eritis monitus-~eris moniti < eritis
monu erit monuerint erit erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE,

PRESENT.
moneam moneamus mon ear moneamur
mon eas mon eatis mon earis, or-re moneamini
mon eat moneant mon eatur mon eantur
IMPERFECT.
mon érem mon érémus mon érer mon érémur
mon €rés non érétis mon é@réris, or-re mon érémini
mon éret mon érent mon érétur mon érentur
PERFECT.
monuerim monuerimus sim simus
monueris monueritis monitus - sis moniti ~ sitis
monuerit monuerint ‘sit sint
PLUPERFECT.
monuissem monuissémus essem essémus
. - s -_ 7 . 3 - e - .
monuissés monuissétis monitus ~essés monitY~essétis
monuisset monuissent esset essent
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
mon 6, advise thou. mon ێre, be thou advised.
mon 6te, advise ye. mon ێmini, be ye advised.
FUTURE.
mon &t6, thou shalt advise. mon 6tor, thou shalt be advised.
mon &t6, he shall advise. mon 6tor, he shall be advised.

mon &t6te, you shall advise.
mon ento, they shall advise. moon entor, they shall be advised.

46 SECOND CONJUGATION.

INFINITIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.

PRES. mon ére, to advise. mon éri, to be advised.

PERF. monuisse, to have advised. monitus esse, to have been adv’d.

Fut. monittrus esse, /o be about monitum iri, to be about to be
to advise. advised.

PARTICiPLE.
PRES. mon &€ns, -entis, advising. oe ea
Fut. monitirus,-a,-um, aboutto GER. monendus, -a, -um, to be
advise. advised.
PERF. monitus, -a, -um, having
been advised.
GERUND.

G. monendi, of advising.
D. monendo, for advising.
Ac. monendum, advising.
Ab. monendo, by advising.

SUPINE.

Ac. monitum, to advise. — Ab. moniti, to advise, to be
advised.

209300

CHAPTER 2.22
SECOND CONJUGATION.

113. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
present imperative and infinitive, active and passive, of moneG.

114. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Monet, monétur. 2. Monébat, monébatur. 3. Moné-
bit, monébitur. 4. Moné, monére. 5. Monéte, monéminti.
6. Monébimus, monébimur. 7. Monémus,monémur. 8. Mo-
nébas, monés. 9. Monébis, monéris. 10. Monéri, monére.

II. 1. You are advising, you will be advised, you were
advised. 2. Advise ye, be ye advised. 3. We do advise,

SECOND CONJUGATION. AT

we are advising, we shall be advising. 4. We were advis-
ing, we were advised. 06. They are advised, they advised,
they were advising. 6. They will advise, they will be
advised.

2.

#1. EXERCISES.

Habe6, have, or hold; déle6,1 destroy; terre6, frighten.

I. 1. Habet, délébat, terrébit. 2. Nodnne habémus?
nonne delebamus? nonne terrébimus? 3. Délés, habébas,
terrebunt. 4. Habéte, terréte, déléte. 5. Délétur,’? habé-
batur, terreébatur.” 6. Terrére, déléri, habéril. 7. Habetne?
déléturne? terrébatne? 8. Délébitur, habébantur, terrébimini.
9. Non terremus, non délébunt, non habent. 10. Habébun-
tur, terrentur, délébantur.

II. 1. We are held, they will be destroyed, he was fright-.
ened. 2. I frighten, thou hast (you have), he destroys.
3. To have, to destroy, to be frightened. 4. Is he fright-
ened? are they destroyed? were you held? 5. Destroy (thou),
have (ye), frighten (ye). 6. Have we not? does he not
frighten? did they not destroy? 7. You will be frightened,
it is held, we were frightened. 8. I was holding, he was de-
stroying, you were frightening. 9. I shall destroy, we shall
frighten, they have.

3.
116. EXERCISES.

Before translating the following exercises, review the tables of
declensions and terminations, pp. 41 and 42.

I. 1. Poenam merébis, si memoriam non exercébis.3

1 For principal parts of déled, 8 Translate as if it were the
see vocabulary, 119. present tense; but in Latin the

2 The present, which denotes future is necessary, because future
continued action, means it is being time is meant. Cf.93.I.4. Ob-
(destroyed) ; the imperfect, he was serve the difference between the
being ( frightened). Latin and English idioms.

48 SECOND CONJUGATION.

2. Exerc memoriam, comes. 3. Studium memoriam auget.
4, Milites 4 ducibus exercentur et docentur. 45. Pericula
milités non terrébunt. 6. Periculum noén timébit milés.
7. Oppidum 4 militibus tenétur. 8. Jiidicés poenis malés
coercent. 9. Quid vidés? 10. Multa video.

II. 1. The tyrant is restrained. 2. The water of the river
was increased. 3. The leader will have a statue. 4. The
faithful comrade advises his friend. 5. The friend is advised
by his faithful companion. 6. Lazy slaves fear a hard mas-
ter. 7. A hard master is feared by lazy slaves. 8. Italy is
the land of famous poets. 9. The soldiers will not be terrified
by dangers. 10. The boy remembered the master’s words.

117. Malés (I. 8), bad men, and multa (1.10), many things,
are examples of the frequent use in Latin of an adjective withor
anoun. Compare, in English, the good, the wise.

118. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Equds et equités multds in vid vided. 2. Cyrus,
primus Perséirum réx,’ ndmina’ militum memoria tenébat.
3. SI oppidum délébunt, poenam merébunt. 4. Principés 4
templ6, del prohibébimus. 5. Voluptatés memoriae augé-
bantur. 6. Studid augétur memoria. 7. Milités 4 principe
monébantur. 8. Réx magnum militum numerum tenébat.
9. Princeps equités pigrdés exercébat.

II. 1. In ancient states there were many slaves. 2. Why
had the ancient Romans many slaves? 3. We saw the
great number of horsemen in the road and were frightened.
4, Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves. 5. Greek
slaves often taught Roman boys. 6. The horsemen were
trained by the king’s son. 7. Many horses and horsemen are
seen in the town. 8. The chief will deserve a great victory.

1 Rex, in apposition with Cyrus. See 157. 2 names.

—

SECOND CONJUGATION. 49

119. VOCABULARY.

coerced, 2, -ui, -itum, check, re- antiquus, -a, -um, adj., odd,
strain. ancient.

exerced, 2, -ui, -itum, train, exer- civitas, -atis, F., state.
cise. cur, adv., why ?

habed, 2, -ui, -itum, have, hold. Cyrus, -i, M., Cyrus.

mered, 2, -ui, -itum, deserve, merit. dux, ducis, M. & F., leader, general.
prohibed, 2, -ui, -itum, prevent, fidus, -a, -um, adj., faithful.
keep off. memoria, -ae, F., memory.
terre6, 2, -ui, -itum, frighten. memoria tened, remember.
timed, 2, -ui, » fear. periculum, -i, N., danger.
poena, -ae, F., punishment.

auged, 2,auxi,!auctum, increase. quid, interrog. pron., what 2
déleod, 2, -Evi,” -étum, destroy. Romanus, -a, -um, Roman (94).
doced, 2, -ui, doctum,? teach. saepe, adv., often.
tened, 2, -ui, tentum,* keep, held. si, conj., v7
vided, 2, vidi,® visum, see; pas- studium, -i, N., zeal, study.

siv>, seem. templum, -i, N., temple.

—0;@0e—

GHAPTIER = XViI- :4.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
120. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indica-
tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of mone6.

121. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Monuit, monuerat, monuerit. 2. Monuérunt, monu-
erant, monuerint. 3. Monul, monitus sum. 4. Monueri
monitus erit. 5. Monuisti, monueras, monueris. 6. Mouitus
est, monitus erat, monitus erit. 7. Monuisse, monitus esse.

If. 1. You have advised, you had advised, you will have
advised. 2. They have been advised, they had been advised,

1 Auxi for aug-si. See p.1, n. 2. 3 Observe, not docitum.
2 Only fleG, weep, ned, spin, and 4 Observe, not tenitum.
the compounds of the obsolete 5 Widi. Perfect stem formed

ples, jill, are conjugated like by lengthening the vowel of the
déleo, with the perfect in évi. present stem, vid to vid.

50 SECOND CONJUGATION,
’

they will have been advised. 38. I had advised, I had been —
advised. 4. He has advised, he has been advised. 5. We
have advised, we have been advised. 6. To have been
advised, to have advised.

2.

122. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Habuit, délévit, terruit. 2. Habuisti, délévisti, ter-
ruisti. 38. Non délévimus, non deléveramus, non déléverimus.
4, Délétum est, territus erat, habita sunt. 5. Habuerdne?
estne territa? suntne délétae? 6. Nonne habueratis? ndnne
délétum erat? nOnne terruérunt? 7. Terruisse, délévisse,
habitus esse. 8. Déléveras, territus eras, habuistis. 9. Ha-
buerint, délétum. erit, habuérunt. 10. Deléta sunt, habiti

sumus, territae estis. :

II. 1. They have had, they have frightened, they have
destroyed. 2. I had had, I had been frightened, I had
destroyed. 38. Have you had? had he destroyed? has he
frightened? 4. We had not destroyed, they (fem.) had not
been frightened, you had not destroyed. 5. We have had,
we shall have destroyed, we had been frightened. 6. To
have destroyed, to have been held, to have been frightened.
7. Have you been frightened? had they (neut.) been de-
stroyed? has she had? 8. I have destroyed, I have not
had, I shall not have been frightened. 9. They will have .
had, they will have been frightened, they (newt.) will have.
been destroyed. 10. Have you not had? did they not
destroy? have you ( fem.) not been frightened?

3.
123. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Réx Rémam obséderat. 2. Roma a rége obséssa
erat. 3. Scriba cum (with) rége sedébat. 4. Ira ferocem
(fierce) animum virl mévit. 5. Réguli conjugi et liberis

SECOND CONJUGATION. 51

alimenta praebuérunt Romani. 6. Captivi retenti sunt.
7. Novamne linam vidisti? 8. Aquila in (on) templo sédit.
9. Poéta flévit quia filius captivus erat. 10. Caesar oppi-
dum Galliae obsédit.

II. 1. The town was besieged by the general. 2. Why
did the general besiege the town? 3. The king is sitting’
with his clerk. 4. The minds of the men were moved with
anger. 9. Regulus was retained (as) a prisoner.” 6. Regu-
lus deserved great glory. 7. The new moon has been seen.
8. The commander’s daughter was a prisoner. 9. We wept
because we were prisoners. 10. The town had been besieged
by Pyrrhus.

4.
124, EXERCISES.

I. 1. Militibus magna praemia 4 rége praebita sunt.
2. Milités timuérunt quia elephantés vidérunt. 3. Numerum
verborum auximus. 4. Caesar milités in oppidd retinuerat.
5. Judicum bondrum memoria nunquam délébitur. 6. Multa
Romanorum monumenta® déléta sunt. 7. Dux castra ab
oppido moéverat. 8. Dominus servos in servitiite tenuit.
9. Multa verba in memoria mansérunt. 10. Militis conjunx
in Minervae templ6 sedébat. P

II. 1. The king furnished food for his weary soldiers.
2. Elephants had frightened the horses of the Romans.
8. Have you increased the number of your friends?
4. Cesar’s soldiers were besieged in the town. 5. The
sword of the tyrant has restrained the judge. 6. War has
destroyed many monuments? of great men. 7. The camp
had been moved away from the town. 8. We weep if our
children are held in slavery.” 9. Shall you remain in Italy?

1 Not passive. by an adjective and a genitive,
2 Predicate nom.; see 47. the order often is: adjective, genis
8 When a noun is limited both itive, noun. Cf. 118. I. 2 and 8

52 SECOND CONJUGATION.
125. VOCABULARY.
fled, 2, flévi, fl€tum, weep, Le- captivus, -1, M., prisoner, captive.

wail.
maneod, 2, mansi, mansum, re-
main, await.
moved, 2, movi,! motum, move.
ob-sided, 2, -sédi,! -séssum, JLe-
siege.
praebed, 2, -ui, -itum, furnish.
re-tined, 2, -tinui, -tentum, keep
back, retain.
sedeod, 2, sédi,! séssum, sit.
alimentum, -i, N., food, support.
animus, -i, M., mind.
Caesar, -aris, M., Cesar.

(134.)

126.

castra, -Orum, (pl.) N., camp.

conjunx, conjugis, F., wife.

elephantus, -i, M., elephant.

ira, -ae, F., anger.

lima, -ae, F., moon.

novus, -a, -um, adj., new.

nunquam, adv., never.

praemium, -i, N., reward.

Pyrrhus, -i, M., Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus.

quia, conj., because.

Régulus, -i, M., Regulus, a Roman.

scriba, -ae, M., clerk. (11. 1.)

COLLOQUIUM.

PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.

P. Latiné mihi interroganti respondé si
asking

to me

possis.
you can

Quae

answer what

insula Graeciae est parva quidem sed clara?
to be sure

D. Admodum clara est Ithaca insula, ubi habitabat Ulixés.

very

where Ulysses

P. Récté, mi puer, Ulixés Ithacae réx fuit et dux in bellé

right
egregius.

leader

Quis cantavit dé Ulixe égregid?

D. Homérus, poéta caecus, qui autem Ulixem nunquam

blind

viderat.

who however

never

P. Tenésne memoria nomen fidi servi Ulixis ?

name

D. Servus Ulixis fidus erat Eumaeus.

1 See p. 49, note 5.

—

am
;

#IRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. 53

——— —

CHAPTER V fi. t.
REVIEW.

127. . EXERCISES.

I. 1. Magister discipulds invitavit. 2. Nodnne 4 magistré
discipuli invitati sunt? 38. Vidistine agricolarum aratra
ferrea? 4. Milités lapidés magnods portabant. 5. Rex ab
oppidd castra movit. 6. Gregis custddés lapidibus fugati
sunt. 7. Mi! fili, poémata Homéri recitavistine? 8. Si
oppidum tenverimus, victoriam merébimus. 9. Conjugés
militum pignam spectabant et flébant. 10. In Italia antiqua |
& Pyrrho Epiri rége superati sunt Romani.

II. 1. We shall see the flocks in the fields. 2. The king
was not frightened by the elephant.” 3. Horses are frightened
by elephants.? 4. The townsmen were sitting on the wall.
5. The prisoners were wounded by the soldiers with their
swords. 6. My boy, what are you looking at? 7. Do you
not see the horsemen’s swords? 8. Do you remember the
poems of the Roman poet? 9. The king’s sons were finding
fault with fortune. 10. Why are the townsmen armed with
swords ?

128, Examine the two following groups of sentences : —

1. Iter ab Arare Helvétii Averterant, the Helvetii had turned
their course from the Arar.
9, Ardneas déiciam dé pariete, J will brush down the cobwebs
from the wall.
. Hannibal ex Italia excéssit, Hannibal withdrew from Italy.

. N6s ciira liberabis, you will free us from care.
. Oculis sé privavit, he deprived himself of his sight (eyes).
. Homo cib6 caret, the man is in want of food.

hND e co

fod)

129. The verbs have the general idea of separation ; and in the
first group the ablative with a preposition, in the second the ablative

1 Vocative singular of meus, my. 2 Prep. not necessary.

7

54 FIRST AND SECOND CONJU¢ ATIONS.

Sn

alone, answers the question from what? of what? Observe further, ~

that the verbs of the first group are compounds of 4, dé, ex, and

the “separation” is literal, or physical; in the second group the
“separation ” is figurative, or less literal.

130. RULE OF SYNTAX. — Separation is expressed
by the ablative with @ (ab), dé, @ (ex), in connection
with verbs compounded with these prepositions,! 6r
by the ablative alone with simple verbs meaning

to set free, deprive, or want.

2.

31. EXERCISES.

J. 1. Hune (him) 4 tuis aris arcébis. 2. Filius régis R6-
manos cura liberavit. 3. Romani 4 filid régis cura liberati
sunt: 4. Vir aeger aqua privatus est. 5. Servi servitiite
liberabuntur. 6. Dux Rdmainus Corinthum multis statuis
privavit. 7. Servi, equis défessis aquam praebéte. 8.? Sa-
turnus Ital6s agri culttiram docuit. 9. Liber vini erat deus
et in Italia templa multa habébat. Q) Avani milités aras
donis spoliant. 11. Mi puer, equus pabuld et aqua caret.

‘Before translating the following sentences, read over the ex-
planations and rules on pp. 20, 21, and 36, and consider what
expressions are equivalent to the Latin ablative of agent with @ or
ab, the ablative of means, and the ablative of separation.

II. 1. They deprived the sick man of water. 2. The
state was freed from the tyrant by Brutus. 3. The Italians
were taught by Saturn. 4. The leader adorned the town

with statues. 5. The horsemen are in want of swords —

and horses. 6. Corinth was robbed of many statues by a
Roman general. 7. The goddess will keep off the Romans

1 With other verbs than those indicated in 129 and 180, of similar
meaning, the preposition is sometimes used and sometimes omitted.

2 Observe the two accusatives, one of the person, the other of the
thing, with doceo.

from her temple.
of the general.
the temple?

town.

FIRST 4 ID SECOND CONJUGATIONS. 55

8. The town was destroyed by the plans
9. Will not the Romans be kept off from
10. They thrust forth the leaders from the
11. The leaders are hustled out of town.

132. VOCABULARY.

agri cultira, -ae, F., agriculture. exturbd, 1, thrust out.
avarus, -a, -um, adj., greedy. Italus, -i, M., an Italian.

arced, 2, -ui, -tum, keep off
Britus, -i, m., Brutus, a Roman.

Liber,-eri, M., Bacchus, godof wine.
meus, -a, -um, poss. adj., my, mine.

cared, 2, -ui, -itum, want, lack. orno, 1, adorn.
causa, -ae, F., cause. privo, 1, deprive. [agriculture.

Corinthus, -i, F., Corinth (11.4).

Saturnus, -i, m., Saturn, god of

custOs, -Odis, M. & F., keeper. spolio, 1, rob, despoil.

Epirus, -i, F., Epirus (11. 4).

tuus, -a, -um, poss. adj., thy, your.

3.

1335. COLLOQUIUM.

5%
D
-
D
Y
D.
a
D
” ag
D
at
LP.

PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.

Dic mihi, puer, elephantdsne aliquand6 vidisti?
tell ever
Certé, praeceptor, elephantds magnos et parvos vidi.
In agrisne?
Minimé vérd ; in cired et interdum in viils.
indeed gircus sometimes
Quis réx clarus elephantorum auxilid pignabat?
what aid

Pyrrhus, réx Epiri, ita pugnabat.
Nonne elephanti equés R6mandrum terrébant?
Terrébant. Mailités quoque terrébantur.
yes also
Superavitne Pyrrhus ROmands?
Saepe superavit.
often

Quibus armis pignant elephanti?
with what

Dentibus, proboscide, pedibus, capite ptignant.
tusks trunk feet

56

THIRD DECLENSION. *

CHAP ERR XV LiL: A:
THIRD DECLENSION.

LIQUID STEMS.

154. PARADIGMS.
Consul, o., Pater, M., Pastor, M., Leo, mM.
consul, Sather. shepherd. lion.
St. c6nsul- St. patr- St. pastGr- St. leGn-
SINGULAR.
N.Y. consul pater pastor led
G. codnsulis patris pastoris leon is
D. consulT patri pastori le6ni
Ac. consulem patrem pastorem lednem
Ab. cdnsule patre pastore ledne
PLURAL.
N.Y. consul és patr és pastor és leon és
G. cdnsulum patrum pastor um ledn um
D. cdnsulibus patribus pastoribus lednibus
Ac. cOonsulés patr és pastor és leon és
Ab. cdnsulibus patribus pastoribus lednibus
Imag6, F., Nomen, n.,
image. name. TERMINATIONS.
St. imagin- St. n6min-
MASC. & FEM.
SINGULAR. Sing. Plur.
N.V. imago nomen ~ és
G. imaginis noémin is is um
D. imaginT nomini I ibus
Ac. imaginem nomen em és
Ab. imagine nomine e ibus
PLURAL. NEUTER.
N.Y. imagin és nomina — a
G. imaginum nomin um is um
D. imaginibus ndminibus I ibus
Ac. imaginés nomina —_ a
Ab. imaginibus ndminibus e ibus

THIRD DECLENSION. 57

135. Hzxamine the following : —

1. Hieme et aestate, in winter and summer.

2. Sdlis occdsii,! at the setting of the sun.

3. Prima lice, at daybreak (first light).

4, His viginti annis, within these twenty years.

It will be seen that the above phrases are expressions of time,
and answer the question when? or, within what time ?

136. RULE OF SYNTAX. — Time when is expressed
by the ablative without a preposition; time within
which, by the ablative alone, or by the ablative
with in.

2.

137. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Tertia hora milités fugati sunt. 2. Primd anno
Britum consulem creavérunt Romani. 38. Oppidum militibus
ab imperatore implétum est. 4. Imperator oppidum militi-
bus implebit. 5. Terror clamdre hominum augétur. 6. Cla-
morés défénsdrum omnés” puerds® terrebunt. 7. Nomen et
imaginem amici semper in memoria habébat. 8. Semper
erit clarum imperatoris €gregil nomen. 9. Nonne Hannibal
Romanis fuit terror? 10. Hannibal fortitudinem magnam
semper habébat.

II. 1. Europe has no‘ lions. 2. A slave had a great
lion. 38. The name of the slave was Androclus. 4. There
are many lions in Africa. 5. The friend of my brothers
has seen a lion. 6. A lion has been seen by my father and
my brother. 7. The shouts of the soldiers scared the meni
the town. 8. The defenders of the town-were scared by tue
shouts of the men. 9. Why are many men miserable in
time® of war? 10. Do we not see by the sun’s light?
11. At daybreak they saw Hannibal’s horsemen.

1 Ablative of the fourth declen- 3 Children. See 6O.
sion. See 245. 2 All. 4 Not. 5 Tempore.

58 THIRD DECLENSION.

re re i er ee ee eS en ne enn

iss. VOCABULARY.

clamor, -Oris, M., shout. Africa, -ae, F., Africa.
défénsor, -Oris, M., defender. Androclus, -i, M., Androclus,
fortitado, -inis, r., bravery. annus, -i, M., year.
frater, -tris, M., brother. * ered, 1, elect, choose.
Hannibal, -dlis, m., Zannibal,a Europa, -ae, F., Kurope.

Carthaginian general. Horatius, -i, m., Horace, a Roman
homo, -inis, M., man. poet (79).
imperator, -Gris, M., general. impled, 2, -Evi, -etum, jill.
limen, -inis, n., light. juventis, -titis, F., youth.
sOl, sOlis, mM. (no gen. pl.), sun. semper, adv., always.
terror, -Oris, M., terror. voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure.

timor, -Oris, M., fear.

homo, man, as distinguished from lower animals; general word
for man, mankind.

vir (60), man, as distinguished from woman; man in an honorable
sense, hero.

3.
139. COLLOQUIUM.

MAGISTER ET DISCIPULUS.

M. Quae, mi puer, sunt in pénso hodiernd?

what things to-day’s
D. Multa sunt in pénsd, ut ndmina, adjectiva, déclina-
many things as nouns declensions

tionés, régulae.

M. Quot genera sunt ndminibus Latinis?
how many genders

D. Genera sunt tria: masculinum, fémininum, neutrum.

genders three
M, Dé quibus ndminibus est régula prima?
what

D. Prima régula est dé ndminibus generis masculini.
Secunda régula est dé néminibus generis féminini.

M. Verborum quot sunt conjugationés ?
verbs how many
D. Quattuor sunt conjugatidnés, déclinationés autem
four but
quinque.
five

THIRD DECLENSION.

——_———.

CHAPTER fea ims
THIRD DECLENSION.

SIBILANT Stems.!

140. PARADIGMS.
M6s, M., Jis, N., Opus, N., Corpus, N.,
custom. right. work. body.
St. mGs- St. jiis- St. opes- St. corpos-
SINGULAR.
N.Y. mos jus opus corpus
G. moris juris operis corporis
Dey anor £ juri operi corpori
Ac. moérem jus opus corpus
Ab. more jure oper e corpore
PLURAL.
N.V. morés jura opera corpora
G morum jarum operum corporum
D. moribus juribus operibus corporibus
Ac. morés jura opera corpora
Ab. moribus juribus operibus corporibus
141. ADJECTIVE.
Vetus, old. Stem vetes-
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M. & F. NEUT. M. & F. NEUT
N.Y. vetus vetus veter és vetéra
G. veteris veteris veterum veter um
De sverers veteri veteribus veteribus
Ac. veterem vetus veter és veter <
Ab. vetere vetere veteribus eter iDu us
142. The above were originally sibilant stems, the » having

been changed to r between two vowels. Compare eram for esam,
er6 for es6, p. 25. But for practical purposes they may be re-

garded as stems in r.

1 For table of terminations, see 134.

59

SE <r SR

60 THIRD. DECLENSION.

NN en

143. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Cerés agri cultiirae erat dea. 2. Cereri multa erant
templa in Sicilia. 3. Cerés multa templa in Sicilia habebat.
4. Cerés agri cultiram docébat. 5. Aestate est pulvis mo-
lestus. 6. Servis temporibus antiquis nén erant jira.
7. Servi temporum veterum jira nodn habébant. 8. Equus
peritd ab equite exercitus erat. 9. Equiti perito, praebitus
erit equus niger.

II. 1. The statue of Minerva has been seen. 2. The
statue of Minerva had often been praised. 38. The works of
the Greeks were pleasing to the Romans. 4. Our pleasures
have been increased by work? and zeal. 5. What? were
seen in the temples of Greece? 6. In ancient times men
saw statues of gods and goddesses. 7. Statues of gods and
goddesses were seen by men in ancient times.

es
144. Examine the following :—

1. Cum virtiite vixit, he lived with virtue (virtuously).

2. Agricola agrum cum ciira arat, the farmer ploughs his field
with care (carefully).

3. Agricola agrum magna cum cira arat, the farmer ploughs
his field with great care

4, Summa vi proelium commisérunt, they joined battle with the
greatest violence.

Manner is usually expressed by adverbs: bené, well; liberé,
freely. So the phrases cum virtiite, cum ciira, magna cum
cara, and summa vi, plainly denote manner,—how a thing is
done, — like adverbs of manner.

145. RuLE oF SyNTAX.—Manner is sometimes
expressed by the ablative with cum; but if the
ablative has an adjective, cum is often omitted.

1 Read again explanations and rule, p.86. 2 Quae = what things.

es

THIRD DECLENSION. 61

146. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Captivi limen sdlis mégn6 gandio vidérunt. 2.’ Si
in agris tempore florum eritis,” libenter eds (them) vide-
bitis. 3. Magna voluptate aestate videntur pulchii florés.
4, Libroés cum studio et voluptate recitamus. 45. Pueri cor-
pora cum studio et cira exercent. 6. Multa Romanorum
opera tempore® non déleta sunt.

II. 1. They look at the lion with great fear. 2. If he
blames (is blaming) the boy angrily,* he deserves punish-
ment. 38. Deedalus had fitted wings to Icarus with care.
4. They remember the words of the good judge with joy.
5. The words of the good judge will be carefully* remem-
bered. 6. How many works of the Romans time has not

‘destroyed !

147. VOCABULARY.
Cerés, -eris, F., Ceres, god- gaudium, -i, N., joy.

dess of agriculture. Icarus, -i, M., Icarus.
flds, fidris, M., flower. ira, -ae, F., anger.
pulvis, -eris, M., dust. libenter, adv., gladly, with pleas-
tempus, -oris, N., time. ure.

molestus, -a, -um, adj., troublesome.
aestas, -atis, F., summer. quam, adv., how, than.
cum, prep. w. abl., with. sacer, -cra, -crum, adj., sacred.
cura, -ae, F., care. Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily.
3:

148. COLLOQUIUM.

Duo PuERI.

Hodié dirum pénsum habui.

Studuistine cum cara et diligentia?
did you study diligence

Certé cum diligentia, ndn cum voluptate studui.

1 Notice that in the fields = in 3 Why would it be wrong to
agris; in the time = tempore, write a tempore ?
2 See p. 47, note 3, * Compare 144. 1,

62 THIRD DECLENSION.

Cir non cum voluptate studuisti? Eratne magister

mdérosus an pénsum longum?

cross or
Mehercule ! longum erat pénsum neque memoria tenébam.
truly and not
Aspice. Nonne vidés multa vocabula in vocabularié et ver-
look words vocabulary

bum moned et déclinatidnis tertiae substantiva et adjectiva?

Heu amicum miserum, quam studés!
ab have to study

GHAPT ER icioo «A.
THIRD DECLENSION.

STEMS IN 4.

149. PARADIGMS.
Hostis,M.&F., Nubés, r., Turris, F., Ignis, M.,
enemy. cloud. tower. Jire.
St. hosti- St. niibi- St. turri- St. igni-
SINGULAR. i
N.Y. hostis nub és turris ignis 4
G. hostis nubis turr is ignis |
D. hosti nubi turri igni
Ac. hostem nubem turrim,em ignem
Ab. hoste nube turri, e igni, e
PLURAL.
N.Y. host és nub és turr és ign és
G. hostium nabium turrium ignium
D. hostibus nubibus turribus ignibus
Ac. hostés, is nub és, Is turrés, Is ign 6s, Is
Ab. hostibus nubibus turribus ignibus

THIRD DECLENSION.

Animal,nN., Mare,n., Calcar, N.,
animal. sea. spur.
St.animali- St.mari- St. calcari-

SINGULAR.
N.Y. animal mare calear
G. animalis maris calcar is
D. animali mari ealeari
Ac. animal — mare calcar
Ab. animali mari calcarT
PLURAL.
N.Y. animalia maria calcaria

G. animalium omarium _ calcarium
D. animalibus maribus_ calcaribus
Ac. animalia maria calcaria

Ab. animalibus maribus_ calcaribus

63

TERMINATIONS.

MASC. & FEM.

Sing. Plur.
is, 6s és

is ium
i ibus
em,im_ 6s, Is
e, I ibus

NEUTER.

eor— ia

is ium
I ibus
eor— ia

I ibus

150. ADJECTIVES.
Acer, keen, eager. St. acri-
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
N.V. Acer acris acre acr 6s acr 6s acria
G. Acris acris acris acrium acrium 4acrium
1D: - acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
Ac. acrem acrem acre acrés,is acrés,is acria
Ab. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
Levis, light, nimble. St. levi-
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M. & F. NEUT. M. & F NEUT.
N.V. levis leve ley és levia
G. levis levis levium levium
D. levi levi levibus levibus
Ac. levem leve ley 6s, is levia
Ab. levi levi levibus levibus

64 THIRD DECLENSION.

Memor, mindful. St. memori-

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
M. & F. NEUT.

N.Y. memor memor memor és
G. memoris memoris memorum
D. memori memori memoribus
Ac. memorem memor memor és, is
Ab. memori memori memoribus

151. An inspection of the tables shows : —

1. That the 7 of the stem is sometimes lost, and sometimes
changed to e. It appears in the terminations im, is (acc. plur.),
2 (abl. sing.), 7a, and ium.

2. That the ablative singular has in some nouns 7, in some e,
and in some 7 or €; in adjectives, always 7.

3. That the genitive plural has ium, and the nominative and
accusative plural neuter ia. Compare these endings with the nom-
inative and genitive plural of consonant stems (105, 134, 140).

4. Memor has um in the genitive plural, masculine and feminine.
It has no neuter plural. Like memor decline vigil, watchful,
which has neuter plural vigilia, vigilium, etc.

152. To stems in 7 belong: —

1. Nouns in is and és not increasing in the genitive.}

2. Neuters in e, al, and ar.

3. Adjectives of two terminations.

4. Adjectives of the third declension of three terminations.

153. Nouns in és (gen. is) are declined like nibés. Most
nouns in is are declined like hostis. Canis, dog, has genitive
plural canum.

154. The principal nouns declined like turris are: clavis,
key; navis, ship; puppis, stern of a ship; sectris, axe.

Like ignis are: amnis, river; anguis, snake; avis, bird;
civis, citizen; classis, fleet; collis, hill; finis, end; orbis, circle ;
postis, post. Sitis, thirst, has acc. in -im, abl. in -1.

1 That is, having no more syllables than in the nominative.

THIRD DECLENSION. 65

155. Adjectives declined like acer are called adjectives of
three terminations; those declined like levis, adjectives of two
terminations; while those declined like vetus (141), audax and
pridéns (164), are called adjectives of one termination.

156. Decline together navis longa, ship of war; vallis pro-
funda, deep valley; Alpés altae, high Alps. See 161.

2.
157. Paradigm illustrating apposition :—

N.V. Cicer6 coénsul, Cicero, the consul.

G. Cicerdnis cdnsulis, of Cicero, the consul.

D. Cicer6ni cdnsuli, to or for Cicero, the consul.
Ac. Cicer6nem c6nsulem, Cicero, the consul.
Ab. & Cicer6Sne cdnsule, by Cicero, the consul.

158. RULE oF SYNTAX.—An appositive is in the
same case as the noun or pronoun which it qualifies.

159. EXERCISES.

I. 1. In vallibus Alpium sunt fluvil pulchri. 2. Quae
(what) animalia aquilam timent? 3. Navés Gallérum erant
iongae et altae. 4. Galli longds nivés habébant. 5. Fui-
mus in navi alta. 6. Robur tuum levi labdre augébitur.
7. Somnus hominibus voluptatem praebet. 8. Habentne
milités défessi cibum et aquam? 9. Hominés cibum igni
coquunt (cook). 10. Lednés et elephanti sunt animalia fera.

II. 1. In the tower there were many men. 2. The towers
of the ships were high. 38. From the high tower we saw the
broad sea. 4. The broad sea was seen by men in the high
tower. 5. The flight of the horsemen was seen by brave
soldiers. 6. Robbers fear a brave man. 7. A brave man

is feared by robbers. 8. On the shore they built a tower

66 THIRD DECLENSION.

for the king. 9. Numa, king of the Romans, changed the
number of the months. 10. The number of the months was
changed by Numa, a Roman king.

3.

160. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Turrim altam videbant régis comités.
hominum non animi sunt mortalia.
multorum vidébantur.

2. Corpora
einen - ae

3. Capita animalium
4. Acri anim6d navem latrOnum sub-
movent nautae. 9d. Navis latrOnum ab Acribus nautis sub-
movétur. 6. Victoriam débémus turribus nostris validis.
7. Multa animalia sunt levia et vigilia. 8. Avium nén multa

genera in ruinis turrium antiquarum habitant. 9. Servi
Graeci filids R6Omanodrum nodbilium éducibant. 10. Filii

Romanorum nobilium 4 servis Graecis saepe éducabantur.

II. 1. Polyphemus, son of Neptune, had a huge body.
2. Cyrus, the first king of the Persians, remembered all the
names of his soldiers. 3. The names of all his soldiers were
remembered by Cyrus, king of the Persians. 4. How many
ships of the Gauls were driven off? 5. The number of
fires in the town was great.

161. VOCABULARY:

Alpés, -iam, F., A/ps.
avis, -is, F., bird (154).
fortis, -e, adj., brave.
mé€nsis, -is, M., month.
mortalis, -e, adj., mortal.
navis, -is, F., ship (154).
nobilis, -e, adj., noble.
omnis, -e, adj., all, every.

vallis (or -és), -is, F., valley.

vigil, -is, adj., watchful.

animus, -1, M., mind, soul.
éduco, 1, train, educate.

ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild.

fuga, -ae, F., flight.

genus, -eris, n., kind, race.

habito, 1, dwell, inhabit.

latro, -Onis, M., robber.

litus, -6ris, N., shore.

multitad6d, -inis, F., multitude.

Neptinus, -i, m., Neptune, god of
the sea.

noster, -tra, -trum, poss. adj., our,
ours.

Numa, -ae, m., Vuma,a Romau king.

Persae, -arum, M., the Persians.

a+
‘
*
q
;
Mt

COLLOQUIUM. 67

Polyphémus, -i, m., Peluphemus. sub-moved, 2, -mé6vi, -mOdtum,
quot, adj. indecl., how many ? (move from beneath) remove, drive
robur, -6ris, N., strength. away.

ruina, -ae, F., ruin. vitd, 1, avoid, shun.

4.
162. COLLOQUIUM.
FRATER ET SORORCULA.

S. Narra mihi, frater, dé Polyphémo; quis fuit et ubi
habitabat ? where

F. Polyphémus filius Nepttni fuit et cum fratribus in
insula habitabat.

S. Fuitne arator et agros arabat?

F. Minimé. Neque fuit arator neque agros arabat Poly-

neither ploughman nor
phémus.
S. Nauta igitur sine dubid fuit, et maria navibus
therefore
navigabat.
F. Erravisti, mea sororcula, Polyphémus fuit pastor atque
and
magnds ovium gregés habébat. Fuit autem ingentis corporis
sheep moreover huge
et inum tantum oculum habuit. Ulixés doldsus ei unum
only crafty forhim his one
-oculum stipite perforavit.
stake dug out

S. Eheu! miserrimum Polyphémum !
Oh dear! poor

68

THIRD DECLENSION.

CHAPTER XX.

4

THIRD DECLENSION.

MIxeEpD StTEms.!

1638. PARADIGMS.
Cliéns, M. « F., Urbs, F., Arxz; ¥.,
client. city. citadel.
SINGULAR.
N.Y. cliéns urbs arx
G. clientis urbis arcis
D. — clienti urbi arci
Ae. clientem urbem arcem
Ab. cliente urbe arce
PLUEBAL.
N.V. client és urbés arc és
G. clientium urbium arcium
D. clientibus urbibus arcibus
Ac. clientés, Is urbés, is arcés, is
Ab. clientibus urbibus arcibus
164. ADJECTIVES.
Audax, bold; pridéns, sagacious.
SINGULAR.
M. & F. NEUT. M. & F.
N.V. audax audax prudéns
G. audacis audacis prudentis
D. audaci audaci prudenti
Ac. audaicem audax pridentem
Ab. audaci, e audaci, 3 prudenti, e
PLURAL.
N.V. audacés audacia pridentés
G. audacium audacium prudentium
D. audacibus audiacibus prudentibus
Ac. audacés,is audacia prudent és, Is
Ab. audacibus audacibus pridentibus

1 Usually classed as 7 stems.

See 166.

TERMINATIONS
s
is
I
em

NEUT.
pridéns
pridentis
pridenti
prudéns
pridenti, e

pridentia
praudentium
pridentibus
prudentia
prudentibus

THIRD DECLENSION. 69

165. PARTICIPLE.

Am§ans, loving.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M..& Fi NEUT. M. & F. NEUT.

N.V. amans amans amantés amantia
G. amantis amantis amantium amantium
ie. “amanii amanti amantibus amantibus
Ac. amantem = aimans amantés,Is amantia
Ab. amante,I amante,i amantibus amantibus

166. Note in the above tables: —

1. That the nouns are declined in the singular like consonant
stems (105, 134, 140), and the adjectives also, except that, like
t stems, they have an ablative in 7.

2. That the plural of both nouns and adjectives is like that of
2 stems (149, 150).

167. To the class of mixed stems belong: —

1, Nouns in ns and 7s. But paréns has the genitive plural
parentum.

2. Monosyllables in sand z following a consonant, together with
nix, nivis, snow; nox, noctis, night; o8, ossis, bone; mits, muris,
mouse

3. Adjectives of one ending, with some exceptions, of which the
most important are: dives, rich; pauper, poor; particeps,
sharing; princeps, chief; and compounds of nouns that have
consonant stems. These all have the genitive plural in um.

4, Present active participles.

168. RULES OF GENDER. —1. Nouns ending in 6,
or, Os, er, es (gen. idis, itis), are masculine.

But nouns ending in dé and gé, of more than two syllables,
together with abstract! and collective? nouns in 7, are feminine.

2. Nouns ending in ds, és not increasing in the
genitive, is, x, and s foliowing a consonant, are
feminine.

1 Abstract nouns are such as 2 Collective nouns are such as

denote a thought rather than a_ in the singular imply a number of
thing: rati6d, method. things or persons: legi6, legion.

70 THIRD DECLENSION.

3. Nouns ending in a, e, i, y, c, l, n, t, ar, ur,
and ws, are neuter.

There are many exceptions to these rules, which the learner
should note as he advances.

169. Decline together fons profundus, deep spring; hostis
audax, bold enemy; magna pars, great part. See 172.

2.
170. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Alpés sunt montés Eurdpae. 2. Saepe in lateribus

montium sunt silvae. 3. Multdrum amnium fontés sunt
parvi. 4. In Alpibus sunt regidnés pulchrae et suavés.
5. Sunt vallés profundae, ripés altae, silvae magnae. 6. Ibi
magnam videbis multitidinem vulpium. 7. Aestate ovium
ereges videntur. 8. Militem fortem non¢errébit) periculum.
9. Miles fortis periculd non terrebitur. 10. Omnés adulé-
scentés erunt milites fortés.

II. 1. There are mountains in Europe. 2. On the sides
of the mountains are tall trees. 38. Many rivers have small
sources. 4. Parts of the Alps are beautiful. 5. The Alps
have deep valleys and high cliffs. 6. Wild beasts are seen
on the sides of the Alps. 7. There you will see shepherds
and sheep. 8. Brave soldiers do not fear dangers. 9. The
fathers of the young men are soldiers. 10. We honor the

brave soldier.

3.
171. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Quid vident hominés in montibus altis? 2. Aquilam,
avem audacem, in rupibus vident. 8. Nonne in arboribus
altis habitat réx avium? 4. Certé, et parvis avibus est ter-
ror magnus, nam inter avés régnat. 5. Acrés sunt aquilérum
oculi; longe vident vénatorem. 6. In mari clissem hos-
tium vidémus. 7. Classis navium 4 latrdnibus vidébatur.
8. Magister mores bonds et diligentiam discipulorum lauda-

THIRD DECLENSION. yl

bit. 9. Morés boni et diligentia 4 magistro laudabuntur.
10. Omnis Galliae sunt partes trés (three).

II. 1. Men dwell in the deep valleys of the mountains.

2. In summer they have flocks on the mountains.
do men call the eagle the king’ of birds ?
hunters see the eagle from afar?
6. The robbers saw the ships with great

plough the deep sea.

terror.” 7. Solon was the author of many good laws.
ancient states there were free men and slaves.

3. Why
4, Do not keen
5. The enemy’s ships

8. In
9. The

memory of the wise Solon has been honored.

172.

aduléscéns, -entis, M. & r., youth,

young man.
fons, fontis, M., source, spring.
mons, montis, M., mountain.
pars, partis, F., part.
sapiéns, -entis, adj., wise.
amis, -is, M., river (154).
arbor, -Oris, F., tree.
auctor, -Oris, M., author.

Belgae, -arum, m., the Belgians.

classis, -is, F., fleet (154).
diligentia, -ae, r., diligence.
fera, -ae, F., wild beast.
honoro, 1, honor.

hostis, -is, M. & F., enemy.
ibi, adv., there.

inter, prep. w.acc., between, among.

VOCABULARY,

latus, -eris, N., side. Cf. latus, broad.

lex, légis, F., /aw.

longé, adv., afar, at a distance.

m6s, moris, M., manner, custom.

nam, conj., for.

ovis, -is, F., sheep.

pastor, -Oris, M., shepherd.

periculum, -i, n., danger, peril.

profundus, -a, -um, adj., deep.

regid, -Gnis, F., region.

regnd, 1, be king, rule, reign.

rupes, -is, F., rock, cliff.

Silva, -ae, F., wood, forest.

Solon, -dnis, m., Solon, an Athenian
lawgiver.

suavis, -e, adj., sweet, pleasant.

venator, -Oris, M., hunter.

vuip€s, -is, F., fox.

amnis, a /arge, deep river ; not the common prose word for river.
flamen (203), general word for river; flowing, as opposed to still

water, as a lake or pond.

fluvius (84), not different from fiimen, but much less used.

hostis, general word for enemy: a public enemy, enemy in war.
inimicus (78), a private or personal enemy ; opposed to amicus.

1 Predicate accusative.

2 See 144, 145.

iz THIRD DECLENSION.

4,
COLLOQUIUM.
173. Translate into Latin: —
FATHER AND SON.

F. Tell me (mihi) about Solon, if you please (sz placet).

S. Solon was a wise Athenian (A‘héniénsis); his (us)
laws were famous, and his memory will always be honored.
He was the friend of poor men (pauperum). He saw many
lands and many men. He did not fear Pisistratus the
usurper (tyrannum).

F, Was Miltiades also (quoqgue) an Athenian ?

S. Certainly ; he overcame the Persians (Persds) in the
battle of Marathon.! He was a brave and skilful leader.
He had a brave son.

07400 —

CE Ae OT. de
REVIEW.

174. Decline together gladius Acer, sharp sword; cénsilium
iitile, useful counsel; aquila celeris, swift eagle; animal vél6x,
jJleet animal. See 179.

175. Examples of the locative case in the third declension are:
Carthagini, or Carthagine, at Carthage; riri, in the country.

176. Affix the proper terminations to the adjectives in the
following, and translate :—

1. Equ6 celer-, equérum véléc-, equis véléc-. 2. Puella
trist-, puellae trist-, puellam trist-, puellirum prident-.
3. Gladiis acr-, gladids acr-, gladium acr-. 4. Libro ttil-,
librérum itil-, librum itil-. 5. Ddnum itil-, dona itil-,
doni itil-. 6. Servi fidél-, servo fidél-, servds fidél-, servis
fidél-.

—

' Of Marathon, Marathonius, -a, -um.

THIRD DECLENSION. la

——= - ——$__— oe

: ere EXERCISES.

I. 1. Equi sunt celerés. 2. Proelium equestre fuit.
8. Viri fortés laudantur. 4. Virum fortem laudamus.
5. Omne initium est difficile. 6. Bella sunt tristia. 7. Con-
silium ducis audax fuit. &. Vetus vinum est bonum.
9. Acris et véléx est aquila. 10. Multa animialia vitas

brevés habent. »

II. 1..The soldiers have keen weapons. 2. I have a
swift horse. 3. We praise brave men. 4. Do you like
sweet food? 5. The lessons are not hard. 6. The plans of
the commander are sagacious. 7. Life is short. 8. There
are swift eagles in the mountains. 9. The king has bold

sailors. 10. The wings of the swift eagle are long.

2
178. 5 EXERCISES.

Write out the whole of 177. I. in Latin, changing singulars
to plurals and plurals to singulars. Thus, 4 wil! be viréds
fortés laud6.

Turn Il.. into Latin, first changing the sentences as
directed above in regard to I.

179. VOCABULARY.
acer, acris, acre, adj.,sharp, eager. fidélis, -e, adj., faithful.
brevis, -e, adj., short, initium, -i, N., beginning.
celer, celeris, celere, adj., quick, télum, -i, N., weapon.

Jleet, swift. tristis, -e, adj., sad.
difficilis, -e, adj., difficult, hard. Utilis, -e, adj., useful.
equester, -tris, -tre, adj., caues- wvelOx, -Ocis, adj., swift, fleet.

trian. vita, -ae, F., life.

celer, quick, with the added notion of eagerness or energy.
velox, swift, sometimes implying nimbleness.

74 THIRD CONJUGATION.

CHAPTER XXIII.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
180. E-VERBS.

Rego (stem rege), rule.
PrincipaL Parts: regdé, regére, réxi,! réctum.?

INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRESENT.

IT rule, etc. I am ruled, ete.
rego regimus reg or reg imur
regis reg itis reg eris, or -re regimini
regit regunt . reg itur reg untur

IMPERFECT.

I was ruling, ete. TI was ruled, ete.
reg €bam reg €bamus reo 6bar reg €bamur
reg €bas reg €batis reg 6baris, or-re reg ébamini
reg €bat reg €bant reg €batur reg €bantur

FUTURE.

TI shall rule, etc. IT shall be ruled, ete.
regam reg ێmus reg ar reg ێmur
reg €s reg 6tis reg Gris, or -re reg €mini
reget regent reg €tur reg entur

PERFECT.

I have ruled, etc. I have been ruled, etc.
réxI réximus sum sumus
réxisti réxistis réct us ~ es réecti ~ estis
réxit réx Erunt, or -re est sunt

PLUPERFECT. ;

TI had ruled, etc. f had been ruled, ete.
réx eram rex eramus ( eram eramus
réx eras rex eratis réctus <~ eras récti § eratis
rex erat réx erant ( erat ( erant

1 Rexi for reg-si. See p. 1, note 2. 2 Réctum for reg-tum.

—"—

THIRD CONJUGATION.

T5

IT shall have ruled, ete.

ACTIVE.

FuTuRE PERFECT.

réx erimus

PASSIVE.

I shall have been ruled, ete.

rex ero ero erimus
rex eris rex eritis rect us ~ eris récti 2 eritis
rex erit rex erint erit erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.!
PRESENT.
regam reg amus reg ar reg amur
reg as reg atis reg aris, or -re reg amini
reg at regant reg atur reg antur
IMPERFECT.
reg erem reg erémus reg erer reg erémur
reg erés reg erétis regeréris,or-re regerémini -.
reg eret reg erent reg erétur reg erentur
PERFECT.
réx erim réx erimus sim simus
réx eris rex eritis rect us ~ sis récti ~ sitis
rex erit rex erint sit sint
PLUPERFECT.
réxissem réx issémus essem essémus
réxissés réx issétis réct us ~ essés récti ~ essétis
réxisset réxissent esset essent
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.

rege, rule thou.
regite, rule ye.

regit6, thou shalt rule.
regitd, he shall rule.
regitdte, ye shall rule.
regunt6, they shall rule.

reg ere, be thou ruled.
reg imint, be ye ruled.

FUTURE.
regitor, thou shalt be ruled.
reg itor, he shall be ruled.

reg untor, they shall be ruled.

1 See p. 26, note.

76 THIRD CONJUGATION.

INFINITIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.

PREs. regere, tu rule. regi, to be ruled.

PERF. réxisse, to have ruled. réctus esse, to have been ruled.

Fur. réctiirus esse, tobe about réctum iri, to be about to be ruled.
to rule.

PARTICIPLE.
PREs. reg éns, -entis, ruling.
Fur. réctirus, -a, -um, about GER. regendus, -a, -um, to be

to rule. ruled.
PERF. réct us, -a, -um, having been
ruled.
GERUND.

G. reg endi, of ruling.
D. regendo, for ruling.
Ac. regendum, ruling.
Ab. reg end6, by ruling.
SUPINE.
Ac. réctum, to rule. Ab. récti, to rule, to be ruled.

—r07@40e—

CHAPTER Sxtv. 2,
THIRD CONJUGATION.

181. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
present imperative and infinitive, active and passive, of rego.

182, EXERCISES.

I. 1. Regitis, regébatis, regétis. 2. Regitur, regébatur,
regétur. 3. Regd, regébam, regam. 4. Reguntur, regé-
bantur, regentur. 5. Regere, regi. 6. Regite, regere.
7. Regis, regeris. 8. Regimus, regimur. 9. Regit, regitur.
10. Regitis, regimini.

II. 1. He rules, he was ruling, he will rule. 2. To be
ruled, to rule. 3. They rule, they were ruling. they will

THIRD CONJUGATION. a

rule. 4. We rule, we are ruled. 5. We shall rule, we shall
be ruled. 6. You are ruling, you were ruling, you will rule.
7. Rule (thou), be (thou) ruled. 8. He is ruling, he is
ruled. 9. They ruled, they were ruled. 10. I rule, I ruled,
I shall rule.

ob
183. EXERCISES.
Scrib6,! write; mittd,! send; em6,! buy.

I. 1. Seribis, mittis, emis. 2. Mittitur, scribitur, emitur.
3. Nonne mittébas ? nodnne scribébant? nodnne emébam?
4, Secribétur, mittébantur, ementur. 945. Mitte, scribite,
emite. 6. Emere, scribere, mittere. 7. Non mittunt, non
scribitis, non emet. 8. Scribamne? emuntne? mittimusne?
9. Mitteris, mittéris, scribétur. 10. Scribi, mitti, emi.

II. 1. He writes, he is sent, they buy. 2. Is it written ?
does he send? are they bought? 3. I shall buy, thou wilt
send, he will write. 4. It will not be written, we shall not
be sent, thou wilt not be bought. 5. To write, to send, to
buy. 6. Write, send, buy. 7. We are sent, they were
bought, it is (being) written. 8. They write, they will buy,
they were sending. 9. I was writing, we were sending,
I shall buy. 10. You are sent, it was (being) written, they
are bought.

184. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Imperator multés urbés vincet. 2. Multae terrae
ab Romanis regebantur. 38. Omnem mundum regit Deus.
4. Dux Romanus ex Graecié in Italiam portabat multas
statuas. 95. Viri fortés timOre nén vincuntur. 6. Pabulum
militibus? emétur. 7. Hannibal milités trans Alpés diicébat.

1 For principal parts, see 186.
2 What would be the meaning of @ militibus ?

78 THIRD CONJUGATION.

8. Trans fluvium erat parva urbs. 9%. Urbs 4 civibus défen-
débatur. 10. Nautae, é navi déscendite.

IJ. 1. The commander writes a letter. 2: Letters are
written by the commander. 3. Hanuibal was leading his
soldiers into Italy. 4. The citizens are defended by their?
leaders. 5. Caesar conquered all his enemies. 6. Rome will
be defended by the citizens. 7. Drive the sheep into the
fields. 8. There are many robbers in the city. 9. Near the
town is a broad valley. 10. Come down out of the tower.

i
185. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Omnis mundus 4 Deo regitur. 2. Pueris librés
emam. 38. Défénsdrés oppidi 4 Caesaris militibus vincentur.
4, In Africé servi emuntur. 5. Hieme multa animalia in
vallés déscendunt. 6. Agricolae in urbem ovés agent.
7. Omnés canés ex urbe agémus. 8. Epistulam dé bellé
scribébam. 9. Puer epistulam dé pénsis scribébat. 10. Poéta
bonus poémata bona scribet.

IJ. 1. The king’s brothers send soldiers into Greece.
2. I will send my brother’s son into Africa. 38. You will
be sent into Sicily. 4. Send men across the river. 5. The
city was defended with? great bravery by all the citizens.
6. Pyrrhus led many men across the sea into Italy. 7. In®
winter many animals are overcome by hunger. 8. The
farmers are buying food for their sheep. 9. Strong men
were driving the white horses into the river. 10. The good
shepherd leads his sheep.

1 See 100. 8 Ts in to be separately expressed

2 Is it necessary to translate inLatin? See fifth sentence above,
with by cum? See examples and and examples and rule, 185, 136
rule, 144, 145.

ef 6éAro*® = |

THIRD CONJUGATION. 79

186. VOCABULARY.
ago, 3, gi, Aactum, drive, lead. Caesar, -%ris, M., Cesar.
dé-fendo, 3, -di, -sum, defend. canis, -is, M.& F., dog. (153.)
dé-scenco, 3, -di, -sum, descend, Civis, -is, M. & F., citizen.

go down, come down, dé, prep. w. abl., concerning, about,
dics, 3, divi, ductum, lead. epistula, -ae, F., letter.
em6, 3, Emi, Emptum, buy. fames, -is, F., hunger, famine.
mitt6, 3, misi, missum, send. hiems, hiemis, F., winter.
scri>0, 38, seripsi, scriptum, latrd, -Onis, M., robler.

crite. mundus, -i, M., world, universe.

sumo, 3,simpsi, simptum, take. prope, prep. W. acc., near.
vinco, 3, vici, victum, conquer. trams, prep. w. acc., across, beyond,
supero (102), to have the upper hand, surpass, conquer.
vinced, to get the mastery, vanquish, conquer.
What difference do you make out from a comparison of the
meanings ?
187. COLLOQUIUM.

CHARON ET MERCURIUS.
Ch. Salvé, O Mercuri!

hail
é . &
M. Et tu, salvé, portitor.
ferryman
Ch. Mercuri, ducisne hodié multés manés?
souls
M. Hodié mainium dicd numerum magnum. Triste est
sad
officium meum. Ithaca tibi procul dubié nota est atque Ulixés.
duty without doubt known

Ch. Récté dixisti. Ithaca est insula inter Graeciam et
a you have said
Italiam sita; et mihi ndtus est Ulixés, nam ipse dlim hie

situated himself formerly hither
vénit.
came eae ;
M. Jam aspice manés procerum et servérum infiddrum.
now see chiefs unfaithful
Hi omnés ab Ulixe necfti sunt.
these
Ch. Istud mihi placet. Manés in cymba transveham.
that boat carry over

Valé, Mercuri.
M. Et tia valé, Charon.

80 THIRD CONJUGATION.

5.
18s. FOR TRANSLATION.1
Pisiius CorneE ius Scipi0. ,
Publius Cernélius Scipid major,’ aduléscéns* septendecim
annorum, ad ‘Vicinum flamen patrem vulneratum. scrvdvit.
In pign’ Cannénsi fortiter dimicavit. Postea Carthaginem

Novam, urbem in Hispania Poendrum firmissimam expig-

navit. Obsidés Hispandrum benigné tractavit_ect libervite
ddnavit.* Non minus féliciter Scipid in Africa bellavit ihigue
Poenés ita ursit® ut Hannibalem ex Italia revocdrent.® Ad
Zamam Scipidnis et Hannibalis exercitiis’ castra habuérunt ;
clarum est illud colloquium, quod Hannibal, dux Poenérem,
et Scipi6, consul Romanus, ante pignam habuérunt. Poeni
& Scipidne superati fugatique sunt. Scipid triumphom
mignificum ex Africi reportavit et 4 populd Afmoanus
appellatus est. :

— 0 >=! “=

CHAPTER XXvV. 1.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
189. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect

tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of regé.

190. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Réxit, réxerat, réxerit. 2. Réxérunt, réxerant,
réxerint. 3. Réxisse, réctus esse. 4. Réctum est, réctum
erat, rectum erit. 5. Réxisti, réxerfis, réxeris. 6. Réximus,

1 For meanings of words, see 5 From urged; ita ursit,
general vocabulary. pressed them so hard.

2 The elder. ° Ut... revocarent, that they

3 When a youth. recalled.

4 Presented them with their liberty 7 Nom. plur., subject of habué-
= set them free. runt.

i

ae

9

THIRD CONJUGATION. 8]

land

récti sumus. 7. Reéxistis, récti estis. 8. Ré€xi, réxeram,
réxerO. 9. Reéxerant, récti erant. 10. Récta est, récta
erat, récta erit.

II. 1. I have ruled, I had ruled, I shall have ruled.
2. I have ruled, I have been ruled. 3. They have ruled,
they have been ruled. 4. You ruled, you had ruled, you
will have ruled. 5. He will ee ruled, he will have been
ruled. 6. To have been ruled, to have ruled. 7. They had
ruled, they had been ruled. 8. She has ruled, she has been
ruled. 9. It was ruled, it had been ruled, it will have been
ruled. 10. They (neut.) were ruled, they had been ruled,
they will have been ruled.

2.

191. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Daxit, émerit, siimpserit. 2. Emit,! dixisti, simpsi.
3. Sumptus est, ductae sumus, émpta sunt. 4. Eratne
‘ductus? erantne €mptae? eratne simptum? 5. Diixerimus,
sumpseritis, €merint. 6. NOnne diximus? ndnne émerd-
mus? nonne émerimus? 7. Dixisti, émérunt, simpsimus.
8. Ducta est, émptum est, simpta erat. 9. Diixisse, émisse,
sumpsisse. 10. N6dn dixeram, non émeratis, non simpser6.

II. 1. She had been led, it has been bought, they (neut.)
will have been taken. 2. I have taken, you have bought,
he has led. 3. Has it not been taken? had he not been
led? have they (neut.) not been bought? 4. I had led,
you had bought, he had taken. 5. They will have
taken, I shall have led, thou wilt have bought. 6. I was
led, it was bought, it had been taken. 7. To have been led,
to have been bought, to have been taken. 8. We shall have
taken, I shall have bought, he will have led. 9. Did he
take ? didst thou buy? did you lead? 10. They did not
lead, you had not bought, she will not have taken.

1 How do you know whether this form is present or perfect ?

82 _ THIRD CONJUGATION.

re ee

192, EXERCISES.

I. 1. Hostés vicimus. 2. Hostés territi victique sunt.
3. Horatius oculum in proelié dmiserat. 4. O patria, vicisti
iam ineam, 9. ScipiO in Hispaniam missus est. 6. Spar-
tacus, dux gladiatorum, consulés Romanos vicit. 7. Gallia
inter P\rénaeds montés et Rhénum posita est.! 8. Metellus
bellum in Hispania gessit. 9. Quid timés? Caesarem vehis.
10. Bellum 4 Pyrrho in Italia, gestuin est. 11. A Spartacd,
duce gladiatérum, consulés Romani victi sunt.

II. 1. Have you lost your books? 2. My brother will sail?
in a small ship. 38. Do men live in trees? 4. Neptune
ruled (over) the deep sea. 5. A river flows out of the
mountain. 6. The girl’s head was encircled with flowers.
7. War has been waged in Italy. 8. A lazy boy is often
despised. 9. The ancient Romans did not despise war.
10. The king had surrounded the city with walls. 11. Did
not Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, wage war in Italy?

3.
193. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Avés multae in arboribus vivunt. 2. Viri fortés
urbem templaque dedrum défendérunt. 38. Dux trans mare

in navi vectus est. 4. Tyranni & viris fortibus contempti
sunt. 95. Ponite pedés inripem. 6. Virgo a templdo tracta

erat. 7. Hannibal 4 Scipione victus est. 8. Caesar milités -

in equos posuit. 9. Oppidum miur6 alt6 cinctum erat.
10. Oppidani oppidum miro alt6 cinxérunt. 11. Inter
montem et oppidum fluébat fluvius latus. 12. Bellum in
Hispania 4 Metello imperatore R6mand gestum est.

II. 1. A large fleet was bought with gold by Cesar.
2. The general’s daughter had been carried in a wagon.

1 Posita est, is situated. 2 Future passive of vehd.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

83

3. The commander had carried on war against his enemies.

4, All the property’ of the enemy has been lost.
6. We went away from Italy to?
7. My brother has departed from his native land.

men live by agriculture.
Sicily.

8. Have they lost their books?
10. The boys rode on horseback® with
11. The farmer’s cart is drawn by strong

despised tyrants?
great pleasure.‘

a Many

9. Have not men always

horses. 12. My books have been lost.

194.

a-mitt6, 3, -misi, -missum, lose.

cingd, 3, cinxi, cinctum, bind, en-
circle, surround.

con-temno, 3, -tempsi, -temptum,
despise.

dis-céd6, 3, -céssi, -céssum, depart.

‘ flud, 3, flixi, flixum, flow.

gero, 3, gessi, gestum, carry on,
wage (war).

pond, 3, posui, positum, put, place.

traho, 3, -xi, -ctum, drag, draw.

veho, 5, vexi, vectum, carry, draw.

Vivo, 3, vixi, victum, live.

contra, prep. w. acc., against.
carrus, -i, M., cart, wagon.

VOCABULARY.

Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul.

gladiator, -oris, m., gladiator.

Hispania, -ae, r., Spain. je

Horatius, -i, m., Horatius. (79.)

Metellus, -i, m., Metellus,a Roman
general,

patria, -ae, F., native land.

Pyrénaeus, -a, -um, adj., Pyre-
nean, Pyrenees.

-que (enclitic),° conj., and.

Rhénus, -i, M., the Rhine.

Scipio, -dnis, m., Scupio, a Roman
general,

Spartacus, -i, m., Spartacus, a
gladiator.

virgo, -inis, F., maiden, girl.

habito (161), trans. and intrans., /ive, in the: sense of dwell, inhabit,
with reference to place. ste Zh

Vivo, intrans., have life, live, often with reference to some condition
or circumstance other than place.

TR 2 on

1 Goods. See 117.

-

2 Into. See 52, .
8 Ride on horseback = be car-
ried on a horse.

4 See 145.
5 f.e., appended to some word,
as in 192. I. 2.

84 COLLOQUIUM.

4.
195. COLLOQUIUM.
PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.

P. Quis fuit Hannibal? Fuit Romanus an Carthaginiénsis?
Carthaginian

D. Fuit Carthaginiénsis et 4 Scipidne victus est
P. Ubi fuit Hannibalis patria?

where
D. Carthagd, Haunibalis patria, fuit in Africa.
P. Cur fuit ? cir non est in Africa?

why
D. Quia Carthigé 4 Scipidne déléta est.

was destroyed

P. Quot ndmina erant Scipidni?

how many
D. Tria Scipioni erant ndmina. Publius Cornélius Scipis.

three
P. Récté, mi puer, praendmen Piblius; Cornélius nomen
first name
gentile; Scipid cOgndmen.
family cognomen -:
D. Nonne interdum appellatus est Scipid Africanus ?
sometimes was called

P. Certissimé. Hédc autem nodmen dicébant R6ém4ani
this moreover
cogndmen secundum.

2079300 —

CHAPTER XXViL 1.

REVIEW.
196. EXERCISES.

TI. 1. Défendite, civés, civititem. 2. Civitas est mater
nostra. 3. Civés sunt fratrés nostri. 4. Pueri, fratrés
amate. 5. Ornate, civés, urbem monumentis statuisque.
6. Urbés pulchrae in Italia videntur. 7. Habitasne in urbe
pulchra? 8. Urbs Roma! miro cincta est. 9. Réma 4 civibus
cum fortitidine défénsa est. 10. Milités ROm4ni erant fortés.

1 See 157, 158.

REVIEW. 85

II. 1. The citizens are defenders of the state. 2. Roman
mothers furnished brave heroes for the state. 3. Do you
write letters to your brothers? 4. From! springs in the
mountains the rivers flow. 5. The city will be adorned with
golden? statues. 6. In Greece we do* not see many beautiful
cities. 7. The city is defended by watchful guards. 8. A
high wall encircles the farmer’s field. 9. We shall remain
near Ceesar’s camp. 10. We teach our children by means
of stories.*

menebia ane
197. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Consulés 4 Pyrrhé victi sunt. 2. Urbs & cdnsulibus
défendétur. 3. Filil régis audacis sunt civitatis defensd-
rés. 4. Clamoribus militum nostrérum territi sunt hosteés.
5. Milités in urbe nostra non saepe vidémus. 6. In monti-
bus et silvis vivunt apri. 7. Mali’ poenae timore coercentur.
8. Légibus patriae omnés® coercémur. 9. Fluvius oppidum
cingit. 10. Morés mali ab hominibus bonis contemnuntur.

II. 1. ,Who defeated the Roman consuls? 2. The consul
was besieging a city of Spain. 3. We all have seen the
pleasant light of the moon. 4. The sad maidens were sitting
near a deep river. 5. The maidens were weeping because
they had lost their flowers. 6. The boars are descending
headlong into the sea. 7. Soldiers are not often seen in our
streets. 8. The ancient city of Rome’ was ruled by kings.
9. The shepherd’s son will weep if he loses (shall have lost)
a sheep. 10. The teacher was teaching his pupils® the
poems of Homer. |

1 @ rather than &. 6 Omnés agrees with the under-
2 See p. 37, note 1. stood subject of coercémur.

8 See p. 14, note 1. 7 The city of Rome = the city
# See 90 and 91. Rome. See 157, 158.

5 See 117. 8 Accusative. See p. 54, note 2.

86 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
198. VOCABULARY.

fabula, -ae, F., story, tale, fable. omnis, -e, adj., all, every, whole.
frater, -tris, M., brother. praeceps, -cipitis, adj., headlong.
mater, -tris, F., mother. tristis, -e, adj., sad, gloomy.

3S:
199. FOR TRANSLATION.’
PROSERPINA.

Préserpina, Cereris filia, aliquandd in Sicilia ad urbem
Hennam in campis fldrés carpébat, serta nectebat ludebatque
cum comitibus. Nam campi ibi fléribus pulchris sparsi*
sunt. Subitd terra concussa® est atque Plitd, Inferdrum
deus, é terra émersit;* éjus currum equi Atri vehébant. Deus
Préserpinam abdixit, ut uxor sua et Inferdrum régina esset;°
clamérem puellae compressit.° Jiippiter autem fratri per-
miserat ut Prdserpinam abdiceret.’ Mater cum® ignoraret,
ubi filia esset,® totum orbem terrarum fristra peragravit.

[Continued on p. 92.]

———— ogy oo ——

CHAPTER ,»5 ViL. ts
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
200. The following adjectives. have tus (rarely tus)

in the genitive singular of all genders, and 7 in the
dative:

alius, alia, aliud, another. td6tus, -a, -um, whole.
niullus, -a, -um, no one, none, no. illus, -a, -um, any.
s6lus, -a, -um, alone, sole. tinus, -a, -um, one, alone.
1 For meanings of words, see 6 From comprimod.

general vocabulary. 7 Ut... abdiiceret, that he
2 From spargo. might lead away = to lead away.
3 From concutio. 8 Cum ign@6raret, since she did
4 From émergo. not know.

5 Ut...esset, that she might be. 9 Was.

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 87

alter, altera, alterum, the other of two.

neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither of iwo.

uter, utra, utrum, which of two?

uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of two, both.

201. PARADIGM.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC, FEM. NEUT.

IN; alius «alia aliud alii aliae alia
G. alius alius_ alius ali6rum aliarum aliérum
Bey als alii alii aliis aliis aliis
Ac. alium aliam aliud aliés alias alia
Ab: ‘alio alia ali6 aliis aliis aliis

202, EXERCISES.

I. 1. Virtiis sdla véram dat voluptatem. 2. Alius! aliud
dixit. 3. Inutram partem? fluit flamen? 4. Alter? Graecus,
alter? Romanus erat. 5. Utri cOnsuli dat civitaés totam
laudem? Neutri. 6. Alii‘ virtite, alii* dolis hostés superant.’
7. Unius hominis mors totam urbem servavit. 8. Alteri
discipul6 laudem, alterI culpam dat® praeceptor. 9. Niullius
precibus cedemus. 10. A Cicerone find urbs servita est.

II. 1. The farmer was ploughing his field alone. 2. He
is praised by one, blamed by another. 38. To which of the
two does the teacher give the praise? 4. Some like® boys,
others like girls. 5. Death is feared by no good man.
6. The consul conquered some of his enemies, by others he

1 Literally, another said another ®° This sentence illustrates a

thing. The English of it is, one
said one thing, another another.

2 Into which part? i.e., in which
direction ?

3 Alter...alter, the one...the
other.

4 Alii... alii, some...others;
aliud ... aliud, one thing...an-
other thing.

common usage of the Latin. A verb
belonging to two groups of words
is often placed only with the last,
and must be mentally supplied
with the first. With the English
it is the reverse. Show the appli
cation of the remark.
6 See note 8.

88 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.

was conquered. 7. One leg is long, the other short. 8. Some
praise one thing, others another. 9. The plan of the whole
war was disclosed to the enemy. 10. The citizens praised
Cicero alone.

203. VOCABULARY.
brevis, -e, adj., short. laus, laudis, F., praise.
cédod, 3, céssi, céssum, yield. mors, mortis, F., death.
Cicerd, -Gnis, M., Cicero,a Roman praeceptor, -Oris, M., teacher.
orator. precés, -um, F. (plur.), prayers,
cris, criris, n., Jeg. ' entreaty.
culpa, -ae, F., blame, fault. ratio, -Onis, F., plan, method, reason.
dolus, -i, M., trick, deceit. servo, 1, save, preserve.
é-niintid, 1, disclose, announce. verus, -a, -um, adj., true.
flimen, -inis, N., river. (172.) virtis, -iitis, F., virtue, courage.
2.
204. COLLOQUIUM.

PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.

Ad fratrem et amicos.

Fuitne Cicerd éjus ‘‘ ndmen”??

Non fuit ‘‘ ndmen,” sed ‘‘ cogndmen.”
Quid fuit éjus ‘‘ n6men” ?

Tullius.

D. Quis fuit Cicerd?

P. Clarus cénsul Romanus fuit.

D. Multane bella gessit?

P. Minimé. Orator fuit; dux militum semel.

once only
D. Nonne éjus oratidnés in schola legimus ?
his read

P. Complirés. Multis epistulas quoque scripsit Cicerd.
several also

D. Ad quis epistulis scripsit ?
whom

Wa

Di

r.

D.

t

rr TT A

1 See 195.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 89

D. Et praenodmen?
P. Marcus.

D. H6e dicés mihi, praeceptor éruditissime, si placet ;
tell most learned
difficilésne sunt Cicer6nis 6rationés?
hard
P. Sine dubid difficilés sunt, puer autem Acer eas intelle-

but them
gere potest.

CHAPTER Xvi. 4
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

205. Adjectives in Latin, as in English, change their.
terminations to express different degrees of quality:
altus, altior, altissimus, high, higher, highest.

Adjectives may also be compared in Latin, as in English, by
means of adverbs.

206. Examine the following: —

POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.
altus (alto) altior, altius altissimus, etc.
levis (levi) levior, levius levissimus, etc.

prudéns (prident) prudentior, pradentius pridentissimus, etc.

pulcher (pulchro) pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus, etc.
miser (misero) miserior, miserius miserrimus, etc.
acer (acri) acrior, acrius acer rimus, etc.

Observe (1) that the comparative is formed in both the above
groups by dropping the final vowel of the stem, if the stem ends
in a vowel, and adding ior, ius.

(2) That the superlative is formed in the first group from the
shortened stem by adding issimus, issima, issimum.

90 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

(3) But if the adjective ends in er, the superlative is formed by
adding rimus, rima, rimum, to the positive.

207. Six adjectives in lis drop the final vowel of the
stem and add limus to form .the superlative:

facilis, -e, easy. facilior, facilius facillimus, -a, -um
difficilis, -e, hard. _ diflicilior, difficilius difficillimus, -a, -um
similis, -e, like. similior, similius simillimus, -a, -um
dissimilis, -e, unlike. dissimilior, dissimilius dissimillimus, -a,-um
humilis, -e, Jovw. humilior, humilius humillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, slender. gracilior, gracilius gracillimus, -a, -um
208. IRREGULAR COMPARISON.
bonus, -a, -um melior, -ius optimus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um péjor, -us pessimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um major, -us maximus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um , plis! plurimus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um minor, -us minimus, -a, -um
vetus vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um

DECLENSION OF THE COMPARATIVE.

209. PARADIGM.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M. & F. NEUT. M. & F. NEUT.
N.V. altior altius altior és altiora
G. altidris altidris altidr um altidr um
D. altidri altiori altidribus altidribus
Ac. altidrem altius altidrés,is altidra
Ab. altidre,I altidre,T altidribus altidribus

Compare, and decline in the comparative : —

atr6x, -6cis, fierce. liber, -era, -erum, free.
audax, -acis, bold. piger, pigra, pigrum, lazy.
celer, -eris, swift. placidus, -a, -um, calm.
félix, -icis, lucky. sapiéns, -entis, wise.

1 Plis has in singular only plural, nom. plirés, plira, gen.
nom., gen. (pliris), and acc.; in pliarium, etc. .

\

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 9]

210. EXERCISES.

1. Of bolder soldiers. 2. For a bolder soldier. 3. On
the highest tree. 4. The wisest king. 5. Of fiercer lions.
6. By a more lucky general. 7. With calmer joy. 8. Ofa
swifter horse. 9. For freer men. 10. Of wiser judges.
11. A deeper river. 12. Of deeper rivers, 13. In a deeper
river. 14. For lazier boys.

2.

211. We can say in Latin without difference in meaning:

1. Quis est EGloquentior quam Cicer6? ) Who is more eloquent
2. Quis est Eloquentior Ciceréne? than Cicero?

212. RULE OF SYNTAX. — The comparative degree
is followed by the ablative when quam (than) is
omitted.

. But the ablative can take the place only of quam and the nom-
- inative, or quam and the accusative.

2135. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Fluvii altidrés sunt rivis, maria altissima? sunt.
2. In Africé sunt animalia atrécidra quam in America.
3. Lednés sunt audacissimae bestiae. 4. Elephanti sunt
priidentidrés lednibus. 5. Gentés Africae et Eurdpae sunt
dissimillimae. 6. Pénsum tuum facillimum, meum difficilli-
mum est. 7. Roma est Italiae urbs veterrima,! sed vetusti-
orés sunt in litoribus coloniae Graecdrum. 8. Templa Graeca
erant humillima. 9. Nihil est péjus quam mendacium.
10. Mendacium autem péjus pigritia et Ignavia est.

II. 1. A river is longer thana brook. 2. Seas are deeper
than rivers. 3. The sources of great rivers are not always
in high mountains. 4. Elephants bear heavier burdens than

1 The superlative must often be translated by very with the positive.

92 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

horses. 6. The horse and the dog are very faithful. 6. Your
dog is better than mine. 7. Not many cities are more beau-
tiful than Rome. 8. The elephant is bolder than the horse.
9. Your task is easier than mine; but mine is not very
hard. 10. The bravest men are not always the wisest.

214. VOCABULARY.
America, -ae, F., America. litus, -oris, N., shore.
autem,! conj., but, moreover. mendacium, -i, n., lying.
béstia, -ae, F., beast. nihil, n. (indecl.), nothing.
colonia, -ae, F., colony. pigritia, -ae, F., laziness.
gens, gentis, F., nation, people. quam, conj., than.
ignavia, -ae, F., cowardice. rivus, i, M., brook.

3.

“ Proserpin gathering flowrs,
Herself a fairer flowr, by gloomy Dis
Was gather’d, which cost Ceres all that pain
To seek her through the world.”

215. FOR TRANSLATION.2

Tandem Cerés 4 Sole, qui omnia cdnspicit, audivit quis
filiam abdixisset.? Itaque statim iter ad Jovem? fléxit® et
precibus animum éjus infléxit, ut filia 4 Plutdne remittereé-
tur.° Jippiter id permisit, si jéjana mansisset.’ Sed cum ®
Proserpina mali Pinici septem grana gustavisset,’ n6n licuit.
Tandem Préserpinae permissum est,” ut per partem anni
dimidiam apud matrem, per partem alteram apud inferds
esset.™

1 Always placed after the first 7 Had remained.

or second word in the sentence. 8 Since.
2 Continued from p. 86. 9 Had tasted.
8 Had led away. 109 [t was permitted == permission
4 Nom. Jappiter. was given.
5 From flecto. 11 Ut... esset, that she should be
6 Ut... remitterétur, that her = tobe. For the order, see p. 87,

daughter might be sent back. note 5.

FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 93

—————— ————————————

" ee ee ee.

CHAPTER scx Lx. 1:
. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

216. Most adverbs are formed from adjectives, and
follow them in comparison.

217. Examine the following : —

ADJECTIVE. STEM. ADVERB.

gratus, thankful. grato- graté, thankfully.
benignus, kind. benigno- benign 6, kindly.
miser, wretched. misero- miser 6, wretchedly.
pulcher, beautiful. pulchro- pulchr 6, beautifully.
fortis, brave. forti- fortiter, bravely.
acer, eager. acri- acriter, eagerly.
pricéns, wise. prudent- pruden ter, wisely.
félix, lucky. félici- félici ter, luckily.

Observe (1) that the adjectives of the first group are of the o
(or second) declension, and that the adverbs are formed from the
stem of the adjectives by changing the final o of the stem to @.

(2) That the adjectives of the second group are of the third
declension, and that the adverbs are formed from the stem of the
adjectives by adding ter. _

(3) But stems in nt drop ¢ before adding the suffix ter.

218. Hxamine the following : —

ADJECTIVE. ADVERB.
multus, much. multum, much.
facilis, easy. facile, easily.
impiinis, unpunished. imptine, with safety.
citus, quick. cits, quickly.
subitus, sudden. subit6, suddenly.
primus, jirst. prim6, at first.

Observe that in the first group the accusative singular neuter of
the adjective is used as an adverb; in the second, the ablative.

94. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

219. Examine the following : —

POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.
grate gratius gratissimé
miseré miserius miserrimé
acriter acrius acerrimé
féliciter félicius félicissimé
bené 1 melius optimé
malé péjus pessimé
multum plas plirimum
magis maximé

Observe that the comparative of the adverb is the same as the t
neuter accusative singular of the adjective; and that the superla-
_ tive is formed from the superlative of the adjective by changing, i]
as in the positive, the final o of the stem to @.

If the adjective is irregular in comparison, the adverb is likewise.

Compare : —

placidé, calmly. liberé, freely. pulchré,. beautifully.
audacter, boldly. celeriter, quickly. pridenter, wisely.

a.

220. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Olim fuit? Athéniénsis clirissimus. 2. Fidéliter |
légibus® civitaétis parébat. 8. Jisté omnibus rébus* agé- |
bat. 4. Audacter ptignavit atque amicum fortiter déefendit.
5. Sapienter juvenés alidsque docébat. 6. Falso et turpiter
accusatus est; liberé sé° défendit neque timébat. 7. Inji-
stissimé ad mortem damnatus est 4 civibus. 8. Venénum in
carcere bibit placidé. 9. Ejus® memoria délébitur nunquam.
10. Quis fuit Athéniénsis ?

II. 1. Was Socrates an illustrious Athenian? 2. Was he
more illustrious than other citizens? 38. Did he not act most

1 Formed irregularly from bonus. 4 Things. See 260.
2 There was. 5 Himself.
8 Observe the dative with pared. 8 Of him.

FORMATION ANE

justly in all respects t
laws of the Athenians.
very wisely? 6. Did he :

very bravely?

SOMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 95

(es Why ws
condemned to death? 8. Wesha! ch»

very” faithfully obey the
is not teach the Athenians

iofen. & » ung man in battle

‘oly accused and
/. memory more

diligently. 9. His memory will ©: <4 faithfully by
the best men. 10. In vain shall we scek fer a better man
than Socrates.

III. 1. Julius Cesar was a very famous man. 2, He was
excellently brought up by his mother. 3. He ijearned the
Greek language very well. 4. He was an illusirious genera!
and fought many battles most successfully. 5. ln Gaui he

took towns, and cruelly slew many men.
7. But the inhabitants dic uo
8. [Ue quickly overcame all i

to Britain with many ships.
basely beg for peace,

6. He boldiy

enemies. 9. (As) consul he ruled the Roman state wisely and

well.

221.

crudéliter [criidélis], cruelly.

diligenter [diligéns], diligently.

falso [falsus], falsely.
fidéliter [fidélis], faithfully.
friistra, in vain

injisté [injistus], unjusily.
juste [jastus], justly.

liberé [liber], freely, fearlessly.
Olim, formerly.

optime, very well, excellently.
sapienter [sapiéns], wisely.

turpiter [turpis], basely, foully.

acctsod, | [ad, causa, accuse.
Athéniénsis, -e, adj., Athenian,

career, -eris, M., prison.

10. He was foully slain by Brutus and other Romans.

VOCABULARY.

cold, 3, colul, cultum, cultivate,
cherish, care for.
damnod, 1, condemn, \
discd, 3, didici, ——, learn,
juvenis, -is, M. & F., youth.
lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.
navigo, 1 [navis, ago], sail.
neco, 1, kill. Cf. interficis.
pared, 2, -ui, , obey (w. dat.).
pax, pacis, F., peace.
peto, 3, -ivi, -ii, -itum, beg for, ask.
quaero, 3, quaesivi, -ii, quae-
situm, seek for, ask, inquire.
sed, conj., but. Cf. autem (214),
Socratés, -is, m., Socrates, an
Athenian philosopher.
venénum, -I, N., poison.

1 Compare I. 3.

2 See p. 91, note.

96 FOURTH CONJUGATION.

——— a -

222, COLLOQUIUM.
PATER ET FILIouvs.

P. Quid, mi filiole, in schola hodié discébis?
little son *

F. Discébam, ii pater, pénsum de adverbiis longissimum.
P. Cuil parti ératidnis est adverbium simillimum ?

to what speech
F. Simillimum, ut opinor, est adverbium adjectivo.
as I think
P. Récté, puer; sed illud mihi explicéi, si poteris: Si,
this explain if you can
at dicis, adverbium adjectivé est simile, unde nédmen traxit?
whence has derived
F. Fortasse propter hdc, quod saepissimé verbis ad-
perhaps onaccountof this because very often verbs
jungitur.

P. Optimé, filiole; én tibi dssem!
here is foryou penny

— 0795 oo —_—-

CHAPTER “xxx:
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
223. I-VERBS.

Audi6 (stem audit), hear.
PRINCIPAL PaRTs: audié, audire, audivi, auditum.

INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRESENT.
I hear, etc. I am heard, etc.
audié audimus audior audimur
aud is auditis aud iris, or -re audiminf
audit audiunt auditur audiuntur
IMPERFECT.
I was hearing, etc. I was heard, ete.
audiébam audiébamus audiébar audiébamur
audiébas audiébatis audiébaris,or-re audiébamini

aud iébat audiébant audiébatur aud iébantur

FOURTH CONJUGATION. OT

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
ghee FUTURE.

I shall hear, ete. TI shall be heard, ete.
audiam audiémus audiar audiémur
audiés audiétis audiéris,or-re audiéminT
aud ist audient audiétur ty

PERFECT.

I have heard, ete. I have bee:
audivi audivimus sum sumus
audiv isti audiv istis auditus <es auditi ~ estis
audivit audiv érunt, or -re est sunt

PLUPERFECT.

TI had heard, etc. I had been heard, ete.
audiveram audiveramus eram eramus
audiy eras audivy eratis auditus~eras auditi- eratis
audiverat audiverant erat erant

FUTURE PERFECT.

I shall have heard, ete. I shall have been heard, ete.
audiv ers audiv erimus ers erimus
audiv eris audiv eritis auditus<eris auditTi ~ eritis
audiv erit audiv erint erit erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.?

PRESENT.
audiam audiamus audiar audiamur
audias aud iatis audiaris,or-re audiamini
audiat audiant aud iatur audiantur

IMPERFECT.

audfrem aud irémus aud frer aud irémur
audirés aud irétis audiréris, or-re audirémini
aud fret audirent aud irétur aud frentur

PERFECT.
audiverim audiverimus sim simus
audiy eris audiv eritis audit us - sis auditi ~ sitis

audiv erit audiv erint sit sint

—~-

1 See p. 26, note.

98 FOURTH CONJUGATION.

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PLUPERFECT.
audivissem audivissémus essem essémus
audivissés audivissétis audit us § essés auditi essétis
audivisset audivissent leat essent
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
audi, hear thou. audire, be thou heard.
audite, hear ye. audimini, be ye heard.
FUTURE.
audit6, thou shalt hear. auditor, thou shalt be heard.
audits, he shall hear. auditor, he shall be heard.
audit6te, ye shall hear,
audiunto, they shall hear. audiuntor, they shall be heard.
INFINITIVE.
PREs. audire, to hear. aud iri, to be heard.
PERF. audivisse, to have heard. audit us esse, to have been heard.
Fur. auditirus esse, tobeabout auditum iri, to be about to be
to hear. heard. :

PARTICIPLE,.
Pres. audiéns, -entis, hearing. Sees
Fur. audititrus, -a,-um, about Grr. audiendus, -a, -um, to be
to hear. heard.
— . Perr. auditus, -a, -um, heard,
having been heard.

GERUND.
G. audiendi, of hearing.
D. audiendo, for hearing.
Ac. audiendum, hearing. .
Ab. audiend6, by hearing.

SUPINE.
Ac. auditum, to hear. Ab. auditi, to hear, to be heard.

-

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 99

CHRAPEE Rx xf.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.

224. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
present imperative and infinitive, active and passive, of audi6.

225. EXERCISES.

J. 1. Audid, audiébam, audiam. 2. Audit, audiébat, au-
diet. 3. Auditur, audiébatur, audiétur. 4. Audi, audire.
5. Audimur, audiébamur, audiémur. 6. Audire, audiri.
7. Auditis, audiebatis, audiétis. 8. Audis, audiris. 9. Audi-
unt, audiuntur. 10. Audient, audientur.

II. 1. Thou hearest, thou wast hearing, thou wilt hear.
2. IT hear, lam heard. 3. He is hearing, he was hearing,
he will hear. 4. To be heard, to hear. 5. We were hearing;
we were (being) heard. 6. We hear, we heard, we shall
hear. 7. They will hear, they will be heard. 8. You heard,
you were heard. 9. Hear (ye), be ye heard. 10. I hear, |
heard, I shall be heard.

2.

226. EXERCISES.

Pini6, punish; miiniéd, fortify, vestis, clothe.

I. 1. Piniébam, muniébam, vesti¢ébam. 2. Minitur, pi-
nitur, vestitur. 3. Ptniet, vestiet, mtiniet. 4. Pini, munite,
vestimini. 5. Vestiétur, ptiniétur, muniétur. 6. Ndnne pi-
nimus? nonne vestimur? nOnne miiniuntur? 7. Vestiamne?
punietne? muniéturne? 8. Muniébant, puniebamini, vestior.
9. N6n vestiris, non punit, ndn muniemus. 10. Puniar,
mtniam, vestiébaris.

II. 1. He was clothing, he was punishing, he was fortify-
ing. 2. They will be clothed, they will be fortified, they will
be punished. 3. Be thou clothed, punish (thou), fortify.
4. I fortify, he punishes, we are clothing. 5. Are you not
being clothed? was it not fortified? will he not be pun-

100 FOURTH CONJUGATION.

ished? 6. They are being punished, it is being fortified,
thou wilt be clothed. 7. We punish, we were fortifying,
they will clothe. 8. Were you being clothed? will it be
fortified? shall I be punished? 9. I shall not fortify, you
are not being clothed, they will not be punished. 10. I
punished, you will fortify, they clothe.

3.

227. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Vére terra gramine et floribus vestitur. 2. Vére
avium cantiis! audimus. 38. Mors vitam nostram finiet.
4, Pueri in gramine dormiébant. 5, Somnd mollimus ciras.
6. Canés agricolérum ovés custddiunt. 7. Miulites urbem
custddient. 8. Bellum 4 Scipione finiétur. 9. Audite verba
sapientium. 10. Injiisté puer punitur.

II. 1. A good father will nurture, clothe, and _ instruct
his children. 2. It is very* pleasant? to hear the sweet voice
of the nightingale. 38. All our pains are ended by death.
4. The general justly punishes a cowardly soldier. 5. The
sheep are carefully* guarded by the dog. 6. Scipio finished
the war in Africa. 7. The pupils are very faithfully in-
structed by their teachers. 8. My son, soothe your mother’s
cares. 9. The city is fortified by strong walls. 10. In sum-
mer the trees are clothed with leaves.

228. VOCABULARY,
custodio, 4 [custds], guard. carmen, -inis, N., song.
dormiod, 4, s/ecp. dolor, -6ris, M., pain,
é-rudio, 4 [rudis], teach, instruct. folium, -i, N., leaf.
finio, 4 [finis], end, finish. gramen, -inis, N., grass.
mollid, 4 [mollis], soften, soothe. ign&vus, -a, -um, adj., cowardly.
mini, 4, fortify, defend, jacundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant.
nutrio, 4, nurture, nourish. luscinia, -ae, F., nightingale.
punio, 4, punish. ver, véris, N., spring.
vestio, 4, clothe. VOx, VOcis, F., voice.

1Songs. See p.91, note, * Neuter gender. +4 See 144, 145.

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 101

CELAP ERE: XxocrE 4.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.

229. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indica-
tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of audié.

230. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Audivi, audiveram, audiverd. 2. Auditus est, audi-
tus erat, auditus erit. 8. Audivimus, audiveramus, audive-
rimus. 4. Audiverant, auditierant. 4. Audivisti, audiverds,
audiveris. 6.Audivisse, auditus esse. 7. Audiveratis, auditi
eratis. 8. Audivit, audiverat, audiverit.

If. 1. Thou hast heard, thou hadst heard, thou wilt have
heard. 2. They have been heard, they had been heard, they
will have been heard. 8. I have heard, I have been heard.
4. To have been heard, to have heard. 5. We have heard,
we had heard, we shall have heard. 6. We have been heard,
we had been heard, we shall have been heard. 7. You have
heard, you have been heard. 8. He had heard, he had been
heard.

Zr
231. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Finiveram, érudiveram, vestiveram. 2. Finitum est,
éruditus sum, vestitus sum. 38. Nonne finita sunt? ndnne
vestitus eram? nonne éruditus ero? 4. Vestiverds, érudi-
veras, finiveras. 5. Finiveris, éruditus eris, vestiverimus.
6. Vestitae erant, finita erant, éruditi erant. 7. Erudivera-
tis, finiveram, vestiverint. 8. Vestitine sumus? estne éru-
ditus? estne finitum? 9. Erudita es, finisti,! vestierds.?
10. Non érudistis, nén finiveratis, non vestiverit.

1 For finivisti. Verfects in ii often drop v and contract ii te 2.
2 For vestiveras.

102 FOURTH CONJUGATION.

II. 1. Have they not been clothed? have they (neut.) not
been finished? were they not taught? 2. We have finished,
we have clothed, we have taught. 3. She had been taught,
they (neut.) had been finished, we (fem.) had been clothed.
4. Didst thou teach? have you finished? has she clothed?
5. They had clothed, they will have taught, I have finished.
6. I had clothed, thou hadst taught, he had finished. 7. We
shall not have finished, they will not have clothed, you will
not have taught. 8. It was not finished, we had not been
taught, you will not have been clothed. 9. You have taught,
you had finished, you will have clothed. 10. I shall have
clothed, I had taught, I finished.

3.
232. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Medicus régis nocte ad Fabricium vénit.!. 2. Fabri-
clus medicum vinxit et ad dominum misit. 8. Urbs virtite
et fortitidine militum minita erit. 4. ROmani artibus? et
litteris? 4 Graecis éruditi sunt. 5. Oct6 hdras dormire
pueris satis est. 6. Lice sdlis caléreque aperiuntur florés.
7. Omnés terras fortibus viris aperuit nattra. 8. Milités
arcem fidéliter custédivérunt. 9. Britus in castra Caesaris
vénerat. 10. Nihil scire turpissimum est.

II. 1. The king’s physician was bound by Fabricius’
slave. 2. The valor and endurance (/fortitidd) of the
soldiers fortified the city. 38. The Greeks instructed the
Romans in the arts.2 4. Is it enough for a boy to sleep
two hours?* 5. The light and heat of the sun had opened
the flowers. 6. The citadel was very’ carefully guarded by

1 How do you know whether this form is present or perfect ?
2 In the arts and literature. 4 Duas horas.
8 Compare I. 4, § See p. 91, note.

et ae a

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 103

the soldiers. 7. To know many things’ is very useful.
8. To be ignorant of many things is not disgraceful. 9. The
general’s camp” had not been fortified. 10. Did you not
hear the voice of your father?

233. VOCABULARY.
aperio, 4, -ui, -tum, open, disclose. Fabricius, -i, m., Yabricius, a Ro-
ne-scio, 4, know not, be ignorant of. man general.
scio, 4, know, know how. litterae, -arum, F., letters, litera-
venis, 4, veni, ventum, come. ture; often = epistula.

vincio, 4, vinxi, vinctum, bind. lux, licis, r., light, daylight.
medicus, -i, M., physician.

ad, prep. w. acc., to, towards. nox, noctis, F., night. (167. 2.)
ars, artis, F., art. (167. 2.) oct6, num. adj., indecl., evght.
calor, -Gris, M., heat. turpis, -e, adj., base, disgraceful.
7
2354. COLLOQUIUM.

PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.

P. Dé qua ré est pénsum hodiernum?
D. Pénsum hodiernum est iterum dé conjugatione quarta.
P. Heri quartam conjugationem nesciébas ; scisne hodie?
D. Partim scid, modum autem subjunctivum nescio.
partly mood
P. Mox subjunctivum quoque discés.
soon also
D. Estne Gtilius indic&étivum scire quam subjunctivum ?
P. Utrumque débémus scire; indicativus autem saepius
invenitur.
D, Adhie conjugitidnés didici quattuor. Suntne plirés?
thus far
P, Non plirés; sed multa verba sunt andmala.

irregular

1 See 117. eastrorum. What must be the
2 Remember that the Latin number of the verb of which eas-
word for camp is plural, castra, tra is the subject?

104 THIRD CONJUGATION.

GHAPTER Sat crit.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
235. VERBS IN 76.)

Capi6 (stem cape), lake.
PRINCIPAL PARTS: capi6, capére, cépi, captum.

INDICATIVE MOOD,

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRESENT.
IT take, etc. I am taken, eic.
capid capimus capior capimur
capis capitis caperis, or -re capimini
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur
IMPERFECT.

I was taking, etc. I was taken, etc.
capiébam capiébamus capiébar capiébamur
cap iébas capiébatis capiébaris, or-re capiébamini
capiébat capiébant capiébatur cap iébantur

FUTURE.

I shall take, ete. I shall be taken, etc.
capiam capiémus capiar capiémur
capiés cap iétis capiéris,or-re capiémini
capiet capient cap iétur capientur

PERFECT.
cépi, cépisti, cépit, etc. captus sum, es, est, etc.
PLUPERFECT.

céperam, céperas, céperat,etc. captus eram, eras, erat, etc.

FutTuRE PERFECT.

céper6, cép eris, céperit, etc. cap tus er6, eris, exit, etc.

1 Verbs in i6 of the third con- infinitive present. What forms of
jugation are distinguished from capid are like those of audio?
those of the fourth by the active Make a general statement.

AD ~.-'s

=o

THIRD CONJUGATION. 105

SUBJUNCTIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRESENT.
capiam, capias, capiat, etc. cap iar, -idris or -re, -iatur, etc.
IMPERFECT.

caperem, cap erés, cap eret, etc. cap erer, -eréris or -re, -erétur.

PERFECT.

céperim, cép eris, cép erit, etc. cap tus sim, sis, sit, etc.

PLUPERFECT.

cépissem, cépissés, ctpisset, etc. captus essem, essés, esset, etc.

IMPERATIVE.

Pres. cape, take thou. cap ere, be thou taken. j
capite, take ye. capimini, be ye taken.
Fut. capito, thou shalt take, capitor, thou shalt be taken,
etc. ete.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. capere, to take. capt, to be taken.
PrRF. cépisse, to have taken. cap tus esse, to have been taken.
Fur. captiirus esse,tobe about captum iri, fo be about to be
to take. taken.
PARTICIPLE.

PRES. capiéns, taking. ae
Fut. capttirus, about io take. GER. capiendus, to be taken.
a PERF. capt us, having been taken.

GERUND.,
capiendi, of taking,
etc.

SUPINE.
Ac captum, fo take. Ab. captii, to take, to be taken

106 THIRD CONJUGATION.

CHAPTER. Aaya.
THIRD CONJUGATION.

236. VERBS IN id.

Learn all the tenses of the indicative, the present imperative,
and the present and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of capi6.

P37 p EXERCISES.

I. 1. Capiunt, capiébant. 2. Capior, capiébar, capiar.
8. Capimur, capiébamur, capiémur. 4. Capis, caperis.
5. Cépi, captus sum. 6. Cépimus, céperamus, céperimus.
7. Capta sunt, capta erant, capta erunt. 8. Cape, capere.
9. Capere, capi. 10. Cépisse, captus esse.

II. 1. We are taking, we were taking, we shall be
taking. 2. Take, be taken. 3. Thou art taking, thou
wast taking, thou wilt take. 4. You have taken, you had
taken, you will have taken. 5. It is taken, it was taken, it
will be taken. 6. I was taking, I was taken. 7. To take,
to have taken. 8. To be taken, to have been taken. 9. It
(fem.) has been taken, it had been taken, it will have been
taken. 10. We have taken, we have been taken.

—

2.
238. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Tarentini légatis Rom&nodrum injiriam fécérunt.
2. Pyrrhus, Epiri réx, ad Tarentinds vénit. 3. Contra
Pyrrhum missus est Laevinus consul. 4. Pyrrhus elephan-
tis vicit, nam ROmAan6drum equi territi sunt et fugiébant.
5. Nox proeli finem fécit; Laevinus per noctem figit.
6. Multi et fortés R6mani in ptigna interfecti sunt. 7. Capti-
vos Rém4inés summ6 in honGre habuit Pyrrhus. 8. Deinde’

in Campaniam sé recépit. 9. Légati, 4 Rominis missi,?

1 Pronounced de-in’-de. 2 Sent.

.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

honorificeé 4 Pyrrho excepti sunt.

non facta! est.

107

SS.

10. Pax cum Pyrrhd

II. 1. A wrong was done’ to the Romans by the Taren-

tines.
sent the consul Levinus.

2. Against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, the Romans
8. The spies of Pyrrhus were
taken by Leevinus and led through his camp.
Romans did not make peace with King Pyrrhus.

4, The
5. Fabri-

cius saw through the design of the king and was not?

frightened.

6. You will welcome your friend to-day. 7. I
welcome my best friend with great pleasure.®

threw their spears and fled into the woods.
Ceesar either conquer or slay all his enemies?

8. The enemy
9. Did not
10. Finally

he was himself (ipse) slain by Brutus his friend, and others.

239.

ex-cipio, 3, -cépi, -ceptum
[eapid], catch, accept, welcome.
facio,! 3, féci, factum, make, do.
fugio, 3, figi, fugitum, flee.
inter-ficid, 5, -féci, -fectum [fa-
cio], kill, slay. Cf. nec6 (221).
jacio. 3, jéci, jactum, throw.
per-spicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum
[specio], see through, into.
re-cipio, 3, -cépi, -ceptum [cap-
10], take back, get again, receive.
sé recipere, withdraw, retreat.

aut...aut, conj., either... or.

Campania, -ae, F., Campania, a
division of Italy.

contra, prep. w. acc., against.

1 For the passive of facid, see 327.

VOCABULARY.

de-inde, adv., then, next.

dénique, adv., finally.

explorator, -Oris, M., scout, spy.

finis, -is, M., end.

honor, -6ris, M., honor.

honodrificé, adv., honorably.

injuria, -ae, F., wrong, injury.

Laevinus, -i,M., Levinus,a Roman.

légatus, -i, M., ambassador, lieu-
tenant.

per, prep. w. acc., through.

proelium, -i, wn., battle.
pugna (i102).

summus, -a, -um (sup. of supe-
rus), adj., highest.

Tarentinus, -i, M., an inhabitant
of Tarentum, a Tarentine.

Cf.

2 And... not, neque.

3 See 144, 1435.

108 REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

CHAPTER 2x V.-4:
REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

240, EXERCISES,

I. 1. Am&imus, monémus, regimus, audimus. 2. Laudant,
délent, agunt, custddiunt. 3. Ornibam, délébam, vincé-
bam, muniébam. 4. Cantiavisti, habuisti, posuisti, vinxisti.
5. Mutaverunt, tenuérunt, égérunt, cépérunt, minivérunt.
6. Portaveratis, déléveratis, praebueratis, dixerdtis, dormi-
veratis.

II. 1. Fugatur, terrétur, ponitur, vincitur. 2. Servabe-
ris, tenéberis, mittére, vestiére. 38. Laudati sumus, pro-
hibiti sumus, ducti sumus, éruditi sumus. 4. Orndre, monére,
trahere, punire. 5. Amari, docéri, contemni, jaci, aperiri.
6. AmAatae sunt, monitae sunt, exceptae sunt, auditae sunt.

III. 1. Dormite, superate, facite, vincite, vincite, prae-
béte. 2. Vulneravisse, jécisse, vénisse, docuisse, flixisse.
3. Recipimur, spectamur, agimur, vestimur, docémur. 4. Do-
cébitis, piniétis, trahétis, fugiétis, creabitis. 5. Misit, habuit,
armavit, jécit, fagit. 6. Vincimini, vituperdmini, terrémini-
vincimini, capimint.

2.
241. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Thou lovest, thou advisest, thou rulest, thou hear-
est. 2. I shall praise, I shall destroy, I shall drive, I shall
cuard. 38. You were adorning, you were seeing, you were
conquering, you were fortifying. 4. We have sung, we have
had, we have placed, we have bound. 5. You have changed,
you have held, you have driven, you have taken, you have
fortified. 6. I had carried, I had destroyed, I had furnished,
I had led, I had slept.

|

REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 109

II. 1. We are put to flight, we are frightened, we are
placed, we are bound. 2. He will be saved, he will be held,
he will be sent, he will be clothed. 38. They have been
praised, they have been prevented, they have been led, they
have been instructed. 4. They will be adorned, they will
be advised, they will be drawn, they will be punished.
5. To be loved, to be taught, to be despised, to be thrown,
to be opened. 6. Thou hast been loved, thou hast been ad-
vised, thou hast been welcomed, thou hast been heard.

III. 1. Sleep, surpass, do (fac), bind, conquer, furnish.
2. To wound, to throw, to come, to teach, to flow. 3. They
are received, they are witnessed, they are driven, they are
clothed, they are taught. 4. I shall teach, I shall punish,
I shall draw, I shall flee, I shall create. 5. They have
sent, they have had, they have armed, they have thrown,
they have fled. 6. Thou art conquered, thou art blamed,
thou art frightened, thou art bound, thou art taken.

3.
242. COLLOQUIUM.
JAcOBUS ET AUGUSTUS.
J. Dénique ad finem pénsi pervénimus; quid jam in-
finally end now
cipiémus ?
begin
A. Ta quidquid vidébitur incipiés: ego incipiam nihil.
you whatever seems good

J. Quaré? esne défessus?
why

A. Certé, admodum défessus; pénsum recdgndscendum
certainly downright review
mé quidem paene finivit.
atleast almost

J. Mox recreadberis, st mécum ad natandum veniés,
soon will be rested with me swim

110 FOURTH DECLENSION.

A. Profectd técum veniam, nam natiére mihi est jiicun-

surely with you for
dissimum et semper et praecipué cum,
both especially when

‘¢ Sole sub ardentit resonant arbusta cicadis.”
under glowing resound groves the cicadae

J. Quam lauté poétam aliquem laudas!

how elegantly some quote
A. Hune Vergili versiculum mé docuit praeceptor.
this Vergil line
——0;aj0e—

CH APT Erde, Js x oCy TI... d
FOURTH DECLENSION.

243. The stem ends in wz.

244. RULE OF GENDER. — Nouns in ws are mascu-
line; those in @ are neuter.

1. The following nouns, and a few others, are feminine: acus,
needle; Gomus, house; Idiis (plur.), /des; manus, hand; porti-
cus, portico; tribus, tribe.

245. PARADIGMS.
Gradus, M., step. Geni, Nn., knee.
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.
N.V. gradus eradtis gent genua
G. gradits erad uum gents genuum
D. gradui (ti) gradibus genti genibus
Ac. gradum grad tis gent genua
Ab. gradi gradibus gent genibus
MASC. TERMINATIONS. NEUT.
Wey. Us tis a ua
o> as uum iis uum
5 A) ibus (ubus) a ibus (ubus)
AG. Um iis ua

a
Ab. @ ibus (ubus) ii ibus (ubus)

4

FOURTH DECLENSION. FEL

246. The fourth declension is a modification of the third.
Thus, gradiis is for graduis, gradum for graduem, gradi for
gradue, etc.

247. Artus, joint, partus, dirih, tribus, tribe, sometimes por-
tus, harbor, veri, a spit; also dissyllables in cus, have the termination
ubus in the dative and ablative plural.

248. Domus, house, has also forms of the second declension.
See special paradigms, 262.

249. Decline together domus mea, my house; exercitus
magnus, large army; Idts Martiae, Jdes of March.

2.
250. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Vére adventus avium hominibus est jicundissimus.
2. Sénsis avium Acrés sunt, mdttis celerés. 38. In lacubus
et in palidibus magna avium est multitidd. 4. Avés

-multae in porticibus altis domicilium habent. 5. Quercus

Jovi sacra erat. 6. Querciis frons est victoris 6rnamen-
tum. 7. Consulatus erat Romandrum magistratus amplus.
8. Salis civitatis in manibus cOnsulum erat. 9. Consulés
exercituum erant imperatorés. 10. Erant in portibus navés?
longae.

II. 1. The enemy (plur.) were conquered on the arrival?
of Cesar. 2. Many animals fight with their horns. 38. Many
lakes are seen inthe Alps. 4. The ancients honored the oak
(as) the tree® of Jupiter. 5. The songs of birds are heard
among the oaks. 6. In ancient times men fought with
bows and arrows. 7. The consulship of Cicero was very
renowned. 8. Czesar came into Italy with a large army.
9. The arrival of the army freed the citizens from fear.*
10. Between school and home we take (make) many steps.

1 Navés longae, ships of war. 3 Predicate accusative.
2 See 1386. # See 128, 129, 130.

112 FIFTH DECLENSION.
251. VOCABULARY.
adventus, -ts, m. [advenid], paliis, -tidis, F., swamp, marsh.

arrival, approach,
arcus, -Us, M., bow.
cantus, -US, M., song.
consulatus, -is, M. [cOusul], con-

[sulship.

portus, -ts, M., harbor.
quercus, -tis, F., ovk. (11. 4.)
s€nsus, -Us, M. [sentio], sense,

Jeeling.

corni, -is, N., horn.

exercitus, -Us, M.
army.

lacus, -tis, M., lake.

magistratus, -iis, Mm. [magistcr],

amplus, -a, -um, adj., great, re-
[exerced], nowned, honorable.
domicilium, -i, N., home. (79.)
frons, frondis, r., chaplet of leaves.
Jippiter, Jovis, m., Jupiter, the

supreme god. (262.)

sagitta, -ae, F., arrow.
salus, -iitis, r., safety.
schola, -ae, F., school.
victor, -Gris, M.[vinco ], conqueror.

office, mayistrate.

manus, -ts, F., hand.

metus, -lis, M., fear.

moOtus, -iis, M. [moved], move-
ment, motion. :

——20:@300—

GIA PTER: 2OoOeVvit 4.
FIFTH DECLENSION.

252. The stem ends in €.

253. RULE or GENDER.—WNouns of the fifth de-
clension are feminine, except diés, day, which is
commonly masculine in the singular, and always in
the plural.

254. PARADIGMS.
Diés, day. Rés, thing, affair. TERMINATIONS.
SING. PLUR. SING PLUR. SING. PLUR.
N.Y. diés diés rés rés és és
G. diéi diérum rei Srum éi érum
D. = diéi diébus rei éI ébus
Ac. diem diés ren em és
Ab, dié diébus ré 3 é ébus

255. Only diés and rés a’ A few

other nouns have nominative a

in the plural.
fe plural.

ae we kt One,

FIFTH DECLENSION. Its

256. Decline together rés piiblica, state; in sing., bona fidés,
good faith; magna spés, great hope; diés quintus, fifth day.

257. EXERCISES.

I. 1. In omnibus rébus certus drdd est. - 2. Domina |
rerum himdnadrum est fortuna. 38. Tertio di@ cdnsul in
urbem veniet. 4. Dux exercitum in plinitiem dixit. 5. Ibi
aciem Instrixit et hostes exspectabat. 6. Magnam victoriae
spem habuit. 7. Nam maéximae erant militum fidés et vir- |
tis. 8. Pro saliite rel publicae pugnabant. 9. Posterd dié
hostés in pignam procésserunt. 10. Ad diei finem victi
sunt et fugati.

II. 1. God is the creator of all things. 2. The com-
monwealth is dear to all good citizens. 3. In all human
affairs there is much uncertainty.’ 4. The army was mar-
shalled in a large plain. 95. The enemy advanced against?
the Romans’ line of battle. 6. The general praised the
soldiers for® their’ fidelity. 7. In the line of battle were
many foot-soldiers. 8. They had great hopes of victory.
9. In° a few days the arrangement of things will be changed.
10. The consul gave a pledge to the state.

258. VOCABULARY.
aciés, -éi, F., line of battle. in-certus, -a, -um, adj., uncertain.
fidés, -€i, F., faith, fidelity, pledge. in-strud, 8, -strixi, -structum,
planitiés, -éi, F., plain, draw up, marshal.
rés publica, F., commonwealth, Ord, -inis, M., order, arrangement.
spés, spei, F., hope. [state. paucus,® -a, -um, adj., few, litile.

carus, -a, -um, adj.,dear, precious. pedes, -itis, m. [pés], foot-soldier.
certus, -a,-um, adj., fired,certain. posterus, -a, -um, adj., following,

_ creator, -Oris, M., creator. next.
domina, -ae, F., mistress. pro, prep. w. abl., for, in behalf of.
ex-specto, 1, await, expect. pro-cédo, 3, -céssi, -céssum, ad-
himanus, -a, -am, adj., human. vance,
1 Many things are uncertain. 4 Omit.
2 In with accusative. 5 See 185, 136.
8 Dé with ablative. 6 Mostly used in the plural.

114 FIFTH DECLENSION.

259. Examine the following :—

1. Claudus alter6 pede, lame in one foot.
' 2, Moribus similés, similar in character.
3. Virttite praecédunt, they excel in courage.
4. Numero ad duodecim, about twelve in number.

Observe that the ablatives pede, mGribus, virtite, and numerd,
answer the question in what respect? ‘This ablative is called the
Ablative of Specification.

260. RULE OF SYNTAX. — The ablative is used to
denote that in respect to which anything is said to
be, or to be done.

A.
261. COLLOQUIUM.
PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.
P. Omnium déclinatisnum quae est difficillima?
which

D. Tertia mihi vidétur difficillima.
P. Quaré ita cénsés ?

why think
D. Varietatis causa terminatidnum in nominative singulari.

variety on account

Genus quoque est mihi molestissimum, praesertim nominum

gender also especially nouns
in is désinentium.
ending

P. Tenésne memoria quae nomina pliralem genetivum in

tum habeant?
have

D. Primum némina in ts et és désinentia, sI in genetivd
first

singuliri non créscunt; ut hostis et nubés.
Deinde monosyllaba in s vel x désinentia, si ante s et x
stat cOnsonans; ut wrbs et ara.

consonant
Tum nomina in ns et 7s désinentia; ut cliéns et cohors.

Dénique neutra in e, al, ar désinentia; ut mare, animal,
neuters

calcar.

SPECIAL PARADIGMS.

115

P. Optimé, mi puer; bene studuistI et bene memoria

you may

Jam tibi licet Ire ad ladendum.

play

——0;9300—

CHARTER VS MIiIl. 4.
SPECIAL PARADIGMS.

tenés.
262.
Var, M.,
man.
N.V. vir
G. virl
DD. ~ vir6
Ac. virum
Ab. vir6
N.V. viri
G. vir6rum
D.—-yir Is
Ac. vir6és
Ab. viris
Iter, N.,

way.

N.V. iter

G. itineris
D. itineri
Ac. iter

Ab. itinere

N.Y. itinera

G. itinerum
D. itineribus
Ac. itinera
Ab. itineribus

Wis, ¥., Deus, M.,
strength. god.
SINGULAR.
vis deus
vis! dei
vil des
vim deum
vI ded
PLURAL.
vir és del, dil, di
virium deGrum, detim
viribus deis, diis, dis
vir és de ds
viribus deis, diis, dis
Juppiter, BGs, M. & F.,
Jupiter. OL, COW.
SINGULAR.
Juppiter - bos
Jovis bovis
Jovi bovi
Jovem bovem
Jove bove
PLURAL.
bov és

boy um, boum
bob us, bubus

bov és

bob us, bubus

Senex, M.,
old man. |

senex

sen is

seni

senem

sene A

sen és
senum
senibus
sen és
senibus

Domus, F.,
house.

domus
dom itis
dom ui, 6
domum

dom6, i

domits

dom uum, 6rum
domibus

dom 6s, tis
domibus

1 The genitive and dative singular are rare.

116

FOR TRANSLATION.

263.

FOR TRANSLATION.

PROSERPINA IS CARRIED OFF BY PLUTO.

[Review 199 and 215.]

Dum Proserpina luco
Ludit, et aut violas aut candida lilia carpit,
Dumque puellari studio’ calathosque’ sinumque?
Implet, et aequales® certat superare legendo,'
Paeue simul visa est dilectaque’ raptaque® Diti.

Her CHANCE OF RETURN IS LOST.

Dixerat.* At Cereri certum est’ educere” natam.”
Non ita fata sinunt, quoniam jejunia virgo
Solverat et, cultis'’? dum simplex errat® in hortis,
Poeniceum™ curva” decerpserat arbore pomum,
Sumptaque callenti septem de cortice grana
Presserat’® ore suo: solusque ex omnibus iliud

Ascalaphus vidit....

Vidit, et indicio reditum crudelis ademit.

1 Puellari studid = puellari
cum studio. See 144 and 145.

2 Que... que, both... and.

3 Aequalés = comités.

4 Legendo, in gathering (flowers).

® Dilecta, from diligo.

6 Rapta, from rapid. With
dilecta and rapta supply est.

’ Diti. Translate as if, instead
of the dative, it were a Dite.

8 Dixerat, 7.c. Jappiter.

9 Cereri certum est, to Ceres it
ts determined = Ceres is resolved,

10 Kdiicere, that is, from the
lower world.

11 Natam = filiam.

12 Cultis, with hortis.

13 Krrat. Translate as if it
were errabat. The present is
very often used after dum, refer-
ring to past time. So ladit, 1. 2.

14 Poeniceum, with pOmum.

19 Curva, bending. The tree is
loaded with fruit.

16 Presserat, from premo.

PRONOUNS.

117

CHAPTER. <a. 4.

PRONOUNS.

Pronouns may be divided into eight classes, and
arranged in three groups:

1. Personal.

t, 2 Beflexive. Mall.
3. Possessive.

4. Determinative.
(5. Demonstrative.

7. Interrogative.

6. Relative.
DEL.
8. Indefinite.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

PLURAL.

nos, we.

nostrum, or nostri, of us.
nobis, to, for us.

nos, us.

264. PARADIGMS.
First PERSON.
Eg6, I.

SINGULAR.

N. eg, J.

G. mel, of me.

D. mihi (mi), to, for me.

Ac. m6, me.

Ab. (a) mé, by me.

hE OR

Ac.
Ab.

(a) nobis, by us.

SECOND PERSON.

Ti, thou.

ti, thou.
tul, of thee.
tibi, to, for thee.

. té, thee.
. (a) té, by thee.

VOS, you, ye.

vestrum, or vestri, of you.
v6bis, to, for you.

vos, you.

(4) vobis, by you.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.
Sul, of himself, etc.

SINGULAR.

sul, of himself, herself, itself.

sibi, to, for himself, etc.
sé (SESE), himself, etc.

(A) sé (sés6é), by himself, etc.

PLURAL.

sul, of themselves.

sibi, to, for themselves.

sé (sésé), themselves.

(a) sé (sés6), by themselves.

118 PRONOUNS.

265, 1. The personal pronoun of the third person is is,*ea, id,
he, she, it. But when reference is made in the oblique cases to the
subject of the sentence, the reflexive sui is used: Omnés hominés
sé (or sésé) amant, all men love themselves.

2. The nominatives of the personal pronouns are much less fre-
quently used in Latin than their equivalents in English. Why is
this? In general, they are used only for emphasis or contrast:
Ego sum aegrotus, ti valés, [J am sick, you are well.

3. With me, with you,”
expect, by cum mé, cum té, etc., but always by mécum, técum,
sécum, ndbiscum, v6biscum. So quibuscum (279).

4. The personal pronouns of the first and second person are
often used with reflexive sense: Ti té amas, thou lovest thyself;
ego mihi noceé, I do harm to myself.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

266. Possessive adjective pronouns are formed from the stems
of personal and reflexive pronouns:

meus, -a, -um, my, mine suus, -a, -um, his, her, tts, their (own).
(voc. sing. masc. m1). noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours.
tuus, -a, -um, thy, thine; vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours.
your, yours.
oe
267. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Pater mé amat et patrem ego amd. 2. Ti quoque
patrem meum amas. 3. Patrem tuum ego quoque amo.
4. Puella nimium sé culpat. 5. Filium tuum amamus nds
omnés. 6. Vos (acc.) agitatis. 7. Non ut alil nds (acc.)
vidémus. 8. Britus sé sud gladid perfodit. 9. Nos sumus
miseri, beati estis vos. 10. Sine té et técum pariter sumus
miseril. 11. Mécum eris miserrimus. 12. Dé té erat mea
orati6. 13. V6biscum tristis ero nunquam. 14. Mihi mea
vita, tibi tua est cara. 15. Amicus noster est memor vestri.

II. 1. Thy mother is dear to thee, mine to me. 2. All
your plans are known to us. 38. The boy loves himself too
much. 4, The burden will be carried by me, by you, by us,

etc., are not expressed, as you would.

a re

PRONOUNS. 119

by thee. 5. With you and without you we shall be equally
happy. 6. Thee I love, but not thy dog. 7. O, howI shall
miss you, my friend! 8. We’ are poor, you’ arerich. 9. Our

life is very short.
him (self).
268.

agito, 1 [agd, put an motion], dis-
turb, vex, chase.

beatus, -a, -um, adj., happy.

culpo, 1 [culpa], blame, censure,
reproach.

désiderd, 1, desire, long for, miss

ligneus, -a, -um, adj. [lignum,
wood], of wood, wooden.

nimium, adv., too, too much.

notus, -a, -um, adj., known.

269.

10. The boy carried a wooden cup with

VOCABULARY.

onus, -eris, N., burden
Gratio, -Onis, F. [6rd], speech,
talk, address.
pariter, ady. | par, equal], equally.
pauper, -eris, adj., poor. (167.3.)
per-fodio, 5, -f0di, -fOssum, dig
through, stab, pierce.
quoque, conj., also, too.
sine, prep. w. abl., without
ut, adv and conj., as.

COLLOQUIUM.

FRATER ET SORORCULA.

F. Age, sororcula mea, si tibi placet, ambulabimus.

come little sister

S. Quo est tibi in animd, care frater, ambulare?

whither
in agros?

walk
Nonne

fF. Ita est, in agrés et in umbra silvarum.

yes

shade

S. Libenter técum ambulé, tamen...

but

F. Quid? ctr tantum dubitas, si, ut dicis, mécum ambulas

gladly
A s0 much
libenter ?
S. Noli mé ridére.
don’t laugh at

93

anguis in herba,
Ff’. Noli metuere.

hesitate

Metuo angués.

‘¢ Frigidus latet
shakes cold lurks

ut cantat Vergilius.

Veni; ubi fraga matira sunt repperi.
where strawberries ripe

are have found.

S. O quam suave! In mé non jam est mora.

delightful.

1 Why should the pronouns be expressed in Latin?

now delay

DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS.

CHAPTER 22b2
DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS.

270. PARADIGMS: Is, idem, ipse.
Is, that, this; also, he, she, it.
SINGULAR, PLURAL.
N.:is ea id ei, ii eae ea
G. éjus éjus éjus eorum earum eorum
D. eI el el eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis
Ac. eum eam id eds eas ea
Ab. 26 ea eo eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis
Idem, same.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
4 ae eidem
N. idem eadem idem ; cf eaedem eadem
iidem
G. éjusdem éjusdem éjusdem edrundem earundem e6rundem
» 2 = eisdem eisdem isdem
D. eidem eidem eidem . oa es
iisdem iisdem lisdem
Ac.eundem eandem idem eOsdem easdem eadem
i : = eisdem eisdem eisdem
Ab.e6dem e&adem eddem ; ie ie i
lisdem iisdem iisdem
Ipse, self (himself, etc.).
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
G. ipsIus ipsius ipsius ipsoOrum ipsarum ipsdorum
D.. apsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
Ac. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
Ab. ipss6 ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

1. Determinative pronouns, like adjectives, agree with nouns

expressed or understood ; Idem and ipse also with pronouns.
’

2. Is is very often used as a personal pronoun, meaning he, she,

it, they.
2

isdem ;

eorundem, etc., for eOGramdem, etc.

Also as the antecedent of qui, who, is qui, he who.
3. Idem is compounded of is and the suffix dem. Idem is for
idem for iddem; eundem, etc., for eumdem, etc;

DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS. 11

4. Ipse, self (intensive) is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun
expressed or understood, and must be distinguished from 86, self
(reflexive) :

(1) Homo ipse veniet, the man himself (and not another) will come.

(2) Hominem ipsum vidi, / saw the man himself.

(5) Homo sé culpat nimium, the man blames himself too much.

(4) Miles fratrem, dein sé ipsum interfécit, the soldier killed

his brother, then himself.

5. How do we indicate in English in speech, and how in writing,
when we use self (himself, etc.) whether we intend the intensive or
the reflexive self?

6. Ipse may be variously translated: ipse féci, J mysELF did
it, I did it ALONE, I did it OF MY OWN ACCORD.

271. Decline together is homo, that man; ea navis, that ship ;
id bellum, that war, Idem diés, the same day; eadem manus, the
same hand; idem onus, the same burden; vir ipse, the man himself.

ee
272. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Cicerd est scriptor élegantissimus ; éjus librés legi-

mus. 2. Fidum amicum habed; eum ego magis quam tt
amas. 3. Eum magis quam té amo. 4. NOn semper eundem
hominem laudamus. 5. Magister ipse te laudabit. 6. Sunt
sex partés orbis terrarum ; maxima earum est Asia. 7. For-
tina nune mihi,’ nunc ei! favet. 8. Interdum amicis? ipsis,
interdum inimicis! nocet. 9. Semper idem erat Sdcratis
vultus. 10. In eddem speci habitabant Androclus et led.

II. 1. Sallust is an elegant author; have you read his
writings? 2. I have not read those, but Cicero’s. 3. For-
tune favored now you,” now them.” 4. Even (ipse) your own
friend will blame you. 5. The minds of men are not always
the same. 6. We were sailing® with you in the same ship.
7. He gave me the book of his own accord.* 8. The master

1 Indirect object, though trans- 2 Dative. Cf. I. 7.
lated as a direct object. See 343. 8 Use passive of veho.
# See 270. 6.

122

DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS.

offers the same rewards to the boys.

9. The same rewards

are offered by the master himself.

273.

Androclus, -i, M., Androclus.

auctor, -oris, Mm. [auged, increase],
maker, author.

élegans, -ntis, adj., choice, elegant.

faved, 2, favi, fautum, le favor-
able to, befriend (with dat.).

interdum, adv., sometimes.

mé€ns, mentis, F., mind, purpose.

noced, 2, nocui, nocitum, do
harm to, hurt, injure (with dat.).

orbis, -is, M., circle.

orbis terrarum, the earth, the world.

VOCABULARY.

Sallustius, -i, m., Sallust, a his-
torian. (79.)

scriptor, -Oris, M. [scribo], writer,
author.

scriptum, -i, N. [scribo], writing,
written work.

sex, num. adj., indecl., siz.

specus, -US, M., cave.

suaviter, adv. [suavis], sweetly,
delightfully.

vultus, -iis, M., countenance, fea-
tures, looks.

animus (161), mind, soul, heart; the general word for mind.
méns, mind, as that which thinks, intellect ; more limited in meaning.

3.

COLLOQUIUM.

274. Translate into Latin:

BROTHER AND LITTLE SIsTER. — Continued.

Bannan es

baskets. Isn’t it jolly?”

1 Let us carry, portémus.
2 Duas. See Sil. 4.

3 Corbula, -ae.
4 Ecce.

S Ardéns.

8 Admodum.

5 Jam,
7 Frigidus.
9 Molestus.

Let us carry! with us two? little-baskets.®
See! I have them in my hand already.’

The sun is hot,® but there is a cool’ breeze.
Oh, how the trees and fiowers delight me!

To stay in the house is downright® stupid.®
Yes, indeed,” and I don’t mean to any more.”
. Here are” the strawberries.

Now we will fill our

10 Yes, indeed, ista sunt, those
things are (true).

11 Neither is it un mind to me more.
See 269, 1. 2.

12 Here are= €n! or eece?

13 suavissimum.

275.
N. hic
G. hijus
D. huic
Ac. hunc
Ab. héc
N. iste
G. istius
D. isti
Ac. istum
Ab. ist6
N. ille
G. illtus
Deol
Ac. illum
Ab. il16

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

CHAPTER 2b +
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

PARADIGMS: Hic, iste, ille.

Hic, this (near), this of mine.

SINGULAR.

haec
hijus
huic
hanc
hac

ista
istius
isti
istam
ista

illa
illius
illi
illam
illa

hdc
hijus
huic
hdc
hGe

hi
horum
his
hos
his

Iste, that, that of yours.

istud
istius
isti
istud
isto

isti
istO6rum
istis
ist6s
istis

Ille, that (yonder).

illud
illius
illi
illud
ilid

illi
illorum
illis
ill6s
illis

PLURAL.
hae
harum
his
has
his

istae
istarum
istis
istas
istis

illae
illarum
illis
illas
illis

123

haec
horum
his
haec
his

ista
istOrum
istis
ista
istis

illa
illo6rum
illis
illa
illis

1. Hic is used of that which is near the speaker in place, time,
or thought, and hence is called the Demonstrative of the First Per-
son: Hic equus, this horse (near me, or belonging to me).

2. Iste is used of that which has some relation to the person
addressed, and hence is called the Demonstrative of the Second
Person: Iste equus, that horse (near you, or belonging to you).

3. Ille is used of that which is relatively remote from the
speaker, or person addressed, in place, time, or thought, and hence is
called the Demonstrative of the Third Person: Ille equus, that
horse (yonder).

4. Tlle often means that well-known, that famous.

.

124 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

5. Hic and ille are sometimes used in contrast: Hic, the latter ;
ille, the former.

6. Is, as a determinative pronoun, sometimes approaches hic in
meaning, sometimes ille. Hence it is to be translated this or that,
according to the connection.

276. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Illtus hominis filium laudaibant omnés. 2. Iste canis
semper latrat. 3. Htjus scholae semper memores erimus.
4. Dab6 tibi illud carmen pulcherrimum. 5. Illi lapidés
dari sunt. 6. Multi viri divités in hac urbe habitant. 7. Va-
ril sunt colorés hijus fldris. 8. Nomen illius poétae est cla-
rissimum. 9. Harum avium cantus nos délectat. (0. Ista
tua studia am6 et laud6. 11. Has terras silvis pulcherrimis

~~ . eye oe sac a
ornaévit Deus. 12. Illud ducis cdnsilium nobis itile fuit.

II. 1. These mountainsare very'high. 2. I shall always
be mindful of that friend of yours.” 38. This thing will be
hurtful to you. 4. Demosthenes and Cicero were famous?®
orators; the former? was a Greek, the latter* a Roman.
5. The citizens of yonder city are most wretched. 6. The
air in these mountains is lighter than in those valleys. 7. He
“gave me this pretty bird. 8. That old farmer’s wine is good.
9. I have read that book of yours. 10. That book of yours
has been read by me, by you, by us, by us ourselves.

2.

Ag fy ( EXERCISES.

I. 1. Hannibal, clirissimus ille imperator, Alpés montés
superavit. 2. Militum animos hac Oratione firmavit. 3. Vi-
détis, milités fortissimi, Italiam illam. 4. Illud est domi-
cilium hostium nostrérum. 5. Galli, incolae harum regionum,
socil amicique nostri erunt. 6. Hi ndbis omnés res neces-
sirias praebébunt. 7. Hi erunt hostés illorum Romanorur

1 See p. 91, note. 8 Superlative.
2 That of yours = iste. * See 275. 5.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

improborum.

125

8. Roma illa praeda vestra erit. 9. V6s

ips] expigndvistis Saguntum, oppidum illud firmissimum.
10. Has Alpés, ills Pyrénaeds montés superavistis; R6-

manos mox vincéetis.

II. 1. Hannibal increased the courage of the soldiers by
these words. 2. Again, soldiers, haveCyou defeated those

famous Romans.
given us the victory.

3. The gods and your own courage have
4, This fair Italy will soon be ours.
5. Rome itself, that proud city, will be taken.

6. Those

arms of yours will be stained with the best blood of Rome.

7. Those famous legions have been defeated.
9. Those fierce enemies of the

with me yonder mountains.

Romans, the Samnites, will welcome us.
Forward !}

be the reward of valor.

278.

aeér, aeris, M., air.
cantus, -Us, M., singing, song.
délecto, 1, delight.
Démosthenes, -is, m., Demosthe-
nes, an Athenian orator.
divés, -itis, adj., rich. (167. 3.)
do, dare, dédi, datum, give.
ex-pugno, 1, take by storm, take.
firmo, 1 [firmus], make firm or
steadfast, fortify, strengthen.
firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, firm.
improbus, -a, -um, adj., bad.
iterum, ady., a second time, again.
latro, 1, bark, bark at.

8. Cross

10. Rome shall

VOCABULARY.

legid, -dnis, F., legion.
maculd, 1, stain.
mox, adv., soon. [sary.
necessarius, -a, -um, adj., neces-
praeda, -ae, F., booty, spoil.
Saguntum, -i, n., Saguntum, town
in Spain.
Samnis, -itis, M. & F., a Samnite.
sanguis, -inis, M., blood.
Silva, -ae, F., wood, forest.
socius, -i, M., ally, associate.
superbus, -a, -um, adj., proud.
tenuis, -e, adj., thin, light.
transcendo, 3, -i, -sum,

cantus, song, melody, whether of the voice of man, of bird

musical instruments.

carmen, song, as melody, and also in a wider
reference to the composition.

1 Procédite.
2 It must not be supposed that

sense; often with
Hence, a poem .

distinctions in synonym@is werds
are always observed in usage.

126 PRONOUNS.

CHAPTER Eri. 1.
PRONOUNS: RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND

INDEFINITE.
279. PARADIGMS: Qui, quis, aliquis.
RELATIVE: Qui, who, which, that.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
No gut quae quod qui quae quae
G. ctjus cijus cijus quérum quarum gqudrum
i Cui cul cui quibus quibus quibus
Ac. quem quam quod quoés quas quae
Ab. quo qua qué quibus quibus quibus

INTERROGATIVE
N. quis quae quid
G. cijus cijus cijus
Da vcul cul cui
Ac. quem quam _= quid
Ab. qué qua qué

: Quis, who, which, what ?

qui
quorum
quibus
quoés
quibus

quae quae
quarum quorum
quibus quibus
quas quae
quibus quibus

INDEFINITE: Aliquis, some one, some, any one.

N. aliquis
G. alicijus
D. alicui
Ac. aliquem
Ab. aliqusé
NN aliqui

G. aliquérum
D. aliquibus
Ac. aliqu6s

Ab. aliquibus

SINGULAR.
aliqua
alicijus
alicul
aliquam
aliqua

PLURAL.
aliquae
aliquarum
aliquibus
aliquas
aliquibus

aliquid or -quod
alictijus

alicui

aliquid or -quod
aliquo

aliqua
aliqu6érum
aliquibus
aliqua
aliquibus

1. Observe the feminine nominative singular, and the neuter
nominative plural of aliquis, and compare them with correspond-

ing forms of quis.

PRONOUNS. 127

2. Aliquis is used adjectively in the neuter form aliquod, and
sometimes in the masculine and feminine forms. The same is
true of quidam and quisque (4).

8. Besides the interrogative quis and its compounds, there is
an interrogative adjective qui (which, what?) declined like the
relative qui.

4, Besides aliquis, the most important indefinites are:

quidam quaedam quiddam,or quoddam, certain one, certain.
quisquam (wanting) quidquam, any one (at all), no plural.
quisque quaeque quidque, or quodque, each one, every.

5. Quidam, quisquam, and quisque are declined like the
simple pronouns. Quidam changes m to n before d; quendam,
etc., qu6rundam, etc.

6. Aliquis, some one, any one (without emphasis); quisquam,
any one at all (emphatic), also in negative and _ interrogative
sentences. Quis after si, nisi, né, and num, is indefinite, any one.-

7. Aliquis means some man, I don’t know who; quidam, a
certain man, whom I know, but don’t mean to describe.

280. Examine the following : —

1. Puer qui vénit, the boy who came.

2. Puella quae vénit, the girl who came.

3. Libri quos legis, the books which you read.

4, Puellae quas vidisti, the girls whom you saw.

Compare the relative in each of the above examples with the
noun to which it refers (called the antecedent) in respect, first to
gender, and then to number.

Look now at the case of the relative in each of the examples,
and compare the English with the Latin. Plainly, the case of the
relative has nothing to do with that of the antecedent. It may be
the same or different.

281. RULE or SynTax.!—A relative pronoun
agrees with its antecedent in gender and number.

1 As the person of the antece- say “the relative agrees with its
dent has no effect on the relative, antecedent in gender, number, and
it is wrong, though customary, to person.”

128 PRONOUNS.

282. Haamine the following : —
1. Ego qui véni, J who came.
2. V6s qui vénistis, you who came.

Observe now the person and number of the verb in these two
examples, and in the first two given in 280.

283. RULE OF SYNTAX.—- The verb of which a
relative pronoun is the subject agrees in person and
number with the antecedent of the relative.

2.
284. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Quis forum Rémandrum réstris érnavit? 2. Gajus
Duilius, qui maignam praedam 4 Carthaginiénsibus reporta-
vit. 3. Quae amicitia potest esse'inter improbds? 4. Quis
clarior fuit in Graecié Themistocle?? 5. Quem timés in
mei domd? 6. Quae animalia sunt celerrima et ferdcis-
sima? 7. Omne animal quod sanguinem habet cor habet.
8. Divités sunt ii qui suis rébus contenti sunt. 9. Erant
qudque® ann6d duo consulés in civitite Romina. 10. Sunt
animalia quaedam in quibus est aliquid simile ratidni.

II. 1. What have you in your hand? 2. By whom was
the Roman forum adorned with the prows of ships? 3. We
see the general whom you praise. 4. He is rich who is con-
tented. 5. He will be praised whose* courage saved our
country. 6. We love those whose manners are pleasing.
7. The boy has something in his hand. 8. Certain labors
are pleasant to us. 9. We are the same® to-day that® we
were yesterday. 10. What things are brought to us from
Africa?

1 Potest esse, can be. * Of whom.
2 See 212. 5 The same.. that, or same..-
8 Ablative of quisque. as, idem... qui.

PRONOUNS. 129

3.
285. EXERCISES.

Before trying to do the following exercises, review the declen-
sion of irregular adjectives (200, 201), and write out the declension
of quidam, quisquam, and quisque.

I. 1. Est quisquam tibi cirior quam parentés tui? 2. Pro-
pril liberi carissimi cuique sunt. 3. rant duo filil Rhéae
Silviae, quorum alteri erat nOmen Romulus, alter! Rémus ;
uterque fortis erat. 4. Estne in allo animali major priden-
tha quam in cane? 5. Vidésne illa duo sidera? utrius lax
clarior est? 6. Virtis eOrum qui patriam nostram servavérunt
semper laudabitur. 7. In istis arboribus quae hortum 6rnant
avés variae cantant. 8. Risus alidrum saepe causa Irae nos-
trae est. 9. Nillum malum sine aliqué bond est. 10. Némé
nostrum idem est in senectite qui! fuit in juventite. 11. Ur-
bés illae, quarum gloria magna est, 4 militibus nostris expu-
gnatae sunt.

II. 1. All animals that have blood have hearts. 2. We
shall be the same’ to-morrow as' we are to-day. 3. Is any?
animal more sagacious than the elephant?? 4. We have
five fingers on each hand. 5. Those have hope who have
nothing else.* 6. Many men build houses which they will
never inhabit. 7. The moon sends upon the earth the light
which she has received from the sun. 8. Cornelia had two
‘sons, both of whom? were killed. 9. Hector, by whose
bravery many Greeks were slain, was himself killed. 10. Will
not some friend relieve me of this burden? ®

286. VOCABULARY.
accipio, 3, -cépi, -ceptum {ad- Carthaginiénsis, -e, adj. [Carth-
capio], take to, receive, accept. ag0], of Carthage, Carthaginian.

bonum, -i, N., good thing, blessing. clarus, -a, -um, Lright, famous.

1 See p. 128, note 5. 8 See 211, 212. 5 Of whom each.
2 See I. 4. * Aliud. ¢ See 128, 129.

130

contentus, -a, -um, adj., contented.

cor, cordis, N., heart.

cras, adv., to-morrow.

digitus, -i, M., finger.

duc, -ae, -0, num. adj., two (811. 4).

ex-pignd, | [pigna],take,capture.

forum, -i, N., market-place, forum.

Gajus Duilius, -i, M.,
Duilius.

Hector, -oris, M., Hector, chief of
the Trojan heroes.

heri, adv., yesterday.

hodié, adv., fo-day.

labor, -Sris, m., labor.

malum, -i, N., bad thing, evil.

némo (-inis), M.« F. [né, homo],
noone. For genitive and abla-
tive use nullius, nulls.

Caius

REVIEW OF

PRONOUNS.

—_—-

parens, -entis, M. & F., parent.
(467-4)

proprius, -a, -um, adj., one’s own.

pridentia, -ae, Fr. [pridéns],
Soresight, sagacity, wisdom.

Remus, -i, m., Remus, brother of
Romulus.

re-porto, 1, bring back.

Rhéa Silvia, -ae, r., Rhea Silvia.

risus, -iis, M. [rideO], laughter.

Romulus, -i, m., Romulus, first
king of Rome.

rostrum, -i, N., prow of a vessel.

sidus, -eris, N., star, constellation.

Themisteclés, -is, m., Themisto-
cles, a famous Greek.

varius, -a, -um, adj., different,
changeable, various.

-—0;200-—

CHADPTRE 2c Tih oa:

REVIEW OF PRONOUNS.

Review the paradigms.

287.

I. 1. Idem es qui! semper fuisti.
3. Ecce domum quam aedificavit Johanniculus.

quae’* heri.

4. Quidam puer cachinnabat.
6. Sua cuique? cirissima sunt.

8. Coram mé aliquis illam fabulam
9. Egéns est et is qui nén satis habet, et is cui
10. Beatus est qui® non cupit quae? non habet.

bat, est stultissimus.

cuique” carissimi sunt.
narrabat.
nihil satis est.

1 See:p. 128, note 5.
2 Notice the order; quisgue
likes to stand after the reflexives.

EXERCISES.

2. Hodié eadem dictitat

5. Iste homo, qui té lauda-
7. Sul

3 The antecedent of the rela-
tive is often omitted when it is
some form of is.

REVIEW OF PRONOUNS. 131

II. 1. She is the same that! she always has been. 2. He
will say the same things to-morrow as’ to-day. 3. Certain
boys laughed out loud in school. 4. That friend of yours
is a very wise man. 95. Those trees yonder are covered with
leaves. 6. This man is praised by the citizens, that one is
blamed. 7. The general himself led his brave soldiers.
8. The soldiers were led by the brave general himself.
9. Danger itself is pleasing to the brave.” 10. Those-whe
are most faithful to their friends are most dear to us.

2.
288. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Quod? nén dedit fortina, nén éripit. 2. Liber est
qui’ nalli turpitidini servit. 3. Quis est amicior fratr1 quam
frater? 4. Saepe nihil est inimicius homini quam ipse sibi.
5. Saepe il nobis nocent* qui nds amant. 6. Eds quialidrum
rébus adversis nOn moventur omnés contemnunt. 7. Eds

_ vineere difficile est, qui nihil timent. 8. Déforme est dé

sé ipso praedicare. 9. Aliud® bonum, aliud’® malum est.
10. Alteri® laudem, alteri® culpam dabat.

II. 1. Some one has done this. 2. Yesterday a story
was read to us by some one. 3. The slave killed himself
together with his master. 4. My friend will migrate with
me into Gaul. 5. The inhabitants of the city were frightened
by the coming of the enemy. 6. Some’ bear® thirst easily,
others’ hunger. 7. The fruits of this tree are pleasing to me,
for they are sweet. 8. Those® trees are higher than these’
houses. 9. These towers are high, those arelow. 10. Those”
maidens, whose modesty is known, are praised by all.

1 See p. 128, note 5. 6 See p. 87, note 3.
2 Plural. See 117. 7 See p. 87, note 4.
3 See p. 130, note 3. 8 See p. 87, note 5.
# See 343. 9 See 275. 1 and 3.

5 See p. 87, note 4. ~ 10 A form of is.

132

REVIEW OF PRONOUNS.

289. VOCABULARY.
ad-versus, -a, -um, adj., unfavor- JOdhanniculus, -i, M., little John,
able. Johnny, Jack.

cachinno, 1, laugh aloud. Cf.
rideo.
cOram, prep. w. abl., in presence of.
cupio, 3, -ivi, -itum, desire.
dé-formis, -e, adj. [forma], mis-
shapen, ugly, base, disgraceful.
dictitd, 1 [dicd], keep saying.
ecce, interj., /o! see! see there!
egéns, -entis, adj., in want, needy.
é-ripio, 3, -ui, €reptum [rapio],
snatch away; seize and bear off.
famés, -is, F., hunger, famine.
fronddsus, -a, -um, adj. [frons},
covered with leaves, leafy.
frictus, -iis, M., fruit.

290.

migr6, 1, move from one place ta
another, migrate.

modestia, -ae, F., modesty.

narro, |, tell, relate, report.

prae-dico, 1 [prae, before; dicd,
-are, make known], proclaim,
boast. Cf. praedico, predict.

satis, adv., enough.

servio, £ [servus], be a slave to,
serve (w. dat.).

sitis, -is, F., thirst. (154.)

tolerd, 1, bear, endure.

turpitud6, -inis, r. [turpis], ugli-
ness, baseness.

COLLOQUIUM.

SOCRATES ET RHADAMANTHUS.

dt. Ya, nisi

unless I am mistaken
S. Récté dicis.
Sdophronisci.

fallor, es Sdcratés, ille Athéniénsis.

Ego sum Socratés, filius, ut ferunt,

as say

R. Cir dicis ut ferunt ? Nonne ré véra es filius illius?

in truth

S. Ipse quidem néscio6, O Rhadamanthe, cujus sim filius.

indeed not know

R. Num! mé lidis, Sdcratés? Cavéto.

mock

tem dixit 6raculum ?
oracle

am
Nonne té sapien-
beware

S. Ita est; sed qua ré non intellegd, nisi quia mé ipse

yes why

Inscium perspicio.
ignorant see plainly

understand

1 This word is used in asking questions when the answer no is

expected.

It is not to be translated.

REVIEW OF PRONOUNS. 133

R. Quod modo aetitem dégisti?
how pass
S. Magna ex parte loquébar maximéque dé virtite
for the most part I used to talk especially
quaerebam.
inquired
R. Mihi dé virtite explicatd, Sdcratés ; per breve tempus
tibi aurés praebebo.
S. Eheu! Rhadamanthe, istius rel sum inscius, nam mibi
alas!
explicare poterat némo.
was able no one
I. Minimé sapiéns, Sdcratés, ti mihi vidéris. At quid
: seem but
hdc locé tibi est in animé facere?

S. Ante omnia, si vidébitur, cum Homérdé velim et Ulixe

seem good I should like
et aliis clarissimis Graeciae principibus loqui. :
to talk
R. Apage igitur ad istas manés.
be off then shades
4,
291. FOR TRANSLATION.

Tue BatrLte or Maratuon, B.c. 490.

Hoc in tempore nilla civités Athéniénsibus auxilid! fuit
praeter Plataeénsés. Ea? mille misit militum. Itaque hérum
adventii decem milia armatorum’compléta sunt, quae manus
mirabili flagrabat pignandi cupiditate. Quod factum est* ut
plas quam collégae Miltiidés valéret.6 Ejus ergé auctoritate
impulsi® Athéniénsés copiis ex urbe édixérunt locdque’
iddned castra fécérunt. Deinde posterd dié proelium com-
misérunt. Datis, etsi ndn aequum® locum vidébat suis,°

1 Auxilid fuit, was for assist- ‘ Pliis ...valéret, Aad more

ance = assisted. See 344. influence.
2 Supply civitas. 6 Impulsi (participle from im
8 Armatorum (participle as pelld) prompted.

noun), of armed men. 7 Loco = in loco.
4 Quo factum est, by which it 8 Aequum, /fuvorable.

was brought about = the result was. 9 Supply militibus.

134 COMPOUNDS OF Sum.

tamen frétus numero cOpidrum suarum confligere cupiébat,
edque! magis, quod, priusquam Lacedaemonil subsidid* veni-
rent,? dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum
centum,* equitum decem milia prodixit proeliumque com-
misit. In qué tantd® plis virtite® valuérunt Athéniénsés,
ut decemplicem numerum hostium prdfligarint,” adedque eds
perterruérunt, ut Persae nén castra, sed niivés petierint.®
Qua pigna’ nihil adhiic exstitit ndbilius: nulla enim un-
quam tam exigua manus tantés opés préstrivit."°— Nepos.
Milt. v.

———_053500-——_

CHAPTER XLIV. 1.
COMPOUNDS OF Sum.

292. Possum, posse, potui, , be able, can.

Possum is compounded of potis, able, and sum. Potis is every-
where shortened to pot; then ¢ is changed to s before s, and f is
dropped after t. -

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL,
Pres. I am able, can, etc.
possum possumus possim possimus
potes potestis possis possitis
potest possunt possit possint

ImperR. J was able, could, etc.

poteram poteramus possem possémus
Fut. I shall be able, ete.
poters poterimus
1 Kodque magis, and the more. 6 Virtiite. See 259, 260.
2 Subsidio: cf. auxilid, first 7 Prdfligarint, they routed.
line, and note. 8 Petierint, fled to. See p. 101,
3 Venirent, should come. note 1.
* Centum: supply milia. ° Pigna: ablative after the

5 Tanté plis valuérunt, were comparative nobilius. (212.)
so much superior. 10 From prosterno.

COMPOUNDS OF Sum. 135

Perr. I have been able, could, etc.
potul potuimus potuerim potuerimus

Puup. I had been able, could have, etc.
potueram potueramus potuissem potuissémus

Fut. Perr. J shall have been able, ete.

potuerd potuerimus
INFINITIVE.
PrEs. posse, to be able. PERF. potuisse, to have been able.

293. Présum, prédesse, préfui, , benefit.
Présum is compounded of préd (old form of pr6), for, and
sum. The d of préd is retained before e.

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. J benefit, etc.
pr6-sum pr6-sumus pr6-sim pr6-simus
prod-es prod-estis pro-sis pro-sitis
prod-est pro-sunt pro6-sit pro6-sint
Imp. pr6d-eram prodd-eramus prod-essem prdd-essémus

Fut. pr6d-er6 prdd-erimus
PERF. pr6-ful pr6-fuimus pr6-fuerim pr6-fuerimus
PLup. pr6-fueram pr6-fueramus pr6-fuissem pr6-fuissémus

F.P. pr6-fuer6 pr6-fuerimus

IMPERATIVE.
PREs. pr6d-es, pr6d-este Fur. pr6d-est6, préd-estéte

INFINITIVE.
PREs. préd-esse Perr. pr6-fuisse
Fut. pr6-futirus esse

PARTICIPLE.
Fur. pr6-futirus

The other compounds of sum are inflected like the simple verb.

136 COMPOUNDS OF Sum.

294. Learn the tenses of the indicative, imperative, and infini-
tive of possum and pr6sum.

295. RULE OF SYNTAX.— The compounds of sum,
except possum and absum, ail take the dative; but
insum is often followed by i2 with the ablative, and
intersum by inter with the accusative.

2.
296. EXERCISES,

I. 1. In véra amicitié magnum inest praesidium. 2. Ami-
cus vérus adest amico, neque deerit in pericul6. 38. Amicé
prodesse dulce est, amic6 deesse turpe. 4. Amicus fidus
non aberit ab amico in casibus fortiinae. 5. Morés mali
amicitiae obsunt; inter hominés malds véra amicitia non
interest. 6. Cicerd consul rei piiblicae pracfuit. 7. Multae
epistulae Cicerdnis et éjus amicorum supersunt. 8. Viri prae-
stantés Athénicnsibus nutll6 tempore défuérunt. 9. Morés
tyranni sibi' amicds pardre non poterant. 10. Nodn omnés
hominés régés esse possunt.

II. 1. Cornelia was able to train her sons wisely. 2. All
can be good citizens.” 3. Hannibal was not able to take the
city. 4. In Hannibal there was great cunning and bravery.
5. Hannibal was long absent from his own country.
6. He commanded armies in Spain and Italy. 7. Ile was
present at many battles, and was the terror*® of the Romans.
8. He benefited his country in many ways.4 9. But his
enemies in his own land injured him. 10. Scipio defeated
him in battle® in Africa. 11. He survived this defeat many
years. 12. His name will never lack renown.’

1 For him, 2 See 47. ® Ablative without in.
® Compare auxilid, 291, first 6 Accusative.
line, and note. 7 Renown will never be wanting

Ways = things. See 259,260. to his name.

DEPONENT VERBS. 157

a

297. VOCABULARY.

ab-sum, -esse, afui, be awaz. absent (@ or ab w. abl.).
ad-sum, -esse, -fui (also afiui), be present, stand by, side with.
dé-sum, -esse, -fui, be wanting, lack.

in-sum, -esse, -ful, be in, among

inter-sum, -esse, -ful, be present at, among.

ob-sum, -esse, -fui, le against, opposed to, injure.

possum, posse, potui, le able, can.

prae-sum, -esse, -fui, le before, at the head of, command.
pro-sum, prod-esse, prd-fui, be useful, benefit.

super-sum, -esse, -fui, remain over, survive, exist.

calliditas, -atis, r. [callidus], shrewdness, cunning.

casus, -Us, M. [cado, full], falling down, mischance, misfortune.
cladés, -is, r., destruciion, defea’

diii, adv., /ong, a long time.

dulcis, -e, adj., sweet, pleasant. Cf. suavis.

fama, -ae, F., rumor, fume, renown.

ne-que, conj., and not, nor; neque... neque, neither ...nor.
paro, 1, make ready, prepare, get.

patria, -ae, F., native land, country.

praesidium, -i, x. [prae, seded], defence, help, garrison.
praestans, -tis, adj. [ prae-sto, stand before |, pre-eminent, distinguished

CHAPTER: SisV. 4:
DEPONENT VERBS.
FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS.

298. Deponent verbs have the forms of the passive
voice with the meaning of the active. There are de-
ponents of each of the four regular conjugations:

Admiramur opera Deli, we admire the works of God.

Miser6s tuébimur, we shall protect the wretched.

Audi multa, loquere pauca, listen much, say little.

Caesar pr6vinciam sortitus est, Cesar obtained (by lot) a
province,

138 DEPONENT VERBS.

299. Review the passive indicative, imperative, and infinitive
of am6 and monedé. (86, 112).
The principal parts of deponent verbs are thus given:
aadmiror, admirari, admiratus (sum).
tueor, tuéri, tuitus (sum).
loquor, loqui, locittus (sum).
sortior, sortiri, sortitus (sum),

300. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Admiraimur magnitidinem caeli. Quis non admira-
bitur? 2. Nocte contemplimur sidera. 3. Pars vagatur
certis cursibus, plirima non vagantur. 4. Sol dominatur
inter stellas. 5. Terram lina comitatur tna, Jovis stellam
lanae comitantur quattuor. 6. Daréus Alexandrdé magnam
Asiae partem pollicitus est. 7. Improbi sunt ii qui néminem
verentur. 8. Homo facinus confessus est. 9. Comités qui
salitem régis tuitI erant, maximum praemium accépérunt.

IJ. 1. Who does not admire the beauty of the stars?
2. Other nations accompanied the Cimbri across the Rhine.
3. They wandered far! and wide?’ through Gaul and Spain.
4. The Romans wondered at the great bodies of the Ger-
mans. 95. Certain animals imitate human voices. 6. We
were contemplating that beautiful likeness. 7. The general
promised the soldiers? a great reward. 8. He® is a bad man
who does not respect any one.* 9. Children respect their
parents, slaves fear their master.

301. VOCABULARY.
ad-miror, 1, wonder at, admire. Cimbri, -Grum, m., Cimbri, a Ger-
Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander, man tribe.
king of Macedon. comitor, 1 [comes, -itis], accom-
beneficium, -i, N., benefit, favor. pany, attend.
caelum, -i, N., sky, heavens. con-fiteor, 2, -fessus, confess.
1 Longé latéque. 3 Is.

2 Not accusative. 4 Not any one = no one.

DEPONENT VERBS.

139

contemplor, 1, look at, observe.

cursus, -Us, M. [curro, run], run-
ning, course.

Daréus, -i, mM., Darius, Persian
king.

Gominor, 1 [dominus], le a lord
and master, rule.

facinus, -dris, nN. [facio], deed,
crime. Cf. scelus.

Germanus, -a, -um, adj., German.

imitor, 1, imitate.

magnitudd, -inis, r. [magnus],
greatness,

mereor, 2, le worthy of, deserve.

per, prep. w. acc.,, through, by.

polliceor, 2, promise.

pulchritudo, -inis, r. [pulcher],
beauty.

stella, -ae, F., star.

tueor, 2, tuitus and tiitus, watch,
defend. Cf. défends.

vagor, 1, go to and fro, wander,

vasto, 1, lay waste, ravage.

verecor, 2, reverence, respect.

sidus (286), a star, a great star, a constellation,
stella, a star as a bright heavenly body.

302,

COLLOQUIUM.

PATER ET FILIOLUS.

Ades, mi filiole, et mihi libellum ostenta.

e.
come here little book show
F. Eccum, care pater, si libellum Latinum vidére cupis.
here it is wish
P. Quod pénsum tibi hodié imperavit praeceptor ?
impose

F. Pénsum verborum déponentium quae ad conjugationem

deponent
primam atque secundam pertinent.

belong

P. Quam ob rem sic appellantur ista verba?

wherefore

F. Quia formam activam et

form

plérumque déposueérunt.
generally lay aside

name

significationem passivam
meaning

Sic nds praeceptor docuit.

P. Quod autem pénsum in crastinum diem imperavit

praeceptor ?

F. Ad hace addidit praeceptor alia dépdnentia.

add

for to-morrow

At ti,
but

mi pater, Latinae linguae jam puer studébas?

140 DEPONENT VERBS.

P. Certé, filiole, idque vehementer.

right hard
F. Num ego, si diligenter didicerd, éruditus, ut ti, fiam?
learn learned as become
P. Procul dubid. At jam tibi eundum est dormitum.
you must go to bed

CHAPIECRn ALVIL £
DEPONENT VERBS.

THIRD AND FouRTH CONJUGATIONS.
308. Examine the following : —

. Utor vestra benignitate, J avail myself of (use) your kindness.

. Abititur patientia nostra, he abuses our patience.

. Lix qua fruimur 4 Ded nobis datur, the light which we
enjoy is given us by God.

4, Fungor vice c6tis, J serve as (discharge the office of) a whet-

stone.
5. Magna praeda potitus est, he got great booty.
§. Lacte et carne vescébantur, they lived upon milk and flesh.

ao hoe

Compare the translation of the examples with the Latin. Ob-
serve that the direct object of the verb, or of the preposition closely
connected with the verb in English, is represented in Latin by the
ablative case.

304. RULE OF SYNTAX.—The deponents itor,
fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds,
take the ablative.

305. Examine the following : — é

1. Meminit praeterit6rum, he remembers the past.
2. Haec Glim meminisse juvabit, to remember these things will
one day give pleasure.

DEPONENT VERBS. 741

3. Totam causam oblitus est, he forgo! the whole case.
_ 4, ToOtius causae oblitus est, he forgot the whole case.

Observe that in the above examples the genitive is used in 1
and 4, the accusative in 2 and 3.

306. RULE OF SYNTAX. — Verbs of remembering
and forgetting take the genitive or accusative.

1. Neuter pronouns and adjectives are gommonly put in the
accusative. Recordor regularly takes the accusative.

307. Review the passive indicative, imperative, and infinitive
of reg6 and audio. (180, 223).

308. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Stlla urbem ROmam armatus' ingressus est. 2. Athé-
niénsium dux maximam adeptus est glériam. 38. Alexander
Magnus in Asiam profectus est. 4. Eum multi et ndbilés
virl sectiti sunt. 5. Quas injiiriés passus es obliviscere.?
6. Beneficia quae accépimus n6én obliviscémur. 7. Quod
beneficium accépit id obliviscitur. 8. Omnia pati? discimus.
9. Cicerd magna cum gloria consulati finctus est. 10. Lux
qua fruimur donum est Dei.

II. 1. Alexander and his companions entered Asia.
2. They suffered both* hunger and thirst. 3. He obtained
great glory by his victories. 4. He did not forget the words
of his master. 5. For he had been the pupil of a wise man.
6. The soldiers follow their general. 7. They® are bad
men who forget benefits. 8. We can learn to endure all
things. 9. Who does not enjoy the light which is given
us by God? 10. The boys faithfully discharged their duty.

2.
309. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Caesar, Pompéjus, Crassus, imperium inter sé partiti
sunt. 2. Caesar Galliam prévinciam sortitus est. 3. Sae-

1 Armed, 2 Imperative. 3 Present infinitive of patior.
4 Et. 5 Ji. See 270. 2.

142

pissimé belli fortinam expertus est.
5. Patrés bona sua cum liberis partiuntur.
6. Multa in Italia bella orta sunt.

8. Qui post mortem Alexandii régnd
9. Optimeé scimus quod experti sumus.

potitus est.

saepe mentiuntur.
illius potiti sunt?

II. 1. Soldiers often try the fortune of war.

DEPONENT VERBS.

4. Posted tota Italia

7. Frons, oculi, vultus,

2. ime

leaders had divided among themselves the property’ of the

enemy.
the Rhine.
into the ocean.

6. Who possessed the kingdom after Alexander ?

will make trial of our valor.
camp of the enemy.
province ??

310.

adipiscor, 3, adeptus, get, obtain.
Cf. potior.

castra, -Orum, N. (pl.), camp.

Crassus, -i, M., Crassus, a rich
Roman, contemporary of Cesar.

ex-perior, 4, expertus, make trial
of, test.

frons, frontis, F., brow, forehead.

fruor, 3, fruitus and friictus,
enjoy.

fungor, 3, finctus, perform, dis-
charge.

imperium, -1, x. [imper6], com-
mand, authority, power.

in-gredior, 3, gressus [gradior ],
enter,

mentior, 4, lie, deceive.

obliviscor, 3, oblitus, forget.

3. The Rhone rises not far from the sources of
4, The Rhine, which rises in the Alps, flows
5. The best friends share perils with friends.

Taos

8. They got possession of the
9. Who gets by lot Sicily (as) his

VOCABULARY.

Oceanus, -i, M., ocean.

officium, -i, n., duty.

optimé, adv., most excellently, best.

crior,? 4, ortus, rise, appear, begin.

partior, 4 [pars], divide, share.

patior, 3, passus, bear, suffer.

Pompé€jus, -€i, M., Pompey, a
celebrated Roman general.

postea, adv., afterwards.

potior, 4, become master of, get.
Cf. adipiscor. [march.

proficiscor, 3, -fectus, set out,

provincia, -ae, F., province.

régnum, -i, N., kingdom.

sequor, 3, seciitus, follow.

sortior, 4, draw lots, obtain by lot.

Silla, -ae, m., Sulla, a Roman
general and statesman.

1 Compare I. 5.

2 Predicate accusative.

3 See vocab. p. 247,

NUMERALS. 143

CHArrER xvi

_ sil. NUMERALS.
CARDINALS. ORDINALS.
I. wunus, -a, -um primus, -a, -um
2. duo, duae, duo + secundus (or alter)
3. trés, tria tertius
. 4, quattuor quartus
5. quinque quintus
6. sex sextus
7. septem septimus
8. octo octavus
9. novem nonus
10. decem decimus
11. wundecim undecimus
12. duodecin duodecimus
13. tredecim tertius decimus
14. quattuordecim quartus decimus
- 15. -quindecim quintus decimus
16. sédecim, or sexdecim sextus decimus
17. septendecim septimus decimus
18. duodéviginti! duodévicésimus
19. wundéviginti! undévicésimus
20. viginti vicésimus
21 ; viginti = or i vicésimus ie Uy or
unus et viginti unus et vicésimus
~ tome duo, or i vicésimus secundus, or
~~ (duo et viginti alter et vicésimus
28. duodétriginta? duodétricésimus
29. wundetriginta!- undétricésimus
30. triginta tricésimus
40. quadraginta quadragésimus
50. quinquaginta quinquagésimus
60. sexaginta sexagesimus
70. septuaginta septuagésimus

1 Duodéviginti = two from twenty ; indéviginti = inus dé viginti,
one from twenty. Similarly are formed 28, 29, 38, 39, etc.

144 NUMERALS.

RTE eters

CARDINALS. ORDINALS.
80. octoginta octégésiimus
90. nonaginta nonagésimus
100. centum centésimus
1 centum wunus, or centésimus primus, or
ie } centum et unus oe et primus
200. ducenti, -ae, -a ducentésimus
300. trecenti trecentésimus
400. quadringenti quadringentésimus
500. quingenti quingentésimus a
600. séscenti séscentésimus ee
700. septingenti septingentésimus S)
800. octingenti octingentésimus Ay
900. nodngenti nodngentésimus X
1,000. mille | millégimus iy
2,000. duo milia bis millésimus
100,000. centum milia centiés millésimus

1. Cardinal numbers answer the question how many? Ordinals,
which in order ?

2. The cardinals from quattuor to centum, inclusive, are in-
declinable: quattuor hominés, four men; quattuor hominum,
of four men.

8. Unus is declined like bonus, except that it has genitive and
dative singular tinius, ini, like alius (201).

4, Duo and trés are thus declined:

MASC, FEM, NEUT. M. & F. NEUT,
N. duo duae duo trés tria
G. duGrum duadrum dudrum trium trium
D. duébus duabus dudbus tribus tribus
Ac. dués,duo duds duo trés tria
Ab. du6bus du&bus duédbus tribus tribus

5. The hundreds, ducenti, etc., are declined like the plural of
bonus.

6. Mille is indeclinable in the singular, and is sometimes an
adjective and sometimes a noun: mille hominés, a thousand men ;
mille hominum, a thousand (of) men. The plural has the forms
milia, milium, milibus, and is always a noun: tria milia
hominum, three thousand men (three thousands of men).

NUMERALS.

7. The ordinals are declined like bonus.

8, Other kinds of numerals are the distributives: singuli, -ae, -a,
one each, bini,--ae, -a, two each, etc.; and the numeral adverbs:
semel, once, bis, twice, etc.

812. Examine the following : —
1. Decem annés Tréja oppignabatur, Troy was besieged for
ten years.

2. Turris alta est centum pedés, the tower is a hundred feet high.

The accusative annds denotes duration or extent of time,
pedés, extent of space. ‘The accusative, then, is used to answer
the question how long? or how far? (in time or space), and may be
called the Accusative of Extent.

313. RULE or SYNTAX. — Extent of time or space
is expressed by the accusative.

2.

314, EXERCISES.

I. 1. Homo iinum 6s, duds aurés, duds oculés habet.
2. Alexander Magnus tredecim annos régnavit. 358. Templum
Dianae quadringentos quinquaginta pedés longum et ducen-
tos viginti pedés latum erat. 4. Annus spatium trecent6rum
sexaginta quinque diérum est. 5. Duodecim sunt ménsés.
6. Ménsis trigint& dies habet, Februarius duodétriginta.
7. Diés viginti quattuor horas habet. 8. ROmandrum vete-
rum annus decem ménsés habebat; Martius erat primus,
December decimus. 9. Aut tertius decimus aut quintus
decimus diés ménsis Idis néminabatur.

II. 1. Romulus, the first king of Rome, reigned thirty-
seven years. 2. This house is fifty-nine’ feet long and
forty-eight feet wide. 3. The river is fourteen feet deep and
ninety-two feet wide. 4. With? the ancient Romans Septem-
ber was the seventh month; with us September is the ninth
month. 5. The Roman consuls held power for one year.

1 See p. 143, note. 2 Apud, with accusative.

146 IRREGULAR VERBS: Vold, Nolo, Malo.

6. In the five hundred and fiftieth year of the city Scipio
was consul. 7. Five and twenty languages were known to
King Mithridates. 8. In the first month of the year there
are thirty-one days. 9. A-Roman legion had five thousand
foot-soldiers and three hundred horse-soldiers.

315. VOCABULARY.
annus, -i, M., year. lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.
auris, -is, F., ear. Martius, -i, m. [Mars], March.
December, -bris, m. [decem], Often as adj.

December. Often as adj. Mithridatés, -is, m., Withridates,
Diana, -ae, F., Diana, goddess of king of Pontus.

the chase. [as adj. 6s, Oris, N., mouth, face.
Februarius, -i, m., February. Oft. September, -bris, m. [septem],
Idis, -uum, F., plur., the Ides of September. Often as adj.

the month. (244. 1.) spatium, -I, N., room, space, period.

=o 3-00

CEU tix oie VEE 4:
316. IRREGULAR VERBS.

Volo, velle, volui,
Nolo, nolle, nolui,
Mals6, malle, malui,

, be willing, will, wish.
, be unwilling, will not.
, be more willing, prefer.

INDICATIVE.

Pres. vold * ndlo mals
vis non vis mavis
vult non vult mavult
volumus nolumus malumus
vultis non vultis mavultis
volunt nolunt malunt

ImMPER. volébam nolébam malébam

Fur. volam nolam malam

Perr. volui nolui malui

Piurp. volueram nolueram malueram

F.P. voluer6 noluersd maluer6

en

IRREGULAR VERBS: Volo, NO10, Malo.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

147

Pres. velim nolim malim
velis nolis malis
velit nolit malit
velimus nolimus malimus
velitis nolitis mAalitis
velint nolint malint

Imper. vellem nodlem mallem
vellés ndllés mallés
vellet nodllet mallet
vellémus nollémus malliémus
vellétis nollétis mallétis
vellent nollent mallent

PerF. voluerim noluerim maluerim

PiLue. voluissem noluissem maluissem :

IMPERATIVE.

Pres. (Wanting) noli ( Wanting)

nolite

Fur. (Wanting) [nGlits, etc. ] ( Wanting)

INFINITIVE.
Pres. velle ndlle mialle
Perr. voluisse ndluisse maluisse
PARTICIPLE.
Prrs. voléns noléns (Wanting)

$317. Learn the tenses of the indicative and infinitive of volé,
nolo, and mal6, and the present imperative of n6l6.

2.

318. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Nos scribere volumus, ti vis legere, ille puer lidere
vult. 2. Cur in hortd ambulare volunt? 3. In hortd ambu-
lare malunt quod ibi sunt fontés et arborés. 4. Volébantne
vitia sua excisafre? 5. Noli exctisdre vitia tua. 6. Nolite

148

oblivisci praeceptdrum’ parentum. 7.
8. Valére maluerat quam dives esse.

diligi quam metui.

IRREGULAR VERBS: Volo, Nolo, Malo.

Timoleén maluit

9. Aliéna quisque vitia reprehendere mavult quam sua cor-

rigere.

II. 1. Why would you rather read than write?
would rather walk in the fields with you.
not rather be praised than blamed ?

5. Do not forget,? boys, the
6. Do not forget, my boy, the

willing to accept your gift.
precepts of your teacher.

lesson which I have explained. |
8. He would not® blame another’s fault;

wished to learn.

he greatly desired to correct his own.
10. Our friends will wish the same

(things) as* you.
(thing) as ourselves.

319.

aliénus, -a, -um, adj. [alius],
belonging to another, another’s.

ambuld, 1, walk, take a walk.

corrig6, 3, -réxi, -réctum [com,
rego, keep straight }, make straight,
rejorm, correct.

dilig6, 3, -léxi, -léctum [dis,
apart, legs, choose}, esteem, love.
Cf. am6.

ex-ciso, 1 [causa], excuse.

ex-plicd, |, -avi, -atum, and -ui,
-itum [plic6], unfold, explain.

ibi, adv., there. Cf. ubi, where.

iter, itineris, nN. [e0, 327. 1],
journey. (262.)

1ud6, 3, lisi, lisum, play.

mald, malle, maiui, [ma-
gis, vol0}, wish rather, prefer,
would rather.

10. Volumus ad finem itineris progredi.

2. We
3. Who would
4. They will be un-

7. He listened because he

9. We wish the same

VOCABULARY.

maximé, adv. (sup. of magis,
more), most, especrally, greatly.

metud, 3, -ui, -ttum [metus],
fear. Cf. timed.

nolo, nollie, nolui, [ non, vo-
10 |, be unwilling, will not, not wish.

praeceptum, -i, Nn. [ praecipio],
maxim, precept.

pro-gredior, 5, -gressus [ gradi-
or], go forward, advance.

quod, conj., because. Cf. quia.

re-prehendo, 3, -di, -hénsum,
hold back, restrain, reprove.

Timoleon, -ontis, m., Z2moleon, a
Corinthian.

valed, 2,-ui, -itum, be strong or well.

vitium, -i, N., fault, blemish, vice.

volo, velle, volui, , be willing,
will, wish, desire. Cf. désiderd.

1 From praeceptum.
2 Cf. L. 6.

8 Was unwilling.
4 See p, 128, note 5,

IRREGULAR VERBS: Ferd. 149

amo, Jove, not implying and not excluding esteem ; the common word.
dilig6, /ove unselfishly and with esteem; more restricted in mean-
ing than amo.

volo means both less and more than wish, namely, consent and will ;
very much used.

désiderd means wish ardently, with the notion (which volo has
not) of lacking or missing the thing much desired; more restricted
in meaning than volo.

Se

320. FOR TRANSLATION.

Multi hominés volunt quidem récté facere, sed non faciunt ;
nam velle et facere nOn idem est. Saepe homo récté agere
vult, sed virés désunt. Multi peccdita sua exciisdre quam
déponere malunt. Saepe aliéna peccita vituperare quam
nostra corrigere malumus. Multi sua sorte non sunt con-
tenti, sed aliéna appetere malunt. At cir non féliciter vivere
mavis? Felix is est qui récté agere vult réctéque agit.

——00;@400—

GCHAPTER: .Lipe®
321. THE IRREGULAR VERB Ferd.

Fer6, ferre, tuli, latum: bear, carry, endure.

INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.

Pres. fer6 ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertis ferris,or-re ferimini
fert ferunt fertur feruntur

IMPER. ferébam ferébar

Fut. feram ferar

PERF. tuli latus sum

PLop. tuleram latus eram

EP. tulersd latus er6

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PREs. feram ferar

IMPER. ferrem ferrer

PERF. tulerim latus sim

PLup. tulissem latus essem

150

IRREGULAR VERBS: Fero.

IMPERATIVE.

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
Pres. fer 1 ferte [ferre | ferimini
Fur. fertd fertdte fertor

ferto feruntsd fertor feruntor

INFINITIVE.
PREs. ferre ferri
PERF. tulisse latus esse
Fort. latiirus esse latum iri
PARTICIPLES.
PRES. feréns para. ee
For. latirus Ger. ferendus
Perr. latus
GERUND, J
G. ferendi
D. ferendd
Ac. ferendum
Ab. ferends
SUPINE.
Ac. latum Ab. latt

522. Compounds of ferd are conjugated like the simple verb.
Observe the changes suffered by certain of the prepositions in the

following :

ab- aufer6, auferre, abstull, ablatum.

ad- adfer6, adferre, attuli, allatum (adl).

com- confer6, conferre, contuli, collatum (conl).
dis- differs, differre, distuli, dilatum.

ex- effero, efferre, extuli, 6latum.

in- infer6, inferre, intuli, illatum (inl).

ob- offer6, offerre, obtuli, oblatum.

sub- sufferd, sufferre, sustuli, sublatum.

323. Learn the tenses of the indicative, the imperative, and

the present and perfect infinitive, active and

passive, of fer6.

1 For fere; dic6d, diicd, facid, ferd, have imperative present

second singular dic, diic, fac, fer.

IRREGULAR VERBS: Ferd. 151

324. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Aufert, aufertur. 2. Auferet, auferétur. 3. Abs-
tulit, ablatus est. 4. Conferre, cdnferri. 5. Conferunt,
conferuntur. 6. Conferent, conferentur. 7. Contulerant,
collati erant. 8. Distulérunt, dilati sunt. 9. Distulerit,
dilatus erit. 10. Distulisse, dilatus esse. 11. Differebant,
differébantur.

II. 1. We bear, we are borne. 2. We were bearing, we
were borne. 3. We have borne, we have been borne.
4, We shall bear, we shall be borne. 5. We had borne,
we had been borne. 6. Bear thou, bear ye. 7. To offer,
- to be offered. 8. Ye shall offer, ye shall be offered. 9. To
have offered, to have been offered. 10. Ye offer, ye will
offer. 11. Ye are offered, ye will be offered.

.

2.
325. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Ferte patienter' laboérés. 2. Bene ferre maignam
fortinam disce. 3. Ferte patienter quae? mitarl non
possunt. 4. Non omnis ager qui seritur fert friges. 5. Be-
nignum régem non tulistis; jam ferum et barbarum fertote.
6. Nolite differre pensum quod hodie facere potestis. 7. Im-
perator militibus défessis auxilium attulit. 8. In inum locum
collatum est ex agris omne frumentum. 9. Longa? nobis
est omnis mora quae gaudia differt. 10. Caesar omnibus
qui contra sé arma tulerant veniam dedit.

II. 1. They bore labor with patience. 2. They did not
endure a good king; now they are enduring a bad one.*
3. We cannot put off our tasks. 4. We shall learn to bear
our good fortune well. 5. They bore with patience that?
which they could not change. 6. The robbers bore off the

1 What might be substituted for the adverb? See 144,145.
2 See-p. 130, note 3. 8 Tedious. * Omit. ° Id.

152

booty which they had seized.

which I do not want.

IRREGULAR VERBS: EO, F10.

Lf

7. Do not! bring me that

8. Delays which postpone our joy are

always tedious. 9. The townsmen carried their all? with

them out of the town.

326.
ad-fero (afferd), adferre, at-
tuli, adlatum, bear to, bring.
au-fero, auferre, abstuli, abla-
tum [ab(s)], bear off, carry
away.

auxilium, -i, n., help, aid.

barbarus, -a, -um, adj., foreign,
barbarous.

benignus,-a, -um, adj., kind, good.

con-ferd, conferre, contulli,
collatum (conlatum), bring
together, collect ; sé cOnferre, be-
take one’s self.

dif-fero, differre, distuli, dila-
tum [dis, apart], bear apart,
scatter, put off, postpone.

ef-fero, efferre, extulli, elatum
[ex], bear out, bring forth.

VOCABULARY.

ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, cruel.

friigés, -um, F., plur., fruits.

gaudium, -i, N. |gaudeo, re-
joice|, joy, delight.

in-fero, inferre, intuli, ilatum
(inlatum), bear in,cause; bellum
inferre, to make war, w. dat.

jam, adv., already, now, at last.

mora, -ae, F., delay.

of-fero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum
[ob, before], present, offer.

patienter, ady. [patiéns], pa-
tiently, with patience.

sero, 3, S€vi, satum, sow, plant.

suf-fero, sufferre, sustuli, sub-
latum [sub], undergo, endure.

venia, -ae, F., indulgence, kind-
ness, mercy.

——20;¢300—

GHAPTER As:¢4.

327.

EG, ire, ii [ivi], itum, go.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

Fi6, fieri, factus sum (supplies pass. to faci), be made, become.

INDICATIVE.

Eo.
PREs. e6 imus
is Itis
it eunt

1 Compare I. 6.

Fro;
fid fimus
fis fitis
fit fiunt

2 Their all, omnia sua.

IRREGULAR VERBS: EO, Fi0. oD
Eo. Fi0:
IMPER. ibam fiébam
Fur. IbG fiam
PERF. ii factus sum
PLup. ieram factus eram
I pag at ierd factus ero
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRES. eam fiam
IMPER. irem fierem
PERF. ierim factus sim
PLup. iissem factus essem
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. I ite fite
Fut. itd itdte
ito eunto
INFINITIVE. ‘
PREs. ire fierT
PERF. iisse factus esse
Fur. itiirus esse factum iri
PARTICIPLES.
PREs. iéns, Gen. euntis
Fut. itirus faciendus
. factus
GERUND.
G. eundi
D. eundd
Ac. eundum
Ab. eundsd
SUPINE.
Ac. itum Ab. iti
1. The root of e6, namely 7, is changed to e before a vowel,

except in perf. plup. and fut. perf., and in nom. sing. of pres. part.
2. Compounds of eG generally form the perfect in 7 instead
of wi. The simple verb rarely, if ever, has wi, iveram, ete.
3. The i of f16 is long except when followed by er, and in fit.

328. Learn the tenses of the indicative, the imperative, and
_the present and perfect infinitive of e6 and f76.

154 IRREGULAR VERBS: EO, F160.

329, EXERCISES.

I. 1. Nolite velle id quod fieri non potest. 2. Amici
Alexandri réges facti sunt. 38. Némod nascitur sapiéns, némo
cast fit bonus. 4. Leve fiebat onus, quod bene ferébatur.
5. Apud veteres Romanos ex agricolis fiebant cdnsulés.
6. Omnés feré' hominés senectiite fiunt pridentidrés.
7. Quidam amneés subeunt terram rirsusque in terram red-
eunt. 8. Alpés ném6 ante Hannibalem cum exercitii trans-
iit. 9. Miltiades Parum Insulam expignare non potuit et in
patriam rediit. 10. Populus solet nén nunquam?* dignds
praeterire.

II. 1. That has been done which you wished. 2. My
friends, you become wiser by old age. 3. Men never be-
come good by chance. 4. Who will cross the river with me??®
5. The generals crossed the mountains with a large part*
of their forces. 6. Light become the burdens that are
patiently borne. 7. Our friends have gone away, but they
will return. 8. The people passed by many worthy men.
9. The inhabitants of the city went out with their horses
and wagons. 10. The generals return to’ their country with
prisoners and booty. 11. Do not® cross the very deep river.

2.
330. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Septiés Marius, qui Cimbrés et Teutonés dudbus
Acerrimis proeliis vicit, consul factus est. 2. Sdcratés aequo
animd diem suprémum obiit. 38. Ariovisti cdpiae intra
annds quattuordecim tectum non subierant. 4. Autumno
multae avés in alias terras proficiscuntur, at vere novo

1 Feré is often thus placed be- 8 See 265. 3.
tween an adjective and its noun. 4 See p. 21, note 1.
2 Non nunquam, not never = 5 To = into.

sometimes. § See 318. I. 5 and 6,

iad

IRREGULAR VERBS: E6, Fi0.

155

redeunt.

subibat.

5. Abeunt omnia unde orta sunt.
_ cdnsilid? fortitidineque omnés anteibat ;

6. Alexander
omnés laborés

II. 1. In winter’ the days become shorter and the nights

longer.
hunger.

2. After the battle many perished of cold® and
3. Cicero was made consul* by the Romans.

4. By the prudence (cénsilium) and valor of Scipio, Hanni-

bal was compelled to return into Africa.
meet our last day with equanimity.?

5. We ought to
6. Alexander came off

victorious® from all his battles.

331.

ab-e0, -ire, -il, -itum, go of7, come
off, go away. (827. 2.)

aequus, -a, -um, adj., level, equal;

calm.

ante-e0, -ire, -ii,
surpass.

apud, prep. with acc., with, in,
near, among.

Ariovistus, -i, m., Ariovistus, king
of a German tribe.

autumnus, -1, M., autumn.

c0g0, 35, -égi, -actum [com,
ago |, drive together ; compel.

, go before,

copia, -ae, F.,. power, abundance,
wealth; plur. troops, forces.
debeo, 2, -ui, -itum, owe, ought.
ex-e0, -ire, -il, -itum, go out.
fere, adv., nearly, for the most part.
intra, prep. with acc., within.
Marius, -i, m., Marius, a famous
Roman general.
nascor, 3, natus, be born.

VOCABULARY:

ob-e6, -ire, -ii, -itum, go towards,
meet, .

Parus, -1, F., Paros, an island in
the Aigean Sea. (11. 4.)

per-eo, -ire, -il,

praeter-e0, -iIre, -il, -itum, go by,
pass by, omit.

, perish.

red-e0, -ire, -il, -itum, return.

re-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
carry back,

rirsus, adv. [re-vorsus, re-
verto], turned back, back, again.

septiés, num. adv. [septem], seven
times.

sub-ed, -ire, -ii, -itum, go under,
enter, undergo.

tectum, -i, nN. [tego, cover], cover-
ing, shelter, roof.

Teutonés, -um, m., the Teutons, a
German tribe.

trans-e6, -ire, -il, -itum, go over,
cross.

1 See 260.
2 Compare I. 4.
3 Ablative.

£ Compare I. 1; also 47.
5 Compare I. 2.
6 Victor.

156 PREPOSITIONS.

3.
332. COLLOQUIUM.
Tiryrus ET MELIBOEUS.
T. Aliquis januam pulsat. I, puer, aperi januam.

door knock open
[ Meliboeus tristt vultt passibus tardis introit. |
steps slow enter

Salvé, amice, dii mé non adisti. Car iste vultus tristis?
how do you do

M. Eheu! mi Tityre, abeo é mea patria.
T. Cir abis? Quo abibis? Noli relinquere haec arva

dulcia. leave fields
M. Quid tibi vis? Meds agrdés militibus impils donavit
what would you have me do wicked has given

Octavidnus. Magna pars gregum interiit. Ipse peril.
am undone

T. Minimé, amice; adi ad Octavidnum ; ille est benignus,
neque vult te perire. Tu agrés recipies.

M. Parvae spés mihi sunt redeundi; tamen ibd, ut tu
monés ; Octavidnd ad pedés mé proiciam.

T. Et redibis in agr6és tuds; redibit pax aurea. Valé, mi

Meliboee, es bond animé.
keep up your courage

M. Et tu valé, bone Tityre.

———-0 595 0o—_—§—

CHAPTER bi a.

PREPOSITIONS.

333. Thus far several prepositions have been used in the exer.
cises, some followed by the accusative and some by the ablative.
These are the only cases in Latin that follow prepositions.

PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWED BY THE. ABLATIVE.

a (ab, abs), away from, by. é (ex), out of, from.

absque, without. prae, before, in comparison with.
coram, in presence of. pro, before, for.
cum, with. sine, without.

dé, from, concerning. tenus, as far as, up to.

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE. 157

1. In, meaning into, to, towards, for, that is after verbs denoting
motion, takes the accusative.

2. In, meaning ?n, on, at, that is after verbs denoting rest, takes
the ablative. See 334.

3. Sub, under, up to, after verbs of motion, takes the accusative ;
after verbs of rest, the ablative.

4. Remember that all prepositions except the ten mentioned,
and in and sub, are followed by the accusative only.

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE.
334, Examine the following : —

1. In oppid6, in the town. 8. Athénis, at (in) Athens.

2. In navi, on shipboard. 9. Corinthi, at (in) Corinth.
3. Ad montem, fo the mountain. 10. Thiriis, at (in) Thurii.

4. Ex agris, from the fields. 11. Carthagini, at (in) Carthage:
5. In Italia, in Italy. 12. RGmae, at (in) Rome.

6. In Italiam, to Jtaly. 13. R6mam, to Rome.

7. Ex Italia, from Italy. 14. Roma, from Rome.

Observe the ways of denoting the place in, on, at, to, from which.
In English we always! use a preposition with the noun of place,
as the examples show. So in Latin (see examples 1-7), except
with names of towns.? For these a rule may be inferred from the
examples 8-14.

335. RULE OF SYNTAX. — With names of towns —

1. The place in or at which is expressed by the
locative. (See 14, 2; 40; 175.)

2. The place to which, by the accusative without
a preposition.?

3. The place from which, by the ablative without
a preposition.’

1 Except in the caseofthe word the Accusative of Limit, be-

home, after a verb of motion. cause it denotes the limit, or end,
2 Names of small islands are of motion.
often treated like names of towns. 4 This ablative is the ablative

8 This accusative may becalled of separation. (128, 129, 130.)

158 EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE.

336, Domus, home, house, and ris, the country, have the con-
struction of names of towns:

domi, at home. rari, in the country.
domum, (/o) home. rtis, fo (into) the country.
dom6, from home. rare, from the country.
Pe
Sot. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Consulés in sédem suam procéssére.? 2. Porsena
réx infesto cum exerciti ROmam venit. 3. Romani ex
agcris in urbem démigrant. 4. Nova Romae dignitas creaita
est, quae dictétiira appellita est. 5. Tarquinius Cumas sé
contulit. 6. Missi sunt Roma ad Coriolanum Gratores dé
pace. 7. Is dé foro domum sé recipiébat. 8. Erat quidam
Athénis qui sé sapientem profitebatur. 9. Regulus in Afri-
cam trajécit. 10. Deinde Romam missus est, sed mox
Carthaginem rediit. 11. Roma missi sunt Carthiginem
légati. -12. Romani duds cladés in Hispania accépérunt.
13. Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam profectus est.
14. Hannibal ex angustils évasit.

II. 1. The consul set out from Rome with a large army.
2. We have removed from the city into the country.
3. Then the general retreated? into Campania. 4. I have
lived in Athens three years. 5. Tarquin remained at
Cume a long time. 6. Scipio defeated Hannibal at Zama.
7. Regulus returned from Africa to Rome. 8. Afterwards
he was sent back from Rome to Carthage. 9. Cesar
carried on war in Gaul eight years.? 10. Cicero was born at _
Arpinum. 11. The consul proceeded to Athens with his
army. 12. From Athens he sailed‘ to Italy. 13. Do you
remain (imperative) at home; I will return to the army.
14. Shall you come home soon?

1 From proceédo, perfect tense. 8 See 313.
2 See I. 7, and 289. £ See 272. IT. 6.

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE.

——

338.
angustiae, -arum, F., plur. [an-
gustus, narrow], narrow pass.
Cf. Eng. narrows.
appello, 1, address, call, name,
Arpinun, -i, N., Arpinum, a town
in Italy.
’ Athénae, -arum, F. plur., Athens.
Carthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a
city in Africa.

Coriolanus, -i, M., a surname of
C. Marcius, a Roman consul.
Cumae, -arum, F. plur., Cume, a

town in Campania.
dé-migro, 1, emigrate, remove.
dictatira, -ae, ¥. [dictator],
office of dictator, dictatorship.
dignitas, -atis, yr. [dignus,
worthy|, worth, dignity, office.
é-vado, 5, €vasi, E€vasum, go
forth, escape.

159

VOCABULARY.

infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile,
troublesome, dangerous.

Orator, -Oris, mM. [0rd, speak,
plead], orator, ambassador.

Porsena, -ae,
Etruscan king.

pro-fiteor, 2, -fessus {fateor],
acknowledge, confess, declare.

M., Porsena, an

re-mitto, 5, -misi, -missum, send
back.

sédés, -is, F. [sedeo, sit], seat,
abode.

Tarquinius, -i, m., Tarquin, a
Roman king.

tra-icio, 5, -jéci, -jectum [ trans,
jacio], throw across, pass over’,
cross.

tum, adv., then, at that time.

Zama, -ae, F.. Zama, a town in
Africa.

3.
FOR TRANSLATION.
Tue BatrLe oF CANNsA, B.C. 216.

339.

Hannibal in Apiliam pervénerat. Adversus eum Roma
profecti sunt duo cdnsulés, Aemilius Paullus et Terentius
Varro. Paulld’ cunctatid Fabi? magis placébat; Varro
autem, ferdx® et temerarius, Acridra sequebatur consilia.
Ambo consulés ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra
commiunivérunt. Ibi deinde Varré invito collégi* aciem In-
strixit et signum piignae dedit. Hannibal autem ita cdnsti-
tuerat aciem, ut R6mfnis® et® sdlis radil et ventus ab oriente

1 For the case, see 343. 4 His colleague unwilling =

2 Fabius Maximus, whose policy
had been one of prudence, or
rather, of extreme caution.

3 Impetuous.

against the wishes of his colleague.
See 412.

5 To the Romans, dative with
adversi. 6 Both.

160 ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX.

pulverem adflans’ adversi essent.2 Victus caesusque est
Romanus exercitus; nusquam gravidre vulnere afflicta est
rés publica. r
[Continued on p. 177.]

—-0F95 0o—_—

CHAPTER Tit:
ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX.
340. Examine the following : —

1, Alter cOnsulum, one of the consuls.
2. Unus militum, one of the soldiers.
3. Quis vestrum? who of you?
4, Nihil novi, nothing (of) new.

. Satis peciiniae, enough (of) money.

5
6. Unus ex militibus, one of the soldiers.
7. Minimus ex illis, the youngest of them.

The first five of the examples illustrate what is called the
Partitive Genitive, the word in the genitive denoting a whole, and
the word which it limits a part of that whole; 6 and 7 illustrate
another way of expressing the partitive idea.

3841. Examine the following : —
1. Catilina fuit ingenid mal6, Catiline was (a man) of bad
disposition.
2. Iccius summa no6bilitate fuit, [ccius was (a man) of the
highest rank.

3. Puer sédecim annGrum, a boy of sixteen years.
4. Vestis magni preti, a garment of great value.
5. Vir summae virtitis, a man of the highest courage.

The above are examples of the Descriptive Ablative and the
Descriptive Genitive. Observe that in each instance the abla-
tive or genitive is limited by an adjective, and that the adjective
and noun together denote a quality or characteristic of that which
is described.

1 Present participle of adflo. 2 Were an annoyance.

ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX. 161

342. Ezxanine the following :—

Régi servid, / serve the king.

Civitati prodest, he benefits the state.
Caesari placuit, it pleased Cesar.

Fratri persuadet, he persuades his brother.
Créde mihi, believe me.

Légibus civitatis parébat, (220. I. 2).
Interdum amicis nocet, (272. I. 8).

pee pete

TD

Observe that the verbs, which in English have a direct object,
are followed in Latin by the dative (the case of the indirect object).
Such verbs should be carefully noted as they occur in the exercises.
They may be summed up in the following —

=

343. RULE OF SYNTAX.— Many verbs signifying
to please or displease, benefit or injure, command or
obey, serve, resist, believe, threaten, persuade, and
the like, take the dative.

344. Examine the following : — :

1. Magn6 tsui nostris fuit, it was of great service to our men.

2. Est mihi ciirae, it is (for) a care to me.

53. Equitatum auxilid CaesarI miserant, they had sent cavalry
to aid Cesar (for aid to Cesar).

4. Quinque cohGrtés castris praesidid relinquit, he /eaves
Jive cohorts to defend the camp (for defence to the camp).

Observe in each of the above sentences two datives, one trans-
lated (literally) with for, the other with to. In 1 and 2, isui and
curae are like the predicate nominative, which is often used where
we might expect this dative; in 3 and 4, auxili6 and praesidié
denote a purpose. This dative for which is sometimes called the
Dative of Service. The two together are sometimes called the
Double Dative.

Observe instances of the foregoing constructions as they occur
in the exercises and reading lessons.

162 DERIVATION.

CHAPTER 2.5f
DERIVATION.

345. Some derivations have been indicated in the vocabu-
laries by separating the parts of compound words, and, beginning
with 221, by putting words in brackets. The bracketed words,
however, are not to be understood as the primitives or origi-
nals of the words against which they stand, as is customarily
the case in lexicons and special vocabularies, but that they are
connected with them in formation from a common root or stem. The
habit of observing such relationships is the important thing. The
following list is selected from previous vocabularies for further
study of the subject : — ©

1. am6, love, amicus, loving, friendly; amicitia, friendship; in-
imicus (for in-amicus), unfriendly, hostile.

2. ager, field, land, soil; agri-cola (col6, cultivate), one who cultivates
the soil, farmer ; agri-cultira, cultivation of the soil, agriculture.
Col6 also means dwell, hence incola, inhabitant. Meaning of
incol6 ?

3. civis, citizen; cCivilis, pertaining to a citizen; Civitas, the condt-
tion of a citizen, or a body of citizens, state. Like civilis, form
and define adjectives from the stems of puer and hostis.

4, rego, rule; réx (régs), ruler, king; régina, ruler, queen; ré-

gnum, kingdom; régno, be king, reign; régula, rule.

. facid, do; facinus, thing done, deed; facilis (that may be done),

easy; Gifficilis (for dis-facilis), not to be done, difficult.

6. ndsc6, know; n6men (that by which a thing is known), name ;
ndminG, v., name; nGbilis (that can be known), well known,
noble, cf. facilis.

7. fuga, flight; fugis, flee. liber, adj., free ; lIber6, v., free.
metus, n., fear; metuG,v., fear. laus, n., praise; laud6, v., praise.
timor,n., fear; timeG,v., fear. discd,learn ; discipulus, learner.
d6, give; dbnum, gift. moved, move ; mdtus, motion.
flud, flow; fluvius, flimen, stream, river.
dominus, lord, master ; Gomina, mistress; dominor, be master.

8. aurum, gold; aureus, of gold, golden.
lignum, wood ; ligneus, of wood, wooden.

or

DERIVATION. 163

10.

ii:

14,

15.

16.

AZ.

ferrum, iron; ferreus, of iron, iron.

argentum, silver. Form an adjective from the stem of argen-
tum, and define it.

al6, nourish; alimentum (that which nourishes), food, pro-
visions.

moneé, remind ; monumentum (‘hat which reminds), monument.

6rn6, adorn; meaning of Srnamentum ?

pulcher, beautiful; pulchritudo, beauty.

fortis, brave ; fortitadsd, bravery.

turpis, base; turpitids, baseness.

altus, high. Form a noun from the stem of altus, and define it.

ignavus (nol busy), idle ; ignavia, idleness.

memor, mindful; memoria (mindfulness), memory.

piger, lazy; pigritia, laziness.

pridéns, wise, prudent; prtidentia, wisdom, prudence.

sapiéns, wise; sapientia, wisdom.

amicus, friend ; amicitia, friendship.

Form a noun from the stem of inimicus, and define it.

equus, horse; eques, horseman.

pés (stem ped), foot; pedés, foot-soldier.

ar6, v., plough; aratrum, n. (thing to plough with), plough.

(r6d6, gnaw); r6strum (that which gnaws), beak, snout, hence
beak of a ship.

vir, man; virtiis, manliness, virtue.

servus, slave; servitiis, slavery.

consul, consul ; cOnsulatus, office of a consul, consulship.

magister, master; magistratus, office of a magister, magis-
tracy, also magistrate.

periculum, danger; periculdsus, full of danger, dangerous.

frons, leaf; fronddsus, covered with leaves, leafy.

studium, zeal; meaning of studidsus ?

auded, dare; audax, daring.

rapio, seize ; rapax, grasping.

tenes, hold; meaning of tenax?

scribd, write; scriptor, writer.

vinco (victum), conquer ; victor, conqueror.

défend6, defend; défénsor, defender.

From stem of am6, love, form a word meaning lover ; from stem
of audio, hear, in the same way, a word meaning hearer.

"164 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS.

18. tllus, any; ntllus, not any.
scid, know ; nescid, know not.
19. homo, man; htiimanus (belonging to a man), human.
mors, death; mortalis (belonging to death), mortal.
alius, another; aliénus (belonging to another), another’s.
20. Observe also the force of the various prefixes, a, ad, dé, dis, in,
prae, pr6, re, sub, etc., as in 4-mitt6, ac-céd6, dé-scendo,
di-mitt6, in-fer6, prae-sum, pr6-céd6, re-ferd, sub-e6, etc.

= 5549200

CHAPTER LIV. 14.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES: PRACTICE ON FORMS.

346. Learn the subjunctive of sum (73) and its compounds
(292, 293).

The chief use of the subjunctive is in subjoined, that is, de-
pendent, clauses.

8347. Examine the following : —

1. Audio ubi sit, fuerit, futirus sit, J hear where he is, has been
or was, is going to be.

9, Audivi ubi sit, fuerit, futirus sit, J have heard where he is,
has been or was, ts going to be.

3. Audiam ubi sit, fuerit, futirus sit, J shall hear where he is,
has been or was, is going to be.

4, Audiverd ubi sit, fuerit, futirus sit, J shall have heard
where he is, has been or was, ts going to be.

2

ee, ee

5. Audiébam ubi esset, fuisset, futirus esset, J heard where
he was, had been, was going to be.

6. Audivi ubi esset, fuisset, futiirus esset, J heard where he
was, had been, was going to be.

7, Audiveram ubi esset, fuisset, futirus esset, J had heard
where he was, had been, was going to be.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES: FORMS. 165

Notice what tenses are used in the principal clauses of each of
the preceding groups of examples. Those in the first group — the
present, perfect definite, future, and future perfect— are called
primary or principal tenses. Those in the second group — the
imperfect, perfect indefinite,? and the pluperfect —are called
secondary or historical tenses.

Observe also that primary tenses of the subjunctive are used in
the first four, secondary in the last three.

348. RULE OF SYNTAX.— Primary tenses of the
subjunctive follow primary tenses of the indicative,
and secondary follow secondary.

Observe that the subjunctive in the foregoing examples is trans
lated like the indicative.

349. Hxamine the following : — .

1. Ném6 adest quin sit fortis, no one is present who is not brave.
. Quis adest quin sit fortis? who is present who is not brave ?
3. Ném6 dubitat quin sit fortis, no one doubts that he is brave.
or his being brave.
4, N6n dubium est quin sit fortis, there is no doubt that he is
brave, or of his being brave.
. N6n dubit6 quin sit fortis, J de not doubt that he is brave,
or his being brave.

bo

iy |

Observe (1) that the subjunctive follows quin; (2) that quin
is used after negative expressions and questions that expect a
negative answer; (3) that the subjunctive clause with quin (com-
pounded of qui, who, and né, not) may be variously rendered.

2.
350. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Quis dubitat quin sint fortés? 2. Némod dubitat
quin vita sit brevis. 3. N6n dubitd quin adfuerint. 4. Non
dubium erat quin essent fortés. 5. Quis dubitabat quin

1 That is, the perfect translated with have or has.
2 That is, the perfect translated without have or has.

166 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: Ut.

fuissent fortes ? 6. Ném6 dubitaverat quin adfuisset; ad-
fuissent. 7. Non est dubium quin possit; possint; potuerit;
potuerint. 8. Quis dubitabat quin posset? possent? potuis-
set? potuissent? 9. Non est dubium quin praesis ; praesitis ;
praefueris ; praefueritis. 10. Quis dubitaverat quin afuisset?
afuissent?

II. 1. I do not doubt that he is present; has been present ;
is absent; has been absent. 2. Who doubted that he could?
they could? we could? you could? 38. They do not doubt
that he is at the head of (praesum); has been at the head of.
4, Who has doubted his surviving? their surviving? 5. Who
doubted their injuring? having injured? 6. There is no
doubt that he can; we can; you can; they can. 7. There
was no doubt that he could; I could; they could.

3.

351. Learn the subjunctive, active aud passive, of am6 (86)
and mone6 (112).

1. Observe that in the active voice the imperfect subjunctive
can be formed readily from the present infinitive, and the pluper-
fect subjunctive from the perfect infinitive. Compare the perfect
subjunctive with the future perfect indicative.

352. Examine the following : —

Sé armant ut pignent, they arm themselves that they may fight,
in order that they may fight, to fight, so as to fight, in order to

Jight, for the purpose of fighting.

Observe that the various equivalents of ut pignent have a
common notion or idea, that of purpose.

353. RULE OF SYNTAX. — Ut with the subjunctive
may be used to denote a purpose, and may be vari-
ously translated.

354. Review the indicative and imperative of e6, go (327).

THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: Ut. 167

355. EXERCISES.

I. 1. It ut mdnstret et moneat. 2. Ibat ut monstraret et
monéret. 3. Iit ut monstret et moneat. 4. Lit ut mon-
straret et monéret. 5. Ibunt ut modnstrent et moneant.
6. Jérunt ut monstrarent et monérent. 7. Terant ut mon-
strirent et monérent. 8. Non dubitfvi quin monstravisset
et monuisset. 9. Quis dubitaverat quin mdnstravissent
et monuissent? 10. Némo dubitavit quin modnstravissémus
et monuissémus. 11. Non est dubium quin mOdnstrémus et
moneamus.

II. 1. He goes to see and praise. 2. They go for the
purpose of seeing and praising. 38. We will go in order to
see and praise. 4. Who will not go that he may see and
praise? 5. You will go to see and praise. 6. They have
gone to see and praise. 7. He has gone for the purpose of
seeing and praising. 8. He went in order to see and praise.
9. Go (plur.) to see and praise. 10. He was going that
“he might see and praise. 11. Who doubts his having seen
and praised? 12. No one doubted that they had seen aad
praised.

4.,
356. EXERCISES,
I. 1. Ei (eis, mihi, nobis) imperat ut? —
conetur, conentur, cOner, cOnemurt.
2. Hi (eis, mihi, nobis) imperabat ut —
conaretur, cOnarentur, cOnarer, conaéremur.
3. Quis dubitat quin —
conatus sit, cOnati sint, cOndtus sim, cOnati simus?
4, Némd dubitabat quin—
conatus esset, cOnati essent, cOnatus essem, conatt
essemus.

1 Translate thus: He orders him to try (that he try); them to try (that
they try).

168 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: Ut AND N6.

5. Eum (eds, mé, nods) monet ut —
tueatur, tueantur, tuear, tueamur.
6. Kum (eds, mé, nds) monebat ut —
tuerétur, tuerentur, Lucrer, tueremur.
7. Quis dubitat quin —
tuitus sit, tuiti sint, tuitus sim, tuiti simus?
8. Némo dubitabat quin—
tuitus esset, tuiti essent, tuitus essem, tuitl essemus.

II.? 1. They will order him’ (them, me, us) to imitate.
2. They have ordered him (them, me, us) to imitate.
38. Who doubts his* (their, my, our) having imitated?
4, They ordered him (them, me, us) to imitate. 5. Nobody
doubted his (their, my, our) having imitated. 6. They
advise him (them,:me, us) to promise. 7. They advised
him (them, me, us) to promise. 8. There was no doubt
that he (they, I, we) had promised.

5.
357. Learn the subjunctive, active and passive, of reg6 (180),
audi (223), capid (235).
358. The conjunction né, in order that not, that not, in order not
to, so as not to, lest, is used to denote a negative purpose, just as ut
denotes a positive purpose. See 352, 353.

359. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Eum (eds) monet ut —
regat, regatur, audiat, audiatur,

regant, regantur, audiant, audiantur.
2. Kum (eds) monuit ut —

regat, regatur, audiat, audiatur,

regant, regantur, audiant, audiantur.
8. Eum (eds) monébat ut —

regeret, regerétur, audiret, audirétur,

regerent, regerentur, audirent, audirentur.

1 Imitate the arrangement in I. 2 Dative.
8 That is, that he, they, I, we, have imitated.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: Ut AND Né. 169

4. Eum (e6s) monuit ut —

regeret, regeretur, audiret, audirétur,

regerent, regerentur, audirent, audirentur.
5. Té (vos) monet né —

capias, capiatis, capiaris, capiamini.
6. Mé (nos) monuit né —

capiam, capiamus, capiar, capiamur.
7. Mé (nds) monebat ne —

caperem, Caperemus, caperer, caperémur.
8. Mé (nods) monuit née —

caperem, caperemus, caperer, caperemur.

II. 1. They advise him (them) —
to lead, to be led, to find, to be found.
2. They warn him (them) —
not to receive, not to be received.
3. They will advise him (them) —
to lead, to be led, to find, to be found.
4, They were warning him (them) —
not to lead, find, receive,
not to be led, be found, _ be received.
5. Who doubted that he (they) —
had led, had found, had received,
had been led, been found, been received?

6.
360. Learn the subjunctive of e6 (327), and fer6 (321).

361. EXERCISES.

J. 1. Mé hortatur ut eam; feram. 2. Eos hortamur ut
eant; ferantur. 3. Vés hortantur ut eatis; feratis. 4. Kum
~hortati sunt ut iret; ferret. 5. Mé hortati sunt né eam;
feram. 6. Té hort&abantur né irés; ferrés. 7. Eos hortati
erant ut irent; ferrent. 8. N6n dubium erat quin iis-
sent; tulissent. 9. Non est dubium quin ierit; tulerit.
10. Némo dubitabat quin iret; ferrétur.

170 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: Ut AND Né.

II. 1. He commands that he (they, I, we) go; bear;
be borne. 2. He was commanding that he (they, I, we)
should go; bear; be borne. 38. There is no doubt of his
(their, my, our) having gone; borne; been borne. 4. There
was no doubt that he (they, I, we) had gone; borne; been
borne.

ae
362. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Imperator exercitum in collem subdixit, ut fortinam
belli experirétur. 2. Pater Horati populum Orabat né se
orbum faceret. 3. Illud facit ut hostés circumveniantur.
4. Consul ciravit ut plébs agrés coleret. 5. Non dubium
erat quin Romani auxilium ferrent. 6. Manlius édicit ne
quis! extra Ordinem ptignet. 7. Omneés occidentur ut vires
hostium frangantur, aut omnés dimittentur ut beneficio obli-
gentur. 8. Non est dubium quin terror animds omnium
civium occupaverit. 9. Incidit? ut eo tempore Hasdrubal
ad eundem portum veniret. 10. Scipid uxdrem Oravit ne
corpus suum Romam referrétur.

II. 1. The ambassadors beg the senate to render aid to
their? kingdom. 2. The ambassador begged the senate to
render aid to his* king. 38. Nobody doubts that Hannibal
is brave. 4. Nobody doubted that Hannibal had fought
bravely. 5. They did this that they might surround the
enemy. 6. This they do in order to surround the enemy.
7. Scipio begs his wife not to carry his body back to Rome.
8. Scipio begged his wife not to carry his body back to
Rome. 9. It turned out that the soldier received a wound
on the head. 10. We will draw up the soldiers on a hill to
try the fortune of war.

1 Né quis, lest any one = that no one.

2 After verbs meaning to happen, to turn out, and the like, ut means
that, but not in order that.

8 Suus, because their means their own, and not of them.

4 Suus.
as

’

THE SUBJUNCTIVE: RELATIVE OF PURPOSE.

365.
circum-veni96, 4, -véni, -ventum,
surround.
collis, -is, m., Azil.
conor, 1, attempt.
curo, 1 [ctira], care for, take care.
di-mitt0, 3, -misi, -missum, scnd
away, send off.
@-dico, 3, -dixi, -dictum, speak
out, declare, proclaim.

Cf. mons.

é-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum, come
Sorth, turn out, happen. Cf. accido.

extra, prep. w. acc., without, out-
side of. Cf. intra.

frang6, 3, frégi, fractum, break.

Hasdrubal, -alis, m., Hasdrubal,
brother of Hannibal.

hortor, 1, urge, encourage.

in-cido, 3, -cidi, -casum [cad6],
fall into, happen, befall.

171

VOCABULARY.

Manlius, -i, M., Manlius, a Roman
general.

monstrod, 1, show, point out.

ob-ligo, 1, bind, put under obliga-
tion, oblige.

oc-cid0, 5, -cidi, -cisam [ob,
caedo, cut], cut down, kill.

occups, 1 [ob, capio], take pos-
session of, seize.

orbus, -a, -um, adj., bereaved,
childless.

ord, 1 (Ss, mouth], pray, beg.

plébs, -bis, r., the common people.

senatus, -tis, mM. [senex], council
of elders, senate. (845. 14.)

sub-dico, 3, -dixi, -ductum;
draw from under, draw up.

uxor, -Oris, F., wife. Cf. conjunx.

vis, vis, F., strength, power. (262.)

——20@500—

CHAP TE an... tiv.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: RELATIVE OF PURPOSE.

[It is suggested that the turning of English into Latin be now deferred till after
the Reading Lessons, pp. 211-222, have been finished.]

364. In all the Latin sentences in the preceding lesson in
which ut and né are used with the subjunctive, except 362. I. 9,
the dependent clause expresses a purpose. And, on the other hand,
in the English sentences all the dependent clauses expressing pur-
pose (“to render aid,” “not to carry,” etc.) had to be turned into
Latin by ut or né with the subjunctive. But the Latin often
expresses a purpose by means of a relative pronoun followed by
the subjunctive. See the first six sentences below.

365. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Ancus légdtum mittit ut rés repetat. 2. Ancus
légdtum mittit qui rés repetat. 3. Légati vénérunt ut picem

172

THE SUBJUNCTIVE: RELATIVE OF PURPOSE.

peterent.

filid equum dedit ut equitaret.
7. Ad singulas urbés scribemus né muros
8. Non dubium est quin Cato ad urbés scripserit.

qui eum veheret.
diruant.

4, Légati venérunt qui pacem peterent.

5. Pater
6. Pater filiG equum dabat

9. Quis dubitavit quin Cato imperavisset ut urbés mirés

diruerent ?

10. Romulus urbem fecit quae asylum esset,;

Romulus urbem facit quae sit asyium.

II. 1. A horse was given to the boy by his father, for!

him to ride.
‘ speak? to his son.
to speak? to his son.

2. A father sent a messenger to Rome to
3. A father sends a messenger to Rome
4. Romulus makes proclamation that
no one® shall leap* over his wall.
that no one should leap over his wail.
them not to leap*® over our walis. 7.
gers to invite* neighboring people to his games.
father will give his son a horse for him to ride.
doubts that a kind father gives his son books?

5. Romulus proclaimed
6. We will warn
Romulus sent messen-
8. The
9. Who
10. Nobody

doubted that the father had given his son many things.®

366.

al-loquor, 3, -lociitus [ad ], speak
to, address.

Ancus, -i, M., Ancus, a Roman
king.

asylum, -i, N., a place of refuge,
asylum.

Cato, -Onis, M., Cato, a famous
Roman censor.

di-ruo, 3,
asunder, destroy.

equito, 1 [eques], act the eques,
ride.

-rul, -rutum, fear

1 That he might ride.
2 Translate in two ways.
8 See 362. I. 6, and note.

VOCABULARY.

finitimus, -a, -um, adj. [finis],
bordering on, neighboring.
imperod, 1, order, command, with
Cf. jubeo with acc.
liidus, -i, M [ludd], game, play.
nuntius, -i, M., bearer of news,

dative.

messenger.

re-petd, 3, -Ivi, -il, -itum, seek
again, demand back; res repe-
tere, demand restitution.

trin-silis, 4, -ii, and -ui,
[salid, leap], leap over or across.

4 Present subjunctive.
5 See 362. I. 10.
6 Many things, multa.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Ut AND Né. 1%3

CGHAPTER. Tevet.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Ut and Né.

367. The subjunctive with ut to denote purpose has been illus-
trated (352). But the subjunctive with ut has other uses.

368. Hxamine the following : —

1. Tantus est militum ardor ut ad bellum diicantur, so great
is the ardor of the soldiers that they are led to war.
2. Accidit ut nOn domi essem, it happened that I was not at
home.
3. Fabricius adeS inops décéssit ut nihil reliquerit,! Fa-
bricius died so poor as to leave nothing.
Tn these examples the dependent clause denotes a result. Com-
pare the translation of ut and the subjunctive in purpose clauses,
and in result clauses. That not in resuli clauses = ut n6n. Cf. 358.

369. Still another use of the subjunctive with ut
° .
and né is illustrated in the following sentences :—

1. Times ut veniat, I fear that he is not coming, or will not come.

2. Times ut vénerit, / fear that he has not come.

3. Timébam ut vénisset, J feared that he had not come.

4, Timed né veniat, J fear that he is coming, or will come

5. Timed né vénerit, I fear that he has come.

6. Timébam né vénisset, / feared that he had come.

An inspection of the foregoing examples shows that ut and né
seer: sometimes to exchange meanings.

After verbs of fearing, ut is translated that not, and né, that.

Observe that in 1 and 4 the present subjunctive may be trans.
lated as a future.

370. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Pompéjus ita égit ut 4 Sulla diligerétur. 2. Is, ut
Sillae? subveniret, milités collégit.- 3. Poste& in® Siciliam
profectus est, ut eam provinciam 4 Carbone reciperet.

1 An exception to 348. 2 See 343. 3 See 333. 1.

174 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Ut AND Né.

4. Catilinae exercitus adeo Acriter dimicavit, ut némd super-
esset. 5. Accidit ut esset pléena lina. 6. Atticus sic
Graecé loquebatur, ut Athénis natus viderétur. 7. Atticus
Athénis ita vixit, ut omnibus civibus esset carissimus.
8. Non dubitd quin nostri milites hostés superaverint.
9. Non est dubium quin semper fidem _ servaveritis.
10. Timed ut sustineais laborés. 11. Metud né malum
consilium capids. 12. Metud ut sustinueris laborés.
13. Quis metuit né malum consilium capiam?

Point out the purpose clauses in the above.

II. 1. The boy so acts that he is loved by all. 2. They
so acted that they were loved by all. 38. He will so act as to
be’ loved by all.. 4. He has so acted as to be loved by
all. 5. They will not doubt our having come. 6. They
had not doubted our having come.’ 7. I fear that you are
not well. 8. I feared that you were not well. 9. I fear
that you are sick. 10. Iwas afraid that you had been sick.
11. The enemy are fighting so spiritedly that no one will
survive.* 12. They have fought so sharply that not one has
survived. 13. We will sect out for® Sicily in order to receive*®

that province.

371.

ac-cidd, 5, -cidi, [ad, cado],
fall upon, fall out, happen. Cf.
éveni6 and incido.

ad-ed, ady. (to this), thus far, so,
SO very.

Atticus, -1, m., Atticus, a friend of
Cicero.

Carbo, -6nis, m., Carbo, a Roman.

Catilina, -ae, M., Catiline, a fa-
mous Roman conspirator.

————_—_ —___--

1 As to be, ut, etc.
2 That we have come.
8 That we had come.

VOCABULARY.

col-lig6, 5, -légi, -léctum [com,
lego], collect. Also conligo.
di-mico, 1, fight, contend.
Graecé, adv. |Graecus], in Greek.
loquor, 3, lociitus, speak, talk.
sub-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum,
come to the aid of, aid, assist,
with dative. Cf. succurro.
sustined, 2, -tinui, -tentum [sub, —
tened |, hold up, bear, endure.

# Pres. subj.
5 See I. 3, and note.
6 Not infinitive.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Cum. 175

CEA PTE Evy 4:
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Cum.

372. The subjunctive occurs very frequently in de-
pendent clauses beginning with cum, meaning (1) when,
while, as, of time; (2) since, because, as, of cause or
reason; (8) although, of concession:

1. Cum Servius in domo Tarquini esset, miradbile accidit,
while Servius was in the house of Tarquin, a wonderful thing
hapvened.

2. Cum Tarquinius occisus esset, 6jus uxor populum allo-
ciita est, when Tarquin had been killed, his wife addressed
the people.

3. Tullia, cum domum rediret, super corpus patris carpen--
tum égit, Tullia, as she was returning home, drove her
wagon over the body of her father.

An inspection of the above examples shows that —

(1) The tenses of the subjunctive are the imperf. and pluperfect.

(2) The cum clause marks the time of the act of the principal
clause, the verb of which is in the perfect.

(3) The sentences may be called narrative sentences.

373. RULE OF SYNTAX.— Cum temporal, that is,
cum in narrative clauses, is followed by the imper-
fect and pluperfect subjunctive to mark the time
of the action in the principal clause.

374. Examine the following : —

1. Cum huic légi senatus repiigndret, Caesar rem ad popu-
lum détulit, since the senate opposed this law, Cesar referred
the matter to the people.

2. Cum dé imprGvis6 vénisset, Rémi légat6s misérunt, since
he had come unexpectedly, the Remi sent ambassadors.

3. Cum vita metis pléna sit, amicitias parate, since life is
full of fear, form friendships.

4. Cum mé interrogaveris, respondéb6, as you have asked me,
I will answer.

176 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Cum.

5. Nihil mé adjivit cum posset, he gave me no aid (aided me
in nothing), although it was in his power.
Notice that —
(1) All the four tenses of the subjunctive are used.
(2) The cum clause states the cause or reason of the act of the
principal clause; or denotes a concession, indicated in English by
though, admitting that, ete.

375. RULE OF SYNTAX.— Cum causal or conces-
sive is followed by the subjunctive in all its tenses.

1. Cum followed by the present or perfect subjunctive is almost
always causal, and may be translated since or as; followed by the
’ imperfect or pluperfect it is very often temporal.

2, Cum temporal and the subjunctive can often be translated
in some other way better than by when or as with the indicative.
Thus, in 372.2, we might translate, After the killing of Tarquin,
ete.; and in 8, Tullia, returning home, or Tullia, on her way home.

376. EXERCISE

I. 1. Cum jiissi essent invicem dicere, unus orsus est.
2. Pyrrhus, cum tot ROmanos mortués vidéret, mantis ad cac-
lum sustulit. 38. Cum exploratorés cépisset, eds per castra
circumdixit. 4. Quae cum ita sint,’ perge. 5. Cum sit in
nobis consilium, cir: dubitamus? 6. Cum dé imprdvisd
vénerit Caesar, ad eum légatds mittemus. 7. Cum amici
adsint, gaudémus. 8. Cum’ nox appropinquaret, abiérunt.
9. Cum nox appropinquavisset, abiérunt. 10. Caesar, cum
friistra misisset, sdlus naviculam conscendit né Agndscerétur.

See Th -

II. 1. When one had begun,’ the rest became (were) silent.
2. Pyrrhus, having seen* the bravery of the Romans, spoke
tliese words. 38. Since he has seen the bravery of the
Romans, he raises his hands to heaven. 4. Since night is

pn ry

1 Since these things areso= such of night; or, since night was ap-
being the case. proaching.

2 Cum may be translated as 3 See 373.
temporal or causal: on the approach 4 Pyrrhus, when he had seen.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE:

approaching, we will go off.
arrived, we went to Boston.
7. While Csesar was embarking

friends we went to Boston.

in a boat, no one recognized him.
9. As'I was telling him a story, he
10. As' they had prudence, we did not

he was not recognized.
suddenly laughed.
hesitate.

377.

a-gnosco,3,-2nOdvi,-gnitum, | ad,
(g)nOseo, know], recognize.

ap-propinqud, 1 [ad], approach.

Bostonia, -ae, F., Boston.

céteri, -ae, -a, adj., the rest.

circum-diico, 5, -xi, -ductum,
lead around.

con-scendd, 38, -di, -scénsum
[scando, climb], ascend, embark,
go on board.

dubito, 1 [dubius ], doubt, hesitate.

dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful.

gaude6é,2 2, gavisus sum, le
glad, rejoice.

im-pro-viso, adv. [videG], unex-
pectedly,

378.

LTE

Cum.

5. When our friends had
6. On the arrival of our

8. As! Caesar was alone,

VOCABULARY.

in-vicem, adv., by turns, in turn.

jubeo, 2, bid,

Cf. impero.

mortuus, -a, -um |P. of morior],
dead.

jussi, jussum,
order.

navicula, -ae, F.
vessel, boat.

[navis], (ttle

ordior, 4, orsus, begin, undertake.

pergs, 3, perréxi, perreéctum
[per, rego], go on, continue.

taced, 2, tacul, tacitum, Le silent,
say nothing about.

toh, 5, sustuli, sublatum, raise,
lift up.

tot, adj.,indecl., so many. Cf. quot.

FOR TRANSLATION,

Tue BatrLte oF Canna. — Continued.

Aemilius Paullus télis obrutus cecidit.

Quem?® cum media

in pugna sedentem in sax6 opplétum crudre cOnspexisset qui-

1 The as of reason, or of time ?

2 Four common verbs, auded,
dare, gaudeo, rejoice, soled, be
accustomed, fid0, trust, have the
passive form in the perfect, and
hence are called semi-deponents.

3 Translate first mentally, tak-
ing the words as they stand, ren-

dering cum, when; then recast
this preliminary translation, be-
ginning with cum quidam tribu-
nus, and rendering quem, /im.

Follow this method, when a
Latin sentence appears difficult ;
but keep a sharp eye on the ter-
minations of the words.

178 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: INDIRECT. QUESTIONS.

dam tribinus militum: “Cape,” inquit, ‘‘ hunc equum et fuge,
Aemili. Etiam sine tua morte lacrimirum’ satis lictiisque
est.” Ad ea codnsul:? “Tia quidem macte virtiite esto.* Sed
cavé,! exiguum tempus é manibus hostium évddendi perdas.*
Abi, nintii patribus, ut urbem miniant 4c,’ prius quam
hostis victor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage
medrum militum patere® exspirare.” Alter consul cum paucis
equitibus Venusiam’ perfagit. Consularés aut praetoril
occidérunt ® viginti, senatorés capti aut occisi sunt triginta,
nobilés viri trecenti, militum quadragint& milia, equitum tria
milia et quingenti. Hannibal in® testimOnium victOriae suae
trés modids auredrum anulérum Carthaéginem misit, quos de
manibus equitum ROmanodrum et senatorum détraxerat.

——_o08g200——

CHAPTER: LViITF

THE SUBJUNCTIVE: INDIRECT QUESTIONS.
379. Examine the following : —

DIRECT. INDIRECT.
1. Quis est? who is he? Sci6 quis sit, J know who he is.

: Sci6 ubi simus, J know where
2. Ubi sumus? where are we ? 7 : .

we are.
5. Cir ridés? why do you laugh? Bat gaa idess 2 eee
laugh.
4. Quem vidisti? whom have Sci6 quem videris, I know
you seen? whom you have seen.
1 See 340. 5. 4 Supply né after cavé, beware
2 Supply dixit or respondit. /est you lose = beware of losing.
But it is livelier without a verb. 5 Connects m@niant and fir-
3 Perhaps the literal transla- ment.
tion of this phrase is, be thou © Imperative from patior.
blessed in (or for) thy courage; 7 Account for the case.
macte for mactus, because ti 8 From occids. But occisi,

is here almost more of a vocative in the next clause, from occids6.
than a nominative. ° For; in expresses purpose.

:
q
3

THE SUBJUNCTIVE: INDIRECT QUESTIONS. 179

Compare each of the foregoing examples in the left hand column
with the corresponding one on the right. Observe that each depen-
dent clause in the right hand column begins with an interrogative
word, and contains the substance of a question, though not a
question in form. Such dependent clauses are called Indirect
Questions. Observe the mood, and how it is translated.

880. RULE OF SYNTAX.—Indirect questions take
the subjunctive.

1. The commonest interrogative words introducing indirect
questions are quis, who? ctr, why? num, whether? ubi, where?
quo, whither? unde, whence? quot, how many ?

381, EXERCISES.

[Read again the remarks and rule, p. 165.]

I. 1. Scit quid agis. 2. Scit quid égeris. 3. Sciébat
quidageres. 4. Sciebat quid égissés. 5. Audivi quid agat.
6. Audivi quid égerit. 7. Audivi quid ageret. 8. Audivi
quid égisset. 9. Audiveram quid ageret. 10. Audiveram
quid €gisset.

II. 1. Volo scire unde véneris. 2. Dic’ mihi num meam
sordrem videris. 3. Nescid unde veniant tot milités.
4, Quaeram num omnia féliciter événerint. 5. Speculabimur
quot hominés in urbem ineant et quot exeant. 6. Nasica
hominem interrogavit num manibus ambulire solitus esset.
7. Quaerébat quae’ civitatés in armis essent. 8. Quidam
homo interrogatus est quae navés essent titissimae. 9. Dic
mihi quid in mani habeis. 10. Caesar omnem equitatum
mittit, qui videat® quas in partés* hostés iter faciant.

Ii. 1. He sees who is walking; has walked. 2. They
see who are walking; have walked. 38. We shall see who
walk; have walked. 4. We knew why he was laughing ; had
laughed. 5. You knew why I was laughing; had laughed.

1 See p. 150, note. 8 Compare 865. I. 2 and 4.
2 See 279. 3. # Into what parts = in what direction.

180 THE SUBJUNCTIVE:

—— ee.

6. They wondered why he was praised; had been praised.
7. They will wonder why I am praised; have been praised.
8. Do you not wonder why we are praised; have been
praised? 9. I wonder whether he has been admonished; is
being admonished. 10. They wondered whether we were
admonished ; had been admonished.

382. VOCABULARY.
interrogo, 1, ask, inquire. rogo, 1, ask, question.
Nasica, -ae, M., Nasica, surname _ scio, 4, scivi, scitum, know
of one of the Scipios. soled,” 2, solitus, be accustomed.
num,! interrog. adv., whether, in- speculor, 1, spy out, watch.
troducing indirect questions. tutus, -a, -um, adj., safe.

interrogo, ask a question, inquire, and nearly limited to that sense.

rogo, ask a question, but much more commonly ask a favor, make
a request.

quaero, ask a question, but much used in the sense of seeking to
gain or to know, searching into.

——0;9j00—

CHAPTER Eat: 4:
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: WISHES AND CONDITIONS.
383. Examine the following : —

1. Utinam pater veniat! would that father would come! I wish
father would come! O that father would come!

2. Si pater veniat, laetus sim, if father should come, I should
be glad.

3. Utinam pater adesset! would that father were here!
4, Si pater adesset, laetus essem, if father were here, I should
be glad.

5. Utinam pater adfuisset! would that father had been here!
6. Si pater adfuisset, laetus fuissem, if father had been here,
I should have been glad.

1 Introducing direct questions, it indicates that the answer no is ex-
pected, but does not usually admit of translation. ? See p.177, n.2.

WISHES AND CONDITIONS. 181

(1) In 1 and 2 what time do the words would come, should come,
should be, point to? Plainly not to the past, nor to the instant pres-
ent, but vaguely to the future; and this vague future is expressed
in Latin by the present subjunctive. The wish and the condition
referring to the future may be fulfilled; the father may come.

(2) In 3 and 4 the wish and condition refer to the present; and
this present is expressed by the imperfect subjunctive. The wish
and condition are plainly contrary to what is the fact; the father is,
in fact, not present.

(3) In 5 and 6 the tense of the subjunctive offers no difficulty.
The wish and condition are plainly contrary to what was the fact;
the father was, in fact, not present.

384. RULE OF SYNTAX.—In wishes and conditions
the present subjunctive is used of what may come
true, the imperfect subjunctive of what is not true,
the pluperfect subjunctive of what was noé true.
The same mood is regularly employed in the con-
clusion of such conditional sentences.

The indicative is not used in wishes. ‘The use of the indicative
in conditional sentences is easily understood.

385. Examine the following : —

1. Si pater adest, bene est, if father is present, it is well.

2. Si pater aderat, bene erat, if father was present, it was well.

3. SI pater aderit, bene erit, 7f father shall be present, it will
be weil.

Observe that in examples 1 and 2 a condition is stated without
implying anything. In example 3, as the time is future, that which
is supposed may be fulfilled. This form, then, of stating a supposi-
tion is almost exactly equivalent to that of the present subjunctive
in 383; it is only a livelier way of putting it.

1 In English we commonly use _ etc.) present, it will be well. Do not
a present form in such conditions be deceived, when translating into
that refer to the future. Thuswe Latin, by this apparent present. See
say, If he is (to-morrow, next week, if the conclusion contains a future.

182

THE SUBJUNCTIVE:

386.

EXERCISES.!

I. 1. Si victoriam certam videam, nunquam pignem.
2. Si mé virum bonum jidicarés,’? non mé corrumpere vellés.?

3. Dictator,’ si
4. Varro,
poends dedisset.*
dicat? 6.
7. Si récté facias, laudéris.

adfuisset,

mus; sin autem eat, tamen eum laudémus.

accéderet,’ omnés fugerent.
classemque iterum diceret!
narret !

rem
si Carthaginiénsium dux fuisset, temeritatis
5. Si patrem tuum cris videam, quid
Non profectus essem, nisi Caesar jississet.
8. Si maneat Marcus, gaudea-

non melius gessisset.

9. Sr led

10. Utinam frater meus viveret
11. Utinam mater nobis fabulam
12. Utinam técum® in agris ambulavissem !

II.7 1. Would that I were walking in the fields with you

to-day !
day.

2. I wish you had been walking’ with me® yester-
3. O take® a walk with us in the fields to-morrow!

4. If you should see victory certain, my friend, should you

not fight?
not order it.
praised. 7.
been praised.
to” be praised.

1 Jn translating these sentences,
render the present subjunctive in
such a way as to indicate vaguely
future time; thus, videam ... ptig-
nem, should sce... should fight.

2 Compare 383. 4, and read
again 383 (2).

3 Notice the position of this
word, which is the subject of ges-
sisset. It may be translated as it
stands, first.

4 Given punishments of = paid
the penalty for.

5 Tf a lion were coming, not were

5. I should not now be setting out if Czesar did
6. If you were acting rightly, you would be
If you had acted rightly, you would have
8. I wish® you would act rightly, so as
9. If we should see a lion, we should flee.

to come, which would be expressed
by the present subjunctive.

6 See 265. 3.

7JIn turning these sentences
into Latin, do not be misled as
to the real time of the verbs ; were
walking, in the first sentence, de-
notes present time. Read again the
examples, $83, and the remarks.
See also the varied translation of
the first example.

8 Compare I. 12.

® Compare 383. 1.

10 Ut. See 352.

WISHES AND CONDITIONS. 1838

10. I wish I had seen a huge lion. 11. If my brother' were
living, he would now be commanding the fleet. 12. Would
that your brother were alive!

387. VOSABULARY.
ac-cedo, 3, -céssi, -céssum [ad], judicd, 1 [jiidex], judge, deem.

go or come near, approach. recté, ady. [réctus], rightly.
cor-rumpo, 3, -rapi, -ruptum sin, conj. [si, né], but if, if how-

jcom], break in pieces, destroy ; ever, Uf.

corrupt, bribe. temeritas, -atis, r. [temere],
dictator, -oris, M. |dict0, dicd], chance ; rashness.

chief magistrate, dictator. uti-nam, ady., would that, O that,
immanis, -e, adj., Auge, immense. I wish that.

2.
388. COLLOSUIUM.

JOHANNES ET JACOBUS.
Jo. Dic mihi, Jacobe, unde venias, quid égeris.
have been doing
Ja. Riire veni6, ubi fériarum partem égi. Et ti?
vacation spent
Jo. Ego iter cum parentibus fécIl, neque scid quandd
ch
domum revertar. ery
return
Ja. Utinam ego quoque iter faciam! Si parentés ades-
sent, iter mécum facerent.
Jo. Kgo itineris diuturnitate sum defessus, et gaudérem si
< = length
in schol& essem.
Ja. Veni mécum in scholam et tina édiscamus.
together let us learn
Jo. Técum libenter in scholam ib6, sed cdgnéscere velim
Yi know should lik
qui sit praeceptor. Se ai eee

Ja. Praeceptor est vir doctissimus. Vim Latini scit,
ever so much

atque semper est benignus, mordsus nunquam.
pleasant

Jo. Quid té docet?

1 Imitate the order in I. 8 and 4; the subject might, however, be
placed after si.

184 THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE.

Ja. Docet nos modum subjunctivum. Heri, exempli causa,
for example
nobis de subjunctivo in interrogatiduibus indiréctis explicavit.
questions

Jo. Multa de interrogationibus indiréctis audivi, neque
unquam intellegere potul. JT citne praeceptor ut ti ista
intellegerés ?

Ja. Sané, mi amice, et ego, ut opinor, faciam ut ti quoque

yes indeed
eadem intellegis. Si dicam, Ubi est frater tuus? interroga-
question

tum sit diréctum; sin autem, Nescio ubi sit frater, interroga-
tum sit indiréctum. Intellegisne?

Jo. Satis intellego. Sed in hune diem hactenus.

50-SO for enough

00:00

Gis SSR caer ee
THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE.

389. Learn the future imperative, active and passive, of the
regular and irregular verbs, and review the present imperative.

390. In the last lesson occurred the first illustrations of the
subjunctive not in dependent clauses, that is, in wishes and in the
principal clauses of conditional sentences. The subjunctive is
similarly used in commands and appeals, and when so used is
called the Hortatory Subjunctive.

391. LHexamine the following paradigms : —

COMMANDS AND APPEALS.

POSITIVE. NEGATIVE.
moneam, Jet me advise. né moneam, let me not advise.
moné, or moneas, advise. né monueris, do not advise.

; moneat, let him advise,or né moneat, ; let him not, or he
monuerit, i he shall advise. né monuerit, ¢ shall not, advise.
moneamus, let us advise. né moneamus, let us not advise.
monéte, advise. né monueritis, do not advise.

let them not, or
they shall not,
advise.

let them advise,
or they shall
advise.

né moneant,

; moneant, (
né monuerint,

monuerint,

ea ae

THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE. 185

(1) Observe that positive commands and appeals are expressed
by the subjunctive only, except in the second person; and negative
commands and appeals, by the subjunctive with né.+

(2) Observe also that the present and perfect subjunctive, in
the third person, are used without essential differeuce of meaning ;
and that in negative commands and appeals in the second person
the perfect ? only? is given.

(3) The future imperative is mostly confined to laws and
maxims: Hominem mortuum in urbe né sepelité, thou shalt
not bury a dead man within the city. Percontat6rem fugit6, nam
garrulus idem est, avoid a questioner, for he is a babbler too.

(4) The preceding paradigms, with the meanings, should be
thoroughly committed to memory.

392. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Cotidié scribe ad mé, mi fili, quid feceris. 2. Puer
ad patrem scribit quid fécerit. 38. Mittamus niintium ad
Caesarem qui* eum moneat. 4. Né mécum in litore hodié

ambulaveris. 5. Né pueri incautt cultrds habeant. 6. Im-

perator consilium cOnficiat. 7. Nolite, milités, hostium
exercitum timére. 8. Né, milités, hostium exercitum timu-
eritis. 9. Omnia sua’ sécum® incolae portaverint. 10. Mihi
aurés praebéte, discipuli, et diligenter audite quae dicam.
11. Ne id quod est falsum dixeris. 12. Leo dixit: Restat
pars quarta, at né quisquam’ audeat eam tangere.

If. 1. They shall not send’ a messenger. 2. Let no one
touch’ the fourth part. 3. Touch not” the fourth part of the

1 Prohibitions are more com- 3 The imperative so used is not
monly expressed by noli (ndlite) | common, and not to be imitated.
with the infinitive. See 318. I. # Compare 365. I. 2 and 4.

5 and 6. 5 Omnia sua, their all.

2 This form of the subjunctive 6 See 265. 3.
in this use is here called the per- 7 Let no one. See 279. 6.

_ fect, in deference to custom: it is 8 Né with perfect subjunctive.
really the subjunctive of the future 9 See I. 12.

er fect, 10 Express in two ways.
P

186 THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE.

booty. 4. Let the pupils listen attentively to the words of
the master. 5. Do not listen,’ boys, to the counsels of
the bad. 6. Write daily to your parents what? you are
doing. 7%. Carry your books home® with you and _ study
diligently. 8. Do not forget’ what* has been said to you
to-day. 9. Touch not! wine; let us not touch wine; they
shall not touch wine. 10. Let us go out and carry our all
with us.

3935. VOCABULARY.
at, conj., but. Cf. autem. (214.) falsus, -a, -um, adj. [fall6, de-
audeo,® 2, ausus sum, dare, be ceive], deceptive, false. .

bold. in-cautus, -a, -um, adj. [caved],
con-ficid, 3, -féci, -fectum [com, incautious, heedless,

facio|], make, accomplish, carry re-sto, 1, restiti, , stay behind,

out. remain.

cotidié, adv. [quot, diés], daily. tango, 3, tetigi, tactum, touch.
at, but on the contrary, but for all that.

sed, but, without special emphasis.
autem, but, often to be rendered dowever ; weaker than ator sed.

394. FOR TRANSLATION.
Marcus Porcius Caro, Purr.

M. Porcius Caté jam puer® invictum animi rdbur ostendit.
Cum in dom6 Drisi avunculi sui éducarétur, Latini dé civi-
tate impetrandé’ Romam vénérunt. Popédius, Latindrum
princeps, qui Drisi hospes erat, Caténem puerum rogavit, ut
Latinds apud avunculum adjuvaret. Catd vulti constanti

1 Express in two ways. 6 Jam puer, already a boy =
2 Compare I. 10. even in boyhood.

8 See 336. 7 Dé civitate impetranda,
4 Id quod. respecting the citizenship to be ob
5

See p. 177, note 2. tained = to obtain citizenship.

THE INFINITIVE. 187

-negiivit id sé factirum.? Iterum deinde 4c saepius interpel-
latus* in proposito perstitit. Tune Popédius puerum in excel-
sam aedium partem levatum tenuit,® et sé abjecttrum?* inde
minatus est, nisi precibus obtemperaret ; neque hdc meta?’ 4
sententia eum potuit dimovére. Tunc Popédius exclamasse®
fertur:’ ‘*Gratulémur® nobis,® Latini, hune esse tam par-
yum; si enim senator esset,” né spérare quidem" jis” civi-
tatis licéret.”

—10 £00 —_—__

CHAPTER “Eoer
THE INFINITIVE.

395, Learn the infinitives of the regular and irregular verbs.
(86, 112, 180, 223, 235, etc.)

396. Examine the following :—

Errare est himanum, fo err is human.

Possum vidére, / am able to see.

. Vol6 legere, J wish to read.

Ham sequi sé jubet, he orders her to follow him(self).

. SAturnus in Italiam vénisse dicitur, Saturn is said to
have come into Italy.

elles

cn > 09

Observe that in each sentence the infinitive is used in Latin
precisely as in English. This use of the infinitive, as offering no
difficulty, has been tacitly illustrated in some of the foregoing
exercises.

1 Negavit ... factirum, de- 6 Exclamasse — exclama-
nied himself to be going to do it= __visse.
refused to do it. 7 Fertur = dicitur.
2 Perf. part. See amatus, p. 54. 8 Gratulémur, let us congratu-
3Puerum...levatumtenuit, late. See 391.
held the raised-up boy = raised up ° Nobis. See 3438.
and held the boy. 10 Hsset...licéret. See 383.
4 Sé abjectirum, that he would ll Né... quidem, not even.
throw (him) down. 12 Jus civitatis. Cf. civitate,

5 Hoc meta, by this fear = by line 2.
fear of this.

188 THE INFINITIVE.

397. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Cur mé vis corrumpere? 2. Timére incipiébat.
3. Soror flere incipiébat. 4. Vincere scis,’ victoria? ati
nescis. 5. Tarquinius Cumdas sé contulisse dicitur. 6. Pon-
tem jubet rescind!. 7. Dulce est pro patria mori. 8. Cato
esse quam videérl bonus malébat. 9. Puerds decet tacére.
10. Tine Marium audébis occidere? 11. Nobis est in
anim6* per provinciam iter facere. 12. Caesar ab urbe
proficisc! maturat.

II. 1. Pyrrhus wanted to bribe Fabricius. 2. Fabricius
could not* be turned from (the path of) honor. 35. Why
did you begin to weep? 4. Did Hannibal know how? to
conquer? 5. Tarquin was said to have besieged Rome.
6. Rome is said to have been besieged. 7. Seeing is believ-
ing.© 8. The consul was ordered’ to tear down the bridge.
9. The bridge is said to have been torn down. 10. It is
pleasant’ to live for (one’s) friends. 11. We intend to tear
down the bridge. 12. He is said to have departed from
Italy.

398. VOCABULARY.
a-vert0, 3, -ti, -sum, turn away in-cipid, 3, -cépi, -ceptum [ca-
Srom, avert. pit] (take in hand), begin.
créd0, 38, -didi, -ditum, trust, matir6, 1 [matiirus, ripe], hasten.
believe, w. dat. (343.) morior,’ 3, mortuus, die.

decet, 2, decuit, , impers. pons, pontis, m., bridge.
(p. 200), a is becoming, fitting, Yre-scindd, 5, -scidi, -scissum,

proper. tear away, tear down, break
honestas, -atis, r. |honestus], down, f

honor, integrity, honesty. soror, -Oris, F., sister. ‘

1 You know how. © To see is to believe. Cf. I. 7.

2 See 304. 7 Use jubeo.

io 9)

3 Jt is in mind to us = we intend, Neuter. Cf. I. 7.
* Could not = was not able, Morior has future participle
5 See I. 4. moritirus.

©

ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. 189

CHAPTER font a:
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
399. Hxamine the following :—

DIRECT.
Homo est, he is a man.
z Tenis calet, fire is hot.
Amicus adest, (his) friend is present.
Mundus a De6 regitur, the world is ruled by God.

Pricer tee iy

INDIRECT.
. Dicit sé hominem esse, he says that he is a man.
. Sentimus Ignem calére, we perceive that fire is hot.
Putat amicum adesse, he thinks that his friend is present.

. Scimus mundum a Deo regi, we know that the world is
ruled by God.

Hs OD LD ee

Notice the difference between the direct and indirect forms of
statement.

In the second group, compare the English with the Latin.
Observe (1) that after the leading verb there is nothing in the
Latin corresponding to the conjunction that; (2) that, while the
English retains the nominative and indicative of the direct form,
the Latin has instead the accusative and infinitive.

The second group illustrates the, indirect discourse, so called
because what some one says, thinks, or knows, is stated in the
dependent clause indirectly.

400. RULE OF SYNTAX. —The accusative and in-
finitive are regularly used after verbs of saying,
thinking, knowing, perceiving, and the like.

401. RULE OF SYNTAX. —The subject of the infini-
tive is in the accusative.

190 ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.
402. TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE.
PRESENT.
dicit he says that you are writing.
atc té scribere, \i will say that you are writing.
dixit he said that you were writing.
dicit

he says that the letter is being written.
atoet epistulam scribi, ‘i will say that the letter is being written.
dixit he said that the letter was being written.

FUTURE.

dicit he says that you will write.
att té scriptirum esse, he will say that you will write.

dixit he said that you would write.

dicit ) a z (he says that the letter will be written.
dicet + ©P'* panier! hiss he will say that the letter will be written.
dixit he said that the letter would be written

PERFECT.

dicit he says that you wrote (have written).
atoet té scripsisse, he will say that you wrote (have written).
dixit ; ( he said that you wrote (had written).

dicet- scriptam <he will say that the letter was (has been) written.

dicit ) epistulam he says that the letter was (has been) written.
dixit esse, he said that the letter was (had been) written.

A study of the above table will show that the present infini-
tive denotes the same time as that indicated by the tense of the ;
leading verb; that the future infinitive denotes time after that —
indicated by the leading verb; and that the perfect infinitive de- :
notes time before that indicated by the leading verb. :

403. RULE OF SYNTAX. — The tenses of the infini-
tive refer to present, future, or past time, relatively
to the time of the leading verb.

1 More commonly, fore ut epistula with subj. Also see p. 192,n. 1. _

ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. 191

2.

404, EXERCISES.

[It will be best to translate each of the following sentences twice ;
first, literally, just as they stand, then into good English: thus,
History relates two sons to have been to Cornelia = history relates that
Cornelia had two sons. The eighth thus: T’he ambassador said him-
self a public messenger to be of the Roman people = the ambassador
said that he was, etc. |

I. 1. Historia narrat duds filids fuisse Cornéliae. 2. Cor-
nélia dixit filids suds esse Grnaimenta sua. 38. Scimus matrés
filids amfire. 4. Traditum! est Caesarem 4 Brito et Cassi6
occisum esse. 5. Certum est casi bonum fieri néminem.?
6. Scid haec véra esse. 7. Marcellus Hannibalem vinci
posse docuit. 8. Légatus dixit sé piblicum ntntium esse
popull ROmani. 9. Thalés aquam dixit esse initium rérum.-
10. Traditum est Homérum fuisse caecum. 11. Legatus
dicit montem ab hostibus tenéri.

[Before translating into Latin, cast each sentence mentally into
the Latin form; thus the first sentence will be, Jé is said two sons

_ to have been to Cornelia, or Cornelia two sons to have had; and the

seventh, We know you the truth to be about to tell. ‘This practice is
of capital importance. |

II. 1. It is said that Cornelia had two sons. 2. Have
we not heard that Cornelia had jewels? 3. I think that you
will have jewels. 4. We know that Cornelia loved her boys.
5. Do not? all mothers think that their sons are their jewels?
6. I think that the moon will be full to-morrow. 7. We
know that you will tell the truth. 8. History relates that
Hannibal was defeated by Marcellus. 9. It is related that
Homer wrote poems. 10. I know that this has been done.
11. He said that the enemy held the mountain.

1 In the compound tenses of adjective. Here traditum est

the passive voice the perfect parti- = it 7s (a thing) related.

ciple occasionally loses its idea of 2 Subject of fieri.
time and becomes virtually an 3 Nonne.

192 ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.

3.
405. EXERCISES.
[Read the first paragraph, page 191.]

I. 1. Jirite vés rem publicam non désertiirds esse.
2. Vox quondam audita est Romam 4 Gallis captum!? ir.
3. Certum est Hannibalem 4 Scipidne victum esse. 4. Ferunt?
ed dié linam fuisse plenam. 5. Cum Nasica ad Ennium
venisset, servus dixit Ennium domi non esse. 6. Nasica
sénsit illum® intus esse. 7. Postei cum ad Nasicam vénisset
Ennius, exclamavit ipse Nasica sé? domi non esse. 8. Catd
dicere solébat acerbos inimicds saepe vérum dicere. 9. Abi,
nuntia te vidisse Gajum Marium in Carthaginis ruinis seden-
tem (sitting). 10. Matrona quaedam dictitabat sé triginta
tantum annds habére.*

[See second paragraph, p. 191. The first sentence expressed in
the Latin idiom will be, Ennius says himself at home not to be, the
third, He thinks himself at home to be about to be; the fourth, Cato
thought his friends the truth not always to speak (compare I. 8).]

II. 1. Ennius says that he is not at home. 2. He said
that he had not been at home. 38. He thinks that he shall
be at home to-morrow. 4. Cato thought that his friends
did not always tell him?’ the truth. 5. It is evident that the
world was not made by chance. 6. We have sworn that we
will not desert our leader. 7. The soldiers swore that they
had not deserted the republic. 8. It was evident that the
enemy was being defeated. 9. Do you not know that the
enemy are near? 10. It is certain that they are advancing
towards the town.

1 Captum, being a supine 4 To have thirty years = to be
(433), does not change its form thirty years old.
to agree with ROmam. 5 Tim = himself; not accusative.
2 Ferunt = dicunt. ® Notice that the time of the de-

8 Observe the difference be- pendent verb is present, with refer-
tween illum in 6 and sé in 7. ence to that of the leading verb.

ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.

406.

acerbus, -a, -um, adj. [acer],
harsh, bitter.

arbitror, 1, think, suppose, believe.

econ stat, 1, -stitit, , impers.
(415), it ts evident, clear.

dé-ser6, 5, -wi, -tum, deset, aban-

don.
Enuius, -i, M., Hnnius, a Roman
poet.

ex-clam®d, 1, cry out, exclaim.

Gallus, -i, .,a Gaul.

historia, -ae, F., history.

in-imicus,-a,-um,adj.[amicus ],
unfriendly, hostile; noun, an
enemy. (172.)

intus, adv. [in], inside, within.

jaro, 1 [jas], swear, take an oath.

Marcellus, -i, m., Marcellus, a
Roman general.

407.

193

VOCABULARY.

matrona, -ae, F. [mater], wife,
lady, matron.

nuntio, 1 [nitintius], announce,
report,

crnamentum, -i, x. [6rn0], orna-

(35. 9.)

populus, -i, M., people.

publicus, -a, -urn, adj. [popu-
lus] (pertaining to the people),

(S45. 19.)

quondam, adv., once, formerly.

sentio, 4, s€nsi, sénsuin, /écl,

ment, jewel.

public.

know (by the senses), see, perceive.
tantum, adv. [tantus], only.
Thales, -is, M., Thales, a Greek

philosopher. ;
tra-do, 3, -didi, -ditum [trans],

give over, deliver ; relute, recount.
vérum, -I, N. [vérus], the truth.

FOR TRANSLATION.

NAsica ET ENNIUS.

Nasica,’ cum ad poétam Ennium vénisset,? eique® ab éstid
quaerenti*? Enniuim ancilla dixisset eum domi® non esse, sénsit

illam® domini jésst dixisse, et illum’ intus esse.

Paucis post

diébus, cum ad Nasicam vénisset Ennius et cum 4° janua

quaereret, exclamat Nasica sé domi non esse.

‘Tum Ennius,

“Quid? ego noén cdgndscd vocem,” inquit,? ‘* taam?”

1 Subject of sénsit.

2 Ad...vénisset, had come
to, that is, to cull on.

8 To him, dat. of is. See 270. 2.

4 Pres. part. of quaerd, in the
dat. with ei, to him asking for.

5 See 336.

6 Refers to ancilla, and is the
subject ace. of dixisse.

7 That is, Ennius.

® A janua, at the door.

® Observe the position of inquit.

194

PARTICIPLES.

Hic! Nasica: ‘‘ Homo es impudéns. Ego, cum te quaere-

rem,

ancillae? tuae crédidi té? domi nédn esse; ti mili non

crédis ipsi?’’*

0.0800

CEPA TER | Loerer As

PARTICIPLES.

408. Learn the participles of the regular and irregular verbs.

1

For declension of a present active participle, see 165. The

ablative singular generally ends in e, but in 7 when the participle
is used as an adjective.

yf

The other participles, ending in us, a, um, are declined like

bonus (71).

409. Hxamine the following : —

bo

~J

cadit, he falls oe
. Fortissimé dimicans jeaaet he will pat, se ae? most
cecidit, he fell raveély.

. Hostés adortus pr6fligavit, he attacked and routed (having

attacked, he routed) the enemy.

. HI advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit, an eagle took off his

cap as he was approaching (to him approaching).

. Lednidas superdtus cédere n6luit, Leonidas, (though) over-

powered, would not yield.

. R6ma expulsus Athénas Ibit, (if) expelled from Rome, he

will go to Athens.

. Epistulam sibi commissam détulit, he delivered the letter

(which had been) intrusted to him.

. BA ré commdtus in Italiam rediit, he returned into Italy

(because he was) alarmed at this event.

. Néds moritiri saliitamus, we, (who are) about to die, salute you.
. Ob virginés raptas, on account of the seizure of the maidens

(maidens seized).

1 An adverb, hereupon. 3 Subject ace. of esse. See 401
2 Dat. after crédidi. See343. 4 Emphasizes mihi. (270. 4.)

PARTICIPLES. 195

Study the above examples with reference first to the tenses
of the participles, and observe that the time of the participles is
present, past, or future, relatively to the time of the leading verb.

Notice how the participle is translated in each example; only
in the first is it pest translated literally. What the Latin expresses
by a participle we very often xpress by a clause beginning as,
though, tf, because, etc., by a relative clause, or by a verb codrdinate
with one following.

Ais

410. EXERCISES.

[It will be best to translate every sentence literally, then into
good English. |

J. 1. Remus irridéns mtrum trdansiliit.
oblita! fratrum, oblita! patriae.
superbé responsum est? 4 Latinis.
victi portas Romanis aperuerunt.
ex equd excussum transfixit.t| 6. Romani necessitate victi
. légatos mittunt. 7. Hune Fabricius vinctum reduci jussit.
8. Hannibal causam belli quaeréns Saguntum €évertit. 9. Ka
ré commétus in Italiam rediit armis injiriam acceptam
vindicatirus.» 10. Missds® & senati légatds hondrificé
excépit.

2. - Aebi hinge:
3. Légatd rés repetenti?
4, Falisci statim benefici6
5. Filius Manli Latinum

[Cast each of the following sentences into the Latin idiom
before attempting to translate. Thus, Romulus killed Remus laugh-
ing at (acc. in agreement with Remus); Horatius stabbed his sister
forgetful (oblitam) ; to the ambassadors demanding, etc. |

II. 1. Romulus killed Remus because he laughed at his

wall. 2. Horatius stabbed his sister with his sword because

1 Feminine of the perf. part.
oblitus, from obliviscor. Trans-

3 Resp€nsum est, it was re:
plied = answer was made.

late, Thou who hast forgotten (lit.,
having forgoiten).

2 To the ambassador demanding
= to the ambassador who demanded,
or when the ambassador demanded.

4 Excussum transfixit, struck
off and stabbed. See 409. 2.

5 About to avenge, i.e., in order
to avenge.

6 Compare 409. 6.

196 PARTICIPLES.

she was forgetful of her country. 38. The Latins answered
the ambassadors’ haughtily, when they demanded restitution.
4. The Gauls entered the open houses. 5. To the Romans,
as they came out of the pass, the light was sadder than

death? itself.

6. The old men went forth to meet? Manlius?
as he was returning to Rome.
and brought him back to the city.
been written by the boy was delivered.
never despaired, though they were often defeated.®

7.* They bound the prisoner
8. The letter which had
9. The Romans
10. Ce-

sar received the senate sitting,® when they came’ to him.

411.

com-moved, 2, -m6vi, -mdtum,
shake, disturb, excite, alarm.

dé-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
(bring down), deliver.

dé-spéro, 1, be hopeless, despair.

é-verto, 3, -ti, -sum, overturn,
overthrow, destroy.

ex-cuti0O, 38, -cussi, -cussum
[quatio], shake out, strike off,
drive away, cast out.

Falisci, -Orum, M., the Faliscans,
a people of Etruria.

hine, adv. [hic], from this place,
hence.

ir-rided, 2, -risi, -risum [in],
laugh at, ridicule, jest, mock.

Latinus, -a, -um [Latium],
Latin; noun, a Latin.

1 Dative.

2 See 211, 212.

3 To meet, obviam.
4 Compare I. 7.

VOCABULARY.

necessitas, -Atis, Fr. [mecesse],
necessity, constraint.

ob-viam, adv., in the way; with
verb of motion, meet; w. dat.

pateo, 2, -ui, , lie open, be
open; part. patens, open.

porta, -ae, F., gate, door. Cf. janua.

re-daco, 3, -xi, -ductum, /ead
back, bring back.

senior, -Oris, M. & F. (comp. of
senex, old), elder, old person.

statim, adv. (st0), (standing there),
on the spot, immediately, at once.

superbe, adv. ([superbus],
proudly, haughtily.
trans-figd, 3, -fixi, -fixum,

pierce through, pierce, stab.
vindico, 1, claim, avenge, punish.

5 Not the last word: the Romans
often defeated, ete.

6 In agreement with Cesar.

7 Had come. See 878.

eine

PARTICIPLES: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 197

CHAPTER Laatiny..

PARTICIPLES: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.
412. Hxamine the following : —

the sun rising, )
when the sun rises,
at the rising of the sun, )

Sole oriente, fugiunt

the shadows flee away.
tenebrae,

the maidens
were seized.

Dato signo, virginés

when the signal was given,
raptae sunt,

the signal having been given,

at the given signal,
_ he reigning,
Eo régnante, beilum

in his reign, a war arose.
exortum est,

while he was reigning,

Consul, bell6 confec-
to, Romam rediit,

? the consul re

when the war was finished,
) turned to Rome.

having finished the war,
you (being) leader,

if you are our leader,
with you for a leader,

) we shall conquer the
enemy.

Té duce, hostés vin-
cémus,

M. and P. (being) consuls.
when M.and P. were consuls.
in the consulship of M. and P.

Messalla et PisoOne
cOnsulibus,

the war having been finished,

the sky (being) clear.
Serén6 caelé, when the sky is clear.
in @ clear sky.

1. The foregoing examples illustrate the very common construc-
tion called the Ablative Absolute.

2. In the first four examples there is a noun (or pronoun) in the
ablative, and a participle agreeing with it. In the last three there
is no participle expressed, but instead, another noun or an adjective.

3. Carefully compare the Latin with the English translation,
and observe that each ablative absolute may be rendered by a
clause beginning with when, while, or if (in other instances because,
although, etc.), the Latin noun in the ablative becoming the subject
of the clause in English, and that this noun refers to a different
person or thing from the subject of the leading verb.

198 PARTICIPLES: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

4, We may also sometimes translate the participle in the abla-
tive absolute by a verb coordinate with a following verb. Thus
the fourth might be translated, The consul finished the war and
returned.

5. If I wish to express in the Latin, While he was reigning, he
carried on war, he being the subject of both the principal and sub-
ordinate clauses, I say, Is régnans bellum gessit; but if I wish

‘to express, While he was reigning, war arose, he being subject of ~

the subordinate clause, and war of the principal, I use the ablative
absolute, thus, EO régnante, bellum exortum est.

6. In the fourth example notice the change of idiom. We
might say, The consul, having finished the war, returned to Rome; but
the Latin has no perfect active participle corresponding to having
jinished ; therefore, in Latin the perfect passive participle must be
used in the ablative with the noun bellum. The same idea may,
of course, be expressed by a cum clause. See 372.

7. From the nature of deponent verbs (passive form with active
meaning), it will be seen that the English participle with having
may be directly expressed in Latin, if there is a deponent verb of
the right meaning; thus, Cesar having encouraged his men, Caesar
milités hortatus.

8. Most instances of the so-called ablative absolute may be
resolved as the ablative of time, means, cause, etc.

413. EXERCISES.

[Translate each ablative absolute in as many ways as possible.]

I. 1. Stricto gladid, transfixit puellam. 2. Expulsis
régibus, duo consulés creati sunt. 3. Quod facto,’ mutata
est proeli fortiina. 4. Occupata Sicilia, quid postea actirus
es? 5. Hannibal, viso fratris occisi capite, dixit : ‘6 Aondscd
fortinam Carthaginis.” 6. His paratis rébus, Caesar milités
naves cOnscendere jubet. 7. Hoc facté, titus eris. 8. Al-
pibus superatis, Hannibal in Italiam vénit. 9. Caesar,
mortud Sulla, Rhodum sécédere statuit. 10. Délétis Teu-
tonibus, C. Marius in Cimbrés sé convertit.

1 When this had been done. What is it literally ?

.
i
t
;
:

PARTICIPLES: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 199 ©

[Before trying to translate the following sentences, consider well
in each case what the probable Latin form of expression, or idiom,
would be for the subordinate clause, adverbial phrase, etc.; thus,
When he had stabbed the girl = the girl (having been) stabbed; When
Numa was king = Numa (being) king; By hurling their javelins
= by the javelins hurled. ]

IJ. 1. When he had stabbed the girl, he put by his sword.
2. On the expulsion of King Tarquin, Brutus and Collatinus
were made consuls. 38. When Numa was king, the temple
of Janus was built. 4. Cesar, after he had overcome the
Gauls, waged war with Pompey. 95. On the death of Cato,
there was no longer’ a republic. 6. Having learned these
facts (things), he hastened against the enemy. 7. The
soldiers, by hurling their javelins, broke the enemy’s line.
8. Having held a levy, the consul sets out immediately for
(ad) the army. 9. O my country, thou hast overcome my
anger by employing a mother’s entreaties. 10. If we do?
this, we shall all be safe.

414, VOCABULARY.
ad-moveod, 2, -mOvi, -modtum,
(move up, towards), apply, employ.
cognoscd, 53, -gndvi, -gnitum
[com, (g)n0scd], learn, recog-
nize, know.
Collatinus, -i, m., Collatinus,
surname of L. Tarquinius.
con-icid, 5, -jéci, -jectum [ja-
ci0 | (throw together), throw, hurl.
con-tendod, 5, -di, -tum (draw
tight), exert one’s self, strive, has-
ten ; contend.
con-verto, 3, -ti, -sum,
round, turn, change ; sé conver-
tere, turn one’s self, turn.
délectus, -iis, m. [délig6, choose
out], selection, levy.

turn

1 No longer = nilia jam.

de-pono, 3, -posui, -positum,
put down, put by, lay down.

ex-pello, 5, -puli, -pulsum, drive
out or away, expel,

Janus, -i, M., Janus, the two-faced
god.

per-fringd, 3, -frégi, -fractum
[frango, break], break through,
break.

Rhodus, -i, F., Rhodes, an island
in the Aigean.

S@-céd0, 5, -céssi, -céssum, go
apart, withdraw, retire.

statud, 5, -ui, -ttum, put, place;
think, believe, determine.

string6, 3, -nxi, strictum (draw
tight), graze; draw, unsheathe.

2 Tf we do this — this done.

200 IMPERSONAL VERBS.

CHAP LER, qc Ve.s
IMPERSONAL VERBS.

415. Examine the following : —

1. Pluit, it rains.

2. Tonat, zt thunders.

3. Mé pudet stultitiae meae, J am ashamed (it shames me) of
my folly.

4, Hum paenitet sceleris, he repents (it repents him) of his crime.

5. Pignabatur, fighting was going on (it was being fought).

6. Caesari! parendum? est, Cesar must be obeyed (it must be
obeyed to Cesar).

7. Tibi licet exire, you may go out (it is permitted to you to go out).

8. Hdc nGs facere oportet, we ought to do this (it behooves us to
do this).

9, Caesari placuit ut légat6s mitteret, Cesar determined (it
pleased Cesar) to send ambassadors.

(1) Observe in each of the foregoing examples that the leading
verb has no personal subject either expressed or implied. In 7,
the subject of licet is the infinitive exire; in 8, the phrase héc
nés facere is the subject of oportet; in 9, the clause ut légatds
mitteret is the subject of placuit. In each of the first six the
subject is contained in the verb itself.

(2) Some verbs, like pluit, tonat, pudet, paenitet, licet, the
use of which is mostly confined to the third person singular, are
called Impersonal Verbs; many others, as in the examples piig-
nabAatur, oportet, placuit, are sometimes used impersonally.

(3) Examples 7 and 8 show one way of rendering may and must
into Latin.

(4) In 3 and 4 notice the use of the accusative and genitive
after the verbs.

416. RULE or SYNTAX. — The impersonal verbs
miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet take the accusa-

1 See 417. 2. 2 See 425. (4).

i
?
;
}

IMPERSONAL VERBS. 201

tive of the person and the genitive of the object or
cause of the feeling.

Some examples of verbs used impersonally have already been
miven. See 362. I. 9; 370. J. 5; 410.1. 3.

417. Laamine the following : —

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.

]. Fratri persuadet,he persuades Fratri persuadétur, his brother
his brother. is persuaded.

2. Légibus parébant, they obeyed Légibus parébatur, the laws
the laws. were obeyed.

3. Crédit mihi, he believes me. Mihi créditur, J am believed.

4. Amicis nocent, they injure Amicis nocétur, their friends
their friends. are injured.

Observe that the verbs are intransitive. Compare the active
and passive in the examples one by one. Observe that in each
case the passive is expressed by putting the verb in the third
person singular, leaving the indirect object of the active unchanged.

418. RULE oF SYNTAX. —Intransitive verbs are
used impersonally in the passive, the person or thing
affected (the subject in English) being expressed by
the dative.

419. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Omnés decet récté agere. 2. Dit et acriter pigna-
tum est. 3. Sequitur ut falsum sit. 4. Edrum nos miseret.!
d. Taedet me vitae. 6. Statuendum? vobis ante noctem est.
¢. Licet mihi ex urbe égredi. 8. Nos oportuit®? hoe facere.
9. Traditum est Scipidnem doctum fuisse. 10.-Eadem nocte
accidit ut esset luna pléna. 11. Obsistitur illis. 12. Cui*
parci potuit? 13. Persuadétur consult.

1 Compare 415. 3 and 4. 3 [t behooved us to do = we ought
2 The duty of deciding isto you= _ to have done.
you must decide. Compare 425. 7. 4 See 343.

202

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

[Observe that the following sentences are modelled closely on the

foregoing, and on the illustrative examples.

Cast each one into

the Latin form before thinking of the Latin words; thus the fifth
sentence will be changed to /t disgusts me of the folly, etc. ]

II. 1. It becomes us all to live well.

be fought bravely.
defeated.

disgusted with the folly of the men.
7. What ought we to have done?®
9. It was reported to Cesar that the enemy were
10. It resulted® from these circumstances ®
11. The winds are opposed with

book?
approaching.
that! all were silent.
difficulty.

4.2 He was ashamed of his cowardice.

12. Can the soldier be spared?

2. The battle will

3. It followed that’ the enemy were

5. 1 am
6. What must we do?
8.4 May I take the

13. Are not

the laws of the republic obeyed ?

420.

decet, 2, decuit, impers., 7 7s
seemly, becoming, fitting.

é-gredior, 3, -gressus [gradior],
go out, go forth, march out. Cf.
exeo.

fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely,
courageously.

licet, 2, -uit, or -itum est, impers.,
it is permitted, it is lawful, (one)
may.

miseret, 2, -itum est, impers.
[miser], if makes miserable, it
excites pity, (one) pities.

ob-sistd, 5, -stiti, -stitum, oppose,
withstand, resist, w. dat.

oportet, 2, -uit, impers., 7 7s

VOCABULARY.

necessary, it behooves, (one) must
or ought.

parcd, 3, peperci (parsi), par-
sum, spare, w. dat.

piget, 2, -uit, or -itum est,
impers., it disgusts, (one) is dis-
gusted.

pudet, 2, -uit, or -itum est, im-
pers., 7¢ shames, (one) is ashamed.

pugno, | [pigna], fight.

stultitia, -ae, Fr. [stultus, foolish],
folly. (845. 11.) :

taedet, 2, -uit, or taesum est,
impers., it disgusts, wearies, (one)
is disgusted.

vix, adv., hardly, with difficulty.

1 A result clause, ut, etc.
- 2 Compare 415. 3.
8 Compare I. 8.

4 Compare 415. 7.
5 Fiebat.
6 Rés.

FOR TRANSLATION.

FOR

2038

TRANSLATION.

THe DEATH OF THE Pet SPARROW.

Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque,

Et quantumst* hominum?” venustiorum.
Passer mortuus est meae puellae,
Passer, deliciae meae puellae,

Quem plus illa oculis® suis amabat:
Nam mellitus erat suamque?* norat?®

Ipsa® tam bene quam puella matrem

Nec sese a gremio illius’ movebat,

Sed circumsiliens modo huc modo illue

Ad solam dominam usque pipiabat. .
Qui® nunc it per iter tenebricosum

Illuc unde negant redire quemquam.?®

At vobis male sit,’ malae tenebrae

Orci, quae omnia bella” devoratis :

Tam bellum mihi” passerem abstulistis.

O factum male!” io miselle passer!

Tua nunc opera™ meae puellae ”

Flendo turgidvli rubent® ocelli. — Catullus.

1 For quantum est. Trans-
late, all ye lovely ones, whoever ye
are. What is it literally ?

2 Depends on quantum. See
340.

8 Ablative after the compara-
tive plus. See 212.

# Supply dominam.

5 For nodverat, but with the
meaning of the imperfect.

6 With puella.

7 That is, puellae.

8 Refers to passer.

9 Subject acc. of redire. See
401 and 279. 6.

10 Jil betide you!

11 From bellus.

12 Translate my.

13 Factum male, woful deed.
What is it literally ?

14 On your account,

15 Genitive after ocelli.

16 Purgiduli rubent, are ail
swollen and red.

204 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS.

CRA PTE dev a

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS.

FutuRE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE. — GERUNDIVE.
[Review the participles of the regular and irregular verbs.]

422. The future active participle with the verb sum forms the
First, or ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION: amatirus sum,
eram, etc., J am, was, etc., about to (going to, intending to) love.

423. The gerundive with the verb sum forms the Srconp, or
PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION: amandus sum, eram, etc.,
I am, was, ete., to be loved; I deserve, ought, etc., to be loved.

424, PARADIGMS.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
PRES. amattirus sum amandus sum
IMPER. amatiirus eram amandus eram
Fut. améatirus er6 amandus er6
Perr. améatirus ful amandus fui
PLup. amatirus fueram amandus fueram
F.P. améatirus fuer6 amandus fuer6
etc. ete.

425, Examine the following : —

1. N6n dubit6 quin monittrus sit, J do not doubt that he will
advise.
2. N6n dubit6 quin futirum sit ut id fiat, J do not doubt that
(it will happen that it be done) it will be done.
Sciébam quid Actiirus essés, | knew what you were going to do.
4, Pontem faciendum cirat, he (takes are a bridge to be built)
has a bridge built.
Délenda est Carthag6, Carthage m1 st be destroyed.
. CaesarI omnia erant agenda, everything had to be done by
Cesar.
7. Mihi scribendum est, (the duly of writing is to me) [ must
write.

o

on

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 205

8. Omnibus moriendum est, (the necessity of dying is to all)
all must die.

9. VG6bis jidicis titendum est, (the duty of using judgment is to
you) you ought to use judgment.

(1) The first three examples show how a future tense may be
supplied for the subjunctive mood.

(2) Observe in the fourth example the use of the gerundive
agreeing with a noun which is the object of ctiré, the whole ex-
pression denoting to have a thing done.

(3) The last five examples show some uses of the passive peri-
phrastic conjugation. Notice that the idea of necessity, or duty,
is prominent in these forms.

(4) In 7, 8, and 9 the verbs are used impersonally, that is, with-
out any personal subject, the gerundive being in the nominative
singular neuter. This impersonal use belongs to transitive verbs
without an object expressed, and to intransitive verbs. For the case
of jiidicidé, see 304.

(5) In the last four examples, Caesari, mihi, omnibus, and
vObis, denote in each case the person to whom there is a duty or
‘necessity of doing something. This dative is most conveniently
reudered with by, and is called the Dative of Agent.

426. RULE OF SYNTAX. — The dative is used with
the gerundive to denote the person by whom the act
must be done.!

2.
427. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Quis dubitat quin futiri sitis docti? 2. Quis dubi-
tat quin lidds visiri simus? 38. Non erat dubium quin
lidds vistirus esset. 4. N6li dubitare quin cras venturus sim.
5. Cogndvi quid actirus sit. 6. Audiam quid Acturus sis.
7. Cdgndveram quid acturi essent. 8. Dux castra motirus
est. 9. Scribenda est mihi epistula. 10. Scribenda erat

1 How is the agent with a verb in the passive otherwise and com-
monly expressed ?

206 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS.

tibi epistula. 11. Oppidum militibus opptignandum erit.
12. Hic liber mihi legendus est.

II. 1. There is no doubt that you are going to be a hero.
2. I doubt not that you will see the games. 38. Do not
doubt’ that he will be present. 4. Do you know what he is
going todo? 5? We ought to cultivate virtue. 6.7 I must
give the signal. 7.2 We ought to read the poets. 8. The
commander must be obeyed.® 9. The boy is not to be
believed. 10. The town had to be fortified.

3S.

428. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Quaesivit ex 6raculd Croesus utrum ipse superattirus
esset. 2. Non erat dubium quin Falisci sésé Romanis dédi-
tirl essent. 38. Nisi vinum defécisset, plura et graviodra
dictiri fuimus. 4. Magnam in spem veniébat fore* ut
pertinacia desisteret hostis. 5. Cum Scipio, graviter vulne-
ratus, in hostium mants jamjam ventirus esset, filius eum
pericul6 liberavit. 6. Hoc cénsed et Carthaginem esse
délendam. 7. Aemilius liberds Graecis litteris érudiendés®
ciraverat. 8. Caesari dandum erat tuba signum. 9. Mihi
ttendum est jadicio med.® 10. Ita nébis vivendum est, ut
ad mortem parati simus.

II. 1. I will ask of the general whether he is going to
advance. 2. Who doubts that the Romans will surrender
themselves to the Faliscans? 3.’ If words had not failed, I
was going to write a longer letter. 4. I think the enemy
will be defeated. 5. When Cesar was on the point of

1 Noli dubitare. How else 4 Fore = futtrum esse, /o be
may this be expressed ? about to be, may be omitted in

2 Express in two ways—by | translation.
using oportet, and then by the 5 Compare 425. 4, and (2).
gerundive. 6 See 425. 9.

8 Lit. it must be obeyed to the 7 Compare I. 3.

commander. Cf. 415. 6,

oi

ee ee

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 207

starting’ for Rome, he received a letter from Pompey.
6. My opinion is? that the town ought to be besieged.

7. These things must not be despised by? us.
man will have his boys trained * in Latin literature.®
citizens® must obey the laws.

their own judgment.

429,

Aemilius, -1, M., 4milius, a Ro-
man consul.

cénseod, 2, -ui, -um, estimate ;
think, deem, be of opinion.

Croesus, -i, M., Cresus, king of
Lydia.

dé-do, 3, -didi, -ditum, (put away
from one’s self) surrender, de-
liver up.

dé-ficid, 5, -féci, -fectum [fa-
cid], (make away from) revolt ;
Sail, be wanting.

dé-sisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, (stand
off or apart) leave off, cease, de-
sist.

doctus, -a, -um, adj.
doced ], learned.

gravis, -e, adj., heavy, serious.

EPS oF

8. A wise
9. The
10. The soldiers must use

VOCABULARY.

graviter, adv., heavily, seriously.

ita, adv., thus, so.

jamjam, adv., already; jamjam
ventirus, on the point of coming.

judicium, -i, x. [jadico], judg-
ment, opinion.

op-pugno, | [ob], attack, assault,
besiege.

oraculun, -i, nN. [Ord], oracle.

paratas, -a, -um, adj. [P. of
par6 |, ready, prepared.

pertinacia, -ae, F. [ pertinax, per-
sistent], perseverance, obstinacy.
(345. 11.)

signum, -i, N., mark, sign, signal.

ator, 3, tisus, use, employ, w. abl.

utrum, ady., whether. Cf. num,
582.

judico, cénsed, existimod, arbitror, put6, and opinor, all mean
think; but the first four imply more deliberation and reflec-
tion; primarily think as a judge, a magistrate, an appraiser, an
arbiter; hence, in general, of official, authoritative opinion.
Puto and opinor imply rather private, personal judgment or

opinion.

1 On the point of starting = al-
ready about to start.

* This I think.. Ci1- 6.

8 See 425, (5).

4 Cf. I. 7, and 425. (2).

5 Compare 232. I. 4.

6 A civibus, to distinguish the
agent from the indirect object.

208 GERUND: GERUNDIVE: SUPINE.

CHAPTER “LAViL
GERUND. — GERUNDIVE. — SUPINE.

430. Learn the gerunds and supines of the regular and irregu-
lar verbs.
GERUND.
431. Examine the following : —

G. Caesar loquendi finem facit, Cesar makes an end of
speaking.
Cupidus est té audiendi, he is desirous of hearing you.
D. Aqua itilis est bibend6, water is useful for drinking.
Ac. Inter pignandum triginta navés captae sunt, during the
Sight (amid the fighting) thirty ships were taken.
Ab. Méns discend6 alitur, the mind is strengthened by learning.

1. The above examples illustrate the use of the gerund in its
several cases. Jt will be seen that the gerund is used like the
English verbal noun in ing. The nominative is supplied in Latin
by the infinitive; e.g., vidére est crédere, seeing is believing.

GERUND AND GERUNDIVE.

432. Examine the following : —

G. Cénsilia {urbem sane plans for (of ) destroying
( urbis délendae, the city.

D. Operam dat ; agr6s colend6 (rare) i he devotes himself to
agris colendis, tilling the fields.

ten Weomrant sa 5 pacem petendum (rare) be came to sue

( pacem petendam, for peace.
Ab. Occupatus ( litter&s scribendG (rare) ' I was engaged in
sum in ( litteris scribendis, writing letters.

1. What is to be particularly studied in the above examples is
the difference between the gerund and the gerundive construction,
as shown within the braces. Observe (1) that the gerund is put
in the required case, and has its object in the accusative; (2) that the
noun is put in the required case, and the gerundive agrees with it.

-

oot

GERUND: GERUNDIVE: SUPINE. 209

2. Except in the genitive, where the two constructions are
about equally common, the gerundive construction is almost always
preferred. f

3. Notice that the accusative of the gerund or gerundive with
ad denotes a purpose. This construction is much used. In what
other ways may a purpose be expressed?

SUPINE.
433. Examine the following : —

1. Légati RO6mam veniunt pacem petitum, ambassadors come
to Rome to sue for peace.
2. Id perfacile est factii, that is very easy to do, or to be done.

Observe in the first example that the supine petitum has the
same meaning as ut petant, qui petant, or ad petendam; that is,
it expresses purpose. ‘This use is common after verbs of motion.

.

434. RULE OF SYNTAX.—The supine in wm is used
after verbs of motion to express purpose.

Tn the second example the supine in @ answers the question
in what respect? Perfacile factu, easy in respect to the doing. This
use is common aiter adjectives.

The supine in @ is really an ablative of specification. See 260.

435. EXERCISES.

I. 1. Multi convénére studid' videndae novae urbis.
2. Ars puerds éducandi difficilis est. 3. Ea? aquae causa?
hauriendae déscenderat. 4. Britus ad explérandum cum
equitibus antecéssit. 5. Milités ad domum custddiendam 4
rége missi sunt. 6. Nemini dubium est quin Fabius rem
Roméinam cunctando restituerit. 7. Is opportinus visus
est locus comminiendd praesidid. 8. Omnis spés évadendi
adempta est. 9. Légitds ad Caesarem mittunt auxilium

rogitum. 10. Quod optimum est factii, faciam.

1 #'rom a desire; abl. of cause. 8 The ablative causa, for the
2 She. See 270. 2. sake of, follows its genitive.

210

GERUND: GERUNDIVE: SUPINE.

II. 1. You will have time to lead (of leading) out the

army from that place.

sake’ of destroying the republic. 3.

2. He undertook the war for the

3)

Bodies are nourished

by eating and drinking. 4. While drinking? we conversed

about many things. 5.
see® Scipio.

6. Night put* an end to the fighting.
seems (to be) a suitable place for building a house.

Many leaders had assembled to

7. This
8. The

enemy had entertained’ the hope of getting possession of

the camp.°®
ness® the games.

436.

ad-imo, 3, -émi, -é€mptum
[emo], take away, remove.

ald, 3, -ui, -tum, nourish, strengthen,
support.

ante-céd6, 3, -céssi, -céssum, go
before.

auxilium, -i, n. [augeod], help,
aid, support; pl. ausiliaries.

col-loquor, 3, -lociitus [com],
speak together, converse.

com-minio, 4, (fortify strongly)
secure, intrench.

con-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum
[com], come together, assemble.

cunctor, 1, linger, hesitate.

9. A multitude of men came together to wit-
10. It is difficult to say what he will do.’

VOCABULARY.

edo, edere or ésse, €di, €sum or
€ssum, eat.

ex-ploro, 1, search out, examine,
explore ; reconnoitre.

Fabius, -1, m., Fabius, a Roman
general.

haurid, 4, hausi, haustum,
draw (water), drain, drink up.

opportinus, -a, -um, adj., fit, con-
venient, suitable, opportune.

re-stitud, 3, -ul, -titum [statud ],
(replace) give back, return, restore.

sus-cipio, 3, -cépi, -ceptum
[sub, capio], undertake.

1 Causa. See p. 209, note 3.

2 Inter bibendum.

3 Express in three ways.

4 Put an end to = make anend of.

5 Entertain the hope = come into
the hope.

6 What case with potior ?

7 Why must the subjunctive
be used? What tense of the sub-
junctive to express future time ?
What form expresses the im-
mediate future ?

READING LESSONS. a!
—————.050{00—~——

LETTERS: Cicero To HIS WIFE TERENTIA.

437. B.C. 49.

Si valés, bene est, valed.2. Da operam? ut convaléscas.
Quod opus’ erit, ut‘ rés tempusque postulat, provideds® atque
administrés; et ad mé dé omnibus rébus «juam® saepissimé
litteras mittas. Vale.

438. B.C. 49. -

S.V. B. E. E.. VV. Valétiidinem tuam yi lim® ciirés® dili-
gentissimé.” Nam mihi et” scripivm et nir.datum est té” in
febrim subité incidisse. Quod ® celeriter m@ fécisti dé Cacsa-

ris litteris certidrem,™ fécisti mihi gratum:
quid” opus erit, si quid acciderit novi,” faciés

Ciara ut valeds. Vale.

1 The Romans often began
their letters with these five words,
or rather with the abbreviations
- Vase. b.. V.

2 Give labor = try.

®’ An indeclinable noun, need ;
opus est, ts necessary.

* ‘Vhat indicates that ut does
not mean in order that 2
The hortatory subjunctive.
See 320.

° ©aam strengthens the super-
lative; quam saepissime, as often
as possible.

’ For ego.

® £ could wish; volo, I wish.

ia]

Item posthic, si
18 cee
ut sciam.

9 Equivalent to ut ciirés.

19 Notice the emphatic position
of the adverb, afier the verb.

11 Et...et, both...and.

12 Subj. of incidisse. See 401.

13 Jn that.

14 Wécisti...certiorem, made
more certain = informed.

18 Anything ; quid is regularly
used instead of aliquid after si,
nisi, né, and num.

16 See note 3, above.

lv Of new; partitive genitive.

18 A future equivalent to the
imperative. Faciés ut sciam,
inform me. What is it literally ?

212

439.

Si vrlés, bene est.? |

READING LESSONS.

B.C. 46.

Constitueradmus, ut? ad té antea

scinser. a, obviam Cicerdnem® Caesari mittere; sed muta-

vimus G6nsi"’

julia dé illius* adventii nihil audiébamus.

Dé céteris; réby 5, etsi nihil erat novi,® tamen quid velimus®
et quid hic tempore putémus® opus’ esse ex Sicca® poteris

cdgnéseere. Tulliam adhtic mécum tened. Valétidinem
tuam cura’ diligenter. Valeé.
440. B.C. 46,

»~'S: V. B. E. ‘V.

Nos neque dé Caesaris adventii neque

dé litteris quas Philotimus habére dicitur, quidquam"™ adhie
certi® habémus. Si quid erit certi, faciam té statim certid-

rem." Valétic nem tuam fac™ ut cirés.

1 Compare this form of begin-
ning a letter with those of the two
preceding.

2 Compare the use of ut in
437, line 2.

38 That is, his son Cicero.

4 That is, Ceesar’s. .

© Genitive neuter of novus de-
pending on nihil. Compare the
same word in 488, and the note.

.° Tvonslate the words quid ve-
limous, ete., just as they stand.

* Compare opus erit in 437
and 488, and the note.

8 A friend of Cicero.

® Compare with this the begin-
ning and the ending of 488.

10 Observe how nearly this letter

Valé.

can be translated in the order of
the Latin words.

11 Anything at all. To express
anything at all, after a * ogative
word, as here after neque, the
Romans used quidquam,. noi
aliquid. See 279. 6.

12 Genitive neuter of certs,
depending on quidquam. Com-
pare novi in 438 after quid, and
in 489 after nihil.

13 Compare fécisti certidrem
in 488, and the note.

14 See p. 150, note. Wace ut
curés, be sure to take care. Yohat
is the literal meaning? Compare

with this the endings of tie twa
preceding letters.

READING LESSONS.

213

FABLES.

441.

De Vitiis Hominum.

Jippiter nobis’ duds péras imposuit: alteram,? quae nos-
tris vitiis repléta est, post tergum ndbis dedit, alteram?
autem, qua’ alidrum vitia continentnr, ante pectus nostrum4

suspendit.

Quaré non vidémus quae® ips! peccamus; si

autem alil peccant, statim eds vituperamus.

442.

MuLiER ET GALLINA.

Mulier quaedam habébat gallinam, quae ei® cotidié Svum
pariébat aureum. MHinc suspicari coepit illam’ auri massam

intus célare, et gallinam occidit.
nisi quod® in aliis gallinis reperiri solet.?

Sed nihil in e& repperit,
Itaque dum

mAjoribus divitiis inhiat,! etiam mindrés” perdidit.

443.

VuLPEs ET UVA.

Vulpés ivam in vite cénspicaita” ad illam subsiliit omnium

virilum suadrum contentidne,

——.

1 With imposuit; has placed
on us.

2 Alter...
the other.

3 Qua — in qua pera.

# Compare ante pectus nos-
trum with post tergum nobis.

5 What we sin = what sins we
commit. On ipsi, see 270. 4.

6 For her.

alter, the one..

7 Tam = illam gallinam,
subject of célare.

8 Nisi quod = praeter id
quod.

9 Is wont = is usually.

13

si eam forte attingere posset.

10 Gapes for = is greedy for.
Notice here a peculiarity of the
Latin: the present is used after
dum, though the perfect perdi-
dit follows. The Englis! idiom
requires us to translat:: such 4
present by the imperrect, was
greedy for.

11 Supply the Latin noun in the
proper form.

12 Perfect participle of con-
spicor, agreeing with vulpés.
Translate by the present parti-
ciple.

138 With the exertion.

914 READING LESSONS.

Tandem défatigata inani labore discédéns, ‘‘ At nunc etiam,”
inquit, ‘‘ acerbae? sunt, nec eas’ in via repertas? tollerem.” ®

444, Rtsticus ET Canis FIpDELIs.

Risticus in agrés exiit ad opus suum. Filiolum, qui in
canis jacébat, reliquit cani* fidéli atque validé custédiendum.®
Adrépsit anguis immanis, qui puerulum exstinctirus erat.
Sed custés fidélis corripit eum dentibus acitis, et, dum eum
necare studet,® cinas simul évertit super exstinctum anguem.
Paul6 post ex arvo rediit agricola; cum ciinds €versas cruen-
tumque canis rictum vidéret," Ira accenditur.2 Temeré igitur
custddem filioli interfécit ligone, quem manibus tenébat.
Sed ubi cinas restituit,? super anguem occisum repperit
puerum yvyivum et incolumem. Paenitentia facinoris” séra”™
fuit.

445.
Puer in prato ovés pascébat,” atque per jocum claimitabat,
ut sibi auxilium ferrétur, quasi lupus gregem esset adortus.
Agricolae undique succurrébant, neque” lupum inveniébant.
Ita ter quaterque sé éliisOs 4 puerd vidérunt. Deinde cum
ipse™ lupus aggrederétur, et puer ré véra’ imploraret au-

Purr MENDAX.

1 The plural, as if tivae had
been used.

2 Eas repertas, them found =
if I had found them.

3 Would I pick them up.

4 The so called dative of the

agent with custdodiendum.
Translate, left for his... dog to
guard.

5 Literally, to be guarded.

6 See p. 213, note 10.

7 For the subjunctive, see 373.

8 Present for perfect, called
historical present.

® Translate as if it were resti-
tuerat; after ubi, ut, and post-
quam, meaning when, the perfect
indicative is commonly used, but
it is best rendered by the plu-
perfect.

10 Translate, for the deed.

11 Too late.

12 The imperfect, denoting cus-
tomary action; render, used to tend.

18 But... not.

14 See p. 106, note 1.

15 Really. See 270. 6.

16 RE vera, in earnest.

READING LESSONS.

»

215

xilium, ném6 gregi subyénit,' et ovés lupi praeda? sunt factae.
Mendaci homini® non crédimus, etiam cum véra dicit.

446.

SENEX ET Mors.

Senex quidam ligna in silva ceciderat,* et, fasce in ume-

ros sublato,> domum redire coepit.

Cum fatigatus esset® et

onere et itinere, déposuit ligna, et, senectiitis’ et inopiae’
miserias s€écum reputans, clara voce invocavit mortem, ut sé

omnibus malis® liberaret.
quid vellet.

fascem, quaeso, umeris” meis imponas.

447.

Vulpes nunquam lednem viderat.
risset, ita exterrita est, ut paene morerétur” formidine.

Mox adest’® mors et interrogat
Tum senex perterritus: ‘‘ Pro! hune lignorum

99 11

VULPES ET LEO.

Cum huic forte occur-
13

Eundem vodnspicata est iterum. Tum extimuit illa quidem,

sed néquaquam ut antea.

Cum tertid™ ledni obviam facta

esset, aded non perterrita fuit,” ut audéret” accédere propius

et colloqui cum eo.

1 Cf. succurro. See 343.
How does the meaning help come
from the primitive meaning ?

2 Predicate nominative.

3 Why dative? See 3438.

4 From caedo, not cado.

5 From toll6, not sufferd.

6 For the subjunctive, see 373.

7 Notice the order: the geni-
tives coming first are made em-
phatic.

8 Abl. of separation. See 180.

9 See p. 214, note 8.

10 Umeris .. . imponas, cf.
nobis ,, , imposuit in 441.

11 Quaeso imponas = quaesod
ut imponas.

12 Ts this clause a purpose or
result clause? See illustrative ex-
amples, 352 and 368.

Are the clauses beginning with
cum temporal or causal? Read
again the illustrative examples,
3872 and 374.

13 Of fright.

14 The third time.

15 To such a degree was not
Srightened = was so far from being
Srightened,

216 READING LESSONS.

448. CZESAR’S GALLIC WAR, I, 1-5.—B.C. 58.

1. “Gallia est omnis? divisa in partés trés; quérum tinam
incolunt Belgae, aliam*? Aquitani, tertiam qui® ipsodrum lingua*
Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnés lingua,’ instititis,
légibus inter sé° differunt. Gallos’ ab Aquitaénis Garumna
flimen, 4 Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium
fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod 4 cultu atque hiimani-
tite provinciae ® longissimé absunt, miniméque? ad eds merca-
torés saepe commeant atque ea quae ad efféminandds ” animds
pertinent important; proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans
Rhénum incolunt, quibuscum™ continenter bellum gerunt.
Qua dé causa Helvétii quoque reliquos Gallos ” virtiite ® prae-
cédunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis * cum Germanis conten-
dunt, cum aut suis ” finibus eds * prohibent, aut ipst +. edrum
finibus ” bellum gerunt. Eodrum” ina pars, quam Gallés obti-
nére dictum est, initium capit 4 flamine Rhodan6 ; eontinétur
Garumna flimine, Oceand, finibus Belgarum; attingit etiam
ab” Séquanis et Helvétiis flamen Rhénum; vergit ad septen-

1 omnis: as a whole. 10 efféminandods: 432 (2).

2 aliam: alteram in the sense
of secundam would be more com-
mon.

3 qui: supply mentally ii, as
antecedent.

* ipsorum lingua:
own tongue.

5 lingua: 260.

6 inter sé: from each other.
What literally ?

7 Gallos: that is, the Celtic
Gauls.

8 provinciae: not reckoned a
part of Gallia.

° minimé..
dom.

in their

.Saepe: very sel-

11 quibuscum: 265, 3.

12 reliquos Gallds: the rest of
the Gauls.

13 virttite: see lingua and
reference. ;

lt proeliis: 144, 145.

15 suis: refers to Helvétii, the
subject.

16 eOs ...edrum: refer to
Germanis; ipsi, to Helvétii.

lv finibus: territories.

18 Korum: of their country,
though grammatically referring to
Hi omnés, or Horum above.

19 initium capit a: begins at.

20 ab: on the side of.

READING LESSONS. IAT

tridnés. Belgae ab extrémis Galliae finibus oriuntur, per-
tinent ad inferidrem partem fliminis Rhéni, spectant in
septentridnem et orientem sdlem. Aquitania 4 Garumna
flimine ad Pyrénaeds monteés et eam partem Oceani quae est
ad Hispaniam? pertinet, spectat” inter occasum sOlis et sep-
tentrionés.

2. Apud Helvétios longé nodbilissimus fuit et ditissimus
Orgetorix. Is M. Messala® et M. Pisone cdnsulibus régni
cupiditate inductus conitrationem ndbilitatis fécit, et civitati*
persuasit ut dé finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: per-
facile esse,> cum® virtiite omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae
imperid’ potirl. Id hoc facilius eis persuasit,® quod undique
ioci? natira Helvétil continentur ;’? ina ex parte" flimine
Rhéno latissimd atque altissim6, qui agrum” Helvétium 4
Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte [ura altissimo, qui
est inter Séquanés et Helvétids; tertia’ lacti Lemanno et
flamine Rhodané, qui provinciam nostram “ ab Helvétiis divi-
dit. His rébus fiébat” ut’ et minus laté vagarentur et
minus facile finitimis ” bellum Inferre possent ; qua ex parte
hominés ” bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro

1 ad Hispaniam: nezt to Spain. 10 continentur: has not the
2 spectat: it lies or faces. same meaning in chap. 1.
3 M. Messala...consulibus : 11 {na ex parte: on one side.
412, 6th example. The Romans 12 agrum: country..
indicated the year by naming the 13 tertia: v.e., tertia ex parte.
consuls. This was in B.c. 61. 14 prdvinciam nostram: see
* civitati: 342 and 343. p. 216, n. 8.
5 perfacile esse: (saying that) 15 His rébus fiébat: the con-
it was very easy. 403. sequence of this was. Lit., it was
6 cum... praestarent: since coming about from these things. fi€-
they surpassed. 375. bat: 327.
7 imperio: 304. 16 ut... vagarentur: see
8 id... persuasit: he per- 368.
suaded this (id) to them (els) = Mv finitimis : 117.
he persuaded them to this course the 18 qua ex parte: and for this
more easily on this account (h0c). reason, qua—et ea, parte= causa.

9 loci: of their country. 19 hominés: (being) men.

218 READING LESSONS.

multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli! atque fortiti-
dinis angustds* sé finés habére arbitraibantur, qui in longi-
tudinem milia passuum * ccxL, in latitiidinem cLxxx patébant.*

3. His rébus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, con-
stituérunt ea quae’ ad proficiscendum pertinérent comparare,
jumentorum et carrdrum quam maximum * numerum coémere,
sémentés’ quam maximas facere, ut in itinere cdpia frimenti
suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam cdn-
firmare. Ad® eas rés cOnficiendds biennium sibi satis esse
dixérunt;*° in tertium annum” profectidnem lége cdnfir-
mant. Ad eas rés conficiendas Orgetorix déligitur. Is sibi”
légatiOnem ad civitatés suscépit. In ed itinere persuadet Cas-
ticd,”* Catamantaloedis filid, Séquan6, ciijjus pater régnum ® in ¥
Sequanis multds annos obtinuerat et 4 senaiti populi Romani
amicus appellatus erat, ut ® régnum in civitate sua occuparet,
quod pater ante habuerat ; itemque Dumnorigi Aedud, fratri
Divitiaci, qui ed tempore principatum in civitate obtinébat ac
maximé plébi acceptus erat, ut idem cdnarétur”™ persuadet,
elque filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perfacile” factii esse
illis probat cOnata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civi-

1 gloria belli: renown in war. 9 dixérunt: they thought.
2 angustds: too narrow. 10 in tertium annum: /or the
8 milia passuum: thousandsof third year. Mark the force of
340. The Roman in.
passus was five feet, and a thou- 1 gibi: upon himself.
sand of them made a Roman 12 Casticod: see p. 217, n. 4.
mile. Was this longer or shorter 13 r€gnum: sovereignty.
than our mile ? 14 in: among.

4 patébant: ertended. 15 ut... occuparet: to seize;

paces = miles.

5 ea quae: such things as.

6 quam
rum: the greatest possible num-
ber.

7 sémenteées .. . facere: to
make the greatest possible sowings =
to sow as much land as possible.

8 Ad...codnficiendas: 432.

maximum nume-

depends on persuadet.

16 ut idem conaretur: to
make the same attempt.

17 Perfacile ...perficere : to
accomplish ther undertakings, (¢e0-
nata perficere) he proves to them
to be very easy to do (facta). On
factii, see 433, 2.

a

READING LESSONS. 919

tatis imperium obtentirus esset :’ ndn esse dubium’? quin totius
Galliae plirimum® Helvétil possent; sé* suis cdpiis sudque
exerciti illis régna conciliatirum confirmat. Hac oratione
adducti inter sé °fidem et jisjirandum dant, et regno occu-
pato,® per trés potentissimds 4c firmissimds populos totius
Galliae’ sésé® potiri posse spérant.

4, Earés® est Helvétiis per indicium ” énintiata. Moribus
suis Orgetorigem ex vinclis"’. vusam dicere’ coégérunt. Dam-
natum * poenam sequi oportébat ut igni cremaréetur. Die con-
stitita causae dictidnis Orgetorix ad judicium” omnem suam
familiam ad hominum milia decem undique coégit, et omnes
clientés obaeratdsque suds, quorum magnum numerum habe-
bat, eddem condixit ; per eds né causam diceret sé éripuit.
Cum civitis ob eam rem” incitaéta armis iis suum exsequi
conarétur, multitidinemque hominum ex agris magistratus

1 obtentiirus esset: was about
to get. Observe that obtined
has not the same meaning as be-
fore.

2 non esse dubium: depends
upon a verb of saying, understood.
400.

8 plirimum...possent: were
the strongest.

4 sé: that he, subject accusative
of conciliattrum (esse). 401.

5 inter sé ... dant: they give
among themselves = they exchange.

6 régno occupato: if they
should seize the supreme power.
412.

7 totius Galliae: find potior
with the ablative in chap. 2.

8 sésé: subject accusative of
posse.

9 Ea rés: this conspiracy. When
rés occurs, consider what word
other than “thing” will best ex-

press the meaning. Note where it
has already occurred.

10 per indicium: that is, per
indicés, through informers.

11 ex vinclis: we should say,
in chains.

12 dicere: plead.

13 Damnatum .. . cremareé-
tur: the clause ut... crema-
rétur explains poenam 3 the pun-
ishment of being burned alive was
bound (oportebat) to follow, if he
should be condemned. With dam-
natum supply eum, which is the
object of sequi, as poenam is
the subject accusative.

14 Dié cOnstitata : on the day
appointed. 136.

15 judicium: trial.

16 né... diceret: depends on
sé éripuit, he escaped pleading his
He overawed the court.
See note 9.

case.
17 rem: act.

220 READING LESSONS.

cogerent,’ Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicid, ut?
Helvétii arbitrantur, quin® ipse sibi mortem cénsciverit.

5. Post éjus mortem nihil6 minus* Helvétii id quod cén-
stituerant facere conantur, ut® é finibus suis exeant. Ubi
jam sé ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua
omnia numero ad °® duodecim, vicds ad quadringentos, reliqua
privata aedificia incendunt; frimentum omne praeterquam
quod sécum portatiri erant’ combirunt, ut domum reditidnis
spé sublata® paratidrés ad*® omnia pericula subeunda essent ;
trium ménsium”™ molita cibaria sibi quemque”™ dom6é efferre
jubent. Persuadent” Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis fini-
timis uti eddem tsi” cdnsilid, oppidis suis vicisque exiustis,
ina cum iis” proficiscantur; Boidsque, qui trans Rhénum
incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noréiamque
opptgnarant, receptds ” ad sé socids © sibi adsciscunt.

1 cOgerent: after cum, like
conaretur. 373.

2 ut: as.

8 quin ... cOnsciverit: but
that he himself decreed death to him-
self = that he died by his own hand.

The golden rule for discovering
the meaning of a Latin sentence
is, Take the words in the Latin
order. Four-fifths of the follow-
ing chapter may be read mentally
this way. Try it. When once the
meaning is clear, translate; that
is, render into good English.

* nihilO minus: none the less.

5 ut...exeant: that is, to go
forth from their country.

6 ad: about.

7 portatiri erant: 422.

8 sublata: from toll6, remove.

° ad... subeunda: see ad

eas rés conficiendas, chap. 3,
and the note; subeunda, from
subeod: 327.

10 trium ménsium: for three
months.

11 guemque: 279, 4.

12 Persuadent Rauracis...
uti... proficiscantur: find the
same constructions with persua-
deo in chap. 3.

13 isi: from itor. Translate,
to adopt the same plan, burn their
towns and villages, and sel out with
them. But how literally ?

14 cum iis: that is, with the
Helvetii.

15 receptos ... adsciscunt:
it is best to translate receptoOs as
if it were recipuunt et.

16 socids, as allies, appositive
to Boios.

READING

LESSONS. 221

449.

VOCABULARY.

For words not found here, see general Vocabulary.

acceptus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of ac-
cipid], acceptable, agreeable.

ad-duco, 3, -xi, -ctum, influence, in-
duce.

ad-ficid (af-), 5, -féci, -fectum
[facio], move, affect.

ad-scisco, 3, -scivi, -scitum, take to
one’s self, take.

Aedul, -drum, m. plu., the #duans.

Aeduus, -a, -um, adj., d@duan.

angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow.

ante, adv., before.

Aquitanl, -Orum, m. plu., the Aqui-
tanians.

Aquitania, -ae, F., Aquitania, a
province of southern Gaul.

biennium, -i, N. [bis, annus],
space of two years.

Boii, -orum, m. plu., the Boi.

Casticus, -1, M., Casticus.

Catamantaloedés, -is, M., Cata-
mantaloedes.

Celtae, -arum, M. plu., the Celts.

cibarius, -a, -um, adj. [cibus],
pertaining to food; as noun in
plu., provisions, supplies.

co-em0d, 3, -émi, -emptum [com],
buy up.

com-bir9o, 3, -bissi,-bustum [iro],
burn up, destroy.

com-me6d, | [e6 ], come and go, resort.

com-par6, 1, furnish, procure.

con-cilid, 1 [concilium, meet-
ing], bring together, gain over, win.

con-dico, 3, -xi, -ductum [com],
lead together, collect.

con-firmd, 1 [com], establish, ap-
point, assure, assert.

con-jiratio, -dnis, Fr. [conjiro,
conspire }, conspiracy.

cOn-scisco, 3, -scivi, -scitum[com }
adjudge.

continenter, adv. [continéns |
continuously, incessantly.

con-tined, 2, -ui, -tentum [come
teneo |, bound, hem in.

cotidianus, -a, -um, adj. [quot
diés |, daily.

cremo, 1, burn.

cultus, -is, M. [col0, cultivate]
civilization, culture.

cupidus, -a, -um, adj. [cupio].
desirous.

dé-lig6, 3, -légi, -lectum [lego]
choose out, select.

dictiO, -Onis, F. [dic6], a saying, 4
pleading.

ditissimus, -a, -um, same as divi‘
tissimus, richest.

dividd, 3, -visi, -visum, divide, sepa:
rate.

Divitiacus, -i, M., Divitiacus.

Dumnorikx, -igis, M., Dumnorizx.

ef-fémino, 1 [ex, fémina, a fe’
male], make effeminate, weaken.

ex-sequor, 3, -seciitus, follow out;
assert, maintain.

extrémus, -a, -um [superl. of ex-
ter], furthest, remotest, extreme.

ex-trd, 3, tssi, tstum, burn up,
consume,

facile, adv. [facilis], easily.

familia, -ae, F. [famulus, slave],
household ; dependants.

Garumna, -ae, M., the Garonne.

Helvétii, -drum, M., the Helvetians.

Helvétius, -a, -um, /e/vetian.

himanitas, -atis, r. [himanus],
refinement.

im-porto, 1 [im], bring in, import,

pipayle READING

in-cendo, 1, -di, -censum [cando,
glow], set fire to, burn.

in-cito, 1, incite, arouse.

in-dtco, 3, -xi, -ductum, bring into ;
arouse, persuade, induce.

inferior, -idris, adj. [comp. of in-
ferus, below], lower.

institatum, -1, N. [instituod], cus-
tom, habit.

jumentum, -1, Nn. [jungo], least of
burden.

Jira, -ae, M., Jura, a mountain.

jus-jirandum, juris-jurandi, wn.
[jus, juro], oath.

laté, adv. [latus], widely, exten-
sively.

latitudo, -inis, F. [latus], breadth,

width.

Latobrigi, -drum, m. plu., the La-
tobrigi.

légatio, -onis, F. [légo, depute],
embassy.

Lemannus, -i, M., Lake Geneva.

longitud6, -inis, F. [longus ],
length.

matrimodnium, -i, nN. [mater],
marriage.

Matrona, -ae, M., the Marne.

mercator, -oris, M. [mercor,

trade], trader, merchant.

MessaAla, -ae, M., Messala, a Roman
consul,

mol6, 3, -ui, -itum, grind.

nihilum, -i, N., nothing.

nobilitas, -dtis, Fr. [mObilis], the
nobility, the nobles.

Noreé€ia, -ae, F., Noreia.

Noricus, -a, -um, adj., of Noricum.

ob, prep. w. acc., on account of.

ob-aeratus, -i, mM. [aes], debtor.

Orgetorix, -igis, M., Orgetorix.

per-facilis, -e, adj., very easy.

per-ficio, 3, -féci, -fectum [facid ],
make thoroughly, perform, accom-

plish.

LESSONS.

per-moveod, 2, -mOvi, -motum, move
thoroughly, excite, arouse,

per-suadeo, 2, -suasi,
persuade, induce.

per-tineo, 2, -ui, -tentum [teneo],
reach, extend ; tend, concern.

Piso, -onis, m., Piso, a Roman con-
sul,

plirimum, adv.
most; very much,

prae-céd6, 3, -céssi, céssum, go be-
fore; surpass, excel. ;

praeter-quam, ady., beyond, ex-
cept.

principatus, -iis, M. [princeps],
pre-eminence, sovereignty.

privatus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of pri-
v0], private, isolated,

probo, 1, show, prove.

profectio, -onis, F. [proficiscor ],
setting out, departure.

propterea quod, because.

Rauraci, -orum, M. plu., the Rau-
raci.

reditio, -onis, Fr. [redeo], return.

Rhodanus, -1, M., the Rhone.

sementis, -is, F., sowing.

septemtrio, -onis, M., in plu., the
seven stars of the Great Dipper;
north.

Sé€quana, -ae, F., the Seine.

Séquani, -orum, m. plu., the Sequa-
nians.

S€quanus, -a, -um, adj., Sequanian.

sup-peto, 3, -ivi, -il, -itum [sub],
be at hand, in store.

suspici6, -Onis, F. [suspicor], sus-
picion.

Tulingi, -drum, m. plu., the Tuling?.

ana, adv. [tinus], at the same time,
together.

vergo, 38, no perf. or sup., turn,
slope, lie.

vinculum, (vinclum) -i, N. [vin-
cid |, bond, chain.

-suasum,

[plirimus ]},

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

In this vocabulary words inclosed in brackets are, in most cases, those which are
given in Latin lexicons and special vocabularies as the primitives of those against

which they are set.

But, except in compounds, it would be more correct to regard

the bracketed words as connected with the others in formation from a common

root or stem.
referred to metud, and metud to metus.

It is on this ground that such instances will be found as metus
Neither is, strictly speaking, derived from

the other, but both are formed from the stem metu.
Words printed in Gothic /talie type are at once derivatives and definitions. Many
other more or less remotely derived words, not definitions, are added in SMALL

CAPITALS.

It will be seen that comparisons of words in reference to meaning are much more

frequent than is usual in special vocabularies.

This has been done from the convic-

tion that the pupil should make such comparisons frequently from the outset.

Aa or ab

a or ab, prep. w. abl., away from, by.
ab-do, 3, -didi, -ditum, remove, con-
ceal. Cf. cél6.

ab-diico, 3, -duxi, -ductum, lead

away, take off.

ab-e0, -ire, -ii, -itum, go from, go
off; go away. (827.)

ab-icid, 3, -jéci, -jectum [jacio],
throw off, throw down,

abies, -etis, F., fir-tree. (11. 4.)

ab-sum, -esse, aful, be away, absent,
distant ; with & or ab and abl.

ac, conj., see atque.

ac-céd6, 3, -cessi, -cessum [ad], go
or come near, approach, ACcCEDE.
Cf. appropinquo.

ac-cendo, 3, -di, -cénsum [ad, and
supposed cand6], kindle, inflame.

accidd, 5, -cidi, [ad, cado], fall
upon, fall out, happen. AccIDENY.
Cf. incidd and évenio.

accipio, 8, -cépi, -ceptum fad,
capio], (take to), receive, accept;

suffer.

ad-imo .

accuso, 1 [ad, causa], accuse.

acer, Acris, acre, adj., sharp, keen;
active, (150.) Acrip. Cf. acitus.

acerbus, -a, -um, adj. [acer], bitter,
sour, harsh.

aciés, -€i, F. [Acer], edge; order of
battle.

acriter, adv. [acer], sharply,eagerly.

acitus, -a,-um, adj.[acud, sharpen],
sharp. Cf. acer.

ad, prep. w. acc., to, towards, near.

ad-e0, adv., to this, thus far; so, so
very.

ad-e0, -ire, -il, -itum, go to, ap-
proach, visit. (827.)

ad-ferGd, adferre, attuli, allitum
(adl), bear to, bring. (821.)

ad-hic, adv., hitherto, up to this time.

ad-f16, 1, blow upon.

ad-icid, 3, -jéci, -jectum [jacid],
(throw to or against), add, join to.

ad-imo, 3, -émi, -émptum femd],
(take to one’s self from another),
take away, remove,

ad-ipiscor

ad-ipiscor, 3, adeptus [apiscor],
get, obtain. Cf. potior.

ad-jungo, 3, -jinxi, -jinctum, add,
join. Apsuncr.

- ad-juvo, 1, -jiivi, -jitum, azd, help.

ad-ministr0o, 1, manage, do, per-
form, administer.

ad-miror, 1, wonder at, admire.

ad-modum, adv., very.

ad-moved, 2, -mOvi, -motum (move
up or towards), apply, employ.

ad-orior, 4, -ortus (rise up against),
attack. Cf. aggredior.

ad-répo, 3, -répsi, -reptum, creep
towards, steal slowly up.

ad-spicio (asp), 3, -spexi, -spec-
tum [ad, specid], look at; look.

adspectus, -iis, M. [adspici0], sight,
appearance, aspect.

ad-sum, -esse, -fui (affui), be pres-
ent, stand by, side with, w. dat.

aduléscéns, -entis, m. and Fr. [ado-
lésc6, grow], youth, young person.
ADOLESCENCE. Cf, juvenis.

ad-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum, come
to, arrive. Cf. pervenio.

adventus, -is, mM. [advenio], ap-
proach, arrival. ADVENT.

ad-versus, prep. W. acc., against,
towards.

ad-versus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of ad-
verto ], opposite, opposed, adverse ;
rés adversae, adversity.

aedificium, -i, N. [aedificd], buzld-
ing. EDIFICE.

aedifico, 1 [aedis, facio], build.

aedis (és), -is, F., building, temple;
plur., Aouse.

aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj., sick,
weak, feeble. (71.)

Aemilius, -1, M., Emilius, a Roman
consul, (79.)

aequalis, -e, adj. [aequus], equal;
noun, equal in age, companion,

226

aliénus

aequus, -a, -um, adj., level, equal;
calm.

a€r, aeris, M., air.

aereus, -a, -um [aes], of copper, of
bronze.

aes, aeris, N., copper, bronze ; money.

aestas, -Atis, F., summer.

aestus, -iis, M., tide.

aetas, -atis, F., age, time of life.
(105.)

af-flig0, 3, -xi, -ctum [ad], cast
down, prostrate, ruin,

Africa, -ae, F., Africa.

Africanus, -i, m. [Africa], Afri-
canus, surname of Scipio.

Africus, -i, M., south-west (wind).

ager, agri, M., field, territory. Cf.
campus. (65.)

agger, -eris, M. [ad, gerd], (what is
carried to, ie.) materials for a
mound ; mound, rampart.

agegredior, 3, -gressus [ad, gradior],
go to; attack, AGGRESSIVE. Cf.
adorior.

agito, 1 [frequentative of ago],
shake, disturb, vex, chase. AGI-
TATE. my

agnosco, 3, -novi, -nitum [ad,
(g)ndsc6, know], recognize. Cf.
cognosco.

ago, 3, égi, actum, drive, lead; act,
do.

agricola, -ae, mM. [ager,
farmer.

agri cultiira, -ae, Fr. [ager, cold],
agriculture. Cf. agricola.

ala, -ae, F., wing.

albus, -a, -um, adj., white.
candidus.

cold],

Cf.

Alexander, -dri, M., Alexander,

king of Macedon.

aliénus, -a, -um, adj. [alius],
belonging to another; another’s.
ALIEN.

alimentum

alimentum, -i, n. [al6], nourish-
ment, food, provisions,

aliquando, adv. [alius], at some
time, ever ; formerly, once. Cf. Slim.

aliquis, -qua, -quid (-quod), indef.
pron., some one, some. (279.)

alius, -a, -ud, adj., another, other ;
alius ... alius, one... another.
(201.)

al-loquor [adl], 3, -locitus [ad],
speak to, address.

ald, 3, -ui, -itum and -tum, nourish,
support, strengthen ; keep.

Alpés, -ium, F., the Alps.

alter, -era, -erum, adj., the other (of
two); alter...alter, the one... the
other ; asnum.adj., second. (200.)

altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep.

ambo, -ae, -6, num. adj., both.

ambuld, 1, walk, take a walk.

America, -ae, F., America.

amicitia, -ae, F. [amicus], friend-
ship.

amicus, -a,-um, adj. [amo], friend-
ly; noun, friend,

a-mitt0, 5, -misi, -missum, send
away, let go, lose. Cf. perdo.

amis, -is, M., river. (154, 172.)

am), 1, love, like, be fond of. (319.)

amplus, -a, -um, adj., large, splen-
did, renowned. AMPLE.

an, conj., or, used in the second
member of a double question.

ancilla, -ae, F., maid-servant.

ancora, -ae, F., anchor.

Ancus, -i, Ancus, fourth king of
Rome.

Androclus, -i, m., Androclus.

anguis, -is, M., snake, serpent. (154.)

angustiae, -4rum, F. [angustus,
narrow], narrow pass. Cf. Eng.
“narrows.”

animal, -alis, n. [anima, breath],
living being, animal. (149.)

227

ard

animus, -i, M., mind, soul, spirit.
(273.)

annus, -i, M., year. ANNUAL.

anser, -eris, M., goose.

ante, prep. w. acc., before.

antea, adv. [ante], before.

ante-céd0, 3, -céssi, -céssum, go

before. Cf. anteeo.
ante-e6, -ire, -il, » go before,
surpass. Cf. antecédo.

antiquus, -a, -um, adj. [ante],
old, ancient. Antiquity. Cf,
vetus.

anulus, -i, M., ring, finger-ring.

aper, apri, m., wild boar.

aperid, 4, -ul, -tum, open.

apertus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of ape
rl0 |, uncovered, open. :

ap-pell6, 1 [ad], address, call, name.
APPEAL.

ap-peto, 3, -ivi, or -il, -Itum [ad],
seek after, strive for.

ap-propinqud, 1 [ad], come near,
approach, Cf. accédo.

apto, 1, fit, apply, adjust. ADAPT.

apud, prep. w. acc., with, by, near,
among.

Apilia, -ae, F., Apulia, a division
of Tialy.

aqua, -ae, F., water.

aquila, -ae, F., eagle.

ara, -ae, F., altar.

aratrum, -i, N. [ard], plough.

arbitror, 1, think, suppose, believe
(429.)

arbor, -oris, F., tree.

arced, 2, -ui, keep off.

arcus, -iis, M., bow. ARC.

Ariovistus, -1, M., Ariovistus, king
of a German tribe.

arma, -drum, N. farmo], arms,
weapons, tools.

armo, 1 [arma], arm, equip.

aro, 1, plough.

AQUATIC.

Arpinum

228

bonum

Arpinum, -i, x., Arpinum, a town | aureus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum], of

in Italy.

ars, artis, F., art.

arvum, -1, N. [ard], ploughed land,
Jjield.

arx, arcis, F., citadel. (163.)

Ascalaphus, -i, M., Asca/aphus.

Asia, -ae, F., Asia.

asper, -era, -erum, adj., rough, harsh,
severe. ASPERITY.

asylum, -1, N., place of refuge, asy-
lum.

at, conj., but. (393.)

ater, -tra, -trum, adj., black, sable.

Athénae, -arum, F., Athens.

Athéniénsis, -e, adj., [Athénae],
of Athens, Athenian.

at-que (before vowels and conso-
nants, ac before consonants only)
[ad, zn addition], and also, and
especially, and. Cf. et and -que.

atrOx, -6cis, adj. [ater], savage,
Jierce, harsh, cruel. ATROCIOUS.

Atticus, -i, m., Atticus, a friend of
Cicero.

attingd, 3, -tigi, -tactum [ad,
tango], touch, approach, arrive at,
reach,

auctor, -oris, M. [auged. increase ],
maker, author.

auctoritas, -atis, Fr. [auctor], coun-
sel, advice, authority.

audacter, adv. [audax], boldly.

audax, -acis, adj. [auded], daring,
bold. (164). Avpaciovs.

audeod, 2, ausus [audax], dare, be
bold. (p. 177, note 2.)

audio, 4, hear, listen.
AUDIENCE,

au-ferd, auferre, abstuli, ablatum
[ab(s)], bear off, carry away.
(821.) ABLATIVE.

augeo, 2, auxi, auctum, increase,
enlarge.

(223. )

gold, golden.

auris, -is, F., ear.

aurum, -i, N., gold. :

aut, conj., or; aut... aut, ether
-s20rs , Cl. wel.

autem, conj. (never the first word),
but, however, moreover. (893.)

autumnus, -1, M., autumn.

auxilium, -i, nN. [auged], help, aid,
support; plur., auxiliaries.

avarus, -a, -um, adj., greedy, rapa-
cious. AVARICIOUS.

a-verto, 3, -ti, -sum, turn away
Jrom, avert.

avis, -is, F., bird. (154.)

avunculus, -i, mM. [diminutive of
avus], (maternal) uncle.

avus, -1, M., grandfather.

barbarus, +a, -um, adj., foreign,
barbarous, barbarian.

beatus, -a, -um, adj. [bed, bless],
blessed, happy. BratirubDe.

Belgae, -drum, m., the Belgae, a
Gallic tribe.

bello, 1 [bellum], war, carry on
war. Cf. bellum gero.

bellum, -i, N. [bello], war. (38.)

bellus, -a, -um, adj., pretty, charm-
ing, lovely.

bene, adv. [bonus], well.

beneficium, -i n. [bene, facio],
benefit, favor.

benigné, adv. [benignus], kindly.

benignus, -a, -um, adj. [bene,
genus |, (of good birth), kind, good.
BENIGNANT. :

béstia, -ae, F., beast.

bib6, 38, bibi, potum, drink.
BIBE.

bonum, -i, N. [bonus], good thing,
blessing; plur., goods, possessions.

Im-

bonus 2209 eaved

bonus, -a, -um, adj., comp. melior, | Cannae, -drum, F., Cannae, a vil-
superl. optimus; good. (71, 208.)| lage in Apulia,
bos, bovis, M. and F., oz, cow.| Canmné€nsis, -e, adj. [Cannae], of

(262.) Cannae.
Bostonia, -ae, F., Boston. Cantium, -i, n., Kent (in Britain).
bracchium, -i, N., arm. canto, 1 [cand], sing. CHANT.
brevis, -e, adj., short, brief. cantus, -iis, M. [canO], singing, song.
Britanni, -drum, M., the Britons. (278.) CHANT.
Britannia, -ae, F., Britain. capillus, -i, m., hair (of the head).
Britus, -i, M., Brutus, a Roman CAPILLARY.

surname. capio, 3, cépi, captum, take, seize

(235); consilium capid, adopt a
| plan. CAPTURE.

C., abbreviation for Gajus. | captives, -i, m. [capid], captive,
eachinno, 1, laugh aloud. Cf. | prisoner.

rideo. caput, -itis, N.,iead.(105.) CaPimtraL,
cado, 3, cecidi, cisum, fall. Carb6, -dnis, m., Carbo, a Roman.
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind. carcer, -eris, M., prison. INcAR-
ecaedod, 38, cecidi, caesum, cut, cut| CERATE. %
to pieces; kilt. cared, 2, -ul,-itum, be without, want.
caelum, -i, N., sky, heaven. carmen, -inis, N., song, poem. (278.)
caeruleus, -a, -um, adj. [for caelu-| card, carnis, F., flesh.

leus, from caelum], dark-blue. carpo, 3, -si, -tum, pluck.
Caesar, (J.), -aris, M., Ju/ius Cae-| carrus, -i, M., wagon, cart. Car.

sar, « famous Roman. Carthaginiénsis, -e, adj. [Car
Caius, -i, mM. See Gajus. thaig6], of Carthage, Carthaginian.
calathus, -i, M., basket. Carthago, -inis. r., Carthage, a
calear, -aris, N. [calx, heel], spur.| town in Africa.

(149.) Carthagd Nova, a town in Spain.
ealléns, -entis, adj. [P. of called, | carus, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious.

be hard], hard, tough. castra, -drum, N., camp.
calliditas, -datis, r. [callidus, cun-| casus, -is, M. [cado], a fainng ; mis-

ning |, shrewdness, cunning. chance, misfortune, chance.
calor, -oris, M. [cale6, be warm],| catellus, -i, m. [diminutive of catu-

heat, warmth. Catoric. | lus], little dog, puppy.
Campania, -ae, F., Campania, a| Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline, a famous

division of Italy. Roman conspirator.
campus, -1, M., field. Camp. Cf.| Caté, -dnis, m., Cato, a celebrated
ager. Roman censor.

candidus, -a, -um, adj. [canded, | cauda, -ae, F., tail.
shine], bright, fair, white. Canpip.| causa, -ae, F., cause, reason; causa
Cf. albus. (after a genitive), for the sake.
canis, -is, M. and F., dog. (153.)| caved, 2, civi, cautum, beware,
CANINE. guard against,

cédo

8

comes

céd5, 3, cessi, cessum, go, depart,
withdraw ; grant.

celer, -eris, -ere, adj., swift. (179.)
CELERITY.

celeriter, adv. [celer], swiftly.

célo, 1, conceal. Cf. abdo.

cénseo, 2, -ul, -um, reckon; think,
deem, be of opinion. CENSURE.
(429.)

centum, num. adj., indecl., hun-
dred. CENT.

Cerés, -eris, F., Ceres, goddess of
agriculture. CEREAL.

certé, adv. [certus], certainly, sure-
ly, of course.

certo, 1, contend, strive, vie with.

certus, -a, -um, adj., fixed, deter-
mined, certain, sure; certiorem
facio, make (one) more certain,

clamor, -cris, M. [clam6], shout,
cry, CLAMOR.

clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear, re-
nowned, famous; loud.

classis, -is, F., class of citizens;
fleet. (154.)

cliéns, -entis, m., c/ient. (160.)

coepi, coepisse (defective verb,
tenses from pres. stem wanting),
began.

coerced, 2, -ui, -itum [co(m),
arced, inclose]}, confine, check, re
. strain,

cdgnodsco, 3, -novi, -nitum [com,
(g)ndscd], learn, recognize, know.
Cf. aigndscé.

cdgo, 3, -€gi, -actum [com, ago],
drive together, compel.

co-hortor, 1 [co(m), intensive],

inform, exhort, urge, encourage,
[céterus ], -a, -um, adj. (usually in| Collatinus, -i, m., Co//atinus, sur-
plur «, the other, the rest. name of Lucius Tarquinius

cibus, i, M., food. Cf. pabulum. | colléga (conl), -ae, M. [leg], (one |
Cicert, -Onis, M., Cicero, a famous who is chosen with another), col-

Roman orator. league.
Cimbri, -Grum, m., the Cimbri, a| colligd (conl), 3, -légi, -lectum
German tribe. fcom, lego], co//ect..
cingd, 3, cinxi, cinctum, bind, en- | collis, -is, M., hill. (154.) Cf. mons.
circle, surround, colloquium, -i, n. [colloquor], con-
circiter, adv. f[circus, c/rcle],| versation, colloquy.
round about; about. col-loquor, 38, -locitus [com],
circum-dico, 8, -dixi, -ductum,| speak together, converse.
lead around, cold, 3, colui, cultum, cu/tivate,
circum-silid, 4, -ii, [salio],| «l/l. Cf. incola, agricola.
jump or hop around. colonia, -ae, F. [colonus, husband-
circum-veni0, 4, -véni, -ventum,} man, colo], co/ony.
surround , circumvent. color, -oris, M., co/or.

civis, -is, M. and F., citizen. (154.) | columba, -ae, F., dove.
civitas, -atis, Fr. [civis], (body of |com (col, con, cor, co), primitive

citizens), state; citizenship. Criry.| form of cum, a prefix denoting
cladés, -is, ¥., destruction, defeat,| completeness or union; some-
disaster, times intensive.

elamito, 1 {frequentative of cla-|comes, -itis, m. and ¥. [comitor
m0], cry out, call out, Cf,exclamo, (com, e0)], comrade, companion.

comitor

comitor, 1 [comes], accompany, at-
tend.

commeatus, -iis, mM. [commed, go
to and fro], passage, trip, exp di-
tion.

com-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum, (join
together), commit; proelium com-
mittere, join battle, engage, begin
Sighting.

com-modus, -a, -um, adj. (éh-t has
proper measure), convenient, suit-
able.

com-moror, 1, stay, linger, delay,
remain.

com-moveod, 2, -m6vi, -motum,
(put_in violent motion), shake, dis-
turb, agitate. COMMOTION.

com-miinio, 4, (fortify strongly),
secure, intrench.

com-peri6, 4, -peri, -pertum, ascer-
tain, learn, find out.

com-pled, 2, -plévi, -plétum, fill
out, fill up. Cf. impled.

com-primo, 3, -pressi, -pressum
[premd], press together; check,
suppress.

con-cutid, 3, -cussi, -cussum [com,
quatio], shake violently.

con-ferd, conferre, contuli, colla-
tum (conl), [com], bring together,
collect; sé conferre, betake one’s
self. CONFER.

con-ficid, 3, -féci, -fectum [com,
facio], make, accomplish, carry
out.

c0n-fiteor, 2,-fessus [com, fateor],
confess.

con-flig6, 3, -xi, -ctum [com], con-
tend, fight. CONFLICT,

con-icid, 3, -jéci, -jectum [com,
jacio], (throw together), throw,
hurl.

con-junx, -jugis, mM. and Fr, [com,
jung6, join], spouse, wife ; husband.

231

contemplor

conor, 1, attempt, try.

cOn-scendd, 3, -di, -scénsum, [com,
scando, climb], ascend, embark ;
go om board.

con-sequor, 3, -ciitus [com], /ol-
low close upon ; follow.

c0n-sidd, 3, -sédi, -séssum [com],
(sit together), encamp.

consilium, -i, x. [cOnsul6, consul],
advice, counsel, prudence; pian,
design.

cOn-similis, -e, adj., very similar,
quite like.

con-spicid, 38, -spexi, -spectum
[com, specid, look], look at atten-
tively ; observe, see, behold.

c0n-spicor, 1, [conspicid], see at a
glance, descry, catch sight of.

constans, -antis, adj., [P. of con-
st0], firm, steady.

con-stat, 1, -stitit, impers., it 7s evi
dent, clear.

con-stitud, 3, -ui, -itum [com,
statuo], (place or put together),
station, place; determine.

cOn-suésc6, 38, -suévi, -suétum
[com], become accustomed; in
perf., be accustomed.

consuétudo, -inis, Fr. [cOnsuétus],
habit, custom,

consul, -ulis, m. [consul6, consult],
consul. (134.)

consularis, -e, adj. [consul], per-
taining to a consul, consular; noun,
ex-consul,

consulatus, -iis, m. [consul], office
of consul, consulship. ~

cGn-sumo, 3, -simpsi, -simptum
[com], take up completely, con-
sume.

con-temnod, 3, -psi, -ptum [com],
despise. CONTEMN.

contemplor, 1, look at, observe.
CoNTEMPLATE.

con-tendo

con-tendd, 5, -di, -tum [com],
(draw tight), exert one’s self, strive ;
hasten. CONTEND.

contentiOo, -onis, F. [contendo],
struggle, exertion, effort; conten-

- tion.

contentus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of
contineo], contented; w. abl.

con-testor, 1 [com, testis, witness],
call to witness, invoke.

con-tinéns, -entis, Fr. [P. of con-
tined, sc. terra], continent.

con-tined, 2, -ui, -tentum [com,
tened], hold together, hold, con-
tain.

contra, prep. w. acc., against.

con-valésco, 3, -valul , [com,
valed], get well, grow strong. Con-
VALESCENT. Cf. valeo.

con-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum [com],
come together, assemble,

con-verto, 3, -ti, -sum [com], turn
around, turn, change. CONVERT.

copia, -ae, F. [com, ops ], abundance,
wealth; plur., troops, forces.

cor, cordis, N., heart.

cOram, prep. w. abl.,in presence of.

Corinthus, -i, F., Corinth. (11,4.)

Coriolanus, -i, M., Corjo/anus, sur-
name of C. Marcius, a Roman
consul.

Cornélia, -ae, F. Cornelia, mother
of the Gracchi.

Cornélius, -i, m., Cornelius, a Ro-
man family name.

corni, -iis, N., horn.

corpus, -oris, N., body.
CorRPSE.

corrigd, 3, -réxi, -réctum [com,
rego], make straight, reform, cor-
rect.

(140.)

corripio, 3, -ui, -reptum, [com,
rapio], seize, take hold of.
cor-rumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptum,

232

cupid

[com], break in pieces, destroy ;
corrupt, bribe.

cortex, -icis, M. and F., bark, shell,
rind, ,

cOrus, -1, M., north-west (wind).

cotidié, adv. [quot, dies], daily.

eras, adv., to-morrow.

Crassus, -1, M., Crassus, a rich Ro-
man, contemporary of Cesar.

creator, -Oris, mM. [creo], creator.

créber, -bra, -brum, adj., frequent,
numerous.

crédo, 3, -didi, -ditum, trust, believe ;
w. dat. CREDIT.

creo, 1, make, create; choose, elect.

Croesus, -I, M., Croesus, king of
Lydia.

crudé€lis,-e,adj., cruel,hard-hearted.

crudéliter, adv. [cridélis], cruelly.

cruentus, -a, -um, adj. [cruor],
stained with blood, bloody.

cruor, -Oris, M., blood, gore. Cf. san-
guis.

criis, criris, n., leg.

culpa, -ae, F. [culpd], blame, fault.
CuLpaBLeE. Cf. vitium.

culpo, 1 [culpa], blame, find fault
with,

culter, -tri, m., knife. CouLtTer.

cum, conj., when; since, as; though,
although. (872 ff.)

cum, prep. w. abl., with.

Cumae, -drum, F., Cumae, a town
in Campania.

ctinae, -arum, F., cradle.

cunctatio, -onis, Fr. [cunctor], de-
laying, delay.

cunctor, 1, linger, hesitate.

cupiditas, -atis, r. [cupidus, cupid],
desire, eagerness. CUPIDITY.

Cupid6, -inis, m. [cupidus], Cupid,
god of love.

cupid, 3, -ivi, or -ii, -itum, desire,
be eager for, Cf, désidero,

cur 233

etir, adv. [qua, ré], why, wherefore.
clira, -ae, F. [ciiro], care, anxiety.
curo, | [ciara], care for, take care.
curro, 3, cucurri, cursum, run.
currus, -is, M. [curro ], chariot, car.
cursus, -iis, M. [curro], a running,

course. °
curvus, -a, -um, adj., curved, bent ;
bending.

custodio, 4 [custos], guard, pro-
tect, defend.

custds, -ddis, m. and F. [custddio],
guardian, keeper, CUSTODIAN.

cymba, -ae, F. boat. Cf. navicula.

Cyrus, -1, m., Cyrus, king of Persia.

Daedalus, -i, m., Daedalus, builder
of the Labyrinth.

damno, 1, condemn.

Daréus, -i, M., Darius, king of
Persia.

Datis, -is, m., Datis, a Persian
general,

dé, prep. w. abl., from, about, con-
cerning, of; (of time), in, during,
about.

dea, -ae, F., goddess. (p.8, note 1),

débeod, 2, -ui, -itum, owe, ought.
Desit, DEBT.

decem, num. adj., indecl., ten.

December, -bris, M. [decem], De-
cember, Often as adj.

decem-plex, -icis, adj. [plico], ten-
Sold. ,

dé-cernd, 5, -crévi, -crétum (sepa-
rate from), decide, determine ;
decree.

dé-cerpo, 3, -si, -tum [carpo], pluck
off.

decet, 2, decuit, impers., it is be-
coming, fitting, proper.

decimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [de-
cem], tenth,

désidero

dé-do, 3, -didi, -ditum (put from
one’s self), surrender, deliver up.

dé-diico, 3, -dixi, -ductum, lead
away, draw down, launch, Dk-
DUCT.

dé-fatigod, 1, tire out, exhaust.

dé-fendo, 35, -di, -fénsum [défén-
sor], (strike off from), defend,
protect.

defensor, -0ris, M.
defender, protector.

dé-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum (bring
Jrom), deliver ; report.

dé-fessus, -a, -um, adj., tired out,
weary.

dé-ficio, 3, -féci, -fectum [facio},
(make away from), revolt; fail, be
wanting.

dé-formis, -e, adj. [forma], mis-
shapen, ugly ; base, disgraceful.

de-inde, adv. (j/rom thence), then,
afterwards. ©

délects, 1, delight.

déléctus, -is, m. [déligod], se/ec-
tion; levy.

déleod, 2, -évi, étum, destroy. Dr.
LETE.

déliciae, -drum, F., delight, darling.

dé-migro, 1, migrate from; emi-
grate, remove.

Démosthené€s, -is, m., Demosthe-
nes, a famous Athenian orator.

dénique, adv., finally, at last.

déns, dentis, m., tooth. DENTIST.

dé-pereo, 4, -il, , go to ruin,
perish, be lost.

dé-pono, 35, -posul, -positum, put
down, put by, lay down. DeEpo-
NENT.

dé-scendo, 3, -di, -scénsum [scan-
do, climb], come down, descend.

dé-sero, 3, -ui,-tum, desert, abandon.

désiderd, 1, desire, long for, miss
(319). Cf.opto, volo, and cupid.

[défendd],

deé-silid

dé-silid, 4, -silui [salio, leap],
leap down. Cf. subsilio and tran-
silio.

dé-sist6, 3, -stiti, -stitum [stand off
or apart], leave off, cease ; desist.

dé-spero, 1 [spés], be hopeless,
despair.

dé-sum, -esse, -fui, , be want-
ing, lack; w. dat. Cf. déficio.

dé-traho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, draw
off, take away.

deus, -1, M., god. (262.)

dévord, 1, swallow up, devour.

Diana, -ae, F., Diana, goddess of
the chase.

dico, 3, dixi, dictum, say, tell.

dictator, -oris, M. [dicto, dico],
chief magistrate, dictator.

dictatira, -ae, r. [dictator], office
of dictator, dictatorship.

dictito [frequentative of dico],
keep saying.

diés, -¢i, M. and F., day. (253.)

dif-fero, differre, distuli, dilatum
[dis], scatter, separate, put off;
differ. (821.) :

difficilis, -e, adj. [dis, facilis, far
Jrom easy], hard, difficult. (207.)

digitus, -i, M., finger. Duarr.

dignitas, -itis, F. [dignus], worth,
dignity ; office.

dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy.

diligéns, -entis, adj. [P. of diligo],
diligent, careful.

diligenter, adv. [diligens], d//i-
gently.

diligentia, -ae, r. [diligéns], d///-
gence, carefulness.

di-ligo, 3, -léxi, -léctum [lego],
esteem, love. (519.)

dimico, 1, fight, contend.
pugno.

di-midius, -a, -um, adj. [medius],

half.

Cf.

234

donum

di-mittd, 3, -misi, -missum, send
away, let go.

di-moved, 2, -modvi, -mdtum (move
asunder), separate, drive away.

di-ruo, 3, dirui, dirutum, tear
asunder, destroy. Cf. rescindo.

dis, di (a prefix denoting scpara-
tion), asunder, apart, in differcnt
directions. Cf. differd, discédo,
dissimilis, dimitto, diruo.

Dis, Ditis, m., Dis, another name
of Pluto.

dis-céd6, 3, -céssi, -céssum, depart,
withdraw, go off.

discipulus, -i, m. [disco], learner,
scholar, pupil. DisciPe.

disco, 3, didici, , learn.

dis-similis, -e, adj., (far from like),
unlike, dissimilar. (207.)

dia, adv., for a long time, long.

dives, -itis, adj. (comp. ditior,
superl. divitissimus), rich. (167.
5.)

divitiae, -darum, F. [dives], riches,
wealth,

do, dare, dedi, datum, give ; put.

doced, 2, -u1, -tum, teach, show.

doctus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of doced],
learned. Tocror.

dolor, -oris, M., pain, grief. Do.-
OROUS.

dolus, -1, M., trick, deceit.

domicilium, -i, N. [domus], home,
abode.

domina, -ae, F. [dominus ], mistress.

dominor, 1 [dominus], be a lord
and master, rule. DOMINEER.

dominus, -i, M. [domina], lord,
master. (66.)

domus, -iis, F., house, home ; domi,
at home. (262, 336.)

dono, 1 [donum], give, present.
DonATE.

donum, -i, N. [do], gift, present.

i

dormié

dormid, 4, sleep. Dormitory.

Drisus, -i, M., Drusus, a Roman.

dubito, 1 [dubius], hesitate, doubt.
INDUBITABLE.

dubium, -i, x. [dubius], doudt.

dubius, -a, -um, adj. [duo], doubt-
ful. Dustous.

ducenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. [duo,
centum ], two hundred.

diicd, 3, -daxi, -ductum [dux], lead.

Duilius (C.), -i, M., Ca/us Duilius,
a Roman general.

dulcis, -e, adj., sweet,
Dutcet. Cf. suavis.

dum, adv., while, as long as; until.

duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two.
(811. 4.)

duo-decim, num. adj., indecl. rde-
cem ], twelve.

duo-dé-triginta, num. adj., in-
decl., twenty-eight.

ens, -a, -um, adj., hard. En-
puRE. Cf, difficilis.

dux, ducis, m. and F. [dicd], leader,
general. Duxe. Cf. imperator.

pleasant.

ecce, interj., lo! see! see there!

€-dicd, 3, -dixi, -dictum, speak out,
declare, proclaim. Enict.

edo, edere or ésse, édi, ésum or és-
sum, eat.

éduco, 1, bring up, train, educate.

é-diico, 3, -dixi, -ductum, lead out,
bring away.

ef-fero, efferre, extuli, élatum
[ex], bear out, bring forth. (821.)
ELATE.

efficis, 3, -féci, -fectum [ex, facid],
bring to pass, effect, complete ;
make, construct.

egéns, -entis, adj. [P. of eged], in
want, needy, destitute.

ego, pers, pron., J. (264.)

235

erro

|6-gredior, 3, égressus {gradior,
step |, go out, go forth; disembark,
land. Cf. exeo.
€gregié, adv. [égregius], remark-
ably, excellently.
€-gregius, -a, -um, adj. [grex], re
markable, excellent. EGREGIOUS.
élegans, -antis, adj., choice, elegant
elephantus, -i, M., e/ephant.
€-lidd, 3, -si, -sum, deceive, mock;
elude.
é-mergo, 3, -si, -sum, arise, come
forth; emerge.
emo, 3, €mi, émptum, buy, purchase.
enim, conj. (never the first word),
for. Ci. nam.
Ennius, -1, M.,
Roman poetry.
é-nuntio, 1, say out, divulge, declare,
report. HXNUNCIATE.
€, see ex.
ed, adv. [is], to that place, thither,
there.
e0, ire, il, itum, go. (827.)
eOdem, adv. [idem], to the same
place.
Epirus, -i, r., Epirus, a division of
Greece.
epistula, -ae, F., letter, epistle.
eques, -itis, M. [equus], Aorseman,
knight.
equester, -tris, -tre, adj., [eques],
( pertaining to a horseman), eques-
trian.
equitatus, -iis, M. [equito, eques],
(body of equites), cavalry.
equito, 1 [eques], (be a horseman),
ride.
equus, -i, M., horse.
ergo, adv., therefore, accordingly.
Cf. igitur and itaque.
é-ripio, 38, -ui, -reptum [rapid],
snatch out, seize and bear off.
erro, 1, wander; err, mistake,

Ennius, father of

érudio

&-rudis, 4, [rudis, rough], train,
teach, instruct.
essedum, -l, N.,
chariot.

et, conj., and; et...et, both...
and. Cf. atque, ac, and -que.

etiam, adv. and conj. [et, jam,
and now], also, even.

et-si, conj., though, although.

Europa, -ae, r., Europe.

€-vado, 3, -vasi, -vasum, go forth,
escape. EVADE.

é-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum, come
forth, turn out, happen. Event. Cf.
accido and incido,

é-verto, 3, -ti, -sum, overturn, over-
throw, destroy.

é-volo, 1, fly away.

ex or 6, prep. w. abl., out of, from.

examino, 1 [examen, éest], weigh
out, weigh.

excelsus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of ex-
cell6], elevated, lofty, high.

ex-cipio, 5, -cépi, -ceptum [capio],
take out, except; receive, wel-
come.

ex-clam®, 1, cry out, exclaim. Cf.
clamito.

ex-ciiso, 1 [causa], excuse.

ex-cutiO, 3, -cussi, -cussum [qua-
tid], shake out, strike off, drive
away, cast out,

ex-e0, -ire, -il, -itum, go out, come
out, Exit. Cf. égredior.

ex-erced, 2 [arced], keep busy,
employ ; train, EXERCISE.

exercitus, -iis, M. [exerced], (the
thing trained), army.

exiguus, -a,-um, adj., scanty, small,
slight.

expeditio, -onis, r. [expedio], ex-
cursion, expedition.

ex-pell6, 3, -puli, -pulsum, drive
out or away, expel,

two-wheeled war-

236

facid

ex-perior, 4, -pertus, make trial ¢
test, EXPERT.

ex-plico, 1, -Avi, -Atum, and -ui
-itum, unfold, explain.

explorator, -oris, M. [explord], @
searcher out, explorer; spy, scout.

ex-ploro, 1, sedrch out, examine, .
explore; reconnoitre.

ex-pono, 3, -posui, -positum, put
or set out, expose; draw up, mar-
shal.

ex-ptgnd, 1, take by storm, assault.
Cf. oppigno.

ex-sist0, 3, -stiti, -stitum (stand
forth), exist, appear.

ex-spect0, 1, await, wait for, ex-
pect.

ex-spiro, 1, breath out, breath one’s
last, expire.

ex-stingu6, 3, -nxi, -netum (quench
completely), extinguish; kill, de-

stroy.

ex-terred, 2, -ui, -itum, frighten,
affright.

ex-timésco, 5, -timui, —— [timed],
fear greatly.

extra, prep. w. acc., without, out-
side of. Cf. intra.
ex-turbd, 1, thrust out, drive away.

faber, -bri, M., worker, carpenter.
FABRIC.

Fabius, -i, m., Fabius, a famous
Roman general.
Fabricius, -1, m., Fabricius, a

famous Roman general.
fabula, -ae, r. [for, speak], story,
tale, fable.
facilis, -e, adj. [facid], (that can be
done), easy to do,easy. FACILITY.
facinus, -oris, N. [facio], (the thing
done), deed; crime. Cf. scelus.
facio, 3, féci, factum, do, make,

fagus

fagus, -i, F., beech-tree. (11. 4.)

Falisci, -orum, m., the Fa/iscans,
a people of #truria.

falso, adv. [falsus], falsely.

falsus, -a, -um, adj. [fallo, deceive],
deceptive, false.

fama, -ae, F. [for, speak], rumor;
fame, renown.

famé€s, -is, F., hunger, famine.

fas, n., indecl. [for, speak], divine
law; often translated as adj.,
right, lawful.

fascis, -is, M., bundle.

fatigo, 1, tire out, weary. Faricue.

fatum, -1,N. [for, speak], (that which
is spoken), fate, destiny.

faved, 2, favi, fautum, be favorable
to, favor, befriend; w. dat.

febris, -is, r. [ferved, be hot), fever.

Februarius, -1, m., February. Often
as adj.

féliciter, adv. [félix], luckily, for-
tunately.

félix, -icis, adj., lucky, fortunate.

fera, -ae, F. [ferus], wild animal,
wild beast.

feré, adv., nearly, for the most part,
almost, about. Cf. paene.

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, bring ;
ferunt, they say. (821.) Cf.
porto and vehd.

ferdx, -ocis, adj. [ferus], fierce,
impetuous.

ferreus, -a,-um, adj. [ferrum], of
tron, iron.

ferrum, -1, N., iron.

ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, savage,
cruel.

fidélis, -e, adj. [fidés], trusty, faith-
ful. Cf. fidus.

fideéliter, adv. [fidélis], faithfully.

fides, -1, F. [fid6, trust], trust, faith.

fidus, -a, -um, adj. [fido, trust],
trusty, faithful.

237

frater

filia, -ae, F., daughter. (p.8, note 1).
Cf. nata.

filiolus, -i, m. [diminutive of filius],
little son.

filius, -i, M., son. (79.) Firat.

finid, 4 [finis], end, finish. Finite.

finis, -is, M., end, boundary. (154.)

finitimus, -a, -um, adj. [finis],
bordering on, neighboring.

f10, fieri, factus (supplies pass. to
facio), be made, become. (827.)

firmo, 1 [firmus], make stronq.

firmus, -a, -um, adj. [firmo], stead-
Jast, strong. Firm.

flagro, 1, burn.

flecto, 5, -xi, -xum, bend, turn.

fleo, 2, flevi, fletum, weep, cry.

fio, 1, blow. ‘

flOs, floris, m., flower. FLORAL.

flamen, -inis, N. [fluo], (that which
flows), river, stream. (172.)

fluo, 3, flixi, flixum, flow.

fluvius, -i, m. [fluo], (the flowing

thing), river, stream. (172.)

folium, -1, N., leaf. Fourace.

fons, fontis, M., spring, fount, foun-
tain.

fore, for futurum esse.

formido), -inis, F., fear, terror.

forte, adv. [fors, chance], perchance,
perhaps, possibly,

fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave, cour-

ageous.
fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely,
courageously.

fortitud6, -inis, F. [fortis], strength,
bravery, endurance, fortitude.

fortiina, -ae, F. [fors, chance], for-
tune.

forum, -1, N., market-place ; forum.

frango, 3, frégi, fractum, dash in
pieces, break, FRAcTION.

frater, -tris, M., brother. FRATER:
NAL.

frétus .

frétus, -a, -um, adj., relying on,
trusting to; w. abl.

frigidus, -a, -um, adj. [friged,
freeze], cold, frigid.

frondOsus, -a, -um, adj. [frdns],
covered with leaves, leafy.

frons, frondis, F., leaf, foliage ; gar-
land of leaves.

froéns, -tis, F.,
FRONT.

friictus, -iis, mM. [fruor], fruit. Cf.
frimentum.

frimentarius, -a, -um, adj. [fri-
mentum], pertaining to grain;
rés frimentaria, grain-supply.

frimentum, -i, n. [fruor], corn,
grain. Cf. frictus.

fruor, 3, fructus, enjoy; w. abl.
(304. )

friistra, adv., in vain.

(frix), frigis, F. (oftener plur.;
gen. frigum), [fruor], fruit of the
earth, fruits. Cf. frictus.

fuga, -ae, ¥. [fugio, flee], flight.

fugid, 3, figi, -itum [fugo, fuga],
run away. FUGITIVE.

fugo, 1 [fugid, fuga], put to flight,
chase, drive.

fungor, 3, functus, perform, dis-
charge; w.abl. (804.) Function.

brow, forehead.

Gajus, gen. Gai (also written
Caius), m., Caius, a Roman first
name.

Galba, -ae, m., Galba.

Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul.

Galliicus, -a, -um, adj. [Gallus],
belonging to the Gauls, Gallic.

gallina, -ae, F. [gallus, cock],
hen.

Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul,

gaudeod, 2, gavisus [gaudium], be
glad, rejoice. (p. 177, note 2.)

238

Hasdrubal

gaudium, -i, n. [gauded], joy,
delight.

gener, -erl, M., son-in-law,

géns, gentis, F., clan, family. GEn-
TEEL,

gent, -iis, N., knee. (245.)

genus, -eris, N., birth, race; kind,
nature. GENDER.

Germanus, -a, -um, adj., German ;
noun, a German.

gero, 8, gessi, gestum, lear, carry;
wage, manage, do,

gladiator, -oris, mM. [gladius],
(swordsman), gladiator.

gladius, -1, M., sword.

gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame, renown.

gracilis, -e, adj., slender. (207.)

gradus,-is, M., step. (245.) GRADE.

Graecé, adv. [Graecus], in Greek.

Graecia, -ae, F., Greece.

Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Grecian,
Greek; noun, a Greek.

gramen, -inis, N., grass.

granun, -i, N., grain, seed.

gratulor, 1 [gratus |, congratulate ;
w. dat.

gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable,
pleasing. GRATEFUL.

gravis, -e, adj., heavy, serious.
GRAVE.

graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily,
seriously.

gremium, -i, n., lap, bosom.
grex, gregis, M., flock, herd.
gusto, 1, taste, eat.

habed, 2, have, hold.

habit6, 1 [frequentative of habed],
inhabit; dwell, live. (194.)

Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal, a
famous Carthaginian general.

Hasdrubal, -alis, m., Hasdrubal,
a Carthaginian general, brother of
Hannibal.

hasta

hasta, -ae, F., spear.

haurio, 4, hausi, haustum, draw
(water), drain. ExHAusT?

Hector, -oris, M., Hector, chief of
the Trojan warriors.

Henna, -ae, F., Henna, a city of
Sicily.

heri, adv., yesterday.

hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this,
this of mine; abl., hoc, on this
account; as pers. pron., he, she,
i. (276,)

hiems(hiemps), hiemis, F., winter ;
storm.

hine, adv. [hic], from this place,
hence.

Hispania, -ae, F., Spain.

Hispanus, -1, M., a Spaniard.

historia, -ae, F., A/story.

hodieé, adv. [hoc, dié], to-day.

Homeé€rus, -i, m., Homer, the earli-
est and greatest Greek poet.

. homo, -inis, mM. and F. (human
being), man. (138.)

honestas, -atis, Fr. [honestus], honor,
integrity, honesty.

honorificé, adv., honorably.

_ honor, -oris, M., honor.

- honGro, 1 [honor], honor, respect.

hora, -ae, F., hour.

Horatius, -i, m., Horatius, Horace.

horridus, -a, -um, adj. [horreo,
shudder at], frightful, rough, wild.
Horrip.

hortor, 1, urge, exhort, encourage.

hortus, -i, M., garden. (388.)

hospes, -itis, M. and F., host, guest,
guest-friend. Hospitat.

hostis, -is, M. and F.,enemy. (149,
172.) Hostite.

hic, ady. [for old form hic], to
this place, hither.

himanus, -a, -um, adj. [homo],
human ; cultivated, refined.

239

imperium

humilis, -e, adj. [humus, ground],
(pertaining to humus), low, lowly,
humble, poor. (207.)

ibi, adv. [is], in that place, there.

Icarus, -i, /earus, son of Dedalus.

idem, eadem, idem, determ. pron
[is], same. (270.)

iddneus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suitable,
proper.

Idis, -uum, F. plur., the /des (of
the month). The thirteenth, except
in March, May, July, and Octo-
ber; in those months the fif-
teenth. (244. 1.)

igitur, conj. (seldom the first
word), therefore, then. Cf. ergo
and itaque. <

ignavia, -ae, F. [ignavus ], laziness,
idleness, cowardice.

ignavus, -a, -um, adj. [in, not,
gnavus, busy], lazy, idle, cowardly.

ignis, -is, M., fire. (149.)

ignoro, 1 [ignarus, ignorant], not
know, be ignorant of.

ille, -a, -ud, demon. pron., that
(yonder); as pers. pron., he, she,
it. (275.)

illic, ady. [ille], to that place,
thither, there.

imago, -inis, F., jmage, likeness,
picture. (184.)

imitor, 1, /mitate.

immanis, -e, adj., huge, immense,
monstrous. Cf. magnus.

impedio, 4 [in, pés], (entangle the
Jeet), impede, hinder, prev nt.

im-pelld, 3, -puli, -pulsum [in],
urge on, impel, prompt.

imperator, -dris, mM. [impero],
commander, general, EMPEROR.

imperium, -i, nN. [impero], com-
mand, authority, power. EMPIRE,

imperod

impero, 1 [imperium], order, com-
mand; w. dat.

impetro, 1, accomplish; gain, pro-
cure, obtain. Cf. adipiscor.

impetus, -iis, M. [impeto, rush upon],
attack, onset. ImprETuous.

im-ple0, 2, -évi, -€tum [in], jill up,
Jill full, fill. Cf£. compleo.

im-ploro, 1 [in], cry out to, beseech,
implore.

im-pO0n0, 3, -posul, -positum [in],
put or place upon.

improbus, -a, -um, adj. [in, zot,
probus, good], bad, wicked, Cf.
malus.

im-pro-viso, adv. [vided], unez-
pectedly,

im-pudéns, -entis, adj. [in], shame-
less, impudent.

in, prep. w. acc. into, to, against,
for; w. abl., in, on. (335, 1, 2.)

in, prefix, in composition with
nouns, adjectives, and_ parti-
ciples, often having negative
sense. Cf. Eng. un-, in-, not.

inanis, -e, adj., empty, useless.

in-cautus, -a, -um, adj., jncautious,
heedless.

in-certus, -a, -um, adj., uncerta/n.

in-cidd, 3, -cidi, -casum [cadd],
fall into; happen, befall. Cf. ac-
cidd and évenio,

in-cipio, 3, -cépi, -ceptum [capid],
(take in hand), begin, Cf. ordior.

in-cdgnitus, -a, -um, adj., unknown.

incola, -ae, m. and PF. [incol0], in-
habitant.

in-cold, 3, -ui, —— [incola], dwell
in, inhabit, live, dwell. Cf. habitd
and vivo.

incolumis, -e, adj., unharmed, safe.

inde, adv. [is], thence.

indicium, -i, N., discovery, dis-
closure,

240

in-sum

in-ed, -ire, -ii, -itum, go in, enter;
begin, (827.)

inferi,* drum, M. (inferus, be/ow],
inhabitants of the lower world, the
dead. INFERNAL.

in-ferd, inferre, intuli, illatum
(inl) (bear in or against), cause ;
bellum inferre, make war upon;

w. dat. (821.)
infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile,
troublesome, dangerous. INFEST.

in-ficid, 3, -féci, -fectum [facid],
stain, color.

in-finitus, -a, -um, adj. [finis],
boundless, unlimited, infinite, vast.

in-flectd, 3, -xi, -xum, bend ; change,
alter. INFLECT.

in-gredior, 3, -gressus [gradior,
step], enter.

in-hid, 1, gape at, long for.

in-imicus, -a, -um, adj. [amicus],
unfriendly, hostile; noun, enemy.
(172.) Inimicat.

initium, -i, Nn. [ined], beginning.
INITIAL.

injiiria, -ae, F. [in, jis], /njustice,
mnjury, wrong.

injiisté, adv. [injistus], unjustly. _

inopia, -ae, F. [inops, without re- —
sources ], want, poverty.

inquam, defective verb, say; in-
quit (placed after one or more
quoted words), said he.

in-stitud, 3, -ui, -itum [statud,
place], fix, determine, undertake.
INSTITUTE.

instriictus, -a, -um [P. of instrud],
Surnished, equipped.

in-struo, 3, -strixi, -strictum
[strud, build], buld up, form, ine
struct, teach.

insula, -ae, F.,7sland, PENINSULA.

in-sum, -esse, -ful, , be in,
among; w. dat. and in w. abl.

2

intel-lego

intel-lego, 3, -léx1, -léctum [inter],
see into; understand. INTELLECT.

inter, prep. w. acc., between, among,
amid.

inter-e6, -ire, -ii, -itum, perish.

inter-dum, adyv., sometimes.

inter-ficio, 3, -féci, -fectum [fa-
cid], kill, put to death. Cf. neco
and occido.

interior, -us, adj. [no positive],
inner, Interior.

inter-pelio, 1, interrupt; entreat,
importune.

inter-rogo, 1, ask, inquire, question.
(882.) INTERROGATION.

inter-sum, -esse, -fui,
ent at or among; w. dat.
sum.

intra, prep. w. acc., within.
extra.

in-tueor, 2, look towards, at, or upon.
INTUITION.

intus, adv. [in], within, inside.

in-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum, come
upon, find, meet with, discover.
Invent. Cf. reperio.

in-vicem, adv., by turns, in turn,
aliernately.

‘in-victus, -a, -um, adj., wnconquer-
able, invincible.

invit6, 1, /nvite.

invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling, re-
luctant,

in-voc6, 1, call upon, invoke.

id, interj., ah! oh!

ipse, -a, -um, intens. pron., self,
very. (270.)

ira, -ae, F., anger, wrath; ire.

ir-rided, 2, -risi, -risum [in], laugh
at, ridicule ; jest, mock.

is, ea, id, determ. pron., that; as
pers. pron., he, she, it. (270.)

, be pres-

Cf. ad-

Cf.

4]

judicium

ita, adv., so, thus. Cf. sic.

Italia, -ae, F., /taly.

Italus, -a, -um, adj., /ta//an.

ita-que, conj., and so, therefore. Cf.
ergo and igitur.

item, ady. [ita], likewise, also.
ITEM.

iter, itineris, n. [ed], way, road,
march. (262.) ITINERANT.

iterum, adyv., a second time, again.
ITERATION.

Ithaca, -ae, F., /thaca, an island in
the Ionian Sea.

Itius, m., /tius, a port in Gaul.

jaced, 2, -ui, —— [jacio], (be
thrown), lie.

jacid, 3, jéci, jactum [jaced], throw,
cast, hurl, fling. S

jam, adv., already, now, at last. Cf.
nunc.

jamjam, adv., already; jamjam
ventirus, on the point of coming.

janua, -ae, F. [Janus], door. Cf.
porta.

Janus, -i, M. [janua], Janus, the
two-faced god.

jéjinium, -i,
hunger.

jéjiinus, -a, -um [jejinium], fast-
ing, hungry, without food.

jocus, -i, M. (plur. joci and joca),
joke, jest; per jocum, in jest, for
a joke. x

N. [jéjunus], fast,

{ Johanniculus, -i, M., little Jehn,

Johnny, Jack.

jubed, 2, jissi, jissum, bid, order,
command. Cf. impero.

jaicundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant,
agreeable.

jadex, -icis, m. [jidicd], judge.
(105.)

iste, -a, -ud, demon. pron., that (of |juidicium, -i, nN. [jidicd], judg-

yours). (275.)

ment, opinion.

judico

juidico, 1 [jiidex], judge. (429.)

Julius, -i, M., Julius, a Roman
Samily name.

Juppiter, Jovis, M., Jupiter, the su-
preme deity of the Romans. (262.)

jaro, 1 [jis], swear, take an oath.

jus, jiris, n., right, justice. (140.)
Cf. fas.

jissus, -is, mM. [jubed], command,
order.

juste, adv. [jistus], rightly, justly.

juvenis, -is, M. and F., youth, young
person. Cf. aduléscéns.

juventis, -iitis, r. [juvenis], the
season of youth, youth.

Labiénus, -i, m., Labienus, a lieu-
tenant of Cesar’s.

labor, M., -oris, /abor.

labor6, 1 [labor], work, toil.

labrum, -1, N., lip.

lac, lactis, N., milk. TLACTEAL.

Lacedaemonii, -Orum, M.,
Lacedaemonians.

lacrima, -ae, F., tear. LACRYMOSE.

lacus, -iis, M., /ake, pond.

Laevinus, -i, M., Laevinus, a Ro-
man consul,

lapis, -idis, M., stone. TAPIDARY.

Latiné, adv. [Latinus], in Latin.

Latinus, -a, -um, adj. [Latium],
Latin; noun, a Latin.

latro, 1, bark, bark at.

latro, -Onis, M., robber.

latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide.
LATITUDE.

latus, -eris, N., side. LATERAL.

laudo, 1 [laus], praise, /aud.

laus, laudis, r. [laudo], praise,
glory, fame.

legatus, -i, m. [légo, depute], am-
bassador, lieutenant. LEGATE.

legi®, -onis, r. [lego], (a gathering),
legion.

the

242

loquor

lego, 3, légi, lectum, gather; se
lect; read.

lénis, -e, adj., soft, smooth, gentle.

leo, -dnis, M., /ion. (184.)

lepus, -oris, M., hare.

levis, -e, adj. [levo], light. (150.)

levo, 1 [levis], /i/t up, raise, lighten.

léx, légis, F., /aw. LEGAL.

libenter, adv. [libet, it pleases],
willingly, gladly; libenter video,
I am glad to see.

liber, -bri, ., book.

liber, -era, -erum, adj., free.
ERAL. (71.)

Liber, -erl, m., Bacchus, god of
wine.

liberé, adv. [liber], freely, fear-
lessly.

liberi, -Orum, m. [liber], children.
(60.)

libero, 1 [liber], set free, free, lib-
erate; w. abl.

libertas, -atis, F. [liber], freedom,
liberty.

licet, 2, licuit or licitum est, im-
pers., 2 is permitted, (one) may.

ligneus, -a, -um, adj. [lignum], of
wood, wooden.

lignum, -i, N., wood; plur., sticks
of wood,

lig, -Onis, M., mattock, hoe.

lilium, -i, n., ///y.

lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.

littera, -ae, F., /etter (of the alpha-
bet); plur., /etter, epistle; /itera-
ture,

litus, -oris, N., shore, beach, bank.

locus, -i, M. (plur., loci and loca),
place, position, spot. Locat.

longé, adv. [longus], fur off; wide-
ly, greatly, much, by much,

longus, -a, -um, adj., Jong. Lon-
GITUDE.

loquor, 3, lociitus, speak, talk,

Lin-

lictus

243

melior

liictus, -iis, M. [liged], mourning, | malus, -a, -um, adj. (comp. péjor,

lamentation.

lucus, -i, M. [liced, shine], (open
place in a woed), wood, grove.

lado, 3, lisi, lasum [ludus], play.
InterLUDE.

ludus, -i, m. [lado], game, play.

laged, 2, 1uxi, , mourn, lament.

limen, -inis, N. [liced, lax], light.
Luminous.

lina, -ae, F. [liced, lix], moon.
LUNA.

lupus, -i, M., wolf,

luscinia, -ae, F., nightingale.

lux, licis, F. [liiced, shine], light,
daylight.

M., abbreviation of Marcus, a Ro-
man first name.

macte, adj. [voc. of mactus], be
honored, be blessed; hail! well
done! (p. 178, note 3.)

maculs, 1, stain.

magis, adv. [mig(nus)], more.

magister, -tri, M. [mag(nus)],
master, teacher. Cf. praeceptor.

magistratus, -iis, M. [mavister],
(the office of a magister), magis-
tracy, magistrate.

magnificus, -a, -um, adj. [mag-
nus, facid ], splendid, magnificent.

magnitudd, -inis, Fr. [magnus],
greatness, size, magnitude.

md gnus, -a,-um, adj. (comp. major,
superl. maximus), great, large.

major, -us, comp. of magnus.
Magor.

male, adv. [malus], badly, ill.
(219.)

malo, malle, malui, [magis,
volo}, be more willing, prefer,
would rather. (316.)

malum, -i, N., bad thing, evil,

malum, -i, N., apple.

sup. pessimus), bad, evil; baleful.
(208.) Cf. improbus.

mane, adv., in the morning.

maneo, 2, mansi, mansum, stay,
remain, await.

mane€s, -ium, M., departed spirits,
souls.

Manlius, -i, m., Manlius, a Roman.

manus, -iis, F., hand; force, band.
(244, 1.) MAnuat.

Marcellus, -i, m., Marcellus, a
Roman general.

mare, -is, N., sea. (149.) Marine.

maritimus, -a, -um, adj. [mare],
belonging to the sea, bordering on
the sea, maritime.
Marius (C.), -1, M., Gajus Marius,
a famous Roman general, e
Martius, -i, m. [Mars], March.
Often as adj.

massa, -ae, F., mass.

mater, -tris, F., mother.
NAL.

materia, -ae, F. [mater], (smother-
stuff), materials, timber.

matrona, -ae, F. [miter], matron,
wife, lady.

maturs6, 1 [miatirus, ripe], hasten.

maximeé, adv. [maximus], most,
especially, greatly. (219.)

maximus, -a, -um, superl. of ma-
genus. (208.)

medicus, -i, m. [medeor, cure],
physician. MEDICINE.

mediterraneus, -a, -um, adj. [me-
dius, terra], midland, inland.
MEDITERRANEAN.

medius, -a, -um, adj., middle;
often to be translated midst.

Meldi, -drum, m., the Meldi, a people
of Gaul.

melior,

(208.)

MATER-

-us, comp. of bonus.

= mellitus

mellitus, -a,-um, adj. [mel, honey],
honey-sweet, darling.

memor, -oris, adj., mindful. (150.)
MEMORABLE.

memoria, -ae, F. [memor], memory.

mendacium,-i, n. [mendax], lying,
JSalsehood.

mendax, -acis, adj., [mentior],
lying, deceitful.

méns, mentis, F., mind, purpose.
(2738.) MENTAL.

meé€nsa, -ae, F., table.

mé€nsis, -is, M., month.

mentior, 4 [mendax], lie, deceive.

Mercurius, -1, M., Mercury, messen-
ger of the gods. (79.)

mereod, ae. be worthy of, deserve,

mereor, merit.

meridianus, -a, -um, adj. [meri-
diés], of or belonging to midday,
noon; meridian. °

Metellus, -i, m., Mete//us, a Roman
general.

metud, 3, -ul, -itum [metus], fear.
Cf. timed.

metus, -iis, M. [metuod], fear, dread.
Cf. timor.

meus, -a, -um, poss. pren. (voc.

sing. mas. m1), my, mine.

migro, 1, migrate.

miles, -itis, M., soldier, (105.) Mui1-
ITARY.

mille, num. adj., indecl. in sing.;
ip plur. milia, -ium, thousand.
(811, 6.)

Miltiadés, -is, m., Mi/tiades,a Greek
general.

Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, goddess
of wisdom.

minimé, adv. [minimus], east;
no, by no means, far from it,

minister, -tri, mM. [minus], (an in-
Jerior), servant. (66.) MunisTER.
Cf. niagister.

244

morior

minor, 1 [minae, threats], threaten

minor, -us, comp. of parvus.

minus, ady. [minor], /ess.

mirabilis, -e, adj. [miror, wonder
at], to be wondered at; wonderful,
extraordinary.

misellus, -a, -um, adj. [diminutive
of miser], poor little.

miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched,
unhappy, miserable.

miseret, 2, -itum est, impers. [mi-
ser], it makes miserable, it excites
pity, (one) pities; nos miseret, we
pity. (415.)

miseria, -ae, F. [miser], wretched-
ness, misery.

Mithridatés, -is, m., Mithridates,
king of Pontus.

mittd, 3, misi, missum, send. Mais-
SION.

modestia, -ae, F. [modestus ], mod-
esty.

modius, -i, mM. [modus], measure;
peck.

modo, adv. [modus], only; modo
... modo, now... now.

molestus, -a, -um, adj. [mdlés,
pile], troublesome. Mo.exst.

mollio, 4 [mollis], soften.
LinY.

moneo, 2, -ui, -itum, remind, ad-
vise, warn. Monitor. (112.)

mons, montis, M., mountain, hill.
Cf. collis.

monstro, 1 [moned], show, point
out. DEMONSTRATE.

monumentum, -1, N. [moneo],
(that which reminds), memorial,
monument.

mora, -ae, F., delay.

Morini, -drum, m., the Morini, a
people of Gaul.

morior, 3, mortuus [mors], (fut.
part. moriturus), die.

Mo.t-

AR om

modrosus 945 noctii

morosus, -a, -um, adj. [més], fret- | navigatis, -dnis, F. [mavigd], a

Jul, cross} morose. sailing ; navigation.
mortalis, -e, adj. [mors], (lia’/e | navigd, 1 [navis, ago], sail, set
to death), mortal. sail.
mortuus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of mo- | navis, -is, F., ship. (154.) Nava.
rior], dead. né, conj., that not, lest ; w. hortatory
mors, mortis, F. [morior], death. subjunctive, not.
mos, moris, M., manner, habit, cus- | ne, interrog. adv., enclitic. (p. 10,
tom. (140.) Moran. n. 2.) Cf. nonne and num.
motus, -iis, M. [moved], motion, | necessarius, -a, -um, adj. [Mme-
movement ; tumult, disturbance. cesse], necessary.
moves, 2, movi, mOtum, move. necessitas, -itis, Fr. [mecesse], me-
mox, ady., soon, presently. cessity, constraint.
mulier, -eris, F., woman. necd, 1, Kill, slay. Cf. interficid
multitad6, -inis, F. [multus], mu/- and occido.
titude. necto, 8, nexui and nexi, nexum,
multum, adv. [multus], much. bind, weave.

multus, -a, -um, adj., comp. pliis, | nego, 1 [né, 416, say], say not, deny
superl. plirimus, much, many. refuse. :
mundus, -1, M., world, universe. Cf. | némo, -inis, M. and F. [né, homo],
wrbis terrarum. no one. For gen. and abl. use
miunio, 4 [moenia, fortifications],| nullius, nullo.
fortify, defend. Neptiinus, -i, u., Neptune, god of
miinitio, -dnis, F. [miinio], fortifi-| the sea.
cation. MUNITION. né-quaquam, ady., by no means,
miurus, -1, M., wall. not at all.
mits, 1, change, alter. Muratron.| ne-que or nec, and not; neque...
neque, neither... nor.
ne-scio, 4, know not, be ignorant of
nam, conj., for. Cf. enim. neuter, -tra, -trum, adj., neither
nanciscor, 3, nanctus and nactus,| (oftwo). (200.) Nerurrat.
get, obtain ; find, meet with. niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black. Cf.
narro, 1, tell, relate, report, narrate.| ater.
nascor, 3, nitus, be born; be found. | nihil, n., indecl., nothing.
Nasica, -ae, M., Nasica, surname |nimium, adyv., too, too much.
of one of the Scipios. . ni-si, conj., if not, unless, except.
nata, -ae, F. [P. of nivcor],| nix, nivis, F., snow. (167, 2.)
daughter. Cf. filia. nobilis, -e, adj. [ndscd], well-known,
natira, -ae, F. [naiscor], nature. famous; noble.
nauta, -ae, M. [for navita; pivis],| moced, 2, -ui, -itum, do harm to,
sailor. hurt, injure; w. dat. Noxiovs.
navicula, -ae, F. [diminutit’e of} Cf. obsum.
navis}, Jittle vessel, boat Cf.| noctii, adv. [nox], by night, in the
cymba. night.

nolo, nolle, ndlui, , [né, volo],
be: unwilling, will not, not wish.
(316.)

nomen, -inis, N. [ndscd], (that by
which a thing is known), name.
Nomina. (154.)

nomino, 1 [nomen], name, call.

non, ady. [né, inum], not.

non-ne, interrog. adv., expecting
an affirmative answer, net? Cf.
-ne and num.

non-nillus, -a, -um, adj. (not none),
some.

nonus, -a, -um, num. adj. [novem ],
ninth.

nosco, 3, novi, notum, learn, know.
P. notus, -a, -um, as adj. known.

noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron.,
our, ours. Nostri, our men.

novus, -a, -um, adj., new. Nov-
ELTY,
nox, noctis, F., night.. (167. 2.)

NocrurNnaL.

nibés, -is, F., cloud. (149.)

niillus, -a, -um, adj. [né, illus],
not any, no, none. (200.) Nut-
LITY.

num, interrog. adv., expecting a
negative answer, whether.
nonne and -ne.

246

octs

nitrid, 4, feed, nourish, support.
Cf. alo.

6, interj., O, Oh?

ob-e6, -ire, -ii, -itum, go to, reach.
meet.

ob-lig6, 1 [ligd, bind], bind, oblige,
put under obligation.

ebliviscor, 3, oblitus, forget.

ob-ruo, 3, -ui, -utum, overwhelm,
cover, bury.

obses, -sidis, M. and r. [ob, seded],
(one who sits or remains as a
pledge), hostage.

ob-sided, 2, -sédi, -séssum [seded],
(sit against), blockade, besiege.

ob-sisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, oppose,
withstand, obstruct; w. dat.

ob-sum,-esse,-ful, , be against,
opposed to; injure; w. dat.

ob-tempero, 1, comply with, yield
to; w. dat.

ob-tineo, 2, -ui, -tentum [tened],
hold fast, keep, occupy. OBTAIN.

ob-viam, adv., in the way, towards ;
with verb of motion, meet; w. dat.

occasus, -iis, M. [occido], (a sink-
ing), setting.

Cf. | occids, 3, -cidi, -casum [ob, cadd],

fall down, fall.

Numa, -ae, M., Numa ( Pompilius), | occidd, 3, -cidi, -cisum [ob, caedé,

second king of Rome.
numerus, -i, M., number,
nummus, -i, M., piece of money,

coin.

nunc, ady., now. Cf. jam.
nunquam, ady. [né, unquam],
never.

nuntio, 1 [nintius], announce,
report.

nintius, -i, m. [nintid], bearer of
news, messenger.

nusquam, ady. [né, usquam], no-
where,

cut}, cut down, kill, Cf. neco and
interficio.

occupo, 1 [ob, capi], take posses.
sion of, seize; occupy. Cf. potior.

oc-curr6, 8, -curri, -cursum [ob],
run to meet; meet, fall in with.
Occur,

Oceanus, -1, M., ocean.

ocellus, -i, M. [diminutive of ocu-
lus], little eye.

octavus, -a, -um, num. adj. [octd],
eighth,

octo, num, adj., indecl., eight.

oculus

oculus, -i, M., eye. OcuULAR,

of-ferd, offere, obtuli, oblitum
[ob], (bring before), present, offer.
(821.)

officium, -i, x. [opus, facid], service,
duty, office.

Slim, ady. [olle, old form of ille],
(at that time); formerly, once; at
some time or other; hereafter. Cf.
aliquando and quondam.

omnis, -e, adj., whole, all, every. Cf.
totus.

onus, -eris, n., load, burden.
EROUS.

opera, -ac, F. [opus], Jabor, care,
attention; operam dare, try ; ope-
Ta, on account of. OPERATE.

oportet, 2, -uit, impers. [opus], z¢
is necessary, it behooves; (one)
must or ought.

oppidanus, -a, -um, adj. [oppi-
dum ], of a town ; noun, townsman.

oppidum, -1, N., town.

op-pled, 2, -évi, -étum [ob], jill
up; cover.

opportinus, -a, -um, adj., fit, con-
venient, suitable ; opportune.

op-pugns, 1 [ob], attack, assault,
besiege. Cf. expiigno and obsideo.

[ops], opis, F., aid, assistance ;
plur., power, strength, resources.

optimé, adv. [optimus], most ez-
cellently, best. (219.)

opto, 1, wish, desire, long for.
cupio and désidero.

opus, -eris, N., work, labor (140) ; as
indecl. noun, need, necessity ; opus
est, it is necessary.

Oraculum, -i, N. [6rd], oracle.

Oratio, -dnis, F. [6rd], prayer, plea ;
speech, oration.

orator, -dris, M. [6rd], orator, am-
bassador.

orbis, -is, M., circle, orb; orbis ter-

On-

Cf:

247

paréns

rarum, earth, world. (154.)
orbus, -a, -um, adj., bereaved, child:
less.

Orcus, -i, M., Orcus, the lower world ;
also Pluto, the god of the lower
world.

ordior, 4, orsus, begin, undertake.
Cf. incipio.

Ordo, -inis, M., row, rank; order,
arrangement.

oriéns, -entis, m. [P. of orior],
rising ; east.

orior, 4, ortus (pres. ind. of conj.
d, oréris, oritur; imp. subj. orirer
or orirer; fut. part. oritiirus), rise,
appear; begin.

ornamentum, -i, N. [Ornd], (that
which adorns), ornament, jewel.

ornod, 1, adorn, ornament. <

oro, 1 [os], pray, beg. Cf. petd and
rogo.

Os, Oris, N., mouth, face. ORAL.

os-tendo, 3, -di, -tum [ob(s)],
(stretch out before), show, display.

ostium, -1, N. [0s], entrance, door,
ovis, -is, F., sheep.

Ovum, -1, N., egg. OVAL.

pabulum, -1, x. [pascd], food, fod-
der. Cf. cibus.

paene, ady., nearly, almost.
fere,

paenitentia, -ae, F.
repentance, penitence.
TIARY.

palis, -iidis, F., swamp, marsh.

par, paris, adj., equal.

paratus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of paro],
ready, prepared.

parcod, 3, perperci (parsi), parsum,
spare; w. dat.

paréns, -entis, M. and F., parent.
C167. 1.)

Cf.

[paenited],
PENITEN-

pared

pared, 2, -ui, , (come forth, ap-
pear), be obedient to, obey; w. dat.

pario, 3, peperi, paritum and par-
tum, bring forth, lay.

pariter, adv. [par], equally.

paro, 1, make ready, prepare, get.

pars, partis, F., part, piece, portion,
share.

partior, 4 [pars], divide; part,
share.

Parus, -1, F., Paros, an island in the
gean Sea, (11. 4.)

parvus, -a,-um, adj. (comp. minor,
superl. minimus), small, litile.

pa&sco, 3, pavi, pastum, feed, tend ;
pasture.

passer, -eris, M., sparrow.

passus, -iis, M. [pated], (a@ stretch-
ing out of the feet in walking),
step, pace.

pastor, -dris, mM. [pascd], feeder,
keeper; shepherd. (134.) Pastor.

pated, 2, -ui, , lie open, be open.
P. paténs, open.

pater, -tris, M., father. (184.) Pa-
TERNAL.

patienter, adv. [paticns], patient-
ly, with patience.

patior, 3, passus, bear, suffer, en-
dure. Passion.

patria, -ae, F. [patrius, pater; sc.
terra], fatherland, native land,

country. EXPs.TRIATE.

paucus, -a, -um, adj. (generally
plur.), few, little, Pauciry.

paulo, adv. [paulus], by a little,
little.

paulus, -a, -um, adj., little.

Paullus, -i, M., surname of A?milius.

pauper, -eris, adj., poor. (167. 3.)

pax, pacis, F. (no gen. plur.),
peace. Paciry.

peccatum, -i, n. [peccd], mistake,
Sault, sin,

248

-—_ + er rere a

per-spicio

peccs, 1, make a mistake, commit a
Sault, sin.

pectus. -oris, N., breast.

pecus, -oris, N., cattle, herd,

pedes, -itis, m. [pés], foot-soldier.

péjor, -us, comp. of malus. (208.)

pellis, -is, F., skin, hide. Pru.

pénsum, -i, nN. [P. of pendd], (what
is weighed out, e.g. wool, as a task
for spinning), task; lesson, exer-
cise.

per, prep. w. acc., through, by, by
means of, on account of.

péra, -ae, F., bag, wallet.

per-agro, | [ager], wander through,
pass over, traverse.

per-d6, 3, -didi, -ditum, destroy ;
lose. Cf. amittd.

per-dicod, 3, -dixi, -ductum, lead
or bring through.

per-eG, -ire, -li, ——, perish, be
ruined, (327.)

per-fodio, 3, -fodi, -fossum, dig
through, pierce, stab.

per-fringd, 95, -frégi, -fractum,
[frango], break through, break.

per-fugio, 38, -figi, , jlee (for
refuge).

pergo, 3, perréxi, perréctum [per,
rego ], go on, continue.

periculum, -i, N. [perior, try],
trial, attempt; risk, danger, peril.

peritus, -a,-um, adj. [P. of perior,
try], (having tried), skilful.

per-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum, allow,
grant, suffer, permit, Cf. sino.

per-paucus, -a, -um, adj. (gener-
ally plur.), very few.

Persae, -arum, M., the Persians.

per-sequor, 3, -ciitus, follow persist:
ently, follow up.

per-spiciO, 8, -spexi, -spectum,
[specid], see through, see into; per:
ceive, observe. PERSPECTIVE.

per-sto

per-sto, 1, -stiti, -statum, stand
Jast, persevere, persist.

per-terred, 2, -ui, -itum, thoroughly
Srighten.

pertinacia, -ae, F. [pertinax], per-
severance ; obstinacy. PERTINAC-
ary.

per-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum (come
through to the end), arrive. Cf.
advenio.

pés, pedis, m., foot. (105.) PEDAL.

peto, 3, -ivi or -ii, -itum, seek, de-
mand, beg. Pertirion. Cf. 6rod
and rogo.

Philotimus, -i, m., Phi/otimus.

piger, -gra, -grum, adj., slow, lazy,
indolent.

piget, 2, -uit or -itum est, imper-
sonal, zt disgusts, (one) is dis-
gusted. (416.)

pigritia, -ae, Fr. [piger], laziness,
sloth, indolence.

- pilum, -i, N., javelin.

pipio, 1, chirp.

placed, 2, -ui, -itum [placidus],
please; w. dat.

placidé, adv. [placidus], softly,
gently, quietly. PLACIDLY.

placidus, -a, -um, adj. [placed],
gentle, quiet, calm. PLACID.

planitiés, -éi, r. [planus, even,
level], (a flatness), level ground,
plain.

planus, -a, -um, adj. [planitiés],
even, flat, level, plain.

Platae€nsé€s, -ium, m., the Platae-
ans, inhabitants of Platea.

plébs, plébis, F., the common people,

multitude. PLEBEIAN.
plenus, -a, -um, adj. [pled, jill],
full.

plérusque, -aque, sumque, adj.
(generally plur.), very many, most,
the greater part,

249

post-ea

plumbum, -i, n., lead; plumbum
album, tin.

plus, pliris, adj., comp. of multus.
(208.)

Pluto, -dnis, Pluto, M., god of the
lower world.

poculum, -i, N., cup, bowl.

poéma, -atis, N., poem.

poena, -ae, F. [pinio], guit-meney,
Jine, punishment. PENAL.

Poeni, -drum, M., the Carthaginians.

Poeniceus, -a, -um, adj. [Poeni],
Carthaginian. See Pinicus.

poeta, -ae, M., poet.

polliceor, 2, promise.
mitto.

Polyphémus, -i, M., Polyphemus,
a Cyclops.

Pompéjus, -¢i, M., Pompey, a fa-
mous Roman general.

pomum, -i, N., fruit.

pondus, -eris, N. [pend6, weigh],
weight.

pond, 8, posui, positum, put, place,
set. POSITION,

pons, -ntis, m., bridge.

Popédius, -i, m., Popedius, a Latin.

populus, -i, M., people.

Porcius, -i, M., a@ Roman family
name.

Cf. pro-

Porsena, -ae, M., Porsena, an
Etruscan king.
porta, -ae, F., gate, door. PORTAL.

Cf. janua.
porto, 1, carry, bring. Cf. fero and
veho.
porticus, -is, Fr. [porta], portico.
portus, -iis, M., harbor, port. (247.)
possum, posse, potul, [ potis,
able, sum], be able, can. (292.)
post, prep. w. acc., after, behind;
as adv., for posted, afterwards,
after.

post-ea, adv., afterwards.

posterus

posterus, -a, -um, adj. [post]
(comp. posterior, superl. postre-
mus or postumus), following, next.

post-hae, adv., afier this time, here-
after, henceforth.

postridie, adv. [postero die], on
the day after, the following day.

postulo, 1, ask, demand. Cf. que-
ro and rogo.

potens, -entis, adj., [P. of possum],
able, powerful ; potent.

potior, 4 [potis, able], become mas-
ter of, get, get possession of; w.
gen. or abl. Cf. adipiscor.

praebe6, 2 [prae, habed], hold forth,
offer, furnish.

praeceps, -ipitis, adj. [prae, ca-
put}, head-foremost, headlong ; rash,
precipitate.

praeceptor, -Oris, M.[praeceptum],
teacher, preceptor. Cf. magister.

praeceptum, -i, n. [praeceptor],
maxim, precept.

praeda, -ae, F., booty, spoil, prey.
PREDATORY.

praedico, | [prae, dicd, -ire, make
known], proclaim, boast.

prae-e0, -ire, -il, -itum, go before;
be at the head. (827. 2.)

praemium, -i, N., reward, prize.
PREMIUM.

praesidium, -i, n. [prae, seded, sit
before], defence, help; troops, gar-
rison.

praestans, -antis, adj. [P. of prae-

' sto], pre-eminent, distinguished.

prae-sto, 1, -stiti, -stitum (staitum),
stand before; surpass; fulfil, dis-
charge, perform.

prae-sum, -esse, -fui, , be be-
Sore, at the head of, command; w.
dat.

praeter, prep. w. acc., beyond, be-
sides, except,

250

pro-gredior

praeter-ed, -ire, -ii, -itum, go by,
pass by, omit. (827. 2.) Prer-
ERITE.

praetorius, -a, -um, adj. [praetor],
(periaining to a pretor), preto
rian; noun, ex-pretor,

pratum, -i, N., meadow.

prem®d, 3, pressi, pressum, press;
with Ore, bite, eat.

[prex], precis, F. (used mostly in
plur.), prayer, entreaty.

primus, -a, -um, adj. [superl. with
comp. prior, no pos.], jirst, fore-
most. PRIME.

princeps, -ipis, adj. [primus, ca-
pio}, (taking the (first place),
Jirst, chief; noun, chief, leader.
(105.) PRINCE.

prius-quam, conj., before that, be-
fore.

privo, 1, deprive; w. abl.

pro, interj., O!

pro, prep. w. abl., before, in behalf
of, for; considering.

pro-céd6, 3, -cessi, -cessum, go for-
ward, advance, proceed. Cf. pro-
gredior.

procul, adv., far, far from.

pro-do, 3, -didi, -ditum, give forth;
hand down; give up, betray.

pré-diicd, 3, -dixi, -ductum, lead
Sorth,

proelium, -i, N., battle, combat. Cf.
pugna.

proficiscor, 3, -fectus, set out,
march, go. Cf.exed and égredior.

pro-fiteor, 2, -fessus [fateor], ac-
knowledge, confess, declare. Pro-
FESS.

pro-fligd, 1, overthrow, destroy, ruin.
PROFLIGATE.

profundus, -a, -um, adj., deep,
profound.

pro-gredior, 3, -gressus [gradior,

ee ea) a, eee

pro-hibeo

step], go forward, advance, Pro-
Gress. Cf. procedo.

pro-hibed, 2 [habeo], (hold in front
of), hold back, check, hinder, pre-
vent, prohibit.

pro-icio, 3, -jéci, -jectum [jacio],
throw forward, cast away, cast.
PROJECT.

pro-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum [Jet or
send forth], promise; let grow.
Cf. polliceor.

prope, prep. w. acc., and adv.
(comp. propius, superl. proximé),
near, near to; nearly, almost.

pro-pono, 3, -posul, -positum, put
before, set forth; make known, de-
clare. PROPOSE.

propositum, -i, N. [propond], pur-
pose, design, resolution. PROvosI-
TION.

proprius, -a, -um, adj., (one’s) own.

| PROPER.
pro-pigno, 1 (jight in front), rush
out to battle, make sorties.

pro-sequor, 3, -citus, follow, pur-
sue. PROSECUTE.

Proserpina, -ac, F., Proserpina,
daughter of Ceres.

pro-sterno, -stravi, -stratum,
overthrow, destroy; prostrate.

pro-sum, prodesse, profui, , be
useful to, benefit; w. dat. (293.)

pro-vehd, 3, -vexi, -vectum, carry
forward, convey; in pass., ride,
sail.

pro-video, 2, -vidi, -visum, (see
forward), provide.

provincia, -ae, F., province.

proximus, -a, -um (superl. with
comp. propior, no pos.), nearest,
next. PROXIMITY.

prudeéns, -entis, adj. [for provi-
déns], wise, sagacious, knowing,

prudent. (164.)

9
VY)

251

um

quaeso

pridenter, ady. [pridéns], wisely,
prudently.

pradentia, -ae, F. [pridéns], fore-
sight, sagacity, wisdom, prudence.

publicus, -a, -um, adj. [populus ],
(pertaining to the people), public.

Pablius, -i, m., Publius, a Roman
Jirst name.

pudet, 2, puduit or puditum est, im-
pers., it shames, (one) is ashamed.

puella, -ae, F. [diminutive of puer ],
‘girl, maiden,

puellaris, -e, adj. [puella], girlish.

puer, -erl, M., boy, child. PUERILE.

puerulus, -i, mM. [diminutive of
puer], little boy.

ptigna, -ae, F. [piignd], battle, con-
test. Puanacrous. Cf. proelium,

ptigns, | [pigna], fight. Cf. dimi-
co.

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beauti-
Sul, fair, comely.

pulchritad6, -inis, Fr. [pulcher],
beauty.

pulvis, -eris, M., dust. PuLVERIZE.

Piinicus, -a, -um, adj. [Poeni],
Carthaginian, Punic; malum Pu-
nicum, pomegranate. See Poeni-
ceus.

punio, 4 [poena], punish.

puta, 1, think, believe, reckon. (429.)

Pyrénaeus, -a, -um, adj., Pyre-
naean, Pyrenees.

Pyrrhus, -i, u., Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus.

quadraginta, num. adj., indecl.
[quattuor], forty.

quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.
[quattuor, centum], four hundred.

quaero, 3, quaesivi or -ii, quaesi-
tum, seek, ask, inquire. (382.) :

quaesd, 3, -ivi, or -il, [old
form of quaero], beg, pray.

quam

quam, ady.; interrog., how, how
much ? rel.,as much, as, than; quam
saepissimé, as often as possible.

quantus, -a, -um, adj. [quam],
how great, how much; as great as,
as much as,

qua-ré, adv. (on account of which
thing), wherefore.

quartus, -a, -um, num. adj. [quat-
tuor], fourth. QUART.

qua-si, adv., as if.

quater, num. adv. [quattuor], four
times.

quattuor, num. adj., indecl., four.

quattuor-decim, num. adj. [de-
cem ], fourteen.

-que, conj. enclitic, and. Cf. et,
atque, and 4c.

quercus, -iis, F., oak. (11. 4.)

qui, quae, quod, rel. and adj. pron.,
who, which, what, that. (279.)

quia, conj., because. Cf. quod.

quidam, quaedam, quid(quod)-
dam, indef. pron., certain, a cer-
tain one,a. (279. 4.)

quidem, adv. (never the first
word), indeed, certainly, in truth;
né... quidem, not even.

quin, conj. [qui, né], but that, that.

quingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., indecl.
[quinque, centum], five hundred.

quinquaginta, num. adj., indecl.
[quinque], fifty.

quinque, num. adj., indecl., jive.

quintus, -a, -um, num. adj. [quin-
que], fifth.

quintus decimus, num. adj., fi7-
teenth.

quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron.,
who? which? what? (279.)

quisquam, quidquam (no fem. or
plur.), indef. pron., any, any one
(at all). (279. 4.)

quisque, quaeque, quid(quod)que,

252

regio

indef. pron., each one, each, every.
(279. 4.)

quo, adv., where, whither.

quod, conj., because. Cf. quia.

quondam, adv., once, formerly. Cf.
aliquando and olim.

quoniam, adv. [cum (quom),
jam ], since, because. Cf. cum.

quoque, conj. and adv. (following
the emphatic word), also, too.

quot, interrog. and rel. adj., in-
decl., how many ; as many as.

radius, -1, M., beam, ray.

rado, 3, rasi, rasum, shave. Razor.

rana, -ae, F., frog.

rapax, -acis, adj. [rapio], snatching,
greedy, ravenous. RAPACcious.

rapio, 3, -ui, -tum [rapax], se7ze,
snatch, drag away. Rapture.

rarus, -a, -um, adj., far apart, dis-
persed, single. RARE.

ratio, -Onis, F., plan, method ; reason.

re-cipio, 3, -cépi, -ceptum [capid],
take back, get again, receive. Sé
recipere, withdraw, retreat.

recito, 1, read aloud, recite.

re-cred, 1 [cred, make], refresh,
recreate.

récté, adv. [réctus], rightly.

red-e6, -ire, -il, -itum [re(d)], go
back, return. (327. 2.)

reditus, -iis, M. [reded], return.

re-dico, 3, -dixi, -ductum, lead back,
bring back. REDUCE.

re-fero, -ferre, rettuli, -latum, carry
back, bring back, (821.) ReFrer.
Cf. reporto.

re-ficio, 3, -féci, -fectum [facid],
make again; repair, restore, re-
build.

régina, -ae, F. [rego], (the ruling
one), queen.

regio, -Onis, F., region.

eS eee ow

régno

régno, 1 [régnum, réx], be king,
rule, reign.

régnum, -1, NX. [réx], kingdom.

rego, 3, réxi, réctum [réx], rule.

Régulus, -i, m., Regulus, a Roman
consul.

re-ici0, 3, -jeci, -jectum [jacio],
throw back, drive back. RerseEct.

re-linquo, 3, -liqui, -lictum [re
liquus], leave behind, leave. Re-
LINQUISH.

reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [relinqud],
remaining, the rest.

re-mitt0, 3, -misi, -missum, send
back. Remit.

rémus, -1, M., oar.

Remus, -1, M., Remus, twin brother
of Romulus.

re-pello, 3, reppuli, repulsum,
drive back, repel, repulse.

re-perio, 4, repperi, repertum [pa-
rid, procure], find, discover, ascer-
tain. Cf. invenio.

re-peto, 3, -petivi or -il, -petitum,
seck again, demand back; rés re-
peto, demand restitution.

re-pled, 2, -évi, -étum, (jill again),
Jill up, fill. REePLete.

re-porto, 1, bring back, carry back.
Cf. refero.

re-prehendo, 3, -di, -hénsum, hold
back, restrain, reprove. REPRE-
HENSIVE.

re-puto, 1, (count over), reckon;
think over.

rés, rei, F., thing, event, circumstance,
affair (254) ; rés publica, repub-
lic, state, commonwealth.

re-scindo, 3, -scidi, -scissum, tear
away, break down. RESCIND.

re-sponded, 2, -di, -sponsum,
(promise in return), answer, reply,
respond.

re-stitud, 3, -ui, -itum [statuo],

253

rus

replace; give back, return, restore.
RESTITUTION.

re-sto, 1, restiti, :
stand still, remain.

re-tined, 2, -tinul, -tentum [teneo],
hold back, restrain, retain.

re-vertor, 5, -ti, -sum (deponent
in pres. imp. and fut.), turn back,
return. JEVERT.

re-voco, 1, call back, recall.

réx, régis, M. [rego], (ruler), king.
(105.)

Rhéa Silvia, -ae, r., Rhea Silvia,
mother of Romulus and Remus.

Rhénus, -i, M., the Rhine.

Rhodus, -i, F., Rhodes, an island
in the <Egean Sea.

rictus, -iis, M. [ringor, open the
mouth], jaws wide open; jaws. -

rided, 2, risi, risum, laugh. Cf.
cachinno. DERIDE.

risus, -iis, M. [rided], /aughter.

stop behind,

rivus, -i, M., brook, stream. RIvat,
robur, -oris, N., strength.
rogo, 1, ask, question. Cf. inter-

rogo. (882.)

Roma, -ae, F., Rome.

Romanus, -a, -um, adj. [Roma],
Roman; noun, a Roman.

Romulus, -i, M., Romulus, jirst
king of Rome.

rosa, -ae, F., rose.

rostrum, -1, N. [rod6, gnaw], beak
of a vessel. RosTRUM.

rubed, 2 [ruber], be red.

ruber, -bra, -brum, adj. [rubeo],
red. RuBY.

ruina, -ae, F. [rud, fall], (a falling
down), downfall, disaster, ruin.

rapés, -is, F. [ru(m)po, break], (the
broken thing) cliff, rock.

rursus, ady. [re-vorsus, reverto],
(turned back), back, again.

riis, riris, N., the country. (336.)

rusticus

rusticus, -i, M. [ris], countryman,
peasant. Rustic.

sacer, -cra, -crum, adj., sacred.

saepe, adv., often, frequently.

sagitta, -ae, F., arrow.

Saguntum, -i, n., Saguntum, a
town in Spain.

Sallustius, -i, m., Sa//ust, a Roman
historian,

salis, -itis, F., safety, welfare. |

SALUTARY.

Samuis, -itis, M., @ Samnite.

sanguis, -inis, M., blood. Sancut-
WARY. Cf. cruor.

sapiens, -entis, adj. [sapid, be wise],
wise, sensible.

sapienter, adv. [sapiéus], wisely.

satis, adv., enough. Sarvisry.

Saturnus, -1, m., Saturn, god of
agriculture.

saxum, -I, N., rock.

schola, -ae, F., school.

scid, 4, scivi, scitum, know, know
how. SCIENCE.

Scipio, -dnis, M., Scipio, a famous

Roman general.

scriba, -ae, mM. [scribo], (one who
writes), clerk. Scrime.

scribd, 3, scripsi, scriptum [scriba ],
write. SCRIBBLE.

seriptor, -6ris, M. [scribd], writer,
author.

scriptum, -i, nN. [scribo], writing,
written work. Script.

sctitum, -i, N., shield.

s€-céd6, 3, -céssi, -céssum, go apart,
withdraw, retire; secede.

secundus, -a, -um, adj. [sequor],
following, next; second; favorable.

sed, conj., but. (893.)

sedeo, 2, sedi, séssum, sit.
SION,

sédés, -is, Fr. [sede], seat, abode,

SEs-

254

sextus

semper, adyv., always, ever.

sempiternus, -a, -um, adj. [sem
per], everlasting.

senator, -oris, M. [senex], senator.

senatus, -ls, M. [senex], council of
elders, senate.

senectus, -iitis, r. [senex], old age.

senex, senis, adj., old; noun, old
man. (262.) SENILE.

senior, -oris, adj. [comp. of senex],
elder, old person.

sénsus, -iis, M. [sentid], feeling,
sense, perception.

sententia, -ae, F. [sentid], opinion,
purpose. SENTENCE.

sentio, 4, sénsi, sénsum [sénsus],
Jeel, know (by the senses), see, per-
ceive.

septem, num. adj., indecl., seven.

September, -bris, m. [septem], Sep-
tember. Often as adj.

septem-decim, num.adj.[decem],
seventeen.

septiés, num. adv. [septem], seven
times.

septimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [sep-
tem], seventh.

sequor, 5, seciitus, follow.
QUENCE.

sero, 5, sévi, satum, sow, plant.

serta, -Orum, N. [ser0, plait], gar-
lands, wreaths of flowers.

s€rus, -a, -um, adj., late.

servio, 4. [servus], be a slave to,
serve; w. dat.

servitiis, -iitis, F. [servus], slavery,
servitude.

servo, 1, save, keep; preserve.

servus, -1, M. [servid], slave, ser-
vant. (66.)

sexaginta, num.
[sex], sexty. .

sextus, -a, -um, num. adj. [sex],
sixth,

SE-

adj., indeel.

Lee eee

sI

si, conj., if, whether.

sic, adv., so, thus, in this manner.
Cf. ita.

Sicea, -ae, M., Sicca, a friend of
Cicero.

Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily.

sidus, -eris, N., star, constellation.
SIDEREAL. (801.)

signum, -1, N, mark, sign, signal.

Silva, -ae, F., wood, forest. SILVAN.

similis, -e, adj. [simul], /ike, re-
sembling, similar. (207.)

simplex, -icis, adj., simple, plain,
artless.

simul, ady. [similis], at the same
time.

sin, conj. [si-né], but 7f, however, if.

sine, prep. w. abl., without.

singuli, -ae, -a, num. adj., separate,

single, one by one. (811. 8.)
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., Jef
(hand). SINISTER.

‘sind, 3, sivi, situm, allow, permit.
Cf. permitto.

sinus, -iis, M., bosom, lap, folds of a
garment.

sitis, -is, F. (acc. -im, abl. -1), thirst.

socer, -erl, M., father-in-law. ;

socius, -1, M., ally, companion.
SOCIATE.

Socrateés, -is, M., Socrates, a famous
Greek philosopher.

sol, solis, M., sun (no gen. plur.).
Sovar.

sole, 2, solitus, be accustomed, wont.
(p. 177, note 2.)

Solon, -onis, m., So/on, the great law-
giver of Athens.

sOlus, -a, -um, adj., alone, single;
sole. (200.)

solvo, 3, solvi, solitum, loose, loosen ;

- break; weigh anchor, set sail.
SoLve.

somnus, -i, M., sleep,

As-

255

subeo

soror, -oris, F., sister.

sors, -tis, F., Jot, condition. Sort.

sortior, 4 [sors], draw lots, obtain
by lot.

spargo, 3, -si,
SPARSE.

Spartacus, -i, M., Spartacus, a
gladiator.

spatium, -1,N., room, space; period

specto, 1 [specid, look], look at, be-
hold, witness. SPECTACLE.

speculor, 1, spy out, watch,

specus, -iis, M., cave, den.

spéro, 1 [spés], hope, hope for.

spés, spel, F. [spéro], hope, ex-
pectation.

spolid, 1, rob, plunder, spoil, de-
spoil. :

statim, «dv. [st6], (standing there),
on the spot, immediately, at once.

statua, -ae, F. [statuo], (the thing
set up), statue.

statud, 3, -ul, -itum, put, place;
determine, think, believe.

stella, -ae,¥F.,star. (801.) STELLAR.

sto, 1, steti, statum, stand.

stragés, -is, F., slaughter, carnage.

stringd, 3, -nxi, strictum (draw
tight), graze; draw, unsheath.

studeod, 2, -ui, [studium], be
eager, strive earnestly for; study;
w. dat.

studium, -i, n. [studed], zeal,
eagerness; study.

stultitia, -ae,'F. [stultus], folly.

stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish, silly.

suavis, -e, adj., sweet, delightful. -
Cf. dulcis. Suaviry.

suaviter, adv. [suavis], sweetly,
delightfully.

sub-diico, 3, -dixi, -ductum, draw
Jrom under, draw up.

sube6, -ire, -ii, -itum, go under or
up to, enter; undergo. (827.)

-sum, strew, scatter,

subito

subito, adv. [subed], suddenly, un-
expectedly,

sub-moved, 2, -mdvi, -mdtum
(move from beneath), remove, drive
away.

subsidium, -i, n. [subsided], aid,
support, relief, assistance.

sub-silio, 4, -ui, [salio, leap],
jump up. Cf. désilio and transilio.

sub-venio, 4, -véni, -ventum (come
to one’s relief), help, aid, assist.
Cf. succurro.

suc-curr6, 3, -curri, -cursum [sub],
(run up to), help, aid, succor.

suf-fero, sufferre, sustuli, sublatum
[sub], bear up under, undergo.
SUFFER.

sui, reflex. pron., of himself (her-
self, itself, themselves). (264.)

Sulla, -ae, m., Su//a, a famous Roman
general and statesman.

sum, esse, ful, , be, exist. (72.)

summus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of
superus, highest.

sumo, 3, simpsi, simptum, take,
take up; assume.

super, prep. w. acc. and abl., over,
above, on top of.

superbe, adv. [superbus], proudly,

haughtily.
superbus, -a, -um, adj. [super],
proud. SupPERsB.

superior, -us, adj., comp. of supe-
rus, higher, superior.

supero, 1 [super], pass over; sur-
pass, overcome ; conquer. (186.)

super-sum, -esse, -ful, ——, re-
main over; survive, exist.

suprémus, -a, -um, adj., sup. of
superus, highest ; last.

suscipio, 3, -cépi, -ceptum [sub,
capio ], undertake.

sus-pendo, 3 -di, -pénsum [sub],
hang up, suspend, hang.

256

tenebrae

suspicor, 1 [suspicid, look askance
at], mistrust, suspect.

sustineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum [sub,
tened], hold up, bear, endure; sus-
tain.

SuUS, -a, -umM, poss. pron. [sul], his,
hers, her, its, theirs, their (own).

taced, 2, tacui, tacitum, be silent,
be silent about. Tacrr.

taedet, 2, taeduit, taesum est, im-
pers., it disgusts, wearies ; (one) is
disgusted, wearied. (416.)

talea, -ae, F., thin bar.

tam, adv., so; tam... quam, as
wa G8. Ci tavand isn,

tamen, adv., yet, but, nevertheless.

tandem, ady. [tam], (just so far),
at length, finally.

tango, 3, tetigi, tactum, touch.

tanto, adv. [tantus], by so much, so
much the (with comparatives).

tantum, adv. [tantus], only.

tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great.

Tarentinus, -a, -um, adj., of Ta-
rentum, Tarentine.

Tarquinius, -i, m., Targuin the
Proud, seventh king of Rome.

tectum, -i, N. [tego, cover], cover-
ing, shelter, roof.

telum, -i, N., weapon.

temerarius, -a, -um
rash, inconsiderate.

temeré, adv., rashly, inconsiderately.

temeritas, -adtis, F. [temereé],
chance ; rashness, temerity.

tempestas, -itis, F. [tempus],
(state or condition of time), weath-
er ; stormy weather, storm, tempest.

templum, -i, N., temple.

tempus, -oris, N., time. TEMPORAL,

tenebrae, -irum, F., darkness
shades.

[temeré],

tenebricosus

tenebricOsus, -a, -um, adj. [tene-
brae], (full of darkness), dark,
gloomy.
tened, 2, -ui, tentum, hold, keep,
have ; memoria tenére, remember.
tener, -era, -erum, adj., soft, deli-
cate, tender.
tenuis, -e, adj., thin, light.
ter, num. adv. [trés], thrice, three
times.
Terentius, -1, m.,a Roman family
name.
tergum, -1, N., back.
terra, -ae, F., earth, land. TrEr-
RACE.
terred, 2 [terror], frighten, alarm,
terrify.
terror, -oris [terreo], terror, alarm.
tertio, adv. [tertius ], the third time.
tertius, -a, -um, num. adj. [trés],
third. :
tertius decimus, num. adj., thir-
teenth,
testimonium, -i, n. [testor, bear
witness], witness, evidence, testi-
mony.
testado, -inis, r. [testa, shell], tor-
loise; shed or covering to protect
besiegers.
Teutoneés, -um, m., the Teutons, a
German tribe.
Thalés, -is, M., Thales, a Greek
_ philosopher.
Themistoclés, -is, m., Themn/sto-
cles, a famous Athenian.
Ticinus, -i, M., the Ticinus, a river
of Italy.
tigris, -is, or -idis, tiger.
timed, 2, -ui, [timor], fear, be
afraid of.
Timoleon, -ontis, M., Timoleon, a
Corinthian general.
timor, -oris, m. [timed], fear, dread,
alarm. T1MoROUS.

257

tripartito

tolerd, 1, bear, endure. ToLERATE.

toll6, 3, sustuli, sublatum, /v/,
raise, pick up; weigh (anchor).

tot, adj., indecl., so many. Cf. quot.

totus, -a, -um, adj., whole, all, entire.
(200.) ‘Tora.

tracto, 1 [traho], handle, manage,
treat.

tra-do, 3, -didi, -ditum [trans], give
over, deliver ; relate, recount. TRa-
DITION. .

traho, 3, traxi, -ctum, draw, drag;
derive.

tra-icio, 5, -jéci, -jectum [trans,
jacio], throw across; pass over,
cross.

trajectus, -iis, M. [traicio |, a cross-
ing over, passage. %

tranquillitas, -atis, F. [tranquil-
lus], calmness, tranquillity; a
calm. :

trans, prep. w. acc., across, beyond,
over.

tran-scend0, 38, -di, -scénsum
[scando, climb], step or pass over ;

cross. 'TRANSCEND.
trans-e0, -ire, -i1, -itum, go over,
cross. (872.)

trans-fig6, 38, -fixi, -fixum, pierce
through, pierce, stab; transfix.

tran-silio, 4, -ii, and -ui, [sa-
lid, leap], leap over or across.
Cf. désilid and subsilio.

trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. [trés,
centum ], three hundred.

tredecim, num. adj., indecl. [trés,
decem], thirteen.

trés, tria, num. adj., three. (311. 4.)

tribinus, -1, mM. [tribus, tribe], trib-
une.

triginta, num. adj., indecl. [trés],
thirty.

tripartitd, adv. [trés, partior], in
three divisions.

tristis

tristis, -e, adj., sad, gloomy.

triumphus, -i, triumph.

ti, pers. pron., thou. (264.)

tuba, -ae, F., trumpet. (14.)

tueor, 2, tuitus, and titus, look at ;
watch, defend, guard. Cf. défendo.

Tullia, -ae, F., Tullia, Cicero’s
daughter.

tum, adv., at that time, then.

tunc, adv. [tum], at that time, then.

turgidulus, -a, -um, adj., swollen.
‘TURGID.

turpis, -e, adj., ugly, foul; base, dis-
graceful, shameful.

turpiter, adv. [turpis], foully, base-
ly, shamefully.

turpitido, -inis, Fr. [turpis], wgli-
ness, baseness.

turris, -is, F., tower. (149.)

titus, -a,-um, adj. [P. of tueor],
safe.

tuus, -a,-um, poss. pron., thy, thine ;
your, yours (of only one).

tyrannus, -1, M., tyrant.

ubi, adv., where, when.

Gllus, -a, -um, adj. [for inulus,
diminutive of tnus], any, any one.
(200.)

alterior, -us, adj., comp. (no posi-
tive), further.

altimus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of
ulterior), furthest, last. Uutt-
MATE.

umerus, -1, M., shoulder.

unde, adv., whence.

undi-que, adv., from all parts, on
all sides, everywhere.

uni-versus, -a, -um, adj., (turned
into one), all together.

unquam, adv., at any time, ever.

linus, -a, -um, num. adj., one; alone.
(200, 311, 3.)

258

véenator

urbs, -is, F., city. (163.) Sup.
URBS.

urged, 2, ursi, ——, press, drive,
impel, urge.

usque, adv., all the time, continually.

ut or uti, adv. and conj., how, as;
that, in order that, so that.

uter, -tra, -trum, interrog. pron.,
which of two. (200.)

uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef.
pron., each of two, both. (200.)

utilis, -e, adj. [itor], useful, advan-
tageous.

uti-nam, adv., would that, O that,
I wish that.

itor, 3, isus, use, employ; w. abl.

utrum, adv., whether; used chiefly
in double questions.

liva, -ae, F., grape, bunch of grapes.

uxor, -Oris, F., wife. Cf. conjunx.

vagor, 1, go to and fro, wander.
VAGRANT.

valeo, 2, -ui, -itum, be strong or
well; valé, farewell, good by. Cf.
convalésco.

valétido, -inis, Fr. [valed], state of
health, health.

validus, -a, -um, adj. [valed],
strong, stout, sturdy. VALID.

vallis (or vallés), -is, F., valley, vale.

varius, -a, -um, adj., different,
changeable, various.

Varro, -dnis, m., Varro, a Roman
consul.

vast6, 1 [vastus, waste, desolate],
lay waste, ravage.

veh, 3, vexi, vectum, carry, draw,
convey ; pass., ride, sail.

velox, -dcis, adj., swift, fleet, quick.
(179.) VE.ocrry.

vénator, -dris, m. [vénor, Aunt],
hunter.

venenum

venénum, -i, N., poison. VENOM.

venia, -ae, F., indulgence, mercy,
kindness. VENIAL.

venio, 4, véni, ventum, come.

ventus, -i, M., wind.

Venus, -eris, F., Venus, goddess uf
love.

Venusia, -ae, F., Venusia, a town
in Apulia.

venustus, -a, -um, adj. [Venus],
lovely, charming.

ver, Véris, N., spring. VERNAL.

verbum, -i, N., word. VERB.

vereor, 2, 7everence, respect, fear.

vero, adv. and conj. [vérus], in
truth, in fact, but in fact.

véerum, -1, N. [vérus ], the truth.

vérus, -a, -um, adj., true, real.

vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron.,
your, yours (of more than one).

veterrimus, -a, -um, adj., superl.
of vetus.

vestio, 4 [vestis, garment], clothe.

veto, 1, -ul, -itum, forbid, prevent.
VETO.

vetus, -eris, adj. (comp. vetustior,
superl.veterrimus), o/d. (141,208. )

vetustior, -us, adj., comp. of vetus.

via, -ae, F., way, road, street.

vicinus, -a, -um, adj. [vicus], near,
neighboring. VICINITY.

victor, -dris, m. [vi(n)co], con-
queror, victor.

victoria, -ae, F. [victor], victory.

vicus, -1, M., village.

video, 2, vidi, visum, see, perceive;
pass., be seen, seem. VISION.

vigil, adj. [viges, be lively], watch-
ful. (151. 4.) Viertanr.

vigilia, -ae, F. [vigilo, vigil], a
watching, watch, i.e., the fourth part
of the night.

vigil6, 1 [vigil], watch.

259

Zama

viginti, num. adj., indecl., twenty.

vincid, 4, vinxi, vinctum, bind.

vincd, 3, vici, victum, conquer, de
jeat. (136.)

vindico, 1, claim; avenge, punish.
VINDICATE.

vinum, -i, N., wine.

viola, -ae, F., violet.

vir, virl, M., man, hero. (138, 262.)

virgo, -inis, F., maiden, virgin.

virtus, -iitis, F. [vir], (manliness),
courage, bravery; virtue.

vis, vis, F. (gen. and dat., rare),
strength, power. (262.)

vita, -ae [vivo], life. VuTAL.

vitis, -is, F. [ vied, twist together],
vine.

vitium, -i, N. [vitis], (@ moral
twist), fault, blemish, vice. Cf.
culpa.

vito, 1, avoid, shun,

vitrum, -i, N., woad, a dye.

vitupero, 1, blame, censure. Vitv-
PERATION. Cf. culpo.

vivo, 3, vixi, victum [vivus], live.
(194.)

vivus, -a, -um, adj. [vivo], alive,
living.

vix, adv., hardly, with difficulty.

volo, velle, volui, , wish, be
willing, desire, intend. (816, 319.)

voluptas, -dtis, F., pleasure, enjoy-
ment.

vox, vocis, F. [vocd, call], voice.

vulnerd, 1 [vulnus], wound, hurt,
injure. VULNERABLE.

vulnus, -eris, N. [vulner6], wound.

vulpés, -is, F., fox.

vultus, -iis, M., countenance, looks,
Jeatures.

Zama, -ae, F., Zama, a town in
Africa.

ENGLISH-LATIN

VOCABULARY.

a

a, commonly not translated ; quidam,

quaedam, quoddam (279. 5).
able (be), possum (292).
about, dé, w. abl.
absent (be), absum (297).
accept, accipio, 3.
accompany, comitor, 1.
accord (own), ipse,.

(270. 6).
accuse, acciiso, 1.
across, trans, w. acc.
act, ago, 3.
admire, admiror, 1.
admonish, moned, 2 (112).
adorn, orno, l.
advance, procédé, 3; progredior, 3.
advice, consilium, -i, N.
advise, moned, 2 (112).
afar, longé.
affair, rés, rei, F. (254.)
afraid (be), metud6, 3; timed, 2..
Africa, Africa, -ae, F.
after, post, w. acc.; cum, w. subj. ;

postquam, w. ind.
afterwards, posted, deinde.
again, iterum, rirsus.
against, adversus, contra, in, w.

ace.
age (old), senectiis, -iitis, F.
agriculture, agri cultiira, -ae, F.
aid, auxilium, -1, N.
air, 4ér, deris, M.
Alexander, Alexander, -dri, m.
alive, vivus, -a, -um.

ray

“um

arrangement

all, omnis, -e; totus, -a, -um (200)
Alps, Alpés, -ium, F.
alone, solus, -a, -um (200).
aloud (read), recito, 1.
altar, 4ra, -ae, F.
| always, semper.
| ambassador, légatus, -i, M.; 6ra-
tor, -Oris, M.
among, in, w. abl.; inter, w. ace.
Leaiiane! antiquus, -a, -um}; vetus,
| -eris (141).
and, et; atque, ov 4c}; -que.
| Androclus, Androclus, -i, M.
| anger, ira, -ae, F.
angrily, cum ira (144),
animal, animal, -dlis, n. (149).
another, alius, -a, -ud (201); one
... another, alius... alius.
another’s, aliénus, -a, -um.
answer, responded, 2, w. dat.
any, illus, -a, -um (200); aliquis,
-qua, -quid, or -quod (279); quis
(p. 211, note 15); quisquam,
, quidquam (279. 6).
approach, appropinqud, 1, w. dat.,
and ad, w. acc,
arm, n., bracchium, -1, N.
arm, v., armd, 1.
arms, arma, -Orum, N.
army, exercitus, -iis, M., the general
word ; on the eee! agmen, -inis,
n.; in order of battle, aciés, -€i, F.
Arpinum, Arpinum, -i, N.
arrangement, Ordo, -inis, M.

arrival

arrival, adventus, -iis, M.

arrive, advenio, 4; pervenid, 4.

arrow, sagitta, -ae, F.

art, ars; artis, F.

as, ut; as...as, tam... quam;
wEiie. .). 08, 10em,. . s.qul; (=
since), cum; (= when), cum.

Asia, Asia, -ae, F.

ashamed (be), pudet, 2 (415).

ask of, quaero, 3.

assemble, convenio, 4.

at, in, w. acc. or abl.; ad, w. acc.;
apud, w. acc.; in combination w.
verbs (wonder at, etc.), see the
verbs; w. names of towns, locative
case (354).

Athenian, Athéniénsis, -e.

Athens, Athénae, -Arum, F. |

attentively, diligenter.

author, auctor, -6ris, M.

away (go), abed (827) ; discédé, 3.

away from, 4 or ab, w. adl.3 @ or
ex, w. abl.

back (bring or carry), referd
(821); reporto, 1.

bad, malus, -a, -um; improbus, -a,
-um.

basely, turpiter.

battle, pigna, -ae, F.; proelium,
-1, N.

be, sum (73).

bear, ferd (321); vehd, 3; tolerd,
1; (off), aufero.

beast, béstia, -ae, F.

beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.

beauty, pulchritids, -inis, r.

because, quod; quia.

become, fid (527); it becomes,
decet, 2 (415).

beg, petd, 3; ord, 1.

begin, incipio, 3; ordior, 4.

believe, créd6, 3, w. dat.

a

261

brook

benefit, n., beneficium, -I, Nn.

benefit, v., prosum (293), w. dat.

besiege, obsideo, 2; oppigno, 1.

best, optimus, -a, -um.

better, melior, -us, compar. of bo-
nus (208).

between, inter, w. acc.

big, magnus, -a, -um.

bind, vincio, 4.

bird, avis, -is, F. (154).

black, niger, -gra, -grum; 4ter,
atra, atrum.

blame, vituper6, 1; culpé, 1.

blind, caecus, -a, -um.

blood, sanguis, -inis, M.
-Oris, M.

boar, aper, apri, M.

boat, navicula, -ae, F.; cymba,
-ae, F. :

body, corpus, -oris, N.

bold, audax, -acis.

boldly, audacter.

book, liber, -bri, mM.

booty, praeda, -ae, F.

born (be), nascor, 3.

Boston, Bostonia, -ae, F.

both (each of two), uterque, utra-
que, utrumque (200); both...
and, et... et.

boy, puer, -erl, M.

bow, arcus, -tis, M. (247).

brave, fortis, -e.

bravely, fortiter.

bravery, fortitiid6, -inis, F.

break, fravgé, 3; (through) per-
fringd, 3.

breeze, ventus, -i, M.; aura, -ae, F.

bribe, corrumpd, 3.

bridge, pOns, pontis, M.

bring, portd,1; ferd (821); (up),
éduco, 1.

Britain, Britannia, -ae, r.

broad, latus, -a, -um.

brook, rivus, -i, M.

$ cruor,

brother

brother, frater, -tris, M.

Brutus, Brutus, -i, M.

build, aedifico, 1.

burden, onus, -eris, N.

but, at; autem; sed (393); (that),
quin.

buy, emo, 3.

by, 4, ab, w. abl. ; (denoting means
or instrument), w. abl. alone.

Cesar, Caesar, -aris, M.

call, nomino, 1; appello, 1; voco, 1.

calm, aequus, -a, -um; placidus, -a,

camp, castra, -Orum, N. [-um.

Campania, Campania, -ae, F.

can, possum (292).

care, cura, -ae, F.

carefully, diligenter; cum cura
(144).

carry, porto, 1; ferd (321);
(back), referO; carry on war,
bellum gerere.

cart, Carrus, -1, M. .

Carthage, Carthag6, -inis, F.

Cato, Cato, -dnis, M.

certain (a), quidam, quaedam,
quid(quod)dam (279. 4); sure,
certus, -a, -um.

chance, fors, -tis, F. ; Casus, -tis, M.

change, muto, 1.

cherish, colo, 3.

chief, princeps, -cipis, M.

children, pueri, -Orum, M.; libe-
ri, -Orum, M. (60).

Cicero, Cicero, -Onis, M.

Cimbri, Cimbri, -Orum, M.

circumstance, rés, rel, F.

citadel, arx, arcis, F.

citizen, Civis, -is, M. and F. (154.)

city, urbs, -is, F.

clerk, scriba, -ae, M.

cliff, rupés, -is, F.

clothe, vestio, 4,

262

cunning

cold, adj., frigidus, -a, -um.

cold, v., frigus, -oris, N.

Collatinus, Collatinus, -i, M.

come, venio, 4; (down), déscen-
do, 3; (out), égredior, 3; (to-
gether), convenio, 4; (off),
abed (327).

coming, n., adventus, -Us, M.

command, impero, 1, w. dat; ju-
bed, 2, w. acc. ; praesum, w. dat.

commander, imperator, -Oris, M. ;
dux, ducis, M.

commonwealth, rés publica, rei
publicae, F.

comrade, comes, -itis, M. and F.

companion, comes, -itis, M. and F.

compel, cogo, 3.

condemn, damno, 1.

conquer, supero, 1; vincd, 3 (186).

consul, consul, -is, M.

consulship, consulatus, -iis, M.

contemplate, contemplor, 1.

contented, contentus, -a, -um, w.
abl.

converse, colloquor, 3.

Corinth, Corinthus, -1, F.

Cornelia, Cornélia, -ae, F.

correct, corrigo, 3.

counsel, consilium, -1, N.

country (fatherland), patria, -ae,
F.; (not city), rus, ruris, N.

courage, virtus, -Utis, F.

covered with leaves, fronddsus,
-a, -um.

cowardice, ignavia, -ae, F.

cowardly, ignavus, -a, -um.

create, creo, 1.

creator, creator, -Oris, M.

cross, ¢7., transcendo, 3; ér.
intr., transed (327).

cruelly, crudéliter.

cultivate, colo, 3.

Cumae, Cimae, -arum, F.

cunning, n., calliditas, -aitis, Fr.

and

cup

cup, poculum, -1, N.
Cyrus, Cyrus, -i, M.

Deedalus, Daedalus, -i, M.

daily, cotidie.

danger, periculum, -1, N.

daughter, filia, -ae, F.

day, diés, -é1, M. and F. (254).

daybreak (at), prima luce.

dear, carus, -a, -um.

death, mors, -tis, F.

deep, altus, -a, -um; profundus,
-a, -um.

defeat, n., clades, -is, F.

defeat, v., vinco, 3; supero, l
(186).

defend, défendo, 3.

defender, défénsor, -dris, M.

delay, mora, -ae, F.

delight, delecto, 1.

deliver, défero (321).

demand restitution, rés repeto, 3.

Demosthenes, Démosthenés, -is.

depart, discédo, 3; exed (327).

deprive, privo, 1; w. abl.

descend, déscendo, 3.

desert, désero, 3.

deserve, mereo, mereor, 2.

design, cOnsilium, -1, N.

desire, vold (316); désiderd, 1
(319) ; cupio, 3.

despair, déspero, 1.

despise, contemnd, 3.

destroy, déleod, 2.

difficult, difficilis, -e. (207.)

difficulty (with), vix.

diligently, diligenter.

discharge, fungor, 3, w. abl.

disclose, enuntio, 1.

disgraceful, turpis, -e.

disgusted (be), piget, 2 (416).

divide, divid0, 3; (share), par-
tior, 4.

263

Ennius

do, facid, 3; ago, 3.

dog, canis, -is, M. and F.

doubt, n., dubium, -1, N.

doubt, v., dubito, 1.

doubtful, dubius, -a, -um.

dove, columba, -ae, F.

down (tear), rescindo, 3; (come)
déscendo, 3.

draw, traho, 3; (up), subdtcé, 3.

drink, bibo, 3.

drive, ag0,3; (off), submoved, 2.

duty, officium, -1, N.

dwell, habito, 1; vivo, 3 (194).

each (one), quisque quaeque,
quid(quod)que (279. 4); (of
two), uterque utraque, utrum-
que (200). .

eagle, aquila, -ae, F.

earth, terra, -ae, F.

easily, facile.

easy, facilis, -e. (207.)

eat, edo, 3.

egg, Ovum, -l, N.

eight, octo.

eighth, octavus, -a, -um.

either ... or, aut... aut.

elegant, élegans, -antis.

elephant, elephantus, -i, mM.

else, alius, -a, -ud (201).

embark, conscendo, 3.

employ, admoveod, 2; Utor, 3, w.
abl.

encircle, cingo, 3.

end, n., finis, -is, mM. (154.)

end, v., finio, 4.

endure, patior, 3;
tolero, 1.

endurance, fortittd6, -inis, F.

enemy, hostis, -is, M. and F.; ini
micus, -1, M. (172).

enjoy, fruor, 3, w. abl.

Ennius, Ennius, -1, M.

ferd (321),

enough

enough, satis.

enter, ingredior, 3; ined (327).

entertain the hope, venio
spem.

entreaty, precés, -um, F.

Epirus, Epirus, -i, F.

equally, pariter.

equanimity, aequus animus, M.

Europe, Europa, -ae, F.

even, etiam; ipse (270. 6).

evident (it is), constat, 1.

excellently, optimé.

explain, explico, 1.

expulsion, P. of expello.

eye, oculus, -i, M.

in

Fabricius, Fabricius, -1, M.

fact, rés, rel, F.

fail, déficid, 3; désum (297).

fair, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.

faithful, fidus, -a,-um; fideélis, -e.

faithfully, fidéliter.

Faliscans, Falisci, -Orum, M.

famous, clarus, -a, -um.

far and wide, longé lateque.

farmer, agricola, -ae, M.

father, pater, -tris, M.

father-in-law, socer, -erl, M.

fault, vitium, -1, N.; culpa, -ae,
F.; Jind fault with, vitupero, 1;
culpo, 1.

favor, faved, 2, w. dat.

fear, n., metus, -Us, M.

fear, v., timed, 2; metuo, 3.

few, paucl, -ae, -a.

fidelity, fidés, -el, F.

field, ager, agri, M.

fierce, atrOx, -Ocis; ferOx, -Ocis.

fiftieth, quinquagesimus, -a, -um.

fifty, quinquaginta.

fight, puguo, 1; dimico, l.

fill, impleo, 2, -évi, -etum; com-
pled, 2.

finally, dénique.

264

frighten

find, reperio, 4; invenio, 4.

finger, digitus, -1, M.

finish, finio, 4; cOnficio, 3.

fire, ignis, -is, M.

first, primus, -a, -um.

fit, apto, 1.

five, quinque.

five hundred, quingenti, -ae, -a.

flee, fugio, 3.

fleet, classis, -is, F. (154.)

flight, fuga, -ae, F.

flock, grex, gregis, F.

flow, fluo, 3.

flower, fiOs, floris, M.

fodder, pabulun, -1, N.

follow, sequor, 3.

folly, stultitia, -ae, F.

food, cibus, -1, M. ;

foot, pés, pedis, mM.

foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, M.

for, conj., nam; enim (not the first
word).

for, sign of dative ; prep., dé, pro,
w. abl.; of time, space, purpose,
in, w. ace.

forces, cOpiae, -arum, F.

forget, obliviscor, 3.

forgetful, oblitus, -a, -um.

former (the), ille (275. 6).

forth (go), exed (327) ;
dior, 3.

fortify, munio, 4.

fortune, fortiina, -ae, F.

forty, quadraginta.

forum, forum, -1, N.

forward (go), procedo, 3; pro-
gredior, 3.

foully, turpiter.

fourteen, quattuordecim.

fourth, quartus, -a, -um.

free, liber, -era, -erum. (71.)

free from, liberO, 1; w. abl.

friend, amicus, -I, M.

frighten,.terreo, 2.

égre-

frog

frog, rana, -ae, F.

from, dé, w. abl.; away from, aor
ab, w. abl.; out of, € or ex, w.
abl.; (afar), longe.

fruit, fructus, -iis, M.

full, plénus, -a, -um.

furnish, praebeo, 2.

Galba, Galba, -ae, M.

game, lidus, -i, M.

garden, hortus, -1.

Gaul, Gallia, -ae, F.

Gauls, Galli, -Orum, M.

general, dux, ducis, M. and F.;
imperator, -Oris, M.

Germans, Germani, -Orum, M.

get, adipiscor, 3; (possession),
potior, 4, w. abl.; (by lot),
sortior, 4.

gift, dOnum, -1, N.

girl, puella, -ae, F.

give, do, 1.

glory, gloria, -ae, F.

0, €0 (327); (forth or out), exed;
(offor away), abe; discéedo, 3;
(down), déscendo, 3.

God, Deus, -1, M. (262).

goddess, dea, -ae, F.

gold, aurun, -1, N.

golden, aureus, -a, -um.

good, bonus, -a, -um (71, 208).

good thing, bonum, -I, N.

grain, frimentuy, -i, N.

great, magnus, -a, -um.

greatly, maximé.

Greece, Graecia, -ae, F.

Greek, Graecus, -a, -um.

guard, n., custos, -Odis, M. and F.

guard, v., custodio, 4.

hand, manus, -is, F.
handsome, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
Hannibal, Hannibal, -alis, M.

265

buge

happy, bedtus, -a, -um; félix,
-Icis.

hard, dirus, -a, -um; (difficult),
difficilis, -e.

hasten, contend, 3.

haughtily, superbe.

have, habeo, 2.

he, is, hic (270); ile (275).

head, caput, -itis, N.; be at the
head of, praesum (297).

headlong, praeceps, -cipitis.

hear, audio (223).

heart, cor, cordis, N.

heat, calor, -Oris, M.

heaven, caelum, -l, N.

heavy, gravis, -e.

Hector, Hector, -oris, M.

hero, vir, virl, M. (262).

hesitate, dubito, 1; cunctor, J.

high, altus, -a, -um.

hill, collis, -is, mM. (154.)

himself, see self.

his, @jus (270); illius
(own), SUUS, -a, -UM.

history, historia, -ae, F.

hold, habed, 2; teneo, 2.

home, domicilium, -1, N.; domus,
-lis, F. (262).

Homer, Homérus, -1, M.

honor, 7., honestas, -atis, F.

honor, v., honoro, 1.

hope, spés, -el, F.

Horatius, Horatius, -i, M.

horn, cornu, -lis, N.

horse, equus, -1, M.

horseback (ride), in equd vehi;
equito, 1.

horseman, horse-soldier, eques,
-itis, M.

hour, hora, -ae, F.

house, domus, -is, F. (262).

how, quam; (many), quot.

huge, mignus, -a, -um; imma
nis, -e; ingéns, -entis.

(275) ;

human

human, himanus, -a, -um.
hundred, centum.

hunger, famés, -is, F.
hunter, venator, -oris, M.
hurl, conicio, 3.

hurtful (be), noceod, 2, w. dat.
hustle, exturbo, 1.

I, ego (264).

Icarus, Icarus, -i, M.

if, si; if not, nisi.

ignorant (be), nesciO, 4; Ignoro.
illustrious, clarus, -a, -um.
imitate, imitor, 1.
immediately, statim.

in, in, w. abl.

increase, augeod, 2.

inhabitant, incola, -ae, M. and F.
inhabit, habito, 1; incolo, 3.

injure, noced, 2; obsum; w. dat. .

instruct, Grudid, 4; doced, 2.
intend, in animo est; w. dat.
into, in, w. acc.

invite, invito, 1.

iron (of), ferreus, -a, -um.
island, insula, -ae, F.

it, is, ea, id (270).

Italian, Italus, -i, M.

Italy, Italia, -ae, F.

itself, see self.

Janus, Janus, -l, M.

javelin, pilum, -1, N.

jewel, Ornamentun, -i, N.

joy, gaudium, -l, N.

judge, jiidex, -icis, M. (105).
judgment, jidicium, -1, N.
Julius, Jilius, -1, M.

Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis, M. (262).
justly, juste.

keen, Acer, Acris, acre.
keep off, arceo, 2.

266

line of battle

kill, necd, 1;
do, 3.

kind, benignus, -a, -um.

king, rex, régis, M.

kingdom, régnum, -I, N.; impe
rium, -1, N.

knife, culter, -tri, M.

know, Know how, sci, 4.

known, notus, -a, -um.

interficio, 3; occi-

labor, labor, -Oris, M.

lack, désum (297)

Levinus, Laevinus, -1, M.

lake, lacus, -lis, M. (247).

land, ager, agri, M.; terra, -ae, F.

language, lingua, -ae, F.

large, magnus, -a, -umM.

last, suprémus, -a, -um.

Latin, Latinus, -a, -um.

latter (the), hic, haec, hoc (275.
5).

laugh, rided, 2; (at), irrided, 2;
(aloud), cachinno, 1.

law, 1éx, legis, F.

lazy, piger, -gra, -grum.

lead, diicd, 3; (out), Educ, 3.

leader, dux, ducis, M. and F.

leaf, folium, -1, N.

leap over, transilio, 4.

learn, disco, 3.

leg, cris, cruris, N.

legion, legi6, -dnis, F.

lesson, pénsum, -1, N.

let, sign of subj. or imperative.

letter, epistula, -ae, F.; litterae,
-arum, F.

levy, deléctus, -tis, M.

life, vita, -ae, F.

light, adj., levis, -e (150).

light, n., lix, licis, ¥F.; limen
-inis, N.

like, amo, 1.

likeness, imag6, -inis, F.

line of battle, aciés, -éi, F.

lion

lion, led, -Gnis, M. (134).

listen, audio, 4 (223).

literature, litterae, -arum, F.

little, parvus, -a, -um.

live, viv6, 3; habito, 1 (194).

long, longus, -a, -um; @ long
time, dit.

longer (no), jam, w. neg.

look at, specto, 1.

lose, Amittd, 3; perds, 3.

lot (obtain by), sortior, 4.

loud (laugh out), cachinno, 1.

love, amo, 1 (319).

low, humilis, -e.

lucky, félix, -icis.

maiden, puella, -ae, F.

make, facid, 3; (trial of), expe-
rior, 4.

man, vir, virl, M. (262); homo,
-inis, M. (138).

Manlius, Manlius, -1, M.

manner, m6s, moris, M.

many, multi, -ae, -a.

Marcellus, Marcellus, -1, M.

marshal, instruo, 3.

master, dominus, -i, M.; magis-
ter, -tri, M.

may, licet; w. dat.

means (by means of), use abl.

meet, obed (827); go to meet,
obviam e6, w. dat.

memory, Memoria, -ae, F.

messenger, niintius, -I, M.

migrate, migro, 1.

mind, animus, -i, M.; mens, men-
tis, F. (273).

mindful, memor, -oris (150).

mine, meus, -a, -um (266).

Minerva, Minerva, -ae, F.

miserable, miser, -era, -erum.

miss, désidero, 1.

Mithridates, Mithridités, -is, M.

modesty, modestia, -ae, F.

267

ocean

month, ménsis, -is, M.
monument, monumentum, -1, N.
moon, lina, -ae, F.

more, pliis (208), magis.
most, plirimus, -a, -um (208).
mother, mater, -tris, F.
mountain, mons, montis, M.
move, moved, 2.

much, multus, -a, -um (208).
multitude, multitido, -inis, F.
must, oportet, 2; gerundive.
my, meus, -a, -um (266).

name, nomen, -inis, N.

nation, géns, geutis, F.

native land, patria, -ae, F.
near, prope, W. acc.
neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um.

Neptune, Neptunus, -I, M.

never, nunquam.

new, Novus, -a, -um.

night, nox, noctis, F.

nightingale, luscinia, -ae, F.

ninety, nonaginta.

ninth, nonus, -a, -um.

no, niillus, -a, -um (200).

nobody, no one, némo, -inis, M.
and F. (286); that no one (neg.
purpose), né quis.

no longer, jam, w. neg.

not, non.

nothing, nihil, indecl.

nourish, ald, 3; nutrid, 4.

now, nunc; jam.

Numa, Numa, -ae, M.

number, numerus, -1, M.

nurture, nutrio, 4.

oak, quercus, -Us, F.

obey, pared, 2, w. dat.

obtain, adipiscor, 3; potior, 4, w.
abl.; (by lot), sortior, 4,

ocean, Oceanus, -I, M.

of

of, sign of genitive; dé, w. abdi.;
(out of ), & or ex, w. abl.

offer, propond, 3; offerd (321);
praebeo, 2.

often, saepe.

old, antiquus, -a, -um; vetus, -eris
(141); (man), senex, -is (262) ;
(age), senectis, -ttis, F.

on, in, w. abl.; (of time), abl.

one, unus, -a, -um (200); one...
another, alius...alius; the one
.. the other, alter... alter.

open, adj., paténs, -entis.

open, v., aperio, 4.

opinion, judicium, -i, N.

oppose, obsisto, 3; w. dat.

orator, orator, -Oris, M. |

order, v., impero, 1, w. dat.; jubed,
2, W. Acc.

order (in order to), ut, w. subj.

other, alius, -a, -ud (201) ; some
eens, Ai. . ls COs
two), alter, -era, -erum.

ought, débed, 2; oportet, 2; gerun-
dive.

our, noster, -tra, -trum.

ourselves, see self.

out, in combination w. verbs, see
the verbs.

out of, € or ex, w. abl.

over, in combination w. verbs, see
the verbs.

overcome, vinco, 3;
(186).

owe, debed, 2.

own, proprius, -a, -um; (his, her,
their), suus, -a, -um; (my), me-
us, -a, -um; (our), noster, -tra,
-trum; (your), vester, -tra,
-trum; (thy), tuus, -a, -um.

supero, 1

pain, dolor, -dris, M.
parent, paréns, -entis, M. and F.
part, pars, partis, F.

268

a

prevent

pass (narrow), angustiae, -irum,
F,

pass by, praetered (327).

patience (with), patienter; cum
patientia (144).

patiently, patienter.

peace, pax, pacis, F.

people, populus, -I, M.;
mon), plebs, -is, F.

peril, periculum, -l, N.

perish, pered (327).

Persians, Persae, -Arum, M.

physician, medicus, -i, M.

place, n., locus, -1, M., tr plur,
M. and N.

place v., pono, 3.

plain, planitiés, -@1, F.

plan, consilium, -I, N.

pleasant, gratus, -a, -um.

pleasing, gratus, -a, -um.

pleasure, voluptas, -atis,
(with), libenter.

pledge, fidés, -ei, F.

plough, v., aratrum, -i, N.

plough, v., aro, 1.

poem, poema, -atis, N.

poet, poeta, -ae, M.

point (be on the), see 422.

Polyphemus, Polyphémus, -i, M.

Pompey, Pompéjus, Pompéi, m.

poor, miser, -era, -erum; pauper,
-eris (167. 3).

possess, habed, 2; potior, 4, w. abi,

possession (get possession of).
potior, 4, w. abl.; adipiscor, 3.

postpone, differd (321).

power, impcrium, -1, N.

praise, n., laus, laudis, F.

praise, v., laudé, 1.

precept, praeceptum, -1, N.

prefer, malo (316).

present (be), adsum, w. dav.

pretty, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.

prevent, prohibeo, 2.

(com-

F.,

Piha

prisoner

prisoner, captivus, -i,M.; captiva,
-ae, F.

proceed, proceédo, 3.

proclamation (make), édicé, 3.

promise, polliceor, 2; prdmit-
to, 3.

property, bona, -Orum, N.

proud, superbus, -a, -um.

province, provincia, -ae, F.

prow, rostrum, -1, N.

prudence, prudentia, -ae, F.

punish, punio, 4. p

punishment, poena, -ae, F.

pupil, discipulus, -i, m.

purpose (for the purpose of), ut
or qui, w. subj.; ad, w. gerund
or gerundive ; supine.

put (to flight), fugo, 1; (off),
differo (321); (by), dépono, 3;
(an end to), finio, 4.

Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, -I, M.

queen, régina, -ae, F.
quickly, celeriter. _

raise, tolld, 3; levd, 1.

rather (wish), malo (316).

read, lego, 3; (aloud), recit6, 1.

receive, recipiO, 3; accipio, 3;
excipio, 3.

recite, recito, 1.

recognize, agnosco, 3.

red, ruber, -bra, -brum.

refresh, recreo, 1.

Regulus, Régulus, -i, M.

reign, regno, 1.

relate, trad0, 3; narro, 1.

relieve, libero, 1; w. abl.

remain, maneo, 2; resto, 1.

remember, memoria teneo.

remove (= emigrate), dGémigro, 1.

Remus, Remus, -i, M.

render aid, auxilium ferd.

renown, fama, -ae, F.

269

CO ——_ —

Samnite

renowned, amplus, -a, -um; ¢la-
rus, -a, -um.

report, nuntio, 1.

republic, res publica, rel publi
cae, F.

respect, vereor, 2.

respects (in all), omnibus rébus.

rest (the), céterl, -ae, -a.

restitution (demand), rés repe
iG, 3:

restrain, coerced, 2.

results (it), fit (827).

retain, rctineo, 2.

retreat, sé recipio, 3.

return, reded, (327).

reward, praemium, -i, N.

Rhine, Rhenus, -1, M.

Rhone, Rhodanus, -i, M.

rich, dives, -itis (167. 3). Ss

ride, pass. of vehd, 3; equitd, 1.

rightly, récté.

rise, orior, 4.

river, amnis, -is, M.; fluvius, -i,
M.; flimen, -inis, N. (172).

road, via, -ae, F.

rob, spoli6, 15 priv6, 1; w. abl.

robber, latr6, -Onis, M.

Roman, Romanus, «a, -um.

Rome, Roma, -ae, F.

Romulus, Romulus, -i, M.

rose, rosa, -ae, F.

rough, asper, -era, -erum.

ruddy, ruber, -bra, -brum.

rule, rego, 3 (180); régno, 1.

sad, tristis, -e.

safe, tutus, -a, -um.

sagacious, prudeéns, -entis.

sail, pass. of vehd, 3; navigo, 1.
sailor, nauta, -ae, M.

sake (for the sake), causa, w. gen.
Sallust, Sallustius, -i, M.

same, idem, eadem, idem (270).
Samnite, Samuis, -itis.

Saturn

Saturn, Saturnus, -i, M.

save, servo, l.

say, dicd, 3; (keep saying), dic-
tito, 1.

seare, terred, 2.

school, schola, -ae, F.

Scipio, Scipio, -Onis, M.

sea, mare, -is, N.

see, vided, 2;
spicio, 3.

second, secundus, -a, -um.

seek, peto, 3; quaero, 3.

seem, vidcor, 2.

seize, rapio, 3.

self, ipse, -a, -um (270); sui (264).

send, mitt0, 3; (back) remitto, 3.

senate, senatus, -Us, M.

September, September, -bris, M.

servant, minister, -trI, M.; ser-
vus, -1, M. (66).

set out, proficiscor, 3.

seven, septem.

seventh, septimus, -a, -um.

share, partior, 4.

sharply, Acriter.

she, ea, €jus, F.

sheep, Ovis, -is, F.

shepherd, pastor, -dris, M.

shield, sctitum, -1, N.

ship, navis, -is, F. (154).

shore, litus, -oris, N.

short, brevis, -e.

shout, clamor, -Oris, M.

Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, F.

sick, aeger, -gra, -grum, (71.)}

side, latus, -eris, N.

signal, signum, -i, N.

silent (be), taceo, 2.

since, cum, w. sub).

sing, cand, 3; canto, 1.

sister, soror, -Oris, F-.

sit, seded, 2.

sixth, sextus, -a, -um.

skfifal, peritus, -a, -um.

(through), per-

270

study

slave, servus, -1, M. (66).

slavery, servitus, -itis, F.

slay, neco, 1; interficio, 3;
cido, 3.

sleep, ”., Somnus, -I, M.

sleep, v., dormio, 4.

small, parvus, -a, -um.

smith, faber, -bri, M.

Socrates, Socratés, -is, M.

soldier, miles, -itis, M.

Solon, Solon, -Onis, M.

some one,, aliquis, -qua, (quid)
-quod (279.2); quidam, quae-
dam, quod(quid)dam (279. 5);
some ... Others, alll . < “aims
(of two parties), alterl...alteri;
often not expressed.

something, aliquid.

son, filius, -i, M

song, cantus, -Us, M.;
-inis, N. (278).

son-in-law, gener, -erl, M.

soon, Mox.

soothe, molli6, 4.

source, fons, fontis, M.

Spain, Hispania, -ae, ¥F.

spare, parco, 3; w. dat.

speak, loquor, 3; dic0, 3; speak
to, alloquor, 3.

spear, hasta, -ae, F.

spiritedly, acriter.

spring, fons, fontis, M.

spy, explorator, -Oris, M.

stab, transfigo, 3.

stain, maculo, 1.

star, stella, -ae, F. (301).

start (= set out), proficiscor, 3.

state, civitas, -aitis, F.

statue, statua, -ae, F.

step, gradus, -iis, M. (245).

story, fabula, -ae, F.

street, via, -ae, F.

strong, validus, -a, -um; fortis, -e.

study, n., studium, -I, N.

oc

carmen,

study

study, v., studed, 2, w. dat.

sturdy, validus, -a, -um.

successfully, optimé; féliciter.

suddenly, improviso.

suffer, patior, 3; tolerd, 1; suf-
ferd (321).

suitable, opportinus, -a, -um,

summer, aestas, -atis, F.

summon, invito, 1.

sun, SOl, solis, M.

surpass, supero,
(186).

surrender, déd6, 3.

surround, cingo, 3;
nio, 4.

survive, supersum (297).

swear, juro, 1.

sweet, dulcis, -e; suavis, -e.

swift, vélOx, -6cis; celer,-eris,-ere
(179).

sword, gladius, -1, M.

1; vincd, 3

circumve-

table, ménsa, -ae, F.

tail, cauda, -ae, F.

take, capiO, 3; sumo, 3; take a
walk, ambulo, 1.

tall, altus, -a, -um.

Tarentine, Tarentinus, -1, M.

Tarquin, Tarquinius, -i, M.

task, pénsum, -i, N.

teach, doced, 2.

teacher, magister, -tri, M.; prae-
ceptor, -Oris, M.

tear down, rescindo, 3.

tedious, longus, -a, -um.

tell, narr6d, 1; dicéd, 3.

temple, templum, -i, N.

tender, tener, -era, -erum.

tenth, decimus, -a, -um.

terrify, terres, 2.

terror, terror, -oris, M.

than, quam; abl. (212).

that, conj. (in purpose or result

271

tower

clauses), ut; (after verbs of fear-
ing), né; (mot), né; (after ex-
pressions of doubt), quin; after
verbs of saying and the like, not
translated.

that, pron. (determ.), is, ea, id
(270); (demon.), ille, -a, -ud
(275); iste, -a, -ud (275); (rel.),
qui, quae, quod (279).

their, gen. plur. of is; (own),
suus, -a, -um.

themselves, see self.

then, tum; deinde.

there, ibi; as an expletive, not
translated.

thing, rés, -el, F.

think, arbitror, 1; puto, 1 (429).

thirst, sitis, -is, F. (ace. -im,
abl. -1). >

thirty, triginta.

this, (determ.), is, ea, id (270);
(demon.), hic, haec, hoc (275).

thou, tu.

though, cum, w. subj.

thousand, mille (811. 6).

three, trés, tria (811. 4).

three hundred, trecentt, -ae, -a.

thrust forth, exturbo, 1.

through, per, w. ace.

throw, jacio, 3; conicio, 3.

time, tempus, -oris, N.

tired, défessus, -a, -um.

to, sign of dative; ad, in, w. ace.;
(expressing purpose), ut, w
subj.; ad, w. gerund or gerund-
ive; supine.

to-day, hodié.

together with, cum, 2. abl.

toil, lab6rd, 1.

to-morrow, cras.

too, quoque; (much), nimium.

touch, tango, 3.

towards, ad, in, w. ace.

tower, turris, -is, F. (149).

town

town, oppidum, -i, N.

townsman, oppidanus, -1, M.

train, exerceo, 2.

tree, arbor, -oris, F.

trial (make), experior, 4.

true, verus, -a, -um.

trumpet, tuba, -ae, F.

truth, vérum, -I, N.

try, experior, 4; cdnor, 1.

turn, converto, 3; (from), aver-
to, 3; (out), évenio, 4.

twenty, viginti.

two, duo, -ae, -o (311. 4); (which
of), uter, -tra,-trum; (each of),
uterque, utraque, utrumque.

tyrant, tyranuus, -1, M.

uncertain, incertus, -a, -um.

undertake, suscipio, 3; conor, 1.

unwilling (be), nolo (316).

up, in combination w. verbs, see
the verbs.

upon, in, w. acc. or abl.

use, Utor, 3; w. abl.

‘useful, Utilis, -e.

vain (in), fristra.

valley, vallis (or vallés), -is, F.
valor, virtus, -ttis, F.

very, superl. degree ; admodum.
victorious, victor, -Oris, M.
victory, victoria, -ae, F.
virtue, virtis, -Utis, F.

voice, VOx, vocis, F.

wage (war), gero, 3.

wagon, Carrus, -1, M.

walk (= take a walk), ambulo, 1.

wall, murus, -i, M.

wander, vagor, l.

want (= wish), volo (316); dé
sidero, 1.

want (= lack), cared, 2.

272

wonder

war, bellum, -i, N.

warn, moneo, 2.

watch, vigilo, 1.

watchful, vigil, -is (151. =).

water, aqua, -ae, F. er

way, Via, -ae, F.;
res, rel, F.

weapon, télum, -i, N.

weary, (défessus, -a, -um.

weep, fled, 2.

welcome, excipio, 3.

well, bene.

well (be), valed, 2.

what, interrog., quis, quae, quid
(quod) (279); (= that which),
id quod.

when, cum.

whether, num; utrum.

which, qui, quae, quod (279) ; (of
two), uter, utra, utrum (200).

while, dum.

white, albus, -a, -um; candidus,
-a, -um.

who, rel., qui, quae;
quis, quae (279).

whole, totus, -a, -um (200).

why, cur.

wide, latus, -a, -um.

wife, uxor, -Oris, F.

wild, ferus, -a, -um.

wild beast, fera, -ae, F.

wind, ventus, -i, M.

wine, vinum, -1, N.

wing, Ala, -ae, F.

winter, hiems, -is, F.

wise, sapiéns, -entis.

wisely, sapienter.

wish, volo (316).

with, cum, w. abl. ; sometimes abl.
alone.

without, sine, w. abl.

witness, specto, 1.

wonder, miror, 1; (at), admi-
ror, 1.

(-= respect),

interrog.,

wooden

wooden, ligneus, -a, -um.

woods, silva, -ae, F.

word, verbum, -l, N.

work 2., labor, -Oris, M.;
eris, N.

work, v., laboro, 1.

world, mundus, -l, M.

worthy, dignus, -a, -um.

would rather, malo (316).

would that, utinam.

wound, v., vulnus, -eris, N.

wound, v., vulnero, 1.

wretched, miser, -era, -erum.

write, scribo, 3.

opus,

273

zeal

writing, scriptum, -1, N.
wrong, injuria, -ae, F.

year, annus, -i, M.

yesterday, heri.

yonder (that), ille, -a, -ud (275. 3).

you, sing. tu, plus. vos.

young man, aduléscéns, -entis,
M.; juvenis, -is, M.

your, sing. tuus, -a, -um: plur.
vester, -tra, -trum.

Zama, Zama, -ae, F.
zeal, studinm, -i, n.

GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATICUM.

ablative

ablative, ablativus, -i, M.; (of
instrument) instrumenti; (of
agent) agentis; (of manner)
modi; (of specification) respec-
tis; (of separation) separatio-
nis; (of description) qualitatis.
absolute, absolutus, -a, -um.
accent, accentus, -Us, M.
accusative, accusativus, -1, M.
active, activus, -a, -um.
adjective, adjectivum, -1, N.
adverb, adverbium, -i, N.
agent, agens, -eutis, M.
agree, cougrud, 3; w. abi.; con-
cordo, i.
agreement, concordatio, -Onis, Fr.
alphabet, alphabétum, -1, N.
answer, 7., responsum, -l, N.
answer, V., responded, 2.
antecedent, antecédéns, -entis, N.
apposition, appositio, -Onis, F.;
(be in) appono, 3.

eardinal, cardinalis, -e.

case, CASUS, -US, M.

clause, clausula, -ae, F.

common or appellative, appella-
tivus, -a, -um.

comparative, comparativus, -a,
-um.

comparison, comparati9, -Onis, F.

compound, compositus, -a, -um.

concessive, CONC=ISSIVUS, -a, -umM.

condition, hypothesis, -is, F.;
conditio, -onis, F.

distributive

conditional, hypotheticus,
-um; conditionalis, -e.
conjugation, conjugatio, -dnis, F.
conjunction, conjunctio, -dnis, PF.
consonant, littera cdnsonans,
-antis, or cOnsonans, -antis, F.
construction, cOnstructio,-duis, F,
conversation, colloquium, -1, N.
correct, adj., rectus, -a, -um. :
correct, v., corrigo, 3; Emendé, 1.
correctly, récte.

- a,

dative, dativus, -i, M.

declension, déclinatio, -Onis, F

Gecline, déclino, 1.

declinable, déclinabilis, -e.

defective, defectivus, -a, -um.

degree, gradus, -Us, M.

demonstrative, demoOnstrativus,
-a, -umM.

deponent, Géponéns, -entis.

derive, traho, 3.

description (abl. of), qualitas,
-atis, F.

determinative, définitus, -a, -um.

difference, discrimen, -inis, N.

diminutive, déminutivun, -1, N.

diphthong, diphthongus, -1, M.

direct, diréctus, -a,-um; rectus,
-a, -umM.

discourse, Oratio, -Onis, F.

discuss, tracto, 1.

dissyllable, dissyllabus, -i, M.

distributive, distributivus, -a, |
-um. ck

:

2

end

end, v., désino, 3.

English, Anglicus, -a, -um.

English (in), Anglice.

etymology, etymologia, -ae, F.

example, exemplum, -i, N.; (for)
ut; exempli causa.

exception, exceptio, -dnis, F.

feminine, fémininus, -a, -um.
finite, finitus, -a, -um.
formation, formatio, -Onis, F.
future, futtrum, -1, N.

future perfect, futdrum exactum.

gender, genus, -eris, N.

genitive, genetivus, -i, M.

gerund, gerundium, -1, N.

gerundive, gerundivun, -1, N.

govern, rego; pass. of jungo or
conjungo, foll. by cum w. abl.

grammar, grammatica, -ae, ¥.

imperative, modus imperativus
or imperativus, -1, M.

imperfect, imperfectum, -1, N.

impersonal, impersonalis, -e.

increase, cresco, 3.

indicative, modus indicativus,
-I, M., ov indicativus, -i, M.

indeclinable, indéclinabilis, -e.

indirect, indiréctus, -a, -um; ob-
liquus, -a, -um.

infinitive, modus infinitivus or
infinitivus, -i, m.

instrument, Instrimentum, -i, N.

interjection, interjecti6, -dnis, F.

interrogative, interrogativus, -a,

-um.

intransitive, intrainsitivus, -a,
-um.

regu ar, irrégularis, -e; and-
nal us, -@, -um.

Lan

é

eee eee SSS. q

5 pluperfect

Latin, Latinus, -a, -um.

Latin (in), Latiné.

lesson, pénsum, -1, N.

letter, littera, -ae, F.

limit, v., limito, 1.

liquid, liquidus, -a, -um.

locative, locativus, -1I, M.

long, longus, -a, -um; prdoductus,
-a, -um.

manner, modus, -1, M.

masculine, masculinus, -a, -um.

mean, significo, 1.

meaning, significatio, -Onis, F.

mistake, n., error, -Oris, M.

mistake, v., erro, 1.

monosyllable, monosyliabum, -1,
N. :

mood, modus, -i, M.

mute, mutus, -a, -um.

negative, negativus, -a, -um.

neuter, neuter, -tra, -trum.

nominative, nominativus, -I, M.

noun, nomen, -inis, N.; substan-
tivum, -1, N.

numeral, numeralis, -e.

object, objectum, -1, N.
ordinal, ordinalis, -e.

paradigm, paradigma, -atis, N.
participle, participium, -i, N.
particle, particula, -ae, F.
partitive, partitivus, -a, um.
Passive, passivus, -a, -um.
perfect, perfectum, -i, N.
person, persona, -ae, F.
personal, personalis, -e.
phrase, phrasis, -is, F.
pluperfect, plisquamperfectum,
-I, N.

plural

plural, pliralis, -e. :
positive, positivus, -a, -um.
preposition, praepositio, -Onis, F.
present, praeséns, -entis, N.
principal, principalis, -e.
pronoun, pronomen, -inis, N.
proper, proprius, -a, -um.

quantity, quantitas, -atis, F.
question, interrogatio, -Onis, F.

reflexive, reciprocus, -a, -um; re-
flexivus, -a, -um.

regular, régularis, -e.

relative, relativus, -a, -um.

remember, memoria teneo.

review, recogndscd, 3; (lesson)
pénsum recdgnoscendum.

root, radix, -Icis, F.

rule, regula, -ae, F.

school, schola, -ae, F.

sentence, sententia, -ae, F.

separation, séparatio, -Onis, F.

sequence, consecutio, -Onis, F.

short, brevis, -e; correptus, -a,
-um.

sibilant, sibilus, -a, -um.

singular, singularis, -e.

sound, sonus, -I, M.

specification, respectus, -Us, M.

speech (part of), Oratio, -Onis, F.

stem, basis, -is, F.

study, v., studium, -1, N.

276

yes

study, v., studeo, 2.

subject, subjectum, -i, N.

subjunctive, modus subjuncti-
vus, -1, M., or subjunctivus, -1, M.

substantive, substantivum, -i, N.

substantively, substantive.

superlative, superlativus, -a, -um.

supine, supinum, -l, N.

syllable, syllaba, -ae, F.

syntax, syntaxis, -is, F.

teacher, praeceptor, -oris, M.;
magister, -trl, M.; magistra,
-ae, F.

tense, tempus, -oris, N.

termination, terminatio, -Onis, F-

transitive, transitivus, -a, -um.

treat (= discuss), tracto, 1.

verb, verbum, -1, N.

vocabulary, vocabularium, -i, N.

vocative, vocativus, -1, M.

voice, vOx, vocis, F.;
-eris, N.

vowel, littera vocilis, -is, F., or
vocalis, -is, F.

genus,

wish, optatio, -dnis, F.
word, verbum, -i, N.; vocabulum,
-I, N.; VOx, VOCiS, F.

yes, certé, certissimé; vero; ita
est, ista sunt; verb of question
repeated.

TOR

——

INDEX.

Tue general vocabularies are to be used as an index to words (with some excep.

tions) for which reference is needed.
pages.

A superior figure (e.g. 10?) indicates a foot-note.

Full-face figures refer to sections, not

Most abbreviations

wili readily be understood: ff.= and following; imy. = imperative.

A.

& or ab, 61, 62.

a-verbs, 86.

ABBREVIATIONS beginning letters,
4371, 438.

ABLATIVE, translation of, 142, 59!;
of agent, 61, 62; of means or in-
strument, 90, 91; of material, 92,
II, 8!; of separation, 128-130;
of time, 135, 136; of manner,
144, 145; w. comparatives, 211,
212; of specification, 259, 260;
w. utor, etc., 303, 304; w. preps.,
333; of place, 335, 3; descriptive,
341, p. 22234; absolute, 412; abl.
sing. of vowel stems in 3d decl.,
151, 2.

ABSTRACT Nouns, 1681,

-abus, in dat. and abl. plu., 191,

AccEnT, 7; before enclitics, 7, (1).

ACCUSATIVE, direct obj., 25, 26;
predicate, 92, I, 5, 93, II, 74, 171,
II, 31, 250, II, 42; two accs., 131,
I, 82, 197, II, 108; w. verbs of
remembering and forgetting, 305,
306; of extent, 312, 313; w.
preps., 333, 4; of limit, 334, 335,
2; w. inf., 400, 401; w. some
impers. verbs, 415, 3, 4, 416.

AD, w. gerunds and gertundives,
432, 3.

ADJECTIVES, of Ist and 2d decls.,
44, 71; of 3d decl., 105, 134,
141, 150, 164; irregular, 200;
comparison of, 205 ff.; poss. adj.
prons., 266; interrog., 279, 3;
numeral, 311; agreement with
nouns, 45, II, 11, 53,54; used as
nouns, 117; of one, two, or three
terminations, 155; agreement
with understood subject, 197,
I, 8°; order w. prep. and noun,
64, I, 71; order w. gen. and noun,
124, I, 63; method of declining,
44°,

ApveRBS, formation of, 216 ff. ;
comparison of, 219; numeral,
311, So.

AGENT, abl. of, 61, 62; dat. of,
425 (5), 426, 4444, cf. 428, IT, 9°.

Aliquod as adj., 279, 2.

ALPHABET, 1,

AnD, omitted, 57, II, 63, 227, II, 1},
cf. p. 2208; inserted, 35, II, 5%’,
50, IT, 8*, 57, I, 84.

ANTECEDENT of rel. pron., 280 ff. ;
omitted, 287, I, 10°, p. 2211.

ANTEPENULT, 5, 5.

Anything at all, quidquam not
aliquid, 279, 6, 4404.

ApposiTion, 118, I, 21, 157, 158,
197, IT 5.

Augustus et Iulus (Coll.), 9.

278

B.

BaTTLe oF Cannat (for trans.),
339, 378.

Batre OF MaraTuon (for trans.),
291.

C.

Carsar’s Two INVASIONS OF BrRI-
Tain (for trans.), 448.

CARDINAL NUMERALS, 311.

Caszs, names of, 10; alike in form,
16.

CAUSE, expressed by cum clause,
375; by part., 409, 7, 412, 35.
Charon et Mercurius (Coll.), 187.

Cognodmen, 195, 204.

CoLLECTIVE NouNS, 1682.

Cottogura, Augustus et Iulus, 9,
58, 80; Pater et Filiolus, 95,
222, 302; Frater et Sororcula,
111, 162, 269, 274; Praeceptor
et Discipulus, 126, 133, 195,
204, 234, 261; Magister et Dis-
cipulus, 139; Duo Pueri, 148;
Father and Son, 173; Charon
et Mercurius, 187; Jacobus et
Augustus, 242; Socrates et
Rhadamanthus, 290; Tityrus
et Meliboeus, 332; Johannés et
Jacobus, 388.

COMMANDS AND APPEALS, 391.

COMPARATIVE DEGREE, formation
of, 206, (1), 219; with and with-
out quam, 211, 212; trans. by
too, p. 220°.

Comparison of adjs., 205 ff.; of
advs., 219.

COMPOUND TENSES, 97.

CONCESSION, expressed by cum
clause, 372, 375, p. 2194; by
part., 409, 4, 412, 3.

ConpiTions, 383 ff.; expressed by
part., 409, 5, 412, 3, p. 2142.

INDEX.

ConsuGATions: Ist, 86 ff., 351 ff.;
2d, 112 ff., 351 ff.; review of Ist
and 2d, 127 ff.; 3d, 180 ff., 357 ff. ;
review of Ist, 2d, and 3d, 196,
197 ; 4th, 223 ff., 357 ff. ; 3d in -79,
235 ff., 357 ff. ; review of the four
conjs., 240, 241; periphrastic,
422 ff.

Consonants, 3; sounds of, 4.

CoNSONANT STEMS, 104, 134, 140.

Cum, conj., temporal, causal, and
concessive, 372 ff.

Cum, prep., with mé, té, etc., 265, 3;
w. abl. of manner, 144, 145.

Customs AND HABITS OF THE
Britons (for trans.), 449.

D.

Dative of possessor, 32; indirect
obj., 31, I, 7, 8, 9, II, 2, 6, 10, 33,
34; w. comps. of sum, 295; of
service, 2911, 296, II, 73, 344; w.
certain verbs, 342, 343; double
dative, 344; w. intransitives, 417,
418; of agent, 425, 426; not to
be taken for abl., 184, 6.

DEATH OF THE PET Sparrow (for
trans.), 421.

DECLENSION, paradigms of: Ist,
14; 2d in -us and -um, 38; in -er,
59, 65; adjs. of 1st and 2d, 71;
3d, mute stems, 105; liquid stems,
134; sibilant stems, 140, 141;
7 stems, 149, 150; mixed stems,
163-165; comparatives, 209 ;
4th, 245; 5th, 254; special, 262;
prons., 264, 270, 275, 279; duo
and trés, 311, 4.

DEFINITIONS, sometimes not given
in vocabs., 57, I, 1’.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, 275.

DEPONENT VERBS, Ist and 2d conjs.,
298 ff. ; 8d and 4th conjs., 303 ff.

Derivation, 346,

INDEX.

279

Descriptive abl. and gen., 341;| Furure translated by Eng. pres.,

abl., p. 22234,
DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS, 270;
used like adjs., 270, 1.
Dic, imv. of dico, p. 1501.
DreutHones, 4; quantity of, 6, 2.
DISTRIBUTIVE NUMERALS, 311, 8.
-do, nouns in, 168.
DOUBLE CONSONANTS, 3.
DOUBLE DATIVE, 344.
Dac, imv. of dicé, p. 1501.
Dum with pres. ind., 26318, 442)”.
Duo Pueri (Coll.), 148.

E.

e-verbs, 112.

é-verbs, 180, 235.

ENGLISH METHOD of pronunciation,
8.

Enctirics, 7, (1).

-er, nouns and adjs. of 2d decl. in,
67; compar. of adjs. in, 206,
(1), (8).

-évi, perfects in, 119°.

EXTENT, accusative of, 312, 313.

F

Fasves (for trans.), 441-447.

Fac, imv. of facid, p. 1501.

FATHER AND Son (Coll.), 173.

FEMININE GENDER, 11, 2, 4; in 1st
decl., 18; in 3d decl., 168, 2; in
4th decl., 244, 1; in 5th decl.,
253.

Fer, imv. of ferd, p. 1501.

Ferd, compounds of, 322.

FIrtTH DECL., 252 ff.

First cons., 86 fi., 351 ff.; first
periphrastic conj., 422.

First DrEcu., 12 ff.,°52 ff.

Fourtu conJ., 223 ff., 357 ff.

Fourtu DECL., 243 ff.

Frater et Sorércula (Coll.), 111,
162, 269, 274.

116, I, 13, 385, 31; fut. imv., 391,
(8); equivalent to imv., 43818.

G.

GENDER, general rules of, 11; in
Ist decl., 13; in 2d decl., 37;
in 3d decl., 168; in 4th decl.,
244; in 5th decl., 253. Agree-
ment in, 45, II, 11, 53, 54, 281.

GENITIVE, like Eng. possessive, 30,
I, 61; of nouns in -ius and -ium,
79; with verbs of remembering
and forgetting, 305, 306; parti-
tive, 340, 4381’, 439°, 44012; de-
scriptive, 341; with certain im-
pers. verbs, 415, 3, 4, 416; order
w. adj. and noun, 124, I, 6.

GeRuUND, 430-432; nom. of sup-
plied by inf., 431, 1.

GERUNDIVE, p. 342; 423, 432; diff.
between gerund and gerundive
construction, 432.

-g0, nouns in, 168.

H.

Hic, demon. of Ist pers., 275, 1;
in contrast with ille, 275, 5.

HISTORICAL TENSES, 347; pres. 4448,

HorTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE, 390, 391.

i;

i-stems, 149 ff.

I-verbs, 223.

Ille, demon. of 3d pers., 275, 3; in
contrast with hic, 275, 5.

IMPERFECT, denoting continuance,
115, I, 57; of customary action,
44512,

IMPERATIVE, 389 ff.; not common
in prohibitions, 391, (2)°.

IMPERSONAL VERBS and verbs used
impersonally, 415 ff., 425, (4).

In not always to be translated by

280

in, 146, I, 21, 185, II, 7, 296,
ap 105;

In omitted, 2917.

INCREASE in the gen., 152, 11.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS, 279.

INDICATIVE in cond. sentences, 385.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE, 399 ff.

InprrREcT oBsect 31, I, 7, 8, 9, II,
2, 6, 10, 33, 34.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS, 379 ff.

INFINITIVE as in Eng., 395 ff.; w.
sub. acc., 399 ff., tenses of, 402-
403; fut. pass., 4021, 405, I, 2!.

INSTRUMENT, abl. of, 90, 91.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN, 279; adj.,
279, 3, advs., 380, 1.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS used imperson-
ally in the passive, 417,418.

-i0, nouns in, 168, verbs in, of 3d
conj., 235.

Ipsx, distinguished from sé, 270, 4,
5; how translated, 270, 6.

TRREGULAR adjs., 200 ff.; verbs,
72 ff., 292 ff., 316 ff.

Is as pers. pron., 270, 2; this or
that, 275, 6.

Isianps, names of, 3342.

Ir, expletive, 35, I, 1), 56, I, 77.

-ium in gen. plu., 151, 3.

-ius in gen. sing. of adjs., 200.
-ius and -ium, gen. of nouns in,
79; voc. of nouns in -ius, 79.
-Ivi, perfs. in, often drop v, 231, I,

91,2, 327, 2.
J.
Jacobus et Augustus (Coll.), 242.
Johannés et Jacobus (Coll.), 388.

; i
Letters (for trans.), 437-440.
Limit, ace. of, 335, 23.
Liquips, 3.
Liquip stems, 134 ff.
-lis, superlative of adjs. in, 207.

INDEX.

LocatTive, 10, 3, 334, 335, 1; in Ist
decl., 14, 2; in 2d decl., 40; in
3d decl., 175.

M.

Magister et Discipulus (Coll.),
139.

MANNER, how expressed, 144, 145.

Marcus Porcius Cato, Puer (for
trans.), 394.

MASCULINE GENDER, 11, 1, 3; in 2d
decl., 37 , in 3d decl., 168, 1; in
4th decl., 244; in 5th decl., 253.

MaTERIAL, how expressed, 92, II, 8}.

Means, abl. of, 90, 91.

MIXED stems, 168 ff.

Mortoy, verbs of, foll. by acc. with
and without prep., 333-335.

MutEs, 3.

Mute stems, 106 ff.

N.

NARRATIVE SENTENCES, 372, (3).
Nasica and Ennius (for trans.),
407.

Ne, enclitic, 7, (1), 28, 12, 51, 3,
58°.

Né, 358, 369, 391, (1); omitted
after cavé, p. 178+.

NEUTER GENDER, 11, 5; in 2d decl.,
37; in 3d decl., 168, 3.

Noli in prohibitions, 3891 (1)}.

Nomen, 195, 204.

NoMINATIVE, subj., 24; pred., 46,
47, 92, I, 68, 93, IL, 6

Nonne, 51, 3°.

-ns, nouns in, 167, 1.

NuMERAL adjs., 311; advs., 311, 8.

O.

O, w. voc., 56, IT, 14.
OpsEct, direct, 25, 26; indirect,
31, I, 7, 8, 9, II, 2, 6, 10, 33, 34.

INDEX.

Or = because of, 330, II, 2°.

Omission of my, thy, his, etc., 100;
of ut, 438°, 4464; of in, 291’;
of né, p. 178*; of fore in trans.,
428, I, 44.

OrpER of words in sentence, 23;
ao, U>-56, I, 103+ 64, I-71: 69,
1G 77. 15° 5-93, 1,. 97; 124,
I, 68; 202, I, 6°; 2151; quis-
que, 287, I, 62; feré, 329, I, 6);
386, I, 33; 404; 410, II, 9°;
43810 ; 4401; 446’; p. 216; p.
2176; p. 21918,

ORDINAL NUMERALS, 311.

Ouent, of past time, 419, I, 8°.

bog

Participies, 408 ff.; in principal
parts, 86!;-decl. of pres. act.,
165, 408, 1, of perf. and fut.,
408, 2; perf. in comp. tenses
aewady., 192, I, 71, 404, 1 4!;
part. and verb trans. by two co-
ordinate verbs, 409, 2, 410, I, 5+,
412, 4; abl. absolute, 412, 413;
Eng. perf. act. part., how ren-
dered, 412, 6, 7; used as nouns,
2913,

PassIvE to be distinguished from
progressive form in Eng., 69, II,
39-123, TL, 3h

Pater et Filiolus (Coll.), 95, 222,
302.

PARTITIVE GEN., 340, 4381’, 4395,
440!2,

PENULT, 5, 5.

PERFECT, sometimes distinguished
from pres. by long penult, 1195,
191, I, 21, 232, I, 11; definite and
indefinite, 347 ; perf. subj. in pro-
hibitions, 391, (2); perf. part.
trans. by pres., 44212, p. 2178; w.
ubi, ut, etc., 4449; perf. subj.
reaily fut. perf., 391, (2)2.

281

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS : act.,
422 ; pass., 423; paradigms, 424.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS, 264, 265;
when nom. of is expressed, 265, 2.

Pace, expressions of, 334 ff.

POSSESSIVE ADJ. PRONS., 266; whien
omitted, 100.

PosseEssor, dat. of, 32; cf. 4414.
Praeceptor et Discipulus (Coll.),
126, 133, 195, 204, 234, 261.

Praendmen, 195, 204.

PREDICATE NOM., 46, 47, 92, I, 63,
93, IT, 6%; acc., 92, I, 57, 93, Te
TETTE: TL ot

Prepositions, 333; order w. adj.
and noun, 64, I, 71.

PRESENT, translation of, 431; de-
noting continuance, 115, I, 5?;
Eng. pres. for Lat. fut., 116, I,
18, 385, 31; for Lat. fut. perf.,
413, II, 10?; sometimes distin-
guished from perf. by short pe-
nelt- 119°, 19hel St sw. dam:
26318, 44219: historical, 444°; pres.
subj. trans. as fut., 369, 1, 4.

PRIMARY TENSES, 347.

PRINCIPAL PARTS of verbs, 861.

PRINCIPAL TENSES, 347.

Prouisitions, 391, (1), (2).

PROGRESSIVE FORM in Eng. to be
distinguished from passive, 69,
IT, 8°, 123, II, 31.

PRONUNCIATION, Roman method,
4; English method, 8.

Proserpina (for trans.), 199, 215,
263.

Publius Cornélius Scipio
trans.), 188.

PuRposE, expressed by ut w. subj.,
352, 353; qui w. subj., 364;
fut. part., 410,.1, 9; .ad. 9.
gerundive, 432, 3; supine, 433,
434; causa w. gen. of gerund or
gerundive, 435, I, 3, p. 221°,

(for

282

Q.

Quantity of vowels and diph-
thongs, 6, 1, 2; of syllables, 6,
3, 4, 5.

Quin, w. subj., 349, 350.

Quis, indef. pron. w. si, etc., 362,
I, 6', 438%,

R.

r,as sign of passive, 871; for s,
7313.4, 142.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN, 264, 265.

RELATIVE PRONOUN, 279; agree-
ment, 280 ff. ; in purpose clause,
364.

Rest, verbs of, foll. by abl., 333-
335.

RESULT, w. ut, 368 ff.; to be dis-
tinguished from purpose, 352,
368, 44722.

RoMAN METHOD of pronun., 4.

-rs, nouns in, 167, 1.

oP

-s, monosyllables in, 167, 2.

SECONDARY TENSES, 347.

Second conJ., 112 ff., 351 ff. Sec-
ond periphrastic conj., 423.

SECOND DECL., in -us and -um, 36 ff.,
52 ff., in -er, 59 ff.

SEMI-DEPONENTS, p. 1772.

SEPARATION, how expressed, 128 ff.

SEQUENCE of tenses, 347 ff.

Service, dat. of, 2911, 296, II, 7°,
344.

Srprvant, 3.

SrpiLant stems, 140 ff.

Socratés et Rhadamanthus (Coll.),
290.

Sounpns of letters, 4.

SPECIFICATION, abl. of, 259, 260, p.
2188,

Stem, 12!; in 2d decl., 36, 42; in

INDEX.

verbs, 861; in 3d decl., 103,

104, 107, 151, 1, 152, 166, 167;
in 4th decl., 243; in dth decl.,
252. Perf. stem w. long vowel,
1195,

SuBJECT Nom., 24;
omitted, 50, I, 9}.
SUBJUNCTIVE of purpose, 352, 353,
364; of result, 368 ; w. cum, 372 ;
in ind. questions, 379 ff. ; in wishes
and conditions, 383 ff.; hortatory,
390; perf. really fut. perf., 391,
(2)2; fut. tense of, 425 (1).
Meanings not given in paradigms,

p. 261, 2

SuPERLATIVE degree, formation of,
206, (2), (8); strengthened by
quam, 437°.

Supine, 433, 434.

SVB. KE: ‘Vi, 437%

SYLLABLES, 5; quantity of, 6, 3,
4, 5.

Synonymous Worps, pueti, liberi,
60; magister, dominus, 66; min-
ister, servus, 66; homo, vir, 138;
amnis, flamen, fluvius, 172; hos-
tis, inimicus, 172; celer, velox,
179; supero, vincd, 186; habito,
vivo, 194; animus, mens, 273;
cantus, carmen, 278; sidus, stel-
la, 301; amo, diligo, volo, de-
siderd, 319; interrogod, rogo,
quaer6, 382; at, sed, autem, 393;
judicé, cénsed, existimd, arbi-
tror, putd, opinor, 429,

ace. 401;

dig

TreRMINATIONS, 15.
THERE, expletive, 35, I, 2?; 56, I,

123 Qeoe 1, 2%

Tuirp conJ., 180 ff., 357 ff.; verbs

in -i6, 235 ff., 357 ff.

THIRD DECL., mute stems, 105 ff.;

liquid stems, 134 ff.; sibilant

INDEX.

283

stems, 140 ff.; istems, 149 ff.; | U_rm1a, 5, 5.

mixed stems, 163 ff.

Time when or within which, 135,
136; how long, 312, 313; ex-
pressed by cum clause, 372, 373,
by part., 409, 1, 2, 8, 412; rela-
tive time in tenses of inf., 402,
403, 405, II, 8°, of part., 409.

Tityrus et Meliboeus (Coll.), 332.

Towns, names of, 334, 335.

TRANSLATION, passages for, Publius
Cornélius Scipio, 188; Prodser-
pina, 199, 215, 263; Battle of
Marathon, 291; Maxims, 320;
Battle of Cannae, 339, 378 ; Mar-
cus Porcius Cato, Puer, 394; Na-
sica and Ennius, 407 ; Death of
the Pet Sparrow, 421; Letters,
437-440 ; Fables, 441-447 ; Cae-
sar’s Two Invasions of Britain,
448; Customs and Habits of
the Britons, 449.

U.

-ubus in dat. and abl. of 4th decl.,
247.

Ut, of purpose, 352 ff.; of result,
367 ff.; w. ind., 4374, 4392;
omitted, 438°, 44671.

ve

v, sometimes dropped, 231, I, 91,2,
327, 2, 421°.

VocaTivE, 10,2; in 2d decl., 39; .
of filius, etc., 79.

VocaBULARIES following exercises,
1g 2

Vowets, how marked, 2; sounds
of, 4; quantity of, 6, 1, 2.

W.

WisuHks, 383 ff.
WirtH not always to be translated
by cum, 185, II, 5?.

X.

| -x, monosyllables in, 167, 2.

¥:

You, sing. or plu., 73?.

oe &
sane
oe

aa
rs as Sots )
i\*

pF
oh Mabey
Ae
an
a

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