PRESENTED
THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
BY
LAT1NE REDDENDA:
EXERCISES FROM
BEGINNER'S 12ATIN B09K.
THE authors of the " Beginner's Latin Book " are of the
opinion that a separate edition of the exercises for
turning English into Latin will be a great convenience to
teachers.
After the exercises have been done once with the help
of the special vocabularies and under the direction and
criticism of the teacher, it will be found useful to review
them again and again, sometimes orally, sometimes in
writing, with all helps in the way of rules, special vocabu-
laries, and model sentences removed. The pupil is thus
left to depend entirely upon his previous study and faith-
ful attention to his teacher's instructions.
It is believed also that teachers who use other elemen-
tary Latin books will be glad to have, in cheap and con-
venient form, a set of exercises which they can use as
supplementary to their regular work. For such, an edition
is published with an English-Latin vocabulary.
Both editions have the Glossarium Grammaticum for
the aid of those who wish to conduct recitations in Latin.
INTRODUCTION PRICES.
Edition with Glossarium Grammaticum (bound in paper), 20 cents.
Edition with Glossarium Grammaticum and English-Latin Vocabulary
(bound :'n cloth), 30 cents.
THE
BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK,
BY
WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M.,
HEAD-MASTER ROXBURY LATIN SCHOOL,
M. GRANT DANIELL, A.M.,
PRINCIPAL GHAUNCY-HALL SCHOOL, BOSTON.
Longum iter est per praecepta, breve et efficax per exempla.
SENECA.
BOSTON, U.S.A., AND LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY.
1890.
ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL.
COPYRIGHT, 1886, BY
WILLIAM C. COLLAR AND M. GRANT DANIELL.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
PRESSWORK BY GINN & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
PREFACE.
aim of this book is 'to serve as a preparation for
- reading, writing, and, to a less degree, for speaking
Latin. It is designed primarily for boys and girls who
are to begin the study of Latin at an early age ; but as
all who would get from Latin the best mental discipline,
or lay a broad and firm foundation for Latin scholarship,
must traverse pretty much the same road, and as Latin is
begun in this country by most learners before any other
foreign language is studied, a beginner's Latin book for
those who take up the study at the age of ten or twelve
need not be essentially different from one designed for
learners of fourteen or fifteen. The most important dif-
ference would lie in the knowledge of the terminology and
principles of English grammar that might be deemed an in-
dispensable prerequisite. As a matter of fact, children come
to the study of Latin with all degrees of ignorance of Eng-
lish grammar, and the minimum of necessary knowledge for
the beginner is unquestionably very small. What minimum is
considered essential for those who use this book, is indicated
on page 6. It is hoped, therefore, that the contents of the
book will justify its title ; that it does not assume too much,
and is not too difficult for the least mature who are likely to
use it, and that it will not be found too much simplified,
too juvenile, for those who begin Latin in high schools and
academies. Simplicity, clearness, and directness have been
studied throughout. The system of inflected forms, which
is seldom mastered, but the mastery of which is an indis-
IV PKEFACE.
pensable condition of further pleasant, successful, and profit*
able study, is slowly but very fully developed, with the
addition of abundant and varied exercises. For conven-
ience, as well as on educational grounds, the paradigm of
the verb is given in one block, instead of in fragments de-
tached and dispersed, and everywhere the active and passive
forms are placed side by side, to be compared, and learned
as they are treated, simultaneously.
The idea underlying and controlling the plan is the maxi-
mum of practice with the minimum of theory, on the princi-
ple that the thorough acquisition of the elements of Latin
must be more of art than science, more the work of
observation, comparison, and imitation, than the mechanical
following of rules, or the exercise of analysis and conscious
inductive reasoning.
The book contains :
1. A brief introduction explaining the Roman and Eng-
lish methods of pronunciation, the necessary paradigms, an
outline of the most important principles of syntax, and a
large number of exercises for translation into English and
into Latin, accompanied by short explanatory notes.
2. About twenty-five simple Latin dialogues, added to as
many chapters. Some of these are on subjects of the
lessons, and include a good many grammatical terms ; some
are on various topics of school and holiday life ; and others
on subjects historical and mythological.
3. Easy selections for translation, consisting besides a
number of fables, of extracts from Viri Romae, Nepos, Ovid,
Catullus, Caesar, and Cicero, some interspersed with the
lessons, others added at the end of the book.
Those who seek in a first Latin book a complete presenta-
tion of the facts and principles of the Latin language, will
not be satisfied with this volume. But, in the opinion of the
authors, there is no error in elementary instruction in Latin
more common and more deplorable than that of failing to
PREFACE.
discriminate between the relatively important and unimpor-
tant ; between what is suited to the beginning and what to
the more advanced stages of the study. It is not too much
to say that a very great part of the barrenness and futility of
the teaching and study of Latin in schools is due to this lack
of discrimination, and to a false conception of thoroughness.
It is not intended to imply that a hard and fast line can be
drawn, still less is this book offered as a realization in this
respect of the ideal. The ideal is never realized. But
it has been the constant aim to make just this distinction :
to determine everywhere, in the light of much observation
and reflection and of long experience, what should be made
the subject of immediate study, and what should be post-
poned ; what is entitled to prominence, and what ought to be
subordinated. Some excellent teachers think that the sub-
junctive mood should have no place in a preparatory Latin
book ; and undoubtedly the syntax of the subjunctive does
involve too many and too great difficulties for such a work,
if anything more than an outline of some commoner uses is
attempted. On the other hand, the learner can hardly read
any Latin without encountering forms of the subjunctive.
The best way then seems to be to construct a large number
of very short sentences for practice on the forms, which
shall exhibit, in the briefest compass, some important and
most frequently recurring uses of the mood, more especially
because the ways of translating the subjunctive cannot be
illustrated from the isolated forms in the paradigms, as
in the other moods. This idea has been worked out in
part in Chapter LIV., the forms having been previously left
untranslated.
The colloquia have been added, not as an integral and
necessary part of the lessons, but to serve as an incentive to
the moderate use of Latin orally in recitation, and to afford
convenient exercises for training the ear and for enlarging
the vocabulary of the learner. The grammatical terms have
VI PREFACE.
been drawn chiefly from the Institutiones of Rudimann.
The colloquium on page 5 has been borrowed from Dr. H.
Meurer's Lateinisches Lesebuch, and suggestions and parts
of the materials for a very few others have been derived
from the same source ; also two or three of the pas-
sages for translation, and here and there some sentences
in the exercises. Whoever examines these colloquia with
a critical eye, will find some words which are confined to
the vocabularies of grammarians and commentators, and
a very few others employed in senses for which it would
be embarrassing to be required to cite classical authority.
For example, the word pensum is used often in the sense
of a schoolboy's task, something to be done or learned,
a lesson. This word doubtless meant strictly a spinner's
task. But in classical Latin it had already approached the
meaning task in general, and it is but a very slight extension
of its application to employ it as it is in the colloquia. Such
a moderate decanting of new wine into old bottles, it is
hoped may be excused. Still if any teacher thinks that the
Latinity of his pupils will be injured by the use of the collo-
quia, it is optional with him to omit them altogether, without
losing the continuity of the lessons.
The complaint is very common, and its justice must
be acknowledged, that first Latin books are often exces-
sively and needlessly arid and wooden. Accordingly an
effort has been made, while following a rigorously scientific
method in the development of the successive subjects, to
impart something of attractiveness, interest, freshness, and
variety to the study of the elements of Latin by means of
the colloquia, the choice of extracts for translation (intro-
duced as early as possible), and the mode of treatment in
every part, extending even to the choice of Latin words,
and to the construction of many of the exercises.
Usage is not fixed in respect to the so-called principal
parts of verbs, a few of the later school manuals giving the
PREFACE. Vli
nominative masculine of the perfect participle, instead of the
supine, except in the case of neuter or intransitive verbs. It
has been thought better in this book to follow the prevailing
practice, only to treat the form that has been called the
supine in this connection, not as the supine, which in most
cases it is not and cannot be, since, as is well known, only
about 230 verbs can be proved to have a supine, but as the
neuter of the perfect participle. 1 Thus the learner is guarded
against errors and is spared the perplexity of having to
memorize now one, now another form.
It is hoped that this book can be finished and reviewed by
the average learner in a year, and that the transition then
to Viri Romae, Nepos, or Caesar will not prove too difficult.
More than two- thirds of the words used belong to the vocab-
ulary of Caesar, and only a trifle less than two-thirds to that
of Nepos. In the case of young pupils it may be advisable
to omit the translation of the English exercises into Latin,
beginning with Chapter LV., till after the selections for
translation at the end of the book have been read.
It remains to acknowledge the generous assistance of
several scholars. Professor George M. Lane, of Harvard
University, Professor George L. Kittredge, of Exeter
Academy, N.H., George F. Forbes, A.M., and D. O. S.
Lowell, A.M., both of the Roxbury Latin School, and Mar-
shall W. Davis, A.B., of Thayer Academy, Braintree, read
and criticised the work in manuscript. Mr. Forbes and Mr.
Lowell also read the proof-sheets and made important sug-
gestions and corrections. The authors feel especially in-
debted to John Tetlow, A.M., Head-Master of the Boston
Girls' High and Latin Schools, and author of Inductive Les-
sons in Latin, for critically reading the proof-sheets, and for
materially contributing to the improvement of the book by
1 This plan has been followed by Dr. R. F. Leighton in his First
Steps in Latin.
Vlll PREFACE.
the correction of errors, and by the suggestions of his con-
scientious and exact scholarship.
Thanks are due to Mr. J. S. Gushing, under whose per-
sonal direction the book has been printed, for the patience,
care, and skill which he has constantly exercised to make
the work typographically as faultless as possible.
WM. C. COLLAR.
M. GKANT DANIELL.
BOSTON, Sept. 1, 1886.
The authors desire to express their grateful acknowledg-
ments to Miss Caroline E. Stone, of the Roxbury Latin
School, and to Professor E. M. Wallank, of Fort Worth,
Texas, for the correction of errors that had been overlooked
in the first editions.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Introductory: Alphabet, Syllables, Quantity, Ac-
cent, Cases, Gender 1-6
II. First Declension. Direct Object. Possessive
Dative. Indirect Object 7-12
III. Second Declension. Words in us and urn. Pre-
dicate Noun 13-17
IV. First and Second Declensions. Agreement of
Adjectives. Colloquium, 58 1719
V. Second Declension. Words in er. Ablative of
Agent ' 20-21
VI. Second Declension. Words in er. Paradigms of
Adjectives of First and Second Declensions . . 22-24
VII. The Verb Sum : Paradigm 25-26
VIII. The Verb Sum : Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative; Present Imperative and Infinitive.
- Colloquium, 80 27-29
IX. The Verb Sum: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future
Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infinitive. Collo-
quium, 85 30-31
X. First Conjugation : Paradigm of the Verb Amo . 32-34
XT. First Conjugation : Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative; Present Imperative and Infinitive.
Ablative of Means. Colloquium, 95 .... 35-38
XII. First Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future
Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infinitive .... 39-41
XIII. Third Declension: Mute Stems. Colloquium, 111 . 41-43
XIV. Second Conjugation : Paradigm of the Verb Moneo 44-46
XV. Second Conjugation : Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative ; Present Imperative and Infinitive . 46-49
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
XVI. Second Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infinitive.
Colloquium, 126 49-52
XVII. Review of First and Second Conjugations.
Ablative of Separation. Colloquium, 133 . 53-55
XVIII. Third Declension : Liquid Stems. Ablative of
Time. Colloquium, 139 56-58
XIX. Third Declension: Sibilant Stems. Ablative
of Manner. Colloquium, 148 59-62
XX. Third Declension: Stems in i. Apposition.
Colloquium, 162 62-67
XXI. Third Declension: Mixed Stems. Rules of
Gender. Colloquium, 173 . . 68-72
XXII. Third Declension : Review 72-73
XXIII. Third Conj ugation : Paradigm of the Verb Rego, 74-76
XXIV. Third Conjugation : Present, Imperfect, and Fu-
ture Indicative; Present Imperative and Infini-
tive. Colloquium, 187. Passage for Trans-
lation, 188 76-80
XXV. Third Conjugation : Perfect, Pluperfect, and Fu-
ture Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infinitive.
Colloquium, 195 80-84
XXVI. Review. Passage for Translation, 199 ... 84-86
XXVII. Irregular Adjectives. Colloquium, 204 . . . 86-89
XXVIII. Comparison of Adjectives. Declension of the
Comparative. Ablative with Comparatives.
Passage for Translation, 215 89-92
XXIX. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. Col-
loquium, 222 93-96
XXX. Fourth Conjugation : Paradigm of the Verb
Audio 96-98
XXXI. Fourth Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and
Future Indicative; Present Imperative and
Infinitive . 99-100
CONTENTS. XI
CHAPTER PAGE
XXXII. Fourth Conjugation : Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infini-
tive. Colloquium, 234 101-103
XXXIII. Third Conjugation : Paradigm of the Verb
Capio 104-105
XXXIV. Third Conjugation t Verbs in id. Tenses of
the Indicative ; Present Imperative ; Pres-
ent and Perfect Infinitive 106-107
XXXV. Review of the Four Conjugations. Collo-
quium, 242 108-110
XXXVI. Fourth Declension 110-112
XXXVII. Fifth Declension. Ablative of Specifica-
tion. Colloquium, 261 112-115
XXXVIII. Special Paradigms. Passage for Translation, 115-116
XXXIX. Personal and Possessive Pronouns. Collo-
quium, 269 , . 117-119
XL. Determinative Pronouns. Colloquium, 274 . 120-122
XLL Demonstrative Pronouns 123-125
XLII. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pro-
nouns. Agreement of Relative .... 126-130
XLIII. Review of Pronouns. Colloquium, 290.
Passage for Translation, 291 130-134
XLIV. Compounds of Sum. Dative 134-137
XLV. Deponent Verbs : First and Second Conjuga-
tions. Colloquium, 302 137-140
XL VI. Deponent Verbs: Third and Fourth Con-
jugations. Ablative with Utor, etc.
Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting . 140-142
XL VII. Numerals. Accusative of Extent . . . 143-146
XL VIII. Irregular Verbs : Volo, N616, Malo. Pas-
sage for Translation, 320 146-149
XLIX. Irregular Verbs : Fero and its compounds . 149-152
L. Irregular Verbs : E6, Flo. Colloquium, 332, 152-156
LI. Prepositions. Expressions of Place. Pas-
sage for Translation, 339 156-160
Xll CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
LII. Partitive Genitive. Descriptive Ablative and
Genitive. Dative with Intransitives. Da-
tive of Service 160-161
" LI II. Derivation. Comparison of Words .... 162-164
LIV. The Subjunctive : Sequence of Tenses. Forms.
Purpose Clauses with Ut and Ne . . . 164-171
LV. The Subjunctive : Relative of Purpose . . . 171-172
LVI. The Subjunctive: Result Clauses with Ut
and Ne 173-174
LVII. The Subjunctive : Cum Temporal ; Cum Causal
and Concessive. Passage for Translation,
378 175-178
LVIII. The Subjunctive : Indirect Questions .... 178-180
LTX. The Subjunctive: Wishes and Conditions.
Colloquium, 388 180-184
LX. The Subjunctive and Imperative. Passage for
Translation, 394 184-187
LXT. The Infinitive 187-188
LXII. Accusative and Infinitive: Indirect Discourse.
Passage for Translation, 407 189-194
LXIII. Participles 194-196
LXIV. Participles : Ablative Absolute 197-199
LXV. Impersonal Verbs : Miseret, etc. Intransitive
Verbs in Passive. Passage for Translation,
421 200-203
LXVI. Periphrastic Conjugations : Dative of Agent . 204207
LXVII. Gerund. Gerundive. Supine 208-210
READING LESSONS : Letters. Fables. Caesar's Two
Invasions of Britain . Customs and Habits of the
Britons 211-222
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 223-259
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 260-273
GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATICUM 274-276
BEGINNEE'S LATIN BOOK.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
It is suggested to teachers who are not experienced in teaching Latin
that this chapter may, perhaps, be most profitably used for reference.
Pupils will catch pronunciation quickly from the lips of the teacher ; and
as they make mistakes, they will be interested in being referred to the
rules of pronunciation. It is therefore advised that the teacher begin
with the Colloquium, page 5, pronouncing slowly each sentence, the pupils
following successively, and then together. In the same way the teacher
might then construe literally.
1. ALPHABET. The Latin alphabet has no w.
Otherwise it is the same as the English.
2. VOWELS. Vowels may be long (marked thus "),
short (marked thus ~), or common 1 (marked thus").
The long vowel occupies double the time of the short
in pronouncing.
3. CONSONANTS. Of the consonants
The mutes are : P-mutes . . . p, b, f
T-mutes . . '. t, d
K-mutes . . . k, c, g, q (u)
The liquids are 1, m, n, r
The sibilant is B
The double consonants are . x = cs, 2 z ds.
1 That is, sometimes long and 2 Also represents the combina-
sometimes short. tions hs, qus, gs, vs.
PRONUNCIATION.
4. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, ROMAN METHOD.
Vowels.
5 is sounded like the last a in papa'.
the first a in papa'.
e in they.
e in met.
i in machine.
i in pin.
o in holy.
o in
oo in
oo in foot.
Diphthongs.
ae is sounded like ai in aisle.
au " " OM in our.
ei " " ei in eigr/if.
oe " " oi in 0ot7.
eu " " eu in feud.
ui " " we.
Consonants generally have the same sounds as in English. But
observe the following :
c is sounded like c in come.
g " " g in get.
j " " y in yes.
B " " s in sun. s
t " " t in
v " " win
ch " fc in Jh'te.
1 That is, as the word is com-
monly pronounced ; the sound
heard in holy, shortened.
2 In qu, and also commonly in
gu and su hefore a vowel, u is a
semi-vowel or consonant, and is
pronounced like w.
8 Never like z. 4 Never like sh.
PRONUNCIATION. 3
5. SYLLABLES.
1. A syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong with
or without one or more consonants. Hence a word
has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs :
ae-gri-tu'-do, sickness.
2. When a word is divided into syllables, a single con-
sonant is joined with the vowel following : a-ma/-bi-lis,
amiable.
3. If there are two or more consonants between two
vowels, as many are joined with the following vowel
as can be pronounced at the beginning of a word or
syllable: im '-pro-bus, bad; ho-spes, guest.
4. But in compound words the division must shoT
the component parts : ab'-est (ab, away ; est, he ^s),
he is away.
5. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima;
the one next to the last, the penult; the one before the
penult, the antepenult.
6. QUANTITY.
1. A vowel is short before a vowel (with few excep-
tions) or A, also probably before nt and nd: po-e'-ma,
poem; gra'-ti-ae, thanks; ni'-hil, nothing; a'-mant,
they love; mo-nen'-dus, to be advised.
2. Diphthongs, vowels representing diphthongs, vow-
els resulting from contraction, and vowels followed by
nf, ns, /, and commonly gn, are long : in-I'-quus (inae-
quus), unequal; co'-go (coago), collect; con'-fe-ro, bring
together ; men'-sa, table; hu'-jus, of him; ina'-gnus, great.
In this book only long vowels are marked, unless for
some special reason.
PRONUNCIATION.
3. A syllable is long when it contains a long vowel
or a diphthong : vo'-ces, voices ; ae'-des, temple.
4. A syllable is long if it has a short vowel followed
by two or more consonants (except a mute followed by
I or r), or by x or z ; but the short vowel is still pro-
nounced short: sunt, 1 they are; tern '-plum, temple;
dux, 1 leader.
5. A syllable is common if it has a short vowel fol-
lowed by a mute with I or r: te'-ne-brae, darkness.
The vowel is pronounced short.
The above statements are useful in determining the place of
the accent.
7. ACCENT.
1. Words of two syllables have the accent on the
first : tu'-ba, trumpet.
2. Words of more than two syllables have the accent
on the penult when the penult is long, otherwise on the
antepenult : prae-di'-co, foretell ; prae'-di-co, declare ;
ille'-ce-brae, snares ; pa-ter'-nus, 2 paternal.
(1) Several words, called enclitics, of which the commonest are
ne, the sign of a question, and que, and, are appended to other
words, and such words are then accented on the syllable preceding
the ne or que : amat'-ne, does he love f dona'-que, and gifts.
8. ENGLISH METHOD OF PRONUNCIATION. By this
method the above rules relating to syllables (5) and
accent (7) are observed, and words are pronounced
substantially as in English ; but final es is sounded as
in English ease, and final os (ace. plur.) as in dose.
1 u pronounced like oo in. foot. the penult is short, the syllable is
2 Here, though the vowel of long by 6. 4.
PRONUNCIATION.
The following colloquium may be used, if the teacher wishes, for
practice, and to illustrate the foregoing statements. See introduc-
tory note, page 1.
9.
COLLOQUIUM.
Augustus. Quid tibi vis?
lulus. Tecum ambulare ve-
lim,
A. Ego nolo ; domi manere
malo,
I. Cur mavis?
A. Ego et f rater vesperl
cum patre ambulare malu-
mus.
I. Our mecum per silvas
vagari non vultis ?
A. Quod vesperl amoeni-
tate fru! malumus quam soils
ardore,
I. At jam saepe mecum
ambulare noluisti,
A. Non recte dicis ; non
est causa cur tecum ambulare
nolim ; at cum hortus avi satis
amplus sit et lacum silvamque
contineat, ibi malumus ludere,
Si vis, noblscum veni,
What do you wish (for your-
self) ?
I should like to take a walk
with you.
I don't want to; I prefer to
stay at home.
Why do you prefer (that) ?
My brother and I had rather
take a walk at evening with our
father.
Why don't you want to roam
with me through the woods?
Because we had rather en-
joy the pleasantness of evening
than the heat of the sun.
But often before now youhave
not wanted to walk with me.
What you say is not true;
there is no reason why I should
not want to walk with you; but
since grandfather's garden is
quite large, and has a pond and
a grove, we had rather play
there. If you like, come with us.
1C. CASES.
1. The names of the cases in Latin are : nominative*
vocative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative.
CASE AND GENDER.
2. The vocative is the case of address, but it does
not differ in form from the nominative, except in the
singular of nouns and adjectives in us of the second
declension, and hence is not elsewhere given separately
in the paradigms.
3. Another case, the locative, which denotes the place
of an action, is mostly confined to proper names, and
has the form of the ablative (sometimes dative) singular
or plural, or of the genitive singular.
11. GENDER. The gender of Latin nouns is deter-
mined partly, as in English, by the meaning, but much
oftener by the termination.
1. Nouns denoting males are masculine : agricola,
farmer; Cicero, Cicero.
2. Nouns denoting females are feminine : regma,
queen; Tullia, Tullia.
3. Names of rivers, winds, and months are masculine :
Padus, Po ; aquilo, north wind ; Januarius, January.
4. Names of countries, towns, islands, and trees, are
feminine: Africa, Africa ; Roma, Rome; Sicilia, Sicily;
pirus, pear-tree.
5. Indeclinable nouns are neuter: fas, right.
Other rules of gender will be given under the several declensions.
It is assumed that the learner knows the names and functions
of the parts of speech in English, and the meanings of the common
grammatical terms, such as subject and predicate, case, mood, tense,
voice, declension, conjugation, etc. So much knowledge is absolutely
essential for entering upon the study of the following lessons.
FIRST DECLENSION.
CHAPTER II. 1.
FIRST DECLENSION.
12. The stem 1 ends in a.
13. GENDER. The gender is feminine; but see
general rules, 11.
14. PARADIGM.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N,V. tuba, a trumpet. N.V. tubae, trumpets.
G. tub ae, of a trumpet. G. tub arum, of trumpets.
D. tubae, to or for a trumpet. D. tub is, to or for trumpets.
Ac. tub am, a trumpet. Ac. tubas, trumpets.
Ab. tub a, 2 with a trumpet. Ab. tub is, with trumpets.
1. For the reason why the vocative case is not given separately
in the paradigm see 10. 2.
2. Examples of the locative case (10. 3) in this declension are :
Romae, at Rome; Athenis, at Athens.
15. TERMINATIONS. These consist of case-endings,
joined with the final letter of the stem. But sometimes
the final letter of the stem is lost, and sometimes the
case-ending.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.V. a ae
G. ae arum
D. ae is
Ac. am as
Ab. a is
1 The stem is the common base to dered, according to its connection,
which certain letters are added to It is therefore recommended that,
express the relation of the word in declining words, no translation
to other words. of the ablative be given till its use
2 The ablative is variously ren- has been illustrated. See p. 20, n. 1,
8
FIRST DECLENSION.
16. Observe that the genitive and dative singular and nomina-
tive plural are alike ; also the dative and ablative plural.
17. In Latin there is no article : tuba may be translated
a trumpet, the trumpet, or trumpet.
18. The pupil should commit to memory the table of termina-
tions.
19.
2.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
aquila, F., eagle.
c mida, F., tail.
columba, F., dove.
filia, 1 F., daughter.
puella, F., girl.
reglna, F., queen.
rosa, 2 F., rose.
via, F., road, street, way.
ADJECTIVES. 3
alba, white.
bona, good.
dura, hard.
lata, wide, broad.
longa, long.
magna, large.
mala, bad.
parva, small, little.
est, (he, she, it) is.
sunt, (they) are.
habet, (he, she, it) has.
habent, (they) have.
2O. Observe that in the above verb-forms the singular ends
in t, and the plural in nt.
21.
NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE.
EXERCISES.
I. 4 1. Viaelatae. 2. Via lata. 3. Vias latas. 4. Viam
latarn. 5. Cauda longa. 6. Caudas longas. 7. Caudam
longam. 8. Caudae longae. 9. Columbas parvas. 10. Co-
1 Filia and dea, goddess, have
a dative and ablative plural in
-abus, but this is mostly confined
to legal and religious language.
2 CAUTION: Do not pronounce
s like z, if you use the Roman
method. See page 2, note 3.
3 The masculine and neuter of
adjectives will be taken up in con-
nection with nouns of the second
declension.
4 Observe that the adjective
takes the case and number of the
noun to which it belongs.
FIRST DECLENSION. 9
lumbae parvae. 11. Columba parva. 12. Columbam par-
vam. 13. Rosam albam. 14. Rosae albae. 15. Rosa alba.
16. Rosas albas. 17. Regina mala. 18. Reginas malas.
II. In like manner give<the nominative and accusative in both
numbers of the words meaning little girl, great eagle, good queen,
wide street. Decline together rosa alba, via longa, bona puella,
3.
22. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Via est longa. 2. Dura est via. 3. Puellae rosas
habent. 4. Regina columbam habet. 5. Rosae sunt albae.
6. Cauda est alba. 7. Caudae sunt longae. 8. Aquila cau-
dam habet. 9. Puellae tubas habent. 10. Aquilae sunt
magnae.
II. 1. Via dura est longa. 2. Puella bona rosam habet.
3. Columba caudam parvam habet. 4. Reginae albas rosas
habent. 5. Rosa parva est alba. 6. Aquila magna est alba.
7. Tubae magnae sunt longae. 8. Puella tubam longam
habet. 9. Filiae bonae columbas habent. 10. Aquila magna
latam caudam habet.
23. Notice the order of the words in the above sentences, and
see wherein it differs from the order in English. You will find
that
1. The adjective is commonly placed after its noun. When
i placed before the noun it is for emphasis.
2. The verb commonly comes at the end of the sentence, but
est and sunt are less frequently so placed.
3. The object commonly comes before the verb.
24. Observe that the subject is in the nominative case, and
that the verb agrees with it in number, as in English.
25. Observe that the verb habet (habent) is transitive, and
has its object in the accusative.
26. RULE OF SYNTAX. The direct object of a
transitive verb is in the accusative case.
10 FIRST DECLENSION.
4.
27. EXERCISES.
I. 1. The roads are broad. 2. The streets are long.
3. Queens have doves. 4. The girl has a rose. 5. Eagles
have tails. 6. The dove is white. 7. The girl has a trumpet.
8. The eagle is large. 9. The rose is white. 10. The girls
are small.
II. 1. The long way is hard. 2. Good girls have roses.
3. Doves have small tails. 4. Great eagles have broad tails.
5. The good queen has a dove. 6. The little girls have
large trumpets. 7. The little dove is white. 8. The queen
is good. 9. The good queen has a little daughter. 10. A
little girl has a white rose.
28. Answer the following in Latin: 1
1. Estne 2 via lata? 2. Habetne puella rosam? 3. Ha-
bentne aquilae caudas longas? 4. Quid (what) habet regma
bona? 5. Quid habent puellae bonae? 6. Habentne co-
lumbae caudas?
5.
29. VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
ala, F., wing. Galba, M., Galba.
Britannia, F., Britain. hora, F., hour.
Cornelia, F., Cornelia. luna, F., moon.
ADJECTIVES. VERBS.
multa, much (pi. many). amat, (he, she, it) loves.
plena, full. amant, (they) love.
pjclma,, Jirst. dat, (he, she, it) gives.
secunda, second. dant, (they) give.
CONJUNCTION. ADVERB.
et, and. non, not.
1 Every answer should form a 2 The particle ne is appended
complete sentence. To the ques- to some word in a sentence, often
tion est-ne via longa ? the answer the verb, as a sign of a question,
should be via est longa. and is not to be translated by any
separate word.
FIRST DECLENSION. 11
'.
GENITIVE AND DATIVE.
30. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Lunae plenae. 2. Lunarum plenarum. 3. Lums
plenls. 4. Horarum primarum. 5. Horis prinris. 6. Filia
Galbae. 1 7. Filiis Corneliae. 8. Rosis albis. 9. Columbae
parvae. 10. Aquilarum alarum.
II. 1. The queen's daughter. 2. The queens' daughters.
3. For the girl's rose. 4. Of the wings of the dove. 5. For
Cornelia's daughter. 6. Of Britain. 7. For eagles. 8. Of
the long streets. 9. For the little girls. 10. To the small
trumpet.
6.
31. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Puellae (dative) est rosa. 2. Puella rosam habet.
3. Regmis sunt columbae. 4. Regmae columbas habent.
5. Rosa puellae est alba. 6. Rosae puellarum sunt albae.
7. Galba filiae 2 columbam dat. 8. Cornelia puellls rosas
dat. 9. Galba Corneliae aquilam dat. 10. Galba et Cor-
nelia fllias habent.
II. 1. Filiae Corneliae rosas albas habent. 2. Cornelia
puellae parvae rosam magnam dat. 3. Est 3 hora prima lunae
plenae. 4. Hora est 3 secunda et luna est plena. 5. Magna
est rosa puellae parvae. 6. Galba puellae tubam parvam
dat. 7. Columbae albae sunt filiae bonae. 8. Multae et
longae sunt Britanniae viae. 9. Britannia reglnam bonam
habet. 10. Galba filiis bonae reginae rosas multas dat.
32. The first sentence in I. is literally translated to the girl is
a rose. Evidently the meaning is the girl has a rose, the same as
that of the second. The dative thus used with est or sunt is called
the Dative of the Possessor, or the Possessive Dative.
1 Galba's daughter. The geni- 2 Translate, his daughter.
tive is often to be translated by 3 It is.
the English possessive.
12 FIRST DECLENSION.
33. Examine the seventh sentence in I. The transitive verb
dat has a direct object, columbam ; but it also has a dative limit-
ing it, fHiae. This dative is called an Indirect Object. Find
other illustrations of the following :
34. RULE OF SYNTAX. The indirect oDject is put
in the dative.
7.
35. EXERCISES.
1. Before turning the following sentences into Latin, translate
mentally 2, 6, and 10, in 31. II., taking the words as they stand.
Observe that the indirect object precedes the direct.
2. In the following exercises try to cast each sentence into the
Latin form before thinking of the Latin words. Thus, the sixth
sentence will take the form, the girl to the queen a rose gives; and
the eighth, to a girl little is a rose little, or a girl little a rose little has.
I. 1. It 1 is the first hour. 2. There 2 is a full moon.
3. The moon is full. 4. The dove is small. 5. The tail of
the eagle is broad. 6. The girl gives the queen 3 a rose.
7. The queen's roses are white. 8. 4 A little girl has a little
rose. 9. The first hour is a long one. 2 10. Galba gives the
girls some 2 roses.
II. 1. The queen's daughter has a white rose. 2. The
queen of Britain gives the girl a great rose. 3. It is the
second hour of the full moon. 4. The daughters of Cornelia
are small girls. 5 5. The daughters of Cornelia are good
little 6 girls. 5 6. The little dove's tail is a long one. 7. The
wings of eagles are long and broad. 8. Eagles have long,
broad 7 wings. 9. The little dove has a white tail. 10. 4 Many
doves have white tails.
1 Omit. Compare 31. II. 3 and 4. 4 Translate in two ways, like
2 Omit. 31. I., 1 and 2, 3 and 4.
8 That is, to the queen. Compare 5 Nominative.
31. I. 7, 8, and 9 ; and 31. II. 2, c In Latin, good and little.
6, and 10. 7 Long and broad.
SECOND DECLENSION. 13
CHAPTER III. 1.
SECOND DECLENSION.
36. The stem ends in o.
37. GENDER. Nouns ending in urn are neuter ;
most others are masculine; but see general rules for
gender, 11. 4.
38. PARADIGMS. 1
Hortus, garden. Bellum, war.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.V. hortus, 6 horti N.V. bell urn bell a
G. horti hortorum G. belli bell orum
D. hortS hortis D. bell 5 bellis
Ac. hortum hortos Ac. bellum bell a
Ab. horto hortis Ab. bell 6 bellis
39. The vocative singular of nouns in us of this
declension ends in e.
1. As these are the only Latin nouns having a form for the
vocative different from the nominative, this peculiarity is best
regarded and treated as an exception.
40. Examples of the locative case (10. 3) in this declension
are : Corinthi, at Corinth ; Thuriis, at Thurii.
41. TERMINATIONS.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Masc. Neut. Masc. Neut.
N.V. us, S um I a
G. I i orum orum
D. 6 5 is is
Ac. um um os a
Ab. 5 6 is is
42. Although the stem ends in o, the o does not appear except
in the dat. and abl. singular and in the gen. and ace. plural.
1 For peculiarities of nouns in ius and ium see 79.
14 SECOND DECLENSION.
2.
43. VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
Masculine. Neuter.
amicus, friend. bracchium, arm. (79.)
cibus,/oo<f. donum, gift.
discipulus, pupil. ovum, egg.
dominus, lord, master. pilum, javelin.
equus, horse. poculum, cup.
servus, slave or servant. vimim, wine.
ADJECTIVES. VERBS.
defessus, -a, -um, tired. laudat, (he, she, it) praises. 1
dun is, -a, -um, hard. laudant, (they) praise.
gratus, -a, -um, pleasing. portat, (he, she, it) carries.
novus, -a, -um, new. portant, (they) carry.
44. Adjectives of the first and second declensions
have three terminations to mark the different genders :
bonus, masculine ; bona, feminine ; bonum, neuter.
The feminine of the adjective is declined like tuba, the
masculine like hortus, and the neuter like bellum.
The full declension of bonus is given on page 24. 2
1. Form the masculine and neuter of all the adjectives in 19
and 29.
NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE.
46. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Amid bom. 2. Amicus bonus. 3. Amicos bonos.
4. Amicuni bonum. 5. Poculum novum. 6. Pocula nova.
7. Equus defessus. 8. Equum defessum. 9. Equos defessos.
10. EquI defessT. 11. Pocula magna. 12. Servos malos.
1 Laudat may be translated 2 In declining adjectives, it will
praises, is praising, or does praise. be found advantageous to decline
So of the other verb-forms. each gender separately.
SECOND DECLENSION. 15
II. 1. In like manner form the nominative and accusative in
both numbers of the words meaning long 1 javelin, hard master,
small horse, good wine. Decline together bonus cibus, servus
malus, vmum novum.
46. Examine the following sentences :
Galba est amicus, Galba is a friend.
Galba et Cornelia sunt amici, Galba and Cornelia are friends.
1. Observe in these examples that the subject and predicate
nouns are in the same case, just as in English.
47. RULE OF SYNTAX. A noun in the predicate
referring to the same person or thing as the subject
is in the same case.
3.
48. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Donum est gratum. 2. Servus bonus est defessus.
3. Amicus pilum portat. 4. Discipulus ovum durum habet.
5. Equus defessus cibum portat. 6. Dona sunt pocula
parva. 7. Discipulus bracchia longa habet. 8. Domini
servos laudant. 9. Dominus servum laudat. 10. Servi po-
cula parva portant. 11. Novum equum laudat. 12. Equos
novos laudant.
II. 1. The servant has the cup. 2. The servants have
the cups. 3. The pupil has wine and eggs. 4. The master
has good food. 5. The gifts are long javelins. 6. The
master and the slave are good friends. 7. The little horses
are tired. 8. The new pupil has a big 2 cup. 9. They praise
the second horse. 10. He is praising the good master.
11. They have some 3 good friends. 12. The slave carries
the cups and wine.
1 The adjective must be of the 2 See page 19, note 1.
same gender as the noun. 8 Omit.
16 SECOND DECLENSION.
4.
GENITIVE AND DATIVE.
49. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Amicis boms. 2. Amico bond. 3. Amlci bom.
4. Amicorum bonorum. 5. Poculo novo. 6. Poculorum
novorum. 7. Poculis no vis. 8. Equi defessi. 9. Equis
defessis. 10. Equorum defessorum. 11. Equo defesso.
12. Servis boms.
II. In like manner, form the genitive and dative in both num-
bers of the words meaning long javelin, hard master, small horse,
good wine. Decline together bonus amicus, discipulus mains,
donum gratum.
5.
50. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Donum amici bom est gratum. 2. Servi bom domi-
norum malorum sunt defessi. 3. Amicis discipuli dat 1 pila
multa. 4. Amico bono discipuli sunt pila multa. 5. AmicT
bonorum discipulorum pila multa habent. 6. Equus defes-
sus cibum domim portat. 7. Longa sunt bracchia servi
boni. 8. Dona domim servis sunt grata. 9. Puellis parvis
ova alba dant. 1 10. Servi reginis ova aquilarum dant.
II. 1. The gift is pleasing to the good friend. 2. 2 The
slave has the master's cup. 3. 2 The servants have the
masters' cups. 4. The master gives the slave 3 a hard egg.
5. The food of the master is wine and eggs. 6. The mas-
ter praises the little pupil's cup. 7. The tired horses are
carrying gifts for the friend. 8. The girl has many new 4
friends. 9. The broad cup is pleasing to the new pupil.
10. The eagle's eggs are gifts of the good servant.
1 When there is no subject ex- 2 Translate in two ways. See 32.
pressed in the sentence, how is the 3 Not accusative,
verb to be rendered ? 4 Many and new.
FIKST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 17
6.
51. Answer the following in Latin: 1
1. Quid portat Jacobus (James) ? 2. Portatne domino-
vmum et ova? 3. Nonne 3 portat ova columbae albae?
4. Laudatne caudam longam equi albi? 5. Quid, Jacobe,
habet domim filia in (in) poculo ?
Form and answer five other questions in Latin.
CHAPTER IV. 1.
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
52. VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. ADJECTIVES.
Masculine* clarus, -a, -urn, famous.
agricola, -ae, farmer. peritus , _ a , _ um> sMfuL
nauta, -ae, sailor. qua rtus, -a, -um, fourth.
poeta, -ae, poet. qu intii8, -a, -nm,Jifih.
carrus, -I, wagon. ^Ttlu*, -a, -urn, third.
remus, -i, oar. validus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy.
ventus, -I, wind.
Neuter. PREPOSITION.
frumentum, -I, grain. in (with ablative), in, on.
pabulum, -I, fodder. in (with accusative), into, to.
53. In the preceding exercises an adjective qualifying a noun
has had the same termination as the noun. Now observe the
following examples: agricola bonus, a good farmer ; agricolae
boni, of a good farmer; agricolae bono, to or for a good farmer,
etc. Here the adjective has a different termination from the noun.
Since agricola is masculine, the adjective that goes with it must
have the masculine form, as well as the same number and case.
1 See note 1, p. 10. note 2, p. 10. .So in English, a
2 for, not to, the master. question asked with not expects
3 When ne is appended to non, the answer yes.
the answer yes is expected. See 4 See 11. 1.
18 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
54. RULE OF SYNTAX. Adjectives agree with their
nouns in gender, number, and case.
55. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Agricolae valid!. 2. Agricolam validum. 3. Agri-
colas validos. 4. Agricola validus. 5. Agricolae valido.
6. Agricolarum validorum. 7. Agricola valide.
II. 1. A skilful sailor (nom. and ace.). 2. Skilful sailors
(nom. and ace.). 3. Of a skilful sailor. 4. For a skilful
sailor. 5. Skilful sailor (voc.). 6. For skilful sailors.
7. Of a famous poet. 8. Of famous poets. 9. Pleasing
poets. 10. A pleasing poet (nom. and ace.).
2.
56. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Hortus agricolae magnus est. 2. Agricola validus
hortum magnum habet. 3. 1 Agricolae (dat.) est hortus mag-
nus. 4. Nautae remus longus est. 5. Poeta vmum bonum
agricolae periti laudat. 6. Hora est quarta. 7. 2 Luna est
plena. 8. Pabulum equi albi est frumentum. 9. Dominus
servum peritum laudat. 10. 3 Nautae (dat.) grata sunt ova et
vmum agricolae bonl.
II. 1. O 4 agricola valide, carrus est plenus frumenti.
2. Domine bone, secunda hora est, et discipulus est de-
fessus. 3. Hortos agricolarum peritorum laudant. 4. P6-
culum magnum est vini plenum. 5. Agricola bonus equo
valido dat pabulum.
1 See 32. 3 Translate this sentence with-
2 We may translate, there is a out changing the order of the
full moon, it is a full moon, or the words, and you will feel the em-
moon is full. There is nothing in phasis imparted to nautae from
Latin answering to our it and there its position.
used in this way at the beginning 4 O sometimes accompanies the
of a sentence. rocative.
FIKST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 19
3.
57. EXERCISES.
I. 1. The poet likes 1 the farmer's wine. 2. 2 Farmers have
large wagons and strong horses. 3. Skilful sailors like a
good breeze. 4. In the garden there 3 are many roses. 5. The
poet and his 8 daughter are in the wagon. 6. The horse
carries the farmer's grain. 7. There is wine in the little
girl's cup. 8. There are many 4 small girls in the street.
9. Galba carries fodder for the horses. 10. The food of
the little dove is grain.
II. 1. My (0) good friend, the master's cup is full.
2. The servant gives the queen 5 a large cup. 3. The strong
sailors are carrying javelins in their 3 arms. 4. In the strong
wagon is good fodder for the farmer's horses. 5. In the
poet's gardens there are many friends. 6. Farmers have
horses, wagons, doves, eggs, and 3 wine.
4.
58. COLLOQUIUM.
Datne 6 Carolus (Charles) amlco cymbam (boat) ?
Carolus amlco cymbam et remos dat.
Quid in cymba habet Carolus ?
Carolus remum et pilum in cymba habet.
Quota (what) hora est? 7 Hora est qulnta.
Quid in carro habet rusticus (countryman) validus ?
Quid in poculo desiderat (wants) rusticus defessus?
1 Occasionally words occur in 3 Omit.
the English exercises which are 4 Many and small.
purposely not given as definitions 5 Not accusative,
in the vocabularies, but by a little 6 Remember that ne is append-
thought the pupil will understand ed as the sign of a question,
jvhat Latin word is meant. 7 What time is it? or, What is
2 Translate in two ways. the time of day?
20 SECOND DECLENSION.
CHAPTER V. 1.
SECOND DECLENSION.
59. PARADIGM.
Puer, boy. TERMINATIONS.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SING. PLUR.
N.V. puer pueri I
G. pueri puerSrum I drum
D. puer 5 puer is 6 is
Ac. puerum puer 6s um 6s
Ab. puer 6 1 puer Is 6 is
60. VOCABULARY.
gener, -erl, M., son-in-law. tener, -era, -erum, tender.
llberl, -orum, (pi.) M., children. sex 1 us, -a, -um, sixth.
socer, -erf, M., father-in-law. g (ab)> prep w abl ? by> away f romt
vir, virl, M., man, hero.
amatur, (he, she, it) is loved.
asper, -era, -erum, rough. amantur, (they) are loved.
liber, -era, -erum, 2 free. laudatur, (he, she, it) is praised.
miser, -era, -erum, poor, wretched, laudantur, (they) are praised.
pueri, general word for children.
llberl, children of free parents.
61. The farmer is praised by the queen would be
expressed in Latin thus: Agricola a (or ab) regina
laudatur ; and The queen is praised by the farmer -, thus:
Regina ab (not a) agricola laudatur.
Observe that in the first sentence, regina, and in the second,
agricola, denotes the person by whom the thing is done (the
agent) ; also, that these words are in the ablative, and are preceded
by a or ab. The ablative thus used, together with the preposition, an-
swers the question by whom ? and is called the ABLATIVE OF AGENT.
1 To translate puero, " with, 2 Decline the masculine of
from, by a boy," as is commonly adjectives in er in this lesson
done, is wholly wrong. With a boy like puer. The full declension is
would be cum puero ; from, or by given on p. 24.
a boy, a puero. See p. 7, note 2.
SECOND DECLENSION. 21
62. RULE OF SYNTAX. The agent with passive
verbs is expressed by the ablative with a or ab,
ab before vowels or h, a or ab before consonants.
63. Read again 53 and 54, then add the proper terminations
of the adjectives, and translate the following :
I. 1. Geneii bon-, gencr bon- (nom. and voc.). 2. Vir
magn-, a viro magn-. 3. Ab agricola defess-, agricolae
miser-. 4. A regina tener-. 5. Pueri asper-.
II. 1. By the bad father-in-law. 2. By the rough sailor.
3. By the children of the hero. 4. The free men (nom. and
ace.). 5. Of the wretched sons-in-law.
2.
64. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Gener viri servus est. 2. Puer bonus ab amico
laudatur. 3. Liberl a nauta aspero amantur. 4. Puella
tenera columbas parvas amat. 5. Columbae parvae a puella
tenera amantur. 6. Miseri servi a domino bono laudantur.
7. 1 Lata in via snnt pueii mult! et aspeii. 8. Equi valid!
agricolae a liberis laudantur. 9. Filia soceri est misera.
10. Viri filias poetae laudant.
II. 1. The sons-in-law of the men are farmers. 2. Good
men are praised by their 2 friends. 3. The boy is loved by
the rough sailors. 4. The sixth boy is a new one. 2 5. The
tired children are in the farmer's wagon. 6. The tender
dove is loved by the little girl. 7. Poor slaves are not
praised by their rough masters. 8. The strong man is in
the poet's garden. 9. The heroes are praised by the pupils.
10. They love the daughter of the poor sailor.
1 Adjective, preposition, noun, the three are combined. What is
is often the order where, as here, the English order ? 2 Omit.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
K". V. ager
agri
G. agri
agr orum
D. agro
agr Is
Ac. agr um
agr 6s
Ab. agro
agr is
22 SECOND DECLENSION.
CHAPTER VI. 1.
SECOND DECLENSION.
65. PARADIGM.
Ager, field. TERMINATIONS.
SING. PLUR.
I
\ drum
6 is
um os
6 is
Observe that the above terminations are the same as those on
page 20. Wherein does the declension of ager differ from that
of puer?
66. VOCABULARY.
aper, apri, M., boar. aeger, aegra, acgrum, 2 sick.
culter, cultri, M., knife. niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
faber, -brl, M., smith. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,
liber, 1 -brl, M., book. beautiful, handsome.
magister, -trl, M., master. ruber, rubra, rubrum, red.
minister, -tri, M., servant. Septimus, -a, -um, seventh.
magister, a superior, director ; hence, master of a school, etc.
dominus (43), master of a household, slaves, etc.
minister, an inferior, attendant, servant.
servus (43), a serving man, slave.
67. Most nouns in er are declined like ager, and most adjec-
tives in er like aeger. The most important nouns and adjectives
that keep the e before r in all the cases were given in the vocabu-
lary, 60, and should now be committed to memory.
68. Decline together equus niger, bonus faber, aper asper,
vir aeger.
1 Distinguish liber, free, from liber, book. 2 See p. 24.
SECOND DECLENSION. 23
2.
69. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Socer est faber. 2. Magister est discipul! amicus.
3. Gener! viii sunt ministri. 4. Culter puero est gratus.
5. Libii magistri discipulis sunt grati. 6. Yinum rubrum
a fabro defesso amatur. 7. Libri poetae a magistro aman-
tur. 8. Puellae pulchrae viris rosas rubras dant. 9. Nauta
cultrum longum habet. 10. 1 Libros multos in bracchiis por-
tat puer.
II. 1. The fathers-in-law are smiths. 2 2. The masters
are loved by their pupils. 3. The man's son-in-law is a
servant. 4. The knives are pleasing to the little boy.
5. The pretty 3 cups are liked by the boys and girls. 6. A
girl gives a man 4 a beautiful rose. 7. The sailors have many
long knives. 8. The children of the master are carrying 5
the books in their arms. 9. The smith's son-in-law has
children. 10. There is a rough boar in the farmer's field.
7O. Answer the following in Latin :
1. Quis (who) est amicus poetae? 2. Quis est socer
Carol! ? 3. Ubi (where) sunt discipuli magistri? 4. Amantne
hodie (to-day) pensum (task) ? 5. Nonne Carolus columbae
frumentum hodie dat ? 6. Quae (ivho, fern.) rosas rubras
habet? 7. Quis bracchia longa habet? 8. Quis est vir liber?
9. Ubi est equus rustic!? 10. Quae puellas pulchras habet?
11. Regmane puellas pulchras habet? 12. Ubi sunt Jacob!
amic! ?
1 What is peculiar in the order and sunt? Compare the first three
of the words ? Translate as the sentences in I. See rule, 47.
words stand, and see what word is 3 See p. 19, note 1.
made emphatic by its position. 4 Not accusative.
2 What case is used after est 5 Not passive. See p. 14, note 1.
24
SECOND DECLENSION.
ADJECTIVES : FIRST AND SECOND
DECLENSIONS
71. PARADIGMS.
Bonus, good.
MASCULINE. FEMININE.
NEUTER.
Sing. N.V. bon us, g bon a
bon um
G. boni bonae
boni
D. bon 6 bonae
bon 6
Ac. bon um bon am
bonum
Ab. bon 6 bon a
bon 6
Plur. N.V. boni bonae
bon a
G. bon orum bon arum
bon orum
D. bon Is bon Is
bon Is
Ac. bon 6s bon as
bon a
Ab. bon Is bon Is
bon Is
Sing. N.V. liber liber a
liber um
G. liber I liber ae
liber I
D. liber 5 liber ae
liber 6
Ac. liber um liber am
liber um
Ab. liber 6 liber a
liber 6
Plur. IST.V. liber I liber ae
liber a
G. liber orum liber arum
liber orum
D. liber Is liber Is
liber is
Ac. liber 6s liber as
liber a
Ab. liber Is liber Is
liber Is
Aeger, sick.
Sing. N.V. aeger aegra
aegrum
G. aegri aegrae
aegri
D. aegr 5 aegrae
aegro
Ac. aegrum aegr am
aegrum
Ab. aegro aegra
aegro
Plur. N.V. aegri aegrae
aegra
G. aegr orum aegrarum
aegr orum
D. aegris aegris
aegr Is
Ac. aegr 6s aegr as
aegra
Ab. aegris aegris
aegris
THE VERB Sum. 25
CHAPTER VII.
THE IRREGULAR VERB Sum (stems es, fu), / am.
72. Principal parts, swra, esse, fm.
73. For convenience the inflection of sum is given in full.
Directions will be given from time to time as to what parts are
to be learned.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. sum, 1 I am. sumus, we are.
2. es, thou art. 2 estis, you are.
3. est, he (she, it) is. sunt, they are.
IMPERFECT.
1. eram, 3 I was. eramus, we were.
2. eras, thou wast. eratis, you were.
3. erat, he was. erant, they were.
FUTURE.
1. er 6, 4 / shall be. erimus, we shall be.
2. eris, thou wilt be. eritis, you will be.
3. erit, he will be. erunt, they will be.
PERFECT.
1. fuT, 7 have been, was. fuimus, we have been, were.
2. fuisti, thou hast been, wast. fuistis, you have been, were.
3. f uit, he has been, ^ V a S . { fu gr * nt ' or
(. f u ere, they have been, were.
PLUPERFECT.
1. fueram, / had been. fu eramus, we had been.
2. fueras, thou hadst been. fu eratis, you had been.
3. fuerat, he had been. fu erant, they had been.
1 Sum for esum. of the verb, if by you one person
2 Or, you are, as in the plural. only is meant.
But in translating into Latin be 3 Eram for esam.
careful to use the singular form 4 Ero for eso.
26 THE VERB Sum.
FUTURE PERFECT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. fuero, I shall have been. fu erlmns, we shall have been.
2. fueris, thou wilt have been. fueritis, you will have been.
3. fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been.
SUBJUNCTIVE. 1
PRESENT. IMPERFECT.
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.
1. sim simus essem essemus
2. sis sitis esses essetis
3. sit sint esset essent
PERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
1. fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissemus
2. fueris fueritis fuisses fuissetis
3. fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
2. es, be thou. este, be ye.
FUTURE.
2. es to, thou shall be. es tote, ye shall be.
3. esto, he shall be. sunto, they shall be.
* INFINITIVE.
PRESENT, esse, to be.
PERFECT, fuisse, to have been.
FUTURE, futurus esse, to be about to be.
PARTICIPLE,
futurus, -a, -um, about to be.
1 No meanings can be given to better left untranslated until its
the subjunctive that are not mis- use has been illustrated. The sub-
leading. Its forms are therefore junctive is treated on pp. 164-186.
THE VERB Sum. 27
CHAPTER VIII. 1.
' THE VERB Sum.
74. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
the present imperative and infinitive.
75. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Est, erat, erit. 2. Sunt, erant, erunt. 3. Sumus,
eramus, erimus. 4. Ero, eram, sum. 5. Eras, es, eris.
6. Estis, eritis, eratis. 7. Es, este. 8. Esse.
II. I.I am, we are, I was, we were, I shall be, we shall
be. 2. He was, they were, he is, they are, he will be, they
will be. 3. You (sing.) will be, are, were. 4. You (plur.)
will be, are, were. 5. Be ye, be thou. 6. To be.
From this point the vocabularies follow the exercises, and it is
recommended that the pupil go through the exercises mentally,
referring to the vocabularies for the meanings of words. Before
writing the translations into Latin the vocabularies should be re-
viewed, but the task of committing to memory will then be found
an easy one.
76. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Inimlcus pilum habet. 2. Inimico est pilum.
3. Somnus puero erit gratus. 4. Liberi agricolae erunt
defessi. 5. Minerva aram in oppido habebat. 6. Minervae
in oppido erat ara. 7. In terra viri, in aqua ranae sunt.
8. Inimici eramus incolarum malorum. 9. Oculi dornml
dun erant magni et nigri. 10. 1 Domino duro erant oculi
magm et nigii. II. 1 Dominus durus oculos magnos et
nigros habebat. 12. Consilium fabri periti bonum erat.
1 What word is better left untranslated, though needed in the Latin ?
28 THE VERB Slim.
II. I. 1 The farmer had a wagon. 2. I shall be the man's
friend. 3. There 2 is a large town on 3 the island. 4. There
was a red egg on the table. 5. Children were carrying the
food of the men. 6. A boy gave a smith 4 some 2 javelins.
7. In the town are enemies of the inhabitants. 8. They
were praising the words of the sturdy farmer. 9. The
poet's gifts will be pleasing to Minerva. 10. Boys, be ye
strong and skilful.
3.
77. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Eritis valido in carro agricolae periti. 2. Eras
nonus discipulus et filius poetae erat octavus. 3. O miser
serve, tu (thou) es inimicus pulchrae Minervae. 4. Amlcus
ero Minervae magnae. 5. 5 AgricolTs aratra dura et valida
dabant viri. 6. In Britannia sunt oppida multa et magna.
7. Puer bone, es amicus equ! miseri.
II. 1. A girl gave a sick sailor 6 some wine and water.
2. The wine she carried in a pretty 7 cup. 3. He praised the
maiden's 7 pretty cup and the ruddy wine. 4. The maiden
and the sailor were inhabitants of Britain. 5. Britain is a
large island, and has handsome towns.
78. VOCABULARY.
aqua, -ae, P., water. incola, -ae, M. & r., inhabitant.
ara, -ae, F., altar. inimicus, -I, M., enemy.
aratrum, -1, N., plough. iiisula, -ae, F., island.
consilinm, -I, N., advice, plan. mensa, -ae, F., table.
1 Translate in two ways. of 69. 1. 10, and see the note there.
2 Omit. See p. 18, note 2. What name is given to the dative
3 See vocabulary, 52. agricolis ?
4 Indirect object, see 33 & 34. c See 69. II. 6, and note.
6 Compare the order with that 7 See p. 19, note 1.
THE VERB Sum. 29
Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, god- oppidum, -I, N., town.
dess of wisdom. rana, -ae, F.,frog.
nonus, -a, -uni, adj., ninth. somnus, -I, M., sleep.
octavus, -a, -um, adj., eighth. terra, -ae, F., earth, land.
oculus, -I, M., eye. verbum, -I, N., word.
amabat, (he she it) was loving, loved.
dabat, (he, she, it) was giving, gave.
habebat, (he, she, it) was having, had.
laudabat, (he, she, it) was praising, praised.
portabat, (he, she, it) was carrying, carried.
amabant, they were loving, loved.
dabant, they were giving, gave.
habebant, they were having, had.
laudabant, they were praising, praised.
portabant, they were carrying, carried.
79. Nouns in ius and turn contract the genitive ending ii
to i : consili. Films (son) and genius (guardian deity), and
proper nouns in ius, drop the e of the vocative : fill, Mercuri,
Mercury. But the word is accented as if the longer form were
used.
4.
8O. COLLOQUIUM.
Nonne aquam in poculo habet faber?
Minime. Faber in poculo habet novum vmum.
no
Desideratne Galba somnum gratum ?
wishes
Certe, nam hodie est Gralba defessus.
certainly for to-day
Ubi est amlcus agricolae pigii?
lazy
Est in oppido, nam non amabat amici consilium.
Ubi sunt arma agricolarum validorum?
tools
Agricolarum equi, earn, aratra sunt in agro.
30 THE VERB Sum.
CHAPTER IX. 1.
THE VERB Sum.
81. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative,
and the perfect infinitive. See pp. 25 and 26.
82. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Fuit, fuerat, fuerit. 2. Fuerunt, fuerant, fuerint.
3. Fuimus, fueramus, fuerimus. 4. Fuero, fueram, fui.
5. Fueras, fueris, fuisti. 6. Fuistis, fueritis, fueratis.
7. Fuisse.
II. 1. I have been, we have been, I had been, we had
been, I shall have been, we shall have been. 2. He has
been, they have been, he had been, they had been, he will
have been, they will have been. 3. You (sing.) will have
been, had been, have been. 4. You (plur.) will have been,
had been, have been. 5. To have been.
2.
83. EXERCISES.
I. 1. In Graecia erant templa multa. 2. In Graecia
erant templa deorum et dearum. 3. Aurum erat in statua
Minervae. 4. Minervae fuit statua magna et clara. 5. Mi-
nerva statuam magnam et claram habebat. 6. Multae et
pulchrae erant Graeciae statuae. 7. Non alta erant pulchra
Graeciae templa. 8. Fluvii Graeciae non lati et alti erant.
9. Clari fuerunt multi GraecT. 10. Graecorum antlquorum
erit gloria sempiterna.
II. 1. They had been in the towns of the Greeks. 2. The
monuments of Greece were temples and statues. 3. The
statue of Minerva had a shield and spear. 4. The arms of
the Greeks were shields and spears. 5. The gods had many
statues in Greece. 6. The red roses will be pleasing to the
THE VERB Sum. 31
queen. 7. The man's children are in the street. 8. He
has been on the farmer's horse. 9. The children are carried
in the poet's arms. 10. Many inhabitants of Britain have
been skilful sailors.
84. VOCABULARY.
altus, -a, -urn, adj., deep, high. gloria, -ae, F., glory.
a ut i (in us, -a, -um, adj., ancient. Graecia, -ae, F., Greece.
arma, -drum, N. (plur.), arms. Graecus, -I, M., a Greek.
aureus, -a, -um, adj., of gold, hasta, -ae, F., spear.
golden. monumentum, -I, N., monument.
an rum, -1, N., gold. scutum, -I, N., shield.
dea, -ae, F., goddess, p. 8, n. 1. sempiteruus, -a, -um, adj., ever'
decimus, -a, -um, adj., tenth. lasting.
deus, -I, M., god (262). statua, -ae, F., statue.
fluvius, -1, M., river (79). templum, -I, N., temple.
3.
85. COLLOQUIUM.
DUO PUERI.
two
Ubi est Carolus hodie ? Nonne est in schola ?
Charles school
Minime. Est in fluvio ; nam habet cymbam parvam, et
libenter navigat.
likes sailing
Unde Carolo est cymba ? Where did C. get a boat ?
whence to Charles is a boat.
Ab avunculo, nam Carolus ab avunculo amatur.
from uncle
Quid in cymba portat Carolus ?
Nescio ; procul dubio prandium ; etenhn in animo
I don't know doubtless luncheon for mind
habet . .
Quid in animo habet ?
Vale, bone amice, eras patebit.
good by to-morrow it will be open = the secret will be out.
32
FIRST CONJUGATION.
CHAPTER X.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
86. A- VERBS.
Amo (stem ama), love.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : J amo, amare, amavi, amatum.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
/ love, am loving, do love, etc.
am 5 am amus
am as am atis
am at am ant
I am loved, etc.
am or am amur
am aria, or -re am amini
am atur am autur
IMPERFECT.
/ loved, was loving, did love, etc. I ivas loved, etc.
amabam amabamus amabar amabamur
am abas am abatis amabaris, or-re amabamini
amabat amabant amabatur amabantur
/ shall love, etc.
arn abo am abimus
am abis am abitis
am abit am abunt
FUTURE.
/ shall be loved, etc.
arn abor am abimur
am aberis, or -re am abiminl
am abitur am abuntur
PERFECT.
7 have loved, I loved, etc. I have been (was) loved, etc.
amavi amavimus rsum /sumus
amavisti amavistis amatus-^es amati -J estis
amav it amav erunt, or -re ( est ( sunt
1 Certain forms of the verb
are called, from their importance,
principal parts. These forms are
the first person of the present in-
dicative, showing the present stem ;
the present infinitive, showing the
conjugation ; the first person of the
perfect indicative, showing the
perfect stem ; and the perfect parti-
ciple, showing the participle stem.
The neuter of the participle is
given, as intransitive verbs have
the perfect participle only in that
gender.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
33
ACTIVE VOICE.
PLUPERFECT.
/ had loved, etc.
amav eram amav eramus
amav eras amav eratis
amav erat amav erant
PASSIVE VOICE.
/ had been loved, etc.
f eram ( eramus
amatus eras
(erat
amati -j eratis
( erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
/ shall have loved, etc. I shall have been loved, etc.
amavero amaverimus rero ( erimus
amav eris amaverltis amatus-^eris
amav erit amav erint ( erit
amati < eritis
( erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE. 1
PRESENT.
am em
ames
amet
am emus
am etis
ament
amer
am eris, or -re
am etur
am emur
am emini
am entur
IMPERFECT.
amarem amaremus amarer amaremur
am ares am aretis am areris, or -re am aremini
amaret amarent amaretur amarentur
PERFECT.
amaverim amaverimus rsim ^simus
amav eris amav eritis amatus-^sis amati -Jsitis
amav erit amav erint ( sit ( sint
PLUPERFECT.
amavissem amavissemus / esseni / essemus
amavisses amavissetis amat us -'esses amat I \ essetis
amavisset amavissent
esset
( essent
1 See p. 26, note.
34
FIRST CONJUGATION.
ACTIVE VOICE.
am a, love thou.
am ate, love ye.
am ato, tliou shalt love.
am ato, he shall love.
am atote, you shall love.
amanto, they shall love.
IMPERATIVE.
PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
am are, be thou loved.
am amim, be ye loved.
FUTURE.
am ator, thou shalt be loved.
am ator, he shall be loved.
amantor, they shall be loved.
INFINITIVE.
PRES. am are, to love. amari, to be loved.
PERF. amavisse, to have loved. amatus esse, to have been loved.
FUT. amaturus esse, to be about amatum irl, to be about to be
to love. loved.
PARTICIPLE.
PRES. amans, -antis, loving.
FUT. amaturus, -a, -um, about
to love.
i
G. am andi, of loving.
D . am ando, for loving.
Ac. amandum, loving.
Ab. am ando, by loving.
Ac. amatum, to love.
GER. 2 am andus, -a, -um, to be
loved.
PERF. amatus, -a, -um, having
been loved.
GERUND.
SUPINE.
Ab. amatu, to love, to be loved.
1 Observe that the Latin has
neither a perfect active nor a
present passive participle.
2 Gerundive, sometimes less
correctly called future passive
participle.
FIRST CONJUGATION. 35
CHAPTER XI. 1.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
87. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and the
present imperative and infinitive, active and passive, of amo. 1
88. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Amatis, amabatis, amabitis. 2. Amatur, amaba-
tur, amabitur. 3. Amat, amabat, amabit. 4. Amantur,
amabantur, amabuntur. 5. Amo, amor. 6. Amas, amaris.
7. Amamus, amamur. 8. Amabitis, amabimini. 9. Ama-
bat, amabatur. 10. Amare, amari.
II. 1. He loves, he is loved. 2. He will love, he will be
loved. 3. They were loved, they were loving. 4. I shall
love, I shall be loved. 5. You (sing.) love, you are loved.
6. They loved, they were loving, they will love. 7. You
(plur.) are loving, you were loving, you will be loving.
8. Love (sing.)) be loved. 9. To be loved, to love.
2.
89. EXERCISES.
Laudo, praise ; porto, carry ; supero, conquer.
I. 1. Laudat, portat, superat. 2. Laudatur, portatur,
superatur. 3. Laudabitur, portabitur, superabitur. 4. Lau-
dasne ? portabasne ? superabisne ? 5. Laudamur, portaba-
mur, superabimur. 6. Lauda, porta, supera. 7. Superare,
portare, laudari. 8. Non superaminT, non portabamim,
non laudabimim. 9. Laudare, portamim, superate. 10. Lau-
dor, portabar, superabor.
II. 1. Thou praisest, you carry, he conquers. 2. He is
praised, they are carried, they will be conquered. 3. I praise,
I was carrying, I ^hall conquer. 4. Thou art praised, thou
1 Notice how frequently the Where is it absent in the first three
letter r marks a form as passive. tenses 7
36 FIRST CONJUGATION.
art carried, thou art conquered. 5. Praise (thou), carry,
conquer. 6. He will be conquered, he was praised, it is
carried. 7. To conquer, to be carried, to be praised. 8. Do
we carry? are we conquered? are we praised? 9. I am
not carried, he was not conquered, they are not praised.
10. Thou wilt praise, he will be praised, they were carried.
90. Examine the following sentences :
1. Agricola a regina laudatur, the farmer is praised by the queen.
2. Agricola reginae verbis laudatur, the farmer is praised by
the words of the queen.
3. Servi gladiis armantur, the slaves are being armed with swords.
On the first example see 61 and 62. In the second and third,
observe that there is no a or ab used with verbis and gladiis.
These ablatives, verbis and gladiis, answer the questions by
what ? with what ? by means of what ? The ablative thus used is
called the Ablative of Means or Instrument.
91. RULE OF SYNTAX. Means and Instrument are
expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
3.
92. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Puellae rosas amant. 2. Rosae albae a puellls
amantur. 3. Homerus viros Graecos laudabat. 4. Ab 1
Homero laudabantur viii Graeci. 5. Oppidum nominabant
Romam. 2 6. Oppidum Roma 3 nominabatur. 7. Servos
gladiis armabimus. 8. Inimlcus gladio vulneratur. 9. Ini-
micus a Galba vulneratur. 10. 6 Roman!, servos hastis
armate.
II. 1. Sing, good boy. 2. Many goddesses were loved
by the Greeks. 3. The boy will put the doves to flight.
1 Before words beginning with 2 Predicate accusative.
h use ab, not a. 3 Predicate nominative. See 47.
FIRST CONJUGATION. 37
4. The doves will be put to flight by the boy. 5. We shall
invite friends and enemies. 6. Friends and enemies will be
invited, 7. The Romans were not loved by the Greeks.
8. You will be summoned by a golden 1 trumpet. 9. The
slaves will be armed with javelins. 10. The black horse
was wounded by a spear.
4.
93. EXERCISES.
I. 1". Dum nos (we) laboramus, cantat caecus poeta.
2. Quid (what) cantabat caecus poeta dum laborabamus?
3. Dum in oppido ambulant domini, servi laborant in agro.
4. Pueii vigilabunt dum somnus gratus viros defessos recre-
abit. 5. Nauta defessus aqua frigida recreabitur. 6. Equi
defessi pabulo bono recreabuntur. 7. Verba bona discipuli
a magistro laudabantur. 8. Muri alt! ab oppidanls aedifica-
bantur. 9. 2 Multos et altos muros aedificabunt oppidam.
10. Non a pigiis vhis oppidum aedificabatur.
II. 1. While the man was working, the boy was singing.
2. While the master is being refreshed with sleep, the servant
is watching. 3. Pleasant sleep refreshes the weary boy.
4. By pleasant sleep the boy will be refreshed. 5. A high
wall is being built by the townsmen. 6. A famous Roman
was called the Sword 3 of Italy. 7. They called a famous
Roman the Sword 4 of Italy. 8. The tired farmer is re-
freshed by food and sleep. 5 9. We will walk in the streets
of the town, while the farmers are working 6 in the fields.
10. Sing, O blind poet, while we toil.
1 Golden, aurea or ex auro. 3 Sword, in the nominative case,
The material of which a thing is just as if was took the place of was
made is expressed in Latin either called. See 92. I. 6, and note,
by an adjective or by e (ex) with 4 Sword, in the accusative case,
the ablative. How is it in English? See 92. I. 5, and note.
2 Compare, for order, 77. I. 5, 5 Cf. 5 and 6 in I.
and 69. I. 10, and note. 6 Imitate 4 in I.
38 FIRST CONJUGATION.
94. VOCABULARY,
aedifico, 1, build. aqua, 1 -ae, r., ivater.
ambulo, 1, walk. aureus, -a, -um, adj., golden.
armo, 1, arm. caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind.
canto, 1, sing. dum, adv., while.
fugo, I, put to flight. e (ex), prep. w. abl., out of, from.
invlto, 1, invite, summon. frigidus, -a, -um, adj., cold.
laboro, 1, work, toil. gladius, -I, M., sword (79).
laudo, 1, praise. Homerus, -I, M., Homer.
nomiiio, 1, name, call. Italia, -ae, F., Italy.
porto, 1, carry. murus, -I, M., wall.
recreo, 1, refresh. oppidanus, -I, M., townsman.
supero, 1, surpass, conquer. piger, -gra, -grum, adj., lazy.
vigilo, 1, watch. Roma, -ae, r., Rome.
vulnero, 1, wound. Romanus, -I, M., a Roman.
5.
95. COLLOQUIUM.
PATER ET FILIOLUS.
Father and little son.
P. Quae, mi filiole, in penso hodierno tractabantur ?
what my little son lesson to-day's treat or discuss
F. Tractabantur casus ablativus atque verbum amo.
case and
P. Quid significat Anglice verbum amo ?
means in English
F. Amo significat " love."
P. De ablative quoque mihi narra.
about also me tell
F. Regulam de ablativo tibi narrabo.
rule you
P. Regulamne tibi dabat magister?
F. Certe, regulam de ablativo instrument!. Cum abla-
certainly instrument with
tivo mstrumenti nunquam ponitur praepositio ; ante ablati-
never is put preposition before
vum agentis semper ponitur praepositio a vel ab.
of agent always or
P. Optime, mi puer ; tibi erit malum rubrum.
well done apple
1 Words are sometimes purposely repeated in the vocabularies.
FIRST CONJUGATION. 39
CHAPTER XII. 1.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
96. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indica-
tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of amo.
97. The compound tenses are formed by combining forms of
the verb sum with the perfect passive participle. The participle
(declined like bonus) agrees in gender and number with the sub-
ject: amata est, she was loved; amati sunt, they were loved.
98. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Amavit, amaverat, amaverit. 2. Amatus est, ama-
tus erat, amatus erit. 3. Amaverunt, ainaverant, amaverint.
4. Amavi, amatus sum. 5. Amaveramus, amati eramus.
v. Amaveritis, amati eritis. 7. Amavisse, amatus esse.
II. 1. You loved, you have been loved. 2. You had
loved, you had been loved. 3. You will have loved, you
will have been loved. 4. He has loved, he has been loved.
5. We had loved, we had been loved. 6. To have been
loved, to have loved.
2.
99. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Laudatus est, portatus est, superatus est. 2. Lau-
davitne ? portaveratne ? superaveritne ? 3. Portavisti,
laudavistis, superavit. 4. Superaveras, portaveris, lauda-
veritis. 5. LaudatI estis, portata sunt, superatus es.
6. Nonne laudatae sunt? nonne portatae estis? nonne su-
peratae sumus? 7. Portavi, laudatus sum, superatus eram.
8. Non laudavimus, non portaverimus, non superavero.
9. Laudavisse, portavisse, superavisse. 10. Portatus esse,
superatus esse, laudatus esse.
II. 1. They have carried, we have been praised, you have
been conquered. 2. Have I praised? have you been carried?
had they conquered? 3. We had been carried, I shall have
40 FIRST CONJUGATION.
praised, they will have been conquered. 4. You had not
carried, thou hadst not praised, thoit hadst not been con-
quered. 5. To have been conquered, to have praised, to
have carried. 6. I had praised, I had been conquered,
I (fern.} had been carried. 7. Has it not been praised?
will it not have been carried ? have they not been conquered ?
8. We (fern.) had been carried, thou wilt have praised, he
conquered. 9. They praised, you carried, we conquered.
10. I was praised, thou wast conquered, it was carried.
3
100. In Latin, the words for my, thy, your, our, Tits, her, its,
and their, are very often omitted when they are riot emphatic.
Accordingly, in the exercises to be turned into Latin, for the
present, leave these words untranslated.
101. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Pugna fortuna mutata est. 2. Fortuna pugnam
miitavit. 3. Roman! Graecos superaverant. 4. Graecl a
Romania superati erant. 5. Viri mult! et egregi! agros arave-
runt. 6. Ministr! scutis armat! sunt. 7. Agricola egregius
ii ministro misero vituperatus est. 8. Agri lat! ab agricolis
aratro magno arat! sunt. 9. Magister malos discipulos
vituperavit. 10. Poeta pugnas et victorias virorum clarorum
cantavit.
Read, again the explanations and rules on pp. 20, 21, and 36.
II. 1. An eagle changed the fortune of the battle. 2. We
shall witness a battle on the broad river. 3. Many good men
will have been blamed by their enemies. 4. The boys will
have recited to their master. 5. The land in Italy has beer^
ploughed with iron ploughs. 6. The master freed his pupils
from their hard tasks (abL). 7. The goddess Minerva has
been praised by many poets. 8. The victories of famous
men have been sung by the poets. 9. The tyrant armed a
great number of slaves with swords.
THIRD DECLENSION.
41
1O2.
aro, 1, plough.
libero, I, free, set free.
i u u to, 1, change.
recito, 1, read aloud, recite.
specto, 1, look at, witness.
supero, 1, surpass, conquer.
vitupero, 1, blame, censure.
VOCABULARY.
ferrous, -a, -um, ad j ., of iron, iron
fortuna, -ae, r., fortune.
numerus, -I, M., number.
pensum, -I, N., task, lesson.
pugna, -ae, r., battle.
scutum, -I, N., shield.
terra, -ae, r., earth, land.
tyrannus, -I, M., tyrant.
egregius,-a,-um,adj.,e:rce//en. victoria, -ae, F., victory.
CHAPTER XIII. 1.
THIRD DECLENSION.
103. The stem ends in a consonant or in i.
104. Consonant stems are named, according to their
final letter, mute stems, liquid stems, sibilant stems.
See 3.
MUTE STEMS.
PARADIGMS.
Rex, M., Judex, M., Aetas, F., Caput, N.,
king. judge. age. head.
St. reg- St. judic- St. aetat- St. capit-
SlNGULAR.
rex judex aetas caput
regis judic is aetat is capitis
regi judic I aetat I capitl
regem judic em aetat em caput
rege judice aetat e capite
PLURAL.
reges judic es aetat es capita
regum judic um aetat um capitum
regibus judic ibus aetat ibus capitibus
reges judic es aetat es capita
regibus judic ibus aetat ibus capitibus
1O5.
Prmceps, M.,
chief.
Stem princip-
N.V. prmceps
G. principis
D. prmcipi
Ac. prlncip em
Ab. prmcipe
N.V. prlncip es
G. principum
D. prlncip ibus
Ac. prlncip es
Ab. prlncip ibus
42 THIRD DECLENSION.
Pes,
M., foot. Mile's, M., soldier.
TERMINATIONS.
St. ped-
St. milit-
MASC. i
fc FEM.
SlNGULAR.
Sing.
Plur.
rf.V.
pes
miles
B
es
G.
pedis
milit is
is
um
D.
pedi
militl
I
ibus
Ac.
pedem
milit em
em
es
Ab.
pede
milit e
e
ibus
PLURAL.
NEUTER.
N.V.
pedes
milit es
a
G.
pedum
milit um
is
um
D.
ped ibus
mllitibus
I
ibus
Ac.
pedes
milit es
a
Ab.
ped ibus
milit ibus
e
ibus
106. Observe that the vowel before the final consonant of the
stem is not always the same in the nominative as in the other cases.
107. Consonant stems may be found by dropping the termina-
tion of the genitive singular. But there are some exceptions.
108. Decline grex, poema, servitus. Decline together lapis
asper, fidus comes, and mile's aeger. For the nouns, see 110.
2.
109. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Poeta comitl aegro poema gratum recitavit. 2. Co-
mes poetae poemate grato liberatus est cura. 1 3. Magnus
erat equitum numerus. 4. Milites multi a servo domini
invitati sunt. 5. Greges albos habent agricolae 2 msulae
vicmae. 6. Ager vlcmus lapides multos et asperos habet.
7. In agro viclno sunt lapides mult! et aspen. 8. Servitus a
vins non est amata. 9. Pes pueri lapide aspero vulneratus
est. 10. Regis amlci a militibus gladiis et pills sunt fugati.
II. 1. The king has changed the fortune of the war.
2. The fortune of the war was changed by the king. 8. The
i from care. See 101 TT. 6. a The subject
THIRD DECLENSION. 43
soldiers will free the king. 4. The king will be freed by the
soldiers. 5. The king had armed the soldiers with shields
and spears. 6. Daedalus fitted wings to his son. 7. Wings
were fitted to his son by Daedalus. 8. We shall read aloud
the poems of Homer. 9. The girl sings for the weary
soldier and is praised.
HO. VOCABULARY.
comes, -itis, M. & F., companion. servitus, -utis, F., slavery.
eques, -itis, M., horseman. voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure.
grex, gregis, M.., flock, herd.
lapis, -idis, M., stone. apto, 1, Jit.
mile's, -itis, M., soldier. Daedalus, -I, M.,Dcedalus, builder
pes, peVlis, M.,foot. of the Labyrinth.
poenia, -atis, N., poem. filius, -I, M., son (79).
rex, regis, M., king. vicinus, -a,-um, adj., neighboring.
3.
111. COLLOQUIUM.
FRATER ET SORORCULA.
brother little sister
8. Quid hodie narravit magister in schola?
to-day school
F. Narravit de Icaro, Daedal! filio.
S. Mihi quoque de Icaro Latme narra. Fuitne Icarus
me also in Latin
puer malus ?
F. Minime malus sed miserrimus. Habebat alas ; alas cera,
not unfortunate wings wax
aptaverat Daedalus ; Icarus evolavit et cera sole liquefacta
flew away sun was melted
est. Turn . . .
then
S. Turn . . . quid?
F. Mihi non sunt verba Latma. Itaque haesito.
words that is why hesitate
8. Ergo narra Anglice. Nam linguam Anglicam intellegO,
well, then language understand
F. Minime. Latme tibi narro, non Anglice.
by no means
44
SECOND CONJUGATION.
112.
CHAPTER XIV.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
E -VERBS.
Moneo (stem mone), advise.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : moneo, monere, monui, monitum.
ACTIVE.
/ advise, etc.
moneo mo n emus
mon es mon etis
mon et mon ent
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PASSIVE.
I am advised, etc.
mon eor
moneris, or -re
mon etur
mon emur
mon eminl
mon entur
IMPERFECT.
7 was advising, etc. I was advised, etc.
monebam monebamus monebar monebamur
monebas rnonebatis mon ebaris, or -re monebaminl
monebat rnonebant monebatur monebantur
I shall advise, etc.
rnon ebo mon ebimus
mon ebis raon ebitis
rnon ebit m on ebunt
FUTURE.
/ shall be advised, etc.
mon ebor mon ebimur
moneberis,or-re monebimini
mon ebitur mon ebuntur
PERFECT.
7 have advised, I advised, etc. I have been (was) advised, etc.
f sum ( sumus
monitus -^
monui
monu isti
monuit
monuimus
monu istis
monu erunt, or -re
( est
moniti -^estis
(sunt
PLUPERFECT.
7 had advised, etc. 7 had been advised, etc.
monu eram monu eranrns / eram / eramus
monuerSs monueratis monitus ^ eras moniti ^ eratis
monuerat monuerant (erat ( erant
SECOND CONJUGATION.
45
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
FUTURE PERFECT.
/ shall have advised, etc. I shall have been advised, etc.
monuero monuerimus rero rerimus
monueris monueritis monit us -<j eris moniti < eritis
monu erit monu erint ( erit ( erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
mon earn moneamus raonear moneamur
mon eas mon eatis mon earis, or -re mon eamim
moneat moneant moneatur moiieantur
IMPERFECT.
monerem. moneremus monerer moneremur
inoneres moneretis monereris, or-re moneremini
moneret monSrent moneretur monerentur
PERFECT.
monuerim monnerimus (sim
monu erf s monueritis inonitus-^sis
rnonu erit monu erint ( sit
PLUPERFECT.
monuissem monuissemtis /essern
/ simus
moniti J sitis
(sint
monuisses monuissetis
monuisset monuissent
/essemus
monit us -j esses monit I -) essetis
(esset (essent
mon e, advise ihou.
mon ete, advise ye.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
mon ere, be thou advised.
mon emini, be ye advised.
mon eto, thou shall advise.
mon eto, he shall advise.
monetote, you shall advise.
mon ento, they shall advise.
FUTURE.
mon etor, thou shall be advised.
mon etor, he shall be advised.
mon entor, they shall be advised.
46 SECOND CONJUGATION.
INFINITIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRES. monere, to advise. moneri, to be advised.
PERF. monuisse, to have advised, monitus esse, to have been adv'd.
FUT. monit urus esse, to be about monitum iri, to be about to be
to advise. advised.
PARTICIPLE.
PRES. mon Sns, -entis, advising.
FUT. monit urus, -a, -um, about to GER. mon endus, -a, -urn, to be
advise. advised.
PERF. monitus, -a, -um, having
been advised.
GERUND.
G. monendi, of advising.
D . mon eiido, for advising.
Ac. monendum, advising.
Ab. mon eiido, by advising.
SUPINE.
Ac. monitum, to advise. Ab. monit u, to advise, to be
advised.
CHAPTER XV. .
SECOND CONJUGATION.
113. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
present imperative and infinitive, active and passive, of moiieo.
114. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Monet, monetur. 2. Monebat, monebatur. 3. Mone-
bit, monebitur. 4. Mone, monere. 5. Monete, monemim.
6. Monebimus, monebimur. 7. Monemus, monemur. 8. Mo-
nebas, mones. 9. Monebis, moneris. 10. Moneri, monere.
II. 1. You are advising, you will be advised, you were
advised. 2. Advise ye, be ye advised. 3. We do advise,
SECOND CONJUGATION. 47
we are advising, we shall be advising. 4. We were advis-
ing, we were advised. 5. They are advised, they advised,
they were advising. 6. They will advise, they will be
advised.
2.
115. EXERCISES.
Habeo, have, or hold; deleo, 1 destroy ; terreo, frighten.
I. 1. Habet, delebat, terrebit. 2. Nonne habemus?
nonne delebamus? nonne terrebimus? 3. Deles, habebas,
terrebunt. 4. Habete, terrete, delete. *5. Deletur, 2 habe-
batur, terrebatur. 2 6. Terrere, deleri, haberi. 7. Habetne?
deleturne ? terrebatne ? 8. Delebitur, habebantur, terrebimim.
9. Non terremus, non delebunt, non habent. 10. Habebun-
tur, terrentur, delebantur.
II. 1. We are held, they will be destroyed, he was fright-
ened. 2. I frighten, thou hast (you have), he destroys.
3. To have, to destroy, to be frightened. 4. Is he fright-
ened? are they destroyed? were you held? 5. Destroy (thou),
have (ye), frighten (ye). 6. Have we not? does he not
frighten? did they not destroy? 7. You will be frightened,
it is held, we were frightened. 8. I was holding, he was de-
stroying, you were frightening. 9. I shall destroy, we shall
frighten, they have.
3.
116. EXERCISES.
Before translating the following exercises, review the tables of
declensions and terminations, pp. 41 and 42.
I. 1. Poenam merebis, si memoriam non exercebis. a
1 For principal parts of deleo, 3 Translate as if it were the
see vocabulary, 119. present tense ; but in Latin the
2 The present, which denotes future is necessary, because future
continued action, means it is being time is meant. Cf. 93. I. 4. Ob-
(destroyed) ; the imperfect, he was serve the difference between the
being (frightened). Latin and English idioms.
48 SECOND CONJUGATION.
2. Exerce memoriam, comes. 3. Studium memoriam auget.
4. Milites a ducibus exercentur et docentur. 5. Pericula
milites non terrebunt. 6. Peiiculum non timebit miles.
7. Oppidum a militibus tenetur. 8. Judices poenls malos
coercent. 9. Quidvides? 10. Multa video.
II. 1. The tyrant is restrained. 2. The water of the river
was increased. 3. The leader will have a statue. 4. The
faithful comrade advises his friend. 5. The friend is advised
by his faithful companion. 6. Lazy slaves fear a hard mas-
ter. 7. A hard master is feared by lazy slaves. 8. Italy is
the laud of famous poets. 9. The soldiers will not be terrified
by dangers. 10. The boy remembered the master's words.
117. Malos (I. 8), bad men, and multa (I. 10), many things,
are examples of the frequent use in Latin of an adjective without
a noun. Compare, in English, the good, the wise.
118. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Equos et equites multos in via video. 2. Cyrus,
primus Persarum rex, 1 nornina 2 rullitum memoria tenebat.
3. Si oppidum delebunt, poenam merebunt. 4. Prmcipes a
templo del prohibebimus. 5. Voluptates memoriae auge-
bantur. 6. Studio augetur memoria. 7. Milites a principe
monebantur. 8. Rex magnum militum numerum tenebat.
9. Prmceps equites pigros exercebat.
II. 1. In ancient states there were many slaves. 2. Why
had the ancient Romans many slaves? 3. We saw the
great number of horsemen in the road and were frightened.
4. Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves. 5. Greek
slaves often taught Roman boys. 6. The horsemen weiv
trained by the king's son. 7. Man}' horses and horsemen are
seen in the town. 8. The chief will deserve a great victory.
1 Bex, in apposition with Cyrus. See 157. 2 names.
SECOND CONJUGATION. 49
119. VOCABULARY,
coerceo, 2, -ul, -itum, check, re- antiquus, -a, -um, adj., old,
strain. ancient.
exerceo, 2, -ul, -itum, train, exer- civitas, -atis, F., state.
cise. cur, adv., why ?
habeo, 2, -ul, -itum, have, hold. Cyrus, -1, M., Cyrus.
inoreo, 2, -ul, -itum, deserve, merit. dux, duels, M. & F., leader, general.
prohibeo, 2, -ui, -itum, prevent, fldus, -a, -um, adj., faithful.
keep off. memoria, -ae, F., memory.
terreo, 2, -ui, -itum, frighten. memoriS teneo, remember.
timeo, 2, -ui, , fear. periculum, -i, N., danger.
poena, -ae, F., punishment.
augeo, 2, auxi, 1 auctum, increase. quid, interrog. pron., what ?
deleo, 2, -evi,' 2 -etum, destroy. Romanus, -a, -um, Roman (94).
doceo, 2, -ui, doctum, 3 teach. saepe, adv., often.
teneo, 2, -ui, tentum, 4 keep, hold. si, conj., if.
video, 2, vidi, 5 visum, see; pas- studium, -1, N., zeal, study.
sive, seem. templum, -1, N., temple.
CHAPTER XVI. 1.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
120. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indica-
tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of moneo.
121. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Monuit, monuerat, monuerit. 2. Monuerunt, rnonu-
erant, monuerint. 3. Monui, monitus sum. 4. Monuerit,
monitus erit. 5. Monuisti, monueras, monueris. 6. Monitus
est, monitus erat, monitus erit. 7. Monuisse, monitus esse.
II. 1. You have advised, you had advised, you will have
advised. 2. They have been advised, they had been advised,
1 Auxi f or aug-si. See p. 1, n. 2. 3 Observe, not docitum.
2 Only fleo, weep, neo, spin, and GWbserve, not tenitum.
the compounds of the obsolete 5 Vidi. Perfect stem formed
pleo, Jill, are conjugated like by lengthening the vowel of the
deleo, with the perfect in em. present stem, vld to vid.
50 SECOND CONJUGATION.
they will have been advised. 3. I had advised, I had been
advised. 4. He has advised, he has been advised. 5. We
have advised, we have been advised. 6. To have been
advised, to have advised.
122. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Habuit, delevit, terruit. 2. Habuisti, delevisti, ter-
ruisti. 3. Non delevimus, non deleveramus, non deleverimus.
4. Deletum est, territus erat, habita sunt. 5. Habuerone?
estne territa? suntne deletae ? 6. Nonne habueratis? nonne
deletum erat? nonne terruerunt? 7. Terruisse, delevisse,
habitus esse. 8. Deleveras, territus eras, habuistis. 9. Ha-
buerint, deletum erit, habuerunt. 10. Deleta sunt, habit!
sumus, territae estis.
II. 1. They have had, they have frightened, they have
destroyed. 2. I had had, I had been frightened, I had
destroyed. 3. Have you had? had he destroyed? has he
frightened? 4. We had not destroyed, they (fern.) had not
been frightened, you had not destroyed. 5. We have had,
we shall have destroyed, we had been frightened. 6. To
have destroyed, to have been held, to have been frightened.
7. Have you been frightened? had they (neut.) been de-
stroyed? has she had? 8. I have destroyed, I have not
had, I shall not have been frightened. 9. They will have
had, they will have been frightened, they (neut.} will have
been destroyed. 10. Have you not had? did they not
destroy? have you (fern.) not been frightened?
3.
123. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Rex Rornam obsederat. 2. Roma a rege obsessa
erat. 3. Scriba cum (with) rege sedebat. 4. Ira ferocem
(fierce) animum viri movit. 5. Reguli conjugi et liberls
SECOND CONJUGATION. 51
alimenta praebuerunt Roman!. 6. Captivi retentl sunt.
7. Novamne lunam vidisti? 8. Aquila in (on) templo sedit.
9. Poeta flevit quia filius captlvus erat. 10. Caesar oppi-
dum Galliae obsedit.
II. 1. The town was besieged by the general. 2. Why
did the general besiege the town? 3. The king is sitting 1
with his clerk. 4. The minds of the men were moved with
anger. 5. Regulus was retained (as) a prisoner. 2 6. Regu-
lus deserved great glory. 7. The new moon has been seen.
8. The commander's daughter was a prisoner. 9. We wept
because we were prisoners. 10. The town had been besieged
by Pyrrhus.
124. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Militibus magna praemia a rege praebita sunt.
2. MTlites timuerunt quia elephantos viderunt. 3. Numerum
verborum auximus. 4. Caesar milites in oppido retinuerat.
5. Judicum bonorum memoria nunquam delebitur. 6. Multa
Romanorum monumenta 3 deleta sunt. 7. Dux castra ab
oppido moverat. 8. Dominus servos in servitute tenuit.
9. Multa verba in memoria manserunt. 10. Militis conjunx
in Minervae templo sedebat.
II. 1. The king furnished food for his weary soldiers.
2. Elephants had frightened the horses of the Romans.
3. Have you increased the number of your friends?
4. Caesar's soldiers were besieged in the town. 5. The
sword of the tyrant has restrained the judge. 6. War has
destroyed many monuments 3 of great men. 7. The camp
had been moved away from the town. 8. We weep if our
children are held in slavery. 9. Shall you remain in Italy?
1 Not passive. by an adjective and a genitive,
2 Predicate nom. ; see 47. the order often is : adjective, geni-
& When a noun is limited both tive, noun. Cf. 118. I. 2 and 8.
52 SECOND CONJUGATION.
125. VOCABULARY.
fled, 2, flevl, fletum, weep, be- captivus, 2 -I, M., prisoner, captive.
wail. castra, -oruni, (pi.) N., camp.
maiico, 2, m;iiisi, mansum, re- conjunx, conjugis, r., wife.
main, await. elephantus, -I, M., elephant.
moveo, 2, movl, 1 motum, move. Ira, -ae, r., anger.
ob-sideo, 2, -sedi, 1 -sessum, be- lima, -ae, r., moon.
siege. novus, -a, -uni, adj., new.
praebeo, 2, -ill, -itum, furnish, nunquam, adv., never.
re-tineo, 2, -tinul, -tentum, keep praemium, -I, N., reward.
back, retain. Pyrrhus, -I, M., Pyrrhus, king of
sedeo, 2, sedi, 1 sessum, sit. Epirus.
alimentum, -I, N., food, support. quia, conj., because.
animus, -I, M., mind. Regulus, -I, M.,/?e^M?us,aRoman.
Caesar, -aris, M., Ccesar. (134.) scriba, -ae, M., clerk. (11. 1.)
5.
126. COLLOQUIUM.
PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.
P. Latme mihi interroganti responde si possis. Quae
to me asking answer you can what
msula Graeciae est parva quidem sed clara?
to be sure
D. Admodum clara est Ithaca msula, ubi habitabatUlixes.
very where Ulysses
P. Recte, mi puer, Ulixes Ithacae rex fuit et dux in bello
right leader
egregius. Quis cantavit de Ulixe egregio?
D. Homerus, poeta caecus, qui autem Ulixem nunquam
blind who however never
viderat.
P. Tenesne memoria nomen fidi servi Ulixis?
name
D. Servus Ulixis fidus erat Eumaeus.
1 See p. 49, note 5. * Also captiva, -ae, F.
FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. 53
CHAPTER XVII. 1.
REVIEW.
127. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Magister discipulos invitavit. 2. Nonne a magistro
discipuli invitati suut ? 3. Vidistme agricolarum aratra
ferrea? 4. Milites lapides magnos portabant. 5. Rex ab
oppido castra movit. 6. Gregis custodes lapidibus fugati
sunt. 7. MI 1 fill, poemata Homer! recitavistme ? 8. Si
oppidum tenuerimus, victoriam merebimus. 9. Conjuges
militum pugnam spectabant et flebant. 10. In Italia antiqua
a Pyrrho Epiri rege superati sunt Roman!.
II. 1. We shall see the flocks in the fields. 2. The king
was not frightened by the elephant. 2 3. Horses are frightened
by elephants. 4. The townsmen were sitting on the wall.
5. The prisoners were wounded by the soldiers with their
swords. 6. My boy, what are you looking at ? 7. Do you
not see the horsemen's swords ? 8. Do you remember the
poems of the Roman poet? 9. The king's sons were finding
fault with fortune. 10. Why are the townsmen armed with
swords ?
128. Examine the two following groups of sentences :
1. Iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, the Helvetii had turned
their course from the Arar.
2. Araneas dSiciam de pariete, / will brush doivn the cobwebs
from the wall.
3. Hannibal ex Italia excessit, Hannibal withdrew from Italy.
1. Nos cura liberabis, you will free us from care.
2. Oculls s prlvavit, he deprived himself of his sight (eyes).
3. Homo cibo caret, the man is in want of food.
129. The verbs have the general idea of separation; and in the
first group the ablative with a preposition, in the second the ablative
1 Vocative singular of meus, my. 2 gee 62.
54 FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS.
alone, answers the question from what ? of what f Observe further,
that the verbs of the first group are compounds of a, de, ex, and
the "separation" is literal, or physical; in the second group the
" separation " is figurative, or less literal.
130. RULE OF SYNTAX. Separation is expressed
by the ablative with a (db} 9 de, e (ex), in connection
with verbs compounded with these prepositions, 1 or
by the ablative alone with simple verbs meaning
to set free, deprive, or want.
2.
131. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Hunc (him) a tuis aris arcebis. 2. Filius regis Ro-
manos cura liberavit. 3. Roman! a filio regis cura liberati
sunt. 4. Vir aeger aqua privatus est. 5. Servi servitute
Kberabuntur. 6. Dux Romanus Corinthum multls statuis
privavit. 7. Servi, equis defessis aquam praebete. 8. 2 Sa-
turnus Italos agri culturam docuit. 9. Liber vim erat deus
et in Italia templa multa habebat. 10. Avar! milites aras
donis spoliant. 11. Mi puer, equus pabulo et aqua caret.
Before translating the following sentences, read over the ex-
planations and rules on pp. 20, 21, and 36, and consider what
expressions are equivalent to the Latin ablative of agent with a or
ab, the ablative of means, and the ablative of separation.
II. 1. They deprived the sick man of water. 2. The
state was freed from the tyrant by Brutus. 3. The Italians
were -taught by Saturn. 4. The leader adorned the town
with statues. 5. The horsemen are in want of swords
and horses. 6. Corinth was robbed of many statues by a
Roman general. 7. The goddess will keep off the Romans
1 With other verbs than those indicated in 129 and 13O, of similar
meaning, the preposition is sometimes used and sometimes omitted.
2 Observe the two accusatives, one of the person, the other of the
thing, with doceo.
FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. 55
from her temple. 8. The town was destroyed by the plans
of the general. 9. Will not the Romans be kept off from
the temple? 10. They thrust forth the leaders from the
town. 11. The leaders are hustled out of town.
132. VOCABULARY.
i
agri cultura, -ae, F., agriculture. exturbo, 1, thrust out.
avarus, -a, -um, adj., greedy. Italus, -I, M., an Italian.
arceo, 2, -ul, -turn, keep off. Ljiber,-eri,M.,_BaccAus,godofwme.
Brutus, -I, M., Brutus, a Roman. meus, -a, -um, poss. adj., my, mine.
eareo, 2, -ui, -itum, want, lack. orno, 1, adorn.
causa, -ae, F., cause. privo, 1, deprive. [agriculture.
Corin thus, -I, F., Corinth (11.4). Saturnus, -I, M., Saturn t god of
custos, -odis, M. & F., keeper. spolio, 1, rob, despoil.
Kplrus, -I, F., Epirus (11. 4). tuus, -a, -um, poss. adj., thy, your.
3.
133. COLLOQUIUM.
PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.
P. Die mihi, puer, elephantosne aliquando vidisti?
tell ever
D. Certe, praeceptor, elephantos magnos et parvos vidl.
P. In agrisne?
D. Minime vero ; in circo et interdnm in viis.
indeed circus sometimes
P. Quis rex clarus elephantorum auxilio pugnabat?
what aid
D. Pyrrhus, rex EpirT, ita pugnabat.
P. Nonne elephant! equos Romanorum terrebant?
D. Terrebant. Milites quoque terrebantur.
yes also
P. Superavitne Pyrrhus Romanos?
D. Saepe superavit. ^
often
P. Quibus armis pugnant elephant!?
with what
D. Dentibus, proboscide, pedibus, capite pugnant.
tusks trunk feet
56
THIED DECLENSION.
CHAPTER XVIII. 1.
THIRD DECLENSION.
LIQUID STEMS.
134.
PARADIGMS.
Consul, M.,
Pater, M.,
Pastor, M.,
Le6, M.,
consul.
father.
shepherd.
lion.
St. consul-
St. patr-
St. pastor-
St. leon-
SlNGULAR.
N.V. consul
pater
pastor
leo
G. consul is
patris
pastor is
leon is
D. consul!
patri
pastor!
leon!
Ac. consul em
patr em
pastor em
leon em
Ab. consul e
patre
pastor e
leone
PLURAL.
N.V. consults patrgs pastor es leones
G. consul um patrum pastor um leonum
D. consul ibus patribus pastor ibus leonibus
Ac. consules patrgs pastor es leones
Ab. consul ibus patribus pastor ibus leonibus
Imago, F., Nomen, N.,
image. name.
St. imagin- St. nomin-
SlNGULAR.
N.V. imago nomen
G. imagin is nomin is
D. imagin I nomin I
Ac. imagin em nomen
Ab. imagin e nomin e
PLURAL.
N.V. imagin es nomin a
G. imagin um nomin um
D. imagin ibus nomin ibus
Ac. imagin es nomin a
Ab. imagin ibus nomin ibus
TERMINATIONS.
MASC. & FEM.
Sing. Plur.
es
is um
i ibus
em s
e ibus
NEUTER.
is
1
a
um
ibus
a
ibus
THIRD DECLENSION. 57
135. Examine the following :
1. Hieme et aestate, in winter and summer.
2. Soils occasu, 1 at the setting of the sun.
3. Frima luce, at daybreak (first light).
4. His viginti annis, within these twenty years.
It will be seen that the above phrases are expressions of time,
and answer the question when ? or, within what time ?
136. RULE OF SYNTAX. Time when is expressed
by the ablative without a preposition ; time within
ivhich, by the ablative alone, or by the ablative
with in.
2.
137. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Tertia hora milites fugati stint. 2. Primo anno
Brutum consulem creaverunt Roman!. 3. Oppidum militibus
ab imperatore impletum est. 4. Imperator oppidum militi-
bus implebit. 5. Terror clamore hominum augetnr. 6. Cla-
mores defensorum omnes 2 pueros 3 terrebuiit. 7. Nomen et
imaginem amici semper in memoria habebat. 8. Semper
erit clarum imperatoris egregi! nomen. 9. Nonne Hannibal
Romanis fuit terror ? 10. Hannibal fortitudinem magnam
semper habebat.
II. 1. Europe has no 4 lions. 2. A slave had a great
lion. 3. The name of the slave was Androclus. 4. There
are many lions in Africa. 5. The friend of my brothers
has seen a lion. 6. A lion has been seen by my father and
my brother. 7. The shouts of the soldiers scared the men in
the town. 8. The defenders of the town were scared by the
shouts of the men. 9. Why are many men miserable in
time 5 of war ? 10. Do we not see by the sun's light ?
11. At daybreak they saw Hannibal's horsemen.
1 Ablative of the fourth declen- 3 Children. See 60.
sion. See 245. 2 All. * Not. fi Tempore.
58 THIRD DECLENSION.
138. VOCABULARY.
clamor, -oris, M., shout. Africa, -ae, r., Africa.
defensor, -oris, M., defender. Androclus, -I, M., Androclus.
fortitudo, -inis, r., bravery. annus, -I, M., year.
frater, -tris, M., brother. creo, 1, elect, choose.
Hannibal, -alls, M., Hannibal, a Europa, -ae, r., Europe.
Carthaginian general. Horatius, -I, M., Horace, a Roman
homo, -inis, M., man. poet (79).
imperator, -oris, M., general. Impleo, 2, -evl, -etum,^/.
lumen, -inis, N., light. juventus, -utis, F., youth.
sol, solis, M. (no gen. pi.), sun. semper, adv., always.
terror, -oris, M., terror. voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure.
timor, -oris, M.,/ear.
homo, man, as distinguished from lower animals; general word
for man, mankind.
vir (60), man, as distinguished from woman; man in an honorable
sense, hero.
3.
139. COLLOQUIUM.
MAGISTER ET DISCIPULUS.
M. Quae, ml puer, sunt in penso hodierno?
what things to-day's
D. Multa sunt in penso, ut nomina, adjectiva, declma-
many things as nouns declensions
tiones, regulae.
M. Quot genera sunt nominibus Latmis?
how many genders
D. Genera sunt tria : masculmum, femminum, neutrum.
genders three
M. De quibus nominibus est regula piima ?
what
D. Prima regula est de nominibus generis masculmi.
Secunda regula est de nominibus generis femimni.
M. Verborum quot sunt conjugationes ?
verbs how many
D. Quattuor sunt conjugationes, decllnationes autem
four but
qumque.
five
THIftD DECLENSION.
59
CHAPTER XIX. 1.
THIRD DECLENSION.
SIBILANT STEMS. 1
14O.
PARADIGMS.
Mos, M.,
custom.
St. m5s-
JUS, N., OpUS, N.,
right. work.
St. jus- St. opes-
Corpus, N.,
body.
St. corpos-
SlNGULAR.
N.V. mos
G. mor is
D. mori
Ac. mor em
Ab. more
jus opus
juris operis
juri operi
jus opus
jure opere
corpus
corporis
corpori
corpus
corpore
PLURAL.
N.V. mores
G. morum
D. moribus
Ac. mor es
Ab. moribus
jura opera
j ur um oper um
j ur ibus oper ibus
jura opera
juribus oper ibus
corpora
corporum
corpor ibus
corpor a
corpor ibus
141.
ADJECTIVE.
Vetus, old. Stem vetes-
SlNGULAR.
M. & F.
N.V. vetus
G. veter is
D. veter I
Ac. veter em
Ab. veter e
NEUT.
vetus
veter is
veter I
vetus
veter e
PLURAL.
M. & F. NEUT.
veter a
veter um
veter ibus
veter a
veter es
veter um
veter ibus
veter es
veter ibus
veter ibus
142. The above were originally sibilant stems, the s having
been changed to r between two vowels. Compare eram for esam,
ero for eso, p. 25. But for practical purposes they may be re-
garded as stems in r.
1 For table of terminations, see 134.
60 THIBD DECLENSION.
143. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Ceres agri culturae erat dea. 2. Cererl multa erant
templa in Sicilia. 3. Ceres multa templa in Sicilia habebat.
4. Ceres agri culturam docebat. 5. Aestate est pulvis mo-
lestus. 6. Servis temporibus antiquis non erant jura.
7. Servi temporum veterum jura non habebant. 8. Equus
perito ab equite exercitus erat. 9. Equiti perito praebitus
erit equus niger.
II. 1. The statue of Minerva has been seen. 2. The
statue of Minerva had often been praised. 3. The works of
the Greeks were pleasing to the Romans. 4. Our pleasures
have been increased by work 1 and zeal. 5. What 2 were
seen in the temples of Greece? 6. In ancient times men
saw statues of gods and goddesses. 7. Statues of gods and
goddesses were seen by men in ancient times.
144. Examine the following :
1. Cum virtute vixit, Tie lived with virtue (virtuously}.
2. Agricola agrum cum cura arat, the farmer ploughs his field
with care (carefully}.
3. Agricola agrum magna cum cura arat, the farmer ploughs
his field with great care.
4. Summa vi proelium commlserunt, they joined battle with the
greatest violence.
Manner is usually expressed by adverbs: beng, well; libere,
freely. So the phrases cum virtute, cum cura, magna cum
cura, and summa vi, plainly denote manner, how a thing is
done, like adverbs of manner.
145. RULE OF SYNTAX. Manner is sometimes
expressed by the ablative with cum; but if the
ablative has an adjective, cum is often omitted.
1 Read again explanations and rule, p. 36. 2 Quae what things.
THIRD DECLENSION. 61
146. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Captivi lumen soils magno gaudio viderunt. 2. 1 Si
in agrls tempore florum eritis, 2 libenter eos (them) vide-
bitis. 3. Magna voluptate aestate videntur pulchri flores.
4. Libros cum studio et voluptate recitamus. 5. Pueri cor-
pora cum studio et cura exercent. 6. Multa Romanorum
opera tempore 3 non deleta sunt.
II. 1. They look at the lion with great fear. 2. If he
blames (is blaming) the boy angrily, 4 he deserves punish-
ment. 3. Daedalus had fitted wings to Icarus with care.
4. They remember the words of the good judge with joy.
5. The words of the good judge will be carefully 4 remem-
bered. 6. How many works of the Romans time has not
destroyed !
147. VOCABULARY.
Ceres, -eris, P., Ceres, god- gaudium, -I, N., joy.
dess of agriculture. Icarus, -I, M., Icarus.
flos, floris, M., flower. Ira, -ae, F., anger.
pulvis, -eris, M., dust. libenter, adv., gladly, with pleas-
temp us, -oris, N., time. ure.
molestus, -a, -um, adj., troublesome.
aestas, -atis, F., summer. quam, adv., how, than.
cum, prep. w. abl., with. sacer, -era, -crum, adj., sacred.
cura, -ae, F., care. Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily.
3.
148. COLLOQUIUM.
Duo PUERI.
Hodie durum pensum habul.
Stnduistme cum cura et diligentia?
did you study diligence
Certe cum diligentia, non cum voluptate studuT.
1 Notice that in the fields = in 3 wh y would it be wrong to
agrls ; in the time = tempore. write a tempore ?
2 See p. 47, note 3. 4 Compare 144. 1.
62
THIRD DECLENSION.
Cur non cum voluptate studuisti? Eratne magister
morosus an pen sum lougum?
cross or
Mehercule ! longum erat pensum neque memoria tenebam.
truly and not
Aspice. Nonne vides multa vocabula in vocabulario et ver-
look words vocabulary
bum moneo et declmationis tertiae substantiva et adjectiva ?
Heu aimcum miserum, quam studes !
ah have to study
CHAPTER XX. 1.
THIRD DECLENSION.
STEMS IN i.
149.
Hostis, M. & F.,
enemy.
St. hosti-
N.V. hostis
G. hostis
D. hosti
Ac. host en
Ab. host e
PARADIGMS,
Nubes, F.,
cloud.
St. nubi-
Turris, F.,
tower.
St. turri-
SlNGULAR.
nubes turris
nub is turris
nubi turri
nub em turr im, em
nube turr I, e
Ignis, M.,
fire.
St. igni-
Ignis
ignis
Igni
ignem
Igni, e
PLURAL.
N.V. hostSs
nub 8
turr es
ignes
G. hostium
nub ium
turr ium
Ignium
D. host ibus
nub ibus
turr ibus
Ignibus
Ac. hostes, is
nubSs, is
turres, is
ign 5s, Is
Ab. host ibus
nub ibus
turr ibus
Ignibus
THIRD DECLENSION.
63
Animal, N.,
animal.
St. animali-
Mare, N.,
sea.
St. mari-
Calcar, N.,
spur.
St. calcari-
TERMINATIONS.
MASC. & FEM.
SlNGULAR.
Sing.
Plur.
N.V. animal
mare
calcar
is,es
es
G. animal is
mar is
calcar is
is
ium
D. animal!
mar!
calcari
I
ibus
Ac. animal
mare
calcar
em, im
es, is
Ab. animall
mar!
calcarl
e,i
ibus
PLURAL.
NEUTER
.
N.V. animal ia
maria
calcar ia
e or
ia
G. animal ium
mar ium
calcar ium
is
ium
D. animal ibus
mar ibus
calcar ibus
I
ibus
Ac. animal ia
maria
calcar ia
& or
ia
Ab. animal ibus
mar ibus
calcar ibus
!
ibus
15O. ADJECTIVES.
Acer, keen, eager. St. acri-
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
N.V.
acer
acris
acre
acres
acr es
acria
G.
acris
acris
acris
acr ium
acr ium
acr ium
D.
acr!
acri
acri
acr ibus
acr ibus
acr ibus
Ac.
acrem
acrem
acre
acr es, is
acr gs, is
acria
Ab.
acr I
acr I
acri
acr ibus
acr ibus
acr ibus
Levis, light, nimble. St. levi-
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M. & F.
N.V. lev is
G. lev is
D. lev!
Ac. lev em
Ab. lev!
NEUT.
leve
lev is
lev!
leve
lev I
M. & F.
leves
lev ium
lev ibus
levgs, is
lev ibus
NEUT.
levia
lev ium
lev ibus
levia
lev ibus
64 THIRD DECLENSION.
Memor, mindful. St. memori-
SINGULAK.
PLURAL.
M. & F. NEUT.
N.V. memor memor memor es
G. memor is memor is memor um
D. memor I memor I memor ibus
Ac. memor em memor memor gs, is
Ab. memor i memor I memor ibus
151. An inspection of the tables shows :
1. That the i of the stem is sometimes lost, and sometimes
changed to e. It appears in the terminations im, is (ace. plur.),
l (abl. sing.), ia, and turn.
2. That the ablative singular has in some nouns f, in some e,
and in some l or e ; in adjectives, always l.
3. That the genitive plural has ium, and the nominative and
accusative plural neuter ia. Compare these endings with the nom-
inative and genitive plural of consonant stems (105, 134, 140).
4. Memor has um in the genitive plural, masculine and feminine.
It has no neuter plural. Like memor decline vigil, watchful,
which has neuter plural vigilia, vigilium, etc.
152. To stems in i belong :
1. Nouns in is and es not increasing in the genitive. 1
2. Neuters in e, al, and ar.
3. Adjectives of two terminations.
4. Adjectives of the third declension of three terminations.
153. Nouns in es (gen. z's) are declined like nubgs. Most
nouns in is are declined like hostis. Canis, dog, has genitive
plural canum.
154. The principal nouns declined like turris are: clavis,
key; navis, ship; puppis, stern of a ship; securis, axe.
Like ignis are : amiiis, river ; anguis, snake ; avis, bird ;
civis, citizen ; classis, fleet ; collis, hill ; finis, end ; orbis, circle ;
postis, post. Sitis, thirst, has ace. in -im, abl. in -I.
1 That is, having no more syllables than in the nominative.
THIRD DECLENSION. 65
155. Adjectives declined like acer are called adjectives of
three terminations; those declined like levis, adjectives of two
terminations ; while those declined like vetus (141), audax and
prudens (164), are called adjectives of one termination.
156. Decline together navis longa, ship of war; vallis pro-
f unda, deep valley ; Alpes altae, high Alps. See 161.
157. Paradigm illustrating apposition:
N.V. CicerS consul, Cicero, the consul.
G. Ciceronis consulis, of Cicero, the consul.
D. Ciceroni consul!, to or for Cicero, the consul.
Ac. Ciceronem consulem, Cicero, the consul.
Ab. 5. Cicerone consule, by Cicero, the consul.
158. RULE OF SYNTAX. An appositive is in the
same case as the noun or pronoun which it qualifies.
159. EXERCISES.
I. 1. In vallibus Alpium sunt fluvii pulchrT. 2. Quae
(what) animalia aquilam timent ? 3. Naves Gallorum erant
longae et altae. 4. Galli longas naves habebant. 5. Fui-
mus in navi alta. 6. Robur tuum lev! labore augebitur.
7. Somnus hominibus voluptatem praebet. 8. Habentne
milites defessi cibum et aquam? 9. Homines cibum Igni
soquunt (cook). 10. Leones et elephant! sunt animalia fera.
II. 1. In the tower there were many men. 2. The towers
of the ships were high. 3. From the high tower we saw the
broad sea. 4. The broad sea was seen by men in the high
tower. 5. The flight of the horsemen was seen by brave
soldiers. 6. Robbers fear a brave man. 7. A brave man
is feared by robbers. 8. On the shore they built a tower
66 THIRD DECLENSION.
for the king. 9. Numa, king of the Romans, changed the
number of the months. 10. The number of the months was
changed by Numa, a Roman king.
3.
160. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Turrim altam videbant regis comites. 2. Corpora
hominum non animi sunt mortalia. 3. Capita animalium
multorum videbantur. 4. Acrl animo navem latronum sub-
movent nautae. 5. Navis latronum ab acribus nautis sub-
movetur. 6. Victoriam debemus turribus nostris validis.
7. Multa animalia sunt levia et vigilia. 8. Avium non multa
genera in ruims turrium antiquarum habitant. 9. Servi
Graeci fllios Romanorum nobilium educabant. 10. Filii
Romanorum nobilium a servis Graecis saepe educabantur.
II. 1. Polyphemus, son of Neptune, had a huge body.
2. Cyrus, the first king of the Persians, remembered all the
names of his soldiers. 3. The names of all his soldiers were
remembered by Cyrus, king of the Persians. 4. How many
ships of the Gauls were driven off ? 5. The number of
fires in the town was great.
161. VOCABULARY.
Alpes, -iam, F., Alps. ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild.
avis, -is, r., bird (154). fuga, -ae, F., flight.
fortis, -e, adj., brave. genus, -eris, N., kind, race.
mensis, -is, M., month. habito, 1, dwell, inhabit.
mort&lis, -e, adj., mortal. latro, -onis, M., robber.
navis, -is, F., ship (154). litus, -oris, N., shore.
nobilis, -e, adj., noble. multitude, -inis, F., multitude.
omnis, -e, adj., all, every. Neptunus, -I, M., Neptune, god of
vallis (or -es), -is, F., valley. the sea.
vigil, -is, adj., watchful. noster, -tra, -trum, poss. adj., our,
ours.
animus,-!, M., mind, soul. Numa,-ae,M.,2VMma, a Roman king.
educo, 1, train, educate. Persae, -arum, M., the Persians.
COLLOQUIUM. 67
Polyphemus,-!, M., Pol yphemus. sub-moveo, 2, -movl, -niotum,
quot, adj. indecl., bow many? (move from beneath) remove, drive
robur, -oris, N., strength. away.
rulna, -ae, F., ruin. vlto, I, avoid, shun.
4.
162. COLLOQUIUM.
FRATER ET SORORCULA.
S. Narra mihi, frater, de Polyphemo ; quis fuit et ubi
habitabat ?
F. Polyphemus filius Neptuni fuit et cum fratribus in
insula babitabat.
S. Fuitne arator et agros arabat?
F. Minime. Neque fuit arator neque agros arabat Poly-
neithcr ploughman nor
phemus.
S. Nauta igitur sine dubio fuit, et maria navibus
therefore
navigabat.
F. Erravisti, mea sororcula, Polyphemus fuit pastor atque
and
magnos ovium greges habebat. Fuit autem ingentis corporis
sheep moreover huge
et unum tantum oculum habuit. Ulixes dolosus el unum
only crafty for him his one
oculum stipite perforavit.
stake dug out
8. Eheu ! miserrimum Polyphemum !
Qh dear ! poor
68
THIRD DECLENSION.
CHAPTER XXI. 1.
THIRD DECLENSION.
MIXED STEMS. 1
163. PARADIGMS.
Cliens, M. & F., Urbs, F., Arx, F.,
client. city. citadel.
SINGULAR.
TERMINATIONS
N.V. cliens urbs arx
S
G. client is urb is arc is
is
D. client! urb! arc!
I
Ac. client em urb em arc em
em
Ab. client e urbe arce
e
PLURAL.
N.V. client es urbes arcSs
5s
G. client ium urb ium arc ium
ium
D. client ibus urb ibus arc ibus
ibus
Ac. client es, Is urb es, Is arc es, Is
Ss,Is
Ab. client ibus urb ibus arc ibus
ibus
164. ADJECTIVES.
Audax, bold; prudens, sagacious.
SINGULAR.
M. & F. NEUT. M. & F.
NEUT.
N.V. audax audax prudens
prudens
G. audac is audac is prudent is
prudent is
D. audac I audac i prudent!
prudent I
Ac. audac em audax prudent em
prudens
Ab. audac I, e audac I, e prudent!, e
prudent I, e
PLURAL.
N.V. audac es audac ia prudent es
prudent ia
G. audac ium audac ium prudent ium
prudent ium
D. audac ibus audac ibus prudent ibus
prudent ibus
Ac. audac es, Is audac ia prudent es, Is
prudent ia
Ab. audac ibus audac ibus prudent ibus
prudent ibus
1 Usually classed as i stems. See 166.
THIKD DECLENSION. 69
165. PARTICIPLE.
Amans, loving.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M. & F. NEUT. M. & F. NEUT.
N.V. amans amans amantes amantia
G. amantis amantis amantium amantium
D. amanti ' amantl amantibus amantibus
Ac. amantem amans amantes, is amantia
Ab. amante, I amante, I amantibus amantibus
166. Note in the above tables :
1. That the nouns are declined in the singular like consonant
stems (105, 134, 140), and the adjectives also, except that, like
t stems, they have an ablative in l.
2. That the plural of both nouns and adjectives is like that of
f stems (149, 150).
167. To the class of mixed stems belong :
1. Nouns in ns and rs. But parens has the genitive plural
parentum.
2. Monosyllables in s and x following a consonant, together with
nix, nivis, snow ; nox, noctis, night ; os, ossis, bone ; mus, muris,
mouse.
3. Adjectives of one ending, with some exceptions, of which the
most important are: dives, rich; pauper, poor; particeps,
sharing; princeps, chief; and compounds of nouns that have
consonant stems. These all have the genitive plural in um.
4. Present active participles.
168. RULES OF GENDER. 1. Nouns ending in o,
or, os, er, es (gen. Mis, Ills), are masculine.
But nouns ending in do and go, of more than two syllables,
together with abstract l and collective 2 nouns in id, are feminine.
2. Nouns ending" in as, es not increasing 1 in the
genitive, is, ac, and s following a consonant, are
feminine.
1 Abstract nouns are such as 2 Collective nouns are such as
denote a thought rather than a in the singular imply a number of
thing : ratio, method. things or persons : legio, legion.
70 THIRD DECLENSION.
3. Nouns ending 1 in a, e, i 9 y, c, I, n, t, ar, ur,
and us, are neuter.
There are many exceptions to these rules, which the learner
should note as he advances.
1O9. Decline together fons profundus, deep spring; hostis
audax, bold enemy ; magna pars, great part. See 172.
2.
170. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Alpes sunt montes Europae. 2. Saepe in lateribus
montium sunt silvae. 3. Multorum amnium fontes sunt
parvT. 4. In Alpibus sunt regiones pulchrae et suaves.
5. Sunt valles profundae, rupes altae, silvae magnae. 6. Ibi
magnam videbis multitudinem vulpium. 7. Aestate ovium
greges videntur. 8. Militem fortem non terrebit periculum.
9. Miles fortis peiiculo non terrebitur. 10. Omnes adule-
scentes erunt milites fortes.
II. 1. There are mountains in Europe. 2. On the sides
of the mountains are tall trees. 3. Many rivers have small
sources. 4. Parts of the Alps are beautiful. 5. The Alps
have deep valleys and high cliffs. 6. Wild beasts are seen
on the sides of the Alps. 7. There you will see shepherds
and sheep. 8. Brave soldiers do not fear dangers. 9. The
fathers of the young men are soldiers. 10. We honor the
brave soldier.
3.
171. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Quid vident homines in montibus altis ? 2. Aquilam,
avem audacem, in rupibus vident. 3. Nonne in arboribus
altis habitat rex avium? 4. Certe, et parvis avibus est ter-
ror magnus, nam inter aves regnat. 5. Acres sunt aquilarum
oculi; longe vident venatorem. 6. In marl classem hos-
tium videmus. 7. Classis navium a latronibus videbatur.
8, Magister mores bonos et diligentiam discipulorum lauda-
THIRD DECLENSION. 71
bit. 9. Mores bom et diligeutia a magistro laudabuntur.
10. Omnis Galliae sunt partes tres (three) .
II. 1. Men dwell in the deep valleys of the mountains.
2. In summer they have flocks on the mountains. 3. Why
do men call the eagle the king 1 of birds ? 4. Do not keen
hunters see the eagle from afar ? 5. The enemy's ships
plough the deep sea. 6. The robbers saw the ships with great
terror. 2 7. Solon was the author of many good laws. 8. In
ancient states there were free men and slaves. 9. The
memory of the wise Solon has been honored.
172. VOCABULARY.
adulescens, -entis, M. & r., youth, latus, -eris, N., side. Cf . latus, broad.
young man. lex, legis, r., law.
foiis, fbntis, M., source, spring. longe, adv., afar, at a distance,
mmis, moiit is, M., mountain. mos, moris, M., manner, custom.
pars, partis, F., part. nam, conj.,for.
sapiens, -entis, adj., wise. ovis, -is, F., sheep.
pastor, -oris, M., shepherd.
amnis, -is, M., river (154). perlculum, -I, N., danger, peril.
arbor, -oris, r., tree. profundus, -a, -urn, adj., deep.
auctor, -oris, M., author. regio, -oiiis, F., region.
Belgae, -arum, M., the Belgians. regiio, 1, be king, rule, reign.
classis, -is, F., fleet (154). rupes, -is, F., rock, cliff.
diligentia, -ae, F., diligence. silva, -ae, F., wood, forest.
fera, -ae, F., wild beast. Solon, -onis, M., Solon, an Athenian
honoro, 1, honor. lawgiver.
hostis, -is, M. & F., enemy. suavis, -e, adj., sweet, pleasant.
ibi, adv., there. venator, -oris, M., hunter.
inter, prep. w. ace., between, among, vulpes, -is, F., fox.
a in n is, a large, deep river ; not the common prose word for river.
flanien (203), general word for river ; flowing, as opposed to still
water, as a lake or pond.
fluvius (84), not different from fluinen, but much less used.
hostis, general word for enemy: a public enemy, enemy in war.
inimicus (78), a private or personal enemy ; opposed to amicus.
1 Predicate accusative. 2 See 144, 145.
72 THIRD DECLENSION.
4.
COLLOQUIUM.
1 73. Translate into Latin :
FATHER AND SON.
F. Tell me (niilii) about Solon, if you please (si placet).
S. Solon was a wise Athenian (Atheniensis) ; his (ejus)
laws were famous, and his memory will always be honored.
He was the friend of poor men (pauperum) . He saw many
lands and many men. He did not fear Pisistratus the
usurper (tyrannum) .
F. Was Miltiades also (quoque) an Athenian ?
S. Certainly ; he overcame the Persians (Persas) in the
battle of Marathon. 1 He was a brave and skilful leader.
He had a brave sou.
CHAPTER XXII. 1.
REVIEW.
174. Decline together gladius acer, sharp sword; consilium
utile, useful counsel ; aquila celeris, swift eagle ; animal velox,
fleet animal. See 179.
1 75. Examples of the locative case in the third declension are :
Carthagim, or Carthagine, at Carthage ; ruri, in the country.
176. Affix the proper terminations to the adjectives in the
following, and translate:
1. Equo celer-, equorum veloc-, equis veloc-. 2. Puella
tiist-, puellae tiist-, puellam tiist-, puellarum prudent-.
3. GladiTs acr-, gladios acr-, gladium acr-. 4. Libro util-,
librorum util-, librum util-. 5. Donum util-, dona util-,
don! util-. 6. Servi fidel-, servo fidel-, servos fidel-, servis
fidel-.
Of Marathon, Marathonius, -a, -um.
THIBD DECLENSION. 73
177. .EXERCISES.
I. 1. Equi sunt celeres. 2. Proelium equestre fuit.
3. Viri fortes laudantur. 4. Virum fortem laudamus.
5. Omne initium est difficile. 6. Bella sunt tristia. 7. Con-
silium ducis audax fuit. 8. Vetus vmum est bonum.
9. Acris et velox est aquila. 10. Multa animalia vitas
breves habent.
II. 1. The soldiers have keen weapons. 2. I have a
swift horse. 3. We praise brave men. 4. Do you like
sweet food? 5. The lessons are not hard. 6. The plans of
the commander are sagacious. 7. Life is short. 8. There
are swift eagles in the mountains. 9. The king has bold
sailors. 10. The wings of the swift eagle are long.
2.
178. EXERCISES.
Write out the whole of 177. 1. in Latin, changing singulars
to plurals and plurals to singulars. Thus, 4 will be viros
fortes laudo.
Turn II. into Latin, first changing the sentences as
directed above in regard to I.
179. VOCABULARY.
iicer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, eager. fidelis, -e, adj., faithful.
brevis, -e, adj., short. initium, -I, N., beginning.
celer, celeris, celere, adj., quick, telum, -I, N., weapon.
feet, swift. tristis, -e, adj., sad.
difflcilis, -e, adj., difficult, hard. utilis, -e, adj., useful.
equester, -tris, -tre, adj., eques- velox, -ocis, adj., swift, fleet.
trian. vita, -ae, r., life.
celer, quick, with the added notion of eagerness or energy.
velox, swift, sometimes implying nimbleness.
74
THIRD CONJUGATION.
CHAPTER XXIII.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
18O. E- VERBS.
Rego (stem rege), rule.
PRINCIPAL PARTS: rego, regSre, rexi, 1 rectum. 2
ACTIVE.
/ rule, etc.
rego regimus
regis regitis
reg it reg uiit
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PASSIVE.
I am ruled, etc.
reg or regimur
reg eris, or -re reg imini
reg itur reg untur
IMPERFECT.
/ was ruling, etc. I icas ruled, etc.
reggbam regebamus regebar regebamur
regebas reggbatis reg ebaris, or -re regebaminl
reggbat regebant regebatur regebantur
/ shall rule, etc.
reg am reg emus
reg es reg etis
reg et reg ent
/ have ruled, etc.
icxi reximus
rex isti rex istis
rex it
FUTURE.
/ shall be ruled, etc.
reg ar reg Smur
reg eris, or -re reg emini
reg etur reg entur
PERFECT.
/ have been ruled, etc.
f sum t sumus
rectus \ es recti < estis
(sunt
rex erunt, or -re ( est
PLUPERFP:CT.
/ had ruled, etc.
rex eram rex eramus
rex eras rex eratis
rex erat rex erant
/ had been ruled, etc.
f eram r eramus
rectus 4 eras recti 4 eratis
( erat ( erant
1 Rexi for reg-si. See p. 1, note 2. - Rectum for reg-tum.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
75
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
FUTURE PERFECT.
/ shall have ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc.
rexero rexerimus rero rerimus
rexeris rex eritis rectus^eris rect I } eritis
rexerit rexerint (erit (erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE. 1
PRESENT.
regam
reg as
regat
reg amus
regatis
reg ant
regar
reg aris, or -re
reg atur
reg aniur
reg amim
reg antur
IMPERFECT.
regerem regeremus regerer regeremur
regeres regeretis reg ereris, or -re regeremim
regeret regerent regeretur regerentur
PERFECT.
rex erim rex erimus f sim f simus
rex eris rex eritis rect us ^ sis recti -j sltis
rexerit rexerint (sit (siiit
PLUPERFECT.
rexissem rexissemus /essem ressemus
rexisses rexissetis rect us Besses rect I -j essetis
rexisset rexissent (esset ( essent
reg e, rule tliou.
regite, rule ye.
regito, thou shalt rule.
regito, he shall rule.
regitote, ye shall rule.
reg unto, they shall rule.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
reg ere, be thou ruled.
regimiiii, be ye ruled.
FUTURE.
regitor, thou shalt be ruled.
reg itor, he shall be ruled.
reguntor, they shall be ruled.
1 See p. 26, note.
76 THIRD CONJUGATION.
INFINITIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRES. regere, to rule. re g*i t e ruled.
PERF. rexisse, to have ruled. rectus ease, to have been ruled.
FUT. recturus esse, to be about rectum iri, to be about to be ruled,
to rule.
PARTICIPLE.
PRES. reg 5ns, -entis, ruling.
FUT. recturus, -a, -um, about GER. regendus, -a, -urn, to be
to rule. ruled.
PERF. rectus, -a, -um, having been
ruled.
GERUND.
G. regendl, of ruling.
D. reg endo, for ruling.
Ac. regendum, ruling.
Ab. reg endo, by ruling.
SUPINE.
Ac. rectum, to rule. Ab. rectu, to rule, to be ruled.
CHAPTER XXIV. 1.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
181. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
present imperative and infinitive, active and passive, of rego.
182. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Eegitis, regebatis, regetis. 2. Regitur, regebatur,
regetur. 3. Rego, regebam, regam. 4. Reguntur, rege-
bantur, regentur. 5. Regere, regl. 6. Regite, regere.
7. Regis, regeris. 8. Regimus, regimur. 9. Regit, regitur.
10. Regitis, regimini.
II. 1. He rules, he was ruling, he will rule. 2. To be
ruled, to rule. 3. They rule, they were ruling, they will
THIRD CONJUGATION. 77
rule. 4. We rule, we are ruled. 5. We shall rule, we shall
be ruled. 6. You are ruling, you were ruling, you will rule.
7. Kule (thou), be (thou) ruled. 8. He is ruling, he is
ruled. 9. They ruled, they were ruled. 10. I rule, I ruled,
I shall rule.
2.
183. EXERCISES.
Scribo, 1 write; mitto, 1 send ; emo, 1 buy.
I. 1. Scribis, mittis, emis. 2. Mittitur, scribitur, emitur.
3. Nonne mittebas ? nonne scribebant ? nonne eraebam ?
4. Sciibetur, mittebantur, ementur. 5. Mitte, scribite,
emite. 6. Emere, scribere, mittere. 7. N6n mittunt, non
scribitis, non emet. 8. Scribamne? emuntne? mittimusne?
9. Mitteris, mitteris, scribetur. 10. Scribi, mitti, emi.
II. 1. He writes, he is sent, they buy. 2. Is it written ?
does he send? are they bought? 3. I shall buy, thou wilt
send, he will write. 4. It will not be written, we shall not
be sent, thou wilt not be bought. 5. To write, to send, to
buy. 6. Write, send, bu} 7 . 7. We are sent, they were
bought, it is (being) written. 8. They write, they will buy,
they were sending. 9. I was writing, we were sending,
I shall buy. 10. You are sent, it was (being) ^written, they
are bought.
184. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Imperator multas urbes vincet. 2. Multae terrae
ab Romams regebantur. 3. Omnem mundum regit Deus.
4. Dux Romanus ex Graecia in Italiam portabat multas
statuas. 5. VirT fortes timore non vincuntur. 6. Pabulum
militibus 2 emetur. 7. Hannibal milites trans Alpes ducebat.
1 For principal parts, see 186.
2 What would be the meaning of a militibus ?
78 THIRD CONJUGATION.
8. Trans fluvium erat parva urbs. 9. Urbs a clvibus del'eii-
debatur. 10. Nautae, e navi descend ite.
II. 1. The commander writes a letter. 2. Letters are
written b} r the commander. 3. Hannibal was leading his
soldiers into Italy. 4. The citizens are defended by their 1
leaders. 5. Caesar conquered all his enemies. 6. Rome will
be defended by the citizens. 7. Drive the sheep into the
fields. 8. There are many robbers in the city. 9. Near the
town is a broad valley. 10. Come down out of the tower.
3.
185. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Omnis mundus a Deo regitur. 2. Puerls libros
emam. 3. Defensores oppidi a Caesaris mllitibus vincentur.
4. In Africa servl emuntur. 5. Hieme multa animalia in
valles descendunt. 6. Agricolae in urbem ovep agent.
7. Omnes canes ex urbe agemus. 8. Epistulam de bello
scribebam. 9. Puer epistulam de pensts scribebat. 10. Poeta
bonus poemata bona sciibet.
II. 1. The king's brothers send soldiers into Greece.
2. I will send my brother's son into Africa. 3. You will
be sent into -Sicily. 4. Send men across the river. 5. The
city was defended with 2 great bravery by all the citizens.
6. Pyrrhus led many men across the sea into Italy. 7. In 3
winter many animals are overcome by hunger. 8. The
farmers are buying food for their sheep. 9. Strong men
were driving the white horses into the river. 10. The good
shepherd leads his sheep.
1 See 100. 3 Is in to be separately expressed
2 Is it necessary to translate in Latin 1 ? See fifth sentence above,
with by cum ? See examples and and examples and rule, 135, 136.
rule, 144, 145.
THIRD CONJUGATION. 79
186. VOCABULARY.
ago, 3, egi, actum, drive, lead. Caesar, -aris, M., Ccesar.
de-fendo, 3, -di, -sum, defend. canis, -is, M. & r., dog. (153.)
de-scendo, 3, -di, -sum, descend, clvis, -is, M. & r., citizen.
go down, come down. de, prep. w. abl., concerning, about.
duco, 3, duxl, ductum, lead. epistula, -ae, F., letter.
emo, 3, eml, emptum, buy. fames, -is, F., hunger, famine.
mitto, 3, misi, missum, send. hiems, hiemis, F., tv inter.
scrlbo, 3, scripsi, scrlptum, latro, -onis, M., robber.
write. mundus, -I, M., ivorld, universe.
sumo, 3, sumpsi, sumptum, take, prope, prep. w. ace., near.
vinco, 3, vicl, vlctum, conquer. trans, prep. w. ace., across, beyond.
supero (1O2), to have the upper hand, surpass, conquer.
vinco, to get the mastery, vanquish, conquer.
What difference do you make out from a comparison of the
meanings 1
4.
187. COLLOQUIUM.
CHARON ET MERCURIUS.
Ch. Salve, O Mercuri !
bail
M. Et tu, salve, portitor.
ferryman
Ch. Mercuri. ducisne hodie multos manes?
souls
M. Hodie manium duco numerum magnum. Tiiste est
ead
officium meum. Ithaca tibi procul dubio nota est atque Ulixes.
duty without doubt known
Ch. Recte dixistT. Ithaca est Insula inter Graeciam et
you have said
Italiam sita ; et mini notus est Ulixes, nam ipse olim hue
situated himself formerly hither
venit.
came
M. Jam aspice manes procerum et servorum Infldorum.
now see chiefs unfaithful
HI omnes ab Ulixe necatl sunt.
these
Ch. Istud mihi placet. Manes in cymba trans veham.
that boat carry over
Vale, Mercuri.
M. Et tu vale, Charon.
80 THIRD CONJUGATION.
5.
188. FOR TRANSLATION.!
PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO.
Publius Cornelius Scipio major, 2 adulescens 3 septendecim
annorum, ad Ticmum flumen patrem vulneratum servavit.
In pugna Cannensi fortiter dimicavit. Postea Carthaginem
Novam, urbem in Hispania Poenorum firmissimam expug-
navit. Obsides Hispanorum benlgne tractavit et libertate
donavit. 4 Non minus fellciter Scipio in Africa bellavit ibique
Poenos ita ursit 5 ut Hannibalem ex Italia revocarent. 6 Ad
Zamam Scipionis et Hannibalis exercitus 7 castra habuerunt ;
clarum est illud colloquium, quod Hannibal, dux Poenorum,
et Scipio, consul Romanus, ante pugnam habuerunt. Poeni
a Scipione superati fugatique sunt. Scipio triumphum
magnificum ex Africa reportavit et a populo Africanus
appellatus est.
CHAPTER XXV. 1.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
189. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indica-
tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of rego.
190. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Rexit, rexerat, rexerit. 2. Rexerunt, rexerant,
rexerint. 3. Rexisse, rectus esse. 4. Rectum est, rectum
erat, rectum erit. 5. Rexisti, rexeras, rexeris. 6. Reximus,
1 For meanings of words, see 5 From urgeo ; ita ursit,
general vocabulary. pressed them so hard.
2 The elder. 6 Ut . . . revocarent, that they
8 When a youth. recalled.
4 Presented them with their liberty 7 Nom. plur., subject of habue-
= set them free. runt.
THIRD CONJUGATION. 81
recti sumus. 7. Rexistis, recti estis. 8. Rexi, rexeram,
rexero. 9. Rexerant, recti eraut. 10. Recta est, recta
erat, recta erit.
II. 1. I have ruled, I had ruled, I shall have ruled.
2. I have ruled, I have been ruled. 3. They have ruled,
they have been ruled. 4. You ruled, you had ruled, you
will have ruled. 5. He will have ruled, he will have been
ruled. 6. To have been ruled, to have ruled. 7. They had
ruled, they had been ruled. 8. She has ruled, she has been
ruled. 9. It was ruled, it had been ruled, it will have been
ruled. 10. They (neut.) were ruled, they had been ruled,
they will have been ruled.
2.
191. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Duxit, emerit, sumpserit. 2. Emit, 1 duxisti, sumps!.
3. Sumptus est, ductac sumus, empta sunt. 4. Eratne
ductus? erantne emptae ? eratne sumptum? 5. Duxerimus,
sumpseritis, emerint. 6. Nonne duximus ? nonne emera-
mus ? nonne emerimus? 7. Duxisti, emerunt, sumpsimus.
8. Ducta est, emptum est, sumpta erat. 9. Duxisse, emisse,
sumpsisse. 10. Non duxeram, non emeratis, non sumpsero.
II. 1. She had been led, it has been bought, they (neut.)
will have been taken. 2. I have taken, you have bought,
he has led. 3. Has it not been taken ? had he not been
led ? have they (neut.) not been bought ? 4. I had led,
you had bought, he had takeYi. 5. They will have
taken, I shall have led, thou wilt have bought. 6. I was
led, it was bought, it had been taken. 7. To have been led,
to have been bought, to have been taken. 8. We shall have
taken, I shall have bought, he will have led. 9. Did he
take ? didst thou buy ? did you lead ? 10. They did not
lead, you had not bought, she will not have taken.
1 How do you know whether this form is present or perfect 1
82 THIRD CONJUGATION.
192. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Hostes vicimus. 2. Hostes territi vlctique suut.
3. Horatius oculum in proelio anriserat. 4. O patria, vicistl
iram meam. 5. Scipio in Hispaniam missus est. 6. Spar-
tacus, dux gladiatorum, consules Romanos vicit. 7. Gallia
inter Pyreiiaeos montes et Rhenum posita est. 1 8. Metellus
bellum in Hispania gessit. 9. Quid times? Caesarem vehis.
10. Bellum a Pyrrho in Italia gestum est. 11. A Spartaco,
duce gladiatorum, consules Roman! \icti sunt.
II. 1. Have you lost your books? 2. My brother will sail 2
in a small ship. 3. Do men live in trees? 4. Neptune
ruled (over) the deep sea. 5. A river flows out of the
mountain. 6. The girl's head was encircled with flowers.
7. War has been waged in Itaty. 8. A lazy boy is often
despised. 9. The ancient Romans did not despise war.
10. The king had surrounded the city with walls. 11. Did
not Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, wage war in Italy?
3.
193. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Aves multae in arboribus vivunt. 2. VirT fortes
urbem templaque deorum defenderunt. 3. Dux trans mare
in navi vectus est. 4. Tyranni a virls fortibus contempt!
sunt. 5. Ponite pedes in rupem. 6. Virgo a templo tracta
erat. 7. Hannibal a Scipione victus est. 8. Caesar milites
in equos posuit. 9. Oppidum muro alto cinctum erat,.
10. Oppidan! oppidum muro alto cinxeruut. 11. Inter
montem et oppidum fluebat fluvius latus. 12. Bellum in
Hispania a Metello imperatore Romano gestum est.
II. 1. A large fleet was bought with gold by Caesar.
2. The general's daughter had been carried in a wagon.
1 Posita est, is situated. 2 Future passive of vehti.
THIRD CONJUGATION. 83
3. The commander had carried on war against his enemies.
4. All the property 1 of the enemy has been lost. 5. Many
men live by agriculture. 6. We went away from Italy to 2
Sicily. 7. My brother has departed from his native land.
8. Have they lost their books? 9. Have not men always
despised tyrants? 10. The boys rode on horseback 3 with
great pleasure. 4 11. The farmer's cart is drawn by strong-
horses. 12. My books have been lost.
194- VOCABULARY.
a-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum, lose. Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul.
cingo, 3, cinxi, cinctum, bind, en- gladiator, -oris, M., gladiator,
circle, surround. Hispania, -ae, F., Spain.
con-temiio, 3, -tempsi, -teinptum, Horatius, -I, M., Horatius. (79.)
despise. Metellus, -I, M., Metellus, a Roman
dis-cedo, 3, -(iessl, -cessum, depart. general.
fluo, 3, fluxi, fluxum, flow. patria, -ae, F., native land.
gero, 3, gessi, gestum, carry on, Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., Pyre-
wage (war). nean, Pyrenees.
pond, 3, posui, positum, put, place, -que (enclitic), 5 conj., and.
traho, 3, -xl, -ctum, drag, draw. I Mi cm is, -I, M., the Rhine.
veho, 3, vexl, vectum, carry, draw. Scipio, -onis, M., Scipio, a Boman
vivo, 3, vlxl, victum, live. general.
Spartacus, -I, M., Spartacus, a
contra, prep. w. ace., against. gladiator.
carrus, -i, M., cart, wagon. virgo, -inis, F., maiden, girl.
habito (161), trans, and intrans., live, in the sense of dwell, inhabit,
with reference to place.
vivo, intrans., have life, live, often with reference to some condition
or circumstance other than place.
1 Goods. See 117. * See 145.
2 Into. See 52. 6 j e ^ appended to some word,
3 Ride on horseback = be car- as in 192. I. 2.
ried on a horse.
84 COLLOQUIUM.
4.
195. COLLOQUIUM.
PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.
P. Quis fuit Hannibal ? Fuit Romanus an Carthaginiensis ?
Carthaginian
D. Fuit Carthaginiensis et a Scipione victus est.
P. Ubi fuit Hannibalis patria?
where
D. Carthago, Hannibalis patria, fuit in Africa.
P. Cur fuit ? cur non est in Africa?
why
D. Quia Carthago a Scipione deleta est.
was destroyed
P. Quot nomina erant ScipionI?
how many
D. Tria Scipioni erant nomina. Publius Cornelius Scipio.
three
P. Recte, nil puer, praenomen Publius; Cornelius nomen
first name
gentile; Scipio cognomen.
family cognomen _^P
D. Nonne interdum appellatus est Scipio Africanus ?
sometimes was called
P. Certissime. Hoc autem nomen dicebant Roman!
this moreover
cognomen secundum.
CHAPTER XXVI. 1.
REVIEW.
196. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Defendite, cives, civitatem. 2. Clvitas est mater
nostra. 3. Gives sunt fratres nostii. 4. Pueri, fratres
amate. 5. Ornate, elves, urbem monumentis statuisque.
6. Urbes pulchrae in Italia videntur. 7. Habitasne in urbe
pulchra? 8. Urbs Roma 1 muro cincta est. 9. Roma a civibus
cum fortitudine defensa est. 10. Milites Roman! erant fortes.
1 See 157, 158.
REVIEW. 85
II. 1. The citizens are defenders of the state. 2. Roman
mothers furnished brave heroes for the state. 3. Do you
write letters to your brothers ? 4. From 1 springs in the
mountains the rivers flow. 5. The city will be adorned with
golden 2 statues. 6. In Greece we do 3 not see many beautiful
cities. 7. The city is defended by watchful guards. 8. A
high wall encircles the farmer's field. 9. We shall remain
near Caesar's camp. 10. We teach our children by means
of stories. 4
2.
197. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Consules a Pyrrho victi sunt. 2. Urbs a consulibus
defendetur. 3. Filii regis audacis sunt civitatis defenso-
res. 4. Clamoribus mllitum nostrorum territi sunt hostes.
5. Milites in urbe nostra non saepe videmus. 6. In monti-
bus et silvis vivunt apri. 7. Mali 5 poenae timore coercentur.
8. Legibus patriae omnes 6 coercemur. 9. Fluvius oppidum
cingit. 10. Mores mall ab hominibus boms contemnuntur.
II. 1. Who defeated the Roman consuls ? 2. The consul
was besieging a city of Spain. 3. We all have seen the
pleasant light of the moon. 4. The sad maidens were sitting
near a deep river. 5. The maidens were weeping because
they had lost their flowers. 6. The boars are descending
headlong into the sea. 7. Soldiers are not often seen in our
streets. 8. The ancient city of Rome 7 was ruled by kings.
9. The shepherd's son will weep if he loses (shall have lost)
a sheep. 10. The teacher was teaching his pupils 8 the
poems of Homer.
1 e rather than a. 6 Omnes agrees with the under-
2 See p. 37, note 1. stood subject of coercemur.
3 See p. 14, note 1. 7 The city -of Rome = the city
4 See 90 and 91. Home. See 157, 158.
5 See 117. 8 Accusative. See p. 54, note 2.
86 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
198. VOCABULARY.
fa hula, -ae, F., story, tale, fable. omnis, -e, adj., all, every, whole.
frater, -tris, M., brother. praeceps, -cipitis, adj., headlong.
mater, -tris, F., mother. tristis, -e, adj., sad, gloomy.
3.
199. FOR TRANSLATION. 1
PROSERPINA.
Proserpina, Cereris filia, aliquando in Sicilia ad urbem
Hennam in campis flores carpebat, serta nectebat ludebatque
cum comitibus. Nam campi ibi floribus pulchrls spars! 2
sunt. Subito terra concussa 3 est atque Pluto, inferorum
deus, e terra emersit; 4 ejus currum equi atri vehebant. Deus
Proserpinam abduxit, ut uxor sua et mferorum regma esset; 5
clamorem puellae compressit. 6 Juppiter autem fratri per-
miserat ut Proserpinam abduceret. 7 Mater cum 8 ignoraret,
ubi filia esset, 9 totum orbem terrarum frustra peragravit.
[Continued on p. 92.]
CHAPTER XXVII. 1.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
2OO. The following adjectives have ins (rarely ins)
in the genitive singular of all genders, and I in the
dative :
alius, alia, aliud, another. totus, -a, -urn, whole.
nullus, -a, -um, no one, none, no. tillus, -a, -um, any.
solus, -a, -um, alone, sole. iinus, -a, -um, one, alone.
1 For meanings of words, see 6 From comprimo.
general vocabulary. 7 Ut . . . abduceret, that he
2 From spargo. might lead away = to lead away.
3 From concutio. 8 Cum Ignoraret, since she did
* From emergo. not know.
5 Ut . . . esset, that she might be. 9 Was.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
87
alter, altera, alterum, the other of two.
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither of two.
uter, utra, utrum, which of two ?
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of two, both.
201.
SINGULAR.
PARADIGM.
N.
G.
D.
MASC.
all us
all us
alii
FEM. NEUT.
all a all ud
all us all us
alii alii
Ac. alium aliam aliud
Ab. alio alia alio
PLURAL.
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
ali I ali ae ali a
ali orum ali arum ali orum
ali Is ali is ali is
ali 6s ali as ali a
ali is ali Is ali Is
2O2. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Virtus sola veram dat voluptatem. 2. Alius 1 aliud
dixit. 3. In utram partem 2 fluit flumen? 4. Alter 3 Graecus,
alter 3 Romanus erat. 5. Utii consul! dat civitas totam
laudem? Neutri. 6. Alii 4 virtute, alii 4 dolls hostes superant. 5
7. Unms hominis mors totam urbem servavit. 8. Alterl
discipulo laudem, alter! culpam dat 5 praeceptor. 9. Nullms
precibus cedemus. 10. A Cicerone uno urbs servata est.
II. 1. The farmer was ploughing his field alone. 2. He
is praised by one, blamed by another. 3. To which of the
two does the teacher give the praise? 4. Some like 6 boys,
others like girls. 5. Death is feared by no good man.
6. The consul conquered some of his enemies, by others he
1 Literally, another said another
thing. The English of it is, one
said one thing, another another.
2 Into which part ? i.e., in which
direction ?
8 Alter . . . alter, the one . . . the
other.
4 Alii . . . alii, some . . . others;
aliud . . . aliud, one thing . . , an-
other thing.
5 This sentence illustrates a
common usage of the Latin. A verb
belonging to two groups of words
is often placed only with the last,
and must be mentally supplied
with the first. With the English
it is the reverse. Show the appli-
cation of the remark.
6 See note 6.
88 IK REGULAR ADJECTIVES.
was conquered. 7. One leg is long, the other short. S. feorue
praise one thing, others another. 9. The plan of the whole
war was disclosed to the enemy. 10. The citizens praised
Cicero alone.
2O3. VOCABULARY.
brevis, -e, adj., short. Inns, laud is, F., praise.
cedo, 3, cessi, cessum, yield. rnors, mortis, F., death.
Cicero, -oiiis, M., Cicero, a Roman praeceptor, -oris, M., teacher.
orator. preces, -urn, F. (plur.), prayers,
crus, cruris, N., leg. entreaty.
culpa, -ae, F., blame, fault. ratio, -onis, F., plan, method, reason.
dolus, -I, M., trick, deceit. servo, 1, save, preserve.
e-nnntio, 1, disclose, announce. verus, -a, -urn, adj., true.
11 11 men, -iiiis, N., river. (172.) virtus, -utis, F., virtue, courage.
2.
2O4. COLLOQUIUM.
PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.
D. Quis fuit Cicero ?
P. Clarus consul Romanus fuit.
D. Multane bella gessit?
P. Minime. Orator fuit ; dux mllitum semel.
once only
D. Nonne ejus orationes in schola legimus ?
bis read
P. Complures. Multas epistulas quoque scripsit Cicero.
several also
D. Ad quos epistulas scripsit ?
whom
P. Ad fratrem et amicos.
D. Fuitne Cicero ejus " n5men " ? l
P. Non fnit " noraen," sed " cognomen."
D. Quid fuit ejus " nomen " ?
P. Tullius.
1 See 195,
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
89
1). Et praenomen ?
P. Marcus.
D. Hoc dicas mihi, praeceptor eruditissime, s! placet;
tell most learned
difficilesne sunt Ciceronis orationes ?
hard
P. Sine dubio difficiles sunt, puer autera acer eas intelle-
gere potest. but them
CHAPTER XXVIII. 1.
COMPAEISON OF ADJECTIVES.
2O5. Adjectives in Latin, as in English, change their
terminations to express different degrees of quality:
altus, altior, altissimus, high, higher, highest.
Adjectives may also be compared in Latin, as in English, by
means of adverbs.
2O6. Examine the following :
POSITIVE.
altus (alto)
levis (levi)
prudens (prudent)
pulcher (pulchro)
miser (misero)
acer (acri)
COMPARATIVE.
altior, altius
lev ior, levius
prudent ior, prudent ius
pulchrior, pulchrius
miser ior, miser ius
acrior, acrius
SUPERLATIVE.
altissimus, etc.
levissrmus, etc.
prudent issimus, etc.
pulcher rimus, etc.
miser rimus, etc.
acer rimus, etc.
Observe (1) that the comparative is formed in both the above
groups by dropping the final vowel of the stem, if the stem ends
in a vowel, and adding /or, ius.
(2) That the superlative is formed in the first group from the
shortened stem by adding issimus, issunn, issimum.
90 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
(3) But if the adjective ends in er, the superlative is formed by
adding rimus, rima, rimum, to the positive.
20 7. Six adjectives in Us drop the final vowel of the
stem and add limus to form the superlative :
facilis, -e, easy. facilior, facilius facil limus, -a, -urn
difficilis, -e, hard. difficilior, difficilius difficil limus, -a, -um
similis, -e, like. similior, similius simil limus, -a, -um
dissimilis, -e, unlike, dissimil ior, dissimil ius dissimil limus, -a, -um
humilis, -e, low. hunrilior, humilius humillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e, slender, gracilior, gracilius gracil limus, -a, -um
208. IRREGULAR COMPARISON.
bonus, -a, -um melior, -ius optimus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um pejor, -us pessimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um major, -us maximus, -a, -um
mul tus, -a, -um , plus l plurimus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um minor, -us minimus, -a, -um
vetus vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um
DECLENSION OF THE COMPARATIVE.
209. PARADIGM.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
M. & F. NEUT. M. & F. NEUT.
N.V. altior altius altiores altiora
G. altior is altior is altior um altior um
D. altior I altior I altior ibus altior ibus
Ac. altior em altius altiores, is altiora
Ab. altior e, I altior e, i altior ibus altior ibus
Compare, and decline in the comparative :
atrox, -ocis,jierce. liber, -era, -erum,free.
audax, -acis, bold. piger, pigra, pigrum, lazy.
celer, -eris, swift. placidus, -a, -um, calm.
felix, -icis, lucky. sapiens, -entis, wise.
1 Pins has in singular only plural, nom. plures, plura, gen,
nom., gen. (pliiris), and ace.; in plfiritnn, etc.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 91
210. EXERCISES.
1. Of bolder soldiers. 2. For a bolder soldier. 3. On
the highest tree. 4. The wisest king. 5. Of fiercer lions.
6. By a more lucky general. 7. With calmer joy. 8. Of a
swifter horse. 9. For freer men. 10. Of wiser judges.
11. A deeper river. 12. Of deeper rivers. 13. In a deeper
river. 14. For lazier boys.
2.
211. We can say in Latin without difference in meaning:
1. Quis est eloquentior quam Cicero? > Who is more eloquent
2. Quis est eloquentior Cicerone? ) than Cicero f
212. RULE OF SYNTAX. The comparative degree
is followed by the ablative when quam (than) is
omitted.
But the ablative can take the place only of quam and the nom-
inative, or quam and the accusative.
213. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Fluvii altiores sunt rivis, maria altissima 1 sunt.
2. In Africa sunt animalia atrociora quam in America.
3. Leones sunt audacissimae bestiae. 4. Elephant! sunt
prudentiores leonibus. 5. Gentes Africae et Europae sunt
dissimillimae. 6. Pensum tuum facillimum, meum diffieilli-
mum est. 7. Roma est Italiae urbs veterrima, 1 sed vetusti-
ores sunt in Htoribus coloniae Graecorum. 8. Templa Graeca
erant humillima. 9. Nihil est pejus qnara mendacium.
10. Mendacium autem pejus pigritia et Tgnavia est.
II. 1. A river is longer than a brook. 2. Seas are deeper
than rivers. 3. The sources of great rivers are not always
in high mountains. 4. Elephants bear heavier burdens than
1 The superlative must often be translated by very with the positive-
92 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
horses. 5. The horse and the dog are very faithful. G. Your
dog is better than mine. 7. Not many cities are more beau-
tiful than Rome. 8. The elephant is bolder than the horse.
9. Your task is easier than mine; but mine is not very
hard. 10. The bravest men are not always the wisest.
214. VOCABULARY.
America, -ae, r., America. litus, -oris, N., shore.
autem, 1 conj., but, moreover. mendacium, -I, N., lying.
bestia, -ae, F., beast. nihil, N. (indecl.), nothing.
colonia, -ae, F., colony. pigritia, -ae, F., laziness.
gens, gentis, F., nation, people. qiiaiu, conj., than.
ignavia, -ae, F., cowardice. rlvus, i, M., brook.
3.
" Proserpin gathering flowrs,
Herself a fairer flowr, by gloomy Dis
Was gather' d, which cost Ceres all that pain
To seek her through the world."
215. FOR TRANSLATIONS
Tandem Ceres a Sole, qui omnia conspicit, audivit quis
filiam abduxisset. 3 Itaque statim iter ad Jovem 4 flexit 5 et
precibus animum ejus mflexit, ut filia a Plutone remittere-
tur. 6 Juppiter id permisit, si jejuna mansisset. 7 Sed cum 8
Proserpina mall Punici septem grana gustavisset, 9 non licuit.
Tandem Proserpinae permissum est, 10 ut per partem annl
dimidiam apud matrem, per partem alteram apud mferos
esset. 11
1 Always placed after the first 7 Had remained.
or second word in the sentence. 8 Since.
2 Continued from p. 86. 9 Had tasted.
3 Had led away. 10 It was permitted permission
4 Nom. Juppiter. was given.
6 From flecto. n Ut . . . esset, that she should be
6 Ut . . . remitteretur, that her - to be. For the order, see p. 87,
daughter might be sent back. note 5.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
93
CHAPTER XXIX. 1.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
216. Most adverbs are formed from adjectives, and
follow tnem in comparison.
217. Examine the following :
ADJECTIVE.
STEM.
ADVERB.
gratus, thankful.
bemgnus, kind.
miser, wretched.
pulcher, beautiful.
grato
bemgno-
misero-
pulchro-
grate, thankfully.
benign e, kindly.
miser e, wretchedly.
pulchr e, beautifully.
fortis, brave.
acer, eager.
prudens, wise.
felix, lucky.
forti-
acri-
prudent-
felici-
fortiter, bravely.
acriter, eagerly.
prudenter, wisely.
feliciter, luckily.
Observe (1) that the adjectives of the first group are of the o
(or second) declension, and that the adverbs are formed from the
stem of the adjectives by changing the final o of the stem to e.
(2) That the adjectives of the second group are of the third
declension, and that the adverbs are formed from the stem of the
adjectives by adding ter.
(3) But stems in nt drop t before adding the suffix ter.
218. Examine the following:
ADJECTIVE.
multus, much.
facilis, easy.
impunis, unpunished.
citus, quick.
subitus, sudden.
primus, first.
Observe that in the first group the accusative singular neuter of
the adjective is used as an adverb ; in the second, the ablative.
ADVERB.
multum, much.
facile, easily.
impune, with safety.
cito, quickly.
subito, suddenly.
primo, at first.
94 FORMATION AND COMPARISON
OF ADVERBS.
219. Examine the
following :
POSITIVE.
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
grate
gratius
gratissime
misere
miserius
miserrime
acriter
acrius
acerrime
fellciter
felicius
felicissime
bengi
melius
optime
malg
pejus
pessime
multum
plus
plurimum
magis
maxime
Observe that the comparative of the adverb is the same as the
neuter accusative singular of the adjective ; and that the superla-
tive is formed from the superlative of the adjective by changing,
as in the positive, the final o of the stem to e.
If the adjective is irregular in comparison, the adverb is likewise.
Compare :
placidg, calmly. libere, freely. pulchrS, beautifully.
audacter, boldly. celeriter, quickly, prudenter, wisely.
2.
22O. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Glim fuit 2 Atheniensis clarissimus. 2. Fideliter
legibus 3 civitatis parebat. 3. Juste omnibus rebus 4 age-
bat. 4. Audacter pugnavit atque amicum fortiter defendit.
5. Sapienter juvenes aliosque docebat. 6. Falso et turpiter
accusatus est ; libere se 5 defendit neque timebat. 7. Inju-
stissime ad mortem damnatus est a civibus. 8. Venenum in
carcere bibit placide. 9. Ejus 6 memoria delebitur nunquam.
10. Quis fuit Atheniensis?
II. 1. Was Socrates an illustrious Athenian? 2. Was he
more illustrious than other citizens? 3. Did he not act most
1 Formed irregularly from bonus. 4 Things. See 26O.
2 There was. 5 Himself.
8 Observe the dative with pared. 6 Of him.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
95
justly in all respects? 1 4. Did he very 2 faithfully obey the
laws of the Athenians? 5. Did he not teach the Athenians
very wisely? 6. Did he not defend a young man in battle
very bravely? 7. Why was he most basely accused and
condemned to death? 8. We shall cherish his memory more
diligently. 9. His memory will be cherished faithfully by
the best men. 10. In vain shall we seek for a better man
than Socrates.
III. 1. Julius Caesar was a very famous man. 2. He was
excellently brought up by his mother. 3. He learned the
Greek language very well. 4. He was an illustrious general
and fought many battles most successfully. 5. In Gaul he
took towns, and cruelly slew many men. 6. He boldly sailed
to Britain with many ships. 7. But the inhabitants did not
basely beg for peace. 8. He quickly overcame all his
enemies. 9. (As) consul he ruled the Roman state wisely and
well. 10. He was foully slain by Brutus and other Romans.
221.
VOCABULARY.
crudeliter [crudelis], cruelly.
diligenter [diligens], diligently.
falso [falsus], falsely.
fideliter [fidelis], faithfully.
f rostra, in vain.
injuste [injustus], unjustly.
juste [Justus], justly.
liber e [liber] , freely, fearlessly.
oliiu, formerly.
optime, very well, excellently.
sapie liter [sapiens], wisely.
turpiter [turpis], basely, foully.
accuse, 1 [ad, causa], accuse.
Atheniensis, -e, adj., Athenian.
bibo, 3, blbi, potuiu, drink.
career, -eris, M., prison.
colo, 3, colul, cultum, cultivate^
cherish, care for.
dam no, 1, condemn.
disco, 3, didici, -, learn.
juvenis, -is, M. & F., youth.
lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.
navigo, 1 [navis, ago], sail.
neco, 1, kill. Cf. interficio.
pared", 2, -ui, , obey (w. dat.).
pax, pacis, F., peace.
peto, 3, -ivi, -ii, -itum, beg for, ask.
quaero, 3, quaesivi, -ii, quae-
situni, seek for, ask, inquire.
sed, conj., but. Cf. autem (214).
Socrates, -is, M., Socrates, an
Athenian philosopher.
venenum, -i, N., poison.
1 Compare I. 3.
2 See p. 91, note.
96 FOURTH CONJUGATION.
3.
222. COLLOQUIUM.
PATER ET FILIOLUS.
P. Quid, ml filiole, in schola hodie discebas?
little son
F. Discebain, mi pater, pensum de adverbils longissimum.
P. Cm parti orationis cst advcrbium simillimum?
to what speech
F. Simillimum, ut oplnor, est adverbium adjective.
as I think
P. Recte, puer ; sed illud mihi explica, si poteris : SI,
this explain if you can
ut dlcis, adverbium adjectlvo est simile, unde nomen traxit?
whence has derived
F. Fortasse propter hoc, quod saepissime verbls ad-
perhaps on account of this because very often verbs
jungitur.
P. Optime, filiole ; en tibi assem !
here is for you penny
CHAPTER XXX.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
223. I -VERBS.
Audio (stem audl), hear.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : audio, audire, audivi, auditum.
INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRESENT.
/ hear, etc. I am heard, etc.
audio audimus audior audimur
and is auditis aud iris, or -re audimini
audit audiunt auditur audiuntur
IMPERFECT.
/ was hearing, etc. I was heard, etc.
audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur
audiebas audiebatis audiebaris,or-re audiebamini
audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
97
ACTIVE.
/ shall hear, etc.
audiam audiemus
audiSs audietis
audiet audient
PASSIVE.
FUTURE.
/ shall be heard, etc.
and iar and iemur
and ieris, or -re aud iemini
audietur audientur
PERFECT.
/ have heard, etc.
audiv I audiv imus
audiv isti audiv is tis aud It us
audiv it audiv erunt, or -re
/ have been heard, etc.
, sum (sumus
(est
audit I 4 estis
(sunt
PLUPERFECT.
/ had heard, etc. I had been heard, etc.
audiv eram audiv eramus reram ^eramus
audiv eras audiv eratis audit us -j eras audit! ) eratis
audiv erat audiv erant (erat (erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
/ shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc.
audiv ero audiv erixnus rer5 rerimus
audiv eris audiv eritis audit us < eris audit i < eritis
audiv erit audiv erint ( erit ( erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE. 1
audiam
audias
audiat
audiamus
audiatis
audiant
PRESENT.
aud iar
audiaris, or -re
aud iatur
audiamur
aud iamini
audiantur
aud'Irem
aud ire's
audiret
audiremus
audiretis
audirent
IMPERFECT.
aud Irer
audireris, or -re
aud iretur
aud fremur
aud ireminT
aud Irentur
audiv erim
audiv eris
audiv erit
audiv erimus
audiv eritis
audiv erint
PERFECT.
rsim
aud it us -J sis
f simus
audit i ) sitis
Csint
i
See p. 26, note.
98
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
PLUPERFECT.
audlvissem audiv issemus r essem / essemus
audiv isses audiv issetis audit us -J essgs audit I -) essgtis
audlvisset audlvissent (esset (essent
aud I, hear thou.
audite, hear ye.
audito, tJiou shalt hear.
audito, he shall hear.
auditote, ye shall hear.
audiuntS, they shall hear.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
audire, be thou heard,
audlmini, be ye heard.
FUTURE.
auditor, thou shall be heard.
auditor, he shall be heard.
audiuntor, they shall be heard.
INFINITIVE.
PRES. audire, to hear. audiri, to be heard.
PERF. audiv isse, to have heard. audit us esse, to have been heard.
FUT. audit urus esse, to be about audit um iri, to be about to be
to hear. heard.
PARTICIPLE.
PRES. audiens, -entis, hearing.
FUT. audit urus, -a, -um, about
to hear.
G. audiendi, of hearing.
D. audiendo,/0r hearing.
Ac. audiendum, hearing.
Ab. aud iendS, by hearing.
Ac. audit um, to hear.
GER. aud iendus, -a, -um, to- be
heard.
PERF. audit us, -a, -um, heard,
having been heard.
GERUND.
SUPINE.
Ab. audit u, to hear, to be heard.
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 99
CHAPTER XXXI. 1.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
224. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
present imperative and infinitive, active and passive, of audio.
225. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Audio, audiebam, audiam. 2. Audit, audiebat, au-
diet. 3. Auditur, audiebatur, audietur. 4. Audi, audlre.
5. Audimur, audiebamur, audiemur. 6. Audlre, audiri.
7. Auditis, audiebatis, audietis. 8. Audis, audiris. 9. Audi-
unt, audiuntur. 10. Audient, audientur.
II. 1. Thou hearest, thou wast hearing, thou wilt hear.
2. I hear, I am heard. 3. He is hearing, he was hearing,
he will hear. 4. To be heard, to hear. 5. We were hearing,
we were (being) heard. 6. We hear, we heard, we shall
hear. 7. They will hear, they will be heard. 8. You heard,
you were heard. 9. Hear (ye), be ye heard. 10. I hear, I
heard, I shall be heard.
2.
226. EXERCISES.
PuniS, punish; muniS, fortify; vestiS, clothe.
I. 1. Puniebam, mimiebam, vestiebam. 2. Munitur, pu-
mtur, vestitur. 3. Pfmiet, vestiet, muniet. 4. PunI, munlte,
vestimini. 5. Vestietur, punietur, munietur. 6. Nonne pu-
mmus? nonne vestimur? nonne muniuntur? 7. Vestiamne?
punietne ? munieturne ? 8. Muniebant, puniebaminT, vestior.
9. Non vestlris, non punit, non muniemus. 10. Puniar,
muniara, vestiebaris.
II. 1. He was clothing, he was punishing, he was fortify-
ing. 2. They will be clothed, they will be fortified, they will
be punished. 3. Be thou clothed, punish (thou), fortify.
4. I fortify, he punishes, we are clothing. 5. Are you not
being clothed? was it not fortified? will he not be pun-
100 FOURTH CONJUGATION.
ished? 6. They are being punished, it is being fortified,
thou wilt be clothed. 7. We punish, we were fortifying,
they will clothe. 8. Were you being clothed? will it be
fortified? shall I be punished? 9. I shall not fortify, you
are not being clothed, they will not be punished. 10. I
punished, you will fortify, they clothe.
3.
227. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Vere terra gramme et floribus vestltur. 2. Vere
avium cantus 1 audimus. 3. Mors vitam nostram finiet.
4. Pueri in gramine dormiebant. 5. Somno molllraus curas.
6. Canes agricolarum oves custodiunt. 7. Milites urbem
custodient. 8. Bellum a Sclpione flnietur. 9. Audite verba
sapientium. 10. Injuste puer punltur.
II. 1. A good father will nurture, clothe, and instruct
his children. 2. It is very 2 pleasant 3 to hear the sweet voice
of the nightingale. 3. All our 1 pains are ended by death.
4. The general justly punishes a cowardly soldier. 5. The
sheep are carefully 4 guarded by the dog. 6. Scipio finished
the war in Africa. 7. The pupils are very faithfully in-
structed by their teachers. 8. My son, soothe your mother's
cares. 9. The city is fortified by strong walls. 10. In sum-
mer the trees are clothed with leaves.
228, VOCABULARY.
custodio, 4 [custos], guard. carmen, -inis, N., song.
dormio, 4, sleep. dolor, -oris, M., pain.
e-rudio, 4 [rudis], teach, instruct. folium, -I, N., leaf.
f Inio, 4 [finis], end, finish. gramen, -inis, N., grass.
mollio, 4 [mollis], soften, soothe. Ignavus, -a, -um, adj., cowardly.
munio, 4, fortify, defend. jucundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant.
iiutrio, 4, nurture, nourish. luscinia, -ae, F., nightingale.
punio, 4, punish. ver, veris, K., spring.
vestio, 4, clothe. vox, vocis, F., voice.
1 Songs. 2 See p. 91, note. 3 Neuter gender. 4 See 144, 145.
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 101
CHAPTER XXXII. 1.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
229. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indica-
tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of audio.
230. EXERCISES.
I. 1. AudlvT, audtveram, audivero. 2. Audltus est, audi-
tus erat, auditus erit. 3. Audlvimus, audlveramus, audive-
rimus. 4. Audiverant, auditl erant. 5. Audivisti, audlveras,
audlveris. G.Audlvisse, auditus esse. 7. Audlveratis, audit!
eratis. 8. Audlvit, audlverat, audiverit.
II. 1. Thou hast heard, thou hadst heard, thou wilt have
heard. 2. They have been heard, they had been heard, they
will have been heard. 3. I have heard, I have been heard.
4. To have been heard, to have heard. 5. We have heard,
we had heard, we shall have heard. 6. We have been heard,
we had been heard, we shall have been heard. 7. You have
heard, you have been heard. 8. He had heard, he had been
heard.
2.
231. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Finlveram, erudiveram, vestiveram. 2. Finltum est,
erudltus sum, vestitus sum. 3. Nonne flnlta sunt? nonne
vestltus eram? nonne erudltus ero? 4. Vestiveras, erudl-
veras, finiveras. 5. Fmlveris, erudltus eris, vestlverimus.
6. Vestltae erant, flnlta erant, erudlti erant. 7. Erudlvera-
tis, flniveram, vestlverint. 8. Vestltlne sumus? estue eru-
ditus? estne finltum? 9. Erudita es, finis tl, l vestieras. 2
10. Non erudlstis, non finiveratis, non vestiverit.
1 For finivisti. Perfects in ivi often drop v and contract u to 1.
2 For vestlveras.
102 FOURTH CONJUGATION.
II, 1. Have they not been clothed? have they (neut.) not
been finished? were they not taught? 2. We have finished,
we have clothed, we have taught. 3. She had been taught,
they (neut.) had been finished, we (fern.) had been clothed.
4. Didst thou teach? have you finished? has she clothed?
5. They had clothed, they will have taught, I have finished.
6. I had clothed, thou hadst taught, he had finished. 7. We
shall not have finished, they will not have clothed, you will
not have taught. 8. It was not finished, we had not been
taught, you will not have been clothed. 9. You have taught,
you had finished, you will have clothed. 10. I shall have
clothed, I had taught, I finished.
232. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Medicus regis nocte ad Fabricium venit. 1 2. Fabri-
cius medicum vinxit et ad dominum mlsit. 3. Urbs virtute
et fortitudine militum munlta erit. 4. Roman! artibus 2 et
Htteris 2 a Graecis erudit! sunt. 5. Octo horas dormire
pueiis satis est. 6. Luce solis caloreque aperiuntur flores.
7. Omnes terras fortibus viris aperuit natura. 8. Milites
arcem fideliter custodiverunt. 9. Brutus in castra Caesaris
venerat. 10. Nihil scire turpissimum est.
II. 1. The king's physician was bound by Fabricius*
slave. 2. The valor and endurance (fortitudo) of the
soldiers fortified the city. 3. The Greeks instructed the
Romans in the arts. 3 4. Is it enough for a boy to sleep
two hours? 4 5. The light and heat of the sun had opened
the flowers. 6. The citadel was very 5 carefully guarded by
1 How do you know whether this form is present or perfect ?
2 In the arts and literature. * Dims boras.
3 Compare I. 4. 6 See p. 91, note.
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 103
the soldiers. 7. To know many things 1 is very useful.
8. To be ignorant of many things is not disgraceful. 9. The
general's camp 2 had not been fortified. 10. Did you not
hear the voice of your father ?
233. VOCABULARY.
aperio, 4, -111, -turn, open, disclose. Fabricius, -I, M., Fabricius, a Ro-
ne-scio, 4, know not, be ignorant of. man general.
scio, 4, know, know how. litterae, -arum, F., letters, litera-
venio, 4, venl, ventum, come. ture ; often =: epistula.
vincio, 4, vinxl, vinctum, bind. lux, lucis, F., light, daylight.
medicus, -I, M., physician.
ad, prep. w. ace., to, towards. nox, noctis, F., night. (167. 2.)
ars, artis, F., art. (167. 2.) octo, num. adj., inclecl., eight.
calor, -oris, M., heat. turpis, -e, adj., base, disgraceful.
4.
234. COLLOQUIUM.
PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.
P. De qua re est pensum hodiernum ?
Z>. Pensum hodiernum est iterum de conjugatione quarta.
P. Her! quartam conjugationem nesciebas ; scTsne hodie?
D. Partim scio, modum autem subjunctivum nescio.
partly mood
P. Mox subjunctivum quoque disces.
soon also
D. Estne utilius indicatlvum scire quam subjunctivum?
P. Utrumque debemus scire ; indicativus autem saepius
invenltur.
D. Adhuc conjugationes didici quattuor. Suntne plures ?
thus far
P. Non plures ; sed multa verba sunt anomala.
irregular
1 See 117. castrorum. What must be the
2 Remember that the Latin number of the verb of which cas-
word for camp is plural, castra, tra is the subject ?
104 THIRD CONJUGATION.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
235. VERBS IN id. 1
Capio (stem capp), take.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : capio, capgre, cSpT, cap turn.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
ACTIVE. PASSIVU.
PRESENT.
/ take, etc. I am taken, etc.
capio capimus capior capimur
cap is capitis cap eris, or -re capiminl
cap it capiunt capitur capiuntur
IMPERFECT.
/ was taking, etc. I was taken, etc.
capiebam capiebamus capiSbar capiSbamur
capiebas capiebatis capibaris,0r-re capieb&mini
capibat capiebant capiebatur capiebantur
FUTURE.
/ shall take, etc. I shall be taken, etc.
capiam capiemus capiar capiemur
capiSs capietis cap ieris, or -re capigmini
capiet capient capietur capientur
PERFECT.
cepi, cepisti, cepit, etc. captus sura, es, est, etc.
PLUPERFECT.
ceperam, ceperas, ceperat, etc. captus eram, eras, erat, etc.
FUTURE PERFECT.
cepero, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus ero, eris, erit, etc.
1 Verbs in id of the third con- infinitive present. What forms of
jugation are distinguished from capio are like those of audio?
those of the fourth by the active Make a general statement.
THIKD CONJUGATION. 105
SUBJUNCTIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRESENT.
capiam, capias, capiat, etc. capiar, -iaris or -re, -iatur, etc.
IMPERFECT.
cap erem, cap eres, cap eret, etc. cap erer, -ereris or -re, -erStur.
PERFECT.
ceperim, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus sim, sis, sit, etc.
PLUPERFECT.
cepissem, cepisses, cepisset, etc. captus essem, esses, esset, etc.
IMPERATIVE.
PRES. cap e, take thou. cap ere, be thou taken.
capite, take ye. capimini, be ye taken.
FUT. capito, thou shall take, capitor, thou shalt be taken,
etc. etc.
INFINITIVE.
PRES. cap ere, to take. cap I, to be taken.
PERF. cepisse, to have taken. captus esse, to have been taken.
FUT. cap turus esse, to be about cap turn iri, to be about to be
to take. taken.
PARTICIPLE.
PRES. capiSns, taking.
FUT. capturus, about to take. GER. capiendus, to be taken.
PERF. capt us, having been taken.
GERUND,
cap iendi, of ta king,
etc.
SUPINE.
Ac. capt urn, to take. Ab. captu, to take, to be taken.
106 THIRD CONJUGATION.
CHAPTER XXXIV. 1.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
236. VERBS IN io.
Learn all the tenses of the indicative, the present imperative,
and the present and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of capio.
237. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Capiunt, capiebant. 2. Capior, capiebar, capiar.
3. Capimur, capiebamur, capiemur. 4. Capis, caperis.
5. Cepi, captus sum. 6. Cepimus, ceperamus, ceperimus.
7. Capta sunt, capta erant, capta erunt. 8. Cape, capere.
9. Capere, cap!. 10. Cepisse, captus esse.
II. 1. We are taking, we were taking, we shall be
taking. 2. Take, be taken. 3. Thou art taking, thou
wast taking, thou wilt take. 4. You have taken, you had
taken, you will have taken. 5. It is taken, it was taken, it
will be taken. 6. I was taking, I was taken. 7. To take,
to have taken. 8. To be taken, to have been taken. 9. It
(/em.) has been taken, it had been taken, it will have been
taken. 10. We have taken, we have been taken.
2.
238. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Tarentml legatis Romanorum injuriam fecerunt.
2. Pyrrhus, Epiri rex, ad Tarentmos venit. 3. Contra
Pyrrhum missus est Laevmus consul. 4. Pyrrhus elephan-
tis vicit, nam Romanorum equi territi sunt et fugiebant.
5. Nox proell fmem fecit; Laevmus per noctem fugit.
6. Mult! et fortes Roman! in pugna interfect! sunt. 7. Capti-
vos RomanSs summo in honore habuit Pyrrhus. 8. Deinde 1
in Campaniam se recepit. 9. Legati, a Romania miss!,*
1 Pronounced de-in'-de. * Sent.
THIRD CONJUGATION. 107
honorifice a Pyrrho exceptl sunt. 10. Pax cum Pyrrho
non facta est.
II. 1. A wrong was done to the Romans by the Taren-
tines. 2. Against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, the Romans
sent the consul Laevinus. 3. The spies of Pyrrhus were
taken by Lsevinus and led through his camp. 4. The
Romans did not make peace with King Pyrrhus. 5. Fabri-
cius saw through the design of the king and was not 1
frightened. 6. You will welcome your friend to-day. 7. I
welcome my best friend with great pleasure. 2 8. The enemy
threw their spears and fled into the woods. 9. Did not
Caesar either conquer or slay all his enemies? 10. Finally
he was himself (ipse) slain by Brutus his friend, and others.
239. VOCABULARY.
ex-cipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum de-inde, adv"., then, next.
[capio], catch, accept, welcome. denique, adv., finally.
facio, 3, feel, factunti, make, do. explorator, -oris, M., scout, spy.
fugio, 3, fugi, fugitum, Jlee. finis, -is, M., end.
inter-ficio, 3, -feel, -fectum [fa- honor, -oris, M., honor.
cio], kill, slay. Cf. neco (221). honorifice, adv., honorably.
jacio, 3, jeci, jactum, throw. injuria, -ae, F., wrong, injury.
per-spicio, 3, -spexl, -spectum LaevInus,-I,M.,Zowns,aKoman.
[specio], see through, into. legatus, -i, M., ambassador, lieu-
re-cipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum [cap- tenant.
16], take back, get again, receive. per, prep. w. ace., through.
se recipere, withdraw, retreat. proelium, -i, N., battle. Cf .
pugna (102).
aut . . . aut, conj., either . . . or. summits, -a, -um (sup. of supe-
Campania, -ae, F., Campania, a rus), adj., highest.
division of Italy. Tarentinus, -I, M., an inhabitant
contra, prep. w. ace., against. of Tarentum, a Tarentine.
1 And . . . not, neque. 2 See 144, 145.
108 REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
CHAPTER XXXV. 1.
REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
240. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Amamus, monemus, regimus, audlmus. 2. Laudant,
delent, agunt, custodiunt. 3. Ornabam, delebam, vince-
bam, muniebam. 4. CantavistI, habuisti, posuisti, vinxisti.
5. Mutaverunt, tenuerunt, egerunt, ceperunt, mumverunt.
6. Portaveratis, deleveratis, praebueratis, duxeratis, dormi-
veratis.
II. 1. Fugatur, terretur, ponitur, vincitur. 2. Servabe-
ris, teneberis, mittere, vestiere. 3. Laudati sumus, pro-
hibit! sumus, duct! sumus, erudlt! suraus. 4. Ornare, monere,
trahere, punlre. 5. Amari, doceri, coutemm, jacT, aperlrl.
6. Amatae sunt, monitae sunt, exceptae sunt, auditae suut.
III. 1. Dorarite, superate, facite, vineite, vincite, prae-
bete. 2. Vulneravisse, jecisse, venisse, docuisse, fluxisse.
3. Recipimur, spectamur, agiraur, vestlraur, docemur. 4. Do
cebitis, punietis, trahetis, fugietis, creabitis. 5. Misit, habuit,
armavit, jecit, fugit. 6. Vincimim, vituperamim, terremiul,
vinciminl, capimim.
2.
241. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Thou lovest, thou advisest, thou rulest, thou hear-
est. 2. I shall praise, I shall destroy, I shall drive, I shall
guard. 3. You were adorning, you were seeing, you were
conquering, you were fortifying. 4. We have sung, we have
had, we have placed, we have bound. 5. You have changed,
you have held, you have driven, you have taken, you have
fortified. 6. I had carried, I had destroyed, I had furnished,
I had led, I had slept.
REVIEW OF THE FOUK CONJUGATIONS. 109
II. 1. We are put to flight, we are frightened, we are
placed, we are bound. 2. He will be saved, he will be held,
he will be sent, he will be clothed. 3. They have been
praised, the}' have been prevented, they have been led, they
have been instructed. 4. They will be adorned, they will
be advised, they will be drawn, they will be punished.
5. To be loved, to be taught, to be despised, to be thrown,
to be opened. G. Thou hast been loved, thou hast been ad-
vised, thou hast been welcomed, thou hast been heard.
III. 1. Sleep, surpass, do (/ac), bind, conquer, furnish.
2. To wound, to throw, to come, to teach, to flow. 3. They
are received, they are witnessed, they are driven, they are
clothed, they are taught. 4. I shall teach, I shall punish,
I shall draw, I shall flee, I shall create. 5. They have
sent, they have had, they have armed, they have thrown,
they have fled. 6. Thou art conquered, thou art blamed,
thou art frightened, thou art bound, thou art taken.
3.
242. COLLOQUIUM.
JACOBUS ET AUGUSTUS.
J. Denique ad fmem pens! pervenimus ; quid jam in-
finally end now
cipiemus ?
begin
A. Tu quidqnid videbitur incipies : ego incipiam nihil.
you whatever seems good
J. Quare ? esne defessus ?
why
A. Certe, admodum defessus ; pensum recognoscendum
certainly downright review
me quidem paene fimvit.
at least almost
J. Mox recreaberis, si mecum ad natandum venies.
eoon will be rested with me swim
110 FOURTH DECLENSION.
A. Profecto tecum veniam, nam natare mihi est jucun-
surely with you for
dissimum et semper et praecipue cum,
both especially when
"Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis."
under glowing resound groves the cicadae
J. Quam laute poetam aliquem laudas !
how elegantly some quote
A. Hanc Vergill versiculum me docuit praeceptor.
this Vergil line
CHAPTER XXXVI. 1.
FOURTH DECLENSION.
243. The stem ends in u.
244. RULE OF GENDER. Nouns in us are mascu-
line ; those in u are neuter.
1. The following nouns, and a few others, are feminine : acus,
needle; domus, house; Idus (plur.), Ides; maims, hand; porti-
cus, portico ; tribus, tribe.
245. PARADIGMS.
Gradus, M., step. Genu, N., knee.
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.
N.V. gradus
G. gradus
D. gradui (u)
Ac. grad um
Ab. grad u
gradus
grad uum
gradibus
gradus
grad ibus
genu
genus
genu
genu
genu
gen ua
gen uum
gen ibus
genua
gen ibus
MASC.
TERMINATIONS.
NEUT.
KV. us
us
u
ua
G. us
uum
us
uum
D. ui (u)
Ac. um
ibus (ubus)
us
u
u
ibus (ubus)
ua
Ab. u
ibus (ubtts)
u
ibus (ubus)
FOURTH DECLENSION. Ill
246. The fourth declension is a modification of the third.
Thus, gradus is for graduis, gradum for graduem, gradu for
gradue, etc.
247. Artus, joint, partus, birth, tribus, tribe, sometimes por-
tus, harbor, veru, a spit; also dissyllables in cus, have the termination
ubus in the dative and ablative plural.
248. Domus, house, has also forms of the second declension.
See special paradigms, 262.
249. Decline together domus mea, my house; exercitus
magnus, large army ; Idus Martiae, Ides of March.
2.
250. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Vere adventus avium hominibus est jucundissimus.
2. Sensus avium acres sunt, motus celeres. 3. In lacubus
et in paludibus magna avium est multitud5. 4. Aves
multae in porticibus altis domicilium habent. 5. Quercus
Jo vi sacra erat. 6. Quercus frons est victoris ornamen-
tum. 7. Consulates erat Romanorum magistrates amplus.
8. Salus civitatis in manibus consulum erat. 9. Consules
exercituum erant imperatores. 10. Erant in portibus naves 1
longae.
II. 1. The enemy (plur.) were conquered on the arrival 2
of Caesar. 2. Many animals fight with their horns. 3. Many
lakes are seen in the Alps. 4. The ancients honored the oak
(as) the tree 3 of Jupiter. 5. The songs of birds are heard
among the oaks. 6. In ancient times men fought with
bows and arrows. 7. The consulship of Cicero was very
renowned. 8. Caesar came into Italy with a large army.
9. The arrival of the army freed the citizens from fear. 4
10. Between school and home we take (make) many steps.
1 Naves longae, ships of war. 3 Predicate accusative.
2 See 136. 4 See 128, 129, 130.
112
FIFTH DECLENSION.
251. VOCABULARY,
adventus, -us, M. [advenio], pains, -udis, F., swamp, marsh.
arrival, approach.
arcus, -us, M., bow.
rantus, -iis, M., sonrj. [sulship.
t-onsuiatus, -us, M. [consul], con-
cornu, -us, N., horn.
exercitus, -us, M. [exerceo],
army.
lacus, -us, M., lake.
magistratus, -us, M. [magister],
office, magistrate.
inanus, -us, F., hand.
metus, -us, TO.., fear.
motiis, -us, M. [moveo], move-
ment, motion.
portus, -us, M., harbor.
quercus, -us, F., oak. (11. 4.)
sensus, -us, M. [sentio], sense,
feeling.
ampins, -a, -um, adj., great, re-
nowned, honorable.
domicilium, -I, N., home. (79.)
frons, frondis, F., chaplet of leaves.
Juppiter, Jovis, M., Jupiter, the
supreme god. (262.)
sagitta, -ae, F., arrow.
saliis, -Otis, F., safety.
schola, -ae, F., school.
victor, -oris, M. [vinco], conqueror.
CHAPTER XXXVII. 1.
FIFTH DECLP:NSION.
252. The stem ends in e.
253. RULE OF GENDER. Nouns of the fifth de-
clension are feminine, except dies, day, which is
commonly masculine in the singular, and always in
the plural.
254.
Dies, day.
SING. PLUR.
N.V. dies dies
G. die! dierum
D. die! diebus
Ac. diem dies
Ab. die diebus
PARADIGMS.
Res, thing, affair.
SING. PLUR.
res res
r el r erum
rei rebus
r em r es
re rebus
TERMINATIONS.
SING. PLUR.
es es
ei erum
el ebus
em es
e ebus
255. Only dis and res are complete in the plural. A few
other nouns have nominative and accusative plural.
FIFTH DECLENSION. 113
256. Decline together res publica, state ; in sing., bona fides,
good faith ; magna spes, ijreal hope ; dies quintus, fifth day.
257. EXERCISES.
I. 1. In omnibus rebus certus ordo est. 2. Domina
rerum humanarum est fortuna. 3. Tertio die consul in
urbem veniet. 4. Dux exercitura in planitiem duxit. 5. Ibi
aciem mstruxit et hostes exspectabat. 6. Magnam victoriae
spem habuit. 7. Nam maximae erant militum fides et vir-
tus. 8. Pro salute rel publicae pugnabant. 9. Postero die
hostes in pugnam processerunt. 10. Ad die! flnem vlcti
sunt et fugati.
II. 1. God is the creator of all things. 2. The com-
monwealth is dear to all good citizens. 3. In all human
affairs there is much uncertainty. 1 4. The army was mar-
shalled in a large plain. 5. The enemy advanced against 2
the Romans' line of battle. 6. The general praised the
soldiers for 3 their 4 fidelity. 7. In the line of battle were
many foot-soldiers. 8. They had great hopes of victory.
9. In 5 a few days the arrangement of things will be changed.
10. The consul gave a pledge to the state.
258. VOCABULARY.
acies, -el, F., line of battle. in-certus, -a, -um, adj., uncertain.
fides, -ei, *e., faith, fidelity, pledge. in-struo, 3, -strfixi, -strnctum,
planities, -el, F., plain. draw up, marshal.
res publica, F., commonwealth, ordo, -iiiis, M., order, arrangement.
spes, spel, F., hope. [state. paucus, 6 -a, -um, adj.,/eu>, little.
cams, -a, -um, adj ., dear, precious. pedes, -itis, M. [pes], foot-soldier.
certus, -a, -um, adj ., fixed, certain. posterus, -a, -um, adj . , following,
creator, -oris, M., creator. next.
domina, -ae, F., mistress. pro, prep. w. abl., for, in behalf of.
ex-specto, 1, await, expect. pro-cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, ad-
humanus, -a, -um, adj., human. vance.
1 Many things are uncertain. * Omit.
2 In with accusative. 5 See 135, 136.
3 De with ablative. 6 Mostly used in the plural.
114 FIFTH DECLENSION.
259. Examine the following :
1. Claudus altero pede, lame in one foot.
2. Moribus similes, similar in character.
3. Virtute praecedunt, they excel in courage.
4. Numero ad duodecim, about twelve in number.
Observe that the ablatives pede, moribus, virtute, and numero,
answer the question in what respect f This ablative is called the
Ablative of Specification.
260. RULE OF SYNTAX. The ablative is used to
denote that in respect to which anything is said to
be, or to be done.
2.
261. COLLOQUIUM.
PRAECEPTOR ET DISCIPULUS.
P. Omnium declmationum quae est difficillima?
which
D. Tertia mihi videtur difficillima.
P. Quare ita censes?
why think
D. Varietatis causa terminationum in nominative singularl.
variety on account
Genus quoqne est mihi molestissimum, praesertim nominum
gender also especially nouns
in is desinentium.
ending
P. Tenesne memoria quae nomina pluralem genetlvum in
ium habeant?
have ^
D. Primum nomina in is et es desinentia, si in genetlvo
first
singular! non crescunt ; ut hostis et nubes.
Deinde monosj-llaba in s vel x desinentia, si ante s et x
stat consonans ; ut urbs et arx.
consonant
Turn nomina in ns et rs desinentia ; ut cliens et cohors.
Denique neutra in e, aZ, ar desinentia ; ut mare, animal,
neuters
calcar.
SPECIAL PARADIGMS.
115
P. Optime, mi puer ; bene studuisti et bene memoria
tenes. Jam tibi licet ire ad ludendum.
you may play
262.
CHAPTER XXXVIII. 1.
SPECIAL PARADIGMS.
Vir, M.,
Vis, F.,
Deus, M.,
Senex, M.,
man.
strength.
god.
old man.
SINGULAR.
N.V. vir .
vis
deus
senex
G. viri
VIS 1
del
sen is
D. vir 6
vli
deo
seni
Ac. vir urn
vim
deum
sen em
Ab. vir 6
VI
deo
sene
PLURAL.
N.V. viri
vires
del, dii, di
sen es
G. vir drum
virium
de orum, de um
sen um
D. vir is
vir ibus
deis,diis,dis
sen ibus
Ac. viros
virSs
deos
senSs
Ab. vir Is
vir ibus
dels, diis, dls
sen ibus
Iter, N.,
Juppiter,
BOS, M. & F.,
Domus, F.,
way.
Jupiter.
OX, COW.
house.
SINGULAR.
N.V. iter
Juppiter
bos
domus
G. itineris
Jovis
bovis
doni us
D. itinerl
Jovi
bovl
domui, 6
Ac. iter
Jovem
bovem
dom um
Ab. itiner e
Jove
bove
dorn 6, u
PLURAL.
N.V. itiner a
boves
dom us
G. itiner um
bovum, bourn
domuum, orum
D. itiner ibus
bob us, bub us
dom ibus
Ac. itiner a
boves
dom 6s, us
Ab. itiner ibus
bob us, bub us
dom ibus
1 The genitive and dative singular are rare.
116 FOR TL1ANSLATION.
2.
263. FOR TRANSLATION.
PROSERPINA is CARRIED OFF BY PLUTO.
[Review 199 and 215.]
Dum Proserpina luco
Ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit,
Dumque puellari studio 1 calathosque 2 sinumque*
Implet, et aequales 3 certat superare legeudo, 4
Paene simul visa est dilectaque 5 raptaque 6 Diti. 7
HER CHANCE OF RETURN is LOST.
Dixerat. 8 At Cereri certum est 9 educere 10 natam. 11
Non ita fata siuunt, quoniam jejunia virgo
Solverat et, cultis 12 dum simplex errat 13 in hortis,
Poenicenm 14 curva 15 decerpserat arbore pomum,
Sumptaque callenti septem de cortice grana
Presserat 16 ore suo : solusque ex omnibus illud
Ascalaphus vidit. . . .
Vidit, et indicio reditum crudelis ademit.
1 Puellari studio = puellari 10 Educere, that is, from the
cum studio. See 144 and 145. lower world.
2 Que . . . que, both . . . and. n Natam filiam.
3 Aequales = comites. 12 Cultis, with hortis.
4 liegen&o, in gather ing (/lowers). 13 Errat. Translate as if it
6 Dilecta, from diligo. were errabat. The present is
6 Rapta, from rapio. With very often used after dum, refer-
dilecta and rapta supply est. ring to past time. So ludit, 1. 2.
7 Diti. Translate as if, instead u Poeniceum, with pomum.
of the dative, it were a DIte. 15 Curva, bending. The tree is
8 Dixerat, i.e. Juppiter. loaded with fruit.
9 Cereri certum est, to Ceres it 16 Presserat, from premo.
is determined = Ceres is resolved.
PRONOUNS. 117
CHAPTER XXXIX. 1.
PRONOUNS.
Pronouns may be divided into eight classes, and
arranged in three groups:
( 1. Personal. ( 6. Relative.
I. 5 2. Reflexive. II. j *' ^terminative. ]n \ ? Int tive .
Is. Possessive. ( 8. Indefinite.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
264. PARADIGMS.
FIRST PERSON.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. eg8, /. nos, ice.
G. mei, of me. nostrum, or nostri, of us.
D. mihi (mi), to, for me. nobis, to, for us.
Ac. me, me. nos, us.
Ab. (a) me, by me. (a) nobis, by us.
SECOND PERSON.
Tu, thou.
N. tu, thou. vos, you, ye.
G. tui, of thee. vestrum, or vestrl, of you
D. tibi, to, for thee. vobis, to, for you.
Ac. te, thee. vos, you.
Ab. (a) te, by thee. (a) vSbis, by you.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.
Sui, of himself t etc.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.
G. sui, of himself, herself, itself. BUI, of themselves.
D. sib!, to, for himself, etc. sibi, to, for themselves.
Ac. se (sese), himself, etc. se (sese), themselves.
Ab. (a) se (sese), by himself, etc. (a) se (sese), by themselves.
118 PRONOUNS.
265. 1. The personal pronoun of the third person is is, ea, id,
he, she, it. But when reference is made in the oblique cases to the
subject of the sentence, the reflexive sui is used : Omnes homines
se (or sese) amaiit, all men love themselves.
2. The nominatives of the personal pronouns are much less fre-
quently used in Latin than their equivalents in English. Why is
this ? In general, they are used only for emphasis or contrast :
Ego sum aegrotus, tu vales, / am sick, you are well.
3. " With me, with you," etc., are not expressed, as you would
expect, by cum me, cum tS, etc., but always by mecum, tecum,
secum, nobiscum, vSbiscum. So quibuscum (279).
4. The personal pronouns of the first and second person are
often used with reflexive sense : Tu te amas, thou lovest thyself;
ego mihi noceo, / do harm to myself.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
266. Possessive adjective pronouns are formed from the stems
of personal and reflexive pronouns :
meus, -a, -um, my, mine suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their (own).
(voc. sing. masc. mi). noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours.
tuus, -a, -um, thy, thine ; vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours.
your, yours.
2.
267. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Pater me amat et patrem ego amo. 2. Tu quoque
patrem meum amas. 3. Patrem tuum ego quoque amo.
4. Puella nimium se culpat. 5. Filium tuum amamus nos
omnes. 6. Vos (ace.) agitatis. 7. Non ut alii nos (ace.)
videmus. 8. Brutus se suo glaclio perfodit. 9. Nos sumus
miseii, beat! estis vos. 10. Sine te et tecum pariter sumus
miseri. 11. Mecum eris miserrimus. 12. De te erat mea
oratio. 13. Vobiscum tristis ero nunquam. 14. Mihi mea
vita, tibi tua est cara. 15. Amicus uoster est memor vestii.
II. 1. Thy mother is dear to thee, mine to me. 2. All
your plans are known to us. 3. The bo}* loves himself too
much. 4. The burden will be carried by me, by you, by us,
PRONOUNS. 119
by thee. 5. With you and without you we shall be equally
happy. 6. Thee I love, but not thy dog. 7. O, howl shall
miss you, ray friend ! 8. We 1 are poor, you 1 are rich. 9. Our
life is very short. 10. The boy carried a wooden cup with
him (self).
268. VOCABULARY,
agito, 1 [ago, put in motion], dis- onus, -eris, N., burden.
turb, vex, chase. oratio, -oiiis, F. [oro], speech,
beatus, -a, -um, adj., happy. talk, address.
culpo, 1 [culpa], blame, censure, pariter, adv. [par, equal], equally.
reproach. pauper, -eris, adj., poor. (167.3.)
desidero, 1, desire, long for, 7niss. per-fodio, 3, -fodi, -fossum, dig
ligneus, -a, -um, adj. [lignum, through, stab, pierce.
wood], of wood, u-ooden. quoque, conj., also, too.
nimiiim, adv., too, too much. sine, prep. w. abl., without
notus, -a, -um, adj., known. ut, adv, and conj., as.
3.
269. COLLOQUIUM.
FRATER ET SORORCULA.
P. Age, sororcula mea, si tibi placet, ambulabimus.
come little sister walk
S. Quo est tibi in animo, care frater, ambulare? Nonne
whither
in agros?
F. Ita est, in agros et in umbra 'silvarum.
yes shade
S. Libenter tecum ambulo, tamen . . .
gladly but
F. Quid? cur tantum dubitas, si, ut dicis, mecum ambulas
so much hesitate
hbenter?
S. Noli me ridere. Metuo angues. " Frigidus latet
don't laugh at snakes cold lurks
anguis in herba," ut cantat Vergilius.
F. Noll metuere. Yen! ; ubi fraga matura sunt reppeii.
where strawberries ripe are have found.
S. O quam suave ! In me non jam est mora.
delightful. now delay
1 Why should the pronouns be expressed in Latin?
120
DETEKMINATIVE PRONOUNS.
CHAPTER XL. 1.
DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS.
27O. PARADIGMS: Is, Idem, ipse.
Is, that, this ; also, he, she, it.
SINGULAR.
N. is
ea
id
G. ejus
D. el
ejus
el
ejus
el
Ac. eum
earn
id
Ab. eo
ea
eo
PLURAL.
el, il
eae
ea
eorum
earum
eorum
els, iis
els, iis
els, iis
60S
eas
ea
els, iis
els, iis
els, iis
Idem, same.
SINGULAR.
N. Idem eadem Idem
G. ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem
D. eldem eldem eldem
Ac.eundem eaudem Idem
Ab.eodem eadem eodem
PLURAL.
eaedem eadem
j eldem
( ildem
eorundem earundem edrundem
f elsdem elsdem elsdem
( iisdem iisdem ilsdem
eosdem easdem eadem
(" elsdem elsdem elsdem
( iisdem iisdem
iisdem
Ipse, self (himself, etc.).
SINGULAR.
N. ipse ipsa ipsum
G. ipslus ipsius ipsius
D. ipsi ipsi ipsi
Ac. ipsum ipsam ipsum
Ab. ipso ipsa ipso
PLURAL.
ipsi ipsae ipsa
ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
ipsis ipsis ipsls
ipsos ipsas ipsa
ipsis ipsis ipsis
1. Determinative pronouns, like adjectives, agree with nouns
expressed or understood ; Idem and ipse also with pronouns.
2. Is is very often used as a personal pronoun, meaning he, she,
it, they. Also as the antecedent of qui, who ; is qui, he who.
3. Idem is compounded of is and the suffix dem. Idem is for
isdem; idem for iddem; eundem, etc., for eumdem, etc;
eorundem, etc., for eoramdem, etc.
DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS. 121
4. Ipse, self (intensive) is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun
expressed or understood, and must be distinguished from se, self
(reflexive) :
(1) Homo ipse veniet, the man himself (and not another) will come.
(2) Hominem ipsum vidi, / saio the man himself.
(3) Homo se culpat minium, the man lilames himself too much.
(4) Miles fratrem, dein se ipsum interfecit, the soldier killed
his brother, then himself.
5. How do we indicate in English in speech, and how in writing,
when we use self (himself, etc.) whether we intend the intensive or
the reflexive selff
6. Ipse may be variously translated : ipse feci, / MYSELF did
it, I did it ALONE, I did it OF MY OWN ACCORD.
271. Decline together is homo, that man; ea navis, that ship ;
id bellum, that ivar ; Idem dies, the same day ; eadeni nianus, the
same hand ; idem onus, the same burden ; vir ipse, the man himself.
2.
272. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Cicero est scrlptor elegantissimus ; ejus libros legi-
mus. 2. Fidum amicum habeo ; eum ego magis quam tu
amas. 3. Eum magis quam te amo. 4. Non semper eundem
hominem laudamus. 5. Magister ipse te laudabit. 6. Sunt
sex partes orbis terrarum ; maxima earum est Asia. 7. For-
tuna nunc mihi, 1 nunc el 1 favet. 8. Interdum amicis 1 ipsis,
iuterdum inimicis 1 nocet. 9. Semper idem erat Socratis
vultus. 10. In eodem specu habitabant Androclus et leo.
II. 1 . Sallust is an elegant author ; have you read his
writings? 2. I have not read those, but Cicero's. 3. For-
tune favored now you, 2 now them. 2 4. Even (ipse) your own
friend will blame you. 5. The minds of men are not always
the same. 6. We were sailing 3 with you in the same ship.
7. He gave me the book of his own accord. 4 8. The master
1 Indirect object, though trans- 2 Dative. Cf . I. 7.
lated as a direct object. See 343. 8 Use passive of veho.
* See 270. 6.
122 DETERMINATIVE PKONOUNS.
offers the same rewards to the boys. 9. The same rewards
are offered by the master himself.
VOCABULARY.
Androclus, -I, M., Androclus. Sallustius, -I, M., Sallust, a his-
auctor, -oris, M. [augeo, increase], torian. (79.)
maker, author. scrip tor, -oris, M. [scribo], writer,
elegans, -iitis, adj., choice, elegant. author.
faveo, 2, favi, fautum, be favor- script HIM, -I, N. [scribo], writing,
able to, befriend (with dat.). written work.
interdum, adv., sometimes. sex, num. adj., indecl., six.
mens, mentis, F., mind, purpose. spoons, -us, M., cave.
noceo, 2, nocui, nocitum, do suaviter, adv. [suavis], sweetly,
harm to, hurt, injure (with dat.). delightfully.
orbis, -Is, M., circle. vultus, -us, M., countenance, fea-
orbis terrarum, the earth, the world. tures, looks.
animus (161), mind, soul, heart; the general word for mind.
mens, mind, as that which thinks, intellect; more limited in meaning.
3.
COLLOQUIUM.
274. Translate into Latin :
BROTHER AND LITTLE SISTER. Continued.
B. Let us carry 1 with us two 2 little-baskets. 3
S. See ! 4 I have them in my hand already. 5
B. The sun is hot, 6 but there is a cool 7 breeze.
S. Oh, how the trees and flowers delight me !
B. To stay in the house is downright 8 stupid. 9
S. Yes, indeed, 10 and I don't mean to any more. 11
B. Here are 12 the strawberries. Now we will fill our
baskets. Isn't it jolly? 13
1 Let us carry, port emus. 10 Yes, indeed, ista sunt, those
2 Duas. See 311. 4. things are (true).
8 Corbula, -ae. n Neither is it in mind to me more.
4 Ecce. 6 Jam. See 269, 1. 2.
6 Ardens. 7 Frlgidus. 12 Here are =en! orecce!
8 Admodum. 9 Molestus. 18 suavissimnm.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
123
CHAPTER XLI. 1.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
275. PARADIGMS : Hie, iste, ille.
Hie, this (near'), this of mine.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
hi hae
horum harum
his his
hos has
his Ms
Iste, that, that of yours.
N.
hie
haec
hoc
G.
hujus
hujus
hujus
D.
huic
huic
huic
Ac.
huiic
hanc
hoc
Ab.
hoc
hac
hoc
haec
horum
his
haec
his
N. iste ista istud
G. istlus istius istius
D. istl isti isti
Ac. istum istam istud
Ab. isto ista isto
isti istae ista
istorum istarum istSrum
istis istis istis
istos istas ista
istis istis istis
Ille, that (yonder).
1ST. ille ilia illud ill! illae ilia
G. illlus illius illius illorum illarum illorum
D. ill! ill! ill! illls illis illis
Ac. ilium illam illud illos illas ilia
Ab. illo ilia illo illis illis illis
1. Hie is used of that which is near the speaker in place, time,
or thought, and hence is called the Demonstrative of the First Per-
son : Hie equus, this horse (near me, or belonging to me).
2. Iste is used of that which has some relation to the person
addressed, and hence is called the Demonstrative of the Second
Person : Iste equus, that horse (near you, or belonging to you).
3. Ille is used of that which is relatively remote from the
speaker, or person addressed, in place, time, or thought, and hence is
called the Demonstrative of the Third Person: Ille equus, that
horse (yonder).
4. Hie often means that well-known, that famous.
124 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
5. Hie and ille are sometimes used in contrast : Hie, the latter ;
ille, the former.
6. Is, as a determinative pronoun, sometimes approaches hie in
meaning, sometimes ille. Hence it is to be translated this or that,
according to the connection.
276. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Illms hominis filium laudabant omnes. 2. Iste canis
semper latrat. 3. Hujus scholae semper memores erimus.
4. Dabo tibi illud carmen pulcherrimum. 5. 111! lapides
duii sunt. 6. Multl viridlvites in hac urbe habitant. 7. Va-
ril sunt colores hujus floris. 8. Nomen illius poetae est cla-
rissimum. 9. Harum avium cantus nos delectat. 10. Ista
tua studia arno et laudo. 11. Has terras silvis pulcherrimis
ornavit Deus. 12. Illud ducis consilium nobis utile fuit.
II. 1. These mountains are very 1 high. 2. 1 shall always
be mindful of that friend of yours. 2 3. This thing will be
hurtful to you. 4. Demosthenes and Cicero were famous 3
orators ; the former 4 was a Greek, the latter 4 a Roman.
5. The citizens of yonder city are most wretched. 6. The
air in these mountains is lighter than in those valleys. 7. He
gave me this pretty bird. 8. That old farmer's wine is good.
9. I have read that book of yours. 10. That book of yours
has been read by me, by you, by us, by us ourselves.
2.
277. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Hannibal, clarissimus ille imperator, Alpes montes
superavit. 2. Militum animos hac oratione firmavit. 3. Vi-
detis, milites fortissimi, Italiam illam. 4. Illud est domi-
cilium hostium nostrorum. 5. Galli, incolae harum regionum,
socil amicique nostii erunt. 6. Hi nobis omnes res neces-
sarias praebebunt. 7. HI erunt hostes illorum Romanorum
1 See p. 91, note. 8 Superlative.
2 That of yours = iste. * See 275. 5.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 125
improborum. 8. Roma ilia praeda vestra erit. 9. Vos
ipsi expugnavistis Saguntum, oppidum illud firmissimum.
10. Has Alpes, illos Pyrenaeos monies superavistis ; Ro-
manos mox vincetis.
II. 1. Hannibal increased the courage of the soldiers by
these words. 2. Again, soldiers, have }*ou defeated those
famous Romans. 3. The gods and your own courage have
given us the victory. 4. This fair Italy will soon be ours.
5. Rome itself, that proud city, will be taken. 6. Those
arms of yours will be stained with the best blood of Rome.
7. Those famous legions have been defeated. 8. Cross
with me yonder mountains. 9. Those fierce enemies of the
Romans, the Samnites, will welcome us. 10. Rome shall
be the reward of valor. Forward I 1
278. VOCABULARY.
aer, aeris, M., air. legio, -onis, r., legion.
cantus, -us, M., singing, song. maculo, 1, stain.
delecto, 1, delight. mox, adv., soon. [sary.
Demosthenes, -is, M., Demosthe- necessarius, -a, -um, adj., neces-
nes, an Athenian orator. praeda, -ae, F., booty, spoil.
dive's, -itis, adj., rich. (167. 3.) Saguntum, -I, N., Saguntum, town
do, dare, d6di, datum, give. in Spain.
ex-pugno, 1, take by storm, take. Sanuiis, -Itis, M. & F., a Samnite.
firmo, 1 [firmus], make jinn or sanguis, -inis, M., blood.
steadfast, fortify, strengthen. silva, -ae, F., icood, forest .
firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, firm. socius, -I, M., ally, associate.
improbus, -a, -um, adj., bad. superbus, -a, -um, adj., proud.
iterum, adv., a second time, again. tennis, -e, adj., thin, light.
latro, 1, bark, bark at. transcendo, 3, -I, -sum, cross.
cantus, song, melody, whether of the voice of man, of birds, or of
musical instruments.
carmen, song, as melody, and also in a wider sense; often with
reference to the composition. Hence, a poem. 2
1 Procedite. distinctions in synonymous words
2 It must not be supposed that are always observed in usage.
126
PRONOUNS.
CHAPTER XLII. 1.
PRONOUNS: RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND
INDEFINITE.
279.
N. qui
G. cujus
D. cui
Ac. quem
Ab. quo
PARADIGMS: Qui, quis, aliquis.
RELATIVE : Qui, who, which, that.
SINGULAR.
quae quod
cujus cujus
cui cui
quam quod
qua quo
PLURAL.
quae quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus quibus quibus
quos quas quae
quibus quibus
qui
quibus
INTERROGATIVE : Quis, who, which, what f
N. quis quae quid
G. cujus cujus cujus
D. cui cui cui
Ac. quem quam quid
Ab. quo qua quo
qui
quae
quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus quibus quibus
quos quas quae
quibus quibus quibus
INDEFINITE : Aliquis, some one, some, any one.
N.
aliquis
SINGULAR.
aliqua
aliquid or -quod
G.
alicujus
alicujus
alicujus
D.
alicui
alicui
alicui
Ac.
aliquem
aliquam
aliquid or -quod
Ab.
aliquo
aliqua
aliquo
PLURAL.
N.
aliqui
aliquae
aliqua
G.
aliquorum
aliquarum
aliquorum
D.
aliquibus
aliquibus
aliquibus
Ac.
aliquos
aliquas
aliqua
Ab.
aliquibus
aliquibus
aliquibus
1. Observe the feminine nominative singular, and the neuter
nominative plural of aliquis, and compare them with correspond-
ing forms of quis.
PRONOUNS. 127
2. Aliquis is used adjectively in the neuter form aliquod, and
sometimes in the masculine and feminine forms. The same is
true of qiudam and quisque (4).
3. Besides the interrogative quis and its compounds, there is
an interrogative adjective qui (which, what?} declined like the
relative qui.
4. Besides aliquis, the most important indefinites are :
quidam quaedam quiddam, or quoddam, certain one, certain.
quisquam (wanting) quidquam, any one (at all), no plural.
quisque quaeque quidque, or quodque, each one, every.
5. Quidam, quisquam, and quisque are declined like the
simple pronouns. Quidam changes m to n before d ; quendam,
etc., quorundam, etc.
6. Aliquis, some one, any one (without emphasis) ; quisquam,
any one at all (emphatic), also in negative and interrogative
sentences. Quis after si, nisi, ne, and num, is indefinite, any one.
7. Aliquis means some man, I don't know who ; quidam, a
certain man, whom I know, but don't mean to describe.
280. Examine the following :
1. Puer qui venit, the boy who came.
2. Puella quae venit, the girl who came.
3. Libri quos legis, the books which you read.
4. Puellae quas vidisti, the girls whom you saw.
Compare the relative in each of the above examples with the
noun to which it refers (called the antecedent) in respect, first to
gender, and then to number.
Look now at the case of the relative in each of the examples,
and compare the English with the Latin. Plainly, the case of the
relative has nothing to do with that of the antecedent. It may be
the same or different.
281. RULE OF SYNTAX. 1 A relative pronoun
agrees with its antecedent in gender and number.
1 As the person of the antece- say " the relative agrees with its
dent has no effect on the relative, antecedent in gender, number, and
it is wrong, though customary, to person."
128 PRONOUNS.
282. Examine the following :
1. Ego qui veni, / who came.
2. Vos qui venistis, you who came.
Observe now the person and number of the verb in these two
examples, and in the first two given in 280.
283. RULE OF SYNTAX. The verb of which a
relative pronoun is the subject agrees in person and
number with the antecedent of the relative.
2.
284. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Quis forum Romanorum rostris ornavit? 2. Gajus
DuTlius, qui magnam praedam a Carthaginiensibus reporta-
vit. 3. Quae amlcitia potest esse 1 inter improbos? 4. Quis
clarior fuit in Graecia Theraistocle ? 2 5. Quern times in
mea domo ? 6. Quae animalia sunt celerrima et ferocis-
sima? 7. Orane animal quod sanguinern habet cor habet.
8. Divites sunt ii qui suis rebus content! sunt. 9. Erant
quoque 3 anno duo consules in clvitate Romana. 10. Sunt
animalia quaedam in quibus est aliquid simile ration!.
II. 1. What have you in your hand? 2. By whom was
the Roman forum adorned with the prows of ships? 3. We
see the general whom you praise. 4. He is rich who is con-
tented. 5. He will be praised whose* courage saved our
country. 6. We love those whose manners are pleasing.
7. The boy has something in his hand. 8. Certain labors
are pleasant to us. 9. We are the same 5 to-day that 5 we
were yesterday. 10. What things are brought to us from
Africa?
1 Potest esse, can be. 4 Of whom.
2 See 212. 5 The same . . . that, or same . . .
3 Ablative of quisque. as, idem . . . qui.
PRONOUNS. 129
3.
285. EXERCISES.
Before trying to do the following exercises, review the declen-
sion of irregular adjectives (200, 201), and write out the declension
of quidam, quisquam, and quisque.
I. 1. Est quisquam tibi cariorquam parentestu!? 2. Pro
pri! libeii carissimi cuique sunt. 3. Erant duo fllii Rheae
Silviae, quorum alter! erat nomeii Romulus, alter! Remus ;
uterque fortis erat. 4. Estne in ullo animal! major pruden-
tia quam in cane? 5. Videsne ilia duo sidera? utrius lux
clarior est? G. Virtus eorum qu! patriam nostram servaverunt
semper laudabitur. 7. In istis arboribus quae hortum ornant
aves variae cautant. 8. Risus aliorum saepe causa !rae nos-
trae est. 9. Nullum malum sine aliquo bono est. 10. Nemo
nostrum idem est in senectute qu! 1 fuit in juventute. 11. Ur-
bes illae, quarum gloria magna est, a militibus nostiis expu-
gnatae sunt.
II. 1. All animals that have blood have hearts. 2. We
shall be the same 1 to-morrow as 1 we are to-day. 3. Is any 2
animal more sagacious than the elephant? 3 4. "We have
five fingers on each hand. 5. Those have hope who have
nothing else. 4 6. Many men build houses which they will
never inhabit. 7. The moon sends upon the earth the light
which she has received from the sun. 8. Cornelia had two
sons, both of whom 5 were killed. 9. Hector, by whose
bravery many Greeks were slain, was himself killed. 10. Will
not some friend relieve me of this burden? 6
286. VOCABULARY.
accipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum [ad- Carthaginiensis,-e, adj. [Carth-
capio], take to, receive, accept. ago], of Carthage, Carthaginian.
boniiin, -I, N., good thing, blessing. clarus, -a, -um, bright, famous.
1 See p. 128, note 5. 3 See 211, 212. 5 Of whom each.
2 See I. 4. * Aliud. 6 S ee 128, 129.
130
REVIEW OF PRONOUNS.
contentus, -a, -uin, adj ., contented.
cor, cordis, N., heart.
eras, adv., to-morrow.
digitus, -I, u.,Jinger.
duo,-ae,-o,num.adj.,u?o(311.4).
ex-pugno, 1 [pagna],tae, capture.
forum, -I, N., market-place, forum.
Gajus Duilius, -I, M., Caius
Duilius.
Hector, -or is, M., Hector, chief of
the Trojan heroes.
heri, adv., yesterday.
hodie, adv., to-day.
labor, -oris, M., labor.
malum, -I, N., bad thing, evil.
nemo (-inis), M. & F. [ne, homo],
no one. For genitive and abla-
tive use uullius, iiullo.
parens, entis, M. & F., parent.
(167. 1.)
proprius, -a, -um, adj., one's own.
prudentia, -ae, F. [prudens],
foresight, sagacity, wisdom.
Remus, -i, M., Remus, brother of
Romulus.
re-porto, 1, bring back.
Rhea Silvia, -ae, F., Rhea Silvia.
risus, -us, M. [rideo], laughter.
Romulus, -I, M., Romulus, first
king of Rome.
rostrum, -I, N., prow of a vessel.
sidus, -eris, N., star, constellation.
Themistocles, -is, M., Themisto-
cles, a famous Greek.
varius, -a, -um, adj., different,
changeable, various.
CHAPTER XLIII. 1.
REVIEW OF PRONOUNS.
Review the paradigms.
287. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Idem es qui 1 semper fuisti. 2. Hodie eadem dictitat
quae 1 heri. 3. Ecce domum quam aedificavit Johanniculus.
4. Quidam puer cachinnabat. 5. Iste homo, qui te lauda-
bat, est stultissimus. 6. Sua cinque 2 ctirissima sunt. 7. Sui
cuique 2 carissimi sunt. 8. Coram me aliquis illam fabulam
narrabat. 9. Egens est et is qui nou satis habet, et is cui
nihil satis est. 10. Beatus est qui 3 non cupit quae 3 u6n habet.
1 See p. 128, note 5.
2 Notice the order; quisque
likes to stand after the reflexives.
3 The antecedent of the rela-
tive is often omitted when it is
some form of is.
REVIEW OF PRONOUNS. 131
II. 1. She is the same that 1 she always has been. 2. He
will say the same things to-morrow as 1 to-day. 3. Certain
boys laughed out loud in school. 4. That friend of yours
is a very wise man. 5. Those trees yonder are covered with
leaves. 6. This man is praised by the citizens, that one is
blamed. 7. The general himself led his brave soldiers.
8. The soldiers were led by the brave general himself.
9. Danger itself is pleasing to the brave. 2 10. Those who
are most faithful to their friends are most dear to us.
2.
288. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Quod 3 non dedit fortuna, non eripit. 2. Liber est
qui 3 null! turpitudini servit. 3. Quis est amicior fratri quam
frater? 4. Saepe nihil est inimicius homim quam ipse sibi.
5. Saepe ii nobis nocent 4 qui nos amant. 6. Eos quialiorum
rebus adversls non moventur omnes contemnunt. 7. Eos
vincere difficile est, qui nihil timent. 8. Deforme est de
se ipso praedicare. 9. Aliud 5 bonum, aliud 5 malum est.
10. Alterl 6 laudem, alter! 6 culpam dabat.
II. 1. Some one has done this. 2. Yesterday a story
was read to us by some one. 3. The slave killed himself
together with his master. 4. My friend will migrate with
me into Gaul. 5. The inhabitants of the city were frightened
by the coming of the enemy. 6. Some 7 bear 8 thirst easily,
others 7 hunger. 7. The fruits of this tree are pleasing to me,
for they are sweet. 8. Those 9 trees are higher than these 9
houses. 9. These towers are high, those are low. 10. Those 10
maidens, whose modesty is known, are praised by all.
1 See p. 128, note 5. 6 See p. 87, note 3.
2 Plural. See 117. 7 See p. 87, note 4.
3 See p. 130, note 3. 8 See p. 87, note 5.
4 See 343. 9 See 275. 1 and 3,
6 See p. 87, note 4. 10 A form of is.
132
REVIEW OF PRONOUNS.
289.
VOCABULARY.
ad-versus, -a, -urn, adj., unfavor-
able.
cachinno, 1, laugh aloud. Cf.
rideo.
coram, prep. w. abl., in presence of.
cupio, 3, -Ivi, -ituiii, desire.
de-formis, -e, adj. [forma], mis-
shapen, ugly, base, disgraceful.
dictito, 1 [dico], keep saying.
ecce, interj., lo ! see! see there!
egens, -entis, adj., in want, needy.
e-ripio, 3, -ui, ereptum [rapio],
snatch away ; seize and bear off.
fames, -is, F., hunger, famine.
f rondo sus, -a, -um, adj. [frons],
covered with leaves, leafy.
fructus, -us, M., fruit.
Johanniculus, -1, M., little John,
Johnny, Jack.
migro, 1, move from one place to
another, migrate.
modestia, -ae, F., modesty.
narro, 1, tell, relate, report.
prae-dico, 1 [prae, before ; dico,
-are, make known], proclaim,
boast. Cf. praedico, predict.
satis, adv., enough.
servio, 4 [servus], be a slave to,
serve (w. dat.).
sitis, -is, F., thirst. (154.)
tolero, 1, bear, endure.
turpit 11 do, -in is, F. [turpis], ugli-
ness, baseness.
3.
29O. COLLOQUIUM.
SOCRATES ET RHADAMANTHUS.
R. Tu, nisi fallor, es Socrates, ille Atheniensis.
unless I am mistaken
S. Recte dicis. Ego sum Socrates, films, ut ferant,
Sophronisci. as Bay
E. Cur dicis ut ferunt ? Nonne re vera es filius illms ?
in truth
S. Ipse quidem nescio, O Rhadamanthe, cujus sim filius.
indeed not know am
R. Num 1 me ludis, Socrates? Caveto. Nonne te sapien-
mock beware
tern dixit oraculum ?
oracle
S. Ita est ; sed qua re non intellego, nisi quia me ipse
yes why understand
mscium perspicio.
ignorant see plainly
1 This word is used in asking questions when the answer no is
expected. It is not to be translated.
REVIEW OF PRONOUNS. 133
R. Quo modo aetatem degisti ?
how pass
S. Magna ex parte loquebar maximeque de virtute
for the most part I used to talk especially
quaerebam.
inquired
R. Mihi de virtute explicate, Socrates ; per breve tempus
tibi aures praebebo.
S. Eheu ! Rhadarnanthe, istius rei sum mscius, nam mihi
alas!
explicare poterat nemo.
was able no one
R. Minime sapiens, Socrates, tu mihi videris. At quid
seem but
hoc loco tibi est in animo f acere ?
S. Ante ornnia, si videbitur, cum Homero velim et Ulixe
seem good I should like
et aliis clarissimis Graeciae prmcipibus loqul.
to talk
R. Apage igitur ad istas manes.
be off then shades
4.
291. FOR TRANSLATION.
THE BATTLE OF MARATHON, B.C. 490.
Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus auxilio 1 fuit
praeter Plataeenses. Ea 2 mille misit militum. Itaque horum
adventu decem milia armat6rum 3 completa sunt, quae manus
mirabili flagrabat pugnandi cupiditate. Quo factum est 4 ut
plus quam collegae Miltiades valeret. 5 Ejus ergo auctoritate
impulsi 6 Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt locoque 7
idoneo castra iecerunt. Deinde postero die proelium com-
mlserunt. Datis, etsi non aequum 8 locum videbat sins, 9
1 Auxilio fuit, was for assist- 5 Plus . . . valeret, had more
ance = assisted. See 344. influence.
2 Supply civitas. 6 Impulsi (participle from 1m-
8 Armatorum (participle as pello) prompted.
noun), of armed men. 7 IJoco = in loco.
4 Quo factum est, by which it B Aequum, favorable,
was brought about = the result ivas. 9 Supply militibus.
134
COMPOUNDS OF Sum.
tamen fretus numero copiarum suarum confligere cupiebat,
eoque 1 magis, quod, priusquam Lacedaemonil subsidio 2 venl-
rent, 3 dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum
centum, 4 equitum decem mllia produxit proeliumque com-
misit. In quo tanto 5 plus virtu te 6 valuerunt Athenienses,
ut decemplicem numerum hostium profllgarint, 7 adeoque eos
perterruerunt, ut Persae non castra, sed naves petierint. 8
Qua pugna 9 nihil adhuc exstitit nobilius : nulla enim un-
quam tarn exigua manus tantas opes prostravit. 10 Nepos.
Milt. v.
CHAPTER XLIV. 1.
COMPOUNDS OF Sum.
292. Possum, posse, potuT, , be able, can.
Possum is compounded of potis, able, and sum. Potis is every-
where shortened to pot ; then t is changed to s before s, and f is
dropped after t.
INDICATIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
PRES. / am able, can, etc.
possum possumus
potes potestis
potest possunt
IMPER. 7 was able, could, etc.
poteram poteramus
FUT. / shall be able, etc.
potero poterimus
SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
possim possimus
possis possitis
possit possint
possem possemus
1 Eoque magis, and the more.
2 Subsidio : cf . auxilio, first
line, and note.
3 Vemrent, should come.
4 Centum : supply milia.
5 Tanto plus valuerunt, were
so much superior.
6 Virtote. See 259, 260.
7 Profllgarint, they routed.
8 Petierint,y?ed to. See p. 101,
note 1.
9 Pngna: ablative after the
comparative nobilius. (212.)
10 From prosterno.
COMPOUNDS OF Sum.
135
PERF. I have been able, could, etc.
potul potuimus
PLUP. / liad been able, could have, etc.
potueram potueramus
FUT. PERF. I shall have been able, etc.
potuero potuermius
potuerim potuerimus
potuissem potuissemus
INFINITIVE.
PRES. posse, to be able. PERF. potuisse, to have been able.
293. Frosum, prodesse, profui, , benejit.
Prosum is compounded of prod (old form of pro), for, and
sum. The d of prod is retained before e.
INDICATIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
PRES. I benefit, etc.
pro-sum pro-sumus
prod-es prod-estis
prod-est pro-sunt
IMP. prod-eram prod-eramus
FUT. prod-ero prod-erimus
PERF. pro-fui pro-fuimus
PLUP. pro-fueram pro-fueramus
F. P. pro-fuer5 pro-fuerfmus
SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
pro-sim pro-simus
pro-sis pro-sltis
pro-sit pro-sint
prod-essem prod-essemus
pro-fuerim pro-fuerimus
pro-fuissem pro-fuissemus
IMPERATIVE.
PRES. prod-es, prod-este FUT. prod-esto, prod-estote
INFINITIVE.
PRES. prod-esse PERF. pro-fuisse
Fut. pro-futurus esse
PARTICIPLE.
FUT. pro-futurus
The other compounds of sum are inflected like the simple verb,
136 COMPOUNDS OF Sum.
294:. Learn the tenses of the indicative, imperative, and infini-
tive of possum and prosum.
295. RULE OF SYNTAX. The compounds of sum,
except possum and absum, all take the dative; but
Insum is often followed by in with the ablative, and
intersutn by inter with the accusative.
2.
296. EXERCISES.
I. 1. In vera amicitia magnum inest praesidium. 2. Ami-
cus verus adest amico, neque deerit in peiiculo. 3. Amico
prodesse dulce est, amico dcesse turpe. 4. Amlcus fidus
noil aberit ab amico in casibus fortiinae. 5. Mores mall
amicitiae obsunt ; inter homines malos vera amicitia non
interest. 6. Cicero consul rei publicae praefuit. 7. Multae
epistulae Ciceronis et ejus amicorum supersunt. 8. Viri prae-
stantes Atheniensibus nullo tempore defuerunt. 9. Mores
tyranni sibi 1 amicos parare non poterant. 10. Non omnes
homines reges esse possunt.
II. 1. Cornelia was able to train her sons wisely. 2. All
can be good citizens. 2 3. Hannibal was not able to take the
city. 4. In Hannibal there was great cunning and bravery.
5. Hannibal was long absent from his own country.
6. He commanded armies in Spain and Italy. 7. He was
present at many battles, and was the terror 3 of the Romans.
8. He benefited his country in many ways. 4 9. But his
enemies in his own laud injured him. 10. Scipio defeated
him in battle 5 in Africa. 11. He survived this defeat many
years. 6 12. His name will never lack renown. 7
1 For him. 2 See 47. 5 Ablative without in.
8 Compare anxilio, 291, first 6 Accusative.
line, and note. 7 Renown will never be wanting
4 Ways = things. See 259,260. to his name.
DEPONENT VERBS. 137
297. VOCABULARY.
ab-sum, -esse, aful, be away, absent (a or ab w. abl.).
ad-sum, -esse, -ful (also afful), be present, stand by, side with.
de-sum, -esse, -ful, be wanting, lack.
? n sum, -esse, -ful, be in, among.
inter-sum, -esse, -ful, be present at, among.
ob-sum, -esse, -ful, be against, opposed to, injure.
possum, posse, potui, be able, can.
prae-sum, -esse, -ful, be before, at the head of, command.
pro-sum, prod-esse, pro-ful, be useful, benefit.
super-sum, -esse, -ful, remain over, survive, exist.
calliditas, -atis, r. [callidus], shreiodness, cunning.
casus, -us, M. [cad o, fall~\ t falling down, mischance, misfortune.
clades, -is, r., destruction, defeat.
diii, adv., long, a long time.
dulcis, -e, adj., sweet, pleasant. Cf. suavis.
fa ma, -ae, F., rumor, fame, renown.
ue-que, conj., and not, nor ; neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor.
paro, 1, make ready, prepare, get.
patria, -ae, P., native land, country.
praesidium, -I, N. [prae, sedeo], defence, help, garrison.
praestans, -tis, adj. [prae-sto, stand before'], pre-eminent, distinguished.
CHAPTER XLV. 1.
DEPONENT VERBS.
FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS.
298. Deponent verbs have the forms of the passive
voice with the meaning of the active. There are de-
ponents of each of the four regular conjugations :
Admiramur opera Dei, we admire the works of God.
Miseros tuebimur, we shall protect the wretched.
Audi multa, loquere pauca, listen much, say little.
Caesar provinciam sortitus est, Ccesar obtained (by lot~) a
province.
138 DEPONENT VERBS.
299. Review the passive indicative, imperative, and infinitive
of amo and moneo. (86, 112).
The principal parts of deponent verbs are thus given :
admiror, admlrari, admiratus (sum),
tueor, tueri, tuitus (sum),
loquor, loqui, locutus (sum),
sortior, sortiri, sortltus (sum).
300. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Admiramur magnitudinem caeli. Quis non admira-
bitur? 2. Nocte contemplamur sidera. 3. Pars vagatur
certis cursibus, plurima non vagantur. 4. Sol dominatur
inter stellas. 5. Terram luna comitatur una, Jovis stellam
lunae comitantur quattuor. 6. Dareus Alexandro magnam
Asiae partem pollicitus est. 7. ImprobI sunt ii qul neminem
verentur. 8. Homo f acinus confessus est. 9. Comites qul
salutem regis tuiti erant, maximum praemium acceperunt.
II. 1. Who does not admire the beauty of the stars?
2. Other nations accompanied the Cimbri across the Rhine.
3. They wandered far 1 and wide 1 through Gaul and Spain.
4. The Romans wondered at the great bodies of the Ger-
mans. 5. Certain animals imitate human voices. 6. We
were contemplating that beautiful likeness. 7. The general
promised the soldiers 2 a great reward. 8. He 3 is a bad man
who does not respect any one* 4 9. Children respect their
parents, slaves fear their master.
301. VOCABULARY.
ad-miror, 1, wonder at, admire. Cimbri, -orum, M., Cimbri, a Ger-
Alexander, -dri, M., Alexander, man tribe.
king of Macedon. comitor, 1 [comes, -itis], accom-
beneficium, -i, N., benefit, favor. pany, attend.
caelum, -I, N., sky, heavens. con-fiteor, 2, -fessus, confess.
1 Longe lateque. 3 Is.
2 Not accusative. 4 Not any one = no one.
DEPONENT VEKBS. 139
contemplor, 1, look at, observe. mereor, 2, be worthy of, deserve.
cursus, -us, M. [curro, run], run- per, prep. w. ace., through, by.
ning, course. polliceor, 2, promise.
Dareus, -i, M., Darius, Persian pulchritude, -inis, F. [pulcher],
king. beauty.
dominor, 1 [dominus], be a lord stella, -ae, F., star.
and master, rule. tucor, 2, tuitus and tutus, watch,
1 acinus, -6ris, N. [facio], deed, defend. Cf. defendo.
crime. Cf. scelus. vagor, 1, go to and fro, wander.
Germ anus, -a, -um,adj., German. vasto, 1, lay waste, ravage.
imitor, 1, imitate. vereor, 2, reverence, respect.
magnitude, -inis, F. [magnus],
greatness.
sidus (286), a star, a great star, a constellation.
stella, a star as a bright heavenly body.
2.
3O2. COLLOQUIUM.
PATER ET FILIOLUS.
P. Ades, mi filiole, et rnihi libellum ostenta.
come here little book show
F. Eccum, care pater, si libellum Latinum videre cupis.
here it is wish
P. Quod pensum tibi hodie imperavit praeceptor?
impose
F. Pensum verborum deponentium quae ad conjugationein
deponent
primam atque secundam pertinent.
belong
P. Quam ob rem sic appellantur ista verba ?
wherefore name
F. Quia formam activam et significationem passivam
form meaning
plerumque deposuerunt. Sic nos praeceptor docuit.
generally lay aside
P. Quod autein pensum in crastinum diem imperavit
for to-morrow
praeceptor ?
F. Ad haec addidit praeceptor alia deponentia. At tu,
add but
mi pater, Latmae linguae jam puer studebas ?
140 DEPONENT VERBS.
P. Certe, flliole, idque vehementer.
right hard
F. Num ego, si dlligenter didicero, erudltus, ut tu, flam?
learn learned as become
P. Procul dubio. At jam tibi eundum est dormltum.
you must go to bed
CHAPTER XL VI. .
DEPONENT VERBS.
THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS.
3O3. Examine the following :
1. Utor vestra bemgnitate, I avail myself of (use) your kindness.
2. Abutitur patientia nostra, he abuses our patience.
3. Lux qua fruimur a Deo nobis datur, the light which we
enjoy is given us by God.
4. Fungor vice cotis, / serve as (discharge the office of) a whet-
stone.
5. Magna praeda potitus est, he got great booty.
G. Lacte et carne vescebantur, they lived upon milk an
Compare the translation of the examples with the Latin. Ob-
serve that the direct object of the verb, or of the preposition closely
connected with the verb in English, is represented in Latin by the
ablative case.
304. RULE OF SYNTAX. The deponents utor,
fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds,
take the ablative.
305. Examine the following :
1. Meminit praeteritorum, he remembers the past.
2. Haec olim meminisse juvabit, to remember these things will
one day give pleasure.
DEPONENT VERBS. 141
3. Totam causam oblitus est, he forgot the whole case.
4. Totms causae oblitus est, he forgot the whole case.
Observe that in the above examples the genitive is used in 1
and 4, the accusative in 2 and 3.
3O6. RULE OF SYNTAX. Verbs of remembering
and forgetting take the genitive or accusative.
1. Neuter pronouns and adjectives are commonly put in the
accusative. Recorder regularly takes the accusative.
3O7 Review the passive indicative, imperative, and infinitive
of reg5 and audio. (180, 223).
308. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Sulla urbem Romam armatus 1 ingressus est. 2. Athe-
niensium dux maximam adeptus est gloriam. 3. Alexander
Magnus in Asiam profectus est. 4. Eum multi et nobiles
viri secuti sunt. 5. Quas injurias passus es obllviscere. 2
6. Beneficia quae accepimus non obliviscemur. 7. Quod
beneficium accepit id obliviscitur. 8. Omnia pat! 3 discimus.
9. Cicero magna cum gloria consulatu functus est. 10. Lux
qua fruimur donum est Dei.
II. 1. Alexander and his companions entered Asia.
2. They suffered both 4 hunger and thirst. 3. He obtained
great glory by his victories. 4. He did not forget the words
of his master. 5. For he had been the pupil of a wise man.
6. The soldiers follow their general. 7. They 5 are bad
men who forget benefits. 8. We can learn to endure all
things. 9. Who does not enjoy the light which is given
us by God? 10. The boys faithfully discharged their duty.
2.
309, EXERCISES.
I. 1. Caesar, Pompejus, Crassus, imperium inter se partlti
sunt. 2. Caesar Galliam provinciam sortitus est. 3. Sae-
1 Armed. 2 Imperative. 3 Present infinitive of patior.
4 Et. 5 II. See 27O. 2.
142 DEPONENT VERBS.
pissime belli fortunam expertus est. 4. Postea tota Italia
potitus est. 5. Patres bona sua cum Hberis partiuntur.
6. Multa in Italia bella orta sunt. 7. Frons, oculi, vultus,
saepe mentiuntur. 8. Qui post mortem Alexandri regno
illius potitl sunt ? 9. Optime scimus quod expert! sumus.
II. 1. Soldiers often try the fortune of war. 2. The
leaders had divided among themselves the property 1 of the
enemy. 3. The Rhone rises not far from the sources of
the Rhine. 4. The Rhine, which rises in the Alps, flows
into the ocean. 5. The best friends share perils with friends.
6. Who possessed the kingdom after Alexander ? 7. We
will make trial of our valor. 8. They got possession of the
camp of the enemy. 9. Who gets by lot Sicily (as) his
province ? 2
31O. VOCABULARY.
adipiscor, 3, adept us, get, obtain. oceanus, -I, M., ocean.
Cf. potior. offlciuin, -1, N., duty.
east ra, -drum, N. (pi.), camp. optime, adv., most excellently, best.
Crassus, -I, M., Crassus, a rich orior, 3 4, ortus, rise, appear, begin.
Roman, contemporary of Caesar. partior, 4 [pars], divide, share.
ex-perior, 4, expertus, make trial patior, 3, passus, bear, suffer.
of, test. Pompejus, -el, M., Pompey, a
frons, frontis, r., brow, forehead. celebrated Roman general.
fruor, 3, fruitus and fructus, postea, adv., afterwards.
enjoy. potior, 4, become master of, get.
fungor, 3, functus, perform, dis- Cf. adipiscor. [march.
charge. proficiscor, 3, -fectus, set out,
imperium, -I, N. [impero], com- proviucia, -ae, F., province.
mand, authority, power. regnum, -I, N., kingdom.
in-gredior, 3, gressus [gradior], sequor, 3, secutus, follow.
enter. sortior, 4, draw lots, obtain by lot.
mentior, 4, lie, deceive. Sulla, -ae, M., Sulla, a Roman
obllviscor, 3, oblitus, forget. general and statesman.
1 Compare I. 5. 2 Predicate accusative. 3 See vocab. p. 247.
NUMERALS.
143
CHAPTER XLVII. .
311.
NUMERALS.
CARDINALS.
1. iinus, -a, -um
2. duo, duae, duo
3. tres, tria
4. quattuor
5. qulnque
6. sex
7. septem
8. oct5
9. novem
10. decem
11. undecim
12. duodecim
13. tredecim
14. quattuordecim
15. qumdecim
16. sedecim, or sexdecim
17. septendecim
18. duodevlgintl l
19. undevlginti 1
20. viginti
5 viginti unus, or
' ( iinus et viginti
22 5 vi g mti duo, or
' ( duo et viginti
28. duodetriginta l
29. undetrlginta 1
30. triginta
40. quadraginta
50. quinquaginta
60. sexaginta
70. septuaginta
ORDINALS.
primus, -a, -um
secundus (or alter)
tertius
quartus
qulntus
sextus
Septimus
octavus
nonus
decimus
undecimus
duodecimus
tertius decimus
quartus decimus
qulntus decimus
sextus decimus
septimus decimus
duodevlcesimus
undevlcesimus
vicesimus
( vicesimus primus, or
( unus et vicesimus
< vicesimus secundus, or
( alter et vicesimus
duodetricesimus
undetrlcesimus
tricesimus
quadragesimus
qulnquagesimus
sexagesimus
septuagesimus
1 Duodevlgintl = two from twenty ; undevlginti = unus de viginti,
one from twenty. Similarly are formed 28, 29, 38, 39, etc.
144
NUMERALS.
CARDINALS.
ORDINALS.
80. octoginta
octogesimus
90. nonaginta
nonagesimus
100. centum
centesimus
( centum unus, or
< centesimus primus, or
101. -<
( centum et unus
\ centesimus et primus
200. ducenti, -ae, -a
ducentesimus
300. trecenti
trecentesimus
400. quadringentl
quadringentesimus
500. qumgentl
qulngentesimus
600. sescentl
sescentesimus
700. septingenti
septingentesimus
800. octingentl
octingentesimus
900. nongentl
nongentesimus
1,000. mille
mlllesimus
2,000. duo milia
bis mlllesimus
100,000. centum milia
centies mlllesimus
1. Cardinal numbers answer the question how many? Ordinals,
which in order ?
2. The cardinals from quattuor to centum, inclusive, are in-
declinable : quattuor homines, four men ; quattuor liominum,
of four men.
3. Unus is declined like bonus, except that it has genitive and
dative singular unius, uni, like alius (201).
4. Duo and tres are thus declined :
MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. & F. NEUT.
N. duo duae duo tres tria
G. duorum duarum duorum trium trium
D. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus
Ac. duos, duo duas duo tres tria
Ab. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus
5. The hundreds, ducenti, etc., are declined like the plural of
bonus.
6. MTlle is indeclinable in the singular, and is sometimes an
adjective and sometimes a noun : mille homines, a thousand men ;
mille hominum, a thousand {of} men. The plural has the forms
milia, milium, milibus, and is always a noun: tria milia
hominum, three thousand men (three thousands of men).
NUMERALS. 145
7. The ordinals are declined like bonus.
8. Other kinds of numerals are the distributives : singuli, -ae, -a,
one each, bini, -ae, -a, two each, etc. ; and the numeral adverbs :
semel, once, bis, twice, etc.
312. Examine the following :
1. Decem annos Troja oppugnabatur, Troy was besieged for
ten years.
2. Turris alta est centum pedes, the tower is a hundred feet high.
The accusative annos denotes duration or extent of time;
pedes, extent of space. The accusative, then, is used to answer
the question how long ? or how far f (in time or space), and may be
called the Accusative of Extent.
313. RULE OF SYNTAX. Extent of time or space
is expressed by the accusative.
2.
314. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Homo unum 6s, duas aures, duos oculos habet.
2. Alexander Magnus tredecim annos regnavit. 3. Templum
Dianae quadringentos quinquaginta pedes longuin et ducen-
tos viginti pedes latum erat. 4. Annus spatium trecentorum
sexaginta qulnque dierum est. 5. Duodecim sunt menses.
6. Mensis triginta dies habet, Februarius duodetiiginta.
7. Dies viginti quattuor horas habet. 8. Romanorum vete-
rum annus decem menses habebat; Martius erat primus,
December decimus. 9. Aut tertins decimus aut qulntus
decimus dies mensis Idus nominabatur.
II. 1. Romulus, the first king of Rome, reigned thirty-
seven years. 2. This house is fifty-nine 1 feet long and
fort} T -eight feet wide. 3. The river is fourteen feet deep and
ninety-two feet wide. 4. With 2 the ancient Romans Septem-
ber was the seventh month ; with us September is the ninth
month. 5. The Roman consuls held power for one year.
1 See p. 143, note. 2 Apud, with accusative.
146 IRREGULAR VERBS : Volo, N516, 31 aid.
6. In the five hundred and fiftieth year of the city Scipio
was consul. 7. Five and twent}* languages were known to
King Mithridates. 8. In the first month of the year there
are thirty-one days. 9. A Roman legion had five thousand
foot-soldiers and three hundred horse-soldiers.
315. VOCABULARY.
annus, -I, M., year. lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.
auris, -is, F., ear. Martius, -I, M. [Mars], March.
December, -bris, M. [decem], Often as adj.
December. Often as adj. Mithridates, -is, M., Mithridates,
Diana, -ae, F., Diana, goddess of king of Pontus.
the chase. [as adj. os, oris, N., mouth, face.
Februarius, -I, M., February. Oft. September, -bris, M. [septem],
Idas, -uum, F., plur., the Ides of September. Often as adj.
the month. (244. 1.) spatiuin, -I, N., room, space, period.
CHAPTER XL VIII. .
316. IRREGULAR VERBS.
Volo, velle, volui, , be willing, will, wish.
N616, nolle, nolui, , be unwilling, will not.
Malo, malle, malui, , be more willing, prefer.
INDICATIVE.
PRES.
volo
nolo
malo
VIS
non vis
mavis
vult
non vult
mavult
volumus
nolumus
malumus
vultis
non vultis
mavultis
volunt
nolunt
malunt
IMPER.
volebam
iiolebam
nialebani
FUT.
volam
iiolani
malam
PERF.
volui
nolui
malui
PLUP.
volueram
nolueram
malueram
F. P.
voluero
iioluero
maluero
IRREGULAR VERBS : Volo, N616, Malo.
147
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRES.
velim
nolim
malim
veils
noils
malls
velit
nolit
malit
velimus
nolimus
malimus
velltis
nolitis
malitis
velint
nolint
malint
IMPEK.
vellem
iiollem
mallem
velles
nolles
malles
vellet
nollet
mallet
vellemus
nollemus
mallemus
velletis
nolletis
malletis
vellent
nollent
mallent
PERF.
voluerim
noluerim
maluerim
PLUP.
voluissem
noluissem
maluissem
IMPERATIVE.
PRES.
( Wanting)
noli
( Wanting)
nolite
FUT.
( Wanting)
[nolito, etc.]
( Wanting)
INFINITIVE.
PRES.
velle
nolle
malle
PERF.
voluisse
noluisse
maluisse
PARTICIPLE.
PRFS.
volens
nolens
(Wantinq)
317. Learn the tenses of the indicative and infinitive of volo.
nolo, and malo, and the present imperative of nolo.
2.
318. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Nos scribere volumus, tu vis legere, ille puer liidere
vult. 2. Cur in horto ambnlare volunt? 3. In horto arabu-
lare malunt quod ibi sunt fontes et arbores. 4. Volebantne
vitia sua excusare? 5. Noll excusare vitia tua. 6. Nolite
148 IRREGULAR VERBS: Volo, N516, Malo.
oblTvisc! praeceptorum 1 parentum. 7. Timoleon maluit
diligi quam metui. 8. Valere maluerat quam dives esse.
9. Aliena quisque vitia reprehendere mavult quam sua cor-
rigere. 10. Volumus ad finem itineris progredi.
II. 1. Why would you rather read than write? 2. We
would rather walk in the fields with you. 3. Who would
not rather be praised than blamed ? 4. They will be un-
willing to accept your gift. 5. Do not forget, 2 boys, the
precepts of your teacher. 6. Do not forget, my boy, the
lesson which I have explained. 7. He listened because he
wished to learn. 8. He would not 3 blame another's fault;
he greatly desired to correct his own. 9. We wish the same
(things) as 4 you. 10. Our friends will wish the same
(thing) as ourselves.
319.
VOCABULARY.
alienus, -a, -um, adj. [alius],
belonging to another, another's.
ambulo, 1, walk, take a walk.
corrigo, 3, -rexl, -rectum [com,
rego, keep straight] , m ake stra ight,
reform, correct.
diligo, 3, -lexi, -lectum [dis,
apart, lego, choose], esteem, love.
Cf. amo.
ex-cnso, 1 [causa], excuse.
ex-plico, 1, -avi, -atum, and -ul,
-itum [plico], unfold, explain.
ibi, adv., there. Cf. ubi, where.
iter, itineris, N. [eo, 327. 1],
journey. (262.)
ludo, 3, lusl, liisuin, play.
maid, malle, malm, [ma-
gis, volo], wish rather, prefer,
ivould rather.
inaxime, adv. (sup. of magis,
more), most, especially, greatly.
metuo, 3, -ul, -utum [metus],
fear. Cf. timeo.
nolo, nolle, nolui, [ non, vo-
lo], be unwilling, icill not, not wish.
praeceptum, -I, N. [praecipio],
maxim, precept.
pro-gredior, 3, -gressus [gradi-
or], go forward, advance.
quod, conj., because. Cf. quia.
re-prehendo, 3, -di, -hensum,
hold back, restrain, reprove.
Timoleon, -ontis, M., Timoleon, a
Corinthian.
valeo, 2, -ui, -itum, be strong or well.
vitium, -I, N., fault, blemish, vice.
volo, velle, volui, , be willing,
will, wish, desire. Cf. desidero.
1 From praeceptum.
2 Cf. I. 6.
8 Was unwilling.
4 See p. 128, note 5.
IRREGULAR VERBS: Fer5. 149
amo, love, not implying and not excluding esteem ; the common word.
diligo, love unselfishly and with esteem; more restricted in mean-
ing than amo.
volo means both less and more than wish, namely, consent and will ;
very much used.
desidero means icish ardently, with the notion (which volo has
not) of lacking or missing the thing much desired ; more restricted
in meaning than volo.
3.
32O. FOR TRANSLATION.
Multl homines volunt quidera recte facere, sed non faciunt ;
nam velle et facere non idem est. Saepe homo recte agere
vult, sed vires desunt. Multl peccata sua excusare quam
deponere malunt. Saepe aliena peccata vituperare quam
nostra corrigere malumus. Multl sua sorte non sunt con-
tent!, sed aliena appetere malunt. At cur non feliciter vivere
mavis ? Felix is est qui recte agere vult recteque agit.
CHAPTER XLIX. 1.
321. THE IRREGULAR VERB Fero.
Per 6, ferre, tuli, latum : bear, carry, endure.
INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
PRES. fero ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertis ferris, or-re feriminT
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
IMPER. ferebam ferSbar
FUT. feram ferar
PERF. tuli latus sum
PLUP. tuleram latus eram
F. P. tulero latus ero
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRES. feram ferar
IMPER. ferrem ferrer
PERF. tulerim latus sim
PLUP. tulissem latus essem
150
IRREGULAR VERBS: Fero.
IMPERATIVE.
ACTIVE.
PRES. fer 1 ferte
FUT. ferto fertote
ferto ferunto
PASSIVE.
[ferre] ferimini
fertor
fertor feruntor
PRES.
PERF.
FUT.
PRES.
FUT.
INFINITIVE,
ferre
tulisse
laturus esse
ferri
latus esse
latum iri
PARTICIPLES.
ferens
laturus
GER. ferendus
PERF. latus
GERUND.
G. ferendi
D. ferendo
Ac. ferendum
Ab. ferendS
Ac. latum
SUPINE.
Ab. latu
322. Compounds of ferS are conjugated like the simple verb.
Observe the changes suffered by certain of the prepositions in the
following :
ab- auferS, auferre, abstuli, ablatum.
ad- adfero, adferre, attuli, allatum (adl).
com- confero, conferre, contuli, collatum (conl).
dis- differo, differre, distuli, dilatum.
ex- effero, efferre, extuli, elatum.
in- Infers, inferre, intull, illatum (inl).
ob- offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum.
sub- suffers, sufferre, sustulT, sublatum.
323. Learn the tenses of the indicative, the imperative, and
the present and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of fero.
1 For fere; dico, duco, facio, fero, have imperative present
second singular die, due, fac, fer.
IRREGULAR VERBS : Fero. 151
324. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Aufert, aufertur. 2. Auferet, auferetur. 3. Abs-
tulit, ablatus est. 4. Conferre, conferri. 5. Conferunt,
conferuntur. 6. Conferent, conferentur. 7. Contulerant,
collati erant. 8. Distulerunt, dilati sunt. 9. Distulerit,
dilatus erit. 10. Distulisse, dilatus esse. 11. Differebant,
differebantur.
II. 1. We bear, we are borne. 2. We were bearing, we
were borne. 3. We have borne, we have been borne.
4. We shall bear, we shall be borne. 5. We had borne,
we had been borne. 6. Bear thou, bear ye. 7. To offer,
to be offered. 8. Ye shall offer, ye shall be offered. 9. To
have offered, to have been offered. 10. Ye offer, ye will
offer. 11. Ye are offered, ye will be offered.
2.
325. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Ferte patienter 1 labores. 2. Bene ferre magnam
fortunam disce. 3. Ferte patienter quae 2 mutari non
possunt. 4. Non omnis agerqul seriturfert fruges. 5. Be-
mgnum regem non tulistis ; jam ferum et barbarum fertote.
6. Nolite differre pensum quod hodie facere potestis. 7. Im-
perator militibus defessis auxilium attulit. 8. In unum locum
collatum est ex agns omne frumentum. 9. Longa 3 nobis
est omnis mora quae gaudia differt. 10. Caesar omnibus
qui contra se arma tulerant veniam dedit.
II. 1. They bore labor with patience. 2. They did not
endure a good king ; now they are enduring a bad one. 4
3. We cannot put off our tasks. 4. We shall learn to bear
our good fortune well. 5. They bore with patience that 5
which they could not change. 6. The robbers bore off the
1 What might be substituted for the adverb ? See 144, 145.
2 See p. 130, note 3. 8 Tedious. * Omit. 6 Id.
152 IRREGULAR VERBS: Ed, FlO.
booty which they had seized. 7. Do not 1 bring me that
which I do not want. 8. Delays which postpone our joy are
always tedious. 9. The townsmen carried their all 2 with
them out of the town.
326. VOCABULARY.
ad-fero (affero), adferre, at- ferus, -a, inn, adj., wild, cruel,
t nil, ad lat ii in, bear to, bring. fruges, -um, F., plur., fruits.
au-fero, auferre, abstuli, abla- gaudium, -I, N. [gaudeo, re-
turn [ab(s)], bear off', carry joice], joy, delight,
away. In-fero, Inferre, intuli, illatum
HII.X ilium, -I, N., help, aid. (inlatuin),6ear in, cause /bellum
bar bar us, -a, -uin, adj., foreign, Inferre, to make war, w. dat.
barbarous. jam, adv., already, now, at last.
bemgnus,-a, -um, &&]., kind, good, mora, -ae, F., delay.
con-fero, conferre, contull, of-fero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum
collatum (conlatuin), bring [ob, before], present, offer,
together, collect ; se conferre, be- patienter, adv. [patiens], pa-
take one's self. tiently, with patience.
dif-fero, differre, distuli, dila- sero, 3, sevl, satnm, sow, plant.
turn [dis, apart], bear apart, suf-fero, sufferre, sustuli, sub-
scatter, put off, postpone. latum [sub], undergo, endure.
ef-fero, eflferre, extull, elatum venia, -ae, F., indulgence, kind-
[ex], bear out, bring forth. ness, mercy.
CHAPTER L. .
327. IRREGULAR VERBS.
E6, ire, ii [IvI], itum, go.
Flo, fieri, factus sum (supplies pass, to facio), be made, become.
INDICATIVE.
E6. Fio.
PRES. eo imua fI5 fimus
is Itis fis fitis
it eunt fit fiunt
1 Compare I. 6. 2 Their all, omnia sua.
IRREGULAR VERBS: E6, Fid.
153
Eo.
Flo.
IMPER.
Ibam
fiebam
FUT.
Ibo
flam
PERF.
il
factus sum
PLUP.
ieram
factus ei am
F. P.
iero
factus ero
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRES.
earn
flam
IMPER.
irem
fierem
PERF.
ierim
factus sim
PLUP.
iissem
factus essem
IMPERATIVE.
PRES. I
ite fi
fite
FUT. ito
itote
ito
eunto
INFINITIVE.
PRES.
ire
fieri
PERF.
iisse
factus esse
FUT.
iturus esse
factum iri
PARTICIPLES.
FUT.
iturus GER.
faciendus
faotnR
GERUND.
G. eundi
D. eundo
Ac. eundum
Ab. eundo
SUPINE.
Ac. itum Ab. itu
1. The root of eo, namely i, is changed to e before a vowel,
except in perf. plup. and fut. perf., and in nom. sing, of pres. part.
2. Compounds of eo generally form the perfect in il instead
of wl. The simple verb rarely, if ever, has wi, weram, etc.
3. The t of fI5 is long except when followed by er, and in fit.
328. Learn the tenses of the indicative, the imperative, and
the present and perfect infinitive of eo and fio.
154 IRREGULAR VERBS: Eo, Flo.
329. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Nolite velle id quod fieri non potest. 2. Amici
Alexandri reges fact! sunt. 3. Nemo nascitur sapiens, nemo
casu fit bonus. 4. Leve fiebat onus, quod bene ferebatur.
5. Apud veteres Romanos ex agricolls flebant consules.
6. Omnes fere 1 homines senectute fiunt prudentiores.
7. Quidam armies subeunt terrain rursusque in terram red-
eunt. 8. Alpes nemo ante Hannibalem cum exercitu trans-
iit. 9. Miltiades Parum msulam expugnare non potuit et in
patriam rediit. 10. Populus solet non nunquam 2 dignos
praeteiire.
II. 1. That has been done which you wished. 2. My
friends, you become wiser by old age. 3. Men never be-
come good by chance. 4. Who will cross the river with me? 3
5. The generals crossed the mountains with a large part 4
of their forces. 6. Light become the burdens that are
patiently borne. 7. Our friends have gone away, but they
will return. 8. The people passed by many worth}- men.
9. The inhabitants of the city went out with their horses
and wagons. 10. The generals return to 5 their country with
prisoners and booty. 11. Do not 6 cross the very deep river.
2.
330. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Septies Marius, qui Cimbros et Teutones duobus
acerrimis proeliis vicit, consul factus est. 2. Socrates aequo
animo diem supremum obiit. 3. Ariovisti copiae intra
annos quattuordecim tectum non subierant. 4. Autumno
multae aves in alias terras proficiscuntur, at vere novo
1 Fere is often thus placed be- 3 See 265. 3.
tween an adjective and its noun. 4 See p. 21, note 1.
2 Non nunquam, not never 6 To into,
sometimes. 6 See 318. I. 5 and 6.
IEKEGULAB, VERBS: 135, Fid.
155
redeunt. 5. Abeunt omnia unde orta sunt. 6. Alexander
consilio 1 fortitudineque omnes anteibat ; omnes labores
subibat.
II. 1 . In winter 2 the days become shorter and the nights
longer. 2. After the battle many perished of cold 3 and
hunger. 3. Cicero was made consul 4 by the Romans.
4. By the prudence (cdnsilium) and valor of Scipio, Hanni-
bal was compelled to return into Africa. 5. We ought to
meet our last day with equanimity. 5 6. Alexander came off
victorious 6 from all his battles.
331.
VOCABULARY.
ab-eo, -Ire, -il, -itum, go off, come
off, go away. (327. 2.)
aequus, -a, -inn, adj., level, equal;
calm.
ante-eo, -ire, -if, , go before,
surpass.
apud, prep, with ace., with, in,
near, among.
Ariovistus, -I, M., Ariovistus, king
of a German tribe.
autummis, -I, M., autumn.
cogo, 3, -egi, -actum [com,
ago], drive together; compel.
copia, -ae, F., power, abundance,
wealth; plur. troops, forces.
debeo, 2, -ul, -itum, owe, ought.
ex-eo, -Ire, -il, -itum, go out.
fere, adv., nearly, for the most part.
intra, prep, with ace., within.
Marius, -I, M., Marius, a famous
Roman general.
nascor, 3, natus, be born.
ob-eo, -ire, -il, -itum, go towards,
meet.
Parus, -I, F., Paros, an island in
the ^Egean Sea. (11. 4.)
per-eo, -Ire, -il, , perish.
praeter-eo, -Ire, -il, -itum, go by,
pass by, omit.
red-eo, -ire, -il, -itum, return.
re-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
carry back.
rursus, adv. [re-vorsus, re-
verto], turned back, back, again.
septies, num. adv. [rseptem], seven
times.
sub-eo, -Ire, -il, -itum, go under,
enter, undergo.
tectum, -I, N. [tego, cover], cover-
ing, shelter, roof.
Teutones, -um, M., the Teutons, a
German tribe.
trans -eo, -Ire, -il, -itum, go over,
cross.
See 260.
Compare I. 4.
Ablative.
4 Compare I. 1 ; also 47.
5 Compare I. 2.
Victor.
156 PREPOSITIONS.
3.
332. COLLOQUIUM.
TITYRUS ET MELIBOEUS.
T. Aliquis januam pulsat. I, puer, aperi januam.
door knock open
\_Meliboeus trlstl vultu passibus tardis introit.']
steps slow enter
Salve, amice, diu me non adisti. Cur iste vultus tristis?
how do you do
M. Eheu ! mi Tityre, abeo e mea patria.
T. Cur abis ? Quo abibis ? Noli relinquere haec arva
dulcia. leave field8
M. Quid tibi vis? Meos agros mllitibus impiis donavit
what would you have me do wicked has given
Octavianus. Magna pars gregum interiit. Ipse peril.
am undone
T. Minime, amice ; adi ad Octavianum ; ille est bemgnus,
neque vult te peiire. Tu agros recipies.
M. Parvae spes mihi sunt redeundi ; tamen Ibo, ut tu
mones ; Octaviano ad pedes me proiciam.
T. Et redibis in agros tuos ; redibit pax aurea. Vale, mi
Meliboee, es bono animo.
keep up your courage
M. Et tu vale, bone Tityre.
CHAPTER LI. 1.
PREPOSITIONS.
333. Thus far several prepositions have been used in the exer-
cises, some followed by the accusative and some by the ablative.
These are the only cases in Latin that follow prepositions.
PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWED BY THE ABLATIVE.
a (ab, abs), away from, by. e (ex), out of, from.
absque, without. prae, before, in comparison with.
coram, in presence of. pro, before, for.
cum, with. sine, without.
dS, from, concerning. tenus, as far as, up to.
EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE. 157
1. In, meaning into, to, towards, for, that is after verbs denoting
motion, takes the accusative.
2. In, meaning in, on, at, that is after verbs denoting rest, takes
the ablative. See 334.
3. Sub, under, up to, after verbs of motion, takes the accusative;
after verbs of rest, the ablative.
4. Remember that all prepositions except the ten mentioned,
and in and sub, are followed by the accusative only.
EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE.
334. Examine the following :
1. In oppido, in the town. 8. Athenis, at (in) Athens.
2. In navi, on shipboard. 9. Corinthi, at (in) Corinth.
3. Ad montem, to the mountain. 10. Thuriis, at (in) Thurii.
4. Ex agris, from the fields. 11. Carthagini, at (in) Carthage.
5. In Italia, in Italy. 12. Romae, at (in) Rome.
6. In Italiam, to Italy. 13. Romam, to Rome.
7. Ex Italia, from Italy. 14. Roma, from Rome.
Observe the ways of denoting the place in, on, at, to, from which.
In English we always l use a preposition with the noun of place,
as the examples show. So in Latin (see examples 1-7), except
with names of towns. 2 For these a rule may be inferred from the
examples 8-14.
335. RULE OF SYNTAX. With names of towns
1. The place in or at which is expressed hy the
locative. (See 14, 2; 4O; 175.)
2. The place to which, by the accusative without
a preposition. 3
3. The place from which, by the ablative without
a preposition. 4
1 Except in the case of the word the Accusative of Limit, be-
home, after a verb of motion. cause it denotes the limit, or end,
2 Names of small islands are of motion.
often treated like names of towns. 4 This ablative is the ablative
8 This accusative may be called of separation. (128,129,130.)
158 EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE.
336. Domus, home, house, and rus, the country, have the con-
struction of names of towns :
domi, at home. ruri, in the country.
domum, (to) home. rus, to (into) the country.
domo, from home. rure, from the country.
2.
337. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Consules in sedem suam processere. 1 2. Porsena
rex Tnfesto cum exercitu Romam venit. 3. Roman! ex
agris in urbem demigrant. 4. Nova Romae dignitas creata
est, quae dictatura appellata est. 5. Tarquinius Cumas se
contulit. 6. Miss! sunt Roma ad Coriolanum oratores de
pace. 7. Is de foro domum se recipiebat. 8. Erat quidam
Athenis qui se sapientem profitebatur. 9. Regulus in Afri-
cam trajecit. 10. Deinde Romam missus est, sed mox
Carthaginem rediit. 11. Roma miss! sunt Carthaginem
legati. 12. Roman! duas clades in Hispania acceperunt.
13. Tune Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam profectus est.
14. Hannibal ex angustiis evasit.
II. 1. The consul set out from Rome with a large army.
2. We have removed from the city into the country.
3. Then the general retreated 2 into Campania. 4. I have
lived in Athens three years. 3 5. Tarquin remained at
Cumae a long time. 6. Scipio defeated Hannibal at Zama.
7. Regulus returned from Africa to Rome. 8. Afterwards
he was sent back from Rome to Carthage. 9. Caesar
carried on war in Gaul eight years. 3 10. Cicero was born at
Arpinum. 11. The consul proceeded to Athens with his
army. 12. From Athens he sailed 4 to Italy. 13. Do you
remain (imperative) at home ; I will return to the army.
14. Shall you come home soon?
1 From procedo, perfect tense. 3 See 313.
2 See I. 7, and 239. 4 See 272. II. 6.
EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE. 159
338. VOCABULARY.
angustiae, -arum, r., plur. [an- infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile,
gust us, narrow], narrow pass. troublesome, dangerous.
Cf. Eng. narrows. orator, -oris, M. [oro, speak,
appello, 1, address, call, name. plead], orator, ambassador.
Arpinum, -I, N., Arpinum, a town Porsena, -ae, M., Porsena, an
in Italy. Etruscan king.
Athenae, -arum, F. plur., Athens. pro-fiteor, 2, -fessus [fateor],
Carthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a acknowledge, confess, declare.
city in Africa. re-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum, send
Coriolanus, -I, M., a surname of back.
C. Marcius, a Roman consul. sedes, -is, F. [sedeo, sit], seat,
Cumae, -arum, F. plur., Cumce, a abode.
town in Campania. Tarquinius, -I, M., Tarquin, a
de-migro, 1, emigrate, remove. Roman king.
dicta tura, -ae, F. [dictator], tra-icio, 3, -jeci, -jectum [trans,
office of dictator, dictatorship. jacio], throw across, pass over,
dignitas, -atis, F. [dignus, cross.
worthy] , worth, dignity, office. turn, adv., then, at that time.
e-vado, 3, evasi, evasuin, go Zama, -ae, F., Zama, a town in
forth, escape. Africa.
3.
339. FOR TRANSLATION.
THE BATTLE OF CANKE, B.C. 216.
Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma
profecti sunt duo consoles, Aemilius Paullus et Terentius
Varro. Paullo 1 cimctatio Fabi 2 magis placebat ; Varro
autem, ferox 3 et temerarius, acriora sequebatur consilia.
Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra
commumvenmt. Ibi deinde Varro invito collega 4 aciem Tn-
struxit et signum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita consti-
tuerat aciem, ut Romams 5 et 6 solis radii et ventus ab oriente
1 For the case, see 343. 4 His colleague unwilling =
2 Fabius Maximus, whose policy against the wishes of his colleague.
had been one of prudence, or See 412.
rather, of extreme caution. 5 To the Romans, dative with
8 Impetuous. adversl. 6 Both.
160 ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX.
pulverem adflans 1 adversi essent. 2 Victus caesusque est
Romanus exercitus ; nusquam graviore vulnere afflicta est
res publica.
[Continued on p. 177.]
CHAPTER LIL
ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX.
340. Examine the following :
1. Alter consulum, one of the consuls.
2. Unus mHitum, one of the soldiers.
3. Quis vestrum ? who of you?
4. Nihil no vi, nothing (of) new.
5. Satis pecuniae, enough (of) money.
6. Unus ex militibus, one of the soldiers.
7. Minimus ex illis, the youngest of them.
The first five of the examples illustrate what is called the
Partitive Genitive, the word in the genitive denoting a whole, and
the word which it limits a part of that whole ; 6 and 7 illustrate
another way of expressing the partitive idea.
341. Examine the following :
1. Catilina fuit ingenio malo, Catiline was (a man) of bad
disposition.
2. Iccius summa nobilitate fuit, Iccius was (a man) of the
highest rank.
3. Puer sedecim annorum, a boy of sixteen years.
4. Vestis magni preti, a garment of great value.
5. Vir summae virtu tis, a man of the highest courage.
The above are examples of the Descriptive Ablative and the
Descriptive Genitive. Observe that in each instance the abla-
tive or genitive is limited by an adjective, and that the adjective
and noun together denote a quality or characteristic of that which
is described.
1 Present participle of adflo. 2 Were an annoyance.
ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX. 161
342. Examine the following :
1. Regi servio, I serve the king.
2. Civitati prodest, he benefits the state.
3. Caesari placuit, it pleased Ccesar.
4. Fratri persuadet, he persuades his brother.
5. Crede mihi, believe me.
6. Legibus civitatis parebat, (220. I. 2).
7. Interdum amicis nocet, (272. I. 8).
Observe that the verbs, which in English have a direct object,
are followed in Latin by the dative (the case of the indirect object).
Such verbs should be carefully noted as they occur in the exercises.
They may be summed up in the following
343. RULE OF SYNTAX. Many verbs signifying
to please or displease, benefit or injure, command or
obey, serve, resist, believe, threaten, persuade, and
the like, take the dative.
344. Examine the following :
1. Magno usui nostris fuit, it was of great service to our men.
2. Est mihi curae, it is (for) a care to me.
3. Equitatum auxilio Caesari miserant, they had sent cavalry
to aid Ccesar (for aid to Ccesar).
4. Quinque cohortes castris praesidio relinquit, he leaves
five cohorts to defend the camp (for defence to the camp).
Observe in each of the above sentences two datives, one trans-
lated (literally) with /or, the other with to. In 1 and 2, usui and
curae are like the predicate nominative, which is often used where
we might expect this dative ; in 3 and 4, auxilio and praesidio
denote a purpose. This dative for which is sometimes called the
Dative of Service. The two together are sometimes called the
Double Dative.
Observe instances of the foregoing constructions as they occur
in the exercises and reading lessons.
162 DERIVATION.
CHAPTER LIII.
DERIVATION.
345. Some derivations have been indicated in the vocabu-
laries by separating the parts of compound words, and, beginning
with 221, by putting words in brackets. The bracketed words,
however, are not to be understood as the primitives or origi-
nals of the words against which they stand, as is customarily
the case in lexicons and special vocabularies, but that they are
connected with them in formation from a common root or stem. The
habit of observing such relationships is the important thing. The
following list is selected from previous vocabularies for further
study of the subject :
1. amo, love; amicus, loving, friendly ; amicitia, friendship ; in-
imicus (for in-amicus), unfriendly, hostile.
2. ager, field, land, soil; agri-cola (colo, cultivate}, one who cultivates
the soil, farmer ; agri-cultura, cultivation of the soil, agriculture.
Colo also means dwell, hence incola, inhabitant. Meaning of
incolo ?
3. civis, citizen; civilis, pertaining to a citizen; civitas, the condi-
tion of a citizen, or a body of citizens, state. Like civHis, form
and define adjectives from the stems of puer and hostis.
4. rego, rule; rex (regs), ruler, king; regina, ruler, queen; re-
gnum, kingdom ; regno, be king, reign ; regula, rule.
5. facio, do; f acinus, thing done, deed ; facilis (that may be done),
easy ; difficilis (for dis-facilis), not to be done, difficult.
6. nosco, know; nomen (that by which a thing is known), name;
nomino, v., name; nobilis (that can be known), well known,
noble, cf. facilis.
7. fuga, flight : f-a.gio,flee. liber, adj., free; libero, v.,free.
metus, n., fear ; metuo, v.,fear. laus, n., praise ; laudo, v., praise.
timor,n.,/ear; timeo,v.,year. disco, learn; discipulus, learner.
do, give ; donum, gift. moveo, move ; motus, motion.
fluo, flow ; fluvius, flumen, stream, river.
domimis, lord, master ; domina, mistress; dominor, be master.
8. aurum, gold ; aureus, of gold, golden.
lignum, wood; ligneus, of wood, wooden.
DERIVATION. 163
f errum, iron ; f erreus, of iron, iron.
argentum, silver. Form an adjective from the stem of argen-
tum, and define it.
9. alo, nourish; alimentum (that which nourishes), food, pro-
visions.
moneo, remind ; monumentum (that which reminds), monument.
orno, adorn; meaning of ornamentum ?
10. pulcher, beautiful ; pulchritude, beauty.
fortis, brave; fortitude, bravery.
turpis, base ; turpitude, baseness.
altus, high. Form a noun from the stem of altus, and define it.
11. ignavus (not busy), idle ; ignavia, idleness.
memor, mindful ; memoria (mindfulness), memory.
piger, lazy ; pigritia, laziness.
prudens, wise, prudent ; prudentia, wisdom, prudence.
sapiens, wise ; sapientia, wisdom.
amicus, friend ; amicitia, friendship.
Form a noun from the stem of inimicus, and define it.
12. equus, horse; eques, horseman.
pes (stem ped), foot; pedSs, foot-soldier.
13. aro, v., plough; aratrum, n. (thing to plough with), plough.
(rodo, gnaw) ; rostrum (that which gnaws), beak, snout, hence
beak of a ship.
14. vir, man; virtus, manliness, virtue.
servus, slave ; servitus, slavery.
consul, consul; consulatus, office of a consul, consulship.
magister, master; magistratus, office of a magister, magis-
tracy, also magistrate.
15. periculum, danger ; periculosus, full of danger, dangerous.
irons, leaf; frondosus, covered with leaves, leafy.
studium, zeal ; meaning of studiSsus ?
16. audeo, dare ; audax, daring.
rapio, seize ; rapax, grasping.
teneo, hold ; meaning of tenax ?
17. scribo, write ; scriptor, writer.
vinco (victum), conquer ; victor, conqueror.
defends, defend; defensor, defender.
From stem of amo, love, form a word meaning lover; from stem
of audiS, hear, in the same way, a word meaning hearer.
164 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS.
18. ullus, any ; nullus, not any.
scio, know ; nescio, know not.
19. homo, man; humanus (belonging to a man), human.
mors, death ; mortalis (belonging to death), mortal.
alius, another; alienus (belonging to another), another's.
20. Observe also the force of the various prefixes, a, ad, de, dis, in,
prae, pro, re, sub, etc., as in a-mitto, ac-cedo, de-scendo,
di-mitto, In-fero, prae-sum, pro-cedo, re-fero, sub-eo, etc.
CHAPTER LIV. 1.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES: PRACTICE ON FORMS.
346. Learn the subjunctive of sum (73) and its compounds
(292, 293).
The chief use of the subjunctive is in subjoined, that is, de-
pendent, clauses.
347. Examine the following :
1. Audio ubi sit, fuerit, futurus sit, / hear luhere he is, has been
or was, is going to be.
2. Audivi ubi sit, fuerit, futurus sit, / have heard where he is,
has been or was, is going to be.
3. Audiam ubi sit, fuerit, futurus sit, I shall hear where he is,
has been or was, is going to be.
4. Audivero ubi sit, fuerit, futurus sit, / shall have heard
where he is, has been or was, is going to be.
5. Audiebam ubi esset, fuisset, futurus esset, / heard where
he was, had been, was going to be.
6. Audivi ubi esset, fuisset, futurus esset, / heard where he
was, had been, was going to be.
7. Audiveram ubi esset, fuisset, futurus esset, / had heard
where he was, had been, was going to be.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES I FOEMS. 165
Notice what tenses are used in the principal clauses of each of
the preceding groups of examples. Those in the first group the
present, perfect definite, 1 future, and future perfect are called
primary or principal tenses. Those in the second group the
imperfect, perfect indefinite, 2 and the pluperfect are called
secondary or historical tenses.
Observe also that primary tenses of the subjunctive are used in
the first four, secondary in the last three.
348. RULE OF SYNTAX. Primary tenses of the
subjunctive follow primary tenses of the indicative,
and secondary follow secondary.
Observe that the subjunctive in the foregoing examples is trans-
lated like the indicative.
349. Examine the following :
1. Nemo adest quin sit fortis, no one is present who is not brave.
2. Quis adest quin sit fortis ? mho is present who is not brave ?
3. Nemo dubitat quin sit fortis, no one doubts that he is brave,
or his being brave.
4. Non dubium est quin sit fortis, there is no doubt that he is
brave, or of his being brave.
5. Non dubito quin sit fortis, / do not doubt that he is brave,
or his being brave.
Observe (1) that the subjunctive follows quin ; (2) that quin
is used after negative expressions and questions that expect a
negative answer ; (3) that the subjunctive clause with quin (com-
pounded of qui, who, and ne, not) may be variously rendered.
2.
350. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Quis dubitat qum sint fortes? 2. Nemo dubitat
quin vita sit brevis. 3. Non dubito qum adfuerint. 4. Non
dubium erat quin essent fortes. 5. Quis dubitabat quin
1 That is, the perfect translated with have or has.
2 That is, the perfect translated without have or has.
166 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: Ut.
fuissent fortes ? 6. Nemo dubitaverat qum adfuisset ; ad-
fuissent. 7. Non est dubium qum possit ; possint ; potuerit ;
potuerint. 8. Quis dubitabat qum posset? possent? potuis-
set? potuissent? 9. Non est dubium quin praesis ; praesitis ;
praefueris ; praefueritis. 10. Quis dubitaverat qum afuisset?
af uissent ?
II. I.I do not doubt that he is present ; has been present ;
is absent ; has been absent. 2. Who doubted that he could?
they could? we could? you could? 3. They do not doubt
that he is at the head of (praesum) ; has been at the head of.
4. Who has doubted his surviving? their surviving? 5. Who
doubted their injuring? having injured? 6. There is no
doubt that he can ; we can ; you can ; they can. 7. There
was no doubt that he could ; I could ; they could.
3.
351. Learn the subjunctive, active and passive, of amo (86)
and moneo (112).
1. Observe that in the active voice the . imperfect subjunctive
can be formed readily from the present infinitive, and the pluper-
fect subjunctive from the perfect infinitive. Compare the perfect
subjunctive with the future perfect indicative.
352. Examine the following :
Se armant ut pugnent, they arm themselves that they may fight,
in order that they may fight, to fight, so as to fight, in order to
fight, for the purpose of fighting.
Observe that the various equivalents of ut pugnent have a
common notion or idea, that of purpose.
353. RULE OF SYNTAX. Ut with the subjunctive
may be used to denote a purpose, and may be vari-
ously translated.
354. Review the indicative and imperative of eo, go (327).
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: TJt. 167
355. EXERCISES.
I. 1. It ut nionstret et moneat. 2. Ibat ut monstraret et
moneret. 3. lit ut monstret et moneat. 4. lit ut mon-
straret et moneret. 5. Ibunt ut monstrent et moneant.
6. lerunt ut monstrarent et monereut. 7. lerant ut mon-
strarent et monerent. 8. Non dubitavi quin monstravisset
et monuisset. 9. Quis dubitaverat qum monstravissent
et monuissent? 10. Nemo dubitavit qum monstravissemus
et monuissemus. 11. Non est dubium quin monstremus et
moneamus.
II. 1. He goes to see and praise. 2. They go for the
purpose of seeing and praising. 3. We will go in order to
see and praise. 4. Who will not go that he may see and
praise? 5. You will go to see and praise. 6. They have
gone to see and praise. 7. He has gone for the purpose of
seeing and praising. 8. He went in order to see and praise.
9. Go (plur.) to see and praise. 10. He was going that
he might see and praise. 11. Who doubts his having seen
and praised? 12. No one doubted that they had seen and
praised.
4.
356. EXERCISES.
I. 1. El (els, mini, nobis) imperatut 1
conetur, conentur, coner, conemur.
2. El (els, mihi, nobis) imperabat ut
conaretur, conarentur, conarer, conaremur.
3. Quis dubitat qum
conatus sit, conati sint, conatus sim, conati simus?
4. Nemo dubitabat qum
conatus esset, conati essent, conatus essem, conati
essemus.
1 Translate thus : He orders him to try (that he try) ; them to try (that
they try).
168 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: Ut AND
5. Eum (eos, me, nos) monet ut
tueatur, tueantur, tuear, tueamur.
6. Eum (eos, me, nos) monebat ut
tueretur, tuerentur, tuerer, tueremur.
7. Quis dubitat qum
tuitus sit, tuiti sint, tuitus sim, tuiti simus?
8. Nemo dubitabat qum
tuitus esset, tuiti esseut, tuitus essem, tuiti essemuso
II. 1 1. They will order him 2 (them, me, us) to imitate.
2. They have ordered him (them, me, us) to imitate.
3. Who doubts his 3 (their, my, our) having imitated?
4. They ordered him (them, me, us) to imitate. 5. Nobody
doubted his (their, my, our) having imitated. 6. They
advise him (them, me, us) to promise. 7. They advised
him (them, me, us) to promise. 8. There was no doubt
that he (they, I, we) had promised.
5.
357. Learn the subjunctive, active and passive, of rego (180),
audio (223), capio (235).
358. The conjunction nS, in order that not, that not, in order not
to, so as not to, lest, is used to denote a negative purpose, just as ut
denotes a positive purpose. See 352, 353.
359. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Eum (eos) monet ut
regat, regatur, audiat, audiatur,
regant, regautur, audiant, audiantur.
2. Eum (eos) monuit ut
regat, regatur, audiat, audiatur,
regant, regantur, audiant, audiantur.
3. Eum (eos) monebat ut
regeret, regeretur, audlret, audlretur,
regerent, regerentur, audlrent, audirentur.
1 Imitate the arrangement in I. 2 Dative.
a That is, that he, they, T, we, have imitated.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE : FORMS : Ut AND Ne. 169
4. Eurn (eos) monuit ut
regeret, regeretur, audiret, audiretur,
regerent, regerentur, audirent, audirentur.
5. Te (vos) monet ne
capias, capiatis,
6. Me (DOS) monuit ne
capiam, capiamus,
7. Me (nos) monebat ne
caperem, caperemus, caperer, caperemur
8. Me (nos) monuit ne
caperem, caperemus, caperer,
II. 1 . They advise him (them)
to lead, to be led, to find,
2. They warn him (them)
not to receive, not to be received.
3. They will advise him (them)
to lead, to be led, to find, to be found.
4. They were warning him (them)
not to lead, find,
not to be led, be found,
5. Who doubted that he (they)
had led, had found,
had been led, been found,
capiaris, capiamim.
capiar, capiamur.
caperemur.
to be found.
receive,
be received.
had received,
been received?
360. Learn the subjunctive of eo (327), and fero (321).
361. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Me hortatur ut earn; feram. 2. Eos hortamur ut
eant ; ferantur. 3. Vos hortanturut eatis ; feratis. 4. Eum
hortati sunt ut Tret; ferret. 5. Me hortatl sunt ne earn;
feram. 6. Te hortabantur ne Ires ; ferres. 7. Eos hortati
erant ut Trent; ferrent. 8. Non dubium erat qum iis-
sent; tulissent. 9. Non est dubium qum ierit; tulerit.
10. Nemo dubitabat qum Iret ; ferretur.
170 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: FORMS: Ut AND Ne.
II. 1. He commands that he (they, I, we) go; bear;
be borne. 2. He was commanding that he (they, I, we)
should go ; bear ; be borne. 3. There is no doubt of his
(their, my, our) having gone ; borne ; been borne. 4. There
was no doubt that he (they, I, we) had gone ; borne ; been
borne.
7.
362. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Imperator exercitum in collem subduxit, ut fortunam
belli experlretur. 2. Pater HoratI populum orabat ne se
orbum faceret. 3. Illud facit ut hostes circumveniantur.
4. Consul curavit ut plebs agros coleret. 5. Non dubium
erat quiii Roman! auxilium ferrent. 6. Manlius edicit ne
quis 1 extra ordinem pugnet. 7. Omnes occidentur ut vires
hostium frangantur, aut omnes dimittentur ut beneficio obli-
gentur. 8. Non est dubium qum terror animos omnium
civium occupaverit. 9. Incidit 2 ut eo tempore Hasdrubal
ad eundem portum vemret. 10. Scipio uxorem oravit ne
corpus suum Romam referretur.
II. 1. The ambassadors beg the senate to render aid to
their 3 kingdom. 2. The ambassador begged the senate to
render aid to his 4 king. 3. Nobody doubts that Hannibal
is brave. 4. Nobody doubted that Hannibal had fought
bravely. 5. The}' did this that the} 7 might surround the
enemy. 6. This they do in order to surround the enemy.
7. Scipio begs his wife not to carry his body back to Rome.
8. Scipio begged his wife not to carry his body back to
Rome. 9. It turned out that the soldier received a wound
on the head. 10. We will draw up the soldiers on a hill to
try the fortune of war.
1 Ne quis, lest any one = that no one.
2 After verbs meaning to happen, to turn out, and the like, ut means
that, but not in order that.
3 Suns, because their means their own, and not of them.
4 Suus.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE : KELATIVE OF PUKPOSE. 171
363. VOCABULARY.
circum-venio, 4, -veni, -ventum, Manlius, -I, M., Manlius, a Roman
surround.
collis, -is, M., hill. Cf. mons.
conor, 1, attempt.
euro, 1 [cura], care for, take care.
di-initto, 3, misi, -inissum, sen d
away, send off.
e-dlco, 3, -dixi, -dictum, speak
out, declare, proclaim.
e-venio, 4, -veni, -ventum, come
forth, turn out, happen. Cf . accido.
extra, prep. w. ace., without, out-
side of. Cf. intra.
frango, 3, fregi, fractum, break.
Hasdrubal, -alls, M., Hasdrubal,
brother of Hannibal.
hortor, 1, urge, encourage.
in-cido, 3, -cidi, -casum [cado],
fall into, happen, befall.
general.
monstro, 1, show, point out.
ob-ligo, 1, bind, put under obliga-
tion, oblige.
oc-cido, 3, -cidi, -cisum [ob,
caedo, cut~\, cut down, kill.
occupo, 1 [ob, capio], take pos-
session of, seize.
orbus, -a, -um, adj., bereaved,
ch ildless.
oro, 1 [os, mouth"], pray, beg.
plebs, -bis, F., the common people.
so n situs, -us, M. [senex], council
of elders, senate. (345. 14.)
sub-duco, 3, -duxl, -ductum,
draw from under, draw up.
uxor, -oris, F., wife. Cf. conjunx.
vis, vis, F., strength, power. (262.)
CHAPTER LV.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: KELATIVE OF PURPOSE.
[It is suggested that the turning of English into Latin be now deferred till after
the Reading Lessons, pp. 211-222, have been finished.]
364. In all the Latin sentences in the preceding lesson in
which ut and ne are used with the subjunctive, except 362. 1. 9,
the dependent clause expresses a purpose. And, on the other hand,
in the English sentences all the dependent clauses expressing pur-
pose ("to render aid," "not to carry" etc.) had to be turned into
Latin by ut or ne with the subjunctive. But the Latin often
expresses a purpose by means of a relative pronoun followed by
the subjunctive. See the first six sentences below.
365. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Ancus legatum mittit ut res repetat. 2. Ancus
legatum mittit qui res repetat. 3. Legati venerunt ut pacem
172 THE SUBJUNCTIVE : RELATIVE OF PURPOSE.
peterent. 4. Legati veneruut qui pacem petereiit. 5. Pater
filio equum dedit ut equitaret. 6. Pater filio equum dabat
qui eum veheret. 7. Ad singulas urbes scribemus ne muros
diruant. 8. Non dubium est quin Cato ad urbes scripserit.
9. Quis dubitavit qum Cato imperavisset ut urbes muros
diruerent? 10. Romulus urbem fecit quae asylum esset -,
Romulus urbem facit quae sit asylum.
II. 1. A horse was given to the boy by his father, for 1
him to ride. 2. A father sent a messenger to Rome to
speak 2 to his son. 3. A father sends a messenger to Rome
to speak 2 to his son. 4. Romulus makes proclamation that
no one 3 shall leap 4 over his wall. 5. Romulus proclaimed
that no one should leap over his wall. 6. We will warn
them not to leap 5 over our walls. 7. Romulus sent messen-
gers to invite 2 neighboring people to his games. 8. The
father will give his son a horse for him to ride. 9. Who
doubts that a kind father gives his son books ? 10. Nobody
doubted that the father had given his son many things. 6
366. VOCABULARY.
al-loquor, 3, -locutus [ad], speak fmitimus, -a, -um, adj. [finis],
to, address. bordering on, neighboring.
Aiicus, -I, M., Ancus, a Roman impero, 1, order, command, with
king. dative. Cf . jubeo with ace.
asylum, -I, N., a place of refuge, Indus, -I, M. [ludo], game, play.
asylum. nuntius, -I, M., bearer of news,
Cato, -oiiis, M., Cato, a famous messenger.
Roman censor. re-peto, 3, -Ivi, -II, -it uin, seek
dl-ruo, 3, -rul, -rutum, tear again, demand back; res repe-
asunder, destroy. tere, demand restitution.
equito, 1 [eques], act the eques, tran-silio, 4, -il, and -ul,
ride. [salio, leap}, leap over or across.
1 That he might ride. 4 Present subjunctive.
2 Translate in two ways. 5 See 362. I. 10.
8 See 362. I. 6, and note. 6 Many things, multa.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Ut AND Ne. 173
CHAPTER LVI.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE : Ut and Ne.
367. The subjunctive with ut to denote purpose has been illus-
trated (352). But the subjunctive with ut has other uses.
368. Examine the following :
1. Tantus est militum ardor ut ad bellum ducantur, so great
is the ardor of the soldiers that they are led to war.
2. Accidit ut 11611 dorm essem, it happened that I was not at
home.
3. Fabricius adeo inops decessit ut nihil reliquerit, 1 Fa-
bricius died so poor as to leave nothing.
In these examples the dependent clause denotes a result. Com-
pare the translation of ut and the subjunctive in purpose clauses
and in result clauses. That not in result clauses = ut non. Cf . 358.
369. Still another use of the subjunctive with ut
and ne is illustrated in the following sentences:
1. Timeo ut veniat, I fear that he is not coming, or will not come.
2. Timeo ut venerit, I fear that he has not come.
3. Timebam ut venisset, I feared that he had not come.
4. Timeo ne veniat, I fear that he is coming, or will come
5. Timeo ne venerit, I fear that he has come.
6. Timebam ne venisset, 1 feared that he had come.
An inspection of the foregoing examples shows that ut and 116
seen sometimes to exchange meanings.
After verbs of fearing, ut is translated that not, and ng, that.
Observe that in 1 and 4 the present subjunctive may be trans-
lated as a future.
370. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Pompejus ita egit ut a- Sulla, dlligeretur. 2. Is, ut
Sullae 2 subvemret, mllites collegit. 3. Postea in 3 Siciliam
profectus est, ut earn provmciam a Carbone reciperet.
i An exception to 348. 2 See 343. 8 See 838. 1.
174 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Ut AND Me.
4. Catilinae exercitus adeo acriter dimicavit, ut nemo super-
esset. 5. Accidit ut esset plena liina. 6. Atticus sic
Graece loquebatur, ut Athenis natus videretur. 7. Atticus
Athenis ita vixit, ut omnibus civibus esset carissimus.
8. Non dubito qum nostrl milites hostes superaverint.
9. Non est dubium quln semper fidem servaveritis.
10. Timeo ut sustineas labores. 11. Metuo ne malum
consilium capias. 12. Metuo ut sustinueris labores.
13. Quis metuit ne malum consilium capiam?
Point out the purpose clauses in the above.
II. 1. The boy so acts that he is loved by all. 2. They
so acted that they were loved by all. 3. He will so act as to
be 1 loved by all. 4. He has so acted as to be loved by
all. 5. They will not doubt our having come. 2 6. They
had not doubted our having come. 3 7. I fear that you are
not well. 8. I feared that you were not well. 9. I fear
that you are sick. 10. I was afraid that you had been sick.
11. The enemy are fighting so spiritedly that no one will
survive. 4 12. They have fought so sharply that not one has
survived. 13. We will set out for 5 Sicily in order to receive
that province.
371. VOCABULARY,
ac-cido, 3, -cidl, [ad, cado], col-ligo, 3, -legf, -lectum [com,
fall upon, fall out, happen. Cf. lego], collect. Also conligo.
evenio and incido. di-mico, l,jight, contend.
ad-eo, adv. (to this), thus far, so, Graece, ad v. [Graecus], in Greek.
so very. loquor, 3, locutus, speak, talk.
Atticus, -I, M., Atticus, a friend of sub-venio, 4, -venl, -ventum,
Cicero. come to the aid of, aid, assist,
Carbo, -onis, M., Carbo, a Roman. with dative. Cf . succurro.
Catilina, -ae, M., Catiline, a fa- sustineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum [sub,
mous Roman conspirator. teneo], hold up, bear, endure.
1 As to be, ut, etc. * Pres. subj.
2 That we have come. 6 See I. 3, and note.
8 That we had come. 6 Not infinitive.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Cum. 175
CHAPTER LVIL 1.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Cum.
372. The subjunctive occurs very frequently in de-
pendent clauses beginning with cum, meaning (1) when,
while, as, of time ; (2) since, because, as, of cause or
reason ; (3) although, of concession :
1. Cum Servius in domo TarquinT esset, mirabile accidit,
while Servius was in the house of Tarquin, a wonderful thing
happened.
2. Cum Tarquinius occisus esset, jus uxor populum allo-
cuta est, when Tarquin had been killed, his wife addressed
the people.
3. Tullia, cum domum rediret, super corpus patris carpen-
tum egit, Tullia, as she was returning home, drove her
wagon over the body of her father.
An inspection of the above examples shows that
(1) The tenses of the subjunctive are the imperf. and pluperfect.
(2) The cum clause marks the time of the act of the principal
clause, the verb of which is in the perfect.
(3) The sentences may be called narrative sentences.
373. RULE OF SYNTAX. Cum temporal, that is,
cum in narrative clauses, is followed by the imper-
fect and pluperfect subjunctive to mark the time
of the action in the principal clause.
374. Examine the following :
1. Cum huic leg! senatus repugnaret, Caesar rem ad popu-
lum detulit, since the senate opposed this law, Ccesar referred
the matter to the people.
2. Cum de improvise venisset, Remi legates miserunt, since
he had come unexpectedly, the Remi sent ambassadors.
3. Cum vita metus plena sit, amicitias parate, since life is
full of fear, form friendships.
4. Cum me interrogaveris, respondSbo, as you have asked me,
I will answer.
176 THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Cum.
5. Nihil me adjuvit cum posset, he gave me no aid (aided me
in nothing}, although it was in his power.
Notice that
(1) All the four tenses of the subjunctive are used.
(2) The cum clause states the cause or reason of the act of the
principal clause ; or denotes a concession, indicated in English by
though, admitting that, etc.
375. RULE OF SYNTAX. Cum causal or conces-
sive is followed by the subjunctive in all its tenses.
1. Cum followed by the present or perfect subjunctive is almost
always causal, and may be translated since or as; followed by the
imperfect or pluperfect it is very often temporal.
2. Cum temporal and the subjunctive can often be translated
in some other way better than by when or as with the indicative.
Thus, in 372. 2, we might translate, After the killing of Tarquin,
etc. ; and in 3, Tullia, returning home, or Tullia, on her way home.
376. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Cum jussi essent invieem dicere, unus orsus est.
2. Pyrrhus, cum tot Romanes mortuos videret, manus ad cae-
lum sustulit. 3. Cum exploratores cepisset, eos per castra
circumduxit. 4. Quae cum ita sint, 1 perge. 5. Cum sit in
nobis consilium, cur dubitamus ? 6. Cum de improviso
venerit Caesar, ad eum legatos mittemus. 7. Cum amici
adsint, gaudemus. 8. Cum 2 nox appropinquaret, abierunt.
9. Cum nox appropmquavisset, abierunt. 10. Caesar, cum
frustra misisset, solus naviculam consceudit ne agnosceretur.
II. 1. When one had begun, 3 the rest became (were) silent.
2. Pyrrhus, having seen 4 the bravery of the Romans, spoke
these words. 3. Since he has seen the bravery of the
Romans, he raises his hands to heaven. 4. Since night is
1 Since these things are so such of night ; or, since night was ap-
being the case. proaching.
2 Cum may be translated as 3 See 373.
temporal or causal : on the approach 4 Pyrrhus, when he had seen.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: Cum. 177
approaching, we will go off. 5. When our friends had
arrived, we went to Boston. 6. On the arrival of our
friends we went to Boston. 7. While Caesar was embarking
in a boat, no one recognized him. 8. As 1 Caesar was alone,
he was not recognized. 9. As 1 1 was telling him a story, he
suddenly laughed. 10. As 1 they had prudence, we did not
hesitate.
377. VOCABULARY.
a-gnosco,3,-gnovl,-gnitum, [ad, in-vicem, adv., by turns, in turn.
(g)nosco, know], recognize. jubeo, 2, jussi, jussum, bid,
ap-propmquo, 1 [adj, approach. order. Cf. impero.
Bostonia, -ae, F., Boston. mortuus, -a, -um [P. of morior],
ceteri, -ae, -a, adj., the rest. dead.
circum-duco, 3, -xl, -ductum, navicula, -ae, F. [navis], little
lead around. vessel, boat.
con-scendo, 3, -dl, -scensum ordior, 4, orsus, begin, undertake.
[scan do, climb], ascend, embark, pergo, 3, perrexl, perrectum
go on board. [per, rego], go on, continue.
dubito, 1 [dubius], doubt, hesitate. taceo, 2, tacui, taciturn, be silent,
dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful. say nothing about.
gaudeo, 2 2, gavlsus sum, be tollo, 3, sustuli, sublatum, raise,
glad, rejoice. lift up.
im-pro-viso, adv. [video], unex- tot,adj.,indecl., so many. Cf. quot.
pectedly.
2.
378. FOR TRANSLATION.
THE BATTLE OP C ANKLE. Continued
Aemilius Paullus tells obrutus cecidit. Quern 3 cum
in piigna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quT-
1 The as of reason, or of time ? dering cum, when ; then recast
2 Four common verbs, audeo, this preliminary translation, be-
dare, gandeo, rejoice, soleo, be ginning with cum quidam tribu-
accustomed, fido, trust, have the nus, and rendering quern, him.
passive form in the perfect, and Follow this method, when a
hence are called semi-deponents. Latin sentence appears difficult ;
8 Translate first mentally, tak- but keep a sharp eye on the ter-
ing the words as they stand, ren- minations of the words.
178 THE SUBJUNCTIVE : INDIRECT QUESTIONS.
dam tribunus militum : "Cape," inquit, " hunc equum et fuge,
Aemill. Etiam sine tua morte lacrimarum l satis luctusque
est." Ad ea consul: 2 "Tu quidem macte virtute esto. 3 Sed
cave, 4 exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi perdas. 4
Abi, nuntia patribus, ut urbem muniant ac, 5 prius quam
hostis victor adveniat, praesidils firment. Me in hac strage
meorum militum patere 6 exspirare." Alter consul cum paucis
equitibus Venusiam 7 perfugit. Consulates aut praetorii
occiderunt 8 vlginti, senatores capti aut occisi sunt triginta,
nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria
milia et quingentT. Hannibal in 9 testimonium victoriae suae
tres modios aureorum anulorum Cartbaginem misit, quos de
manibus equitum Romanorum et seuatorum detraxerat.
CHAPTER LVIII.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: INDIRECT QUESTIONS.
379. Examine the following :
DIRECT. INDIRECT.
1. Quis est ? who is he? Scio quis sit, / know who he is.
2. Ubi sumus? where are we? Sci6 ubi simus ' J know where
we are.
3. Cur rides ? why do you laugh ? Sci5 ctir rldeas ' I know wh V V
laugh.
4. Quern vidisti? whom have Scio quern videris, / know
you seen ? whom you have seen.
1 See 340. 5. 4 Supply ne after cave, beware
2 Supply dixit or respondit. lest you lose = beware of losing.
But it is livelier without a verb. 6 Connects muniant and fir-
3 Perhaps the literal transla- meiit.
tion of this phrase is, be thou 6 Imperative from patior .
UesseU in (or for] thy courage; 7 Account for the case.
macte for mactus, because ta 8 From occido. But occisi,
is here almost more of a vocative in the next clause, from occido.
than a nominative. c For; in expresses purpose.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: INDIKECT QUESTIONS. 179
Compare each of the foregoing examples in the left hand column
with the corresponding one on the right. Observe that each depen-
dent clause in the right hand column begins with an interrogative
word, and contains the substance of a question, though not a
question in form. Such dependent clauses are called Indirect
Questions. Observe the mood, and how it is translated.
380. RULE OF SYNTAX. Indirect questions take
the subjunctive.
1. The commonest interrogative words introducing indirect
questions are quis, who? cur, why? num, whether? ubi, where?
quo, whither ? uiide, whence ? quot, how many ?
381. EXERCISES.
[Read again the remarks and rule, p. 165.]
I. 1. Scit quid agas. 2. Scit quid egeris. 3. Sciebat
quid ageres. 4. Sciebat quid egisses. 5. Audivi quid agat.
6. Audivi quid egerit. 7. Audivi quid ageret. 8. Audivi
quid egisset. 9. Audiveram quid ageret. 10. Audiveram
quid egisset.
II. 1. Volo scire unde veneris. 2. Die 1 mini num meam
sororem vlderis. 3. Nescio unde veniant tot milites.
4. Quaeram num omnia feliciter evenerint. 5. Speculabiinur
quot homines in urbem ineant et quot exeant. 6. Nasica
hominem interrogavit num manibus ambulare solitus esset.
7. Quaerebat quae 2 civitates in armis essent. 8. Quldam
homo interrogate est quae naves essent tutissimae. 9. Die
mihi quid in manii habeas. 10. Caesar omnem equitatum
mittit, qui videat 3 quas in partes 4 hostes iter faciant.
III. 1. He sees who is walking; has walked. 2. They
see who are walking ; have walked. 3. We shall see who
walk ; have walked. 4. We knew why he was laughing ; had
laughed. 5. You knew why I was laughing; had laughed.
1 See p. 150, note. 8 Compare 365. I. 2 and 4.
^ See 279. 3. 4 Into what parts = in what direction.
180 THE SUBJUNCTIVE:
6. They wondered why he was praised ; had been praised.
7. They will wonder why I am praised ; have been praised.
8. Do you not wonder why we are praised; have been
praised? 9. I wonder whether he has been admonished; is
being admonished. 10. They wondered whether we were
admonished ; had been admonished.
382. VOCABULARY.
Interrogo, 1, ask, inquire. rogo, 1, ask, question.
Nasica, -ae, M., Nasica, surname scio, 4, scivi, scitum, know.
of one of the Scipios. soleo, 2 2, solitus, be accustomed.
nuin, 1 interrog. adv., whether, in- speculor, 1, spy out, watch.
troducing indirect questions. tutus, -a, -urn, adj., safe.
interrogo, ask a question, inquire, and nearly limited to that sense.
rogo, ask a question, but much more commonly ask a favor, make
a request.
quaero, ask a question, but much used in the sense of seeking to
gain or to know, searching into.
CHAPTER LIX. 1.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE: WISHES AND CONDITIONS.
383. Examine the following :
1. Utinam pater veniat ! would that father would come I I wish
father would cornel that father would come!
2. Si pater veniat, laetus sim, if father should come, I should
be glad.
3. Utinam pater adesset ! would that father were here !
4. Si pater adesset, laetus essem, if father were here, I should
be glad.
5. Utinam pater adf uisset ! would that father had been here !
6. Si pater adf uisset, laetus fuissem, if father had been here,
I should have been glad.
1 Introducing direct questions, it indicates that the answer no is ex-
pected, but does not usually admit of translation. 2 See p. 177, n. 2.
WISHES AND CONDITIONS. 181
(1) In 1 and 2 what time do the words would come, should come,
should be, point to ? Plainly not to the past, nor to the instant pres-
ent, but vaguely to the future ; and this vague future is expressed
in Latin by the present subjunctive. The wish and the condition
referring to the future may be fulfilled ; the father may come.
(2) In 3 and 4 the wish and condition refer to the present ; and
this present is expressed by the imperfect subjunctive. The wish
and condition are plainly contrary to what is the fact; the father is,
in fact, not present.
(3) In 5 and 6 the tense of the subjunctive offers no difficulty.
The wish and condition are plainly contrary to what was the fact ;
the father was, in fact, not present.
384. RULE OF SYNTAX. In wishes and conditions
the present subjunctive is used of what may come
true, the imperfect subjunctive of what is not true,
the pluperfect subjunctive of what was not true.
The same mood is regularly employed in the con-
clusion of such conditional sentences.
The indicative is not used in wishes. The use of the indicative
in conditional sentences is easily understood.
385. Examine the following :
1. Si pater adest, bene est, if father is present, it is well.
2. SI pater aderat, bene erat, if father was present, it was well.
3. Si pater aderit, bene erit, if father shall be present, 1 it will
be well.
Observe that in examples 1 and 2 a condition is stated without
implying anything. In example 3, as the time is future, that which
is supposed may be fulfilled. This form, then, of stating a supposi-
tion is almost exactly equivalent to that of the present subjunctive
in 383 ; it is only a livelier way of putting it.
1 In English we commonly use etc.) present, it will be well. Do not
a present form in such conditions be deceived, when translating into
that refer to the future. Thus we Latin, by this apparent present. See
say, If he is (to-morrow, next week, if the conclusion contains a future.
182 THE SUBJUNCTIVE:
386. EXERCISES. 1
I. 1. Si victoriam certain videam, nunquam pugnem.
2. SI me viruin bonum judicares, 2 non me corrumpere velles. 2
3. Dictator, 3 si adfuisset, rem non melius gessisset.
4. Varro, si Carthaginiensium dux fuisset, temeritatis
poenas dedisset. 4 5. Si patrem tuum eras videam, quid
dicat? 6. Non profectus essem, nisi Caesar jussisset.
7. Si recte facias, lauderis. 8. Si maneat Marcus, gaudea-
inus ; sin autem eat, tamen eum laudemus. 9. SI leo
accederet, 5 omnes fugerent. 10. Utinam f rater meus vlveret
classemque iterum duceret ! 11. Utinam mater nobis fabulam
narret ! 12. Utinam tecum 6 in agrls ambulavissem !
II. 7 1. Would that I were walking in the fields with you
to-day ! 2. I wish you had been walking 8 with me 6 yester-
day. 3. O take 9 a walk with us in the fields to-morrow!
4. If }'ou should see victory certain, my friend, should you
not fight? 5. I should not now be setting out if Caesar did
not order it. 6. If you were acting rightly, you would be
praised. 7. If you had acted rightly, you would have
been praised. 8. I wish 9 you would act rightly, so as
to 10 be praised. 9. If we should see a lion, we should flee.
1 In translating these sentences, to come, which would be expressed
render the present subjunctive in by the present subjunctive.
such a way as to indicate vaguely 6 See 265. 3.
future time ; thus, videam ... pug- 7 In turning these sentences
nein, should see. . . should fight. into Latin, do not be misled as
2 Compare 383. 4, and read to the real time of the verbs ; were
again 383 (2). walking, in the first sentence, de-
3 Notice the position of this notes present time. Read again the
word, which is the subject of ges- examples, 383, and the remarks.
sisset. It may be translated as it See also the varied translation of
stands, first. the first example.
4 Given punishments of = paid 8 Compare I. 12.
the penalty for. 9 Compare 383. 1.
5 If a lion were coming, not were 10 Ut. See 352.
WISHES AND CONDITIONS. 183
10. I wish I had seen a huge lion. 11. If my brother 1 were
living, he would now be commanding the fleet. 12. Would
that 3'our brother were alive !
387. VOCABULARY.
ac-cedo, 3, -cessl, -cessum [ad], judico, 1 [judex], judge, deem.
go or come near, approach. recte, adv. [rectus], rightly.
cor-rumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptum sin, conj. [si, ne], but if, if how-
[coni], break in pieces, destroy ; ever, if.
corrupt, bribe. temeritas, -atis, r. [temere],
dictator, -oris, M. [dicto, dlco], chance; rashness.
chief magistrate, dictator. uti-nam, adv., would that, that,
immanis, -e, adj., huge, immense. I wish that.
2.
388. COLLOQUIUM.
JOHANNES ET JACOBUS.
Jo. Die mini, Jacobe, unde venias, quid egeris.
have been doing
Ja. Rure venio, ubi feriarum partem egi. Et tu ?
vacation spent
Jo. Ego iter cum parentibus fed, neque scio quando
domum revertar.
return
Ja. Utinam ego quoque iter faciam ! Si parentes ades-
sent, iter mecum facerent.
Jo. Ego itineris diuturnitate sum defessus, et gauderem si
in schola essem.
Ja. Veni mecum in scholam et una ediscamus.
together let us learn
Jo. Tecum libenter in scholam Tbo, sed cognoscere velim
_ ., know should like
qui sit praeceptor.
Ja. Praeceptor est vir doctissimus. Vim Latml scit,
ever so much
atque semper est benlgnns, morosus nunquam.
pleasant
Jo. Quid te docet?
1 Imitate the order in I. 3 and 4; the subject might, however, be
placed after si.
184 THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE.
Ja. Docet nos modum subjunctlvum. Heri, exempli causa,
for example
nobis de subjunctive in interrogationibus indirectls explicavit.
questions
Jo. Multa de interrogationibus indirectls audivl, neque
unquam intellegere potul. Fecitne praeceptor ut tu ibta
intellegeres ?
Ja. Sane, mi amice, et ego, ut oplnor, faciam ut tu quoque
yes indeed
eadem intellegas. Si dicam, Ubi est frater tuus? interroga-
question
turn sit directum ; sm autem, Nescio ubi sit frater, interroga-
tum sit indirectum. Intellegisne ?
Jo. Satis intellego. Sed in hunc diem hactenus.
so-so for enough
CHAPTER LX.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE.
389. Learn the future imperative, active and passive, of the
regular and irregular verbs, and review the present imperative.
390. In the last lesson occurred the first illustrations of the
subjunctive not in dependent clauses, that is, in wishes and in tha
principal clauses of conditional sentences. The subjunctive is
similarly used in commands and appeals, and when so used is
called the Hortatory Subjunctive.
391. Examine the following paradigms':
COMMANDS AND APPEALS.
POSITIVE. NEGATIVE.
moneam, let me advise. ne moneam, let me not advise.
mone, or moneas, advise. ne monueris, do not advise.
( moneat, j let him advise, or ne rnoneat, f let him not, or he
1 monuerit, (. he shall advise. ne monuerit, ( shall not, advise.
moneamus, let us advise. ne moneamus, let us not advise.
monete, advise. ne monueritis, do not advise.
(moneant, (^t them advise, ng moneant> f let them .not, or
1monuerint,j or ^ shal1 ne monuerint, j *JT*"^
( advise. ( advise.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE. 185
(1) Observe that positive commands and appeals are expressed
by the subjunctive only, except in the second person ; and negative
commands and appeals, by the subjunctive with ne. 1
(2) Observe also that the present and perfect subjunctive, in
the third person, are used without essential difference of meaning ;
and that in negative commands and appeals in the second person
the perfect 2 only 3 is given.
(3) The future imperative is mostly confined to laws and
maxims: Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito, thou shalt
not bury a dead man within the city. Fercontatorem fugito, nam
garrulus Idem, est, avoid a questioner, for he is a babbler too.
(4) The preceding paradigms, with the meanings, should be
thoroughly committed to memory.
392. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Cotidie scribe ad me, mi fill, quid feceris. 2. Puer
ad patrem scribit quid fecerit. 3. Mittamus nimtium ad
Caesarem qui 4 eum moneat. 4. Ne mecum in litore hodie
ambulaveris. 5. Ne pueii incauti cultros habeant. 6. Im-
perator consilium conficiat. 7. Nolite, milites, hostium
exercitum timere. 8. Ne, milites, hostium exercitum tirnu-
eritis. 9. Omnia sua 5 secum 6 incolae portaverint. 10. Mihi
aures praebete, discipuli, et diligenter audite quae dicam.
11. Ne id quod est falsum dixeris. 12. Leo dixit : Restat
pars quarta, at ne quisquam 7 aucleat earn tangere.
II. 1. They shall not send 8 a messenger. 2. Let no one
touch 9 the fourth part. 3. Touch not 10 the fourth part of the
1 Prohibitions are more com- 8 The imperative so used is not
monly expressed by noli (nolite) common, and not to be imitated,
with the infinitive. See 318. I. 4 Compare 365. I. 2 and 4.
5 and 6. 5 Omnia sua, their all.
2 This form of the subjunctive 6 See 265. 3.
in this use is here called the per- 7 Let no one. See 279. 6.
feet, in deference to custom ; it is 8 Ne with perfect subjunctive,
really the subjunctive of the future 9 See I. 12.
perfect. w Express In two ways.
186 THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE.
booty. 4. Let the pupils listen attentively to the words of
the master. 5. Do not listen, 1 boys, to the counsels of
the bad. 6. "Write daily to your parents what 2 you are
doing. 7. Carry your books home 3 with you and study
diligently. 8. Do not forget 1 what 4 has been said to you
to-day. 9. Touch not 1 wine ; let us not touch wine ; they
shall not touch wine. 10. Let us go out and carry our all
with us.
393. VOCABULARY.
at, coir}., but. Of. autem. (214.) falsus, -a, -urn, adj. [fallo, de-
audeo, 5 2, ausus sum, dare, be ceive], deceptive, false.
bold. in-rant us, -a, -um, adj. [caveo],
con-ficio, 3, -fed, -fectum [com, incautious, heedless.
faclo], make, accomplish, carry re-sto, 1, restitl, , stay behind,
out. remain.
cotidie, adv. [quot, dies], daily. tango, 3, tetigi, tactum, touch.
at, but on the contrary, but for all that.
sed, but, without special emphasis.
autem, but, often to be rendered however; weaker than at or sed.
394. FOR TRANSLATION,
MARCUS PORCIUS CATO, PUER.
M. Porcius Cato jam puer 6 invictum animl robur ostendit.
Cum in domo Drusi avunculi sui educaretur, Latmi de civi-
tate impetranda 7 Romam venerunt. Popedius, Latmorum
princeps, qui Drusi hospes erat, Catonem puerum rogavit, ut
Latinos apud avunculum adjuvaret. Cato vultu constant!
1 Express in two ways. 6 Jam puer, already a boy =
2 Compare I. 10. even in boyhood.
8 See 336. 7 De civitate impetranda,
4 Id quod. respecting the citizenship to be ob-
5 See p. 177, note 2. tained to obtain citizenship.
THE INFINITIVE. 187
negavit id se facturum. 1 Iterum deinde ac saepius interpel-
latus 2 in proposito perstitit. Tune Popedius puerum in excel-
sam aedium parteui levatum tenuit, 3 et se abjecturum 4 inde
minatus est, nisi precibus obtemperaret ; neque hoc metu 5 a
sententia eum potuit dimovere. Tune Popedius exclamasse 6
fertur: 7 " Gratulemur 8 nobls, 9 Latin!, hunc esse tarn par-
vum ; si enim senator esset, 10 ne sperare quidem 11 jus 12 civi-
tatis liceret. 10
CHAPTER LXL
THE INFINITIVE.
395. Learn the infinitives of the regular and irregular verbs.
(86, 112, 180, 223, 235, etc.)
396. Examine the following :
1. Ei-rare est humamim, to err is human.
2. Possum videre, / am able to see.
3. Volo legere, / wish to read.
4. Earn sequi se jubet, he orders her to follow him(self).
5. Saturnus in Italiam venisse dicitur, Saturn is said to
have come into Italy.
Observe that in each sentence the infinitive is used in Latin
precisely as in English. This use of the infinitive, as offering no
difficulty, has been tacitly illustrated in some of the foregoing
exercises.
1 Negavit . . . facturum, de- 6 Exclamasse exclama-
nied himself to be going to do it = visse.
refused to do it. 7 Fertur = dicitur.
2 Perf . part. See amatus, p. 34. 8 Gratulemur, let us congratu-
3 Puerum . . . levatum tenuit, late. See 391.
held the raised-up boy = raised up 9 Nobls. See 343.
and held the boy. *> Esset . . . liceret. See 383.
4 Se abjectarum, that he would n Ne . . . quidem, not even,
throw (him) down. 12 j fis civitatis. Cf. civitate,
5 Hoc metu, by this fear = by line 2.
fear of this.
188 THE INFINITIVE.
397. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Cur me vis corrumpere? 2. Timere incipiebat.
3. Soror flere incipiebat. 4. Vincere scls, 1 victoria 2 uti
nescis. 5. Tarquinius Cumas se contulisse dicitur. 6. Pon-
tem jubet rescindl. 7. Dulce est pro patria mori. 8. Cato
esse quam videri bonus malebat. 9. Pueros decet tacere.
10. Tune Marium audebis occldere ? 11. Nobis est in
animo 3 per provinciam iter facere. 12. Caesar ab urbe
proficiscl maturat.
II. 1. Pyrrhus wanted to bribe Fabricius. 2. Fabricius
could not 4 be turned from (the path of) honor. 3. Why
did you begin to weep? 4. Did Hannibal know how 5 to
conquer? 5. Tarquin was said to have besieged Rome.
6. Rome is said to have been besieged. 7. Seeing is believ-
ing. 6 8. The consul was ordered 7 to tear down the bridge.
9. The bridge is said to have been torn down. 10. It is
pleasant 8 to live for (one's) friends. 11. We intend to tear
down the bridge. 12. He is said to have departed from
Italy.
398. VOCABULARY.
fi-verto, 3, -tl, -sum, turn away in-cipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum [ca-
from, avert. pio] (take in hand), begin.
credo, 3, -didl, -ditum, trust, mature, 1 [maturus, ripe], hasten,
believe, w. dat. (343.) morior, 9 3, mortuus, die.
decet, 2, decuit, , impers. pons, pontis, M., bridge.
(p. 200), it is becoming, fitting, re-sciiido, 3, -scidi, -scissum,
proper. tear away, tear down, break
honestas, -atis, F. [honestus], down.
honor, integrity, honesty. soror, -oris, F., sister.
1 You know how. 6 To see is to believe. Cf. I. 7.
2 See 304. 7 Use jubeo.
8 It is in mind to us = we intend. 8 Neuter. Cf . I. 7.
* Could not was not able. 9 Morior has future participle
6 See I. 4. morlturus.
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. 189
CHAPTER LXII. 1.
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
399. Examine the following :
DIRECT.
1. Homo est, he is a man.
2. Ignis calet, fire is hot.
3. Amicus adest, (his) friend is present.
4. Mundus a Deo regitur, the world is ruled by God.
INDIRECT.
1. Dicit se hominem esse, he says that he is a man.
2. Sentimus Tgnem calere, we perceive that fire is hot.
3. Putat ami cum adesse, he thinks that his friend is present.
4. Scimus mundum a Deo regi, we know that the world is
ruled by God.
Notice the difference between the direct and indirect forms of
statement.
In the second group, compare the English with the Latin.
Observe (1) that after the leading verb there is nothing in the
Latin corresponding to the conjunction that; (2) that, while the
English retains the nominative and indicative of the direct form,
the Latin has instead the accusative and infinitive.
The second group illustrates the indirect discourse, so called
because what some one says, thinks, or knows, is stated in the
dependent clause indirectly.
400. RULE OF SYNTAX. The accusative and in-
finitive are regularly used after verbs of saying,
thinking, knowing, perceiving, and the like.
401. RULE OF SYNTAX. The subject of the infini-
tive is in the accusative.
190 ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.
402. TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE.
PRESENT.
dicit ^ f~he says that you are writing.
dicet v te scrlbere, -j he will say that you are writing.
dixit ) \he said that you were writing.
dicit \ flie says that the letter is being written.
dicet V epistulam scrlbl, -5 he will say that the letter is being written.
dixit ) (he said that the letter was being written.
FUTURE.
dicit \ fJie says that you will write.
dicet C tS scrlpturum esse, -5 he will say that you will write.
dixit ) ( he said that you would write.
dicit ) (he says that the letter will be written.
,_ . ( epistulam scrip- i 7 .
dicet > J tum _ r - j ^ he will say that the letter will be written.
dixit ) (he said that the letter would be written.
PERFECT.
dicit ~\ (he says that you wrote (have written).
dicet > te scrlpsisse, < he will say that you wrote (have written).
dixit ) (he said that you wrote (had written).
dicit -\ epistulam ( Tie says that the letter was (has been) written.
dicet > scrlptam < he will say that the letter was (has been) written.
dixit ) esse, ( he said that the letter was (had been) written.
A. study of the above table will show that the present infini-
tive denotes the same time as that indicated by the tense of the
leading verb; that the future infinitive denotes time after that
indicated by the leading verb ; and that the perfect infinitive de-
notes time before that indicated by the leading verb.
403. RULE OF SYNTAX. The tenses of the infini-
tive refer to present, future, or past time, relatively
to the time of the leading verb.
1 More commonly, fore lit epistula with subj. Also see p. 192, n. 1.
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. 191
2.
4O4. EXERCISES.
[It will be best to translate each of the following sentences twice ;
first, literally, just as they stand, then into good English : thus,
History relates two sons to have been to Cornelia = history relates that
Cornelia had two sons. The eighth thus : The ambassador said him-
self a public messenger to be of the Roman people = the ambassador
said that he was, etc.]
I. 1. Historia narrat duos filios fuisse Corneliae. 2. Cor-
nelia dixit filios suos esse ornamenta sua. 3. Scimus matres
filios amare. 4. Traditum 1 est Caesarem a Bruto et Cassio
occisum esse. 5. Certum est casu bonum fieri neminem. 2
6. Scio haec vera esse. 7. Marcellus Hannibalem vine!
posse docuit. 8. Legatus dixit se publicum nuntium esse
populi Roman!. 9. Thales aquam dixit esse initium rerum.
10. Traditum est Homerum fuisse caecum. 11. Legatus
dlcit montem ab hostibus tenerl.
[Before translating into Latin, cast each sentence mentally into
the Latin form ; thus the first sentence will be, It is said two sons
to have been to Cornelia, or Cornelia two sons to have had; and the
seventh, We know you the truth to be about to tell. This practice is
of capital importance.]
II. 1. It is said that Cornelia had two sons. 2. Have
we not heard that Cornelia had jewels? 3. I think that }*ou
will have jewels. 4. We know that Cornelia loved her boys.
5. Do not 3 all mothers think that their sons are their jewels?
6. I think that the moon will be full to-morrow. 7. We
know that you will tell the truth. 8. History relates that
Hannibal was defeated by Marcellus. 9. It is related that
Homer wrote poems. 10. I know that this has been done.
11. He said that the enemy held the mountain.
1 In the compound tenses of adjective. Here traditum est
the passive voice the perfect parti- = it is (a thing) related.
ciple occasionally loses its idea of 2 Subject of fieri.
time and becomes virtually an 8 Nonne.
192 ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITITE.
3.
4O5. EXERCISES.
[Read the first paragraph, page 191.]
I. 1. Jurate vos rem publicam non deserturos esse.
2. Vox quondam audlta est Romam a Gallls captum 1 iri.
3. Certum est Hannibalera a Sclpione victum esse. 4. Ferunt 2
eo die lunam fuisse plenam. 5. Cum Nasica ad Ennium
venisset, servus dlxit Ennium domi non esse. 6. Nasica
sensit ilium 8 intus esse. 7. Postea cum ad Nasicam venisset
Ennius, exclamavit ipse Nasica se 3 domi non esse. 8. Cato
dicere solebat acerbos inimlcos saepe veruin dlcere. 9. Abi,
nuntia te vldisse Gajum Marium in Carthaginis ruinis seden-
tem (sitting). 10. Matrona quaedam dictitabat se trlginta
tantum annos habere. 4
[See second paragraph, p. 191. The first sentence expressed in
the Latin idiom will be, Ennius says himself at home not to be; the
third, He thinks himself at home to be about to be ; the fourth, Cato
thought his friends the truth not always to speak (compare I. 8).]
II. 1. Ennius says that he is not at home. 2. He said
that he had not been at home. 3. He thinks that he shall
be at home to-morrow. 4. Cato thought that his friends
did not always tell him 5 the truth. 5. It is evident that the
world was not made by chance. 6. We have sworn that we
will not desert our leader. 7. The soldiers swore that they
had not deserted the republic. 8. It was evident that the
enemy was being defeated. 6 9. Do you not know that the
enemy are near? 10. It is certain that they are advancing
towards the town.
1 Captum, being a supine 4 To have thirty years = to be
(433), does not change its form thirty years old.
to agree with Romam. 6 Him = himself; not accusative.
2 Ferunt = dicunt. 6 Notice that the time of the de-
8 Observe the difference be- pendent verb is present, with refer-
tween ilium in 6 and se in 7. ence to that of the leading verb.
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.
193
4O6,
VOCABULARY.
acerbus, -a, -um, adj. [acer],
harsh, bitter.
arbitror, 1, think, suppose, believe.
con-stat, 1, -stitit, , impers.
(415), it is evident, clear.
de-sero, 3, -ul, -turn, desert, aban-
don.
Kniiius, -I, M., Ennius, a Roman
poet.
ex-clamo, 1, cry out, exclaim.
Gallus, -I, M., a Gaul.
historia, -ae, r., history.
in-imicus,-a,-um,adj. [amicus],
unfriendly, hostile; noun, an
enemy. (172.)
intus, adv. [in], inside, within.
juro, 1 [J5s], swear, take an oath.
Marcellus, -I, M., Marcellus, a
Roman general.
matrona, -ae, F. [mater], wife,
lady, matron.
nuntio, 1 [nuntius], announce,
report.
or n amen turn, -I, N. [orno], orna-
ment, jewel. (345. 9.)
populus, -I, M., people.
pub lie us, -a, -um, adj. [popu-
lus] (pertaining to the people),
public. (345.19.)
quondam, adv., once, formerly.
sentio, 4, seiisi, sensum, feel,
know (by the senses), see, perceive.
tantum, adv. [tantus], only.
Thales, -is, M., Thales, a Greek
philosopher.
tra-do, 3, -did!, -ditum [trans],
give over, deliver ; relate, recount.
verum, -I, N. [verus], the truth.
4O7.
FOR TRANSLATION.
NASICA ET ENNIUS.
Naslca, 1 cum ad poetam Ennium venisset, 2 eique 3 ab ostio
quaerenti 4 EnDium ancilla dixisset eum domi 5 non esse, sensit
illam 6 domini jussu dlxisse, et ilium 7 intus esse. Faucis post
diebus, cum ad Naslcam venisset Ennius et eum a 8 janua
quaereret, exclamat Naslca se domi non esse. Turn Ennius,
"Quid? ego non cognosce vocem," inquit, 9 " tuam ? "
1 Subject of sensit.
2 Ad . . . venisset, had come
to, that is, to call on.
8 To him, dat. of is. See27O.2.
4 Pres. part, of quaero, in the
dat. with el, to him asking for.
6 See 336.
6 Refers to ancilla, and is the
subject ace. of dixisse.
7 That is, Ennius.
8 A janua, at the door.
9 Observe the position of inquit.
194 PARTICIPLES.
Hic 1 Nasica: "Homo es impudens. Ego, cum te quaere-
rem, ancillae 2 tuae credidi te 3 domi non esse ; tu mihi non
credis ipsi? " 4
CHAPTER LXIIL 1.
PARTICIPLES.
408. Learn the participles of the regular and irregular verbs.
1. For declension of a present active participle, see 165. The
ablative singular generally ends in e, but in I when the participle
is used as an adjective.
2. The other participles, ending in MS, a, urn, are declined like
bonus (71).
409. Examine the following :
rcadit, he falls \
1. Fortissimo dimicans J cadet, he will fall i ^9^9 most
(ceciAit, he fell ) brave ^'
2. Hostes adortus profligavit, he attacked and routed (having
attacked, he routed) the enemy.
3. El advenientl aquila pilleum sustulit, an eagle took off his
cap as he was approaching (to him approaching).
4. Leonidas superatus cedere noluit, Leonidas, (though) over-
powered, would not yield.
5. Roma expulsus Athenas Ibit, (if) expelled from Rome, he
will go to Athens.
6. Epistulam sibi commissam detulit, he delivered the letter
(which had been) intrusted to him.
7. Ea re commotus in Italiam rediit, he returned into Italy
(because he was) alarmed at this event.
8. Nos morituri salutamus, we, (who are) about to die, salute you.
9. Ob virgines raptas, on account of the seizure of the maidens
(maidens seized).
1 An adverb, hereupon. 3 Subject aec. of esse. See 4O1
2 Dat. after credidi. See 343. 4 Emphasizes mihi. (27O. 4.)
PARTICIPLES. 195
Study the above examples with reference first to the tenses
of the participles, and observe that the time of the participles is
present, past, or future, relatively to the time of the leading verb.
Notice how the participle is translated in each example ; only
in the first is it oest translated literally. What the Latin expresses
by a participle we very often xpress by a clause beginning as,
though, if, because, etc., by a relative clause, or by a verb coordinate
with one following.
2.
41O. EXERCISES.
[It will be best to translate every sentence literally, then into
good English.]
I. 1. Remus irridens murum transiliit. 2. Abi hinc,
oblita 1 fratrum, oblita 1 patriae. 3. Legato res repetenti 2
superbe responsum est 3 a Latmis. 4. Falisci statim beneficio
victi portas Romanis aperuerunt. 5. Filius Manll Latmum
ex equo excussum transfixit. 4 6. Roman! necessitate victi
legatos mittunt. 7. Hunc Fabricius vinctum reduci jussit.
8. Hannibal causam belli quaerens Saguntum evertit. 9. Ea
re commotus in Italiam rediit armis injuriam acceptam
vindicaturus. 5 10. Missos 6 a senatu legatos honorifice
excepit.
[Cast each of the following sentences into the Latin idiom
before attempting to translate. Thus, Romulus killed Remus laugh-
ing at (ace. in agreement with Remus) ; Horatius stabbed his sister
forgetful (oblitam) ; to the ambassadors demanding, etc.]
II. 1. Romulus killed Remus because he laughed at his
wall. 2. Horatius stabbed his sister with his sword because
1 Feminine of the perf. part. 3 Respcnsum est, it was re-
oblitus, from obllviscor. Trans- plied = answer was made.
late, Thou who hast forgotten (lit., * Excussum transfixit, struck
having forgotten). off' and stabbed. See 4O9. 2.
2 To the ambassador demanding 6 About to avenge, i.e., in order
= to the ambassador who demanded, to avenge.
or when the ambassador demanded. 6 Compare 4O9. 6.
196
PARTICIPLES.
she was forgetful of her country. 3. The Latins answered
the ambassadors 1 haughtily, when they demanded restitution.
4. The Gauls entered the open houses. 5. To the Romans,
as they came out of the* pass, the light was sadder than
death 2 itself. 6. The old men went forth to meet 3 Manlius 1
as he was returning to Rome. 7. 4 They bound the prisoner
and brought him back to the city. 8. The letter which had
been written by the boy was delivered. 9. The Romans
never despaired, though they were often defeated. 5 10. Cae-
sar received the senate sitting, 6 when they came 7 to him.
411.
VOCABULARY.
com-moveo, 2, -movf, -motum,
shake, disturb, excite, alarm.
de-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
(bring down), deliver.
de-spero, 1, be hopeless, despair.
e-verto, 3, -ti, -sum, overturn,
overthrow, destroy.
ex-cutio, 3, -cussi, -cussum
[quatio], shake out, strike off,
drive away, cast out.
FaliscI, -orum, M., the Faliscans,
a people of Etruria.
hinc, adv. [hie], from this place,
hence.
ir-rldeo, 2, -risi, -risum [in],
laugh at, ridicule, jest, mock.
Latinus, -a, -um [Latium],
Latin ; noun, a Latin.
necessitas, -atis, r. [necesse],
necessity, constraint.
ob-vlam, adv., in the way; with
verb of motion, meet ; w. dat.
pateo, 2, -ui, , lie open, be
open ; part, patens, open.
porta,-ae,F., gate, door. Cf.janua.
re-duco, 3, -xl, -due turn, lead
back, bring back.
senior, -oris, M. & p. (comp. of
senex, old), elder, old person.
statim, adv. (sto), (standing there),
on the spot, immediately, at once.
superbe, adv. [superbus],
proudly, haughtily.
trans-figo, 3, -flxl, -flxuni,
pierce through, pierce, stab.
vindico, 1, claim, avenge, punish.
1 Dative.
2 See 211, 212.
8 To meet, obviam.
* Compare I. 7.
6 Not the last word : the Romans
often defeated, etc.
In agreement with Ccesar.
7 Had come. See 373.
PARTICIPLES: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 197
CHAPTER LXTV.
PARTICIPLES: ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.
! 412. Examine the following :
fihe sun rising,
Sole oriente, f ugiunt ) ^ ^ gun ^ ( ^ shadowsflee away ,
tenebrae, ^ Qt ^ r i sin g f thesun) )
( the signal having been given, )
Datd signo, virgines A ^ me na j ^ as f *Ae maidens
raptae sunt, y . ., , \ were seized*
(. aZ ^e gwera signal, )
f he reigning, \
Eo regnante. bellum }-,- (
< in his reign, > a war arose.
exortum est. J , ., 7 . . \
{. while he was reigning, )
f the war having beenjinished,
f me war navmg oeennmsned, )
Consul, bello confec- \ An ^ ^ wasfinished> I the consul re-
to, Romam rediit, l havinsfinished the war> J turned to Rome.
( you (being} leader, \
Tg duce, hostes vin- A .- 7 , f we shall conquer the
< ij you are our leader, >
cenius, J .., ,. , , V enemy.
\. with you jor a leader, )
f M. and P. (beinq} consuls.
Messalla et Pisone \ , ,, \ ,
{ when M. and P. were consuls.
consulibus. J . ., 7 , . - , .- , n
(. in the consulship oj M. and P.
fihe sky (being} clear.
Sere* no caelo, < when the sky is clear.
( in a clear sky.
1. The foregoing examples illustrate the very common construc-
tion called the Ablative Absolute.
2. In the first four examples there is a noun (or pronoun) in the
ablative, and a participle agreeing with it. In the last three there
is no participle expressed, but instead, another noun or an adjective.
3. Carefully compare the Latin with the English translation,
and observe that each ablative absolute may be rendered by a
clause beginning with when, while, or if (in other instances because,
although, etc.), the Latin noun in the ablative becoming the subject
of the clause in English, and that this noun refers to a different
person or thing from the subject of the leading verb.
198 PARTICIPLES I ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.
4. We may also sometimes translate the participle in the abla-
tive absolute by a verb coordinate with a following verb. Thus
the fourth might be translated, The consul finished the war and
returned.
5. If I wish to express in the Latin, While he was reigning, he
carried on war, he being the subject of both the principal and sub-
ordinate clauses, I say, Is regnans bellum gessit ; but if I wish
to express, While he was reigning, war arose, he being subject of
the subordinate clause, and war of the principal, I use the ablative
absolute, thus, Eo regnante, bellum exortum eat.
6. In the fourth example notice the change of idiom. We
might say, The consul, having finished the war, returned to Rome; but
the Latin has no perfect active participle corresponding to having
finished; therefore, in Latin the perfect passive participle must be
used in the ablative with the noun bellum. The same idea may,
of course, be expressed by a cum clause. See 372.
7. From the nature of deponent verbs (passive form with active
meaning), it will be seen that the English participle with having
may be directly expressed in Latin, if there is a deponent verb of
the right meaning; thus, C&sar having encouraged his men, Caesar
milites hortatus.
8. Most instances of the so-called ablative absolute may be
resolved as the ablative of time, means, cause, etc.
413. EXERCISES.
[Translate each ablative absolute in as many ways as possible.]
I. 1. Stricto gladio, transfixit puellam. 2. Expulsis
regibus, duo consoles creati sunt. 3. Quo facto, 1 mutata
est proeli fortuna. 4. Occupata Sicilia, quid postea acturus
es? 5. Hannibal, viso fratris occisi capite, dixit: "Agnosco
fortuuarn Carthaginis." 6. HTs paratis rebus, Caesar milites
naves conscendere jubet. 7. Hoc facto, tutus eris. 8. Al-
pibus superatis, Hannibal in Italiam venit. 9. Caesar,
mortuo Sulla, Rhodum secedere statuit. 10. Deletis Teu-
tonibus, C. Marius in Cimbros se convertit.
1 When this had been done. What is it literally ?
PARTICIPLES : ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 199
[Before trying to translate the following sentences, consider well
in each case what the probable Latin form of expression, or idiom,
would be for the subordinate clause, adverbial phrase, etc. ; thus,
When he had stabbed the girl = the girl (having been} stabbed; When
Numa was king = Numa (being} king; By hurling their javelins
= by the javelins hurled.^
II. 1. When he had stabbed the girl, he put by his sword.
2. On the expulsion of King Tarquin, Brutus and Collatinus
were made consuls. 3. When Numa was king, the temple
of Janus was built. 4. Caesar, after he had overcome the
Gauls, waged war with Pompey. 5. On the death of Cato,
there was no longer 1 a republic. 6. Having learned these
facts (things), he hastened against the enenrv. 7. The
soldiers, by hurling their javelins, broke the enemy's line.
8. Having held a levy, the consul sets out immediately for
(ad) the army. 9. O my country, thou hast overcome my
anger by employing a mother's entreaties. 10. If we do 2
this, we shall all be safe.
414. VOCABULARY,
ad-moveo, 2, -movl, -inotuin, de-pono, 3, -posm, -positum,
(move up, towards), apply, employ. put down, put by, lay down.
cognosce, 3, -gnovl, -gnitum ex-pello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, drive
[com, (g)nosco], learn, recog- out or away, expel.
nize, know. Janus, -1, M., Janus, the two-faced
Collatinus, -I, M., Collatinus, god.
surname of L. Tarquinius. per-fringo, 3, -fregl, -fractum
con-icio, 3, -jecl, -jectum [ja- [frango, break'], break through,
cio] (throw together), throw, hurl. break.
con-tendo, 3, -di, -turn (draw Rhodus, -I, r., Rhodes, an island
tight), exert one's self, strive, has- in the JEgean.
ten ; contend. se-cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, go
con-verto, 3, -ti, -sum, turn apart, withdraw, retire.
round, turn, change; se conver- statuo, 3, -ul, -utum, put, place;
tere, turn one's self, turn. think, believe, determine.
delectus, -us, M. [deligo, choose strlngo, 3, -nxl, strictum (draw
out"], selection, levy. tight), graze ; draw, unsheathe.
1 No longer = nulla jam. 2 If we do this = this done.
200 IMPERSONAL VERBS.
CHAPTER LXV. 1.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
415. Examine the following :
1. Pluit, it rains.
2. Tonat, it thunders.
3. Me pudet stultitiae meae, / am ashamed (it shames me) of
my folly.
4. Eum paenitet sceleris, he repents (it repents him) of his crime.
5. Fugnabatur, Jighting was going on (it was being fought).
6. Caesar I l parendum 2 est, Ccesar must be obeyed (it must be
obeyed to Ccesar).
7. Tibi licet exire, you may go out (it is permitted to you to go out).
8. Hoc nos facere oportet, we ought to do this (it behooves us to
do this).
9. Caesari placuit ut legates mitteret, Ccesar determined (it
pleased Ccesar) to send ambassadors.
(1) Observe in each of the foregoing examples that the leading
verb has no personal subject either expressed or implied. In 7,
the subject of licet is the infinitive exire ; in 8, the phrase hoc
nos facere is the subject of oportet; in 9, the clause ut legates
mitteret is the subject of placuit. In each of the first six the
subject is contained in the verb itself.
(2) Some verbs, like pluit, tonat, pudet, paenitet, licet, the
use of which is mostly confined to the third person singular, are
called Impersonal Verbs ; many others, as in the examples pug-
nabatur, oportet, placuit, are sometimes used impersonally.
(3) Examples 7 and 8 show one way of rendering may and must
into Latin.
(4) In 3 and 4 notice the use of the accusative and genitive
after the verbs.
416. RULE OF SYNTAX. The impersonal verbs
mi&eret, paenitet, piget, pudet) taedet take the accusa-
1 See 417. 2. 2 See 42S. (4).
IMPERSONAL VERBS. 201
tive of the person and the genitive of the object or
cause of the feeling.
Some examples of verbs used impersonally have already been
given. See 362. I. 9 ; 370. I. 5 ; 410. I. 3.
41 7. Examine the following :
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
1 . Fratri persuade t, he persuades Fratri persuadetur, his brother
his brother. is persuaded.
2. Legibus parebant, they obeyed Legibus parebatur, the laws
the laws. were obeyed.
3. Credit mihi, Tie believes me. Mini creditur, 7 am believed.
4. Amicis nocent, they injure Amicis nocetur, their friends
their friends. are injured.
Observe that the verbs are intransitive. Compare the active
and passive in the examples one by one. Observe that in each
case the passive is expressed by putting the verb in the third
person singular, leaving the indirect object of the active unchanged.
418. RULE OF SYNTAX. Intransitive verbs are
used impersonally in the passive, the person or thing
affected (the subject in English) being expressed by
the dative.
419. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Omnes decet recte agere. 2. Diu et acriter pugna-
tum est. 3. Sequitur ut falsum sit. 4. Eorum nos miseret. 1
5. Taedet me vitae. 6. Statuendum 2 vobis ante noctem est.
7. Licet mihi ex urbe egredi. 8. Nos oportuit 3 hoc facere.
9. Traditum est Scipionem doctum fuisse. 10. Eadem nocte
accidit ut esset luna plena. 11. Obsistitur illis. 12. Cul 4
pare! potuit? 13. Persuadetur consul!.
1 Compare 415. 3 and 4. 8 It behooved us to do = we ought
2 The duty of deciding is to you = to have done,
you must decide. Compare 425. 7. 4 See 943.
202
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
[Observe that the following sentences are modelled closely on the
foregoing, and on the illustrative examples. Cast each one into
the Latin form before thinking of the Latin words ; thus the fifth
sentence will be changed to It disgusts me of the folly, etc.]
II. 1. It becomes us all to live well. 2. The battle will
be fought bravely. 3. It followed that 1 the enemy were
defeated. 4. 2 He was ashamed of his cowardice. 5. I am
disgusted with the folly of the men. 6. What must we do?
7. What ought we to have done? 3 8. 4 May I take the
book? 9. It was reported to Caesar that the enemy were
approaching. 10. It resulted 5 from these circumstances 6
that 1 all were silent. 11. The winds are opposed with
difficulty. 12. Can the soldier be spared? 13. Are not
the laws of the republic obeyed ?
420.
VOCABULARY.
decet, 2, decuit, impers., it is
seemly, becoming, Jilting.
e-gredior, 3, -gressus [gradior],
go out, go forth, march out. Cf .
exeo.
fortlter, adv. [fortis], bravely,
courageously.
licet, 2, -uit, or -itum est, impers.,
it is permitted, it is lawful, (one)
may.
miseret, 2, -itum est, impers.
[miser], it makes miserable, it
excites pity, (one) pities.
ob-sisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, oppose,
withstand, resist, w. dat.
oportet, 2, -uit, impers., it is
necessary, it behooves, (one) must
or ought.
par co, 3, peperci (parsl), par-
sum, spare, w. dat.
piget, 2, -uit, or -itum est,
impers., it disgusts, (one) is dis-
gusted.
pudet, 2, -uit, or -itum est, im-
pers., it shames, (one) is ashamed.
pagno, 1 [pugna], fight.
stultitia, -,ae, r. [stultus, foolish],
folly. (345. 11.)
taedet, 2, -uit, or taesum est,
impers., it disgusts, wearies, (one)
is disgusted.
vix, adv., hardly, with difficulty.
1 A result clause, ut, etc.
2 Compare 415. 3.
8 Compare I. 8.
4 Compare 415. 7.
5 Fiebat.
6 Res.
FOR TRANSLATION. 203
2.
421. FOR TRANSLATION.
THE DEATH OF THE PET SPARROW.
Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesqne,
Et quantunist 1 liominum 2 vennstiorum.
Passer mortuus est meae puellae,
Passer, deliciae meae puellae,
Quern plus ilia oculis 3 suis amabat':
Nam mellitus erat suamque 4 norat 5
Ipsa 6 tarn bene quam puella matrem
Nee sese a gremio illius 7 movebat,
Sed circumsiliens modo hue modo illuc
Ad solam dominam usque pipiabat.
Qui 8 mine it per iter tenebricosum
Illuc unde negant redire quemquam. 9
At vobis male sit, 10 malae tenebrae
Orci, quae omnia bella 11 devoratis :
Tarn bellum mihi 12 passerem abstulistis.
O factum male ! 13 io miselle passer !
Tua nunc opera 14 meae puellae 14
Flendo turgiduli rubent 16 ocelli. Catullus.
1 For quantum est. Trans- 8 Refers to passer.
late, all ye lovely ones, whoever ye 9 Subject ace. of redire. See
are. What is it literally 1 401 and 279. 6.
2 Depends on quantum. See 10 /// betide you !
34O. n From bell us.
8 Ablative after the compara- 12 Translate my.
tive plus. See 212. 13 Factum male, woful deed.
4 Supply dominam. What is it literally ?
6 For noverat, but with the 14 On your account.
meaning of the imperfect. 16 Genitive after ocelli.
6 With puella. Turgiduli rubent, are all
7 That is, puellae. swollen and red.
204 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS.
CHAPTER LXVI. 1.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS.
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE. GERUNDIVE.
[Review the participles of the regular and irregular verbs.]
422. The future active participle with the verb sum forms the
FIRST, or ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION : amaturus sum,
eram, etc., / am, was, etc., about to (going to, intending to) love.
423. The gerundive with the verb sum forms the SECOND, or
PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION : amaiidus sum, eram, etc.,
/ am, was, etc., to be loved ; I deserve, ought, etc., to be loved.
424. PARADIGMS.
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
PRES. amaturus sum amandus sum
IMPER. amaturus eram amandus eram
FUT. amaturus ero amandus ero
PERF. amaturus fui amandus fui
PLUP. amaturus fueram amandus fueram
F.P. amaturus fuero amandus fuero
etc. etc.
425. Examine the following :
1. Non dubito qum moniturus sit, I do not doubt that he will
advise.
2. Non dubito quin futurum sit ut id fiat, / do not doubt that
(it will happen that it be done) it will be done.
3. Sciebam quid acturus esses, I knew ivhat you were going to do.
4. Pontem faciendum curat, he (takes are a bridge to be built)
has a bridge built.
5. Delenda est Carthago, Carthage must be destroyed.
6. Caesari omnia erant agenda, everything had to be done by
Ccesar.
7. Mini scribendum est, (the duty of writing is to me) I must
tcrite.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 205
8. Omnibus moriendum est, (the necessity of dying is to all)
all must die.
9. Vobis judicio utendum est, (the duty of using judgment is to
you) you ought to use judgment.
(1) The first three examples show how a future tense may be
supplied for the subjunctive mood.
(2) Observe in the fourth example the use of the gerundive
agreeing with a noun which is the object of euro, the whole ex-
pression denoting to have a thing done.
(3) The last five examples show some uses of the passive peri-
phrastic conjugation. Notice that the idea of necessity, or duty,
is prominent in these forms.
(4) In 7, 8, and 9 the verbs are used impersonally, that is, with-
out any personal subject, the gerundive being in the nominative
singular neuter. This impersonal use belongs to transitive verbs
without an object expressed, and to intransitive verbs. For the case
of judicio, see 304.
(5) In the last four examples, Caesarl, mihi, omnibus, and
vobis, denote in each case the person to whom there is a duty or
necessity of doing something. This dative is most conveniently
rendered with by, and is called the Dative of Agent.
426. RULE OF SYNTAX. The dative is used with
the gerundive to denote the person by whom the act
must be done. 1
2.
427. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Quis dubitat quln futiiri sitis docti? 2. Quis dubi-
tat quin ludos visuri simus? 3. Non erat dubium quin
ludos visurus esset. 4. Noli dubitare quTn eras yenturus sim.
5. Cognovi quid acturus sit. 6. Audiam quid acturus sis.
7. Cognoveram quid actuii essent. 8. Dux castra moturus
est. 9. Scribenda est mihi epistula. 10. Scribenda erat
1 How is the agent with a verb in the passive otherwise and com-
monly expressed?
206 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS.
tibi epistula. 11. Oppidum mllitibus oppugnandum erit.
12. Hie liber mihi legendus est.
II. 1 . There is no doubt that you are going to be a hero.
2. I doubt not that you will see the games, 3. Do not
doubt 1 that he will be present. 4. Do you know what he is
going to do? 5. 2 We ought to cultivate virtue. 6. 2 I must
give the signal. 7. 2 We ought to read the poets. 8. The
commander must be obeyed. 3 9. The boy is not to be
believed. 10. The town had to be fortified.
3.
428. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Quaesivit ex oraculo Croesus utrum ipse superaturus
esset. 2. Non erat dubium quin Falisci sese Romams dedi-
turi essent. 3. Nisi vmum defecisset, plura et graviora
dictuii fuimus. 4. Magnam in spem veniebat fore 4 ut
pertinacia desisteret hostis. 5. Cum Scipio, graviter vulne-
ratus, in hostium rnanus jamjam venturus esset, filius eum
periculo liberavit. 6. Hoc censed et Carthaginem esse
delendam. 7. Aemilius liberos GraecTs Htteiis erudiendos 5
curaverat. 8. Caesar! dandum erat tuba signum. 9. Mihi
utendum est judicio meo. 6 10. Ita nobls vivendum est, ut
ad mortem parati simus.
II. 1. I will ask of the general whether he is going to
advance. 2. Who doubts that the Romans will surrender
themselves to the Faliscans? 3. 7 If words had not failed, I
was going to write a longer letter. 4. I think the enemy
will be defeated. 5. When Caesar was on the point of
1 Noll dubitare. How else 4 Fore futurum esse, to be
may this be expressed 1 about to be, may be omitted in
2 Express in two ways by translation.
using oportet, and then by the 6 Compare 425. 4, and (2).
gerundive. 6 See 425. 9.
8 Lit. it must be obeyed to the 7 Compare I. 3.
commander. Cf. 415. 6.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 207
starting 1 for Rome, he received a letter from Pompey.
6. My opinion is 2 that the town ought to be besieged.
7. These things must not be despised by 3 us. 8. A wise
man will have his boys trained 4 in Latin literature. 5 9. The
citizens 6 must obey the laws. 10. The soldiers must use
their own judgment.
429. VOCABULARY.
Aemilius, -I, M., JEmilius, a Ro- gra\ 7 iter, adv., heavily, seriously.
man consul. ita, adv., thus, so.
censeo, 2, -ui, -um, estimate; jamjam, adv., already ; jam jam
think, deem, be of opinion. venturus, on the point of coming.
Croesus, -I, M., Crozsus, king of jndicium, -I, N. [judico], judg-
Lydia. ment, opinion.
de-do, 3, -didl, -ditum, (put away op-pugno, 1 [ob], attack, assault,
from one's self) surrender, de- besiege.
liver up. oraculum, -I, N. [oro], oracle.
de-ficio, 3, -feel, -fectum [fa- pa-rut us, -a, -um, adj. [P. of
cio], (make away' from) revolt; pa,ro~] 9 ready, prepared.
fail, be wanting. pertinacia, -ae, F. [pertinax,pe?--
de-sisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, (stand sistent~\, perseverance, obstinacy.
off or apart) leave off, cease, de- (345. 11.)
sist. signum, -I, N., mark, sign, signal.
doctus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of utor, 3, usus, use, employ, w. abl.
doceo], learned. utrum, adv., whether. Cf. nuin,
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, serious. 382.
judico, censeo, existimo, arbitror, puto, and opinor, all mean
think; but the first four imply more deliberation and reflec-
tion ; primarily think as a judge, a magistrate, an appraiser, an
arbiter; hence, in general, of official, authoritative opinion.
Puto and opinor imply rather private, personal judgment or
opinion.
1 On the point of starting = al- 4 cf. I. 7, and 425. (2).
ready about to start. 6 Compare 232. I. 4.
2 This I think. Cf . I. 6. 6 A clvibus, to distinguish the
8 See 425. (5). agent from the indirect object.
208 GERUND: GERUNDIVE: SUPINE.
CHAPTER LXVII.
GERUND. GERUNDIVE. SUPINE.
430. Learn the gerunds and supines of the regular and irregu-
lar verbs.
GERUND.
431. Examine the following :
G. Caesar loquendi finem facit, Caesar makes an end of
speaking.
Cupidus est t audiendi, he is desirous of hearing you.
D. Aqua utilis est bibendo, water is useful for drinking.
Ac. Inter pugnandum triginta naves captae sunt, during the
fight (amid the fighting) thirty ships were taken.
Ab. Mens discendo alitur, the mind is strengthened by learning.
1. The above examples illustrate the use of the gerund in its
several cases. It will be seen that the gerund is used like the
English verbal noun in ing. The nominative is supplied in Latin
by the infinitive; e.g., videre est credere, seeing is believing.
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE.
432. Examine the following :
G. Consilia J urbem delendi, > plans for (of) destroying
( urbis delendae, > the city.
D Operam dat [ agr 3 colendo (rare) ) he devotes himself to
( agris colendis, > tilling the fields.
Ac. Vengrunt ad I pa em P etendum ( rare ) 1 ^ey came to sue
( pacem petendam, > for peace.
Ab. Occupatus ( litteras scribendo (rare) > I was engaged in
sum in { litteris scribendis, j writing letters.
1. What is to be particularly studied in the above examples is
the difference between the gerund and the gerundive construction,
as shown within the braces. Observe (1) that the gerund is put
in the required case, and has its object in the accusative; (2) that the
noun is put in the required case, and the gerundive agrees with it.
GERUND: GERUNDIVE: SUPINE. 209
2. Except in the genitive, where the two constructions are
about equally common, the gerundive construction is almost always
preferred.
3. Notice that the accusative of the gerund or gerundive with
ad denotes a purpose. This construction is much used. In what
other ways may a purpose be expressed ?
SUPINE.
433. Examine the following :
1. Legati Romam veniunt pacem petitum, ambassadors come
to Rome to sue for peace.
2. Id perfacile est factii, that is very easy to do, or to be done.
Observe in the first example that the supine petitum has the
same meaning as ut petant, qui petant, or ad petendam ; that is,
it expresses purpose. This use is common after verbs of motion.
434. RULE OF SYNTAX. The supine in um is used
after verbs of motion to express purpose.
In the second example the supine in u answers the question
in what respect ? Perfacile factu, easy in respect to the doing. This
use is common after adjectives.
The supine in u is really an ablative of specification. See 260.
435. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Mult! convenere studio 1 videndae novae urbis.
2. Ars pueros educandi difficilis est. 3. Ea 2 aquae causa 3
hauriendae descenderat. 4. Brutus ad explorandum cum
equitibus antecessit. 5. Milites ad domum custodiendam a
rege missi sunt. 6. Nemini dubium est qum Fabius rem
Romanam cunctando restituerit. 7. Is opportunus visus
est locus communiendo praesidiS. 8. Omnis spes evadendi
adempta est. 9. Legates ad Caesarem mittunt auxilium
rogatum. 10. Quod optimum est factu, faclam.
1 From a desire ; abl. of cause. 8 The ablative causa, for the
2 She. See 27O. 2. sake of, follows its genitive.
210
GEBUND: GERUNDIVE: SUPINE.
II. 1. You will have time to lead (of leading) out the
army from that place. 2. He undertook the war for the
sake 1 of destroying the republic. 3. Bodies are nourished
by eating and drinking. 4. While drinking 2 we conversed
about many things. 5. Many leaders had assembled to
see 3 Scipio. 6. Night put 4 an end to the fighting. 7. This
seems (to be) a suitable place for building a house. 8. The
enemy had entertained 5 the hope of getting possession of
the camp. 6 9. A multitude of men came together to wit-
ness 3 the games. 10. It is difficult to say what he will do. 7
436.
VOCABULARY.
ad-imo, 3, -emi, -emptum
[emo], take away, remove.
alo, 3, -ui, -turn, nourish, strengthen,
support.
ante-cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, go
before.
auxilium, -I, N. [augeo], help,
aid, support ; pi. auxiliaries.
col-loquor, 3, -locutus [com],
speak together, converse.
com-munio, 4, (fortify strongly]
secure, intrench.
con-venio, 4, -veni, -ventum
[com], come together, assemble.
cunctor, 1, linger, hesitate.
edo, edere or esse, edi, esum or
essum, eat.
ex-ploro, 1, search out, examine,
explore ; reconnoitre.
Fabius, -I, M., Fabius, a Roman
general,
hiiurio, 4, hausi, haustum,
draw (water), drain, drink up.
opportuiius, -a, -um, adj., ./ft, con-
venient, suitable; opportune..
re-stituo, 3, -ui, -fitum [statuo],
(replace) give back, return, restore.
sus-cipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum
[sub, capio], undertake.
1 Causa. See p. 209, note 3.
2 Inter bibendum.
3 Express in three ways.
* Put an end to = make an end of.
5 Entertain the hope = come into
the hope.
6 What case with potior?
7 Why must the subjunctive
be used ? What tense of the sub-
junctive to express future time ?
What form expresses the im-
mediate future?
READING LESSONS.
LETTERS: CICERO TO HIS WIFE TERENTIA.
437. B.C. 49.
Si vales, bene est, valeo. 1 Da operam 2 ut convalesces.
Quod opus 3 erit, ut 4 res tempusque postulat, provideas 5 atque
administres ; et ad me de omnibus rebus quam 6 saepissime
lltteras mittas. Vale.
438. B.C. 49.
S. V. B. E. E. 7 V. Valetudinem tnam velim 8 cures 9 dili-
gentissime. 10 Nam mihi et 11 scrlptum et nuntiatum est te 12 in
febrim subito incidisse. Quod 13 celeriter me fecisti de Caesa-
ris litteris certiorem, 14 fecisti mihi gratum. Item posthac, si
quid 15 opus erit, 16 si quid accident novi, 17 facies 18 ut sciam.
Cura ut valeas. Vale.
1 The Komans often began
their letters with these five words,
or rather with the abbreviations
S. V. B. E. V.
2 Give labor = try.
8 An indeclinable noun, need;
opus est, is necessary.
4 What indicates that ut does
not mean in order that ?
6 The hortatory subjunctive.
See 390.
c Quam strengthens the super-
lative ; quam saepissime, as often
as possible.
7 For ego.
8 / could wish ; volo, / wish.
9 Equivalent to ut cures.
10 Notice the emphatic position
of the adverb, after the verb.
11 Et . . . et, both . . . and.
12 Subj. of incidisse. See 401.
13 In that.
14 Fecisti . . . certiorem, made
more certain = informed.
15 Anything; quid is regularly
used instead of aliquid after si,
nisi, ne, and num.
16 See note 3, above.
17 Of new; partitive genitive.
18 A future equivalent to the
imperative. Facies ut sciam,
inform me. What is it literally?
212
BEADING LESSONS.
439.
B.C. 46.
SI vales, bene est. 1 Constitueramus, ut 2 ad te antea
scripseram, obviam Ciceronem 3 Caesari mittere ; sed rnuta-
vimus consilium, quia de illms 4 adventu nihil audiebamus.
De ceteris rebus, etsi nihil erat novi, 5 tamen quid velimus 6
et quid hoc^tempore puternus 6 opus 7 esse ex Sicca 8 poteris
cognoscere. Tulliam adhuc mecum teneo. Valetudinem
tuam cura 9 diligenter. Vale.
44O.
B.C. 46.
10 S. V. B. E. V. Nos neque de Caesaris adventu neque
de litteris qnas Philotimus habere dicitur, quidquam 11 adhuc
oertl 12 habemus. SI quid erit certi, faciam te statim certio-
rem. 13 Valetudinem tuam fac 14 ut cures. Vale.
1 Compare this form of begin-
ning a letter with those of the two
preceding.
2 Compare the use of ut in
437, line 2.
3 That is, his son Cicero.
4 That is, Caesar's.
5 Genitive neuter of novus de-
pending on nihil. Compare the
same word in 438, and the note.
6 Translate the words quid ve-
limus, etc., just as they stand.
7 Compare opus erit in 437
and 438, and the note.
8 A friend of Cicero.
9 Compare with this the begin-
ning and the ending of 438.
10 Observe how nearly this letter
can be translated in the order of
the Latin words.
11 Anything at all. To express
anything at all, after a negative
word, as here after neque, the
Romans used quidquam, not
aliquid. See 279. 6.
12 Genitive neuter of certus,
depending on quidquam. Com-
pare novi in 438 after quid, and
in 439 after nihil.
13 Compare fecisti certiorem
in 438, and the note.
14 See p. 150, note. Fac ut
cures, be sure to take care. What
is the literal meaning ? Compare
with this the endings of the two
preceding letters.
BEADING LESSONS. 213
FABLES.
441. DE VITIIS HOMINUM.
Juppiter nobis 1 duas peras imposuit : alteram, 2 quae nos-
tris vitiis repleta est, post tergum nobis dedit ; alteram 2
autem, qua 3 aliorum vitia continentur, ante pectus nostrum 4
suspendit. Quare non videmus quae 5 ips! peccamus ; si
autem alii peccant, statim eos vituperamus.
442. MULIER ET GALLINA.
Mulier quaedam habebat gallmam, quae ei 6 cotidie ovum
pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari coepit illam 7 auri massam
intus celare, et gallmam occidit. Sed nihil in ea repperit,
nisi quod 8 in aliis gallmis reperlri solet. 9 Itaque dum
majoribus divitiis inhiat, 10 etiam minores 11 perdidit.
443. VULPES ET UVA.
Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata 12 ad illam subsiliit omnium
virium suarum contentione, 13 si earn forte attingere posset.
1 With imposuit; has placed 10 Gapes for = is greedy for.
on us. Notice here a peculiarity of the
2 Alter . . . alter, the one . . . Latin : the present is used after
the other. dum, though the perfect perdi-
3 Qua = in qua pera. dit follows. The English idiom
4 Compare ante pectus nos- requires us to translate such a
trum with post tergum nobis. present by the imperfect, was
5 What we sin = what sins we greedy for.
commit. On ipsi, see 270. 4. n Supply the Latin noun in the
6 For her. proper form.
7 Illam = illam galliiiam, 12 Perfect participle of con-
subject of celare. spicor, agreeing with vulpes.
8 Nisi quod = praeter id Translate by the present parti-
quod, ciple.
9 7s wont = is usually. 13 With the exertion.
214 HEADING LESSONS.
Tandem defatigata inam labore discedens, "At nunc etiam,"
inquit, "acerbae 1 sunt, nee eas 1 in via repertas 2 tollerem." 3
444. B-USTICUS ET CANIS FIDELIS.
Rusticus in agros exiit ad opus suum. Flliolum, qui in
cunis jacebat, reliquit canI 4 fideli atque valido custodiendum. 5
Adrepsit anguis immanis, qui puerulum exstincturus erat.
Sed custos fidelis corripit eum dentibus acutis, et, dum eum
necare studet, 6 cunas simul evertit super exstinctum anguem.
Paulo post ex arvo rediit agricola ; cum cunas eversas cruen-
tumque canis rictum videret, 7 Ira accenditur. 8 Temere igitur
custodem filioli interfecit ligone, quern manibus tenebat.
Sed ubi cunas restituit, 9 super anguem occisum repperit
puerum vivum et incolumem. Paenitentia facinoris 10 sera 11
fuit.
445. PUER MENDAX.
Puer in prato oves pascebat, 12 atque per jocum clamitabat,
ut sibi auxilium ferretur, quasi lupus gregem esset adortus.
Agricolae undique succurrebant, neque 13 lupum inveniebant.
Ita ter quaterque se elusos a puero viderunt. Deinde 14 cum
ipse 15 lupus aggrederetur, et puer re vera 16 imploraret au-
1 The plural, as if uvae had 9 Translate as if it were resti-
been used. tuerat ; after ubi, ut, and post-
2 Eas repertas, them found quam, meaning when, the perfect
if I had found them. indicative is commonly used, but
3 Would I pick them up. it is best rendered by the plu-
4 The so called dative of the perfect.
agent with custodiendum. 10 Translate,^?- the deed.
Translate, left for his . . . dog to n Too late.
quard. 12 The imperfect, denoting cus-
5 Literally, to be guarded. tomary action ; render, used to tend.
6 See p. 213, note 10. 13 But . . . not.
7 For the subjunctive, see 373. 14 See p. 106, note 1.
8 Present for perfect, called 15 Really. See 270. 6.
historical present. 16 Re vera, in earnest.
BEADING LESSONS. 215
xilium, nemo gregi subvenit, 1 et oves lupi praeda 2 sunt factae.
Mendaci homini 3 non credimus, etiam cum vera dicit.
446. SENEX ET MORS.
Senex quldam Hgna in silva ceciderat, 4 et, fasce in ume-
ros sublato, 5 domum redire coepit. Cum fatigatus esset 6 et
onere et itinere, deposuit Hgna, et, senectutis 7 et inopiae 7
miserias secum reputans, clara voce invocavit mortem, ut se
omnibus malls 8 liberaret. Mox adest 9 mors et interrogat
quid vellet. Turn senex perterritus : ' ' Pro ! hunc lignorum
fascem, quaeso, umeiis 10 meis imponas." 11
447. VULPES ET LEO.
Vulpes nunquam leonem vlderat. Cum huic forte occur-
risset, ita exterrita est, ut paene moreretur 12 formidine. 13
Eundem conspicata est iterum. Turn extimuit ilia quidem,
sed nequaquam ut an tea. Cum tertio 14 leonl obviam facta
esset, adeo non perterrita fuit, 15 ut auderet 12 accedere propius
et colloqui cum eo.
1 Cf. succurro. See 343. n Quaeso imponas = quaeso
How does the meaning help come ut impoiias.
from the primitive meaning ? 12 Is this clause a purpose or
2 Predicate nominative. result clause ? See illustrative ex-
3 Why dative ? See 343. amples, 352 ana 368.
4 From caedo, not cado. Are the clauses beginning with
5 From tollo, not suffero. cum temporal or causal? Read
6 For the subjunctive, see 373. again the illustrative examples,
7 Notice the order : the geni- 372 and 374.
tives coming first are made em- 13 Of fright.
phatic. 14 The third time.
8 Abl. of separation. See 13O. 15 To such a degree was not
9 See p. 214, note 8. frightened = was so far from being
10 Umeris . . . imponas, cf. frightened.
nobis , , . imposuit in 441.
216 READING LESSONS.
CAESAR'S TWO INVASIONS OF BRITAIN.
448. [In the latter part of the summer of B.C. 55, Caesar
brought his ships together into the country of the Morini, who
occupied the seacoast from the modern Boulogne northward, and
set sail for Britain.]
Caesar ipse cum omnibus copiis in Morinos proficiscitur,
quod l inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam trajectus. Hue
naves 2 undique ex flnitimis regionibus et quam 3 superiore
aestate 4 effecerat classem jubet convenire.
Nactus 5 idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem, tertia fere 6
vigilia solvit, equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredl et
naves conscendere et se sequT jussit. Ipse bora 7 circiter die!
quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit, atque ibi in
omnibus collibus expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit.
Hunc 8 ad egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus,
dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in
ancoris 9 exspectavit. Turn ventum et aestum uno tempore
nactus secundum, 10 dato signo et sublatls ancoris, circiter
1 Because. 4 Ablative of time when. See
2 Subject ace., together with 136.
classem, of convenire. 5 From nanciscor. Cf . nancti,
3 Goes with classem. Trans- p. 220, line 1.
late aloud the whole sentence, first 6 See p. 154, note 1. In trans-
following strictly the order of the lating to jussit, observe the sug-
Latin words, and rendering quam, gestion in note 3.
what . Probably the meaning will 7 Translate as if the order were
then be clear, and your translation circiter quarta hora diei, but
can be recast into good English. observe that circiter is here an
This method of discovering the adverb, and hora has the con-
meaning of a Latin sentence, as struction of aestate, line 4, and
distinguished from that of trying vigilia, line 6.
to determine first the subject and 8 Goes with locum.
predicate, and then the modifiers 9 In ancoris, at anchor.
of each, will often be found very 10 Goes with ventum and aes>
helpful. turn.
HEADING LESSONS. 217
milia passuum septera ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac
piano litore 1 naves constituit. At barbarl, consilio Roma-
norum cognito, nostros navibus egredi 2 prohibebant,
[It seemed for a time as if Caesar would not be able to effect a
landing at all. The Britons, larbari, as Caesar calls them, some
standing on the edge of the shore, or advancing into the water,
others driving in their horses with their two-wheeled chariots a
little way, to get nearer to the ships, fought the Romans manfully.
But they had to deal with an enemy as brave and determined as
themselves, and the Romans were fighting under the eye of Caesar.
At last one daring soldier showed them how to conquer.]
Is 3 qm decimae legionis aquilam ferebat contestatus deos
ut ea res 4 legion! feliciter evemret, " Desilite," inquit, 5
" milites, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prod ere : ego certe
meum 6 rei publicae atque imperatoii officium praestitero."
Hoc cum 7 voce magna dixisset, se ex navi projecit atque
in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Turn nostri, cohortati 8 inter
se, universi ex navi desiluerunt. 9 Pugnatum est ab utiis-
que 10 acriter. Nostri tamen in hostes impetum fecerunt
atque eos in fugam dederunt.
[As a result of this fight, and of some subsequent defeats, the
Britons submitted to Caesar, who soon after returned to Gaul.
1 We should expect in litore. 3 Subject of inquit. Observe
2 From disembarking. Cf. prog- the suggestion of p. 216, note 3.
ressus, egredlendum, progredl, 4 Do not translate thing.
above. It is by vigilant observa- 5 Always placed after one or
tion in reading, and comparison more of the words quoted.
of different forms from the same 6 Meum . . . officium, my to the
root, rather than from incessant public and to the general duty. Mark
resort to vocabularies and diction- the order, and see how it gives
aries, that the task of getting emphasis to meum.
a working knowledge of Latin 7 When, not with. See 373.
words is to be accomplished. 8 Cohortati inter se, encourag-
" Recollect that brains and com- ing each other.
mon sense, not thumbs, should 9 Cf. desilite, above.
get most exercise." 10 From uterque.
218 BEADING LESSONS.
The following summer, B.C. 54, Caesar prepared for a second
invasion of Britain. With about 20,000 foot-soldiers and 2,000
horsemen, he set sail from Portus Itius, which is probably the
modern Wissant, and landed in the neighborhood of Deal. There
are many reasons for supposing that these were the places of the
embarkation and landing of the preceding year.]
Caesar ad portum Itium, quo ex portu commodissimum l
in Britanniam trajectum esse cognoverat, circiter 2 milium
passuum triginta a continent!, cum legionibus pervenit. Ibi
cognoscit sexaginta naves, 3 quae in Meldis factae erant,
tempestate rejectas 4 cursum tenere non potuisse atque eodem
unde erant profectae revertisse ; reliquas paratas ad navi-
gandum atque omnibus rebus instructas invenit. Eodem
equitatus totius 5 Galliae convenit numero 6 milium quattuor,
principesque ex omnibus civitatibus ; ex quibus perpaucos,
quorum in se 7 fidem perspexerat, 8 relinquere in Gallia, reli-
quos obsidum loco 9 secum ducere decreverat ; 10 quod, cum
ipse abesset, motum Galliae verebatur.
Itaque dies circiter viginti qumque in eo loco commoratus,
quod corus ventus navigationem impediebat, qui magnam
partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, 11 tandem
idoneam nactus tempestatem 12 milites equitesque conscen-
dere 13 in naves jubet.
1 Commodissimum . . . tra- 6 For irregularity of declension,
jectum. Compare the order in see 200.
line 2, p. 216, and 7, p. 217. In 6 In number = to the number.
trying this first sentence, change 260.
mentally the order quo ex to ex 7 In se, towards himself.
quo ; then observe the suggestion 8 Cf . ccnspexit, p. 216, line 9.
of note 3, p. 216. 9 Obsidum loco, in the place
2 Cf . circiter milia passuum, of hostages = as hostages.
p. 216, line 13. 10 From decerno.
8 Subject ace. of potuisse and n From consuesco.
revertisse. Try this sentence 12 Idoneam nactus tempesta-
by the method already recom- tern. Cf. p. 216, line 6.
mended. 13 Conscendere in naves. Cf,
4 From reiciS. naves conscendere, p. 216, 1. 7.
READING LESSONS. 219
Labieno 1 in continente cum tribus legionibus et equitum
milibus duobus relicto, ut portus tueretur et rem frumenta-
riam provideret, quaeque 2 in Gallia gererentur cognosceret,
consiliumque pro 3 temporc et pro re caperet, ipse cum qum-
que legionibus 4 et par! numero equitum quern 5 in continentl
relinquebat solis occasu naves 6 solvit ; et lem Africo pro-
vectus, orta luce 7 sub sinistra 8 Britanniam rellctani con-
spexit.
Accessum 9 est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano
fere 10 tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est vlsus ; sed, ut
postea Caesar ex captlvls cognovit, cum 11 magnae manus eo
convenissent, multitudine navium perterritae, a litore disces-
serant ac se in super iora loca abdiderant. 12
Caesar, exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto,
ubi ex captlvls c5gnovit quo in loco 13 hostium copiae conse-
dissent, 14 de 15 tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit. Noctu pro-
gressus milia passuum circiter duodecim hostium copias
conspicatus 16 est. 111! equitatu atque essedls ad flumen
progress! ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium
committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu se 17 in silvas
1 Labieno . . . relicto. See 8 Supply manu; under the left
412. hand = on the left.
- Quaeque = et quae. The 9 Accessum est ad, it was come
que connects provideret and to = they reached. See 415 (2).
cognosceret: and might find out 10 See p. 154, note 1.
what was going on in Gaul. n Concessive. See 375.
3 Pro tempore et pro re, as 12 From abdo.
the time and circumstances required. 13 Quo in loco, in what place.
4 Quinque legionibus. See Compare for order quo ex porta,
top of page 218. P- 218, line 1.
5 Par! . . . quern, with a number L4 From consido.
equal (to that) which. 15 During. Cf. p. 216, lines 6
6 Naves solvit : cf . p. 216, and 6 -
line 6. 16 Compare for meaning con-
7 Orta lace, light having arisen spexit, lino 7.
= at daybreak; orta, from orior. 1T sg abdiderunt: cf. line 13.
220 BEADING LESSONS.
abdiderunt, locum nancti 1 egregie et natura et opere inuiiltum.
Ipsi ex silvis ran 2 propugnabant nostrosque intra munitiones
iugredi 3 prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae testudine
facta et aggere ad munitiones adjecto, 4 locum ceperunt eos-
que ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed
eos fugientes longius 5 Caesar prosequl vetuit, et 6 quod loci
naturam ignorabat, et quod magna parte die! consumpta
munition! castrorum tempus relinqui volebat.
Postridie ejus die! mane tripartite milites equitesque in
expeditionem misit, ut eos qui fugerant 7 persequerentur.
[While Caesar was in pursuit of the enemy, messengers came to
tell him that a violent wind had dashed his ships upon the shore
and broken up many of them, so that he was obliged to return.
Ten days were spent in hauling the ships up on land and strongly
intrenching them ; then, leaving men to guard and repair them,
he resumed his advance.
Caesar crossed the Thames where the river was fordable, at
what point is uncertain, meeting all the time with a determined
resistance from the Britons, but at last forcing them to submission.
The brave Cassivellaunus, chief of the Britons, did hi best to
defend his country, and showed himself a worthy antagonist even
of Caesar; nor would he yield to the Roman till his principal de-
pendents had dispersed with their troops and deserted him. The
autumnal equinox was now at hand, and Caesar thought it unsafe
to remain longer in Britain.]
Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, naves 8
invenit refectas. His deductls, quod et captivorum magnum
numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate deperierant 9
naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit, ac,
1 Cf . p. 216, line 5, and note. 5 Too far.
2 Here and there. 6 Both.
3 Ingredi prohibebant : cf. 7 Distinguish between fugio
egredl prohibebant, p. 217, line and fugo.
3, and note. 8 "We should expect navesque.
* From adicio. 9 From depereo.
HEADING LESSONS. 221
summa tranquillitate cousecuta, secunda inita 1 cum solvisset 2
vigilia, prima luce terram attigit omnesque incolumes naves
perduxit.
THE CUSTOMS AND HABITS OF THE BRITONS.
449. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos h
in msula ipsa memoria proditum 4 dicunt ; maritima pars ab iis
qui praedae ac belli inferendi 5 causa 6 ex Belgis transierant.
Hominura est infmita multitude creberrimaque aedificia, fere
Gallicis consmrilia ; pecorum magnus numerus. Utuntur aut
aere, 7 aut nummo aereo, aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus
examinatls pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in
mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed ejus exi-
gua est copia. Materia cujusque generis ut in Gallia est
praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam et
anserem gustare fas 8 non putant ; haec tamen alunt animi
voluptatisque causa. 9
Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi qui 10 Cantium
incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a
Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores pleiique 11 frumenta
non serunt, sed lacte et carne 12 vivunt, pellibusque sunt
1 From ineo; with vigilia. 6 Praedae . . . causa. See p.
2 Cf. p. 216, line 6, and p. 219, 209, note 1.
line 6. 7 From aes.
3 Quos natos, whom (to have 8 Supply esse.
been) born in the island itself, by 9 For the sake of their mind am'
memory (to have been) handed down, pleasure = for pastime. Cf. for the
they say. That is, who, they say, order praedae . . . causa, note 6.
according to tradition (memoria 10 Understand il, those, as the
proditum), were born in the island antecedent of qui. See p. 130,
itself. note 3.
4 Supply esse, as also with u Interiores plerlque, the
natos. people of the interior for the most part.
5 How otherwise might this be? i2 From caro.
222 HEADING LESSONS.
vestiti. Omnes vero se BritannI vitro mficiunt, quod cueru-
leuin efflcit colorem, atque hoc 1 horridiores sunt in pugna
adspectu; 2 capilloque 3 sunt promisso atque omm parte 4
corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius.
1 On this account. 4 Parte . . . rasa : another de-
2 In appearance. See 260. scriptive ablative. They are with
8 Capillo . . . promisso : de- every part of the body shaven = they
scriptive ablative (341). They are shave the whole body. Basa, f rom
with long hair they let their hair rado.
grow long.
YOCABULAKIES.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
IN this vocabulary words inclosed in brackets are, in most cases, those which are
given in Latin lexicons and special vocabularies as the primitives of those against
which they are set. But, except in compounds, it would be more correct to regard
the bracketed words as connected with the others in formation from a common
root or stem. It is on this ground that such instances will be found as metus
referred to metud, and metuo to metus. Neither is, strictly speaking, derived from
the other, but both are formed from the stem metu.
Words printed in Gothic Italic type are at once derivatives and definitions. Many
other more or less remotely derived words, not definitions, are added in SMALL
CAPITALS.
It will be seen that comparisons of words in reference to meaning are much more
frequent than is usual in special vocabularies. This has been done from the convic-
tion that the pupil should make such comparisons frequently from the outset.
a or ab
a or ab, prep. w. abl., away from, by.
ab-do, 3, -didi, -ditum, remove, con-
ceal. Cf. celo.
ab-dnco, 3, -duxi, -ductum, lead
away, take off".
ab-eo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, go from, go
off, go away. (327.)
ab-icio, 3, -jeci, -jectum [jacio],
throw off, throw down.
abies, -etis, ?., fir-tree. (11. 4.)
ab-sum, -esse, af ui, be away, absent,
distant ; with a or ab and abl.
ac, conj., see atque.
ac-cedo, 3, -cessT, -cessum [ad], go
or come near, approach. ACCEDE.
Cf. appropmquo.
ac-cendo, 3, -di, -censum [ad, and
supposed cando], kindle, inflame.
accido, 3, -cidi, [ad, cado],/a//
upon, fall out, happen. ACCIDENT.
Cf. incido and evenio.
accipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum [ad,
capio], (take to), receive, accept;
suffer.
ad-imo
accuse, 1 [ad, causa], accuse.
acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, keen;
active. (150.) ACRID. Cf. acutus.
acerbus, -a, -um, adj. [acer], bitter,
sour, harsh.
acies, -el, F. [acer], edge; order of
battle.
acriter, adv. [acer], sharply, eagerly.
acutus, -a, -um, adj. [acuo, sharpen^,
sharp. Cf. acer.
ad, prep. w. ace., to, towards, near.
ad-eo, adv., to this, thus far ; so, so
very.
ad-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go to, ap-
proach, visit. (327.)
ad-fero, adferre, attuli, allatum
(adl), bear to, bring. (321.)
ad-huc, adv., hitherto, up to this time.
ad-fio, 1, blow upon.
ad-icio, 3, -jec!, -jectum [jacio],
(throw to or against), add, join to.
ad-imo, 3, -emi, -emptum [em5],
(take to one's self from another),
take away, remove.
ad-ipiscor
226
alienus
ad-ipiscor, 3, adeptus [apiscor],
get, obtain. Cf. potior.
ad-jungo, 3, -junxi, -junctum, add,
join. ADJUNCT.
ad-juvo, 1, -juvi, -jutum, aid, help.
ad-in inistro, 1, manage, do, per-
form, administer.
ad-miror, 1, wonder at, admire.
ad-modum, adv., very.
ad-moveo, 2, -movi, -motum (move
up or towards), apply, employ.
ad-orior, 4, -ortus (rise up against),
attack. Cf. aggredior.
ad-repo, 3, -repsi, -reptum, creep
towards, steal slowly up.
ad-spicio (asp), 3, -spexl, -spec-
turn [ad, specie], look at; look.
adspectusj.-us, M. [adspicio], sight,
appearance, aspect.
ad-sum, -esse, -fui (affui), be pres-
ent, stand by, side with, w. dat.
adnlescens, -entis, M. and F. [ado-
lesco, grow], 'youth, young person.
ADOLESCENCE. Cf. juvenis.
ad-venio, 4, -veni, -ventum, come
to, arrive. Cf. pervenio.
adventus, -us, M. [advenio], ap-
proach, arrival. ADVENT.
ad-versus, prep. w. ace., against,
towards.
ad-versus, -a, -urn, adj. [P. of ad-
verto], opposite, opposed, adverse;
res adversae, adversity.
aedificium, -I, N. [aedifico], build-
ing. EDIFICE.
aedifico, 1 [aedis, facio], build.
aedis (es), -is, F., building, temple;
plur., house.
aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj., sick,
weak, feeble. (71.)
Aeinilius, -I, M., SEmilius, a Eoman
' consul. (79.)
aequalis, -e, adj. [aequus], equal;
noun, equal in age, companion.
aequus, -a, -um, adj., level, equal;
calm.
aer, aeris, M., air.
aereus, -a, -um [aes], of copper, of
bronze.
aes, aeris, N., copper, bronze ; money.
aestas, -atis, F., summer.
aestus, -us, M., tide.
aetas, -atis, F., age, time of life.
(105.)
af-fligo, 3, -xi, -ctum [ad], cast
down, prostrate, ruin.
Africa, -ae, F., Africa.
Africanus, -I, M. [Africa], Afri-
canus, surname of Scipio.
Africus, -I, M., south-west (wind).
ager, agri, M., Jield, territory. Cf.
campus. (65.)
agger, -eris, M. [ad, gero], (what is
carried to, i.e.) materials for a
mound; mound, rampart.
aggredior, 3, -gressus [ad, gradior],
go to ; attack. AGGRESSIVE. Cf.
adorior.
agito, I [frequentative of ago],
shake, disturb, vex, chase. AGI-
TATE.
agnosco, 3, -novi, -nitum [ad,
(g)nosc5, know], recognize. Cf.
cognosce.
ago, 3, egi, actum, drive, lead, act,
do.
agricola, -ae, M. [ager, colo],
farmer.
agri cultura, -ae, F. [ager, colo],
agriculture. Cf. agricola.
ala, -ae, F., wing.
albus, -a, -um, adj., white. Cf.
candidus.
Alexander, -dri, M., Alexander,
king of Macedon.
alienus, -a, -um, adj. [alius],
belonging to another; another's.
ALIEN.
alimeiitum
227
aro
alimentum, -I, N. [a!5], nourish-
ment, food, provisions.
aliquando, adv. [alius], at some
time, ever ; formerly, once. Cf . olim.
aliquis, -qua, -quid (-quod), indef.
pron., some one, some. (279.)
alius, -a, -ud, adj., another, other;
alius . . . alius, one . . . another.
(201.)
al-loquor [adl], 3, -locutus [ad],
speak to, address.
aid, 3, -ui, -itum and -turn, nourish,
support, strengthen; keep.
Alpes, -ium, r., the Alps.
alter, -era, -erum, adj., the other (of
two)', alter . . . alter, the one . ..the
other; asnum.adj., second. (200.)
altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep.
ambo, -ae, -5, num. adj., both.
anibulo, 1, walk, take a walk.
America, -ae, F., America.
amicitia, -ae, r. [amicus], friend-
ship.
amicus, -a, -um, adj. [&mu], friend-
ly ; noun, friend.
a-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum, send
away, let go, lose. Cf . perdo.
ainnis, -is, M., river. (154, 172.)
aino, 1, love, like, be fond of. (319.)
a in pi us, -a, -um, adj., large, splen-
did, renowned. AMPLE.
an, conj., or, used in the second
member of a double question.
ancillaj -ae, r., maid-servant.
ancora, -ae, r., anchor.
Ancus, -I, Ancus, fourth king of
Rome.
Androclus, -I, M., Androclus.
anguis, -is, M., snake, serpent. (154.)
angustiae, -arum, F. [angustus,
narrow], narrow pass. Cf. Eng.
" narrows."
animal, -alis, N. [anima, breath},
living being, animal. (149.)
animus, -i, M., mind, soul, spirit.
(27:J.)
annus, -I, M., year. ANNUAL.
anser, -eris, M., goose.
ante, prep. w. ace., before.
a n tea, adv. [ante], before.
ante-cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, go
before. Cf. anteeo.
ante-eo, -ire, -ii, , go before,
surpass. Cf. antecedo.
antiquus, -a, -um, adj. [ante],
old, ancient. ANTIQUITY. Cf.
vetus.
amilus, -I, M., ring, Jinger-r ing.
aper, apri, M., wild boar.
aperio, 4, -ui, -turn, open.
apertus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of ape-
rio], uncovered, open.
ap-pello, 1 [ad],ac?e/ress, call, name.
APPEAL.
ap-peto, 3, -Ivi, or -ii, -itum [ad],
seek after, strive for.
ap-propinquo, 1 [ad], come near,
approach. Cf. accedo.
apto, \,jit, apply, adjust. ADAPT.
apud, prep. w. ace., with, by, near,
among.
Apulia, -ae, F., Apulia, a division
of Italy.
aqua, -ae, F., water. AQUATIC.
aquila, -ae, F., eagle.
ara, -ae, F., altar.
aratrum, -I, N. [ar5], plough.
arbitror, 1, think, suppose, believe.
(429.)
arbor, -oris, F., tree.
arceo, 2, -ui, -turn, keep off.
arcus, -us, M., bow. ARC.
Ariovistus, -I, M., Ariovistus, king
of a German tribe.
anna, -orum, N. [armo], arms,
weapons, tools.
armo, 1 [arma], arm, equip.
aro, 1, plough.
Arpmum
228
bonum
Arplnum, -T, N., Arpinum, a town
in I tali/.
ars, artis, F., art.
arvuin, -I, N. [aro], ploughed land,
field.
arx, arcis, F., citadel. (103.)
Ascalaphus, -I, >i., Asca/aphus.
Asia, -ae, F., Asia.
asper, -era, -erum, adj., rough, harsh,
severe. ASPERITY.
asylum, -I, N., place of refuge, asy-
lum.
at, conj., but. (393.)
ater, -tra, -trum, adj., black, sable.
Athenae, -arum, F., Athens.
Atheiiiensis, -e, adj., [Athenae],
of Athens, Athenian.
at-que (before vowels and conso-
nants, ac before consonants only )
[ad, in addition'], and also, and
especially, and. Cf. et and -que.
atrox, -5cis, adj. [ater], savage,
fierce, harsh, cruel. ATROCIOUS.
Atticus, -i, M., Atticus, a friend of
Cicero.
attingo, 3, -tigl, -tactuin [ad,
tango], touch, approach, arrive at,
reach.
auctor, -oris, M. [augeo. increase'],
maker, author.
auctoritas, -atis, F. [auctor], coun-
sel, advice, authority.
audacter, adv. [audax], bold///.
audax, -acis, adj. [audeo], daring,
bold. (164). AUDACIOUS.
audeo, 2," ausus [audax], dare, be
bold. (p. 177, note 2.)
audio, 4, hear, listen. (223.)
AUDIENCE.
au-fero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum
[ab(s)], bear off, carry away.
(321.) ABLATIVE.
augeo, 2, auxT, auctum, increase,
enlarge.
aureus, -a, -urn, adj. [aurum], of
gold, golden.
auris, -is, F., ear.
aurum, -I, N., gold.
aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, either
... or. Cf. vel.
aut <>m, conj. (never the first word),
but, however, moreover. (393.)
autumnus, -I, M., autumn.
an x ill u in, -I, N. [augeo], help, aid,
support; plur., auxiliaries.
avarus, -a, -um, adj., greedy, rapa-
cious. AVARICIOUS.
a-verto, 3, -ti, -sum, turn away
from, avert.
avis, -is, F., bird. (154.)
avunculus, -I, M. [diminutive of
avus], (maternal) uncle.
avus, -I, M., grandfather.
barbarus, -a, -um, adj., foreign,
barbarous, barbarian.
beatus, -a, -um, adj. [beo, bless],
blessed, happy. BEATITUDE.
Belgae, -arum, M., the Belgae, a
Gallic tribe.
bello, 1 [bellum], war, carry on
war. Cf . bellum gero.
bellum, -T, N. [bello], war. (38.)
bellus, -a, -um, adj., pretty, charm-
ing, lovely.
bene, adv. [bonus], well.
beneficium, -I N. [bene, facio],
benefit, favor.
benlgne, adv. [benignus], kindly.
benignus, -a, -um, adj. [bene,
genus], (of good birth), kind, good.
BENIGNANT.
bestia, -ae, F., beast.
bibo, 3, bibi, p5tum, drink. IM-
BIBE.
bonum, -I, N. [bonus], good thing,
blessing,- plur., goods, possessions.
bonus
229
caveo
bonus, -a, -um, adj., comp. melior,
superl. optimus; good. (71, 208.)
bos, bovis, M. and r., ox, coiv.
(262.)
Bostonia, -ae, F., Boston.
bracchium, -I, N., arm.
brevis, -e, adj., short, brief.
Britannl, -orum, M., the Britons.
Britannia, -ae, F., Britain.
Brutus, -I, M., Brutus, a Roman
surname.
C., abbreviation for Gdjus.
cachiimo, 1, laugh aloud. Cf.
rideo.
cado, 3, cecidi, casura,/a//.
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind.
caedo, 3, cecidi, caesum, cut, cut
to pieces ; kill.
caelum, -I, N., sky, heaven.
caeruleus, -a, -um, adj. [for caelu-
leus, from caelum], dark-blue.
Caesar, (J.), -aris, M., Julius Cae-
sar, f. famous Roman.
Caius, -i, M. See Gajus.
calathus, -I, M., basket.
calcar, -aris, N. [calx, heel], spur.
(149.)
callens, -entis, adj. [P. of calleo,
be hard], hard, tough.
calliditas, -atis, F. [callidus, cun-
ning~\, shrewdness, cunning.
calor, -oris, M. [caleo, be warm'],
heat, warmth. CALORIC.
Campania, -ae, F., Campania, a
division of Italy.
campus, -I, M., field. CAMP. Cf.
ager.
candidus, -a, -um, adj. [candeo,
shine'], bright, fair, white. CANDID.
Cf. albus.
canis, -is, M. and F., dog. (153.)
CANINE.
Cannae, -arum, F., Cannae f a vil-
lage in Apulia.
Cannensis, -e, adj. [Cannae], of
Cannae.
Cantium, -I, N., Kent (in Britain').
canto, 1 [cano], sing. CHANT.
cantus, -us, M. [cano], singing, song.
(278.) CHANT.
capillus, -I, M., hair (of the head).
CAPILLARY.
capio, 3, cepi, captum, take, seize
(235) ; consilium capio, adopt a
plan. CAPTURE.
captivus, -I, M. [capio], captive,
prisoner.
caput, -itis, N.,Aeac/. (105.) CAPITAL.
Carbo, -onis > M., Carbo, a Roman.
career, -eris, M., prison. INCAR-
CERATE.
careo, 2, -ui, -itum, be without, want.
carmen, -inis, N., song, poem. (278.)
caro, carnis, -e., flesh.
carpo, 3, -si, -turn, pluck.
carrus, -I, M., icagon, cart. CAR.
Carthaginiensis, -e, adj. [Car-
thago], of Carthage, Carthaginian.
Carthago, -inis. F., Carthage, a
town in Africa,
Carthago Nova, a town in Spain.
carus, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious.
castra, -orum, N., camp.
casus, -us, M. [cado], a falling ; mis-
chance, misfortune, chance.
catellus, -I, M. [diminutive of catu-
lus], little dog, puppy.
Catilina, -ae, M., Catiline, a famous
Roman conspirator.
Cato, -onis, M., Cato, a celebrated
Roman censor.
cauda, -ae, F., tail.
causa, -ae, F., cause, reason ; causS
(after a genitive), for the sake.
caveo, 2, cavi, cautum, beware,
guard against.
cedo
230
comes
cedo, 3, cess!, cessum, go, depart,
withdraw; grant.
celer, -eris, -ere, adj., swift. (179.)
CELERITY.
celeriter, adv. [celer], swiftly.
celo, 1, conceal. Cf. abdo.
censeo, 2, -ul, -um, reckon; think,
deem, be of opinion. CENSURE.
(429.)
centum, num. adj., indecl., hun-
dred. CENT.
Ceres, -eris, F., Ceres, goddess of
agriculture. CEREAL.
certe, adv. [certus], certain//, sure-
ly, of course.
certo, 1, contend, strive, vie with.
certus, -a, -um, adj., fixed, deter-
mined, certain, sure; certiorem
facio, make (one) more certain,
inform.
[ceterus], -a, -um, adj. (usually in
plur.), the other, the rest.
cibus, -I, u.,food. Cf. pabulum.
Cicero, -onis, M., Cicero, a famous
Roman orator.
CimbrI, -5rum, M., the Cimbri, a
German tribe.
cingo, 3, cinxi, cinctum, bind, en-
circle, surround.
circiter, adv. [circus, circle'},
round about ; about.
circum-diico, 3, -dux!, -ductum,
lead around.
circum-silio, 4, -ii, [salio],
jump or hop around.
circum-venio, 4, -vem, -ventum,
surround ; circum yen t.
civis, -is, M. and F., citizen. (154.)
ci vitas, -atis, F. [civis], (body of
citizens), state; citizenship. CITY.
clades, -is, F., destruction, defeat,
disaster.
clamito, 1 [frequentative of cla-
B]? cry out, call out. Cf. exclamo.
clamor, -oris, M. [clamo], shout t
cry. CLAMOR.
clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear, re-
nowned, famous; loud.
classis, -is, F., class of citizens ;
fleet. (154.)
cliens, -entis, M., client. (163.)
coepi, coepisse (defective verb,
tenses from pres. stem wanting),
began.
coerceo, 2, -uT, -itum [co(m),
arceo, inclose"], confine, check, re-
strain.
cognosce, 3, -novi, -nitum [com,
(g)nosco], learn, recognize, know.
Cf . agnosco.
cogo, 3, -eg!, -actum [com, ago],
drive together, compel.
co-hortor, 1 [co(m), intensive],
exhort, urge, encourage.
Collatmus, -I, M., Co I latin us, sur-
name of Lucius Tarquinius.
collega (conl), -ae, M. [lego], (one
who is chosen with another*), col-
league.
colligo (conl), 3, -legi, -lectum
[com, lego], collect.
collis, -is, M., hill. (154.) Cf . mons.
colloquium, -i, N. [colloquor], con-
versation, colloquy.
col-loquor, 3, -locutus [com],
speak together, converse.
cold, 3, colui, cultum, cultivate,
till. Cf. incola, agricola.
colonia, -ae, F. [colonus, husband-
man, cold], colon/.
color, -oris, M., color.
columba, -ae, F., dove.
com (col, con, cor, co), primitive
form of cum, a prefix denoting
completeness or union; some-
times intensive.
comes, -itis, M. and F. [comitor
(com, e5)], comrade, companion.
comitor
231
contemplor
comitor, 1 [comes], accompany, at-
tend.
commeatus, -us, M. [commeo, go
to and fro'], passage, trip, exp di-
tlon.
com-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum, (Join
together), commit; proelium eom-
mittere, join battle, engage, toy in
fighting.
corn-modus, -a. -um, adj. (that has
proper measure), convenient, suit-
able.
com-moror, 1, stay, linger, delay,
remain.
com-moveo, 2, -movi, -motum,
(put in violent motion), shake, dis-
turb, agitate. COMMOTION.
coin-munio, 4, (fortify strongly),
secure, intrench.
com-perio, 4, -peri, -pertum, ascer-
tain, learn, find out.
com-pleo, 2, -plevi, -pletum, fill
out, fill up. Cf. impleo.
com-primo, 3, -press!, -pressum
[premo], press together; check,
suppress.
con-cutio, 3, -cussi, -cussum [com,
quati5], shake violently.
con-fero, conferre, contuli, colla-
tum (conl), [com], bring together,
collect; se conferre, betake one's
self. CONFER.
con-ficio, 3, -fed, -fectum [com,
facio], make, accomplish, carry
out.
con-fiteor, 2,-fessus [com, fateor],
confess.
con-fligo, 3, -xi, -ctum [com], con-
tend, fig/it. CONFLICT.
con-icio, 3, -jeci, -jectum [com,
jacio], (throw together), throw,
hurl.
con-junx, -jugis, M. and F. [com,
, spoiise, wife ; fnisband.
conor, 1, attempt, try.
con-scendo, 3, -di, -scensum, [com,
scando, climb'], ascend, embark;
go on board.
con-sequor, 3, -cutus [com], fol-
low close upon ; follow.
con-sldo, 3, -sedi, -sessum [com],
(sit together), encamp.
consilium, -I, N. [consulo, consul],
advice, counsel, prudence; plan,
design.
con-similis, -e, adj., very similar,
quite lilce.
con-spicio, 3, -spexT, -spectum
[com, specio, look], look at atten-
tively ; observe, see, behold.
con-spicor, 1, [cdnspicio], see at a
glance, descry, catch sight of.
coustans, -antis, adj., [P. of con-
sto],^?-TO, steady.
con-stat, 1, -stitit, impers., it is evi-
dent, clear.
con-stituo, 3, -ui, -utum [com,
statuo], (place or put together),
station, place ; determine.
con-suesco, 3, -suevi, -suetum
[com], become accustomed; in
perf., be accustomed.
consuetude, -inis, F. [consuetus],
habit, custom.
consul, -ulis, M. [consulo, consult] ,
consul. (134.)
consularis, -e, adj. [consul],per-
tainingto a consul, consular; noun,
ex-consul.
consulatus, -us, M. [consul], office
of consul, consulship.
con-sumo, 3, -sumpsi, -sumptum
[com], take up completely, con-
sume.
con-temno, 3, -psi, -ptum [com],
despise. CONTEMN.
contemplor, 1, look at, observe.
CONTEMPLATE.
con-tendo
232
cupio
con-tendo, 3, -dl, -turn [com],
(draw tight), exert one's self, strive;
hasten. CONTEND.
contentio, -orris, F. [contendo],
struggle, exertion, effort; conten-
tion.
contentus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of
contineo], contented ; w. abl.
con-testor, 1 [com, testis, witness"],
call to witness, invoke.
coil-linens, -entis, F. [P. of con-
tineo, sc. terra], continent.
con-tineo, 2, -ui, -tentum [com,
tene5], hold together, hold, con-
tain.
contra, prep. w. ace., against.
con-valesco, 3, -valui , [com,
valeo],yef well, grow strong. CON-
VALESCENT. Cf. valeo.
con-venio, 4, -vem, -ventum [com],
come together, assemble.
con-verto, 3, -ti, -sum [com], turn
around, turn, change. CONVERT.
copia, -ae, F. [com, ops], abundance,
wealth', plur., troops, forces.
cor, cordis, N., heart.
coram, prep. w. abl., in presence of.
Corinthus, -I, F., Corinth. (11,4.)
Coriolanus, -I, M., Cor iol anus, sur-
name of C. Marcius, a Roman
consul.
Cornelia, -ae, F. Cornelia, mother
of the Gracchi.
Cornelius, -I, M., Cornelius, a Ro-
mon family name.
cornu, -us, N., horn.
corpus, -oris, N., body. (140.)
CORPSE.
corrigo, 3, -rexi, -rectum [com,
rego], make straight, reform, cor-
rect.
corripio, 3, -ui, -rep turn [com,
rapid], seize, take hold of.
cor-rumpo, 3, -rupT, -ruptum,
[com], break in pieces, destroy ;
corrupt, bribe.
cortex, -icis, M. and F., bark, shell,
rind.
corus, -I, M., north-west (wind).
cotldie, adv. [quot, dies], daily.
eras, adv., to-morrow.
Crassus, -I, M., Crassus, a rich Ro-
man, contemporary of Ccesar.
creator, -oris, M. [creoj, creator.
creber, -bra, -brum, adj., frequent,
numerous.
credo, 3, -didi, -ditum, trust, believe ;
w. dat. CREDIT.
creo, 1, make, create; choose, elect.
Croesus, -I, M., Croesus, king of
Lydia.
crudelis,-e,adj.,crwe/, hard-hearted.
crudeliter, adv. [crudelis],crwe//^.
cruentus, -a, -um, adj. [cruor],
stained with blood, bloody.
cruor, -oris, M., blood, gore. Cf . san-
guis.
eras, cruris, N., leg.
culpa, -ae, F. [culpo], blame, fault.
CULPABLE. Cf. vitium.
culpo, 1 [culpa], blame, find fault
with.
culter, -tri, M., knife. COULTER.
cum, conj., when; since, as; though,
although. (372 ff.)
cum, prep. w. abl., with.
Cumae, -arum, F., Cumae, a town
in Campania.
cunae, -arum, F., cradle.
cunctatio, -onis, F. [cunctor], de-
laying, delay.
cunctor, 1, linger, hesitate.
cupiditas, -atis, F. [cupidus, cupio],
desire, eagerness. CUPIDITY.
Cupldo, -inis, M. [cupidus], Cupid,
god of love.
cupio, 3, -ivl, or -ii, -itum, desire,
be eager for. Cf. desidero.
cur
233
desiclero
cur, adv. [qua, re], why, wherefore.
cura, -ae, F. [euro], care, anxiety.
euro, 1 [cura], care for, take care.
curro, 3, cucurri, cursum, run.
currus, -us, M. [curro], chariot, car.
cursus, -us, M. [curro], a running,
course.
curvus, -a, -uni, adj., curved, bent ;
bend iii'/.
custodio, 4 [custos], guard, pro-
tect, defend.
custos, -odis, M. and F. [custodio],
guardian, keeper. CUSTODIAN.
cymba, -ae, F. boat. Cf. navicula.
Cyrus, -I, M., Cyrus, king of Persia.
Daedalus, -I, M., Daedalus, builder
of the Labyrinth,
da ii mo, 1, condemn.
Dareus, -I, M., Darius, king of
Persia.
Datis, -is, M., Datis, a Persian
general.
de, prep. w. abl., from, about, con-
cerning, of; (of time), in, during,
about.
dea, -ae, F., goddess, (p. 8, note 1).
debeo, 2, -ui, -itum, owe, ought.
DEBIT, DEBT.
decem, num. adj., indecl., ten.
December, -bris, M. [decem], De-
cember. Often as adj.
decem-plex, -icis, adj. [plico], ten-
fold.
de-cerno, 3, -crevl, -crctum (sepa-
rate from), decide, determine;
decree.
de-cerpo, 3, -si, -turn [carpo], pluck
off.
decet, 2, decuit, impers., it is be-
coming, fitting, proper.
decimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [de-
cem], tenth.
de-do, 3, -didi, -ditum (put from
one's self), surrender, deliver up.
de-duco, 3, -duxl, -ductum, lead
away, draw down, launch. DE-
DUCT.
de-fatlgo, 1, tire oat, exhaust.
de-fendo, 3, -di, -fensuin [defen-
sor], (strike off from], defend,
protect.
defensor, -oris, M. [defendo],
defender, protector.
de-fero, -ferre, -tull, -latum (bring
from], deliver ; report.
de-fessus, -a, -urn, adj., tired out,
weary.
de-ficio, 3, -feel, -fectum [facio],
(make away from], revolt; fa/1, be
wanting.
de-formis, -e, adj. [forma], mis-
shapen, ugly ; base, disgraceful.
de-iii de, adv. (from thence], then,
afterwards.
delecto, 1, delight.
delectus, -us, M. [deligo], se/ec-
tion ; levy.
deleo, 2, -evi, -etum, destroy. DE.
LETE.
deliciae, -arum, F., delight, darling.
de-migro, 1, migrate from ; emi-
grate, remove.
Demosthenes, -is, M., Demosthe-
nes, a famous Athenian orator.
denique, adv., finally, at last.
dens, dentis, M., tooth. DENTIST.
de-pereo, 4, -ii, , go to rum,
perish, be lost.
de-pono, 3, -posui, -positum, put
down, put by, lay doivn. DEPO-
NENT.
de-scendo, 3, -di, -scensum [scan-
do, climb^, come down, descend.
de-sero, 3, -ui,-tum, desert, abandon.
desldero, 1, desire, long for, miss
(319). Cf.opto, volo, and cupio.
de-silio
234
donum
de-silio, 4, -silui [salio, leap"],
leap down. Cf. subsilio and tran-
silio.
de-sisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum [stand ojf
or apart], leave off', cease ; desist.
de-spero, 1 [spes], be hopeless,
despair.
de-sum, -esse, -f ui, , be want-
ing, lack ; w. dat. Cf . deficio.
de-traho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, draw
off, take away.
deus, -I, M., god. (262.)
devoro, 1, swallow up, devour.
Diana, -ae, F., Diana, goddess of
the chase.
dico, 3, dixl, dictum, say, tell.
dictator, -oris, M. [dict5, dico],
chief magistrate, dictator.
dictatura, -ae, F. [dictator], office
of dictator, dictatorship.
dictito [frequentative of dico],
keep saying.
dies, -ei, M. and F., day. (253.)
dif-fero, differre, distuli, dilatum
[dis], scatter, separate, put off;
differ. (321.)
difficilis, -e, adj. [dis, f acilis, far
from easy'], hard, difficult. (207.)
digitus, -I, M., finger. DIGIT.
dignitas, -7itis, F. [dignus], worth,
dignity ; office.
dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy.
diligens, -entis, adj. [P. of diligo],
diligent, careful.
diligenter, adv. [diligens], dili-
gently.
diligentia, -ae, F. [diligens], dili-
gence, carefulness.
dMigo, 3, -lexi, -lectum [lego],
esteem, love. (319.)
duiiieo, 1, fight, contend. Cf.
pugn5.
di-midius, -a, -um, adj. [medius],
half.
di-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum, send
away, let go.
dl-moveo, 2, -movi, -motum (niove
asunder}, separate, drive away.
di-ruo, 3, dirui, dirutum, tear
asunder, destroy. Cf. rescindo.
dis, dl (a prefix denoting separa-
tion), asunder, apart, in different
directions. Cf. differo, discedo,
dissimilis, dimitto, diruo.
Dis, Ditis, M., Dis, another name
of Pluto.
dis-cedo, 3,-cessi, -cessum, depart,
withdraw, go off.
discipulus, -I, M. [disco], learner,
scholar, pupil. DISCIPLE.
disco, 3, didici, , learn.
dis-similis, -e, adj., (far from like'),
unlike, dissimilar. (207.)
din, adv., for a long time, long.
dives, -itis, adj. (cornp. ditior,
superl. divitissimus), rich. (167.
3.)
dlvitiae, -arum, F. [dives], riches,
wealth.
do, dare, dedi, datum, give ; put.
doceo, 2, -ui, -turn, teach, show.
doctus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of doceo],
learned. DOCTOR.
dolor, -oris, M., pain, grief. DOL-
OROUS.
dolus, -i, M., trick, deceit.
domicilium, -i, N. [domus], home,
abode.
doinina, -ae, F. [dominus], mistress.
dominor, 1 [dominus], be a lord
and master, rule. DOMINEER.
dominus, -i, M. [domina], lord,
master. (66.)
domus, -us, F., house, home ; domi,
at home. (262, 336.)
dono, 1 [ddnum], give, present,
DONATE.
donum, -I, N. [do], gift, present.
dorm id
235
erro
dorinio, 4, sleep. DORMITORY.
Drusus, -I, M., Drusus, a Roman.
dubito, 1 [dubius], hesitate, doubt.
INDUBITABLE.
(lubiuiii, -i, N. [dubius], doubt.
dubius, -a, -urn, adj. [duo], doubt-
ful. DUBIOUS.
ducenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. [duo,
centum], two hundred.
duco, 3, -duxi, -ductum [dux], lead.
Duilius (C.)> -I, M., Ca/us Duilius,
a Roman general.
dulcis, -e, adj., sweet, pleasant.
DULCET. Cf. suavis.
dum, adv., while, as long as; until.
duo, duae, duo, num. adj., tico.
(311. 4.)
duo-decim, num. adj., indecl. [de-
cem], twelve.
duo-de-triginta, num. adj., in-
decl., twenty-eight.
durus, -a, -um, adj., hard. EN-
DURE. Cf. difficilis.
dux, ducis, M. and F. [duco], leader,
general. DUKE. Cf. imperator.
ecce, interj., lo ! see! see there!
e-dico, 3, -dixi, -dictum, speak out,
declare, proclaim. EDICT.
edo, edere or esse, edi, esum or es-
sum, eat.
educo, I, bring up, train, educate.
e-duco, 3, -duxi, -ductum, lead out,
bring away.
ef-fero, efferre, extuli, elatum
[ex], bear out, bring forth. (321.)
ELATE.
efflcio, 3, -fed, -fee turn [ex, facio],
bring to pass, effect, complete;
make, construct.
egens, -entis, adj. [P. of egeo], in
want, needy, destitute.
ego, pers. pron., /. (264.)
e-gredior, 3, egressus [gradior,
step~\, go out, go forth; disembark,
land. Cf. exed.
egregie, adv. [egregius], remc.rk-
ably, excellently.
e-gregius, -a, -um, adj. [grex], re-
markable, excellent. EGREGIOUS.
elegans,-antis, adj., choice, elegant.
elephantus, -I, M., elephant.
e-liido, 3, -si, -sum, deceive, mock ;
elude.
e-mergo, 3, -si, -sum, arise, come
forth; emerge.
emo, 3, emi, emptum, buy, purchase.
enini, conj. (never the first word),
for. Cf. nam.
Ennius, -i, M., Ennius, father of
Roman poetry.
e-nuntio, 1, say out,divulge, declare,
report. ENUNCIATE.
e, see ex.
eo, adv. [is], to that place, thither,
there.
eo, ire, ii, itum, go. (327.)
eodem, adv. [idem], to the same
place.
Epirus, -I, F., Epirus, a division of
Greece.
epistula, -ae, F., letter, epistle.
eques, -itis, M. [equus], horseman,
knight.
equester, -tris, -tre, adj., [eques],
{pertaining to a horseman), eques-
trian.
equitatus, -us, M. [equito, eques],
(body ofequites"), cavalry.
equito, 1 [eques], (be a horseman},
ride.
equus, -I, M., horse.
ergo, adv., therefore, accordingly.
Cf. igitur and itaque.
e-ripio, 3, -ui, -reptum [rapio],
snatch out, seize and bear off.
erro, 1, wander ; err, mistake.
e-rudio
236
facio
e-rudio, 4, [rudis, rough'], train,
teach, instruct.
essedum, -I, N., two-wheeled war-
chariot.
et, conj., and; et . . . et, both . . .
and. Cf. atque, ac, and -que.
etiam, adv. and conj. [et, jam,
and now~\, also, even.
et-sl, conj., though, although.
Europa, -ae, F., Europe.
e-vado, 3, -vasl, -vasum, go forth,
escape. EVADE.
e-venio, 4, -vem, -ventum, come
forth, turn out, happen. EVENT. Cf .
accido and incido.
e-verto, 3, -ti, -sum, overturn, over-
throw, destroy.
e-volo, 1, fly away.
ex or e, prep. w. abl., out of, from.
examine, 1 [examen, test], weigh
out, weigh.
excelsus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of ex-
cello], elevated, lofty, high.
ex-cipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum [capio],
take out, except; receive, wel-
come.
ex-clamo, 1, cry out, exclaim. Cf.
clamito.
ex-cuso, 1 [causa], excuse.
ex-cutlo, 3, -cussi, -cussum [qua-
tio], shake out, strike off, drive
away, cast out.
ex-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go out, come
but. EXIT. Cf. egredior.
ex-erceo, 2 [arceo], keep busy,
employ; train. EXERCISE.
exercitus, -us, M. [exerce5], (the
thing trained), army.
exiguus, -a, -um, adj., scanty, small,
slight.
expedltio, -5nis, F. [expedi5], ex-
cursion, expedition.
ex-pello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, drive
out or away, expel.
ex-perior, 4, -pertus, make trial of,
test. EXPERT.
ex-plico, 1, -avi, -atum, and -ui,
-itum, unfold, explain.
explorator, -oris, M. [exploro], a
searcher out, explorer ; spy, scout.
ex-ploro, 1, search out, examine,
explore ; reconnoitre .
ex-pond, 3, -posui, -positum, put
or set out, expose ; draw up, mar-
shal.
ex-pugno, 1, take by storm, assault.
Cf. oppugno.
ex-sisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum (stand
forth), exist, appear.
ex-specto, 1, await, wait for, ex-
pect.
ex-spiro, 1, breath out, breath one's
last, expire.
ex-stinguo, 3, -nxl, -nctum (quench
completely}^ extinguish; kill, de-
stroy.
ex-terreo, 2, -ui, -itum, frighten,
affright.
ex-timesco, 3, -timui, [timeo],
fear greatly.
extra, prep. w. ace., without, out-
side of. Cf. intra.
ex-turbo, 1, thrust out, drive away.
faber, -bri, M., worker, carpenter.
FABRIC.
Fabius, -I, M., Fabius, a famous
Roman general.
Fabricius, -i, M., Fabric! us, </
famous Homan general.
fabula, -ae, F. [for, speak], story,
tale, fable.
facilis, -e, adj. [faci5], (that can be
done}, easy to do, easy. FACILITY.
f acinus, -oris, N. [facio], (the thing
done}, deed ; crime. Cf. scelus.
facio, 3, feel, factum, do, make.
fagus
237
frater
fagus, -I, F., beech-tree. (11. 4.)
Faliscl, -orum, M., the Faliscans,
a people of Etruria.
falso, adv. [falsus], falsely.
falsus, -a, -urn, adj. [fallo, deceive'},
deceptive, false.
fama, -ae, r. [for, speak"], rumor;
fame, renown.
fames, -is, p., hunger, famine.
fas, N., indecl. [for, speak], divine
law; often translated as adj.,
right, lawful.
fascis, -is, M., bundle.
fatigo, 1, tire out, weary. FATIGUE.
fatum, -I, N. [for, speak], (that which
is spoken), fate, destiny.
faveo, 2, favi, fautum, be favorable
to, favor, befriend ; w. dat.
febris, -is, F. [ferveo, be hot), fever.
Februarius, -I, M., February. Often
as adj-.
fellciter, adv. [felix], luckily, for-
tunately.
felix, -icis, adj., luck y, fortunate.
fera, -ae, F. [ferus], wild animal,
wild beast.
fere, adv., nearly , for the most part,
almost, about. Cf. paene.
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, bring ;
ferunt, they say. (321.) Cf.
porto and veho.
ferox, -ocis, adj. [ferus], fierce,
impetuous.
ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [ferrum], of
iron, iron.
ferrum, -i, N., iron.
ferus, -a, -nm, adj., ivild, san !</<-,
cruel.
fidelis, -e, adj. [fides], trust//, faith-
ful. Cf. fid us.
fideliter, adv. [fidelis], faithfully.
fides, -el, F. [fido, trust], trust, faith.
fid us, -a, -um, adj. [fido, trust],
trust i/, faithful.
filia, -ae, F., daughter, (p. 6, note 1),
Cf. nata.
filiolus,-!, M. [diminutive of filius],
little son.
filius, -i, M., son. (79.) FILIAL.
1'inio, 4 [finis], end, finish. FINITE.
finis, -is, M., end, boundary. (154.)
finitimus, -a, -um, adj. [finis],
bordering on, neighboring.
fio, fieri, factus (supplies pass, to
facio), be made, become. (327.)
firmo, 1 [firmus], make strong.
firrnus, -a, -um, adj. [firmo], stead-
fast, strong. FIRM.
flagro, 1, burn.
flecto, 3, -xi, -xum, bend, turn.
fleo, 2, flevi, fletum, weep, cry.
flo, 1, How.
flos, floris, M., flower. FLORAL.
fluinen, -inis, N. [fluo], (that which
flows'), river, stream. (172.)
fluo, 3, fluxi, fluxum, flow.
flu v ius, -i, M. [fluo], (the flowing
thing'), river, stream. (172.)
folium, -i, N., leaf. FOLIAGE.
tons, fontis, M., spring, fount, foun-
tain.
fore, for futurum esse.
formldo, -inis, ~F.,fear, terror.
forte, adv. [fors, chance], perchance,
perhaps, possibly.
fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave, cour-
ageous.
fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely,
courageously.
fortitude, -inis, F. [fortis], strength,
bravery, endurance, fortitude.
fortuna, -ae, F. [fors, chance], for-
tune.
forum, -i, N., market-place; forum.
frango, 3, fregi, fractum, dash in
pieces, break. FRACTION.
frater, -tris, M., brother. FRATER-
NAL.
fretus
238
Hasdrubal
fretus, -a, -um, adj., relying on,
trusting to; w. abl.
frigidus, -a, -um, adj. [frige5,
freeze], cold, frigid.
frondosus, -a, -um, adj. [frons],
covered with leaves, leafy.
frons, frondis, F., leaf, foliage; gar-
land of leaves.
frons, -tis, F., brow, forehead.
FRONT.
fructus, -us, M. [fruor], fruit. Cf.
frumentum.
frumentarius, -a, -um, adj. [fru-
mentum J, pertaining to grain;
res frumentaria, grain-supply.
frumentum, -I, N. [fruor], corn,
grain. Cf. fructus.
fruor, 3, fructus, enjoy; w. abl.
(3040
frustra, adv., in vain.
(frux), frugis, F. (oftener plur. ;
gen. frugum), \tr\LOT~\, fruit of the
earth, fruits. Cf. fructus.
fuga, -ae, F. [fugio, flee"], flight.
fugio, 3, fugi, [fugo, fuga],
run away. FUGITIVE.
fugo, 1 [fugio, fuga], put to flight,
chase, drive.
fungor, 3, functus, perform, dis-
charge ; w. abl. (304.) FUNCTION.
Gajus, gen. Gal (also written
Caius), M., Caius, a Roman first
name.
Galba, -ae, M., Ga/ba.
Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. [Gallus],
belonging to the Gauls, Gallic.
gallina, -ae, F. [gallus, cock~],
hen.
Gallus, -I, M., a Gaul.
gaudeo, 2, gavisus [gaudium], be
glad, rejoice, (p. 177, note 2.)
gaudium, -I, N. [gaudeo], joy,
delight.
gener, -eri, M., son-in-law.
gens, gentis, F., clan, family. GEN-
TEEL.
genii, -us, N., knee. (245.)
genus, -eris, N., birth, race; kind,
nature. GENDER.
Germanus, -a, -um, adj., German ;
noun, a German.
gero, 3, gessi, gestum, bear, carry ;
wage, manage, do.
gladiator, -oris, M. [gladius],
(swordsman), gladiator.
gladius, -i, M., sword.
gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame, renown.
gracilis, -e, adj., slender. (207.)
gradus,-us,M.,ste/>. (245.) GRADE.
Graece, adv. [Graecus], in Greek.
Graecia, -ae, F., Greece.
Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Grecian,
Greek ; noun, a Greek.
grameii, -inis, N., grass.
granum, -I, N., grain, seed.
gratulor, 1 [gratus], congratulate ;
w. dat.
gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable,
pleasing. GRATEFUL.
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, serious.
GRAVE.
graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily,
seriously.
gremium, -I, N., lap, bosom.
grex, gregis, M., flock, herd.
gusto, 1, taste, eat.
habeo, 2, have, hold.
habito,! [frequentative of habeo],
inhabit; dwell, live. (194.)
Hannibal, -alis, M., Hannibal, a
famous Carthaginian general.
Hasdrubal, -alis, M., Hasdrubal,
a Carthaginian general, brother vj
Hannibal.
hasta
239
imperiuni
hasta, -ae, F., spear.
haurio, 4, hausi, haustum, draw
(water), drain. EXHAUST.
Hector, -oris, M., Hector, chief of
t the Trojan warriors.
Henna, -ae, F., Henna, a city of
Sicily,
herl, adv., yesterday.
hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this,
this of mine ; abl., hoc, on this
account; as pers. pron., he, she,
it. (275.)
hiems(hiemps), hiemis, F., winter ;
storm.
hinc, adv. [hie], from this place,
hence.
Hispania, -ae, F., Spain.
Hispanus, -I, M., a Spaniard.
historia, -ae, F., history.
hodie, adv. [hoc, die], to-day.
Homerus, -I, M., Homer, the earli-
est and greatest Greek poet.
homo, -inis, M. and F. (human
being}, man. (138.)
honestas, -atis, F. [honestus], honor,
integrity, honesty.
honorifice, adv., honorably.
honor, -oris, M., honor.
honoro, 1 [honor], honor, respect.
hora, -ae, F., hour.
Horatius, -I, M., Horatius, Horace.
horridus, -a, -urn, adj. [horreo,
shudder at], frightful, rough, wild.
HORRID.
hortor, 1, urge, exhort, encourage.
hortus, -I, M., garden. (38.)
hospes, -itis, M. and F., host, guest,
guest-friend. HOSPITAL.
hostis, -is, M. and F., enemy. (149,
172.) HOSTILE.
hue, adv. [for old form h5c], to
this place, hither.
hnmanus, -a, -urn, adj. [homo],
human ; cultivated, refined.
humilis, -e, adj. [humus, ground},
(pertaining to humus), low, lowly,
humble, poor. (207.)
ibi, adv. [is], in that place, there.
Icarus, -I, Icarus, son of Dcedalus.
idem, eadem, idem, determ. pron.
[is], same. (270.)
idoneus, -a, -urn, adj., Jit, suitable,
proper.
Idus, -uum, F. plur., the Ides (of
the month). The thirteenth, except
in March, May, July, and Octo-
ber ; in those months the fif-
teenth. (244. 1.)
igitur, conj. (seldom the first
word), therefore, then. Cf. ergo
and itaque.
Ignavia, -ae, F. [ignavus], laziness,
idleness, cowardice.
ignavus, -a, -um, adj. [in, not,
gnavus, busy], lazy, idle, cowardly.
Ignis, -is, M., /re. (149.)
Ignore, 1 [Ignarus, ignorant], not
know, be ignorant of.
ille, -a, -ud, demon, pron., that
(yonder) ; as pers. pron., he, she,
it. (275.)
illuc, adv. [ille], to that place,
thither, there.
imago, -inis, F., image, likeness,
picture. (134.)
imitor, 1, imitate.
immanis, -e, adj., huge, immense,
monstrous. Cf . magnus.
impedio, 4 [in, pes], (entangle the
feet}, impede, hinder, prei~ nt.
im-pello, 3, -pull, -pulsum [in],
urge on, impel, prompt.
imperator, -oris, M. [impero],
commander, general. EMPEROR.
imperium, -I, N. [impero], com-
mand, authority, power. EMPIRE,
impero
240
MI-MUM
impero, 1 [imperium], order, com-
mand; w. dat.
impetro, 1, accomplish; gain, pro-
cure, obtain. Cf. adipiscor.
impetus, -us, M. [impeto, rush upon],
attack, onset. IMPETUOUS.
im-pleo, 2, -evi, -etum [in], Jill up,
Jill full, Jill. Cf . compleo.
im-ploro, 1 [in], cry out to, beseech,
implore.
im-pono, 3, -posui, -positum [in],
put or place upon.
improbus, -a, -um, adj. [in, not,
probus, good~], bad, wicked. Cf.
malus.
im-pro-viso, adv. [video], unex-
pectedly.
im-pudens, -entis, adj. [in], shame-
Jess, impudent.
in, prep. w. ace. into, to, against,
for; w. abl., in, on. (333, 1, 2.)
in, prefix, in composition with
nouns, adjectives, and parti-
ciples, often having negative
sense. Cf. Eng. tin-, in-, not.
i minis, -e, adj., empty, useless.
in-cautus, -a, -um, adj., incautious,
heedless.
in-certus, -a, -um, adj., uncertain.
in-cido, 3, -cidi, -casum [cado],
fall into; happen, befall. Cf. ac-
cido and evenio.
in-cipio, 3, -cepT, -ceptum [capio],
(take in hand), begin. Cf. ordior.
in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj., unknown.
incola, -ae, M. and F. [incolo], in-
habitant.
in-colo, 3, -ui, [incola], dwell
in, inhabit, live, dwell. Cf . habito
and vivo.
incolumis, -e, adj., unharmed, safe.
inde, adv. [is], thence.
indicium, -i, N., discovery, dis-
closure.
in-eo", -ire, -ii, -itum, go in, enter',
begin. (327.)
Infer!, -orum, M. (Inferus, below'],
inhabitants of the lower world, the
dead. INFERNAL.
In-fero, inferre, intuli, illatum
(inl) (bear in or against), cause;
bellum inferre, make war upon;
w. dat. (321.)
Infestus, -a, -urn, adj., hostile,
troublesome, dangerous. INFEST.
In-ficio, 3, -feel, -fectum [facio],
stain, color.
iii-fiiiitus, -a, -um, adj. [finis],
boundless, unlimited, infinite, vast.
In-flecto, 3, -xT, -xum, bend ; change,
alter. INFLECT.
in-gredior, 3, -gressus [gradior,
step"], enter.
in-hio, 1, gape at, long for.
in-imicus, -a, -um, adj. [amicus],
unfriendly, hostile ; noun, enemy.
(172.) INIMICAL.
in ilium, -I, N. [ineo], beginning.
INITIAL.
injuria, -ae, F. [in, jus], injustice,
injury, wrong.
injuste, adv. [injustus], unjustly.
inopia, -ae, F. [inops, without re-
sources'], want, poverty.
inquam, defective verb, say; in-
quit (placed after one or more
quoted words), said he.
in-stituo, 3, -ui, -utum [statuo,
place"], Jix, determine, undertake.
INSTITUTE.
Instructus, -a, -um [P. of instruo],
furnished, equipped.
In-struo, 3, -struxi, -structum
[stru5, build'}, build up, form, in-
struct, teach.
Insula, -ae, F., island. PENINSULA.
in-sum, -esse, -fuT, , be in,
among; w. dat. and in w. abl.
intel-lego
241
judicium
Intel-lego, 3, -lex!, -lectum [inter],
see into ; understand. INTELLECT.
inter, prep. w. ace., between, among,
arn id.
inter-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, perish.
inter-duni, adv., sometimes.
inter-ficio, 3, -feel, -fectum [fa-
cio], kill, put to death. Cf. neco
and occido.
interior, -us, adj. [no positive],
inner, interior.
inter-pello, 1, interrupt; entreat,
importune.
inter-rogo, 1, ask, inquire, question.
(382.) INTERROGATION.
inter-sum, -esse, -f ui, , be pres-
ent at or among ; w. dat. Cf. ad-
sum.
intra, prep. w. ace., within. Cf.
extra.
in-tueor, 2, look towards, at, or upon .
INTUITION.
intus, adv. [in], within, inside.
in-venio, 4, -vem, -ventum, come
upon, find, meet iviih, discover.
INVENT. Cf. reperio.
in-vicem, adv., by turns, in turn,
alternately.
in-victus, -a, -um, adj., unconquer-
able, invincible.
invito, 1, invite.
invftus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling, re-
luctant.
in-voco, 1, call upon, invoke.
io, inter j., ah! oh!
ipse, -a, -um, intens. pron., self,
very. (270.)
ira, -ae, F., anger, wrath,' ire.
ir-rldeo, 2, -risi, -risum [in], laugh
at, ridicule ; jest, mock..
is, ea, id, determ. pron., that; as
pers. pron., he, she, it. (270.)
iste, -a, -ud, demon, pron., that (of
yours). (275.)
ita, adv., so, thus. Cf. sic.
Italia, -ae, F., Italy.
I talus, -a, -um, adj., Italian.
ita-que, conj., and so, therefore. Cf.
ergo and igitur.
item, adv. [ita], likewise, also.
ITEM.
iter, itineris, N. [eo], way, road,
march. (262.) ITINERANT.
iterum, adv., a second time, again.
ITERATION.
Ithaca, -ae, F., Ithaca, an island in
the Ionian Sea.
I this, M., Itius, a port in Gaul.
jaceo, 2, -ui, [jacio], (be
thrown), lie.
jacio, 3, jecl, jactum [jaceo], throw,
cast, hurl,Jling.
jam, adv., already, now, at last. Cf .
nunc.
jamjam, adv., already; jamjam
venturus, on the point of coming.
janua, -ae, F. [Janus], door. Cf.
porta.
Janus, -i, M. [janua], Janus, the
two-faced god.
jejunium, -I, N. [jejunus], fast,
hunger.
jejunus, -a, -um [jejunium], fast-
ing, hungry, without food.
jocus, -I, M. (plur. joci and joca),
joke, jest ; per jocum, in jest, for
a joke.
Johanniculus, -I, M., little John,
Johnny, Jack.
jubeo, 2, jussl, jussum, bid, order,
command. Cf. imperd.
jucundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant,
agreeable.
judex, -icis, M. [judico], judge.
(105.)
judicium, -I, N. [judico], judg-
ment, opinion.
judico
242
loquor
judico, 1 [judex],yW$re. (429.)
Julius, -I, M., Julius, a Roman
family name.
Juppiter, Jo vis, M., Jupiter, the su-
preme deity of the Romans. (262.)
juro, 1 [jus], swear, take an oath.
jus, juris, N., right, justice. (140.)
Cf. fas.
jussus, -us, M. [jubeo], command,
order.
juste, adv. [Justus], rightly, justly.
juvenis, -is, M. and F., youth, young
person. Cf. adulescens.
juventus, -utis, r. [juvenis], the
season of youth, youth.
Labienus, -i, M., Labienus, a lieu-
tenant of Ccesars.
labor, M., -oris, labor.
laboro, 1 [labor], work, toil.
labrum, -I, N., lip.
lac, lactis, N., milk. LACTEAL.
IJacedaemonii, -orum, M., the
Lacedaemonians.
lacrima, -ae, F., tear. LACRYMOSE.
lacus, -us, M., lake, pond.
Laevlnus, -I, M., Laevinus, a Ro-
man consul.
lapis, -idis, M., stone. LAPIDARY.
Latine, adv. [Latinus], in Latin.
Latinus, -a, -um, adj. [Latium],
Latin ; noun, a Latin.
latro, 1, bark, bark at.
latro, -onis, M., robber.
latns, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide.
LATITUDE.
latus, -eris, N., side. LATERAL.
laudo, 1 [lavs'], praise, laud.
laus, laudis, F. [laudo], praise,
glory, fame.
legatus, -I, M. [lego, depute], am-
bassador, lieutenant. LEGATE.
legio, -onis, F. [lego], (a gathering},
legion.
lego, 3, legi, lee turn, gather ; se-
lect ; read.
lenis, -e, adj., soft, smooth, gentle.
leo, -onis, M., lion. (134.)
lepus, -oris, M., hare.
levis, -e, adj. [levo], light. (150.)
levo, 1 [levis], lift up, raise, lighten.
lex, legis, F., law. LEGAL.
libenter, adv. [libet, it pleases],
willingly, gladly ; libenter video,
/ am glad to see.
liber, -bri, M., book.
liber, -era, -erum, adj., free. LIB-
ERAL. (71.)
Liber, -eri, ,M., Bacchus, god of
wine.
libere, adv. [liber], freely, fear-
lessly .
liberi, -orum, M. [liber], children.
(60.)
libero, 1 [liber], set free, free, lib-
erate ; w. abl.
libertas, -atis, F. [liber], freedom,
liberty.
licet, 2, licuit or licitum est, im-
pers., it is permitted, (one} may.
ligneus, -a, -um, adj. [lignum], of
wood, wooden.
lignum, -i, N., wood; plur., sticks
of wood.
ligo, -onis, M., mattock, hoe.
ill in in, -I, N., lily.
lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.
littera, -ae, F., letter (of the alpha-
bet}-, plur., letter, epistle-, litera-
ture.
litus, -oris, N., shore, beach, bank.
locus, -I, M. (plur., loci and loca),
place, position, spot. LOCAL.
longe, adv. [longus] Jc /ar off; wide-
ly, greatly, much, by much.
longus, -a, -um, adj., long. LON-
GITUDE.
loquor, 3, loeutus, speak, talk.
luctus
248
melior
luctus, -us, M. [lugeo], mourning,
lamentation.
lucus, -I, M. [luceo, shine] t (open
place in a wood), wood, grove.
ludo, 3, lusi, lusum [ludus], play.
InterLUDE.
ludus, -i, M. [ludo], game, play.
lugeo, 2, luxi, , mourn, lament.
Inmeii, -inis, N. [Iuce5, lux], light.
LUMINOUS.
luna, -ae, F. [luceo, lux], moon.
LUNA.
lupUS, -1, M., Wolf.
lusciiiia, -ae, F., nightingale.
lux, lucis, F. [luceo, shine], light,
daylight.
M., abbreviation of Marcus, a Ro-
man first name.
macte, adj. [voc. of mactus], be
honored, be blessed; hail! well
done! (p. 178, note 3.)
maculo, 1, stain.
magis, adv. [mag(nus)], more.
magister, -tri, M. [mag(nus)],
master, teacher. Cf . praeceptor.
magistratus, -us, M. [magister],
(the office of a magister) , magis-
tracy, magistrate.
magnificus, -a, -um, adj. [mag-
nus, facio], splendid, magnificent.
magnitiHlo, -inis, F. [magnus],
greatness, size, magnitude.
magnus, -a, -um, adj. (comp. major,
superl. maximus), great, large.
major, -us, comp. of magnus.
MAJOR.
male, adv. [malus], badly, ill.
(219.)
malo, malle, maluT, [magis,
volo], be more willing, prefer,
would rather. (316.)
maluiii, -T, N., bad thing, evil.
inaluni, -I, N., apple.
malus, -a, -um, adj. (comp. pejor,
sup. pessimus), bad, evil ; baleful.
(208.) Cf. improbus.
mane, adv., in the morning.
maiieo, 2, mansi, mansum, stay,
remain, await.
manes, -ium, M., departed spirits,
souls.
Maulius, -i, M., Manlius, a Roman.
manus, -us, F., hand; force, band.
(244, 1.) MANUAL.
Marcellus, -I, M., Marcel I us, a
Roman general.
mare, -is, N., sea. (149.) MARINE.
maritimus, -a, -um, adj. [mare],
belonging to the sea, bordering on
the sea, maritime.
Marius (C.)> -i, M., Gdjus Marius,
a famous Roman general.
Martius, -I, M. [Mars], March.
Often as adj.
massa, -ae, F., mass.
mater, -tris, F., mother. MATER-
NAL.
materia, -ae, F. [mater], (mother-
stuff^, materials, timber.
matrona, -ae, F. [mater], matron,
wife, lady.
mature, 1 [maturus, ripe], hasten.
maxime, adv. [maximus], most t
especially, greatly. (219.)
maximus, -a, -um, superl. of ma-
gnus. (208.)
medicus, -T, M. [medeor, cure],
physician. MEDICINE.
medlterraneus, -a, -um, adj. [me-
dius, terra], midland, inland.
MEDITERRANEAN.
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle;
often to be translated midst.
Meldi, -orum, M., the Meldi, a people
of Gaul.
melior, -us, comp. of bonus.
(208.)
mellitus
244
morior
mellitus, -a, -urn, adj. [mel, honey"],
honey-sweet, darling.
memor, -oris, adj., mindful. (150.)
MEMORABLE.
memoria, -ae, F. [memor], memory.
mendacium,-!, N. [mendax], lying,
falsehood.
mendax, -acis, adj., [mentior],
lying, deceitful.
mens, mentis, F., mind, purpose.
(273.) MENTAL.
mensa, -ae, F., table.
mensis, -is, M., month.
mentior, 4 [mendax], lie, deceive.
Mercurius, -i, M., Mercury, messen-
ger of the gods. (79.)
mereo, ) 2, be ivorthy of, deserve,
mereor, ; merit.
meridianus, -a, -urn, adj. [men-
dies], of or belonging to midday,
noon; meridian.
Metellus, -I, M., Metellus, a Roman
general.
metuo, 3, -ui, -utum [metus],year.
Cf. timeo.
metus, -us, M. [metuo], fear, dread.
Cf. timor.
meus, -a, -urn, poss. pron. (voc.
sing. mas. ml), my, mine.
migro, 1, migrate.
miles, -itis, M., soldier. (105.) MIL-
ITARY.
mille, num. adj., indecl. in sing.;
in plur. nrilia, -ium, thousand.
(311, 6.)
Miltiades,-is, M., Miltiades.a Greek
general.
Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, goddess
of wisdom.
minime, adv. [minimus], least;
no, by no means, far from it.
minister, -tri, M. [minus], (cm in-
ferior}, servant. (66.) MINISTER.
Cf. magister.
minor, 1 [minae, threats'], threaten.
minor, -us, comp. of parvus.
minus, adv. [minor], less.
mirabilis, -e, adj. [miror, wonder
at~], to be wondered at; wonderful,
extraordinary.
misellus, -a, -um, adj. [diminutive
of miser], poor little.
miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched,
unhappy, miserable.
miseret, 2, -itum est, impers. [mi-
ser], it makes miserable, it excites
pity, (one) pities; nos miseret, we
pity. (415.)
miseria, -ae, F. [miser], wretched-
ness, misery.
Mithridates, -is, M., Mithri dates,
king of Pontus.
mitto, 3, imsi, missum, send. MIS-
SION.
modestia, -ae, F. [modestus], mod-
esty.
modius, -I, M. [modus], measure;
peck.
modo, adv. [modus], only ; modo
. . . modo, now . . . now.
molestus, -a, -um, adj. [moles,
pile~], troublesome. MOLEST.
in oil io, 4 [mollis], soften. MOL-
LIFY.
moneo, 2, -ui, -itum, remind, ad-
vise, warn. MONITOR. (112.)
nioiis, mentis, M., mountain, hill.
Cf. collis.
monstro, 1 [moneo], show, point
out. DEMONSTRATE.
monumentum, -i, N. [moneo],
(that which reminds), memorial,
monument.
mora, -ae, F., delay.
Morini, -orum, M., the Morini, a
people of Gaul.
morior, 3, mortuus [mors], (fut.
part, moriturus), die.
morosus
245
noctu
morosus, -a, -um, adj. [moB], fret-
ful, cross ; morose.
mortalis, -e, adj. [mors], (liable
to death}, mortal.
mortuus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of mo-
rior], dead.
inors, mortis, F. [morior], death.
mos, m5ris, M., manner, habit, cus~
torn. (140.) MORAL.
motus, -us, M. [moved], motion,
movement; tumult, disturbance.
moveo, 2, movi, motum, move.
mox, adv., soon, presently.
mulier, -eris, F., woman.
multitude, -inis, F. [multus], mul-
titude.
multum, adv. [multus], much.
multus, -a, -um, adj., comp. plus,
superl. plurimus, much, many.
mundus, -i, M., world, universe. Cf.
>rbis terrarum.
iiiunio, 4 [moenia, fortifications'},
fortify, defend.
munitio, -6nis, F. [munio], fortifi-
cation. MUNITION.
mums, -I, M., wall.
muto, 1, change, alter. MUTATION.
nam, con j., for. Cf. enim.
nanciscor, 3, nanctus and nactus,
get, obtain ; find, meet with.
narro, 1, tell, relate, report, narrate.
nascor, 3, natus, be born; be found.
Nasica, -ae, M., Nasica, surname
of one of the Scipios.
nata, -ae, F. [P. of nascor],
daughter. Cf. filia.
natura, -ae, F. [nascor], nature.
nauta, -ae, M. [for navita; navis],
tailor.
navicula, -ae, F. [diminutive of
navis], little vessel, boat. Cf.
cymba.
navigatio, -onis, F. [navigo], a
sailing; navigation.
navigo, 1 [navis, ago], sail, set
sail.
navis, -is, F., ship. (154.) NAVAL.
ne, conj., that not, lest ; w. hortatory
subjunctive, not.
ne, interrog. adv., enclitic, (p. 10,
N. 2.) Cf. nonne and num.
necessarius, -a, -um, adj. [ne-
cesse], necessary.
necessities, -atis, F. [necesse], ne-
cessity, constraint.
neco, 1, kill, slay. Cf. interficio
and occid5.
necto, 3, nexul and nexl, nexum,
bind, weave.
nego, 1 [ne, aio, say"], say not, deny ;
refuse.
nemo, -inis, M. and F. [nc, homo],
no one. For gen. and abl. use
nullms, nullo.
Neptunus, -I, M., Neptune, god of
the sea.
iie-quaquam, adv., by no means,
not at all.
ne-que or nee, and not ; neque . . .
neque, neither . . . nor.
ne-scio, 4, know not, be ignorant of
neuter, -tra, -trum, adj., neither
(of two}. (200.) NEUTRAL.
niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black. Cf.
ater.
nihil, N., indecl., nothing.
illinium, adv., too, too much.
ni-si, conj., if not, unless, except.
nix, nivis, F., snow. (107, 2.)
nobilis, -e, adj. [nosco], well-known,
famous; noble.
noceo, 2, -ui, -itum, do harm to,
hurt, injure; w. dat. Noxious.
Cf. obsum.
noctu, adv. [nox], by night, in the
night.
nolo
246
octo
nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne, volo],
be unwilling, will not, not wish.
(316.)
nomen, -inis, N. [nosco], (that by
which a thing is known*), name.
NOMINAL. (134.)
noinino, 1 [nomen], name, call.
lion, adv. [ne, unum], not.
non-lie, interrog. adv., expecting
an affirmative answer, not ? Cf .
-ne and num.
non-nullus, -a, -um, adj. (not none"),
some.
mums, -a, -um, num. adj. [novem],
ninth.
noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron.,
our, ours. Nostri, our men.
iiotus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of nosco],
known.
novus, -a, -um, adj., new. NOV-
ELTY.
nox, noctis, F., night. (167. 2.)
NOCTURNAL.
nubes, -is, F., cloud. (149.)
mill us, -a, -um, adj. [ne, ullus],
not any, no, none. (200.) NUL-
LITY.
mini, interrog. adv., expecting a
negative answer, whether. Cf.
nonne and -ne.
Numa, -ae, M., Numa (Pompilius*),
second king of Rome.
numerus, -I, M., number.
minimus, -I, M., piece of money,
coin.
nu c, adv., now. Cf. jam.
nunquam, adv. [ne, unquam],
never.
nuntio, 1 [nuntius], announce,
report.
nuntius, -I, M. [nuntio], bearer of
news, messenger.
nusquam, adv. [ne, usquam], no-
where.
nutrio, 4, feed, nourish, support.
Cf. alo.
5, inter j., 0, Oh!
ob-eo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, go to, reach t
meet.
ob-Hgo, 1 [ligo, bind'}, bind, oblige,
put under obligation.
obllviscor, 4, oblltus, forget.
ob-ruo, 3, -ui, -utum, overwhelm,
cover, bury.
obses, -sidis, M. and F. [ob, sedeo],
(one who sits or remains as a
pledge"), hostage.
ob-sideo,, -sedi, -sessum [sedeo],
(sit against), blockade, besiege.
Cf. oppugno.
ob-sisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, oppose,
withstand, obstruct; w. dat.
ob-sum, -esse, -fui, , be against,
opposed t ; injure; w. dat. Cf.
noceo.
ob-tempero, 1, comply with, yield
to; w. dat.
ob-viam, adv., in the way, toivards ;
with verb of motion, meet; w. dat.
occasus, -us, M. [occido], (a sink-
ing*), setting.
occido, 3, -cidi, -casum [ob, cado],
fall down, fall.
occido, 3, -cidi, -cisum [ob, caedo,
cut"], cut down, kill. Cf. nec5 and
interficio.
occupo, 1 [ob, capio], take posses-
sion of, seize ; occupy. Cf . potior.
oc-curro, 3, -cum, -cursum [ob],
run to meet; meet, fall in with.
OCCUR.
oceanus, -I, M., ocean.
ocellus, -I, M. [diminutive of ocu-
lus], little eye.
octavus, -a, -um, num. adj. [octo],
eighth.
ooto, num. adj., indecl., eight.
oculus
247
parens
oculus, -I, M., eye. OCULAR.
of-fero, offere, obtuli, oblatum
[ob], (bring before), present, offer.
(321.)
officium, -I, N. [opus, f acid], service,
duty, office.
olirn, adv. [olle, old form of ille],
(at that time); formerly, once; at
some time or other; hereafter. Cf.
aliquando and quondam.
omnis, -e, adj., whole, all, every. Cf.
totus.
onus, -eris, N., load, burden. ON-
EROUS.
opera, -ae, F. [opus], labor, care,
attention ; operam dare, try ; ope-
ra, on account of. OPERATE.
oportet, 2, -uit, impers. [opus], it
is necessary, it behooves; (one)
must or ought.
oppidanus, -a, -um, adj. [oppi-
dum], of a town; noun, townsman.
oppidum, -I, N., town.
op-pleo, 2, -evi, -etum [ob], Jill
up; cover.
opportnnus, -a, -um, adj., ./if, con-
venient, suitable; opportune.
op-pugno, 1 [ob], attack, assault,
besiege. Cf . expugno and obside5.
[ops], opis, F., aid, assistance;
plur., power, strength, resources.
op time, adv. [optimus], most ex-
cellently, best. (219.)
opto, 1, wish, desire, long for. Cf.
cupio and desidero.
opus, -eris, N., work, labor (140) ; as
indecl. noun, need, necessity ; opus
est, it is necessary.
oraculum, -I, N. [oro], oracle.
o ratio, -onis, F. [6r5], prayer, plea ;
speech, oration.
orator, -oris, M. [oro], orator, am-
bassador.
orbis, -is, M., circle, orb; orbis ter-
rarum, earth, world. (154.)
orbus, -a, -um, adj., bereaved, child-
less.
Orcus, -I, M., Orcus, the lower world ;
also Pluto, the god of the lower
world.
ordior, 4, orsus, begin, undertake.
Cf. incipi5.
ordo, -inis, M., row, rank; order,
arrangement.
orisns, -entis, M. [P. of orior],
rising; east.
orior, 4, ortus (pres. ind. of conj.
3, orgris, oritur; imp. subj. orirer
ororirer; fut. part, oriturus), rise,
appear; begin.
ornamentum, -i, N. [orno], (that
ivliich adorns), ornament, jewel.
omo, 1, adorn, ornament.
oro, 1 [6s], pray, beg. Cf . petd and
rog5.
os, 5ris, N., mouth, face. ORAL.
os-tendo, 3, -di, -ensum [ob(s)],
(stretch out before*), show, display.
ostium, -I, K. [6s], entrance, door.
ovis, -is, P., sheep.
ovum, -I, N., egg. OVAL.
pabulum, -i, N. [pasco], food, fod-
der. Cf. cibus.
paene, adv., nearly, almost. Cf.
fere.
paenitentia, -ae, p. [paeniteo],
repentance, penitence. PENITEN-
TIARY.
pains, -udis, F., swamp, marsh.
par, paris, adj., equal.
paratus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of paro],
ready, prepared.
parco, 3, perperci (parsi), parsum,
spare; w. dat.
parens, -entis, M. and F., parent.
(167. 1.)
pareo
248
per-spicio
pareo, 2, -ui, , (come forth, ap- ;
pear), be obedient to, obey ; w. dat.
pario, 3, peperi, paritum and par-
turn, bring forth, lay.
pariter, adv. [par], equally.
paro, 1, make ready, prepare, get.
pars, partis, F., part, piece, portion,
share.
partior, 4 [pars], divide; part,
share.
Parus, -I, F., Paros, an island in the
JEgean Sea. (11. 4.)
parvus, -a,-um, adj. (comp. minor,
superl. minimus), small, little.
pasco, 3, pa vi, pastum, feed, tend;
pasture.
passer, -eris, M., sparrow.
passus, -us, M. [pate5], (a stretch-
ing out of the feet in walking"),
step, pace.
pastor, -oris, M. [pasc5], feeder,
keeper; shepherd. (134.) PASTOR.
pateo, 2, -ui, , lie open, be open.
P. patens, open.
pater, -tris, M., father. (134.) PA-
TERNAL.
patienter, adv. [patiens], patient-
ly, with patience.
patior, 3, passus, bear, suffer, en-
dure. PASSION.
patria,- -ae, F. [patrius, pater ; sc.
terra], fatherland, native land,
country. EXPATRIATE.
paucus, -a, -urn, adj. (generally
plur.),/eu>, little. PAUCITY.
paulo, adv. [paulus], by a little,
little.
paulus, -a, -urn, adj., little.
Paullus, -I, M., surname of^Emilius.
pauper, -eris, adj., poor. (1 67. 3.)
pax, pacis, F. (no gen. plur.),
peace. PACIFY.
peccatum, -I, N. [pecco], mistake,
fault, sin.
pecco, 1, make a mistake, commit a
fault, sin.
pectus, -oris, N., breast.
pecus, -oris, N., cattle, herd.
pedes, -itis, M. [pes], foot-soldier.
pejor, -us, comp. of malus. (208.)
pellis, -is, F., skin, hide. PELT.
pen sum, -i, N. [P. of pendo], (what
is weighed out, e.g. wool, as a task
for spinning), task; lesson, exer-
cise.
per, prep. w. ace., through, by, by
means of, on account of.
pera, -ae, F., bag, wallet.
per-agro, 1 [ager], wander through,
pass over, traverse.
per-do, 3, -didi, -ditum, destroy ;
lose. Cf. amitto.
per-dfico, 3, -duxi, -ductum, lead
or bring through.
per-eo, -ire, -ii, , perish, be
ruined. (327.)
per-fodio, 3, -fodi, -fossum, dig
through, pierce, stab.
per-fringo, 3, -fregl, -fractum,
[f ran go], break through, break.
per-fugio, 3, -fugi, ,flee (for
refuge}.
pergo, 3, perrexi, perrectum [per,
rego], go on, continue.
perlculum, -i, N. [perior, try~\,
trial, attempt; risk, danger, peril.
perltus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of perior,
try~\, (having tried}, skilful.
per-mitto, 3, -misi, -missum, allow,
grant, suffer, permit. Cf. sino.
per-paucus, -a, -um, adj. (gener-
ally plur.), very few.
Persae, -arum, M., the Persians.
per-sequor, 3, -cutus, follow persist-
ently, follow up.
per-spicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum,
[specie], see through, see into; per-
ceive, observe. PERSPECTIVE.
per-sto
249
post-ea
per-sto, 1, -stitl, -statura, stand
fast, persevere, persist.
per-terreo, 2, -ui, -itum, thoroughly
frighten.
pertinacia, -ae, F. [pertinax], per-
severance ; obstinacy. PERTINAC-
ITY.
per-venio, 4, -vem, -ventum (come
through to the end), arrive. Cf.
advenio.
pes, pedis, TA.,foot. (105.) PEDAL.
peto, 3, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum, seek, de-
mand, beg. PETITION. Cf. oro
and rogd.
Philotimus, -I, M., Phi/otimus.
piger, -gra, -grura, adj., slow, lazy,
indolent.
piget, 2, -uit or -itum est, imper-
sonal, it disgusts, (one) is dis-
gusted. (416.)
pigritia, -ae, F. [piger], laziness,
sloth, indolence.
pilum, -I, T*., javelin.
pipio, 1, chirp.
placeo, 2, -ui, -itum [placidus],
please; w. dat.
placide, adv. [placidus], softly,
gently, quietly. PLACIDLY.
placidus, -a, -um, adj. [placeo],
gentle, quiet, calm. PLACID.
plaiiities, -ei, F. [planus, even,
level], (a flatness), level ground,
plain.
planus, -a, -um, adj. [planities],
even, flat, level, plain.
Plataeenses, -ium, M., the Platae-
ans, inhabitants of Platcea.
plebs, plebis, F., the common people,
multitude. PLEBEIAN.
pie n us, -a, -um, adj. [pleo, fill},
full.
plerusque, -aque, -unique, adj.
(generally plur.), very many, most,
the greater part.
plumbum, -I, N., lead ; plumbum
album, tin.
plus, pluris, adj., comp. of multus.
(208.)
Pluto, -onis, Pluto, M., god of the
lower world.
poculum, -I, N., cup, bowl.
poema, -atis, N., poem.
poena, -ae, F. [punio], quit-money,
fine, punishment. PENAL.
Poem, -orum, M., the Carthaginians.
Poeniceus, -a, -um, adj. [Poem],
Carthaginian. See Punicus.
poeta, -ae, M., poet.
polliceor, 2, promise. Cf. pro-
mitto.
Polyphemus, -I, M., Polyphemus,
a Cyclops.
Pompejus, -ei, M., Pompey, a fa-
mous Roman general.
pomiim, -I, N., fruit.
pondus, -eris, N. [pendd, weigh],
weight.
pono, 3, posui, positum, put, place,
set. POSITION.
pons, -ntis, M., bridge.
Popedius, -I, M., Popedius, a Latin.
populus, -I, M., people.
Porcius, -I, M., a Roman family
name.
Porsena, -ae, M., Porsena, an
Etruscan king.
porta, -ae, F., gate, door. PORTAL.
Cf. janua.
porto, 1, carry, bring. Cf. fero and
veho.
porticus, -us, F. [porta], portico.
portus, -us, M., harbor, port. (247.)
possum, posse, potui, [potis,
able, sum], be able, can. (292.)
post, prep. w. ace., after, behind',
as adv., for postea, afterward*
after.
post-ea, adv., afterwards.
posterus
250
pro-gredior
posterus, -a, -urn, adj. [post]
(comp. posterior, superl. postre-
mus or postumus), following, next.
post-hac, adv., after this time, here-
after, henceforth.
postrldie, adv. [postero die], on
the day after, the following day.
postulo, 1, ask, demand. Cf. quse-
ro and rogo.
poteus, -entis, adj., [P. of possum],
able, powerful ; potent.
potior, 4 [potis, able'}, become mas-
ter of, get, get possession of,' w.
gen. or abl. Cf. adipiscor.
praebeo, 2 [prae, habed], hold forth,
offer, furnish.
praeceps, -ipitis, adj. [prae, ca-
put], head-foremost, headlong; rash,
precipitate.
praeceptor, -oris, M. [praeceptum],
teacher, preceptor. Cf . magister.
praeceptum, -I, N. [praeceptor],
maxim, precept.
praeda, -ae, F., booty, spoil, prey.
PREDATORY.
praedico, 1 [prae, dic5, -are, make
known"], proclaim, boast.
prae-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go before;
be at the head. (327. 2.)
praemium, -I, N., reward, prize.
PREMIUM.
praesidium, -I, N. [prae, sedeo, sit
before], defence, help; troops, gar-
rison.
praestans, -antis, adj. [P. of prae-
sto], pre-eminent, distinguished.
prae-sto, 1, -stiti, -stitum (statum),
stand before ; surpass ; fulfil, dis-
charge, perform.
prae-sum, -esse, -fui, , be be-
fore, at the head of, command; w.
dat.
praeter, prep. w. ace., beyond, be-
except.
praeter eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go by^
pass by, omit. (327. 2.) PRET-
ERITE.
praetorius, -a, -um, adj. [praetor],
(pertaining to a prcetor), praeto-
rian ; noun, ex-prcetor.
pratuin, -I, N., meadow.
premo, 3, press!, pressum, press ;
with ore, bite, eat.
[prex], precis, F. (used mostly in
plur.), prayer, entreaty.
primus, -a, -um, adj. [superl. with
comp. prior, no pos.], first, fore-
most. PRIME.
princeps, -ipis, adj. [primus, ca-
pio], (taking the first place),
first, chief; noun, chief, leader.
(105.) PRINCE.
prius-quam, conj., before that, be-
fore.
privo, 1, deprive ; w. abl.
pro, inter j., 01
pro, prep. w. abl., before, in behalf
of, for; considering.
pro-cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, go for-
ward, advance, proceed. Cf. pro-
gredior.
procul, adv., far, far from.
pro-do, 3, -didi, -ditum, give forth ;
hand down ; give up, betray.
pro-duco, 3, -duxi, -ductum, lead
forth.
proelium, -i, N., battle, combat. Cf.
pugna.
proficiscor, 3, -fectus, set out,
march, go. Cf . exe5 and egredior.
pro-fiteor, 2, -fessus [fateor], ac-
knowledge, confess, declare. PRO-
FESS.
pro-fligO, 1, overthrow, destroy, ruin.
PROFLIGATE.
profundus, -a, -1101, adj., deep,
profound.
pro-gredior, 3, -gressus [gradior,
pro-hibeo
251
quaeso
step~\, go forward, advance. PRO-
GRESS. Cf. procedo.
pro-hibeo, 2 [habeo], (hold in front
o/*), hold back, check, hinder, pre-
vent, prohibit.
pro-icio, 3, -jeci, -jectum [jacio],
throiv forward, cast away, cast.
PROJECT.
pro-mitto, 3, -misi, -mlssum [let or
send forth], promise; let grow.
Cf . polliceor.
prope, prep. w. ace., and adv.
(comp. propius, superl. proxime),
near, near to ; nearly, almost.
pro-pono, 3, -posui, -positum, put
before, set forth. ; make known t de-
clare. PROPOSE.
propositum, -i, N. [propono], pur-
pose, design, resolution. PROPOSI-
TION.
proprius, -a, -urn, adj., (one's') own.
PROPER.
pro-pugno, 1 (fight in fronf), rush
out to battle, make sorties.
pro-sequor, 3, -cutus, follow, pur-
sue. PROSECUTE.
Proserpina, -ae, F., Proserpina,
daughter of Ceres.
pro-sterno, 3, -stravi, -stratum,
overthrow, destroy; prostrate.
pro-sum, prodesse, profui, , be
useful to, benefit ; w. dat. (293.)
pro-veho, 3, -vexi, -vectum, carry
forward, convey ; in pass., ride,
sail.
pro-video, 2, -vidi, -visum, (see
forward}, provide.
provincia, -ae, F., province.
proximus, -a, -um (super-l. with
comp. propior, no pos.), nearest,
next. PROXIMITY.
prude us, -entis, adj. [for provi-
dens], wise, sagacious, knowing,
prudent. (164.)
prudenter, adv. [prudens] , wisely,
prudently.
prfldentia, -ae, F. [prudens], fore-
sight, sagacity, wisdom, prudence.
public us, -a, -um, adj. [populus],
(pertaining to the people), public.
Publius, -i, M., Publius, a Roman
first name.
pudet, 2, puduit or puditum est, im-
pers., it shames, (one) is ashamed.
puella, -ae, F. [diminutive of puer],
girl, maiden.
puellaris, -e, adj. [puella], girlish.
puer, -eri, M., boy, child. PUERILE.
puerulus, -I, M. [diminutive of
puer], little boy.
pugiia, -ae, F. [pugnd], battle, con-
test. PUGNACIOUS. Cf. proelium.
pugnd, 1 [pugna] , fight. Cf . dimi-
co.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beauti-
ful, fair, comely.
pulchritudo, -inis, F. [pulcher],
beauty.
pulvis, -eris, M., dust. PULVERIZE.
Punicus, -a, -um, adj. [Poem],
Carthaginian, Punic; malum Pu-
nicum, pomegranate. See Poeni-
ceus.
punio, 4 [poena],/?w/7/s^.
puto, 1, think, believe, reckon. (429.)
Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., Pyre-
naean, Pyrenees.
Pyrrhus, -i, M., Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus.
quadraginta, num. adj., indecl.
[quattuor], forty.
quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.
[quattuor, centum], four hundred.
quaero, 3, quaesivi or -ii, quaesi-
tum, seek t ask, inquire. (382.)
quaeso, 3, -ivi, or -ii, [old
form of quaero], beg, pray.
quam
252
regio
quam, adv. ; interrog., how, how
much ? rel., as much, as, than ; quam
saepissime, as often as possible.
quan tus, -a, -urn, adj. [quam],
how great, how much ; as great as,
as much as.
qua-re, adv. (on account of which
thing), wherefore.
quart us, -a, -um, num. adj. [quat-
tuor], fourth. QUART.
qua-si, adv., as if.
quater, num. adv. [quattuor],/our
times.
quattuor, num. adj., indecl., four.
quattuor-deciin, num. adj. [de-
cem] , fourteen.
-que, conj. enclitic, and. Cf. et,
atque, and ac.
quercus, -us, F., oak. (11. 4.)
qui, quae, quod, rel. and adj. pron.,
who, which, ivhat, that. (279.)
quia, conj., because. Cf. quod.
quidam, quaedam, quid(quod)-
dam, indef. pron., certain, a cer-
tain one, a. (279. 4.)
quidem, adv. (never the first
word), indeed, certainly, in truth;
ne . . . quidem, not even.
quiii, conj. [qui, ne], but that, that.
quingenti, -ae, -a, num. ad j ., indecl.
[quinque, centum], five hundred.
quinquaginta, num. adj., indecl.
[quinque], fifty.
quinque, num. adj., indecl., five.
quintus, -a, -um, num. adj. [quin-
que], fifth.
quintus decimus, num. adj., fif-
teenth.
quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron.,
ivho? which? what? (279.)
qnisquam, quidquam (no fern, or
plur.), indef. pron., any, any one
(at all). (279. 4.)
quisque, quaeque, quid (quod) que,
indef. pron., each one, each, every.
(279. 4.)
quo, adv., where, whither.
quod, conj., because. Cf. quia.
quondam, adv., once, formerly. Cf.
aliquando and olim.
quoniam, adv. [cum (quom),
jam], since, because. Cf. cum.
quoque, conj. and adv. (following
the emphatic word), also, too.
qnot, interrog. and rel. adj., in-
decl., how many ; as many as.
radius, -i, M., beam, ray.
rado, 3, rasi, rasum, shave. RAZOR.
ran a, -ae, F., frog.
rapax, -acis, adj. [rapio] , snatching,
greedy, ravenous. RAPACIOUS.
rapio, 3, -ui, -turn [rapax], seize,
snatch, drag away. RAPTURE.
rams, -a, -um, adj., far apart, dis-
persed, single. RARE.
ratio, -onis, F.,plan, method; reason.
re-cipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum [capid],
take back, get again, receive. Se
recipere, withdraw, retreat.
recito, 1, read aloud, recite.
re-creo, 1 [creo, make], refresh,
recreate.
recte, adv. [rectus], rightly.
red-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum [re(d)], go
back, return. (327. 2.)
reditus, -us, M. [rede5], return.
re-duco, 3, -duxi, -ductum, lead back,
bring back. REDUCE.
re-fero, -ferre, rettuli, -latum, carry
back, bring back. (321.) REFER.
Cf. reporto.
re-ficio, 3, -fed, -fectum [facio],
make again; repair, restore, re-
build.
regina, -ae, F. [reg5], (the ruling
one), queen.
regio, -onis, F., region.
regnd
253
rus
regno, 1 [regnum, rex], be king,
rule, reign.
regnum, -i, N. [rex], kingdom.
rego, 3, rexi, rectum [rex], rule.
Regulus, -i, M., Regulus, a Roman
consul.
re-icio, 3, -jeci, -jectum [jacio],
throw back, drive back. REJECT.
re-linquo, 3, -liqui, -lictum [re-
liquus], leave behind, leave. RE-
LINQUISH.
reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [relinquo],
remaining, the rest.
re-mitto, 3, -rnisi, -mlssum, send
back. REMIT.
remus, -I, M., oar.
Remus, -i, M., Remus, twin brother
of Romulus.
re-pello, 3, reppuli, repulsum,
drive back, repel, repulse.
re-perio, 4, repperi, repertum [pa-
rio, procure'], find, discover, ascer-
tain. Cf. invenio.
re-peto, 3, -petivl or -ii, -petitum,
seek again, demand back; res re-
peto, demand restitution.
re-pleo, 2, -evi, -etum, (fill again),
fill up, fill. REPLETE.
re-porto, 1, bring back, carry back.
Cf . referd.
re-prehendo, 3, -di, -hensum, hold
back, restrain, reprove. REPRE-
HENSIVE.
re-puto, 1, (count over), reckon;
think over.
res, rei, r., thing, event, circumstance,
affair (254) ; res publica, repub-
lic, state, commonwealth.
re-scindo, 3, -scidi, -scissum, tear
away, break down. RESCIND.
re-spondeo, 2, -di, -sponsum,
(promise in return), answer, reply,
respond.
re-stituo, 3, -ui, -utum [statuo],
replace; give back, return, restore
RESTITUTION.
re-sto, 1, restiti, , stop behind.
stand still, remain.
rc-tineo, 2, -tinui, -tentura [teneo],
hold back, restrain, retain.
re-vertor, 3, -ti, -sum (deponent
in pres. imp. and fut.), turn back,
return. REVERT.
re-voco, 1, call back, recall.
rex, regis, M. [rego], (ruler), king.
-(105.)
Rhea Silvia, -ae, r., Rhea Si /via,
mother of Romulus and Remus.
Rhenus, -I, M., the Rhine.
Rhodus, -i, F., Rhodes, an island
in the JEgean Sea.
rictus, -us, M. [ringor, open the
mouth~\, jaivs wide open ; jaws.
rideo, 2, risi, risum, laugh. Cf.
cachinno. DERIDE.
risus, -us, M. [rideo], laughter.
rivus, -I, M., brook, stream. RIVAL.
robur, -oris, N., strength.
rogo, 1, ask, question. Cf. inter-
rogo. (382.)
Roma, -ae, F., Rome.
Romanus, -a, -um, adj. [Roma],
Roman ; noun, a Roman.
Romulus, -i, M., Romulus, first
king of Rome.
rosa, -ae, r., rose.
rostrum, -I, N. [rodo, gnaw~\, beak
of a vessel. ROSTRUM.
rubeo, 2 [ruber], be red.
ruber, -bra, -brum, adj. [rubeo],
red. RUBY.
ruina, -ae, r. [ruo, fall], (a falling
down), downfall, disaster, ruin.
rapes, -is, F. [ru(m)po, break], (the
broken thing} cliff, rock.
rursiis, adv. [re-vorsus, reverto],
(turned back}, back, again.
rus, ruris, N., the country. (336.)
rusticus
254
sextus
rusticus, -i, M. [rus], countryman,
peasant. RUSTIC.
sacer, -era, -crum, adj., sacred.
saepe, adv., often, frequently.
sagitta, -ae, F., arrow.
Saguntum, -I, N., Saguntum, a
town in Spain.
Sallustius, -I, M., Sal lust, a Roman
historian.
sains, -utis, F., safety, welfare.
SALUTARY.
Samnis, -itis, M., a Samnite.
sanguis, -inis, M., blood. SANGUI-
NARY. Cf. cruor.
sapiens, -ends, adj. [sapio, be wise~\,
wise, sensible.
sapienter, adv. [sapiens], wisely.
satis, adv., enough. SATISFY.
Sul.il mi is, -I, M., Saturn, god of
agriculture.
saxum, -I, N., rock.
schola, -ae, F., school.
scio, 4, scivl, scitum, know, know
how. SCIENCE.
Sclpio, -Orris, M., Scipio, a famous
Roman general.
scriba, -ae, M. [scribo], (one who
writes), cleric. SCRIBE.
scribo, 3, scrips!, scriptum [scriba],
write. SCRIBBLE.
scrlptor, -oris, M. [scribo], writer,
author.
scriptum, -I, N. [scrib5], writing,
written work. SCRIPT.
scutum, -I, N., shield.
se-eedo, 8, -cessi, -cessum, go apart,
withdraw, retire; secede.
secundus, -a, -urn, adj. [sequor],
following, next ; second ; favorable.
sed, conj., but. (393.)
sedeo, 2, sedi, sessum, sit. SES-
SION.
sedes, -is, F. [sedeo], seat, abode.
semper, adv., alu-ays, ever.
sempiternus, -a, -um, adj. [sem-
per], everlasting.
senator, -oris, M. [senex], senator.
senatus, -us, M. [senex], council of
elders, senate.
senectus, -utis, F. [senex], old age.
senex, senis, adj., old; noun, old
man. (262.) SENILE.
senior, -oris, adj. [comp. of senex],
elder, old person.
sensus, -us, M. [sentio], feeling,
sense, perception.
sententia, -ae, F. [sentio], opinion,
purpose. SENTENCE.
sentio, 4, sensi, sensum [sensus],
feel, know (by the senses), see, per-
ceive.
septem, num. adj., indecl., seven.
September, -bris, M. [septem], Sep-
tember. Often as adj.
septem-decim, num. adj. [decem],
seventeen.
septies, num. adv. [septem], seven
times.
Septimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [sep-
tem], seventh.
sequor, 3, secutus, follow. SE-
QUENCE.
sero, 3, sevi, satum, sow, plant.
serta, -orum, N. [sero, plait], gar-
lands, wreaths of flowers.
serus, -a, -um, adj., late.
servio, 4. [servus], be a slave to,
serve ; w. dat.
servitus, -utis, F. [servus], slavery,
servitude.
servo, 1, save, keep; preserve.
servus, -i, M. [servio], slave, ser-
vant. (66.)
sexaginta, num. adj., indecl.
[sex], sixty.
sextus, -a, -um, num. adj. [sex],
sixth.
SI
255
subeo
si, conj., if, whether.
sic, adv., so, thus, in this manner.
Cf . ita.
Sicca, -ae, M., Sicca, a friend of
Cicero.
Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily.
sidus, -eris, N., star, constellation.
SIDEREAL. (301.)
signum, -I, N, mark, sign, signal.
silva, -ae, F., wood, forest. SILVAN.
similis, -e, adj. [simul], like, re-
sembling, similar. (207.)
simplex, -icis, adj., simple, plain,
artless.
simul, adv. [similis], at the same
time.
sin, conj. [si-ne], but if, however, if.
sine, prep. w. abl., without.
singull, -ae, -a, num. adj., separate,
single, one by one. (311. 8.)
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left
(hand}. SINISTER.
si no, 3, sivi, situm, allow, permit.
Cf . permitto.
sinus, -us, M., bosom, lap, folds of a
garment.
sitis, -is, F. (ace. -im, abl. -I), thirst.
socer, -eri, M., father-in-law.
socius, -I, M., ally, companion. AS-
SOCIATE.
Socrates, -is, M., Socrates, a famous
Greek philosopher.
sol, solis, M., sun (no gen. plur.).
SOLAR.
soleo, 2, solitus, be accustomed, wont.
(p. 177, note 2.)
Solon, -onis, M., Solon, the great law-
giver of Athens.
solus, -a, -um, adj., alone, single;
sole. (200.)
solvo, 3, sol vi, solutum, loose, loosen ;
break; weigh anchor, set sail.
SOLVE.
somnus, -I, M., sleep.
soror, -oris, F., sister.
sors, -tis, F., lot, condition. SORT.
sortior, 4 [sors], draw lots, obtain
by lot.
spargo, 3, -si, -sum, strew, scatter.
SPARSE.
Spartacus, -I, M., Spartacus, a
gladiator.
spatium, -i, N., room, space ; period.
specto, 1 [specio, loolc], look at, be-
hold, witness. SPECTACLE.
speculor, 1, spy out, watch.
specus, -us, M., cave, den.
spero, 1 [spes], hope, hope for.
spes, spei, F. [spero], hope, ex-
pectation.
spolio, 1, rob, plunder, spoil, de-
spoil.
statini, adv. [sto], (standing there},
on the spot, immediately, at once.
statua, -ae, F. [statuo], (the thing
set up}, statue.
statuo, 3, -ui, -utum, put, place;
determine, think, believe.
stella, -ae, F., star. (301.) STELLAR.
sto, 1, steti, statum, stand.
strages, -is, F., slaughter, carnage.
stringo, 3, -nxi, strictum (draw
tight}, graze ; draw, unsheath.
studeo, 2, -ui, [studium], be
eager, strive earnestly for ; study;
w. dat.
studium, -I, N. [studed], zeal,
eagerness; study.
stultitia, -ae, F. [stultus], folly.
stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish, silly.
suavis, -e, adj., sweet, delightful.
Cf. dulcis. SUAVITY.
suaviter, adv. [suavis], sweetly,
delightfully.
sub-duco, 3, -duxT, -ductum, draw
from under, draw up.
subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go under or
up to, enter ; undergo. (327.)
subito
256
tenebrae
subito, adv. [sube5], suddenly, un-
expectedly.
sub-moved", 2, -m5vT, -motum
(move from beneath}, remove, drive
away.
subsidium, -I, N. [subsideo], aid,
support, relief, assistance.
sub-silio, 4, -ui, [salio, leap~\,
jump up. Cf . desilio and transilio.
sub-venio, 4, -veni, -ventura (come
to one's relief*), help, aid, assist.
Cf. succurro.
suc-curro, 3, -curri, -cursum [sub],
(run up to), help, aid, succor.
suf-fero, sufferre, sustuli, sublatum
[sub], bear up under, undergo.
SUFFER.
sui, reflex, pron., of himself (her-
self, itself, themselves'). (264.)
Sulla, -ae, M., Sulla, a famous Roman
general and statesman.
sum, esse, fui, , be, exist. (72.)
s u minus, -a, -um, adj., superl. of
superus, highest.
sumo, 3, sumpsi, sumptum, take,
take up; assume.
super, prep. w. ace. and abl., over,
above, on top of.
superbe, adv. [superbus], proudly,
haughtily.
superbus, -a, -um, adj. [super],
proud. SUPERB.
superior, -us, adj., comp. of supe-
rus, higher, superior.
supero, 1 [super], pass over ; sur-
pass, overcome ; conquer. (186.)
super-sum, -esse, -fui, , re-
main over ; survive, exist.
supremus, -a, -um, adj., sup. of
superus, highest; last.
suscipio, 3, -ccpi, -ceptum [sub,
capi5], undertake.
sus-pendo, 3 -di, -pensum [sub],
hang up, suspend, hang.
suspicor, 1 [suspicio, look askance
at], mistrust, suspect. '
sustineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum [sub,
teneo], hold up, bear, endure; sus-
tain.
suus, -a, -um, poss. pron. [sui], his,
hers, her, its, theirs, their (own).
taceo, 2, tacui, taciturn, be silent,
be silent about. TACIT.
taedet, 2, taeduit, taesum est, im-
pers., it disgusts, wearies ; (one) is
disgusted, wearied. (416.)
talea, -ae, F., thin bar.
tarn, adv., so; tam . . . quam, as
... as. Cf. ita and sic.
tamen, adv., yet, but, nevertheless.
tandem, adv. [tain], (just so far),
at length, finally.
tango, 3, tetigi, tactum, touch.
tan to, adv. [tantus], by so much, so
much the (with comparatives).
tantum, adv. [tantus], only.
tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great.
Tarentlnus, -a, -um, adj., of Ta-
rentum, Tarentine.
Tarquinius, -i, M., Tarquin the
Proud, seventh king of Rome.
tectum, -i, N. [tegd, coyer], cover-
ing, shelter, roof.
telum, -i, N., weapon.
temerarius, -a, -um [temere],
rash, inconsiderate.
temere, adv., rashly, inconsiderately.
temeritas, -atis, F. [temere],
chance ; rashness, temerity.
tempestas, -atis, F. [tempus],
(state or condition of time), weath-
er; stormy weather, storm, tempest.
templum, -I, N., temple.
tempus, -oris, N., time. TEMPORAL.
tenebrae, -arum, F., darkness,
shades.
tenebricosus
257
tripartite
tenebricosus, -a, -um, adj. [tene-
brae], (full of darkness), dark,
gloomy.
teneo, 2, -ui, tentum, hold, keep,
have; memoria tenere, remember.
tener, -era, -erum, adj., soft, deli-
cate, tender.
tennis, -e, adj., thin, light.
ter, num. adv. [tres], thrice, three
times.
Terentius, -I, M., a Roman family
name.
tergum, -i, N., back.
terra, -ae, r., earth, land. TER-
RACE.
terreo, 2 [terror], frighten, alarm,
terrify.
terror, -oris [terreo], terror, alarm.
tertio, adv. [tertius], the third time.
tertius, -a, -um, num. adj. [tres],
third.
tertius decimus, num. adj., thir-
teenth.
testimoniiim, -I, N. [tester, bear
witness"], witness, evidence, testi-
mony.
testudo, -inis, r. [testa, shell], tor-
toise; shed or covering to protect
besiegers.
Teutones, -um, M., the Teutons, a
German tribe.
Thales, -is, M., T hales, a Greek
philosopher.
Themistocles, -is, M., Themisto-
cles, a famous Athenian.
Ticlnus, -I, M., the Ticinus, a river
of Italy.
tigris, -is, or -idis, tiger.
timeo, 2, -ui, [timor],jfear, be
afraid of.
Timoleon, -ontis, M., Ti mo/eon, a
Corinthian general.
timor, -oris, M. [timeo], year, dread,
alarm. TIMOROUS.
tolero, 1, bear, endure. TOLERATE.
tollo, 3, sustull, sublatum, lift t
raise, pick up ; weigh (anchor^).
tot, adj., indecl., so many. Cf . quot.
totus, -a, -um, adj., whole, all, entire.
(200.) TOTAL.
tracto, 1 [traho], handle, manage,
treat.
tra-do, 3, -didi, -ditum [trans], give
over, deliver; relate, recount. TRA-
DITION.
traho, 3, traxi, -ctum, draw, drag;
derive.
tra-icio, 3, -jeci, -jectum [trans,
jacio], throw across; pass over,
cross.
trajectus, -us, M. [traieio], a cross-
ing over, passage.
tranquillitas, -atis, p. [tranquil-
lus], calmness, tranquillity; a
calm.
trans, prep. w. ace., across, beyond,
over.
tran-scendo, 3, -dl, -scensum
[scando, climb'], step or pass over ;
cross. TRANSCEND.
trans-eo, -Ire, -il, -itum, go over,
cross. (372.)
trans-figo, 3, -fixi, -fixum, pierce
through, pierce, stab; transfix.
tran-silio, 4, -il, and -ui, [sa-
Ii5, leap], leap over or across.
Cf. desilid and subsilio.
trecentl, -ae, -a, num. adj. [tres,
centum], three hundred.
tredecim, num. adj., indecl. [tres,
decem], thirteen.
tres, tria, num. adj., three. (311. 4.)
tribunus, -i, M. [tribus, tribe], trib*
une.
trlginta, num. adj., indecl. [tres],
thirty.
tripartite, adv. [tres, partior], in
three divisions.
tristis
258
venator
tristis, -e, adj., sac?, gloomy.
triumphus, -i, triumph.
ta, pers. pron., thou. (264.)
tuba, -ae, r., trumpet. (14.)
tueor, 2, tuitus, and tutus, look at ;
watch, defend, guard. Cf . def endo.
Tullia, -ae, F., Tull/'a, Cicero's
daughter.
turn, adv., at that time, then.
time, adv. [turn], at that time, then.
turgidulus, -a, -urn, adj., swollen.
TURGID.
turpis, -e, adj., ugly, foul; base, dis-
graceful, shameful.
turpiter, adv. [turpis], foully, base-
ly, shamefully.
turpitude, -inis, F. [turpis], ugli-
ness, baseness.
turris, -is, F., tower. (149.)
tutus, -a, -um, adj. [P. of tueor],
safe.
tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., thy, thine ;
your, yours (of only one).
tyrannus, -I, M., tyrant.
ubi, adv., where, when.
ullus, -a, -urn, adj. [for unulus,
diminutive of unus], any, any one.
(200.)
ulterior, -us, adj., comp. (no posi-
tive), further.
ultimus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of
ulterior), furthest, last. ULTI-
MATE.
umerus, -I, M., shoulder.
unde, adv., whence.
undi-que, adv., from all parts, on
all sides, everywhere.
nni-versus, -a, -um, adj., (turned
into one), all together.
unquam, adv., at any time, ever.
Gnus, -a, -um, num. adj., one ; alone.
(200, 311, 3.)
urbs, -is, F., city. (163.) SUB-
URBS.
urgeo, 2, ursi, , press, drive,
impel, urge.
usque, adv., all the time, continually.
ut or utl, adv. and conj., how, as;
that, in order that, so that.
uter, -tra, -trum, interrog. pron.,
which of two. (200.)
uterque, utraque, utrumque, indef .
pron., each of two, both. (200.)
utilis, -e, adj. [utor], useful, advan-
tageous.
uti-nam, adv., would that, that,
I wish that.
utor, 3, usus, use, employ ; w. abl.
utrum, adv., whether; used chiefly
in double questions.
u va, -ae, F., grape, bunch of grapes.
uxor, -oris, F., wife. Cf. conjunx.
vagor, 1, go to and fro, wander.
VAGRANT.
valeo, 2, -ui, -itum, be strong or
well; v&le, farewell, good by. Cf.
convalesce.
valetudo, -inis, F. [valeo], state of
health, health.
validus, -a, -um, adj. [valeo],
strong, stout, sturdy. VALID.
vallis (or valles), -is, F., valley, vale.
varius, -a, -um, adj., different,
changeable, various.
Varro, -onis, M., Varro, a Roman
consul.
vasto, 1 [vastus, waste, desolate},
lay waste, ravage.
veho, 3, vexi, vectum, carry, draw,
convey ; pass., ride, sail.
velox, -ocis, adj., swift, fleet, quick.
(179.) VELOCITY.
venator, -oris, M. [venor, hunt},
hunter.
venenum
259
Zama
venenum, -I, N., poison. VENOM.
venia, -ae, F., indulgence, mercy
kindness. VENIAL.
venio, 4, veni, ventum, come.
ventus, -i, M., wind.
Venus, -eris, F., Venus, goddess of
love.
Venusia, -ae, F., Venusia, a town
in Apulia.
venustus, -a, -urn, adj. [Venus],
lovely, charming.
ver, veris, N., spring. VERNAL.
verbum, -I, N., word. VERB.
vereor, 2, reverence, respect, fear.
vero, adv. and conj. [verus], in
truth, in fact, but in fact.
verum, -I, N. [verus], the truth.
verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real.
vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron.,
your, yours (of more than one).
veterrimus, -a, -um, adj., superl.
of vetus.
vestio, 4 [vestis, garment}, clothe.
veto, 1, -ui, -itum, forbid, prevent.
VETO.
vetus, -eris, adj. (comp. vetustior,
superl.veterrimus), old. (141,208.;
vetustior, -us, adj., comp. of vetus.
via, -ae, F., way, road, street.
vlclnus, -a, -um, adj. [vicus], near,
neighboring. VICINITY.
victor, -oris, M. [vi(n)c5], con-
queror, victor.
victoria, -ae, F. [victor], victory.
vicus, -I, M., village.
video, 2, vidi, vlsum, see, perceive;
pass., be seen, seem. VISION.
vigil, adj. [vigeo, be lively], watch-
ful. (151.4.) VIGILANT.
vigilia, -ae, F. [vigilo, vigil], a
watching, watch, i.e., the fourth part
of the night.
vigilo, 1 [vigil], watch.
viginti, num. adj., indecl., twenty.
vincio, 4, vinxi, vinctum, bind.
vinco, 3, vici, victum, conquer, de-
feat. _(186.)
vindico, 1, claim; avenge, punish.
VINDICATE.
vlnum, -i, N., wine.
viola, -ae, F., violet.
vir, viri, M., man, hero. (138, 262.)
virgo, -inis, F., maiden, virgin.
virtus, -utis, F. [vir], (manliness),
courage, bravery ; virtue.
vis, vis, F. (gen. and dat., rare),
strength, power. (262.)
vita, -ae [vivo], life. VITAL.
vltis, -is, F. [vieo, twist together},
vine.
vitium, -i, N. [ vitis], (a moral
twist}, fault, blemish, vice. Cf.
culpa.
vito, 1, avoid, shun.
vitrum, -I, N., woad, a dye.
vitupero, 1, blame, censure. VITU-
PERATION. Cf. culpo.
vivo, 3, vixT, victum [vivus], live.
(194.)
vivus, -a, -um, adj. [vivo], alive,
living.
vix, adv., hardly, with difficulty.
volo, velle, volui, , wish, be
willing, desire, intend. (316, 319.)
voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure, enjoy-
ment.
vox, v5cis, F. [voco, call], voice.
vulnero, 1 [vulnus], wound, hurt,
injure. VULNERABLE.
vulnus, -eris, N. [vulnero], wound.
vulpes, -is, F.,fox.
vultus, -us, M., countenance, looks,
features.
Zama., -ae, F., Zama, a town in
Africa.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
a, commonly not translated; quidam,
quaedam, quoddam (279. 5).
able (be), possum (292).
about, de, w. abl.
absent (be), absum (297).
accept, accipio, 3.
accompany, comitor, 1.
accord (own), ipse, -a, -um
(270. 6).
accuse, accuso, 1.
across, trans, w. ace.
act, ag5, 3.
admire, admiror, 1.
admonish, moneo, 2 (112).
adorn, orno, 1.
advance, prdcedo, 3 ; progredior, 3.
advice, consilium, -I, N.
advise, moneo, 2 (112).
afar, longe.
affair, res, rel, F. (254.)
afraid (be), metu5, 3; timeo, 2.
Africa, Africa, -ae, F.
after, post, w. ace. ; cum, w. subj. ;
postquam, w. ind.
afterwards, postea, deinde.
again, iterum, rursus.
against, adversus, contra, in, w.
ace.
age (old), senectus, -utis, F.
agriculture, agri cultura, -ae, F.
aid, auxilium, -I, N.
air, aer, aeris, M.
Alexander, Alexander, -dri, M.
alive, vivus, -a, -um.
arrangement
all, omnis, -e ; totus, -a, -um (200)
Alps, Alpes, -ium, F.
alone, solus, -a, -um (200).
aloud (read), recito, 1.
altar, ara, -ae, F.
always, semper.
ambassador, legatus, -I, M.; ora-
tor, -oris, M.
among, in, w. abl. ; inter, w. ace.
ancient, antiquus, -a, -um ; vetus,
-eris (141).
and, et ; atque, or ac ; -que.
Androclus, Androclus, -I, M.
anger, Ira, -ae, F.
angrily, cum ira (144).
animal, animal, -alis, N. (149).
another, alius, -a, -ud (201); one
. . . another, alius . . . alius.
another's, alienus, -a, -um.
answer, responded, 2, w. dat.
any, ullus, -a, -um (200) ; aliquis,
-qua, -quid, or -quod (279) ; quis
(p. 211, note 15); quisquam,
, quidquam (279. 6).
approach, appropinquo, 1, w. dat.,
and ad, w. ace.
arm, n., bracchium, -T, N.
arm, v., armo, 1.
arms, arma, -orum, N.
army, exercitus, -us, M., the general
word ; on the march, agmen, -inis,
N. ; in order of battle, acies, -ei, F.
Arpinum, Arplnum, -I, N.
arrangement, ordo, -inis, M.
arrival
261
brook
arrival, adventus, -us, M.
arrive, advenio, 4 ; pervenio, 4.
arrow, sagitta, -ae, r.
art, ars, artis, F.
as, ut ; as ... as, tarn . . . quam ;
same . . . as, idem . . . qui ; (=
since), cum; (= when), cum.
Asia, Asia, -ae, F.
ashamed (be), pudet, 2 (415).
ask of, quaero, 3.
assemble, convenio, 4.
at, in, w. ace. or abL; ad, w. ace.;
apud, w. ace.; in combination w.
verbs (wonder at, etc.), see the
verbs ; w. names of towns, locative
case (334).
Athenian, Atheniensis, -e.
Athens, Athenae, -arum, F.
attentively, dlligenter.
author, auctor, -oris, M.
away (go), abe5 (327) ; disccdo, 3.
away from, a or ab, w. abL; e or
ex, w. abl.
back (bring or carry), refero
(321) ; reporto, 1.
bad, malus, -a, -um ; improbus, -a,
-urn.
basely, turpiter.
battle, pugna, -ae, F.; proelium,
-T, N.
be, sum (73).
bear, fero (321); veho, 3; tolero,
1 ; (off), aufero.
beast, bestia, -ae, F.
beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
beauty, pulchritude, -inis, F.
because, quod ; quia.
become, fio (327) ; it becomes,
decet, 2 (415).
beg, peto, 3; oro, 1.
begin, incipio, 3; ordior, 4.
believe, credo, 3, w. dat.
benefit, n., beneficium, -I, N.
benefit, v., pr5sum (293), w. dal.
besiege, obsideo, 2; oppugno, 1.
best, optimus, -a, -um.
better, melior, -us, compar. of bo-
nus (208).
between, inter, w. ace.
big, magnus, -a, -um.
bind, vinci5, 4.
bird, avis, -is, F. (154).
black, niger, -gra, -grum; ater,
atra, atrum.
blame, vituperd, 1 ; culpo, 1.
blind, caecus, -a, -um.
blood, sanguis, -inis, M. ; cruor,
-oris, M.
boar, aper, apri, M.
boat, navicula, -ae, F. ; cymba,
-ae, F.
body, corpus, -oris, N.
bold, audax, -acis.
boldly, audacter.
book, liber, -bri, M.
booty, praeda, -ae, F.
born (be), nascor, 3.
Boston, Bostouia, -ae, F.
both (each of two), uterque, utra-
que, utrumque (200) ; both . . .
and, et . . . et.
boy, puer, -eri, M.
bow, arcus, -us, M. (247).
brave, fortis, -e.
bravely, fortiter.
bravery, fortitude, -inis, F.
break, f rango, 3 ; (through) per-
fring5, 3.
breeze, ventus, -T, M. ; aura, -ae, F.
bribe, corrumpS, 3.
bridge, pous. pontis, M.
bring, porto, 1 ; fero (321); (up),
educo, 1.
Britain, Britannia, -ae, P.
broad, Ititus, -a, -um.
brook, rivus, -I, M.
brother
262
cunning
brother, frater, -tris, M.
Brutus, Brutus, -I, M.
build, aedifico, 1.
burden, onus, -eris, N.
but, at; autem; sed(393); (that),
quin.
buy, emo, 3.
by, a, ab, 10. abl. ; (denoting means
or instrument), w. abl. alone.
Caesar, Caesar, -aris, M.
call, nomino, 1; appello, 1; voco, 1.
calm, aequus, -a, -um ; placidus, -a,
camp, castra, -orum, N. [-um.
Campania, Campania, -ae, F.
can, possum (292).
care, cura, -ae, F.
carefully, diligenter; cum cura
(144).
carry, porto, 1 ; fero (321) ;
(back), refero; carry on war,
bellum gerere.
cart, carrus, -I, M.
Carthage, Carthago, -inis, F.
Cato, Cato, -onis, M.
certain (a), quidam, quaedam,
quid(quod)dam (279. 4) ; sure,
certus, -a, -um.
chance, f ors, -tis, F. ; casus, -us, M.
change, muto, 1.
cherish, cold, 3.
chief, piinceps, -cipis, M.
children, pueri, -orum, M. ; llbe-
rl, -orum, M. (60).
Cicero, Cicero, -onis, M.
Cimbri, Cimbri, -orum, M.
circumstance, res, rei, F.
citadel, arx, arcis, F.
citizen, civis, -is, M. and F. (154.)
city, urbs, -is, F.
clerk, scriba, -ae, M.
cliff, rupes, -is, F.
clothe, vestio, 4.
cold, adj., frlgidus, -a, -um.
cold, n., frigus, -oris, N.
Collatinus, Collatmus, -I, M.
come, venio, 4; (down), descen-
d5, 3; (out), egredior, 3; (to-
gether), convenio, 4; (off),
abe5 (327).
coming, w., adventus, -us, M.
command, impero, 1, w. dat; ju-
beo, 2, w. ace. ; praesum, w. dat.
commander, imperator, -oris, M . ;
dux, duels, M.
commonwealth, res publica, rei
publicae, F.
comrade, comes, -itis, M. and F.
companion, comes, -itis, M. and F.
compel, cog5, 3.
condemn, damn5, 1.
conquer, supero, 1; vinco,3 (186).
consul, consul, -is, M.
consulship, consulatus, -us, M.
contemplate, contemplor, 1.
contented, contentus, -a, -um, w.
abl.
converse, colloquor, 3.
Corinth, Corinthus, -I, F.
Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae, F.
correct, corrigo, 3.
counsel, consilium, -I, N.
country (fatherland), patria, -ae,
F. ; (not city), rus, ruris, N.
courage, virtus, -utis, F.
covered with leaves, frondosus,
-a, -um.
cowardice, Ignavia, -ae, F.
cowardly, ignavus, -a, -um.
create, creo, 1.
creator, creator, -oris, M.
cross, tr., transcends, 3; tr. and
intr., transeo C327).
cruelly, crudeliter.
cultivate, colo, 3.
Cumae, Cumae, -arum, F.
cunning, n., calliditas, -atis, F.
cup
263
Kimius
cup, poculum, -i, N.
Cyrus, Cyrus, -I, M.
Daedalus, Daedalus, -I, M.
daily, cotidie.
danger, periculum, -I, N.
daughter, f Ilia, -ae, F.
day, dies, -el, M. and F. (254).
daybreak (at), prima luce.
dear, carus, -a, -um.
death, mors, -tis, F.
deep, altus, -a, -um; profundus,
-a, -um.
defeat, n., clades, -is, F.
defeat, v., vinco, 3; supero, 1
(186).
defend, defends, 3.
defender, defensor, -oris, M.
delay, mora, -ae, F.
delight, delecto, 1.
deliver, defero (321).
demand restitution, res repeto, 3.
Demosthenes, Demosthenes, -is.
depart, discedo, 3; exeo (327).
deprive, privo, 1; w. abl.
descend, descendo, 3.
desert, desero, 3.
deserve, mereo, mereor, 2.
design, consilium, -I, N.
desire, vo!5 (316); desidero, 1
(319) ; cupio, 3.
despair, desper5, 1.
despise, contemnd, 3.
destroy, deleo, 2.
difficult, difflcilis, -e. (207.)
difficulty (with), vix.
diligently, dlligenter.
discharge, fungor, 3, w. abl.
disclose, enuntio, 1.
disgraceful, turpis, -e.
disgusted (be), piget, 2 (416).
divide, divido, 3; (share), par-
tior, 4.
do, facio, 3; ago, 3.
dog, canis, -is, M. and F.
doubt, n., dubium, -I, N.
doubt, v., dubito, 1.
doubtful, dubius, -a, -um.
dove, columba, -ae, F.
down (tear), rescindo, 3 ; (come;
descendo, 3.
draw, traho, 3; (up), subdued, 3.
drink, bibo, 3.
drive, ago, 3 ; (off) , submoveo, 2.
duty, officium, -I, N.
dwell, habito, 1 ; vivo, 3 (194).
each (one), quisque quaeque,
quid (quod) que (279. 4) ; (of
two), uterque utraque, utrum-
que (200).
eagle, aquila, -ae, F.
earth, terra, -ae, F.
easily, facile.
easy, facilis, -e. (207.)
eat, edo, 3.
egg, ovum, -I, N.
eight, octo.
eighth, octavus, -a, -um.
either ... or, aut . . . aut.
elegant, elegans, -an tis.
elephant, elephantus, -T, M.
else, alius, -a, -ud (201).
embark, consceudo, 3.
employ, admoveo, 2 ; utor, 3, w,
abl.
encircle, cingo, 3.
end, n., finis, -is, M. (154.)
end, v., finio, 4.
endure, patior, 3; fero (321),
tolero, 1.
endurance, fortitude, -inis, F.
enemy, hostis, -is, M. and F. ; ini-
micus, -I, M. (172).
enjoy, fruor, 3, w. abl.
Kim ins, Eunius, -I, M.
enough
264
frighten
enough, satis.
enter, ingredior, 3; ineo (327).
entertain the hope, venio in
spem.
entreaty, preces, -urn, F.
Epirus, Epirus, -i, F.
equally, pariter.
equanimity, aequus animus, M.
Europe, Europa, -ae, F.
even, etiara; ipse (270. 6).
evident (it is), constat, 1.
excellently, optime.
explain, explico, 1.
expulsion, P. of expello.
eye, oculus, -i, M.
Fabricius, Fabricius, -I, M.
fact, res, rei, F.
fail, deficio, 3 ; desum (297).
fair, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
faithful, fidus, -a, -urn ; fldelis, -e.
faithfully, fldeliter.
Faliscans, Falisci, -drum, M.
famous, clarus, -a, -um.
far and wide, longe lateque.
farmer, agricola, -ae, M.
father, pater, -tris, M.
father-in-law, socer, -eii, M.
fault, vitium, -I, N. ; culpa, -ae,
F. ; find fault with) vitupero, 1 ;
culpo, 1.
favor, faveo, 2, w. dat.
fear, n., metus, -us, M.
fear, v., timed, 2 ; metuo, 3.
few, pauci, -ae, -a.
fidelity, fides, -ei, F.
field, ager, agri, M.
fierce, atrox, -ocis ; f er5x, -ocis.
fiftieth, qumquagesimus, -a, -um.
fifty, qumquaginta.
fight, pugno, 1; dimico, 1.
fill, impleo, 2, -evi, -etum; com-
pleo, 2.
finally, denique.
find, reperio, 4 ; invenio, 4.
finger, digitus, -I, M.
finish, finio, 4; conficio, 3.
fire, ignis, -is, M.
first, primus, -a, -um.
fit, apto, 1.
five, quinque.
five hundred, qumgenti, -ae, -a.
flee, fugio, 3.
fleet, classis, -is, F. (154.)
flight, fuga, -ae, F.
flock, grex, gregis, F.
flow, fluo, 3.
flower, fl5s, floris, M.
fodder, pabulum, -T, N.
follow, sequor, 3.
folly, stultitia, -ae, F.
food, cibus, -I, M.
foot, pes, pedis, M.
foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, M.
for, conj., nam ; enim (not the first
word}.
for, sign of dative ; prep., de, pro,
w. abl. ; of time, space, purpose,
in, w. ace.
forces, copiae, -arum, F.
forget, obliviscor, 3.
forgetful, oblltus, -a, -um.
former (the), ille (275. 6).
forth (go), exeo (327) ; egre-
dior, 3.
fortify, munio, 4.
fortune, fortuna, -ae, F.
forty, quadraginta.
forum, forum, -I, N.
forward (go), procedo, 3; pro
gredior, 3.
foully, turpiter.
fourteen, quattuordecim.
fourth, quartus, -a, -um.
free, liber, -era, -erum. (71.)
free from, Hbero, 1 ; w. abl.
friend, amicus, -I, M.
frighten, terreo, 2.
frog
265
huge
frog, rana, -ae, F.
from, de, w. abl. ; away from, a or
ab, w. abl. ; out of, e or ex, w.
abl.; (afar), longe.
fruit, fructus, -us, M.
full, plenus, -a, -urn.
furnish, praebeo, 2.
Galba, Galba, -ae, M.
game, ludus, -I, M.
garden, hortus, -I.
Gaul, Gallia, -ae, r.
Gauls, Galli, -orum, M.
general, dux, duels, M. and F.;
imperator, -5ns, M.
Germans, Germ am, -orum, M.
get, adipiscor, 3; (possession),
potior, 4, w. abl.; (by lot),
sortior, 4.
gift, donum, -i, x.
girl, puella, -ae, F.
give, do, 1.
glory, gloria, -ae, F.
go, eo (327) ; (forth or out), exe5;
(off or away), abe5; discedo,3 ;
(down), descends, 3.
God, Deus, -I, M. (262).
goddess, dea, -ae, F.
gold, anrum, -I, N.
golden, aureus, -a, -um.
good, bonus, -a, -um (71, 208).
good thing, bonum, -i, x.
grain, frumenttun, -i, X.
great, magnus, -a, -um.
greatly, maxime.
Greece, Graecia, -ae, F.
Greek, Graecus, -a, -um.
guard, n., custos, -odis, M. and F.
guard, v., custodio, 4.
hand, matins, -us, F.
handsome, pulcher, -chra, -chruir
Hannibal, Hannibal, -alis, M.
happy, beatus, -a, -um; felix,
-Icis.
hard, durus, -a, -um; (difficult),
difficilis, -e.
lasten, contendo, 3.
haughtily, superbe.
have, habeo, 2.
he, is, liic (270); ille (275).
head, caput, -itis, N.; be at the
head of, praesum (297).
headlong, praeceps, -cipitls.
hear, audio (223).
heart, cor, cordis, x.
heat, calor, -oris, M.
heaven, caelum, -I, x.
heavy, grayis, -e.
Hector, Hector, -oris, M.
hero, vir, virT, M. (262).
hesitate, dubito, 1 ; cunctor, 1.
high, altus, -a, -um.
hill, collis, -is, M. (154.)
himself, see self.
his, ejus (270); illms (275);
(own), suus, -a, -um.
history, historia, -ae, F.
hold, habeo, 2 ; teneo, 2.
home, domicilium, -I, N. ; domus,
-us, F. (262).
Homer, Homerus, -T, M.
honor, n., honestas, -atis, F.
honor, v., honoro, 1.
hope, spes, -ei, F.
Horatius, Horatius, -i, M.
horn, cornu, -us, x.
horse, equus, -i, M.
horseback (ride), in equo vehi;
equito, 1.
horseman, horse-soldier, eques,
-itis, M.
hour, hora, -ae, F.
house, domus, -us, F. (262).
how, quam ; (many), quot.
huge, magnus, -a, -um; imma-
nis, -e ; ingens, -entis.
human
266
line of battle
human, humanus, -a, -urn.
hundred, centum.
hunger, fames, -is, F.
hunter, venator, -5ris, M.
hurl, conicio, 3.
hurtful (be), noceo, 2, w. dat.
hustle, exturbo, 1.
I, ego (264).
Icarus, Icarus, -T, M.
if, si ; if not, nisi.
ignorant (be), nescio, 4 ; Ignore,
Illustrious, clarus, -a, -um.
imitate, imitor, 1.
immediately, statim.
in, in, w. abl.
increase, auge5, 2.
inhabitant, incola, -ae, M. and F.
inhabit, habito, 1 ; incolo, 3.
injure, noceo, 2; obsumjio. dat.
instruct, erudio, 4; doce5, 2.
intend, in animo est ; w. dat.
into, in, w. ace.
invite, invito, 1.
iron (of), ferreus, -a, -um.
island, Insula, -ae, F.
it, is, ea, id (270).
Italian, Italus, -I, M.
Italy, Italia, -ae, F.
itself, see self.
Janus, Janus, -T, M.
javelin, pilum, -T, N.
jewel, ornamentum, -T, N.
joy, gaudium, -I, N.
judge, judex, -icis, M. (105).
judgment, judicium, -I, N.
Julius, Julius, -T, M.
Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis, M. (262).
justly, juste.
keen, acer, acris, acre.
keep off, arceo, 2.
kill, neco, 1; interflcio, 3; occl-
do, 3.
kind, benlgnus, -a, -um.
king, rex, regis, M.
kingdom, regnum, -I, N.; impe-
rium, -I, N.
knife, culter, -tri, M.
know, know how, scio, 4.
known, notus, -a, -um.
labor, labor, -5ris, M.
lack, desum (297)
Iiaevlnus, Laevmus, -T, M.
lake, lacus, -us, M. (247).
land, ager, agri, M. ; terra, -ae, F.
language, lingua, -ae, F.
large, magnus, -a, -um.
last, supremus, -a, -um.
Latin, Latluus, -a, -um.
latter (the), hie, haec, hoc (275.
5).
laugh, rideo, 2; (at), irrideo, 2j
(aloud), cachinuo, 1.
law, lex, legis, F.
lazy, piger, -gra, -grum.
lead, duco, 3 ; (out), educo, 3.
leader, dux, ducis, M. and F.
leaf, folium, -I, N.
leap over, transilio, 4.
learn, disc5, 3.
leg, eras, cruris, N.
legion, legio, -onis, F.
lesson, pensum, -I, N.
let, sign of subj. or imperative.
letter, epistula, -ae, F. ; litterae,
-arum, F.
levy, delectus, -us, M.
life, vita, -ae, F.
light, adj., levis, -e (150).
light, n., lux, lucis, F.; lumen,
-inis, N.
like, amo, 1.
likeness, imago, -inis, F.
line of battle, acies, -el, F.
lion
267
ocean
lion, leo, -5nis, M. (134).
listen, audio, 4 (223).
literature, litterae, -arum, r.
little, parvus, -a, -urn.
live, vivo, 3; habito, 1 (194).
long, longus, -a, -um; a long
time, dm.
longer (no), jam, w. neg.
look at, specto, 1.
lose, amitto, 3; perdo, 3.
lot (obtain by), sortior, 4.
loud (laugh out), cachinno, 1.
love, amo, 1 (319).
low, humilis, -e.
lucky, fellx, -leis.
maiden, puella, -ae, F.
make, facio, 3; (trial of), expe-
rior, 4.
man, vir, viri, M. (262) ; homo,
-inis, M. (138).
Manlius, Manlius, -I, M.
manner, mos, moris, M.
many, multi, -ae, -a.
Marcellus, Marcellus, -T, M.
marshal, instruo, 3.
master, dominus, -I, M. ; magis-
ter, -tri, M.
may, licet; w. dat.
means (by means of), use dbl.
meet, obeo (327) ; go to meet,
obviam e5, w. dat.
memory, memoria, -ae, F.
messenger, nuntius, -I, M.
migrate, migro, 1.
mind, animus, -I, M.; meus, men-
tis, F. (273).
mindful, memor, -or is (150).
mine, meus, -a, -um (266).
Minerva, Minerva, -ae, F.
miserable, miser, -era, -erum.
miss, desidero, 1.
Mithridates, Mithridates, -is, M.
modesty, modestia, -ae, F.
month, mensis, -is, M.
monument, monumentum, -I, N.
moon, lima, -ae, F.
more, plus (208), magis.
most, plurimus, -a, -um (208).
mother, mater, -tris, F.
mountain, mo us, montis, M.
move, moveo, 2:
much, multus, -a, -um (208).
multitude, multitude, -inis, F.
must, oportet, 2 ; gerundive.
my, meus, -a, -um (266).
name, nomen, -inis, N.
nation, gens, gentis, F.
native land, p atria, -ae, F.
near, prope, w. ace.
neighboring, f mitimus, -a, -um.
Neptune, Neptunus, -I, M.
never, nunquam.
new, novus, -a, -um.
night, nox, noctis, F.
nightingale, luscinia, -ae, F.
ninety, nonaginta.
ninth, nonus, -a, -um.
no, nullus, -a, -um (200).
nobody, no one, nem5, -inis, M.
and F. (286) ; that no one (neg.
purpose), ne quis.
no longer, jam, w. neg.
not, non.
nothing, nihil, indecl.
nourish, alo, 3 ; uutrio, 4.
now, mine; jam.
Numa, Numa, -ae, M.
number, numerus, -T, M.
nurture, nutrio, 4.
oak, quercus, -us, F.
obey, pareo, 2, w. dat.
obtain, adipiscor, 3; potior, 4, w,
abl.; (by lot), sortior, 4.
ocean, oceanus, -I, M.
of
268
prevent
of, sign of genitive; de, w. abl. ;
(out of),eor ex, w. abl.
offer, propono, 3; offero (321);
praebeo, 2.
often, saepe.
old, antiquus, -a, -um ; vetus, -eris
(141) ; (man), senex, -is (262) ;
(age), seuectus, -utis, F.
on, in, w. abl ; (of time), abl.
one, unus, -a, -um (200) ; one . . .
another, alius . . . alius ; the one
. . . the other, alter . . . alter.
open, adj., patens, -entis.
open, v., aperio, 4.
opinion, judicium, -I, N.
oppose, obsisto, 3; w. dat.
orator, orator, -oris, M.
order, v., impero, 1, w. dat. ; jubeo,
2, w. ace.
order (in order to'), ut, w. subj.
other, alius, -a, -ud (201) ; some
. . . others, alii . . . alii; (of
two"), alter, -era, -erum.
ought, debeo, 2; oportet, 2; gerun-
dive.
our, noster, -tra, -trum.
ourselves, see self.
out, in combination w. verbs, see
the verbs.
out of, e or ex, 10. abl.
over, in combination w. verbs, see
the verbs.
overcome, vinco, 3; super5, 1
(186).
owe, debeo, 2.
own, proprius, -a, -um ; (his, her,
their), suus, -a, -um ; (my), me-
us, -a, -um; (our), noster, -tra,
-trum; (your), vester, -tra,
-trum ; (thy), tuus, -a, -um.
pain, dolor, -oris, M.
parent, parens, -entis, M. and F.
part, pars, partis, F.
pass (narrow), angustiae, -arum,
F.
pass by, praetereo (327).
patience (with), patienter; cum
patientia (144).
patiently, patienter.
peace, pax, pacis, F.
people, populus, -I, M. ; (com-
mon), plebs, -is, F.
peril, peiiculum, -I, N.
perish, pereo (327).
Persians, Persae, -arum, M.
physician, medicus, -I, M.
place, n., locus, -I, M., in plur,
M. and N.
place v., pono, 3.
plain, planities, -ei, F.
plan, co us ilium, -I, N.
pleasant, gratus, -a, -um.
pleasing, gratus, -a, -um.
pleasure, voluptas, -atis, F. j
(with), libenter.
pledge, fides, -ei, F.
plough, n., aratrum, -I, N.
plough, v., ar5, 1.
poem, poema, -atis, N.
po.et, poeta, -ae, M.
point (be on the), see 422.
Polyphemus, Polyphemus, -I, M.
Pompey, Pompejus, Pompei, M.
poor, miser, -era, -erum ; pauper,
-eris (167. 3).
possess, habeo, 2 ; potior, 4, w. abl,
possession (get possession of).
potior, 4, w. abl.; adipiscor, 3.
postpone, differo (321).
power, imperium, -I, N.
praise, n., laus, laudis, F.
praise, v., laudo, 1.
precept, praeceptum, -I, N.
prefer, malo (316).
present (be), adsum, w. dat.
pretty, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
prevent, prohibeo, 2.
prisoner
269
Samiiite
prisoner, captivus, -T, M. ; captlva,
-ae, F.
proceed, procedo, 3.
proclamation (make), edic5, 3.
promise, polliceor, 2; promit-
to, 3.
property, bona, -orum, N.
proud, superbus, -a, -um.
province, provincia, -ae, F.
prow, rostrum, -I, N.
prudence, prudentia, -ae, F.
punish, punio, 4.
punishment, poeua, -ae, F.
pupil, discipulus, -I, M.
purpose (for the purpose of}, ut
or qui, w. subj.j ad, iv. gerund
or gerundive ; supine.
put (to flight), fugo, 1; (off),
differo (321) ; (by), depono, 3 ;
(an end to), fmio, 4.
Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, -T, M.
queen, regma, -ae, F.
quickly, celeriter.
raise, tol!5, 3 ; levo, 1.
rather (wish), malo (316).
read, lego, 3 ; (aloud), recito, 1,
receive, recipio, 3; accipio, 3;
excipio, 3.
recite, recit5, 1.
recognize, agnosco, 3.
red, ruber, -bra, -brum.
refresh, recreo, 1 .
Regulus, Regulus, -I, M.
reign, regno, 1.
relate, trado, 3; narro, 1.
relieve, libero, 1 ; w. abl.
remain, mane5, 2 ; resto, 1.
remember, memoriii teneo.
remove (= emigrate), demigro, 1.
Remus, Remus, -T, M.
render aid, auxilium fero.
renown, fama, -ae, F.
renowned, amplus, -a, -um; cla-
rus, -a, -um.
report, nuntio, 1.
republic, res publica, rei publi-
cae, F.
respect, vereor, 2.
respects (in all), omnibus rebus.
rest (the), ceteri, -ae, -a.
restitution (demand), res repe
to, 3.
restrain, coerceo, 2.
results (it), fit (327).
retain, retineo, 2.
retreat, se recipio, 3.
return, redeo, (327).
rew^ard, praemium, -T, N.
Rhine, Rhenus, -I, M.
Rhone, Rhodanus, -T, M.
rich, dives, -itis (167. 3).
ride, pass, of veho, 3; equito, 1.
rightly, recte.
rise, orior, 4.
river, amnis, -is, M. ; fluvius, -I,
M.; flumen, -inis, N. (172).
road, via, -ae, F.
rob, spolio, 1 ; privo, 1 ; w. abl.
robber, latro, -onis, M.
Roman, Romauus, -a, -um.
Rome, Roma, -ae, F.
Romulus, Romulus, -i, M.
rose, rosa, -ae, F.
rough, asper, -era, -erum.
ruddy, ruber, -bra, -brum.
rule, rego, 3 (180) ; regno, 1.
sad, trlstis, -e.
safe, tutus, -a, -um.
sagacious, prudens, -entis.
sail, pass, of veho, 3; navigo, 1.
sailor, nauta, -ae, M.
sake (/or the sake), causa, w. gen.
Sallust, Sallustius, -I, M.
same, idem, eadem, idem (270).
Samiiite, Samiiis, -Itis.
Saturn
270
study
Saturn, Saturnus, -I, M.
save, servo, 1.
say, dico, 3; (keep saying), dic-
tito, 1.
scare, terre5, 2.
school, schola, -ae, F.
Scipio, Scipio, -onis, M.
sea, mare, -is, N.
see, vide5, 2; (through), per-
spicio, 3.
second, secundus, -a, -um.
seek, peto, 3; quaero, 3.
seem, videor, 2.
seize, rapio, 3.
self, ipse, -a, -um (270) ; sui (264).
send, mitto, 3 ; (back) remitto, 3.
senate, senatus, -us, M.
September, September, -bris, M.
servant, minister, -tii, M. ; ser-
vus, -I, M. (66).
set out, proflciscor, 3.
seven, septem.
seventh, septimus, -a, -um.
share, partior, 4.
sharply, acriter.
she, ea, ejus, F.
sheep, ovis, -is, F.
shepherd, pastor, -oris, M.
shield, scutum, -I, N.
ship, navis, -is, F. (154).
shore, litus, -oris, N.
short, brevis, -e.
shout, clamor, -oris, M.
Sicily, Sicilia, -ae, F.
sick, aeger, -gra, -grum. (71.)
side, latus, -eris, N.
signal, signum, -I, N.
silent (be), taceo, 2.
since, cum, w. subj.
sing, canq, 3 ; canto, 1.
sister, soror, -oris, F.
sit, sedeo, 2.
sixth, sextus, -a, -um.
skilful, peritus, -a, -um.
slave, servus, -T, M. (66).
slavery, servitus, -utis, F.
slay, need, 1; interflcio, 3j oc-
cido, 3.
sleep, n., somnus, -I, M.
sleep, v., dormio, 4.
small, parvus, -a, -um.
smith, faber, -brl, M.
Socrates, Socrates, -is, M.
soldier, miles, -itis, M.
Solon, Solon, -onis, M.
some one, aliquis, -qua, (quid)
-quod (279. 2) ; quidam, quae-
dam, quod(quid)dam (279. 5);
some . . . others, alii . . . alii;
(o/ two parties'), alter! . . . alter! ;
often not expressed.
something, aliquid.
son, filius, -I, M.
song, cantus, -us, M.; carmen,
-inis, N. (278).
son-in-law, gener, -eri, M.
soon, mox.
soothe, mollio, 4.
source, fons, fontis, M.
Spain, Hispania, -ae, F.
spare, parco, 3 ; w. dat.
speak, loquor, 3 ; dico, 3 ; speak
to, alloquor, 3.
spear, hasta, -ae, F.
spiritedly, acriter.
spring, fons, fontis, M.
spy, explorator, -oris, M.
stab, transfigo, 3.
stain, maculo, 1.
star, Stella, -ae, F. (301).
start ( set out), profisciseor, 3.
state, civitas, -atis, F.
statue, statua, -ae, F.
step, gradus, -us, M. (245).
story, fabula, -ae, F.
street, via, -ae, F.
strong, validus, -a, -um ; f ortis, -e.
study, n., studium, -I, N.
study
271
tower
study, v., studeo, 2, w. dat.
sturdy, validus, -a, -um.
successfully, optime ; f eliciter.
suddenly, improvisd.
suffer, patior, 3; tolero, 1; suf-
fero (321).
suitable, opportunus, -a, -um.
summer, aestas, -atis, F.
summon, invito, 1.
sun, sol, soils, M.
surpass, supero, 1; viiico, 3
(186).
surrender, ded5, 3.
surround, cingo, 3; circumve-
nid, 4.
survive, supersum (297).
swear, jur5, 1.
sweet, dulcis, -e; suavis, -e.
swift, velox, -ocis ; celer, -eris, -ere
(179).
sword, gladius, -T, M.
table, mensa, -ae, F.
tail, cauda, -ae, F.
take, capio, 3; sumo, 3; take a
walk, ambulo, 1.
tall, altus, -a, -um.
Tarentine, Tarentmus, -I, M.
Tarquin, Tarquiuius, -T, M.
task, pensum, -I, N.
teach, doceo, 2.
teacher, magister, -tri, M. ; prae-
ceptor, -oris, M.
tear down, rescinds, 3.
tedious, longus, -a, -um.
tell, narro, 1 ; dico, 3.
temple, templum, -I, N.
tender, tener, -era, -erum.
tenth, decimus, -a, -um.
terrify, terreo, 2.
terror, terror, -oris, M.
than, quam; abl. (212).
that, conj. (in purpose or result
clauses), ut; (after verbs of fear-
ing), ne; (not), nej (after ex-
pressions of doubt), quin ; after
verbs of saying and the like, not
translated.
that, pron. (determ.'), is, ea, id
(270); (demon.), ille, -a, -ud
(275) ; iste, -a, -ud (275) ; (rel.),
qui, quae, quod (279).
their, gen. plur. of is; (own),
suus, -a, -um.
themselves, see self.
then, turn ; deinde.
there, ibi; as an expletive, not
translated.
thing, res, -ei, F.
think, arbitror, 1 ; puto, 1 (429).
thirst, sitis, -is, F. (ace. -im,
abl. -I).
thirty, trlginta.
this, (determ.'), is, ea, id (270);
(demon.), hie, haec, hoc (275).
thou, tu.
though, cum, w. subj.
thousand, mille (311. 6).
three, tres, tria (311. 4).
three hundred, trecenti, -ae, -a.
thrust forth, exturbo, 1.
through, per, w. ace.
throw, jaci5, 3; conicio, 3.
time, tempus, -oris, N.
tired, defessus, -a, -um.
to, sign of dative; ad, in, w. ace. ;
(expressing purpose), ut, ?/?.
subj. ; ad, w. gerund or gerund-
ive; supine.
to-day, hodie.
together with, cum, w. abl.
toil, labord, 1.
to-morrow, eras.
too, quoque; (much), nimium.
touch, tango, 3.
towards, ad, in, w. ace.
tower, turris, -is, F. (149).
town
272
wonder
town, oppidum, -I, N.
townsman, oppidanus, -I, M.
train, exerceo, 2.
tree, arbor, -oris, r.
trial (make), experior, 4.
true, verus, -a, -um.
trumpet, tuba, -ae, F.
truth, verum, -I, N.
try, experior, 4; cSnor, 1.
turn, converto, 3 ; (from), aver-
to, 3 ; (out), eveuio, 4.
twenty, viginti.
two, duo, -ae, -o (311. 4) ; (which
of),uter, -tra, -trum; (each of),
uterque, utraque, utrumque.
tyrant, tyrannus, -I, M.
uncertain, incertus, -a, -um.
undertake, suscipio, 3 ; conor, 1.
unwilling (be), nolo (316).
up, in combination w. verbs, see
the verbs.
upon, in, w. ace. or abl.
use, utor, 3; w. abl.
useful, utilis, -e.
vain (in), frustra.
valley, vallis (or valles), -is, F.
valor, virtus, -utis, F.
very, superl. degree; admodum.
victorious, victor, -oris, M.
victory, victoria, -ae, F.
virtue, virtus, -utis, F.
voice, v5x, vdcis, F.
wage (war), gero, 3.
wagon, carrus, -I, M.
walk (= take a walk), ambulo, 1.
wall, murus, -I, M.
wander, vagor, 1.
want ( wish), void (316 J ; de-
sidero, 1.
want (= lack), careo, 2.
war, bellum, -I, N.
warn, moiieo, 2.
watch, vigilo, 1.
watchful, vigil, -is (151. 4).
water, aqua, -ae, F.
way, via, -ae, F. ; (= respect),
res, rei, F.
weapon, telum, -I, N.
weary, tlefessus, -a, -um.
weep, fleo, 2.
welcome, excipio, 3.
well, beiie.
well (be), valeo, 2.
what, interrog., quis, quae, quid
(quod) (279); (= that which),
id quod.
when, cum.
whether, num ; utrum.
which, quT, quae, quod (279) ; (o/
two), uter, utra, utrum (200).
while, dum.
white, albus, -a, -um; candidus,
-a, -um.
who, reL, qui, quae; interrog.,
quis, quae (279).
whole, totus, -a, -um (200).
why, cur.
wide, latus, -a, -um.
wife, uxor, -oris, F.
wild, f erus, -a, -um.
wild beast, fera, -ae, F.
wind, ventus, -i, M.
wine, vmum, -I, N.
wing, ala, -ae, F.
winter, hiems, -is, F.
wise, sapiens, -entis.
wisely, snpienter.
wish, volo (316).
with, cum, w. abl. ; sometimes abl.
alone.
without, sine, w. abl.
witness, specto, 1.
wonder, miror, 1; (at), admi-
ror, 1.
wooden
273
zeal
wooden, Hgneus, -a, -um.
woods, silva, -ae, F.
word, verbum, -I, N.
work, n., labor, -oris, M.; opus,
-eris, N.
work, v., Iab5ro, 1.
world, munclus, -I, M.
worthy, dignus, -a, -um.
would rather, malo (316).
would that, utinam.
wound, n., vulnus, -eris, N.
wound, v., vulnero, 1.
wretched, miser, -era, -erum.
write, scribo, 3.
writing, scrip turn, -I, N.
wrong, injuria, -ae, F.
year, annus, -I, M.
yesterday, heri.
yonder (that), ille, -a, -ud (275. 3).
you, sing, tu, plur. vos.
young man, adulescens, -entis,
M. ; juvenis, -is, M.
your, sing, tuus, -a, -um; plur.
vester, -tra, -trum.
Zama, Zama. -ae, F.
zeal, studium, -I, N.
GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATICUM.
ablative
ablative, ablativus, -T, M. ; (of
instrument} instrument!; (of
agent} agentis ; (of manner}
modi ; (of specification) respec-
tus; (of separation} separatio-
nis; (of description} qualitatis.
absolute, absolutus, -a, -urn.
accent, accentus, -us, M.
accusative, accusativus, -I, M.
active, actlvus, -a, -um.
adjective, adjectivum, -T, N.
adverb, adverbium, -T, N.
agent, agens, -entis, M.
agree, congruo, 3; w. abl; con-
cord5, 1.
agreement, concordatio, -onis, r.
alphabet, alphabetum, -I, N.
answer, n., responsum, -I, N.
ans\ver, v., responded, 2.
antecedent, antecedens, -entis, N.
apposition, appositio, -onis, F. ;
(be in) app5no, 3.
cardinal, cardinalis, -e.
case, casus, -us, M.
clause, clausula, -ae, F.
common or appellative, appella-
tlvus, -a, -um.
comparative, comparativus, -a,
-um.
comparison, comparatio, -onis, F.
compound, compositus, -a, -um.
concessive, conccssivus, -a, -um.
condition, hypothesis, -is, F. ;
conditio, -onis, F.
distributive
conditional, hypotheticus, -a,
-um ; conditionalis, -e.
conjugation, conjugatio, -onis, F.
conjunction, conjunctio, -onis, F.
consonant, littera consonans,
-antis, or consonans, -antis, F.
construction, constructio,-5nis,F.
conversation, colloquium, -I, N.
correct, adj., rectus, -a, -um.
correct, v., corrigo, 3 ; emendo, 1.
correctly, recte.
dative, datlvus, -T, M.
declension, decllnatio, -onis, F.
decline, declino, 1.
declinable, declinabilis, -e.
defective, defectivus, -a, -um.
degree, gradus, -us, M.
demonstrative, demonstrative,
-a, -um.
deponent, deponens, -entis.
derive, traho, 3.
description (abl. of), qualitas,
-atis, F.
determinative, defimtus, -a, -um.
difference, discrimen, -inis, N.
diminutive, deminutivum, -I, N.
diphthong, diphthongus, -I, M.
direct, directus, -a, -um ; rectus,
-a, -um.
discourse, Sratio, -onis, F.
discuss, tracto, 1.
dissyllable, dissyllabns, -i, M.
distributive, distributivus, -a,
-um.
end
275
pluperfect
end, v., desino, 3.
English, Anglicus, -a, -um.
English (in), Auglice.
etymology, etyraologia, -ae, F.
example, exemplum, -i, N. ; (for)
ut ; exempli causa.
exception, exceptio, -5nis, F.
feminine, femininus, -a, -um.
finite, finitus, -a, -um.
formation, formatio, -onis, F.
future, futurnm, -I, N.
future perfect, f uturum exactum.
gender, genus, -eris, N.
genitive, genetivus, -T, M.
gerund, gerundium, -I, N.
gerundive, gerundivum, -T, N.
govern, reg5; pass, of jungo or
conjungo, foil, by cum w. abl.
grammar, grammatica, -ae, F.
imperative, modus imperativus
or imperativus, -T, M.
imperfect, imperfectum, -I, N.
impersonal, impersonalis, -e.
increase, cresco, 3.
indicative, modus indicativus,
-I, M., or indicativus, -I, M.
indeclinable, indeclniabilis, -e.
indirect, indirectus, -a, -um; ob-
Hquus, -a, -um.
infinitive, modus mfinitlvus or
infmitivus, -T, M.
instrument, instrumentum, -I, N.
interjection, interjectio, -onis, F.
interrogative, interrogatlvus, -a,
-um.
intransitive, intransitivus, -a,
-um.
irregular, irregularis, -e; auo-
malus, -a, -um.
Latin, Latinus, -a, -um.
Latin (in), Latme.
lesson, pensum, -I, N.
letter, Httera, -ae, F.
limit, v., limito, 1.
liquid, liquidus, -a, -um.
locative, locativus, -T, M.
long, longus, -a, -um; productus
-a, -um.
manner, modus, -I, M.
masculine, masculmus, -a, -um.
mean, signified, 1.
meaning, slgnificatio, -onis, F.
mistake, n., error, -oris, M.
mistake, v., erro, 1.
monosyllable, monosyllabum, -I,
N.
mood, modus, -I, M.
mute, mutus, -a, -um.
negative, uegativus, -a, -um,
neuter, neuter, -tra, -trum.
nominative, nominativus, -T, M.
noun, nomen, -inis, N.; substan-
tivum, -T, N.
numeral, numeralis, -e.
object, objectum, -I, N.
ordinal, ordinalis, -e.
paradigm, paradigma, -atis, N.
participle, participium, -I, N,
particle, particula, -ae, F.
partitive, partltivus, -a, um.
passive, passivus, -a, -um.
perfect, perfectum, -I, N.
person, persona, -ae, F.
personal, personalis, -e.
phrase, phrasis, -is, F.
pluperfect, plusquamperfectum,
-I, N.
plural
276
yes
plural, plu Balis, -e.
positive, positlvus, -a, -um.
preposition, praepositid, -5nis, F.
present, praesens, -entis, N.
principal, principal! s, -e.
pronoun, pronomen, -inis, N.
proper, proprius, -a ; -um.
quantity, quantitas, -atis, F.
question, interrogated, -onis, F.
reflexive, reciprocus, -a, -um ; re-
flexlvus, -a, -um.
regular, regular! s, -e.
relative, relativus, -a, -um.
remember, memoria teneo.
review, rec5gnosco, 3; (lesson)
pensum recogn5scendum.
root, radix, -icis, F.
rule, regula, -ae, F.
school, schola, -ae, F.
sentence, sententia, -ae, F.
separation, separatio, -duis, F.
sequence, consecutio, -onis, F.
short, brevis, -e; correptus, -a,
-um.
sibilant, slbilus, -a, -um.
singular, singularis, -e.
sound, sonus, -T, M.
specification, respectus, -us, M.
speech (part of), oratid, -onis, F.
stem, basis, -is, F.
study, n., studium, -I, N.
study, v., studeo, 2.
subject, subjectum, -I, N.
subjunctive, modus subjuncti-
vus, -T, M., or subjunctivus, -I, M.
substantive, substantivum, -I, N.
substantively, substantive.
superlative, superlativus, -a, -um.
supine, supmum, -I, N.
syllable, syllaba, -ae, F.
syntax, syn taxis, -is, F.
teacher, praeceptor, -oris, M.;
magister, -tri, M. ; magistra,
-ae, F.
tense, tempus, -oris, N.
termination, termiuatiS, -onis, F.
transitive, transit! vus, -a, -um.
treat (= discuss), tracto, 1.
verb, verbum, -I, N.
vocabulary, vocabularium, -I, N.
vocative, vocatlvus, -I, M.
voice, vox, vocis, F. ; genus,
-eris, N.
vowel, littera vScalis, -is, F., or
v5calis, -is, F.
\vish, optatio, -5nis, F.
word, verbum, -T, N. ; vocabulum,
-I, N.; v5x, vocis, F.
yes, certe, certissime ; ver5 ; ita
est, ista suut; verb of question
repeated.
INDEX.
THE general vocabularies are to be used as an index to words (with some excep-
tions) for which reference is needed. Full-face figures refer to sections, not
pages. A superior figure (e.g. 10 2 ) indicates a foot-note. Most abbreviations
will readily be understood: ff. = and following; iniv. = imperative.
a or ab, 61, 62.
a-verbs, 86.
ABBREVIATIONS beginning letters,
437 1 , 438.
ABLATIVE, translation of, 14 2 , 59 1 ;
of agent, 61, 62 ; of means or in-
strument, 90, 91 ; of material, 92,
II, 8 1 ; of separation, 128-130;
of time, 135, 136; of manner,
144, 145 ; w. comparatives, 211,
212; of specification, 259, 260;
w. utor, etc., 303, 304 ; w. preps.,
333; of place, 335, 3 ; descriptive,
341, p. 222 3 ' 4 ; absolute, 412; abl.
sing, of vowel stems in 3d decl.,
151, 2.
ABSTRACT NOUNS, 168 1 .
-amis, in dat. and abl. plu., 19 1 .
ACCENT, 7 ; before enclitics, 7, (1).
ACCUSATIVE, direct obj., 25, 26;
predicate, 92, I, 52, 93, II, 7 4 , 171,
II, 3 1 , 250, II, 4 3 ; two aces., 131,
I, 8 2 , 197, II, 10 8 ; w. verbs of
remembering and forgetting, 305,
306; of extent, 312, 313; w.
preps., 333, 4 ; of limit, 334, 335,
2; w. inf., 400, 401; w. some
impers. verbs, 415, 3, 4, 416.
AD, w. gerunds and gerundives,
432, 3.
ADJECTIVES, of 1st and 2d decls.,
44, 71, of 3d decl,, 105, 134,
141, 150, 164; irregular, 200;
comparison of, 205 ff.; poss. adj.
prons., 266; interrog., 279, 3;
numeral, 311; agreement with
nouns, 45, II, I 1 , 53, 54; used as
nouns, 117 ; of one, two, or three
terminations, 155 ; agreement
with understood subject, 197,
I, 8 6 ; order w. prep, and noun,
64, 1, 7 1 ; order w. gen. and noun,
124, I, 6 3 ; method of declining,
44 2 .
ADVERBS, formation of, 216 ff. ;
comparison of, 219; numeral,
311, 8.
AGENT, abl. of, 61, 62; dat. of,
425 (5), 426, 444*, cf . 428, II, 9.
Aliquod as adj., 279, 2.
ALPHABET, 1.
AND, omitted, 57, II, 6 3 , 227, II, I 1 ,
cf. p. 220 8 ; inserted, 35, II, 5*- 7 ,
50, II, 8*, 57, 1, 8*.
ANTECEDENT of rel. pron., 280 ff. ;
omitted, 287, 1, 10 3 , p. 2211.
ANTEPENULT, 5, 5.
Anything at all, quidquam not
aliquid, 279, 6, 440 11 .
APPOSITION, 118, I, 2 1 , 157, 158,
197, II, 8^.
Augustus et lulus (Coll.), 9.
278
INDEX.
B.
BATTLE OF CANNAE (for trans.),
339, 378.
BATTLE OF MARATHON (for trans.),
291.
C.
CAESAR'S Two INVASIONS OF BRI-
TAIN (for trans.), 448.
CARDINAL NUMERALS, 311.
CASES, names of, 10 ; alike in form,
16.
CAUSE, expressed by cum clause,
375 ; by part., 409, 7, 412, 3.
Charon et Mercurius (Coll.), 187.
Cognomen, 195, 204.
COLLECTIVE NOUNS, 168' 2 .
COLLOQUIA, Augustus et lulus, 9,
58, 80; Pater et Filiolus, 95,
222, 302 ; Frater et Sororcula,
111, 162, 269, 274 ; Praeceptor
et Discipulus, 126, 133, 195,
204, 234, 261 ; Magister et Dis-
cipulus, 139; Duo Pueri, 148;
Father and Son, 173; Charon
et Mercurius, 187 ; Jacobus et
Augustus, 242 ; SScrates et
Rhadamanthus, 290; Tityrus
et Meliboeus, 332 ; Jdhannes et
Jacobus, 388.
COMMANDS AND APPEALS, 391.
COMPARATIVE DEGREE, formation
of, 206, (1),219; with and with-
out quam, 211, 212; trans, by
too, p. 220 5 .
COMPARISON of adjs., 205 ff. ; of
advs, 219.
COMPOUND TENSES, 97.
CONCESSION, expressed by cum
clause, 372, 375, p. 219 11 ; by
part., 409, 4, 412, 3.
CONDITIONS, 383 ff . ; expressed by
part., 409, 5, 412, 3, p. 214 2 .
CONJUGATIONS : 1st, 86 ff., 351 ff. ;
2d, 112 ff ., 351 ff . ; review of 1st
and 2d, 127 ff. ; 3d, 180 ff., 357 ff. ;
review of 1st, 2d, and 3d, 196,
197 ; 4th, 223 ff ., 357 ff . ; 3d in -id,
235 ff ., 357 ff . ; review of the four
conjs., 240, 241; periphrastic,
422 ff.
CONSONANTS, 3 ; sounds of, 4.
CONSONANT STEMS, 104, 134, 140.
Cum, conj., temporal, causal, and
concessive, 372 ff.
CUM, prep., with me, te, etc., 265, 3 ;
w. abl. of manner, 144, 145.
CUSTOMS AND HABITS OF THE
BRITONS (for trans.), 449.
D.
DATIVE of possessor, 32 ; indirect
obj., 31, I, 7, 8, 9, II, 2, 6, 10, 33,
34 ; w. comps. of sum, 295 ; of
service, 291 1 , 296, II, 7 3 , 344; w.
certain verbs, 342, 343; double
dative, 344 ; w. intransitives, 417,
418; of agent, 425, 426; not to
be taken for abl., 184, 6.
DEATH OF THE PET SPARROW (for
trans.), 421.
DECLENSION, paradigms of: 1st,
14; 2d in -MS and -urn, 38; in -er,
59, 65; adjs. of 1st and 2d, 71;
3d, mute stems, 105 ; liquid stems,
134; sibilant stems, 140, 141;
f stems, 149, 150 ; mixed stems,
163-165 ; comparatives, 209 ;
4th, 245 ; 5th, 254 ; special, 262 ;
prons., 264, 270, 275, 279; duo
and tres, 311, 4.
DEFINITIONS, sometimes not given
in vocabs., 57, I, I 1 .
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, 275.
DEPONENT VERBS, 1st and 2d conjs.,
298 ff. ; 3d and 4th conjs., 303 ff.
DERIVATION, 345.
INDEX.
279
DESCRIPTIVE abl. and gen., 341 ;
abl., p. 222 3 - 4 .
DETERMINATIVE PRONOUNS, 270 ;
used like adjs., 270, 1.
Die, imv. of dico, p. 150 1 .
DIPHTHONGS, 4; quantity of, 6, 2.
DISTRIBUTIVE NUMERALS, 311, 8.
-do, nouns in, 168.
DOUBLE CONSONANTS, 3.
DOUBLE DATIVE, 344.
Due, imv. of duco, p. 150 1 .
DUM with pres. ind., 263 13 , 442 10 .
Duo Pueri (Coll.), 148.
E.
e-verbs, 112.
e-verbs, 180, 235.
ENGLISH METHOD of pronunciation,
8.
ENCLITICS, 7, (1).
-er, nouns and adjs. of 2d decl. in,
67; compar. of adjs. in, 206,
(1), ()
-evi, perfects in, 119 2 .
EXTENT, accusative of, 312, 313.
F.
FABLES (for trans.), 441-447.
Fac, imv. of facio, p. 150 1 .
FATHER AND SON (Coll.), 173.
FEMININE GENDER, 11, 2, 4 ; in 1st
decl., 13 ; in 3d decl., 168, 2 ; in
4th decl., 244, 1? in 5th decl.,
253.
Fer, imv. of fero, p. 150 1 .
Fer5, compounds of, 322.
FIFTH DECL., 252 ff.
FIRST CONJ., 86 ff., 351 ff.; first
periphrastic conj., 422.
FIRST DECL., 12 ff., 52 ff.
FOURTH CONJ., 223 ff ., 357 ff .
FOURTH DECL., 243 ff.
Prater et Sororcula (Coll.), Ill,
162, 269, 274.
FUTURE translated by Eng. pres.,
116, I, I 3 , 385, 3i; fut. imv, 391,
(3) ; equivalent to imv., 438 18 .
G.
GENDER, general rules of, 11 ; in
1st decl., 13; in 2d decl., 37;
in 3d decl., 168; in 4th decl.,
244; in 5th decl, 253. Agree-
ment in, 45, II, I 1 , 53, 54, 281.
GENITIVE, like Eng. possessive, 30,
I, 6 1 ; of nouns in -ius and -turn,
79; with verbs of remembering
and forgetting, 305, 306 ; parti-
tive, 340, 438 17 , 439 5 , 440 12 ; de-
scriptive, 341 ; with certain im-
pers. verbs, 415, 3, 4, 416 ; order
w. adj. and noun, 124, 1, 6 3 .
GERUND, 430-432; nom. of sup-
plied by inf., 431, 1.
GERUNDIVE, p. 34 2 ; 423, 432 ; diff .
between gerund and gerundive
construction, 432.
-g5, nouns in, 168.
H.
Hie, demon, of 1st pers, 275, 1 ;
in contrast with ille, 275, 5.
HISTORICAL TENSES, 347; pres.444 8 .
HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE, 390, 391.
I.
i-stems, 149 ff.
i-verbs, 223.
Ille, demon, of 3d pers., 275, 3 ; in
contrast with hie, 275, 6.
IMPERFECT, denoting continuance,
115, I, 5 2 ; of customary action,
445 12 .
IMPERATIVE, 389 ff . ; not common
in prohibitions, 391, (2) 8 .
IMPERSONAL VERBS and verbs used
impersonally, 415 ff, 425, (4).
IN not always to be translated by
280
INDEX.
in, 146, I, 2 1 , 185, II, 7, 296,
II, 10 5 .
In omitted, 291 7 .
INCREASE in the gen., 152, I 1 .
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS, 279.
INDICATIVE in cond. sentences, 385.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE, 399 ff.
INDIRECT OBJECT 31, I, 7, 8, 9, II,
2, 6, 10, 33, 34.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS, 379 ff.
INFINITIVE as in Eng., 395 ff. ; w.
sub. ace., 399 ff. ; tenses of, 402-
403; fut. pass., 402 1 , 405, I, 2 1 .
INSTRUMENT, abl. of, 90, 91.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN, 279 ; adj .,
279,3, advs., 380, 1.
INTRANSITIVE VERBS used imperson-
ally in the passive, 417, 418.
-io, nouns in, 168; verbs in, of 3d
conj., 235.
IPSE, distinguished from se, 270, 4,
5 ; how translated, 270, 6.
IRREGULAR adjs., 200 ff. ; verbs,
72 ff., 292 ff., 316 ff.
Is as pers. pron., 270, 2 ; this or
that, 275, 6.
ISLANDS, names of, 334 2 .
IT, expletive, 35, 1, I 1 , 56, 1, 7 2 .
-ium in gen. plu., 151, 3.
-ius in gen. sing, of adjs., 200.
-ius and -ium, gen. of nouns in,
79; voc. of nouns in -ius, 79.
-ivi, perfs. in, often drop v, 231, I,
9 1 - 2 , 327, 2.
J.
Jacobus et Augustus (Coll.), 242.
Johannes et Jacobus (Coll.), 388.
L.
LETTERS (for trans.), 437-440.
LIMIT, ace. of, 335, 2 3 .
LIQUIDS, 3.
LIQUID STEMS, 134 ff.
-Us, superlative of adjs. in, 207.
LOCATIVE, 10, 3, 334, 335, 1 ; in 1st
decl., 14, 2; in 2d decl., 40; in
3d decl., 175.
M.
Magister et Discipulus (Coll.),
139.
MANNER, how expressed, 144, 145.
Marcus Porcius Catd, Puer (for
trans.), 394.
MASCULINE GENDER, 11, 1, 3 ; in 2d
decl., 37 ; in 3d decl., 168, 1 ; in
4th decl., 244; in 5th decl., 253.
MATERIAL, how expressed, 92, II, 8 1 .
MEANS, abl. of, 90, 91.
MIXED STEMS, 163 ff.
MOTION, verbs of, foil, by ace. with
and without prep., 333-335.
MUTES, 3.
MUTE STEMS, 105 ff.
N.
NARRATIVE SENTENCES, 372, (3).
Nasica and Ennius (for trans.),
407.
Ne, enclitic, 7, (1), 28, I 2 , 51, 3 3 ,
58 6 .
Ne, 358, 369, 391, (1); omitted
after cave, p. 178*.
NEUTER GENDER, 11, 5 ; in 2d decl.,
37 ; in 3d decl., 168, 3.
Noli in prohibitions, 391 (I) 1 .
Nomen, 195, 204.
NOMINATIVE, subj., 24; pred., 46,
47, 92, 1, 6 3 , 93, II, 6 3 .
Nonne, 51, 3 3 .
-ns, nouns in, 167, 1.
NUMERAL adjs., 311 ; advs., 311, 8.
O.
0, w. voc., 56, II, 1*.
OBJECT, direct, 25, 26; indirect,
31, 1, 7, 8, 9, II, 2, 6, 10, 33, 34.
INDEX.
281
OF = because of, 330, II, 2 3 .
OMISSION of my, thy, his, etc., 100 ;
of ut, 438 9 , 446 11 ; of in, 291 7 ;
of ne, p. 178 4 ; of fore in trans.,
428, I, 4 4 .
ORDER of words in sentence, 23 ;
35, 1 ; 56, I, 103 j 64, I, 7* ; 69,
I, 10 1 ; 77, I, 5 5 ; 93, I, 9 2 ; 124,
I, 6 3 ; 202, I, 6 5 ; 215 11 ; quis-
que, 287, I, 62 ; fere, 329,1,6*;
386, I, 3 3 ; 404; 410, II, 9 5 ;
438 10 ; 440 10 ; 446 7 ; p. 216 8 ; p.
217 6 ; p. 219 13 .
ORDINAL NUMERALS, 311.
OUGHT, of past time, 419, I, 8 3 .
P.
PARTICIPLES, 408 ff. ; in principal
parts, 86 1 ; decl. of pres. act.,
165, 408, 1, of perf. and fut.,
408, 2 ; perf. in comp. tenses
as adj., 192, I, 7 1 , 404, I, 4 1 ;
part, and verb trans, by two co-
ordinate verbs, 409, 2, 410, I, 5*,
412, 4 ; abl. absolute, 412, 413 ;
Eng. perf. act. part., how ren-
dered, 412, 6, 7 ; used as nouns,
29P.
PASSIVE to be distinguished from
progressive form in Eng. , 69, II,
8 6 , 123, II, 3 1 .
Pater et Filiolus (Coll.), 95, 222,
302.
PARTITIVE GEN., 340, 438 17 , 439 5 ,
440 12 .
PENULT, 5, 5.
PERFECT, sometimes distinguished
from pres. by long penult, 119 5 ,
191, 1, 2 1 , 232, I, I 1 ; definite and
indefinite, 347 ; perf. subj. in pro-
hibitions, 391, (2) ; perf. part,
trans, by pres., 442 12 , p. 217 8 ; w.
ubi, ut, etc., 444 9 ; perf. subj.
really fut. perf., 391, (2) 2 .
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS : act.,
422 ; pass., 423 ; paradigms, 424.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS, 264, 265;
when nom. of is expressed, 265, 2.
PLACE, expressions of, 334 ff.'
POSSESSIVE ADJ. PRONS., 266; when
omitted, 100.
POSSESSOR, dat. of, 32 , cf. 441*.
Praeceptor et Discipulus (Coll.),
126, 133, 195, 204, 234, 261.
Praenomen, 195, 204.
PREDICATE NOM., 46, 47, 92, I, 6 3 ,
93, II, 6 3 ; ace., 92, I, 5 2 , 93, II,
7 4 , 171, II, 3 1 .
PREPOSITIONS, 333 ; order w. adj.
and noun, 64, I, 7 1 .
PRESENT, translation of, 43 1 ; de-
noting continuance, 115, I, 5 2 ;
Eng. pres. for Lat. fut., 116, I,
I 3 , 385, 3 1 ; for Lat, fut. perf.,
413, II, 10 2 ; sometimes distin-
guished from perf. by short pe-
nult, 119 5 , 191, I, 2 1 ; w. dum,
263 13 , 442 10 ; historical, 444 8 ; pres.
subj. trans, as fut., 369, 1, 4.
PRIMARY TENSES, 347.
PRINCIPAL PARTS of verbs, 86 1 .
PRINCIPAL TENSES, 347.
PROHIBITIONS, 391, (1), (2).
PROGRESSIVE FORM in Eng. to be
distinguished from passive, 69,
II, 8 5 , 123, II, 3 1 .
PRONUNCIATION, Eoman method,
4 ; English method, 8.
Proserpina (for trans.), 199, 215,
263.
Publius Cornelius Scipio (for
trans.), 188.
PURPOSE, expressed by ut w. subj.,
352, 353; qui w. subj., 364;
fut. part., 410, I, 9 s ; ad w.
gerundive, 432, 3 ; supine, 433,
434 ; causa w. gen. of gerund or
gerundive, 435, I, 3, p. 221 6 .
282
INDEX.
Q-
QUANTITY of vowels and diph-
thongs, 6, 1, 2 ; of syllables, 6,
3, 4, 5.
Qum, w. subj., 349, 350.
Quis, indef. pron. w. si, etc., 362,
I, 6 1 , 438 15 .
R.
r, as sign of passive, 87 l ; for s,
731-3.4, 142 .
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN, 264, 265.
RELATIVE PRONOUN, 279; agree-
ment, 280 ff. ; in purpose clause,
364.
REST, verbs of, foil, by abl., 333-
335.
RESULT, w. ut, 368 ff. ; to be dis-
tinguished from purpose, 352,
368, 447 12 .
ROMAN METHOD of pronun., 4.
-rs, nouns in, 167, 1.
S.
-s, monosyllables in, 167, 2.
SECONDARY TENSES, 347.
SECOND CONJ., 112 ff., 351 ff. Sec-
ond periphrastic conj., 423.
SECOND DECL., in -us and -urn, 36 ff.,
52 ff., in -er, 59 ff.
SEMI-DEPONENTS, p. 177 2 .
SEPARATION, how expressed, 128 ff.
SEQUENCE of tenses, 347 ff.
SERVICE, dat. of, 291 1 , 296, II, 7 3 ,
344.
SIBILANT, 3.
SIBILANT STEMS, 140 ff.
Socrates et Rhadamanthus (Coll.),
290.
SOUNDS of letters, 4.
SPECIFICATION, abl. of, 259, 260, p.
2186.
STEM, 12 1 ; in 2d decl., 36, 42 ; in
verbs, 86 1 ; in 3d decl., 103,
104, 107, 151, 1, 152, 166, 167 ;
in 4th decl., 243; in 5th decl.,
252. Perf. stem w. long vowel,
119 6 .
SUBJECT NOM., 24 ; ace. 401 ;
omitted, 50, I, 9 1 .
SUBJUNCTIVE of purpose, 352, 353,
364 ; of result, 368 ; w. cum, 372 ;
in ind. questions, 379 ff. ; in wishes
and conditions, 383 ff. ; hortatory,
390 ; perf . really fut. perf ., 391,
(2) 2 ; fut. tense of, 425 (1).
Meanings not given in paradigms,
p. 261.
SUPERLATIVE degree, formation of,
206, (2), (3) ; strengthened by
quam, 437 6 .
SUPINE, 433, 434.
S. V. B. E. V., 437 1 .
SYLLABLES, 5; quantity of, 6, 3,
4,5.
SYNONYMOUS WORDS, pueri, liberi,
60; magister, dominus, 66; min-
ister, servus, 66 ; homo, vir, 138 ;
amnis, flumen, fluvius, 172 ; hos-
tis, inimicus, 172 ; celer, velox,
179 ; super5, vinco, 186 ; habito,
viv5, 194 ; animus, mens, 273 ;
cantus, carmen, 278 ; sidus, stel-
la, 301 ; amo, diligo, volo, de-
sidero, 319; interrogo, rogo,
quaere, 382 ; at, sed, autem, 393 ;
judicS, censeo, existimo, arbi-
tror, puts, opinor, 429.
T.
TERMINATIONS, 15.
THERE, expletive, 35, I, 2 2 ; 56, 1,
7 2 ; 220, 1, I 2 .
THIRD CONJ., 180 ff ., 357 ff. ; verbs
in -id, 235 ff., 357 ff.
THIRD DECL., mute stems, 105 ff. ;
liquid steins, 134 ff. ; sibilant
INDEX.
283
stems, 140 ff. ; i-stems, 149 ff. ;
mixed stems, 163 ff .
TIME when or within which, 135,
136; how long, 312, 313; ex-
pressed by cum clause, 372, 373,
by part., 409, 1, 2, 8, 412 ; rela-
tive time in tenses of inf., 402,
403, 405, II, 86, of part., 409.
Tityrus et Meliboeus (Coll.), 332.
TOWNS, names of, 334, 335.
TRANSLATION, passages for, Publius
Cornelius ScipiS, 188; Proser-
pina, 199, 215, 263; Battle of
Marathon, 291 ; Maxims, 320 ;
Battle of Cannae, 339, 378 ; Mar-
cus Porcius Cato, Puer, 394 ; Na-
sica and Ennius, 407 ; Death of
the Pet Sparrow, 421 ; Letters,
437-440 ; Fables, 441-447 ; Cae-
sar's Two Invasions of Britain,
448; Customs and Habits of
the Britons, 449.
U.
-ubus in dat. and aW, of 4th decl.,
ULTIMA, 5, 5.
Ut, of purpose, 352 ff . ; of result,
367 ff. ; w. ind., 437 4 , 439 2 ;
omitted, 438 9 , 446 n .
V.
v, sometimes dropped, 231, I, 9 1 - 2 ,
327, 2, 421 5 .
VOCATIVE, 10, 2 ; in 2d decl., 39 ;
of f ilius, etc., 79.
VOCABULARIES following exercises,
75,2.
VOWELS, how marked, 2 ; sounds
of, 4 ; quantity of, 6, 1, 2.
W.
WISHES, 383 ff.
WITH not always to be translated
by cum, 185, II, 5 2 .
X.
-x, monosyllables in, 167, 2.
Y.
You, sing, or plu., 73 s2 .
36
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