PRESENTED
THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
BY
LAT1NE REDDENDA:
EXERCISES FROM
BEGINNER'S 12ATIN B09K.
THE authors of the " Beginner's Latin Book " are of the
opinion that a separate edition of the exercises for
turning English into Latin will be a great convenience to
teachers.
After the exercises have been done once with the help
of the special vocabularies and under the direction and
criticism of the teacher, it will be found useful to review
them again and again, sometimes orally, sometimes in
writing, with all helps in the way of rules, special vocabu-
laries, and model sentences removed. The pupil is thus
left to depend entirely upon his previous study and faith-
ful attention to his teacher's instructions.
It is believed also that teachers who use other elemen-
tary Latin books will be glad to have, in cheap and con-
venient form, a set of exercises which they can use as
supplementary to their regular work. For such, an edition
is published with an English-Latin vocabulary.
Both editions have the Glossarium Grammaticum for
the aid of those who wish to conduct recitations in Latin.
INTRODUCTION PRICES.
Edition with Glossarium Grammaticum (bound in paper), 20 cents.
Edition with Glossarium Grammaticum and English-Latin Vocabulary
(bound :'n cloth), 30 cents.
THE
BEGINNER'S LATIN BOOK,
BY
WILLIAM C. COLLAR, A.M.,
HEAD-MASTER ROXBURY LATIN SCHOOL,
M. GRANT DANIELL, A.M.,
PRINCIPAL GHAUNCY-HALL SCHOOL, BOSTON.
Longum iter est per praecepta, breve et efficax per exempla.
SENECA.
BOSTON, U.S.A., AND LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY.
1890.
ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL.
COPYRIGHT, 1886, BY
WILLIAM C. COLLAR AND M. GRANT DANIELL.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
PRESSWORK BY GINN & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
PREFACE.
aim of this book is 'to serve as a preparation for
- reading, writing, and, to a less degree, for speaking
Latin. It is designed primarily for boys and girls who
are to begin the study of Latin at an early age ; but as
all who would get from Latin the best mental discipline,
or lay a broad and firm foundation for Latin scholarship,
must traverse pretty much the same road, and as Latin is
begun in this country by most learners before any other
foreign language is studied, a beginner's Latin book for
those who take up the study at the age of ten or twelve
need not be essentially different from one designed for
learners of fourteen or fifteen. The most important dif-
ference would lie in the knowledge of the terminology and
principles of English grammar that might be deemed an in-
dispensable prerequisite. As a matter of fact, children come
to the study of Latin with all degrees of ignorance of Eng-
lish grammar, and the minimum of necessary knowledge for
the beginner is unquestionably very small. What minimum is
considered essential for those who use this book, is indicated
on page 6. It is hoped, therefore, that the contents of the
book will justify its title ; that it does not assume too much,
and is not too difficult for the least mature who are likely to
use it, and that it will not be found too much simplified,
too juvenile, for those who begin Latin in high schools and
academies. Simplicity, clearness, and directness have been
studied throughout. The system of inflected forms, which
is seldom mastered, but the mastery of which is an indis-
IV PKEFACE.
pensable condition of further pleasant, successful, and profit*
able study, is slowly but very fully developed, with the
addition of abundant and varied exercises. For conven-
ience, as well as on educational grounds, the paradigm of
the verb is given in one block, instead of in fragments de-
tached and dispersed, and everywhere the active and passive
forms are placed side by side, to be compared, and learned
as they are treated, simultaneously.
The idea underlying and controlling the plan is the maxi-
mum of practice with the minimum of theory, on the princi-
ple that the thorough acquisition of the elements of Latin
must be more of art than science, more the work of
observation, comparison, and imitation, than the mechanical
following of rules, or the exercise of analysis and conscious
inductive reasoning.
The book contains :
1. A brief introduction explaining the Roman and Eng-
lish methods of pronunciation, the necessary paradigms, an
outline of the most important principles of syntax, and a
large number of exercises for translation into English and
into Latin, accompanied by short explanatory notes.
2. About twenty-five simple Latin dialogues, added to as
many chapters. Some of these are on subjects of the
lessons, and include a good many grammatical terms ; some
are on various topics of school and holiday life ; and others
on subjects historical and mythological.
3. Easy selections for translation, consisting besides a
number of fables, of extracts from Viri Romae, Nepos, Ovid,
Catullus, Caesar, and Cicero, some interspersed with the
lessons, others added at the end of the book.
Those who seek in a first Latin book a complete presenta-
tion of the facts and principles of the Latin language, will
not be satisfied with this volume. But, in the opinion of the
authors, there is no error in elementary instruction in Latin
more common and more deplorable than that of failing to
PREFACE.
discriminate between the relatively important and unimpor-
tant ; between what is suited to the beginning and what to
the more advanced stages of the study. It is not too much
to say that a very great part of the barrenness and futility of
the teaching and study of Latin in schools is due to this lack
of discrimination, and to a false conception of thoroughness.
It is not intended to imply that a hard and fast line can be
drawn, still less is this book offered as a realization in this
respect of the ideal. The ideal is never realized. But
it has been the constant aim to make just this distinction :
to determine everywhere, in the light of much observation
and reflection and of long experience, what should be made
the subject of immediate study, and what should be post-
poned ; what is entitled to prominence, and what ought to be
subordinated. Some excellent teachers think that the sub-
junctive mood should have no place in a preparatory Latin
book ; and undoubtedly the syntax of the subjunctive does
involve too many and too great difficulties for such a work,
if anything more than an outline of some commoner uses is
attempted. On the other hand, the learner can hardly read
any Latin without encountering forms of the subjunctive.
The best way then seems to be to construct a large number
of very short sentences for practice on the forms, which
shall exhibit, in the briefest compass, some important and
most frequently recurring uses of the mood, more especially
because the ways of translating the subjunctive cannot be
illustrated from the isolated forms in the paradigms, as
in the other moods. This idea has been worked out in
part in Chapter LIV., the forms having been previously left
untranslated.
The colloquia have been added, not as an integral and
necessary part of the lessons, but to serve as an incentive to
the moderate use of Latin orally in recitation, and to afford
convenient exercises for training the ear and for enlarging
the vocabulary of the learner. The grammatical terms have
VI PREFACE.
been drawn chiefly from the Institutiones of Rudimann.
The colloquium on page 5 has been borrowed from Dr. H.
Meurer's Lateinisches Lesebuch, and suggestions and parts
of the materials for a very few others have been derived
from the same source ; also two or three of the pas-
sages for translation, and here and there some sentences
in the exercises. Whoever examines these colloquia with
a critical eye, will find some words which are confined to
the vocabularies of grammarians and commentators, and
a very few others employed in senses for which it would
be embarrassing to be required to cite classical authority.
For example, the word pensum is used often in the sense
of a schoolboy's task, something to be done or learned,
a lesson. This word doubtless meant strictly a spinner's
task. But in classical Latin it had already approached the
meaning task in general, and it is but a very slight extension
of its application to employ it as it is in the colloquia. Such
a moderate decanting of new wine into old bottles, it is
hoped may be excused. Still if any teacher thinks that the
Latinity of his pupils will be injured by the use of the collo-
quia, it is optional with him to omit them altogether, without
losing the continuity of the lessons.
The complaint is very common, and its justice must
be acknowledged, that first Latin books are often exces-
sively and needlessly arid and wooden. Accordingly an
effort has been made, while following a rigorously scientific
method in the development of the successive subjects, to
impart something of attractiveness, interest, freshness, and
variety to the study of the elements of Latin by means of
the colloquia, the choice of extracts for translation (intro-
duced as early as possible), and the mode of treatment in
every part, extending even to the choice of Latin words,
and to the construction of many of the exercises.
Usage is not fixed in respect to the so-called principal
parts of verbs, a few of the later school manuals giving the
PREFACE. Vli
nominative masculine of the perfect participle, instead of the
supine, except in the case of neuter or intransitive verbs. It
has been thought better in this book to follow the prevailing
practice, only to treat the form that has been called the
supine in this connection, not as the supine, which in most
cases it is not and cannot be, since, as is well known, only
about 230 verbs can be proved to have a supine, but as the
neuter of the perfect participle. 1 Thus the learner is guarded
against errors and is spared the perplexity of having to
memorize now one, now another form.
It is hoped that this book can be finished and reviewed by
the average learner in a year, and that the transition then
to Viri Romae, Nepos, or Caesar will not prove too difficult.
More than two- thirds of the words used belong to the vocab-
ulary of Caesar, and only a trifle less than two-thirds to that
of Nepos. In the case of young pupils it may be advisable
to omit the translation of the English exercises into Latin,
beginning with Chapter LV., till after the selections for
translation at the end of the book have been read.
It remains to acknowledge the generous assistance of
several scholars. Professor George M. Lane, of Harvard
University, Professor George L. Kittredge, of Exeter
Academy, N.H., George F. Forbes, A.M., and D. O. S.
Lowell, A.M., both of the Roxbury Latin School, and Mar-
shall W. Davis, A.B., of Thayer Academy, Braintree, read
and criticised the work in manuscript. Mr. Forbes and Mr.
Lowell also read the proof-sheets and made important sug-
gestions and corrections. The authors feel especially in-
debted to John Tetlow, A.M., Head-Master of the Boston
Girls' High and Latin Schools, and author of Inductive Les-
sons in Latin, for critically reading the proof-sheets, and for
materially contributing to the improvement of the book by
1 This plan has been followed by Dr. R. F. Leighton in his First
Steps in Latin.
Vlll PREFACE.
the correction of errors, and by the suggestions of his con-
scientious and exact scholarship.
Thanks are due to Mr. J. S. Gushing, under whose per-
sonal direction the book has been printed, for the patience,
care, and skill which he has constantly exercised to make
the work typographically as faultless as possible.
WM. C. COLLAR.
M. GKANT DANIELL.
BOSTON, Sept. 1, 1886.
The authors desire to express their grateful acknowledg-
ments to Miss Caroline E. Stone, of the Roxbury Latin
School, and to Professor E. M. Wallank, of Fort Worth,
Texas, for the correction of errors that had been overlooked
in the first editions.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Introductory: Alphabet, Syllables, Quantity, Ac-
cent, Cases, Gender 1-6
II. First Declension. Direct Object. Possessive
Dative. Indirect Object 7-12
III. Second Declension. Words in us and urn. Pre-
dicate Noun 13-17
IV. First and Second Declensions. Agreement of
Adjectives. Colloquium, 58 1719
V. Second Declension. Words in er. Ablative of
Agent ' 20-21
VI. Second Declension. Words in er. Paradigms of
Adjectives of First and Second Declensions . . 22-24
VII. The Verb Sum : Paradigm 25-26
VIII. The Verb Sum : Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative; Present Imperative and Infinitive.
- Colloquium, 80 27-29
IX. The Verb Sum: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future
Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infinitive. Collo-
quium, 85 30-31
X. First Conjugation : Paradigm of the Verb Amo . 32-34
XT. First Conjugation : Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative; Present Imperative and Infinitive.
Ablative of Means. Colloquium, 95 .... 35-38
XII. First Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future
Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infinitive .... 39-41
XIII. Third Declension: Mute Stems. Colloquium, 111 . 41-43
XIV. Second Conjugation : Paradigm of the Verb Moneo 44-46
XV. Second Conjugation : Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative ; Present Imperative and Infinitive . 46-49
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
XVI. Second Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infinitive.
Colloquium, 126 49-52
XVII. Review of First and Second Conjugations.
Ablative of Separation. Colloquium, 133 . 53-55
XVIII. Third Declension : Liquid Stems. Ablative of
Time. Colloquium, 139 56-58
XIX. Third Declension: Sibilant Stems. Ablative
of Manner. Colloquium, 148 59-62
XX. Third Declension: Stems in i. Apposition.
Colloquium, 162 62-67
XXI. Third Declension: Mixed Stems. Rules of
Gender. Colloquium, 173 . . 68-72
XXII. Third Declension : Review 72-73
XXIII. Third Conj ugation : Paradigm of the Verb Rego, 74-76
XXIV. Third Conjugation : Present, Imperfect, and Fu-
ture Indicative; Present Imperative and Infini-
tive. Colloquium, 187. Passage for Trans-
lation, 188 76-80
XXV. Third Conjugation : Perfect, Pluperfect, and Fu-
ture Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infinitive.
Colloquium, 195 80-84
XXVI. Review. Passage for Translation, 199 ... 84-86
XXVII. Irregular Adjectives. Colloquium, 204 . . . 86-89
XXVIII. Comparison of Adjectives. Declension of the
Comparative. Ablative with Comparatives.
Passage for Translation, 215 89-92
XXIX. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. Col-
loquium, 222 93-96
XXX. Fourth Conjugation : Paradigm of the Verb
Audio 96-98
XXXI. Fourth Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and
Future Indicative; Present Imperative and
Infinitive . 99-100
CONTENTS. XI
CHAPTER PAGE
XXXII. Fourth Conjugation : Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect Indicative ; Perfect Infini-
tive. Colloquium, 234 101-103
XXXIII. Third Conjugation : Paradigm of the Verb
Capio 104-105
XXXIV. Third Conjugation t Verbs in id. Tenses of
the Indicative ; Present Imperative ; Pres-
ent and Perfect Infinitive 106-107
XXXV. Review of the Four Conjugations. Collo-
quium, 242 108-110
XXXVI. Fourth Declension 110-112
XXXVII. Fifth Declension. Ablative of Specifica-
tion. Colloquium, 261 112-115
XXXVIII. Special Paradigms. Passage for Translation, 115-116
XXXIX. Personal and Possessive Pronouns. Collo-
quium, 269 , . 117-119
XL. Determinative Pronouns. Colloquium, 274 . 120-122
XLL Demonstrative Pronouns 123-125
XLII. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pro-
nouns. Agreement of Relative .... 126-130
XLIII. Review of Pronouns. Colloquium, 290.
Passage for Translation, 291 130-134
XLIV. Compounds of Sum. Dative 134-137
XLV. Deponent Verbs : First and Second Conjuga-
tions. Colloquium, 302 137-140
XL VI. Deponent Verbs: Third and Fourth Con-
jugations. Ablative with Utor, etc.
Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting . 140-142
XL VII. Numerals. Accusative of Extent . . . 143-146
XL VIII. Irregular Verbs : Volo, N616, Malo. Pas-
sage for Translation, 320 146-149
XLIX. Irregular Verbs : Fero and its compounds . 149-152
L. Irregular Verbs : E6, Flo. Colloquium, 332, 152-156
LI. Prepositions. Expressions of Place. Pas-
sage for Translation, 339 156-160
Xll CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
LII. Partitive Genitive. Descriptive Ablative and
Genitive. Dative with Intransitives. Da-
tive of Service 160-161
" LI II. Derivation. Comparison of Words .... 162-164
LIV. The Subjunctive : Sequence of Tenses. Forms.
Purpose Clauses with Ut and Ne . . . 164-171
LV. The Subjunctive : Relative of Purpose . . . 171-172
LVI. The Subjunctive: Result Clauses with Ut
and Ne 173-174
LVII. The Subjunctive : Cum Temporal ; Cum Causal
and Concessive. Passage for Translation,
378 175-178
LVIII. The Subjunctive : Indirect Questions .... 178-180
LTX. The Subjunctive: Wishes and Conditions.
Colloquium, 388 180-184
LX. The Subjunctive and Imperative. Passage for
Translation, 394 184-187
LXT. The Infinitive 187-188
LXII. Accusative and Infinitive: Indirect Discourse.
Passage for Translation, 407 189-194
LXIII. Participles 194-196
LXIV. Participles : Ablative Absolute 197-199
LXV. Impersonal Verbs : Miseret, etc. Intransitive
Verbs in Passive. Passage for Translation,
421 200-203
LXVI. Periphrastic Conjugations : Dative of Agent . 204207
LXVII. Gerund. Gerundive. Supine 208-210
READING LESSONS : Letters. Fables. Caesar's Two
Invasions of Britain . Customs and Habits of the
Britons 211-222
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 223-259
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 260-273
GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATICUM 274-276
BEGINNEE'S LATIN BOOK.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
It is suggested to teachers who are not experienced in teaching Latin
that this chapter may, perhaps, be most profitably used for reference.
Pupils will catch pronunciation quickly from the lips of the teacher ; and
as they make mistakes, they will be interested in being referred to the
rules of pronunciation. It is therefore advised that the teacher begin
with the Colloquium, page 5, pronouncing slowly each sentence, the pupils
following successively, and then together. In the same way the teacher
might then construe literally.
1. ALPHABET. The Latin alphabet has no w.
Otherwise it is the same as the English.
2. VOWELS. Vowels may be long (marked thus "),
short (marked thus ~), or common 1 (marked thus").
The long vowel occupies double the time of the short
in pronouncing.
3. CONSONANTS. Of the consonants
The mutes are : P-mutes . . . p, b, f
T-mutes . . '. t, d
K-mutes . . . k, c, g, q (u)
The liquids are 1, m, n, r
The sibilant is B
The double consonants are . x = cs, 2 z ds.
1 That is, sometimes long and 2 Also represents the combina-
sometimes short. tions hs, qus, gs, vs.
PRONUNCIATION.
4. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, ROMAN METHOD.
Vowels.
5 is sounded like the last a in papa'.
the first a in papa'.
e in they.
e in met.
i in machine.
i in pin.
o in holy.
o in
oo in
oo in foot.
Diphthongs.
ae is sounded like ai in aisle.
au " " OM in our.
ei " " ei in eigr/if.
oe " " oi in 0ot7.
eu " " eu in feud.
ui " " we.
Consonants generally have the same sounds as in English. But
observe the following :
c is sounded like c in come.
g " " g in get.
j " " y in yes.
B " " s in sun. s
t " " t in
v " " win
ch " fc in Jh'te.
1 That is, as the word is com-
monly pronounced ; the sound
heard in holy, shortened.
2 In qu, and also commonly in
gu and su hefore a vowel, u is a
semi-vowel or consonant, and is
pronounced like w.
8 Never like z. 4 Never like sh.
PRONUNCIATION. 3
5. SYLLABLES.
1. A syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong with
or without one or more consonants. Hence a word
has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs :
ae-gri-tu'-do, sickness.
2. When a word is divided into syllables, a single con-
sonant is joined with the vowel following : a-ma/-bi-lis,
amiable.
3. If there are two or more consonants between two
vowels, as many are joined with the following vowel
as can be pronounced at the beginning of a word or
syllable: im '-pro-bus, bad; ho-spes, guest.
4. But in compound words the division must shoT
the component parts : ab'-est (ab, away ; est, he ^s),
he is away.
5. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima;
the one next to the last, the penult; the one before the
penult, the antepenult.
6. QUANTITY.
1. A vowel is short before a vowel (with few excep-
tions) or A, also probably before nt and nd: po-e'-ma,
poem; gra'-ti-ae, thanks; ni'-hil, nothing; a'-mant,
they love; mo-nen'-dus, to be advised.
2. Diphthongs, vowels representing diphthongs, vow-
els resulting from contraction, and vowels followed by
nf, ns, /, and commonly gn, are long : in-I'-quus (inae-
quus), unequal; co'-go (coago), collect; con'-fe-ro, bring
together ; men'-sa, table; hu'-jus, of him; ina'-gnus, great.
In this book only long vowels are marked, unless for
some special reason.
PRONUNCIATION.
3. A syllable is long when it contains a long vowel
or a diphthong : vo'-ces, voices ; ae'-des, temple.
4. A syllable is long if it has a short vowel followed
by two or more consonants (except a mute followed by
I or r), or by x or z ; but the short vowel is still pro-
nounced short: sunt, 1 they are; tern '-plum, temple;
dux, 1 leader.
5. A syllable is common if it has a short vowel fol-
lowed by a mute with I or r: te'-ne-brae, darkness.
The vowel is pronounced short.
The above statements are useful in determining the place of
the accent.
7. ACCENT.
1. Words of two syllables have the accent on the
first : tu'-ba, trumpet.
2. Words of more than two syllables have the accent
on the penult when the penult is long, otherwise on the
antepenult : prae-di'-co, foretell ; prae'-di-co, declare ;
ille'-ce-brae, snares ; pa-ter'-nus, 2 paternal.
(1) Several words, called enclitics, of which the commonest are
ne, the sign of a question, and que, and, are appended to other
words, and such words are then accented on the syllable preceding
the ne or que : amat'-ne, does he love f dona'-que, and gifts.
8. ENGLISH METHOD OF PRONUNCIATION. By this
method the above rules relating to syllables (5) and
accent (7) are observed, and words are pronounced
substantially as in English ; but final es is sounded as
in English ease, and final os (ace. plur.) as in dose.
1 u pronounced like oo in. foot. the penult is short, the syllable is
2 Here, though the vowel of long by 6. 4.
PRONUNCIATION.
The following colloquium may be used, if the teacher wishes, for
practice, and to illustrate the foregoing statements. See introduc-
tory note, page 1.
9.
COLLOQUIUM.
Augustus. Quid tibi vis?
lulus. Tecum ambulare ve-
lim,
A. Ego nolo ; domi manere
malo,
I. Cur mavis?
A. Ego et f rater vesperl
cum patre ambulare malu-
mus.
I. Our mecum per silvas
vagari non vultis ?
A. Quod vesperl amoeni-
tate fru! malumus quam soils
ardore,
I. At jam saepe mecum
ambulare noluisti,
A. Non recte dicis ; non
est causa cur tecum ambulare
nolim ; at cum hortus avi satis
amplus sit et lacum silvamque
contineat, ibi malumus ludere,
Si vis, noblscum veni,
What do you wish (for your-
self) ?
I should like to take a walk
with you.
I don't want to; I prefer to
stay at home.
Why do you prefer (that) ?
My brother and I had rather
take a walk at evening with our
father.
Why don't you want to roam
with me through the woods?
Because we had rather en-
joy the pleasantness of evening
than the heat of the sun.
But often before now youhave
not wanted to walk with me.
What you say is not true;
there is no reason why I should
not want to walk with you; but
since grandfather's garden is
quite large, and has a pond and
a grove, we had rather play
there. If you like, come with us.
1C. CASES.
1. The names of the cases in Latin are : nominative*
vocative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative.
CASE AND GENDER.
2. The vocative is the case of address, but it does
not differ in form from the nominative, except in the
singular of nouns and adjectives in us of the second
declension, and hence is not elsewhere given separately
in the paradigms.
3. Another case, the locative, which denotes the place
of an action, is mostly confined to proper names, and
has the form of the ablative (sometimes dative) singular
or plural, or of the genitive singular.
11. GENDER. The gender of Latin nouns is deter-
mined partly, as in English, by the meaning, but much
oftener by the termination.
1. Nouns denoting males are masculine : agricola,
farmer; Cicero, Cicero.
2. Nouns denoting females are feminine : regma,
queen; Tullia, Tullia.
3. Names of rivers, winds, and months are masculine :
Padus, Po ; aquilo, north wind ; Januarius, January.
4. Names of countries, towns, islands, and trees, are
feminine: Africa, Africa ; Roma, Rome; Sicilia, Sicily;
pirus, pear-tree.
5. Indeclinable nouns are neuter: fas, right.
Other rules of gender will be given under the several declensions.
It is assumed that the learner knows the names and functions
of the parts of speech in English, and the meanings of the common
grammatical terms, such as subject and predicate, case, mood, tense,
voice, declension, conjugation, etc. So much knowledge is absolutely
essential for entering upon the study of the following lessons.
FIRST DECLENSION.
CHAPTER II. 1.
FIRST DECLENSION.
12. The stem 1 ends in a.
13. GENDER. The gender is feminine; but see
general rules, 11.
14. PARADIGM.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N,V. tuba, a trumpet. N.V. tubae, trumpets.
G. tub ae, of a trumpet. G. tub arum, of trumpets.
D. tubae, to or for a trumpet. D. tub is, to or for trumpets.
Ac. tub am, a trumpet. Ac. tubas, trumpets.
Ab. tub a, 2 with a trumpet. Ab. tub is, with trumpets.
1. For the reason why the vocative case is not given separately
in the paradigm see 10. 2.
2. Examples of the locative case (10. 3) in this declension are :
Romae, at Rome; Athenis, at Athens.
15. TERMINATIONS. These consist of case-endings,
joined with the final letter of the stem. But sometimes
the final letter of the stem is lost, and sometimes the
case-ending.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.V. a ae
G. ae arum
D. ae is
Ac. am as
Ab. a is
1 The stem is the common base to dered, according to its connection,
which certain letters are added to It is therefore recommended that,
express the relation of the word in declining words, no translation
to other words. of the ablative be given till its use
2 The ablative is variously ren- has been illustrated. See p. 20, n. 1,
8
FIRST DECLENSION.
16. Observe that the genitive and dative singular and nomina-
tive plural are alike ; also the dative and ablative plural.
17. In Latin there is no article : tuba may be translated
a trumpet, the trumpet, or trumpet.
18. The pupil should commit to memory the table of termina-
tions.
19.
2.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
aquila, F., eagle.
c mida, F., tail.
columba, F., dove.
filia, 1 F., daughter.
puella, F., girl.
reglna, F., queen.
rosa, 2 F., rose.
via, F., road, street, way.
ADJECTIVES. 3
alba, white.
bona, good.
dura, hard.
lata, wide, broad.
longa, long.
magna, large.
mala, bad.
parva, small, little.
est, (he, she, it) is.
sunt, (they) are.
habet, (he, she, it) has.
habent, (they) have.
2O. Observe that in the above verb-forms the singular ends
in t, and the plural in nt.
21.
NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE.
EXERCISES.
I. 4 1. Viaelatae. 2. Via lata. 3. Vias latas. 4. Viam
latarn. 5. Cauda longa. 6. Caudas longas. 7. Caudam
longam. 8. Caudae longae. 9. Columbas parvas. 10. Co-
1 Filia and dea, goddess, have
a dative and ablative plural in
-abus, but this is mostly confined
to legal and religious language.
2 CAUTION: Do not pronounce
s like z, if you use the Roman
method. See page 2, note 3.
3 The masculine and neuter of
adjectives will be taken up in con-
nection with nouns of the second
declension.
4 Observe that the adjective
takes the case and number of the
noun to which it belongs.
FIRST DECLENSION. 9
lumbae parvae. 11. Columba parva. 12. Columbam par-
vam. 13. Rosam albam. 14. Rosae albae. 15. Rosa alba.
16. Rosas albas. 17. Regina mala. 18. Reginas malas.
II. In like manner give sMfuL
nauta, -ae, sailor. qua rtus, -a, -um, fourth.
poeta, -ae, poet. qu intii8, -a, -nm,Jifih.
carrus, -I, wagon. ^Ttlu*, -a, -urn, third.
remus, -i, oar. validus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy.
ventus, -I, wind.
Neuter. PREPOSITION.
frumentum, -I, grain. in (with ablative), in, on.
pabulum, -I, fodder. in (with accusative), into, to.
53. In the preceding exercises an adjective qualifying a noun
has had the same termination as the noun. Now observe the
following examples: agricola bonus, a good farmer ; agricolae
boni, of a good farmer; agricolae bono, to or for a good farmer,
etc. Here the adjective has a different termination from the noun.
Since agricola is masculine, the adjective that goes with it must
have the masculine form, as well as the same number and case.
1 See note 1, p. 10. note 2, p. 10. .So in English, a
2 for, not to, the master. question asked with not expects
3 When ne is appended to non, the answer yes.
the answer yes is expected. See 4 See 11. 1.
18 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
54. RULE OF SYNTAX. Adjectives agree with their
nouns in gender, number, and case.
55. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Agricolae valid!. 2. Agricolam validum. 3. Agri-
colas validos. 4. Agricola validus. 5. Agricolae valido.
6. Agricolarum validorum. 7. Agricola valide.
II. 1. A skilful sailor (nom. and ace.). 2. Skilful sailors
(nom. and ace.). 3. Of a skilful sailor. 4. For a skilful
sailor. 5. Skilful sailor (voc.). 6. For skilful sailors.
7. Of a famous poet. 8. Of famous poets. 9. Pleasing
poets. 10. A pleasing poet (nom. and ace.).
2.
56. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Hortus agricolae magnus est. 2. Agricola validus
hortum magnum habet. 3. 1 Agricolae (dat.) est hortus mag-
nus. 4. Nautae remus longus est. 5. Poeta vmum bonum
agricolae periti laudat. 6. Hora est quarta. 7. 2 Luna est
plena. 8. Pabulum equi albi est frumentum. 9. Dominus
servum peritum laudat. 10. 3 Nautae (dat.) grata sunt ova et
vmum agricolae bonl.
II. 1. O 4 agricola valide, carrus est plenus frumenti.
2. Domine bone, secunda hora est, et discipulus est de-
fessus. 3. Hortos agricolarum peritorum laudant. 4. P6-
culum magnum est vini plenum. 5. Agricola bonus equo
valido dat pabulum.
1 See 32. 3 Translate this sentence with-
2 We may translate, there is a out changing the order of the
full moon, it is a full moon, or the words, and you will feel the em-
moon is full. There is nothing in phasis imparted to nautae from
Latin answering to our it and there its position.
used in this way at the beginning 4 O sometimes accompanies the
of a sentence. rocative.
FIKST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 19
3.
57. EXERCISES.
I. 1. The poet likes 1 the farmer's wine. 2. 2 Farmers have
large wagons and strong horses. 3. Skilful sailors like a
good breeze. 4. In the garden there 3 are many roses. 5. The
poet and his 8 daughter are in the wagon. 6. The horse
carries the farmer's grain. 7. There is wine in the little
girl's cup. 8. There are many 4 small girls in the street.
9. Galba carries fodder for the horses. 10. The food of
the little dove is grain.
II. 1. My (0) good friend, the master's cup is full.
2. The servant gives the queen 5 a large cup. 3. The strong
sailors are carrying javelins in their 3 arms. 4. In the strong
wagon is good fodder for the farmer's horses. 5. In the
poet's gardens there are many friends. 6. Farmers have
horses, wagons, doves, eggs, and 3 wine.
4.
58. COLLOQUIUM.
Datne 6 Carolus (Charles) amlco cymbam (boat) ?
Carolus amlco cymbam et remos dat.
Quid in cymba habet Carolus ?
Carolus remum et pilum in cymba habet.
Quota (what) hora est? 7 Hora est qulnta.
Quid in carro habet rusticus (countryman) validus ?
Quid in poculo desiderat (wants) rusticus defessus?
1 Occasionally words occur in 3 Omit.
the English exercises which are 4 Many and small.
purposely not given as definitions 5 Not accusative,
in the vocabularies, but by a little 6 Remember that ne is append-
thought the pupil will understand ed as the sign of a question,
jvhat Latin word is meant. 7 What time is it? or, What is
2 Translate in two ways. the time of day?
20 SECOND DECLENSION.
CHAPTER V. 1.
SECOND DECLENSION.
59. PARADIGM.
Puer, boy. TERMINATIONS.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SING. PLUR.
N.V. puer pueri I
G. pueri puerSrum I drum
D. puer 5 puer is 6 is
Ac. puerum puer 6s um 6s
Ab. puer 6 1 puer Is 6 is
60. VOCABULARY.
gener, -erl, M., son-in-law. tener, -era, -erum, tender.
llberl, -orum, (pi.) M., children. sex 1 us, -a, -um, sixth.
socer, -erf, M., father-in-law. g (ab)> prep w abl ? by> away f romt
vir, virl, M., man, hero.
amatur, (he, she, it) is loved.
asper, -era, -erum, rough. amantur, (they) are loved.
liber, -era, -erum, 2 free. laudatur, (he, she, it) is praised.
miser, -era, -erum, poor, wretched, laudantur, (they) are praised.
pueri, general word for children.
llberl, children of free parents.
61. The farmer is praised by the queen would be
expressed in Latin thus: Agricola a (or ab) regina
laudatur ; and The queen is praised by the farmer -, thus:
Regina ab (not a) agricola laudatur.
Observe that in the first sentence, regina, and in the second,
agricola, denotes the person by whom the thing is done (the
agent) ; also, that these words are in the ablative, and are preceded
by a or ab. The ablative thus used, together with the preposition, an-
swers the question by whom ? and is called the ABLATIVE OF AGENT.
1 To translate puero, " with, 2 Decline the masculine of
from, by a boy," as is commonly adjectives in er in this lesson
done, is wholly wrong. With a boy like puer. The full declension is
would be cum puero ; from, or by given on p. 24.
a boy, a puero. See p. 7, note 2.
SECOND DECLENSION. 21
62. RULE OF SYNTAX. The agent with passive
verbs is expressed by the ablative with a or ab,
ab before vowels or h, a or ab before consonants.
63. Read again 53 and 54, then add the proper terminations
of the adjectives, and translate the following :
I. 1. Geneii bon-, gencr bon- (nom. and voc.). 2. Vir
magn-, a viro magn-. 3. Ab agricola defess-, agricolae
miser-. 4. A regina tener-. 5. Pueri asper-.
II. 1. By the bad father-in-law. 2. By the rough sailor.
3. By the children of the hero. 4. The free men (nom. and
ace.). 5. Of the wretched sons-in-law.
2.
64. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Gener viri servus est. 2. Puer bonus ab amico
laudatur. 3. Liberl a nauta aspero amantur. 4. Puella
tenera columbas parvas amat. 5. Columbae parvae a puella
tenera amantur. 6. Miseri servi a domino bono laudantur.
7. 1 Lata in via snnt pueii mult! et aspeii. 8. Equi valid!
agricolae a liberis laudantur. 9. Filia soceri est misera.
10. Viri filias poetae laudant.
II. 1. The sons-in-law of the men are farmers. 2. Good
men are praised by their 2 friends. 3. The boy is loved by
the rough sailors. 4. The sixth boy is a new one. 2 5. The
tired children are in the farmer's wagon. 6. The tender
dove is loved by the little girl. 7. Poor slaves are not
praised by their rough masters. 8. The strong man is in
the poet's garden. 9. The heroes are praised by the pupils.
10. They love the daughter of the poor sailor.
1 Adjective, preposition, noun, the three are combined. What is
is often the order where, as here, the English order ? 2 Omit.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
K". V. ager
agri
G. agri
agr orum
D. agro
agr Is
Ac. agr um
agr 6s
Ab. agro
agr is
22 SECOND DECLENSION.
CHAPTER VI. 1.
SECOND DECLENSION.
65. PARADIGM.
Ager, field. TERMINATIONS.
SING. PLUR.
I
\ drum
6 is
um os
6 is
Observe that the above terminations are the same as those on
page 20. Wherein does the declension of ager differ from that
of puer?
66. VOCABULARY.
aper, apri, M., boar. aeger, aegra, acgrum, 2 sick.
culter, cultri, M., knife. niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
faber, -brl, M., smith. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,
liber, 1 -brl, M., book. beautiful, handsome.
magister, -trl, M., master. ruber, rubra, rubrum, red.
minister, -tri, M., servant. Septimus, -a, -um, seventh.
magister, a superior, director ; hence, master of a school, etc.
dominus (43), master of a household, slaves, etc.
minister, an inferior, attendant, servant.
servus (43), a serving man, slave.
67. Most nouns in er are declined like ager, and most adjec-
tives in er like aeger. The most important nouns and adjectives
that keep the e before r in all the cases were given in the vocabu-
lary, 60, and should now be committed to memory.
68. Decline together equus niger, bonus faber, aper asper,
vir aeger.
1 Distinguish liber, free, from liber, book. 2 See p. 24.
SECOND DECLENSION. 23
2.
69. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Socer est faber. 2. Magister est discipul! amicus.
3. Gener! viii sunt ministri. 4. Culter puero est gratus.
5. Libii magistri discipulis sunt grati. 6. Yinum rubrum
a fabro defesso amatur. 7. Libri poetae a magistro aman-
tur. 8. Puellae pulchrae viris rosas rubras dant. 9. Nauta
cultrum longum habet. 10. 1 Libros multos in bracchiis por-
tat puer.
II. 1. The fathers-in-law are smiths. 2 2. The masters
are loved by their pupils. 3. The man's son-in-law is a
servant. 4. The knives are pleasing to the little boy.
5. The pretty 3 cups are liked by the boys and girls. 6. A
girl gives a man 4 a beautiful rose. 7. The sailors have many
long knives. 8. The children of the master are carrying 5
the books in their arms. 9. The smith's son-in-law has
children. 10. There is a rough boar in the farmer's field.
7O. Answer the following in Latin :
1. Quis (who) est amicus poetae? 2. Quis est socer
Carol! ? 3. Ubi (where) sunt discipuli magistri? 4. Amantne
hodie (to-day) pensum (task) ? 5. Nonne Carolus columbae
frumentum hodie dat ? 6. Quae (ivho, fern.) rosas rubras
habet? 7. Quis bracchia longa habet? 8. Quis est vir liber?
9. Ubi est equus rustic!? 10. Quae puellas pulchras habet?
11. Regmane puellas pulchras habet? 12. Ubi sunt Jacob!
amic! ?
1 What is peculiar in the order and sunt? Compare the first three
of the words ? Translate as the sentences in I. See rule, 47.
words stand, and see what word is 3 See p. 19, note 1.
made emphatic by its position. 4 Not accusative.
2 What case is used after est 5 Not passive. See p. 14, note 1.
24
SECOND DECLENSION.
ADJECTIVES : FIRST AND SECOND
DECLENSIONS
71. PARADIGMS.
Bonus, good.
MASCULINE. FEMININE.
NEUTER.
Sing. N.V. bon us, g bon a
bon um
G. boni bonae
boni
D. bon 6 bonae
bon 6
Ac. bon um bon am
bonum
Ab. bon 6 bon a
bon 6
Plur. N.V. boni bonae
bon a
G. bon orum bon arum
bon orum
D. bon Is bon Is
bon Is
Ac. bon 6s bon as
bon a
Ab. bon Is bon Is
bon Is
Sing. N.V. liber liber a
liber um
G. liber I liber ae
liber I
D. liber 5 liber ae
liber 6
Ac. liber um liber am
liber um
Ab. liber 6 liber a
liber 6
Plur. IST.V. liber I liber ae
liber a
G. liber orum liber arum
liber orum
D. liber Is liber Is
liber is
Ac. liber 6s liber as
liber a
Ab. liber Is liber Is
liber Is
Aeger, sick.
Sing. N.V. aeger aegra
aegrum
G. aegri aegrae
aegri
D. aegr 5 aegrae
aegro
Ac. aegrum aegr am
aegrum
Ab. aegro aegra
aegro
Plur. N.V. aegri aegrae
aegra
G. aegr orum aegrarum
aegr orum
D. aegris aegris
aegr Is
Ac. aegr 6s aegr as
aegra
Ab. aegris aegris
aegris
THE VERB Sum. 25
CHAPTER VII.
THE IRREGULAR VERB Sum (stems es, fu), / am.
72. Principal parts, swra, esse, fm.
73. For convenience the inflection of sum is given in full.
Directions will be given from time to time as to what parts are
to be learned.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. sum, 1 I am. sumus, we are.
2. es, thou art. 2 estis, you are.
3. est, he (she, it) is. sunt, they are.
IMPERFECT.
1. eram, 3 I was. eramus, we were.
2. eras, thou wast. eratis, you were.
3. erat, he was. erant, they were.
FUTURE.
1. er 6, 4 / shall be. erimus, we shall be.
2. eris, thou wilt be. eritis, you will be.
3. erit, he will be. erunt, they will be.
PERFECT.
1. fuT, 7 have been, was. fuimus, we have been, were.
2. fuisti, thou hast been, wast. fuistis, you have been, were.
3. f uit, he has been, ^ V a S . { fu gr * nt ' or
(. f u ere, they have been, were.
PLUPERFECT.
1. fueram, / had been. fu eramus, we had been.
2. fueras, thou hadst been. fu eratis, you had been.
3. fuerat, he had been. fu erant, they had been.
1 Sum for esum. of the verb, if by you one person
2 Or, you are, as in the plural. only is meant.
But in translating into Latin be 3 Eram for esam.
careful to use the singular form 4 Ero for eso.
26 THE VERB Sum.
FUTURE PERFECT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. fuero, I shall have been. fu erlmns, we shall have been.
2. fueris, thou wilt have been. fueritis, you will have been.
3. fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been.
SUBJUNCTIVE. 1
PRESENT. IMPERFECT.
SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR.
1. sim simus essem essemus
2. sis sitis esses essetis
3. sit sint esset essent
PERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
1. fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissemus
2. fueris fueritis fuisses fuissetis
3. fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
2. es, be thou. este, be ye.
FUTURE.
2. es to, thou shall be. es tote, ye shall be.
3. esto, he shall be. sunto, they shall be.
* INFINITIVE.
PRESENT, esse, to be.
PERFECT, fuisse, to have been.
FUTURE, futurus esse, to be about to be.
PARTICIPLE,
futurus, -a, -um, about to be.
1 No meanings can be given to better left untranslated until its
the subjunctive that are not mis- use has been illustrated. The sub-
leading. Its forms are therefore junctive is treated on pp. 164-186.
THE VERB Sum. 27
CHAPTER VIII. 1.
' THE VERB Sum.
74. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and
the present imperative and infinitive.
75. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Est, erat, erit. 2. Sunt, erant, erunt. 3. Sumus,
eramus, erimus. 4. Ero, eram, sum. 5. Eras, es, eris.
6. Estis, eritis, eratis. 7. Es, este. 8. Esse.
II. I.I am, we are, I was, we were, I shall be, we shall
be. 2. He was, they were, he is, they are, he will be, they
will be. 3. You (sing.) will be, are, were. 4. You (plur.)
will be, are, were. 5. Be ye, be thou. 6. To be.
From this point the vocabularies follow the exercises, and it is
recommended that the pupil go through the exercises mentally,
referring to the vocabularies for the meanings of words. Before
writing the translations into Latin the vocabularies should be re-
viewed, but the task of committing to memory will then be found
an easy one.
76. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Inimlcus pilum habet. 2. Inimico est pilum.
3. Somnus puero erit gratus. 4. Liberi agricolae erunt
defessi. 5. Minerva aram in oppido habebat. 6. Minervae
in oppido erat ara. 7. In terra viri, in aqua ranae sunt.
8. Inimici eramus incolarum malorum. 9. Oculi dornml
dun erant magni et nigri. 10. 1 Domino duro erant oculi
magm et nigii. II. 1 Dominus durus oculos magnos et
nigros habebat. 12. Consilium fabri periti bonum erat.
1 What word is better left untranslated, though needed in the Latin ?
28 THE VERB Slim.
II. I. 1 The farmer had a wagon. 2. I shall be the man's
friend. 3. There 2 is a large town on 3 the island. 4. There
was a red egg on the table. 5. Children were carrying the
food of the men. 6. A boy gave a smith 4 some 2 javelins.
7. In the town are enemies of the inhabitants. 8. They
were praising the words of the sturdy farmer. 9. The
poet's gifts will be pleasing to Minerva. 10. Boys, be ye
strong and skilful.
3.
77. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Eritis valido in carro agricolae periti. 2. Eras
nonus discipulus et filius poetae erat octavus. 3. O miser
serve, tu (thou) es inimicus pulchrae Minervae. 4. Amlcus
ero Minervae magnae. 5. 5 AgricolTs aratra dura et valida
dabant viri. 6. In Britannia sunt oppida multa et magna.
7. Puer bone, es amicus equ! miseri.
II. 1. A girl gave a sick sailor 6 some wine and water.
2. The wine she carried in a pretty 7 cup. 3. He praised the
maiden's 7 pretty cup and the ruddy wine. 4. The maiden
and the sailor were inhabitants of Britain. 5. Britain is a
large island, and has handsome towns.
78. VOCABULARY.
aqua, -ae, P., water. incola, -ae, M. & r., inhabitant.
ara, -ae, F., altar. inimicus, -I, M., enemy.
aratrum, -1, N., plough. iiisula, -ae, F., island.
consilinm, -I, N., advice, plan. mensa, -ae, F., table.
1 Translate in two ways. of 69. 1. 10, and see the note there.
2 Omit. See p. 18, note 2. What name is given to the dative
3 See vocabulary, 52. agricolis ?
4 Indirect object, see 33 & 34. c See 69. II. 6, and note.
6 Compare the order with that 7 See p. 19, note 1.
THE VERB Sum. 29
Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, god- oppidum, -I, N., town.
dess of wisdom. rana, -ae, F.,frog.
nonus, -a, -uni, adj., ninth. somnus, -I, M., sleep.
octavus, -a, -um, adj., eighth. terra, -ae, F., earth, land.
oculus, -I, M., eye. verbum, -I, N., word.
amabat, (he she it) was loving, loved.
dabat, (he, she, it) was giving, gave.
habebat, (he, she, it) was having, had.
laudabat, (he, she, it) was praising, praised.
portabat, (he, she, it) was carrying, carried.
amabant, they were loving, loved.
dabant, they were giving, gave.
habebant, they were having, had.
laudabant, they were praising, praised.
portabant, they were carrying, carried.
79. Nouns in ius and turn contract the genitive ending ii
to i : consili. Films (son) and genius (guardian deity), and
proper nouns in ius, drop the e of the vocative : fill, Mercuri,
Mercury. But the word is accented as if the longer form were
used.
4.
8O. COLLOQUIUM.
Nonne aquam in poculo habet faber?
Minime. Faber in poculo habet novum vmum.
no
Desideratne Galba somnum gratum ?
wishes
Certe, nam hodie est Gralba defessus.
certainly for to-day
Ubi est amlcus agricolae pigii?
lazy
Est in oppido, nam non amabat amici consilium.
Ubi sunt arma agricolarum validorum?
tools
Agricolarum equi, earn, aratra sunt in agro.
30 THE VERB Sum.
CHAPTER IX. 1.
THE VERB Sum.
81. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative,
and the perfect infinitive. See pp. 25 and 26.
82. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Fuit, fuerat, fuerit. 2. Fuerunt, fuerant, fuerint.
3. Fuimus, fueramus, fuerimus. 4. Fuero, fueram, fui.
5. Fueras, fueris, fuisti. 6. Fuistis, fueritis, fueratis.
7. Fuisse.
II. 1. I have been, we have been, I had been, we had
been, I shall have been, we shall have been. 2. He has
been, they have been, he had been, they had been, he will
have been, they will have been. 3. You (sing.) will have
been, had been, have been. 4. You (plur.) will have been,
had been, have been. 5. To have been.
2.
83. EXERCISES.
I. 1. In Graecia erant templa multa. 2. In Graecia
erant templa deorum et dearum. 3. Aurum erat in statua
Minervae. 4. Minervae fuit statua magna et clara. 5. Mi-
nerva statuam magnam et claram habebat. 6. Multae et
pulchrae erant Graeciae statuae. 7. Non alta erant pulchra
Graeciae templa. 8. Fluvii Graeciae non lati et alti erant.
9. Clari fuerunt multi GraecT. 10. Graecorum antlquorum
erit gloria sempiterna.
II. 1. They had been in the towns of the Greeks. 2. The
monuments of Greece were temples and statues. 3. The
statue of Minerva had a shield and spear. 4. The arms of
the Greeks were shields and spears. 5. The gods had many
statues in Greece. 6. The red roses will be pleasing to the
THE VERB Sum. 31
queen. 7. The man's children are in the street. 8. He
has been on the farmer's horse. 9. The children are carried
in the poet's arms. 10. Many inhabitants of Britain have
been skilful sailors.
84. VOCABULARY.
altus, -a, -urn, adj., deep, high. gloria, -ae, F., glory.
a ut i (in us, -a, -um, adj., ancient. Graecia, -ae, F., Greece.
arma, -drum, N. (plur.), arms. Graecus, -I, M., a Greek.
aureus, -a, -um, adj., of gold, hasta, -ae, F., spear.
golden. monumentum, -I, N., monument.
an rum, -1, N., gold. scutum, -I, N., shield.
dea, -ae, F., goddess, p. 8, n. 1. sempiteruus, -a, -um, adj., ever'
decimus, -a, -um, adj., tenth. lasting.
deus, -I, M., god (262). statua, -ae, F., statue.
fluvius, -1, M., river (79). templum, -I, N., temple.
3.
85. COLLOQUIUM.
DUO PUERI.
two
Ubi est Carolus hodie ? Nonne est in schola ?
Charles school
Minime. Est in fluvio ; nam habet cymbam parvam, et
libenter navigat.
likes sailing
Unde Carolo est cymba ? Where did C. get a boat ?
whence to Charles is a boat.
Ab avunculo, nam Carolus ab avunculo amatur.
from uncle
Quid in cymba portat Carolus ?
Nescio ; procul dubio prandium ; etenhn in animo
I don't know doubtless luncheon for mind
habet . .
Quid in animo habet ?
Vale, bone amice, eras patebit.
good by to-morrow it will be open = the secret will be out.
32
FIRST CONJUGATION.
CHAPTER X.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
86. A- VERBS.
Amo (stem ama), love.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : J amo, amare, amavi, amatum.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
/ love, am loving, do love, etc.
am 5 am amus
am as am atis
am at am ant
I am loved, etc.
am or am amur
am aria, or -re am amini
am atur am autur
IMPERFECT.
/ loved, was loving, did love, etc. I ivas loved, etc.
amabam amabamus amabar amabamur
am abas am abatis amabaris, or-re amabamini
amabat amabant amabatur amabantur
/ shall love, etc.
arn abo am abimus
am abis am abitis
am abit am abunt
FUTURE.
/ shall be loved, etc.
arn abor am abimur
am aberis, or -re am abiminl
am abitur am abuntur
PERFECT.
7 have loved, I loved, etc. I have been (was) loved, etc.
amavi amavimus rsum /sumus
amavisti amavistis amatus-^es amati -J estis
amav it amav erunt, or -re ( est ( sunt
1 Certain forms of the verb
are called, from their importance,
principal parts. These forms are
the first person of the present in-
dicative, showing the present stem ;
the present infinitive, showing the
conjugation ; the first person of the
perfect indicative, showing the
perfect stem ; and the perfect parti-
ciple, showing the participle stem.
The neuter of the participle is
given, as intransitive verbs have
the perfect participle only in that
gender.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
33
ACTIVE VOICE.
PLUPERFECT.
/ had loved, etc.
amav eram amav eramus
amav eras amav eratis
amav erat amav erant
PASSIVE VOICE.
/ had been loved, etc.
f eram ( eramus
amatus eras
(erat
amati -j eratis
( erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
/ shall have loved, etc. I shall have been loved, etc.
amavero amaverimus rero ( erimus
amav eris amaverltis amatus-^eris
amav erit amav erint ( erit
amati < eritis
( erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE. 1
PRESENT.
am em
ames
amet
am emus
am etis
ament
amer
am eris, or -re
am etur
am emur
am emini
am entur
IMPERFECT.
amarem amaremus amarer amaremur
am ares am aretis am areris, or -re am aremini
amaret amarent amaretur amarentur
PERFECT.
amaverim amaverimus rsim ^simus
amav eris amav eritis amatus-^sis amati -Jsitis
amav erit amav erint ( sit ( sint
PLUPERFECT.
amavissem amavissemus / esseni / essemus
amavisses amavissetis amat us -'esses amat I \ essetis
amavisset amavissent
esset
( essent
1 See p. 26, note.
34
FIRST CONJUGATION.
ACTIVE VOICE.
am a, love thou.
am ate, love ye.
am ato, tliou shalt love.
am ato, he shall love.
am atote, you shall love.
amanto, they shall love.
IMPERATIVE.
PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
am are, be thou loved.
am amim, be ye loved.
FUTURE.
am ator, thou shalt be loved.
am ator, he shall be loved.
amantor, they shall be loved.
INFINITIVE.
PRES. am are, to love. amari, to be loved.
PERF. amavisse, to have loved. amatus esse, to have been loved.
FUT. amaturus esse, to be about amatum irl, to be about to be
to love. loved.
PARTICIPLE.
PRES. amans, -antis, loving.
FUT. amaturus, -a, -um, about
to love.
i
G. am andi, of loving.
D . am ando, for loving.
Ac. amandum, loving.
Ab. am ando, by loving.
Ac. amatum, to love.
GER. 2 am andus, -a, -um, to be
loved.
PERF. amatus, -a, -um, having
been loved.
GERUND.
SUPINE.
Ab. amatu, to love, to be loved.
1 Observe that the Latin has
neither a perfect active nor a
present passive participle.
2 Gerundive, sometimes less
correctly called future passive
participle.
FIRST CONJUGATION. 35
CHAPTER XI. 1.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
87. Learn the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and the
present imperative and infinitive, active and passive, of amo. 1
88. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Amatis, amabatis, amabitis. 2. Amatur, amaba-
tur, amabitur. 3. Amat, amabat, amabit. 4. Amantur,
amabantur, amabuntur. 5. Amo, amor. 6. Amas, amaris.
7. Amamus, amamur. 8. Amabitis, amabimini. 9. Ama-
bat, amabatur. 10. Amare, amari.
II. 1. He loves, he is loved. 2. He will love, he will be
loved. 3. They were loved, they were loving. 4. I shall
love, I shall be loved. 5. You (sing.) love, you are loved.
6. They loved, they were loving, they will love. 7. You
(plur.) are loving, you were loving, you will be loving.
8. Love (sing.)) be loved. 9. To be loved, to love.
2.
89. EXERCISES.
Laudo, praise ; porto, carry ; supero, conquer.
I. 1. Laudat, portat, superat. 2. Laudatur, portatur,
superatur. 3. Laudabitur, portabitur, superabitur. 4. Lau-
dasne ? portabasne ? superabisne ? 5. Laudamur, portaba-
mur, superabimur. 6. Lauda, porta, supera. 7. Superare,
portare, laudari. 8. Non superaminT, non portabamim,
non laudabimim. 9. Laudare, portamim, superate. 10. Lau-
dor, portabar, superabor.
II. 1. Thou praisest, you carry, he conquers. 2. He is
praised, they are carried, they will be conquered. 3. I praise,
I was carrying, I ^hall conquer. 4. Thou art praised, thou
1 Notice how frequently the Where is it absent in the first three
letter r marks a form as passive. tenses 7
36 FIRST CONJUGATION.
art carried, thou art conquered. 5. Praise (thou), carry,
conquer. 6. He will be conquered, he was praised, it is
carried. 7. To conquer, to be carried, to be praised. 8. Do
we carry? are we conquered? are we praised? 9. I am
not carried, he was not conquered, they are not praised.
10. Thou wilt praise, he will be praised, they were carried.
90. Examine the following sentences :
1. Agricola a regina laudatur, the farmer is praised by the queen.
2. Agricola reginae verbis laudatur, the farmer is praised by
the words of the queen.
3. Servi gladiis armantur, the slaves are being armed with swords.
On the first example see 61 and 62. In the second and third,
observe that there is no a or ab used with verbis and gladiis.
These ablatives, verbis and gladiis, answer the questions by
what ? with what ? by means of what ? The ablative thus used is
called the Ablative of Means or Instrument.
91. RULE OF SYNTAX. Means and Instrument are
expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
3.
92. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Puellae rosas amant. 2. Rosae albae a puellls
amantur. 3. Homerus viros Graecos laudabat. 4. Ab 1
Homero laudabantur viii Graeci. 5. Oppidum nominabant
Romam. 2 6. Oppidum Roma 3 nominabatur. 7. Servos
gladiis armabimus. 8. Inimlcus gladio vulneratur. 9. Ini-
micus a Galba vulneratur. 10. 6 Roman!, servos hastis
armate.
II. 1. Sing, good boy. 2. Many goddesses were loved
by the Greeks. 3. The boy will put the doves to flight.
1 Before words beginning with 2 Predicate accusative.
h use ab, not a. 3 Predicate nominative. See 47.
FIRST CONJUGATION. 37
4. The doves will be put to flight by the boy. 5. We shall
invite friends and enemies. 6. Friends and enemies will be
invited, 7. The Romans were not loved by the Greeks.
8. You will be summoned by a golden 1 trumpet. 9. The
slaves will be armed with javelins. 10. The black horse
was wounded by a spear.
4.
93. EXERCISES.
I. 1". Dum nos (we) laboramus, cantat caecus poeta.
2. Quid (what) cantabat caecus poeta dum laborabamus?
3. Dum in oppido ambulant domini, servi laborant in agro.
4. Pueii vigilabunt dum somnus gratus viros defessos recre-
abit. 5. Nauta defessus aqua frigida recreabitur. 6. Equi
defessi pabulo bono recreabuntur. 7. Verba bona discipuli
a magistro laudabantur. 8. Muri alt! ab oppidanls aedifica-
bantur. 9. 2 Multos et altos muros aedificabunt oppidam.
10. Non a pigiis vhis oppidum aedificabatur.
II. 1. While the man was working, the boy was singing.
2. While the master is being refreshed with sleep, the servant
is watching. 3. Pleasant sleep refreshes the weary boy.
4. By pleasant sleep the boy will be refreshed. 5. A high
wall is being built by the townsmen. 6. A famous Roman
was called the Sword 3 of Italy. 7. They called a famous
Roman the Sword 4 of Italy. 8. The tired farmer is re-
freshed by food and sleep. 5 9. We will walk in the streets
of the town, while the farmers are working 6 in the fields.
10. Sing, O blind poet, while we toil.
1 Golden, aurea or ex auro. 3 Sword, in the nominative case,
The material of which a thing is just as if was took the place of was
made is expressed in Latin either called. See 92. I. 6, and note,
by an adjective or by e (ex) with 4 Sword, in the accusative case,
the ablative. How is it in English? See 92. I. 5, and note.
2 Compare, for order, 77. I. 5, 5 Cf. 5 and 6 in I.
and 69. I. 10, and note. 6 Imitate 4 in I.
38 FIRST CONJUGATION.
94. VOCABULARY,
aedifico, 1, build. aqua, 1 -ae, r., ivater.
ambulo, 1, walk. aureus, -a, -um, adj., golden.
armo, 1, arm. caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind.
canto, 1, sing. dum, adv., while.
fugo, I, put to flight. e (ex), prep. w. abl., out of, from.
invlto, 1, invite, summon. frigidus, -a, -um, adj., cold.
laboro, 1, work, toil. gladius, -I, M., sword (79).
laudo, 1, praise. Homerus, -I, M., Homer.
nomiiio, 1, name, call. Italia, -ae, F., Italy.
porto, 1, carry. murus, -I, M., wall.
recreo, 1, refresh. oppidanus, -I, M., townsman.
supero, 1, surpass, conquer. piger, -gra, -grum, adj., lazy.
vigilo, 1, watch. Roma, -ae, r., Rome.
vulnero, 1, wound. Romanus, -I, M., a Roman.
5.
95. COLLOQUIUM.
PATER ET FILIOLUS.
Father and little son.
P. Quae, mi filiole, in penso hodierno tractabantur ?
what my little son lesson to-day's treat or discuss
F. Tractabantur casus ablativus atque verbum amo.
case and
P. Quid significat Anglice verbum amo ?
means in English
F. Amo significat " love."
P. De ablative quoque mihi narra.
about also me tell
F. Regulam de ablativo tibi narrabo.
rule you
P. Regulamne tibi dabat magister?
F. Certe, regulam de ablativo instrument!. Cum abla-
certainly instrument with
tivo mstrumenti nunquam ponitur praepositio ; ante ablati-
never is put preposition before
vum agentis semper ponitur praepositio a vel ab.
of agent always or
P. Optime, mi puer ; tibi erit malum rubrum.
well done apple
1 Words are sometimes purposely repeated in the vocabularies.
FIRST CONJUGATION. 39
CHAPTER XII. 1.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
96. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indica-
tive, and perfect infinitive, active and passive, of amo.
97. The compound tenses are formed by combining forms of
the verb sum with the perfect passive participle. The participle
(declined like bonus) agrees in gender and number with the sub-
ject: amata est, she was loved; amati sunt, they were loved.
98. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Amavit, amaverat, amaverit. 2. Amatus est, ama-
tus erat, amatus erit. 3. Amaverunt, ainaverant, amaverint.
4. Amavi, amatus sum. 5. Amaveramus, amati eramus.
v. Amaveritis, amati eritis. 7. Amavisse, amatus esse.
II. 1. You loved, you have been loved. 2. You had
loved, you had been loved. 3. You will have loved, you
will have been loved. 4. He has loved, he has been loved.
5. We had loved, we had been loved. 6. To have been
loved, to have loved.
2.
99. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Laudatus est, portatus est, superatus est. 2. Lau-
davitne ? portaveratne ? superaveritne ? 3. Portavisti,
laudavistis, superavit. 4. Superaveras, portaveris, lauda-
veritis. 5. LaudatI estis, portata sunt, superatus es.
6. Nonne laudatae sunt? nonne portatae estis? nonne su-
peratae sumus? 7. Portavi, laudatus sum, superatus eram.
8. Non laudavimus, non portaverimus, non superavero.
9. Laudavisse, portavisse, superavisse. 10. Portatus esse,
superatus esse, laudatus esse.
II. 1. They have carried, we have been praised, you have
been conquered. 2. Have I praised? have you been carried?
had they conquered? 3. We had been carried, I shall have
40 FIRST CONJUGATION.
praised, they will have been conquered. 4. You had not
carried, thou hadst not praised, thoit hadst not been con-
quered. 5. To have been conquered, to have praised, to
have carried. 6. I had praised, I had been conquered,
I (fern.} had been carried. 7. Has it not been praised?
will it not have been carried ? have they not been conquered ?
8. We (fern.) had been carried, thou wilt have praised, he
conquered. 9. They praised, you carried, we conquered.
10. I was praised, thou wast conquered, it was carried.
3
100. In Latin, the words for my, thy, your, our, Tits, her, its,
and their, are very often omitted when they are riot emphatic.
Accordingly, in the exercises to be turned into Latin, for the
present, leave these words untranslated.
101. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Pugna fortuna mutata est. 2. Fortuna pugnam
miitavit. 3. Roman! Graecos superaverant. 4. Graecl a
Romania superati erant. 5. Viri mult! et egregi! agros arave-
runt. 6. Ministr! scutis armat! sunt. 7. Agricola egregius
ii ministro misero vituperatus est. 8. Agri lat! ab agricolis
aratro magno arat! sunt. 9. Magister malos discipulos
vituperavit. 10. Poeta pugnas et victorias virorum clarorum
cantavit.
Read, again the explanations and rules on pp. 20, 21, and 36.
II. 1. An eagle changed the fortune of the battle. 2. We
shall witness a battle on the broad river. 3. Many good men
will have been blamed by their enemies. 4. The boys will
have recited to their master. 5. The land in Italy has beer^
ploughed with iron ploughs. 6. The master freed his pupils
from their hard tasks (abL). 7. The goddess Minerva has
been praised by many poets. 8. The victories of famous
men have been sung by the poets. 9. The tyrant armed a
great number of slaves with swords.
THIRD DECLENSION.
41
1O2.
aro, 1, plough.
libero, I, free, set free.
i u u to, 1, change.
recito, 1, read aloud, recite.
specto, 1, look at, witness.
supero, 1, surpass, conquer.
vitupero, 1, blame, censure.
VOCABULARY.
ferrous, -a, -um, ad j ., of iron, iron
fortuna, -ae, r., fortune.
numerus, -I, M., number.
pensum, -I, N., task, lesson.
pugna, -ae, r., battle.
scutum, -I, N., shield.
terra, -ae, r., earth, land.
tyrannus, -I, M., tyrant.
egregius,-a,-um,adj.,e:rce//en. victoria, -ae, F., victory.
CHAPTER XIII. 1.
THIRD DECLENSION.
103. The stem ends in a consonant or in i.
104. Consonant stems are named, according to their
final letter, mute stems, liquid stems, sibilant stems.
See 3.
MUTE STEMS.
PARADIGMS.
Rex, M., Judex, M., Aetas, F., Caput, N.,
king. judge. age. head.
St. reg- St. judic- St. aetat- St. capit-
SlNGULAR.
rex judex aetas caput
regis judic is aetat is capitis
regi judic I aetat I capitl
regem judic em aetat em caput
rege judice aetat e capite
PLURAL.
reges judic es aetat es capita
regum judic um aetat um capitum
regibus judic ibus aetat ibus capitibus
reges judic es aetat es capita
regibus judic ibus aetat ibus capitibus
1O5.
Prmceps, M.,
chief.
Stem princip-
N.V. prmceps
G. principis
D. prmcipi
Ac. prlncip em
Ab. prmcipe
N.V. prlncip es
G. principum
D. prlncip ibus
Ac. prlncip es
Ab. prlncip ibus
42 THIRD DECLENSION.
Pes,
M., foot. Mile's, M., soldier.
TERMINATIONS.
St. ped-
St. milit-
MASC. i
fc FEM.
SlNGULAR.
Sing.
Plur.
rf.V.
pes
miles
B
es
G.
pedis
milit is
is
um
D.
pedi
militl
I
ibus
Ac.
pedem
milit em
em
es
Ab.
pede
milit e
e
ibus
PLURAL.
NEUTER.
N.V.
pedes
milit es
a
G.
pedum
milit um
is
um
D.
ped ibus
mllitibus
I
ibus
Ac.
pedes
milit es
a
Ab.
ped ibus
milit ibus
e
ibus
106. Observe that the vowel before the final consonant of the
stem is not always the same in the nominative as in the other cases.
107. Consonant stems may be found by dropping the termina-
tion of the genitive singular. But there are some exceptions.
108. Decline grex, poema, servitus. Decline together lapis
asper, fidus comes, and mile's aeger. For the nouns, see 110.
2.
109. EXERCISES.
I. 1. Poeta comitl aegro poema gratum recitavit. 2. Co-
mes poetae poemate grato liberatus est cura. 1 3. Magnus
erat equitum numerus. 4. Milites multi a servo domini
invitati sunt. 5. Greges albos habent agricolae 2 msulae
vicmae. 6. Ager vlcmus lapides multos et asperos habet.
7. In agro viclno sunt lapides mult! et aspen. 8. Servitus a
vins non est amata. 9. Pes pueri lapide aspero vulneratus
est. 10. Regis amlci a militibus gladiis et pills sunt fugati.
II. 1. The king has changed the fortune of the war.
2. The fortune of the war was changed by the king. 8. The
i from care. See 101 TT. 6. a The subject
THIRD DECLENSION. 43
soldiers will free the king. 4. The king will be freed by the
soldiers. 5. The king had armed the soldiers with shields
and spears. 6. Daedalus fitted wings to his son. 7. Wings
were fitted to his son by Daedalus. 8. We shall read aloud
the poems of Homer. 9. The girl sings for the weary
soldier and is praised.
HO. VOCABULARY.
comes, -itis, M. & F., companion. servitus, -utis, F., slavery.
eques, -itis, M., horseman. voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure.
grex, gregis, M.., flock, herd.
lapis, -idis, M., stone. apto, 1, Jit.
mile's, -itis, M., soldier. Daedalus, -I, M.,Dcedalus, builder
pes, peVlis, M.,foot. of the Labyrinth.
poenia, -atis, N., poem. filius, -I, M., son (79).
rex, regis, M., king. vicinus, -a,-um, adj., neighboring.
3.
111. COLLOQUIUM.
FRATER ET SORORCULA.
brother little sister
8. Quid hodie narravit magister in schola?
to-day school
F. Narravit de Icaro, Daedal! filio.
S. Mihi quoque de Icaro Latme narra. Fuitne Icarus
me also in Latin
puer malus ?
F. Minime malus sed miserrimus. Habebat alas ; alas cera,
not unfortunate wings wax
aptaverat Daedalus ; Icarus evolavit et cera sole liquefacta
flew away sun was melted
est. Turn . . .
then
S. Turn . . . quid?
F. Mihi non sunt verba Latma. Itaque haesito.
words that is why hesitate
8. Ergo narra Anglice. Nam linguam Anglicam intellegO,
well, then language understand
F. Minime. Latme tibi narro, non Anglice.
by no means
44
SECOND CONJUGATION.
112.
CHAPTER XIV.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
E -VERBS.
Moneo (stem mone), advise.
PRINCIPAL PARTS : moneo, monere, monui, monitum.
ACTIVE.
/ advise, etc.
moneo mo n emus
mon es mon etis
mon et mon ent
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PASSIVE.
I am advised, etc.
mon eor
moneris, or -re
mon etur
mon emur
mon eminl
mon entur
IMPERFECT.
7 was advising, etc. I was advised, etc.
monebam monebamus monebar monebamur
monebas rnonebatis mon ebaris, or -re monebaminl
monebat rnonebant monebatur monebantur
I shall advise, etc.
rnon ebo mon ebimus
mon ebis raon ebitis
rnon ebit m on ebunt
FUTURE.
/ shall be advised, etc.
mon ebor mon ebimur
moneberis,or-re monebimini
mon ebitur mon ebuntur
PERFECT.
7 have advised, I advised, etc. I have been (was) advised, etc.
f sum ( sumus
monitus -^
monui
monu isti
monuit
monuimus
monu istis
monu erunt, or -re
( est
moniti -^estis
(sunt
PLUPERFECT.
7 had advised, etc. 7 had been advised, etc.
monu eram monu eranrns / eram / eramus
monuerSs monueratis monitus ^ eras moniti ^ eratis
monuerat monuerant (erat ( erant
SECOND CONJUGATION.
45
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
FUTURE PERFECT.
/ shall have advised, etc. I shall have been advised, etc.
monuero monuerimus rero rerimus
monueris monueritis monit us -
