?Y ..
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BEGINNINGS OF LITERARY CULTURE
OHIO VALLEY
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
BY
W. H. VENABLE, LLD.
Author of "A School History of the United States," " Foot-prints of the Pioneers,
"June on the Miami," "Melodies of the Heart," "The Teacher's Dream," etc.
CINCINNATI
ROBERT CLARKE & CO.
1891
Copyright, 1891,
By W. H. VENABLE.
PREFACE.
More than twenty years ago, in preparing for publica-
tion a series of articles on the libraries of Cincinnati, the
writer had occasion to glance through a good many books
of western origin, and to examine files of the earliest
newspapers and magazines issued in the Central States.
This incidental rummage through the alcoves of a dozen
dusty libraries led to further investigation, and awakened
curiosity to study the intellectual agencies which created
the first literary institutions in the Ohio Valley. Various
items of information concerning local writers and writ-
ings, from print and manuscript, and from the stored
memory of persons acquainted with the general subject,
furnished a stock of material which seemed worth pre-
serving. A certain historical value attaches to memoranda
derived from interviews with literary veterans whose minds
are rich in authentic reminiscences of
" The days when we were pioneers."
Data obtained from the sources mentioned supplied the
substance of a course of lectures on Western Poets and
Poetry, delivered in College Hall, Cincinnati, in the win-
ter of 1881, and afibrded topics for occasional contribu-
tions to the Commercial Gazette, the Magazine of Western
History, and the Ohio Historical and Archaeological Quar-
terly, in the years 1886-7. Portions of the lectures and
published sketches alluded to are reproduced in this vol-
(iii)
989496
iv Preface,
ume, in revised form, and with much additional matter,
never before in print.
The discursive, and even desultory character of the
present book — its defects as to arrangement, proportion,
and unity, will be pardoned, in consideration of the fact
that the work was not fore-planned, not a regularly de-
veloped essay or treatise, but a repository of accumulated
notes. To condense, classify, and connect the gathered
fragments, and to dispose all under not unsuitable head-
ings, so as to produce a convenient reference book, has
been the unambitious endeavor of the author. It was at
the urgent advice of several gentlemen prominent in let-
ters, and interested in preserving for historical and literary
purposes such ana as these pages record, that the decis-
ion was made to put forth, in book form, the chapters
here collected under the title Beginnings of Literar}^ Cul-
ture in the Ohio Valley.
Though not confined strictly to the history of hegin-
fiingSy this imperfect survey of the cultural elements of
early western society is concerned, in the main, with per-
sons and events belonging to the period closed by the
Civil War. As a rule, the biographical parts of the nar-
rative relate to the dead ; but exceptions are made in the
case of many noted men and women, yet living, who
achieved reputation before the year 1860. Brief mention
of numerous living writers will be found, usually in foot-
notes, in the chapter on Early Periodical Literature, which
deals with years quite recent.
Doubtless there will be missed from the index names
that should have appeared, but no invidious discrimina-
tion is intended. The contents of this volume, far from
exhausting the subjects discussed, are merely suggestive.
These gleanings show only specimen sheaves, not a com-
Preface. v
plete harvest. The collector gathered most of his mate-
rial from the sources nearest at hand, not having had
leisure or opportunity to examine, with equal care, all
parts of the wide field indicated by the title of the book.
Whatever is wanting to complete it, this contribution to
the history of early culture in the Ohio country is offered
as a report of progress.
The author is indebted to a number of ladies and gen-
tlemen, who, in several ways, have aided in the prepara-
tion of this book. Special acknowledgment is made to
Col. Reuben T. Durrett, of Louisville, Ky., for much in-
formation in regard to literary matters in Kentucky ; to
Mr. Henry Cauthorn, of Yincennes, Ind., who contributed
an entire chapter on the literary beginnings of Indiana ;
to William D. Gallagher, whose cyclopediac knowledge of
western writers extends over a period of three-quarters
of a century ; to Mr. Robert W. Steele, of Dayton, O., in
whom courtesy and public spirit unite to help every good
cause; and to Mr. Robert Clarke, of Cincinnati, without
whose cordial feeling toward ventures of the kind, this
volume would not have been issued. Thanks are due,
also, for the loan of books and manuscripts, or for letters
of information, or other polite favor relating to this pub-
lication, to Mr. A. C. Quiseuberry, Lexington, Ky.; Hon.
Harvey Rice, Cleveland, 0.; Hon. Horace P. Biddle, Lo-
gansport, Ind.; Mrs. Mary M. Coggeshall, Chicago, III.;
Mrs. M. E. Meline, Cincinnati; Mrs. Sarah H. Foote, Cin-
cinnati; Mrs. E. T. Swiggert, Morrow, 0.; Mrs. Alice W.
Brotherton, Cincinnati ; Hon. Chas. D. Drake, Washing-
ton, D. C; Hon. A. H. McGuffey, Cincinnati; Mr. Wm.
Anderson Hall, Cincinnati ; Mrs. Josephine Foster, Cin-
cinnati ; Mr. Moncure D. Conway, Brooklyn, ]^. Y.; Mr.
Nathan Baker and family, Cincinnati ; Mr. Emerson Ben-
vi Preface,
iicttj Philadelphia; Rev. James Freeman Clarke, Boston ;
Rev. R. W. Alger, Boston ; E. C. Z. Judson, New York ;
Mr. L. A. Hine, Loveland, 0.; Hon. Wm. Heary Smith,
New York; Prof. Wm. G. Williams, Cincinnati; Dr. Ly-
man C. Draper, Madison, Wis.; Hon. Benj. S. Parker, New
Castle, Ind.; Mr. Jerome B. Howard, Cincinnati ; Mr. Sam-
uel Bernstein, Cincinnati ; Mr. C. T. Webber, Cincinnati ;
Hon. D. Thew Wright, Cincinnati ; Mr. Jacob P. Dunn,
Indianapolis, Ind.; Mr. R. G. Lewis, Chillicothe, O.; Mr.
Drew Sweet, Waynesville, 0.; Mr. J. L. Smith, Dana,
Ind.; Dr. John Clark Ridpath, Greencastle, Ind.; Mr. I.
H. Julian, San Marcos, Texas ; Mr. Alexander Hill, Cin-
cinnati; Hon. Will Cumback, Greencastle, Ind.; and Miss
Harriet Edith Venable, Cincinnati. Every convenience
in library privileges was obligingly afforded the writer,
by Mr. A. W. Whelpley, of the Cincinnati Public Library ;
Mr. John M. Newton, of the Young Men's Mercantile
Library; Mr. R. E. Champion, of the Ohio Mechanics'
Institute ; and by the officers of the Ohio Historical and
Philosophical Society.
Cincinnati, May 18, 1891.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Some Early Travelers and Annalists.
Carlyle to Emerson on certain Quaint Books— Bossu's Travels— Bar-
tram's Travels — Abundance of Literature concerning the Central
States — Character and Influence of this Literature — Books on
the Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi by French
Travelers — John G. Shea's translations of these — First Accounts
of the Ohio Valley— Christopher Gist and George Croghan Ex-
plore Ohio in 1750-1 — Major George Washington's Journal —
Boone Explores Kentucky in 1769 — John Filson, and his History
of Kentucky — Captain Gilbert Imlay, and his Account of the
West in 1792— Henry Toulmin— Travels of Isaac Weld— Weld's
Description of the People of the Backwoods — Baily's Journal —
The Travels of Michaux — Of Yolney — " The Infamous Ashe " —
The Travels of H. M. Brackenridge— Of Thaddeus Mason Har-
ris—Of Christian Schultz— Of Timothy Flint— Of John Brad-
bury— Bradbury's Interview with Boone, in Missouri — Books of
Travel by Lewis and Clarke, Cuming, Stoddard, Harding, Dana
and Long — Morris Birkbeck's English Settlement in Illinois —
Thomas Nuttall's Voyage down the Ohio — A Frolic — A Corn-
husking — Louisville in 1821 — " Silence and Gloomy Solitude " —
H. R. Schoolcraft's Travels— Along the Wabash in 1821—
Albion — Harmony — Bullock's Journey — First Historians and
Histories of the Ohio Valley— Humphrey Marshall's Kentucky
— Butler's Kentucky — Collins's History — Haywood's Books on
Tennessee — First Historical Sketches of Ohio — Nahum Ward's
Rare Pamphlet — Salmon P. Chase's Preliminary Sketch — His-
torical Labors of Caleb Atwater, Jacob Burnet, Henry Howe,
and S. P. Hildreth — Historians of Indiana — John B. Dillon —
Judge Law — 0. H. Smith's Reminiscences —Early Annals of
Illinois — The Writings of Birkbeck, Dr. Peck, Henry Brown,
Governor Reynolds, and Governor Ford — Extracts from Rey-
nolds's Pioneer History — Historical Services of Judge James
Hall — Compendiums of Western History by Timothy Flint,
James H. Perkins, Dr. Monette, and Others — Patterson's His-
tory of the Backwoods — Doddridge's Notes — Withers's Chroni-
cles— Sketches by John A. McClung, John McDonald, and
(vii)
viii Contents.
James McBride — Books of Early Travel and History as Literary
Material for the coming Historian, Novelist, and Poet 1
CHAPTER II.
The Pioneer Prbss and Its Product— Book Making— Book Selling.
The First Printing in America— The Pittsburg Gazette— John Scull
— First Book Printed West of the Alleghanies— First Press in
Kentucky— John Bradford — The Kentucky Gazette— Other
Kentucky Newspapers— The Public Advertiser — The Focus —
The Louisville Journal — The Centinel of the North-western
Territory — The Western Spy — Other Newspapers in Ohio — The
Early Press of Indiana and Illinois— First Paper Mills in the
West— Early Book Printing in the Ohio Valley— First Books
Made in Kentucky — First Books Made in Ohio — Beginning of
the Book Trade — First Book-shops in the West — The Book Busi-
ness in Cincinnati — Some Veteran Publishers — Sketch of U. P.
James 36
CHAPTER III.
Early Periodical Literature of the Ohio Valley.
The Medley, 1803— Hunt's Western Review, 1819— The Cincinnati
Literary Gazette, 1824— Flint's Western Monthly Review, 1827—
Hall's Western Magazine, 1832— The Western Messenger, 1835—
The Hesperian, 1837— Moore's Western Lady's Book, 1850—
The Parlor Magazine, 1853— L. A. Hine's Periodicals— The
Western Literary Journal, 1844— The Quarterly Journal and
Review, 1846— The Herald of Truth, 1847— The Indies' Repos-
itory, 1841— The Genius of the West, 1857— Conway's Dial,
1860— List of Periodicals Published in the Ohio Valley from
1803 to 1860 58
CHAPTER IV.
Libra RIBS —The Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio.
Libraries of Kentucky— Transylvania Library— Georgetown Li-
brary—Danville Library— The Old Lexington Library— The
first Library in Ix)ui8ville— Private Libraries— The Durrett
Collection— Rare Books— First Libraries in Ohio— The Putnam
Family Library— The Belpre Library— History of Putnam
Library by Dr. I. W. Andrews— The Cincinnati Library— The
Coon-Skin Lil)rary at Ames— The Cincinnati Circulating Li-
brary—First Library in Dayton, O.— Historical and Philosophi-
cal Society of Ohio— Its Charter Members— Early Publications
of— Transfer from Columbus to Cincinnati— I/etter from J. Sulli-
vant— Growth of the Library— Removals of the Society— The
New England Society— Present Condition of the Historical Li-
brary 129
Contents.f ix
CHAPTER V.
Backwoods Colleges, Schools, and Teachers.
Jefferson's Educational Doctrines— Influence of " Notes on Vir-
ginia"— Founding of Lexington, Ky. — John McKinney and
the Wild Cat — Another Schoolmaster John — The Virginia
School Act of 1780— Transylvania Seminary — Kentucky Acad-
emy— Transylvania University— A Distinguished Faculty — Dr.
Horace HoUey — Dr. Charles Caldwell— Prof. Rafinesque — Dr.
Joseph Buchanan — The College Library — The Literary Society
Alumni — The First Seat ui Culture in the West— "Athens" and
"Tyre " — New England comes to Ohio — The Ordinance of 1787
Dr. Manasseh Cutler— His Labors in Behalf of Education —
Ohio University Founded — Thomas Ewing — Other Graduates —
Miami University — Its Alumni — Dr. R. H. Bishop — Prof. R. H.
Bishop — Lancaster Seminary — Cincinnati College — Dr. W. H.
McGufFey — Other Early Colleges in Ohio, Indiana, and Illi-
nois— The Course of Study— The Golden Age of Academies —
First Schools in Ohio— The Classics in the Woods— First School
House in the North-west — Pioneer Schools in Cincinnati — New-
port Academy— Francis Glass— Pioneer Pedagogues — Getting
up a School — Whisky and Tobacco — The School in Operation —
Character of Early School Books— The Three R's— School-book
Authorship— Publishers— A Dream of " Dillworth "—Cadmus
Conquers 161
CHAPTER VI.
The Voice of the Preacher and the Clash of Creeds.
" My Church "—The Jesuit Missionaries— The French Catholics in
Illinois and Indiana — The Moravians in Ohio — Heckewelder —
Zeisberger- First Preachers in the Ohio Valley— The Baptists in
Kentucky — Lewis Craig — Presbyterians — Catholics— The First
Church in Marietta— Cutler— His Liberality— Rev. Daniel
Story — Divine Service in Military Form — Putnam's "Two
Horned" Church— The Baptists in the Miami Purchase —
Founding of the First Church in Cincinnati — Rev. David Rice —
Rev. James Kemper — Church Troubles— Rev. Joshua R. Wil-
son and Son — War of Sects — Heresy and Infidelity — Origin of
the Camp-meeting — "The Great Awakening" — Revivals of
1826-7-8-9— Barton W. Stone— The Cane Ridge Meeting-house-
New Lights — Alexander Campbell — The Unitarian Revival —
Dr. Flint— Lorenzo Dow — " Johnny Appleseed " — Dr. Peck in
Illinois — His Useful Labors — Peter Cartwright — Dr. Bascom —
Dr. W. H. Raper— Dr. Russell Bigelow— Dr. Lyman Beecher —
His Battle with Dr. Wilson— The Proselyting Spirit— "New
Lights" — Campbell's Work — Great Debates — Campbell v.
Owen — Campbell v. Purcell— Campbell v. Rice — Rice v. Pin-
X Contents,
gree— Owen at New Harmony— Frances Wright—The Free En-
quirer—The " Leatherwood God " 197
CHAPTER VII.
Political Oratory and Orators — The Lecture.
Fourth of July Eloquence — Judge Varnum at Marietta — Governor
Bt. Clair's Response— Edward Everett at Yellow Springs in
1829— Toasts and Responses— A Reception to Webster in 1 833—
Speeches and "Sentiments" — New England and Ohio — The
Golden Age of Debating Clubs— The Danville, Ky., Political Club
of 1786-90— The People's Lyceum— Education by thinking on the
feet— Lincoln— The Circuit Court a School— " Every Man a
Politician " — The Horse-race an Intelleetual Stimulus— Talking
Politics and Theology — Party Strife— The Disgusted French-
man— The Slavery Agitation— Stump Speaking— Clay's Power —
His Speech in the Senate in 1842— Other Kentucky Orators-
Tom Corwin — Ewing and other Ohio Orators — Oratory in Indi-
ana and Illinois — Lincoln's Eloquence — Douglass — The Lecture
'^^ ♦.form — Brilliant Teachers in Colleges— Scientific Lectures —
Early Lectures in Cincinnati— Stowe — Lectures before the Mer-
cantile Library Association — John Quincy Adams's last
Speech— Dr. Locke— O. M. Mitchel— List of Eastern Lecturers
in the year 1854 — List of Western Lecturers 227
CHAPTER VIII.
Planting of Literary Institutions at Vincennes, Indiana — Li-
braries, Schools, and the Press.
Canadian and Creole Settlers— Bishop Benedict I. Flaget^-Roman
Catholic Educational Influences— Bishop Brut^ — The Source of
a Celebrated Address by Judge Law — The Oldest Library of the
North-west— St. Francis Xavier Church— Old Church Records-
William Henry Harrison, first Territorial Governor — Francis
Morgan de Vincenne— Fort Sackville— Expedition Against the
Chickasaw Indians — Harrison's Vincennes Mansion — Distin-
guished Legislators and Educators— The Western Sun— Elihu
Stent—" Thespian Society " — Vincennes University— Prominent
Lawyers— Bar Association—" Vincennes Historical and Anti-
quarian Society "—George Rogers Clarke— Vincennes Library —
Youth's Library of Vincinnes— Working Men's Library-
Township Lil)raries— Agricultural Society— Sy mines Harrison —
H Benjamin Pji- t Bible Society — Physicians and Sur-
1 geons — First " Society— St. Gabriel College— Organized
l.v I'ludi.^t PrifhtH 264
Contents. xi
CHAPTER IX.
Pioneer Poets and Story-Writers.
Aboriginal Poetry — French Wood-notes — Song on the Ohio Flat-
boats — Negro Melody — " The Eolian Songster " — Popular Songs
for Stage and Parlor—" Seat of the Muses"— The Verse Market
Overstocked in 1824 — John Filson a Rhymester — R. J. Meigs, Jr.,
the first poet in Ohio — Byron a Favorite in the West— English
and American Poets of Seventy Years Ago — Percival — Char-
acter of Pioneer Poetry — Classical Aflfectation— Subjects of
Poems — "The Mountain Muse" — Firet Anthology of AVestern
Poetry— A List of Poets— Coggeshall's " Poets and Poetry of the
West"— Worth's "American Bards"— "The Muse of Hes-
peria " — Thomas Peirce the " Horace of Cincinnati " — John M.
Harney — William Wallace Harney — Mrs. Julia Dumont — John
Finley, Author of " The Hoosier's Nest "— Otway Curry— Har-
vey D. Little— G. W. Cutter— Wm. Ross Wallace— Mrs. Frances
D. Gage — Sarah T. Bolton — Rebecca S. Nichols — Hon. Harvey
Rice — Theodore O'Hara — General AV. H. Lytle — Foreseythe
Willson— Writers of Fiction — The Ohio a Romantic Stream —
Themes for Story — "Modern Chivalry" — The First AVestem
Novel — Tales and Sketches in the Cincinnati Literary Gazette,
1824— In the " AA'estern Souvenir," 1829-In the "Mirror"—
In Hall's Magazine— Novels of F. AA". Thomas— Drake's "Tales
of the Queen City," 1839—" Blood and Thunder " Serials— Em-
erson Bennett — " Ned Buntline " — Letter from Judson — Fos-
dick's " Malmiztic, the Toltec " — Alice Gary's Novels — Mrs.
Warfield's " Household of Bouverie " — Mrs. Stowe's Literary
AVork in Ohio-" Uncle Tom's Cabin " 267
CHAPTER X.
Dr. Daniel Drake, the Franklin of Cincinnati.
The Old Kentucky Home — Life on a "Clearing" — Home Manu-
factures— Things before Words— Books and Schools— On Horse-
back to " Cin."— Peach Grove— Dr. AVilliam Goforth— Drake's
Marriage — His First Publication — " Picture of Cincinnati " —
Rev. Joshua L. AViison— The Circulating Library — School of
Literature and the Arts — Drake in Philadelphia — Dr. AA'istar —
First Soda-Fountain in the AA^est — Drake at Lexington — Aled-
ical College of Ohio — A Famous Medical Book — The AA'estern
Museum — Audubon a Curator — The Infernal Regions — Powers,
the Sculptor— Mrs. Trollope — Drake on Prohibition — Vine
Street Reunions — The Literary Coterie of the 'Thirties — College
of Professional Teachers — The Buckeye Dinner— A Native
Menu — Mrs. Lee Hentz — " Drake's Discourses " — Destiny of the
AA^est — AVritings of Drake— Death and Character 299
xii Contents.
CHAPTER XI.
Timothy Fi.in i -ionakv, < iKoi.uAi'HKit, P^ditor, Novelist, and
Poet.
The Flint Family in Salem, Mass.— Timothy Flint's Birth, Boyhood,
and Education— Whimsical Reports of the Far West— Lunen-
berg — Flint Resolves to be a Missionary— Over the Mountains
in a Coach — Pennsylvania Wagons and Wagoners — A Brother
Clergyman — A Shaggy Drover from Mad River, Ohio — Pittsburg
—Wrecked on Dead Man's Riffle— Afloat in a Pirogue— River
Scenery — Big Sycamores — Marietta — General Rufus Putnam —
A Profane Boatman — Cincinnati — General AV. H. Harrison —
In the Saddle— Lawrenceburg — A Bear in the Way — Vincen-
nes — Vevay — Kentucky in 1816 — Heaven a "Kaintuck of a
Place"— "A Preaching" at Frankfort— " The Athens of the
West "—Backwoods " Culture "—Harry Clay— The Peach Trees
in Bloom — All Aboard a Keel-boat— Sunshine and Storm — Up
the Hills to Harrison's — Afloat Once More — Lawrenceburg —
Shawneetown — Cairo the Wobegone — Up the Mississippi— A
Half Day of Bliss— The Cordelle — Bushwhacking — Romance of
the Night Camp — River Characters — The Skulking Shawnee —
Ste. Genevieve — Other Old French Villages — St. Louis— The
Missionary at Work— Quarrelsome Christians — A Sojourn on
the Arkansas River — A Dreadful Summer — Pulpit Versus Bail-
Room and Billiards — Up Stream Once More— The Extremity
of Affliction— A Baby's Lonely Grave—" Thy Will Be Done "—
A Learned Lady — Earthquake at New Madrid — Flint at Cape
Girardeau — Fever and Ague — A Winter by Pontchartrain — Be-
comes President of Rapide Seminary — Life at Alexandria, La. —
Tour to the Sabine Country — A Twenty-Five-Hundred-Mile
Journey— The National Road— Flint's "Recollections" Pub-
lished— Residence in Cincinnati — The Novel, " Francis Ber-
rean"— The Western Review— Hervieu, the Artist— His Paint-
ing of Lafayette Landing at Cincinnati— Hiram Powers— A
School of Fine Arts — Mrs. Trollope and Family — Jose Tosso —
The Bazaar— Flint's Various Books— Flint Edits the " Knicker-
bocker " — He Goes to Louisiana — Tornado at Natchez — Death
of Flint 323
CHAPTER XIL
JuDOB Jambs Hall, Soldier, Jurist, Author, Editor.
Jameft Hall's Literary Kin— Rev. John Ewing, D.D.— Mrs. Sarah
Hall— Her Writings— James Hall's Brothers— The Port Folio-
Hall's Hchooling— Two Years in a Counting-house— Joins the
Army—" The Dandies "—Becomes a Lieutenant— In the Battles
of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane— A Cruise to Algiers— Studiee
Law— Life at Pittsburg— The Young Man Goes West— From
Contents, xiii
Pittsburg to Shawneetown— The Deck of a Keel-boat— Hall's
" Letters from the AVest "—Romantic Life in Southern Illinois
—Pioneer Lawyers— A Den of Thieves— A Bargain with a Des-
perado—Judge Hall's First Marriage— The Posey Family —
"The Illinois Emigrant "—" The Illinois Magazine "—" The
Western Souvenir "— Morgan Neville — Anecdote by Jose
Tosso, the Violinist — The Illinois Magazine — The AVestern
Monthly Magazine — Contributors — Hannah F. Gould — Caroline
Lee Hentz — Harriet Beecher — The Semicolon Club — James
Hall versus Lyman Beecher — The Catholic Question — Hall En-
gages in Banking — Various Publications— Range and Character
of His Writings — His Best Books — Style — His Poetry — Marriage
to Louisa Anderson Alexander— Childreu—AVilliam A. Hall
alias "Timothy Timid " — Passage from Judge Hall's Address on
the " Dignity of Commerce " 361
CHAPTER XIII.
George Dennison Prentice, Journalist, Poet, and Wit.
Prentice's Childhood— His Mother — His Precocity — AVonderful
Memory — Teaches School — Goes to Brown University — Taught
by Horace Mann— Studies Law — Edits the New England Re-
view—Is Succeeded by John G. Whittier — Goes to Kentucky
in 1830— Prentice's Life of Clay— The Soaring Style— " The
Broken-Hearted, a Tale " — Louisville Journal Founded — Per-
sonal Editors— Prentice and Greeley — Hammond and Dawson —
Shadrach Penn — Prentice, the AVit— " Prenticeana" — Brilliant
Mots—" The Darling of the Mob "—The Code of Honor— Tip-
pecanoe— Know-Nothing Party — Prentice and the Civil AVar —
AVorship of Clay — Prentice in the Lecture Field — Mr. Prentice's
Wife and Sons — Major Clarence Prentice and President Lin-
coln— The Veteran Journalist in His Sanctum — Last Days and
Death — Tombs in Cave Hill Cemetery — Statue of Prentice —
Disposition and Character — A Patron of Literary People —
Writers AVhom He Helped — Prentice as a Poet — His Poems
Edited by J. J. Piatt — Sentimental Diction — The Substantive-
Adjective " Eden " — Prentice like Bryant — Prentice a Social
Favorite— His Tribute to His AVife 386
CHAPTER XIV.
Edward Deering Mansfield, Publicist and Author.
Colonel Jared Mansfiekl — Marietta in 1803 — Madame Blennerhas-
sett — To Cincinnati in an Ark— Cincinnati in 1805 — Ludlow
Station — First Astronomical Station AA^est of the Alleghanies —
Mount Comfort — E. D. Mansfield's First Books — His Education
at Cheshire Academy, West Point, and Princeton — Admitted to
the Bar in 1825 — Distinguished Friends— Percival, the Poet — A
xiv Contents,
Poet's Description of Niagara— The Young Lawyer Goes West
—The Columbia Street Theater—" Cincinnati in 1826 "—Assists
Benjamin Drake to Edit the " Chronicle "—Marries Miss Mary
Wallace Peck— Goes in Partnership with O. M. Mitchel—
Sketch of Mitchel's Life— Mansfield Embarks in Literature-
Literary Parties at Dr. Drake's— The Semicolon Club— The
Footes— Other Members of the Club— Mrs. Stowe— Benjamin
Drake — Nathan Guilford— William Greene— Cincinnati Society
in 1834 — Charles Fenno Hoffman— The College of Profes-
sional Teachers — Alexander Kinmont— The Common Schools —
George Graham — Eminent Educators — Mansfield's Political
Grammar — His Addresses — Connection with Cincinnati Col-
lege— Edits the Railroad Record — Edits Cincinnati Gazette —
"A Veteran Observer" — Made Commissioner of Statistics — His
First Meeting with Governor Morton— Popularity of E. D. M. —
His Books— " Personal Memories" — Family History — Second
Marriage— Sons and Daughters — Home at Morrow, Ohio —
Death— Character 409
CHAPTER XV.
William Davis Gallagher, Poet, Editor, and Government Official.
Birth and Parentage — The Gallaghers Move to Ohio — Settle near
Cincinnati — Sir Woodworth's School — A Boy's Pleasures—
" Billy " Goes to Clermont County — His few Books — Goes to
the Lancastrian Seminary— Learns to Set Type — " The Remem-
brancer "—" The Western Tiller"— "The Emporium "—" The
Commercial Register" — "The Western Minerva" — Gallagher
Visits Kentucky — Is Entertained by Mrs. James Taylor — Pays
His Respects to Clay at Ashland — Writes for the " Chronicle "
— Builds a House for His Mother — Edits the " Backwoodsman "
at Xenia, O. — First Meeting with George D. Prentice — Marriage
— Edits the "Mirror" — Makes His Maiden Speech — Debating
Societies— "The Lyceum"— "The Inquisition "—" The Tags"
—"The Forty-twos" — Publishes "Erato" — A Handsome Man
-Hard up— The " Western Literary Journal "—The " Hesper-
ian " — Assists Hammond on the Cincinnati Gazette — Secretary
of the Whig Committee — Letters to Otway Curry— A New Lit-
erary Comet— Issues "Selections of Western Poetry"— A Re-
former—His Poems— Edits the " Daily Message "—Made Presi-
tlent of the Ohio Historical Society— Address on " Progress in
the North-west " — Becomes Private Secretary to Thomas Corwin
—Conveys (Jold from New York to New Orleans— A Storm-
Anecdote of Corwin— Goes to Ix)uisville— Connection with the
" Courier " — Quarrel with Prentice— A Challenge— Rt'tires from
Journalism— Life at Pewee Valley — Literary Associations with
Kdwin Bryant, Noble Butler, Ross Wallace, Mrs. Warfield, and
Others— Letter from Wallace to Gallagher— Delegate to the
Contents. xv
Chicago Convention — Carries the News to '' Old Abe " — Threat-
ened with Violence in Kentucky — Becomea Secretary to Salmon
P. Chase — Collector of Customs — Literary Activity — Reputation
as a Public Official— Character of His Poetry—" Miami Woods"
— A Pathetic Story— Mr. Gallagher's Family — His Serene Old
Age 436
CHAPTER XVI.
Amelia B. Welby.
Amelia Welby and Alice Cary Compared — Birthplace, Parentage,
and Infancy of Amelia — Her Childhood — A Born Singer — An
Improvisatrice— The Emotions of Sweet Sixteen — Two Girls —
"When Shines the Star" — Amelia and Prentice — A Sudden
Blossoming — Enter George Welby — Amelia's Beauty and Bril-
liancy— Ben Cassidy's Eulogy of Her — The Poets Worship
Their Queen— "Ah ! Lovely Shade "—The Apotheosis of Senti-
mentalism — Mourning for Amelia Dead — Threnodies — Popular-
ity of the " Poems by Amelia " — Fourteen Editions — What Poe
Wrote of Amelia — Character of her Verses — Subjects of Her
Poems — Specimens — The " Rainbow " Faded — A Monument in
Cave Hill Cemetery 471
CHAPTER XVII.
Alice Cary.
Genealogy — Robert Gary's Home — The New House — An x\ppari-
tion — The Shadow of Death — Alice a Romp — A Country Girl's
Tasks — Studying under Difficulties — What the Girls Read —
First Appearance in Print — Alice Contributes to the Star in the
West — John A. Gurley — Phoebe's Name in a Boston Paper —
Letter to Lewis J. Cist — The Sisters Become Acquainted with
L. A. Hine, Emerson Bennett, and Dr. Gamaliel Bailey — First
Earnings of Alice — Praise from Poe — Help from Griswold —
Horace Greeley — The Sisters Visit Whittier — Alice Moves to
New York City — Publication of "Clovernook" — Letters to
Wm. D. Gallagher — A Slave of the Pen — Author and Editor —
A Merciless Criticism — Coates Kinney Reviews Alice Cary's
Poems — Alice Cary Buys a House — Distinguished Guests —
Bonner's Liberality — Novels — The Sorosis — A Brave Woman —
Dissatisfied — Longing for the West — In Clover— A Love Story
Remarks on Alice Cary's Poetry— Clovernook Dedicated— The
House is Haunted 482
Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
CHAPTER I. ■'■'■
SOME EARLY TRAVELERS AND ANNAL'l'fea*S.' ^ ^ "'^ '^
In a letter to R. W, Emerson, dated July 8, 1851, Thomas
Oarlyle wrote as follows : " I lately read a small old brown
French duodecimo, which I m.ean to send you by the first
chance there is. The writer is Capitaine Bossu •} the pro-
duction, a Journal of his experiences in ' La Louisiana,'
' Oyo ' (Ohio), and those regions, which looks very genuine,
and has a strange interest to me, like some fractional Odys-
sey or letter. Only a hundred years ago, and the Mississippi
has changed as never valley did : in 1751, older and stranger,
looked at from its present date, than Balbec or Mneveh !
Say what we will, Jonathan is doing miracles (of a sort)
under the sun in these times now passing. Do you know
Bartram's ^ Travels f This is of the Seventies (1770) or so ;
'treats of Florida chiefly, has a wondrous kind of flounder-
ing eloquence in it ; and has also grown immeasurably old.
All American libraries ought to provide themselves with
that kind of book; and keep them as a kind of future
biblical article."
^ Nouveaux Voyages aux Indes Occidentales, Contenant une Relation
des diffe rents peuples qui habitent les environs du grande fleuve Saint
Louis, appelle vulgairement le Mississippi; leur Religion; leur Gouv-
ernement; leurs Guerres, leur Commerce. Par M. Bossu, Amsterdam,
1768.
=* Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West
Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Musco-
gulges, or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Choctaws. By
William Bartram. Plates. 8vo. London, 1792.
(1)
2 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Writing a month later to the same appreciative corre-
spondent, the great Scotchman said : "Along with the
sheets [of the life of Sterling] was a poor little French book
for you — Book of a poor Naval Mississippi Frenchman, one
*Bo88u/ I think; written only a century ago, yet w^hich
already seemed old as the Pyramids in reference to those
strange, fast-growing countries. I read it as a kind of de-
faced romance; very thin and lean, but all truc^ and very
marye^QUpja^ such." The books thus strikingly character-
jzp4.l>y'Q^J^ryl.e represent a species of writings constituting
.thi \^v Jfajfjiid^ation of western literature.
The archives of the Central Mississippi Valley are rich
in records of discovery, exploration, adventure, and early
scientific observation. The journals and memoranda of
those who, from sight or hearsay, gave report of the In-
dian country before it was reclaimed for the uses of civil-
ization, show, as it were, the dark theater of history, ere
yet the curtain had risen on the great play of State-making.
How like a voice crying in the wilderness, fall upon the
mind^s ear, the relations of Marquette and the other orig-
inal explorers of the interior of the continent. When we
read the strange travels of Spaniard, Frenchman, or En-
glishman, in old Florida or Louisiana, in the years of the
rivalry of Europe's leading nations for supremacy in the
New World, we seem to realize the beginning of the be-
ginnings. We stand on prehistoric ground, and wait the
genesis of a people. We see the red- tribes begin to re-
treat westward, fighting as they yield; and w^e behold the
slow coming-in, from east, and south, and north, of the
hunter, the chopper, the trader, the maker of farm and
town. In dingy-paged volumes of old books we learn
what manner of men and women were those who first
set foot in the western forest, and dared the bloody game
of Life-or-Death with the savages.
The beginnings of culture in the west were dependent
on what was said about the country and the settlers.
Many of the first books relating to the frontier were writ-
ten by outsiders, sojourners, whose motive was to tell the
Old World what the New was like. These books infiu-
Som.e Early Travelers and Annalists. 3
eiicecl migration, and made no slight impression on the
minds of the pioneers. Narratives of travel, and sketches
of backwoods' trial and adventure, naturally became the
favorite reading matter of the log-cabin. The character
of the families that had gone west to grow up with the
country, was shaped by this kind of primitive literature.
As settlement proceeded, and society became organized,
the settlers themselves took occasion to employ the goose-
quill, in the way of chronicle and description, and thus
arose a rude indigenous literature. The writers were
jealous of the reputation of their adopted backwoods, and
wrote with provincial zeal. The opinions of foreign
travelers came to be quite generally read and discussed;
especially the reports of the more critical tourists. The
uncomplimentary account of the American common peo-
ple, as rendered by such writers as Wald, Ashe, and Basil
Hall, though very disagreeable to such as were satirized in
the harsh pages, formed what a distinguished editor calls
" mighty interesting reading," and no doubt had a whole-
some effect, as did afterward the bitter medicines adminis-
tered by Mrs. TroUope, Captain Marry att, and Charles
Dickens. Of more importance than such books of general
travel are numerous carefully prepared journals of sci-
entific character, giving in a most delightful style observa-
tions on the archaeology and natural history of the new
regions. Bartram's " Travels," the " iiounderino^ elo-
quence " of which so impressed Carlyle, belongs to the
scientific department of our ancient literature. The
Bartrams, John, born 1701, and William, born in 1739,
w^ere Pennsylvanians, and both eminent in botany. The
*' Travels " of William Bartram w^as first published in
Philadelphia, in 1791. Coleridge honored it with his
praise, calling it " a work of high merit every way."
Travels, anticipating by nearly a century those of
Bossu, were undertaken by his countrymen, the French
explorers of the Mississippi, in the last quarter of the Sev-
enteenth century. Who that has read can ever forget
the vivid and intensely dramatic " relations" of those de-
voted actors in the romantic drama of discovery and con-
4 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
quest: Marquette, Allouez, Membre, Hennepin, Anastase
Douay, Cavelier, St. Cosme, Le Sueur, Gravier, and Guignas,
covering a period of fifty-live years, from 1673 to 1728.
These heroic Jesuits tell the simple, but absorbing, story
of a half century's endeavor to learn the mystery of the
mighty Mississippi, and the shifting " nations " that dwelt
along its shores. As one pursues the marvelous con-
tinued tale, more strange than fiction, he floats along un-
known waters in a bark canoe ; sees the herded buftaloes
feeding on the shore; meets thronging savages in lodge
or wild- woods, and smokes the calumet of peace ; visits
rude temples of the sun-god; joins with the gentle
messengers of a new religion as they erect the cross of
Christ in the shadow of the forest and sing the holy mass
to the naked chiefs who wonder the more the less they
comprehend. The labors of the indefatigable John Gil-
mary Shea^ have put within every reader's reach the
complete series of narratives in clear translation, giving
the French accounts of the discovery and exploration of
the Mississippi, and early voyages up and down that mag-
nificent stream. These " relations " draw a sort of irregu-
lar line of uncertain history along the region of the Great
Lakes, down the Mississippi, and out through the Gulf
of Mexico. The early voyageurs kept close to the water-
courses. They had acquaintance with the Wisconsin, the
Illinois, and some other aflluents of the Mississippi, but,
for the most part, their knowledge of the tributaries of
the great stream was confined to what they could see in
passing the mouths of the inflowing rivers, or what they
could learn by inquiry of the Indians. But the time was
soon to come when, ascending the Ohio, and every other
stream that finds its way to the Father of Waters, the
' Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley. With the
Original Narratives of Marquette, Allouez, Membre, Hennepin, and
Anastase Douay. By John Gilmary Shea. 8vo. pp. 268. New York,
1852.
Early Voyages up and down the Mississippi, by Chevalier, St. Cosme,
Le Sueur, Gravier, and Guignas. With Introduction, Notes, and an In-
dex. By John Gilmary Shea. 4to. pp. 191. Albany, 1861.
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 5
French canoe should penetrate the mystery of the inland,
and bring back authentic information of what the Indian,
the Spaniard, the Saxon were doing or planning in the
region between the Gulf and the Lakes, between the
Mississippi and the Appalachians. French settlements
were soon to be made in Southern Illinois and Indiana,
and Gaul was to gain a foothold in the western part of
the Ohio Valley three-quarters of a century before the
first English settlements were made at the head-waters
of la belle riviere. What La Salle may have said or
thought of the " Fair River," which he discovered two
centuries and a quarter ago, is left to conjecture. But
we possess definite information concerning the impressions
of many explorer's who spied out the Ohio and its basin
in the eighteenth century. Christopher Gist, agent and
surveyor for the Ohio Company of Virginia, made a
venturesome trip to the West in the year 1750-1. From
his southern home, on the Yadkin, this wood-wise scout
and shrewd reader of Indian character wended his way to
Logstown, an Indian village on the Ohio a few miles be-
low the fork of the Allegheny and Monongahela, and pro-
ceeded thence, in company with George Croghan,^ of
Pennsylvania, across what is now the state of Ohio. The
explorers examined and admired portions of the rich
valleys of the Muskingum, the Scioto, and the Miamis.
"First of white men on record," says Bancroft, "they
saw that the land beyond the Scioto, except the first
twenty miles, is rich and level, bearing walnut trees of
huge size, the maple, the wild cherry, and the ash ; full of
little streams and rivulets ; variegated by beautiful natural
prairies, covered with wild rye, blue grass, and white
clover. Turkeys abounded, and deer, and elks, and most
sorts of game; of buftaloes, thirty or forty were frequently
seen feeding in one meadow." The Indian town of
^Journal of Colonel George Croghan, who was sent, after the Peace of
1763, by the government to explore the Country adjacent to the Ohio
River, and to conciliate the Indian Nations who had hitherto acted with
the French. Small 4to, pp. 38. Burlington, N. J.
6 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Piqua, on the Big Miami, had a population of about four
hundred families. From Piqua, Gist took his departure,
alone, at the beginning of March, 1751, and passed south-
ward through the grassy valleys of the Miamis, in which
wild herds grazed ; and, reaching the Ohio, followed down
that stream to within fifteen miles of the Falls. As the
old sea-captain, Othere, is said to have carried with him,
from the North Cape, a walrus-tooth, to show King Alfred,
in verification of his discovery, so Christopher Gist took
with him from Kentucky -the tooth of a mammoth, to
astonish his Virginia employers with a specimen curiosity
of the West.
The name of Gist is immortalized by its intimate asso-
ciation with that of Washington, whose guide and comrade
he was on the memorable expedition^ sent by Governor
Dinwiddle to Forts Venango and Le Boeuf, in the year 1753.
The journal of Major George Washington, giving in crude
but clear English, the official report of his forty-seven days'
doings, from the time he set out from Williamsburgh to his
return thitheis detailing the particulars of his interviews
with the French officers in Pennsylvania, is one of the
rarest and most interesting bits of Americana. The diary
proper contains only twenty pages, ordinary octavo size,
but every word tells. Surely this little book, the first
fruits of Washington's pen, produced when the hero was
but a youth, deserves to be kept as a " kind of biblical
article." The Robinson Crusoe-like adventures which it
relates, of the Virginia Major and his man Friday, Mr.
Gist, ought to render the story a boy-classic. Tied up
in their " match coats," with gun in hand and pack on
shoulders, the two men tread the dangerous woods ; they
pass " the murdering-town ;" Washington is shot at by an
Indian who lay in wait for him ; in order to cross the freez-
ing Allegheny, they set about making a raft, " with but one
* The Journal of Major George Washington, sent by. Hon. Robert Din-
widdle to the Commandant of the French Forces on Ohio. To which are
added the Governor's Ix'tter. and a Translation of the French Oihcer's
answer. 8vo. pp. 32. Map. Williamsburgh, printed. London, reprinted
1754.
Some Early Travelers and Annalists, 7
poor hatchet," and the task requires a whole day's work ;
they finally launch the raft, but are "jammed in the ice "
in a most dangerous manner, and they expect to perish.
" I put out my setting Pole to try to stop the Eaft, that
the Ice might pass by ; when the Rapidity of the Stream
threw it with so much violence against the Pole, that it
jerked me out into ten feet of Water; But I fortunately
saved myself by catching hold of one of the Raft Logs."
The incidental visit of Washino:ton to the border of white
settlement, on the eve of the great contest of the English
with the French and Indians, marks the commencement
of mighty changes. Imagination pictures the resolute
young American, who was to become the Father of his
Country, as, bestriding his Virginia steed, he surveyed the
land at the confluence of the Allegheny .and Monongahela.
rivers, building a fort, and perhaps a city, in his mind.
" I spent some time," he wrote, " in viewing the River, and
the Land in the Fork: which I think extremely well sit-
uated for a Fort." Might not a sculptor make something
striking of that? — Young Washington, on Jiorseback, at
the head-waters of the Ohio, looking westward !
On the second of January, 1754, Washington, then at
Frazier's settlement on the Monongahela, saw " seven-
teen horses loaded with materials and stores for a Fort at
the Forks of Ohio," and the day after, " some families
going out to settle." Those families going west to settle
were of the pioneer van. The Saxon foot had begun its
tramp into the backwoods.
Boone made his first exploration in Kentucky in 1769 ;
and white settlements were established in Western Vir-
ginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, before the breaking oat
of the Revolutionary War. It is estimated that in the
year 1784, thirty thousand people moved into Kentucky.
In that same year, and as if born of the impulse of the
active time, came into existence the first historical sketch
of Kentucky.
Seven years before the publication of Bartram's Travels^
there was issued from the press Filson's "Kentucky," a
Volume which has now become such a rare curiosity that
8 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
I here trascribe the complete title. " The Discovery. Set-
tlement, and Present State of Kentucky ; and an Essay
towards the Topography and Natural History of that Im-
portant Country; by John Filson. To which is added an
Appendix containing: I. The Adventures of Col. Daniel
Boone, one of the First Settlers, comprehending every im-
portant Occurrence in the Political History of that Province.
II. The Minutes of the Piaukashaw Council, held at Post St.
Vincent's, April 15, 1784. HI. An Account of the Indian
Nations inhabiting within the Limits of the Thirteen United
States; their Manners and Customs; and Keflections on
their Origin. lY. The Stages and Distances between
Philadelphia and the Falls of Ohio ; from Pittsburg to
Pensacola, and several other Places. The whole illus-
trated by a new and accurate Map of Kentucky, and the
Country adjoining, drawn from actual surveys. Wilming-
ton, printed by John Adams, 1784."
Very few copies of Filson's book and map are in exist-
ence, and a single copy of the work has been sold for as
much as one hundred and twenty dollars. Next to noth-
ing had been published, or was generally known about
Filson, until quite recently, when Colonel R. T. Durrett^
gathered together the scanty memorials of the romantic
pioneer, and gave them to the world in a small volume^
put forth by the Filson Club, Louisville. From this vol-
ume (which contains a weird and shadowy portrait of John
Filson) we learn that he was born near the Brandywine,
Pennsylvania, about the year 1747, and that he canic' to
Kentucky, probably in 1783, being, then, perhaps, thirty-
six years old. He formed the acquaintance ot, and col-
* RonV>on Thomas Durrett, lawyer, editor, and aullH.r. horn in Ilcnry
county, K.ntucky, January 22, 1824, founder of tli.- lils-.n (lul,. lives
in I/<>uisvilli*. He possesses the finest historic:! 1 lil.i;n\ in Krntutky.
A cornHponflent of the New York Tribune descrilx s ( olonri l>nn(ti ;w
a'Mull. uliit(-licanl.-<l, l.Iuc-cyc.l man, witli tin- \\vm\ oi Longfellow
and thr inaiin.Ts ..f Sir Ko;,n,'r dc ("owrly."
'.If.lm 1 il-(.ii. tlir l-'irst Historian of Kcntnck.w An A.vmuh; .,i" His
Life uu<I WritiM--. i»rincipally from Original Sonrc. s. I'l-.pan.i lor ihe
FilBOnChil.. l.y UruhruT. Durrett. Ix)ui8vilK' an.i Ciiuinnati. Is-i. ,
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 9
lected iuformatioii from, Daniel Boone, Levi Todd, James
Harrod, Christopher Greenup, John Cowen, William Ken-
nedy, and other pioneers. The adventures of Boone were
related by that hero directly to the enterprising school-
master, speculator, and verse-maker, Filson, who pub-
lished them, and who is therefore not only the first his-
torian of Kentucky, but the original biographer of the
typical backswoodsman of literature. The narrative of
Filson furnished the basis of Bryan's " Mountain Muse,"
one of the early attempts to put Western scenery and
pioneer romance into verse. Having prepared his manu-
script and map, the author returned to the East and had
them published. The next year he turned his face west-
ward, and proceeded from his home to Pittsburg in a Jer-
sey wagon, and thence in a flat-boat down the Ohio, to
the mouth of Beargrass Creek, where Louisville now is.
The entire journey consumed two months, from April 25,
to June 27, 1785.
In the summer of the same year, Filson went in a canoe
to Vincennes, on the Wabash, and walked back through
the woods to Beargrass. This journey of four hundred
and fifty miles he repeated in the autumn, the object of
both excursions being to collect materials for a history
of the Illinois country. On the first day of June, 1786, he
set out from Yincennes for the Falls of the Ohio in a
"perogue," accompanied by three men. The party was
attacked by Indians, and compelled to land and take to the
woods for safety. Filson, after many perils and sufierings,
found his way back to Yincennes, exhausted by famine and
sore with wounds. After this adventure, he returned safe
to Kentucky, and again traveled over the long road to
Philadelphia on horseback. In 1787 he once more appeared
in the land of Boone, and advertised proposals in the Ken-
tucky Gazette to start a classical academy in Lexington, the
sylvan "Athens of the West." The project seems not to
have been realized ; but Filson was fertile in expedients,
and soon he engaged in the important enterprise which
fixed his name in history. In August, 1788, he went into
partnership with Mathias Denman and Robert Patterson
10 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
in the purchase of a tract of land on the north side of the
Ohio River, opposite the mouth of the Licking, on which
it was proposed to lay out tlie town of Losantiville, now
Cincinnati. Filson invented the name Losantiville, which
has been much ridiculed, but it is doubtful whether the
word Cincinnati, which is either a genitive singular or a
nominative plural, is not as absurd as the euphonious
name compounded by the Lexington schoolmaster. Filson,
who was a surveyor, marked out a road from Lexington
to the mouth of the Licking, and, with his partners, ar-
rived at the site of their town in September, and began
to lay out streets, at least on paper. One of these was to
be called Filson Avenue, but the name was changed to
Plum street after Filson's tragic disappearance from the
stage of affairs. The circumstances of his exit are shrouded
in mystery. The supposition is that he fell a victim to
the tomahawk and scalping-knife of some prowling sav-
age. All that we know is he set out alone to explore the
solitudes of the Big Miami woods, and was seen no more
by his white comrades. Kor was any trace of his body
ever found.
I pass from the story of Filson to that of another
traveler and writer who, in some sense, took up the his-
torical and romantic role which Filson had ceased to play.
Gilbert Imlay, a Captain in the American army, and com-
missioner for laying out lands in the back settlements,
published, in the year 1792, a remarkably complete and
entertaining book^ on Kentucky and the West. It was
written in the form of a series of letters, and first appeared
from a London press. This Captain Imlay was the man
whose scandalous relation with Mary WoUstonecroft and
cruel abandonment of her once made a considerable excite-
ment in the world. He met Miss WoUstonecroft in
France some time in 1792, and the two formed a free-
love alliance which Imlay broke, thereby causing the lady
to attempt suicide. She afterward became the wife of
* A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North
America, Containing an Account of its Climate, Population, Manners,
and CustoniH, etc. By Captain (liibort Imlay. London, 1792.
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 11
William Goodwiu, by whom she had a daughter who
married the poet Shelley. Imhiy was the author of a
novel entitled " The Emigrants," which appeared in three
volumes, in 1793.
To the second edition of Imlay's "America," 1793, was
appended John Filson's " Kentucky." The work was fur-
nished with several useful maps. A third edition, much
enlarged, was published in 1797. This contains : " Obser-
vations on the Ancient Works," by Jonathan Heart ;
^' Description of Louisiana and West Florida," by Thomas
Hutchins; Patrick Kennedy's "Journal up the Illinois
River," " Description of the State of Tenasee, 1796," etc.
Several of the chapters deal in general historical facts
collected from other books. The writer dwells with
prolix comment, on the American theory and form of
government, and on systems of polity, religion, and so-
ciety, evidently regarding himself as an authority in
statesmanship and philosophy. His social views arc ex-
tremely radical, and he indulges in divers rhapsodical
flights on liberty, equality, fraternity, and millennial per-
fection.
The interest of Imlay's book to readers of the present
day consists in his descriptions of Kentucky, its products
and people, as he saw them a hundred years ago. It is
pleasant, for instance, to read what he wrote of the cane-
brakes that once covered many parts of the Ohio Valley,
and which were of value as fodder. " The cane," he says,
"" is a reed that grows to the height frequently of ten or
twelve feet, and it is in thickness from th6 size of a goose-
quill to that of two inches in diameter. When it is
slender, it never grows higher than from four to seven
feet ; it shoots up in one summer, but produces no leaves
until the following year. It is an evergreen, and is, per-
haps, the most nourishing food for cattle upon earth, ^o
other milk or butter has such flavor and richness as that
which is produced from cows which feed upon cane.
Horses which feed upon it work nearly as well as if they
were fed upon corn."
The Captain's style is often picturesque and vivid,
12 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
but 8omc of his delineations of primitive customs in Ken-
tucky are probably toiulicd with the hues of fancy. The
following idylic paragraphs might have been written of
Arcadia :
" The season of sugar making occupies the Avomen
whose mornings are cheered by the modulated buifoonery
of the mocking-bird, the tuneful song of the thrush, and
the gaudy plumage of the paroquet. Festive mirth
crowns the evening. The business of the day being over,
the men join the women in the sugar groves where en-
chantment seems to dwell. The lofty trees wave their
spreading branches over a green turf, on w^iose soft down
the mildness of the evening invites the neighboring youth
to sportive play; while our rural Xestors, with calcu-
lating minds, contemplate the boyish gambols of a grow-
ing progeny ; they recount the exploits of their early age,
and, in their enthusiasm, forget there are such things as
decrepitude and misery. Perhaps a convivial song or a
pleasant narrative closes the scene.
" Rational pleasures meliorate the soul ; and it is by
familiarizing man with uncontaminated felicity that sordid
avarice and vicioiis habits are to be destroyed.
" Gardening and tishing constitute some part of the
amusements of both sexes. Flowers and their genera
form one of the studies of our ladies; and the embellish-
ment of their houses with those which are known to be
salutary constitute a part of their employment. Domestic
cares and music fill up the remaincK'r of the day, and
social visits, without ceremony or form, leave them with-
out ennui or disgust. Our young men are too gallant to
peiMnit the wonicii to liavo separate amusements; and
thus it is that we lind that suavity and politeness of man-
ners universal, which can only be effected by female
polish.
** The autumn and winter produce not less pleasure.
Evening visits mostly end with dancing by the young
people, while the more aged indulge their hilarity, or
disseminate information in the disquisition of politics, or
some useful art or science.
Some Eaiiy Travelers and Annalists. 13
" Such are the aniusemeiits of this country, which have
for their hasis hospitality, and all the variety of good
things which a luxuriant soil is capahle of producing
W'ithout the alloy of that distress of misery which is pro-
duced from penury or want. Malt liquor, and spirits dis-
tilled from corn and the juice of the sugar tree, mixed
with water, constitute the ordinary beverage of the coun-
try. Wine is too dear to be drank prodigally ; but that
is a fortunate circumstance, as it will be an additional
spur to us to cultivate the vine."
Enough and perhaps too much of Captain Imlay's'rosy*
rhetoric. Let us tarn from the perusal of his pages to
the less florid volumes of his cotemporary, Henry Toul-
min ^ (born, 1767 ; died, 1823) ; another historiographer of
Kentucky. He was an Englishman, a disciple and fol-
lower of Joseph Priestly. Migrating to Kentucky, he
took a leading part in the public aftairs of the young
state. For a time Toulmin was president of Transylvania
University, at Lexington ; and he afterward became Sec-
retary of State. A collection of the acts of the Kentucky
Legislature, by him, w^as published at Frankfort in 1802.
His " Description of Kentucky," and " Thoughts on Emi-
gration," both published in London, in 1792, were valu-
able in their day in spreading knowledge of the West,
and inducing immigration.
In the years 1795-6-7, Isaac Weld, Junior, a young
Irishman, of Dublin, made a journey through the United
States and Canada, an account of which, as a collection
of letters, was published in 1797. This volume,^ though
written in a captious spirit, gives the reader a very
definite if not very flattering running description of
American life in the later days of Washington. The
author's bitter and contemptuous comments on what he
' A Description of Kentucky in North America, to which are prefixed
Miscellaneous Observations respecting the United States. Map, 8vo.
Printed in November, 1792,
2 Travels through the States of North America, and the Provinces of
Upper and Lower Canada, in 1795-97. By Isaac Weld. Maps and
plates. 4to, pp, 464, London, 1799,
14 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
considered the rudeness and vulgarity of the lower orders
of society were much resented by the newspapers of the
period. In the last sentence of his pettishly scornful
book, Weld says : " I shall speedily take my departure
from this continent, well pleased at having seen so much
of it as I have done; but I shall leave it without a sigh,
and without entertaining the slightest wish to revisit it.'^
The narrative relates chiefly to the Atlantic States and
Canada, though it contains lively descriptions of Niagara,
Lake Erie and Detroit. The map which accompanies the
book, showing the United States as far south as Florida
and as far west as the mouth of the Kentucky river, indi-
cates the location of but two towns in Kentucky, Lexing-
ton and Lewistown, and only one in the " Western Terri-
tory," namely. Marietta. The point farthest west which
Mr. Weld reached in his Virginia explorations was the
town of Fincastle. Speaking of the "great road, running
north and south behind the Blue mountains, and which is
the high road from the [N'orthern States to Kentucky," the
traveler gives the following bit of personal observation
and experience : "As I passed along this road, I met with
great numbers of people from Kentucky and the new
State of Tennessee, going toward Philadelphia and Balti-
more, and with many others going in the contrary direc-
tion, * to explore,' as they call it, that is, to search for
lands conveniently situated for new settlements in the
western country. These people all travel on horseback,
with pistols or swords, and a large blanket folded up un-
der their saddle, which last they use for sleeping in when
obliged to pass the night in the woods. There is but little
occasion for arms now that peace has been made with the
Indians ; but formerly it used to be a very serious under-
taking to go by this route to Kentucky, and travelers
were always obliged to go forty or fifty in a party, and
well prepared for defense. It would be still dangerous
for any person to venture singly; but if five or six travel
together they are perfectly secure. There are liouses now
scattered along nearly the whole way from Fincastle to
Lexington in Kentucky, so that it is not necessary to
Some Early Travelers and Anrtalists. 15
sleep more than two or three nights in the woods in going
there. Of all the uncouth human beings I met with in
America, these people from the western country were the
most so; their curiosity was boundless. Frequently have
I been stopped abruptly by some of them in a solitary
part of the road, and in such a manner that, had it been
in another countr}^ I should have imagined that it w^as a
highw^ayman that was going to demand my purse, and
without any farther preface, asked where I. came from ?
if I was acquainted wdth any news? w^here bound to? and
finally, my name ? ' Stop, mister ! Why I guess now you
be coming from the new state?' ' ^o, sir.' ' Why then I
guess as how you be coming from Kentuc' '^o, sir.'
' Oh ! Why then, now, where might you be coming
from?' 'From the low country.' ' Why you must have
heard all the news then ; now, mister, what might the
price of bacon be in those parts?' ' Upon my word, my
friend, I can't inform you.' 'Aye, aye ; I see, mister, you
be'n't one of us ; now, mister, what might your name be?'
A stranger going the same way is sure of having the com-
pany of these worthy people, so desirous of information,
as far as the next tavern, w4iere he is seldom suiFered to
remain for live minutes, till he is again assailed by a fresh
set of the same questions."
Another entertaining book of travel is the Journal of
Francis Baily,^ who made a toar down the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi in 1796-7.
The celebrated naturalist, F. A. Michaux, who, clad in
a suit made of the skins of wild animals, traversed the
Mississippi Valley, collecting materials for his " History of
American Oaks," also published a book^ of travels. The
descriptions which he gave of the West, and of his expe-
^ Journal of a Tour in Unsettled Parts of North America in 179(>-7.
(Down the Ohio and Mississippi, and back to Knoxville, Tennessee.)
By Brands Baily. 8vo, pp. 439. London, 1856.
2 Travels to the Westward of the Allegheny Mountains in the States
of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and return to Charleston through
the Upper Carolinas. London, 1804.
16 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
riences of log-cabin life and woodland adventure, are well
worth reading.
Not less entertaining and more general in its scope was
a book of travels by the French savant, C. F. Yolney
(1757-1820), a translation^ of which appeared in 1804, and
was very generally circulated. It is chiefly geographical.
There was published in 1808, a book ^ that created a
sensation in the Ohio Valley, and particularly in Cincin-
nati. This was a pretentious but blundering narrative by
Thomas Ashe, compiled from the " !N'avigator " and other
books, with orrginal statements based on insufficient ob-
servation, and^ not a few downright inventions of the au-
thor's fancy. For example, the Big Miami river is repre-
sented as flowing out of Lake Erie. Ashe went under the
assumed name of D'Arville, and introduced himself by
forged letters to leading citizens of the West. We are
told by an early western writer that this imposter " be-
guiled the late learned, ingenious, and excellent Dr. Go-
forth of his immense collection of mammoth bones, and
made a fortune of them, and of his book, in London."
E. D. Mansfield brands Ashe as the " first to discover that
a book abusing the people of the United States would be
profitable by its popularity." Daniel Drake, whose pre-
ceptor was the deluded Goforth, mentions Ashe, alias
D'Arville, as that " swindling Englishman ;" but the
favorite appellation by which indignant Cincinnatians ad-
vertised the ofiending bone-stealer w^as " the infamous
Ashe." The London Quarterly Review said of Ashe and
» View of the Climate and Soil of the United States of America, with
Remarks on Florida. By C. F. Volney. London, 1804.
Volney was known to many readers from his celebrated book " The
Ruins," which was published in 1791.
' Travels in America performed in 1806, for the purpose of exploring
the Rivers Allegheny, Monongahela, Ohio and Mississippi, and ascer-
taining the Produce and Condition of their Banks and Vicinity. By
Thomas Ashe. 3 vols., 18mo. London, 1808.
Also, Memoirs of Mammoth and various other Extraordinary and
Stupendous Bones found in the Vicinity of the Ohio, Wabash, Illinois,
MissiBBippi and other Rivers. By Thomas Ashe. Plate. 8vo. Liver-
pool, 1806.
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 17
f
his " Travels :" " He has spoiled a good book by engraft-
ing incredible stories on authentic facts."
II. M. Brackenridge's Recollections^ of a journey from
Pittsburg to St. Genevieve in 1792 ; Rev. Thaddeus Mason
Harris's accouat^ of his tour from Boston to Marietta in
1803 ; Christian Schultz's diary ,^ detailing the particulars
of a journey from Kew York city to the West and South
in the years 1807-8; and, above all, Timothy Flint's story*
of his travels in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi,
begun in 1815, hold the reader's attention, with all the
excitement of romance, and more than the interest of any
fiction.*
An exceedingly delightful book of its class is Brad-
bury's " Travels in the Interior of America,"^ a racy, off-
hand, and manifestly true report of the author's personal
observation of nature and man in the wilder parts of the
Mississippi Valley, in the years 1809, '10, '11. John Brad-
bury, an English botanist, came to the United States in
1809, and having consulted Thomas Jefferson concerning
the best field for his scientific labors, decided to make St.
Louis his head-quarters. He ascended the Missouri, made
^ Recollections of Persons and Places in the West. By H. M. Brack-
enridge. 12mo, pp. 331. Philadelphia, 1868.
^ The Journal of a Tour into the Territory northwest of the Alle-
ghany Mountains, with a Geographical and Historical Account of the
State of Ohio. By Thaddeus Mason Harris. With five maps. 8vo, pp.
271. Boston, 1805.
^ Travels on an Inland Voyage through New York, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, etc., in 1807-8. By
Christian Schultz. Portrait, maps, and plates. 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 207-224.
New York, 1810.
* Eecollections of the last Ten Years, passed in occasional Residences
and Journeyings in the Valley of the Mississippi, from Pittsburg and
the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico. By Timothy Flint. 8vo, pp. 395.
Boston, 1826.
^ For a synopsis of these entertaining books, see Venable's Footprints
of the Pioneers in the Ohio Valley.
® Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809-10-11, includ-
ing a Description of Upper Louisiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Ten-
nessee, with the Illinois and Western Territories. By John Bradbury.
8vo. Liverpool, 1817.
2
18 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
collections of i»lants and minerals, studied the habits and
language of the Indians, and prepared an excellent gen-
eral description of the Ohio Valley. His book is entirely
original, a transcript of daily doings and seeings, written
in simple but pittorial style, with that golden medium of
skill in detailing particulars which gratifies but never
cloys the reader. The diary pleasantly talks of natural
scenery; of plants, birds, beasts; of Indians, S[)aniards,
French and P]nglish men. Isow we have a lively descrip-
tion of a bear hunt, then of a bee tree; now an account
of a buitalo herd, then of a rattlesnake den. We are told
how beaver meat tastes, and how to make bread of corn
meal and pounded persimmons. We see the Indians
dance and hear them sing; we enter the smoky wigwams,
and sympathize with Mr. Bradbury in his embarassed at-
tempts to escape the tender advances of squalid squaws.
One reads with curious interest that, on the morning of
January 17, 1810, while proceeding up the Missouri river
in a boat, Bradbury saw, standing on the shore, near the.
French village of Charette, an old man, " Daniel Boone,
the discoverer of Kentucky." "As I had a letter of in-
troduction to him, from his nephew Colonel Grant, I went
ashore to speak to him, and requested that the boat might
go on, as I intended to walk until evening. I remained
some time in conversation with him. He informed me
that he was eighty-four years of age ; that he had spent
a considerable portion of his time alone in the back
woods, and had lately returned from his spring hunt, with
nearly sixty beaver skins."
The several volumes of exploration, travel, or history,
by Lewis and Clarke,^ Cuming,^ Pike, Stoddard,^ Hard-
* Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country, throu^^h the States of
Ohio an<l Kentucky; a Voyage down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers,
and a Trip though the Mississippi Territory and Part of West Florida.
By F. Cuming. KJino, pp. 504. Pittsburg, 1810.
" Sketches, Historical and Descriptive, of Louisiana. By Amos Stod-
dard. 8vo, pp. 488. Philadelphia, 1812.
• The results of the expedition of Captuins Merriwether Ijewis and
William Clarke were communicated to Congress by a message from the
President, and printed by the government in an octavo volume of 178
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 19
ing,^ Dana,^ Loiig,^ and others, publislied within the first
quarter of the Nineteenth century, though not all treating
of the Ohio Valley, furnished much information bearing
upon common interest, and were widely read in Kentucky,
Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Their influence helped to
form the opinions and motives of the people of the Cen-
tral West.
In the year 1818, Morris Birkheck, an English specu-
lator who founded the settlement of Albion, in Southern
Illinois, published in London two little books, ^'Letters
from Illinois," and " Xotes on a Journey in America."
These very agreeable volumes were, in purpose, similar to
the writings Toulmin had produced in Kentucky, thirty
years before. They were designed to encourage migra-
tion from Great Britain to Illinois.
Thomas jSTuttall, an American naturalist, who spent tea
or twelve years traveling in various parts of the United
States, for scientific purposes, made an extensive journey
into Arkansas, in 1818-19. A journal ^ of his travels was
published in 1821. The second and third chapters of this
book, giving minute particulars of the author's descent
pages, in 1806. The best account of this important expedition, how-
ever, was prepared for the press by Paul Allen, and published in Phila-
delphia in 1814, in two volumes, 8vo, under the title of '' History of the
Expedition, under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clarke, to the
Sources of the Missouri, thence Across the Rocky Mountains, and down
the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean, performed during the Years
1804-5-6."
1 A Tour through the Western Country, a. d. 1818 and 1819. By Ben-
jamin Harding. 8vo, pp. 17. New London, 1819.
^ Geographical Sketches on the Western Country ; designed for Emi-
grants and Settlers, being the Result of Extensive Researches and Re-
marks. Including a particular Description of the unsold Public Lands,
etc. By E. Dana. 16mo, pp. 312. Cincinnati, 1819.
^ Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains
in 1819-20. Compiled from the Notes of Major Stephen H, Long and
others, by Edwin James. Colored Illustrations. 3 vols. 8vo. Lon-
don, 1823.
* A Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory during the Year
1819. With occasional Observations on the Manners of the Aborigines.
By Thomas Nuttall. Map and engravings. Svo, pp. 296. Philadel-
phia, 1821.
20 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
of the Ohio river, from Pittsburg to the Mississippi, bear
the stamp of photographic tidelity. They are written in
a style somewhat dry and crabbed, but never dull. The
naturalist, accompanied by a young man, left Pittsburg,
October i^l, 1^18, in a skiff which he purchased for six
dollars. On the night of the 22d the voyagers landed
about two miles below Beavertown, and went to a tavern
to obtain rest and shelter for the night which was cold.
" Finding the tavern crowded with people met together
for merriment," says the journal, " we retired to a neigh-
boring hovel. Our prospect of repose was soon, however,
banished, as our cabin, being larger than the tavern, was
selected for a dancing room, and here we were obliged to
sit as waking spectators of this riot till after one o'clock
in the morning. The whisky bottle was brought out to
keep up the excitement, and, without the inconvenience
and delay of using glasses, was passed pretty briskly from
mouth to mouth, exempting neither age nor sex. Some
of the young ladies also indulged in smoking as well as
drinking drams." According to ^N'uttall, pretty nearly
every body along the banks of the river, white, black, or
red, was devoted to the spirit of corn. That distilled on
the Monongahela had the preference.
On the evening of November 7th, the travelers landed
on the Kentucky shore just below the mouth of the Big
Sandy. " We took up our lodgings where there happened
to be a corn husking, and were kept awake with idle mer-
riment and riot till past midnight. Some of the party, or
rather of the two national parties, got up and harangued
to a judge, like so many lawyers, on some political argu-
ment, and other topics, in a boisterous and illiberal style,
but without coming to blows. Is this a relic of Indian
customs ? "
Arriving at Cincinnati, Nuttall went to see his friend
Dr. Drake, whom he describes as " one of the most scien-
tific men west of the Alleghany mountains." Descending
the river to the neighborhood of the Swiss towns of Ve-
vay and Ghent, the traveler lodged with a polite and hos-
pitable Frenchman, with whom he drank some sour native
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 21
wine, costing only twenty-live cents a bottle. The record
in the diary for i^ovember 23d, reads : " At length I ar-
rived at the large and flourishing town of Louisville, but
recently a wilderness."
Nuttall was detained at Louisville until December 7th,
and his stay there gave opportunity to observe the stir
and bustle of migrating people seeking fortune in a new
country. Our traveler reports his impressions in this lan-
guage : "A stranger who descends the Ohio at this season
of emigration, can not but be struck with the jarring vor-
tex of heterogeneous population amidst which he is em-
barked, all searching for some better country, which lies
to the west as Eden did to the east."
Having purchased a flat-boat at Shippingport, Xuttall,
accompanied by an " elderly gentleman and his son," em-
barked, and was carried by the current alone at the rate
of eighty miles a day. They see few inhabitants along-
shore— only an occasional '^ hunting farmer," seeking wild
turkeys in the woods or canebrakes. They pass a small
town called Evansville, pass Diamond Island and the
mouth of the Wabash, and, on the fourteenth, behold
Shawneetown, Illinois, '' a handful of log cabins." They
float by Battery Rock, Rock in the Cave, and other bold
clifi^s, and drift into regions untouched by civilization.
" The occidental wilderness appears here to retain its pri-
meval solitude; its gloomy forests are yet unbroken by
the hand of man, they are only penetrated by the wander-
ing hunter and the roaming savage." The river, below
Massac, was infested by professional wreckers — little bet-
ter than robbers — a band of whom fleeced the unwary
travelers at " Wolf's Island." Finally the flat-boat reached
the Mississippi, and the voyage was continued without se-
rious accident down to Arkansas. Borne along on the
great bosom of the waters, the meditative naturalist gazed
out upon the lovely panorama of nature. The result of
his reflections is summed in the words of his journal:
" How many ages may yet elapse before these luxuriant
wilds of the Mississippi can enumerate a population equal
to the Tartarian deserts ! At present all is irksome silence
22 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
and gloom of solitude, such as to inspire the mind with
horror.'* Yet this was written in 1819 — not three-quarters
of a century ago !
It was hut a few years after Nuttall made his journey to
Arkansas that H. \i. Schoolcraft set out on his travels^ in
the central portions of the Mississippi Valley. The book
which records his adventures is dedicated to Lewis Cass,
governor of the Territory of Michigan, under whose
patronage, by the sanction of the general government, the
author's explorations were undertaken. Indeed, Governor
Cass accompanied Schoolcraft on some of his journeys.
The tour was begun July 3, 1821, when the travelers
started, from Detroit. The route chosen was up to the
head-waters of the Maumee, thence across to the sources
of the Wabash, and down that river to its mouth, thence
across Illinois to St. Louis, and up the Mississippi to Fox
river, and overland to Chicago.
Schoolcraft says, writing in 1821 : " The whole district
of country between Fort Detiance and Fort AVayne is yet
in a state of nature. The only shelter to be obtained in
passing through it, is Brush's cabin ; a small log tenement
put up during the present season as a 'kind of half-way
house." At Fort AVayne he visited the Indian school,
conducted on the " Lancastrian system." The number of
pupils was forty-eight, most of them Pottowatamies.
On the portage between the Maumee and the Wabash,
Schoolcraft and his excellency Governor Cass spent a
night at an Indian village, making an effort to sleep in a
wigwam, the lodge of a chief. But the Indians of the
village were engaged in a drunken carousal, and made
night hideous with wild noise. "As is usual when their
liquor is exhausted," writes the traveler, " they fell to
quarreling and fighting, and we momentarily expected
that some murder would be perpetrated. At this critical
period, we were pleased to observe an aged squaw, care-
' Travels in the Central Portions of the Mississippi Valley ; compris-
ing obwrvations on its Mineral (reography, Internal Resources, and
Aboriginal Population. By H. R. Schoolcraft. Map and plate. 8vo,
pp. 45». New York, 1825.
Some Earhj Trarelers and AnnaUsts. 23
fully ir^ither ii|» all the knives about the loclo^e, two of
whicii wore di-awn from crevices in the logs near our
heads; and she eifectually concealed them."
The Indians along the AVabash practiced a peculiar
mode of decoying deer, by niglit, r'alled "Fire-hunting."
The hunter fixes a torch in the bow of his canoe, and
floating slowly down stream, watches his opportunity to
shoot the deer that seek the river banks, and are dazzled
by the flame. " The light which they employ is prepared
from the Avax separated from the wild honey. This wax
is poured in the hollow stem of the cane, through which
a strip of cotton cloth has been drawn, to serve the pur-
]30se of a wick."
In the vicinity of Terre Haute, flocks of showy green
parroquets were common, and three red deer were seen
swimming the Wabash.
The travelers spent several days at Vincennes, where
the}' were entertained by J. C. S. Harrison, Esq., and
wdiere they met " with several gentlemen who had borne
a conspicuous part in the civil and miilitary transactions
of the country." Among these was General Zachary
Taylor.
Passing the little town of Albion, at the mouth of the
Bonpas, the voyagers made inquiry concerning the place.
It was the English settlement founded by Morris Birk-
beck. The population in 1821 was two hundred. School-
craft says : '' The town contains an hotel, where the in-
habitants resort to drink beer in the English style; and a
library of standard books, accessible to all, and much at-
tention is paid to the improvement of the mind as well as
the soil."
Schoolcraft gives a lengthy account of Harmony, Fred-
erick Rappe's " fraternal " settlement, founded on the
Wabash, in 1814.
The list of books of travel, throwing light on the con-
dition of the Ohio Valley and its people in the flrst half
of the Nineteenth century, might be extended indeflnitely.
Our reference to this class of writings may close with the
24 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
mention of Bullock's " Sketch,"^ a volume of much local
interest to the citizens of the metropolis of Ohio.
The hooks mentioned in the foregoing pages, and num-
erous other sketches, journals, letters, and notes, furnished
material from which local historians constructed state his-
tories and gazetteers or compiled more general and com-
prehensive manuals. The student of Ohio Valley annals
may be assisted in his researches by having his attention
called to some of the more important historical writings
produced by early writers in the several states, Kentucky,
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
John Filson's "Kentucky," already described on a pre-
ceding page, leads the catalogue of Ohio Valley historical
compositions. This omnium gatherum , however, can hardly
be ranked as a formal history.
One of the first to undertake the preparation of a regu-
lar history ^ of Kentucky was Humphrey Marshall,^ a dis-
tinguished Southern politician and orator, related to
Chief-Justice John Marshall. He was born in Virginia,
bwt came to Kentucky in 1780. He was elected to. the
United States Senate over John Brecken ridge for the
term of 1795-1801. He once ibught a duel with Henry
Clay. Marshall died in 1842, at the advanced age of
eighty-two. His history has a force and piquancy that
make it readable to-day, and the bias in favor of Fed-
* Sketch of a Journey through the Western States of North America,
from New Orleans to New York, in 1827. By W. Bullock. AVith a De-
scription of the New and Flourishing City of Cincinnati, by Messrs. B.
Drake and E. D. Mansfield. 12mo. London, 1827.
' The History of Kentucky. Including an Account of the Discovery,
Settlement, and Present State of the Country. By Humphrey Marshall.
Vol. 1. Frankfort., 1812. This is the first edition, the second volume
of which was never published ; the complete edition, which embraced
the above, n^viw^d and rewritten, was not published until twelve years
later, under the following title: The History of Kentucky. An Ac-
count of the Mo<lern Discovery, Settlement, Progressive Improvement,
Civil and Military Transactions, and the Present State of the Country.
2 vols. 8vo, i>p. 47:1-524. Frankfort, 1824.
• A Life of Marshall, by A. C. Quisenbcrry, is aini(Mnu<'<l for publica-
tion by tlie Filson Club.
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 25
eralism acids a relish to its pages like that which one dis-
covers in Hildreth's " United States."
Another historian of comparatively early time in Ken-
tucky was Mann Butlei', a pioneer who deserves to be
remembered for his virtues and services. Butler was born
in Baltimore in 1784; visited England in boyhood; gradu-
ated at St. Mary's College, D. C; came west in 1806, and
began the practice of law at Lexington ; taught school at
Marj^sville, Versailles, and Frankfort ; served some 3'ears
as professor in- Transylvania University; located at Louis-
ville, where he was a prominent educator and writer from
1831 to 1845 ; removed to St. Louis, where he resided
from 1845 to the year of his death, 4852. He was the
father of the educator, Xoble Butler.
Butler's history^ is agreeably written, and is specially
interesting on account of its descriptions of life in the
backwoods.
The History of Kentucky, by Judge Lewis Collins,^ first
issued in 1847 (revised and enlarged fourfold, and brought
down to 1874 by Dr. Richard Collins), gathers up all the
fragments of Kentucky history, new and old, and is a
standard reference book.
John Haywood's histories of Tennessee,^ dating from
^ A History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, from its Exploration
and Settlement by the Whites to the Close of the Northwestern Cam-
paign in 1813. By Mann Butler. 12mo, pp. 396. Louisville, 1834.
2 Historical Sketches of Kentucky, embracing its History, Antiqui-
ties, and Natural Curiosities, Geographical, Statistical, and Geologi-
cal Descriptions. AVith Anecdotes of Pioneer Life, Biographical
Sketches, etc. By Lewis Collins. Illustrated. 8vo, pp. 500. Mays-
ville, 1S4S.
Anotlurr edition. Revised, enlarged fourfold, and brouglit down to the
Year 1874, by his son, Richard H. Collins, embracing: Pre-historic An-
nals for 331 Years, by Counties, Sketches of Courts, Churches, Free-
masonry, etc., Pioneer Incidents, and nearly 500 Biographical Sketches
of Distinguished Citizens. Map, portrait, etc, 2 vols. 8vo. Coving-
ton, 1874.
^ The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, up to the First
Settlement therein by the White People, in the Year 1708. By John
Haywood. 8vo, pp. 375-|-liv. Nashville, 1823.
The Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee from its
26 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
182o, have irrowii so valuable as to command fabulous
prices.
Turniuu: our nftoution to tlie liistorical literature of the
states north of the Ohio river, we find among the names
of early annalists, that of Nahum Ward, who, as early as
1822, published a " Brief Sketch of the State of Ohio,"^
a pamphlet of only sixteen pages, and not of mucli in-
trinsic value, but so rare that a copy has sold for $84.
'The "Preliminary Sketch of the History of Ohio," con-
tained in the "Statutes of Ohio and of the ^Northwestern
Territory," edited by Salmon P. Chase,^ and published in
1833, is justly regarded as a stand^ard of reference that
can be relied upon, and it is, in fact, the iirst systematic
presentation of the history of the Buckeye State. The
volume in which it originally appeared was entirely of
Western manufacture, the paper having been made at
Zanesville, and the printing and binding, done in Cincin-
nati. Before Chase's Sketch was issued, Mr. John H.
James, of Urbana, had begun to print, in Hall's Western
Magazine, his chapters on the history of Ohio. Caleb
Atwater's^ history of Ohio, a book that has suffered more
adverse criticism, and enjoyed less praise than it deserves,
came out in 1838.
Earliest Settlement up to the Year 1796. Including; the Bouudaries of
the State. By John Haywood. 8vo, pp. 504. Knoxville, 1828.
New editions of these two works have just been issued by Judge
Haywood's great-grandson, W. H. Haywood. The latter contains a bio-
graphical sketch of the author, by Colonel A. S. Colyar.
* A Brief Sketch of the State of Ohio, one of the United States in
North America. With a Mapilelineating the same into Counties: Giv-
ing the Opinion of Thomas Hutchinson, Esq., Geographer of the United
States, and British Travelers in 1787, when that State was uninhabited
by Civilize<l Man. Likewise exhibiting a View of the UnpanUleled
Progress of that State since 1789 to the Present Day, it being now the
Fourth State in the Union in Point of Population and Representation
in Congress. By a Resident of Twelve Years at Marietta in that Stote.
Map. 8vo, pp. 10. Glasgow, 1822. "
* A IVeliminary Sketch of the History of Ohio. By Salmon P. Chase.
8vo, pp. 39. Cincinnati, 1833.
* History of the State of Ohio. Natural and ('ivil. By Cal»'b Atwater.
8vo, pp. 407. Cincinnati, 1838.
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 2T
Jacob Burnet's " Xotes,'' ^ a most useful contribution to
pioneer bistory, and personally interesting to tbe descend-
ants of tbe early settlers of Ohio, from tbe fact that tbe
autbor was bimself a pioneer, and describes tbe Miami
country as be saw it in 1796, was not pablisbed until 1847.
In tbe same year Henry Howe^ gave tbe public bis won-
derful " Collections," tbe best and most readable state
history tbat bas yet been publisbed, a work entirely orig-
inal and unique. Howe's '' Historical Collections of Obio "
is correctly described as a " treasure-bouse of local and
general information, of bistory, of legend and story, of
geography and antiquities, of every tbing indeed pertain-
ing to Obio and Ohio's history." Tbe autbor traveled
over the state in tbe years 1846-7, collecting his material ;
and again in 1886-7, be made a tour over tbe same ground,
gathering fresh matter for a revised centennial edition of
his great work, which bas just appeared, in two large
volumes.
Ko enumeration of comparatively early works on Ohio
is complete tbat does not name Dr. Samuel Prescott Hil-
dreth's "Pioneer History of tbe Ohio Yalley,"^ and its
companion volume, " Biographical and Historical Mem-
oirs of tbe Pioneers."*
Most prominent of tbe early historians of Indiana Avas
John B. Dillon, whose career falls in quite recent years,
and whose first important book came out in 1843. This
^ Notes on the Early Settlement of the Northwestern Territory. By
Jacob Burnet. 8vo, pp. 501. Cincinnati, 1847.
2 Historical Collections of Ohio. Containing a Collection of the most
Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, etc., re-
lating to the General and Local History, with Descriptions of its Coun-
ties, Cities, Towns, Milages, etc. By Henry Howe. 8vo, pp. 599. Cin-
cinnati, 1847.
' Pioneer History. Being an Account of the First Examinations of
the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory.
Chiefly from Original Manuscripts, containing the Papers of Colonel
Georgt Morgan, Judge Barker, Records of the Ohio Company, etc. By
S. P. Hildreth. Plates and map. 8vo, pp. 525. Cincinnati, 1848.
* Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers
of Ohio. With Narrative of Incidents and Occurrences in 1775. By S.
P. Hildreth. Portraits. 8vo, pp. 539. Cincinnati, 1852.
28 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
was the initial volume of a projected elaborate work
which was never completed. The author, however, pub-
lished, in 1859, a " History of Indiana from its Earliest
Explorations to the Close of the Territorial Government
in 1815." ' Dillon wrote other historical books. He
was a most amiable gentleman and a useful citizen. For
many years he was State Librarian of Indiana. He died
in 1879.2
Judge John Law's address^ before the Historical So-
ciety of Vincennes is a most valuable contribution to the
history of the Hoosier State. Xor can any thing be more
clear and suggestive, notwithstanding its discursiveness,
than Smith's " Reminiscences.'' *
Illinois is quite rich in historial records. Having w^hite
settlements in the southern part at a very early date, the
Illinois country became the object of much attention from
travelers and writers. I have referred to the letters of
Morris Birkbeck,*^ which date back as far as 1818. The
Rev. John Mason Peck,^ a distinguished Baptist mission-
ary and educator, wrote "A Guide for Emigrants ; Con-
* A History of Indiana, from ite earliest Explorations by the
Europeans to the close of tlie Territorial Government in 1810, including
the Discovery, Settlement, etc., of the Territory north-west of the Ohio
River, etc. By .John B. Dillon. 8vo, pp. xii, ()37. Maps and plates.
Indianapolis, 1859.
' See Life and Services of John B. Dillon, liy (Jcneral John Coburn
and Judge Horace P. Biddle. Published by tin- In. liana Historical So-
ciety, 1880.
* The Colonial History of Vincennes, under thr French, British, and
A mencan Governments, from its First Settlement down to the Terri-
torial Administration of General W. H. Harrison. Being an Address
before the Vincennes Histori(!al and Antiquarian Society, with addi-
tional notes and illustrations. By John Law. Svo, pp. 157. \'in-
cennes, 1858.
* Keminiscences. Early Indiana Trials and Sketches. Historical,
Biographical, Political, et<\ Portrait. 8vo, pp. 040. Cincinnati, 1858.
* letters from Illinois. By Morris Birkbeck. 8vo, pp. 112. Ixjndon,
1818. Notes on a Journey in America, from the Coast of Virginia to
the Territory of Illinois. By Morris Birkbeck. 8vo, pp. lO:). lx>ndon,
1818.
•Gaaettt^er of Illinois: Containing a General View of the State; a
General View of each County, and a Particular Description of each
Town, etc., By J. M. Peck. lOrao, pp. 376. Jacksonville, 1834.
Some Early Travelers and Armalisis. 29
taining Sketches of Illinois, Missouri, and the adjacent
Posts," which was published in Boston in 1831 ; and also
a " Gazetteer of Illinois," published in 1834. Henry
Brown's ^ " Illinois " came out in 1844.
A book valued for its historical information, and amus-
ing as a literary curiosity, is " The Pioneer History of
Illinois," ^ written by John Reynolds, one of the early Gov-
ernors of Illinois, an illiterate man of strong common
sense. The volume was published at Belleville, Illinois,
in 1852, and contains the history of Illinois from 1673 to
1818. The author says naively : " My friends will think
it strange that I have written a book, no matter how
small and unpretending it may be." He justifies his
effort on the score that " many facts stated in the
' Pioneer History,' since the year 1800, came under my
own observation, which may be relied on as true." Re-
counting his personal history, he says : " The first Illinois
soil I ever touched was on the bank of the Ohio, where
Golconda now stands, in March, 1800. When we were
about to start from the Ohio, I asked Mr. Lusk how far
it w^as to the next house on the road, and when he told us
the first was Kaskaskia, one hundred and ten miles, I was
surprised at the wilderness before us. My father hired a
man to assist us in traveling through the wilderness. We
were four weeks in performing this dreary and desolate
journey."
Governor Reynolds gives the following odd description
of the French settlers of Illinois : " The French seldom
plowed with horses, but used oxen. It is the custom with
the French every-where to yoke oxen by the horns, and
not by the neck. Oxen can draw as much by the horns
as by the neck, but it looks more savage. Sometimes the
^ The History of Illinois, from its first Discovery and Settlement to
the Present Time. By Henry Brown. Map. 8vo, pp. 492. New York,
1844.
2 The Pioneer History of Illinois: Containing the Discovery, in 1673,
and the History of the Country to the Year 1818, when the State Gov-
ernment was organized. By John Reynolds. 12mo, pp. 348. Belle-
ville, 111., 1852.
30 Litcraru Culture in the Ohio Valley.
French worked oxen in carts, but mostly use horses. I
presume that a w auon was not seen in Illinois for nearly
one hundred years after its first settlement. A French cart,
as well as a plough, was rather a curiosity. It was con-
structed without an atom of iron. When the Americans
came to the country, they called these carts ' barefooted
carts,' because they had no iron on their wheels. .
*' The French generally, and the females of that nation
particularly, caught u[) the French fashions from New Or-
leans and Paris, and with a singular avidity adopted them
to the full extent of their means and talents. The females
generally, and the males a good deal, wore the deer skin
mawkawsins. A nicely made mawkawsin for a female in
the house is both neat and serviceable
. . . " The ancient and innocent custom was for the
young men about the last of the year to disguise them-
selves in old clothes, as beggars, and go around the
village in the several houses where they knew they would
be welcome. They enter the houses dancing what they
call the Gionie, which is a friendly request for them to
meet and have a ball to dance away the old year. The
people, young and old, meet, each one carrying along
some refreshment, and then they do, in good earnest,
dance away the old year. About the 6th of January, in
each year, which is called Lejourde Rais, sl party is given,
and four beans are baked in a large cake ; this cake is
distributed among the gentlemen, and each one who re-
ceives a bean is proclaimed king. These four kings are to
give the next ball. These are called ' King's balls.' These
Kings select each one a queen, and make her a suitable
present. They arrange all things necessary for tlie danc-
ing party. In these merry parties no set supper is in-
dulged in. They go there not to eat, but to be
and make merry. They have refreshments of cake and
coffee served round at proper intervals. Sometimes
Bouillon, as the French call it, takes the place of coffee.
Toward the close of the party, the old queens select each
one a new King, and kisses him to qualify him into office ;
then each new King chooses his new Queen, and goes
Some Early Travelers and Annalists. 31
throiigli tlie ceremony as before. In this manner the
King balls are kept up all the carnival."
Another Illinois Governor, Thomas Ford, wrote a his-
tory of the state, wliich was published at Chicago in
1854.^
Illinois is deeply indebted to the literary industry and
enterprise of Judge James Hall, who resided in the State
from 1820 to 1833, and there conducted the " Illinois
Magazine," devoting much time and pains to historical
subjects. To him, also, the people of the Ohio Valley
owe gratitude for general labors in the field of local his-
tory, and especially for his delightful volume, '' The
Romance of Western History."
Supplementing and uniting the special histories, such
as we have just glanced at, are many more general com-
pends not easily classified. One of the earliest and most
important of these is Flint's " The History and Geography
of the Mississippi Valley," ^ 1833.
Another exceedingly important and useful digest of
eve-nts, covering the whole ground of Ohio Valley history,
is James H. Perkins's "Annals of the West," first issued
in 1846 ; revised in 1850 by Rev. J. M. Peck, and re-revised
by James R. Albach in 1852, and again in 1857. From
this well-ordered store-house of valuable information,
many compilers *and historians have borrowed, and many
more will borrow.
Dr. Monette's painstaking and exhaustive *^ History of
the Mississippi Valley," ^ 1846, and Hart's later and briefer
^ A History of Illinois, from its Commencement as a State, in 1818, to
1847. Containing a full Account of the Black Hawk War, the Rise,
Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and
other important and interesting Events. By Governor Thomas Ford.
12mo, pp. 447. Chicago, 1854.
* The History and Geography of the Mississippi Valley ; to which is
appended a Condensed Physical Geography of the Atlantic United
States and the whole American Continent. 2 vols. By Timothy Flint.
8vo. Boston, 1833.
' History of the Discovery and Settlement of the Valley of the Mis-
sissippi by the great European Powers, Spain, France, Great Britain,
etc. By John AV. Monette. 2 vols., 8vo. New York, 184G.
S'2 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
work* on the same subject, are books that sum up many
facts with clear authenticity.
Far more attractive to the average reader than any la-
bored compilation, however accurate, are divers and sun-
dry volumes containing free, off-hand delineations of pio-
neer life in the days when the Ohio Valley was still
described as The Wilderness. These books consist largely
of personal narrative, and have all the vividness and force
of sketches from life. In many instances the artless di-
rectness of an earnest teller of true adventures, has lent
the illiterate pen a glowing power that rhetoric despairs
to win. IN'ot a few of the heroic participants in border
warfare, and the rude experience of log-cabin life, have
set down the story of their hardy deeds and stern endur-
ance in autobiography. But more frequently, the record
of frontier events was left to hands not familiarly ac-
quainted with the scalping knife or the hunter's trap and
^un.
A very succinct and satisfactory general view of the
beginning of settlement in the Ohio Valley is that em-
braced in Patterson's '^ Histor}^ of the Backwoods." ^ This
•contains a remarkable map, engraved at Pittsburg in
1843, and showing '^the backwoods in 1764." Patterson's
book is based, in part, upon those perennially fascinating
old Virginia prose epics of the bor(Jer, Doddridge's
" Notes," ' and Withers's " Chronicles." * To complete
* History of the Mississippi Valley. By A. M. Hart. 12mo, pp. 286.
Cincinnati, 1853.
' History of the Backwoods; or, The Region of the Ohio. Authentic,
from the I^arliest Accounts. Embracing many Events, Notices of Prom-
inent Pioneers, Sketches of Early Settlements, etc., not heretofore pub-
lished. By A. W. Patterson. Map. 12mo, pp. 311. Pittsburg. Printed
for the author. 1843.
* Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of
Virginia and Pennsylvania, from the year 17(>3 to 178:5. Together with
A View of the State of Society and Manners of the First Settlers of the
Western Country. By Joseph Doddridge. 16mo, pp. 316. Wellsburgh,
Va., 1824.
* Chronicles of Border Warfare ; or, a History of the Settlement by
the Whites of Northwestern Virginia, and of the Indian War| and
Some Earhj Travelers and Annalists, 33
our select list of authors identilied with the pioneer period
of Ohio Valley history, what names more suitable than
those of the three Macs, McClung,^ McDonald,^ and Mc-
Bride?^ Each of these authors has been admired by
thousands of readers ; and their books should live as long
as human nature continues to sympathize with heroism.
McClung's Sketches were first published in Maysville in
1832.
Even a cursory perusal of the leading books of travel
and history, inadequately sketched in the foregoing pages,
reveals to the student a world of suggestive knowledge in
regard not only to the material features of the diversified
Valley of the Ohio, but still more concerning the inhabit-
ants of the vast region, their origin, character, ideas,
achievements and aspirations. In these books, as in a
mirror, the first processes in the development of states
and social institutions are reflected. We see the people
at work, conquering savage nature, and laying the
foundations of science, literature and art. Only by con-
sidering the circumstances under which they did their
mental work, only by estimating fairly their " means,
culture and limits," can we judge, impartially, what they
Massacres in that section of the State ; with Reflections, Anecdotes, etc.
By Alexander S. Withers. 16mo, pp. 319. Clarksburg, Va., 1831.
A new edition of the " Chronicles," with notes by Dr. Lyman C.
Draper, of Wisconsin, is in press.
^ Sketches of Western Adventures. Containing an Account of the
most interesting Incidents connected with the Settlement of the West,
from 1755 to 1794, with an Appendix. By John A. McClung. Also,
additional Sketches of Adventure, and a biography of the author by
Henry Waller, with a portrait and other illustrations. 12mo, pp. 398.
Louisville, Ky., 1879.
^ Biographical Sketches of General Nathaniel Massie, General Duncan
McArthur, Captain William AVells and General Simon Kenton, who
were Early Settlers in the AVestern Country. By John McDonald.
16mo, pp. 267. Cincinnati, 1838.
' Pioneer Biography ; being Sketches of the Lives of some of the
Early Settlers of Butler County, Ohio. Contiiining detailed Accounts
of Harmar's, St. Clair's, and Wayne's Campaigns, and many of the
Early Conflicts with the Indians in Ohio and Kentucky. By James
McBride. 2 vols., 8vo. Cincinnati, 1869-71.
3
34 Literal^ Culture in the Ohio Valley.
accomplished, and surmise what their successors may do
in the future.
It is but a little while, in terms of history, since history
began on the shores of the Ohio. Though crowded events
80 confuse our retrospect that Daniel Boone and George
Rogers Clark appear in the deceptive vista of our past
like far-off heroes of antiquity ; though the French ex-
plorers of Louisiana seem, in the fancy of Carlyle, as re-
mote as the Pelasgi, they are all of yesterday — French-
men, Boone and all. The aborigines of the Backwoods,
the invading European scouts and traders who penetrated
the cane-brake and the tangled wild, the hunters and sur-
veyors that tracked and measured the new lands on this
side of the " Great Mountains " of Pennsylvania — are
painted on the canvas of imagination, dim figures, yet to
be vivified and vitalized by the touch of literary art. The
dry bones of old journals and chronicles are to rise and
move, and be clothed upon with flesh that bleeds and
feels. From the catacombs of dusty libraries, shall be
resurrected the eventful past, with all its stirring scenes
and splendid characters — resurrected or recreated by the
potent spell of the coming historian, novelist, and poet of
the Ohio Valley.
GENERAL NOTE.
Much valuable service has, of late years, been rendered to students
and readers interested in the history of the Ohio Valley, by the enthusi-
asm and energy of several public spirited individuals, who have labored
to collect, edit, or reprint the most important facts and records of a com-
paratively recent but nevertheless fast fading past. The " Ohio Valley
Historical Series," conceived, and, in some of its most interesting num-
bers, edited, by its publisher, Mr. Robert Clarke, is a rich mine of
knowledge of inestimable worth to the historian. The series embraces
seven large octavo volumes, uniformly bound. The following are the
titles in brief :
1. Bouquet's Expedition against the Ohio Indians, 1764.
2. Walker's Athens County, Ohio, and the first Settlement in State.
3. Clark's Campaign in the Illinois, 1778-79.
4. McBride's Pioneer Biographies. 2 vols.
6. Smith's Captivity with the Indians, 1755-59.
6. Drake's Pioneer Life in Kentucky.
7. Miscellanies: I. t^spy's Tour in Ohio, etc., in 1805. 11. Williams's
Som.e Early Travelers and Annalists. 35
Western Campaigns in the War of 1812-13. III. Taneyhill's Leather-
wood God. In one volume.
Another notable series of i)ublications is that prepared by the Filson
Club of Louisville, Kentucky, a vigorous historical society, largely pro-
moted by its founder, Mr. R. T. Durrett. The following is a list of its
publications :
1. The tife and Times of John Filson, the First Historian of Ken-
tucky. By Reuben T. Durrett.
2. The Wilderness Road, or Routes of Travel by which our Fore-
fathers reached Kentucky. By Thomas Speed.
3. The Pioneer Press of Kentucky. By William H. Perrin.
4. The Life and Times of Judge Caleb Wallace. By William H.
Whitsitt.
5. The History of St. Paul's Church, Louisville, Ky. By Reuben T.
Durrett.
6. The Political Beginnings of Kentucky. By John Mason Brown.
7. The Life and Times of Hon. Humphrey Marshall. By A. C.
Quisenberry.
The publications of the several State Historical Societies of the Ohio
Valley are generally known to those interested.
36 . Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
CHAPTER II.
THE PIONEER PRESS AND ITS PRODUCT.
BOOK MAKING — BOOK SELLING.
The first printing done on the western continent was
by Spanish priests in Mexico. Stephen Daye brought
from England the first press used in our country, and it
was set up in 1638. The first printed work of any kind
done in what is now the United States was the " Free-
man's Oath," impressed on one side of a small sheet of
paper, in 1639. The first book printed was the " Bay
Psalm Book," dated 1640. Cornelius Vanderbilt paid
$1,200 for a copy of this book. In 1670 Sir William
Berkley, Governor of Virginia, reported that there were
no free schools or printing in the colony, and hoped that
God would keep the people from both for *' these hundred
years." But in fewer than twenty-five years from the time
Sir William wrote, Virginia had both a college and a
printing-press, at Williamsburg. And ninety-six years
later Kentucky had her type and press, a little before Ohio
could boast of the same aids to the progress of man.
The first newspaper established west of the Allegheny
mountains was the Pittsburg Gazette, which dates its
birth-day July 29, 1786. The founder of this pioneer
sheet, a journeyman printer named John Scull, was born
in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1765, and he removed to
Pittsburg at the age of about twenty-one. It is handed
down as a tradition in the coal-and-iron city that Mr.
Scull was distinguished in his days of advent as " the
handsome young man with the white hat." Witli him
was associated anotlier printer, Joseph Hall. Though a
devout Federalist, the liberal editor opened the columns of
his newspaper to welcome contributions from the distin-
guished Republican leader, Judge II. H. Bracken ridge.
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 37
One of tlie first books printed west of the mountains was
the third volume of Brackenridge's " Modern Chivalry,"
issued in 1793 from the Gazette press. The iirst and the
second volume of the celebrated novel were published in
Philadelphia. The Pittsburg Gazette survives, and is one
of the leading newspapers of Pennsylvania.
The Iirst printing press in Kentucky was set up in Lex-
ington, by John Bradford, in August, 1787. Bradford,
a Virginian, born in 1749 — a soldier of the Revolution,
migrated to Kentucky in 1785. His father was a printer,
his sons were printers, and he was the first public printer
of Kentucky, holding that office from 1792 to 1798. He
wrote and published " i*Totes on the Early History of Ken-
tucky ;" he was honored by his familiar cotemporaries with
the rank and title of " Old Wisdom ;" and he is known to
have played cards, and surmised to have sipped grog, with
Henry Clay, as an agreeable relaxation from business.
In July, 1786, Lexington granted the use of a lot to
John Bradford, on condition that he establish a printing-
press. Accordingly he sent to Philadelphia for a printer's
outfit — press, type, ink-balls, and ink. These novelties
came, slowly climbing over the mountains in a wagon,
and floating in an " ark," from Pittsburg to Limestone,
now Maysville. Most of the type for the first number of
the Kentucky Gazette was set up at Limestone, and fell
into " pi " in transportation to Lexington by pack-horse.
The matter was reset, and the first impression, upon
Philadelphia paper in leaves about as large as a half-
sheet of ordinary foolscap, appeared, August 11, 1787.
The office of publication w^as a rude log-cabin, of which
a picture is given in '' Perrin's Pioneer Press of Ken-
tucky," one of the publications of the "Filson Club."
The editor's inventive skill enabled him to add to his
scanty fonts some larger types and rude engravings cut
by his own hand from dog-wood, the American box. The
initial copies of the Kentucky Gazette were carried hither
and thither in the wilderness by post-riders and distrib-
uted to be perused eagerly in cabins or read aloud to
curious assemblies, from that backwoods forum, a stump.
38 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Here, emphatically, we have civilization invading the sav-
age hold of nature — we Bee the wilderness of privation
and illiteracy blossoming into the rose of knowledge and
thought.
The ('ii/Aite was, in the main, political and reportorial
of the old news of the Atlantic States. Not much local
matter appeared in its columns. Yet the advertisements
reflect, with wonderful vividness, the primitive conditions
of life in Kentucky, over a hundred years ago. Cattle,
whisky, and pelts were legal tender in those days. Prom-
inent among articles for sale this pioneer voice of the press
advertises tomahawks, rifles, gun-flints, blankets, buckskin
for breeches, saddle-bags, and saddle-bag locks. Besides
these which so forcibly suggest the out-of-door roughness
and rudeness of the war-path and the post- road through
the wilderness, other articles belonging to the house are
oftered for sale, such as spinning-wheels; and the fashions
of yore are recalled to our thoughts when we are told
where and of whom we may buy knee-buckles, and powder
for the hair.
Bradford's enterprise proved successful — the Gazette
came to stay ; it continued in existence down to the
year 1848. Several other newspapers were started in
Kentucky before the beginning of the nineteenth cen-
tury. One of these, the Kentucky Herald, founded by
James H. Stewart, February, 1795, at Lexington, lasted
about ten years, and w^as merged in the Gazette. In
1797 Colonel William Hunter, an enterprising printer from
New Jersey, oarae to Kentucky, and soon entered into
lively competition with the Bradfords. He was one of the
founders of the Washington Mirror, and also of the Frank-
fort Tal hull mil, both of which newspapers were started in
1798. Hunter printed "Decisions of the Court of Ap-
peals," "Littoll's Laws of Kentucky," 4 vols., and " Lit-
telFs Political Transactions in and about Kentucky."
Colonel S. I. M. Major, m a sketch of the Frankfort
press, gives a list of the papciv pnhlishcJ in Kentucky
from 1787 to 1812, as follow^ :
1787, The Kentucky Gazette, Lexington.
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 39
1795, The Herald, Lexington.
1798, The Mirror, Washington.
1798, The Palladium, Frankfort.
1798, The Guardian of Freedom, Frankfort.
1798, The Kentucky Telegraph, .
1803, Western American, Bardstown.
1803, Independent Gazetteer, Lexington.
1803, Weekly Messenger, Washington.
1804, Republican Register, Shelby vi He.
1805, The Mirror, Danville.
1805, The Informant, Danville.
1806, Western World, Frankfort.
1806, Republican Auxiliary, Washington.
1806, The Mirror, Russellville.
1806, Impartial Review, J3ardstown.
1808, The Reporter, Lexington.
1808, Louisville Gazette, Louisville.
1808, Western Citizen, Paris.
1809, Farmers' Friend, Russellville.
1809, Political Theater, Lancaster.
1809, The Dove, Washington.
1809, The Globe, Richmond.
1810, The Examiner, Lancaster.
1810, American Republic, Frankfort.
1810, The Luminary, Richmond.
1811, American Statesman, Lexington.
1811, Western Courier, Louisville.
1811, Bardstown Repository, Bardstown.
1811, The Telegraph, Georgetown.
For interesting details concerning these and other Ken-
tucky newspapers, the reader is referred to Perrin's Pioneer
Press of Kentucky.
The first newspaper issued from Louisville was the
Farmer's Library or Ohio Intelligencer, printed by Samuel
Vail, a native of Vermont. This paper was started Jan-
uary 7, 1801, and was discontinued in 1808.
The Western Monitor, a weekly paper devoted to the
Federal party, was begun in Lexington in 1814, and edited
by Thomas Curry. The Monitor passed into the hands of
40 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
William Gibbs Hunt, a New England man, who, in 1819,
changed it into the Western Review, of which a full ac-
count is given in the chapter on Early Periodical Litera-
ture.
The first daily newspaper of Kentucky was the Public
Advertizer, founded b}' Shadrach Penn at Louisville.
The Advertizer was started in 1818 as a weekly. After
some years it* became a semi-weekly, and then a daily.
The first daily issue appeared April 4, 1826, one year be-
fore the Cincinnati Gazette became a daily.
The Focus, established in 1826, in Louisville, by W. W.
Woreley and Dr. Joseph Buchanan, was merged in the
celebrated Louisville Journal, the history of which will
be found in the chapter on George D. Prentice.
On November 9, 1793, William Maxwell sent out, from
a little garret on Front street, west of Main, Cincinnati,
the initial number of the " Centinel of the Northwestern
Territory," the first newspaper published north of the
Ohio river. Wm. T. Coggeshall says : "A wheelbarrow
would have moved all the types, cases, and stands which
this pioneer establishment contained. The press was con-
structed entirely of wood, and, in order that the paper
might be impressed, it was operated upon very much after
the fashion that country boys operate on a cider press."
The only copy of the Centinel known to the writer is
owned by the Ohio Historical Society in Cincinnati. It
was bought at auction for $148.
The Centinel bore the independent motto : " Open to
all parties, but influenced by none." In 1796 the paper
was sold to Edmund Freeman, who changed the name to
Freeman^s Journal, and published it until 1800, when he
removed to Chillicothe.
A much more important paper was begun May 28, 1799,
when Joseph Carpenter issued the first number of the
Western Spy, which was continued irregularly for about
ten years. At the time when the Spy first came out, the
village of Cincinnati probably contained fewer than eight
hundred inhabitants. The paper, of course, was a weekly,
and it frequently failed to appear on the appointed day of
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 41
issue, skipping a week whenever circumstances made it
inconvenient to come to time.
Carpenter's Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette passed
into the possession of Carney and Morgan, who, in 1809,
renamed it The Whig. After fifty-eiglit numbers of The
Whig had been issued, the paper again changed owners
and names, becoming the Advertizer, which was discon-
tinued in 1811.
A newspaper called Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mer-
cury, edited by Kev. John W. Browne and published by
Looker and Wallace, first appeared in December, 1804.
The Cincinnati Gazette, founded in July, 1815, absorbed
the Liberty Hall, and, in January, 1827, became a daily.
The press was propagated rapidly in Ohio.^ Newspa-
^ The following facts were kindly furnished by Mr. R. G, Lewis, of
Chillicothe, O.:
" The Scioto Gazette " was started in Chillicothe, O., by Windship
and Willis, April 25, 1800. Nathaniel Willis, grandfather of the poet
N. P. Willis, took sole charge of it, October 25, 1800, and published it for
several years. He afterwards retired to a farm in the south-west corner
of Ross county.
August 10, 1815, the "Scioto Gazette " and the " Fredonian Chronicle "
were consolidated under John Bailhache. The " Gazette " had been
published by James Barnes; the *' Fredonian," started November, 1809,
was published by John Bailhache.
" The Supporter " was started October, 1808 ; it was published in Jan-
uary, 1816, by Nashee and Denny; in March, 1816, it was published by
George Nashee.
In January, 1819, John Scott was publisher of the " Scioto Gazette
and Fredonian Chronicle." In April of the same year Bailhache and
Scott were the publishers. October 30, 1822, " The Supporter and Scioto
Gazette" was edited by John Bailhache, but published by George
Nashee. In 1825, it was published by J. Bailhache & Co., and in 1826.
by J. Bailhache.
"The Ohio Herald" was started at Chillicothe, August 3, 1805, by
Thomas G. Bradford & Co. It was not long lived.
" The Farmer's Watch-Tower " was started in Urbana, O., by Corwin
and Blackburn, in June, 1812.
" Ways of the World " was started in Urbana, O., July, 1820. Pub-
lished, in 1821, by A. R. Col well.
June 20, 1822, was issued No. 31 of Vol. XI of the " Columbus Ga-
zette," Ohio, by P. H. Olmstead.
July 28, 1821, was published No. 1, Vol. VI, of the "Ohio Monitor
and Patron of Industry," Columbus, O., by David Smith.
42 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
pers were 80on established at Williamsburg, Lebanon,
Hamilton, Dayton, Urbana, Greenfield, Marietta, Chilli-
cothe, and other centers of population. In the year 1819
there were about forty newspapers in the state.
Nor were Indiana and the other western territories
much behind Kentucky and Ohio in spreading the news.
The Vincennes Sun, Vincennes, Indiana, edited by Elihu
Stout, dates from 1803.^ The Missouri Gazette, now the
Republican, was started in St. Louis by Joseph Charless,
in 1808. The Illinois Herald was founded at Kaskaskia
in 1809 by Matthew Dunbar, the public printer. The Illi-
nois Enquirer, the second newspaper in Illinois, was issued
Vol. VI, No. 52, of the "American Friend," was published May 24,
1822, by R. l^rentiss, at Marietta, O.
Vol. XIII, No. 38, of the " Western Herald and Steubenville Gazette "
was published September 16, 1820, by James Wilson, at Steubenville.
1^0. 475 of the " Ohio Patriot " was published November 4, 1820, at
New Lisbon, O.
No. XIV, Vol. I, " Miami Weekly Post," was published June 15, 1820,
at Troy, Ohio.
No. 22, Vol. 2, "Olive Branch," was published April 16, 1819, at Cir-
cleville, O., by Olds and Thrall.
No. 286 of "The Western Star" was published May 25, 1822, at Leba-
non, O., by Van Vleet & Co.
No. 31, Vol. 1, of " The Galaxy," was published May 27, 1822, at Wil-
mington, O.
No. 13, Vol. Ill, of the " Delaware Patron and Franklin Chronicle,"
was published May 27, 1822, at Delaware, O., by Griswold and Howard.
No. 24, Vol. I, "The Dayton Watchman or Farmers and Mechanics'
Journal," was published at Dayton by G. S. Houston and R. J. Skinner.
No. 41, Vol. XII, "The Ohio Eagle," was published at Lancaster,
May 9, 1822, by John Herman.
No. 205, " Hillsborough Gazette and Highland Advertiser," was pub-
lished May 16, 1822, by Moses Carothers.
No. 46, Vol. 2, " The Piqua Gazette and Register of News, Agricult-
ure, Arts and Manufactures," was published July 4, 1822, by William R.
Barrington.
No. 25, Vol. VIII, " Mad-Kivir Courant," was published Nov. 21, 1828,
at Urbana, O., by M. L. Lewis.
No. 77, "The Farmers' Friend," was published July 21 y Will-
Jam A. (^amron, at Williamsburg, O.
There are others, also, published in Portsmouth, Springfield, West
Union, Washington C. H., Xenia, Waverlv, etc.
» See Chapter VHL
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 43
at Shawneetown in 1818, by Henry Eddy and S. H. Kim-
mel. Judge James Hall succeeded Kimmel, and the name
of the paper was altered to the Hlinois Gazette.
The whole number of newspapers in the United States,
in 1813, is recorded as three hundred and fifty-nine, of
which seventeen were published in Kentucky, fourteen in
Ohio, and six in Tennessee.
The Postmaster-General reported in 1824 that there
were then 598 newspapers published in the United States.
Of these Ohio had 48; Kentucky, 18; Indiana, 12; Hli-
nois, 5; and Tennessee, 16. The number at that date in
New York was 137, and in Pennsylvania, 110.
De Quincey says : " I^ot any want of a printing art — that
is an art for multiplying impressions — but the want of a
cheap material for receiving such impressions, was the ob-
stacle to an introduction of printed books even as early
as Pisistratus." This obstacle continued as late as the
time of John Bradford. The difficulty and expense of ob-
taining paper was at first a great drawback to the progress
of publication in the Ohio Valley. By and by, however,
the supply came. The first paper mill of the West was
begun in 1791 and completed in 1793, at Royal Springs,
Georgetown, Kentucky, by Craig, Parkers & Co. This
Craig was the Rev. Elisha Craig, the celebrated pioneer
preacher. The Georgetown paper mill was a wooden
building with a stone basement, and was sixty feet long
by forty in width. It was destroyed by fire in the year
1836 or 1837. The first of the numerous paper mills on
the Miami river was erected in the year 1814.
The first type foundry on the Ohio was established in
1820, when John P. Foote and Oliver Wells started the
Cincinnati Type Foundry.
BACKWOODS BOOK-MAKING..
The newspaper offices were the first book publishing
places in pioneer days, and it was not uncommon for the
backwoods editor and publisher to sell his publications at
retail. Almanacs, codes of local laws, and reprints
of books in general demand, were manufactured and
44 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
vended by the enterprising newspaper man. We have
mentioned that John Scull issued " Modern Chivalry "
and other books from the job office of the Pittsburg
Gazette, in 1793; and that Bradford and Hunter, rival
editors in Kentucky, competed for the public printing of
the state, and put forth histories of Kentucky from their
active hand-presses. Hunter opened a book-store in
Frankfort in 1808.
John Bradford, though he printed almanacs, circulars,
and pamphlets from the year 1787, did not get out a book
until 1793; and that was subsequent to the issue of a
book by Maxwell and Cooch, who established a printing
press in Lexington long after Bradford.
The first book published in Kentucky appeared in 1793,
and it bears the following title :
"A Process in the Transylvania Presbytery, etc. Con-
taining: Ist. The charges, depositions, and defense in
which the defendant is led, occasionally, to handle the
much debated subject of psalmody. 2d. His reasons for
declining any further connections with the body to which
he belonged. 3d, His present plan of proceeding with
the pastoral charge. 4th. His belief and that of his peo-
ple concerning the articles of faith contended between the
reformed associate Sinod and the Sinod of New York and
Philadelphia. 5th. An appendix on a late performance
of the Rev. Mr. John Black, of March Creek, Pennsyl-
vania. By Adam Rankin, Pastor at Lexington, Ken-
tucky. Lexington : Printed by Maxwell and Cooch, at
the sign of the Buffalo, Main street, 1793."
This voluminous title page fronts a duodecimo of 98
pages in the old-fashioned nonpareil type of the last
century. It is bound in leather and has quite a venerable
appearance. It grew out of a quarrel in the church as to
whether the psalms of David or the hymns of Watts
should be sung. No doubt each party sang well its
psalms or its hymns, but there were discords enough to
rend the church and send Rankin and his » party off sing-
ing their psalms while the others sang their hymns. The
following year, 1794, John Bradford published " A reply
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 45
to a narrative of Mr. Adam Rankin's trial," etc. It was
an octavo of 71 pages. And then the quarreling and
singing went on long after it had furnished Kentucky with
its first printed book. Probably those who sang Watts's
hymns were strongest, for, in 1803, Joseph Charless pub-
lished a duodecimo of "hymns and spiritual songs for the
use of Christians," at Lexington, containing 246 pages,
while there seems to be no psalm-book published by the
other party.
In 1793, John Bradford printed in folio the Acts of the
Kentucky Legislature and the Journals of the Senate and
House of Representatives for the June and November
sessions of 1792. He continued to print the acts and
journals in folio until 1797, after which the octavo form
was adopted. In 1799, Bradford issued his general in-
structor intended to furnish justices of the peace with the
law forms necessary for their decisions, and the same year
issued the first volume of his collected laws of Kentucky.
In 1803, he issued the large quarto edition of the decisions
of the Supreme Court of Kentucky, b}^ James Hughes,
which, with its diagrams, was a wxMiderful work for the
times. In 1807, was issued the second volume of collected
laws of Kentucky, and in 1817, the third and last.
While Bradford was thus printing numerous law books
and legislature proceedings, he was also doing something
for the unprofessional reader. In 1798, he issued the cele-
brated "Letter from George IN'icholas of Kentucky to his
friend in Virginia," and in 1799, "An Account of the Re-
markable Occurrences in the Life of Colonel James Smith,
of Bourbon County, during his Captivity with the Indians
from the Year 1755 to 1759, inclusive."
After the present century had well set in, there were
other printers in Lexington besides those named, and Lex-
ington became a publishing center not only for Kentucky
but for the West. Besides the newspaper offices of the Ga-
zette and the Herald and the printing-offices of Maxwell and
Cooch, Thomas T. Skillman, Joseph Charless, Wessely and
Smith, and Downing and Phillips, were prepared to issue
books. So much capacity for turning manuscript into
46 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
print was calculated to produce the matter to be printed,
and such was the result. Important works now began to
come from the Lexington presses at frequent intervals. In
1800, Bradford published " Voyages, Adventures, and Lit-
erature of the French Emigrants from the year 1789 to
1799;" in 1802, "A Review of the :N'oted Revivals in Ken-
tucky, by Adam Rankin ;" " Wilson's Grammar, revised
and corrected;" "IN'ew Travels to the Westward;" and
" Trying the Great Reformation in this State, etc.;"
in 1803, ''Political, Commercial and Moral Reflections
on the late Cession of Louisiana," by Allan B. Ma-
gruder ; " Poems," by J. R. Toulmin ; " The Stud Book,"
and David Barlow's "Defense of the Trinity;" in 1804,
"Infernal Conference, or Dialogues of Devils ;" " IS'otes
on the Navigation of the Mississippi River," by James
M. Bradford, and "An Apology for Calvinism," by R.
H. Bishop; in 1805, "The Chain of Lorenzo," by Lo-
renzo Dow, and " Strictures on the Letters of Barton W.
Stone," by John P. Campbell; in 1806, "A Map of the
Rapids of the Ohio, with explanatory Notes," by Jared
Brooks; and during these six years, numerous school
books, such as Harrison's English Grammar, the Union
Primer, School Master's Assistant, the American Orator,
the Western Lecturer, the Monitor, the Kentucky Precep-
tor, and the Kentucky English Grammar, by Samuel Wilson.
In 1815, " The History of the American Revolution,"
by David Ramsay, was issued in two octavo volumes by
Downing and Phillips of Lexington. In 1816, Wesseley and
Smith issued the " History of the Late War in the West-
ern Country,' by Robert B. McAfee, and the same year, F.
Bradford issued "A Complete History of the Late Amer-
ican War with Great Britain and her Allies," by M. Smith.
In 1821, William G. Hunt issued "A Collection of Some
of the Most Interesting Narratives of Indian Warfare in
the West," by Samuel L. Metcalf. In 1824, Thomas Skill-
man issued "An Outline of the History of the Church in
the State of Kentucky," by Robert H. Bishop.
It would be vain to pursue the history of Lexington
publications further, unless a regular bibliography were
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 47
intended. It may be stated, however, that a large propor-
tion of the books there printed was of a religious char-
acter. Mr. D arret t ^ has whole shelves of them, and but
few of them are of much value, except as showing the cast
of thought in their day.
All the Kentucky books, however, were not pririted at
Lexington. In the little town of Washington, in Mason
county, books were printed at an early day. In Sep-
tember, 1797, a w^eekly newspaper called the " Mirror "
was established by Beaumont and Hunter, and the next
year books began to issue from their press. " The Ken-
tucky Primer," the " Kentucky Spelling Book," and the
" Ohio Kavigator, comprising an Ample Account of the
Beautiful River from its Head to its Junction with the
Mississippi," were all issued from this press in 1798.
Toward the close of the summer of 1798, the enterpris-
ing Beaumont and Hunter moved to Frankfort, Kentucky,
and there established a weekly newspaper called the
" Palladium." Soon thereafter, the " Mirror " was dis-
continued and the printing of books transferred to the
office in Frankfort. Here the school books, etc., begun at
Washington were continued. The editors did not now,
however, confine themselves to school books, but before
the year 1798 had closed they issued " Speeches of Ers-
kine and Kidd in the Trial for Publishing Paine's 'Age of
Reason ;' " "A Summary of the Declaration of the Faith
and Practice of the Baptist Church ;" " The Several Acts
Relative to Stamp Duties ;" ''A Sermon on Sacred Music,"
by Rev. John A. Campbell; "A Yiew of the Administra-
tion of Government," and "Steuben's Manual Exercises."
It was not long before more important books than those
just named began to be pulished at Frankfort. In 1802,
appeared "A Collection of all the Public and Permanent
Acts of the General Assembly of Kentucky," by Harry
Toulmin ; in 1806, " Political Transactions in and Con-
cerning Kentucky," by William Littell ; "A Review of the
Criminal Law of the Commowealth of Kentucky," by
' The author is under obligation to Col. Durrett for most of the infor-
mation here given concerning Kentucky books.
48 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Harry Toulmin and James Blair, and " View of the Pres-
ident's Conduct," by Joseph Hamilton Daveiss ; in 1808,
"Principles of Law and Equity," by William Littell, and
the following year, by the same author, the first volume
of his great work, ** The Statute Law of Kentucky,"
which closed with the fifth volume in 1819; in 1810, the
great work of Joseph Hamilton Daveiss entitled " Sketch
of a Bill for an Uniform Militia of the United States,
w^ith Redections on the State of the Kation," etc.; in
1812, the first edition of Humphrey Marshall's great his-
tory of Kentucky, followed in 1824 by the enlarged two-
volume edition ; in 1814, '^ Festoons of Fancy," poems by
Wm. Littell; in 1816, "A Xew Kentucky Composition of
Hymns," by Rev. Wm. Downs ; and in 1824, ^'Ancient
History or Annals of Kentucky," by C. S. Rafinesque.
During this time, however, the making of books was
not confined to Lexington and Frankfort. In 1810, there
was printed in the town of Richmond, Madison county,
** The American Medical Guide," by Thomas W. Ruble ;
and in 1812, a large octavo, entitled " The Philosophy of
Human Nature," by Joseph Buchannan. The same year,
1812, in the town of Paris, in Bourbon county, was
printed "A Treatise on the Mode and Manners of Indian
War," etc., by Colonel James Smith. In these early
times, books were printed at Georgetown, Harrodsburg,
Versailles, Bardstown, Bloomfield, Glasgow, Russellville,
Covington, Bowling Green, etc. The celebrated " Sketches
of Western Adventure," by John A. McClung, was printed
at Maysville in 1832, and in 1847, Lewis Collins's *' History
of Kentucky."
Nothing has been said about book-making at Louis-
ville, and for the simple reason that the work did not be-
gin there until it had long been successfully conducted at
other places. In 1801, Samuel Vail established a weekly
newspaper in Louisville, called the '* Farmer's Library, or
Ohio Intelligencer." Pamphlets, hand-bills, circulars, etc.,
soon were issued from this office, but nothing that can be
honored with the name of book, that has come down to
our times. In 1800, F. Penniston establislii'd tlio second
71ie Pioneer Press and its Product. 49
newspaper in Louisville, which was called the " Western
American ;" in 1808, the "Louisville Gazette" was estab-
lished by Charless and Bruner, and in 1810, the " Western
Courier," by Nicholas Clarke ; but nothing in the shape
of a book has come down to us from any of these early
printing offices. It was not until Shadrack Penn estab-
lished the "Public Advertiser" here, in 1818, that any
book Avas produced worthy of the name, and that has
come down to our times.
In 1819, was issued from the press of Shadrack Penn,
" Sketches of Louisville and its Environs," by II. McMur-
trie. This was the first history of Louisville, and the
first book worthy of the name printed in Louisville.
Book-making, thus slow to begin in Louisville, dragged
slowly on for a number of years, but still it went on. • As
the old barges and keels gave place to steamboats in the
w^ater, and turnpikes and railroads took the place of the
buffalo paths upon the land, books took the place of
pamphlets and hand-bills and circulars, in the printing
offices. Those of an early date, "such as " Meditations on
Various Religious Subjects," by David P. ' Nelson, in
1828 ; "An Account of the Law-suit," etc., by Rev. N. L.
Rice, in 1837; and "Pulpit Sketches," by Rev. John
ISewland Maffitt, in 1839, were not of a character to add
lasting fame to the town as a publishing center. In 1832,
the first directory of Louisville was published, containing
a sketch of the city by Mann Butler, and tw^o years there-
after, Mr. Butler's history of Kentucky was issued from
the press of Wilcox, Dickerman & Co. This directory
and history were far the most important books that had
been published since McMurtrie's " Sketches," and it was
some time before any others of equal value followed.
The first book printed in Ohio is known as " Maxwell's
Code." It is a small octavo of 225 pages, entitled :
" Laws of the Territory of the United States, North-
west of the Ohio, adopted and made by the Governor and
Judges, in their legislative capacity, at a session begun on
' Friday the XXIX day of May, one thousand seven hiin-
4
50 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
dred and ninety-five, and ending Tuesday the 25th day of
August following, with an Appendix of Resolutions and
the Ordinance for the Government of the Territory. By
Authority. Cincinnati : Printed by W. Maxwell, 1796."
The laws enacted by the territorial legislature in 1798,
were published in the same year by Edmund Freeman,
Cincinnati; and subsequent laws, by Carpenter and Find-
ley, Printers to the Territory, in 1800. When the capital
was removed from Cincinnati to Chillicothe, Windship
and Willis, of the latter place, were made printers '* to
the Honorable the Legislature," and issued volumes of
laws in 1801 and 1802.
Carpenter and Findley, proprietors of the " Western
Spy, and Hamilton Cazette," published in that paper, of
date August 19, 1801, the following: "Now in press, and
for sale at this office, to-morrow, price 25 cents, a pamphlet
entitled. The Little Book : The Arcanum Opened^^ containing
the fmidamentcds of a pure and most ancient theology— The
Urim, or Halcyon Cabala, containing the platform of the
spiritual tabernacle rebuilt, composed of one grand substantive
— and Seven excellent Topics, in opposition to spurious Chris-
tianity. A liberal deduction will be made to those who
take a quantity. No trust."
Almanacs were published in Cincinnati by Wm. Mc-
Farland, in 1805; by Carney and Morgan, in 1809; by
John W. Browne & Co., at the Liberty Hall Office, in
1810; by Joseph Carpenter, in 1811; by Browne and
Looker, in 1813; by Looker and Wallace, in 1814; by
Williams and Mason, in 1816; by Morgan, Lodge & Co.,
in 1817; by Ferguson and Sanxay, in 1818; and by Oliver
Farnsworth & Co., in 1822. The number of these names
of publishing firms gives some idea of the activity of the
printing business in Cincinnati, in her young days.
One of the earliest books published in Cincinnati was
iMued from the press of David E. Carney, in the year
1807, and bears the title, "The Trial of Charles Vattier,
convicted of the Crimes of Burglary and Larceny, for
Btealing from the Office of Receiver of Public Monies for
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 61
the District of Cincinnati, large sums in specie and bank-
notes, amounting to many thousands of dollars, etc."
Dr. Daniel Drake's " Notices Concerning Cincinnati,"
printed by John W. Browne in 1810, is declared by Peter
G. Thompson, author of **A Bibliography of the State of
Ohio," to be " without doubt the rarest work relating to
Cincinnati." Drake's " Picture of Cincinnati," printed
by Looker & Wallace in 1815, Mr. Thompson tells us is
*' often erroneously catalogued as the first book printed in
Cincinnati."
A very rare and curious volume printed by Browne & \
Looker for the author, in 1813, is *' The Indian Doctor's \
Dispensatory; being Father Smith's Advice respecting
Diseases and their Cure; consisting of Prescriptions for
many Complaints, and a Description of Medicines, Simple
and Compound, showing their virtues and how to apply
them. Designed for the benefit of his children, his
friends, and the public, but more especially for the Citi-
zens of the Western Parts of the United States of Amer-
ica. By Peter Smith of the Miami Country." Mr.
Thompson quotes from the preface of this primitive phar-
macopeia this passage : " The author would notify the
purchaser that he puts the price of one dollar on this
book, well knowing that 75 cents would be enough for the
common price of a book of this size ; but those who do
not chuse to allow him 25 cents for his advice, may desist
from the purchase. He claims this 25 cents as a small
compensation for the labor and observations of fifty years,
etc."
Doctor Drake, in his "Picture of Cincinnati," 1815,
sa3'8 : " Ten years ago, there had not been printed in this
place a single volume ; but since the year 1811, twelve
difierent books, besides may pamphlets, have been exe-
cuted. These works, it is true, were of moderate size ;
but they were bound, and averaged more than 200 pages
each."
The first publishers, as we have noted, were proprietors
of newspapers. One of the earliest and most energetic
of these pioneers of the press was Ephraim Morgan, a
52 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Quaker (born 1790, died 1873), avIio was a proprietor of
the "Whig" in 1809, of the "Spy" in 1815, and senior
member of the firm of Morgan, Lodge & Fisher, which,
in 1826, established the Daily Gazette. Mr. Morgan built
up a large publishing business, and had perhaps the largest
printing house and bindery in the city up to about the
year 1830. In that year the house had " five power presses,
propelled by water, each of which could throw off 5,000
impressions daily." They manufactured the Eclectic
School Books prepared b}^ Truman & Smith.
The firm of Truman & Smith, founded by Winthrop B.
Smith about the year 1830, which grew to be the most ex-
tensive school-book publishing house in the world, and is
now merged in the American Book Company, leaped to
prosperity almost at the beginning of its career. Seven
hundred thousand copies of their books had been sold up
to the year 1841. The series at that time comprised only
McGuffy's Readers and Speller, Ray's Arithmetics, Miss
Beecher's Moral Instructor, Mansfield's Political Gram-
mar, and Mason's Music Book.
When the Territory of Indiana was organized, under
the governorship of Wm. Henry Harrison, the laws adopted
by the governor and territorial judges were printed, and
one of the few sets now known to exist is owned by
Judge John H. Stotsenburg, of I^ew Albany, Indiana.
The sessions of the governor and judges were held in the
years 1801-2-3. The proceedings of the Territorial Gen-
eral Assembly were published in the Western Sun, a news-
paper established by Elihu Stout, at Vinceniics, in 1804.
This was the first newspaper published in Indiana, and it
is interesting to note that Mr. Stout came from Lexing-
ton, that starting point of western culture. In 1807, a
volume of revified statutes was printed at Vinroimc's with
the title, "Laws of the Indiana Tcriitory." Tlu' pub-
lishers were Messrs. Stout and Smoot, authorized [.ublic
printers. The paper on which the code was printed was
conveyed by pack-horse from Georgetown, Ky. A copy
ot the "Revision of 1807" is owned by William Farrell,
Paoli, Indiana.
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 53
THE BOOK TRADE.
The Western Spy of August 13, 1799, contains an ad-
vertisement announcing that James Ferguson would sell
in Cincinnati a large assortment of books, about 120 in
number, among which were Young's ''Xight Thoughts,"
Watt's '' Psalms," '' Vicar of Wakefield," Fox's '' Book of
Martyrs," and other religious, classical and standard works.
In the same newspaper, of date January 30, J.802, Mr. A.
Casey, of Philadelphia, has the following notice:
"PUBLIC AUCTIOX.
" Will be offered for sale on Tuesday, the second day of
February, at the Court House in Cincinnati, a handsome
collection of books and pamphlets."
Mr. Robert Clarke conjectures that the books offered
for sale by Mr. Casey were purchased by public-spirited
citizens and probably formed the basis of the first Cincin-
nati library, organized in 1802. There was certainly no
book-shop in the town at that time. One was in opera-
tion in Lexington, Ky, in 1803, owned by John Charles.
Frankfort, Ky., had a book-shop five years later. The
wants of the people, in the line of books, were supplied at
first through the newspapers, or by the keepers of general
stores. Isaac Drake combined traflic in books and sta-
tionery with the drug business, and John P. Foote made
it an adjunct to his vocation as type-founder.
So far as I have been able to ascertain, John P. Foote
was the orio^inator of the first regular book-store in Cin-
cinnati. In 1820 (?), Mr. Foote, in company with Oliver
Wells, started the Cincinnati Type Foundry, a branch of
E. White's Xew York foundry. IN'ot long afterward
Foote opened a book-store at-^o. 14 Lower Market street.
The business was continued until 1828.
A rival book-store was established by Messrs. John T.
Drake, of Massachusetts, and William Conclin, of ^ew
York, who carried on business until 1829, when the
partnership was dissolved, Mr. Drake going into business
54 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
with Phillips & Spear, paper-makers, and Mr. Conclin
starting a new book-store at 43 Main street, where he re-
mained a dozen years. Mr. John T. Drake died in 1830,
and his brother, Josiah Drake, carried on the book busi-
ness from 1831 to 1839. His store, No. 14 Main street,
was the literary resort of the day. It is stated that his
sales amounted to from eighty to a hundred thousand dol-
lars a year.
There were several other book-sellers in the city in the
period of which we are writing, among them Flash &
Ryder, Thomas Reddish, Hubbard & Edmunds, Jacob
Ernst, Nathan and George Gilford, and Desilver & Burr.
But it seems that E. H. Flint, son of the Rev. Timothy
Flint, and publisher of the " Western Review," was the
principal competitor of Josiah Drake, and that his book-
shop was a favorite loaiing-place for bibliophiles and mu-
sicians. In the year 1827, Flint kept the following adver-
tisement standing in the " Western Review :"
"E. H. FLINT,
HAS OPENED A BOOK-STORE,
Corner of Fifth and Walnut streets, south side of Upper
Market,
CINCINNATI :
Where he has a general assortment of school-books,
geographies, atlases, stationery, &c. His assortment at
present is small, but comprises many interesting and valu-
able works, particularly upon the history and geography
of the Western country. He has many books that were
selected, to form part of a private library. He intends
soon to import from Boston and Philadelphia a complete
assortment of books, stationery, engravings, &c., and to
keep on hand all the new publications of interest. Hav-
ing recently commenced the business of sending books to
all the chief towns and villages in the valley of the Mis-
sissippi, he will be able to make up packages with neat-
ness, and transmit them with safety and dispatch to any
town in the Western and Southwestern country. Beiu^
The Pioneer Press and its Product. 55
determined to devote himself to that hiisiness, and to
make annual visits to those towns and villages, he solicits
orders of this kind, for which he will charge very moder-
ate commissions. He will, also, sell books at auction, if
transmitted with that object. He will endeavor to merit
confidence by punctuality and attention, and will thank-
fully acknowledge the smallest favor."
«
Flint's store was removed in 1828 to ]S'o. 160 Main
street, " nearly opposite the First Presbyterian Church,"
and the proprietor advertised, by title, a long list of books
and other articles, including '' quills," " silver pens,"
'' rice paper, assorted colors," " seal stamps," and a " large
assortment of new and fashionable music."
The booksellers who advertised in " Cist's Cincinnati, in
1841," were Williamson & Strong, 140 Main street; Tru-
man k Smith, Main between Fourth and Fifth streets ; J.
W. Ely, "Sign of the Franklin Head," 10 Lower Market
street; E. Morgan & Co., 131 Main street; George Conclin,
55 Main street ; and U. P. James, 26 Pearl street.
Conclin issued quite a list of original publications, in-
cluding the " Practical Farmer," " Texan Emigrant,"
" Life of Colonel Daniel Boone," " Life and Adventures of
Black Hawk," "Western Pilot,'' and "Hall's Western
Reader."
The name of U. P. James, more than that of any other
early publisher in the Ohio Yalley, is identified with what
is distinctively of a literary character. Without detract-
ing from the merits of his cotemporaries, we may credit
Mr. James with being the first Western publisher who
ventured to embark any considerable capital in repro-
ducing standard works in general literature, and who had
the enthusiasm to bring out new books in prose and
verse by home authors. His long, useful, and beautiful
life has but recently closed, February 25, 1889, and the
"American Geologist " and other scientific journals have
honored his memory by recording, with praise, his
eminent services as a paleontologist, geologist, and patron
of natural science in general. The writers of the West
56 Liiterary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
also owe him that unpayable debt which gratitude incurs
to a benefactor of their profession.
The following passage from a memorial printed in 1889
may fittingly end this chapter.
" Uriah Pierson James was born in the town of Goshen,
Orange Co., JsT. Y., on December 30, 1811. Ilis father,
Thomas James, was a carpenter, who followed his trade
until h*is death in 1824, the result of an accident. His
mother, Rhoda Pierson James, was a direct descendant of
Thomas Pierson, a brother of Rev. Abraham Pierson, the
first president of Yale College. He had two brothers and
three sisters, all of whom he survived, so that he was in
reality the last of his immediate family.
** In 1881, long before any railroad had crossed the Alle-
ghanies, he and his brother Joseph traveled by stage and
canal, west to Cincinnati, arriving in August, and wit-
nessing the great flood of February, 1832. Having
learned the trades of printer and stereotyper, he began to
work at these soon after his arrival in Cincinnati, and
followed them successfully for a number of years. In a
short time he began publishing books, and his first
venture, the " Eolian Songster," was printed in 1832, the
copyright being dated June 15th. This book was followed
at intervals by others until the complete list would num-
ber hundreds. In 1847, he entered into partnership with
his brother Joseph as publishers, printers, stereotypers,
and type-founders, the firm name being J. A. & U. P.
James. The business increased rapidly, book publishing
became a prominent part of it, and the firm became widely
known throughout the Mississippi Valley as the 'Harpers
of the West.' Many of the books published by the firm
and later by Mr. James himself have had a very wide cir-
culation. The 'James's River Guide' and the ' Western
Pilot* were standard works among river men on the
Ohio and Mississippi rivers. These books contained
charts of the river channels and accounts of the cities and
towns along their banks, and they were considered so ac-
curate that in several instances they were used to settle
disputed points in the courts.
The Pioneer Fress and its Product. 57
" He published an edition of ' Yestiges of Creation '
Boon after that celebrated book first appeared. He was a
patron of many of the early authors of the West, and was
the means of bringing many of them before a very wide cir-
cle of readers. For many years he edited and published
the ^ Farmer's and Mechanic's Almanac ' long considered
a standard among the farmers, who looked upon its pre-
dictions of the w^eather with the greatest respect and con-
fidence. The flood of patent medicine almanacs and
calendars finally made this unprofitable and its publica-
tion was discontinued in 1869."
S9 Lit^ary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
CHAPTER HI.
EARLY PERIODICAL LITERATURE OF THE OHIO VALLEY.
" THE MEDLEY, OR MONTHLY MISCELLANY.*'
It is recorded in numerous publications, and has been
accepted as final, by bibliographers, that the Western Re-
view, edited by William Gibbs Hunt, Lexington, Kentucky,
in 1819-21, was the first literary magazine published west
of the Allegheny Mountains. A recent discovery by Mr.
A. C. Quisenberry, of Lexington, an accomplished and
enthusiastic student of Kentucky literature and history,
proves that the pioneers of the Ohio Valley could boast
of a distinctively literary monthly, in the year 1803, full
sixteen years before Hunt's Review appeared. The Medley^
or Monthly Miscellany, printed by Daniel Bradford, in Lex-
ington, Ky., for one year only, from January to Decem-
ber, 1803, must be considered the first magazine of the
West, at least until somebody finds its predecessor. His-
torians need be cautious in deciding wi^ow first events — the
first child born, the first house built, the first institution
established in a given settlement, or state, or territory.
Mr. Quisenberry, while engaged in gathering material
for a biograpliical sketch of the elder Humphrey Marshall,
author of MarshoWs History of Kentucky, had occasion to
ransack the Lexington library, and to make diligent
search through the files of the Kentucky Gazette, the earli-
est newspaper published west of Pittsburg. His attention
was attracted by the following announcement in tho
Gazette, dated October 26, 1802:
Early Periodical Literature. 59
"PROPOSALS,
By Daniel Bradford,
For Publishing by Subscription
THE MEDLEY,
Or Monthly Miscellany.
I. The Medley shall be published in numbers, one of
which shall be ready for delivery the first Tuesday in
every month, and regularly forwarded to subscribers as
directed.
II. Each number shall contain twenty-four pages, duo-
decimo^ Printed with a neat type, on good paper.
III. The price to Subscribers will be One Dollar per an-
num^ to be paid at the expiration of six months, oy seventy -
five cents at the time of subscribing.
I@* The first number will issue on January 4th, 1803.
The design of this publication being to combine Amuse-
ment with Useful information, it will be the Study of the
Editor, by the variety of his Subjects, to attain that ob-
ject, and suit the tastes of each reader.
It is expected that Literary Characters will accept the
opportunity this Work will afford them of rendering the
result of their lucubrations useful to the public.
Besides Original Essays, The Medley shall contain Se-
lections in Prose and Yerse, from the most approved
Authors.
As ' The proper study of Mankind is Man,' biograph-
ical sketches of those whom talent or patriotism have
rendered conspicuous shall be frequently introduced.
The advantages resulting from the publication of a
Literary Miscellany must be obvious. The editor has
only to add that Industry in the collection of materials,
and particular attention to the merits and variety of Ex-
tract, shall not be wanting on his part to entitle the
Medley to the patronage of the Public."
According to this prospectus, the first number of the
60 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Medley was to appear January fourth, eighteen hundred
and three. On that date the following notice appeared in
the Kentucky Gazette : *^ The Editor of the Gazette an-
nounces that a disappointment in securing paper has
obliged the Editor to defer the publication of the first
number of The Medley until the last Tuesday in the
Month, at which time it will certainly be commenced, and
thereafter be continued regularly. The number of the
subscription list for The Medley has already extended be-
yond the most sanguine expectations of the Editor; but
what peculiarly adds to his gratification is to find among
the number a great proportion of ladies, under whose
protecting auspices double diligence shall be used to make
the work worthy of a patronage so amiable."
On January 3, 1804, just one year after the above notice
was printed, the Editor of the Gazette addressed his read-
ers as follows : " The subscribers to The Medley are in-
formed that it will be no longer published. The twelfth
number, which was issued on Tuesday last, completes the
volume. Those who wish to preserve their volumes can
have them bound on reasonable terms ; and any parts lost
or destroyed will be replaced at 6d per number. A few
sets, complete, may be had on the same terms."
These notices in the Kentucky Gazette aroused Mr.
Quisenberry's curiosity and led him to discover a com-
plete, bound copy of the Medley in the Lexington Library,
He says, in a letter to the writer of this : " I had seen
several vcjumes of Mr. Hunt's ' Western Review,' but
had never even heard of * The Medley.' The Librarian
stated that she had never heard of it, and that the library
contained no copy of ' The Medley ' magazine. Not con-
tent with this, I began on my own account a search of the
library, and was finally rewarded by finding in an odd
corner a full volume of the little magazine, bound in
sheep, and in an excellent state of preservation. It was
uncatalogued. The twelve numbers aggregate 276 pages,
and the pages are about the size of those in the old * blue-
backed' Webster's spelling book. I believe it to be the
Early Periodical Literature. 61
only copy of this pioneer Western magazine now in ex-
istence."
The contents of the Medley are varied, comprising es-
says, sketches, short stories, poems, and miscellaneous
articles, original and selected. A series of papers on
" Commerce " runs through the year. There is a bio-
graphical study on Samuel Adams, by James Sullivan ; a
History of the Virginian Mountains, by Thomas Jeffer-
son, and an account of Monticello written by an English-
man in 1797. Perhaps the most notable, original articles
in the magazine are two on the " Character of Thomas
Jefferson," from the pen of Allan Bowie Magruder, once a
prominent lawyer in Kentucky, and afterward U. S. Sen-
ator from Louisiana, in 1812. He was an author of some
prominence, and wrote extensively on Louisiana, and on
the Indians. His article on the character of Jefferson
was reprinted in several European papers, and was copied
in a New York paper which credited it to the London
Times. Finally it came out in book form. Magruder was
born in 1775 and died in 1822.
The index to the Medley shows more than a hundred
headings, among which are "Advice to Married Ladies,"
" The Story of Alcander and Septimus," " History of
Maria Arnold," " Character of Lord Chatham," " Captain
Cook," "Dreadful Effects of Jealousy," " Comtesse Gen-
lis," " The Experienced Man's Advice to his Son, on
Drinking, Dress, etc.," " Charles James Fox," " Intemper-
ance : Advice to the Bloods of the Hour," " Sir William
Jones," " Thoughts on the Word ' Woman,' " " Volcanoes
in the Moon, by Dr. Herschell," " The Vision of Hamid,
an Eastern Tale." From a long list of titles of original
poems, the following are taken as a sample : "A Tear to
Hume," "An Ode (in Latin) to Thomas Jefferson," "Lines
on Seeing Miss E. B. Shed Tears at the Celebration of her
Marriage," " Ode to Hope, by a Voung Gentleman of
Lexington," " Ode Addressed by a Physician to his
Horse."
92 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
GIBBS hunt's western REVIEW.
More than twenty ephemeral periodicals of a semi-lite-
rarj character were published in Kentucky between the
years 1798 and 1820, of which some of the titles are given
in the list appended to this chapter.
But the second literary magazine of historical im-
portance published west of the Allegheny mountains
appeared in Lexington, Kentucky. The title is " The
Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine : a Publica-
tion Devoted to Literature and Science." It ran from
August, 1819, to July, 1821, inclusive, making four vol-
umes of 384 pages each. The editor and publisher was
Mr. William Gibbs Hunt. A perfect copy of this rare
periodical lies before me as I write.
The Western Review was a carefully edited, unpretend-
ing, dignified publication, though in some respects crude
and provincial. Its scientific, historical, and archaeological
features have a permanent value. The geology, topogra-
phy and natural history of the Ohio Valley received much
attention in its pages. A series of articles entitled ** In-
dian Antiquities," contributed to it by John D. Clifford,
elicited much contemporary comment, and scientific men
still regard the series w^ith interest. Mr. Clifford w^as a
member of the Philadelphia Academy of N^atural Sciences,
and also of the Antiquarian Society of Massachusetts.
He was a citizen of Lexington, w^here he died May 8,
1820.
Caleb Atwater, born 1778, died 1867, Indian commis-
sioner under Jackson and the author of a ** History of
Ohio," wrote some letters to The Western Review from
his home in Circleville, Ohio. Prof. C. S. Rafinesque, of
Transylvania University, contributed numerous articles
on the botony, zoology and meteorology of the West. He
furnished several on the Ohio river and its fishes.*
* This was afterward published separately in pamphlet form. It is
exceedingly scarce ; has sold for $50. Prof. D. S. Jordan has writttm a
valuable monogram on this first effort to describe the fishes of the Ohio,
which was published by the Smithsonian Institution.
Early Periodical Literature. ^
But perhaps the most important, and certainly the most
readable part of the contents of the magazine, is the series
of authentic narratives headed " Heroic and Sanguinary
Conflicts with the Indians." In the opening number of his
periodical the editor solicits, " from persons in every part of
the western countr^^ who may be able to furnish them, au-
thentic and well attested narratives of this kind, mentioning
names and dates, and detailing all the valuable facts with
the utmost minuteness and precision." In a foot-note he
says further: '* Gentlemen who are not in the habit of
writing for the public, and who are not even accustomed
to composition of any sort, are still solicited to communi-
cate, in the plainest manner, the facts within their knowl-
edge." The solicitation appears to have called forth a
good many responses, for almost every number of the
magazine contains one or more '■'• thrilling narratives,"
chiefly relating to the early settlement of Kentucky.
Appearing, as it did, so soon after the close of the War
of 1812-15, The Western Review contained much concern-
ing the political and military characters and questions of
the time. The first article in the first number of the work
is a lengthy review of Reed and Eaton's " Life of Jack-
son ;" and the same number contains a biographical sketch
of Major Zachary Taylor, then a rising hero, in the thirty-
fifth year of his age.
Consonant with the spirit of the day, the periodical pub-
lished occasional "forensic" eflbrts, orations, eulogies and
80-forth, for the encouragement of eloquence. An elab-
orate essay, by C. D., on ^'American Eloquence," startles
the reader by the conclusion that the " time is at hand
when American eloquence shall glow in the fervid fire of
Demosthenes and roll in the copious magniticence of
Tully." We ought to be thankful that a prophecy so ter-
rible was not fulfilled.
The purely literary department of The Western Review
was very prominent, and was evidently conducted with
pride by Mr. Hunt and the " few^ friends of learning" who
wrote the leading articles. The title, " Review," was no
misnomer, for the magazine devoted more than half its
64 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
space to formal reviews of current books in general litera-
ture. Within the brief twenty-four months of its exist-
ence, it spread before its critical readers full synopses, with
extracts and comments, of Scott's " Tales of a Landlord,"
^' Ivanhoe," " The Monastery," " The Abbot," and " Kenil-
worth," these five all coming out in two years. Among
other new books reviewed were Southey's ^' Life of Wolsey"
and Irving's " Sketch Book," of which last the critic says :
'*' This work is not so well known in the w^estern country as
from its literary merit and interesting character it ought to
be." Alluding to the story of Rip Yan Winkle, the re-
viewer betrays an amusing incapacity for humor by gravely
objecting to the possibility of a man's sleeping for twenty
years ! " We are only assured that it is an absolute fact,"
grumbles the literal commentator, *^and are, of course, un-
able to conjecture how the story can be reconciled with
reason or common sense."
No fewer than three of Byron's poetical productions are
reviewed in this pioneer western magazine. These are
^' Mazeppa," the first part of " Don Juan," and the ' ^Vision
of Dante." The moral character of " Don Juan " of
course is reprehended. I wonder how the "Hesperian
bards" relished the remark that Byron "seems to have no
fixed principles upon any subject, but is entirely a poet."
The Western Review has but little to say on American
poetry, for the reason that but little American poetry ex-
isted in 1819. There is indeed a long article on " The
Poetical Works of John Trumbull, XiL.D.," closing with
some strictures upon the "school of poetry, in which
Trumbull, Dwight, Barlow, Humphreys and some others
who were educated at Yale College formed themselves.'^
The article concedes that these writers produced works
that are "highly respectable," and caps the climax of
faint literary praise by assuring us that " they were men
of high minds, pure morals and ardent patriotism."
Halleck's " Fanny," published anonymously in 1820,
was reviewed and commended cautiously by the Lexing-
ton censors. The author was advised to employ his muse
upon subjects more worthy of her.
Early Periodical Literature. • 65
Metrical composition was a copious element in Gibbs
Hunt's periodical. Every number displayed from four to
six pages headed " Poetry," for tlie most part original.
There were enigmas, impromptus, inscriptions, elegies,
epigrams, songs, odes, and " effusions," specifically so
headed. There were album verses and lines mildly ama-
tory '' To Julia," " To Malvina," " To Sylvia," " To Julia "
again, " To a Little Bird," ". To a Rose-Bud," and, finally,
" To Julia's Urn," which, being interpreted, happily means
Julia's tombstone. The odes were most numerous. These
and the elegies were written now in English and again
in Latin. Several semi-erotic poems were written in
French, and a few even in Italian — French and Italian of
Lexington. For this versing in foreign tongue Transyl-
vania University doubtless was responsible. The first
commencement of that institution occurred July 12, 1820,
with seven graduates steeped in classic literature.
The last number of the last volume of The Western
Review, July, 1821, contains a genuine poem, entitled the
" Boat Horn," by Orlando. This was the first draft of
William Orlando Butler's ^ melodious lyric, the " Boat-
man's Horn," afterward made familiar to the public in
Coggeshall's " Poetry of the West." Coggeshall says it
was first published in 1885, but he is mistaken. It came
out, as I have said, in 1821, when the author was twenty-
eight years old.
On the completion of the fourth and final volume of the
" Review," the editor wrote : " If we have in any degree
succeeded ia creating or fostering a literary taste ; if we
have, to any extent, drawn out the resources of the schol-
ars of the western country; if we have been instrumental
in preserving for the future historian and for the admira-
tion of posterity any of those interesting narratives, which
contemporaries only could furnish, of the difiiculties and
and dangers and almost incredible deeds of heroism that
distinguished, and ought to immortalize, the early settlers
^ General Wm. O. Butler, soldier and politician, was born in 1791, and
died in 1880. See " Life and Public Services," by F. P. Blair, Jr., 1848.
66 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
in the West; if, in fine, we have successfully repelled a
single unjust aspersion cast upon the American character,
our exertions have not been in vain, and we have no cause
to regret the existence, feeble and short-lived as it may
Ixave been, of The Western Review."
THE CINCINNATI LITERARY GAZETTE.
This is the age of gnagazines,
Even sceptics must confess it ;
Where is the town of much renown
That has not one to bless it ?
— Thomas Peirce in the Literary Gazette, 1824.
Three months after the first number of Hunt's Monthly
came out, Dr. Joseph Buchanan issued in Cincinnati the
initial number of a weekly paper called the Literary Cadet,
the pioneer literary leaf of the Queen City. Before six
months elapsed the Cadet was merged in the Western Spy,
a newspaper dating from 1799. In 1821-2 lived and died
the Olio, a semi-monthly literary venture, published and
edited by John li. Wood and Samuel S. Brooks. Among
the contributors to the Olio were Robert T. Lytic, Solo-
mon S. Smith, Dennis M'Henry, John H. James, Lemuel
Reynolds, and Lewis Noble.
It was in the days of the Olio that John P. Foote started
a bookstore at No. 14 Lower Market street. This became
•a meeting place for men of literary inclinations. Mr. W.
T. Coggeshall recorded in the Genius of the West that
" One evening in the latter part of the year 1823, John P.
Foote, Peyton S. Symmes, Benjamin Drake, John H.
James, D. Dashiel, and one or two others, assembled in
the back room of the bookstore, when the propriety of a
literary gazette was taken up for discussion. There was
no lack of confident hopefulness in the opinions of the
counselors, and the publication was resolved upon."
The Literary Gazette was issued weekly from the press
of A. N. Deming, corner of Main and Columbia streets, op-
posite to the Western Museum. The first number ap-
peared January 1,1824. Each number bore the motto:
"Not to display learning, but to excite a taste for it."
Early Periodical Literature. 67
Whether any very eager taste for leartiing was excited in
its readers, there is no means of telling, but it is certain the
editor failed in the essential of securing a sufficient list of
pa3nng subscribers. Mr. Foote laments, in his Christmas
valedictory, that his readers must part " with the year and
the Gazette together, and thus furnish one more instance
of the futility of all hopes founded on the anticipated en-
couragement of those intellectual exertions w^iich con-
tribute to soften and adorn hfe among a people whose
highest ambition would seem to be exhausted in acquiring
the means of support." This long sentence, when chewed,
will be found tinctured with the tempered bitterness of
mild irony. After Mr. Foote abandoned it, the Gazette
was revived, with Looker and Reynolds as printers, and
was carried on for two-thirds of a second year, when a
second death finally extinguished it.
Among the contributors to the Gazette were John H.
James, Charles ]!!s'eave, Ethan A. Brown (afterward ijov-
ernor of Ohio), David G. Burnet, 1789-1870 (president of
Texas), Mrs. Julia Dumont, Mrs. Mary Austin Holley,^
wife of Dr. IIorac6 Holley, president of Transylvania Uni-
versity, Miss W. Schenk, of Franklin, J. G. Drake, and
Dr. John D. Godman.
The prevailing character of the Literary Gazette,
readers of to-day would call heavy and dry. " It is our
aim in this paper to be useful rather than original," wrote
the editor. Yet the severely useful features of the paper
were relieved l^y much original matter designed to be
sprightly and entertaining without lapsing into frivolity.
The fun is invariably serious and the serious writing
never funny.
The Gazette flourished in the palmy days of Transyl-
vania University and the Cincinnati College, and the pro-
fessors in these and other academical institutions con-
tributed much useful information to its columns. Pro-
fessor C. S. R^afinesque, of Transylvania, who had written
^ Mrs. M. A. Holly was the author of a " History of Texas," 1833, and
of a memoir of her hu&band.
68 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
many articles of a scientific kind for Hunt^s Review, wrote
still more for the Gazette, furnishing a series of learned
papers on the "Ancient History of Korth America," and
another series on "Systematic Botany." Prof. John
Locke, the respected head of Locke's Female Academy,
contributed several un readably dr}^ discussions on botany
and on mechanics. Prof. Locke was a pioneer in scien-
tific teaching and investigation. He was born in Maine in
1792, and died in Cincinnati, in 1856. Prof. T. J. Mat-
thews, father of Justice Stanley Matthews, projected a
mathematical department, and there was printed from his
pen a lecture on Symmes's Theory. In those days the usual
place for lectures in Cincinnati was the Western Museum.
Mons. J. Dorfeuille, the proprietor, was himself a cyclopedia
of popular knowledge, and he gave didactic addresses on
languages, books, birds, and I know not what besides.
In the Gazette for November 7, 1824, it is advertised that
" This evening Mr. Dorfeuille will lecture (for the second
time and by particular request) on * The Pleasures and
Uses Arising from the Study of Natural History and the
Fine Arts,' and conclude with an address to the ladies."
The Gazette gave a summary of general news and brief
notices of books and writers, native and foreign. It sym-
pathized with the " cause of the Greeks," and with all
struggles for popular liberty. The coming of La Fayette
was heralded in its pages with paeans of praise.
Benjamin Drake contributed to the Gazette a series of
sketches under the general caption, " From the Portfolio
of a Young Backwoodsman." Several of these sketches
were reprinted in the author's first volume, " Tales of the
Queen City." The western verse-makers sent reams of
rhyme to Mr. Foote, and he printed quires of it. The
most prolific and also the cleverest of our local poets was
Thomas Peirce, author of the " Muse of Ilesperia " and
" Horace in Cincinnati." Peirce was wonderfully versatile.
In addition to his rollicking original pieces in many
meters, he made creditable versions from the French and
Spanish. Some of his liveliest lyrics in the Gazette are
Early Periodical Literature. . 69
subscribed " Charlie Ramble." lie contributed to the
Gazette a series of narrative and descriptive cantos, in
the style of Byron's Don Juan, giving a lively and amus-
ing account of his personal adventures during a river
voyage to New 0^'leans and a sea voyage thence to
Boston.
The poet, Fitz-Greene Halleck, contributed to Mr.
Foote's paper at least three poems, *' Memory," ^' To Good
Humor," and '^ The Tempest," which are all to be found
in the author's published works. Halleck, when a very
young man, used to visit at the house of Foote's father at
iTut-plains Farm, near Guilford, Connecticut, and here it
was that his literary tendencies were encouraged.
Mr. John P. Foote himself is described as bearing a
striking personal resemblance to John Quincy Adams.
He was an active man of affairs, with a taste for literature.
Long after the demise of the Gazette, he produced two
valuable books, " The Schopls of Cincinnati and its
Vicinity" iind "A Memoir of Samuel Edmund Foote."
flint's western monthly review.^
It is stated incorrectly in "AUibone's Dictionary,"
"Duyckinck's American Literature," and similar works,
that Timothy Flint began the publication of The Western
Magazine and Review in 1834. The fact is that the first
number of this pioneer literary journal was issued in May,
1827. The " Geography and History of the Mississippi
Valley " appeared in the autumn of the same year in two
large volumes from the press of E. & H. Flint. This use-
ful work rapidly passed through numerous large editions.
Many passages from "Flint's Recollections" are incor-
porated in it. The peculiar criticism was made on this
book that it was too interesting to be useful ! The reader
searching for geographical or historical facts in its pages
was carried away from his object by its absorbing narra-
tive or brilliant description.
^ See Chap. XI.
T© Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
The Western Review was published onlj tliree ;years., ar
■until June, 1830. The editor was the principal contrib-
utor, though James Hall, E. D. Mansfield, Micah F.
Flint, and some others sent occasional articles. The
magazine had the motto, ^^ Benedicire haud Maledicere.*^
The subjoined extracts from the "Editor's Address/'
in the first number, are not without piquancy and local
color :
- " We are a scribbling and forth-putting people. Little
as they have dreamed of the fact in the Atlantic country^
we have our thousand orators and poets. We have not a
solitary journal expressly constituted to be the echo of
public literary opinion. The teeming mind wastes its
sweetness on the desert air. . . . IS'ow we are of the
number who are so simple as to believe that amidst the
freshness of our unspoiled nature, beneath the shade of the
huge sycamores of the Miami, or cooling the forehead in
the breeze of the beautiful Ohio, and under the canopy ot
our Italian sky, other circumstances being equal, a man
might write as well as in the dark dens of a city. . . .
Our literary creed is included in one word, simplicity. Our
school is the contemplation of nature. . . . Review-
ers who imagine that nothing good can be written beyond
a circle of three and a half miles in diameter, of which
circle they are the center, may have, as must certainly be
conceded to Boston reviewers, a good deal of mechanical
cleverness in manufacturing sentences and rounding
periods."
The Review contained only original articles, not a few
of which were long and dreary, on the " Philosophy of Ed-
ucation," " Political Economy," "An American Uni-
versity," " The Trinitarian Controversy," " Temperance/'
and the like. One can not help thinking, as he turns the
leaves of this sixty yesLVs old exponent of western letters,
that the good editor felt it incumbent on him to show
more than usual gravity, dignity, and learning. It seems
as though he might have said to himseli', as he trimmed
his goose-quill: "We will demonstrate to tliose carping
Early Periodical Literature. 71
eastern critics that our Review is a review indeed, solid
and solemn enough for the most exacting scholar. We
will prove to the workl that the west is by no means friv-
olous, and that we ourself, though for relaxation we may
dash off a novel now and then, are capable of much heav-
ier things, and we do not forget we are a collegian and a
clergyman."
To natives of the Ohio Valley, the Western Review
contains much that is of local and historical interest.
Flint was loyal to his adopted region, and gave prominence ,
to western topics. Every book or periodical published
this side of the Alleglienies received attention in his
monthly pages. All public addresses, orations, sermons,
and debates were duly announced and generously com-
mented on. The great discussion between Robert Owen
and Alexander Campbell, which Flint attended, was made
the subject of several editorial articles.
The Review was a magazine of fifty^six octavo pages;
price three dollars a year. It was issued from the press of
W. M. Farnsworth, Cincinnati, Ohio.
hall's western monthly magazine.
TlaU's Illinois Magazine, 1830, and Western Monthly
Magazine, 1832, are important repositories of western his-
tory and literature. A detailed account of them is given
in the chapter relating the life of Judge Hall, which see.
THE WESTERN MESSENGER.
The Western Messenger, a magazine devoted to religion
and literature, and published by the Western Unitarian
Association, was started in Cincinnati, June, 1835. The
first volume comprised twelve monthly numbers ; the seven
succeeding volumes included six numbers each, a volume
every half year. The last issue appeared April, 1841.
The magazine was edited until March, 1836, by Rev.
Ephraim Peabody, an amiable young man of fine poetical
ability, who was born in JS"ew Hampshire in 1807. Mr.
Peabody was taken ill and was obliged to go south. The
72 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
management of the periodical devolved upon the Rev.
James Freeman Clarke,^ and the place of publication was
changed to Louisville, Kentucky, where Mr. Clarke was
stationed as minister to a Unitarian Society. In 1840 Mr.
Clarke returned to Boston, where he soon after founded
the Free Church, of which he was the pastor until his
death in 1888. The Messenger was removed to Cincinnati,
and was edited by Ilev. W. II. Channing, who was ordained
pastor of the Unitarian Church of that city May 10, 1839.
Channing w^as assisted by his cousin. Rev. James II. Perkins,
who indeed was a contributor j:o the Messenger from the
start, and whose best literary work was published in it.
The Western Messenger was, of course, denominational,
and derived support from eastern Unitarians, who took
an active interest in planting their ideas in the west. Its
subscription list was never large, and its pecuniary strug-
gles were constant. Few comph:ite copies of the work are
to be had, and I ani told that sets are very costly. Mr. U.
P. James, the veteran publisher and dealer in. old and rare
books, remembered sorting out a "great pile" of the
Western Messenger, which Mr. Perkins brought to the
store on Walnut street, about the year 1845.
The Western Messenger was essentially an eastern mes-
senger— the organ of ]N'ew England liberalism in the Val-
ley of the Ohio. Devoted to religion and literature, it
was even more literary than religious, and both its theology
and its literature were tinctured with transcendentalism.
No other periodical that has appeared in the Ohio Valley
is richer than it in original and suggestive contributions,
and I doubt if any other contains so much tine and deli-
cate writing.
The lirst editor, Mr. Peabody, and his enthusiastic
friend, Mr. Perkins, were imbued witli the idea of ** en-
' JamcB Freeman Clarke, D.D., woh born in New Hampshire, April 4,
1810. GraduaUnl at Harvard in 182t), and at Cambridge Divinity School
in 1833. Resided at Ixjuisville 18:^3-1840. Founded Church of Disciples,
Boston, 1841. Author of ** l.ife of General Wra. Hull," 1848; "Eleven
Weeks in Kuropt>," 1851; "Christian Doctrine of Forgiveness;" "Ten
Great Rt^Ut'i«>T>H '' otc.
Early Periodical Literature. 73
eouraging" and developing the literary spirit of what
was then "the west." They invited to their columns the
aid of William D. Gallagher, Otway Curry, Thomas H»
Shreve, and other western writers. " It ought to he one
object of a western journal to encourage western litera-
ture," wrote the editor. In accordance with this princi-
ple, the magazine made prominent a series of carefully
prepared articles on " Western Poetry." These articles
gave conspicuous reviews of the literary productions of
William D. Gallagher, F. W. Thomas, Lewis F. Thomas,
C. D. Drake, J. G. Drake, Albert Pike, John B. Dillon,^
and Thomas Shreve. Readers of to-day will smile or sigh
to read the critical opinion that " Mr. Shreve has a Bul-
werian control over language and a Byronic grandeur
of imagination and gloom of thought."
A leading w^estern contributor to the Messenger was
Mann Butler, who furnished a number of valuable sketches
on the " Manners and Habits of the Western Pioneers."
After James Freeman Clarke took hold of the maga-
zine, the editorial tone was changed, and a new set of
contributors began to write. Among the regular corre-
spondents were Rev. George W. Hosmer, who, coming
from Northfield, Massachusetts, organized a church in
Rochester, and Rev. William G. Eliot, w^ho established
his famous society in St. Louis.
In response to a letter of inquiry concerning the West-
ern Messenger, Dr. Clarke kindly sent the following:
"Jamaica Plains, Mass., Feb. 19, 1886.
"Dear Mr. Venable: — If I were not laboring under an
indisposition, I should like to write you at length about
^ John Brown Dillon was born in Virginia in 1805. He removed to
Ohio, and became a printer in Cincinnati ; began to write for the Gazette
in 1826 ; went to Logansport, Indiana, and studied law ; afterward he
removed to Indianapolis, where he was appointed state librarian ; held
other public positions; wrote much in verse and prose. Among his
works are "Historical -Notes," " History of Indiana," "Oddities of Fed-
eral Legislation." Died in 1879.
T4 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
the Western Messenger and its contributors. It was
rather a vivacious affair, ranging from grave to gaj, from
lively to serious. We were the first to publish any of
Emerson's poetry. We had a contribution from Dr. Cban-
ning and a poem from John Keats not before printed,
and one which Wendell Holmes sent to me.
"... The Messenger was a wandering star. First
published in Cincinnati, it came to Louisville, where Eph.
Peabody became an invalid, and went back again because
the facilities were better in Cincinnati than in Louisville.
While in the latter, I was not only editor, but also pub-
lisher, and even went about once in Kentucky to get sub-
scribers. I found I could import paper to print it on
from Boston, via New Orleans, at less cost than I could
buy in Louisville, and did so. When the number was
ready for distribution, I recollect that Cranch or Osgood,
or whoever happened to be with me, and I would fold, di-
rect, and carry the copies to the post-office. Sam Osgood
and I were carrying the basketful to the post-office one
evening, when we met a stout negro, and offered him a
" quarter" to take it for us. He lifted the basket and put
it down again, saying: "Too heavy, massa !" So we took
it ourselves.
" When you see Mr. Gallagher, give him my kind re-
gards. He and Edward Cranch are the only survivors of
the Messenger group that I know of now in Cincinnati.
T have the original subscription book, and of the Cincin-
nati names — Foote, Donaldson, Lawler, Yardy, Urner,
Hastings, Sampson, Jos. Longworth^ Timothy Walker,
Evart, Shoenberger, Thomas Bakewell, Ryland, etc. — I
fancy all are gone.
" I am glad you propose to do justice to the forgotten
magazine, which, in its day, was, I think, a rather respect-
able effort for the young people who wrote in it. Yours,
"Jamks Freeman Clarkk.'*
The poem by John Keats, referred to in the above, is
the " Ode to Apollo,'' beginning:
Early Periodical Litcratuir.. T5
" God of the golden bow,
And of the golden lyre,
And of the golden hair,
And of the golden fire ;
Charioteer
Of the patient year;
Where, where slept thine ire,
When like a blank idiot I put on thy wreath.
Thy laurel, thy glory,
The light of thy story ;
Or was I a worm, too low-crawling for death?
O Delphic Apollo ! "
The original manuscript of this ode was presented to
the editor by George Keats, a brother of the poet, who
lived in Louisville, and a sketch of whose life was written
by James Freeman Clarke. In the Messenger were also
printed extracts from a journal kept by John Keats in
England and Scotland, in 1818. Introducing these ex-
tracts to his readers, the editor notes it as strange "to
meet with the original papers of Keats at the Falls of the
Ohio."
In October, 1836, there appeared in the Messenger a
long letter written from Boston, in June of the same year,
by the distinguished Dr. William E. Channing. This let-
ter, I believe, does not appear in Dr. Channing's collected
works, although some passages of it are finished in his
best literary style. Readers of to-day will find food for
reflection in what so eminent an observer thought of Bos-
ton some fifty years ago :
" Shall I say a word of evil of this good city of Boston ?
Among all its virtues, it does not abound in a tolerant
spirit. The yoke of opinion is a heavy one, often crush-
ing individuality of judgment and action. Xo city in the
world is governed so little by a police and so much by mu-
tual inspection and what is called public sentiment. We
stand more in awe of one another than most people.
Opinion is less individual, or runs more into masses, and
often rules with a rod of iron."
Interesting also to dwellers in the Central States will it
be to read the great preacher's views regarding the then
W^eat. The letter says :
76 JJterary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
"All our accounts of the West make me desire to visit
it. I desire to see nature under new aspects ; but still
more to see a new form of society. I hear of the defects
of the West ; but I learn that a man there feels himself to
be a man, and that he has a self-respect which is not al-
ways found in older communities ; that he speaks his
mind freely ; that he acts from more generous impulses
and less selfish calculations. These are good tidings. I
rejoice that the intercourse between the East and the
West is increasing. Both will profit. The West may
learn from us the love of order, the arts which adorn and
cheer life, the institutions of education and religion w^hich
lie at the foundation of our greatness, and may give us in
return the energies and virtues which belong to and dis-
tinguish a fresher state of society.
" You press me to come and preach in your part of the
country. I should do it cheerfully if I could. It would
rejoice me to bear testimony, however feeble, to great
truths in your new settlements. I confess, however, that
my education would unfit me for great usefulness among
you. I fear the habits, rules and criticisms under w^hich I
have grown up and almost grown old have not left me the
freedom and courage which are needed in the style of ad-
dress best suited to the Western people. I have fought
against these chains. I have labored to be a free man,
but in the state of the ministry and of society here, free-
dom is a hard acquisition. I hope the rising generation
will gain it more easily and abundantly than their
fathers."
The young men who uttered their opinions in the West-
ern Messenger availed themselves of the intellectual free-
dom which " a new form of society " afforded. They
said their say more boldly than New England encouraged
them to do. The iron rod of public sentiment was not so
threatening' in Louisville and Cincinnati as in Boston.
Thinkers, such as Samuel Osgood and C. P. Cranch, be-
gan their literary career in this Western periodical.
Cranch was for a time Clark's assistant in Louisville.
Clarke was an enthusiastic student of German literature
Early Periodical Lifrrfrtiuy. 77
and philosophy, unci he translated for the Messenger De
Wette's " Theodore, or the Skeptic's Progress to Belief,"
afterward reprinted in George Ripley's "Specimens" of
German literature. There was a department of " Orphic
Sayins^s," from Ga3the;*and one or two of Goethe's stories
were printed. Rev. Charles T. Brooks contrihuted many
translations from Krummacher, Herder, Uhland and other
German poets. J. S. D wight also wrote original poems and
translations of both prose and verse for the Messenger.
Dwight won a permanent place in literature by produc-
ing the well-known verses beginning :
" Life is not quitting
The busy career ;
Life is the fitting
Of self to its sphere."
It is not strange that the editor of the Messenger, satu-
rated as he was with German literature and transcendental
philosophy, should be one of the first to admire Carlyle,
and among the first to discover the rising genius of Emer-
son. When Emerson's " Kature " appeared in 1836, Os-
good reviewed it in the Messenger. He said : " There are
some things in this book that we do not understand ;" but
he discovered in the luminous pages a *' wonderful dawn."
Commenting on Emerson's oration before the Phi Beta
Kappa Society in 1837, C. P. Crancli wrote : " It is full of
beauties, full of original thought. Every sentence indi-
cates the man of genius, the bold, deep thinker, the origi-
nal writer."
It is a fact noteworthy in the history of letters that Em-
erson first appeared in print, as poet, on the banks of
the Ohio. He contributed to the Western Messenger,
gratis^ the poems: "Each and All," "The Humble-bee,"
" Good-bye, Proud World," and " The Rhodora." These
are among his best metrical pieces. " Good-bye, Proud
World," is perhaps his most popular lyric, though the au-
thor did not esteem it highly. It came out in April, 1839,
but is subscribed "Canterbury Road, 1823." On compar-
ing these verses as they were printed originally, with the
78 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
later copies as they stand in the author's volumes, one
discovers many curious verbal changes. In some cases
considerable addition has been made to the first version,
and in other cases passages have been left out. The alter-
ations are invariably obvious improvements. For instance,
the expression, " Vulgar feet have never trod," is happily
•ubstituted for '' Evil men have ever trod." The first line
of the quaint and beautiful poem on ^* The Humble-bee,"
" Burly, dozing humble-bee,"
originally read :
" Fine humble-bee! fine humble-bee!"
In the letter from Mr. Clarke, allusion is made to a
poem sent to the Western Messenger by Oliver Wendell
Holmes. The poem was that entitled '' The Parting
Word," Avhich admirers of the ''Autocrat " will recall
from the first line :
" I must leave thee, lady sweet."
Another literary star, not of the first magnitude, yet of
a clear and lasting luster, tbat rose from the East to shine
in Clarke's Western galaxy, was the religious poet, Jones
Very. This eccentric character, in March, 1839, sent the
following letter from Boston to Louisville:
" Rev. J. .F. Clarke, editor Western Messenger :
** Hearing of your want of matter for your Messenger,
I was moved to send you the above sonnets that they may
help those in afiliction,for Christ's name is ever the prayer
of me, his disciple, called to be a witness of his sufferings
and an expectant of his glory. If you ask for more — as
I have them — so will they be communicated, freely.
Amen.
**The hope of Jesus be with you wlu n V(jii are called
to be a partaker of his temptations.
"Jones Very."
Ear^y Periodical Literature. 7^
The letter was accompanied by twenty- seven sonnets,
which were published, as were many other of Very's
poems, from time to time, in the Messenger. Nearly all
of these are included in the edition of Very's poems issued
a few years ago.
Clarke was an appreciator of Hawthorne's early work.
He reprinted "Footsteps on the Sea-shore" from the first
edition of "Twice Told Tales," and wrote an editorial
Comment : " Since the days of Elia we have seen nothing
to compare with it. It lias all of Washington Irving's
delightful manner with a pro founder meaning and a
higher strain of sentiment."
Among the contributors to the Messenger were two
women who afterward became well known in letters —
Miss Elizabeth P. Peabody and the more celebrated Mar-
garet Fuller. The latter sent her friend Clarke a number
of articles, reviews on " George Crabbe and Hannah
More," on " Bulw^er," on "Letters from Palmyra," and a
paper on " Philip Van Arte veld." Her contributions were
signed S. M. F. — Sarah Margaret Fuller.
When Clarke left Louisville for Boston, the Western
Messenger ofiice was removed to Cincinnati, and Rev. W.
H. Channing became editor, assisted by Rev. James H.
Perkins. The magazine grew more than ever devoted to
German translations and to transcendental, poetic theol-
ogy. The many articles furnished by Perkins were filled
with earnest, practical fact and thought, and possess a
high value.
In June, 1840, the editor wrote : " Our friend, Mr. Bron-
son Alcott, of Boston, has kindly given us his prose poem,
'Psyche, or the Growth of the Soul.'" But "Psyche'*
never unfolded her silvery wings before the readers of the
Western Messenger.
The magazine vanished in a sort of rosy mist in budding
April, 1841. There was a conditional promise on the last
page of the last number that the publication of it might
be resumed in July; but the promise failed. The period-
ix3al was an exotic — a Boston iiower blooming in the Ohio
Valley.
80 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
The Western Magazine was a harbinger* of the famous
Boston Dial, which made its first appearance in July,
1840. It is a very interesting and notable fact that at
least ten of the contributors to the Messenger were also
among the writers for the Dial. These were Emerson,
Fuller, Clarke, E. P. Peabody, Dwight, Brooks, F. II.
Hedge, W. H. Channing, Cranch, and Very. Miss Pea-
body was the first publisher of the Dial, and Margaret
Fuller and Emerson were its editors. Of the ten, all wer6
born between the years 1803 and 1813, and four, Cranch,
Dwight, Brooks, and Very, were born in 1813. I can not
better close this sketch than by quoting from the final
volume and number of the Western Messenger this word
of praise and prophecy :
" We have not said a word of the Dial, for we are slow
to praise our own family, and the writers of the periodical
are our dear friends. Therefore, one word only, readers —
believe not the geese who have hissed their loudest at this
newcomer. Such foolish creatures can not save the capi-
tol. The Dial marks an era in American literature. It is
the wind-flower of a new spring in the western world.
For profound thought, a pure tone of personal and social
morality, wise criticism and fresh beauty, the Dial has
never been equaled in America."
w. D. Gallagher's " HESPERIAN."
No other man has done so much for the cause of western
periodical literature as William D. Gallagher.^ He was
connected editorially with numerous magazines and news-
papers, including The Western Minerva, The Cincinnati
Mirror, The Western Literary Journal, the Cincinnati Ga-
zette, the Louisville Courier, the Ohio State Journal. But
his most important literary venture was the Hesperian.
He has given us the history of the publication in the fol-
lowing words :
" In the winter of 1837-38 Mr. Gallagher projected at
' Mr. Gallagher's literary services to the West are giv6n in detail \A
the biographical sketch, Chapter XV.
Early Periodical Literature. 81
Columbus, Ohio, where he was then residing, a work of
larger size and more diversified character than any he had
yet attempted in the West, or, so far as the writer knows,
in the United States. This was the Hesperian, which ap-
peared in May following, W. D. Gallagher and Otway
Curry, editors ; John D. Mchols, publisher; Charles Scott
and John M. Gallagher, printers ; ninety-four pages super-
royal octavo, double column ; five dollars per year sub-
scription. This work was so exclusively one of the
writers own projecting; it was made to bend so entirely
to his ideas of what such a periodical should be ; his own
pen furnished such a large proportion of its entire con-
tents ; his reputation was so intimately connected with it;
his fame and fortune so staked upon its success, and his
humiliation at its failure so deep and abiding, that he feels
he is not the proper one to write its history. He is proud
to say that no similar work was ever received in the
United States with more decided marks of favor. Its
characterizing feature was one of usefulness ; its numerous
articles on the early history of the state, on its agricult-
ural resources, on its manufacturing industry, on its com-
mercial channels, on its mineral treasures, on its literary
and humane institutions, on its geology, flora, etc., were
appreciated by a circle of readers of which any periodical
might boast. The best talent of the West was engaged
contributing to its pages, and on its subscription books
the names of the educated and intelligent were most lib-
erally written. But notwithstanding all this, through the
grossest remissness and most culpable mismanagement on
the part of its publisher, the publication of the work was
suspended at the close of the third volume — eighteen
months from its commencement. Over the causes of this
suspension the writer, then alone in the editorship, had no
control, and he was in no manner pecuniarily responsible
for the injustice done by it to that portion of the subscrib-
ers who had paid for the full second year. He declined
subsequent propositions from the publisher to recommence
the work, in the first place, because his confidence in the
6
82 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
integrity of that individual had been shaken, and in the
next, because the propositions were accompanied by con-
ditions which would have made it necessary materially to
modify the plan of the publication, which would have left
him without an adequate support. In this manner, what
was at first in reality only a suspension of the work be-
came a discontinuance of it. His long and bitter regret
at this mortifying termination of a venture on which he
had staked so much, it is useless to speak of, as it can be
measured by the feelings of no one who has not been cir-
cumstanced similarly with himself"
moore's western lady's book.
Half a century ago "gentlemen's magazines" and "la-
dies' books " were in demand and the supply was forth-
coming. One of the oldest American lady's books is the
familiar " Godey," now in its sixtieth year.
I have come across No. 1, Vol. I, of a Western Lady's
Book, printed in August, 1840, by H. P. Brooks, Walnut
street, Cincinnati. It is a thin pamphlet of twenty-eight
pages, edited by an "Association of Ladies and Gentle-
men," and bears the motto, " The Stability of Our Repub-
lic, and the Virtue of her Institutions is with the Ladies."
It does not appear that the patriotism and other virtues
of the " ladies and gentlemen who projected the Western
Lady's Book " were equal to the task of preserving its
stability ; at least I have never seen a second number of
the publication, nor met any one who ever did see a second
number.
The leading article in No. 1, Vol. I, of the Western
Lady's Book is by P. Sturtevant, and is entitled " The
Heroine of Saratoga : a Tale of the Revolution," and it tells
us how Emeline Wharton, for love of Henry Elverton, dis-
guised herself as a soldier, saved her country and married
her lover. Another story by "Jane," and having the
cheerful caption, " The Village Graveyard," relates the
languishing loves of Charles Anson and Caroline Lee,
and how, soon after they were wedded, they breathed
their last and were nicely buried in the same grave.
Early Periodical Literature. 88
A periodical of much vitality was Moore's Western
Lady's Book, edited by A. and Mrs. H. G. Moore, Cincin-
nati, and devoted to literature, biography, science and
general miscellany. I have not been able to procure a
complete set of the quite numerous volumes of this publi-
cation, which was issued somewhat irregularly through a
period of eight or ten years. It was started, I believe, in
1850, with the name " Western Magazine," but the pub-
lishers and editors announced, early in 1854, that " having
received such liberal patronage from the ladies of our
country to the Western Magazine, they have concluded to
change the name and make it more exclusively a ' Lady's
Book.' " The magazine was made " more exclusively a
Lady's Book," by introducing two new features — fashion
plates and music. Ladies of to-day, who gaze with de-
light upon the monthly array of illustrations in Demorest,
the Bazaar, or the Delineator, would laugh at the pictures
in the Lady's Book.
Much of the contents of Moore's Lady's Book is se-
lected matter, yet a good many of the Western writers
favored its pages with original pieces. Honorable Horace
P. Biddle,^ of Lidiana, T. H. Burgess, Harriet jN". Babb,
P. F. Reed, R. E. H. Levering, Osgood Mussey, and Alf
Burnet wrote for it. The issue for January, 1855, con-
^ Horace P. Biddle, LL.D., Ph. D., was born March 24, 1811, in a log
cabin near Logan, O. He was the son of one of the original Marietta
settlers, and a protege of Thomas Ewing. He studied law with Hocking
Hunter, of Lancaster, O. Began the practice of his profession in Ohio,
but settled at Logansport, Ind., in 1839. Was elected Judge of the Cir-
cuit Court in 1846, and called to the Supreme bench in 1857. Presided
as Supreme Judge for twenty-five years. Judge Biddle is living and oc-
cupies a fine old mansion on " Biddle 's Island," on the Wabash, at Lo-
gansport. He has by far the largest private library in Indiana— a col-
lection of over 7,000 standard books and bound newspapers, filling ten
or twelve rooms. Biddle began his literary career in 1842 by writing
for the Southern Literary Messenger. In 1850 he published his first
volume, "A Few Poems." A second volume of his poems appeared in
1868 from the press of Hurd & Houghton. Other works by him are
" The Musical Scale," a scientific treatise, 1850 ; " Glances at the World,"
1873; "Elements of Knowledge," and "Prose Miscellany," 1881; and
" Last Poems," 1882.
84 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
tains a biographical sketch of Alf Burnet from the pen of
Coates Kinney. The best of the poetry contributed to
the Lady's Book is that of F. B. Plimpton, whose " Mari-
ners of Life," '' Poesie," '' Mount Gilbo," and " The Oak"
appeared originally in this periodical.
Several continued stories were written for the Lady's
Book — one a prize tale, '* The Twin Sisters," by Mattie
Lichan ; another, " Elizabeth, or the Broken Vow," by
Edward Clifton ; and a third, and by far the best of the
three, " The Prophecy, or the Recluse of the Maumee,"
by U. D. Thomas.
Decidedly more interesting than these fictions are two
illustrated articles by William T. Coggeshall. The first
of these, published in March, 1854, describes a visit to
Niagara falls, and opens with this paragraph :
" I was fortunate in the associations of my first visit to
Niagara falls. I went with Kossuth and suite, and I
found there Godfrey Frankenstein and his brother George,
the artists who had been studying and painting the cata-
ract, the rapids, the rocks, the river and the whirlpool,
for several years, in order that they might be able to rep-
resent them on canvas, and take Niagara to those people
who could not go to it."
The second article by Coggeshall is called a " Trip to
New York," and was printed in January, 1855. A local
interest belongs to this, because it is illustrated by twelve
wood-cuts by R. J. Telfer, representing views on the
Little Miami Railroad. One of these is a picture of
Jamestown, now Dayton, Kentucky.
The descriptive text says :
" On the right, and near two miles from the depot, you
will see a handsome town on the Kentucky shore. This
is Jamestown. It was laid out only three or four years
since, and is now, as you see, a considerable village. In a
few years the Kentucky shore, like the Ohio, will be lined
with a continuous town. The three towns of Covington,
Newport and Jamestown, now contain about twenty thou-
sand inhabitants. Three-fourths of this is the growth of
the last ten years."
Early Periodical Literature. 85
Among the objects shown by pictures are the Cincinnati
water-works, Jamestown, the Columbia burying-ground,
Milford, Miami railroad bridge, Deerfield station, and Mor-
row's mill.^
Mr. Coggeshall discoursed on Gov. Morrow as follows :
" Just before you come to Foster's Crossings, you will
notice on the left hand of the cars as you come from Cin-
cinnati, on the west bank of the river, a large mill and
plain frame house. This was the residence of one of the
real statesmen of our country — Governor Morrow. He
entered public life in 1802, and remained in the public
service half a century, in which time he never lost the
public confidence nor ever failed in any part of his duty.
He was a member of the state convention to form the first
constitution, was twelve years a member of the house ot
representatives in congress, and most of the time the only
representative of Ohio. He was six years in the United
States senate, four years governor and several years, toward
the close of his life, president of the Little Miami Railroad
Company. The Duke of Weimer, after visiting him in
1825, described him as a faithful copy of ancient Cincin-
uatus. "He was engaged, on our arrrival, in cutting a
wagon pole, but immediately stopped his work to give us
a hearty welcome."
To return from this excursion up the Miami to our
" Lady's Book," we find, in the issue of March, 1854, and
subsequent numbers, a feature worth noting. Mrs. E. A.
Aldrich, having suspended the publication of a women's
right's paper, the Genius of Liberty, made an arrange-
ment with the proprietors of the Lady's Book, to continue
the advocacy of her views by occupying eight or ten
pages of the magazine, every month, with such articles as
she or her sister reformers might choose to write. " In-
dividual sovereignty," declared Mrs. Aldrich, " is our star.
This is our deepest foundation. It is the motto on all
* The mill is still standing, a picturesque relic. ' Two pictures of it,
painted by Gustave Frankenstein about the year 1855, may be seen in
Springfield, Ohio.
86 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
our banners. It is the vitality of this movement. Per-
sonal independence is the all in all. It is our center and
circumference — the soul and body of our efforts." To the
department headed " Genius of Liberty/' there were sev-
eral contributors, viz., Melissa M. Taylor, M. E. Wilson,
M. A. Bronson and Mary S. Legare. The most exciting
passage in their discussions is entitled, " Women's Intel-
lectual Inferiority or Horace Mann vs. Physiology," a
stricture on the president of Antioch College, who, it
seems, had accepted the theory that woman's mental
powers are not equal to man's, because her brain is lighter
than his.
The student of the history of western literature will
find in Moore's Western Lady's Book a series of a dozen
or more sketches on the '^ Poets and Poetry of the West."
He will, perhaps, be surprised to read long biographical
reviews of poets and poetesses w^hose names he never heard.
M. D. Conway said in a review of Coggeshall's " Poets
and Poetry of the West :" " Some filtration is necessary
for all our western streams before they are drinkable.
About half a dozen of these poets should have been
omitted accidentally." The Lady's Book includes sev-
eral names among its poets that Coggeshall did omit.
THE PARLOR MAGAZINE.
In July, 1853, appeared the first number of the Parlor
Magazine, conducted by Jethro Jackson, 180 Walnut street,
Cincinnati. It was handsomely printed on sixty-four large,
double-columned pages, and illustrated with steel-plates
and wood-cuts. Some of the fashion plates were printed
in colors.
The Parlor Magazine thundered a good deal in the in-
dex. The prospectus contains quite an ethical treatise.
"In the high moral tone and scrupulous purity of senti-
ment, the truthfulness and intelligence which will pervade
our ])ages," wrote Mr. Jackson, *' we hope our most
serious readers will find qualities to propitiate and secure
their careful scrutiny and ])crmanent approbation. It will
be our jiim to hlciid \-alual)U' i n In im nation and sound
Early Periodical Literature. 87
morality with the gratification of a literary and imagina-
tive taste. Phases of history, illustrations of local inter-
est, vivid portraitures of virtuous life and occasional dis-
quisitions and reviews, embellished here and there with
glittering gems of poetry, will, we trust, give value to our
pages." This studied announcement of intention to in-
struct and improve the public drew a certain patronage,
but was not as attractive to people in general as Mr.
Jackson hoped it would be. His plan was to make such
a magazine as he judged the people ought to read, rather
than one which they w^ould like to read. The maxim of
Sleary, the circus manager, in Dickens' novel, that " Peo-
ple mutht be amuthed," holds true of magazine readers.
In his anxiety to keep every thing frivolous out of his
publication, the conductor put in it too much that was
dull. Yet, on the wdiole, the contents of the Parlor Mag-
azine were attractive, and became more so as the months
passed by and Mr. Jackson gave up a prejudice against
romances.
The follow^ing is a partial list of contributors to the
Parlor Magazine : Rev. S. D. Burchard, Dr. J. R. Howard,
Thomas H. Shreve, W. S. Gaffney, Yirginius Hutchen,
Mrs. Helen Truesdell, S. W. Irwin, Rev. Edward Thomson,
Harriet E. Benedict, Mary Clemmer,^ Anne Chambers
Bradford, M. Louisa Chitwood, Roley McPherson, Horace
Rubley, J. H. Bone, D. F. Quinby, William T. Coggeshall,
Mary E. Hewett, Kate Harrington, G. W. L. Bickley, W.
W. Dawson, M. D., William Baxter, F. H. Risley, Miss M.
E. Wilson, Thomas H. Chivers, J. H. Baker and Peter
Fishe Reed.
At the end of six months Messrs. Applegate & Com-
pany, 43 Main street, became the publishers of the maga-
zine, Jackson continuing the general management, assisted
by Alice Cary. The first semi-annual volume, from July
to December, 1853, was issued as an independent work,
under the title of " Family Treasury."
The accession of Alice Cary to the editorial control of
Afterward Mary Clemmer Ames, the biographer of the Cary sisters.
88 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
the periodical gave new life to its pages. She took a more
cheerful view of the duties of an editor than Mr. Jackson
had taken. But it is evident from her first editorial that
she was not sanguine as to the success of the magazine,
nor over-confident of her own powers of pleasing. There
is a sprightly wit and a keen common sense about her
salutatory that warrant me in quoting some sentences
from it. She says : "As we seat ourself at the editorial
table of the Parlor Magazine, an anecdote, which we have
read somewhere, occurs to us :
"A French surgeon, who was in the habit of boasting
of the performance of some very difiicult operation, hav-
ing treated no less than sixteen patients, was asked how
many of them he had saved. ' Oh,* replied the French-
man with naivete^ ' they all died — but I assure you the ex-
periments were yqvj brilliant ! '
" Our magazine is not greatly below the sixteenth one
that has struggled for existence in Cincinnati, and if it
should fail, why w^e shall congratulate ourselves with the
reflection that it was at least a brilliant experiment. . . .
Some years ago the editor of a small paper in the interior
of Ohio announced in Viis salutatory that he had that day
commenced ' the wielding of the tripod,' and, lest we
should fall into a similar blunder, we will cut short our
introductory, simply referring the reader to what we pre-
sent, rather than to showy promises, for it is surely true
that a bird in the hand, even if it be a common sort ot
bird, is worth two in the bush."
Alice Gary contributed to the Parlor Magazine a story
written in her best vein, entitled " The Actress." She also
contributed a number of short poems, remarkable for their
naturalness, pathos, and melody. One of these, doubtless
the sincere expression of feelings she had recently experi-
enced in New York City, is called " Homesick" —
Oh ! shall I ever be going
Back any more ?
Back where the green woods are blowing
Close by the door !
Early Periodical Literature. 89
Back where the mowers are binding
Pinks with their sheaves —
Where homeward the cattle are winding
Together of eves ?
The fresh-smelUng earth at the planting —
The blue-bird and bee,
The gold-headed wheat fields aslanting
How pleasant to me !
I'm sick of the envy and hating
All efibrt brings on —
I'm sick of the working and waiting,
And long to be gone.
Gone where the tops of red clover
With dew hang so low,
And where all the meadow-side over
The buttercups grow.
I'm weary — I'm sick of the measures
Each day that I track—
Of all which the many call pleasures.
And long to be back.
Back where the ivy-vines cover
The low cabin wall.
And where the sweet smile of my lover
Is better than all.
Oh ! shall I ever be going
Back any more —
Back where the green woods are blowing
Close by the door ?
The genius of Alice Gary did not bring financial pros-
perity to the Parlor Magazine. She soon retired from the
editorial chair to return to IN'ew York, and Mr. W. F.
Lyons took her place. Mr. George W. L. Bickley, who had
been publishing the West American Review, transferred
bis subscription list to that of the Parlor Magazine, and
in 1855 he became a partner in the concern. The merged
magazines formed one, with the new name, The West
American Monthly, which did not survive to greet the
year 1856.
^ Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
LUCIUS A. hine's periodicals.
The literary magazines of the west have usually been
private enterprises, undertaken by enthusiastic young men
bent on carrying out ideals rather than making money.
Only youth and enthusiasm have the strength and the
rashness to venture on reforming the world without cap-
ital and by means of printer's ink and a publication.
Something near fifty years ago, a handsome, stalwart,,
all-hopeful student, fresh from I^orwalk Academy, Ohio,
came to Cincinnati and took the regular course in the law
school, then under the direction of Timothy Walker.
This young gentleman was Mr. L. A. Hine, oldest son of
Sheldon Hine, a thriving farmer who came from the good
old Orthodox county of Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1818,
and settled at Berlin, Erie county, Ohio, where he pros-
pered. L. A. Hine was born at Berlin, February 22,
1819.
Though trained to conservative views and habits, both
in theology and economics, Hine departed from the coun-
sel of his family, having been indoctrinated with the rad-
icalism of Horace Greeley, Robert Owen, and other agi-
tators. He did not enter upon the practice of law, but,
actuated by hopes of literary success, he started the West-
ern Literary Journal and Monthly Magazine, the first
number of which came out in November, 1844. In this
venture he was associated with E. Z. C. Judson ("Ned
Buntline ") — an ill-assorted partnership. Hine was to fur-
nish one thousand dollars and Judson ^ve hundred dol-
lars; but it turned out that Hine furnished nlore than one
thousand five hundred dollars and Judson nothing. Both
were very young men — Hine only twenty-five and his
partner twenty-one. By and by they took into the firm a
third ambitious young fellow from Tennessee — Hudson A.
Kidd. Judson was nominally editor, he having already
achieved some reputation as a writer for the Knicker-
bocker Magazine, and as editor of Ned Buntline's Own, a
story paper which he had started at Paducali, Kentucky.
Unfortunately for liimself and for his associates, Judsoa
Early Periodical Literature. 91
got into a quarrel at IS'ashville, Tennessee, which led to a
passage at arms, in which he killed a man who had shot
at him. Judson was captured by a mob and almost
hanged, w^as glad to escape with his life and fly to Pitts-
burg. In consequence of this affair, the literary magazine
was discontinued after six numbers had been issued, Iline
paying the debts.
The contents of this unfortunate Journal and jReview
are varied and entertaining. Almost all the leading
writers of the West contributed to its columns. The post
of honor in the first number was occupied by William D.
Gallagher, who furnished a long historical article on
" Periodical Literature." The same veteran, who, how-
ever, was then no veteran, but a dashing young man but
thirty-six years old, gave to the public, through the Jour-
nal, a number of his best poems, such as " Truth and
Freedom." Mrs. Julia L. Dumont, that Hannah More of
the West, contributed column after column of moral sketch
and story to encourage the magazine ; Mrs. R. S. Nichols,
Mrs. An;ia Peyer Dinneis, Miss E. A. Evans, Mrs. S. M.
Judson, Mrs. Lee Hentz, and Miss E. A. Dupay were con-
stant writers for it.
It must not be thought that the has bleus monopolized
the pages of our young men's magazine. Many male
writers, grave and gay, kept the post-bags enriched
with their offerings. Productions were printed from T.
H. Shreve, Albert Pike, J. Ross Browne, J. B. Russell,.
Charles Cist, J. L. Cist, Prof. Cross, J. B. Hickey, B. St.
James Fry, Hiram Kaine, Otway Curry, L. C. Draper,
Colonel Charles Whittlesey, J. R. Eakin, E. P. is'orton, F.
Colton, C. B. Gillespie, W. B. Fairchild, J. C. Zachos, D.
L. Brown, H. A. Kidd, Anson Nelson, H. B. Hirst, James
W. Ward, H. C. Beeler, G. T. Stuart, J. J. Martin, W. H.
Hopkins, John Tomlin, A. S. Mitchell, Dr. T. M. Tweed,
Emerson Bennett, and Donn Piatt. The gentleman
named last wrote on the subject of " Old Bachelors," and
under the pseudonym "John Smith." The novelist, W.
Gilmore Simms, contributed a poem, " The Grave of the
92 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
Bard." Emerson Bennett's contribution was a languish-
ing sonnet to his " ladje love."
Many of the names just given will be recognized as
holding a worthy place on the scroll of literary dis-
tinction.
Albert Pike ' was well known and highly popular, not
only in the West, but throughout the country, on account
of his successful eftbrts as poet, law reporter, and editor
in Arkansas and Tennessee. His poems, an '' Ode to the
Mocking Bird," "Ariel," " Hymns to the Gods," were re-
garded as products of genius. Pike was born at Boston
in 1809. He seems to have struck up a jolly acquaintance-
ship with "Ned Buntline," to whom he addressed a
poetical letter, which was published in the Journal. It
opens thus :
Dear Ned, your craft I see 's at length afloat,
A tight, sea-worthy, staunch, and well-manned boat.
Mr.L. C. Draper, named in the list, is Dr. Lyman C.
Draper, of the Wisconsin Historical Society, whose col-
lections of Western biographical and historical material
are invaluable. Draper was born near Butfalo, New York,
in 1815. Much of his work has been done in co-operation
* General Pike died in Washington City, April 2, 1891, in the eighty-
second year of his age. He was Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite
Masonry of the Southern Jurisdiction and Chief of the Royal Order of
Scotland for this country. He was born in Boston in 1809. He was
author, editor, lawyer, and soldier. He edited the Arkansas Advocate
and the Memphis Aj)peal. It was stated in the New York Times that
he had the largest and most costly library in the South. His " Hymns
of the Gods " was published in 1839. Besides this he wrote three other
volumes of poems. His writings on Masonry are considered the high-
est authority. In 1874, he published a book on Philology. General
Pike removed to Washington in 1868. Since the year 1875, he translated
about twenty volumes from Sanskrit into English. A Washington cor-
respondent of the Chicago News, writing of these, says : ** They are
not printed, but are in manuscript, every word being written by Gen-
eral Pike, and in all of the thousands of pages, there is not a scratched
word or an erasure. If General Pike had given the same time and
erudition to the world of literature, instead of to the secret order of
which he was the head, his name would, undoubtedly, have been
classed with the Raskins, Emersons, and Carlyles."
Early Periodical Literature 93
with Benson Lossing. Dr. Draper is deservedly distin-
guished as the editor of the ten volumes of Wisconsin
Historical Collections, and the author of " King's Moun-
tain and its Heroes," and other historical works. He con-
trihuted to Hine's publication an article on " General
George Rogers Clarke."
Colonel Charles Whittlesey's important donations to the
Journal include articles on " Indian History," " John
Fitch," and " The Northern Lakes."
Judson, besides numerous editorials, furnished charac-
teristic sketches in true " Xed Buntline" style — "The
Last of the Buccaneers," " The Lost Chief of the Uchees,"
and reminiscential "Sketches of the Florida War."
Benjamin St. James Fry,. born 1824, now a Doctor of
Divinity, and the editor of the " Central Christian Advo-
cate," St. Louis, was very active in literary matters in the
Ohio Valley. He edited in Cincinnati a periodical called
the " Rambler," and was connected with Hall's Maga-
zine. He became president of " Worthington College."
To his pen we are indebted for the biographies of several
prominent Methodist clergymen.
John Celevergoz Zachos,^ an occasional contributor to
Hine's periodical, is a Greek, born at Constantinople in
1820. Coming to America, he graduated from Kenyon
College, Ohio ; studied medicine in Miami University,
Ohio ; became associate principal of Cooper Female Col-
lege, Dayton, Ohio ; and afterward professor in Antioch
College under Horace Mann. In 1852, he edited the Ohio
School Journal. He is the author of several school
books. For some years he was a Unitarian preacher.
Since 1871, he has been curator of Cooper Institute, ^ew
York City. •
L. A. Hine, by nature earnest and by reflection serious,
felt an inward call to serve humanity by effecting social
and educational reforms, especially by some great land re-
form, to bring about such happy conditions as Henry
^ For some years teacher of mathematics in Rev. Dr. Colton's school,
Cincinnati.
'94 Literary .Culture in the Ohio Valley,
Oeorge looks forward to. Hine "Busied his pen in the elu-
cidation of his chosen themes. He wrote articles en-
titled " Distinctions," " Standard of Respectability/*
•" Teaching a Profession," " Union of Mental and Physical
Labor," and " One Dollar." Occasionally he invoked the
lyric muse, who inspired him with strains of a contem-
plative and melancholy tone. The young man w^as loaded
with a burden no less than the old, sad world with its im-
memorial woes.
The Literary Journal w^ent to wreck in April, 1845.
In the following January, Hine put forth, at his own ven-
ture, as editor and publisher, the initial number of
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL AND REVIEW.
This was published through the year 1846, and then
merged in the Herald of Truth. In his Quarterly, he
gave fuller scope to his opinion on political and social
economy. His reviews took the form of radical discus-
sion under such captions as "Association," " The Spirit of
Democracy," " Obligations of Wealth," " Progression,"
" The Land Question," '^ Our Social, Political and Educa-
tional System." One of his earliest out-and-out radical
utterances was a review of E. P. Hurlbut's " Essays on
Human Rights," published by Greeley in 1845. When
Hine's father (prudent and sagacious money-maker that he
was) saw this article, he dryly remarked, " Lucius will
make nothing by writing in that way." Nevertheless
Lucius did make — enemies.
The Quarterly was not wholly given up to radical dis-
cussion. David Dale Owen contributed several scientific
papers on " Geology." The editor continued also, as in
his previous publication, to give prominence to literary
topics, and to solicit contributions from purely literary
writers. Albert Pike, Emerson Bennett, George F. Mar-
shall, Alice Gary, Mrs. C. A. Chamberlain, Mrs. R. S.
Nichols and Mrs. Sophia H. Oliver wrote poems for the
Quarterly. A piece contributed by Mrs. Oliver entitled,
^* I Mark the Hours that Shine," went the rounds of the
press and was printed in school-readers.
Early Periodical Literature. 95
George S. Weaver, of Dayton, Ohio, who became a
^celebrated Universalist preacher and writer, began his lit-
erary practice in this Quarterly.
THE HERALD OF TRUTH.
" The Herald of Truth, a monthly periodical devoted to
the interests of Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Science
and Art," a magazine of eighty pages, the organ of a
brotherhood of social and religious radicals who had a
community on the Ohio river, was started in January,
1847, and was continued nineteen months, when the
" Brotherhood " failed. L. A. Hine was employed to edit
the periodical, but no effort was made by the society to
push it, the leader believing it w^ould work its own way.
The Herald partook somewhat of the character of its pre-
decessor, the Quarterly, though it contained greater vari-
ety and was superior in literary style and mechanical
" make-up." The devotees of the " Philosophy of Uni-
versal Harmony " used its free pages as a vehicle for con-
veying their theories to the public. The editor resumed
his efforts to set forth the facts, figures, and arguments to
demonstrate the necessity of land reform. He made an
exhaustive historical survey of the " Roman Land Laws "
and of the " Hebrew Land System." Articles were pub-
lished on various phases of socialism, on St. Simon and
Fourier, and on Swedenborg. A long discourse on the
history of " Labor," from the pen of Robert Dale Ow^en,
found an acceptable place in the Herald.
Many of the men -and w^omen who wrote for the Lit-
erary Journal and the Quarterly were personal friends of
Mr. Hine and continued to favor him with their assist-
ance. Among them were Alice and Phoebe Gary and
Emerson Bennett. Several new contributors made the
Herald of Truth their medium of communication with
the " gentle reader." Among the contributors of prose I
name John 0. Wattles, Dr. Diver, John Patterson, I. P.
Cornell, John White, Thos. L. Boucher, Maria L. Varney,
and Milton J. Sanders. Warner M. Bateman, now a
prominent Cincinnati lawyer, made one of his earliest lit-
96 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
erary efforts in preparing for the Herald an article enti-
tled "Education — Freedom," written from Springboro,
Ohio."
The poetical contributors, besides those already men-
tioned, were Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton, Mrs. Frances D. Gage,
Mrs. Sarah J. Howe and Coates Kinney.
THE WESTERN QUARTERLY REVIEW.
In 1849 Mr. J. S. Hitchcock, who once kept a news
room in the old post-office building in Cleveland, Ohio,
and who was an able solicitor for journals, started in Cin-
cinnati another- Quarterly Review, expecting to pay ex--
penses and more by canvassing for subscribers. Mr. Hine
agreed to do the editorial work, which he did gratis until
the proprietor mysteriously disappeared in Chicago, where
he had gone on a soliciting tour. Whether Hitchcock
was killed, or whether he died among strangers who gave
no information of him, is unknown to this day. What-
ever may have been his fate, it is certain that the Quar-
terly failed. Two numbers only were issued, of about
two hundred pages each. The first was illustrated with a
steel engraving of the poet, William D. Gallagher ; and
the second, with a portrait of John Locke. The volume
contains, in all, twenty-eight articles, in prose and verse,
the titles of the most important being : " The Youth of
Christ," " The Land Question," " Ethology," "American
Eloquence," "Neurology," "Powers's Greek Slave," " The
Free-Soil Movement," " William D. Gallagher," " The
Revolution of 1698 and Macaulay's History," " Decline of
the Church," " The Republic," "Education and Crime,"
" Mission of Democracy," and " Ohio : Her Resources and
Prospects."
In nine's Quarterly of 1849, the literary element is en-
tirely subordinated to the controversial, though the work
contains a few poems and a story with a purpose, called
"A Philosophical Sketch," composed by the editor. In-
deed, the battle of opinions had thickened around Hine,
and henceforth he gave himself to his favorite " cause."
He had drawn the tire of many conservative journalists,
Early Periodical Literature. 97
who hated his radicalism on general principles. We find
him, in 1850, editing the Daily Nonpareil, a paper con-
ducted on the co-operative plan by a company of printers.
On ceasing to write for the I^onpareil, he commenced
traveling as a lecturer on reforms, especially the land re-
form and educational topics. His magnificent personal
appearance, his fine voice, and eloquent, poetic style of
delivery, make him a very impressive orator. He is the
author of numerous . pamphlets on political and social
economy, and of several radical stories, " The Unbal-
anced," "Patty Parker," " Currie Cummings," "The
Money Changer," etc. In 1869 Mr. Hine published three
numbers of a reform journal called Hine's Quarterly, or
the Pevolutionist, having for its motto the word^ '''■Taurus
cornthus captusJ'
Mr. Hine now resides near Loveland, Ohio, living a
recluse life, but still actively engaged in study and lite-
rary composition.
THE ladies' repository.
By far the longest lived, most extensive, and most ex-
pensive literary periodical ever published west of the Al-
legheny mountains was the Ladies' Repository and G-ath-
erings of the West, a- monthly which was started nine
years before the first number of Harper's was issued. It
was almost the only western magazine that had the good
fortune to be sustained by any considerable capital and
patronized from the start by a considerable class of read-
ers. The periodical was owned and managed by the
Methodist Book Concern, and naturally received the sym-
pathy and support of the great denomination which, in a
special way, it represented. It was conducted in a liberal
spirit, according to a policy that extended a tolerant hand
to all, and it was hospitable to the ideas of any writer who
expressed himself with moral propriety and a fair degree
of literary skill.
The Ladies' Repository contains thirty-six annual vol-
umes, published in the years 1841-1876. Each of the first
7
98 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
*
fourteen volumes has 380 pages, and the succeeding vol-
umes each comprise 760 pages. The Repository was dis-
continued after 1876, but, in its stead, the Book Concern
published a still larger periodical, the ^N'ational Repository,
which was kept up four years, 1877-1880. The life of the
two magazines — they may be regarded as one and the
same — covered forty years of the most interesting period
of the history of the Ohio Valley.
The Ladies' Repository was started in consequence of a
memorial suggesting the desirability of such a publica-
tion, addressed to the M. E. Conference, at Cincinnati, in
September, 1839, by Mr. Samuel Williams, of Mt. Auburn,
the father of Professor Samuel W. Williams, now in the
Methodist Book Concern, and of John Fletcher Williams,
librarian of the Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Samuel Williams was one of the early pioneers. He
was a gentleman of literary tendencies, and he contributed
to the Repository, under the name of "Plebius," a series
of reminiscential papers called " Leaves from an Auto-
biography," giving experiences in Pennsylvania and West
Virginia from 1790 to 1850.
As the name would indicate, the Ladies' Repository was
designed, originally, to furnish reading particularly ac-
ceptable to women, or to the family circle. Hence, for
the first year or two, its columns abounded with advices
and admonitions, somewhat solemn and heavy, to the fe-
male sex. Caleb Atwater, the pioneer historian of Ohio,
contributed an article on " Female Education." An ad-
dress by Samuel Galloway, A.M., to the pupils at Oakland
Female Seminary, at Hillsborough, Ohio, on " Female
Character and Education," was published. There also ap-
peared in print a discourse to a Young Ladies' Lyceum,
by Honorable Bellamy Storer, the distinguished jurist and
statesman. As one glances over the introductory volumes
of the long series of Repositories, and observes how im-
measurably and unceasingly the misses, maids, and mat-
rons were belectured and relegated to their "sphere," one
feels sorry retrospectively. That was before the day of
Kansas voting and Vassar College, Yet, it must be said
Early Periodical Literature, 9^
to the credit and honor of the early editors of the Repos-
itory, that they opened their columns freely to female
writers, and that, as time went on, the women had their
full " say," to the exclusion, we trust, of some masculine
severities on female education, which might have been
printed.
The first editor of the Ladies' Repository was Rev. L. L.
Hamline, A. M., afterward bishop, who held the manag-
ing pen for nearly five years. As was expected, the lead-
ing preachers of the Methodist Church in the West, and
many of the presidents and professors in Western colleges,
wrote for the magazine, which was expressly devoted to
"Literature and Religion." A majority of the most
prominent denominational ministers and educators con-
tributed to the useful work. isTumerous writers not of the
Methodist persuasion also proffered their aid, which was
accepted, always with thanks, and often with pay in cash.
The subscription list rapidly increased, and in its palmiest
days, the Repository enrolled thirty thousand subscribers,
and had three or four times that many readers. Every
number was illustrated with one or more fine steel en-
gravings. The subjects chosen for illustration in the
early years of the periodical were local scenes and objects,
drawn from nature by Western artists. The first number
presented " Views on the Ohio." Other of these pictures
made in the forties were "A Railroad Scene," '' View on
the Miami Canal," and very beautiful sketches of the
" Big Miami River" and " Indiana Knobs."
Among those who wrote for the Repository in its first
decade, when the Book Concern was managed by Rev. J.
F. Wright and Rev. L. Swormstedt, were many who had
already risen to distinction and 'more who afterward
achieved honored names for worthy public service in re-
ligion, education, literature, legislation or law. This
magazine was the seed-bed in which were germinated and
nurtured hundreds of intellectual growths that in time
bore fragrant blossoms and good fruits in the West, or
were transplated to bloom and bear in other parts of the
100 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
world. The list of contributors is a very long one ; I will
seleot from it a few leading names :
Prof. F. Merrick, of the Ohio Wesleyan University,
wrote for the Repository on zoology. Rev. M. P. Gaddis,
as early as 1841, contributed a " Scene in a School Room,"
and afterward he sent other pieces. Rev. J. L. Tomlinson,
president of Augusta College; Bishop Morris, D.D.; Prof.
W. G. Williams, of Woodward College ; Rev. Joseph F.
Tuttle, of Wabash College; Rev. D. D. Whedon, D.D.,
president of Michigan University ; Rev. W. P. Strickland,
Prof. Waterman, Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, Rev. L. D. Mc-
Cabe, Prof. E. C. Merrick, Rev. A. M. Lorraine, Rev. S.
McClure, Rev. W. C. Hoyt, Rev. J. R. Wilson, Rev. R.
Sapp, Rev. T. Harrison, G. P. Disoway, Rev. R. W. Allen,
Rev. J. B. Durbin, D.D., and Pro£ E. W. Merrill, all
slione in the galaxy of contributors between the years
1840 and 1850.
Dr. Hamline was succeeded in the editorial chair by the
Rev. E. Thompson, who, on being elected president of the
Ohio Wesleyan Univerity in 1845, gave place to Rev. B*
F. Teeft. Teeft was followed in 1845 by Prof. W. C.
Larrabee, who acted as editor for five months, until Janu-
ary, 1853, at which time Dr. Davis W. Clark, afterward
Bishop Clark, took the responsible position. All of these
had been generous contributors to the Repository before
they were selected to edit it, and, of course, as editor,
«ach in turn wrote much for its columns.
Dr. Thompson had been the much loved and respected
head of a famous academy at ITorwalk, Ohio. His schol-
arship and literary ability were very great, and few men
have done more to advance civilization by individual ef-
fort than he. Prof. Larrabee was a distinguished teacher
in Asbury University (now De Pauw), Indiana.
Dr. B. F. Teeft wrote much and well on various sub-
jects. He was of a literary turn, and he gave to the Re-
pository a more decided literary character than it had be-
fore his editorial connection with it. Through its pages
he gave to the public a historical and philosophic story
relating to the time of Louis the Thirteenth of France
Early Periodical Literalare. 101
and entitled " The Shoulder-knot." This was published
in a separate volume by the Harpers, in 1850.
In 1840 and 1841, Rev. D. P. Kidder, who, in 1839, had
made a visit to Brazil, furnished the Repository with a
series of '' Sketches of Travel."
Colonel John McDonald, of Poplar Ridge, Ohio, author
of McDonald's " Sketches of the Pioneers," contributed
an account of " Logan, the Mingo Chief," whom he had
seen. Another pioneer, illustrious in politics, the Honor-
able Joshua R. Giddings, contributed in November, 1844,
his personal recollections of the " Skirmishes on the Lake
Peninsula in 1812." In June, 1846, the Rev. James B.
Finley published in the Repository the first of several
papers giving reminiscences of his early life. Finley came
West with his father, down the Ohio river to Kentucky,
in 1788, and his narrative is extremely interesting.
Mrs. Julia L. Dumont, who resided in Yevay, Indiana,
from 1814 to the year of her death, 1857, wrote for the Re-
pository " Sketches from Life," " Our Village," and other
things. Her style is sometimes tedious and prolix, but
her stories have the supreme merit of dealing with reali-
ties, and the strata of dull paragraphs ai^e veined with the
gold of good writing. Here is a specimen of her descrip-
tive composition, valuable for its picturesque vividness,
and for the true glimpse it gives of the customs of pioneer
days along the Ohio river : '• We are watching the boats
that are descending the stream — we have no eye for ob-
jects of mere visual interest. Here is one at hand that
has been heralded by some half dozen ' outriders ' — a
store boat! laden with fancy merchandise — an exciting
array of red and green and yellow, now quiet for the
hearts of the demoiselles, both of our town and the back-
woods. Why, look ! the stirring rumor has been out upon
the wings of the ^vind. They are already hurrying, in not
silent groups, down to the bank — the young, the fair, the
gaileless-hearted. Beshrew the heart that would &corn
their simple vanity. May every little purse (and well we
ken they were light enough) prove sufiicient for the favor-
ite want, for hardly have its contents been earned, and
102 Jjiterar.y Culture in the Ohio Valley.
carefully have they been treasured, doubtless for such
destination."
An enormous quantity of very poor poetry lies entombed
under the covers of the Ladies' Repository. To compen-
sate for this rubbish, there is excellent poetry to be found,
here and there, scattered through these forty volumes.
Mrs. Sarah J. Howe, a verse writer of considerable
power, wrote her best pieces for the Repository. She
achieved a good reputation on the merit of a poem,
"Bolesdas II., or the Siege of Kiow." In 1849 she con-
tributed to the Herald of Truth a scene from another orig-
inal drama, of which the hero is an Indian chief. Mrs.
Howe lived in Newport, Kentucky. Her poems were
never published in a collected form.
Otway Curry, who in his lifetime divided with W. D.
Gallagher the laurels of local fame, won his literary hon-
ors by means of the Repository. He was a constant and
valued contributor to its pages ; and when he died his life
was written lovingly by Edward Thomson and by Wm.
D. Gallagher.
Alice Cary began to write for the Repository in 1847.
Her genius was soon recognized, and she was employed
as a regular contributor of poetry and prose. She pub-
lished about a hundred short stories and sketches, many
of which were reprinted in her volumes called " Clover-
nook."
Poems were contributed to the Repository by Mrs.
Helen Truesdell, Mrs. A. L. Ruter Dufour, Mrs. L. H.
Sigourney (who also contributed stories), Mrs. S. T. Bol-
ton, Mrs. R. S. Nichols, Miss M. Louise Chitwood, Virginia
F. Townsend, Hannah F. Gould and Phcebe Cary. The
much admired, much ridiculed, Mr. Martin Farquhar
Tupper, was a personal friend of Doctor Teeft, to whom
he sent occasional letters and poems. The following
note from him was written from Furze Hill, Brighton,
England, and is dated September 28, 1848 :
" My Dear Sir : I hope you will long ago have received
my letter, and that a response from you may be on its
Early Periodical Literature. 103
road. By the way of stirring up your mind to remem-
brance, I send you the inclosed ballad, which I have just
written, and which tells its own tale. I send it to you,
my friend, as a newly forged link of love between our
nations. Send any tidings likely to be of interest. Salute
all unseen friends, and believe me, as ever,
" Truly yours, Martin F. Tupper."
The ballad inclosed is named, " Ye Thirty !N'oble IN'a-
tions," and addresses the states of the Union in terms of
general praise, tempered by a mild denunciation of slavery.
The Repository published perhaps a dozen strings of verse
from Mr. Tupper, who usually added to his name the let-
ters " D. C. L., F. R. S." In September, 1848, appeared
a " National Anthem for Liberia " and a monitory rhymed
address "To America," beginning:
" Young Hercules thus traveling in might,
Boy-Plato, filling all the West with light.
Thou new Themistocles of enterprise :
Go on and prosper — Acolyte of fate !
And, precious child, dear Ephraim— turn those eyes—
For thee, thy mother's yearning heart doth wait."
Turning the leaf illuminated by the verse of Tupper,
we find on other pages of the Repository names familiar
to the eye and ear, but which we do not associate with
the idea of verse-making. Yet here they are prefixed
or suffixed to eff'usions in measure and rhyme ! M. B.
•Hagans, now a grave and dignified judge in Cincinnati,
sent to the Repository, forty years ago, a little poem on
" Memory." And here, in volume ten, is the " Emigrant's
Lay," by Ben. Pitman, since the author of many phono-
graphic books. And on another page not far from the
" Emigrant's Lay," we read " The Christian's Fear," a
hymn by the scholarly 0. J. Wilson. We are not sur-
prised, after these discoveries, to find attached to a bit of
blank verse, written in 1847, the name of Alfred Holbrook,
the widely known president of the National Normal Uni-
versity, Lebanon, Ohio. In volume sixteen the curious
reader comes upon "Autumn Musings," a sentimental lyric
104 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
by Rev. J. H. Vincent, now bishop, the far-famed leader
of the " Chautauqua Movement." Another volume brings
to light a poem by Kev. Edward Eggleston, whose writings
are now known wherever English is read.
After tracing the literary beginning of so many noted
men to a fountain of verse, one is prepared to read Prof.
"William G. Williams's article, in volume thirteen of the
Repository, in answer to the question, " What is Poetry?"
Or, the reader may turn to a critical and suggestive essay by
Coates Kinney, on " Poetry and Poets." Kinney's own muse
very well answers the query, " What is Poetry?" for she
enabled him to produce many genuine poems, a few of which
were printed in this same Ladies' Repository, for which he
began to write, as a paid contributor, in 1855. The titles
of his principal articles are, '' Clyde Sutven's Story,"
"Duty Here and Glory There," "Soma and Psyche,"
"Elocution," "Impressibility," "Pronunciation," and
" The Future of the English Language."
A very able and eminent contributor to the earlier vol-
umes was Rev. A. Stevens, who became the historian of
the Methodist Church. His articles include " Sketches
of New England Life," " Klopstock," " Meta Klopstock,"
and " Horse Sylvestrse " — a series of beautiful essays.
Mr. Erwin House, for many years assistant editor,
wrote numerous articles for the magazine. He prepared
many of the book notices.
Another writer, admired for his exact, varied, and
thorough learning, and for his lucid and charming style, is
Prof. S. W. Williams, who began to write for the Repos-
itory in 1857, and who gave it much valuable aid for a
number of years. His first article is entitled " The Myth-
ical Character of William Tell."
In 1850 L. A. Hine, the reformer, published in the Re-
pository a long and able article on the " Idea of Virtue."
The paper gives the ethical views of many philosophers,
ancient and modern, and rciiclK's the conclusion that "love
is virtue," and tliat we '-vainly setk reform on any other
basis than that of intellectual and religious improve-
ment."
. Early Periodical Literature. 105
M. D. Conway, who began his public career as a
Methodist preacher, wrote critical studies on " Gray's
Elegy," on '' Ebenezer Elliott, the Corn-Law Rhymer,"
and " Ralph Waldo Emerson," for the Repository in
1850.
Other literary people who wrote for the Repository be-
tween 1850 and 1860, were Isaac H. Julian,^ J. W. Roberts,
George W. Hoss, Rev. J. W. Wiley, Rev. Robert Allyn,
Hon. Horace P. Biddle, Dr. Cornelius G. Comegys, Horatio
N. Powers, Rev. E. O. Haven, D.D., O. J. Victor, Metta
V. Fuller, W. W. Fosdick, William T. Coggeshall, and
Mrs. Donn Piatt, author of " Belle Smith Abroad;" Peter
Fishe Reed, Rachel Bodley, late president of the Woman's
Medical College, Philadelphia; Virginia F. Townsend,
editor of Arthur's Home Magazine and author of a dozen
or more volumes; and Charles Nordhotf, the Prussian,
who wrote *' Man-of-War Life," " Kine Years a Sailor,"
and other popular works.
When Dr. Clark became editor of the Repository, 1853,
the work was enlarged to double its original size, and
several new features were added. Almost every number
contained a finely engraved portrait of some favorite Amer-
ican female writer, accompanied by a lengthy sketch of her
life and works. A few of the women thus honored were
L. H. Sigourney, Sarah Josepha Hale, Elizabeth Stewart
Phelps, Alice Cary, Amelia B. Welby, Emily C. Judson,
^ Isaac H, Julian, noAV conducting a literary agency in San Marcos, Texas,
has done much for the cause of general culture, as editor and otherwise.
He writes under date of March 13, 1891 : " Since my happy release from
the newspaper tread-mill, I am devoting most of my time to those lit-
erary pursuits and recreations w^liich were the delight of my youth."
Julian was born in Wayne county, Indiana, June 19, 1823. He was a
contributor to the National Era, the Ladies' Repository, the Genius of
the West, and other periodicals. From 1846 to 1850 he resided in Iowa.
Returning to Indiana he became editor of the " True Republican," at
Centerville. He has since edited several newspapers. In 1873 he re-
moved to Texas. He published in 1857 a biief " History of the White-
water Valley." A volume of his poems is now in preparation. Mr.
Julian possesses a rare and valuable collection of western books and man-
uscripts.
106 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The picture of Mrs. Stowe
represents her as almost ideally beautiful.
Portraits of many eminent preachers were also engraved
for the Repository; and other illustrations — landscapes,
fancy groups, reproductions of historical and classical
paintings — appeared from month to month. It is said
that the sum spent on pictures far exceeded the amount
paid for all other matter in the magazine, and that con-
tributors dropped off and the literary character of the Re-
positoiy declined as the department of illustrations became
prominent. Be that as it may, it is certain that the man-
agers of the periodical concluded not to attempt to compete
with the general illustrated literary magazines, such as
" Harpers'," and decided to give a more specially re-
ligious and denominational direction to their work. After
1860 the Repository gradually lost its hold as a representa-
tive western literary journal, though it retained great vi-
tality and continued to be a strong, intellectual, and moral
force, not only within the church, but in the community at
large.
I may record, as a point of historical interest, that for
many years the editorial offices and binderies of the
Methodist Book Concern were located in the old St. Clair
mansion, at the corner of Main and Eighth streets, Cin-
cinnati. I remember calling on Dr. Clark, in 1861, at
the editorial room of the Repository, on which occasion
he said, "Do you know that we are now sitting in the
library of General Arthur St. Clair?"
The Evening Times of May 19, 1879, contains a his-
torical sketch of the St. Clair house, to which, unfor-
tunately, no name is affixed, but which was evidently pre-
pared with care and accuracy. The writer says :
" Doubtless the foundation was laid in the summer of
1800, and the house followed closely the type that had
ruled for years before in the East. It was the model to the
West, the first dwelling of any pretensions, the first house
of brick built in the Miami country. The very bricks
were brought from Pittsburg in keel-boats. A large
piece of freestone that forms the door-step came in the
Early Periodical Literature.. 107
same way, and was the wonder of the folks at the time.
The building was a marvel and a matter of pride. Yet,
in 1822, John I. Jones bought the house and lot at tax
sale for twenty-five dollars. Then it was owned by the
United States Bank, and in 1835, Crafts J. Wright deeded
the property to Salmon P. Chase for $8,064. Chase
deeded it back to Wright & Swan, agents for the Methodist
Book Concern, for $11,200. The Book Concern made
editor's offices of the bed-chambers and binderies of the
parlors. It was at one time divided by a wood partition
into two dwelling-houses, and finally it has become the
litter place of a manufactory. St. Clair's home deserves
a better fate than to perish, when so much life might be
its lot. The walls are as sound as they were nearly a
century ago. With us this building is the beginning,
the ancient temple, the first step out of the wildnerness.
St. Clair left no family of wealth to cover his faults and
lift up his virtues. His name has been covered in the
local history by the fame of those less worthy in many
respects, and clouded by a disaster in his early history
which some future historian will sweep away. Then
General St. Clair and all he left here will assume a new
value."
THE GENIUS OF THE WEST.
The Genius of the West, a monthly magazine of West-
ern literature, was projected, and for a time conducted, by
Howard Durham, a young Jerseyman, who came from his
native state, in 1847, to the village of Mount Healthy,
near Cincinnati. Durham was a shoemaker by trade, but,
disregarding the proverb, " Stick to thy last," he forsook
his humbler bench for a seat on the editor's tripod, and
began his literary fortune by publishing a neat paper. The
Western Literary Gem, which was presently united with
another paper, the Temperance Musician. The last-named
sheet was edited by Rev. A..D. Fillmore, author of a series
of singing-books which followed the system of angular or
"Buckwheat" notes once in vogue. Durham also joined
John W. Henley in getting up a " moral and literary
monthly for the young," which was christened " The Lit-
108 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
tie Traveler," a name afterward changed to " The Little
Forester," by Durham, who bought his partner out.
The initial number of the Genius, printed in the rooms
of the Phonetic Advocate, by Elias Longley ^ and Brothers,
169J Walnut street, is dated October, 1853. After issuing
several numbers, Mr. Durham took into partnership with
him Coates Kinney, a poet already famous on account of the
popularity of his " Rain on the Roof." ^ Kinney had just re-
^ Elias Longley waB born at Oxford, Ohio, in August, 1823, while his
father was still a student in Oxford College. His father moved to
Lebanon, Ohio, in 1832, and thence to Cincinnati in 1840. Here the.
boy was educated in the public schools and Woodward College, and
then studied for the Universalist ministry, but he soon gave up the
ministry for a newspaper life. In 1848, he learned Phonography, and
in 1850, began the publication of a monthly magazine of thirty-two
pages, entitled "The Phonetic Magazine." This paper was continued
two years, then it became a semi-monthly, and later was enlarged to a
weekly newspaper. Its publication was suspended in 1861. During the
ten years previous to the war, Elias Longley, in connection with his
brothers, compiled and published an American Manual of Phonography,
and a primer, first and second readers in phonetic spelling, which ob-
tained extensive sales all over the United States. From 1861 to 1884,
he was engaged in daily newspaper reporting on the Commercial and
the Daily Gazette, doing all of the short-hand speech reporting and
much of the interviewing. Beginning with the speech of Lincoln, on
the old Burnet House steps, before the election, he reported the ad-
dresses of Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, and many other distin-
guished statesmen. He was sent to report the re-hoisting of the flag
at Fort Sumter, where he took down the speeches of Beecher and AVm.
Lloyd Garrison. He was the first short-hand reporter of Cincinnati,
where he was for two years official court reporter. He was also, for a
time, official reporter of the Ohio legislature. Mr. Longley is now re-
siding in South Passadena, California.
^"Rain on the Roof," unquf^stionably the most popular poem ever
written in the Ohio Valley, an i xqiiisite lyric that has been everybody's
favorite, now for over forty years, luis a very interesting history. TUe
poem was written in the summer of 1840, while the author was visiting
his father's family at Spring Valley, Greene county, Ohio. Colonel
Kinney says, in a letter to the writer : " I slept one night next the roof,
in the little frame cottage which our folks lived in, and which has
since been torn away and replaced. In the evening there came up a
gentle rain, which pattered on the shingle roof, two or three feet above
my head, all the part of the niij;ht during which I was awake. Here I
lay a.id ( oticeived the lyric , and then went to sleep. It haunted me
till next day, which was brigiit, and green, and glorious; and, on a
Early Periodical Literature. 109
signed his professorship of languages and belles lettres in
Judson College, Mt: Palatine, Illinois, and, on his return to
Ohio, he hecame the leading editor of the new magazine.
Some business difficulty having arisen between Durham
and Kinney, the latter bought the concern, taking as com-
pany Wm. T. Coggeshall^ and Durham retired. The fol-
lowing curt valedictory appeared in the Genius of August,
1854:
" For numerous reasons, more interesting to myself
than to the public, I have withdrawn from the Genius of
the West and Forester, leaving my partners ' monarchs
of all they survey.' Howard Durham."
In January, 1855, Durham issued the first number of a
rival magazine, which he named " The New Western, the
original Genius of the West." The enterprising young
editor was overtaken by financial troubles, added to which
he suffered a bereavement in the death of a child. He
was obliged to abandon the " 'New Western," and not
long after he was attacked by cholera, of which he died
September 14, 1855, at the early age of twenty-seven.
By the terms of his partnership with Kinney, William
Turner Coggeshall became the chief owner of the Genius
of the West. Born at Lewistown, Pennsylvania, Septem-
ber 6, 1824, Coggeshall came to Akron, Ohio, in early
walk from Spring Valley down to Mt. Holly — three miles — where I
went to visit my uncle's folks, I composed most of the poem, finishing
it the same afternoon during a sequestration of myself and a ramble in
the woods just adjoining the town — woods now long since cleared
away. It was the easiest production I ever wrote. It cost me no labor.
. . . I sent it to the Great West, which was then edited by the nov-
elist of Indians, Emerson Bennett. I was personally acquainted with
Bennett, and he knew me as a writer, for I had contributed to a little
literary paper of his. It was so long before the poem appeared that I
had given it up as unaccepted. But finally it did appear, September 22,
1849. ... I learned later, from E. Penrose Jones, who was pub-
lisher of the Great West, that the poem escaped oblivion through an
accidental discovery of his. He was looking through Bennett's rejected
manuscript drawer, and found it. Bennett had thought it not quite up
to the standard of Indian-novelist literature, and had tossed it into that
drawer."
110 Literary Culture in the OhioValley.
manhood, and embarked in the publication of a temper-
ance paper, bearing the peculiar caption, The Roarer. At
Akron he was married, October 26, 1845, to Mary Maria
Carpenter. Mr. Coggeshall removed to Cincinnati in
1847, and became reporter for the Times, under the man-
agement of " Pap " Taylor. In 1849 he worked on the
Gazette with Wm. D. Gallagher. He traveled, in 1851-2,
with General Louis Kossuth, reporting that eloquent
Hungarian's speeches for both western and eastern papers.
In the fall of 1852 he established a little paper called the
Commercial Advertiser, but soon gave it up, and went
into the office of the Daily Columbian as assistant editor.
Having resigned his position on the Columbian, he took
charge of the Genius, saying in brief salutatory : *^A11 I
have and all I am are invested in the enterprise this maga-
zine announces."
Coates Kinney's connection with the Genius of the
West was severed June, 1855, when he wrote a " good-
byographical " and retired, leaving Coggeshall sole pro-
prietor. Early in 1856 Coggeshall was appointed state
librarian by Governor Chase, and the Genius was disposed
of to Mr. George True, who conducted it until July, 1856,
when it was discontinued, five complete volumes having
been issued. Three thousand copies of the Genius were
the greatest number ever put forth in any single month.
Complete sets and even stray numbers of this periodical
are very scarce, as, indeed, are sets and copies of most
other western publications. This is accounted for, in
part, by the circumstance that, during the civil war, the
sanitary commission gathered and sent to the soldiers all
the copies of unbound periodicals that could be procured.
Every house was ransacked for reading matter, and tons
of books and pamphlets were collected and shipped to
Southern camps and hospitals.
The quality of a magazine is indicated by the character
of its contributors. In the prospectus of the Genius of
the West, the editor announced the following men and
women as his pledged " assistants :'* Coates Kinney, Wm.
T. Coggeshall, J. H. A. Bone, Peter Fishe Reed, Clement
Early Periodical Literature. Ill
E. Babb, J. W. Roberts, R. E. H. Levering, J. Hunt, Jr.,
J. M. Walden, Comly Jessup, U. P. Ewing, T. H. Burgess,
Benjamin S. Parker, Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton, Alice Gary,
Frances D. Gage, Harriet E. Benedict, Garrie Myer, M.
Louisa Ghitwood, Miss M. E. Wilson, Mary A. Reeves,
Kate Harrington, Julia M. Brown, Mary "Eulalie" Fee,
Louise E. Vickroy. Goggeshall printed in his list of
contributors most of the above names and these additional
ones : Wm. D. Gallagher, Rev. Dr. E. Thompson, Rev. A.
A. Livermore, James W. Taylor, James W. Ward, Donald
Macleod, Don A. Pease, D. Garlyle McGloy, Florus B.
Plimpton, Anson G. Ghester, E. S. S. Rouse, Thos. Hub-
bard, Alfred Burnett, G. A. Stewart, General L. V. Bierce,
S. S. Gox, John B. Dillon, J. B. Burrows, T. Herbert
Whipple, Mrs. R. S. Nichols, Mattie Griffith, Carrie Piatt,
Elvira Parker, Phoebe Gary, Harriet N. Babb, E. D. Mans-
field, Dr. I. J. Allen, L. J. Gist, Gsgood Mussey, Prof. J»
R. Buchanan, W. W. Fosdick, O. J. Victor, W. Albert
Sutliffe, S. D. Harris, Isaac H. Julian, M. Halstead, J. H.
Baker, Prof. E. E. Edwards, L. A.Hine, Y. M. Griswold,
Sydney Dyer, T. J. Janvier, Metta Victoria Fuller, Mrs,
Susan W. Jewett, Mrs. Frances S. Locke, Ida Marshall,
Jane Maria Mead, Lydia Jane Pierson, Daniel Vaughn.
John Morgan Walden, born 1831, now Rev. J. M. Wal-
den, D. D., a bishop in the M. E. Ghurch, contributed to
the Genius of the West, in its first year, a religious sketch
entitled " The Orphan's Prayer ; or the Superstitions of
Yore," and a temperance story, ''The Contrast; or the
Old Still-House and its Owner in Ruins." The scene of
both these little stories is the bank of the Big Miami
river, and the writer delineated with much fidelity local
scenery and, to some extent, local customs.
Mr. Goggeshall took an active interest in history, and
solicited competent writers to send him chapters recount-
ing the annals of the West. James W. Taylor, author of
the " History of Ohio," contributed some valuable matter ;
John B. Dillon of Indiana, W. S. Drummond of Missouri,
and Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, all wrote special
articles for the Genius. The veteran historian of Marietta,
112 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Dr. S. P. Ilildreth, contributed an excellent article on
"Heroic Women of the Early Western Settlements."
Mr. Coggesliall, himself an indefatigable explorer, espe-
cially in the fields of western literature and journalism,
gave his readers the benefit of his researches.
Orville James Victor was one of the best writers for
the Genius. He contributed a long and excellent review
of " Gerald Massey, the Workingman's Poet." Victor
was born in 1827, at Sandusky, Ohio, where, in 1852, he
became assistant editor of the Daily Register. He was a
frequent contributor to the Ladies' Repository and other
periodicals. In July, 1856, he was married, in Mansfield,
Ohio, to the accomplished writer. Miss Metta Victoria
Fuller, and the Genius published a handsome account of
the wedding, under the happy heading, " Victoria, the
Victor." The couple moved to Kew York, and Mr. Vic-
tor became editor of the Cosmopolitan Art Journal, and
engaged in various other literary work. He is the author
of a four-volume " History of the Southern Rebellion,"
which Horace Greeley pronounced an " admirable work "
and used as an authority.
Mrs. M. V. Victor, nee Fuller, was born in 1831. She
began to write verses and stories at the age of fourteen,
and at sixteen she was known to a numerous circle of ad-
miring readers, through various pieces contributed to
Willis's Home Journal, under the sentimental pseudonym
of the " Singing Sibyl." In 1847 she published her first
book, " The Last Days of Tul." Then appeared " Poems
of Sentiment," 1851 ; " Fresh Leaves from the Western
Woods," 1852 ; " The Senator's Son " and " Fashionable
Dissipation," 1854. The last two were temperance novels,
and thousands of copies were sold. On her removal with
her husband to N'ew York, Mrs. Victor continued her lit-
erary career, publishing, in 1857, " The Two Mormon
Wives ;" in 1858, " The Arctic Queen : a Poem," and, in
1860, " Mrs. Slimmon's Window." Another of her books,
" The Dead Letter," is " believed to be," says J. C. Derby,,
its publisher, " one of the most widely circulated Ameri-
Early Periodical Literature. 113
can novels — second only to ' Uncle Tom's Cabin.' " Mrs.
Victor died in 1886.
Another writer of the Genius' fraternity, who, like the
Victors, the Carys, and Wallace, and Whitelaw Reid and
Howells, and many more, went East to better his fortunes,
was James Warner Ward. Born in ^N'ew J ersey in 1818, and
educated at Boston High School, Ward came to Cincinnati
when a very young man, and studied natural sciences under
the guidance of Prof. John Locke. He was a contributor
to Gallagher's Mirror and to the Hesperian. Becoming a
practical botanist, he joined John A. Warder in conduct-
ing the Western Horticultural Review. A man of wide-
ranging tastes and talents, he turned his attention, with
success, to the composition of sacred music. Ward set-
tled in ^N'ew York city in 1859.
Peter Fishe Reed, a man of weird and delicate fancy,
almost a genius, but lacking in will-power and practical
qualities — a painter, poet, and romancer — wrote for the
Genius of the West some impressive verses and several
prose pieces of remarkable insight and subtilty. " The
Still Demon : A Fable," is the name of one of his queer
allegories ; " The Devil's Pulpit : A Legend of Tullulah
Falls," is a wild, strange story of Indian love and
savage incantation. More skillfully wrought is a strange
study of the conflict of pride and humility, presented in
the form of a Poe-like story, called " The Wills of Arlam
and Malra." But the most original and meritorious of
Reed's prose contributions to the Genius is a short one,
"The Triune Muse," a beautiful allegory showing the
unity of poetry, painting, and music. Other contributions
by Reed were three articles discussing the "Principles
of Poetry," and the quaint poems, " The Poet-Zone," and
" Dream- World Wonders : A Fantasia."
Reed was what is called " self-made " — that is, he was
poor, and had not the benefit of schools or influential
friends. He was born at South Boston in 1819. He has
been, he tells us, "farmer, shoemaker, house and sign
painter, editor, doctor, photographer, music teacher, and
8
114 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
painter of portraits and landscapes." He lived in Ver-
mont, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Chicago, Santa Bar-
bara, and Cedar Rapids, the last place being his home at
the time of his death. His first writing was for the
Weekly Columbian. In the days of the Genius of the
West, he owned and tilled a farm near Vernon, Indiana.
There he wrote a novel, in which the career of a self-made
man was portrayed. This was never published. In 1868
he published, in Chicago, a volume, "The Voices of the
Wind and Other Poems." Two years before, he brought
out a very ingenious and amusing book for young people,
under the title " Beyond the Snow," and he was engaged
in writing a romance of a marvelous sort, which he named
" The Moon City," when he died, in 1887.
William Whiteman Fosdick, a born poet, a true wit, a
boon companion of artists and literary men, a courteous
gentleman, loved and admired by every man, woman, and
child who knew him, contributed to the Genius two
poems — his stanzas, " To William Cullen Bryant," and a
pretty love-story in rhyme, " The Maiden of the Mill."
Fosdick was a native of the west, being born in Cincin-
nati in January, 1825. He died in the same city in 1862,
universally lamented. Ko reader possessed of sensibility
can read Fosdick's collected pieces, "Ariel and Other
Poems," without feeling that they sparkle with the divine
light. Such lyrics as " The Maize," " The Pawpaw, " The
Catawba," "The Thrush," have both the body and the
soul of truth, and they deserve to be cherished.
The name of Florus B. Plimpton, another western born
and western bred poet of high merit, whose recent death,
in April, 1886, is fresh in the public memory, occurs on
the pages of the interesting magazine of which we are
giving a history. Mr. Plimpton was born in Portage
county, Ohio, in 1830. The energy of his comparatively
short life was spent chiefly in the arduous labors of news-
paper editing. Most of his poetical compositions were
produced in the period of his early manhood, from about
1850 to 1860. He wrote for Knickerbocker, Moore's
Western Lady's Book, the New York Tribune, any many
Early Feriodical Literature. 115
other periodicals. Seventy of his select poems were col-
lected and published in a most elegant and richly illus-
trated volume by his wife. Plimpton contributed to the
Genius of the West only two poems, " The Flight " and
"Woman's Love in Woman's Eyes."
Hon. Benjamin S. Parker, whose pen and tongue have
done so much to promote the cause of literature and the
prosperity of writers, in Indiana, was a contributor to the
Genius. Mr. Parker was born in a backwoods cabin, in
Henry county, Indiana, February 10, 1833. He was edu-
cated chiefly by his mother, who read aloud to him much
of the best English poetry, fiction, and history. After at-
tending a Quaker school at Rich Square, he taught school
for a while, and then went into mercantile business. Later
he became a newspaper editor. In 1880, he was elected to
the state legislature, on the Republican ticket. President
Arthur, in 1882, appointed him United States Consul to
Sherbrooke, Canada. He is now clerk of the court of
Henry county, Indiana.
Mr. Parker has written in prose and verse for numerous
periodicals, including the Century Magazine. He has
published two books, " The Session and Other Poems," in
1871 ; and " The Cabin in the Clearing and Other Poems,''
in 1887. It is announced that he is preparing for the
press a comprehensive work on the "Poets and Poetry of
Indiana." A competent and enthusiastic student of west-
ern authors,. he has delivered excellent lectures on "West-
ern Literature," " Poets and Poetry," and other subjects.
A recognized and much respected leader in every local
movement for the advancement of "the good cause," he
was one of the founders and the second president of the
Western Association of Writers, an organization now in
the sixth year of its flourishing existence, and embracing
in its membership about a hundred writers of Indiana,
Illinois, Ohio, and Kentucky.
Coates Kinney's portion of the contents of the Genius
was generous in quantity and excellent in quality. Be-
sides editorial correspondence and " littlegraphs," he con-
tributed two or three good poems and a number of finely-
116 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
written prose articles, including " Improvisations of an
Opium-Thinker," " The Poetry of Alice Gary," and " Two
Scenes of the War," the last a bit of dramatic word-
painting, in two vivid scenes, one of the battle of Inker-
man, the other of an English cottage home and a maiden,
who receives news of the death of her lover at Inker-
man. This composition is admirable; its brilliant merit
was recognized throughout the country, and the piece was
widely copied.
It remains for me to add something further about Mr.
Coggeshall. A most industrious worker, he furnished
nearly half the matter of the volumes of the Genius that
he edited. A practical moralizer, he wrote sketches for
young men on " State Governors," on '' Millard Fillmore,"
and " Young America." A sifter and compiler of facts,
he prepared historical papers on the *' Origin and Prog-
ress of Printing," " Men and Events in the West," and
" Literary and Artistic Enterprises in Cincinnati." . He
published an essay entitled " Genius and Gumption," sev-
eral short stories, and one long one called " The Counter-
feiters of the Cuyahoga : a Buckeye Eomance." In 1854
a collection of some of his stories was published by Red-
field, New York, with the title, " Easy Warren and His
Cotemporaries ; Sketched for Home Circles." In 1855 he
brought out a volume called " Oakshaw ; or the Victims
of Avarice : a Tale of Intrigue," and a lecture on " Caste
and Character." In 1859 he published "A Discourse on
the Social and Moral Advantages of the Cultivation of
Local Literature," and in 1863, " Stories of Frontier Ad-
venture in the South and West." . While connected with
the Genius he announced himself as a public lecturer, and
became quite popular on the platform.
He was appointed state librarian in 1856, and held the
position during the administrations of Governors Chase
and Dennison. His opportunities as editor, lecturer, and
librarian, facilitated the task which he had set himself of
collecting materials for his most important work, " The
Poets and Poetry of the West." This well-known vol-
Early Periodical Literature. 117
ume was copy-righted in the year 1860, and was issued as
a subscription book by Follett, Foster & Company, Co-
lumbus, Ohio. It contains six hundred and eighty-eight
large pages, and is a compendium rather than a selection
of western poetry, presenting biographical notices of, and
poems by, more than one hundred and fifty writers.
Among the biographical contributors, the following were
named in the canvasser's prospectus, with place of resi-
dence and occupation : Rev. Edward Thomson, president
of Ohio Wesleyan University ; William D. Gallagher,
Kentucky ; Ben Cassedy, Louisville ; Rev. T. M. Eddy,
editor Northwestern Christian Advocate ; W. W. Fosdick,
Esq., Cincinnati; Orville J. Victor, editor Cosmopolitan
Art Journal ; Frances Fuller Barritt, ]N"ew York city ;
Honorable J. W. Gordon, Indianapolis ; Honorable Rob-
ert Dale Owen, United States minister at J^aples ; Hon-
orable Heman Canfield, Medina, Ohio ; William T. Bas-
com, Esq., Columbus, Ohio ; Benjamin St. James Fry,
president of Worthington Female College ; Prof. L. D.
McCabe, Ohio Wesleyan College ; Lyman C. Draper, sec-
retary of Wisconsin Historical Society; Lucius A. Hine,
Loveland, Ohio ; Rev. M. D. Conway, Cincinnati ; Sulli-
van D. Harris, editor Ohio Cultivator; William Henry
Smith, city editor Cincinnati Gazette; T. Herbert Whip-
ple, Chicago ; J. W. Hoyt, editor of Wisconsin Farmer ;
Coates Kinney, Waynesville, Ohio; J. D. Botefur, Fre-
mont, Ohio ; Thomas Gregg, editor Hamilton (111.) Repub-
lican; Austin T. Earle, J^ewport, Kentucky; Abram
Brower, Esq., Cincinnati; James S. Frost, Esq., Detroit ;
Henry B. Carrington, Esq., Columbus, Ohio; Honorable
William Lawrence, Bellefontaine, Ohio ; C. E. Muse, as-
sistant editor of Louisville Democrat.
In 1862 Coggeshall removed to Springfield, Ohio, and
purchased the Springfield Republic. In 1865 he returned
to Columbus, and became editor of the Ohio State Jour-
nal. At this time his health failed, from the effects of
exposure while in secret service in the first year of the
war, and he resigned his position as editor and accepted
118 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
the office of private secretary to Governor J. D. Cox.^
He received, in June, 1865, a government appointment as
United States minister at Quito, Ecuador, and immediately
removed to South America. His broken health was not
restored ; he died at Quito, August 2, 1867, aged forty-two
years, having accomplished a large amount of useful )vork,
especially in the promotion of culture in the West. His
"Poets and Poetry of the West" has done much to keep
green the memory of our early authors, and much to give
prestige to men and women who are yet living, and who,
in many instances, were introduced to the public in its
pages. The facts here printed concerning him were ob-
tained from his widow, Mrs. Mary M. Coggeshall.
conway's dial.
" The Dial : A Monthly Magazine for Literature, Phil-
osophy, and Religion. M. D. Conway, Editor. Horas
non numero nisi serenas. Cincinnati. N"o 76 West Third
Street. 1860."
Thus reads the title-page of a bound volume of one of
the most original, peculiar, and audacious publications
that ever issued from the press. The work is complete in
twelve numbers, just filling the eventful months of the
memorable year 1860, the year of Lincoln's first election,
the year after John Brown's raid, and before the fall of
Sumter. The opening article in the January number, en-
titled, "A Word to Our Headers," concludes with the fol-
lowing paragraph :
" The Dial stands before you, reader, a legitimation of
the spirit of the age, which aspires to be "free ; free in
thought, doubt, utterance, love, and knowledge. It is, in
our minds, symbolized not so much by the sun-clock in
the yard as by the floral dial of Linnteus, which recorded
the advancing day by the opening of some flowers and
* Jacob Dolson Cox, diBtinguished in American history, military and
civil, as general, governor, and cabinet officer, is eminent in the educa-
tional world as dean of the Cincinnati Law School and late president
of the Cincinnati University. He is an authority in science and his-
tory.
Early Periodical Literature. 119
the closing of others ; it would report the day of God as
recorded in the unfolding of higher life and thought, and
the closing up of old superstitions and evils ; it would be
a dial measuring time by growth."
When Moncure Daniel Conway penned this paragraph
he had not completed the twenty-eighth year of his very
active life, though he had begun an aggressive literary
career ten years before. Born in Virginia in 1832, he
graduated from Dickinson College in 1849, then studied
law, and in 1851 entered the ministry as a Methodist
preacher. Before ascending the pulpit he had written for
the Southern Literary Messenger, the Richmond Examiner
and the Ladies' Repository, and had put forth a vigorous
pamphlet advocating the introduction of the lN"ew Eng-
land system of free schools in Virginia. lie had, also, not
only repudiated all sympathy with the system of slavery,
but had begun a war on that institution as fierce as the
pen could wage. Some time in 1852 he withdrew from
the Methodist Church and went to Cambridge, where he
entered the divinity school, from which he graduated a
" broad-gauge " Unitarian, or, rather, an Emersonian
transcendentalist. From 1854 to 1856 he was pastor of
the Unitarian Society at Washington city. The reason
for his leaving Washington for Cincinnati is thus given in
his own language : " I was by a majority of five of the
Unitarian congregation in Washington city declared to
be too radical in my discourses on slavery for the critical
condition of that latitude ; and, therefore, I was invited
to become minister of the First Congregational church ia
Cincinnati, Ohio." This was in 1856. Conway's think-
ing, writing, and preaching became more and more inde-
pendent, liberal, and unpopular with evangelical denomi-
nations. He disbelieved in the supernatural elements of
Christianity, and published what were regarded as flippant
** Tracts for To-day" and discourses in "Defense of the
Theater," and on the "Natural History of the Devil."
Such was the history and record of the young man, M.
D. Conway, at the period when the Dial was conceived
and born, llis mind was saturated and dripping with
120 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
speculative philosophy and the thoup^ht and dream of the
Concord seer. The very name of the new magazine was
identical with that of the celebrated Boston " organ,"
conducted in 1840-5 by Margaret Fuller and R. W. Emer-
son, of which the western journal, as Conway confessed,
aspired " to be an Avatar."
The great majority of pieces in the Dial were written
by Conway, even including several bits of poetry, " Eola,"
"Amor Respicit Coelum," etc. He wrote a series of ten
papers, a sort of didactic story in the Carlylesque style,
called " Dr. Einbohrer and His Pupils," in which are dis-
cussed various problems of evolution, life and faith.*
Other of his articles are : " Excalibur : A Story for Anglo-
American Boys," being a dramatic history of John
Brown's sword; "The God with the Hammer," "The
Two Servants," " ^N'emesis of Unitarianism," " Sweden-
borgian Heretic," "The Magic Duet," "The Word,"
" Moral Diagnosis of Disease," and " Who Discovered the
Planet?" The last named was widely copied and the poet
Longfellow praised it.
The Dial had a number of able contributors, several of
them distinguished in letters. Among these was Rev. O.
B. Frothingham, who published in the Dial a complete
work running through nine numbers, entitled " The
Christianity of Christ." This was the earliest published
work of importance by the author.
Emerson honored his friend and admirer by sending oc-
casional contributions in prose and verse to the Cincinnati
periodical. The essay, " Domestic Life," was published
October, 1860, and " The Story of West Indian Emanci-
pation," in November. The quatrians — " Cras, Heri,
Hodie," "Climacteric," "Botanist," "Forester," "Gar-
dener," "Northman," "From Alcuin," "Nature," "Na-
tura in Minimus," " Orator," " Poet," "Artist," were orig-
inally printed in Conway's Dial.
A number of the early poems of W. D. Howells ^ adorn
* Ohio people take pride in knowing that Mr. Howells was a " Buck-
eye boy," bred and educated in the thoughts, feelings, and customs of
Early Periodical Literature. 121
the pages of the Dial. Of these I name '' The Poet,"
'* Misanthropy," and the lines beginning
" The moonlight is full of the fragrance
Of the blooming orchard trees."
It rests upon undeniable authority that the first printed
notice of his work that Howells ever saw was a little
review of the " Poems of Two Friends," published in
the Dial for March, 1860. The notice says, " Mr. Howells
has intellect and culture, graced by an almost Heinesque
"familiarity with high things ; and if it were not for a cer-
tain fear of himself, we should hope that this work was
but a prelude to his sonata."
Translations from Taussennel, Balzac, and other French
authors were furnished the Dial by Dr. M. E. Lazarus.
The longest of these Avas a complete translation of Balzac's
'' Ursula."
E. D. Mussey wrote for the Dial a striking allegorical
composition on love, with the figurative title, " My Sculp-
tured Palace Walls."
A very remarkable and, to most minds, shockingly ir-
reverent article on ''Prayer," was .contributed by the late
Orson S. Murray. The object of the writer was to prove
that all prayer is unmitigated evil. Mr. Conway added a
comment to the article, disclaiming responsibility for its
sentiments and combatting them.
Orson Murray was a noted anti-slavery agitator, and
opposer of the church. Whittier described him as a
" man terribly in earnest, Avith a zeal that bordered on
fanaticism, and who was none the more genial^ for the
mob violence to which he had been subjected." He was
born in Orwell, Vermont, September 23, 1806 ; removed to
Ohio in 1844, where he published the radical paper. The
Regenerator, which had been started in [N'ew York. He
the " old " West. Born in Belmont county, Ohio, he spent his boyhood
and youth in the counties of Butler, Greene, Montgomery and Frank-
lin. Delightful reminiscences of his early life are given in his autobio-
graphical story, "A Boy's Town."
122 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
died at his residence, near Foster's, Warren county, Ohio,
June 14, 1885, aged seventy-nine. lie had prepared his
own funeral sermon, or "Death-bed Thoughts," which
was read on the day of his burial.
An exceedingly attractive and suggestive feature of the
Dial was a department called " The Catholic Chapter," a
monthly collection of religious and moral aphorisms from
all sources, ancient and modern, which, no doubt, was the
beginning of Conway's " Sacred Anthology."
The best and most readable of Conway's own writing
in the Dial is the part included under the head of " Critical
iN'otices." In this sort of work the versatile editor was
crisp, piquant and wonderfully discriminating. His gen-
ius is essentially literary, and he reads and reviews books
con amore.
The year 1860 was prolific of significant books, especially
in the line of controversies, religious and political, and of
discussion, scientific and philosophical. A few of the
numerous works reviewed with more or less thoroughness
in the Dial, were Henry Ward Beecher's " Views and Evi-
dences of Religious Subjects," and Edward Beecher's
" Concord of Ages," both progressive ; Sir William Ham-
ilton's "Logic," the "Political Debates of Lincoln and
Douglas," and " Redpath's " Life of John Brown,"
Darwin's " Origin of Species," Hawthorne's " Marble
Faun," and George Eliot's "Mill on the Floss," and, in
poetry, " Lucile " and Walt Whitman's " Leaves of
Grass."
The editor's breezy criticism of Whitman contains an
amusing passage, which is here quoted, because it kills
two or more birds with a well-slung stone. It reads as
follows: "A friend of ours told us that once, when he
was visiting Lizst, a fine-dressed gentleman from Boston
was announced, and during the conversation the latter
spoke with great contempt of Wagner (the new light) and
his music. Lizst did not say any thing, but went to the
open piano and struck with grandeur the opening chords of
the Tannhiiuser overture; having played it through, he
turned and quietly remarked, * The man who doesn't call
Early Periodical Literature. 123
that good music is a fool.' It is the only reply which
can be made to those who do not find that quintessence of
things which we call poetry in many pages of his (Whit-
man's) work."
In a short but cordial notice of Coggeshall's " Poets and
Poetry of the West," published at Columbus in 1860,
occur these resounding sentences : " But we do not fear
that any man ^\\\\ carefully read this book without seeing
that the West has a symphony to utter, whose key-note
is already struck, and which is to make the world pause
and listen. The world has heard the song of Memnon
in the Orient; it must now turn to hear the Memnon,
carved by the ages, as it shall respond to the glow of the
Occident."
The very last one of the seven hundred and seventy-eight
pages included in the Dial is devoted to a reverential and
laudatory heralding of Emerson's " Conduct of Life," the
sheets of which the Boston master furnished in advance
to his Cincinnati disciple.
The Dial was self-supporting. It wa,s largely patronized
by Jews.
In his " Parting Word " to the reader, the proprietor
w^rote : ^' We confess to some complacency regarding what
we have done, and can never be brought to look upon the
Dial as, in any sense, a failure. We could name one or
two papers that we have been enabled to lay before the
public, and claim that they alone w^ere worth all the toil
and expense which our project has involved w^ith editor
or subscriber. Sweeter verses have never been sung in
the land than some which have been wafted from the
branches of the Dial through the country. And we rest
from our labors quite sure that we shall see the day when
the numbers remaining on hand will be insufficient to
supply the demand for them."
124 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
PARTIAL LIST OF LITERARY PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN
THE OHIO VALLEY FROM THE YEAR 1803 TO 1860.
Note. — The list includes a few newspapers devoted specially, if not
wholly, to literature, but does not embrace the numerous publications
issued to represent sectarian and professional interests. The early
West, teemed with periodicals of a religious character, nor were there
lacking journals of law, medicine, and agriculture.
The Medley or Monthly Miscellany. Daniel Bradford, Lexington,
Ky. From January to December, 1803.
The Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine. Monthly. Wm.
Gibbs Hunt, Lexington, Ky. August, 1819, to July, 1821.
Successor to the Western Monitor, a Federal weekly paper established
in 1814, and edited by Thos. Curry.
The Literary Cadet. Weekly. Dr. Joseph Buchanan, Cincinnati,
November, 1819. Twenty-three numbers were issued and then the
Cadet was merged in the Western Spy, which was thereafter published
as the Western Spy and Literary Gazette.
The Olio. Semi-monthly. John H. Wood and Samuel S. Brooks,
Cincinnati, 1821. Continued for one year.
The Literary Pamphleteer. Paris, Ky., 1823.
The Literary Gazette. Weekly. John P. Foote, Cincinnati, January,
1824, to December, 1824. Revived by Looker and Reynolds, who con-
tinued it for eight months in 1825.
The Western Censor. Indianapolis, Ind., 1823-24.
The Western Luminary. Lexington, Ky., 1824.
The Microscope. Louisville, Ky. Weekly. 1824.
The Western Minerva. Francis and Wm. D. Gallagher, Cincinnati,
1826. Survived less than one year.
New Harmony Gazette. New Harmony, Ind. Robt. Owen. 1825.
1 vol. Continued as the Free Enquirer in New York. 1828-35. 6 vols.
The Literary Focus. A Monthly College Paper. Oxford, Ohio,
1827-8. Published by the Erodelphian and Union Literary Societies.
Printed by J. D. Smith.
The Western Review. Monthly. Timothy Flint, Cincinnati, May,
1827, to June, 1830.
Transylvania Literary Journal. A college paper. Prof. Thos. J.
Matthews, Lexington, Ky., 1829.
Masonic Souvenir and Pittsburg Literary Gazette. A quarto weekly.
Flint called it, "in form and appearance the handsomest in our valley."
1828.
The Shield. Weekly. R. C. Langdon, Cincinnati, 182-. Survived
two years.
The Ladies' Museum. Weekly. Joel T. Case, Cincinnati, 1830. Sur-
vived one or two years.
The Illinois Magazine. Monthly. James Hall, Shawneetown, 111.,
October, 1830, to January, 1832.
The Ladies' Museum and Western Repository of Belles Lettres. Cin-
Early Periodical Literature. 125
cinnati. Edited by Joel T. Case. . Printed by John Whetstone.
Weekly. Begun in 1830, and merged in the Mirror in November, 1831.
The Cincinnati Mirror and Ladies' Parterre. Edited by Wm. D.
Gallagher. Published by John H. Wood. Semi-monthly. First num-
ber issued October 1, 1831. At the beginning of the third year Thomrs
H. Shreve went into partnership with Gallagher, and the two bought
the paper, enlarged it, and issued it weekly under the name Cincinnati
Mirror and Western Gazette of Literature. In April, 1835, the Chron-
icle was merged in the Mirror and James H. Perkins became one of its
editors. The Mirror was sold in October, 1835, to James B. Marshall,
and bought again in January, 1836, by Flash and Ryder. It was dis-
continued early in 1836.
The Olive Branch. Circleville, O. Scientific and Literary. Bi-
monthly, $1.50. Edited by " a number of gentlemen." 1832.
The National Historian. St. Clairsville, O., Horton J. Howard.
The South-western Port Folio. Proposals were issued for publishing
in Nashville, Tenn., the above, to be conducted by Thomas Hoge and
Wilkins Tannehill. The periodical was to appear April, 1832. Price,
$5.00. Came to naught.
Western Quarterly Review. In April, 1832, Messrs. Hubbard and
Edwards, of Cincinnati, issued the prospectus of a quarterly, each num-
ber to contain 250 pages. The projectors proposed to pay for all ac-
cepted articles at the rate of $3.00 a page. The first number was to
come out in November, 1832, but it never appeared.
[The two last named projects, and another of a similar sort by Mrs.
Julia Dumont, all originating about the same time, attest the general
literary interest and ambition of the writers of the third decade of the
century.]
The Literary Cabinet. St. Clairsville, O., 1833. Monthly. 12 num-
bers. Edited by Thomas Gregg.
The Academic Pioneer and Guardian of Education. Cincinnati,
monthly, 1833. Forty 8vo. pages. Price, $2.00. Organ of the Western
Academic Institute, and predecessor of the Academician. Albert
Pickett, Editor.
Lexington Literary Journal. Lexington, Ky. John Clark, Esq.,
Editor and Proprietor. Twice a week. $3.00 a year, 1833.
The Western Monthly Magazine, a continuation of the Illinois Maga-
zine. Cincinnati, James Hall, January, 1833, to February, 1837.
The Literary Pioneer. Nashville, Tenn., 1833.
The Kaleidoscope. Nashville, Tenn., 1833.
The Literary Register. Elyria, O., 1833.
The Schoolmaster and Academic Journal. Semi-monthly. B. F.
Morris, Oxford, O., 1834.
The Western Gem and Cabinet of Literature, Science, and News. St.
Clairsville, O. Semi-monthly, and afterward weekly. Gregg and
Dufi'ey. Mrs. Dumont and Mrs. Sigourney were contributors. 1834.
Kept up about a year.
The Western Messenger. Cincinnati and Louisville. Western Uni-
126 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
tarian ABSOciation. Edited by Ephraira Peabody, James Freeman
Clarke, James H. Perkins, and VV. H. Channing. June, 1835, to April,
1841.
The Family Magazine. Cincinnati, Eli Taylor. Started in 1836 and
published six years or more.
The Western Literary Journal and Review. Cincinnati, Wm. D.
Gallagher, 183G. One volume.
Western Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal. Louisville, W, D.
Gallagher and Lewis B. Marshall, 1837. Five numbers only.
The Hesperian ; or, Western Monthly Magazine. Columbus and
Cincinnati, Wm. D. Gallagher and Otway Curry, May, 1838 to*1841.
3 vols.
The Literary New-Letter. Weekly. Louisville, Ky., Edmund Flagg
and I^onard Bliss, December, 1838, to November, 1840. Published by
Prentiss and Weissenger in the Journal office.
The Monthly Chronicle. Edited by E. D. Mansfield, Cincinnati, 0.,
1839. Published by Achilles Pugh. One vol., 568 pages.
Literary Examiner and Western Review. Pittsburg, E. B. Fisher and
W. H. Burleigh. Monthly. Eighty-four pages to a number. 1839.
Published about a year by Wm. W. Whitney.
The Buckeye Blossom. Xenia, P. Lapham and W. B. Fairchild, 1839.
16 pages.
The Family Schoolmaster. Richmond, Ind., Halloway and Davis,
1839. Short lived.
The Western Lady's Book. Cincinnati. Edited by an association of
ladies and gentlemen. 'Published by H. P. Brooks. Begun August,
1840.
The Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the West. Cincinnati,
Methodist Book Concern, 1841 to 1876. In the year 1877 the Methodist
Book Concern began to publish the National Repository, which was
kept up for four years.
Young Ladies' Museum. Cincinnati. Monthly quarto. J. P. and
R. P. Donough, Publisliers. Circulation of 1,200. 1841.
Family Magazine. Jas. H. Perkins, Editor. J. A. and U. P. James,
Publishers. Cincinnati. Monthly. Circulation of 3,000. Begun in
1841.
The American Pioneer. Vol. I, Chillicothe, 1842; Vol. II. , Cincin-
nati, 1842. John S. Williams. Historical.
The Western Rambler. Cincinnati, Austin T. Earle and Benj. S. Fry.
Started September 28, 1844. Survived only a few months.
The Youths' Monthly Visitor. Cincinnati, 1844. Quarto. Edited by
Margaret L. Bailey. Transferred to Washington city in 1847, and con-
tinued until 1852.
Southwestern Literary Journal and Monthly Review. E. C. Z. Judson
("Ned Buntline) and H. A. Kidd, assisted by L. A. Hine. Nos. 1 and
2 were published in Cincinnati; Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6 in Nashville, Tennessee.
From November, 1844, to April, 1845.
Early Periodical Literature. 127
The Querist. Cincinnati, Mrs. R. S. Xichols, 1844. Continued a few
months.
The Democratic Monthly Magazine and Western Review. Columbus,
Ohio, B. B. Taylor, Editor; S. Medary, Publisher. June and July,
1844.
The Casket. Cincinnati, J. H. Green, " the reformed gambler," and
Emerson Bennett, 1845.
The Semi-Colon. Cincinnati. Robinson and Jones, 1845. Monthly.
Indiana Farmer and Gardener. Devoted to Rural Affairs and Domes-
tic Economy. Indianapolis, Ind., 1 845. Edited by Henry Ward Beecher.
Continued in 1846, in Cincinnati, as Western Farmer and Gardener,
^lany of tht articles in the above were incorporated into Beecher's
book, "A Pleasant Talk About Fruits, Flowers, and Farming."
The Cincinnati Miscellany or Antiquities of the West. Cincinnati.
Edited by Charles Cist ; printed by Caleb Clark. Monthly. 2 vols.
From October, 1844, to April, 1846. Very valuable.
The Quarterly Journal and Review. Cincinnati, L. A. Hine, January
to October, 1846.
The Olden Time. Pittsburg, 1 846. Edited by Neville Craig. Monthly.
Devoted to Preservation of Documents, etc., relating to Early Settle-
ment of Upper Ohio Valley. Reprinted by Robert Clarke, Cincinnati,
in 1876, in 2 vols. Valuable.
The Herald of Truth. Cincinnati, L. A. Hine, January, 1847, to June,
1848.
The Great AVest. Literary newspaper. Cincinnati, E. Penrose Jones,
May 5, 1848, to March, 1850.
Sackett's Model Parlor Paper. Cincinnati, Egbert Sackett and F. Col-
ton, December, 1848. Eight numbers issued.
The Shooting Star. Cincinnati, S. H. Minor.
The Western Mirror. G. W. Copelan and " Sam'l Pickwick, Jr.,"
Woodward College, Cincinnati.
Western Quarterly Review. Cincinnati, L. A. Hine, January to April,
1849.
Gentlemen's Magazine. Cincinnati, J. Milton Sandei-s and J.M. Hun-
tington, 1849. A few numbers only.
The Hipean. Cooper Female Institute, Dayton, Ohio, 1849.
Moore's Western Lady's Book. Cincinnati. Edited by A. and Mrs.
H. G. Moore. Begun in 1849, and continued about eight years.
The Western Pioneer. Chillicothe and Cincinnati, S. Williams,
1841-4. 2 vols.
The Western Literary Magazine. Columbus, Ohio. George Brewer.
The Columbian. Literary newspaper. Cincinnati, W. B. Shattuc
and W. D. Tidball, October 20, 1849, to [March, 1850.
Buchanan's Journal of Man. Cincinnati. Begun 1850, and continued
five or six years. Edited and published by Joseph R. Buchanan, :M.D.
A valuable publication.
The Western Literary Magazine. Louisville, Ky., 1853. Monthly.
128 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
The Phonetic Magazine. 48 pages. Monthly. Partly in the reformed
spelling. Longley Brothers, 1853.
Type of the Times. Successor to above. Weekly octavo. Same pub-
lishers. Edited by L. A. Hine, Elias Longley, and William Henry
Smith. 1853.
Columbian and Great West. Cincinnati, W. B. Shattuc, March, 1850,
to September, 1854.
The Citizen. Lyons and McCormick, Cincinnati, 1851.
Pen and Pencil. Cincinnati, W. Wallace AVarden. Started January,
1853. . Eight numbers issued.
The Parlor Magazine. Cincinnati. Conducted by Jethro Jackson,
assisted by Alice Cary. Begun July, 1853. 2 vols.
Genius of the AVest. Cincinnati. Edited by Howard Durham, Coates
Kinney, and W. T. Coggeshall. October, 1853, to June, 1856.
The Literary Journal. Cincinnati, Mrs. "Ella Wentworth," Mrs. E.
K. Banks, and H. Clay Pate, 1854. A few numbers.
West American Review. Cincinnati, G. W. L. Bickley, 1854.
The Forest Garland. Cincinnati, Smith and Lapham, 1854.
The Odd Fellows' Literary Casket. Cincinnati. Edited by W. P.
Strickland ; published by Tidball and Turner. Begun in 1854.
Afterward published by Longley Brothers, who engaged William
Henry Smith to edit it. Among the contributors were Rev. I. D. Will-
iamson and Wm. Dean Howells, the latter then working on the Ohio
State Journal. Howells contributed pieces under the pseudonym
^' Chipsa."
The Templars' Magazine. Monthly. Cincinnati, Dr. Wadsworth,
Editor, 1854.
The Diadem. Attica, Ohio, J. C. Michell, 1854.
The Literary Messenger. Versailles, Ind., Ross Alley, 1854.
The National Cadet. Cincinnati, Forrest and Stevens. Monthly.
A temperance paper. Short-lived. 1854.
The Western Literary Cabinet. Detroit, Mich., Mrs. Sheldon, 1854.
The Home Journal. Cincinnati, Alf Burnett and Enos B. Reed, 1855.
The Western Art Journal. Cincinnati. Edited by Rev. W. P. Strick-
land ; published by J. S. Babcock, 1855.
The Message Bird. Waynesville, Ohio, J. W. Roberts, 1856 to 1860.
The Louisville Review. Louisville, Ky. Monthly. 1856.
The Dial : A Monthly Magazine for Literature, Philosophy, and Re-
ligion. Cincinnati, M. D. Conway, January to December, 1860.
Libraries. 129
CHAPTER IV.
LIBRARIES-THE HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
OF OHIO.
I. SOME EARLY LIBRARIES.
Reuben T. Durrett, an exact historical writer and biog-
rapher, and himself the owner of by far the largest and
best private library in Kentucky, writing from Louisville
in 1888, says :
"As early as 1795, our provident neighbors of Lexing-
ton began the work of gathering together books for a
public library. On J^ew Year's day of that year, a few
citizens met in the old state-house, and resolved to estab-
lish a library, to be called ' Transylvania Library.' They
appointed a committee to secure subscriptions and perfect
the organization, and in a few days they secured the
amount of |500, and the money was collected and sent to
the East for books. In the following January the books,
400 in number, arrived, and the people of Lexington were
made glad by their appearance. In 1798 the old Kentucky
Academy was merged in Transylvania University, and its
little library of 200 volumes wenfto swell the new collec-
tion to 600. On the 29th of ]^ovember, 1800, the library
thus started was incorporated by the legislature under the
name of ' The Sharers of the Lexington Library,' and
thus was permanently established the first library ever
started in the State of Kentucky.
" By the same act of the legislature which established
the Lexington Library, two others were incorporated in
the state : one, called ' The Sharers of the Georgetown
9
130 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Library/ at Georgetown, Ky., and the other, * The Sharers
of the Danville Library,' at Danville, Ky. Among the
incorporators of the last-named library appears the name
of Ephraim McDowell, the early surgeon of Kentucky,
who was the father of ovariotomy ; and who, as early as
the year 1809, performed the first operation in the world
for removing diseased ovaries.
" In 1804 a library was incorporated at Lancaster, in
Garrard county ; in 1808 at Paris, in Bourbon ; in 1809 at
[N'ew Castle, in Henry ; in 1810 at Shelbyville, in Shelby,
and Winchester, in Clark ; in 1811 at Washington, in
Mason; in 1812 at Versailles, in Woodford, and Frank-
fort, in Franklin ; and in 1815 at Mount Sterling, in
Montgomery county.
" Each of the dozen libraries thus incorporated ante-
dated any movement of the kind in the city of Louisville.
Kone of them, however, is entitled to any honors beyond
antiquity and a name in the statute book except the first,
the Lexington Library, established in 1795. This noble
old pioneer of human knowledge has come down from
the past century, bearing the treasures of other times. It
has survived fires, removals, changes of rulers and book
thieves, and stands to-day with its ten thousand volumes,
one of the greatest honors of the city that has cherished
it for nearly a century. On its shelves are valuable old
works that can nowhere else be found, and among them
may be named complete files of the Kentucky Gazette,
the earliest paper published in Kentucky, from its first
issue, August 11, 1787, to its last."
The Transylvania College Library here referred to by
Mr. Durrett was in its day one of the largest and best in
the United States.
A portion of its classical and miscellaneous collection
was selected by a no less competent scholar than Edward
Everett. The medical books were procured in Europe by
Dr. Charles Caldwell. The university possessed an ana-
tomical museum, a cabinet of specimens in natural history,
and a botanical garden.
Libraries. 131
Besides the college library, there was an independent
collection, the Lexington Library, which was begun by
the citizens in 1795. To this four hundred volumes pur-
chased in Philadelphia were added in 1796. Donations
were made to this pioneer library by George Washington,
John Adams, Aaron Burr, and other notables. Clay be-
came its benefactor in his days of power.
The old Lexington Library contains, among other rare
works, Rapin's History of England, printed more than
two hundred years ago, a large number of old black-letter
English law books from one to three hundred years old,
and a London street directory of two centuries ago. Per-
haps the most curious book in the collection is a huge
volume comprising a large number of old parchment
deeds. These deeds are written in the black-letter script,
in a barbarous law Latin, and each of them conveys
property to the Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul,
at Ipswich, England. They are supposed to be older than
the time of Edward the First (1272), in whose reign the
statute of mortmain, forbidding the conveyance of land to
the Church, was enacted. An inscription on the fly-leaf
of the volume states that it was " presented to the Lex-
ington Library by John Bobb, Esq.," but does not say
when. The old Gazettes of almost a century ago have
frequent references to Mr. John Bobb, and of such a char-
acter as to lead one to suppose that he was a man of
prominence in his day and generation, but it appears that
he has now utterly vanished out of the memory of man.
It is conjectured that this book was confiscated at Ipswich
some time during the wars of the Commonwealth, about
the middle of the seventeenth century, and brought to
America by the confiscator or some member of his family.
The vicinity of Lexington was settled almost exclusively
by Virginians, a very great many of whom were from
that portion of Virginia, " the Northern ISTeck," which in
1649 was largely settled by English cavaliers fleeing from
the wrath of Cromwell after the execution of Charles the
First.
132 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
I am indebted to Mr. Dnrrett for the following interest-
ing sketch of
" The First Library in Louisville.
"It was not until 1816 that the citizens of Louisville
seem to have thought of the necessity of a public library.
On the 8th of February of this year Mann Butler, "Will-
iam C. Gait, Brooke Hill, llezekiah Ilawley, and William
Tompkins obtained from the legislature a charter for the
* President and Directors of the Louisville Library Com-
pany.' This library was a joint stock association, with
the right to issue as many shares as its directors might
think necessary, and of any denomination they might wish.
They had the authority to assess the shareholders, for the
benefit of the library, to any sum per annum not exceed-
ing one-fifth of the value of the shares of any one holder.
In 1819, when Dr. McMurtrie published his history of
Louisville, this library was located in the second story of
the south wing of the old court-house, then standing in
the place of the present city hall. Among its books were
valuable histories collected by Mann Butler, and works on
-scientific subjects obtained by Dr. McMurtrie. The whole
number of volumes was about 500, and the young library
may then be said to have been in its prime. It never ma-
terially increased afterward, and when the malignant
fever of 1822 almost depopulated the city, the library, as
well as the people, seems to have taken the seeds of death
into its system. The files of the first newspapers pub-
lished in our city perished, and so did the early works
upon the history of our city, state, and country. Only a
few of its volumes have come down to our times, and
these are of but little value in the collections in which
they are now found. The most valuable books perished,
and the unimportant ones which survived reached our
times in such a mutilated condition as to be of little con-
sideration except as relics of the past. There is a name
connected with its organization, however, that should not
pass from our memory as did its books from our use.
This was Mann Butler, the first named among those who
Libraries. 133
appear in the act of incorporation. It was he who inau-
gurated the gathering together of this first collection of
books in our city, and if he had had as much money as he
had love for books, he would have placed the library upon
such a lasting foundation that it would have stood to our
times."
As to private libraries in Kentucky, there have been
none of any particular importance until of late years.
The books owned by the pioneers were few in number
and of an ordinary character. There were some respectable
professional libraries, but none of a literary or general
character worthy of note. George Nicholas, Henry Clay,
John J. Crittenden, S. S. ISTicholas, Madison C. Johnston,
and others, had good professional libraries. Colonel S. I.
M. Major, who died at Frankfort a few years ago, had one
of the best literary libraries in the state, but the number
of its volumes did not exceed three thousand. The late
Dr. T. S. Bell left a library of some two thousand volumes,
and Dr. Eichard H. Collins left about twenty-five hundred
volumes.
The largest private library ever collected in Kentucky,
with a single exception, is that of the late Jas. P. Boyce.
It numbers about ten thousand volumes, and is very valu-
able as a theological collection. The only private library
larger and more valuable than that of Mr. Boyce that has
ever been collected in Kentucky is that of Mr. Durrett
himself, now stored in his large mansion house, No. 202
Chestnut street, Louisville. Though the collections just
named can not properly be called early libraries, they may,
with propriety, be considered under that head, because
they abound in material directly concerning the begin-
nings of our history and literature. To the student inter-
ested in the picturesque and romantic annals of pioneer
days, in the newspapers, magazines, history, fiction, and
poetry of the grand old State of Kentucky, the library of
Colonel Durrett is a treasure-trove that can not be dupli-
cated upon the globe.
Colonel Durrett's absorbing passion — he calls it his
"hobby" — is the study of history and the collection of
134 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
books, pictures, and relics of an archaeological kind. His
father was a book collector, and gathered, in early days, a
considerable library, which the son inherited, and to
which he has been adding for forty years. The collection
is the largest and most valuable that has ever been made
in the State of Kentucky. In Kentucky books this li-
brary has no equal. The proprietor has made it a point
to secure every book that was written by a Kentuckian or
about Kentucky or a Kentuckian, or that was printed in
Kentucky. While the library has pretty well exhausted
the Kentucky State of publications, it also embraces the
best works of all the other states, and of the United
States and of Europe. The collection occupies six large
rooms and a hall, and contains at least fifty thousand
books and pamphlets. There are many old and rare
works in the collection, and several valuable manuscripts
relating to western history. The files of bound newspa-
pers constitute an important feature of the library. There
are numerous books that have severally a special interest
as having belonged to distinguished men, or having passed-
through strange adventures. For instance, there is a copy
of " Gulliver's Travels," the identical copy which the pio-
neer Keely read aloud to Boone and others in camp in the
year 1770.
Among Colonel Durrett's manuscripts is a letter written
by Boone, which I here reproduce :
" May the 1th, 1789.
"Dear Sir: — This Instant I Start Down the River.
My Two Sunes Eeturned anieadetely from Philadelphia
and Daniel Went Down With Sum goods in order to Take
in gensgn at Lim Stone. I hope you Will Wright me By
the Bearer Mr goe how you Ccm on With my Ilorsis — I
Hear the Indians have Killed Sum peple Neer Limstone
and Stole a Number of horsis — Indeed I Saw one of the
men Who Was iired on When the kiled also 5 pursons
War Cirtinly kiled on the head of Dunkard Crick on this
River a bout Six Dayes since 30 miles from Radstone I
' Likewise saw a Later yesterday from Muskingdom To Mr
Libraries. 135
Galaspey at the old fort that 300 Indans are Certinly
Sitout from Detraight To Way Lay the Kiver at Deferent
placis to Take Botes Sum Say 700 Sum Say 100 But the
Later Cartiiies of 300 this accoumpt you may Rely on I
am Dear Sir With Respect your omble Sarvent
" Daniel Boone.
" My Best comtm. To Mrs. Huntt Col Rochester and
Lady."
The first settlers of the Xorth- western Territory, com-
ing chiefly from the most cultured Xew England stock,
considered books a necessary part of their household
goods. Dr. S. P. Ilildreth, the historian of Marietta, in
his " Pioneer Biographies," mentions that General Israel
Putnam " collected a large library of the most useful
books ; embracing history, belles-lettres, travels, etc., for
the benefit of himself and children, called the Putnam
Family Library. After his death they were divided
amongst the heirs, and quite a number found their way to
Ohio, being brought out by his son and grandchildren."
The first library in the territory north-west of the Ohio,
like the first school, was at Belpre, near Marietta, 0. It
was organized in 1796, probably in August or September,
and called the Putnam Family Library, though the name
was changed to Belpre Library, or Belpre Farmers' Li-
brary. The library was owned by a joint stock company,
with shares valued each at ten dollars. The hooka were
kept at the house of Esquire Isaac Pierce, who was libra-
rian. Dr. I. W. Andrews took the pains, in 1879, to trace
and find, in the possession of several families, more than a
score of volumes belonging originally to this pioneer col-
lection, and bearing the inscription, "Putnam Library,"
or " Belpre Library." He gives the following particulars,
which I copy from the Marietta Register of June — ,
1879:
" The library formed in 1804 at Amesville, in what was
then Washington county, now Athens, is a matter of gen-
eral knowledge. It has been often referred to as a signal
instance of the beneficial effects of good books in a
136 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
community. That township has produced some remark-
able men, such as Bishop Ames and Thomas Ewing; and
many of the families resident there at the beginning of
the century, like the Browns, Cutlers, Walkers, and oth-
ers, have been noted for their intelligence and elevated
character. The formation of that library is a matter of
familiar history, and the descendants of those who founded
it may well be proud of the part there ancestors took in
establishing such an association.
"Another library, formed by the early settlers in another
part of the Ohio Company's purchase, is not so well
known. When the writer prepared the centennial his-
torical sketch of Washington county, three years ago, he
was ignorant that such a company existed. His attention
was arrested by seeing, among some old memoranda of
early times, preserved by Colonel John Stone, of Belpre,
a receipt for money paid for a share in a library in Bel-
pre, in 1796. . He at once wrote, asking for information
respecting that library, and for the facts presented in this
article he and the public are indebted to Colonel Stone.
" In the ' Lives of the Early Settlers,' by Dr. Hildreth,
there is an allusion to the library of General Israel Put-
nam, from which the inference is possible that Colonel
Israel Putnam, son of the General, might have brought
with him to Ohio a number of books from the collection
of his father, and that these became the nucleus of a pub-
lic library. However this may be, there is abundant evi-
dence of the existence of such a library at Belpre at a
very early day. The receipt referred to above, and which
is before me as I write, is as follows :
" ' Marietta, 2Qth Oct., 1796.
" * Received of Johathan Stone by the hand of Benj.
Miles, ten dollars for his share in the Putnam Family Li-
brary. W. P. Putnam, Clerk'
" Here was a library organization with its stockholders
and officers, the value of a share being $10. The organi-
zation had probably been recently effected, as the Indian
Libraries. 137
war was not ended till 1795. Captain Jonathan Stone,
father of Colonel John Stone, was doubtless one of the
original shareholders, and this receipt was for the pay-
ment of his stock. In the records of the Probate Office
of Washington county, among the items in the inventory
of the estate of Jonathan Stone, dated September 2, 1801,
is this : ' One share in the Putnam Library, §10.'
"In the Ohio Historical Collections, by Henry Howe,
under the head of Meigs County, is an account of pioneer
life written by Amos Dunham, who settled in Washing-
ton county about 1802, and afterward removed to Meigs.
He says : ' The long winter evenings were rather tedious,
and in order to make them pass more smoothly, I pur-
chased an interest in the Belpre Library, six miles dis-
tant. . . . Many a night have I passed in this man-
ner (using pine knots in place of candles) till 12 or 1
o'clock, reading to xny wife, while she was patcheling,
carding, or spinning.'
" Have we any testimony as to the library from those
now living? Mr. Edwin Guthrie has distinct remembrance
of his father having books taken from the Belpre Library.
Colonel Otis L. Bradford remembers that the library was
kept at the house of their nearest neighbor, Isaac Pierce,
Esq. Mrs. Smith, of Pomeroy, remembers her mother say-
ing that her husband (Amos Dunham, mentioned above)
could always find time to attend the Belpre Library meet-
ing, regardless of hurrying work. Colonel John Stone
recollects that Esquire Pierce was the librarian and kept
the library at his house. He remembers attending at sev-
eral times the meeting for drawing books, and has a dis-
tinct recollection that the association was dissolved by
common consent, that he was present at the sale or dis-
tribution of books, and selected the Travels of Johathan
Carver. The time of dissolution he can not give pre-
cisely, but thinks it was about 1815 or 1816. He is prob-
ably the only person now living who was present at that
time.
" But if the organization was thus dissolved and the
books distributed, can not some of them be found? Mr.
138 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
Geo. Dana reports six volumes among his books. John
Locke's Essays concerning the Human Understanding,
London, 1793, has " Putnam Family Library, JS'o. 6,"
which is crossed, and underneath is written, " Belpre Li-
brary, !N"o. 29." The Practical Farmer, title page gone, but
dedicated to Thos. Jeiferson in 179.2, has " Putnam Family
Library, JNo. 5," which is crossed, and underneath is writ-
ten, "Belpre Library ITo. 6." He has also Robertson's
History of Scotland, two volumes, inscribed, " Belpre
Farmers' Library, JS'o. 24," and Johnson's Lives of the
English Poets, three volumes, inscribed, " Belpre Farmers'
Library, 'Eo. 10." Both the last two works were published
in 1811. It would seem that the name was changed from
Putnam Family Library, as the inscription on some of the
books is Belpre Library, and on others is Belpre Farm-
ers' Library.
" Mr. 1. W. Putnam writes that there are in his family,
the History of Vermont, 1794, one volume ; Bassett's His-
tory of England, four volumes; Hume's History of Eng-
land, six volumes; and Goldsmith's Animated Nature.
"In the family of Mrs. O. H. Loring are five volumes
of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, pub-
lished in England in 1783. Some of these contain the
name of Wanton Casey, as well as the words * Belpre Li-
brary.' Mr. Casey married the daughter of Major Good-
ale, and returned to Rhode Island, probably before 1800.
" There are then in these three families twenty-three
volumes belonging originally to the Belpre Library, and
inscribed with one or the other of the designations men-
tioned above.
" We have thus documentary evidence of the existence
of this library, which is contirmed by the testimony of
living witnesses, and by the production of more than
twenty volumes having upon them the original library
mark. How many volumes were in the library is not now
known. One of those referred to bears the number 80.
From titles quoted, it will be seen that the works were
solid and good. The library was established as early as
Libraries. 139
1796, and continued in operation for twenty years or
more.
'" That the settlers of the Ohio Company thus established
two libraries at a very early day can not be disputed.
And the communities where they were established were
both such as we might expect in intelligence and charac-
ter. A large number of the present families of Belpre
are the descendants of the early settlers. The ancestors
of all the families in whose possession are the old library
books were in Farmers' Castle at Belpre during the In-
dian war. And so w^ere the ancestors of nearly all "whose
names are mentioned in this article."
Several of the volumes named by Dr. Andrews w^ere
exhibited by the owners, in the great Centennial Exposi-
tion at Cincinnati, in the summer of 1888.
The second library collected on the north side of the
Ohio river was projected and organized by a number of
gentlemen on Saturday, February 13, 1802, at Yeatman's
Tavern, Cincinnati. The following subscribers each took
one or. more shares, at ten dollars a share, contributing,
in all, the sum of $340. The names are Arthur St. Clair,
Peyton Short, Cornelius R. Sedam, Samuel C. Vance,
James Walker, S. S. Kerr, James Findlay, Jeremiah
Hunt, Griffin Yeatman, Martin Baum, C. Kilgour, P. P.
Stewart, W. Stanley, Jacob White, Patrick Dickey, C.
Avery, John Reily, John R. Mills^ Jacob Burnet, J. S.
Findlay, Joseph Prince, David E. Wade, Isaac Van Huys,
Joel Williams. The '' Cincinnati Library" went into op-
eration March 6, 1802, with Lewis Kerr as librarian. It
is of interest to know that the above list begins with the
name of the governor of the ISTorth-western Territory,
General St. Clair, and that it contains the name of John
Reily, first teacher in Ohio, and that of Judge Burnet, the
author of " Burnet's Xotes."
More interesting in its history than either of the libra-
ries mentioned is the celebrated '^ Western Library," or
" Coonskin Library," of Ames township, Athens county,
Ohio. Ephraim Cutler, son of Manasseh Cutler, Sylvanus
Ames, father of Bishop Ames, and Benjamin Brown, the
140 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
revolutionary soldier were among the organizers of this
library. Mr. Walker, in his " History of Athens County,"
says: " Some of the settlers were good hunters, and^there
being a ready market for furs and skins, which were
bought by the agents of John Jacob Astor and others,
they easily paid their subscriptions. Mr. Samuel Brown,
who was soon to make a trip to Boston in a wagon,
would take the furs and skins intended for the purchase
of books and bring back the books in return- His trip
was unavoidably delayed longer than he expected, but in .
the summer of 1803 he went to Boston with the furs, etc.,
with which he purchased the first installment of books.
These books cost $73.50, and comprised the following:
^ Robertson's North America,' ' Harris' Encyclopaedia,'
* Morse's Geography,' ^Adam's Truth of Eeligion,' ' Gold-
smith's Works,' 'Evelina,' 'Children of the Abbey,'
' Blair's Lectures,' ' Clark's Disclosures,' ' Ramsey's Amer-
ican Revolution,' ' Goldsmith's Animated Nature,' ' Play-
fair's History of Jacobinism,' 'George Barnwell,' 'Ca-
milla,' ' Beggar Girl,' and some others. Later purchases
included Shakespeare, ' Don Quixote,' ' Locke's Essays,'
* Scottish Chiefs,' ' Josephus,' ' Smith's Wealth of Nations,'
* Spectator,' ' Plutarch's Lives,' 'Arabian Nights,' and
^ Life of Washington.'" A pleasant anecdote associates
the name of Thomas Ewing with the organization of the
" Coonskin Library." It is related that while a boy Ewing
used to carry books to the field and read aloud to the
workhands, and that the rumor of this caused the neigh-
bors to make up a purse of $100 to buy a library, the
young reader contributing ten coon -skins to forward the
project.
The transubstantiation of rattlesnakes into bacon, "for
the posterity of Adam," which so impressed Carlyle's im-
agination, is not so striking and suggestive as this change
and conservation of the force of traps and gunpowder
into printed thought.
The second public library of Cincinnati was opened in
1814. Rare copies exist of a " Systematic Catalogue of
Books Belonging to the Circulating Library of Cincinnati,
Libraries. 141
to which are prefixed au Historical Preface, the Act of In-
corporation and By-Laws of the Society. Published by
order of the Board of Directors. Cincinnati ; Printed by
Looker, Palmer and Reynolds, 1816." The '' Historical
Preface," evidently prepared by Dr. Daniel Drake, presi-
dent of the society, tells us that, " in the autumn of 1808,
several persons desirous of seeing a public library estab-
lished in Cincinnati, assembled for the purpose of applying
to the legislature of the state for a law of incorporation ;"
that a petition and draft of the bill were forwarded, but,
" for reasons not discovered to the petitioners, their prayer
was not granted;" that in 1811 "the project was again re-
vived and a subscription paper circulated by George
Turner, Esq., with considerable success." A meeting of
subscribers was held, a constitution adopted, and finally a
charter of incorporation was secured. The "Preface"
goes on to record that, " on the sixteenth of April, 1814,
the library containing little over three hundred volumes
was opened. To eifect an immediate increase of this di-
minutive collection was regarded as a great desideratum;
and in addition to a pressing call for the unpaid subscrip-
tions, the directors resolved upon and succeeded in bor-
rowing from several persons small sums of money on a
credit of three years without interest, and of purchasing
from others a number of valuable books on the same
terms." The first purchase of books, two hundred and
fifty volumes, was made at Philadelphia in the summer of
1815. Li the same year, " the trustees of Miami Univer-
sity authorized a committee of that board to examine the
books belonging to that institution and dispose of such as
were not essential to its library. Of the books thus re-
jected, a committee of the directors of the Library Society
purchased, on credit, one hundred volumes, many of which
are well suited to the popular tastes." " In the autumn the
board vested one of its members, about to visit the eastern
cities, with discretionary power to purchase books. The
fruits of this delegation were about four hundred volumes,
among which are many rare and valuable works." The
interesting document we quote is dated October 17, 1816,
142 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
and signed by Daniel Drake, president, and Jesse Embree,
secretary. The preface concludes as follows :
" For the present year it has been found absolutely nec-
essary to increase the annual assessments ($1) a hundred
per cent. To this measure no reasonable shareholder will
object after a moment's reflection. In all similar institu-
tions there is a contribution of this kind, and in most of
those with which the directors have any acquaintance, it
is greater than that under consideration. Without it no
public library can flourish."
The directors of the Circulating Library in 1816 were:
Daniel Drake, Jesse Embree, William 8. Hatch, Thomas
Peirce, Peyton S. Symmes, David Wade, Micajah T. Will-
iams. The librarian was David Cathcart.
The library contained about one thousand four hundred
volumes, value estimated at three thousand dollars. The
books were classified in the catalogue under these heads :
Arts and Sciences, Agriculture and Veterinary Art, Bot-
any and Medicine, Biography, Chemistry, Mineralogy and
the Arts, Drama, Education, Geography and Topography,
Oivil History, Law and Politics, Moral Philosophy, Mili-
tary Tactics, Modern Classics, Miscellany, IN'atural His-
tory, Philosophy and Mathematics, Kovels, Political Econ-
omy, Statistics and Commerce, Philology, Periodical
Works, Poetry, Theology and Ecclesiastical History, Voy-
ages and Travels, Donations.
Among the donors to this ambitious collection were :
Christopher Anthony, S. D. Baldwin, Wm. H. Burton,
William Corry, Daniel Drake, Prof. Hosack of [N'ew York,
William S. Hatch, Samuel Lowry, James H. Looker,
Prof. E. D. Mansfield, of the Military Academy, West
Point, Josiah Meigs of Washington, Richard Marsh,
Thomas Rawlins, Peyton S. Symmes, Cleves Short, and
David Wade.
In the departments of history, law, and theology, this
early library was well supplied. It contained, in biogra-
phy: Bosweirs "Johnson," Johnson's " Poets," Marshall's
" Washington," Roscoe's " Lorenzo de Medici," Southey's
"Nelson," Voltaire's "Peter the Great" and "Charles
Libraries. 143
XII." Under the head Modern Classics, it included " The
Adventurer," ^' The Tattler," " The Spectator," " The
Guardian," '''The Eambler," the works of Bacon, Beatty,
Sterne and Swift, Johnson's '•' Rasselas," and Irving's
*•' Salmagundi." Fiction and poetry were represented by
Edgeworth, Hannah More, Madam D'Arblay, Madam De
Stael, Cervantes, Mrs. Opie, Henry Brooks, Smollett,
Mackenzie, Rousseau, Miss Porter, Mrs. Holfland, Hol-
croft, Goldsmith, Akenside, Beattie, Barlow, Butler,
Burns, Bloomfield, Byron, Crabbe, Cowper, Campbell,
Darwin, Dryden, Freneau, Gray, Hogg, Homer, House,
Moore, Montgomery, Pope, Southey, Thompson, Trum-
bull, Scott.
Some of the by-laws of the Circulating Library Society
are curious in the minute stringency of detail. For ex-
ample :
" Every shareholder shall be entitled to receive from the
library two volumes for each share he may hold therein.
"All persons are debarred from the privilege of lending
any book taken out of the library to a non-shareholder;
under the penalty of one dollar for every such offense.
" The time for detaining a book out of the library shall
be : for a duodecimo, or any number of a periodical jour-
nal, one week ; for an octavo, two weeks ; for a quarto,
three weeks ; for a folio, four weeks. And if any book
be not returned according to the time specified, there
shall be paid a fine of six and one-quarter cents for a duo-
decimo, twelve and a half cents for an octavo, and twenty-
five cents for a quarto or folio volume ; and the fines shall
be respectively doubled on every succeeding week, until
they shall amount to the value of the book. Provided,
that the above periods be extended two weeks to persons
resident in the country.
"A deposit of Jive dollars shall be made with the librarian
by every shareholder, on receiving a volume of the ' Cy-
clopsedia' (Rees), Wilson's ' Ornithology,' or the 'English
and Classical Dictionary.' "
Mansfield and Drake's " Cincinnati in 1826 " informs us
that the Circulating Library " is kept in one of the lower
144 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
rooms of the college edifice, where access may be had to
it every Saturday afternoon." The " college edifice" was
the original Cincinnati College building, first known as
the Lancastrian Seminary, from the fact that a large
school on the Lancastrian method was conducted there in
1816 by Edmund Harrison, under the presidency of Jacob
Burnet, author of " Notes on the Northwestern Territory."
Eventually, for some reason unknown to the writer, the
books were boxed up and packed away in the cellar of a
bookstore on Main street. Here they remained for sev-
eral years, gathering dampness and mold, until Rev. J. H.
Perkins, author of the invaluable " Western Annals," as-
sumed the responsibility of overhauling the boxes, and
bringing their neglected contents to the light. The treas-
ured volumes of "Wilson's Ornithology" fell to pieces of
their own weight. Such of the books as were in tolerable
condition were selected and placed on the shelves of the
library of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, a harbor des-
tined to receive the drifting remnants of several pioneer
<jollections. The history of the Circulating Library re-
flects vividly the kind and degree of culture possessed by
the Queen City of the West in her ambitious youth. The
kind was practical, the degree high enough to grasp the
relations of reading to academic training, and to stimulate
several original literary enterprises. The Seminary, which
grew up with the library and was nourished by it, was the
first important school in the city. The men whose pro-
vincial enthusiasm over a few hundred books provokes a
smile, included in their number some authors not to be
despised.
At the time of the formation of this library society, the
entire population of the Queen City was less than six
thousand. In 1813, according to a census taken by order
of the town council, the population was only four thou-
sand. However, there was a high degree of intelligence
among the citizens, and a zealous public spirit. Many of
the early settlers of Cincinnati were educated persons, and
had a correct appreciation of the value of books, schools,
and like means of intellectual cultivation. The decade
Libraries. 145
extending from 1810 to 1820, which includes the period of
the establishment of the Circulating Library, seems to
have been a time of considerable literary activity and pro-
ductiveness in the young metropolis of the Miami country.
It was then that permanent newspapers were established
here, then that books were first made in Ohio, that schools
received special attention, that libraries came into popular
demand, and that science and art found here true devotees.
An association for literary and scientific improvement was
established, under the presidency of the accomplished
Josiah Meigs.
Doubtless the patient investigator might find in the lo-
cal records of the older Ohio towns many traces of pioneer
libraries formed under circumstances not unlike those,
which surrounded the citizens of new-sprung Marietta,
Amesville and Cincinnati. The time has come when,
resting from the exciting cares of business life and mate-
rial conquest, western people are beginning to give atten-
tion to the things of the mind, and to regard as important
not only the history of war, legislation and commerce, but
also the memorials of education and culture in the back-
woods. Historical societies are forming in almost every
important locality, and special writer are busy reviewing
the intellectual progress of our short but busy past.
Among the quiet but enthusiastic workers in the field
of Ohio history and literature, no one is more deserving
of mention and gratitude than Robert W. Steele, of Day-
ton, Ohio, who is doing for his city what R. T. Durrett
has done for Louisville, in the way of founding institu-
tions and preserving records of intellectual history. For
many years the head and front of educational and literary
enterprises in Dayton, Mr. Steele may justly be named
the soul of the noble Public Library, which is the pride
of his city. To the history of Dayton he has furnished a
chapter on " Public Schools and Libraries," from which I
extract an interesting passage concerning the first library
in Dayton :
" In 1805," says Mr. Steele, " the citizens of Dayton ob-
10
146 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
tained from the legislature the first act of incorporation
for a public library granted by the State of Ohio. The
incorporators were Rev. William Robertson, Dr. John
Elliot, William Miller, Benjamin Van Cleve, and John
Folkerth. A pamphlet, stained and yellow with age, con-
taining the constitution and rules of this library — proba-
bly the only copy in existence — fortunately has been pre-
served and deposited in the public library. A few of the
rules are peculiar and may be worth presenting :
" Damage done to a book, while in the hands of a pro-
prietor, shall be assessed by the librarian at the rate of
three cents for a drop of tallow, or folding down a leaf,
and so in proportion for any other damage."
In this day of gas and electricity, the fine for a " drop
of tallow " is rather ludicrous, but no doubt books were
often injured in that way when the reader was compelled
to peruse them by the feeble light of a tallow-dip. Libra-
rians are aware that the " folding down a leaf" is one of
the common and annoying abuses of books at the present
day.
Another rule prescribes that " the method of drawing
books shall be by lot ; that is to say, it shall be determined
by lottery who shall have the first choice, and so on for
each proprietor." Unfortunately, we have no intimation
how the lottery was conducted. Rule eighteenth declares
" if a proprietor lends a book belons^ing to the library to
any person who is not a proprietor, or sufiers a book to be
carried into a school, he or she shall pay a fine equal to
the value of one-quarter of said book." It is not easy to
see what great damage could result to a book from being
" carried into a school," but the whole tenor of the rulea
illustrates the preciousness of books at that early day, and
the vigilant care taken of them. Like all libraries sup-
ported by voluntary subscription, every expedient had to
be resorted to to raise money. In the Gridiron, a satirical
paper published in Dayton in 1822, a file of which has
been preserved in the public library, a play and farce are
advertised to be given by the Thespian Society for the
benefit of the library.
Libraries. 147
The library existed until 1835, when it was sold at auc-
tion, as appears from the following advertisement in'che
Dayton Journal of September 8, 1835 : " Library at auc-
tion. The books and book-case belonging to the Dayton
Library Association will be sold at auction at the clerk's
office, at 2 o'clock p. m., on Saturday, the 12th inst.
Henry Stoddard, William Bomberger, John W. Yan
Cleve, Committee." Mr. Van Cleve thus speaks of the
character of the library : " The number of the books is
small, but they are well selected, being principally useful
standard works, which should be found in all institutions
of this kind. Among them are the ' North American and
American Quarterly Reviews for the last few years.'
Who can doubt that this library, during the thirty years
of its existence, was of inestimable value to the citizens
of Dayton ?"
An account of the early libraries of Indiana will be
found in the chapter on Yincennes.
HISTORY OF THE HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF
OHIO.
In 1822 an effort was made to form an Ohio historical
society. The legislature passed an act of incorporation,
but the society failed to organize. Nine years later the
project was revived, and on the 11th of February, 1831,
the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio was
chartered.^ The body was organized at Columbus, Ohio,
December 31, 1831, by the adoption of a code of by-laws
and the election of Benjamin Tappan president; Ebenezer
^ The following is a list of charter members : Benjamin Tappan, John
C. Wright, and Dr. John Andrews of Steubenville ; Arius Xye and Dr.
S. P. Hildreth, of Marietta; Appleton Downer, Dr. T. Planner, and E.
Buckingham, of Zanesville ; Thomas James, B. G. Leonard, and James
T. AVorthington, of Chillicothe ; Gustavus Swan, John M. Edmiston,
Alfred Kelly, and Dr. Benjamin Piatt, of Columbus ; Joseph Sullivant,
of Franklinton; Dr. E. Cooper, of Newark; R. H. Bishop, Thomas
Kelly, and James McBride, of Butler county ; Dr. J. Cobb, Dr. Elijah
Slack, X. Longworth, John P. Foote, and Timothy Flint, of Cincinnati ;
John Sloan, of Wayne county ; Ebenezer Lane, of Huron county, and
William Wall, of Athens.
148 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
Lane and Rev. William Preston, vice-presidents; Alfred
Ke'ly, corresponding secretary ; P. B. "Wilcox, recording
secretary ; John W. Campbell, treasurer ; and G. Swan,
Edward King, S. P. Hildretli, B. G. Leonard, and J. K.
Kirtland, curators.
Among the leading members of the society in its first
years, beside the above, w^ere J. C. Wright, James Hoge,
Arius Nye, C. B. Goddard, Joseph Sullivant, J. R.
Swan, N". H. Swayne, M. Z. Kreider, J. H. James, I. A»
Lapham, J. Ridgeway, Jr., R. Thompson, William Awl,
Jacob Burnet, J. Delafield, Jr., J. B. Thompson, J. W.
Aildrews, W. D. Gallagher, T. L. Hamer, J. L. Miner,
William Wall, and Simeon Nash. Benjamin Tappan filled
the office of president until 1836, when he was succeeded
by Ebenezer Lane, who gave place to Jacob Burnet in
1838. During all these years P. B. Wilcox was recording
secretary, and Alfred Kelly was corresponding secretary
until 1836. J. C. Wright was chosen president in 1841,
an^ was continued in the office until 1844, at which date
Judge Burnet was again elected.
At the annual meeting of December, 1832, the presi-
dent, Benjamin Tappan, gave an address on the general
objects of the society, and S. P. Hildreth read a paper on
" Floods in the Ohio River." In 1833 Hon. Ebenezer Lane
delivered the annual address. In 1834 the annual address
was by J. H. James, and a paper was read by Joshua
Malin, on the " Meteoric Phenomena of November 13,
1833," and Mr. G. H. Flood pronounced a eulogy on the
life and labors of Dr. Thomas F. Connor. In December,
1837, Hon. Timothy Walker delivered the annual address,
and Mr. J. Delafield presented a series of letters from Hon.
Jacob Burnet.
The society in 1838 issued its first publication, a pam-
phlet of one hundred and thirty-one pages, entitled ** Jour-
nal of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio,"
containing Volume I, Part I, of the Transactions of the
Society. It includes the act of incorporation, by-laws, list
of officers for 1838, the annual address of Tappan and of
James, Hildreth's paper on the "Floods in the Ohio
Libraries. 149
River," a " Brief History of the Settlement of Dayton,"
by John W. Van Cleve ; a " Brief Description of Wash-
ing County, Ohio," by a member, and papers by James
McBride on the " Topography, Statistics, and History of
Oxford, and the Miami University," and on "Ancient
Fortifications in Butler County, Ohio."
In 1839 the second part of the first volume of transac-
tions was published, containing addresses by Timothy
Walker, James H. Perkins, James T. Worthington, and
Arius [N'ye ; a series of letters addressed to J. Delafield,
Jr., by Jacob Burnet, on the settlement of the ITorth-west
Territory, and an address on the aborigines of the Ohio
Valley, by W. H. Harrison.
In 1841 Charles Whittlesey delivered an address on the
expedition of Lord Dunmore, of Virginia, against the In-
dian towns on the Scioto in 1774. The next annual meet-
ing was held in 1844. At that meeting Mr. J. SuUivant
was chosen corresponding secretary and curator. I am
able to furnish an interesting letter from Mr. Sullivant,
written from Columbus, March 11, 1869, and giving a his-
tory of the transfer of the Historical and Philosophical
Society to Cincinnati, an event which took place in Feb-
ruary, 1849.
Mr. Sullivant wrote:
" I was one of the incorporators named in the char-
ter, and attended every meeting ever held in Columbus ;
was an ofiicer and curator of the society, and I am not
aware that any of its meetings was ever held in Cincin-
nati previous to its singular and informal transfer, the his-
tory of which I now propose to give. After the organiza-
tion of the society, the annual meetings and elections
were held at Columbus in the winter, during the sitting of
the legislature, at which time new members were proposed
and voted for, some of them paying the initiation fee, and
seldom or never attending afterward, or keeping member-
ship by their annual subscription. And so it went on
from year to year — an annual address, proposing new mem-
bers, and occasionally listening to original papers on local
history; but it is a fact that very few of these papers
150 Literacy Culture in the Ohio Valley.
actually passed the possession of the society, being re-
tained by the writers or withdrawn under some plea of al-
teration or revision. The meetings were usually in the
representatives' hall in the old state house, the last two
at the iN'eil House, and the one at which the transfer was
made in a little bedroom third story of the same hotel.
The first case belonging to the society was set up in the
old room of the canal commissioners' ofiice when I. A.
Lapham was clerk, and this case was well filled with min-
erals, shells, fossils, antiquities, and specimens of natural
history by Judge Benjamin Tappan, Lapham, and myself.
Of books and pamphlets, Tappan and I deposited a num-
ber on science, early histories, and antiquities, but other
than these, few were received except from the general
government, which sent many volumes of state papers,
surveys, reports, etc. These books and collections were
moved about from place to place, and finally pilfered and
scattered beyond recovery, with the exception of two
hundred and three moderate-sized boxfuls, which were
turned over to a Mr. Randall, and he it was who first pro-
posed and most importunately and persistently urged the
the removal of the society to Cincinnati. Mr. Randall, I
believe, went to California and died there. As has already
been said, most of the papers read before the society
were upon local history and antiquities, such as mounds
and earthworks. The few prepared on natural history
were so coldly received as to discourage the few of us en-
gaged on those researches, and of course these papers did
not pass under the control of the society.
" I well remember when the names of William McClure,
the father of American geology, and of Thomas Say, the
distinguished naturalist, both well known and appreciated
in Europe, were proposed for membership. It was only
after a good deal of explanation and some discussion that
they were voted in.
" It will be perceived tliat the society never had much
vigor or vitality, nor could it scarcely have been expected,
with its members widely scattered and meeting but once
a year; and finally even the annual address failed, and its
Libraries. 151
meetings had ceased for two years when Mr. Randall came
during the winter and after the time of the annual meet-
ing, and as he said, on behalf of the Cincinnati Historical
Society, and proposed and urged a union of the two so-
cieties. I was at that time secretary and curator of our
society, and had the records in my possession, and ex-
plained to him that the proper time was already passed,
and I had no authority to call a meeting. He still per-
sisted, and as there was but little of value either in books,
manuscripts, or collections, and it was evident the society
was failing of its purpose in its then existing condition,
I thought there would be no objections, provided it could
be legally done, if the charter would be of any use to a
body of active and working members. Therefore, I con-
sulted here with the nominal and residing members, and
with Mr. Chase, w^ho was in the city and likewise favoring
the change of locality.. Finding no particular objections,
I issued without signature a call for a meeting of 0. H.
and P. Society at the Neil House.
" Here let it be observed that of all those voted for as
members, a large number failing to pay the initiation fee
and conform to other requirements never really became
members. When, at this time, Dr. John Thompson, the
society's treasurer, came to examine into the matter, it
was found that there were not enough legal members to
fill the offices of the society, for continued membership
depended on the paying of an annual fee, and at the time
of this called meeting, not one person in Cincinnati was
a member under the charter rules and regulations, and in
this city but Dr. Thompson and the writer.
At the hour appointed, Dr. John Thompson, as treas-
urer, and myself, as secretary, proceeded to Mr. Randall's
room, in the l!^eil House, where we met Mr. Randall and
Mr. Chase, and then and there handed over the records,
telling them to make such entries and records as would give
the transfer a formal and legal sanction, and if the records
noio show any annual meeting of the society at that time
in Cincinnati, where the ' members of the Cincinnati His-
torical Society were then elected members, and a donation
152 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
of all the property of the Cincinnati Historical Society
was then accepted/ I apprehend the entries were made in
accordance with the above understanding."
The Cincinnati Historical Society was organized in
August, 1844, with the following officers : President,
James H. Perkins; vice-presidents, John P. Foote and
William D. Gallagher; recording secretary, E. P. Norton;
treasurer, Robert Buchanan ; librarian, A. Randall.
These continued in office until 1847, when the following
were chosen : President, D. K. Este ; vice-presidents, J.
Hall and J. P. Foote ; recording secretary, James H. Per-
kins; corresponding secretar}^ J. G.Anthony; librarian,
A. Randall. In 1848, William D. Gallagher was made
president, with James H. Perkins, Charles Whittlesey,
and E. D. Mansfield as vice-presidents.
In 1847, Dr. S. P. Hildreth presented to the society the
manuscript of his " Pioneer History," which was pub-
lished in 1848.
The first meeting of the Historical and Philosophical
Society in the city of Cincinnati was held in February,
1849. Then the two societies united ; the members of the
Cincinnati society were elected members of the older or-
ganization, and all the property of the Cincinnati society
was donated. The election of officers for the year 1849
was held March 20th. The following were elected:
President, William D. Gallagher ; vice-presidents, James
H. Perkins, Edward D. Mansfield, Charles Whittlesey;
treasurer, Robert Buchanan ; corresponding secretary, A.
Randall ; recording secretary, Samuel B. Munson ; libra-
rian, G. Williams Kendall; curators, John C. Wright,
John P. Foote, David K. Este, Edwin R. Campibell,
Restore C. Carter.
Early in 1850 the constitution of the society was recon-
structed. The primary object of the society was an-
nounced to be " research in every department of local his-
tory, collection, preservation, and diffusion of whatever
may relate to the history, biography, literature, philosophy,
and antiquities of America, more especially of the state
of Ohio, of the West, and of the United States." The
Libraries, 153
number of curators was increased from five to fifteen.
The date of the annual meeting was fixed for the first
Monday in December.
Mr. Gallagher was re-elected president for 1850, and
Eobert Buchanan, treasurer. On the 8th of April, 1850, a
meeting was held to commemorate the first settlement of
Ohio, the sixty-second anniversary of which fell on Sun-
day, April 7th. On that occasion Mr. Gallagher delivered
an elaborate address entitled " Facts and Conditions of
Progress in the North-west." This was published by the
society, with an appendix containing a sketch of the his-
tory of the society, the constitution, and the report of
ofiicers for 1849. Hildreth's '" Memoirs of the Pioneer
Settlers of Ohio " was published, under the auspices of the
society, two years later.
The records of the proceedings of the society, from
1850 to 1868, unfortunately, are lost. According to the
best recollection of several old members whom the writer
interviewed in 1869, E. D. Mansfield succeeded Wm. D.
Gallagher as president, and Colonel Johnson, the Indian
agent, succeeded him. John P. Foote was the next presi-
dent, and after him Robert Buchanan held the office down
to 1870, when Hon. M. F. Force was made president.
When the society moved to Cincinnati, in 1849, it
brought its library. The books and archives of the united
societies were deposited in the front room of the fourth
story of a new brick building on the corner of Third and
Race streets, Cincinnati. They were removed, probably
about 1853, to an apartment in the basement of the Cin-
cinnati College, on Walnut street, between Fourth and
Fifth. John P. Foote, in his " Schools of Cincinnati,'^
published in 1855, says :
" The room in the college building devoted to the so-
ciety's library and its meetings is spacious and convenient,
and the meetings which have been held there have gen-
erally been remarkably interesting."
The late George Graham, one of the most eminent and
useful members of the society, gave me his recollections-
in writing, as follows :
154 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
" It was deemed advisable by the directors to discontinue
the occupancy of the college, when the books, manu-
scripts, etc., of the library were bound up and taken, I
think, to Mr. Buchanan's store. After remaining there
some time, they were transferred to the school library and
placed in two alcoves, where they were to remain unmo-
lested until called for by the Historical Society."
This removal took place in 1860, as the records of the
public library show. The public library was then in the
Mechanics' Institute building, corner of Sixth and Vine
streets.
Hon. M. F. Force, referring to the struggling years of
the society just after 1852, says :
" Meetings were regularly held, and while the attend-
ance varied, some nine or ten members were quite constant
— E. D. Mansfield, Robert Buchanan, George Graham,
Peyton Symmes, James Lupton, J. G. Anthony, Osgood
Mussey, John D. Caldwell, A. li. Spofiord, and ftiyself.
There were constant though not large accessions to the
library, and many papers were read, some of which were
published in the newspapers. . . . Some members
have died, others moved away, and at the close of the war
there were four active members remaining in the city,
Robert Buchanan, George Graham, John D. Caldwell,
and myself. Julius Dexter, Robert Clarke, and E. F.
Bliss became interested in reviving the society. Some of
the four survivors, or possibly one, flocking by himself,
held a meeting and elected a number of new members in
May, 1868. Meetings were held about in offices till De-
cember, 1868, when an arragement was made with the
Literary Club,^ and what was left of the library was ob-
* The Cincinnati Literary Club was organized October 29, 1849, at the
rooms of Mr. A. R. Spofford, now Librarian of Congress. The member-
ship was originally limited to twenty-five, was increased to thirty in
1851, afterward to thirty -five, then to fifty, then to eighty, and, in 1875,
to one hundr. ,1. On April 15, 1861, the club formed a military com-
pany, the liiniH t Ivities, and subsequently fifty members entered the
army. The following is a list of club members during the first club
year 1849: John G. Baker, Henry B. Blackwelh, D. L. Brown, J. D.
Buchanan, Francis Collins, Isaac C. Collins, Nelson Cross, W. M. Dick-
Libraries. 155
tained from the public library and moved into the rooms
of the club."
At the meeting called for reorganization, May 23, 1868,
the following officers were re-elected : President, Robert
Buchanan ; corresponding secretary, M. F. Force ; record-
ing secretary, Charles E. Cist ; librarian, John D. Cald-
■well. Robert Buchanan was re-elected in 1869. M. F.
Force was elected president in 1870, and held the office
until 1889, when he removed from Cincinnati, and Eugene
F. Bliss was chosen to the place. Robert Clarke was
treasurer from 1869 to 1873, since which he has been cor-
responding secretary. E. F. Bliss became treasurer in
1874, and held the office till 1885, when A. H. Chatfield
succeeded him. J. Mi J^ewton was librarian in 1869,
Julius Dexter from 1870 to 1880, Miss E. H. Appleton
from 1880 to September, 1886, since which time the im-
portant position has been held by Mrs. C. W. Lord.
The society republished, in 1872, Part I, Volume 1, of
its transactions, the Columbus edition of 1838 being out
of print. In 1873 a new series of publications was begun,
by the publication of the " Journal of Captain John May."
The last publication, to date, of the society, is the " Jour-
nal of David Zeisberger," translated from the German
manuscript, with annotations by Eugene F. Bliss. This,
the largest and most important work yet issued by the
society, was put forth in 1885. The trustees of the Cin-
cinnati College gave the society the use, rent free, of five
rooms in the upper story of the college building, to which
the society moved April 1, 1871, and where it remained
fourteen years. The growth of the society in that period
was constant and vigorous. Contributions toward a build-
ing fund and an endowment fund were made, and care-
son, Edwin D. Dodd, Wm. Ferguson, Manning F. Force, Israel Garrard,
C. A. Glass, Wm. Guilford, John Gundry, Rutherford B. Hayes, John
W. Herron, L, A. Hine, Patrick Mallon, Stanley Matthews, John H.
McDowell, W. C. McDowell, Charles C. Pierce, M. L. Sheldon, Albert
Sheppard, J. R. Skinner, A. R. Spoflord, R. H. Stephenson, A. S. Sulli-
van, H. G. Wade, W. A. Warriner, M. Hazen AVhite, A. T. Whittaker,
J. K. Wilson, P. C. Wyeth, J. C. Zachos.
156 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
fully invested. In the siiramer of 1885, the society pur-
chased a fine three-story building on Eighth street, No.
115, west of Race and next to the Lincoln Club building.
Formal possession was taken of these commodious new
quarters on October 15, 1885, when the president, Hon.
M. F. Force, delivered a short address, concluding with
the following words :
"We have not moved into this comfortable home to
rest from labor. It is only vantage ground for renewed
zeal and larger enterprise. Two works on interesting and
obscure points in the early history of Ohio are in compe-
tent hands, and will appear in due time. Twenty thou-
sand dollars are due upon the purchase of the house, and
there are only $1,400 dollars in the building fund. The
deficiency must be made up. From the experience of the
past, we can trust to the continued growth of the library.
The cabinet must be enlarged. Ohio was the richest field
for Indian implements and relics of the Mound Builders,
but constant sale of collections to the eastern states and
to Europe have carried off nearly all, and what little is
left is apt to go in the same way. New Mexico has in
like manner been parting with objects illustrating the life
of the Pueblo Indians. Some collections are left, which
can be got for a price small compared with their real
value. Let us trust that some hand, guided by wise lib-
erality, will rescue a portion before the opportunity passes
away forever.
" Members of the society, press on with unflagging
zeal. Let your collections become so full that they will
form a monument worthy of the city and the state — so
complete that no question can arise concerning the history
of the Ohio Valley which can not find an answer on your
shelves."
The object of the society, as defined in the present con-
stitution, is to collect and preserve all things relating to
the history and antiquities of America, more especially of
the State of Ohio, and to diffuse knowledge concerning
them. I have mentioned the various publications of the
Libraries. 157
society. It remains to give some account of the collec-
tions of its library and cabinet.
The number of volumes in the library at the time of
the removal from Columbus is not now known. An ac-
cession of about four hundred volumes was received from
the Cincinnati society. Sometime between 1849 and
1855 Mr. George T. Williamson made to the society a do-
nation of several rare and costly works, chief of which
was a set of " Lord Kinsborough's Mexican Antiquities,"
published at London, in nine large folios, elaborately il-
lustrated. The first seven volumes of this magnificent
publication are estimated to have cost $300,000. Among
other works understood to belong to Mr. Williamson's
contribution are a number of volumes of old English
chronicles in Latin ; eleven volumes of English state pa-
pers of the time of Henry YIIL; the " ^N'aval History of
Great Britain," by Hon. George Berkley, a large folio of
seven hundred and six pages, printed in 1756; " Kegister
of the Great Seal of the Kingdom of Scotland from 1306
to 1324;" "Acts of the Lords' Auditors of Causes and
Complaints of Scotland, from 1466 to 1494 ;" "Acts of the
Lords of Council of Scotland, from 1478 to 1495," and a
dozen or more other volumes of proceedings, ordinances,
records, etc., relating to the early history of Scotland and
England. Also the " Journal of the Proceedings of the
General Assembly of the Colony of JSTew York," in two
volumes, covering a period of seventy-four years, from
1691 to 1751; the "Laws of :N'ew York from 1691 to
1751 ;" and the " Laws of Maryland," by Thomas Bacon,
rector of All Saints' parish, in Frederick county, and do-
mestic chaplain in Maryland to the Right Honorable
Frederick Lord Baltimore. All these highly interesting
works are in the library in a state of good preservation.
Besides the contributions of Mr. Williamson, a number
of important volumes were donated at about the same
time by Mr. Peter Force, of Washington City. Among
these are Mr. Force's own useful compilations, the " !N"a-
tional Calendar," in several volumes, dating from 1820.
The Smithsonian Institute favored tlje society with its
158 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
contributions to useful knowledge, and the national gov-
ernment furnished Schoolcraft's " Reports on the Indians,"
and a vast number of valuable documentary works.
Some time before the year 1855, the books of the ]^ew
England Society, numbering about three hundred and
forty-three volumes, were deposited with the Historical
Society and became its property. The [N'ew England So-
ciety was organized for the purpose of " perpetuating the
memory of early settlers of New England," " extending
charity to the needy of New England birth, and their
widows and orphans," and " promoting virtue, knowledge
and all useful learning." ^ Timothy Walker was president
of the society in 1847 and 1848. The formation of a his-
torical and antiquarian library was undertaken about the
end of the year 1847. Contributions in money and books
were obtained from prominent New Englanders residing
in Cincinnati, and from Nathaniel B. Shurtliff and Samuel
G. Drake, of Boston. The books include a fair showing
of reports of various historical societies, especially of the
States of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire and
Rhode Island, with some of Connecticut, Maryland and
Louisiana ; directories of Boston and other cities, sketches
of American antiquities and early history, chronological
statistics, colonial records, accounts of early travel and ex-
ploration, etc.
When, in 1869, the books were removed from the Me-
chanics' Institute to the rooms of the Literary Club, the
efficient librarian, Mr. J. M. Newton, set about overhauling
and classifying the collection. The discovery of an old
catalogue revealed the loss of a number of volumes and
many valuable manuscripts. Mr. Newton found that the
library comprised in all 700 bound volumes and 1,250
pamphlets.
* It was chartered March 1, 1845, on the application of Henry Star,
Nathaniel Sawyer, Bellamy Storer, Ephraim Robins, Lot E. Brewster,
Salmon P. Chase, R. D. Mussey, Nathan Sampson, Edward D. Mans-
field, Lyman Beecher, Henry Crane, Edmund Gage, Calvin E. Stowe,
M. Flagg, Alphonso Taft, Ira Athearn, T. Woodrough, C. K. Cady, Jona-
than Bates, Charles Fisher and others.
Libraries, 159
But donations came in steadily. On the first of Janu-
ary, 1872, Mr. Julius Dexter, then librarian, began the
tedious task of cataloguing the growing collection. He
gave, substantially, two years of his time to the work.
At the close of the year 1874, the society owned 4,967
bound volumes and 15,856 pamphlets, accurately cata-
logued and arranged.
There are at present (1890) in the library 10,850 bound
volumes and 50,000 pamphlets.
A valuable special feature of the library is that know^n
as the Centennial Collection, presented by A. T. Goshorn,
and comprising 67 volumes, 303 pamphlets, and many
photographs, etc., the whole relating to international ex-
positions, and particularly to the Philadelphia Exposition,
of 1876, of which Mr. Goshorn was manager.
Another highly important portion of the archives of the
society is the collection known as The Torrence Papers,
donated by Aaron Torrence in 1885. The manuscript
part of this collection is fully described in a catalogue
prepared by Mr. Bliss and published in 1887. A general
description of the Torrence Papers is here quoted from
Mrs. Lord's report for the year 1886 :
" In the last report of the librarian of the society occurs
the name of Aaron Torrence as the giver of 67 volumes
and 630 pamphlets; to these are this year added 40
volumes. But printed matter was the least part of his
gift. He made over to the society a mass of letters and
documents of every sort. Related as is his family to the
Findlays, the Harrisons, the Whitemans, the Irvins, all of
whom have been prominent in the development of Cin-
cinnati, he had in' his hands documents of the highest
value for the local history of our city and going back
almost to its foundation. There are the curious orders of
our earliest settlers and of the o:te.cers and soldiers of Fort
Washington upon Smith & Findlay, suttlers or general
traders ; the orders and vouchers of the military author-
ities in the various campaigns against the Indians at the
close of the last century; many certificates of the receiver
in the land office here ; the muster rolls of the state
160 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
militia, and documents relating to the War of 1812.
There is a great number of letters received by General
Findlay when he was a member of Congress from hungry
constituents, there are letters written by Samuel Torrence
from West Point, when he was a cadet there in 1823-28,
letters from General Wayne, from General Wilkinson and
from General Jessup. In this collection all the prominent
families of the early city and vicinity are represented, the
Shorts, Worthingtons, Wrights, Lytles, Burnets, Long-
worths, Schencks, Taylors, Southgates, Ludlows, Sloos,
Mahards, Bullocks, Kilgours, Yeatmans, Euffins, Storers,
Baums, Buchanans, Carneals, Dawsons, Drakes, Ham-
monds, Kempers. There are letters and other papers of
President Harrison from the time he was a lieutenant in
the army. There are plats of the various subdivisions of
the city, legal documents of many kinds, specimens of
early paper money, invitations and visiting cards, accounts
with individuals and lists of prices, a mine of treasure to
the future investigator."
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges, 161
CHAPTER V.
TEACHERS, SCHOOLS, AND COLLEGES IN THE BACKWOODS.
The founders of the American IN'ation, whether residing
in ^ew England, the Middle States, or the South, were
advocates and promoters of popular education. Frank-
lin, Washington, the Adamses, Jefferson, however much
they might differ on other questions, were united in the
conviction expressed hy Washington to Congress, that
" Knowledge in every country is the surest basis of pub-
lic happiness." Jefferson's writings are saturated with
the doctrine that knowledge and thought are the safe-
guards of democracy.
The celebrated " ISTotes on the State of Virginia," was
written in 1781, and revised in 1782, just before the close
of the Revolutionary War. The lirst American edition
was issued in 1787, the year of the ordinance which or-
ganized the " Old ISTorth-west." In the chapter on the
charters and laws of Virginia, Jefferson outlines a plan
for the revisal of the statutes, embracing a proposal " To
establish religious freedom on the broadest bottom," and
" To emacipate all the slaves born after the passing of the
act." The chapter discusses the subject of education, and
concludes with this noble passage : " Every government
degenerates when trusted to the rulers of the people alone.
The people themselves, therefore, are its only safe de-
positories. And to render even them safe, their minds
must be improved to a certain degree. This indeed is not
all that is necessary, though it be essentially necessary.
An amendment to our constitution must here come in
aid of the public education. The influence over govern-
ment must be shared among all the people."
With the possession of intelligence, Jefferson associates
11
162 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
the exercise of suffrage. He exerted an active and con-
tinuous influence in favor of popular education in Vir-
ginia, and the power of his word and example spread to
Kentucky and other parts of the Ohio Valley. Mr. Dunn,
in his history of Indiana, says : " If we look to the influ-
ence of literature, we find nothing from the North that
had more effect in Indiana than Jefferson's ^ Notes on
Virginia.' "
But Jefferson is by no means entitled to all the credit
for promoting the cause of education in the South.
In the year 1780, the legislature of Virginia passed " An
Act to vest certain escheated Lands in the County of Ken-
tucky, in Trustees for a Public School." The passage of
this bill, which was brought about chiefly by Colonel John
Todd, led to the founding of Transylvania University, the
first important college in the Ohio Valley. Other laws
enacted by the Kentucky legislature in 1796, provided for
the establishment of an academy in every county of the
state, and endowed twenty-six academies, each with six
thousand acres of land. These academies were to become
feeders of the great central university. Those patriots
who conceived the splendid project of a school system
for Kentucky, knew better than they builded.
When the embattled farmers at Concord Bridge "• fired
the shot heard round the world," the swift report flying
westward, saluted the ears of a party of hunters encamped
near the Kentucky river. These, one of whom was Simon
Kenton, were genuine *' Long Knives " — rangers, clad in
garments stripped from the deer, the bear, and the wolf,
and armed with rifle, tomahawk, and scalping-knife. By
patriotic consent they named the place of their encamp-
ment Lexington, and four years later, in April, 1779, a vil-
lage was begun on the spot. Founded but five years after
Boone led the vanguard of immigration through Cumber-
land Gap, and broke the old Wilderness Road through
primeval solitude, Lexington is only less ancient than a
few stations like Harrodsburg and Boonesborough. It is
now but little over one hundred years since the pioneers
" Chopping out the night, chopped in the morn,"
Teachei^s, Schools, and Colleges. 163
and took the forest trees to fashion the rude stockade
which was the beginning of the "Athens of the West."
A higher distinction than that derived from its rapid
material growth, belongs to this town. Thither from the
East, with commerce went culture. Lexington and its
vicinity formed the first island of civilization in the green
ocean of the western wilderness. Just outside the fort,
the settlers built a school-house, perhaps the first in the
Ohio Valley. The stockade was a defense against sav-
ages, the school-house a redoubt against ignorance, and a
magazine for mental stores. John McKinney, the school-
master, deserves a monument or a statue. One morning,
John, waiting for his pupils, was surprised by a visit from
a most unwelcome examiner, a monstrous wild-cat, which
stealthily came in at the open door, and sprang at the
pedagogical throat. The unarmed man of letters, after a
terrific combat, killed the powerful beast by choking and
crushing it upon his desk ; and while its fierce teeth were
yet locked in the flesh of his side, he said placidly to some
men who rushed to his rescue :, " Oentlemen, I have
caught a cat." The progress of civilization is symbolized
by the picture of McKinney slaying the wild-cat in the
rude hut dedicated to the education of children.^
About the year 1783, there appeared upon the scene of
aftairs in Kentucky, a schoolmaster from the banks of the
Brandywine — another John, whose figure, like that of
McKinney, stands in picturesque relief in the mixed light
of history and tradition. He wrote the first annals of
Kentucky, and surveyed the first i^oad from Lexington to
Cincinnati, or Losantiville, as he named the town ; he it
was who, in the Kentucky Gazette, proposed to organize
a seminary in Lexington, in which should be taught the
" French language, with all the arts and sciences used in
the academies," for a fee of '^ five pounds per annum, one-
half cash and the other property," and who offended cer-
tain citizens by announcing his intention to employ
" northern teachers; " — John Pilson, who, as I have stated
' See the author's " Footprints of the Pioneers," Cincinnati, 1888.
164 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
in a preceding chapter, wandered from his comrades, en-
camped on the northern shore of the Ohio, and took a
lonely walk in the Big Miami woods — a walk from which
he never returned.
The Virginia school act of 1780 is in the following lan-
guage :
" Whereas, it is represented to this General Assembly
tliat there are certain lands within the county of Ken-
tucky, formerly belonging to British subjects, not yet sold
under the law of escheats and forfeitures, which might be,
at a future day, a valuable fund for the maintenance and
education of youth; and it being the interest of this Com-
monwealth always to promote and encourage every de-
eign which may tend to the improvement of the mind and
the diffusion of knowledge even among its remote citizens,
whose situation, in a barbarous neighborhood and a savage in-
tercourse, might otherwise render unfriendly to science; be it
therefore enacted, that eight thousand acres of land within
the said county, of Kentucky . . . should be vested
in trustees as a free donation from this Commonwealth,
for the purpose of a public school or seminary of learning,
to be erected within said county as soon as its circum-
stances and the state of its funds will admit."
Thus, fifteen years before lands were selected for the
support of the first college in the North-western Terri-
tory, at Athens, U., the Virginia Assembly provided en-
do wiiimt for a seminary in Kentucky. The institution
was in practical operation in 1785 in the private house
of Rev. David Rice, near Danville. " Old Father Rice "
was selected as the first teacher ; the school was christened
Transylvania Seminary, a good name, meaning, literally,
the nursery or seed-plat beyond the woods.
Three years after its organization the school was re-
moved from Danville, the early capital of the district of
Kentucky, to Lexington, the real seat of power, where,
in 1788, a small two-story brick building was erected for
its accommodation. For the first nine years the manage-
ment of the seminary was in the hands of Presbyterians;
but, in 1794, Rev. Henry Toulmin, nominally a Baptist,
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 165
but, in fact, an English Unitarian and disciple of Priestly,
was chosen president.
The Presbyterians started a rival school at Pisgah,
naming it Kentucky Academy. To this institution $1,000
were subscribed by friends of education in the East.
Washington gave §100 ; John Adams, $100 ; Aaron Burr,
$50. The Rev. Dr. Gordon,^ of London, gave £80 for the
purchase of books and apparatus.
The two schools were, 1798, united under the presi-
dency of an Episcopal clergyman, Rev. James Moore. At
the same time the institution was reorganized, enlarged,
and chartered as Transylvania University. Lexington
was chosen as its permanent seat. The second president
was Rev. James Blythe, D.D., whose administration ex-
tended from 1804 to 1818.
Degrees were conferred by this backwoods university
as long ago as 1802.' Yet it is no disparagement to say
that during the period from its founding to 1818, Transyl-
vania University was not much superior to a modern first-
class grammar school. Just after the close of the war of
1812-15, literary institutions in all parts of the country
took a new lease of life.
Dr. Blythe was succeeded in December, 1818, by Rev.
Horace Holley, LL.D., a graduate of Yale College, and an
admirer and favorite of Pi'esident Timothy Dwight. For
several years he had been pastor of Hollis Street Unitarian
Church, Boston, and his preaching power was much
praised. One of his enthusiastic biographers claims that
in pulpit eloquence he was not surpassed by Bossuet or
Massilon, while he undoubtedly excelled Chalmers and
Irving! All accounts agree that Holley was eloquent,
learned, and handsome. Timothy Flint, who was of the
same cloth and sect as the doctor, and possibly was
touched with a slight jealousy, wrote that " Dr. Holley
was fond of society, and not much given to seclusion ;
^ Rev. Wm. Gordon, D.D. (172^1807), preacher and author. From
1770 to 1786, he was minister of a church in Roxbury, Mass. Wrote
" History of Independency in the United States."
166 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
and yet he seemed to be a living library, and to have a
universal acquaintance with literature."
The new president was welcomed to his fresh field of
labor, where his energy and many accomplishments
wrought miracles for the university. His popularity
drew students from far. The catalogues for 1823-4-5
show an average yearly attendance of about four hundred.
The three departments of literature, law, and medicine
were conducted by full faculties of eminent professors.
At the head of the law school was Judge Jesse Bledsoe,
LL.D. Among the medical teachers were Dr. Samuel
Brown, reputed to be the first physician who practiced
vaccination in the United States; Dr. Ben. W. Dudley,
the famous surgeon ; Dr. Daniel Drake, the first prominent
medical author of the West, and Dr. Charles Caldwell, a
man of varied talents and achievements in science and
letters, but chiefly noted as the "American Spurzheim."
Charles Caldwell was born in IN'orth Carolina in the
year 1772. lie was a pupil and protege of Dr. Benjamin
Rush, the signer; an intimate friend of Jefterson and
Madison, and on terms of familiar correspondence with
Washington. In 1795, he translated Blumenbacli's " Ele-
ments of Physiology." In 1814, he succeeded Nicholas
Biddle as editor of the Port Folio^ Philadelphia. He pub-
lished a " Life of Nathaniel Greene," ^ in 1819, and in that
year took up his residence in Lexington. He went to
Europe in 1820 to purchase books and models for the
medical school of Transylvania. A voluminous author,
he wrote on various subjects ; his printed books comprise
10,000 pages. His writings are chiefly of a scientific
character, though he contributed to literature the " Life
of Greene," a "Memoir of Dr. Ilolley," and an entertain-
ing "Autobiography." From 1837 to his death, in 1853,
he lived in Louisville.
The literary department of Transylvania retained the
servicea of ex-President Blythe, who, in after years, pre-
» Greene (Nathaniel). Memoirs of the Life and Campaigns of. By
Charles Caldwell. Portrait. 8vo. pp. 452. Philadelphia, 1819.
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 167
sided over Hanover College, Indiana. R. H. Bishop, who
subsequently became president of Miami University, was
professor of history at Lexington. He published an
" Outline of the History of the Church in Kentucky," in
1824. In the same year Thomas Johnson Matthews,
father of Justice Stanley Matthews, was elected professor
of mathematics and natural philosophy at Transylvania.
He had been a canal surveyor, and in later years taught
in Miami University and in Woodward College, now
Woodward High School, Cincinnati. A very prominent
figure in the Lexington Faculty was Prof. C. S. Rafinesque,
who lectured on every thing in general and archaeology
and natural history in special. Rafinesque was a Greek,
a universal genius, whose very name some of his contem-
poraries '' considered synonymous with literature and
science," while others, and especially those who afi:ected
his line of studies, suspected him of being a humbug and
charlatan.
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, born at Galata, near
Constantinople, in 1784, came to America in 1802, returned
to Europe in 1805, and, after spending ten years in Sicily,
published in French a work called " The Analysis of I^a-
ture." Sailing for ITew York, he was shipwrecked on
Long Island. He resided a while in I^qw York, support-
ing himself by tutoring, but came to Kentucky, in 1818,
on invitation of the naturalist, John D. Clifford. He de-
scended the Ohio, in an " ark," from Pittsburg, stopping
at pleasure to botanize and to study the shells and fishes
of the river.
At Henderson, Kentucky, he became acquainted with
J. J. Audubon, the American ornithologist. He settled
at Lexington in 1819, and remained there about seven
years, lecturing in the college on his specialties, and
teaching French, Italian and Spanish. During these years
he collected materials for a proposed work entitled "• Tel-
lus, or the History of the Earth and Mankind," which
was never finished. In 1824 he published the "Ancient
History of Kentucky," and in 1836, his " Life of Travels
and Researches in ^N'orth America and South Europe."
168 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Rafinesque died in Philadelphia in 1842. It is recorded of
him in Collinses " Kentucky," that he claimed to be " a
botanist, naturalist, conchologist, geologist, geographer,
ethnographer, philologist, historian, antiquarian, poet,
philosopher, economist, and philanthropist; also, a trav-
eler, merchant, manufacturer, collector, improver, pro-
fessor, teacher, surveyor, draughtsman, engineer, author,
editor, bookseller, librarian, secretary, and chancellor."
Another professor in Transylvania was Dr. Joseph
Buchanan (born 1785, died 1829). He must not be con-
founded with his eminent son, Dr. Joseph Rhodes Bu-
chanan, who was born in Frankfort, Ky, in 1814, and who
was editor of the " Journal of Man " and originator of a
system of "Anthropology." Joseph Buchanan was the
author of a volume on the " Philosophy of Human Na-
ture," published in 1812. He is credited with being the
first to introduce into Kentucky the Pestalozzian method
of teaching. He edited the Lexington Reporter, the
Frankfort Palladium, and the Cincinnati Literary Cadet;
and, in 1826, projected the Louisville Focus, which was
merged in the Journal of George D. Prentice.
E. D. Mansfield said of Dr. Holley and his associates :
"Altogether, a greater array of strength, of brilliant tal-
ents and wide reputation, has scarcely ever been collected
atone time and in one institution." The fame of Tran-
B^ivania went abroad, and numerous visitors, native and
foreign, made pilgrimage to Lexington to honor, and to
be honored by, the colleges. Governor Barry, President
Monroe, and General Jackson were among Dr. HoUey's
distinguished guests. The Marquis de Lafayette wended
bis triumphal way to Lexington, where he was formally
received at the university, in a glowing address by the
president. Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby, also journeyed
throagh the " blue grass " to interview the professors and
study the workings of the wonderful backwoods institu-
tion of learning.
The college library was one of the largest and best in
the United States. A portion of its classical and miscel-
laneous collection was selected by a no less competent
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 169
scholar than Edward Everett. The medical books were
procured in Europe by Dr. Caldwell. The university pos-
sessed an anatomical museum, a cabinet of specimens in
natural history, and a botanical garden.
In 1823 a literary society, called the Kentucky Institute,
was established at Lexington. The membership was lim-
ited to twenty-four, and half of these were college pro-
fessors. It was a rule of the society that at least one
essay or paper should be read and discussed every week*
Some of the themes presented were : " The Manufacture
of Pottery Earthenware and China in Kentucky," by
Charles Humphreys ; " The Manufactory of Whisky and
Gin," by the same ; " The Shawanoe E'ation " and " Geol-
ogy of Kentucky," by Prof. Ratinesque ; '' The Peculiar
Manners of the Inhabitants of IsTorth Virginia," by Dr.
Ilolley ; " The Theory of Language," by Mr. Butler ; '' The
Atomic Theory," by Mr. Best ; " The Influence of Climate
upon Character," by Dr. Drake ; '' Roads and Schools in
the West," by Mr. R. Wicklitfe.
In 1827 Dr. Ilolley resigned, on account of violent ob-
jection to his theological views. Dr. Alva Woods, D.D.,
who had been at the head of Brown University, wa&
called to the Kentucky institution, and though he was an
able man, the literary department of Transylvania stead-
ily declined. The palmy da3'S of the college had already
passed. Sectarian differences divided public sentiment*
The Presbyterians centered their forces at Danville, where
Center College and the Theological School, incorporated
in January, 1819, soon rose to prominence. From 1842 ta
1849, Transylvania University was a Methodist College,
under the presidency of the influential Rev. Henry Bas-
com. In 1849 the state resumed control of the institution ^
which, in 1856, was reorganized with a normal depart-
ment, under the charge of Rev. L. W. Green. But the
college did not flourish. After a languishing existence of
ten years, it was merged into Kentucky University in
1865.
The alumni of old Transylvania are numbered by hun-
dreds, and many of them won distinction in public life,.
170 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
and in the professions of law, medicine and journalism.
Jefferson Davis was a son of this Lexington " alma mater,"
having taken his degree in 1824.
Among the prominent graduates may be mentioned Dr.
Joseph Buchanan, Dr. Benj. W. Dudley, Wm. T. Barry,
Jesse Bledsoe, Richard M. Johnson, Chas. S. Morehead,
Thomas F. Marshall, Chas. A. Wicklifte, Richard H.
Menifee and John Rowan.
"We linger, with peculiar interest, upon the early history
of Transylvania. A Kentucky annalist has truly and im-
pressively written that in the first years of its career the
college " was often disturbed by the yell of the Indian and
the crack of his rifle," and that " troops were almost con-
stantly needed for defense, and even the women and chil-
dren had to bear their part in defending the settlements
against savages. The roll of the drum called many a
youth from the quiet of the school-house, and the turbu-
lence of the times often forced him to exchange books for
rifle and tomahawk."
But the college grew apace, and the town of Lexington
led the march of western civilization. When Kentucky
became a state, Lexington was made the capital. In the
year 1800, when Cincinnati could claim a population of
only 750, her southern rival had 2,000.
Writing of Lexington in 1815, Timothy Flint says : " It
is not so large and flourishing as Cincinnati, but has an
air of leisure and opulence that distinguishes it from the
busy bustle and occupation of that town. In the circles
where I visited, literature was most commonly the subject
of conversation. The window-seats presented the blank
covers of the new and most interesting publications. The
best modern works had been generally read. * The univer-
sity, which has since become so famous, was, even then
(1815), taking a higher standard than the other seminaries
in the western country. There was generally an air of
ease and politeness in the social intercourse of the inhab-
itants of this town, which evinced the cultivation of taste
and good feeling."
In the Literary Gazette of March, 1824, the editor, John
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 171
P. Foote, complainingly wrote : " It is certainly a source
of regret that the talents, learning, and enterprise which
should have been employed by us, in rearing up our own
institutions, should be transferred to a rival town, and
thus become a means of rendering the State of Ohio trib-
utary to Lexington."
With her polite families, her professors, her Henry
Clay,^ her schools, libraries, books and periodicals, Lex-
ington was a center of culture. For many years the town
outranked Cincinnati even as a mart. A rivalry, social
and intellectual, was kept up between the two places.
Lexington claimed to be the "Athens of the "West." A
traveler, writing of Cincinnati in 1815 says : " Efforts to
promote polite literature have already been made in this
town. If its only rival, Lexington, be, as she contends,
the ^Athens of the West,' this place is struggling to be-
come its Corinth." But as years went by, the commercial
importance of the Ohio city rapidly increased, and her
citizens called her neither "Athens " nor "Corinth," but
" Tyre." " Come, pass round the bowl," wrote a Queen
City bard in 1823,
" Come, pass round the bowl ; let us drink to the health
Of this city, the depot of beauty and wealth ;
For we boast, do we not, of our city's success.
And hail in full bumpers, ' The Tyre of the West.' "
But Lexington, proud in her classic pre-eminence, de-
rided even the mercantile Tyrian claims of her rival, and
Cincinnati bided her time. As late as 1827 the " Western
Review," issued from the " Tyre of the West," while
claiming great glory for its own city, was forced to admit
that " Perhaps there is no town in the United States
where, among an equal number of people, so many will
be found able and disposed to join in a literary conversa-
tion as in Lexington. There is, in fact, a rough-shod en-
ergy of intellect diffused over all ' Old Kentucky,' which
when properly trained will make her as fruitful in litera-
ture as she is' now in flour and tobacco."
* Clay, born in Virginia in 1777, came to Kentucky in 1797.
1 Ti! Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
The first wliite people who settled on the north side of
the Ohio — the " Indian side," as pioneers called it — formed
institutions, social and civil, after the New England model,
and strove to impress the stamp of Puritan ideas on fam-
ily, school, church, and government. Their preliminary
task was to cut trees, provide shelter, kill Indians, and
plant seeds. Carlyle, in one of his picturesque letters to
Emerson, writes : " How beautiful to think of lean, tough
Yankee settlers, tough as gutta-percha, with most occult,
unsubduable fire in their belly, steering over the western
mountains, to annihilate the jungle, and bring bacon and
corn out of it for the posterity of Adam. The pigs in
about a year eat up all the rattlesnakes for miles around ;
a most judicious function on the part of the pigs. Be-
hind comes Jonathan with his all-conquering plowshare —
glory to him, too ! "
Jonathan brought all of himself along when he steered
over the mountains; brought brain to direct muscle,
brought principles with his plow, and while speculation
was in his eye it did not render him indifferent to public
duty. As Massachusetts began her career with advan-
tages not enjoyed in England, so Ohio, the '* Yankee
State," or " New England of the West," was organized
under circumstances more fortunate than had surrounded
the colonists of the East.
The territory north-west of the Ohio was dedicated to
liberty without reserve — to complete liberty, civil and re-
ligious.
The Ordinance of 1787 was a new mold, in which were
cast freer and better institutions than before had been de-
vised. Therefore, the people of this region escaped the
blighting influence of imported crimes, bigotries, and su-
perstitions, that afflicted the inhabitants of the East and
the South.
The Ordinance of 1787 places freedom, religion, moral-
ity, and knowledge, as the corner-stones of civilization.
The third article declares that " religion, morality, and
knowledge being necessary to good government and to
the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of edu-
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 173
cation shall forever be encouraged." The constitution of
Ohio reiterates : " But religion, morality, and knowledge
being essentially necessary to good government and the
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of instruc-
tion shall forever be encouraged by legislative provisions,
not inconsistent with the rights of conscience."
Ex-president R. B. Hayes said eloquently, in a speech
at the Marietta centennial, in 1888 : " Putnam and his
followers were the best educated men the world ever
knew. For eight years, from 1775 to 1783, they went to
school to George Washington." Manasseh Cutler, the
prime promoter of the Ohio Company, though he did not
*' go to school to George Washington," was educated by
the Revolution, and was also a man learned in books and
the art of speech. He was an excellent and exact scholar,
and practical teacher. The cause of liberal education
lay very near to his heart. To Congress he said, when
urging such legislation as would insure the best good to
the Ohio Company: " If we venture our all, with our
families, in this enterprise, we must know beforehand
what kind of foundation we are to build on." In his ser-
mon of August 24, 1788, to the settlers at Marietta, he
said : " An early attention to the instruction of youth is
of the greatest importance to a new settlement. It will
lay the foundations for a well regulated society. It is the
only way to make subjects conform to its laws and regula-
tions from principles of reason and custom rather than
fear of punishment."
From the inception of the plan to colonize Ohio. Cutler
cherished an enthusiastic idea of founding a noble institu-
tion of learning in the new country. His views were dis-
seminated by means of a pamphlet, from which the fol-
lowing extract is taken : " In the late ordinance of Con-
gress for disposing of the western lands as far down as the
Scioto, the provision that is made for schools and the en-
dowment of an university, looks with a most favorable
aspect upon the settlement, and furnishes the presentiment
that, by proper attention to the subject of education, un-
der these advantages, the field of science may be greatly
174 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
enlarged, and the acquisition of useful knowledge placed
upon a more respectable footing here than in any other
part of the world. Besides the opportunity of opening a
new and unexplored region for the range of natural his-
tory, botany, and the medical science, there will be an ad-
vantage which no other part of the world can boast, and
which probably will never occur again ; that, in order to
begin riyht, there will be no ivrong habits to combat, and
no inveterate systems to overturn — there is no rubbish to
remove before laying the foundations."
Again, the sagacious and indefatigable Cutler, looking
forward, with great expectation, to the good of the future,
wrote to Samuel Putnam, in July, 1789, saying : " So far
as I have had opportunity, I have consulted the charters
of public seminaries in Europe and America. Those in
our own country are generally the most modern, and the
best adapted to the purposes intended ; but none appear
to me to accord with a plan so liberal and extensive as I
think ought to be the foundation of the constitution of
this university." The university here alluded to was that
which Cutler proposed, and, in large part, founded, in
Ohio — the lirst college north-west of the Ohio river. The
name originally suggested for it was the "American Uni-
versity." Cutler discussed the subject in these words :
"There is a Columbian College, and a Washington Col-
lege, etc., already in this country, but no American Col-
lege. I hope the name will not be altered."
Such utterances prove that to the practical men who
built the first villages and tilled the first farms on the
north side of the Ohio, this about education was not a
mere flourish of words. Fulfilling to the letter the spirit
of the organic law, Congress, granting public lands, en-
dowed Ohio University, at Athens, Ohio. Says a historian
of the college : " It was the first example in the history
of our country of the establishment and endowment of an
institution of learning by the direct agency of the general
government." The honor of it belongs chiefly to Manas-
seh Cutler, and, in the nqxt degree, to Rufus Putnam.
The institution was to be called the American Western
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 175
University, but when established by act of the Ohio legis-
lature, February 18, 1804, the less ambitious name waS'
adopted. The original building, called the academy, a
two-story brick house, about twenty-four feet by thirty,
built in 1808-9, was for ten years the only edifice belong-
ing to the university. The present main building dates
from 1817.
The first academic degree bestowed in Ohio was con-
ferred by Ohio University, in 1815, upon Thomas Ewing,
afterward a distinguished United States senator and mem-
ber of the cabinet. Ewing w^as '^ self-made," sold coon-
skins to buy books, which he read aloud in the fields,
earned money by hiring as a boatman on the Ohio river,
labored in the Kanawha salt works, and so climbed the
ladder of success. A correspondent from Athens writes
me : " The woods around here are full of characteristic
stories of him."
Governor Edward Tifiin was the first president of the
university board.
Rev. James Irvine, the first president of the college,
was succeeded, in 1824, by Rev. Robert G. Wilson, D.D.,
and he, in 1839, by Rev. Wm. H. McGuffey, LL.D.
Many of the graduates of Ohio University rose to emi-
nence in the professions of law or divinity ; but the college
is peculiarly distinguished for the large number of noted
educators it has sent and is sending forth, annually, from
its famous pedagogical department. Among the teachers
who were taught at Athens may be mentioned : Dr. Daniel
Read (born 1805, died 1878), who at the time of his death
was " the oldest college teacher in continuous service in
the United States," and whose professional services were
enjoyed in turn by four state universities; Dr. Elisha
Ballantyne, of Indiana, who devoted fifty years to teach-
ing in university and college ; Dr. Lorenzo Dow McCabe,
distinguished as clergyman, professor and author; Dr.
James M. Safford, the geologist; Hon. Charles Sheldon
Smart, school commissioner of Ohio in 1874; and Dr.
"Wm. H. Scott, now president of the Ohio State Uni-
versity.
176 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
The Ohio Company, in their contract with Congress in
1787, stipulated that two townships of land should be do-
nated by the general government for the endowment of a
college. The townships of Athens and Alexander were
chosen, consisting of 46,000 acres of land.
The Miami Purchase made by John Cleves Symmes,
also in the year 1787, provided for the grant of a town-
ship of land, by Congress, for the support of an institu-
tion of learning in what is now South-western Ohio. TJie
land was selected and located in 1803, at Oxford, Butler
county. The proposed college, named Miami University,
was chartered February 18, 1809. A grammar school was
established on the site of the contemplated college in
1818, and the university itself was organized in 1824.
Hundreds of ambitious young men, trained at Oxford,
went forth carrying the enthusiasm which begets its like,
and which kindled a desire for culture in other hundreds
toiling on solitary farm or in bustling village. The first
commencement was held in 1826, when a class of twelve
graduated. Among the distinguished names on the long
list of men who were students at old Miami University
are those of President Benjamin Harrison, Hon. Robert
C. Schenck, Freeman G. Cary, Governor Charles Ander-
son, Hon. Samuel S. Galloway, Hon. Wm. M. Corry, Hon.
Wm. S. Groesbeck, Hon. Samuel F. Cary, Governor Will-
iam Dennison, James G. Birney, Judge Jacob Burnet,
Hon. Wm. M. Dickson, Hon. Whitelaw Reid, Dr. David
Swing, Hon. John P. Craighead, Hon. Milton Sayler,
Hon. C. F. Brown, Hon. D. W. McClung, Hon. Samuel
F. Hunt, Hon. John W. Caldwell, Judge W. M. Oliver,
Hon. J. J. Faran, Mr. R. W. Steele, and many others who
are well known to history.
The iirst president of the college, Robert Hamilton
Bishop, D.D., a Presbyterian minister, was born in North
Britain in 1777, and came to the United States in 1802.
For a time he resided in Kentucky, and was a professor
in Transylvania University.. He was made president of
Miami University March 30, 1825, and remained at the
head of the institution until 1841, when he resigned. Dr.
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 177
Bishop was honored and loved hy his many papils from
every part of the Ohio Valley. The venerable Barnabas
Hobbs, himself a distinguished educator of Indiana, once
school commissioner of that great state, pleasantly relates
that he, a green, awkward lad, impelled by an unconquer-
able desire to see what a college "was like, went to Oxford,
with a note of introduction to the president. The doctor
was not home, but his amiable wife welcomed the bashful
boy to the parlor and also to the dining-table, introducing
him to lier "baby," a pretty girl of about fourteen.
When Dr. Bishop came in, he received the note of intro-
duction with a cheery smile and a sociable "Well, well,
well," which at once put the visitor at his ease.
l^ot less able, and perhaps more distinguished than Dr.
Bishop, was his son, Prof. R. H. Bishop, who, from 1838
to the date of his death in 1890, was a most eminent
teacher in the college which his father's energy made
famous. Prof. Bishop was born near Lexington, Ky.,
August 20, 1815. He came to Oxford in 1824, and gradu-
ated in 1831. For about a year he was professor of math-
ematics in Hanover College, Indiana. Returning to Ox-
ford in 1835, he became proprietor of a book-store and
printing office, and carried on business until 1838, in
which year he entered the grammar school of Miami Uni-
versity as teacher. He was subsequently elected pro-
fessor of Latin in the university.
On the twenty-second of March, 1889, Prof. Bishop and
his wife celebratad their fiftieth wedding anniversary, re-
ceiving the spoken or written congratulations of a host of
friends, one of whom was the President of the United
States. A gentleman who witnessed the interesting event
made the following suggestive notes regarding it: "The
anniversary to-day was in the same house where Prof.
Bishop's father, then president of Miami, lived. After
their wedding, Mr. and Mrs. Bishop went from Oxford to
Hamilton by stage, thence to Cincinnati on the canal
packet. When they returned to Oxford they entered the
same room where they to-day received their guests. A
12
178 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
log fire burned in the grate to-day, as it did then, and the
highly polished andirons of fifty years ago smiled to-day
upon that same old-fashioned but ever cheerful burning log."
One of the first popular institutions of learning of Cin-
cinnati was Lancaster Academy, which was opened Mon-
day, March 27, 1815. A«uitable building was constructed
on Fourth street, near Walnut, and the school was organ-
ized by Mr. Emund Harrison, who had been converted to
the " monitorial system " by a pupil of Joseph Lancaster
himself, while that unfortunate reformer was sojourning
in Philadelphia. Within a fortnight after the opening of
the seminary, 420 pupils were admitted. One of these
was Wm. D. Gallagher, the poet.
On January 22, 1819, Lancaster Academy was char-
tered, with university privileges, under the name of Cin-
cinnati College. To the literary department, schools of
medicine and law were soon added, with strong faculties,
and the college came into rivalry with Transylvania and
Miami Universities. But it presently languished, and, in
1825, suspended operations, and the rooms were rented to
private teachers. In 1832 an appeal to the public for the,
revival of the college was published, signed by Morgan
Neville, president of the board, and P. S. Symmes, secre-
tary, but without success. The institution, however, was
resuscitated in 1835, with Wm. II. McGuftey^ as president.
* "NVilliam Holmes McGuffey, D.D., was born in Pennsylvania in 1800,
and In- •lit'd in Virginia, in 1873. He came in childhood to Trumbull
county, Ohio, where he lived on a farm. He was educated in Washing-
ton Colleges but in 1826, before finishing his course, he was called to
Miami University as professor of ancient languages. In 1829 he was li-
censed as minister of the Presbyterian Church. In 1832 he was ap-
pointed to the chair of mental philosophy. In 1836 he resigned his
jwmitldii \n Miami University, and was called to the presidency of Cin-
•llege. Three years later he was elected president of Ohio
I ju\' iMiy. He resigned in 1843, and returning to Cincinnati, became
a profcHHor in Woodward College, but was called from this position, in
1 Hi'), to the chair of moral philosophy in the University of Virginia. A
1 if.- crowded with useful duties, and fragrant with noble results! Not
least, but probably greatest of his services to education, was the prepa-
ration of the series of school readers that go by his name. These were
compiled in the true spirit of an apostle of culture. It is no exaggera-
tion to say tliat millions of children have been favorably influenced in
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 179
Doctor McGuffey was aided in Cincinnati College by
Professors 0. M. Mitchel, Asa Drury, E. D. Mansiield, and
others. Lyman Harding^ was principal of the prepara-
tory department. . He cheerfully speaks of himself as be-
ing the last of the old college faculty *^ above ground."
Cincinnati College retains its charter privileges, but its
only actual department is the law school, of which Gen-
eral Jacob D. Cox is now dean.
When Doctor Cutler projected a great "American Uni-
versity " for the I^orth-west, he contemplated the central-
ization of educational forces in one commanding institu-
tion of learning. But the theory and practice which
prevailed in the application of the democratic idea to edu-
cation, led to diffusion rather than concentration, and
produced many small colleges instead of a few large
ones. Ohio is distinguished for the number of her educa-
tional foundations. At least eight of her colleges were
established within a third of a century from the organiza-
tion of the state. Three of these have been mentioned.
*' Kenyon College," starting as a theological seminary in
1824, was chartered as a college in 1826. In the latter
year " Western Reserve College " was incorporated. A
charter was granted to Granville College, now Dennison
University, in 1832; to Oberlin, in 1834; and to Marietta
College in 1835. A most delightful narrative, entitled
*' How the Bishop Built his College in the Woods," re-
counting the story of the founding of Kenyon, may be
read in " Pencilled Fly -Leaves," ^ a book of essays by the
poet John James Piatt, an alumnus of the college.
morals and intellect by the happy literary selections in these books.
McGuffey's old "Rhetorical Guide" has led many a youth to the
sources of " sweetness and light."
^ Lyman Harding a highly esteemed citizen of Cincinnati, for many
years connected with the post-office, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., in
1815. He graduated from Miami University in 1833. He was for six
years superintendent of public schools in Cincinnati. A man of noble
aspect, he has a correspondingly noble character, fruitful of good deeds.
2 Pencilled Fly-Leaves. A Book of Essays in Town and Country.
"How the Bishop Built his College in the Woods," etc. By John
James Piatt. 16mo.
180 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
The planting of educational institutions, once fairly be-
gun, went on rapidly in the states formed out of the
North-western Territory.
Though Indiana never had a school within her borders
until after General Clark, the "Hannibal of the West,"
conquered the North-west, she was not much behind Ohio
in carrying out the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787 in
respect to education. The first school in the territory was
opened at Vincennes about the year 1793, by M. Rivet,
who is described in " The Schools of Indiana" as a polite,
liberal-minded missionary, who was driven out of Europe
by the French Revolution.
Vincennes University, like its predecessor at Athens^
Ohio, was endowed by a reservation of Congress lands.
It was chartered by the territorial legislature of Indiana,
September 17, 1807, and located at the old town of Vin-
cennes. Wm. Henry Harrison was a member of the board
of trustees.
It is not the purpose of this chapter even to outline the
history of the numerous colleges that sprung up in the
West, mainly under the impulse of denominational zeal.
The important work of recording their history has been
undertaken by the Bureau of Education. Our object is
merely to sketch the beginnings of educational activity in
the Ohio Valley, and to suggest what were the motives,
means, and methods of the pioneers of letters. The early
colleges of Indiana, as Vincennes University, Hanover
College, Wabash College ; and those of Illinois, as Shurt-
lilf, were not unlike their sister institutions of Kentucky
and Ohio. In many instances college buildings were
erected in the midst of the wilderness, repeating the his-
tory of the Bishop's log college in the Ohio woods. In
1882, the site was selected for Wabash College, Craw-
fordsville, Indiana, in the unbroken forest when the
ground was covered with snow.
Judge James Hall, in the Western Magazine for
A]. Ill, 1884, thus speaks of the rise of Illinois College,
w hich may be taken as a representative type : " It is but
five or six years," says Judge Hall, " since we attended a
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 181
meeting at Jacksonville — then a hamlet of log houses —
held in an unfinished building, where the company stood
among the carpenter's chips and shavings, and when an
institution was organized and called Illinois College.
From this small beginning has arisen a valuable institu-
tion having a faculty consisting of a president and four
other -gentlemen and a list of eighty-two students.
Their buildings are commodious and their prospects
cheering."
Let it riot be imagined that the curricula of the " fresh
water " colleges of the new West were, like the build-
ings, of green material from the woods. Dr. Jas. H.
Fairchild, president of Oberlin College, says :
" The general course of study in the earlier colleges of
Ohio was the same essentially as that found in the colleges
of the older states. Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth, and
Princeton were the models after which our college took
form. It was thought necessary that a student should be
able to pass from his college in Ohio to one of the east-
ern colleges, entering ad eundem, and this was often ac-
complished. The material of the regular curriculum was
the Latin and Greek classics, mathematics, involving
physics and astronomy, chemistry and a touch of natural
science, psychology, ethics, and English literature, with a
limited packing of history and other specialties. It was a
good solid course, and it may very reasonably be ques-
tioned whether any thing better has been discovered in
our day."
Common school education, as it is now conceived—
that is, primary instruction for the mass of children, was
not possible in pioneer days. Even now in states where
the public school system has been in operation for half a
century, the rural districts are far behind the cities and
towns in educational advantages. Almost the only efii-
cient schools in the Ohio Valley in the early period of its
history were located in centers of thick settlement, in en-
terprising villages — capitals and county seats. The pur-
pose of the fathers when they chartered universities to be
organized in the woods, before the Indians were out of
182 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
sight, seems to have been to afford ambitious youths an
opportunity to fit themselves for intellectual leadership ;
and to keep alive and spread abroad the desire for learn-
ing until secondary and primary schools could be started
in every settlement. They were guardians of the sacred
fiame. Though the whole people might not at first reap
the harvest of education, the fittest young men cQuld go
forth and gather the sheaves that the seed should not be
lost. Therefore, colleges were projected and academies
were founded. In fact, the colleges, or universities as they
were ambitiously called, began as preparatory academies,
and many of the collegiate institutions of these central
states yet retain a preparatory department, which is a sur-
vival of the original seminary out of which the college
grew. Transylvania Seminary began its existence in
1783, fifteen years before it was chartered as a university.
Twenty-seven years after Congress endowed Ohio Uni-
versity, that institution first conferred college degrees.
Miami University served a probation of nine years as a
preparatory school. Cincinnati College was a develop-
ment of the Lancastrian Seminary, the first important
academy of the Queen City. I have spoken of the or-
ganization of academies in Kentucky. The common-
wealth of Ohio is known to have had at least two hun-
dred academies. Indiana and Illinois were dotted with
similar schools. The first half of the centuvy was the
golden age of private academies for boys and of " female
seminaries."
The Ohio Company carrying out tlie provision of the
great ordinance, that ** schools and the means of educa-
tion shall be forever encouraged," established schools as
soon as first settlers were housed and protected by forts.
It is generally admitted that the first school in Ohio was
taught at Belpre, by Miss Bathsheba Rouse, in the sum-
mer of 1789. A meeting of the agents and directors of
the Ohio Company was held at Marietta in April, 1791,
in which it was resolved to appropriate $160 to provide
instruction for the children of Marietta, Belpre, and
Waterford. The first school in Marietta was opened in
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 183
1789, at Campus Martius, in a block-house, used also as
court-room and church. The lirst teacher, Major Anselm
Tupper, was succeeded by Dr. Jabez True. Benjamin
Slocumb and Jonathan Baldwin also taught in this ac-
commodating place. Muskingum Academy, Marietta,
was projected by General Putman 'in 1797, but w^as not
opened until 1800. It was used as a place of instruction
and of worship.
In the Rainbow Cemetery, seven miles above Marietta,
on the west side of the Muskingum, stands a small monu-
ment bearing the following inscription :
"MES. SARAH LAKE,
born at bristol, england,
Died at Rainbow, Ohio, April 27, 1796,
Aged 68 years.
Mrs. Lake taught a Sunday School in the Blockhouse at Marietta
from 1791 to 1795, the first school in Ohio and one of the first in the
U.S.
This monument erected by the Sunday School Scholars of Washing-
ton Co., O., Oct. 1889."
At Belpre a school was opened in Colonel Battell's
block-house, Farmer's Castle, and taught by Daniel Mayo,
a Harvard alumnus.
Rufus Putnam wrote to Manasseh Cutler, from Marietta,
in 1790 : " There are several academies in the neighboring
parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky, where the
Latin and Greek are taught, and the Muskingum Academy
at Marietta is at present, and, I trust, will always in the
future be supplied with a master capable of teaching the
languages, and I think it can not be long before Latin
schools are established in several other places in the terri-
tory." Judge James Hall records in his " Romance of
Western History," that the " Classical School " was among
the earliest institutions of Virginia and Kentucky, that
"in rude huts were men teaching not merely the primer,
but expounding the Latin poets, and explaining to future
lawyers and legislators and generals the severe truths of
moral and mathematical science. Many a student who
was preparing himself for the bar or the pulpit, held up
184 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
the lamp to younger aspirants for literary usefulness and
honor, in those primitive haunts, while the wolf barked in
the surrounding thickets and the Indians were kept at
Cincinnati has cause to honor the schoolmaster. To
him she is indebted for much of the best that she is and
has.
William Goforth, whom George Washington commis-
sioned one of the judges of the Territorial Court of the
North-western Territory, came to Columbia [Cincinnati]
in January, 1790. He kept a diary, a brief chronicle of
pioneer events, from which I quote what has been quoted
often : " November 2, 1792. Last Monday night met at
my house, to consult on the expediency of founding an
academy, Rev. John Smith, Major Gano, Mr. Dunlavy" —
afterward judge of the Court of Common Pleas — '^ and
myself. Wednesday night, met at Mr. Eeily's school-
house " — Mr. Reily, then the teacher, was for many years
clerk of Butler Common Pleas and Supreme Court — " to
digest matters respecting the academy. The night being
bad and but few people attending, postponed until next
night, which was Ist of November. Met at Mr. Reily's to
appoint a committee."
John Reily's, at Columbia, was the first school-house in
Cincinnati, and in the North-western Territory. Reily, a
young man of twenty-seven, started a subscription school
there June 21, 1790. Symmes and Filson were ex-teachers
when they came to the Miami country. Reily was an ex-
Boldier, who had fought at Camden, Guilford and Eutaw.
He migrated from Pennsylvania to Lexington, Ky., and
thence to Columbia. In 1791 Francis Dunlevy, a Vir-
ginian, thirty years old, who had also been a revolutionary
soldier, and a Kentucky settler, came to Columbia and
joined Reily in the work of education, organizing a clas-
sical department in the school. Tradition does not tell us
what manner of pedagogues this pair of veterans made, or
what system of new education they practiced. We are
tolerably safe in assuming that they flogged the boys, a
mode of punishment that Canon Kingsley considered the
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 185
best of all. Be that as it may, the educational firm of
Reily & Dunlevy was maintained for about two years,
when Reily withdrew, and then Dunlevy carried on the
school for some years alone.
IN'ot long did the Columbia school remain without rivals.
In 1792 a school was gathered in a log school-house near
Fort Washington. A frame school-house was erected in
1795 on the north side of Fourth street, between Walnut
and Main, on the ground occupied afterward by the Lan-
castrian Seminary.
A Frenchman, Francis Menessier, opened a coflTee-house
at the foot of the hill on Main street, in 1799, where he
taught the French language and sold liquors and pies.
The following advertisement, copied from the Western
Spy, of date October 22, 1799, gives some idea of the
state of education in the metropolis of the Ohio Valley at
the end of her first decade :
"English School. — The subscriber informs the inhabit-
ants of this town that his school is this day removed, and
is now next door to Mr. Thomas Williams, skin-dresser,
Main Street. Gentlemen who have not subscribed may
send their scholars on the same terms as the subscribers,
(commencing this day). He also intends to commence an
evening school in the same house on the third day of No-
vember next, where writing and arithmetic, &c., will be
taught four evenings in each week, from 6 to 9 o'clock,
during the term of three months. The terms for each
scholar will be two dollars, the scholars to find firewood
and candles. He also furnishes deeds and indentures, &c.,
on reasonable terms. James White."
Advertisements in the Spy set forth the superior advan-
tages of a rival school in I^ewport, Ky., conducted by
Robert Stubbs, Philomath, an English gentleman, who
thus announces :
" The subscriber intends opening his academy on Mon-
day next at his farm, two miles from the Ohio, opposite
186 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
Cincinnati, Campbell County, Ky., where he will teach
English grammar, Latin, Greek, arithmetic — all the most
useful and some of the ornamental branches of mathe-
matics.
" The situation of his academy is known to be healthy.
Good board can be had in the neighborhood.
"Should he be so fortunate as to obtain young gentle-
men of genius, united with diligence in their studies, he
flatters himself, from his long approved and successful
habits of teaching, not only in England, but during many
years in America, that he will gratify the most ardent ex-
pectations of those who may honor him with the tuition
of their sons. He will have an assistant teacher for the
lower forms, so that his time will be almost wholly occu-
pied amongst the students of the higher classes, who are
to have a separate apartment to themselves.
" Should any feel inclined, he will also teach the use of
the globes, at stated periods in Cincinnati. His terms
may be known by application to Robert Stubbs."
"The following gentlemen are trustees to the above-
mentioned academy, viz : Washington Berry, Charles
Morgan, John Grant, Thomas Kennedy, Thomas Sanford,
Thomas Carneal, Richard Southgate, Daniel Mayo, Robert
Stubbs, James Taylor and Bernard Stuart, who will pay
strict attention to the regulations and management of the
same. Washington Berry, Chairman''
In 1804, the following appeared in one of the Cincin-
papers :
"Notice. — The public in general, and my former sub-
scribers in particular, are respectfully informed that I pur-
pose to commence school again on the 1st day of January,
1805. I shall teach reading, writing, arithmetic and En-
glish grammar, indiscriminately, for two dollars per quar-
ter. The strictest care will be given to the school, as my
circumstances will then admit of my constant presence
with the school. Those who place confidence in my abil-
Teachers^ Schools, and Colleges. 187
ities and fidelity may be assured that both will be employed
to please the parents who shall commit, and benefit the
children who shall be committed to my care.
"Ezra Spencer."
Dr. Drake, in his " Picture of Cincinnati," records the
brief history of a school association formed in 1806, and
incorporated in 1807, under the name of Cincinnati Uni-
versity. "Its endowments," wrote the Doctor, "were not
exactly correspondent to its elevated title, consisting of
only moderate contributions, and an application was made
to the legislature for permission to raise money by a lot-
tery, which was granted. A scheme was formed and a
great part of the tickets sold. They have, however, not
been drawn, and but little of the money which they brought
refunded. On Sunday, May 28, 1809, the school-house
erected by the corporation was blown down, since which
it has become extinct." Drake tells us that in the year
1811 " ten or twelve individuals purchased a small lot,
erected a couple of school-houses, and employed two or
three teachers. But notwithstanding their laudable ex-
ertions this academy has not flourished."
Had the people waited to build college and academy
walls before entering upon the work of educating their
youth, an ignorant generation would have grown up in
the Valley of the Ohio. They did not wait. They made
tentative provision for schooling youth. ;N"ot in every new
settlement was a school-house built as in Lexington, nor
a John McKinney found in the woods ready to kill the
wild-cats and tame the wild children. The seat of instruc-
tion was frequently a room within a block-house, ^ot
seldom the pioneer place of worship served also as a school-
room, especially in the neighborhoods settled by new En-
gland families. Cabins originally occupied as places of
residence, when abandoned by their owner for better
homes, were often made over to the public for the accom-
modation of the school-keeper and the school he kept*
Any hut or hovel was considered available for educational
purposes. Dr. Daniel Drake, a distinguished pioneer, tells
188 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
U8 that he went to school in a Kentucky still-house. Rev.
John Mason Peck, writing of the hardships of frontier
life in Southern Illinois, in early days, says : " The oppor-
tunity for these Illinois pioneers to educate their children
was extremely small. If the mother could read, while the
father was in the corn-field, or with his rifle upon the
range, she would barricade the door to keep off the In-
dians, gather her little ones around her, and, by the light
that came in from the crevices in the roof and sides of
the cabin, she would teach them the rudiments of spelling
from the fragments of some old book. Even after schools
were taught, the price of a rough and antiquated copy of
Dillworth's Spelling Book was one dollar, and the dollar
equal to live now."
Timothy Flint, describing the !N'orth Carolina school-
house in which Daniel Boone learned his letters, says it
*' stood as a fair sample of thousands of west country
school-houses of the year 1834. It was of logs, after the
usual fashion of the time and place. In dimensions, it
was spacious and convenient. The chimney was peculiarly
ample, occupying one entire side of the building, which
was an exact square. Of course, a log as long as the
building could be ^ snaked ' to the fire-place, and a file
of boys could stand in front of the fire on a footing of
the most democratic equality. Sections of logs cut out
here and there admitted light and air instead of windows.
The surrounding forest furnished ample supplies of fuel.
A spring at hand, furnished with various gourds, quenched
the frequent thirst of the pupils. A ponderous puncheon
door, swinging on substantial wooden hinges, and shutting
with a wooden latch, completed the appendages of this
primeval seminary."
It appears that the frequent " thirst " of the Irish mas-
ter of this school was not quenched from a gourd dipped
into the spring, but from a bottle of whisky which the
bibulous Hibernian kept hidden under a mat of vines in
the greenwood.
The picture of the Boone school-house is matched by
that of the log-iabin on the Virginia "slashes," in which
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 189
Henry Clay was taught the rudiments by an English
school-master, who/says Carl Schurz, "passed under the
name of Peter Deacon — a man of uncertain past, and
somewhat given to hard drinking."
Lincoln, writing his experience as a boy, said of Perry
county, Indiana : " It was a w^ild region with many bears
and other wild animals still in the woods. There were
some schools, so-called, but no qualification was ever re-
quired of a teacher beyond ' readin', writin', and cypherin^
to the Rule of Three.' If a straggler, supposed to un-
derstand Latin, happened to sojourn in the neighborhood,
he w^as looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely
nothing to excite ambition for education."
Those famihar with the history of education in Ohio,
will recall Jeremiah ]N^. Reynold's description of the school-
house in which his preceptor, Francis Glass, author of the
Life of "Washington, in Latin, expended enthusiasm and
erudition upon a mob of Buckeye urchins. " The school-
house now rises fresh on my memory," wrote Mr. Rey-
nolds. " The building was a low log-cabin, with a clap-
board roof, but indifferently lighted — all the light of
heaven found in this cabin came in through apertures
made on each side of the logs, and these were covered
with oiled paper, to keep out the cold air, while they ad-
mitted the dim rays. The seats or benches were of hewn
timber, resting on upright posts placed in the ground to
keep them from being overturned by mischievous lads
who sat on them. In the center was a large stove, be-
tween which and the back part of the building stood a
small desk, without lock or key, made of rough plank
over which a plane had never passed, and behind this
desk sat Professor Glass when I entered his school. There
might have been forty scholars present; twenty-five of
these were engaged in spelling, reading, and writing ; a
few in arithmetic ; a small class in English grammar ; and
a half dozen, like myself, had joined the school for in-
struction in Greek and Latin."
The evolution of the modern highly " differentiated,"
and often palatial school edifice, from its humble proto-
190 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
type of pioneer days, is wonderful. The low-eaved,
" chinked," and " mud-daubed " hut, with clap-board roof,
stick chimney, greased paper window, latch-stringed door,
with no floor but the natural clay of the earth, was cer-
tainly as primitive as can be conceived. Such a school-
house stood in Zaiiesville, Ohio, in 1805, containing within
it a large stump which served admirably for a "dunce-
block." On one occasion, Mr. Samuel Herrick, a teacher
in this educational institution, was foiled in his attempt to
flog an incorrigible boy, who, weasel-like, resorted to the
expedient of crawling under the lower log in the cabin
and escaping into the free forest. The lirst developed
form of school architecture gave place to an improved
structure of hewn logs, with puncheon floor, stone chim-
ney, and some attempt at clumsy furniture. This type of
school-house is not yet extinct in Ohio. A few specimens
of the pioneer pinfold for pupils may still be seen, though
1 am not aware that any log-cabin is now used in the state
for school purposes. As one views the tumbled ruins of
such a relic of the past, he is reminded of the Anglo-
Saxon word for school-master, namely, " child-herd."
Our fathers and mothers were herded and sheltered in
wooden pens, but they were often fed on the bread of
life.
James K. Parker, an honored educator, now past three
score and ten, but still teaching in Clermont county, Ohio,
graphi< ;ill\ described in a private letter the log school-
houses in which he began his studies. " The first two
were built of round logs, chinked with blocks of wood,
and daubed with clay mortar. The roofs were of split
clap-boards, weighted down with small logs. The third I
helped to build. It was of hewn logs chinked with stone,
an«l more neatly daubed with clay. The chimney was
built of stone laid in lime and sand mortar. The others
were what was known as " cat and clay chimneys."
The floor was of boards ; many were of puncheon — i. e.,
split ami Ih uii. Ouf seats were long benches made of
slabs, with long pegs for legs. Our writing-desks were
long, broad boards, resting on long pegs inserted in the
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 191
log walls. The next log above this shelf was either left
out in the building, or sawed out afterward. In this long
space was inserted sash, one light wide, filled either with
glass or oiled paper. The writing seats were usually so
high that our feet did not touch the floor. There were
no such things as supports for the back. Our ink was
mostly home made — from oak-bark ooze and copperas.
Our pens were all made from goose-quills, and our paper
unruled ; each pupil ruled for himself, with a plummet
made of common metallic lead. Copies were all set by
hand. I never saw ruled paper until I had been a teacher
several years, nor a letter envelope until this academy (The
Clermont) was eight years old. My first steel pen cost me
25 cents. My first box of lucifer matches (100), while I
was at South Hanover College, cost 18} cents — postage on
a letter from home the same price."
Many of the backwoods teachers were Irish, others
Scotch, others English. Often they were adventurers,
adrift upon the world — fair scholars it might be, but
worthless men — impecunious, and addicted to the pipe and
the bottle, like Boone's preceptor, and Henry Clay's. The
drinking habit appears to have been a pedagogical qualifi-
cation exceedingly prevalent. An old gentleman in Ye-
vay, Indiana, told me that it was not uncommon, in the
days of his boyhood, for a school-teacher to manifest his
goodwill toward the big boys by freely ofiTering them the
use of pipes and tobacco, and also the refreshment of an
occasional draught from his whisky jug. E. D. Mansfield
records that one of his teachers made the school half tipsy
with cherry-bounce. So, we see, time has changed public
sentiment on the question of nicotine and alcohol. I
imagine that such jolly pedagogues as Master Halfpenny
and Peter Deacon thought little on the subject of " tem-
perance physiology."
In the course of time, foreign teachers lost popularity, or
rather they were ousted by the pervasive Yankee school-
master, who asserted himself in the western wilderness,
claiming almost a monopoly of the business, and giving
192 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
to the "people's colleges," a decidedly New England
character.
The method of " getting up " a school in the period pre-
ceding the mode by taxation and the appropriation of pub-
lic funds, was this: The applicant for a school would draw
an article of agreement, stating what branches he was able
to teach, and for what rate of compensation. This paper
was passed around from house to house for signatures, and
subscriptions payable partly in money and partly in " pro-
duce." The tuition of the children of the poor was paid
customarily by public-spirited individuals of comfortable
fortune. The school terms were usually short, from ten
to fifteen weeks of six days each ; but the daily sessions
were very long, extending over eight and even ten hours.
I scarcely need allude to the custom of "boarding
round," which prevailed long before and long after the
memorable days of Ichabod Crane. It was a custom that
came from the East. It had this advantage, that it en-
abled the teacher to become well acquainted with his
patrons, and them with him.
In the work of the school-room, not much system was
used in management or method in instruction. The pupils
brought to the school such books as they could obtain, or
no books at all. A county judge in Warsaw, Kentucky,
told me that his father learned the alphabet from a shingle
upon which the letters were scrawled with charcoal. I
find no reference to the use of the horn-book in the Ohio
Valley. The slate susperseded that ancient device. Class-
ification and grading were next to impossible ; the schol-
ars studied in their own way, with irregular and incidental
help from the teacher. There were as many classes in a
subject as there were pupils studying it. Ambitious farmer
boys, " ciphering arithmetic," ran races to see who should
first get through old " Pike." An odd miscellany of dog's-
erred volumes came from cabin closets to furnish reading
text. Happy he who possessed a copy of the English
Reader, or the Columbian Orator. Wanting these, he
must put up with -^sop's Fables, or Gullivers Travels, or
a Dream Book, or even a torn Almanac. The Bible
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 193
was in general use as a reading book, and numerous are
the stories told of ludicrous blunders made by blockheads
in pronouncing hard scripture words. At an uncertain
hour, all hands engaged in scribbling copies which the
master had " set " in advance, beginning with " pot-hooks,"
and endinsf with moral sentences in " round hand." With
pen-knife sharpened to the keenest edge, the master skill-
fully fashioned into pens the goose-quills brought to his
desk. But the culminating exercise was the spelling-
match, which usually closed the duties of the day. The
scholars, ranged in order along the walls, spelled or
" missed " the words pronounced with syllabic precision
by the master who stood with ferule in one hand, and
Dillworth's Spelling Book in the other^ like the genius of
education holding up the emblems of power and knowl-
edge. The spelling school at early candle lighting, that
nocturnal annex to the social and scholastic day, is em-
balmed in Eggleston's story of the " Hoosier School-
master."
The three E's — " readin', 'ritin', 'rithmetic," the trivium
of a log-cabin course of study, are rudimental — basilar —
essential. Where demand existed or was created for other
branches, they were added, and manuals of information
were forthcoming. In 1784, Jedediah Morse had prepared
a text-book on Geography for the schools of ^^Tew Haven.
This was issued from a Boston press in 1789, and by the
year 1811, it had passed through sixteen editions, and was
in use in all the states. Lindley Murray's English Gram-
mar held the field as a popular text-book until about
1830. The author was born in 1745 and died in 1826.
Supply is ever swift to form the acquaintance demand, and
competion is never long idle. Dillworth'« field was soon
invaded by Webster and Walker. Authors and compilers
in Boston, Philadelphia, and !N"ew York, put themselves
to the task of supplying a " long-felt want," by preparing
series upon series for the use of schools, and soon rival
authors and publishers appeared in the West, in Lexing-
ton, Cincinnati, and elsewhere. In 1795, John Wood, of
13
194 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
New York, published the " Mentor, or American Teach-
er*8 Assistant." Dillworth's "Schoolmaster's Assistant"
was of earlier origin. In 1811 was issued, in Philadelphia,
William Duane's " Epitome of the Arts and Sciences, be-
ing a Comprehensive System of the Elementary Parts of
a Useful and Polite Education ;" Albert Picket's series of
"American School Class Books," including works on
spelling, reading, grammar, geography, and writing, came
out early in the century, published by D. D. Smith, l^ew
York. " Gummere's Surveying," and James Ross's Latin
Grammar, popular guides in their day, were not published
until the year 1814.
The school books which I have just named or alluded
to, and others from the Atlantic States, were used in the
schools of the Ohio Valley, and stray copies of them may
be found in old libraries and second-hand book-stores.
They are now dead leaves, fallen from the deciduous tree
of educational literature.
The history of school book authorship and publication
in the Ohio Valley would furnish material for a long
chapter. The local bibliographer discovers some curious
instances of learned labor by backwoods scholars. The
now rare Life of Washington, "Washingionii Vita," in
Latin, by Francis Glass, was submitted in manuscript to
the faculties of Ohio University and of Cincinnati College
for criticism, in 1824. In the same year, the erudite Dr.
Martin Uuter published, in Cincinnati, a "Hebrew Gram-
mar" of ninety-six pages, a surprising fact, when we con-
sider that the " Sacred Language " was not at that time
taught in the West. One of the first books composed
and published in the Ohio Valley was an elaborate " His-
tory of Literature," by Watkins Tannehill (1787-1858), of
Tennessee. Tannehill edited a literary paper called The
Orthopolitan, in Nashville. As long ago as 1829, James
Ruggles, of Cincinnati, published an original work on
«* Universal Language "—the " Volapuk" of the day.
Among the early publishers of school-books in Cincin-
nati were W. M. k 0. Farnsworth, who, in six months, in
the years 1826-7, issued 9,000 spelling books, 7,000 Mur-
Teachers, Schools, and Colleges. 195
ray's Introduction and English Readers, 600 English Gram-
mars, 2,000 Arithmetics, 15,000 Primers, and 60,000 Alma-
nacs. N. & G. Guilford also published school books. So
did Morgan, Lodge & Fisher, and others. The newspaper
offices long continued to be places of book publishing.
Of early western text-books popular in their day, mention
may be made of Ruter's Arithmetic, Locke's Grammar,
and particularly, Kirkham's Grammar, a little book widely
known and valued by our fathers. Lincoln learned gram-
mar from Kirkham's book.
There lies before me as I write the conclusion of this
chapter, a copy of " Dillworth's Schoolmaster's Assistant,"
almost a hundred years old. The frontispiece is a fright-
ful wood-cut of the venerated Dillworth himself — frightful
and grim. On one of the fly-leaves is written, in a sprawl-
ing hand, the inscription, " Martin Augspwiger, his assist-
ant, Williamsburg, Virginia." What manner of man,
what style of school-master was Martin? And how did
" his assistant " find its way from Williamsburg to Cin-
cinnati? Martin Augspwiger's queer name, perchance,
exists only on a tombstone and on this dingy fly-leaf of
old Dillworth's fossil book. But the names and the volume
and its migration from Virginia to Ohio tell a suggestive
story to him who has the fancy to repeople the past, and
to reconstruct pioneer schools around a visible fragment
of things that were.
The pioneer schools were the best that pioneer circum-
stances would allow. They gave boys and girls a start in
life. The children learned in order to read, write, and
cypher in practical ways. Harsh, crude,. direct, were the
instruction and the discipline. Among the branches not
neglected by the teacher nor forgotten by the pupil were
birch and hickory. The metaphor was, "give hickory
oil." Flogging was a specific in well-nigh universal use
both as cure and preventive. Our good fathers had to
"toe the mark." But sometimes they got even with a
despotic master by " barring him out " on Christmas, or
smoking him in with burning sulphur, if he would not
196 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
come out, or even by ducking him in a pond, or such-like
playful familiarity.
But, a hundred years ago, as now, and as will be a hun-
dred years hence, the good teacher made a good school.
There are always difficulties to overcome. Relatively, our
ancestors did as well as we are doing now. Cadmus finds
a dragon in his way, but Cadmus conquers, and founds
his city, and dispenses arts and letters and laws.
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 197
CHAPTER YI.
THE VOICE OF THE PREACHER AND THE CLASH OF CREEDS.
" My Church ! my Church ! my dear old Church !
My fathers' and my own !
On Prophets and Apostles built,
And Christ the corner-stone !
All else beside, by storm or tide
May yet be overthrown ;
But not my Church, my dear old Church,
My fathers' and my own !"
— Gerberding.
The voice of the preacher was heard in the western for-
est before political eloquence could command a hearing.
As long ago as 1749, the French, taking possession of the
Yalley of the Ohio, planted the emblem of the Holy Cath-
olic Church at many points, and the Jesuit priests scat-
tered among their Indian converts numerous little silver
crosses, specimens of which have often been found.
The French who founded missions in Southern Illinois
in 1682, and in Indiana about twenty years later, were all
Roman Catholic. A mission was established at Yin-
cennes by Father Sebastian Meurin, perhaps in the year
1700. Henry S. Canthorn, in the Catholic Record, Indian-
apolis, says : " The first building erected for St. Francis
Xavier's church was constructed of timbers set on end,
and the interstices filled with adobe. It was built under the
direction of the unknown Jesuit father who accompanied
de Vincenne, when he came to build the fort in 1702. It
was built before the fort, and many Indian converts as-
sisted. It had a dirt floor, benches for seats and a very
rude and plain altar. It had no windows, and no lights
other than those upon the altar. The door was in the
198 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
north-west end, and faced the fort and river. The first
church was located upon the site of the present cathedral."
After the organization of the territory north-west of the
Ohio river, and the introduction of courts, it appears that
the new laws interfered somewhat with the customs of the
Church. Mr. Dunn, in his history of Indiana, says that
"Judge Symmes was considered a particularly dangerous
heretic hy the French settlers, because, in a charge to a
grand jury in Wayne county, he had tried to persuade
these Catholics that their payment of tithes and devotion
of so much time to worship were neither enjoined by
Scripture nor conducive to temporal welfare."
The Moravian missionaries, Heckewelder, Zeisberger,
Sensemann, Edwards, Jung and Jungmann, had pro-
claimed the Gospel to the savages in the valley of the
Muskingum for a number of years before the English
came to Marietta.
The Moravian or " United Brethren " missionaries
were, indeed, the first white people who established settle-
ments within the limits of Ohio,^ and Rufus King calls
them the " Pilgrims of Ohio." As early as the year 1772,
they founded on the Tuscarawas river their rude villages,
one of which was piously named Gnadenhutten, the
tents or huts of grace. Like the Quakers in Pennsyl-
vania, the Moravians were kind to the Indians, and like
the Jesuits, they strove to propagate Christianity. The
ruthless destruction of their settlements by American
soldiers is a blot on our history, but their self-sacrifice^
even to death, illustrates the devotion to duty which is
symbolized by the cross.
Rev. John Heckewelder was born at Bedford, England,
in 1743; he came to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1756,
and began missionary labors among the Indians in 1762.
He was the founder of Salem on the Tuscarawas. Dur-
ing nineteen years he was a fellow worker with Zeis-
berger. Heckewelder died in 1823. He may be classed
among the literary pioneers of the Ohio Valley, for his
* Some EDgliflh traders had a store at PkkawiUany, on the Big Miami,
near Piqua, in 1752; but thin can hardly ho considered a settlement.
Voice of the Preachei^ and Clash of Creeds, 199
writings are of considerable importance. Dr. Wistar, of
Philadelphia, induced him to publish, in 1819, his first
work, "An Account of the History, Manners, and Cus-
toms of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsyl-
vania and the neighboring States." But his most im-
portant publication is, ''A J^arrative of the Mission of the
United Brethren among the Delaware and Mohegan In-
dians from 1740 to 1808, interspersed with Anecdotes, His-
torical Facts, Speeches of Indians, etc." This appeared in
1820.
Rev. David Zeisberger was born in Moravia in 1721,
and he died in Ohio in 1808. Perhaps he may be considered
chief of the Moravian Evangelists. " The Diary of David
Zeisberger," ^ presented to the Ohio Historical Society by
Judge Ebenezer Lane, was translated, in 1885, by Eugene
F. Bliss. It comprises two exceedingly interesting vol-
umes, which, as the translator remarks, are as interesting
from a psychological as a historical point of view. Mr.
Bliss says : " The action of white men upon Indians,
Christians upon heathen, the civilized upon savages, can
well be studied in these pages. Here and there can be ob-
served the re-action of the Indian upon the white."
I have found mention of Rev. David Jones, a Baptist
missionary from New Jersey, who traveled in Ohio, in
1772 or 1773, and preached to the Indians. But, perhaps,
the first Protestant preacher who ministered to a white
congregation in the Ohio Yalley was the Rev. John
Lythe, of the Episcopal church, who, in the year 1775,
conducted divine service in the shade of a majestic elm
tree at Boonesborough, Kentucky. It was in the event-
ful year 1776 that the Rev. William Hickman, Sr., began
to travel from station to station in the wilderness of Ken-
tucky preaching to the settlers. He was a Baptist, the
advance herald of a sect which has always outnumbered
any other denomination in Kentucky. A principal reason
why the Baptists came to the new state in large numbers
^ The Diary of David Zeisberger, Moravian Missionary among the In-
dians of Ohio during the years 1781 to 1798. Translated from the
Original Manuscript in German by Eugene F. Bliss. 2 vols. 8vo.
200 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
soon after the Revolution was, that they found in the West
that freedom from religious persecution which even the
law could not secure them in Virginia owing to the
prejudices of the established church. We are told that
" in 1780, Lewis Craig, one of the valiant champions of
the dissenting cause, who was carried, singing, to prison
in Fredericksburg, led the most of his church from Spott-
sylvania county, Virginia, to Gilbert's creek, in Garrard
county, where a church was organized in the following
year." Other Baptist congregations followed the leading
of Craig; and thus the denomination was securely planted
in the new country at a very early day. The blue-grass
region received from the older states many immigrants
holding Calvinistic creeds, the Rev. David Rice, a Presby-
terian minister, being one of the first famous leaders of
his sect. He began his sacred duties in Kentucky in the
year 1783. The Roman Catholic church also gained a
foothold in the state at about the same period, its
founders being emigrants from Maryland. Interesting
particulars, in regard to the planting of religious denom-
inations in the South-west, may be found in Spencer's
History of the Baptist Church in Kentucky, Davidson's
History of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky, and
Webb's Centenary History of Catholicity in Kentucky.
When we take up the story of how the church and the
school were founded at Marietta, we seem to be reading
some familiar history of a Puritan village in New En-
gland. The colonists who accompanied General Putnam
to Ohio in 1788 were Presbyterians, and religious service
was never neglected by them. Rev. Manasseh Cutler,^ a
director in the Ohio Company, and its chief founder, was
a believer in " preachers and schoolmasters," and he made
provieion for bringing both to the Muskingum settlement.
Nathaniel Rogers, a graduate of Harvard, came to Mari-
etta in May, 1788, expecting to teach ; but he returned to
Massachusetts the same year. The Rev. William Breck
' Manasseh Cutler, LL.D. Life, Journal, and Correspondence of. By
his Grandchildren, William P. Cutler and Julia P. Cutler. Portraits,
etc. 2 vols. 8vo. Cincinnati.
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 201
is accredited with having preached the first sermon deliv-
ered in Ohio to white people. This was at Marietta, in
July, 1788. Probably the second sermon preached at Ma-
rietta was a discourse by Dr. Cutler himself, w4io addressed
the settlers assembled on the Campus Marti as, on Sunday,
August 24, 1788, some four months and a half after the
landing of the Ohio Mayflower. Dr. Cutler, though he
preserved a Puritan antipathy toward Jews and " infidels,"
was in spirit and practice a very liberal Christian. In his
Marietta discourse, he proclaimed that the " sum total "
of the Gospel is " comprehended in love to God and man."
He further declared, " We ought to allow others the same
right of private judgment which we assume to ourselves."
He added : " There are doubtless persons already here,
who may be of difterent sentiments and difterent denom-
inations. As the settlement advances they will enjoy the
privilege, to ^vhich they are clearly entitled, of forming
societies of their own persuasion. . . . Whatever you
may hear which does not correspond with your own opin-
ion, you are not obliged to receive as truth ; perhaps, how-
ever, it may not be amiss to give it a candid examination,
if nothing more ; it may extend your acquaintance with
the principles and faith of others, and you will set an ex-
ample that may have a most happy effect in our present
state." This tolerant attitude toward dissenting views
characterizes the generous and enlightened mind, and is
in contrast with the spirit ascribed to some of the preachers
in the South by a recent history of Kentucky, which asserts
that the early preachers of that state were generally *' illiter-
ate men," whose '' crude logic and vigorous declamation met
with great acceptation in a society where . . . relig-
ion meant the 'belonging' to some church, the earnest
opposition to peculiar tenets of other sects, and the ab-
staining from certain capital violations of the law-and-
order sentiment of the community." This conception of
religion was not confined to one locality, nor has it yet
quite disappeared from the minds of sectaries.
The first regular minister or chaplain of the Marietta
colony was Kev. Daniel Story, a tall, slender young man
202 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
from Dartmouth College, who came west late in 1789, on
the agreement that he was to receive his board and four
silver dollars a week for his professional services. Story
went back to Massachusetts, but in 1798 returned to Ohio,
having been ordained as the first regular Congregational
minister west of the Allegheny mountains. The charge
of the ordination was delivered by Dr. Cutler, at Hamil-
ton, Mass., August 15, 1798. Story continued pastor of
the church until March 15, 1804, when he resigned on ac-
count of ill health. He died at Marietta, December 30,
1804, aged forty-nine years. There is a traditional homely
comment current in old days, to the efiect that Daniel
Story " was like a cow that gave a good pail of milk
and then kicked it over," the explanation of which simile
is that he began his sermons with Arminian liberality
of promise of salvation to all, but closed them with se-
verely Calvinistic limitations.
Mr. Story preached once a month at Belpre, going to
and from his appointment in a canoe. Service was con-
ducted every Sunday at Belpre, after the old Puritan fash-
ion, some layman reading a sermon aloud when no clergy-
man could be had. The services were held at the military
quarters. Farmer's Castle. Sometimes the prayers were
read according to the Episcopal form, but, as there were
very few prayer books to be had, the ritual was followed
with difficulty, and it is related that a certain bluff* revo-
lutionary soldier, who acted as chaplain, used to give, at
proper times, with "military promptness and sternness, the
orders, " Read !" " Kneel !" " Rise !"
The congregation came together at the summons of a
loud drum. This was at a date when the pillory, the
stocks, and the whipping-post still maintained their places
as instrumentalities of justice and adjuncts to religion.
They came to Marietta and Cincinnati with the early im-
migrants.
The first cliurch edifice in Marietta, 2k building planned
by Samuel Putnam in 1807, is still standing, and is the
regular place of worship for a Congregational society. It
is known as the " two-horued " meeting-house, from the
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 203
pair of cupolas which arise, one from each corner of the
end fronting the street. Many a celebrated preacher has
officiated in its pulpit within the century, and many a
famous lecturer has delivered his message from its high
desk. The graduating classes of Marietta College have
held their commencement exercises there annually for
more than fifty years. Altogether, the old "two-horned"
meeting-house is one of the most interesting historical
buildings in the Ohio Valley. It is a permanent link
uniting ^ew England to Ohio.
Land grants issued in July, 1787, for educational pur-
poses in the North-west, provided that " Lot No. 29, in
each township or fractional part of township, be given
perpetually for the purposes of religion." This favor was
confined to the Ohio Company and to the Symmes Pur-
chase.
The first settlers of the Miami country were not less
zealous in religious observances than were the colonists
of the Muskingum, though they organized a church of
different denomination to begin with. When, on the
morning of November 18, 1788, the adventurous party of
twenty-six, led by Major Stites, landed, about sunrise, at
Columbia, the first thing they did, after making fast their
boat, was to sing a hymn of praise and to fall upon their
knees and offer thanks to God. The Baptists of Colum-
bia organized a church in January, 1790 — the first church
society in the state, it is claimed, and Rev. Stephen Gano
was chosen pastor.
Memorial exercises celebrating the centennial of the first
church erected in Cincinnati were held in the First Pres-
byterian Church, on Fourth street, October 14, 1890. On
that occasion the Rev. F. C. Monfort, D.D., read a his-
torical sketch to which I am indebted for particulars in
regard to the founding of the first Presbyterian society and
church edifice.
Religious services were held during the Summer of 1789,
by the Presbyterians of Losantiville, in the shade of forest
trees, or in the settler's cabins, or, sometimes, in a mill on
Vine street below third. In October, 1790, Rev. David
204 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Rice, mentioned on a preceding page as one of the fathers
of Presbyterian ism in Kentucky, came to Cincinnati and
organized a church, of which Rev. James Kemper, then
a theological student at Transylvania, was installed pas-
tor a year later. Subscriptions were taken to defray the
expenses of building a church, and the edifice was begun
early in 1792. Dr. Monfort says :
" The building was of frame, 30 x 40 feet. It was oc-
cupied in the fall both as a church and court-room.
Presbytery met in it October 21, 1792. It was not plas-
tered until 1794, when another subscription paper was
passed round. Judge Burnet, in his ' Sketches of the
West,' thus describes it : * It was inclosed with clapboards,
but neither lathed, plastered, nor ceiled. The floor was
of boat plank laid loosely on sleepers. The seats were of
the same material supported on blocks of wood. There
was a breastwork of unplained cherry boards, called the
pulpit, behind which the clergyman stood on a piece of
boat-plank resting on blocks of wood.' "
** Mr. Kemper's pastorate closed in 1796. The church
under his ministration had prospered. He was an earn-
est preacher and a fearless man. The journey from Cin-
cinnati to Columbia, which he made every other Sabbath
for several years, was one of danger. The woods w^ere
full of Indians, and it was a time of war. He was the
man for the time and place, and his name stands as the
pioneer minister of this whole region. True, the Rev.
David Rice preceded him, having preached a few weeks
earlier, but he came to stay. He was the first installed
pastor of any denomination north-west of the Ohio. He
was a factor in the history of most of the early churches
of the Miami Valley.
** The closing years of the century were a time of trial to
the church in Cincinati. Peace had been established with
the Indians, and this meant the scattering to farms and
small villages. The church felt the loss of many who had
been her support. Her loss, however, was the gain of
the religion throughout a large section, for churches sprang
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds, 205
up, many churches were organized, and a revival spirit
prevailed. Unfortunately this was marked by excesses
which led to strife and weakness.
" In 1797 Rev. Peter Wilson took charge of the church.
Little is known of him. He was not installed and died
after a brief service. He was followed by Rev. Matthew
G. "Wallace, a man of much ability, who remained part
of the time as pastor and part as stated supply about four
years. From 1804, the close of Mr. Wallace's labors, un-
til 1808, was a time of controversy and danger. The New
Light doctrines and methods w^ere in the ascendant
throughout the Miami country. Three ministers, Rev.
John Dunlevy, Richard Mc^N'ernan, and John Thompson,
had seceded from Presbytery and been successful in lead-
ing off or dividing their churches.
" The church in Cincinnati was seriously affected. In-
deed it is on record that for allowing Xew Light preach-
ers to preach their doctrines in its pulpit, it was refused
representation in Presbytery. During this period Rev.
Peter Davis and Rev. John Davies supplied the church
each for a short time, the former dying before the time for
which he was employed had expired."
On May 28, 1808, the " pulpit giant," Rev. Joshua L.
Wilson, from Bardstown, Kentucky, was installed as pas-
tor of the Cincinnati church, in which he continued to
preach until the year of his death, 1846. He was succeeded
by his son. Rev. S. R. Wilson, who held the pastorate un-
til 1861. The Wilsons, father and son, ministered during
a period of fifty-three years.
The first quarter of the present century witnessed a
general religious activity, and the establishment of numer-
ous sects.
Representatives of every old creed and propagandists of
every new ism went about in the new country proclaim-
ing what they held to be true, and denouncing what they
held to be false, with a freedom of speech adapted to the
unfenced fields and waving forests of the West. Jews,
Catholics, Protestants, and agnostics alike sought freedom
to worship or not to worship in the new country, and took
206 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
passage on the river craft at Pittsburg for Kentucky, or
Ohio, or Indiana, or Illinois. Such churches as did not
choose to take the field as aggressively " militant," were
obliged at least to stand warlike in their own defense.
Not always were the battles of theology between armies
of different flags — civil wars arose, dissentions and bitter
feuds within the borders of a camp professedly standing
for the same tenets and forms. The Presbyterian Church,
of Lexington, Kentucky, was rent in twain by a dispute
on psalmody.
Charges of " infidelity " were rife, and heresy was
spotted every-where. In 1823, Thomas T. Skillman, of
Lexington, started the " Western Luminary," a religious
periodical intended to " counteract the influence of in-
fidelity." In 1824, Dr. Charles Caldwell, of Transylvania
University, felt called upon to issue a "Defense of the
Medical Profession against the Charge of Infidelity and
Irreligion." The " Pandect," a religious periodical pub-
lished by Rev. Joshua Wilson, of Cincinnati, without per-
sonal rancor, charged Kev. Timothy Flint with skepticism.
Flint, with dry sarcasm, questions the sincerity of some
who profess extreme orthodoxy, and he gets oft* a sly
joke at the expense of political oflice seekers in the fol-
lowing ; " We saw a candidate, known to be a derider
of religion, sitting at a camp preaching among the min-
isters, and ever and anon uttering a dismal groan, as if
seized with a colic pang, and a face of the more elongated
and rueful sanctity."
The camp-meeting in some sections, especially in the
Sonth, exerted an attractive control over multitudes, and
its fervid, solemn, and picturesque methods wrought
effects little short of miraculous. This was emphatically
the case during the great revival of 1800, which shook
the states of Kentucky and Tennessee to their spiritual
center.
The origin of the camp-meeting is given by Rev. E. B.
Crisman in a short history of the Cumberland Presby-
terian Church. " The first camp-meeting ever held," says
Mr. Crisman, " was i;i July, 1800, at Gaspar river, Logaa
Voice of the People and Clash of Creeds. 207
county, Kentucky. The circumstances which gave rise
to it were as follows : A family who had just arrived in
the country from one of the Carolinas were desirous of at-
tending one of Mr. McGready^s meetings, hut were about
to decline going, because the meeting was some distance
from them, and they had no acquaintances in the country.
A female member of the family suggested that they had
camped with their wagon on the journey from Carolina
, to the country, and they might still camp long enough
to attend a meeting. They accordingly took their wagon
and provision and camped near the church. This family,
shared largely in the blessings of the meeting. At the
next meeting several families followed the example, and
were also blessed. This was a good omen, and suggested
to Mr. McGready the idea of a camp-meeting, and he ac-
cordingly appointed a meeting at Gaspar river, and an-
nounced that the people would be expected to camp on
the ground. For shelter they used their wagon sheets
and cloth tents, as is the custom at the present time
(1858) in Texas and other new countries. The first camp-
meeting held from Friday until the next Tuesday, and
resulted in forty-five conversions."
Twenty thousand souls are said to have attended the
session of a camp-meeting at Cane Ridge, near Paris, Ky.
About three thousand persons, mostly men, fell in a
cataleptic state. Prof. Shaler estimates that perhaps half
the entire population of Kentucky, were, by the power of
this great revival, " brought under the infiuence of an en-
thusiasm that for a moment took them quite away from
material things." Extensive revivals spread over Ken-
tucky in 1826-7-8-9.
Yivid descriptions of the camp-meeting and its im-
pressive scenes are to be found in the writings of the early
Western historians, poets, and novelists. The pioneer
"revivals" furnish a theme for a sort of sacred romance
or divine comedy.
The period was one of sect forming. The Cumberland
Presbyterian Church was of recent origin. It sprung
208 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
from the great revival and was organized in Kentucky,
February 4, 1810.
Rev. Barton W. Stone organized, in Kentucky, the
" Stoneites," or Christians. The sect is locally powerful
in the Ohio Valley.
They were dissenters from Presbyterianism, and met in
the Cane Ridge Church on June 28, 1804, as the " Spring-
field Presbytery," and ordained a " Last Will and Testa-
ment," in which, among other things, they solemnly «
"willed that this body die, be dissolved, and sink into
union with the body of Christ at large ; " that " the Church
of Christ resume her right of internal government ; "
that " each particular church choose her own preacher and
support him by free-will offering;" that "the people
hereafter take the Bible as the only sure guide to
heaven ; " that " preacher and people cultivate a spirit of
mutual forbearance, pray more, and dispute less ; " and
" that the oppressed may go free and taste the sweets of
gospel liberty."
The Cane Ridge Church, a small log building much
ruined by storm and time, is standing yet. The name was
given from the fact that the site of the church was
originally covered with a cane-brake ; and visitors to that '
locality say the cane still springs up in the old church-
yard.
Another development of religious convictions took or-
ganized form in societies known at first as Reformers, New
Lights, and Free- Will Baptists. Alexander Campbell,
originally an Irish Presbyterian, proposed to restore the
spirit and letter of primitive Christianity, and drew after
him a large following of earnest adherents who took
the name "Disciples of Christ." Campbell wrote in 1824 ;
"We neither advocate Calvinism, Arminianism, Socinian-
ism, Arianism, Trinitarianism, Unitarianism, Deism, nor
Sectarianism, but New Testamentism."
The first quarter of the century measures the duration
of the movement known as the "Unitarian Revival,"
which really began in 1785, when James Freeman, at Bos-
ton, broke away from the regular orthodox denomination
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 209
and took the name of Unitarian. As early as 1796, Rev.
Henry Toulmin, a Unitarian, disseminated his views in
Xentucky. Dr. Horace HoUey, a Yale graduate, and a
favorite of Timothy Dwight, though a dissenter from Cal-
vinism, came to Lexington, Ky., in 1819, and became
president of Transylvania University. When it was
known that he disbelieved in the Trinity, a sectarian war
broke out and raged on the disputed grounds that lie be-
tween orthodoxy and Unitarianism. The controversy
ruptured the college, and caused Dr. Holley to resign the
presidency. Unitarianism, however, got a foothold in the
West and South. Several of its most famous champions
have been stationed in Cincinnati, Louisville, and St.
Louis. Universalism also set up strongholds in these and
other western cities. " The Sentinel and Star in the
West," a Universalist newspaper, was established in 1829.
Rev. Timothy Flint, who spent several years as a mis-
sionary in the Mississippi Valley, commencing his travels
in 1814, wrote from his personal observation as follows :
''A circulating phalanx of Methodists, Baptists, and
Cumberland Presbyterians, of Atlantic missionaries, and
of young eleves of the Catholic theological seminaries,
from the redundant mass of unoccupied ministers, both in
the Protestant and Catholic countries, pervades this great
valley with its numerous detachments from Pittsburg, the
mountains, the lakes and the Missouri, to the Gulf of
Mexico. They all pursue the interests of their several
denominations in their own way, and generally in profound
peace."
Rev. John Mason Peck, a prominent Baptist missionary
in Illinois, writing of the itineracy of other days, says :
'' That minister's library was considered to be well sup-
plied that contained a complete copy of the Holy Script-
ures, a copy of Watts's Psalms and Hymns, and Russell's
Seven Sermons. There were preachers then, who taught
the people in the best manner they were able, without
possessing, and without the power of obtaining, a whole
copy of the Word of God." Yet these missionaries and
14
210 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
early preachers exerted a vast influence, and were person-
ages of conspicuous importance. A recent popular writer
says : " They were for a lon^ time the only circulating
medium of thought and emotion that kept the isolated
settlements from utter spiritual stagnation."
One of the most striking figures in the religious annals
of the Ohio Valley is Lorenzo Dow, a sort of American
Bunyan, whose pilgrimages are as surprising as the prog-
ress of Christian in the allegory. " Few who have seen
him,'' reports one of his contemporaries, " will forget his
outlandish exterior, his orang-outang features, the beard
that swept his aged breast, or the piping treble voice in
which he was wont to preach what he called the Gospel
of the kingdom."
This eccentric evangelist, born in 1777, made his first
western tour in 1804. " I have been in each of the seven-
teen states of the Union," wrote he in his diary.
Dow makes mention of many strange sects he met with
in his travels— the jerking, leaping, and rolling converts,
the A-double-L-partists, the Molechites and the Nichol-
ites, a kind of Quakers, " who do not feel free to wear
colored clothes." Peggy Dow, the wife of Lorenzo, left
some impression upon the times by a book published in
Philadelphia in 1816. It contains a ''Collection of Metho-
dist Hymns," "A Short Account of the Camp-meetings in
the United States," and the " Cosmopolite's Muse."
Lorenzo Dow's peculiar writings., published as a sub-
scription book under the title, " History of a Cosmopolite ;
or Lorenzo's Journal," passed through many editions, and
was sold by tens of thousands of volumes, in all parts of
the West. The book contains " Lorenzo's Journal," " Lo-
renzo's Chain," "A Cry from the Wilderness," " Defense
of Camp-meetings," " Vicissitudes, or the Journey of Life,"
and "Analects upon Natural, Social, and Moral Philos-
ophy." Old people are frequently met with in the Ohio
Valley who love to relate striking anecdotes concerning
Lorenzo Dow, who is made responsible for as many relig-
ions extravagances as Lincoln is for political jokes.
A picture to match that of Dow might be drawn of the
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds, 211
less noted Jonathan Chapman, or " Johnny Appleseed,"
as he was called, from the circumstance that he was the
first nurseryman in the Ohio Valley, and brought bushels
of apple seeds from the cider-presses of Pennsylvania, and
planted them in many parts of Ohio and Indiana. He
also was a preacher, or, as he said, a " messenger sent into
the wilderness to prepare the way for the people." Born
in Massachusetts in 1775, he was a regularly ordained
Swedenborgian missionary. He always carried tracts and
books, zealous to plant ideas as well as apple seeds. Fruit
is still grown on surviving trees planted by Johnny Apple-
seed, in the valleys of the Muskingum and the Scioto.
Dr. Peck deserves more than a passing notice in the an-
nals of western intellectual labor. He ranks as one of the
ablest and most worthy of the pioneer useful writers.
Born in Litchfield parish. South Farms, Connecticut, Oc-
tober 31, 1789, he began to preach in 1811, was ordained
in 1813, and became associated with Kev. Luther Rice in
efforts to arouse the Baptists of the country to a sense of
their duty in foreign missions. He was appointed by the
Baptist Missionary Union to labor in St. Louis and vicin-
ity. Proceeding westward in a covered wagon, with his
wife and three children, he journeyed four months, a dis-
tance of 1,200 miles, reaching Shawneetown in the fall of
1817. For several years he resided in Missouri, where he
and his family suffered extremely from sickness. In 1821
he removed to Rock Spring, Illinois, and established a
seminary, into which were gathered at one time as many
as one hundred students. In April, 1828, he began the
publication of a paper called the Western Pioneer and
Baptist. Vigorous and energetic, he made numberless
extensive preaching tours, and took a prominent part in
the affairs of the territory, preliminary to its becoming a
state. Especially was he interested in promoting the
cause of education and temperance. The Rock Spring
Seminary became united with what is now Shurtleft* Col-
lege.
Dr. Peck devoted himself to the study of local history,
and to the encouragement of literary manifestation
212 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
among young men. Through his influence, Prof. John
Russell, of Bluff Dale, Illinois, was induced to publish
"The Legend of the Piasa" and other pieces. Russell
was the author of a temperance essay called " The Ven-
omous Worm," beginning with the sentence : " There is a
worm whose bite outvenoms all the serpents of the l^ile."
Thousands of school-children in the West learned the
piece by heart and declaimed it.
Peck's writings include a " Guide for Emigrants," a
" Gazetteer of Illinois," " Father Clark, or the Pioneer
Preacher," and a " Life of Daniel Boone." He revised
and enlarged Perkins's "Annals of the West." Dr. Peck
died March 24, 1857. A memoir of him has been pub-
lished by Rufus Babcock, in a book entitled " Forty Years
of Pioneer Life."
It would require volumes to sketch the life and labors
of the noted preachers of the West. Many of them were
famed for eloquence. Who has not heard of the renowned
Peter Cartwright,^ 1785-1872, the presiding elder of Illi-
nois, the type of Methodist pioneer ministers? His
preaching is rhetorically described by one who himself
was a distinguished circuit preacher. Rev. W. H. Milburn,
author of " Ten Years of Preacher Life." The following
are Milburn's words on Cartwright's oratory : "A voice
which, in his prime, was capable of almost every modula-
tion, the earnest force and homely directness of his speech,
and his power over the passions of the human heart, made
him an orator to win and command the suffrages and
sympathies of a western audience. And ever through the
discourse, came, and went, and came again, a humor that
was resistless, now broadening the features into a merry
smile, and then softening the heart until tears stood in the
eyes of all. His figures and illustrations were often
grand, sometimes fantastical. Like all natives of the new
country, he spoke much in metaphors, and his were bor-
* The Backwoods Preacher. An Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,
for moro than fifty years a preacher in the Backwoods of America.
Edited l -trickland. London, 1858.
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 213
rowed from the magnificent realm in which he lived. All
forms of nature, save those of the sounding sea, were fa-
miliar to him, and were employed with the easy familiarity
with which phildren use their toys. You might hear, in
a single discourse, the thunder tread of a frightened herd
of buffaloes as they rushed wildly across the prairie, the
crash of the windrow as it fell smitten by the breath of the
tempest, the piercing scream of the wild cat as it scared
the midnight forest, the majestic rhythm of the Mississippi
as it harmonized the distant East and West, and united,
bore their tributes to the far-off" ocean ; the silvery flow of
a mountain rivulet, the whisper of groves, and the jocund
laughter of unnumbered prairie flowers, as they toyed in
dalliance with the evening breeze. Thunder and lightning,
fire and flood, seemed to be old acquaintances, and he
spoke of them with the assured confidence of friendship.
Another of the poet's attributes was his — the impulse and
the power to create his own language ; and he was the best
lexicon of western words, phrases, idioms, and proverbs,
that I have ever met."
The pioneer period produced an astonishing array of
illustrious pulpit orators; men who swayed multitudes,
and who were regarded with a veneration that bordered
on idolatry. The immense popular control which these
voices in the wilderness exerted is incalculable. They
were the spiritual and moral custodians of the people.
Their winged words set free in the unreporting air, have
flown into oblivion. But the thought, the soul of the
message, was recorded in the heart and the life of a gen-
eration. Few books did these fervent ministers of the
Gospel indite. Ko stenographer took down on paper and
gave to the press their exhortations and their prayers.
But the sermon was engraved upon listening hearts and
the benediction was heard in heaven. Every section of
the West had its evangelic Boanerges in those old camp-
meeting years. I can not forbear to transcribe a descrip-
tion of the favorite orator of Tennessee, the once cele-
brated Dr. Bascom. A distinguished contemporary clergy-
man of another denomination praises Bascom in the fol-
214 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
lowing language : " I would not wish to laud him in the
same affected strain, with the encomiums of the blind
minister of Virginia. But he is certainly an extraordi-
nary man in his way. His first appearance is against him,
indicating a rough and uncouth man. He uses many low
words, and images and illustrations in bad taste. But
perhaps, when you are getting tired, almost disgusted,
every thing is reversed in a moment. He flashes upon
you. You catch his eye and you follow him ; he bursts
upon you in a glow of feeling and pathos, leaving you not
sufficiently cool to criticise. We may affect to decry the
talent of moving the inmost affections. After all, I am
inclined to think it the most important qualification which
a minister can possess. He possesses this in an eminent
degree. He has the electric eye, the thrilling tones, the
unction, the feeling, the universal language of passion and
nature, which is equally known and felt by all people.
He has evidently been richly endowed by nature ; but his
endowments owe little to discipline or education."
A correspondent^ of the Cincinnati Commercial Gaz-
ette, in 1890, thus graphically pictures two of the great
pioneer preachers of South-western Ohio and Eastern In-
diana :
" No history of the great Ohio Valley will be full and
complete without giving a just meed of praise to the
labors of the pioneer preachers who, amid all difficulties,
dangers, and hardships, broke the bread of life to the
early settlers, and so materially aided in laying broad and
deep the moral sentiment of the community. Many of
those men deserve a chapter in the future history of the
country. In their labor of love, for it was a labor of love
to them, they passed through dangers and endured toils
and privations that few of the present day know any
thing about, and the story of their lives and their devo-
tion to the cause of God and humanity would be of
thrilling interest. One of the most famous of those early
pioneers was William H. Raper, well-known in his day in
* F. D. MuflBey.
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 215
South-western Ohio and Eastern Indiana. There are
some living yet who rememher him and speak with love
and admiration of his memory. In his travels he tra-
versed forests and oftentimes was compelled to swim
rivers and encamp all night in the midst of the wildest
storms of rain or snow, with no covering but the heavens
or the branches of a forest tree. On one occasion, while
traveling his circuit, which embraced all the south-eastern
part of Indiana, he got lost in the woods one dark night,
and wandered about for several hours. At last in his
wanderings he came to the bank of a stream. The rain
had been falling steadily for several days, and he knew the
water must be very high. He felt that to remain out all
night in his exhausted condition meant death ; he deter-
mined to cross the stream, if possible, and seek shelter on
the other side. He dismounted and groped along in the
darkness as best he could, until he-came to what he sup-
posed to be a bridge. He carefully led his horse on to it.
As he proceeded, he felt it giving under him step by
step, but he kept on until finally he reached the other
side in safety. A short distance from there he discovered
a house, and, after arousing the inmates, obtained per-
mission to stay all night. They asked him how he had
been able to cross the creek, and when he told them he
had crossed on the bridge, they were confounded, and told
him there was no bridge there and never had been. In
the morning they went to the place and discovered that
in the darkness he had crossed on floating driftwood that
had become jammed.
"At another time he had an experience which would
have furnished the psychologist of those days a hard nut
to crack. While crossing a very full stream at an early
hour one morning, his horse threw him into the water.
The accident occurred at a place near where the creek
emptied into the Ohio, and he was being rapidly borne
out into the current of the river when, by chance, he was
swept near an overhanging branch, which he was able to
seize and hold. To that he clung until his strength was
almost exhausted. He was about to give up in despair,
216 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
as no help was near, when he seemed to hear a voice
saying, * Mother is praying for you, and you will be
saved/ This gave him new courage, and, making an-
other and a final eftbrt, he reached the bank in safety.
On reaching his mother's house, several days afterward,
she told him she had a terrible dream about him. She
said that one morning she was awakened in a great fright,
and heard some one saying, * William is in great danger.'
She sprang from her bed and began praying for him.
This she kept up until at last a peace fell upon her spirit,
and she was satisfied her son had escaped from the dan-
ger which threatened him. On comparing the time, it
was found to be at exactly the hour he was struggling with
the raging waters a hundred miles distant. Let some one
explain this on scientific principles. This same minister
once had a watch stolen from him under peculiar circum-
stances in Cincinnati. A man by the name of Washburne
was condemned to death. On the day of the execution,
Mr. Raper was called upon to act as chaplain. He visited
the condemned man in his cell and offered up prayer.
"While he was pra^'ing Washburne stole his watch from
his pocket. The watch was not missed, and it was not
until it had been found on the person of Washburne after
his execution that Mr. Raper knew it had been stolen.
"Among the most gifted of those devoted men was Rus-
sell Bigelow. He was about medium height, of slender
frame, and feeble constitution. His head was large and
forehead high and prominent. He wore his hair long,
and as it was rather thin, it gave him a cadaverous ap-
pearance. He had a wonderful power over an audience,
and could sway the multitudes at his will by his elo-
quence, which was lofty and fervent. Such was his fame
that when it was announced that he was to preach, the
people for many miles flocked to hear him. His appear-
ance was much against him, for he was always clad in
coarse and ill-fitting garments. He had a keen eye,
prominent cheek bones, a projecting chin, large nose, ex-
panding nostrils, and wide mouth. A noted skeptic who
heard him on one of his great occasions as he preached to
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 217
a large audience at a camp-meeting near Dayton, 0., wrote
thus of his sermon :
" ' Having stated and illustrated his position clearly, he
laid hroadly the foundation of his argument, and piled
stone upon stone, hewed and polished, till he stood upon
a majestic pyramid, with heaven's own light around him,
pointing the astonished multitude to a brighter home be-
yond the sun, and bidding, defiance to the enemy to re-
move one fragment of the rock on which his feet were
placed. His argument being complete, his peroration
commenced. This was grand beyond description. The
whole universe seemed animated by its Creator to aid him
in persuading the sinners to return to God, and the angels
commissioned to open heaven and come down and
strengthen him. !N'ow he opens the mouth of the pit,
and takes us through the gloomy avenues, while the bolts
retreat and the doors of damnation burst open, and the
wails of the lost come to our ears ; and now he opens
heaven and transports us to the flowery plains, stands up
amid the armies of the blest, to sweep with celestial fin-
gers angelic harps, and join the eternal chorus, '' Worthy,
Worthy the Lamb." As he closed his discourse, every
energy of his body and mind were stretched to the ut-
most tension. His soul appeared to be too great for its
tenement, and every moment ready to burst through and
soar away as an eagle toward heaven. His lungs labored,
his arms rose, the perspiration, with tears, flowed in a
steady stream on the floor, and every thing about him
seemed to say, " Oh, that my head were waters." But the
audience thought not of the struggling body, nor even of
the giant mind within, for they w^ere paralyzed by the
avalanche of thought that descended upon them. I lost
the man, but the subject was all in all.' "
" At one time the Conference was to be held in Steuben-
ville, Ohio. A wealthy Episcopalian went to the Metho-
dist pastor in that place and told him that if he would
send him the most talented man in the Conference he
would be glad to entertain him. Bigelow was sent to
him. He made his appearance at the aristocratic resi-
218 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
dence in his homespun suit. His personal appearance
was not prepossessing, and, upon meeting the pastor, the
Episcopalian complained that he had not been rightly
treated. He was reminded that he had asked for the
most talented man, and he had been sent to him. The
pastor said to him : ' He is to preach at the Presbyterian
Ohurch to-morrow morning. You go and hear him, and
then if you are still dissatisfied, I will change him and
send you the bishop.' The host and his family attended
the Presbyterian Church the next day. Mr. Bigelow took
his seat in the pulpit, and when it was time to begin the
services, arose and read his hymn. Such reading of
poetry had never before been heard in Steubenville, and
the host and his daughters exchanged surprised and sig-
nificant glances. It was one of the preacher's grand days,
and he electrified his audience. At the close of the ser-
mon the host requested his daughters to accompany Mr.
Bigelow to the house, saying that he had to attend to a
little matter down the street. He made his way at once
to the Methodist parsonage, and, calling the pastor to
one side, told him that he would not trade off Mr. Bige-
low and his homespun suit for all the bishops. Such is
the power of eloquence."
Hon. E. 0. Smith, in his " Indiana Trials," writing of
"Itinerant Preachers," remarks, "that early Indiana,
nay, Indiana to-day, owes more to the itinerant Meth-
odist preachers than to all other religious denominations
combined." He mentions, with praise, the names of the
following early preachers : James Jones, Augustus Joce-
lyn, John P. Durbin, James Conwell, John Hardy, Aaron
Wood, James Havens, Elijah Whitten, John Morrow,
Thomas Silvey, John Strange, and Allen Wiley.
In 1832 Dr. Lyman Beecher came to Cincinnati, called
to the presidency of Lane Seminary. Though a stanch
Calvinist of the school of Mather, Edwards, and Dwight,
his orthodoxy was impeached by Rev. Joshua Lacy Wil-
son, D.D., the powerful preacher who from 1808 to 1846
ministered from the pulpit of the First Presbyterian
Church. Mrs. Stowe described the theological battle be-
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 219
tweeu her father and Dr. Wilson as a '* Spiritual Arma-
geddon, being the confluence of the forces of Scotch-Irish
Presbyterian, Calvanistic fatalism, meeting with the ad-
vancing rationalism of IN'ew England new-school theology."
Beecher was tried and acquitted in his own church, be-
fore the Presbytery of Cincinnati, on charges of heresy
preferred by Wilson, and the proceedings of the trial
were printed.^ While carrying on this defensive war,
he published a long discourse, entitled, "A Plea for the
West," which, while prophesying the future greatness of the
Wesjfc, eloquently urged the necessity of universal educa-
tion, and violently assailed the Roman Catholic Church.
Lyman Beecher's sons, Edward, George, Charles, and
Henry Ward, and his daughters, Catherine and Harriet,
were, in a considerable degree, educated by western in-
fluences, and they all began their aggressive life-work in
the West. Henry Ward Beecher's first sermons were
preached in Ohio and Indiana, and his first pastorate was
at Lawrenceburg, and his second at Indianapolis.
The new sects of which I have spoken, and the newly
inspired older sects, wrought zealously to infuse their
doctrines every-where. Their active energy might be
likened to that force of chemical elements which scien-
tists observe in substances just set free from combination,
and existing in what is called the nascent, or new-born state.
The clash of beliefs, and the ardor to establish innovating
systems, gave rise to many public debates on religious
subjects. The most distinguished champion in the lists
of the theological tournament, was Alexander Campbell,
already mentioned as the founder of the Society of the
Disciples. The appellation, " ISTew Light," ^ was frequently
applied to him and his followers, sometimes opprobiously,
sometimes approvingly. That name, however, originated
long before Campbell's time ; certainly as far back as the
* See " Trial and Acquittal of Lyman Beecher, D.D., before the Pres-
bytery of Cincinnati, on Charges preferred by Joshua L. Wilson, D.D,,
Cincinnati, 1835."
• There is a species of edible fish in the Kentucky river locally dis-
tinguished by the name of " New Light."
220 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
" Great Awakening " of 1740, which started in ITew En-
gland. It was spoken of as the *' New Light Stir," and
continued for twenty-five years or more, in which period
40,000 persons were " converted." A popular ITew Light
hymn was often sung in religious assemblies of the period,
in Rhode Island. I here transcribe two of its eleven
stanzas, every one of which introduces the term, " New
Light," in some connection :
" Despised by man, upheld by God,
We're marching on the heavenly road ;
Loud hallelujahs we will sing
To Jesus Christ, the New Light's King.
" Though by the world we are disdained.
And have our names cast out by men.
Yet Christ our Captain for us fights ;
Nor death, nor hell, can hurt New Lights."
The New Light movement spread to the South and to
the West, and, no doubt, had a remote, if not a direct,
bearing upon the various church reformers. Campbell
disclaimed all sectarian badges, desiring simply to be con-
sidered a restorer of old forms, not an inventor of things
new.
Alexander Campbell was born in Ireland, September
12, 1788, and he died, March 4, 1866. His father, Eev.
Thomas Campbell, a seceder, opened an academy at Eich
Hill, and Alexander assisted in teaching. Thomas emi-
grated to America in 1807, and Alexander followed in
1809. They settled at Washington, Pennsylvania, where
the son wrote essays for the Washington Reporter, sign-
himself " Clarinda." He made his first attempt at preach-
ing in 1810. In 1823, he began the " Christian Baptist,"
espousing the principles of that ancient sect "Called
Christians first at Antioch." From 1823 to 1830, " he is-
sued of his own works, from his own little country print-
ing office, no less than 46,000 volumes." His house near
the Ohio river above Wheeling he named Bethany, and it
was made a post-office, on account of the extensive miiil
he received and dispatched. His numerous works, com-
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 221
prising about sixty volumes, include a '' N'ew Version of
the Testament,'' a '' Life of Thomas Campbell," six vol-
volumes of " Debates," seven volumes of " The Christian
Baptist," and thirty-four volumes of " The Millennial
Harbinger," a periodical which ran from 1830 to 1863 in-
clasive. The use of such names as " Millennial Harbin-
ger," *' Western Messenger," " Herald of Truth," suggest-
ive of faith in the ^' good time coming," was character-
istic of the reformers in the western country. Campbell
was the founder of Bethany College, near which may be
seen a monument erected to his memory.
Alexander Campbell challenged the whole theological
field, ^nd assaulted the outlying territories of disbelief.
He hurled a lance at young Mormonism in JSTorthern
Ohio. His numerous debates, six of which were published,
gave him widespread renown. As long ago as 1820 he
held his first important discussion, on baptism, with Mr.
John Walker, at Mount Pleasant, Ohio. Three years
later he debated with Mr. McCalla, a Presbyterian, on the
same subject, in a grove near Washington, Kentucky.
More memorable was his dispute with Eobert Owen, which
took place in Cincinnati, April, 1829,
Owen denied the truth of religion in general and
Campbell afiirmed the truth of Christianity. People
came to hear this discussion frorn 'New York, Pennsyl-
vania, Virginia, Tennessee, and Mississippi. Twelve hun-
dred persons crowded into the Methodist Church, where
it was held, and many went away unable to obtain a sit-
ting. The wordy battle was continued for eight days, and
at the conclusion the audience decided by a rising vote
that Campbell and Christianity were victorious. A still
more exciting duel of dogmas was fought in Cincinnati,
January, 1837, by Campbell and Bishop John B. Purcell,
on Catholicism. This stirred up the polemic spirit of the
city, caused mass meetings to pass resolutions, and brought
the political press into the skirmish line.
Charles Hammond, of the Gazette, and James Birney,
of the Philanthropist, drew their pens and rushed to the
conflict. Soon after the Purcell debate, Campbell began
222 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
a discussion with Rev. Mr. Skinner, on Universalism,
which was carried on for two years in the columns of the
Harbinger. The last, and perhaps the most noted theo-
logical tournament in which Campbell took part was that
of November, 1843, when he encountered Rev. 'E. L. Rice,
a Presbyterian clergyman of Danville, Kentucky, who had
won a high reputation as an oral debater. The cham-
pions met at Lexington, and Henry Clay presided during
their sixteen days' disputation.
Dr. Rice and Rev. E. M. Pingree, a brilliant Universalist
divine, held an eight-day discussion in the year 1845. The
daily sessions took place in the Millerite Tabernacle, a
large wooden structure in Cincinnati, and the multitude
of auditors was greater than the inside of the building
would accommodate, and numbers climbed upon the roof
to listen to the speakers.
Propounders of original views, dissenters and reformers
of all shades of belief and unbelief, came to the valley.
They considered the new country a tabula rasa, upon
which every man who had a positive idea was free to
write a theory. Campbell declared that he began his re-
ligious movement in the West because the West was the
field of best opportunity. " Why," said he, " the western
people believe in giving every man liberty of speech ; they
gave Owen a fair chance."
Robert Owen, whose name is associated with St. Simon
and Fourier, was a Welsh philanthopist of large fortune,
who came to America in 1824 to propound and establish the
principles of Socialism. In 1825 he bought of Frederick
Rappe the village of New Harmony and twenty-live thou-
sand acres of land on the Wabash, Indiana, paying $190,-
000, and there organized his celebrated community. His
assumptions were that man is a creature of circumstances,
and that favorable surroundings make good character.
He repudiated the sanctions of the Church, relying wholly
upon practical education as the source of correct conduct.
Sin and misery he ascribed to ignorance and its transmit-
ted effects. A strict materialist, he accepted nothing as
true except that which he could prove by facts. The
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 223
school which was started at ^ew Harmony based its-
methods on the writings of Pestalozzi, and made the name
of that great educator familiar in the backwoods. Francis
J. J^. Neef, the associate of Pestalozzi, was a teacher at
ISTew Harmony. For the amusement of the men and women
social parties were held in a large hall, with music and
dancing. Sometimes four hundred persons were on the
dancing floor at once. On Sunday scientific lectures were
delivered in the hall; and itinerant preachers were invited^
and even urged, to use the same pulpit as a free arena.
" Mental Independence" was the motto of the Communists.
A paper, Xew Harmony Gazette, called by Campbell the
"focus of the lights of skepticism," was started in 1825^
and in 1827 Owen issued a little volume called " 'New
Views of Society."
The New Harmony experiment attracted a heterogeneous
company. Several distinguished visitors from Europe so-
journed with Owen for awhile. One of these was the
Duke of Saxe- Weimar. Another was William Maclure^
the scientist. Another was Miss Frances Wright, who^
like Owen, was wealthy, and a reformer. Timothy Flint
classed her among the " Wollstonecraftian ladies."
Frances Wright was born in Dundee, Scotland, in 1797^
and she died in Cincinnati in 1853. She lived for three
years in France in the family of Lafayette. Coming to
America, she bought a tract of wild land in Western
Tennessee, and started a plantation, which she named
I^ashoba, and devoted herself to the education of thirty
negroes whom she purchased from slavery. In her own
words, she devoted herself to a " race oppressed where
liberty had planted her throne, and despised where man
had first spoken the name of equality."
Several times Miss Wright went alone, on horseback,,
from Kashoba to ;N"ew Harmony ; and, finally, her health
failing, she abandoned the Tennessee scheme, and re-
moved to the Owen settlement. For the New Harmony
Gazette she wrote essays and a series of articles called "A
Few Days in Athens," which afterward appeared in a
volume. She traveled throus^h the United States and
224 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
gave lectures at the principal cities on "Knowledge,"
" Religion," " Morals," " Opinions," and other subjects.
These were published in book form.
Noth withstanding its auspicious name, IN'ew Harmony
l)i'(:i!iie a scene of discord, and declined.^ Robert Owen
wont back to Scotland. His son, Robert Dale Owen, ac-
companied Miss Wright to Xew York, where the latter
bought a church, which she rechristened the " Hall of
Science," and occupied as a lecture-room and an office of
publication for the Free Enquirer, formerly the IS'ew Har-
mony Gazette. This paper, its editors claimed, was " the
first periodical established in the United States for the
purpose of fearless and unbiased inquiry on all subjects."
A number of other papers, of a similar liberal charac-
ter, soon sprang into existence, among which we may
mention " The Investigator," " Comet," " The Beacon,"
and the " Herkimer Liberal."
Frances Wright composed a tragedy called "Altorf,"
and a work in two volumes entitled " England, the Civil-
izer." It is recorded that she preferred the society of men
to that of women, on account of the superior intelligence
of the former. She contracted a marriage with Wilhelm
Phiquepal D'Arusmont. It was stipulated that, should
* Owen's experiment at New Harmony was not the only communistic
attempt to reform society in the Ohio Valley. A communistic store or
" Model Bazaar " was in operation in Cincinnati in 1827. A " Commun-
ity " was organized in Tuscarawas county, Ohio, in 1835. In 1844, the
" Clermont Phalanx," an association according to Fourier, was formed
on the Ohio river, in Clermont county, Ohio. This failed within less
than three years. Its property was purchased by a company of reform-
ers known as the "Brotherhood," at the head of which was John O.
Wattles. The " Brotherhood's " principal building, an edifice of bripk,
was undermined by the river in the flood of 1847, and seventeen per-
sons were drowned. More interesting and successful was the establish-
ment organized in 1847, also in Clermont county, by Josiah AVarren.
This was the village of Utopia, founded by a small company in accord-
ance with the maxim, " cost is the limit of price." The community
broke up within a few years. Warren removed to New England. He
is the author of several very remarkable pamphlets, which anticipate the
writings of George and Bellamy. His " Equitable Commerce " was pub-
lished at Utopia in 1840. Three other pamphlets of his on " True Civil-
ization." were issued in Princeton, Mass., in 1873.
Voice of the Preacher and Clash of Creeds. 225
any children be born, the mother was to have no part in
their education. On one occasion, when Miss Wright
lectured in the court-house in Cincinnati, a mob cast
stones at her. Picking up one of these rude missiles, she
said, smiling, " This is a hard argument."
The action and reaction of colliding elements in the
Ohio Valley struck out much intellectual heat and light.
Civilized races met with savage, Christianity met Judaism,
Protestant challenged Catholic. Calvinist encountered
anti-Calvinist, Unitarian opposed Trinitarian, old denomi-
nations split by contention projected new sects into being,
and each new sect criticised all the others. Antas^onizing
churches in general, and even assaulting the bulwarks of
religion itself, the agnostics, the skeptics, and the avowed
atheists joined the thick combat. Extremes grappled.
What a swing of the pendulum of opinion, from the
Catholic kneeling before the crucifix, or the rapt Protest-
ant convert swooning at the mourners' bench, to the
Cincinnati materialist who was offended when his child
was taught that God exists, or to Mrs. Trollope, who,
after witnessing a revival, said: "I confess that I think
the coarsest comedy ever written would be a less detesta-
ble exhibition for the eye of youth and innocence than
such a scene."
How wide the contrast between the implicit faith of
Lorenzo Dow, and the skepticism of Orson Murray who
regarded prayer as a crime and whose funeral sermon,
written by himself, insists that death ends all !
I doubt if the world has witnessed a more extraordinary
series of religious events than transpired in the Ohio Val-
ley in the first half of the nineteenth century.' Notwith-
standing the dissensions within old denominations, and
unprecedented splits and conflicts among new sects, and
the utter repudiation of religion by some, the churches
grew and flourished. The freedom to worship God, which
the Pilgrims " sought afar," was found in the " Kew Eng-
land of the West," as Ohio was called. Religious liberty
ran riot, and was not distinguished, in some cases, from
15
226 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
license. Even Dilks, the Leatherwood God,^ who, in
1828, inaugurated his system by a loud snort and the cry
of the single word " Salvation," was tolerated, and had a
following who worshiped him. Smith, the inventor of the
Mormon bible, found refuge in Ohio, in 1832, and though
be was treated to a coat of tar and feathers, that did not
prevent him from establishing the Latter Day Saints at
Kirtland, and ordaining Brigham Young elder.
The clash of creeds gave origin to much discourse, oral
and printed. Sermons and religious debates were heard
by multitudes of listeners, and read by other multitudes.
Every leading sect had its " organ " or periodical. Prop-
agandists of new systems made extensive use of the press
and the platform. Secular newspapers and magazines de-
voted many columns to news and discussions bearing on
religious, moral, and social matters.
In a word, religious worship, Scripture reading, hymn
singing, sermon hearing, and the perusal of controversial
periodicals and tracts, attendance at camp-meetings, " re-
vivals," theological discussions, and the universal custom
of thinking and talking on religious subjects, had an im-
mense influence in shaping the literature of the Ohio
Valley "in the beginning."
* The Leatherwood God. An Account of the Appearance and Pre-
tensions of Joseph C. Dilks in Eastern Ohio, in 1828. By R. H. Taney-
hill. 12mo. Paper.
Political Oratory and Orators, 227
CHAPTER VII.
POLITICAL ORATORY AND ORATORS— THE LECTURE.
The American veterans who survived the Revolutionary-
War rejoiced in anniversaries. Emphatically did they
celebrate Independence Day, with utterance of much im-
passioned eloquence in oration and poem. On the 4th of
July, 1788, the founders of Marietta, then a settlement
only three months old, met to commemorate the nation's
birth. Judge J. M. Yarnum ^ delivered an address abound-
ing in balanced sentences and rhetorical phrases. Antici-
pating the coming of his excellency. Governor Arthur St.
Clair, the orator exclaimed : " May he soon arrive ! Thou
gently flowing Ohio, whose surface, as conscious of thy
unequaled majesty, reflecteth no image but the impending
heaven, bear him, oh ! bear him safely to this anxious
spot ! And thou beautiful, transparent Muskingum, swell
at the moment of his approach, and reflect no objects but
of pleasure and delight ! "
Having thus glowingly apostrophized the absent gov-
ernor, the gallant general addressed his '^ fair auditors " in
still more ornate style. '' Gentle zephyrs and fanning
breezes, wafting through the air ambrosial odors, receive
you here. Hope no longer flutters upon the wings of un-
certainty. . . . Amiable in yourselves, amiable in
your tender connections, you will soon add to the felicity
of others, who, emulous of following your bright exam-
ple, and having formed their manners upon the elegance
of simplicity and the refinements of virtue, will be happy
^ James Mitchell Varnum was a member of the first class that gradu-
ated from Brown University, in 1769. He became a brigadier-general
in the Revolutionary army, and was a member of the Colonial Congress.
He was an eloquent lawyer. He was one of the supreme judges of the
North-western Territory. Died, January 10, 1789.
228 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
in living with you in the bosom of friendship." Such was
the fashion of sentence-making in the days of yore. Ac-
cording to Dr. Hildreth, Judge Yarnum was distinguished
for his " brilliant language and thundering eloquence."
At the close of the oration a feast was served in a spac-
ious bower, constructed on the point of land at the con-
fluence of the Muskingum and the Ohio. From the four-
teen toasts offered I select the following: *' The United
States," "The Congress," "His Most Christian Majesty,"
"The ^ew Federal Constitution," " Patriots and Heroes,"
" Captain Pipe, Chief of the Delawares," " The Amiable
Partners of our Delicate Pleasures."
The soldiers at Fort Harraar had commemorated the
great national day in 1786 by firing a salute of thirteen
guns, " after which," wrote Sergeant Joseph Buell, in his
diary, " the troops were served with extra rations of liquor,
and allowed to get drunk as much as they pleased."
St. Clair reached Fort Harmar July 9, and on the 15th
he made his public entry, " at the bower, in the city of
Marietta," and another grand ceremony took place. The
Ordinance of 1787 w^as read, and appropriate speeches of
welcome and response were spoken. The governor's ad-
dress, though formal and stately, was warmed by a sincere
eloquence evoked by the place and purpose of the meet-
ing. In the course of his remarks he said : " The sub-
duing a new country, notwithstanding its natural advan-
tages, is alone an arduous task; a task, however, that
patience and perseverance will at last surmount, and these
virtues, so necessary in every situation, but peculiarly so
in yours, you must resolve to exercise. IN'either is reduc-
ing a country from a state of nature to a state of civiliza-
tion 80 irksome as it may appear from a slight or super-
ficial view; even very sensible pleasures attend it; the
gradual progress of improvement tills the mind with de-
lectable ideas ; vast forests converted into arable fields,
and cities rising in places which were lately the habita-
tions of wild beasts, give a pleasure something like that
attendant on creation. If we can form an idea of it, the
imagination is ravished and a taste communicated of even
Political Oratory and Orators. 229
the 'joy of God to see a happy world.' " General Rufus
Putnam responded to St. Clair's speech.
The example set at Marietta of celebrating the " glorious
Fourth" was imitated in hundreds of settlements subse-
quently formed in the West. When General Moses
Cleveland, with a company of surveyors, arrived on the
Western Reserve on July 4, 1796, a patriotic demonstra-
tion was made, with speeches and joyful noise. Doubt-
less the orators of the day reminded their hearers that
just twenty years had passed since John Adams wrote
from Philadelphia to his wife, in Boston, that Indepen-
dence Day " ought to be solemnized with pomp and pa-
rade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and
illuminations, from one end of the continent to the other,
from this time forward forevermore." With such warrant
and exhortation, our patriotic fathers made the most of
the anniversary, and " spread-eagle " eloquence was at a
premium in the forensic market.
'The visit of Lafayette to America, in 1824, acted like a
fanning breeze on the fire of patriotism, and revived the
spirit of declamation. The marquis came to Ashland to
see Clay, and was all-hailed in an eloquent speech de-
livered at Transylvania College by Dr. Holley. At Cin-
cinnati he Avas banqueted and welcomed in an address by
Joseph II. Benham. This Avas in May. It was not until
the 26th of August that Edward Everett, in a famous
oration pronounced at Cambridge before the Society of
the Phi Beta Kappa, addressed Lafayette, who was pres-
ent at the delivery of the oration, using the familiar
words: "Welcome, thrice welcome to our shores; and
whithersoever throughout the limits of the continent
your course shall take you, the ear that hears you shall
bless you, the eye that sees you shall bear witness to you,
and every tongue exclaim, with heartfelt joy, welcome,
welcome Lafayette ! "
Mr. Everett, w^hose name will always be -associated with
American oratory and culture, had a decided interest in
the growth and development of the West. In the sum-
mer of 1829, on his journey- homeward from a tour in the
230 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Mississippi Valley, he visited the Yellow Springs, Ohio,
then a fashionable watering-place and the favorite resort
of the Cincinnati gentry. The distinguished sojourner
accepted an invitation to partake of a public dinner, and,
in accordance with the fashion, a series of toasts was
offered and responded to. The toastmaster of the occa-
sion was Daniel K. Este, who offered the following senti-
ment: " On behalf of the proprietor and visitors at the
Yellow Springs, I give a most cordial welcome to our
fellow-citizen, Mr. Edward Everett — highly distinghed as
a scholar and as a liberal and enlightened statesman."
Mr. Everett addressed the company in a neat speech,
which was printed in full in the " Western Tiller," of July
7, 1829.
Mr. Everett spoke of the wonderful material progress
of the West, the rapid increase in population, the con-
struction of the National road, the establishment of stage
routes, and " your canal policy — the glory and prosperity
of the state." He reminded his listeners that, " Forty
years since the only white population connected with Ohio
was on its way in a single wagon from Massachusetts to
this place." He referred to Drake's picture of Cincinnati
as the work from which, while traveling in Europe thir-
teen years ago, he had gained his first impressions ot
the Ohio Valley. Flattering allusion was made, also, to
Flint's Geography and History of the Mississippi Valley,
and to Mansfield and Drake's Cincinnati in 1826. jS'or
did he fail to refer to the near relation existing between
New England and the West. Speaking of the system of
public schools recently transplanted from Massachusetts
to Ohio, he used the following words : " Regarding the mind
of the citizen as the most precious part of the public
capital, we have felt that an efficient plan of general edu-
cation is one of the first elements of public wealth. The
diffusion of intelligence has furnished us our best com-
pensation for our narrow limits and moderately fertile
soil; and the tax which has effected it has returned with
the richest interest to the citizen. We rejoice to see you
adopting the same policy, and providing for a posterity
Folitical Oratory and Orators. 231
instructed in the necessary branches of useful knowledge.
Such a policy, besides all its other benefits, binds the dif-
ferent members of the body politic by the strongest ties ;
it lays the rich under contribution for the education of the
poor ; and it places the strong watchman of public intelli-
gence and order at the door of the rich. In the first
adoption of such a system, difficulties are to be expected.
It can not go equally well into operation in every quarter,
perhaps not perfectly in any quarter, but the man or the
body of men that shall efifectually introduce it will per-
form a work of public utility of which the praise will
never die."
At the conclusion of Mr. Everett's address, which was
decidedly flattering to western pride, the following toasts
were offered, which were certainly sufficiently appeciative
of New England worth :
By l!Tathan Guilford, Esq. The North American Review
— -It has done credit to the science and literature of our
country, and raised our reputation abroad. Its founders
and conductors are entitled to the honor and gratitude of
the nation.
By John P. Foote. The Philosophers and Scholars of
Our Country — May their usefulness be properly appre-
ciated.
By Stephen Fales, Esq., of Dayton, 0. — The State of
Massachusetts.
By Major William Ruffin. The New England School
System — May it be extended through all the states and
territories of America.
By Dan Stone, Esq. The Pursuits of Literature and the
Studies of Political Science — How greatly are both assisted
by the knowledge acquired by travel and personal ob-
servation.
By Mr. Mills. The State of Ohio — With a climate equal
to that of Italy, with a soil equal to that of Egypt — to be
admired, she is only to be visited.
Whether Mr. Mills, the framer of the last sentiment,
was an " Ohio man" or a compliment-paying traveler, we
232 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
are not able to decide. One fancies that he thought IsTew
England was getting more than her share of laudation,
and that he considered it but fair to balance the account
between East and West by plumping Ohio into the west-
ern scale.
Some four years after the Everett banquet, Daniel Web-
ster visited Cincinnati, and he was waited on by a com-
mittee of thirty prominent citizens, who invited him " to
partake of a public dinner" at the Exchange, on Wednes-
day, June 19, 1833, at four o'clock p. m. The following
names appear on the roll of the committee : General
James Findlay, Joseph Pierce, Kobert Buchanan, Judge
Torrence, Bellamy Storer, Josiah Lawrence, Robert T.
Lytle, Morgan IN'eville, Judge William Miller, General
Samuel Borden, James Goodloe, Jacob Resor, Allison
Owen, Peyton S. Symmes, Archibald Irwin, Jacob Burnet,
D. T. Disney, William C. Anderson, Judge Goodenow,
Daniel Drake, Ebenezer Hulse, General Edward King, Dr.
L. Rives, Colonel Francis Carr, William Tift, William R.
Foster, John H. Groesbeck, Dr. J. Caswell, E. S. Thomas,
John P. Foote. Morgan Seville, chairman ; Bellamy
Storer, secretary.
Mr. Webster accepted the invitation in the following
formal note :
Saturday^ June 15, 1833.
Sir : — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of
your letter, as chairman of a committee appointed by the
citizens of Cincinnati, inviting me to a public dinner on
Wednesday. In this, my first visit to the West, it has
been my object to see the country, as extensively as I
could, and to enjoy an intercourse with the people, free
from the restraints and inconveniences attendant on
public manifestations of regard and kindness. On the
present occasion, however, it seems to be thought that
what is so kindly proposed may afford an opportunity of
enlarging that intercourse, and of exchanging salutations
with the citizens of Cincinnati, more favorable than may
otherwise be presented. With these impressions, I accept
Political Oratory and Orators. 233
with pleasure the invitation which is given to me. I am,
with much true regard, your obliged fellow citizen,
Daniel Webster.
Morgan ]!^eville, Esq.
The dinner was given with due ceremon}', and the sub-
joined report of it appeared in the Cincinnati Gazette :
" The dinner to Mr. Webster, on Wednesday, was what,
in the language of truth, might be called a brilliant affair.
Every thing passed off well. The company was full to
overflowing, and no unpleasant incident occurred to mar
the general hilarity. The mayor presided ; the Eev. Wm.
Burke made an invocation to the Throne of Grace, at the
commencement of the festivities. The dinner was a good
one — abundant, well prepared ; the wines — but in them I
have no skill. Mr. Webster was called out for a speech
at the sixth toast. It was well conceived and happy —
natural in all its aspects, a little flattering to the whole
West, a little more so to Cincinnati in particular, and yet,
perhaps, nothing short of the whole truth. He has prom-
ised to furnish a sketch of it for publication, and we will
not anticipate that sketch by giving one from mere mem-
ory.
Mr. Barry (the Postmaster General, who happened to
be in Cincinnati) declined to join in the festivities, in
consequence of the visitations of the cholera among his
friends at Lexington, very properly considering that these
ought to preclude him of being one of a festive board.
REGULAR TOASTS.
1. The President of the United States.
2. The heads of departments.
3. The Federal judiciary.
4. The army and navy of the United States.
5. The memory of Washington.
6. Our distinguished guest, the Hon. Daniel Webster —
the profound expounder of the Constitution, the eloquent
supporter of the Federal Union, and the uniform friend
and advocate of the western country.
234 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
7. Tbe patriots of the revolution.
8. The defenders of our country during the late war.
9. Our friend, fellow-citizen and guest, General William
Henry Harrison — identified with the warfare and settle-
ment, prosperity and glory of the western country — the
laurels which he wears have heen well won, and are cheer-
fully accorded.
10. The press — when conducted by learning and patri-
otism, a national blessing; but in its licentiousness a
curse to all mankind.
11. Common schools — ^NTew England has taught us their
value, in the fruits she has produced from her nurseries of
science.
12. The Union — '^ It must be preserved."
13. The State of Ohio — May the devotion of her sons
to the institutions of the country keep pace with the im-
provement of her soil, the increase of her population, and
the enterprise of her citizens.
14. The Fair — While they are for union we defy the
world.
VOLUNTEERS.
By Daniel Webster. The City of Cincinnati — A beauti-
ful illustration of the co-operation between nature and
art. May the prosperity of her citizens be commensurate
with their hospitality and enterprise.
By Wm. H. Harrison. Daniel Webster — The true rep-
resentative of the character and manners of his country.
Skilled in all the labors of a farmer (his original profes-
sion), he is able to instruct the chief justice of England in
the principles of the law which are common to both coun-
tries, and to compete with Lord Chancellor Brougham, or
any other lord, for the palm of eloquence, and in explain-
ing the principles of "good old English liberty."
Sent by a lady. Daniel Webster—
" Westward the eastern star has bent his way,
May more than empire bless its cloudless ray."
By W. T. Walker, Esq. Daniel Webster— The Daniel
Political Oratory and Orators. 235
of his age. He may be cast among lions, as many as you
please, but even there you will find him the master spirit.
By Marcus Smith. The Constitution of the United
States — Ambiguous and obscure only to the ambitious
and corrupt. When assailed by such, may there ever be
found among the people a Daniel who can interpret the
writing.
By Samuel Findlay. To him who yesterday came
among a community of strangers, and to-morrow leaves a
community of friends."
The western propensity or passion for discussion is
strikingly exemplified in the proceedings of the remark-
able '' Political Club," ^ a society which met on Saturday
nights in Danville, Kentucky, from 1786 to 1790, and con-
sidered, in parliamentary form, the great financial, judicial,
and political questions of the period. The members of
this somewhat famous organization were Hary Innes,
Samuel McDowell, Christopher Greenup, John Brown,
Thomas Todd, George Muter, Peyton Short, Thomas
Speed, James Speed, Willis Green, James Brown, Baker
Ewing, Robert Craddock, B. Tardiveau, Benjamin Sebas-
tian, William Kennedy, John Belli, William McClung,
Stephen Ormsby, Wm. McDowell, John Overton, Thomas
AUin, Robt. Dougherty, John Barbee, and Abraham
Buford.
The people's lyceum, or debating society, had its golden
age in the seventy-five years following the great first Fourth
of July. In fact, it took the place of schools in sections
where education was neglected. The lyceum was a school
for both young and old, though its benefits were usually
limited to the male sex, and principally to young men.
In these last years of the century, women are the leaders
in such culture as may be obtained in literary clubs.
Prentice relates that Clay, coming from Virginia to
Kentucky at the age of about twenty, joined a debating
society at Lexington, in which, like another Burke, he
^ A history of the PoHtical Club, by Captain Thomas Speed, is prom-
ised as a publication of the Filson Club.
236 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
won his first laurels as a speaker. Thomas Ewing, at
Athens, and Thomas Corwin, at Lebanon, Ohio, by a sim-
ilar experience, developed their powers of expression in
the debating club. The great serviceableness of the de-
bating society in early times can hardly be overestimated.
The ability to think to a point, to hold arguments in
mind, to weigh evidence and to form a just opinion, was
cultivated, and men learned by such mental practice to
perform their public duty as electors, jurors, trustees, and
presiding officers. The efforts of a boy to stand up in a
country school-house and say, "Mr. President, I think
pursuit is better than possession," or, " I believe the pul-
pit affords a wider field of usefulness than the bar," put
his whole mind and body to a test, and gave the tyro a
start in thought, expression, and self-control. The aspiring
youth, who in the Philomathean or the Eurodelphian So-
ciety of the backwoods college, ventured to prove that
state sovereignty is preferable to centralization, or that the
government should abolish the national bank, or that
Hannibal was greater than Scipio, took more interest,
perhaps, in such exercise of his faculties than he did in
his class-books. In every village were found a few am-
bitious young fellows who had some real interest in cur-
rent political issues, and who met in debate for debate's
sake. They held spirited contests in argument, wit, and
oratory.
The custom prevailed, too,, of attending public meetings
of all kinds, and talking over the points made by the
speakers. This was the way in which Abraham Lincoln
began that brave education of his, which the events of the
war completed, as he said. Dennis Hanks, when asked by
Mr. Herndon how Lincoln managed to learn so much in
Southern Indiana, replied : ** He learned by sight, scent,
and hearing. He heard all that was said, and talked over
and over the questions heard. Went to political and other
speeches, and would hear all sides and opinions, talk them
over, discuss them, agreeing or disagreeing."
The demand for orators and oratory brought forward
the elocution teacher. The Philadelphia Portfolio, in
Political Oratory and Orators. 237
1815, announced that Mr. Ogilvie, of South Carolina Col-
lege, had recently established a " new branch of educa-
tion," and " had opened for himself a most splendid and
useful career " as professor of eloquence. The new branch
became popular in schools of all grades, was cultivated,
also, in " exhibitions," thespian societies, and debating
juntos.
A most practical adult school for instruction in the
rights and duties of citizenship, and also an arena for the
exhibition of argument and persuasive declamation, was
afibrded by the circuit courts, which brought together, at
their sessions, the active-minded men of a whole village
or neighborhood. Judge James Hall, whose experience
at the bar and on the bench, in the early days of Illinois,
gave him ample opportunity to observe the facts, has left
valuable testimony on this subject of the popular educa-
tional influence of the courts. He says, in an article on
" Western Character," written in 1833 : " Every man is
a politician, and becomes, to some extent, acquainted with
public aifairs. In some of the other states, few persons
go into a court of law, unless they have business. It is
not so here. Court week is a general holiday. ]!^ot only
suitors, jurors, and witnesses, but all who can spare the
time, brush up their coats, and brush down their horses,
and go to court. A stranger is struck with the silence,
the eagerness, and deep attention with which these rough
sons of the forest listen to the arguments of the lawyers,
evincing a lively interest in these proceedings, and thor-
ough understanding of the questions discussed. Besides
those alluded to, there are a variety of other public meet-
ings. Every thing is done in this country in popular
assemblies, all questions are debated in popular speeches,
and decided by popular vote. These facts speak for them-
selves. Not only must a vast deal of information be dis-
seminated throughout a society thus organized, but the
taste for popular assemblies and public harangues, which
forms so striking a trait in the western character, is, in
itself, a conclusive proof of a high degree of intelligence.
Ignorant people would neither relish nor understand the
238 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
oratory which our people receive with enthusiastic ap-
plause. Ignorant people would not attend such meetings,
week after week, and day after day, with unabated inter-
est ; nor would they thus go, and remain ignorant."
Intelligence and intellect increase, excited by the stim-
ulus of social action and reaction. The camp-meeting,
the Fourth of July celebration, the popular debate, the
session of the circuit court, each, bringing many together
for its special purpose, also became an occasion for the
general interchange of ideas, and therefore a means of
intellectual and moral culture. Even the horse race fur-
nished a rough school for the betterment of the rude mass.
Such, at least, was the opinion of bluff Governor Rey-
nolds, the pioneer historian of Illinois, who compares the
sports, of the turf to the Olympic games. He tells us
that: "At these races almost every description of busi-
ness was transacted. Horses were swapped and contracts
made, debts paid and new ones contracted. Amusements
of various species were indulged in. Foot racing, wrest-
ling, and jumping were not neglected. Sometimes shoot-
ing matches were executed ; so that, in old pioneer times,
these horse races were names for meetings, where much
other business, or pleasure, was transacted or experienced.
" Small kegs of whisky were often brought to the
races — a keg in one end of a bag and a stone in the other,
sometimes a keg in each end, was the manner of getting
the liquor to the races. Old females, at times, had cakes
and metheglin for sale."
Men's powers of thought and utterance were put to the
test by the exercise of the democratic art known as " talk-
ing politics." The leading themes on which opinion dif-
fered in the very earliest pioneer period were, of course,
those growing out of the reorganization of the national
government, such as are discussed in the several volumes
of the Federalist. The doctrines of Jefferson, as opposed
to "Washington and Adams, excited much partisan talk.
In educated circles, the writings of Gibbon, Hume, Vol-
taire, Rousseau, Volney, were the theme of conversation,
pro and con; while Tom Paine's utterances on politics or
Political Oratory and Orators, 239
religion were bandied about by the ignorant as well as the
learned. The subject of slavery came up in the first ses-
sion of Congress, and caused an exciting debate, though,
at that time, all the states, except Massachusetts, held
slaves. The War of 1812 almost obliterated the old polit-
ical parties, Federal and Republican, and the administra-
tion of Monroe, from 1817 to 1825, was called the Era of
Good Feeling. Causes were at work, however, which
soon again divided the people into distinct parties, under
the leadership of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jack-
son.
Before the period in which party lines were strictly
drawn, and politics became subject to the management of
leaders and conventions, public officers were chosen on
account of personal popularity rather than party affilia-
tion. The pioneers voted iov men not measures; and the
men, somewhat after the old Roman method, sought the
individual ballots of the people, by visiting every voter,
and being as " clever " as possible. In Illinois, at the be-
ginning of the century, nearly all the citizens were Jack-
son men, but they were divided into two factions, known
as moderate Jackson men and "whole hog" Jackson
men ; but in most parts of the West, as in the country at
large, the spirit of partisanship drew a bold line of sepa-
ration between Whig and Democrat. From that time,
the Ohio Valley has been the arena of constant, intense
party struggle. What an array of famous politicians the
region has produced ! The excited state of partisan feel-
ing in the early thirties is reflected amusingly by an inci-
dent related of a Frenchman who, riding in a coach, in
Kentucky, thus expressed himself to a fellow traveler:
" Sare," said he, " I come to Amerique to see von grande
nation enjoy de liberie. I look for find all broder, all vise.
In my imagination I see von people dat vork to make the
whole happy ; dat chose de vise men and de good men for
ruler, and in de choice, act togeder like de friend. Mais,
parbleu ! I find de same fight of dose in de power, and
dose out of de power. I find de bribe, de quarrel, de hard
word. I go to de hotel, and, ma foi, dey say, ha ! you
240 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Jaqueson or Clay ? I get in de stage, and dej say 'gain,
you sare, you Jaqueson or Clay ? Every-where dey vorry
me to piece. Ah, Monsieur I you have von grande countrie,
you have de people avec beaucoup de force, but vid all de
liberti, I see much dat vould make me miserable. I shall
go back to France, sare, dere we have von revolution, and
all is still again ; here, it seems to me, revolution all de
time. I shall go back to France, sare, tout a pres.'' '
As the country grew older, and the power of slavery
increased, the Valley of the Ohio became the very tropic
and battle- line of sectional interests and antagonisms.
The atmosphere was surcharged, from Pittsburg to Cairo,
with opposite electricities of passion and conviction.
Every steamboat that plied up or down the Beautiful
River carried in her cabin a committee of the whole, bur-
dened with the responsibility of saving the country by
compromise or by force. Well might Alexander Camp-
bell prophecy, *' The time will come, when the controversy
will be no longer between Whigs and Democrats, but be-
tween North and South." " If the abolition excitement
had stirred up Boston," wrote Mrs. Stowe, " it had con-
vulsed Cincinnati." The pro-slavery advocates were not
all on the south side of the Ohio, nor the anti-slavery agi-
tators all on the north. In 1804, six Baptist ministers or-
ganized a society of " Friends of Humanity," in Kentucky,
declaring for the abolition of slavery. Henry Clay was
an emancipationist, and Cassius M. Clay, in 1843, set up
an anti-slavery paper, " The True American," in Lexing-
ton. A committee of sixty, selected at a citizens' meet-
ing, and acting under instructions of a resolution, took
forcible possession of Clay's press, and shipped it to Cin-
cinnati, to the care of January and Taylor. Clay entered
suit on the charge of riot, but the jury brought in a ver-
dict of "not guilty." James G. Birney, the first anti-
slavery candidate for the presidency, a southern man, lib-
erated his slaves, about forty in number, and, coming to
Cincinnati, started an abolition paper, the Philanthropist.
* See Hairs Western Magazine.
Political Oratory and Orators. 241
He too was mobbed — his press, types, and other office
property were taken out and sunk in the Ohio river.
Prejudice ran so high that a large number of boarders
left the Franklin House because Birney was received as a
guest there.
Southern men of northern principles and northern men
of southern principles were found on each side of Mason
and Dixon's line, and their collisions led to persecution
and even martyrdom. The " Underground Railroad "
had many termini along the banks of the Ohio, and its
agents were helped by friends and hounded by foes at
every border station. Elijah P. Lovejoy was murdered in
the free State of Hlinois for abolition sentiments, while
slave-holding Kentucky produced Tom Corwin, the friend
of the bondmen, and gave to the lN"orth Abraham Lincoln,
the Emancipator.
It was the agitation of political questions, predomi-
nantly of the slavery question, that developed the multi-
tude of famous partisan orators for which the West is distin-
guished. The English scholar and critic, John ]^ichol, in
his comprehensive volume on "American Literature," ad-
mits that, " in the eloquence of the pulpit the West has,
from the first, excelled." He says, also, " The West has
long been noted for fluency — often superfluency — of
speech." These remarks, meant to apply to America in
general, by Mr. Nichol, may be applied with special ap-
propriateness to the Central West, in the time of which
we are writing.
We have already considered the old-time patriotic ora-
tory of the Fourth of July, much of which was for mere
academic display of the "glittering generalities" of non-
partisan politics ; but as time went on, speech-making be-
came a practical art, and employed the ornaments of
rhetoric, not so much for display as for the purpose of
winning votes, gaining office, obtaining verdicts, and con-
trolling legislation.
The ability to discuss themes of popular concern viva
voce, was considered a prime requisite in civic training.
16
242 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Perhaps the early patriots held the Roman conviction that
it is every citizen's duty to learn how to fight and how to
speak. They certainly cultivated the power of delivery
as a patriotic duty, a mark of public efiiciency, not less
than as a means of political distinction. The renown of
the Adamses, Otis, Henry, Ames and Quincy, extending
beyond their day and generation, kept alive the early pa-
triotic sentiment, and furnished themes for later orators.
The famous speeches of Calhoun, Clay, Webster and
Choate, at the beginning of the century, stimulated every
young politician to soar and every school-boy to declaim.
The newspaper then had not subordinated the stump.
Time has shown that of all these great speakers Webster
was the greatest. The fact that his orations and speeches
have become a part of permanent literature proves their
intrinsic merit. Their aggregate influence, exercised
through school-books alone upon the minds of American
youth, must be vast.
Most distinguished of the orators of the Ohio Valley
in the popular estimation was Henry Clay. The testi-
mony of his contemporaries, both friends and opponents,
is that his magnetic power, as a public speaker, was irre-
sistible. But the cool verdict of criticism as to the qual-
ity and style of his preserved speeches does not sustain
the popular decision of fifty years ago. A recent careful
and judicious writer has said that Clay's " speeches are
too often tawdry and inelegant. Their cheap finery makes
their bad English all the more apparent. What is worse,
the underlying thought is, too often, neither profound nor
valuable."
We should bear in mind that by far the greater number
of eloquent political speeches addressed directly to the
people, like the thrilling sermons of the camp-meeting,
were never consigned to print or to writing. We are
obliged to judge of Clay and others, not by their most
moving efforts, but by such speeches as are preserved in
congressional records. In selecting a specimen to illus-
trate the average style of Henry Clay, I have chosen a
passage which also conveys interesting particulars in his
Political Oratory and Orators, 243
own personal career. The extract is taken from the
statesman's valedictory addressed to the Senate in 1842.
" Every- where throughout the extent of this great con-
tinent I have had cordial, warm-hearted, faithful and de-
voted friends who have known me, loved me, and ap-
preciated my motives. To them, if language were capable
of fully expressing my acknowledgments, I would now
offer all the return I have the power to make for their
genuine, disinterested, and persevering fidelity and devoted
attachment, the feelings and sentiments of a heart over-
flowing with never-ceasing gratitude. If, however, I fail
in suitable language to express my gratitude to them for
all the kindness they have shown me, what shall I say,
what can I say at all commensurate with those feelings ot
gratitude with which I have been inspired by the state
whose humble representative I have been in this cham-
ber ? [Here Mr. C.'s feelings overpowered him, and he
proceeded with deep sensibility and difficult utterance.]
" I emigrated from Virginia to the State of Kentucky
now nearly forty-five years ago ; I went as an orphan boy
who had not yet attained the age of majority ; who had
never recognized a father's smile, nor felt his warm
caresses; poor, penniless, without the favor of the great,
with an imperfect and neglected education, hardly suffi-
cient for the ordinary business and common pursuits of
life ; but scarce had I set my foot upon her generous soil
when I was embraced with parental fondness, caressed as
though I had been a favorite child, and patronized with
liberal and unbounded munificence. From that period
the highest honors of the state have been freely bestowed
upon me ; and when, in the darkest hour of calamity and
detraction, I seemed to be assailed by all the rest of the
world, she interposed her broad and impenetrable shield,
repelled the poisoned shafts that were aimed for my de-
struction, and vindicated my good name from every malig-
nant and unfounded aspersion. I return with indescrib-
able pleasure, to linger a while longer, and mingle with
the warm-hearted and whole-souled people of that state ;
and when the last scene shall forever close upon me, I hope
244 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
that my earthly remains will be laid under her green sod
with those of her gallant and patriotic sons."
Kentucky has produced a multitude of political orators
scarcely inferior to Clay. Among those who, in the
formative period of our history, made the force of their
intellect and knowledge felt by the mastery of language
in courts of justice, on the floors of congress, or from the
stump, were George !Ni icholas, born 1743, died 1799 ; John
Breckenridge, born 1756, died 1806; John Rowan, born
1783, died 1843; William T. Barry, born 1783, died 1835;
and John J. Crittenden, born 1786, died 1863. These all
occupied high positions in state and nation, and were of
the mighty thunderers of their day. Barry and Critten-
den were considered tit colleagues of Clay, and were com-
petitors with him at the bar. Barry's eloquence is de-
scribed as of that fiery and vehement character so much
applauded by our ancestors. Judge Jesse Bledsoe, of
Lexington, was another orator of note.
Coming down to later years, we find frequent mention,
in political records, of the commanding eloquence of the
Marshalls, Thomas F. and Humphrey ; Richard H. Meni-
fee, after whom Menifee county is named ; Joseph Ilarfiil-
ton Daveiss, the eminent lawyer and judge who spoke
against Burr in 1837 ; the Breckenridges, especially John
Cabell Breckenridge, Vice-President and U. S. Senator ;
and also Benjamin Hardin and General John Pope.
An orator not inferior to Clay in his ability to sway and
fascinate an audience, and more skillful than he in literary
art, was Thomas Corwin.
Though born in Kentucky [July 29, 1794], Corwin was
by adoption an Ohio man, and Ohio people will long con-
tinue to revere his name. Though he himself said, with
melancholy self-depreciation, near the end of his life, " I
am but a tradition !" it was not so. Such a man does
not pass quickly into oblivion. The remembrance of
Corwin*s humor preserves liis name as in a precious balm.
The recollection of his humanity and love of liberty keeps
his fame fresh in history. This great and good man,
whose lips nature touched with the living tire of eloquence,
Political Oratory and Orators. 245
began his public career, as a lawyer, in 1817. He went to
Congress in 1830, and was chosen governor of Ohio in
1840. Subsequently he w^as United States Senator, Secre-
tary of the Treasury, ancl Minister to Mexico. His
speeches are now but little read, yet they possess the high-
est order of excellence as to style and substance. A most
delightful sketch of the life of Corwin has been written
by Hon. A. P. Russell.^
Of the many striking incidents related by Mr. Russell,
none is more impressive than that of Corwin's making a
speech at Lebanon, Ohio, to his old friends, in defense of
the position he had taken in Congress against the prose-
cution of the Mexican War. The speech was not re-
ported, but his auditors pronounced it the greatest orator-
ical achievement of his life. Russell says : ^' The audience
dissolved of itself, swarming over the streets and side-
walks, nearly every auditor going his own way, alone.
Schenk and Stevenson walked down the street together,
but (]id not speak a word for a block or two. All at once
Schenk ejaculated : '^ What a speech !" " Yes," responded
Stevenson, with Kentucky emphasis, " what a speech !
I was born and bred in a land of orators*; have been ac-
customed all my life to hear such giants as Clay and
Menifee, but, blessed be Grod ! I never heard a speech like
that !"
Mr. Russell tells us there was not a humorous word in this
speech — '•' It was grave, sober, serious, tragic." The same can
hardly be said of any other of his speeches, not even of that
stern, dignified, and stately one of February 11, 1847, in
the Senate, which contained the sentence that destroyed
his political influence — the thousand times repeated sen-
^ Addison Peale Russell, of "Wilmington, Ohio, born and bred in the
Buckeye State, after retiring from an honorable career of public serv-
ice to his state and nation, has devoted himself for the last twenty
years or more to reading and authorship. His reputation is estab-
lished upon enduring foundations, as a "man of letters," in the true
sense. His published works, besides the *' Sketch of Corwin," include
"Half Tints," "Library Notes," "Characteristics," "A Club of One,"
and "In a Club Corner," the last four belonging to a species of pure
literature, mi generis, and altogether delightful.
246 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
tence, " If I were a Mexican, I would tell you, * Have you
not room in your own country to bury your dead men ?
If you come into mine, we will greet you with bloody
hands, and welcome you to hospitable graves.' "
" Tom " Corwin's humor was of that high order which
is found associated with pathos and poetic sensibility.
The fact that he deprecated his own reputation as a
laughter-causer, proves the superior delicacy of his na-
ture. The mere clown, buffoon, or " popular humorist,"
experiences no reactive compunctions, feels no self-disgust
or humiliation in playing the part of the harlequin. Cor-
win stooped to conquer by exercising his wonderful
faculty of mimicry and ludicrous illustration, much as
Lincoln did when he carried a point in statesmanship by
telling an apt anecdote.
The long list of Ohio's distinguished orators is graced
by the name of Thomas Ewing, once almost as popular
as Corwin. He was born in 1789, in the State of Vir-
ginia. In boyhood he came to Athens, Ohio, and there
and afterward at Lancaster, Ohio, won his way, by hard
work, to power and distinction. Ewing was the first
graduate of Ohio University, the oldest college west of
the Alleghenies and north of the Ohio river. Like Cor-
win, he began his career as a lawyer, being admitted to the
bar in 1816. He was elected to the United States Senate
in 1830. He was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by
Harrison, and Secretary of the Interior by Taylor. Ewing
has often been instanced as a brilliant example of the class
called self-made men. His oratory, though not so fervid
as that of Clay, nor so entertaining as that of Corwin,
was sound, practical, and persuasive. General James H.
Baker said of Ewing, that " He was stately and superb.
His speeches were as dignified as his person was erect and
noble. He was like a Roman Senator, in the gravity of
his discourse and the decorum of his style."
Previous to the years in which the slavery question be-
came the customary theme of debate in Congress, an
Ohio Senator — one who should not be forgotten — threw
down the gage of battle, in the name of emancipation
Political Oratory and Orators. 247
for the black man, and read to Henry Clay a higher gos-
pel of liberty than had hitherto been preached in public.
That courageous man was Thomas Morris, born in the
auspicious year 1776, whose plain eloquence was the in-
spiration of men like Garrison and Chase. He died in
1830.
Thomas Lyon Hamer, born 1800, died 1846, a famed
Ohio lawyer, was an orator of peculiar energy and direct-
ness. Reminiscences of his powerful pleadings float in
the air of Southern Ohio. Judge John McLean, born
1785, died 1861, who trained his vigorous native ability in
a debating society, when young, was distinguished for
solid and convincing speech, at the bar and on the bench.
Hon. Bellamy Storer, born 1796, died 1875, impressive and
stately in manner, profound in attainment, was one of the
most potent, intellectual, and moral powers of an event-
ful generation. Joshua li. Giddings, born 1795, died 1864,
and Benjamin F. Wade, born 1800, died 1864— what
American has not heard of their powers in debate, their
intense zeal for the principles they championed, and their
honorable triumphs in the lists of argument? Samuel
Galloway, born 1811, died 1872, another valiant knight in
the tournament of ideas, knew how to use his tongue as
a lance. He was a great lawyer, with that command of
language which controls juries; he had wit and humor to
abet knowledge and logic. Salmon P. Chase, born 1808,
died 1873; bold, earnest, aggressive, yet composed and
sedate in deportment upon the platform or parliamentary
floor, was an orator who, like Gladstone, made statistics
eloquent. John Brough, born 1811, died 1865, Ohio's
" war governor," is said to have been, in his earlier years,
" a torrent of eloquence." Whitelaw Reid said Brough's
" style was clear, fluent, and logical, while at times he was
impassioned." The Hon. Henry Stanbery, born 1814, died
1883, possessed perhaps the surest and strongest element
of conviction and persuasion, the eloquence of perfect
lucidity. Many other eminent Ohio orators might be
named, as Robert C. Schenk, John A. Bingham, Charles
Anderson, James A. Garfield, Lewis D. Campbell, Durbin
248 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
Ward — but enougli have been mentioned for the illustra-
tion of our subject.
Coming into the field of political action somewhat later
than Kentucky and Ohio, the states of Indiana and Illi-
nois, like their sister commonwealths, produced each a
series of orators of more than local distinction. Indiana has
a large share in the early history of President W. H. Har-
rison, one of the most effective public speakers of his time.
The name of Hon. Richard W. Thompson (born 1809),
the prominent Whig politician, stands, perhaps, at the
top of the list of the Indiana orators of the ante-bellum
period. Other exceptionally eloquent men were Hon.
Joseph Albert Wright (born 1810, died 1867), Hon.
Tilgham A. Howard, Hon. Joseph G. Marshall, and the
"brilliant but erratic " Hon. .Edward A. Hannegan.
I^otable in the history of their state and nation, for com-
manding powers of speech, are Hon. J. G. Dunn, Hon.
Caleb B. Smith, and Hon. Oliver II. Smith. The names
of Hon. H. S. Lane, Hon. David Turpie, and Hon. D. W.
Voorhees could not be omitted from the catalogue of In-
diana orators. Associated with the war period is the great
name of Governor Oliver P. Morton, a very forcible
speaker; and of the no less famous Democratic leader,
Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks (born 1819, died 1885), Vice-
President of the United States. The. Hon. Schuyler Col-
fax won a reputation for eloquent speech, not only on the
political rostrum, but also on the lecture platform.
Illinois furnishes an array of illustrious politicians and
lawyers, many of whom are celebrated for oratorical ability.
The intensely exciting political discussions wIi'k-Ii pre-
ceclcd the civil war brought into conspicuous luoiniiionce
two j)owi'rful debaters whose ''stuni])" j^poeches weiv }»ub-
lished in pamphlet form and distiibutid all over the
United States. The \\ (.i.l ( ..mhais of Stephen A. Douglas
versus Abraham Lin< <»lii w.mc <lianiatic encounters, tour-
naments of argument, i nil ^t- ..f wit. Douglas, the "Little
Giant," was a Ht:i!. Hmm w.ithy of the steel of "Old Abe
the Rail Splitter." But the latter was tlic born orntor.
The descriptions of Lincoln's oratory by thotie whu ac-
Political Oratory and Orators. 249
tually heard it usually dwell upon the effect rather than
the style of the speaker's eloquence. Gaunt, ungainly,
and peculiar, as were Lincoln's form and features, odd and
awkward as were his gestures, we are told that audiences
listening to his w^ords thought but little of his personal
appearance or manner, but were interested to absorption
by his ideas. He always had something important and
forcible to say, and said it directly and simply. His elo-
quence was in the substance, not the sound. And yet the
form of his utterance was nearly perfect. The Gettysburg
oration and the famous inaugurals were " born great."
They are literature. They may be printed side by side
with the choicest passages of Webster or Burke, and not
suffer in the comparison.
The Lecture Platform.
In this and the preceding chapter, the subject of pulpit
eloquence and political oratory has been treated very dis-
cursively, but, perhaps, with sufficient method to show how
large a part popular speaking played in forming and con-
trolling opinion in the Ohio Valley, from the very begin-
ning of western institutions. It remains to add a few
sentences about another species of oral literature — the
general lecture.
With the establishment of colleges, and schools of law
and medicine, came, necessarily, courses of didactic lec-
tures. In the several departments of Transylvania Uni-
versity, Lexington, Kentucky, such men as Holley, Bledsoe,
Caldwell, Drake, made their teaching attractive by em-
ploying the arts of line delivery. Henry Clay himself
was at one time a professor of law in Lexington.
When the Western Museum was organized in Cincin-
nati, just after the War of 1812, a chief attraction offered
by its trustees to the public was a course of scientific lec-
tures. Mons. Dorfeuille, the manager of the museum,
gave many lectures on birds, minerals, and other objects
illustrative of natural history. Prof. T. J. Matthews de-
livered an address before the museum society, confuting
Captain Symmes's theory of Concentric Spheres.
250 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
In the autumn of 1828 Dr. John Locke, an 'eminent
teacher, gave in Cincinnati a course of lectures on natural
philosophy. By request he gave also a discourse on the
utility of mechanics' institutes, which led to the incor-
poration of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, February 9,
1829. In the Winter of 1833-4, Calvin E. Stowe lectured
before the Mechanics' Institute on the " History of Letters,"
and Judge James Hall gave an address on the " Import-
ance of Forming a First Class Library in Cincinnati."
The Young Men's Mercantile Library Association was
e^ganized in 1835, and, like the Mechanics' Institute, it
employed the popular lecture as a means of interesting
the public in matters of polite culture. Under the aus-
pices of this body, many of the most able public lecturers
of the country appeared before Cincinnati audiences.
Among the more distinguished of these were Robert Dale
Owen, Horace Greeley, Alexander Campbell, Cassius M.
Clay, Eev. Henry Giles, Prof. 0. M. Mitchel, Park Benja-
min, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Otway Curry, John G. Saxe,
E. H. Chapin, E. P. Whipple, Orville Dewey, Thomas
Starr King, George W. Curtis, Park Godwin, Bayard
Taylor, Rev. John Pierpont, H. W. Bellows, 0. W. Holmes,
George P. Marsh, and Wendell Phillips. In 1857, Ed-
ward Everett delivered, his celebrated oration on Wash-
ington, before the association, free of charge.
When, on November 9, 1843, the corner-stone of the
Cincinnati Observatory was laid, an oration on astronomy
.jvas delivered by John Quincy Adams — the last speech
of importance made by the " old man eloquent." Many
brilliant lectures were given in the West, by 0. M. Mitchel,
on astronomy and other scientific themes. Another very
distinguished lecturer on physical and chemical science
was Prof. Daniel Vaughan, the " peripatetic " philosopher
of the Ohio Valley.
The Herald of Truth, for February, 1848, has the fol-
lowing editorial item :
" There is at this time an unusual degree of intellectual
activity in Cincinnati. The Young Men's Mercantile Li-
brary Association have a course of very able lectures iu
Political Oratory and Orators, 251
progress which are attended by a large portion of the first
minds in the city. Then there is a course of lectures on
early American eloquence, by Rev. E. L. Magoon ; on con-
stitutional history, By William Green, Esq.; and on the
duties and responsibilities of the American citizen, by
Eev. C. B. Boynton : which aftbrd a rich treat to the in-
tellectual and moralman. Then we have a debate on
phrenology and philosophy, by and between Dr. IN". L.
Rice and Prof. J. R. Buchanan, which call out large
crowds to hear great principles discussed, such as —
whether phrenology teaches a system of fatalism, and
whether philosophy and Christianity are consistent with
each other. Then we have recently had a course of lec-
tures by F. W. Thomas, author of the popular novel,
" Clinton Bradshaw," on those illuminated Methodist seers,
Wesley, Whitfield, and Somerfield, which attracted so
much attention as to induce a request for their repetition.
These are only some of the most prominent of the sub-
stantial mental doings of the city at present. There is
nothing so important as keeping up a high mental ac-
tivity, so that the great cause of truth may be advanced,
goodness increased, and happiness promoted. This is, in-
deed, the only true mode of procuring reform — get the
mind right, and human institutions will become what they
should be."
Early in the fifties, Horace Mann came to Ohio as presi-
ident of Antioch College ; and, great apostle of education
and culture that he was, he spoke in many cities and towns,
to crowded audiences, on the great moral and intellectual
questions, not of the hour, but of all time. His most cele-
brated discourse, *' To Young Men," took strong hold on
the memory and the conduct of its numberless hearers
and readers.
The Genius of the West, for November, 1854, contains
the following :
"We are informed that nearly every town in the West
will this winter have one or more courses of lectures.
That committees may have an ample list to select from,
252 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
we quote from the New York Tribune the list of eastern
lecturers :
" Ralph Waldo Emerson, Concord, Mass.; Rev. Henry
Ward Beecher, Brooklyn, L. I.; Rev. Edwin H. Chapin,
New York city ; Rev. H. Giles, Rockport, Me.; John G.
Saxe, Burlington, Vt.; Bayard Taylor, New York city;
Edwin P. Whipple, Boston, Mass.; Park Benjamin, Guil-
ford, Ct.; Wendell Phillips, Boston, Mass.; Geo. W. Cur-
tis. New York city ; Rev. T. Starr King, Boston, Mass.;
William Elder, Philadelphia, Pa.; Parke Godwin, New
York city; Rev. John Pierpont, Medford, Mass.; Rt. Rev.
Alonzo Potter, Philadelphia, Pa.; Josiah Quincy, Jr.,
Boston, Mass.; Rev. Jose^jh P. Thompson, New York
city; William H. C. Hosmer, Avon, N. Y.; Henry D.
Thoreau, Concord, Mass."
Now, from the Sandusky Register, we quote a list of
western lecturers :
"Wm. D. Gallagher, Louisville; Hon. Bellamy Storer,
Cincinnati ; Judge E. Lane, Sandusky ; Prof. Lorin An-
drews, Gambier; Rev. A. A. Livermore, Cincinnati;
Horace Mann, Yellow Springs, O.; Cassius M. Clay, Ky.;
S. D. Harris, Columbus; Prof. Asa D. Lord, Columbus;
D. W. Clark, D.D., Cincinnati ; Coates Kinney, Cincin-
nati ; James W. Taylor, State Librarian, Columbus ; Prof.
O. M. Mitchel, Cincinnati ; General S. F. Cary, College
Hill; Jas. A. Briggs, Cleveland; Wm. T. Coggeshall, Cin-
cinnati ; Prof. St. John, Hudson ; Prof. Kirtland, Cleve-
land ; Rev. J. W. McClung, Indianapolis ; S. S. Cox, Esq.,
Columbus ; Prof. Hamilton Smith, Cleveland ; L. A. Hine,
Loveland, 0.; H. Clay Pate, Cincinnati.
"According to the Tribune, prices for the eastern list
must be ^quoted' at from $40 to $75 for a single lecture;
and, according to the Register, * quotations ' for the west-
ern list will range from $15 to $25. In the two lists there
are * scope and verge' for the gratification of every taste
as well as for the capacity of every purse."
In October, 1855, the Genius published another list of
western lecturers, containing the names of Dr. Edward
Thompson, Delaware, 0.; Dr. I. J. Allen, College Hill,
Political Oratory and Orators. 253
0.; Samuel Galloway, Columbus, 0.; James A. Briggs,
Cleveland, 0.; Rev. Sidney Dyer, Indianapolis ; Rev. S. W.
Fisher, Cincinnati ; Prof. Thoms, Cleveland ; J. H. Baker,
Chillicotlie, 0.; Prof. Jos. R. Buchanan, Cincinnati ; W. H.
Gibson, Tiffin, 0.; John C. Zachos, Yellow Springs, 0.;
Prof. C. B. Jocelyn, Centerville, Ind.; D. Carlyle MacCloy,
Piqua, 0.; 0. J. Victor, Sandusky, 0.; C. N. Olds, Circle
ville, 0.; Rev. D. W. Clark, Cincinnati ; Donald MacLeod,
Cincinnati ; Alphonso Wood, College Hill, 0.
254 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
CHAPTER VIII/
PLANTING OF LITERARY INSTITUTIONS AT VINCENNES,
INDIANA— LIBRARIES, SCHOOLS, AND THE PRESS.
The beginning of literary culture at Vincennes, and, I
may say, in the Indiana Territory, dates from the organ-
ization of the territory in the year 1800. Before that,
very little, if any thing, was done in the way of encour-
aging literature. The inhabitants of this place were a
mixture of Canadian settlers and Creoles, resulting from
the intermarriage of the Canadian French with the native
Indian races. The Canadian settlers were generally well
educated, but devoted all their time and attention to trad-
ing and making money. Some of these Canadian traders
and the French commandants of the " Old Post" have left
behind them writings and documents which fully attest
that they were men of culture. Such were Francois
Morgan de Vincenne, who built the first fort here in the
year 1702, St. Ange Paul Gamelin, and many others I
could mention. But they did nothing toward laying the
foundation of any institution or organization designed to
spread knowledge among the people.
The Catholic priests who resided here and ministered
from about the year 1709 until the present time, as pastors
of St. Francis Xavier church, were all learned and edu-
cated men, and did all they could to educate the youth of
the place. But their efforts were poorly seconded by the
people. Benedict I. Flaget, who was the pastor here in
1792, and who afterward became widely known as bishop
of Bardstown, Kentucky, may be said to be the first who
moved in this direction with success, by establishing here
' For this chapter I am indebted to Henry S. Cautborn, Esq., of Vin-
cennes, Indiana. — W. H. V.
Literary Institutions at Vincennes, 255
schools free for both boys and girls, without respect to re-
ligious belief, and which schools so inaugurated by him in
1835 have been continued by the Catholic Church here
ever since ; and these parochial free schools are now in a
flourishing condition, having all modern facilities for edu-
cational purposes, and rivaling the public schools in rank,
attendance, and in every way. These free schools so es-
tablished by Bishop Brute, and successfully continued by
his successors, were the only ones available to the public
until the present public system was inaugurated under the
present constitution of the State of Indiana, about the
year 1854.
Bishop Brute was a pious and saintly man, and devoted
his entire life to benefit and ameliorate the condition of
his fellow-men. After establishing the free schools above
referred to, he was preparing to found in this place a free
industrial school for the education of the young men of
the place in the useful arts and trades. This was cer-
tainly a novel undertaking, and the first attempt, at least
in the ^orth-west Territory, to establish such a school.
He had about completed his arrangements for the founda-
tion of this school, when his useful career was terminated
by his death in the year 1839. His successor did not pros-
ecute the work and carry out his intentions in this matter,
and, consequently, such a useful school was never actually
established.
Bishop Brute was a learned man and also a hard student.
The Catholic Church here, when he came as bishop, pos-
sessed the foundation of a library, containing many valu-
able manuscripts and old church records in several diflfer-
ent languages, throwing much light on the early history
of Vincennes. The valuable records and writings in the
church library were neglected and never examined by
any one, so far as the public knows, until he came here.
He diligently examined and studied these manuscripts
and old church records, and commenced the publication of
a series of articles in the Western Sun newspaper on the
early history of the church and town, which he continued
up to the time of his death, on June 26, 1839. These
256 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
communications of Bishop Brute are the source from
which Judge Law derived much of the matter contained
in a celebrated address on Vincennes, and they threw a
flood of light on all matters connected with the early his-
tory of Vincennes. It was from these articles of Bishop
Brute, published in the Western Sun during the years
1838 and 1839, .that the citizens of Vincennes were first
advised how the town itself acquired its name.
The library of St. Francis Xavier church above spoken
of is, without doubt, the oldest foundation in the entire
North-west. Its foundation commenced with that of the
church itself, as the church records constitute a valuable
part of it. The church was founded about the same time
the fort was built, in the year 1702. It is recorded in the
Quebec Annals that a Jesuit father, as a preliminary step
in the matter of building the fort, first offered up the holy
sacrifice of the mass before the oflicers and soldiers who
came to build the fort and many thousands of assembled
savages. This was in accordance with French usage on
commencing any important work or undertaking.
The records of the church, as preserved in the library, go
back only to the year 1749. The book in which they are
recorded is without cover or title-page, and bears evident
marks of mutilation, and that something preceding has
been torn off. The first entry in the record, as it appears
at present, is the marriage, on June 21, 1749, of Julian
Trattier, of Montreal, Canada, with Josette Marie, a Creole
half-breed. The second entry is the baptism of an Indian
child, named John Baptiste Siapichagane, on the 25th
June, 1749. Both of these entries in the record are in
beautiful handwriting in the Latin language, as all the
church records are, and signed by Sebastian Louis Meurin,
a Jesuit missionary, who was pastor of the church here at
that time. These church records are the foundation or
corner-stone of the church library, which therefore dates,
beyond question, to June 21, 1749, and therefore it out-
ranks, in the matter of antiquity, any similar institution
in the North-west. This library has from time to time
been enlarged and enriched by additions secured through
Literary Institutions at Vincennes. 257
the four deceased bishops, who all resided here, and died
and were buried here. It was also added to by donations
from the many learned pastors who have been stationed
here, and from many other sources, until at present it con-
tains as many as ten thousand rare and valuable volumes
in four or five different languages, and many of them in
manuscript form and found nowhere else. The library
has a large and substantial brick building erected especially
for its use. The bishops of the diocese who resided and
died here were all natives of France, and some of them
were descended from rich, influential, and noble families,
and particularly Bishop De La Hailaudiere and Bishop De
St. Palais. They all made many trips to France to collect
funds, and otherwise to aid the diocese over which they
presided ; and on account of the influence and standing
of their families in France, as well as on account of their
own merit and influence, they were able to secure many of
the rare and valuable books now found in the church
library.
But, notwithstanding what I have said, it may be taken
as undoubtedly true that the great mass of the population
here before the organization of the territorial government,
and for many years afterward, were illiterate, not being
able either to read or write.
On the 7th day of May, 1800, Indiana Territory was
created by act of Congress, and William Henry Harrison
was appointed the first territorial governor, and the capi-
tal of the territory was fixed at Yincennes. The place
where the capital was thus located was well known already
throughout the country, and ranked as the most important
place in the territory, which, at the time, embraced the
entire North-west Territory outside of Ohio. The settle-
ment of Vineennes may be said to date from the fall of
the year 1702. It had been visited often prior to that
date by fur-traders and Jesuit missionaries; but, in the
fall of 1702, Francois Morgan De Yincenne came here
from Detroit with French troops, and built the first fort
here. This was one of that chain of forts by which the
17
258 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
French government designed to connect their Canadian
possessions on the north with their southern possessions
on the Gulf of Mexico. It was that historic fort which
was afterward known as Fort Sackville, and which was,
on February 24, 1779, taken, with Virginia troops, by
George Rogers Clark, from the English under Hamilton,
and which capture is one of the important events in the his-
tory of the North-west Territory. About the same time
the fort was built, Saint Francis Xavier Church was
founded here by Jesuit missionaries, and it has continued
in an almost unbroken succession to the present day. The
records of this church, still preserved, go back in a con-
nected series, as I have stated, to the year 1749. The
records prior to that date have been destroyed, and, in all
probability, in consequence of the death of the resident
pastor of the church in 1734, who was Father Senat. In
1734 he accompanied De Yincenne on the unfortunate ex-
pedition against the Chickasaw Indians, as the spiritual
adviser of the troops. The French met with a severe re-
pulse in an engagement with the Indians, and the troops
were almost all killed, and both Father Senat and De Yin-
cenne were captured by the victorious Indians, and, after
being cruelly tortured, were put to death in the most in-
human manner.
The population of Yincennes at the time the territorial
government was organized was composed almost exclu-
sively of Canadian French settlers and half-breed Creoles.
But the organization of the territorial government and
the location of the capital here greatly added to the ad-
vancement and prosperity of the town, and its population
rapidly increased. Aspiring and ambitious men came
quickly in great numbers from all the old states, but more
especially from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Yirginia, the Carolinas, and Kentucky.
Governor Harrison, soon after his appointment, came
to this place with his family and located here, and erected
what may be called, considering the date, a princely man-
sion. It is still standing, in a good state of preservation,
as one of the few remaining monuments of territorial
Literary Institutions at Vincennes. 259
days, and is one of the most convenient and substantial
brick residences of Vincennes.
With the advent of the governor and the sessions of the
territorial legislature and the sessions of the territorial
courts, some of the men who afterward acquired fame and
distinction as jurists, legislators, and educators in the
ITorth-west came and located here, and here began their
brilliant career. Among these I mention Alexander
Buckner, afterward United States senator from Missouri ;
Thomas Randolph, the United States district attorney for
the territory ; Zachary Taylor, afterward President of the
United States, whose daughter, who afterward became
the wife of Jefferson Davis, was born here ; Thomas F.
Richardson, of the United States army, who was killed
October 13, 1813, by Irvin Wallace in a duel; Walter
Taylor, one of the first United States senators from Indi-
ana; Benjamin Parke, afterward delegate in Congress
and judge of the United States District Court ; Judge
Johnson, Edward A. Hannegan, who married here, John
Law, John Ewing, Moses Tabbs, a near relative of Charles
Carroll, of Carrolton, Judge Blackford, George R. C. Sul-
livan, Thomas Posey, Jonathan Doty, John Gibson, Will-
iam Prince, John Rice Jones, and many others whose
names are inseparably connected with the settlement and
civilization of the great states that have since been carved
oat of what at first constituted the Indiana Territory.
In 1804 Elihu Stout came here from Lexington, Ken-
tucky, and commenced the publication of the Western
Sun newspaper. This was the first newspaper printed in
the Indiana Territory, and its publication has been contin-
ued, with only slight interruptions, to the present time,
and it is now one of the most influential newspapers in
this section. Its establishment was attended with great
difficulty. The material for the paper was transported
from Louisville, Kentucky, down the Ohio river and up
the Wabash, in what were then called " piroques." For
many years after, the supplies for the paper were brought
here on pack horses over the old buffalo trace. The first
issue of the paper appeared on the fourth day of July,
260 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
1804. Mr. Stout was elected territorial printer, and was
continued in that position as long as the capital remained
here and for some years after. He published all the acts
of the territorial legislature and the official documents
of the territorial government, and, in book form, two
compilations of all the territorial laws. All these publica-
tions are in existence at the present time. A file of each
number of the paper was carefully preserved, and each
volume, containing the issues of a year, substantially
bound. These files of the paper which have been pre-
served date from 1806 to 1845, when Mr. Stout sold the
establishment, on being appointed postmaster here. Mr.
Stout was my grandfather, and from him I have in my
possession the files of the paper. The issues from 1804 to
1806 were destroyed by fire in the latter year. The old
files of this paper contain a vast fund of historic matter,
throwing light upon public questions during territorial
days. They also contain, in every number, able com-
munications, written by some of the eminent men who
lived here at that time, upon all subjects of public interest.
It was the only medium through which they could reach
the public. Its columns were free and open to all, and
discussions "pro and con of all questions were permitted
and can be found in its columns. At that time Yincennes
may be said to have concentrated in its population all the
literary culture and talent of the Indiana Territory.
As early as 1806, the talented and aspiring young men
who had settled here established what they called a
" Thespian Society," and gave entertainments as often as
once a week and sometimes oftener. These histrionic ex-
hibitions were liberally patronized by the citizens and
were well attended, and were very entertaining, instruct-
ive, and successful. The society continued to exist and
flourish until several years after the admission of the state
into the Union, and with a waning existence until as late
as 1880. All the younger members of the bar, the sur-
geons and officers of the army, the medical profession, and
many of the merchants and those engaged in the trades
took part in these literary performances. A programme
Literary Institutions at Vincennes. 261
of the play and the cast of characters was printed by the
editor of the Sun, who also took part in the performances.
I have files of many of these printed programmes.
In 1804 congress passed an act setting aside an entire
township of land, for a seminary of learning in the In-
diana Territory. The many able men who then made
Vincennes their home, were not slow to take advantage
of this liberal grant on the part of congress. In 1806
they procured an act to be passed by the territorial legis-
lature, locating the proposed institution here, under the
name and style of the " Vincennes University." A portion
of the land in the township donated by congress was sold,
and with the proceeds a large and commodious brick
edifice Avas erected for the university. The territorial act
named the board of trustees to manage and control
the university, and constituted them a corporation with
perpetual succession, and also gave them the power to fill
any vacancy that might occur in the board from any
cause. This board organized by electing Governor Har-
rison president, and the institution at once started on its
career of usefulness with the brighest prospects. All
branches of education, including a classical course, were
taught. This institution is now in a flourishing condi-
tion, and every year is sending out graduates, thoroughly
educated, and fully prepared to enter on the battle of life.
It ranks with any similar institution in the West, but it
has not had a prosperous and continued existence. It
was hampered and suspended in its work in consequence
of the state legislature attempting to change its location
to Bloomington, and to divert the endowment of land do-
nated by congress for its maintainance and support. But
after a long and expensive litigation with varying results,
in both the Supreme Court of Indiana, and the United
States Supreme Court, the Vincennes University finally
triumphed, and started anew on its career, and will not, it
is to be hoped, be again 'interfered with. It is worthy of
note, that in this litigation the state courts, in all their
decisions, were adverse to the Vincennes University, and
262 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
its ultimate success was obtained through the decisions
of United States Supreme Court.
In consequence of the immense advantages accruing to
Vincennes as the capital of the territory, and the seat of
the territorial courts, a large number of able lawyers from
all the old states came to this place, and, by the time the'
territorial capital was removed to Corydon, in 1812, Vin-
cennes possessed the most gifted, eloquent, and able bar in
the West. Among the many distinguished lawyers who
settled and practiced here, I name the following : General
W. Johnson, afterward circuit judge ; John Johnson, one
of the first judges of thp Supreme Court; Isaac Blackford,
also a judge of the Supreme Court, who obtained dis-
tinction by his many and able decisions on the bench,
but still more and lasting fame, as the author of the
eight volumes of the decisions of that court that bear
his name ; Thomas Randolph, a member of the distin-
guished Virginia family of that name; Jacob Call, after-
ward a member of congress, and judge of the Circuit
Court when he died ; David Hart ; Samuel Judah, at one
time United States District Attorney ; Charles Dewey ;
William Prince ; John Rice Jones ; Henry Vanderburgh ;
Benjamin Parke ; James Blake ; George R. C. Sullivan ;
John Law, and Alexander Buckner. They organized
and maintained, until a period as late as 1830, a bar
association. Many of these continued to reside here
until their death ; but many left Vincennes after starting
on their career, and sought other homes in the North-
west, and acquired fame and distinction as statesmen or
jurists.
In 1808, the citizens of this place, realizing its historic
importance, and desirous of preserving and perpetuating
a lasting record of it, organized a society which they
named the " Vincennes Historical and Antiquarian So-
ciety." This society numbered among its members all
the able and cultured residents of the place. Great inter-
est was taken in this organization for many years, and its
work was prosperous. Regular meetings were held, and
occasionally lectures upon historic subjects connected with
Literary Institutions at Vincennes. 263
the early settlement of the place and the entire !N'orth-
west were delivered under the auspices of this society. It
was on such an occasion, on February 22, 1839, that Judge
Law delivered his celebrated address on the Antiquity and
Early Settlement of Yincennes. John Ewing and many
others also delivered addresses before this society. All
these addresses were published at the time in the Western
Sun newspaper, but were never compiled and published
in book form. This society created a cabinet of all kinds
of historic relics, and during its active and healthy exist-
ence had accumulated quite a numerous collection. These
relics of historic value were kept in a room in the old
" Town Hall," for many years after the society practically
ceased to exist. But, upon the organization of the pres-
ent city government in 1856, when this room was needed
for municipal purposes, these valuable and interesting cu-
riosities were rudely and carelessly thrown into an old
garret. Among the many valuable historic treasures of
this society which were thus carelessly and wantonly
thrown aside, was an oil painting of George Rogers Clark,
painted from life. It had been presented by General
Clark's namesake, George Rogers Clark Sullivan, who
was my great-uncle on my mother's side. This historic
and valuable painting was luckily preserved from total
destruction by one of our old citizens, who recognized it
and knew its value, and the same is now deposited in the
archives of the Yincennes University, where many other
relics of the collection of this society are preserved.
In the year 1808, the " Yincennes Library" was founded,
and incorporated by an act of the territorial legislature.
This library was highly favored by the cultured men who
then resided here, and they all liberally contributed to it
rare and valuable works upon law, philosophy, medicine,
history, fiction, and general literature. With these con-
tributions the Yincennes Library, from its very inception,
possessed a valuable catalogue of between three and four
thousand volumes. The library was not increased as to
the number of its volumes after the state was admitted to
the Union. It was, however, a very prosperous institu-
264 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
from its foundation for many years, but was gradually
permitted to expire for want of interest. Symmes Har-
rison was, for a number of years, the librarian, and he
took a deep interest in the library as long as he resided
here. His father donated to it many volumes, as also did
David Hart, Moses Tabbs, John Ewing, Walter Taylor,
John Rice Jones, Irvin Wallace, and many others. It
practically went out of existence in 1860. Many of the
valuable volumes that were once in this library were car-
ried off after the library was neglected, and can not be
found. The volumes that remained were given over to
the care and keeping of the Vincennes University, and
are being cared for by the trustees of that institution.
In this connection I will further state that, in 1836, the
young men of Vincennes formed a library association
under the name of the " Youth's Library of Vincennes."
This was very popular for many years, and a large num-
ber of volumes of standard works were purchased. But
interest in it waned, and it passed out of existence in a
few years.
In 1850, with funds derived from the estate of McClure,
a wealthy citizen of Posey county, Indiana, who by his
last will left a large sum of money to found libraries in
every county in Indiana for the exclusive use of working-
men, the workingmen of Vincennes established a library
association under the name of the "McClure Working-
men's Library." A large number of valuable books was
purchased, but the library never amounted to any thing
as a beneficial institution. It lingered along in a sickly
and waning condition, but the workingmen, who alone
were entitled to the use of its books, never could be in-
duced to take an abiding interest in it, and it soon met
the fate of several predecessors.
In 1852, the state legislature passed an act appropriating
money to found a library in each civil township in In-
diana. A large sum was spent in the purchase of books,
w]ii( li wcTC distributed to the different civil townships of the
state, under the control of the township trustees. But they
took very little interest in the township library, so far as
Literary Institutions at Vincennes. 265
I have any knowledge upon the subject, and the books
very soon were either lost or destroyed. This attempt to
establish libraries throughout the state resulted in signal
failure ; and no one was beneiited by the attempt, except,
perhaps, the persons who sold the books, and they only to
the extent of the profits they realized from their sales.
In 1809, the citizens of Vincennes organized the first
agricultural society ever formed in the West. It had for
its object the stimulation of agricultural pursuits, and
proposed to hold fairs and award premiums for the best
specimens of agricultural products. It organized by elect-
ing Symmes Harrison as president, and in the fall of the
year 1809 held its first fair and distributed premiums
amounting to four hundred dollars. It continued to exist
and held several fairs up to 1817. In that year the society
called a public meeting to take measures to have the fair
association incorporated by an act of legislature, and thus
place it on a sure and firm basis. This was the first at-
tempt that I know of being made in the West to have
such an association incoporated by law. It met with no
success, but was again renewed in 1835, but no act of
incorporation was brought about until 1852, when the
legislature passed the general law incorporating the State
Board of Agriculture.
In 1809, Benjamin Parke formed the first Bible Society
that was ever organized here, or perhaps in the North-
west. He was made president of this society, which was
very successful as long as he was connected with it. But
when he was appointed judge of the District Court of In-
diana, he removed to Salem, Indiana, and the society was
soon neglected and ceased to exist as an organization.
The United States troops, who were stationed here from
a period as early as 1790 to a date as late as 1816, were the
means of bringing here many skillful and learned physi-
cians and surgeons connected with the army. Among
those thus brought here were Elias MclS'amee, Edward
Skull, who killed Parmenas Becker, then sheriff* of the
county, in a duel, in October, 1813, John D. Woolverton,
afterward receiver of public moneys here, Jacob Kuzken-
266 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
dall, and many others. In the year 1807, these resident
physicians and surgeons of Vincennes organized a medical
society. This was the first medical society ever formed
in the Indiana Territory. It continued to exist and was
maintained in full vigor until long after the admission of
the state to the Union. But, like so many other worthy
organizations that were formed here in territorial days, it
gradually ceased to be.
In 1838, St. Gabriel College was organized here by the
Eudists, a religious order of the Catholic Church. This
college started on its career under very favorable auspices,
and acquired a large and compact site in the center of
Vincennes, composed of four of the squares of the town.
It possessed a large and commodious brick building, suit-
able for education able purposes, which had been con-
structed and used by the Vincennes University before the
litigation with the state suspended its operations. The
attendance of students was large from the start, not only
from Indiana, but from many states in the South and
West. All branches of education usually taught in first-
class institutions were taught in this college, and the
training was thorough and excellent, as is always the case
with institutions of learning conducted by such men as
were employed in this college. It was a very successful
institution as long as it was maintained, but it was aban-
doned in the year 1845, owing to unfortunate difl:erences
that sprung up between the bishop of the diocese and the
Endists who founded it.
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 267
CHAPTER IX.
PIONEER POETS AND STORY-WRITERS.
" For who shall stay
The first blind motions of the May ?
Who shall out-blot the morning glow ?
Or stem the full heart's overflow ?
Who? There will rise, till Time decay,
More poets yet." .
— Austin Dobmn.
The American-English who took possession of the Ohio
Valley, in the last years of the eighteenth century, were
not the first to awaken the echoes of the western woods
with melody. The red tribes were not only eloquent, as
the rude oratory of Logan and Tecumseh testifies, but
also poetical; they sang hymns of harvest, lays of love
and war, death-songs, and religious incantations. The
Indian names bequeathed to states, mountains, rivers, and
lakes furnish a vocabulary rich in poetical qualities.
The semi-barbarous French runners of the wilderness,
and rowers on la belle riviere and its tributaries, are
known to have been of a musical turn, and to have cheered
the solitude with amorous ditties, and timed their oars to
singing.^
^ Schoolcraft, in his " Travels," describes the chanson de voyageur as a
" species of merry chant, which no one can listen to without feeling the
mercury of his spirit rise." Isaac Weld, an Irish gentlemen, who trav-
eled in America in 1795-6-7, says of the Canadian boatmen: "They
have one very favorite duet amongst them, called the ' rowing duet,*
which as they sing they mark time to with each stroke of the oar ; in-
deed, when rowing in smooth water, they mark the time of most of the
airs they sing in the same manner." Bradbury, an English traveler,
writing in 1809, tells us the songs " were responsive betwixt the oarsmen
at the bow and those at the stern ;" and he quotes several stanzas of
268 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
The Saxon wagoner of the Alleghanies, driving his team
to Pittsburg, roared rough songs to the mountains. The
jolly crews that poled arks on the Ohio were especially
addicted to vocal solo and chorus as well as to the " plink,
plank, plunk" of the violin which lead the dance on
deck. They sang many an ancient ballad, with interpola-
tions befitting new scenery and events, and extemporized
original lines to accompany the rythmic labor of the oar:
" Hard upon the beech oar !
She moves too slow !
All the way to Shawnee Town
Long while ago ! "
The favorite river lyrics appear to have been madrigals
of love or rousing peans in praise of Monongahela whisky.
By and by the element of negro minstrelsy, coming from
"Ole Virginia" and Kentucky, found a welcome on the
river-craft, where it has ever since held place. Among
the earliest original verses of the West were sundry
African melodies celebrating the 'coon hunt and the vicis-
situdes of river navigation.
The song-book, patriotic, sentimental, and comic, is al-
ways in demand, even in the rudest society, and it was a
species of literary manual not slow to migrate with the
pioneer. Not until 1832 did the first publication in this
line issue from a Cincinnati press. This was " The Eolian
Songster," compiled and published by U. P. James, a man
of taste, who had in view the elevation as well as the
supply of the popular demand. ** The Eolian Songster "
contains, besides many of the choicest songs of Burns,
Moore, and other modern poets, a careful selection of the
older lyrics, including Jonson's " Drink to Me Only With
one of the favorite songs, " to show their frivolity." Here is a sample
stanza:
Derriere chdz-nous, 11 y a un etang,
Ye, ye ment.
Trois canards s'en vont baignans,
Tons du 16ng de la riviere,
Leg^T^ment ma bergdre,
Lieg^r^ment, ye ment.
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 269
Thine Eyes." A local and native tone is given to the
collection by its including several new pieces, as " The
Kentucky Hunters " and " Perry's Victory."
Song-writing was an art much striven after by the
American verse-makers of fifty or sixty years ago, attract-
ive songs being then in much demand on the stage. The
theater, indeed, was an active stimulator of literary effort
in various departments, and one is struck, in reading the
newspapers of the day, by frequent reference to original
poetic addresses delivered on notable occasions by the au-
thors from behind the footlights. Forty poetical addresses
were presented to the manager of the Kew Orleans the-
ater for a premium offered in January, 1824. The poets
of the Ohio Valley contributed their full quota of popu-
lar songs to platform and parlor, and not a few of these
still live wedded to familiar music. The pioneer balladists
who sang the century into Kentucky and Ohio, were the
harbingers of Louisville's unique troubadour, Will Shake-
speare Hays, of whose songs, it is said, six million copies
have sold in the United States and England.
An exhaustive history of the numerous poets and poet-
asters of the Ohio Valley, and of their offerings to litera-
ture in the name of the muses, would fill a large volume.
"Whoever examines the files of old western newspapers
will be astonished at the immense quantity of verse,
original and selected, to be found in the dingy columns.
The poet's corner is sometimes multiplied by four, and be-
comes a rectangle. The '' Western Spy " published poems
under the heading, " Seat of the Muses," a caption after-
ward changed to the. not less classic title, "The Par-
nassiad." The* editor of the Cincinnati " Literary Ga-
zette " (1824), in his notes to correspondents, declining
offers of poetry from Prof. Rafinesque, of Transylvania
University, Lexington, Kentucky, says, apologetically,
" Poetry is in so flourishing a state on our side of the
river that the limits allotted to that department are pre-
occupied." That the art was in an equally flourishing
condition on Rafinesque's side of the river is abundantly
proven by the testimony of Dr. Collins, who, in his his-
270 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
tory of Kentucky, devotes sixty large pages to selections
from representative writers of verse, Lorn or bred in that
state.
The wilderness swarmed with migratory poets; they
came in flocks like the birds; they chirruped from log-
cabins, caroled from floating barges, chanted from new
garrets in fresh-sprung villages. It has been discovered,
in Louisville, that the restless John Filson set the dan-
gerous example of verse-making at Beargrass as long ago
as June, 1788. His only and therefore worst poem is in
heroic rhymed couplets and bids
"Adieu to every joy which time evades,
Adieu to faithful swains and beauteous maids,
, Adieu Amanda whom my soul ensnares,
Adieu till fate this mortal wound repairs,
Adieu my peace, the busy world farewell,
Adieu to all but plains of Asphodel."
Authorities all agree that the first person who appeared
in the character of poet in the territory north-west of the
Ohio, was Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., son of Colonel R.
J. Meigs, of Revolutionary fame. Both father and son
came to Marietta, with tlie original settlers, in April, 1788.
The latter, a graduate of Yale College, studied law, rose
rapidly from honor to honor, becoming supreme judge.
United States senator, governor of Ohio, and postmaster
general. Always fond of intellectual pursuits, he was a
life-long patron of literary men and institutions.
Young Meigs, on July 4, 1789, delivered at Marietta an
oration which closed with an ** ornament of rhyme," de-
scriptive of the Ohio Valley, and prophetic of its coming
glory. From this artificial but certainly dignified and
respectable " ode," stamped with the conventional mark
of the eighteenth century, a few couplets are here given
by way of sample :
" Here Hwift Muskingum rolls his rapid waves ;
There fruitful valleys fair Ohio laves ;
On ito smooth surface gentle zephyrs play,
The sunbeams tremble with a placid ray.
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 271
What future harvests on his bosom glide,
And loads of commerce swell the ' downward tide,'
Where Mississippi joins in length'ning sweep.
And rolls majestic to the Atlantic deep."
American literature, in the year 1789, or in 1800, can
hardly be said to have celebrated its Fourth of July. It
was far from independent of the mother country. And
yet, even in those early days, American books were hav-
ing an influence in England, and English authors were
ambitious to borrow the ears of an American audience.
Lord Byron was not indifferent to the plaudits of readers in
the backwoods of the ]N"ew World. He wrote in his diary,
December 5, 1813, " Dallas' nephew — son to the American
Attorney General — is arrived in this country, and tells
Dallas that my rhymes are very popular in the United
States. These are the first tidings that have ever sounded
like fame to my ears — to be redde on the banks of the
Ohio."
The general literary influences that wrought upon the
writers of i^ew York and ^N'ew England also inspired or
constrained the Western muse, though in less degree.
The world of letters turns eastward, but it does turn, and
in succession every meridian receives the intellectual sun-
light.
The loud music of Scott's '* Marmion " and of Southey's
"Thalaba" swelled across the sea before the nobler and
sweeter strains of Wordsworth and Coleridge were ap-
preciated.
The " Lake Poets " and their contemporaries, scourged or
soothed in Byron's " English Bards and Scotch Review-
ers," were known in the West when the immigrant poets
began to thrum their imitative harps.
From the "Atlantick country " came the melody of Per-
civars " Clio," the most celebrated poetry that had yet
been produced in America. " Percival is deservedly the
first of American bards," wrote the editor of the Cincin-
nati " Literary Gazette," in 1824. The pioneer writers
usually called a poet hard, and a village an emporium.
272 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Pioneer poetry often went on stilts, and borrowed stilts
at that. The style was either painfully labored and
pedantic or ludicrously exclamatory and rhapsodical.
The self-inspired geniuses felt it their duty to be extrava-
gantly natural and " impassioned." Bards of classical am-
bition frequently sent " odes " to the backwoods news-
papers, and sometimes furnished stanzas in Latin. They
wrote under such pseudonyms as " Juvenis," *' Favonius,"
" Puero," " Momus," and " Umbra." Others worked a
vein severely didactic and moral. Much of the verse
measured out on the Ohio side of the Ohio was, like the
speech of Chaucer's clerk, " sounding in moral virtue."
The best of the early poets of the Ohio Valley wrote
from a sincere impulse, and were loyal to their environ-
ments, drawing their themes from indigenous subjects —
the woods, the streams, the ancient mounds, and whatever
was most novel and picturesque in the immigrant journey
over the mountains, or in the scenes and incidents of
frontier life. They were moved to sing of the boatman
poling his raft on the Beautiful river; the hunter roaming
the dark forest, clad in deer-skin and carrying his rifle
and powder-horn; the "Longknives" sallying from the
threatened station to repel the stealthy, savage foe.
The homely verse dwelt on the close-knit ties of the
settler's family in the hospitable log cabin, with its latch-
string out. The love song adapted its amorous imagery
to the wild scenery and primitive customs of the " clear-
ing." Ever the Western pen was quick to indite patriotic
strains. To the pioneer Liberty was a Tenth Muse.
As literature, few of the innumerable verses written by
the backwoods rhymers deserve to be remembered. As
history, many a rude stanza is more valuable than much
that is found in the pages of the professed annalists.
Writing had not become a vocation, or so much as an
avocation. The poets, like the farmers, traders, mechan-
ics, were busy with life and its urgent first necessities.
They had just drawn themselves away from loved homes
in the East, and were fastening the lines of hope to a new
Pioneer Poets and Story -Writers. 273 j
mode of life in the West. The energy of body and mind j
was absorbed in the act of transplanting. \
The general feeling is well expressed in Laura M. j
Thurston's lines, " On Crossing the AUeghanies," written 1
near the beginning of the century : i
" The broad, the bright, the glorious West \
Is spread before me now ! i
Where the gray mists of morning rest ']
Beneath yon mountain's brow ! h
The bound is past — the goal is won — !
The region of the setting sun \
Is open to my view. 1
Land of the valiant and the free —
My own Green Mountain land — to thee, .\
And thine, a long adieu ! . \
" I hail thee. Valley of the West, I
For what thou yet shalt be ! j
I hail thee for the hopes that rest \
Upon thy destiny ! " ,
One of the first rhythmic compositions penned and \
printed concerning Kentucky is a poem called " The s
Mountain Muse," being a metrical account of Boone's ad- \
ventures, founded on Filson's history. The "Mountain j
Muse " was written by J). Bryan, a Virginia senator, who
published his poem at Harrisonburg, Ya., in 1813.
The first " anthology" of Western poetry was collected \
by W. D. Gallagher, and published by (J. P. James, Gin- \
cinnati, in 1841. The volume is called " Selections from \
the Poetical Literature of the "West," and bears on the I
title page these appropriate lines from Southey : \
" Here is a wreath,
With many an unripe blossom garlanded, ''
And many a weed, yet mingled with some flowers }
That will not wither." \
The one hundred and ten pieces contained in Mr. Gal- \
lagher's collection represent thirty-eight writers,^ seven ot ■
them women.
^ Wm. D. Gallagher, John M. Harney, John B. Dillon, George D.
18
274 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
The preface states that " much the greater number of
the persons selected from are either western born or west-
ern educated, or both ; and all of them who are now liv-
ing, with a single exception, are citizens of this section of
the Union." The exception was Ephraim Peabody.
Commenting on the productions which make up his
volume, the editor says : " For the most part, they have
been the mere momentary outgushings of irrepressible
feeling proceeding from the hearts of those who were
daily and hourly subjected to the perplexities and toils of
business, and the cares and anxieties inseparable from the
procuring of one's daily bread by active occupation. As
such let them be judged."
Three at least of the writers who figure in the " Selec-
tions" still live, Mrs. R. S. Nichols, Hon. C. D. Drake, and
Mr. Gallagher himself. All but eight of the names were
included in W. T. Coggeshall's " Poets and Poetry of the
West," a royal octavo volume of 688 pages, published in
1860. '
Coggeshall's work contains selections from one hundred
and fifty-two writers, with biographical and critical no-
tices. Xinety-seven men are represented and fifty-five
women. By far the greater number of thefee resided in
the Ohio Valley; sixty-nine were western born, thirty-
nine belonging to Ohio, fifteen to Kentucky, and thirteen
to Indiana. Twenty of these persons are known to be
living now, April, 1891.
The poets. Prentice, Gallagher, Alice Gary and Amelia
Welby, are the subjects of special chapters in this volume.
Several other of the early singers of the Ohio Valley re-
ceive more or less extended notice in the chapter on " Pe-
Prentice, Frederick W. Thomas, Nathaniel Wright, James Hall, Otway
Curry, Thomas H. Shreve, James H. Perkins, Charles A. Jones, Charles
D. Drake, George B. Wallis, Albert Pike, Micah P. Flint, Amelia B.
Welby, Anne P. Dinnies, Laura M. Thurston, Sarah J. Howe, Ephraim
Peabody, William Wallace, James Freeman Clarke, James W. Ward,
James B. Marshall, Rebecca S. Nichols, Harvey D. Little, Lewis Ringe,
Lewis J. Cist, Edwin R. Campbell, Lewis F. Thomas, Wm. B. Fairchild,
Hugh Peters, Julia L. Dumont, Caroline Lee Hentz, G. G. Foster, Pey-
ton 8. Symmes, William Newton, James G. Drake.
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers, 275
riodical Literature," or are mentioned incidentally in the
biographical sketches of Prentice, Gallagher, Hall, Mans-
field and Flint. It is proposed, in this place, to present
briefly the leading facts in the life and literary work of
noteworthy poets not considered elsewhere in the vol-
ume.
Jonathan Meigs in Ohio, and Daniel Bryan in Virginia,
are not singular examples of the politician turned poet.
A glance through Coggeshall's big book of poets sur-
prises the inquisitive reader with the names of several
characters well known to history, but seldom associated
in the general mind with the idea of poetry. Such are
the names of Charles Hammond and Salmon P. Chase,
men who endeavored to become poets before they suc-
ceeded in becoming statesmen. !N^ot only did lawyers,
legislators, and political journalists " drop into poetry,"
like Silas Wegg ; the business men of pioneer times also
strung strings of rhyme. The very first book of home-
made verse printed in the West was a pamphlet of ninety-
two pages, by a Cincinnati banker, Gorham A. Worth.
The title is, "American Bards; A Modern Poem, in Three
Parts." It came out in 1819, and had the honor to be re-
published in Philadelphia — an honor not justified by the
merit of the book, the value of which consists wholly in
the fact that it is a first, and that it is rare.
The " Muse of Hesperia," a prize poem, produced by
another business man, Thomas Peirce, and read before the
Philomathean Society of Cincinnati College, in 1822, ad-
vises the poets to defy all conventional rules of composi-
tion, and to scorn all the critics.
" Nay, copy not the noblest lays
Of ancient or of modern days.
The genuine bard
Dashes all rules of art aside,
And, taking nature for his guide,
Reaps, as he roams creation wide,
A rich reward."
This anarchic literary counsel did not avail to develop
276 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
any sudden-expanding genius. Though the
bard," roaming " creation wide," strove wildly to be nat-
ural and original and sublime, he found himself condi-
tioned in the West as in the East by his " means, culture
and limits," to use a compact phrase of Emerson's.
Neither "going down East," nor "coming out West,"
makes the poet.
" The light that never was on sea or land," is not con-
fined to special climates, nor geographical divisions, nor to
the woods, nor to the city. Outer influences, scenery, so-
ciety, may do something to stimulate or modify the mind's
action ; the spirit of the age does more ; but, withal, poets
are poets. They seek congenial surroundings as bees seek
gardens; yet gardens do not cause bees.
Thomas Peirce, a verse-maker of considerable skill,
originality and humor, born in Chester county, Pennsyl-
vania, August 4, 1786, was, in early life, farmer, mechanic
and teacher. He came to Cincinnati in 1813, and engaged
in commercial affairs. But he also took interest in lite-
rary concerns, and was a prominent member of a society
of which Lemuel D. Howells, Robert T. Lytle, William
Henry Harrison, and Daniel Drake were members. Peirce
was a contributor to the Western Spy and to the Literary
Gazette, in which papers appeared what he called his
" Odes," a series of mildly satirical pieces criticising per-
sons and events. These were reprinted, in 1822, in a di-
minutive volume, with the title, " Horace in Cincinnati."
Mr. Peirce died in 1850.
A poet of great promise and somewhat brilliant per-
formance was John M. Harney^ (1789-1825), whose literary
work was done in Bardstown, Kentucky. He published,
in 1816, a long poem, " Crystalina, a Fairy Tale," which
* John M. Harney should not be confounded with the poet, William
Wallace Harney, born at Bloomington, Indiana, June 20, 1831, and
known to admirers of western verse from his poems, " The Stab," " The
Buried Hope," "The Old Mill," "The Suicide," "Jimmy's Wooing,"
"The Reapers," and other pieces of true artistic work. Harney's
poetry has the "gleam" in it. Mr. Harney's present home is in
Florida.
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. " 277
was extravagantly praised by H. W. Griswold in his
" Poets of America," and by John Neal in the Portico.
But the only bit of his work which long held its place in
popular estimation is the trifle often copied into newspa-
pers and books, called " Echo and the Lover."
Mrs. Julia L. Dumont was the first woman who achieved
reputation as a writer in the Ohio Valley. A daughter of
one of the original settlers of Marietta, she was born on
the banks of the Muskingum in 1794, nearly a decade be-
fore Ohio was admitted to the Union. In 1812 she was
married, and in 1814 removed with her husband to Vevay,
Indiana, where for many years she was a distinguished
teacher. She was the preceptress of Dr. Edward Eggles-
ton, whose grateful pen has honored her by merited praise,
Mrs. Dumont died in 1857.
Mrs. Dumont wrote much for the press, in prose and
verse, and was greatly admired by her contemporaries.
A volume of hers, entitled " Sketches, from Common
Paths," was published by the Appletons in 1856. Her
poems were never collected in book form. They reveal a
pure and generous nature, saturated with philanthropy,
patriotism, and womanly tenderness. Perhaps her best
poem is one entitled " The Future Life."
John Finley was born in Virginia in 1797, and he died
in Indiana in 1866. He may be described as the father of
western humorous poetry. Besides him, only a very few
of the early " bards " attempted the facetious. Among
the few were Peirce, Harney, and Shreve. Finley came
to Ohio in his young manhood ; was married at Yellow
Springs in 1826; went to Indiana, and became editor,
state legislator, and finally mayor of the city of Rich-
mond. Thus his occupations were of a practical sort,
leaving scant time for the side-play of rhyme. The happy
verses which have kept his name alive for ninety years
were quite accidental and incidental, being part of a New
Year's Address, written in 1830 for the Indianapolis Jour-
nal, a newspaper since distinguished for the encourage-
ment it gives to western poets. The lines referred to are
those entitled '* The Hoosier's Nest," a bit of realistic de-
278 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
scription, picturing very vividly the interior of an Indiana
log-cabin, and the rude hospitality of a backwoods family
entertaining a stranger. Finley was a born humorist, and
nearly every thing he wrote is piquant and amusing. His
lines "To My Old Coat,'' "A Wife Wanted," and the
graphic piece in Irish dialect, " Bachelor's Hall," still hold
their place as general favorites. The last-named went the
rounds of newspaperdom credited to Tom Moore.
More than half a century ago, the name of Otway Curry
was familiar to readers of verse throughout the United
States, and the new-risen western star of poetry was con-
sidered a remarkable phenomenon, even worthy to be
ranked with Poe. The merit of his work is striking, and
there is reason to regret that the collection of his poetry
promised by a prospectus, some years ago, has not been
published. Curry possessed subtile genius, and though
his thought is not always clear nor his art satisfactory, al-
most every thing he wrote is pleasing, melodious, and
warm, if not luminous with sincere "inspiration." Such
poems as " Kingdom Come," " The Armies of the Eve,"
" The Better Land," " The Lost Pleiad," " Chasadine,"
" A'aven," " To a Midnight Phantom," belong, in their con-
ception and form, to the aristocracy of letters. There is
something in their very titles suggestive of habitual medi-
tation on high themes, and of a life devoted to the soli-
tude of the ideal world.
Otway Curry was born in Highland county, Ohio, in
1804, and he died in 1855. He was farmer, lawyer, editor,
legislator, as well as poet, and his general services in the
cause of intellectual and moral progress in the West
should not be forgotten. He was a bosom friend of W.
D. Gallagher, and the latter relates that when the two
were youths together in the town of Cincinnati, they used,
on summer evenings, to sit on the bank of the Ohio, near
the foot of Broadway, Curry playing the flute for his
friend's pleasure. The high esteem and affection in which
Otway Curry was held are manifested in a generous trib-
ute from the pen of a contemporary, who, in 1855, wrote
of the deceased poet :
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 279
" Ohio ne'er has lost a son
More worthy her regret
The West has comets yet of song, —
Her planet, though, has set.
Our country weakens with the want
Of good, true men like him,
To guard her tree of liberty,
Like Eden's cherubim."
Harvey D. Little (born 1803, died 1833), who spent the
chief part of his short career in Central Ohio, a printer
and editor, was endowed with two excellent qualities of
the real poet, a vivid imagination, and the sense of rhythm,
as his tine, spontaneous lyrics, " Palmyra," and " On Ju-
dah's Hills," sufficiently prove.
Very energetic and taking in their way are the dashing
melodies of Captain Greorge Washington Cutter, a na-
tive of Kentucky, who served in the Mexican "War as
captain of the Kenton Hangers, became a lawyer and
legislator in Indiana, and afterward lived in Cincinnati
and Washington City. He married Mrs. Alexander Drake,
the celebrated western actress. Three volumes of Cutter's
verse were printed, " Buena Vista and Other Poems," in
1848, and two others in 1857. Several of Cutter's eloquent
and fervid patriotic pieces made a strong impression, and
passages from them are still quoted and sung. '' E Plu-
ribus Unum," beginning with the lines,
" Though many and bright are the stars that appear,
In that flag, by our country unfurled,"
is a stirring anthem not likely soon to perish from mem-
ory. But the acknowledged masterpiece of this tumultu-
ous singer is the " Song of Steam," ^ a metrical shout and
^ It is stated on the authority of Mr. Alexander Williamson, of Cov-
ington, Kentucky, that the " Song of Steam " was written in Covington,
before its author went to Mexico, and that it was suggested by the pow-
erful operation and noise of steam-propelled machinery. Mr. William-
son says: " One morning he (Cutter) was down in the neighborhood of
what was then called * Factory Row,' where John T. Lewis had his cot-
ton factory ; and he looked at the immense wheels and cogs and shafts
and pulleys, and listened to the noise and the whirr and the rumble of
280 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
exultation, befitting the advent of an age of material
forces. The " Song of Lightning '* is its companion lyric.
Another Kentucky poet, of very different style from
that of Cutter — Fortunatus Cosby — was born on Harrod's
creek, in May, 1802, and died at Louisville sometime in
the fifties. His monument may be seen in Cave Hill Cem-
etery, not far from those of Prentice and Amelia Welby.
He was a college-bred gentleman of quiet tastes and care-
ful cujture — one of the group of scholarly writers whom
Prentice drew around him. His " Fireside Fancies "
" By the dim and fitful firelight,"^
will be read and remembered by many a reader in years
to come.
William Ross Wallace, also a Kentuckian, born in 1819,
was educated in Indiana, and, removing to ^ew York
City, became a successful professional writer for news-
papers. His poetical talents were recognized and flattered
by Bryant and Poe, who prophesied wonderful successes
for his muse. But the star of his fame has already set,
though one can understand, when reading his vigorous
and well-wrought verses, why his contemporaries praised
him, and we wonder, as in many other similar cases, why
compositions so much above mediocrity should be forgot-
ten 80 soon.
Mrs. Frances Dana Gage, familiarly known by her
pseudonym of '*Aunt Fanny," a "womanly woman,"
highly appreciated by the common people, was, in the day
of her literary activity, perhaps the most popular writer
of keen practical prose, and homely didactic verse, in the
western country. She became identified with the cause
of " woman's rights," and other reforms, and was a grace-
ful and effective public lecturer. Her fluent, lucid lyrics
of home aud heart, "The Sounds of Industry," "The
the maoliinery. And from there he wandered off to the McNickle
rolling-mill, where they had an enormous trip-hammer, and the power
of Bteam so imprensed him that he went home and wrote the poem;
and a magnificent thing it is."
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 281
Housekeeper's Soliloquy, " My Fiftieth Birthday," " Life's
Lessons," and the delightful " Home Picture," which last
tells about *' Ben Fisher " and his '^ good wife Kate," and
the children, and the farm, and the poultry, were clipped
from newspapers and pasted in the scrap-hooks of count-
less housekeepers who found in these simple rhymes a
photograph of their own domestic experience. Mrs.
Gage was the daughter of a pioneer, Joseph Barker, one
of the founders of Ohio, who came to Marietta with Put-
nam in 1788. She was born in 1808; married James L.
Gage in 1828 ; lived at McConnellsville, Ohio, for twenty-
five years, and removed to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1853.
A volume of her poems was brought out by a Philadel-
phia publisher in 1867.
I venture to class with the pioneer poets of the Ohio Val-
ley two honored women, both now residing in Indian-
apolis, both active members of the Western Association
of Writers — Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton and Mrs. Rebecca S.
Nichols.
Mrs. Bolton, whose father, a Barritt, and mother, a
Pendleton, w^ere of Virginia origin, w^as born in Newport,
Kentucky, in December, 1814. The family moved to
Jennings county, Indiana, thence to Madison, where Sarah,
in 1831, was married to Nathaniel Bolton. The Boltons
made their home in Indianapolis. From 1855 to 1858 Mr.
Bolton was United States consul to Geneva, Switzerland,
and his wife accompanied him to Europe. Mrs. Bolton's
first poem appeared in the Madison " Banner." She wTote
for the Columbian and Great West, the Ladies' Repository,
the Cincinnati Commercial, and the New York Home
Journal. Her poems, like those of Mrs. Gage, appeal
directly to the common sentiment and emotion of the
people, and inculcate the highest public and private vir-
tue. Among her lyrics are " Hope on, Hope Ever,"
" Call the Roll," and " Paddle Yoar Own Canoe," melodi-
ous sermons the lesson of which has quickened the
worthy ambition of half the school-boys and girls in the
Ohio Valley.
Mrs. Rebecca S. Nichols w^as born at Greenwich, New
282 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
Jersey, August, 1820. Her maiden name was Keed. She
removed, with her parents, to Louisville, where, in 1838,
she was married to Willard P. Nichols. She has resided in
St. Louis, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, and Indianapolis.
She published her first poems in the Louisville News Let-
ter and the Louisville Journal. She became a contributor
to the Cincinnati Commercial, the Cincinnati Herald, the
Knickerbocker, and Graham's Magazine. In St. Louis
she helped edit a daily paper called the Pennant, and in
Cincinnati she conducted a literary periodical named The
Guest. Her pieces have appeared under the pseudonyms
"Ellen" and "Kate Cleveland." Mrs. Nichols enjoyed
the friendship and encouragement of Otway Curry, W. D.
Gallagher, George D. Prentice, and the generous patron-
age of Nicholas Longworth, who brought out her poems
in a sumptuous volume in 1851. Her first publication in
book form was named " Bernice, or the Curse of Mina, and
Other Poems," 1844 ; the second, " Songs of the Heart
and the Hearth-Stone." No truer estimate of Mrs. Nich-
ols can be stated in brief than that expressed in Cogges-
shall's "Poets," by her biographer, Sullivan D. Harris,
who says : " The strongest and brightest phase of her char-
acter is that of a Christian mother, and the wail of be-
reaved maternity is the most touching utterance of her
pen."
There lives in Cleveland, Ohio, a poet and general
writer, born in the first year of the century, June 11, 1800,
in Conway, Massachusetts. After graduating at Williams
College, he removed to Ohio, and became a lawyer and
state legislator. His efiScacious labors in the promotion
of educational and philanthropic institutions place him
among the foremost benefactors of the people. This noble
patriarch, Hon. Harvey Rice, LL.D., a true apostle of
" sweetness and light," is the author of " Letters from the
Pacific Slope," " Incidents of Pioneer Life in the Early
Settlement of the Connecticut Western Reserve," and a
volume of essays entitled " Nature and Culture." In his
early manhood, Mr. Rice contributed many poems to the
periodicals, and, in 1859, a collection of these was pub-
Pioneer Poets and Story -Writers, 283
lished in a volume called *' Mount Vernon, and Other
Poems." This passed through several editions, and is still
in demand. A second volume, " Select Poems," was is-
sued in 1878. Perhaps the hest known poem of Mr. Rice
is the lyric, "Unwritten Music," which has a good deal of
written music. But the piece entitled " The Moral Hero "
gives the key-note of the author's character, and the in-
junction in its closing lines was never more fully obeyed
than by him who penned them :
" Where duty calls, engage ;
And ever striving, be
The moral hero of the age."
In a letter written by Mr. Rice in the ninety-first year
of his age, he says : " I am somewhat advanced in years,
it is true, but still keep at work in my way, and mean to
continue work until I fall in the harness."
This summary may close with a short account of three
poets, who, though they came into the world somewhat
later than most of those just mentioned, and who, though
they died young, lived long enough to win enduring
laurels. Theodore O'Hara, William H. Lytle, and For-
ceythe Willson may be classed together as choice souls
born possessed of the " vision and the faculty divine," and
as patriotic spirits who each, without conscious effort,
gained the world's recognition by composing lyrics of war.
O'Hara and Lytle were, like Captain Cutter, officers in the
Mexican War, engaging in those picturesque and romantic
campaigns, the national glory of which was eclipsed by
the brilliancy and gallantry of personal deeds. Battles
such as that of Buena Yista, and marches like that to
Mexico City, furnish inspiring themes for song.
Theodore O'Hara was born in Danville, Kentucky, Feb-
ruary 11, 1820. He served through the war with Mexico,
and came out of it a brevet major. He practiced law, ed-
ited newspapers, and led a somewhat wandering life until
the civil war, when he again became a soldier, on the Con-
federate side, and served to the end of the conflict. He
died of fever, June 7, 1867. In the words of his hi-
284 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
ographer, Robert Burns Wilson,* O'Hara " builded for him-
self an enduring fame as a poet upon four lines." These
four lines occur in the poem entitled " The Bivouac of
the Dead," written to commemorate the Kentucky soldiers
who fell in the Mexican War, and to whom a monument is
erected in the cenietery at Frankfort. Few are the read-
ers who need to be told that the verses referred to are :
" On fame's eternal camping-ground
Their silent tents are spread,
But glory guards, with solemn round,
The bivouac of the dead."
William Haines Lytle was born in Cincinnati, Novem-
ber 2, 1826. He served in the Mexican war as captain ;
became a member of the Ohio legislature ; ran for lieu-
tenant-governor in 1857 ; was major-general of the Ohio
militia ; commanded the Fourth Ohio Regiment in Gen-
eral 0. M. Mitchel's brigade in the civil war; was killed
in the battle of Chickamauga, September 20, 1863. Illus-
trious in arms, this well-loved Ohio hero is also admired
in the field of letters. His best poem, "Anthony and
Cleopatra," * seems to be booked for immortality. Period-
ically, it goes the rounds of the newspaper press as an
" old favorite," having about it that indescribable quality
* See Century Magazine for May, 1890.
'"Anthony and Cleopatra" was written at the Lytle Homestead, Law-
rence street, Cincinnati, in July, 1858. The author dashed it off in a
glow of poetic excitement, and left the manuscript lying upon the
writing-table, in his private room, where it was found by his friend,
Wm. W. Fosdick, the poet. " Who wrote that, Lytle ? " inquired Fos-
dick. " Why, I did," answered Lytle, " How do you like it? " Fosdick
expressed admiration for the poem, and, taking the liberty of a literary
comrade, he carried the manuscript away, and sent it to the editor of
the Cincinnati Commercial, with the following note : *• Eds. Com.:— The
following lines from our gifted and gallant townsman, General Wm. H.
Lytle, we think, constitute one of the most masterly lyrics which has
ever adorned American poetry ; and we predict a popularity and per-
petuity for it unsurpassed by any Western production.— W. W. F."
The poem appeared in the " Commercial," on July 29, 1858. These
facts are verified by the poet's sister, Mrs. Josephine R. Foster, who
posseflBes a copy of "Anthony and Cleopatra" in the handwriting of its
author.
Pioneer Poets and Story- Wi^iters. 285
of sustained excellence which marks it as permanently
acceptable to the muse. Both the imagination and the
ear of the critic must grant that there is melody, verve,
dramatic vividness, and bold imagery in every stanza of
the six which make up this line lyric which reaches its
climax in the words:
"And for thee, star-eyed Egyptian I
Glorious sorceress of the Nile,
Light the path of Stygean horrors
With the splendor of thy smile ;
Give the Csesar crowns and arches.
Let his brow the laurel twine,
I can scorn the Senate's triumphs,
Triumphing in love like thine."
Byron Forceythe VYillson was born in I^ew York, April
10, 1837; came west with his father's family in 1846;
lived in Maysville and Covington, Kentucky, for seven
years, and in ^ew Albany, Indiana, from 1852 to 1863 ;
removed to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the autumn of
1863, and remained there for three years ; died in Alfred,
New York, February 2, 1867. He spent a year at Antioch
College, Ohio, while Horace Mann was president, and then
went to Harvard, but, having symptoms of consumption,
he left college in his Sophomore year. Willson was an
occasional contributor to the "Atlantic Monthly," and an
interesting sketch of his life and writings, by his friend,
John James Piatt, was published in that magazine in
1867.
Willson's reputation was achieved by the publication,
in the Louisville Journal, of January 1, 1863, of the strik-
ing and pathetic narrative poem, " The Old Sergeant,"
which, while realistic in the extreme, relating facts just as
they occurred and giving actual names of persons and
places, is yet so idealized and subjective that its hero be-
comes a vivid type of the brave soldier-martyr of every
country, and its patriotism breathes a universal air.
" The Old Sergeant " was made popular by public
readers and reciters who, in the war time and after, de-
livered it through the length and breath of the northern
286 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
states. A small volume entitled " The Old Sergeant and
Other Poems" was published by Tichnor & Fields, in
1867, the year of the author's death, and the book is his
monument. The lover of poetry who, from purpose or
chance, takes time to peruse Willson's poems, linds on
every page tokens of delicate genius and promise of rare
fruit in the flower that death cut off untimely.
WRITERS OF FICTION.
With the bards came the romancers. The most delight-
ful portion of the early literature of the West is semi-his-
torical, semi-fictitious. Journals of exploration in un-
known regions are usually marvelous. Imaginative trav-
elers, designing to print a book, do not neglect to grace
their pages with interesting rumors of facts they can not
investigate. The story-tellers proper, never wearied in
describing the perils and privations of border life — tales
founded on fact. Volumes were written
" Of Boone and Kenton and the pioneers
Of Pontiac and Ellenipsico,
Of Logan, the heart-broken chief, of bold
Tecumseh and the Prophet."
Among the desperate heroes depicted in border story
are Girty, the renegade, and Big Harpe, the robber, who
was stabbed to death at the foot of the Lonesome Post
Oak, near Hopkinsville, Kentucky.
The many-named Ohio, flowing through wilderness and
mystery from Fort Pitt to the far Mississippi, was to the
settlers the very river of romance. The history of navi-
gation on this great stream, from the day of pirogues to
the day of steamboats, is a tissue of that truth which is
stranger than fiction. Mike Fink, the " Last of the Boat-
men," and 'Colonel " Plug," the river boat wrecker, were
types of a character and class that seem as far away as
Robin Hood. Mike Shuck, the Missouri trapper, was
another worthy of a different sort. These and other
unique figures furnished material for western tale-tellers
before such writers as Emerson Bennett and " Ned Bunt-
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 287
line " came to the Ohio Valley. Benjamin Drake, Morgan
iNTeville, Mrs. Julia Dumont, Mrs. Lee Hentz, Wm. D.
Gallagher, Otway Curry, and many others produced
stories of considerable interest. Judge James Hall's ficti-
tious writings have a permanent value as correct historical
pictures of Indian life and of the customs in the old
French settlements of Southern Illinois. Timothy Flint,
who was an author by profession, and a good one, wrote
several novels that are racy and readable to this day.
The best of these undoubtedly is " Francis Berrian ; or
The Mexican Patriot," published at Boston, by Cummings,
Hilliard & Co., in 1826.
The writers and books that we are now to consider are
such as seem most worthy of mention in their class, and
are not treated of in other chapters of this volume.
The first novel produced in the West was the political
satire, " Modern Chivalry, or the Adventures of Captain
Farrago and Teague O'Regan, his Servant," by Judge H.
H. Brackenridge, of Pittsburg.^ The first part of this
now rare book was issued from the office of the Pittsburg
Gazette, in 1793. Duyckink's Cyclopoedia gives long ex-
tracts from the story, and says : " In the West, Modern
Chivalry is, or deserves to be, regarded as a kind of abor-
iginal classic." Xot many readers, in these days, will
have patience to follow the satirical captain and his blun-
dering Irish servant through their round of rough adven-
ventures and critical conversations. The scene of the
story is Pennsylvania, the period that of the Whisky Re-
bellion, and the author gives graphic descriptions of some
scenes which he had himself observed in the turbulent
times just after the revolution. The humors of the popu-
lar election, the absurdity of the duel, the savage fun of
tar-and-feather justice, false learning and affected man-
^ Hugh Henry Brackenridge was born in Scotland in 1748 ; came to
America in 1753 ; graduated at Princeton, 1771 ; went to Philadelphia in
1776, and became editor of the United States Magazine ; removed to
Pittsburg in 1781, and was made supreme judge; died in 1816. He was
author of several books.
288 Litei^ary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
nere, are well shown up in this century-old piece of Scotch
wit and wisdom.
Sir Walter Scott was on the throne of fiction when am-
bitious authorship began to sharpen the goose-quill pen
west of the AUeghenies. Brackenridge, an imitator of his
great countryman, was one of the very earliest writers of
fiction in America. The smoke of the war of 1812 had
lifted before Cooper and Irving were recognized as literary
stars. The " Sketch Book " did not appear until 1819 —
the " Spy " until 1821.
Those who, in the Ohio Valley, attempted story-writing
within the first half of the century, usually published
their efforts in the literary periodicals and family newspa-
pers. Occasionally they put forth a book. The Cincin-
nati Literary Gazette, in 1824, printed several short
sketches or stories written by Benjamin Drake, under the
general caption of "Leaves from the Port Folio of a
Young Backwoodsman." The Western Souvenir, the
first " annual " of the West, a dainty volume of 324 pages,
bound in satin, was issued in Cincinnati in 1829. It con-
tains a number of readable stories, of which may be
named " Oolemba in Cincinnati," by Timothy Flint ; "A
Tale of the Greek Revolution," by Lewis R. :N'oble ; " The
French Village," " The Bachelor's Elysium," " The Forest
Chief," " The Billiard Table," " The Indian Hater," " The
Massacre," " Pete Featherton," by James Hall; " The De-
scendants of Pangus," by S. S. Boyd ; and, best of all,
" The Last of the Boatmen," by Morgan Neville. Several
of these stories have a genuine local flavor — if not strictly
indigenous products, they were at least cultivated in west-
ern soil. " The Last of the Boatmen " is a study from
life. " Pete Featherton " is a charming Kentucky legend,
illustrating the superstition that a gun is subject to evil
spirits and may be bewitched with the devil's aid.
The Cincinnati Mirror, 1831-6, was the repository of
many original tales. Mrs. Dumont wrote for it "The
Brothers," " Gertrude Beverly," and "Ashton Grey," the
last a fifty-dollar prize story. Thomas H. Shreve contrib-
uted the novelettes, " Ellen Landon," " The Old and the
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 289
Young Bachelor," " The Ambitious Man," " Coquetry,"
and " Haarlem House." In the Mirror appeared " Hospi-
tality, a Western Tale," by Mrs. Anna Dinnies ; " Origin
of the White Indians," by Mrs. H. S. Haynes ; " Mahweeta,
an Indian Story," by I. ]N'. McJilton ; and '* Charles Mor-
sell, or the Elopement," by J. A. McClung, author of the
novel " Camden," and " Western Sketches." Two stories,
" The Broken-Hearted," and " The Bereaved Sister," by
George D. Prentice, were reprinted in the Mirror, though
not produced in the West. The editor of the paper, W.
D. Gallagher, used its columns to utter " Cause and Effect,"
a story of forgery, and " The Heiress of Rock Hollow,"
an amusing study of Dutch life, after the manner of Ir-
ving. Gallagher wrote other works of imagination, his
most ambitious novel being " The Dutchman's Daughter,"
which ran through half a dozen numbers of the Hesper-
ian, in 1840.
" The Doomed Wyandot," and " The Wolf Hunter,"
sketches based upon fact, were contributed by Otway
Curry to the Hesperian. In the same magazine appeared
a novel entitled " The Coquette," by Miss E. IST. Dupuy,
author of " The Conspirators," of which last 24,000 copies
were sold. Miss Dupu}' also wrote " Emma Walton,"
" Celeste," " Florence, or the Fatal Vow," and other popu-
lar tales. She lived in Augusta, Ky.
Hall's Western Monthly Magazine, 1833-7, made itself
the literary organ of its period, especially in poetry and
fiction. The editor published several of his own stories
in it, and gave prominence to sketches and tales by Mrs.
Caroline Lee Hentz, and Miss Harriet Beecher.^ Rev.
James H. Perkins, the author of " Western Annals," who
was not only an accurate historian and good poet, but a
graceful story-teller, contributed to Hall's Magazine and
The Western Messenger a number of vigorous tales, a few
of which msiy be found in W. H. Channing's " Memoir
and Writings of James H. Perkins." Among the titles
1 See Chapter XII.
19
I
290 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
are " Dora McCrae," " The Hypochondriac," " The Judge's
Hunt," " The Murderer's Daughter," " The Lost Child,"
and " The Hole in My Pocket," the last a decided " hit,"
and not unlike in style to the prudential writings of Poor
Richard.
Highly esteemed by the readers and critics of fifty years
ago, were the novels of Frederick W. Thomas, son of E.
S. Thomas, author of " Keminiscences of the Last Sixty-
five Years." F. W. Thomas was born in South Carolina
in 1811. With his father's family he came to Cincinnati
in 1829. His brother Lewis and his sister Martha are
recognized as talented writers. A younger brother, Cal-
vin W. Thomas, a prominent citizen of Cincinnati, also
has a literary turn, and takes much interest in matters of
general culture. The novels of F. W. Thomas are among
the first, hailing from the West, that were given origin-
ally to the public in book form. " Clinton Bradshaw,"
the adventures of a lawyer, at the bar and in politics, was
published in 1835, at Philadelphia, and republished, in
1848, at Cincinnati. In 1836 appeared " East and West,"
a lively story, introducing scenery and incidents, vividly
colored, from real life. *' Howard Pinckney," also a de-
lineation of society as it was, came out in 1837. Mr.
Thomas deserves mention, also, for the reputation he
achieved as orator and poet. His descriptive and narra-
tive poem, " The Emigrant, or Eeflections when Descend-
ing the Ohio," dedicated to Charles Hammond, and pub-
lished in pamphlet form in 1833, was popular, and is still
quoted. More admired was the versatile author's love-
lyric, "'Tis Said that Absence Conquers Love," a song
familiar to the beaux and belles of a generation not yet
all gone.
Benjamin Drake's " Tales and Sketches of the Queen
City," a volume long out of print, was published in 1839.
The student of pioneer life will find much to entertain
him in the thirteen sketches that make up the contents of
this simple volume, namely, " The Queen City," " The
Novice of Cahokia," " Putting a Black-leg on Shore,"
** The Baptism," " The Yankee Colporteur," " The Grave
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 291
of Rosalie," " The Burial by Moonlight," "A Kentucky
Election," "A Visit to the Blue Licks," "Trying on a
Shoe," " The Battle of Brindle and the Buckeyes," " The
Buried Canoe," and " The Flag Bearer."
The decade beginning about the year 1845 was prolific of
light and sensational fiction, the general demand for which,
in the West, was largely supplied by ephemeral magazines
and semi-literary weekly newspapers. The Louisville
Journal, the Cincinnati Commercial, and Great West,
afterward Columbian and Great West, devoted hundreds
of columns to exciting tales and romances — serials con-
tinued from week to week for months. This was the
golden, or at least the gilded, age of what came to be
called " Yaller Kivers," the seed-time and the early har-
vest day of the " Blood and Thunder " novelists, chief
among whom were Emerson Bennett and E. C. Z. Judson.
Both these, though eastern men, made western experience
a stirring episode in their lives. The phase of intellectual
development which they represent is curious, and their
literary adventures in the Ohio Valley are not without
interest.
Emerson Bennett was born on a farm in Massachusetts,
March 16, 1822. At the age of seventeen he ran away
from his country home, and led a wandering life, " seeing
the world " and seeking adventures. In 1840 he settled
in Kew York city, where he tried his genius by various
attempts in art and poetry. He published a versified
story called " The Brigand," which was ridiculed by re-
viewers. In the winter of 1843 he went to Philadelphia,
and became a contributor to the Dollar N'ewspaper. That
paper having oftered a prize for the best story forwarded
to the editor within a given time, Bennett entered the
competitive field, and produced his first novelette, a ro-
mance named " The Unknown Countess," which did not
win the premium.
While in Philadelphia, the young romancer fell in love.
A quarrel with his sweetheart caused Bennett to leave tne
Quaker City. He journeyed to Baltimore, and thence to
Pittsburg and on down the Ohio, arriving at Cincinnati in
292 Literary Culture .in the Ohio Valley.
the spring of 1844. For temporary subsisteilce, he re-
sorted to selling a patent stamp for marking linen. His
mode of life was Bohemian ; he slept in the cheapest
lodgings, and did not disdain the luxury of free luncheon
and a glass of beer. One day, in his wanderings, he
chanced upon the office of the Western Literary Journal,
a magazine edited by E. C. Z. Judson. Bennett offered for
publication what he describes as a " hastily written sketch,
literally written for bread," but it was rejected. The
management, however, favored him with an agency to
take subscribers for the Journal. L. A. Hine was at that
time connected with the journal, and he took a very warm
interest in young Bennett, who frankly told to this new
friend the story of his fortunes and misfortunes.
Bennett made a tour through Ohio, soliciting subscribers
for the Literary Journal, and returned to the city after a
lapse of several months. While sitting in a restaurant one
day, he heard a stranger mention the title of his story,
" The Unknown Countess," contributed to the Dollar
Newspaper in Philadelphia. The tale, printed after long
delay, had been copied into the Cincinnati Commercial,
then edited by L. G. Curtiss. Elated at the discovery of
these facts, Bennett sought Mr. Hine, who immediately
went with him to the Commercial office and introduced
him to Curtiss. An interview led to an offer by the news-
paper to pay Bennett a small sum for an original western
story. The offer was gladly accepted, and the composition
of a "thrilling" romance was at once begun. Some of
the chapters were written in the Commercial office, in hot
haste^ to meet the importunate demand for " copy." In
1846, Bennett wrote for the Commercial a novel called
** The League of the Miami," and a year or two after he
wrpte the " Bandits of the Osage." The latter was pub-
Ibhed in book form by Robinson & Jones, and five thou-
sand copies were sold. This success was followed by
other ventures and successes. Several of Bennett's novels
were published by U. P. James. Among these were
" Prairie Flower" and " Leni Leoti," each of which had a
circulation of about a hundred thousand copies ! I was
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 293
told recently, in Lancaster, Ohio, that Bennett's " Forest
Rose," the scene of which centers in a cave near that city,
is issued, in occasional small editions, from a newspaper
office, to supply the local demand.
In 1846, in partnership with one J. H. Green, otherwise
identified as " the reformed gambler," Bennett conducted,
for nine months, a small literary paper, the Casket, pub-
lished at Lawrenceburg, Indiana. To this paper the Gary
sisters contributed, as did also Goates Kinney, under a
pseudonym.
Bennett wrote stories and poems for Hine's Journal and
Review, and for the Herald of Truth. He became one
of the editors of the Columbian and Great West. He re-
turned to the East in 1850. At present he resides in
Philadelphia, and is busily engaged in producing charac-
teristic stories, scores of which have appeared in print.
In a letter dated August 9, 1881, he writes : " Of course I
am hurried with literary work — have always been hur-
ried, ever since I entered this field of labor between thirty-
five and forty years ago." Criticism can not assign to
Bennett a very high rank in authorship, yet let it be ad-
mitted, in justice to him, that he has shown a surprising
power of interesting the "lower million," and that with-
out abandoning pure moral standards. There are grave
and respectable ladies and gentlemen, not of the " lower
million," who, if put to the confessional, must own that
there was a time when, lured by the " Prairie Flower," or
" The Forest Rose," or " Kate Clarendon," or the "Artist's
Bride," or the " Outlaw's Daughter," they followed the
complicated plot, sympathizing in the romantic adventures
of brave young heroes, lovely orphan heiresses, impossible
Indians, mixed up with love and prairie-fire, and the
sharp crack of a rifle, with robbers and panthers, in
woods and caverns, by land and w^ater, in city or solitude,
to the breathless end of the last chapter, in which the
villain is slain, and the lost bride is restored to her happy
lover.
The sojourn of Judson, " ^N'ed Buntline," in the West,
was not so protracted as that of Bennett, but it occurred
294 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
in the same period. Edward Z. C. Judson was born in
New York in 1823. He ran away from home at the age
of twelve, and joined the navy. He fought seven duels
with midshipmen, thus persuading them to admit him to
a social equality with them. Such a bloody beginning
corresponds well with the later exploits of the man, who,
a colonel in the civil war, had the honor of receiving
twenty wounds ! The young seaman's naval experience
perhaps furnished the basis for his first story, " The Cap-
tain's Pig," which the Knickerbocker Magazine accepted
and published, in 1838. This and other contributions to
the same periodical gave Judson a start in literature.
Sometime in 1844, he came to Cincinnati, and in ]S"ovem-
ber of that year joined Lucius A. Hine and Hudson A.
Kidd in establishing the Western Literary Journal and
Monthly Review. The first two numbers were issued
from Cincinnati; the third and subsequent numbers were
published at Nashville, and the word South-western was
substituted for Western in the title. It was about this
time that Judson began the publication, at Paducah, Ken-
tacky, of the celebrated story-paper called "Ned Bunt-
line's Own." While in Nashville he was involved in a
social scandal, ending in his killing a man who, in a
jealous rage, had shot at him. Judson seems to have
been mobbed, and, jumping from the second-story window
of a hotel, was much bruised, and was hastened to a
steamer, which carried him to Pittsburg, where his
family resided.
The following letter from Colonel Judson gives some
interesting personal facts :
"Headquarters "Ned Buntline,"
"Eagle's Nest, Stamford, N. Y., April 10, 1885.
"Dear Sir: — Your very kind note of information and
inquiry received. After resigning from the U. S. Navy,
encouraged by successful contribution to the Knicker-
bocker Magazine in New York, I turned to literature as a
means of support. In 1844 and '45, I spent a portion of
my time in Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee, and for a year
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers. 295
or more edited the magazine you speak of. It was not a
financial success, though it had some excellent contribu-
tors— W. D. Gallagher, Cist, I think, and Albert Pike.
My associations with Gallagher, Amelia B. Welby, Geo.
D. Prentice, and Tom Shreve are among the most delight-
ful of my memories.
" I have little to write about myself. I detest auto-
biography. If a man has lived to merit it, his life will
live after him, and be written by those who appreciated
him. The early struggles of a literary man are only in-
teresting to himself, and success only wipes away their
bitter memories.
" In my own case I found that to make\a living I must write
" trash " for the masses, for he who endeavors to write for
the critical few, and do his genius justice, will go hungry
if he has no other means of support. Is it not so ?
"Yours ever truly,
'^E. Z. C. JUDSON."
Another letter from Judson, dated May 4, 1885,
says : " Emerson Bennett wrote his first sketch for me,
and, with many corrections, it was put in print. Hudson
A. Kidd was a nephew of General Zollicoffer, of Nash-
ville, Tennessee, with more ambition than talent. I have
an idea " The Mysteries and Miseries of New York " was
my most successful book. In four editions 100,000 copies
were sold, and it had to be stereotyped here ; was repub-
lished in England, France, and Denmark. Authorship
has given me a comfortable living and a good home for
my old age."
According to Appleton's Cyclopedia of Biography,
Judson's income was said to be $120,000 a year.
Judson died in the summer of 1886, and of many
obituary notices of him, none is more appreciative than
that which appeared in the Chicago Current, sentences
from which I quote :
" So ' Ned Buntline ' is dead ! Lives there a boy with
soul so- dead — or lives there any man who was once a boy
296 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
with soul 80 dead — that this announcement will not afflict
him ? These wonderful stringers-of-it-out — when they
die, do we not owe them a death-notice like unto that
which we give to the great dead ? Reader, has not your
heart beaten fast to the imaginings of this wonderful
writer, whose heart now throbs no more? Can we not all
look back into the early years of life, when the lad sat
bent over the dining-table, Ned Buntline in hand, push-
ing the book under the evening lamp, eyes starting from
sockets, and ears hearing the sounds of the tavern-keeper
and his son, while those worthies were digging the grave
in the garden where the guest (whom they thought asleep
upstairs within doors) was to be buried? How hard it
was for that lad to breathe while the tavern-keeper
stealthily approached the bed and killed his own kinsman
in mistake for the wayfarer! Truly, it was a night of
horror! We all shall never forget it ! "
The sensational novel,'* New York: Its Upper Ten and
Lower Million," by George Lippard, though not written
in the West, was published in Cincinnati about the year
1854.
William W. Fosdick's romantic story, " Malmiztic, the
Toltec, and the Cavaliers of the Cross," the fruit of the
author's travels in Mexico, was published in 1851.
Though criticized justly for cumbersome eloquence of
style and excessive ornamentation, the novel is conceded
to have great merit as a work of imagination, and much
truth in its historical and descriptive passages. It was a
worthy forerunner of Wallace's " Fair God." Fosdick's
performance was extravagantly praised in some quarters
and unmercifully ridiculed in other. The genial poet's
familiar friends and boon companions would sometimes
rally him with the exclamation, " Malmiztic, the Toltec,
by Fostec, the Aztec." Notwithstanding its defects, the
book was written in the spirit of true art, and was an ex-
periment in the upward direction.
The several stories and novels written by Alice Gary,
" Clovernook," 1851; "Hagar, a Story of To-day ,." 1852;
Pioneer Poets and Story- Writers, 297
"Clovernook Children," 1854; "Married, not Mated,"
1856 ; and '^ The Bishop's Son," 1867, are drawn with a
skill so clever that they attracted praise from the most
cultivated readers of America and England.
Mrs. Catherine Warfield's " The Household of Bouverie,"
published in 1860, a romance of remarkable power,
showed the reading world that Kentucky had a novelist
whose talents were of a noble order, and near akin to
genius.
Mention is made, on a preceding page, of Mrs. Stowe's
literary work in Cincinnati. Coming to Walnut Hills be-
fore her iharriage, Harriet Beecher exercised her awaken-
ing genius by writing sketches and stories for Western
magazines. She was an active member of the " Semi-
Colon Club," of the Queen City, and dedicated her first
volume, " The Mayflower," to that society. A residence
of eighteen years in Cincinnati, when the slavery excite-
ment was at white heat, gave her much of the material
out of which was afterward shaped her masterwork. She
visited Kentucky in 1833, and, as her autobiography dis-
tinctly says, she witnessed there, and in her own house,
scenes and incidents that were embodied in the story of
" Uncle Tom." That famous novel, which Mrs. Cone
happily characterizes as a " shot heard round the world,"
was published, in book form, in 1852, after its appearance
as a serial in Dr. Gamaliel Bailey's National Era^ of Wash-
ington, D. C. Though no part of " Uncle Tom's Cabin "
was actually written in the Ohio Valley, the novel is, in a
true sense, a Western product.
NOTE.
In addition to the foregoing, I have met with many other works of
fiction produced in the Ohio Valley before the year 1860. The follow-
ing titles may be interesting :
" Carrero ; or, The Prime Minister." 1842. Edmund Flagg.
" Francis of Valois." 1843. Edmund Flagg.
" Mrs. Ben Darby ; or, The Weal and Woe of Social Life." Cincin-
nati, 1853. Mrs. Maria Collins.
"Drayton ; an American Tale." 1851. Thomas H. Shreve.
" Life's Lesson ; a Novel." 1855. Martha M. Thomas.
298 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
"Zoe; or, The Quadroon's Triumph." Cincinnati, 1856. Mrs, E. D.
Livermore.
" The Old Corner Cupboard." Cincinnati, 1856. Susan B. Jewett.
"Emma Bartlett; or, Prejudice and Fanaticism." Cincinnati, 1856.
Anonymous.
" Mabel ; or, Heart Histories." Columbus, 1859. Rosella Rice.
Dr. Daniel Drake. 299
CHAPTER X.
DR. DANIEL DRAKE, THE FRANKLIN OF CINCINNATI.
A year and a half before Rufus Putnam, with his col-
ony of Ohio's founders, settled at the mouth of the Mus-
kingum ; three years before the founders of Cincinnati
landed at Yeatman's Cove, Daniel Drake was born, Octo-
ber 20, 1785. He was a toddling baby, in his fourth year,
when George Washington rode from Mount Yernon to
!N'ew York, the ^N'ational Capital, to be inaugurated Presi-
dent, on the balcony of Federal Hall.
Drake was born in I^ew Jersey. His parents were poor,
and while Daniel was an infant they moved West, hoping
to better their fortunes, and located in the woods near
Maysville, Kentucky. The family made their temporary
abode in a reconstructed sheep-cote. This was changed
for a cabin, built on a hillside in such a way that under
one end of it sheep were sheltered and protected from the
wolves. Sometimes the young lambs were carried into
the cabin and warmed, like the children, before the blazing
logs of the big fire-place. The small farm which Isaac
Drake tilled was an island of " clearing " in a sea of for-
est. The family lived primitively, frugally, close to mother
earth and her wholesome realities. The seasons' changing
altered the tasks. Out of doors the boy Daniel learned
to use the ax, the plow, the hoe ; he learned to take care
of domestic animals, to yoke oxen, to harness and drive
horses. The backwoods farmer depended upon no " mid-
dle men " to supply his wants. Food he dug from the
ground, or shot in the woods, or caught with a hook in
the stream. Butter, cheese, soap, candles, were manufac-
tured by the housewife. Shoes were cobbled at home on
a home-made last. Wool was carded and spun and woven
into garments at home. The bark of the butternut fur-
800 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
nished dyestuff ; oak-bark and copperas aftbrded ink ; the
pen was a goose-quill, and the blots on the paper were ab-
sorbed by a sprinkling of sand. Young Drake learned
not only —
" To plow and to sow, to reap and to mow,
And be a farmer's boy ;"
he did " chores " at the house and the barn, the yard and
the garden. He could weave and churn, or help his
mother make soap, cheese, and " root-beer." Like Lin-
coln, he spent most of his boyhood out-of-doors, and was
educated by " sight, scent, and hearing." Perhaps he was
born under the influence of some scientific star, for it came
natural to him to observe and note physical facts and phe-
nomena. What his quick senses perceived his memor}^ held
in firm grasp and his reason and imagination digested.
"Whatever he had once seen or heard he never forgot. Shut
oflT from access to books, he was drawn to study objects
and to reach general conclusions by a slow process, but he
escaped the disadvantages that often accompany the arti-
ficiality of early reading. Words did not betray him by
passing for things.
The "tongues in trees" and " books in running brooks,"
were not his only teachers. The Bible and ^sop's Fables
and the Life of Franklin were in his father's cabin ; he
read the history of Montellion in the line of romance, and
Darwin's Botanic Garden in the line of poetry.
Several school-masters, in brief turns, helped the lad
from Dillworth's spelling-book to the middle of arithmetic.
One of these pioneer pedagogues kept school within the
walls of a still-house. Daniel's last and best teacher —
Master Smith — gave him some insight into the elements
of natural science by way of preparing him to study
medicine. This was in 1800, when the youth was only
fifteen. Fifty years afterward he wrote to his grandchil-
dren : " My greatest acquisition was some knowledge of
surveying. Of grammar I knew nothing, and, unfor-
tunately, there was no one within my reach who could
teach it."
Dr. Daniel Drake. 301
When the pioneers wanted to know what was going on
in the world, they hailed an Ohio river boat and got on
board. Every type of men, and all sorts of knowledge,
rode on the barges that floated down or were poled up the
great rivers. It was on the deck of a boat that Isaac
Drake fell into conversation with one Dr. William Goforth,
of Cincinnati. The conversation resulted in the deter-
mination that Daniel should go to the city and study
medicine.
Cheered by the good wishes of friends and neighbors,
and warned to shun the evil allurements of gay Fort
Washington, in the town of " Cin," or Sin, as the Queen
City was called dubiously, the excited boy, accompanied
by his father and a Mr. Johnson, made the journey on
horseback, from Maysville, in three days. The following
description of Doctor Goforth's residence and its vicinity
was given by Daniel Drake in 1852 :
" East of the fort, on the upper plain, the trunks of
trees w^ere still lying on the ground. A single house had
been built by Dr. Allison, where the Lytle house ^ now
stands, and a field of several acres stretched off to the
east and north. On my arrival this was the residence of
my preceptor. The dry corn stalks of early winter were
still standing near the door. But Dr. Allison had planted
peach trees, and it was known throughout the village as
Peach Grove. The field extended to the bank of Deer
creek. Thence all was deep wood. Where the munifi-
cent expenditures of I^icholas Longworth, Esq.,^ have col-
lected the beautiful exotics of all climates — on the very
spot where the people now go to watch the unfolding of
the night-blooming cereus — grew the redbud, crab-apple,
and gigantic tulip-tree, or yellow poplar, with wild birds
^ The Lytle mansion, built in 1809 by General Wm. Lytle, still stands
(No. 66 Lawrence street), and is one of the landmarks of early Cincin-
nati. It was the home of General Robert Lytle, and of his distinguished
son. General W. H. Lytle, the poet ; and is now occupied by a daughter
of General Robert Lytle, Mrs. Josephine Foster. Adjoining the Lytle
lot is the old Washington McLean homestead, where General Grant was
entertained in 1877. This is now a conservatory of music.
' Now the David Sinton residence, on Pike street.
302 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
above and native flowers below. "Where the catawba and
Herbemont now swing down their heavy clusters, the
climbing water-vine hung its small sour bunches from the
limbs of high trees. The adjoining valley of Deer creek,
down which, by a series of locks, the canal from Lake
Erie mingles its waters with the Ohio, was then a recepta-
cle for drift-wood from the backwater of that river when
high. The boys ascended the little estuary in canoes,
during June floods, and pulled flowers from the lower
limbs of the trees, or threw clubs at the turtles as they
sunned themselves on the floating logs. In the whole
valley there was but a single house, and that was a dis-
tillery ! The narrow road which led to it from the gar-
rison— and, I am sorry to add, from the village, also — was
well trodden."
Dr. Drake has left us a piquant short history of his ec-
centric preceptor, Dr. Goforth. Mobbed, with other stu-
dents, in New York city, for the alleged offense of dissect-
ing human subjects, Goforth left the East and came to Cin-
cinnati in 1800. He was the first, it is claimed, to practice
vaccination in the West, and Drake was the first person he
vaccinated. Violently opposed to bleeding, he would not
80 much as allow his pupils to read books advocating the
use of the lancet. Inventive, but visionary, he devised a
wonderful plan to clarify ginseng for the Chinese market.
One of his schemes, on which much time and money were
spent, was to extract silver and gold from the earths of
the Ohio Valley; and he had emissaries who sought in
the woods for the precious ores, aided by the potent di-
vining rod. At least one of his wizards professed to use
a magic-glass, through which he could peer into the very
caverns of the gnomes, a thousand .feet below the surface
of the ground. The versatile doctor had a propensity for
Natural history, and he obtained from Big Bone Lick, at
enormous expense and trouble, the skeleton of a mam-
moth, which he intrusted to an English impostor, one
Thomas Ashe, who ran away with the gigantic specimen
and sold it for his own benefit.
When the War of 1812 broke out, Goforth went to
Dr, Daniel Drake, 303
Louisiana, as army surgeon. In 1814 he returned, with
his family, on a flat-boat, being eight months on the way
from Kew Orleans to Cincinnati. He died inj^817. Scru- i
filllous in dress^Jiewore elegant gloves, powdered his hair, M.
aiid,^rried agoId^Headed cane. His manner was digni^
fied, if not pompous ; but he was the soul of kindness and
courtesy, and was loved and esteemed by every body.
Such was young Drake's instructor in the rudiments of
medical science. Teacher and pupil agreed so well that
they formed a partnership. The junior member of the
firm was honored with a diploma from the senior, who
seems to have taken upon himself the function of a med-
ical college. But Drake was desirous of fuller informa-
tion, and ambitious of higher honors. The fame of the
University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, had reached
his ears. To that excellent medical school he went in
J^ovember, 1805. "Writing home he said : " I learn all T
can, I try not to lose a single moment, seeing I have to
pay so dear for leave to stay in the city a few months."
Again he wrote : '' I sleep only six hours in the twenty-
four, and, when awake, try never to lose a moment. I
had not money enough to take a ticket at the Hospital
Library, and therefore had to borrow books."
lieturning to the West, Dr. Drake located for a time at
Mayslick, Kentucky, and then removed to Cincinnati,
where he settled, and soon had a good practice. He
presently joined a young men's debating club, where he
" ventilated his intellectual fires " in discussion with the
rising men of the village, among whom may be named
John McLean, afterward supreme judge ; Joseph G. Tot-
ten, who became chief engineer in the army ; and Thomas
S. Jesup, the quartermaster-general.
In the autumn of 1807, the young doctor was married
to Miss Harriet Sisson, niece and adopted daughter of
Colonel Jared Mansfield, of " Ludlow Station." Mans-
field was surveyor-general for the North-western Terri-
tory. His son, E. D. Mansfield, became very intimate
with Drake, and in 1855 wrote his " Life."
Daniel Drake, at the age of twenty-two, established in
804 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
his profession and contented in his domestic relations, be-
gan the long series of practical and varied labors which
preserve his name from forgetfulness, and which will be
more appreciated in the future than they have been hith-
erto. So many good works did he undertake, so much
did he accomplish, so effectually did he stimulate exertion
in others, both friends and enemies, that I think he may
be called with propriety the Franklin of Cincinnati. Much
of what he did for this western metropolis reminds us of
the philosopher who aided in founding the early institu-
tions of Philadelphia.
In 1810, Dr. Drake published the first essay in medical
literature that appeared in Cincinnati. This was a pam-
phlet of sixty pages, bearing the title, " [NTotices of Cin-
cinnati, Its Topography, Climate and Diseases." It was
printed at the office of Rev. John W. Browne, and the
type was set by Sacket Reynolds. From this rare pam-
phlet we learn that, in 1809, the number of houses in
Cincinnati was 360, the population 2,320 souls, " of which
number 1,127 are males, 1,013 females, and 80 are ne-
groes.'* *' The number of persons over forty-five years of
age is 184." " The dress of our inhabitants is similar to
that of the other inhabitants of the Middle States."
The call for copies of Drake's " N'otices " induced the
author to enlarge his design and make a more complete
handbook. In 1815 appeared the " ISTatural and Statistical
View, or Picture of Cincinnati." This, in some features,
was patterned after the "Picture of Philadelphia," an
eastern publication issued some years previously. The
"Picture of Cincinnati" is a sturdy little book, and has
held its own for more than three-score years and ten, and
is instinct with life and vigor yet. Like Flint's "Ten
Years in the Mississippi Valley," it was written without
the help of other books. The author, unaided, gathered
his facts at first hand. Here is one man against the
wilderness — a man without much scientific reading or
method, and very mistrustful of his grammar, but with
most inquisitive eyes, ears, nose, mouth and fingers. He
starts his investigation at his own door, and pursues it in
Dr. Daniel Drake, 305
all his walks, rides, conversation and letters. With what
avidity he gathers, assorts, arranges, and interprets his
material ! How completely and vividly he observes and
reports I In this book are bits of clear description that
must have been written on the spot — spontaneographs.
Drake's statements are invariably simple and earnest.
His botany is tonic — it tastes of ginseng, snake-root and
cherry-bark. As his particulars accumulate and his views
enlarge, he suggests a general law or an ingenious theory.
He struggled with the problem of the weather and of the
hurricane. ^JBJe^speculated on the nature of the " miasma "
^-efLthjSj.'.bot^<^i^ lands." He compared the Miami country
with the Atlantic country. JSTo one can read his brave
pioneer book without admiring the original force and sa-
gacity of its composer.
The "Picture of Cincinnati" is the Old Testament of
Cincinnati in regard to local history. In it the vigilant
annalist traced the progress of his town from its founding
to the hour of his writing. The newness of the settle-
ment, in 1815, is indicated by Drake's telling that " veni-
son is brought from the woods during the proper season,
and bear meat is now and then offered."
Dr. Drake was, conjointly with Rev. Joshua L. Wilson,
a founder of Lancaster Seminary, the first large school of
Cincinnati. Dr. Wilson proposed the establishment of the
school. Drake was the secretary of the organizing board.
The school went into operation in 1814, under the presi-
dency of Jacob Burnet. The next year it was chartered
as Cincinnati College.
Th^ r!in«->.ipr>flti Circulating Library Society was created
by the exertions of Dr. Drake. The library was opened
in 1814, in the College building. In 1816 the directors
Were iDaniel Drake (who was president), Jesse Embree,
Thomas Peirce, Peyton S. Symmes, David Wade and
Micajah T. Williams. The librarian wag David Cathcart.
Thejj±>raix£iiiitadn_eii fciu^^ hundred volumes. About
the^year 1830 the books were packed away in the cel-_
lar ofjthe book-store of Williamson & Strong, on Main
20
806 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
jtreet. Here they lay for several years gathering mold,
until Rev. James H. Perkins took the liberty to overhaul
the boxes and bring their contents to light. Many of the
books were ruined. The treasured volume of " Wilson's
Ornithology" fell to pieces when handled. Such of the
books as were worth saving were placed upon the shelves
of the ^brary of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute^where
fiomej2f-iih*^^ mf^y^ow be seen.
I have alluded to the Young Men's Debating Society,
of which Drake was a member. That society arose about
1806. A much more ambitious association w^as started in
1813, called the School of Literature and the Arts. The
first president of this vigorous and confident organization
was Return Jonathan Meigs, United States surveyor-gen-
eral, a gentleman of many accomplishments. Before the
" school " had been in operation a year, Mr. Meigs was
appointed commissioner of the general land-office, and he
removed to "Washington. Dr. Daniel Drake succeeded to
the presidency of the " school," and delivered an elabo-
rate anniversary address IN'ovember 23, 1814. The address
was "published by order"— a small pamphlet of twelve
pages, rudely printed on dingy, coarse paper.
It appears from the Anniversary Address that during the
year no fewer than twenty-three essays and addresses were
delivered in the meetings of this backwoods " School of
Literature and the Arts." Most of the subjects treated
pertain more to natural and physical science than to lit-
erature or art. The first paper read was on "Edu-
cation," the thirteenth on " Common Sense," and the sev-
enteenth on " Enthusiasm," three forces on which the
pioneers put much reliance.
Our grandfathers rhymed, as our grandsons will do.
The address assures posterity that, in the School of
Literature and Arts, the " exercise of poetical recitation
has been strictly performed, and our album of poetry al-
ready exhibits specimens indicative of a cultivated taste."
With characteristic good sense and clear perception of
his " environment ".Dr. Drake added that " literary excel-
lence in Paris, London, or Edinburgh is incomparable with
Dr. Daniel Drake. 307
the same thing in Philadelphia, ISTew York, or Boston, while
each of these in turn has a standard of merit, which may-
be contrasted, but can not be compared, with that of
Lexington or Cincinnati. Still, comparative superiority
in Europe, the Atlantic States, or the backwoods is
equally gratifying, and gives to him who possesses it the
same influence over the community to which he belongs."
Discussing the prospects of " backwoods " literature, he
says, suggestively : " !N"ew countries, it is true, can not af-
ford the elegancies and refinements of learning, but they
are not so unpropitious to the growth of intellect as we
generally suppose. The facilities for improvement which
they furnish differ from those in an old country more in
kind than in degree. In new countries the empire of
prejudice is ^comparatively insignificant; and the mind,
not depressed by the dogmas of licensed authority nor
fettered by the chains of inexorable custom, is left free to
expand according to its original constitution."
In the autumn of 1815, Dr. Drake went to Philadelphia
and completed his course of medical studies, receiving the
degree Doctor of Medicine, the first conferred upon an
Ohio student. While in the city of Ben Franklin, with
its opportunities and associations, the hungry-minded
young student from the Buckeye State availed himself
of more lectures than his professors gave, and other
acquaintances than his immediate purpose required.
Through the courtesy of Dr. Casper Wistar, president of
the American Philosophical Society, he attended the meet-
ings of that learned body which Franklin founded in 1744.
He was invited also to select gatherings of literary men
and woman who came together informally at Dr. Wistar's
house and held what they called " Wistar parties." This
Philadelphia idea Drake carried home with him, and
when, in after years, he lived in his own elegant house on
Vine street, he held levees there similar to those he wit-
nessed in the Quaker City.
Having obtained his diploma he returned to Cincinnati,
May, 1816. In addition to his professional duties and his
general activity as a public-spirited citizen, this energetic
808 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
man embarked in several business ventures, most of which
proved disastrous. Under the firm name, D. Drake & Co.,
» he and his brother Benjamin dealt in drugs and medi-
cines. Later, in connection with his father, who removed
to Cincinnati, he started a general store of dry goods,
groceries, and hardware, putting out the sign, Isaac Drake
& Co. A novel commodity was vended at Isaac Drake &
Co.'s, namely, soda-water, the first that ever sparkled from
a fountain in the West. But drugs, dry goods, groceries,
hardware, and soda-water all deceived expectation, and
the Drakes lost money.
^T^r more serious trouble had come upon Dr. Drake
personally. Two children were taken from \\^m \j dpath^
f\f\\ and his wife's Jiftalth and his own were impaired^ Such
private afflictions, though littleTS^said oi thenTto the
world, are really to the individual the great events of ex-
perience. Who forgets the grave of his child ?
The book of a man's life is divided into natural chap-
ters. Dr. Drake turned a new leaf and began a second
series of enterprises in the year 1817, being then thirty-
two years old. To his friend, Colonel Mansfield, he wrote :
** I am now going to astonish you — so cling hold to every
support within your reach — I am a professor.'^ The " Pict-
tures of Cincinnati " had secured its author reputation
and an appointment. He was called to the chair of
Materia Medica in the newly-formed College of Medicine
of Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. This
was the first medical college in the West. From the
time Dr. Drake began to lecture in Lexington to the
close of his life, thirty-two years later, his name was
identified with the history of medical institutions, as
founder, instructor, editor, and author. By hris exertions
the^ Medical College of Ohio was oroatod : by his porsonftl-
persuasion in the House of Reprise ni at i\ is, ilu- C incinnati
Commercial Hospital was established ; he instituted an eye
infirmary in the city ; he organized a medical department
in the Miami University, and one in Cincinnati College.
He conducted, for many years, the Western Medical and
Physical Journal; he published a volume of essays on
I)i\ Daniel Drake. 309
" Medical Education," and, as the crowning achievement
of his professional life, he gave to the world, after thirty
years of preparation, his ^reat Aynrk nn th^ " Dis^jsej _ of
the^Interigr Valley of [N'orth America." To collect the
material for this treatise, the author traveled from Lake
Superior to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Alleghenies
to the Rocky Mountains. Like the " Picture of Cincin-
nati," it is a purely original book. AUibone's Dictionary
mentioned it as " probably the most important and valu- K-A.^^^-^
able work ever" written in the United States."
The detail of Dr. Drake's professional quarrels, con-
tests, victories, and discomfitures belongs to the history of
medicine rather than that of literature. He has told the
story of his hard-fought battles with much wit and candor.
It was a peculiarly dramatic and grimly humorous inci-
dent in his experience to be dismissed, by a formal vote,
from directorship in the college he had founded. John P.
Foote, discussing Drake's "belligerent propensities," re-
marks that the early history of the Medical College of
Ohio may, not inaptly, be styled a " History of the Thirty
Years' War." More than thirty-five years have gone by
since Foote wrote, and now Dr. Drake's name is honored
by all sections of the noble profession to which he be-
longed, and in which he did his duty as he saw it, fight-
ing admirably. His praises are now the theme of gradua-
ting speeches, and his portrait decorates programmes and
diplomas. The distinguished Dr. Gross, in a " Discourse
on the Life and Character of Daniel Drake," delivered in
Louisville, in 1853, said : " Of all the medical teachers
whom I have ever heard, he was the most forcible and elo-
quent. His voice was remarkably clear and distinct, and
so powerful that, when the windows of his lecture-room
were open, it could be heard at a great distance. He
sometimes read his discourse, but generally he ascended
the rostrum without note or scrip."
Ijrjrake was a kniglit-errant in his profession. From
Lexington he removed to Cincinnati, thence to Lexington
again, thence to Cincinnati, thence to Philadelphia, thence
to Cincinnati, thence to Louisville, and finally to Cincin-
810 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
nati. He belongs, therefore, to the whole Ohio Valley ;
and more, his labors and his influence spread through
many states. His reputation became national, and even
international. In the Central West he was regarded as
the great doctor. Many strangers consulted him by letter.
Lamont tells us that Abraham Lincoln wrote to Dr.
Drake, from his home in Illinois, soliciting advice in re-
gard to the mental malady caused by the " rail-splitter's "
love-distraction.
But it is with Drake as a man of general culture, and a
promoter of intellectual interests, outside of his special
vocation, that our present study is mainly concerned.
Mention has been made of the part he took in organizing
the Circulating Library, the School of Literature and
Arts, and the Lancastrian Seminary. Another enterprise
undertaken just after the war of 1812-15, was the forma-
tion of a museum society, for the collection of objects in
natural history. The father of this institution was Dr.
Daniel Drake. The gathering of specimens was begun in
1818, but the museum was not formally opened until June
10, 1820. Dr. Drake, who was secretary of the society,
delivered an address, at the opening, on the " Zoology,
Geology, and Antiquities of the West."
I have an interesting autograph stating the " conditions
on which the managers of the Western Museum Society
are willing to place the museum in the edifice of the Cin-
cinnati College." The article was agreed to by the
trustees of the college, March 25, 1819, and it reads as
follows :
"Whereas, it has been represented to this board that
the trustees of the Cincinnati College are desirous of hav-
ing the collections of this society placed in the college for
the use and benefit of the students of that institution,
therefore be it resolved,
" That the museum of the society shall be disposed of
under the following conditions:
" 1. A proper room or rooms shall be appropriated by
the trustees of the college, for which no rent shall be de-
manded.
Dr. Daniel Drake. 311
" 2. The managers of the society shall continue to di-
rect all its concerns.
" 3. The members of the society, with such persons as by
the by-laws of the society they may be entitled to intro-
duce, shall be admitted into the museum at such times as
may be prescribed by the managers.
" 4. The pupils of the college shall have admission to
the museum under the superintendence and responsibility
of the president of the college, to whom, when the man-
agers of the society do not direct otherwise, shall be con-
fided the keeping of the room.
" 5. Articles of the museum may be used by the pro-
fessors of the college in the illustration of their lectures.
" 6. Such articles as may be prescribed and designated
by the donors, for the cabinet of the college, shall be con-
sidered its property, and labeled as such when placed in
the museum.
" 7. This museum shall not be removed by either party
without giving six months' previous notice."
This document is signed by " Daniel Drake, Secretary,"
in a bold, free hand.
The society was a joint stock company, with shares of
fifty dollars each. The first board of managers were
Elijah Slack, William Steele, Jesse Embree, Peyton S.
Symmes, and Daniel Drake. The naturalist, Audubon,
was one of the artists and curators of the society in 1820.
The board, in an appendix to Dr. Drake's printed address,
solicited their " fellow-citizens of the backwoods gen-
erally" to contribute to the museum.
Dr. Robert Best, afterward professor at Transylvania,
was appointed by the society, with assistants, to collect
specimens in archaeology and natural history from the
region of the great lakes.
The collections seem to have been deposited at first in
Cincinnati College, but they were soon removed to a build-
ing on the north-west corner of Second and Main streets,
and placed in custody of Mons. J. Dorfeuille, of Louisi-
ana, who became manager and afterward proprietor of the
Western Museum. The original character of the museum
312 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
was strictly useful ; the founders aimed to diffuse knowl-
edge and promote scientific inquiry. Mr. Dorfueille gave
didactic lectures on ornithology and on the faculties of the
human mind. The learned and amiable proprietor dis-
covered that people must be amused as well as instructed,
and by degrees he added the usual stock of " curiosities "
and monstrosities to his scientific attractions. Foote's
Literary Gazette, for March 13, 1834, contains an original
poem of ten eight-line stanzas, inspired by the marvels of
the Western Museum :
" Wend hither, ye members of polished society —
Ye who the bright phantoms of pleasure pursue —
To see of strange objects the endless variety,
Monsieur Dorfeuille will expose to your view.
For this fine collection, which courts your inspection,
Was brought to perfection by his skill and lore,
When those who projected, and should have protected
Its interests, neglected to care for it more.
Here are pictures, I doubt not, as old as Methusalem,
But done at what place I can't say, nor by whom ;
Some of which represent certain saints of Jerusalem,
And others, again, monks of Venice and Rome;
Old black letter-pages of far-distant ages.
Which puzzle the sages to read and translate.
And manuscripts musty, coins clumsy and rusty,
Of which Time, untrusty, has not kept the date.
Lo, here is a cabinet of great curiosities,
Procured from the Redmen, who once were our foes;
Unperiahing tokens of dire animosities-
Darts, tomahawks, war-cudgels, arrows, and bows.
And bone-liooks for fishes and old earthern dishes,
To please him who wishes o'er such things to pore ;
Huperb wampum sashes, and mica-slate glasses.
Which doubtless the lasses much valued of yore."
An advertisement in the Mirror, in June, 1834, after
enumerating the special attractions of the museum, a
** Beautiful moss-covered Fountain," the " Phsenakisto-
Bcope," the " Enormous Elk," closes thus :
Come hither, come hither, by night or by day,
There's plenty to look at and little to pay;
Dr. Daniel Drake. 313
You may stroll through the rooms and at every turn
There's something to please you and something to learn.
If weary and heated, rest here at your ease,
There's a fountain to cool you and music to please ;
And further, a secret I still have to tell,
You may ramble up-stairs, and on earth be in .
It is but natural that, favored by puffs so bappy as this,
Mr. Dorfeuille advertised freely, and that in his generosity
he announced that " the clergy of all denominations are
admitted gratuitously." Rev. Timothy Flint, possibly
availing himself of his clerical privilege, or perhaps of his
editorial perquisite, being proprietor of tlie Western
Monthly Review, often stepped down to the corner from
his son's book-store, 160 Main street, to survey the wonders
of Dorfeuille's Museum. The kindly editor writes in his
magazine for May, 1827 : " To see such numerous and
magnificent collections from the several kingdoms of na-
ture, so happily arranged in such large and commodious
apartments, in a city little more than thirty years old, is a
circumstance that excites surprise. Taking into view the
recent origin of the city, they struck us with more effect
than any Ave had seen in the United States."
A morbid taste for the unnatural always brings the sup-
ply it craves. There was a chamber of '' horrors " in the
museum, in which were displayed, bloody knives and
hatchets that murderers had used, and ropes that had
strangled the murderers, and wax figures of criminals in
the very act of taking innocent life. The supreme at-
traction of the dreadful room was the *' Head of Hoover,"
the actual head of a murderer, swollen and distorted, in a
huge glass jar of alcohol.
Mrs. Trollope, serving up Cincinnati with her usual
piquant sour sauce, says Mr. Dorfeuille " is a man of taste
and science, but a collection formed strictly after their dic-
tates would, by no means, satisfy the Western metropolis.
The people have a most extravagant passion for wax fig-
ures, and the museums vie with each other in displaying
specimens in this barbarous branch of art. As Mr. Dor-
feuille can not trust to his science for attracting the citi-
314 Literal^ Culture in the Ohio Valley.
zens, he has put his ingenuity into requisition, and this
has proved to him the surer aid of the two. He has con-
structed a pandemonium in an upperstory of his museum,
in which he has congregated all the images of horror that
his fertile fancy could devise ; dwarfs that, by machinery,
grow into giants before the eyes of the spectator ; imps
of ebony, with eyes of flame ; monstrous reptiles devour-
ing youth and beauty ; lakes of fire and mountains of ice ;
in short, wax, paint, and springs have done wonders. To
give the scheme some more effect, he makes it visible only
through a grate of massive iron bars, among which 'are
arranged wires connected with an electrical machine in a
neighboring chamber. Should any daring hand or foot
obtrude itself within the bars, it receives a smart shock
that often passes through many of the crowd, and the
cause being unknown, the effect is exceedingly comic ;
terror, astonishment, curiosity, all are set in action, and all
contribute to make ' Dorfeuille's Hell' one of the most
amusing exhibitions possible."
" Dorfeuille's Hell," or, as it came to be more mildly
called, the " Infernal Regions," was designed and con-
structed by the afterwards famous artist, Hiram Powers.
The hand whose cunning fashioned the statue of the Greek
Slave, overcame the primary difficulties of the plastic art
by shaping the hideous figures of the Western Museum
somewhat as Wilhelm Meister's apprenticeship began with
the acting puppets of his child's theater.
Powers was a very ingenious mechanic, and in the days
when he was learning to use the clay and the sculptor's
chisel in his little studio on Sixth street, he was often
hired to come to the shop of his next-door neighbor, Mr.
Lunian Watson, clock-maker, to design or complete some
peculiarly difficult piece of work, such as a musical organ.
Powers was assisted in the creation of " Inferno " by
Hervieu, the PVench artist, who accompanied Mrs. Trol-
lopc to this country, and who decorated the panels of the
Bazaar with classical designs.
He it was, also, who painted an immense canvas repre-
senting the ** Landing of Lafayette in Cincinnati."
Dr. Daniel Drake. 315
A vivid description of the " Infernal Regions " may be
found in Hall's Western Magazine for April, 1835. The
diabolical exhibition was very popular, and it must have
been kept up during a period of at least twenty years, for
I well remember going with my father to witness it. I was
a small boy, and I recall even yet the feeling of terror
with which I beheld the glaring eyes of the frightful fe-
male named Sin, who sat hard by the infernal gates, and
who jumped at me with a horrid cry. The King of Ter-
rors himself I recollect as a decidedly good-natured,
though long-horned old gentleman, and I did not under-
stand why all the visitors laughed so impolitely when he
assured them he was very glad to see them in that place.
Dorfeuille finally transported the "Infernal Regions"
to IN'ew York city. There the good Frenchman died, and
his moral exhibition was closed on earth.
The Western Museum was rivaled by " Letton's," a
similar institution, located many years in a building still
standing on the north-west corner of Fourth and Main
streets, Cincinnati.
Dr. Drake with ardent spirit opposed the use of ardent
spirits. Among his works is a monogram of sixty-six
pages, entitled "A Discourse on Intemperance ; delivered
at Cincinnati, March 1, 1828, before the Agricultural So-
ciety of Hamilton County, and subsequently pronounced
by request, to a popular audience." It is dedicated to
Joshua L. Wilson, D.D. The discourse discusses the
whole subject of "rum" in its scientific, political and
moral aspects. The doctor was a Prohibitionist ; he would
suppress the sale of intoxicants, and not make the liquor
trafiic a source of revenue. The drunkard should be sub-
ject to legal disabilities, he should neither hold oflice, nor
serve on a jury, nor be eligible as a witness in court. His
property should be put in the hands of trustees.
Mr. Mansfield, in his " Life of Drake," relates a funny
incident that happened on the occasion of the delivery of
the speech on intemperance to a general audience. A
large crowd assembled at the court-house at 3 o'clock of a
hot afternoon in September, to hear the popular speaker
1
316 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
advocate an unpopular cause. Many purple-nosed heroes
were present, and listened with good-natured disapproval
to the condemnation dealt out to them and their vice.
The discussion was not only exhaustive, but exhausting,
being very long and rather dry, on which account a rubi-
cund listener cried out, " Let's adjourn awhile and take a
drink I" An intermission was actually taken, during
which the thirsty regaled themselves at the bar of McFar-
land's tavern, near by, after which the meeting came to
order again, and the speech was concluded.
In 1825 Dr. Drake's wife died. This calamity over-
whelmed him. Three children, a son and two daughters,
left motherless to his care, he brought up with the utmost
solicitude and aftection. Chiefly on account of his daugh-
ters, when they grew old enough to see society, he brought
about a series of social and literary receptions at his
house, which stood on the lot now covered by "The
Albany," on Vine street. E. D. Mansfield has recorded,
with glowing personal interest, his. recollections of these
" Vine Street Reunions." " We used to assemble early —
about half-past seven, and when fully collected, the doc-
tor, who was the acknowledged chairman, rung his little
bell for general attention. This caused no constraint, but
simply brought us to a common point, which was to be
the topic of the evening. Sometimes this was appointed
beforehand, sometimes it arose out of what was said or
proposed on the occasion. Some evenings compositions
were read on topics selected at the meeting. On other
evenings nothing was read, and the time was passed in a
general discussion of some interesting question. Occa-
sionally a piece of poetry or a story came in to diversify
and enliven the conversation. These, however, were
rather interludes than parts of the general plan, whose
main object was the discussion of questions belonging to
society, literature, education and religion."
These pleasant meetings must have occurred about the
same time as those of the " Semicolon Club," which were
held, usually, at the houses of Sam. E. Foote, Wm. Green
and Chas. Stetson, from 1832 to 1837. Among the lead-
Dr. Daniel Drake. 317
ing participants in both the companies were General
Edward King, Judge Jas. Hall, Prof. Calvin Stowe and
Mrs. Stowe, and Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz.
When the Western Literary Institute and College of
Professional Teachers was established in 1833, Dr. Drake
took a leading part its great work. Many of his addresses
are preserved in the published " Transactions " of the
college. Drake's readiness of tongue and pen, and his so-
cial accomplishments, fitted him for the sprightly and
genial oratory of " occasions." At festivals, anniversaries,
dedications, he was a central figure. A celebration in
which he took a prominent part was held on December
26, 1833, the forty-fifth anniversary of the settlement of
Cincinnati. The presiding ofi&cers were : President, Ma-
jor Daniel Gano ; vice-presidents, "Wm. R. Morris, Henry
E. Spencer, and Moses Lyon. Rev. J. B. Finley and Rev.
Wm. Burke officiated as chaplains. The character of the
celebration was purely western ; those who planned it
were native citizens. One hundred and sixty invited
guests sat down at the table '' in the Cincinnati Commer-
cial Exchange, on the river bank, near where the first
cabin was erected in 1788."
The unique feature of the ceremonies was the Buckeye
dinner, with accompanying speeches, poems, and songs.
The banquet itself was such as would delight Mark Twain,
so abundant and American it was. Field, forest, and
river contributed fruit, game, and fish to the bounteous
board. A pair of fat racoons was served up smoking.
The favorite potation of the feast was called " sangaree,"
a sort of innocent punch, which was dipped lavishly from
four huge bowls carved from Buckeye wood. There was
also plenty of wine furnished by Nicholas Longworth
from his vintage of Catawba gathered on the hills of the
Beautiful River. The formal exercises of the day con-
sisted of an oration by Mr. Joseph Longworth, a poetical
address by Peyton S. Symmes, and an ode by Charles D.
Drake, the doctor's son, now Judge Drake, of Washing-
ton, D. C. In response to the toast, "The Emigrants,
whether from sister states or foreign climes," Edward
318 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
King presented a poem bj Mrs. Lee Hentz, in which the
fair has bleu praised the " sires " who —
" First raised this city's heavenward spires,
And based upon the unblessed sod
The temples of the living God.
The germs of science, genius, taste,
They laid in the uncultured waste,
And hallowed with the Christian's prayer,
The wild beasts' then untrodden lair."
There was also an after-dinner speech by the veteran
General Harrison, the hero by popular favor soon to be-
come President of the United States.
But the speech of the occasion was called out by the fifth
regular toast, to " The Author of the Picture of Cincin-
nati." The doctor discoursed on the Buckeye Tree.
Happily the address has been preserved in print, and one
risks little in prophesying that it will hold a permanent
place in our literature on account of both its subject and
its style. The speaker said :
" Being born in the East, I am not quite a native of the
Valley of the Ohio, and, therefore, am not a Buckeye by
birth. Still, I might claim to be a greater Buckeye than
most of you who were born in the city, fop my Buckeye-
ism belongs to the country, a better soil for rearing Buck-
eyes than the town.
" My first remembrances are of a Buckeye cabin in the
depths of a cane-brake on one of the tributary brooks of
the Licking river ; for whose waters, as they flow into the
Ohio opposite our city, I feel some degree of affection.
At the date of these recollections the spot where we are
now assembled was a beech and buckeye grove, no doubt
altogether unconscious of its approaching fate. Thus I
am a Buckeye by engrafting, or rather by inoculation, be-
ing only in the bud when I began to draw my nourish-
ment from the depths of a buckeye bowl. . . .
" We are now assembled on a spot which is surrounded
by vast warehouses, filled to overflowing with the earthen
and iron domestic utensils of China, Birmingham, Shef-
field, and I should add, the great western manufacturing
Dr. Daniel Drake. 319
town at the head of our noble river. The poorest and the
obscurest family in the land may be, and is, in fact, ade-
quately supplied. How different was the condition of the
early emigrants ! A journey of a thousand miles over
wild and rugged mountains, permitted the adventurous
pioneer to bring with him little more than the Indian or
the Arab carried from place to place — his wife and children.
Elegances were unknown, even articles of pressing neces-
sity were few in number, and when lost or broken could
not be replaced. In that period of trying deprivation, to
what quarter did the first settlers turn their inquiring and
anxious eyes? To the buckeye ! Yes,. gentlemen, to the
buckeye tree ; and it proved a friend indeed, because, in
the simple and expressive language of those early times,
it was a friend in need. Hats were manufactured of its
fibers, the tray for the delicious ' pone ' and 'johnny-cake,'
the venison trencher, the noggin, the spoon, and the huge,
white family bowl for mush and milk, were carved from
its willing trunk ; and the finest ' boughten ' vessels could
not have imparted a more delicious flavor, or left an im-
pression so enduring. He who has ever been concerned
in the petty brawls, the frolic and the fun of a family of
young Buckeyes around the great wooden bowl, overflow-
ing with the ' milk of human kindness,' will carry the
sweet remembrance to the grave.
" Thus beyond all the trees of the land the buckeye was
associated with the family circle — penetrating its privacy,
facilitating its operations, and augmenting its enjoyments.
Unlike many of its loftier associates, it did not bow its
head and wave its arms at a haughty distance, but it
might be said to have held out the right hand of fellowship ;
for of all the trees of our forest it is the only one with
five leaflets arranged on one stem — an expressive symbol
of the human hand."
Another pioneer celebration which took place December
26, 1838, the semi-centennial of the settlement of the
Queen City, Dr. Drake was the orator.
So enthusiastic was this energetic and original student
of realities; so much in love with the men and institu-
320 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
tions among which he lived, that he proposed to write
the history of the West. A volume was promised in
1839, but professional duties prevented its completion.
What the character of such a book would have been we
may infer from reading Drake's " Discourse on the His-
tory, Character, and prospects of the West," delivered to
the Union Literary Society of Miami University, Oxford,
Ohio, September 23, 1834. The sections of this discourse
which interest us most are those relating to the litera-
ture of the early West. The pamphlet from which
I quote is so rare that few readers will see it, and the fol-
lowing extracts are therefore given, no less for the inter-
esting facts they contain than for the testimony they bear
to the good sense and generous sympathy of the author.
The orator said : " Many of our writers have received but
little education, and are far more anxious about results
than the polish of the machinery by which they are to
be effected. They write for a people whose literary at-
tainments are limited and imperfect ; whose taste is for
the strong rather than the elegant, and who are not dis-
posed or prepared to criticise any mode of expression
that is striking or original, whatever may be the deformi-
ties of its drapery — consequently but little solicitude is
felt by our authors about classic propriety. Moreover, the
emigration into the valley being from every civilized coun-
try, new and strange forms of expression are continually
thrown into the great reservoir of spoken language, whence
they are often taken up by the pen, transferred to our lit-
erature, and widely disseminated. For many years to
come these causes will prevent attainment either of regu-
larity or elegance ; but gradually the heterogeneous rudi-
ments will conform to a common standard, and finally
shoot into a compound of rich and varied elements ; in-
ferior in refinement, but superior in force, variety, and
freshness to the language of the mother country. . . .
The literature of a yonng and a free people will, of
course, be declamatory, and such, so far as it is yet de-
veloped, is the character of our own. Deeper learning
will no doubt abate its verbosity and intumescence ; but
Dr, Daniel Drake, 321
our natural scenery and our liberal political and social in-
stitutions must long continue its character of floridness.
And what is there in this that should excite regret in
ourselves or raise derision in others? Ought not the lit-
erature of a free people to be declamatory ? Should it not
exhort and animate? If cold, literal, and passionless, how
could it act as the handmaid of improvement ? In abso-
lute government all the political, social, and literary insti-
tutions are supported by the monarch — here they are orig-
inated and sustained by public sentiment. In despotisms
it is of little use to awaken the feelings or warm the im-
agination of the people — here an excited state of both is
indispensable to those popular movements by which so-
ciety is to be advanced. Would you arouse men to
voluntary action on great public objects, you must make
their fancy and feelings glow under your presentations ;
you must not merely forward their reason, but their de-
sires and will; the utility and loveliness of every object
must be displayed to their admiration ; the temperature
of the heart must be raised and its cold selfishness melted
away, as the snows which buried up the fields when acted
on by an April sun ; then, like the budding herb which
shoots up from the soil, good and great acts of patriotism
will appear. Whenever the literature of a new country
loses its metaphorical and declamatory character the in-
stitutions which depend upon public sentiment will lan-
guish and decline, as the struggling boat is carried back
by the impetuous waves of the Mississippi as soon as the
propelling power relaxes. In this region low-pressure
engines are found not to answer — high steam succeeds
much better ; and although an orator may now and then
explode and go off in vapor, the majority make more pro-
ductive voyages than could be performed under the in-
fluence of a temperate heat."
Dr. Drake wrote many pamphlets, a complete set of
which comprised in four volumes may be found in the Con-
gressional Library at Washington. They relate largely
to medicine, though some are literary, others economic.
21
822 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
One of his practical writings is on the desirability of
constructing a railroad from the Ohio river to the head-
waters of the Carolinas and Georgia.
In the years 1847-8-9, Dr. Drake wrote, from Louisville,
a series of reminiscential letters, addressed to his children.^
These letters were collected into a volume, edited with
notes and a biographical sketch by Judge Drake, and pub-
lished by Robert Clarke & Co., under the general title,
" Pioneer Life in Kentucky." Of these letters the Atlantic
Monthly said :
" The letters of Dr. Drake are not merely personal
reminiscences, but faithful pictures of local manners and
customs. We can not advise any to turn to them for the
realization of romantic ideas of the pioneers, but they
are very interesting reading and very instructive. They
form part of our own history, which daily grows more re-
markable and precious ; and we most heartily commend
the volume, not only to collectors of such material, but to-
the average reader, as something very apt for his entertain-
ment and then for his use."
Daniel Drake died at his home, in Cincinnati, Fri-
day, November 5, 1852. One who knew him intimately
writes these words : " The mere facts of Dr. Drake's pub-
lic life give no just idea of his grand character. He was
the greatest, most leonine yet the sweetest and most lov-
ing-hearted man I have ever known."
* Drake's only son, Judge Charles D. Drake, now in his eightieth year,
is residing in Washington. The eldest daughter became the wife of
Hon. A. H. McGufTey. The second daughter, Harriet, married James
P. Campbell, of Chillicothe. She is not living.
Timothy Flint. 323
CHAPTER XI.
TIMOTHY FLINT, MISSIONARY, GEOGRAPHER, EDITOR, NOV-
ELIST, AND POET.
In the cemetery of Harmony Grove, Salem, Massachu-
setts, there is a monument bearing the following epitaph,
written by Rev. James Flint, D.D., in loving memory of
his cousin and friend, Timothy Flint :
"He painted on his glowing page
The peerless valley of the West ;
That shall, in every coming age,
His geniu's and his toils attest.
But wouldst thou, gentle pilgrim, know
What worth, what love endeared the man?
This the lone hearts that miss him, show
Better than storied marble can."
Thomas Flint and his brother William emigrated from
Wales to JSTew England probably before 1640. Flint
street, Salem, is on ground once belonging to their farm
land. Timothy Flint was a descendant, in the sixth gen-
eration, from Thomas. He was born at ^orth Eeading,
Massachusetts, July 11, 1780, and died at the same town,
in the house of his brother Peter, August 16, 1840. One
of his uncles, Hezekiah Flint, came to Ohio in 1788, in
the company of pioneers led by Rufus Putnam to the
mouth of the Muskingum. Hezekiah Flint and family
removed to Cincinnati, where he died in 1811. His son,
named also Hezekiah, was a leading citizen of Cincinnati,
whose death occurred in 1843, and whose portrait now
hangs on the wall of the Mercantile Library. He was the
grandfather of the late IN'athan F. Baker, a scluptor of much
ability known by his statue of " Egeria," in Spring Grove
Cemetery, and his " Cincinnatus," in front of 25 West
324 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Fourth street. He was a pupil of Powers. Mr. Baker
died in February, 1891.
Timothy Flint was not quite eight years old when his
uncle accompanied Putnam and the other colonists to Ma-
rietta.* Putnam started from Salem. The house of his
father, Israel Putnam, " Old Put," is still standing near
the old town, and is still occupied by Putnams. Flint
distinctly remembered, as he tells us in the " Indian Wars
of the West," the " wagon that carried out a number of
adventurers from the counties of Essex and Middlesex, in
Massachusetts, on the second emigration to the woods of
Ohio." The wagon had a black cover, on which were
painted in large white capital letters the words, " To Ma-
rietta, on the Ohio." It was Flint's impression that about
twenty persons accompanied this wagon under the direc-
tion of Dr. Manasseh Cutler.
A ray of light is thrown upon the days and ways of yore
by Flint's gossiping remark that " Dr. Cutler, at the time
of his being engaged in the speculation of the Ohio Com-
pany's purchase, had a feud — it is not remembered whether
literary, political, or religious — with the late learned and
eccentric Dr. Bentley, of Salem. Dr. Bentley was then
chief contributor to a paper which he afterward edited.
The writer [Flint] still remembers and can repeat doggerel
verses by Dr. Bentley upon the departure of Dr. Cutler
on his first trip to explore his purchase on the Ohio."
Temple Cutler, Manasseh's youngest son, has written a
charmingly clear account of the departure of the Ohio-
bound adventurers from old Ipswich. He says : " The
little band of pioneers assembled at the house of Dr. Cut-
li I , in Ipswich, Massachusetts, on the 3d day of Decem-
ber, 1787, and there took an early breakfast. About the
dawn of day they paraded in front of the house; and after
a short address from him, full of good advice and hearty
wishes for their happiness and prosperity, the men (one
of whom was his son Jarvis, aged nineteen) went forward,
* The deflcription of Flint's journey down the Ohio is taken, with
gome modification, from the author's " Footprints of the Pioneers."
Timothy Flint. 825
cheered heartily by the hy-standers. Dr. Cutler accom-
panied them to Dan vers, when he placed them under com-
mand of Major Hatfield White and Captain Ezra Putnam.
He had prepared a large and well-built wagon ' for their
use, which preceded them with their baggage. This
w^agon, as a protection from cold and storm, was covered
with black canvas, and on the sides was an inscription
in white letters, I think, in these words, ''For the Ohio at
the Muskingum,^ which Dr. Cutler painted with his own
hand.
''Although I was then but six years old, I have a vivid
recollection of all these circumstances, having seen the
preparations and heard the conversation relating to this
undertaking. I think the weather was pleasant and the
sun rose clear; I know I almost wished I could be of the
party then starting, for I was told we were all to go as
soon as preparation was made for our reception."
The departure of the emigrant wagon, the leave-taking,
and the general talk about the backwoods, kindled the
imagination of young Flint. Doubtless he felt a strong
desire to join the expedition and follow^ the black vehicle
across the mountains. Most wonderful reports were
spread abroad in !N'ew England concerning the inland
country far toward the Mississippi. Romancing travelers
tojd, with mock gravity, that watermelons as big as
houses grew in the clearings of the West; that the flax
plant in the Ohio Valley bore woven cloth on its branches;
that honey trees were numerous along the Miami river;
and that springs of brandy and rum gushed from the
fortunate hills of Kentucky. But these blessings and de-
lights were not unmixed with evil. Stories were invented
which added ten-fold horror to the usual dangers of the
hunt and the Indian fight ; stories of storm, and disease,
and starvation, and of the frightful hoop-snake, which,
like a rapid wheel, span through the swamps and brakes
upon its victims, its tail armed with a sting so venomous
that a tree pierced ever so slightly by it instantly withered
and died. The hoop-snake was scarcely more appalling
to the imagination than the whip-snake, which drove cat-
826 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
tie to frenzy and death by lashing them with its tail ; or
the hissing serpent, which exhaled a subtile gas laden
with mortal disease.
We do not know the particulars of Flint's boyhood.
With his cousin, James, he attended Harvard College,
graduating in 1800. Two years later he^ became pastor of
the Congregational Church, at Lunenburg, Massachusetts,
where he remained for twelve years. Before leaving col-
lege he gained some skill in composition. While at
Lunenburg, he wrote and published several essays, ad-
dresses, and sermons, one of which was issued in a small
volume with the title "Arguments, lN"atural, Moral, and
Religious, for the Immorality of the Soul," Beginning
his ministerial labors at the very time when a violent
theological war w^as raging in Massachusetts between the
forces of the old Calvanistic and the newer liberal ortho-
doxy, and also .between the Trinitarians and the Uni-
tarians, Flint became somewhat involved in the discus-
sions of the day. He cared less for form and dogma than
some of his brethren did, and was more than suspected of
Arminianism. On theological questions he differed from
his kinsman. Rev. James Flint, though on all other sub-
jects they were as one. It was the spirit of controversial
rancor that caused the peacefully-disposed Timothy to
request a dismissal from his charge at Lunenburg. More-
over, his health was poor, and he was advised by Dr.
James Flint and by Joseph Peabody, a wealthy merchant
of Salem, to go forth as a missionary and preach the Gos-
pel in the Western wilderness. It seems that Peabody, to
whom he dedicated one of his books, used a full purse
very liberally to forward the good cause, sending remit-
tances as often as they were needed.
The second war with England* had just closed, and the
tide of migration was setting strongly toward the West,
when, on October 14, 1815, Timothy Flint, with his wife
and four or five children, took passage in a heavy travel-
ing coach, bound for Pittsburg. They started as he had
seen the emigrant wagon nearly thirty years before, from
the ancient city of Salem. Many tears were shed as the
Timothy Flint 327
family bade their friends good-bye, for, at that time,
though many went West, few came back. To the
imagination the Alleghanies seemed a "barrier almost as
impassable as the grave " to whomever had once crossed
over.
The slow coach jostled on by the usual route, and near
the end of the month began to toil over the mountains.
The tavern signs, as if adapting themselves to the wild
regions in which they hung, bore pictures of wolves and
and bears as emblems. High above the Alleghany sum-
mits the bald eagle soared. The road was difficult and
dangerous. Frequently it became necessary to lift the
carriage across gullies washed out by recent rains. Hun-
dreds of " Pittsburg wagons " were seen on the way to or
from Philadelphia. Many of these had broken wheels
and axles. Places were pointed out where teams had
plunged down the precipice to destruction. The moun-
tain teamsters seemed to the travelers like a new species
of man. They were " unique in their appearance, lan-
guage, and habits." Flint describes them as being " more
rude, profane, and selfish than either sailors, boatmen, or
hunters." He says:
" We found them addicted to drunkenness, and very
little disposed to help one another. We were told that
there were honorable exceptions, and even associations,
who, like the sacred band of Thebes, took a kind of oath
to stand by and befriend each other." The amiable mis-
sionary adds, with a touch of pious humor, that he often
dropped among them, as if by accident, that impressive
tract, " The Swearer's Prayer."
Among the traveling acquaintances of the Flints were a
young Connecticut printer, with his pretty bride, going to
Kentucky to start a " Gazette," and a burly Lutheran
preacher bound for the Big Miami, who, with pipe in. his
mouth, rode comfortably on his horse, while his wife and
young ones trudged beside their wagon.
When Flint's carriage approached the last range of the
Alleghanies, the passengers, gazing out, saw a great drove
of cattle and swine, which animals looked shaggy like
328 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
wolves, and the chief drover was a being as wild looking
as Crusoe's man Friday. The droves were destined for
the Philadelphia market, and had been driven from the
valley of Mad river, in Ohio, a name which suggested to
our excited travelers the idea of a savage land.
The long journey on slow wheels was at last ended, but
not without the usual disaster of an upset. Just as the
coach was about to enter Pittsburg, another carriage,
coming rapidly out of town, collided with it, and the next
moment the Flint family were struggling and shouting
under a confusion of boxes, bundles and trunks, from
which predicament they were released uninjured. Right-
ing the vehicle, they got in again, and were soon lodged
in a hotel, where the charges were double the amount
asked for the same accommodations in Boston.
Flint's remarks on Pittsburg are disparaging. His opin-
ion was that Wheeling, Cincinnati, and Louisville would
soon take the trade and wealth away from the town of " sin
and sea coal." The opening of the ITational road and the
multiplication of steamboats threatened to hasten the
" decay of Pittsburg." Flint thought the decline of Pitts-
burg w^as not to be regretted, for *' she used to fatten on
the spoils of the poor emigrants that swarmed to this
place."
The first steamboat that navigated the Ohio river, the
Orleans, w^as built at Pittsburg in 1811, only four years
after Fulton's Clermont made her trial trip on East
river. The Orleans made her first trip from Pittsburg to
New Orleans in the winter of 1812. It w^as several years,
however, before steamboats came into such general use on
western waters as to exclude the earlier modes of naviga-
tion. Flint did not seem to think of waiting to take
passage on a steamboat. Early in November, he em-
barked on a small flatboat owned l.y a ^'ankee trader,
and loaded with " factory cottons " and cutlery. The
smiling river Beautiful proved not so placid as she
looked.
The frail flatboat, instead of floating gently along, as
its owner and its passengers had expected, was whirled
Timothy Flint. 329-
and tossed about in a manner altogether alarming to all
on board, ^ow the helpless craft was carried swiftly
through a chute; now it stuck on a bar; and now it was
dashed upon the rocks of "Dead Man's Riffle" and al-
most capsized, while the children shrieked, and the mer-
chandise of cotton stuffs and hardware fell upon and
buried poor Mrs. Flint. The scared Yankee trader and
his reverend first mate forgot, in their confusion, to resort
to their oars, but tried to save themselves by consulting
the " Navigator," a guide-book descriptive of the Ohio
and the Mississippi.
The reader will not wonder that, when they reached
the village of Beaver, the family forsook the risky flat-
boat and bought a pirogue, or large skiff, in which they
continued their voyage. By the time they reached
Wheeling they all were taken down with influenza, and
were obliged to take lodgings at a house filled with other
invalids. Sick, neglected, in a strange place, they helped
one another as well as they could, but were so sensitive
that their eyes filled with tears at the mere mention of
Salem.
As soon as they had sufiiciently recovered their strength,
the Flints resumed their journey, going from Wheeling to
Marietta in one of those long, slender, and graceful ves-
sels of the period, called distinctively a keelboat. The
peculiar species of boat known as the barge, or bargee,,
had almost passed into disuse, and was rarely to be seen
at thertime of Flint's trip. The length of such boats was
from seventy-five to one hundred feet, the breadth from
fifteen to twenty.
" The receptacle for the freight was a large covered
coffer, called the cargo-box, which occupied a considerable
portion of the hulk. Near the stern was an apology for a
cabin, a straitened apartment six or eight feet in length,
in which the captain and patron^ or steersman, were gen-
erally quartered for the night. The roof of the ^ cabin '
was slightly elevated above the level of the deck, and on
this eminence the helmsman was stationed. The barge
was commonly provided with two masts."
830 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
Flint's " Recollections " furnish an exact and vivacious
account of how navigation was conducted on the Ohio
and Mississippi. He says: "You hear the boatmen ex-
tolling their powers in pushing a pole, and you learn the
received opinion that a *Kentuck' is the best man at a
pole, and a Frenchman at the oar. A firm push of the
iron-pointed pole on a fixed log is termed a *• reverend
set/ You are told, when you embark, to bring your plun-
der aboard, and you hear about moving 'fernent' the
stream ; and you gradually become acquainted with a co-
pious vocabulary of this sort. The manners of the boat-
men are as strange as their language. Their peculiar way
of life has given origin, not only to an appropriate dialect,
but to new modes of enjoyment, riot and fighting. Al-
most every boat while it lies in harbor has one or more
fiddles continually scraping aboard, to which you often
see the boatmen dancing. There is no wonder that the
way of life which the boatmen lead, in turn extremely in-
dolent and extremely laborious, for days together requiring
little or no efibrt and attended with no danger, and then
on a sudden laborious and hazardous beyond Atlantic
navigation, generally plentiful as it respects food and al-
ways so as it regards whisky, should prove irresistible to
the young people who live near the banks of the river.
The boats fioat by their dwellings on beautiful spring
mornings, when the verdant forest, the mild, delicious
temperature of the air, the delightful azure of the sky of
this country, the fine bottom on the one hand and the ro-
mantic bluff on the other, the broad and smooth stream
rolling calmly down the forest and floating the boat gently
forward — all these circumstances harmonize in the excited
youthful imagination. The boatmen are dancing to the
violin on the deck of their boat. They scatter their wit
among the girls on the shore who come down to the
water's edge to see the pageant pass. The boat glides on
until it disappears behind a point of wood. At this mo-
ment, perhaps, the bugle with which all the boatmen are
provided strikes up its note in the distance over the waters.
These scenes and these notes echoing from the bluffs of
Timothy Flint 331
the beautiful Ohio have a charm for the imagination ; al-
though I have heard a thousand times repeated, is even
to me always new and always delightful."
This vivid and enthusiastic description recalls the melo-
dious lines of Wm. O. Butler on " The Boat-horn," con-
tributed to the Western Review, Lexington, Ky., in 1821 :
" 0, boatman ! wind that horn again,
For never did the listening air,
Upon its lambent bosom bear
So wild, so soft, so sweet a strain !
What, though thy notes are sad and few,
By every simple boatman blown,
Yet is each pulse to nature true,
And melody in every tone.
How oft in boyhood's joyous days.
Unmindful of the lapsing hours,
I 've loitered on my homeward way
By wild Ohio's bank of flowers ;
While some lone boatman from the deck
Poured his soft numbers to the tide,
As if to charm from storm and wreck
The boat where all his fortunes ride !
Delighted Nature drank the sound.
Enchanted 'echo bore it round
In whispers soft and softer still.
From hill to plain,and plain to hill,
Till e'en the thoughtless, frolic boy,
• Elate with hope and wild with joy,
Who gamboled by the river side.
And sported with the fretting tide.
Feels something new pervade his breast,
Change his light step, repress his jest,
Bends o'er the flood his eager ear
To catch the sounds far off, yet dear —
Drinks the sweet draft, but knows not why
The tear of rapture fills his eye."
By the middle of ^N'ovember the convalescents were once
again afloat, and, though the autumn season was so far ad-
vanced, the weather was mild and delightful. The chil-
dren, standing on deck, gazed with pleasure on the pass-
ing scene. A flock of wild geese now and then sailed
by, and sandhill cranes and pelicans could be seen stalk-
ing upon the white sandbars. The novelty of the varied
882 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
vegetation along the fertile shores afforded a theme for
observation and astonishment. There were wild grape-
vines almost as thick as the body of a man. There were
persimmon trees and clumps of pawpaw bushes. Cling-
ing to the white bark of the sycamore were bunches of
green mistletoe gemmed with pearl-like berries. Most
impressive of all vegetable wonders were the gigantic syc-
amores stretching their weird, snowy arms far out over
the water, far up into the sky.
Some of these magnificent trees were so large that in
reading of them we are reminded of the Sequoia of the
Sierras, or the giant trees of Australia. Flint mentions a
sycamore near Marietta which measured fifteen and a half
feet in diameter, and another on the Big Miami that wa&
still larger. Judge Tucker, of Missouri, caused a section
to be cut from the trunk of a hollow sycamore which he
covered with a roof and fitted up with a stove and other
furniture, and used for the purposes of a law office. It
was commodious and comfortable.
Flint's admiration of these big trees will recall to some
readers the entries which Dr. Cutler made in his diary de-
scriptive of the immense trees which he observed at Ma-
rietta in 1788. One of them, a black walnut, near the
Muskingum, was twenty-two feet in girth ; and another, a
sycamore, was forty feet around. The sycamore had
fallen, the trunk was hollow and burnt to a thin shell.
Cutler says : " Six horsemen could ride in abreast, and pa-
rade in the tree at the same time."
At Marietta the Salemites found themselves among old
friends. The genial pater familias, writing home, said :
"You can imagine the rapidity of discourse, the attempt
of two or three to narrate their adventures at the same
time, and the many pleasant circumstances attending the
renewal of a long-suspended intercourse with congenial
society." Flint had letters to General Putnam, the patri-
arch of the colony, whom he found in the midst of rural
plenty in a commodious house surrounded by fruit trees
of his own planting.
At the end of November the sojourner purchased a flat-
Timothy Flint. 333
boat of forty tons burden, and departed from Marietta,
with several passengers, besides his own family and an-
other family consisting of a " line, healthy-looking Ken-
tuckian, with a young and pretty wife, two or three negro
servants, and two small children." This Kentuckian had
been for years a boatman on the Ohio and Mississippi ; he
had served in the war on the Canadian frontier, and was,
upon the whole, a capital fellow, though he scandalized
his clerical captain by terriiic swearing, and nettled the
'New England children by telling exaggerated stories about
Yankees who sold " pit-coal indigo and wooden nutmegs."
The aggravating Kentuckian usually followed his anec-
dotes by a song, with the chorus :
" They will put pine-tops in their whisky,
And then they will call it gin."
In accordance with plans formed before leaving Salem,
the Flints stopped at Cincinnati to spend the winter with
relatives there. Having secured a house for his family,
the missionary took occasion to familiarize himself with
the town and the adjacent country. Tjie..aQ^ty in .and^l
about Cincinnati seemed to him to be copied after the ;
^ew England pattern. In one of his letters he remarks j
that the people "have the same desire for keeping up
schools, for cultivating psalmody, for settling ministers
and attending upon religious worship; and unfortunately
the same disposition to dogmatize, to settle, not only their
own faith, but that of their neighbor, and to stand reso-
lutely, and dispute fiercely, for the slightest shade of d\f^
ference of religious opinion." He noted that the ladies
had formed a Bible and charitable society, and that the
town had a character for seriousness, good order, and
public spirit. Apologizing for the " bad taste visible in
the literary productions of the region and time," he
ascribes it to the forwardness of incompetent writers and
speakers, and to an " unwarrantable disdain " that kept
really refined and educated persons from displaying their
powers in the newspapers, the pulpit, the bar, and the
legislature.
334 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
At the residence of General Harrison, Korth Bend,
Flint was received with great hospitality and politeness.
The general kept an open table, which was loaded with
plenty and free to all guests, like an old English board.
The house was freely proffered for the convenience of
public worship. Harrison's manner was ardent and viva-
cious. "He has," wrote his guest, "a copious fund of
that eloquence which is fitted for the camp and for gain-
ing partisans."
Another distinguished citizen that Flint became ac-
quainted with at Cincinnati was Dr. Daniel Drake, who is
spoken of as a " scientific physician, a respectable scholar
and natural historian."
In March, 1816, Flint set off on horseback for a tour
through Indiana and Kentucky, for the purpose of view-
ing the country and preaching to the people. Just west
of Lawrenceburg, Indiana, he was surprised to. fall in
company with a huge bear, which, to his relief, liked him
»o better than he liked it, and sullenly trotted away.
The stroke of the woodman's ax and the crash of falling
trees were familiar • sounds in the forest. Newly-built
cabins were seen here and there in the clearings. The
singing red-bird and the gay, green paroquet flew like
winged colors in the spring sunshine.
The traveler visited the old French village of Vin-
cennes, and then went to Yevay just in time to attend a
meeting of the inhabitants called to decide on the loca-
tion of a town-house, a market, and streets First, Second
and Third.
Flint crossed the Ohio at Carrollton, and pursued his
Journey up the valley of the Kentucky, having for a
traveling companion an educated young Suabian, who
converged agreeably about Europe and America. The
large size and fine appearance of the Kentucky people
impressed the visitor, as did also the general prosperity,
opulence and elegance of the towns. The contrast be-
tween southern life and northern was striking, especially
in those matters which were affected by slavery. Flint
observed that hundreds of princely-looking young men
Timothy Flint. 335
were living in indolent luxury. He was delighted with
the hospitality with which he was received, and amused
by frequent proposals to " swap horses."
A prejudice prevailed against Yankees, but every Ken-
tuckian was enthusiastically devoted to his own state.
The supreme excellence of the grand old commonwealth
was illustrated by a story of a Methodist preacher, who, en-
deavoring to picture to his hearers the perfections of the
world to come, capped the climax by saying : " In short,
my brethren, to say all in one w^ord, heaven is a Ken tuck
of a place !"
The. Yankee minister delivered his message in many
villages, the people assembling on a half-hour notice of
the court-house bell, for " a preaching " was generally
held at the court-house, there being few churches. The
place of holding the service at Frankfort was in the
capitol building, where a large and gaily-dressed audience
assembled.
Flint had letters of introduction to the governor, but
his excellency was not in town. After two days' stop at
Frankfort, the itinerant took the road to Lexington, the
^'Athens of the West." This was decidedly the literary
center of the state. The fashion in good society was to
read the latest books and to discuss all subjects, " profane
and sacred." Dr. Blythe was at that time president of
Transylvania University. The college classes were en-
gaged in the same studies as were pursued in the eastern
colleges.
Henry Clay had just returned from Ghent, and was so
much fatigued by company that Flint, with a nice sense
of propriety, forebore to seek an interview. But he
wrote thus of the great statesman : " It seems to be gen-
erally conceded that, as an orator, he received his diploma
from nature. In the depth and sweetness of his voice, it
is said he has no compeers ; and, in the gracefulness of
his enunciation and manner, few equals. Although he
was not publicly educated, yet it is far from being true
that he is not a scholar, and that he is not possessed of
classical taste and discernment."
336 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Flint lingered about Lexington until the middle of
March, when the unfolding of the gooseberry leaves and
the flowering of peach trees warned him it was time to
make ready to continue his journey down the Ohio.
Bidding adieu to the Athenians, he mounted his steed
and returned, by way of Georgetown, ^N'orth Bend, and
Oeneral Harrison's, to Cincinnati.
There being but one steamboat, and that an unsafe one,
at the Cincinnati wharf, Flint bought and fitted up a
keel-boat about ninety feet long and of seventeen tons
burden. The affectionate family had become so much at-
tached to their Cincinnati friends that parting was an
anguish similar to their Salem leave-taking. Their
friends, who had secretly made many provisions for the
<jorafort and convenience of the voyage, went down to the
river shore, where the last good-byes were exchanged.
The family and some lady passengers being safely
aboard, the "patron," or helmsman, pushed the keel from
the bank, and away it floated on the sultry afternoon of
April 12, 1816. If the hills and woods had been charm-
ing in November, what were they now in the glorious
bloom and verdure of a forward spring? The chronicle
«ay8: "Nothing could exceed the grandeur of the vege-
table kingdom on the banks of the broad and beautiful
Ohio." The river was at flood height, and the strong
current bore the boat swiftly on. But a transformation
scene was soon witnessed.
After a lapse of two hours of ravishing enjoyment to
the travelers, a thunder-storm gathered and burst furi-
ously on the river. The ladies screamed, their gallant
guardian busied himself dipping water from the boat's
hold, the grim " patron," like another Palinurus, stood
hopefully at the helm, undisturbed by the drenching rain,
the buffeting wind, and the rolling thunder. The storm
spent its rage, the sun shone out, the ladies recovered
from fright, and the slender barque floated onward until
evening, when the mansion of General Harrison was de-
scried on its high hill. The boat was made fast to the
shore and the passengers climbed the steeps and were
Timothy Flint. 337
made welcome by the urbane hero of Tippecanoe and his
lovely wife.
That night and the next day and night were spent
pleasantly at Harrison's in talking with the general and
listening to his children say lessons in geometry. The
next day the voyagers went to Lawrenceburg, where they
left their lady passengers. At this place Flint's daughter
fell into the river, and was rescued from drowning by a
^'providential" stranger.
The last settlenient they stopped at was Shawneetown,
^' an unpleasant looking village that had just emerged
from an inundation." Here they made final arrangements
for ascending the Mississippi, and engaged a complement
of boatmen, perhaps ten or twelve.
On the 28th of April, their boat drifted from the com-
paratively clear waters of the Ohio to the turbid, milk-
white surface of the Mississippi, which seemed the
^' ' ultima thule ' — a limit almost to the range of thought."
The few houses of Cairo were under water, and the in-
habitants were quartered promiscuously in a large flat-
boat, provided with liquor shops for the cheap accom-
modation of the men and women who desired to get
drunk.
The gloomy feelings caused by the view of Cairo, and
its debauched and miserable people, were dispelled as soon
as the boat began to ascend the Mississippi. Neither the
oar nor the pole could be used to advantage in propelling
the craft against the sweeping current of the deep and
muddy stream. Two new methods of locomotion were
employed, viz., towing and " bush-whacking."
Tow-lines, or " cordelles," of great length were carried
by every boat. One of these long ropes was used after
the manner of the cable of a canal-boat, to pull the vessel
up stream, not by horse power, but by the muscle of men.
The " hands " would toil along the bank tugging at the
cordelle. When they came to the mouth of a tributary,
they either swam across, holding fast to the line, or used
a yawl to carry the rope across. When they were im-
22
888 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
peded by a bluff, it was necessary to " warp " or cross tha
river to the low ground on the other side. The margin
was 80 obstructed in many places that towing became
impracticable. If such was the case, one end of the cor-
delle was made fast to some tree or " snag " far up stream,
and the men standing on the deck would pull or with a
windlass draw the boat toward the fixed point, while an-
other line was carried still farther up stream and
fastened.
The operation called " bush-whacking " was very sim-
ple, the whole art consisting in grasping the branches of
trees and bushes that lined the water's edge, and pulling
80 as to force the boat forward while the "bush-whacker"
trod from bow to stern on the long deck. The novelty of
the up-river navigation, the charm of the scenery, the de-
lightful air, the cheering sunshine, and the majestic view
of the Father of Waters, pouring his flood betwixt wonder-
ful shores, filled the enthusiastic and poetical Flint family
with ecstacy. They were rapt and seemed to float as in a
delicious dream.
The cotton-wood trees that waved in strange loveliness,
the fluttering green paroquets that seemed to the children
like flocks from paradise, the innumerable wild ducks and
other game birds that rose in airy flights from the reeds,
the herds of deer now and then seen bounding through
the distant thickets — all united to captivate the senses
and to excite the fancy. The pungent odor of the willow
flowers, which the voyagers crushed in their palms as
they grasped the overhanging boughs to aid the north-
ward motion of their boat, raised in their minds mytho-
logical ideas of " nectar and ambrosia." Ten years after
this delectable experience, Timothy Flint recalled it in
these words : " Perhaps the first half-day that we passed
in ascending the river, under every favorable omen, was
the happiest period that we ever experienced as it regards
mere physical enjoyment."
This exultant sensuous pleasure was followed by a
natural reaction. The incessant, anxious, severe, and dan-
gerous toil of struggling against the boiling current of the
Timothy Flint 339
Mississippi, beset with snags, sawyers, wreck-heaps, and
rocks, exhausted the physical energies and depressed the
spirits. Besides, every thing was rude, wild, savage, un-
touched by civilization. The boat crept up the stream,
or was forced up painfully, about twelve miles a day.
At night all hands encamped, at some favorable spot on
shore, built their camp-fires, cooked supper, and prepared
couches for the night's welcome repose. Rations of whisky
were distributed among the boatmen, who then sat down
under some huge tree and told tales of their adventures.
Some had been hunters on the Missouri ; some had ex-
plored the Mississippi above the Falls of St. Anthony;
others knew the region of the great lakes and Canada ;
others had wandered far south, on the Red river and on
the lagoons near the Gulf of Mexico. They had stories
to tell of river and forest, of war and the hunt, of Span-
iard and Frenchman. ^' Sometimes," says Flint, " we had
details of their dusky loves, that no feature of romance
might be wanting."
The rough boatmen who, after emboldening themselves
with strong drink, regaled their gentle auditors with
stories of personal deeds as wonderful as the labors of
Hercules, were not the only nondescript characters that
haunted river and shore. Shawnee Indians, of panther-
like aspect, prowled about the night encampment to the
terror of Mrs. Flint and her daughter. Over-familiar
desperadoes, in outlandish attire, armed with dirks, and
smelling desperately of bad liquors, invaded the camp, and
exchanged slang and profanity with the boatmen. IN'ot
unfrequently some lawless wretch, minus one eye, was
pointed out to Flint as a victim of the "gouger's" thumb.
But the apprehensive clergyman was assured that no
" gentleman " was in danger of being gouged.
The keel-boat, after many hairbreadth escapes from
wreck and foundering, at length reached the village of
Ste. Genevieve, a place older than Philadelphia. It was
a pleasant town, the seat of government, and had a weekly
newspaper. The houses were built of mud and white-
washed. The French language and the Catholic religion
840 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
held sway there. The housetops and the gate-posts were
surmounted by wooden crosses. The family landed at
Ste. Genevieve and were entertained hospitably by the
amiable and courteous people.
From Ste. Genevieve the Flints proceeded to St. Louis,
where they arrived on the 24th of May, 1816. From St.
Louis as a center of operations, Flint made many jour-
neys in the capacity of missionary, to the various French
and American settlements in Missouri and Illinois. Among
the places visited were Florissant, Bellefontaine, Bon-
horame, and Carondelet. He was accompanied in some
of his excursions by a brother missionary from Connecti-
cut, whose name is not given. Flint was the first Protest-
ant clergyman who administered the ordinance of com-
munion in St. Louis.
After four months of sojourn at St. Louis, Flint re-
moved with his family to St. Charles, on the north bank
of the Missouri, forty miles above its mouth. Here, on
the 10th day of September, the family arrived, and took
apartments in the house of Madame Duquette, a French
widow, with whom they resided pleasantly for two years.
He afterward settled on a small farm below St. Charles,
on the prairie called " The Mamelle." The whole period
of residence in Missouri was about five years. These
were years of indefatigable labor, of privation, sickness,
and hardship, relieved, however, by much that was exhila-
rating and profitable to the soul. The devout and earnest
preacher found much to distress him in his efibrts to
propagate the spirit, rather than the letter of the benign
religion of " love to God and love to man." He discovered
to his disappointment that the professed followers of
Christ were in rivalry and at bitter war about mere forms
and dogmas, even as were ** the doctors and the schools of
Andover and Princeton." He deplored the absence of the
" religion of the heart " from the sectarians of the fron-
tier, and exclaimed : " Happy, and thrice happy, in my
judgment, if men laid less stress upon knowledge and
more upon experimental acquaintance with the power of
religion." He tells his cousin, in faihiliar confidence : " I
Timothy Flint 341
ooiild easily fill a volume with the details of trials, per-
plexities, and suiFerings. 1 have labored much, not in the
vain hope of obtaining either much compensation or much
fame. Should I describe all that I was called to endure
from sickness, opposition, and privation, and from causes
unnecessary to be named, the most sober account would
seem like the fiction of romance." In the same letter
he w^rites with touching fervor : " I had my hours when
debility, and concern for my family, and trials and oppo-
sition all vanished, and I saw nothing but God and
eternity."
We will not follow this devoted family through the
years of vicissitude on the Mis^^ouri. Timothy Flint
ground all his observations and experience into that bril-
liant paint with which he afterward depicted western life
in his writings. He saw thousands of Indians, of various
tribes, and he has given from the life, the most exact and
graphic description of these strange people that can be
found in literature, his delineations being far more realis-
tic than those of Cooper. At St. Louis he was formally
introduced to the Cherokee chief, Richard Justice, with
his wnves and thirty children. He was also acquainted
w^ith the celebrated Spaniard, Manuel Lisa, the king of
fur traders, of whom much is said in Irving's '*Astoria."
Having received an urgent call to the Lower Mississippi
region, and half hoping to overtake fleeting health by a
change of climate, the Flints again took boat and started
for Post Arkansas, May 5, 1819. This destination was
reached after a tedious and miserable voyage of many
days. The post, situated far up the Arkansas, was the
seat of government of the territory, then newly formed,
with a population of about ten thousand. A dreadful
summer was spent there; what with mosquitoes, Span-
iards, Indians, French, swamps, alligators and ague, the
zealous missionary well nigh lost his customary equinim-
ity. Every Sabbath he preached in the court-house to a
congregation which he addressed in the French language.
Most of his auditors came costumed for the ball-room, to
which they went as soon as the service ended. There was
842 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
a billiard-room near by the court-house, and many gentle-
men bestowed their attention, alternately, upon the truths
of the Bible and the pleasure of the cue. It was not to
be wondered at that the preacher thought preaching, un-
der these circumstances, a " heart-wearing agony."
When the summer heats prevailed, the whole family,
excepting the father, were taken down with fever. As
soon as they were able to move, they took boat, floating
down the Arkansas to the Mississippi in twelve days.
Without the assistance of a single boatman, Flint and his
sons undertook the enormous task of navigating a flat-
boat against the current of the Mississippi toward their
former home at St. Charles, four hundred miles to the
north. And now we have come, in the devious course of
our narrative, to the saddest and most desolate episode in
the history of this much-suflTering family. Let us read it
in the simple and exquisitelv pathetic words of Flint him-
self:
" We arrived opposite to the second Chickasaw Bluff
on the 26th of November. The country on the shore re-
ceives and deserves the emphatic name of ' wilderness.'
At 10 in the morning we perceived indications of a severe
approaching storm. The air was oppressively sultry.
Brassy clouds were visible upon all quarters of the sky.
Distant thunder was heard. We were upon a wide sand-
bar, far from any house. Opposite to us was a vast
cypress swamp. At this period, and in this place, Mrs.
F. was taken in travail. My children, wrapped in blan-
kets, laid themselves down on the sand-bar. I secured the
boat in every way possible against the danger of being
driven by the storm into the river. At 11 the storm
burst upon us in all its fury. Mrs. F. had been salivated
during her fever, and had not yet been able to leave her
couch. I was alone with her in this dreadful situation.
Hail and wind and thunder and rain in torrents poured
upon us. I was in terror lest the wind would drive my
boat, notwithstanding all her fastenings, into the river.
No imagination can reach what I endured. The only al-
leviating circumstance was her perfect tranquillity. She
rimothy Flint. 343
knew that the hour of sorro\y, and expected that of death
was come. She was so perfectly calm, spoke with such
tranquil assurance about the future and about the dear
ones that were at this moment ' biding the pelting of the
pitiless storm ' on the sand-bar, that I became calm my-
self. A little after 12 the wind burst in the roof of my
boat, and let in the glare of the lightning and the torrents
of rain upon my poor wife. I could really have expostu-
lated with the elements in the language of poor old Lear.
I had wrapped my wife in blankets, ready to be carried
to the shelter of the forest in case of the driving of my
boat into the river. About 4 the fury of the storm began
to subside. At 5 the sun in his descending glory burst
from the dark masses of the receding clouds.
"At 11 in the evening Mrs. F. was safely delivered of a
female infant, and, notwithstanding all, did well; the
babe, from preceding circumstances, was feeble and sickly,
and I saw could not survive. At midnight we had raised
a blazing fire. The children came into the boat, supper
was prepared, and we surely must have been ungrateful not
to have sung a hymn of deliverance. • There can be but
one trial more for me that can surpass the agony of that
day, and there can never be on this earth a happier period
than those midnight hours. The babe staid with us but
two days and a half and expired. The children, poor
things, laid it deeply to heart, and raised a loud lament.
We were, as I have remarked, far away from all human
aid and sympathy, and left alone with God. We depos-
ited the body of our lost babe — laid in a small trunk for a
coffin, in a grave amid the rushes, there to await the res-
urrection of the dead. The grave is on a high bank
opposite to the second Chickasaw Bluff, and I have since
passed the rude memorial which we raised on the spot ;
and I passed it carrying to you my miserable and ex-
hausted frame, with little hope of its renovation, and in
the hourly expectation of depositing my bones on the
banks of the Mississippi. But enough and too much of
all this."
With aching hearts the Flint family took leave of the
344 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
little grave and resumed their boat. Fortunately obtain-
ing the assistance of two hands, they proceeded as far
north as New Madrid, where they arrived about the mid-
dle of December, 1819. Feeble from sickness and dejected
by grief, they were induced to spend the winter at the vil-
lage. They were kindly received in the family of an ex-
cellent old lady, Mrs. Gray, a woman of seventy winters,
who had witnessed the progress of the settlement of New
Madrid from its beginning. Mrs. Gray possessed a library,
was a classic scholar, who read Plato, and was familiar
with the history of the ancients. Her daughter was also
an accomplished woman, who had " lived in the great
world in Natchez and New Orleans, in the family of Mr.
Derbigny, and in the families of two of the greater com-
mandants, and spoke and read French as well as English."
These agreeable ladies communicated to Mr. Flint a
very clear and complete account of the great earthquake,
the devastation of which they had witnessed. Flint re-
corded the facts, and his description is the best one extant
of the noted convulsions, which had not entirely ceased
at the date of his visit to New Madrid. He says impress-
ively : " In the midst of some of our conversations, pro-
longed over the winter lire, we were not unfrequently in-
terrupted for a moment by the distant and hollow thunder
of the approaching earthquake. An awe, a slight pale-
ness passed over every countenance. The narrative was
suspended for a moment, and resumed."
When the winter was spent the Flints removed to Cape
Girardeau, where they remained for more than a year,
among rough and uncongenial people, to whom they
formed no attachments, and from whom they received
nothing valuable except the proverbial staple — experience.
Flint*8 sense of propriety was shocked by the prevalence
of 80-called relie^ious " spasms, cries, fallings, and faint-
ings," at places of public worship, and he could hardly
tolerate a species of worship called the " holy laugh,'' in
which certain highly excited converts were wont to in-
dulge.
In the autumn of 1820 the family were glad to return
Timothy Flint. 345
to the little farm on the " Mamelle," or the " Point," be-
low St. Charles. No sooner had they arrived than five of
the family, including Mr. and Mrs. Flint, were prostrated
with a bilious fever. They were utterly helpless, and were
quartered in different houses by benevolent neighbors.
The fever lasted fort}^ <^^ays, and was followed by months
of fever and ague. Flint endured seventy-seven shakes
from this pleasant visitor, who walketh invisible by noon-
day. Saturated with Peruvian bark, calomel, and despond-
ency, they now turned their thoughts toward their Xew
England home. It was decided to descend the Mississippi
to !N'ew Orleans, and thence to embark by ship for Salem.
Accordingly, Flint, joining with Mr. Postell, of St.
Charles, built a flat-boat, the family took passage October
4, 1822, and were carried to the great metropolis of the
South as rapidly as the current could bear them.
Upon arriving in J^ew Orleans, Flint and his family had
improved in health, and he was induced to relinquish the
purpose of going home, and to take charge of a seminary
at Covington, and to preach for a season at that place and
the neighboring village of Madisonville. Crossing Lake
Pontchartrain in March, 1823, he took up his rcvsidence in
Covington, and entered upon the discharge of his double
duty as teacher and preacher. Health failed, as usual, and
he returned to Xew Orleans in the autumn. During the
winter he delivered a course of popular lectures in that city.
About this time the Kev. Mr. Hall, principal of the Seminary
of Rapide, at Alexandria, La., died, and Flint was impor-
tuned to occupy the vacant position. Consenting, he
went with his wife and children, by boat, to the new des-
tination, on the west bank of Red river, one hundred and
fifty miles above the mouth. The Seminary or College of
Rapide was conducted in a large, ugly building, upon
which much money had been spent. The school was nu-
merous, many students boarding with the principal. The
town of Alexandria was new, and the state of literary cul-
ture very low. There were doctors, lawyers, and editors
enough, and as many as three '' Presbyterian ministers
had already laid their ashes" in the village graveyard.
846 Literaty Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Flint did not take ^his state of mortuary facts as a per-
sonal suggestion, but went about his labors — serene op-
timist that he was — and sucked all the honey he could
draw from the weeds of tribulation and sacrifice. The
Alexandrians were amiable. (Timothy seems never to
have encountered other than amiable people in his wan-
derings; French, Spanish, Dutch, German, English, half-
breeds, full-blood savages — all were amiable to him. With
equal hospitality of heart he met Yankee traders and
Kentucky boatmen, Canadian voyageurs and Texas rang-
ers.) The Creole planters on the Eed river lived in lux-
urious elegance. All the work was done by black slaves,
and the indolent gentlemen and ladies had no care except
to plan easy pleasures. The women, beautiful and fasci-
nating, intoxicated themselves by reading romance. The
men were infatuated with the sport called "fire-hunting"
— shooting deer by the glare of a flambeau in the dark
woods, after the game had been started by dogs wearing
bells.
Both out-of-door rides with hunters and in-door novel
reading with the Creole mesdames failed to invigorate the
health of the genial missionary. In the forlorn hope of
becoming robust by " roughing it" in the saddle, he made
a tour, in company with Judge Ballard, to " Cantonment
Jessup," a military post within fifteen miles of the Sabine
river, the station farthest to the south-west of any then in
the United States. The post was commanded by Colonel
Many. The journey was full of incident, and furnished
much of the material for the novel, " Francis Berrian,"
but the exertion was too great for poor Flint's exhausted
body. By the time he returned as far as Natchitoches, he
was unable to sit upon his horse, so he took steamboat
and descended the Red river to Alexandria. The strong
probability that, unless he left the place, he might soon add
a fourth to the three graves of Presbyterian preachers, led
his family and physician to insist that he should make all
possible haste to depart for his New England home, twenty-
five hundred miles to the north-east. Accordingly, on
an April day, in 1825, he bade his pupils farewell in the
Timothy Flint. 347
court-yard, parted from wife and daughter at the steps,
and was conducted by his sons down to the steamboat.
After kissing his little boy, a four-year-old lad, with a
military hat and a tin sword, the sick man entered the
steamer, took his berth, heard the parting gun boom the
signal for departure, and was on his way to Natchez. At
^Natchez he took passage on the fine steamer Grecian, for
Louisville. His journal records that: "On the 11th, we
passed the place where our babe lies buried, and at mid-
night, on the 14th, we arrived at Louisville." Thence, on
board the steamer Pike, he proceeded to Cincinnati, where
he stopped two days with friends, and received " medi-
cine and counsel" from Dr. Drake. From Cincinnati he
went by boat to Wheeling, and there took stage-coach for
Baltimore, over the National road.
Treating of this celebrated old route of travel, he said :
*'We have fine taverns and good entertainment all the way
over the mountains. We were driven down the most con-
siderable of them, a distance of between four and 1^yq>
miles, at a furious rate, and at midnight, and just on the
verge of precipices that it would be fearful to look down
upon at mid-day." The longest journey has an end; the
wanderer reached Salem, more dead than alive. A few
weeks' rest, and a summer jaunt up the Hudson, with his
most congenial companion, cousin James, gave him a
fresh lease of life and hope. He was persuaded by his
friends, Peabody and Dr. Flint, to write for publication an
account of his travels and observations. This he was
easily induced to undertake. The work of preparing the
manuscript was commenced at Salem, and completed at
Cincinnati, on September 25, 1825.
Flint's " Recollections of the Last Ten Years in the-
Valley of the Mississippi " was published in Boston by
Cummings, Hillard & Co., in the spring of 1826. The vol-
ume gives, with much detail, the full history of the events
slightly sketched in the foregoing pages. In the synopsis
free use has been made of Flint's phrasing, and direct
quotations have been given, for the double purpose of pre-
serving important facts and illustrating the style of the
348 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
volume. Never was a more delightful book of the kind
written. A more original book it would be impossible to
conceive of. In fact, it seems not to be a book, but a fa-
miliar talk — a picture from nature ; a man revealing him-
self to the sympathetic world with unconscious and com-
plete candor, confidence and enthusiasm. He tells the
reader that he has not consulted a book on his subject
from the beginning to the end of his composition.
Flint's "Recollections" met with immediate success,
and was reprinted in London, and translated into French
in Paris, though it never has been reproduced in the
United States. The popularity of the work decided the
author to make literature his vocation.
In the autumn of 1825, Flint's wife and four children
joined him at Cincinnati, where the family remained for
the next seven or eight years.
One of his sons, E. H. Flint, opened a bookstore on the
corner of Fifth and Walnut streets, which was removed
to 160 Main street, " nearly opposite the Presbyterian
Church." An elder son, Micah P. Flint, who had studied
law, and had been admitted to the bar at Alexandria, won
a fair reputation as a poet. Several of his maiden eftbrts
in verse were printed in his father's " Recollections," and
were afterward, in 1826, issued in a thin volume, under
the title, " The Hunter, and Other Poems." Micah Flint
died in 1830, aged twenty- three.
In July, 1826, Timothy Flint took out the copyright of
hie second book, the lively and entertaining novel, " Fran-
cis Berrian, or the Mexican Patriot," issued in two vol-
umes, from Boston. This is dedicated to Judge Henry
8. Ballard, the gentleman with whom the author made
the tour to the Sabine country. It is a romantic story,
founded on the fortunes of Iturbide, in the Mexican
revolution. The hero, Berrian, is a dashing Yankee,
who has many startling adventures with Comanche In-
dians, Spanish hidalgos, and lovely seDoras. Literary
judges praise the scenic descriptions of this novel very
highly, but criticise its dramatic qualities and character
painting. It is certainly not a tale of the Henry James
Timothy Flint. 349
type ; the autlior lias more '• to tell " than " to say."
Mrs. Trollope placed Flint first among the American
writers of his time. She says : " Several American nov-
els were hrought me. Mr. Flint's ' Francis Berrian ' is
excellent ; a little wild and romantic, hut containing
scenes of first-rate interest and pathos." On another
page she says : " Mr. Flint's ' Francis Berrian ' is delight-
ful. There is a vigor and freshness in his writing that
is exactly in accordance with what one looks for in the
literature of a new country ; and yet, strange to say, it is
exactly what is most wanting in that of. America."
'' Francis Berrian " has long been out of print, and has
become exceedingly rare. Mr. U. P. James, the western
publisher and book-dealer, when asked about the volume,
said : " It always sells for a high price, but it is long since
I saw a copy."
It is incorrectly stated in "AUibone's Dictionary,"
^^ Duyckink's American Literature," and similar works,
that Timothy Flint began the publication of " The West-
ern Magazine and Review " in 1834. The fact is that the
:first number of this pioneer literary journal was issued in
May, 1827.^ The " Geography and History of the Missis-
sippi Valley " appeared in the autumn of the same year
in two large volumes from the press of E. H. Flint. This
useful work rapidly passed through numerous large edi-
tions. Many passages from the "Recollections" are in-
corporated in it. The peculiar criticism was made on this
book that it is too interesting to be useful ! — the reader
searching for geographical or historical facts in its pages
is carried away from his object by the absorbing narrative
or brilliant description.
Citizens of Cincinnati can hardly fail to take an inter-
est in Flint's account, published in the Review, February,
1830, of the locally celebrated historical picture, " Gen-
Lafayette's Landing and Reception at Cincinnati," painted
by August Jean Hervieu in 1829.
Hervieu was a French artist, born near Paris in 1794.
1 See Chapter III, page 70.
350 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
His father, who held the rank of colonel in IN'apoleou's
army, was taken prisoner at Moscow, and he died in cap-
tivity. Jean was a pupil of M. Gitodet and of M. Gros.
Becoming involved in political disturbances, he was tried
by the government and was condemned to pay a fine of
15,000 francs and to be imprisoned for fivQ years. But he
escaped to England, where, under the patronage of Sir
Thomas Lawrence, of the Royal Academy, he practiced
his art at Somerset House, London. A study of his rep-
resenting the battle of Thermopylae, which he sent to
France, procured for him a medal and a membership in
the Royal Academy of Lisle. In the year 1829 Hervieu
sailed for N"ew Orleans, on the same vessel that brought
Miss Frances Wright, on her second trip to America, from
he*r French home in the house of Lafayette. Miss Wright
lingered in the South, but the artist proceeded at once to
the " Paris of America," though the city was then de-
scribed by the less pleasing name of " Porkopolis."
The man of pigments was most cordially received by
the virtuosi of Cincinnati, and, within a very short time
after his arrival, he began to paint what his friend Mrs.
TroUope calls " a noble historical picture of the landing of
General Lafayette at Cincinnati." The painting is thus
described by Mr. Flint :
" Its dimensions are sixteen feet by twelve. The popu-
lar group is composed of Lafayette and the superior offi-
cers who crossed the river with him, and w^ho are ad-
vancing to meet Mr. Morrow, governor of Ohio. Amia-
bility sits embodied in the countenance of this man, who
is aftectionately grasping his hand. Among the persons
of his suite are Generals Harrison, Lytle, and Desha, gov-
ernor of Kentucky. Near them are the Hon. Judge
Burnet and Messrs. Greene and Fletcher, Esqrs., persons
deputed by the city to tender its welcome. By them is
Major Larrabee, an officer who distinguished himself at
Tippecanoe, and who lost an arm in the service. Near
him are the late lamented Mr. Madeira and J. Lytle,
captain of the Hussars. A little below, in the second
group, are the governor's two aides-de-camp, Colonels
rimothy Flint. 351
Pendleton and King, and with them Major Ruffin, the
sheriff. The young gentleman in the military costume of
West Point, was introduced with a view to perpetuate the
recollections of the nation's guest, who could never forget
the reception given him by the pupils of that military
school. In the same group are Messrs. Foster, Dorfeuille,
Foote, P. Symmes, a man of letters ; Rev. Oliver Spencer,
and Dr. Drake. Two veterans of the Revolution, the first
the late Mr. Wyeth, formerly mentioned in this journal as
one who aided in throwing the tea overboard in Boston
harbor, venerable by his age, his mild countenance, his
gray hairs, and the recollections associated with his per-
son ; and the other an old negro servant in livery, who
belonged to the suite of General Washington, are strik-
ing figures in the crowd. This group terminates with H.
Powers, a young sculptor of the city, of the highest prom-
ise. He has given a strikingly faithful bust of the painter,
and the latter has signalized his gratitude, and friendship,
and respect for his talent by giving the sculptor a con-
spicuous place in his painting. The circumstance, along
with the introduction of Mr. Flint and Rev. Mr. Pierpont,
who were not actually present at the landing, may, per-
haps, suggest the objection of anachronism, and violation
of historical fidelity. The most formidable difficulty of
the artist was this cramping limitation to fact. One of
the gentlemen, by his recent visit to this city, in which
he received such a cordial welcome, had in some sense
identified himself with us ; and as he is well and generally
known in the Atlantic country, where this picture will be
seen, it seems to us a fitting compliment to him. We im-
agine, that any objection in regard to the presence of the
other two, will be generally put to the account of hyper-
criticism. We allow unlimited range to poetry. Surely
the sister art may have some indulgence to episode ;
especially if any connection exists between it and the
leading idea.
" But to return to the picture. Among the hundred
astonishing incidents that occurred to Lafayette in his
journey through our Union, it happened that the same
852 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
woman mingled with the multitude in this welcome, who
gave the nation's guest, as he came out of the prison of
Olmutz, a three-franc piece and a cup of milk. Here was
the good German women no longer in Germany, but at
the landing in Cincinnati. General Lafayette every-where
showed that such touching remembrances never escaped
him. The artist has happily seized upon the circum-
stances, and has made the eagerness of the good woman
conspicuous by presenting her in her German costume.
" The lines are formed by companies of infantry from
the city. They were commanded by three Colonels, Mc-
Farland, Borden, and Ferris. JN'ear them are Daniel Gano
and Davis B. Lawler, Esqrs. More to the left of the
painting is the marshal of the day. Colonel Carr, and his
aid, W. D. Jones. The group in this direction terminates
with the fancy figures of which we have spoken, together
with a number of young girls running with flowers
toward the person who is the center of all thoughts for
that day."
This picture was long on exhibition in the art gallery
of Mrs. Trollope's Bazaar, where it attracted universal
attention. According to a writer in the Cincinnati En-
quirer, it was " finally taken to Liverpool, and locked up
in the English Custom-house until the tariff should be
paid. There it remained until a Cincinnati book-seller
wrote to the custom-house officials, who answered that
they, were unable to find it." Flint's allusion to " H.
Powers " and the mutual admiration existing between
him and Hervieu recalls that the latter lent his brush to
enhance the lurid horrors of the " Infernal Regions," the
waxen demons of which were created by Powers, as I
have narrated in the chapter on Daniel Drake. Hervieu
painted an excellent portrait of Robert Owen, which is
«till preserved in the rooms of the Ohio Historical So-
ciety. It is related in Mrs. Trollope's satirical pages that
a German gentleman who had projected a chartered acad-
emy of fine arts in Cincinnati, engaged Hervieu to join in
conducting a drawing school, agreeing to pay him a sal-
ary of $500 a year. The Frenchman conceived that good
Timothy Flint. 353
order and regular hours were necessary to the success of
the boys and girls who sought instruction, and he there-
fore drew up a set of rules. Mrs. Trollope tells us that
" when he showed them to his colleague, he shook his
head and said, * Yqyj goot, ver}^ goot in Europe, but
America boys and gals vill not bear it ; dey will do just
vat dey please; suur, dey vill all go avay next day.' ^And
you will not enforce these regulations, si necessairh, mon-
sieur!' 'O lor! not for de vorld.' 'Uh 6ien, monsieur, I
must leave the young republicans to your management.' "
In this connection it will be fitting to tell something
about Mrs. Trollope and her doings in Cincinnati. The
iirst volume of her notorious book, " Domestic Manners
of the Americans," is devoted almost wholly to the rela-
tion of her experience in the Ohio Valley. She arrived at
Cincinnati, from l^ew Orleans, February 10, 1828, and
spent tAvo years in the town, leaving in the beginning of
March, 1830. Her descriptions of the persons, places, and
events she saw have been censured far more than they
deserve, and she herself has been abused in print, more
severely and less justly, than she ever abused the Ameri-
cans. Mrs. Trollope came to America accompanied by a son
and two daughters, with the intention of locating in busi-
ness her son Henry ; and, hearing that Cincinnati was the
most promising place for a young man to settle in, she
sought that city, designing to " fix our son there," as she
expressed it, and to " continue with him till he should
feel himself sufiiciently established."
Thomas Adolphus Trollope, who, accompanying his
father, paid a visit to Cincinnati in 1880, gives remi-
niscences of the sojourn in his book, '' What I Remember,"
published in 1888. He says :
"We found my mother and two sisters and brother
Henry well, and established in a roomy, bright-looking
house, built of wood, and all white with the exception of
the green Venetian blinds. It stood in its own " grounds,"
but these grounds consisted of a large field, uncultivated
save for a few potatoes in one corner of it ; and the whole
23
354 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
appearance of the place was made unkempt-looking — not
squalid, because every thing was too new and clean-look-
for that — by uncompleted essays toward the making of a
road from the entrance gate to the house, and by frag-
ments of boarding and timber, which it had apparently
been worth no one's while to collect after the building of
the house was completed. With all this there was an air
of roominess and brightness which seemed to me very
pleasant. The house was some five or ten minute's walk
from what might be considered the commencement of the
town, but it is no doubt by this time, if it still stands at
all, more nearly in the center of it.
" My father and I remained between five and six months
at Cincinnati, and my remembrances of the time are
pleasant ones. In the way of amusement, to the best of
my recollection, there was not much besides rambling over
the country with my brother, the old companion of those
London rambles which seemed to me then almost as far
off in the dim past as they do now. But we were free,
tied to no bounds, and very slightly to any hours. And I
enjoyed those rambles immensely. I do not remember
that the country about Cincinnati struck me as especially
interesting or beautiful, and the Ohio, la belle rivikre, dis-
tinctly disappointed me. But it was a new world, and
every object, whether animate or inanimate, was for us full
of interest."
The house occupied by the Trollopes was one owned
by Daniel Gano, and was called Gano Lodge, situated
near Howard's woods.
If one may rely upon the recollection of the famous old
musician, Jose Tosso, the young man Henry was not easy
to " fix." Tosso remembered him as a gay fellow who
spoke seven languages, was the " Invisible Lady " in Dor-
feuille*8 "Museum," and played the part of Falstaff in
"The Merry Wives of Windsor" under the influence of
too much wine, and with a small feather-bed to magnify
his rotundity.
" One night," related Tosso, " Mrs. Trollope gave a party
to about a hundred guests, and a handsome one it was.
Timothy Flint 355
First we had * Les Deux Amis ' in French, and then ' The
Merry Wives of Windsor.' The 'Deux Amis' went ojff
very well. Mrs. TroUope spoke excellent French. So
did Dr. Price, Mr. Morgan ^Neville, Mrs. Ameling, and
Henry Trollope. But when the ' Merry Wives ' came on,
Falstaff's good, round belly was found to be lined with
sack instead of capon, and the play was incredibly funny,
for he was very drunk, and had a small feather-bed tucked
under his waistcoat. 'How was the music?' Fine. I
played first violin ; Morgan Seville, second fiddle, and
John Douglass, 'cello. After the play came supper, and
then the dancing till daylight." ^
Probably it was to utilize the energy of this jolly roys-
terer that their mother invested and lost her money by
erecting and furnishing what she called the " Bazaar," but
which came to be known, in the contemptuous phrase of
popular judgment, as " Trollope's Folly." There is a good
deal of romance, poetry, and pathos associated with this
same quaint and curious arabesque, Egyptesque, oriental,
Gothic, bizarre Bazaar. Marvelous it rose, hard by the
Beautiful Kiver, with balconies looking out toward the
Kentucky hills. Surprising it stood, on the very slope
where the palisades of old Fort Washington used to stand.
It was a large building, with an elegant front of native
limestone, with a spacious and stylish coffee-house and
bar in the basement, and a ball-room in the third story.
The second story was devoted to the sale of useful and
fanciful articles of dress, furniture*, and ornaments. There
were to be had jewelry, pottery, statuettes, pictures, laces,
and a hundred articles of taste and virtu^ imported from
the Old World. The room was sixty feet long, adorned
by two rows of white columns, and at the rear was a de-
lightful recess or saloon, in which customers were served
with oysters, ices, and sherbets. The ceilings and panels
of the Bazaar were frescoed with classic designs by the
versatile and obliging Hervieu. The spacious and mag-
nificent ball-room was the pride of the Queen City. Long
^ From an interview with Tosso, published in the Cincinnati Gazette.
856 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
after Mrs. Trollope sailed homeward across the sea, with
the unmanageable boys who were destined to become an-*
thors, the beaux and belles of Cincinnati continued to re-
sort to the gay dances held at " Trollope's Folly." There
twinkled and flared, so tradition says, the first gas-lights
that ever shone within a Cincinnati edifice. There the
magic violin of Jose Tosso dignified the quadrille without
degrading musical art. The lights are out ; the dancers
have danced their last dance. The old musician has gone
to sleep, and the violin is mute. Another building, the
Lorraine, usurps the spot where stood the house of pleas-
ure in which waltzed and whispered the dancers of sixty
years ago, and Trollope's Folly has become only a name
and a dream.
Here let be recorded a few sentences to the loving mem-
ory of old Jose Tosso, " maitre de musique'^ courtly gen-
tleman, and hero of much romance. Though he wrote
no book, he himself was a living poem and novel. The
son of an Italian father and a French mother, he was
born in the city of Mexico in 1802. He died in Coving-
ton, Ky., in 1887. After receiving a fine musical educa-
tion in the Paris Conservatoire, he returned to America in
1816. He married a " black-eyed girl " at Louisville, and
came to Cincinnati to live in the year 1827. '^ The Cin-
cinnati Chronicle and Literary Gazette" of April 24,1830,
contains a long advertisement announcing the opening of
an Academy of Music and Dancing in the Ball-room of
the Bazaar, by Messrs. Tosso and Pius, in which we read
that " Mr. Tosso trusts that his residence of three years in
this city has acquired for him the good feelings and confi-
dence of its citizens. As Mr. Pius has but lately arrived
in Cincinnati, he begs leave to publish one or two certifi-
cates, and offer for reference Colonel Piatt, Mr. Carneal,
Mr. McCandless, and Mr. Neville." Mr. Tosso certainly
possessed the *'good feeling ami (<>nfidence" of every
body, from the Marquis Do La Fayette down to the hum-
blest "supe" of the C..liiiiil»ia Street Theater, where Tosso
led the orchestra. Who has not heard of his most divert-
Timothy Flint. 357
ing musical monologue and medley, " The Arkansaw
Traveler?"
Before dismissing Frances Trollope from our narrative,
let us read the generous and peculiar tribute she pays to
the man who is the chief subject of this rambling sketch.
She wrote as follows : " The most agreeable acquaintance
I made in Cincinnati, and indeed one of the most talented
men I ever met, was Mr. Flint, the author of several ex-
tremely clever volumes, and the editor of the Western
Monthly Review. His conversational powers are of the
highest order ; he is the only person I remember to have
known with first-rate powers of satire, and even of sar-
casm, whose kindness of nature and of manner remained
perfectly uifinjured. In some of his critical notices there
is a strength and keenness second to nothing of the kind
I have ever read. He is a warm patriot, and so true-
hearted an American that we could not always be of the
same opinion on all the subjects we discussed ; but whether
it were the force and brilliancy of his language, his gen-
uine and manly sincerity of feeling, or his bland and gen-
tleman-like manner that beguiled me I know not, but
certainly he is the only American I ever listened to whose
unqualified praise of his country did not appear to me
somewhat overstrained and ridiculous."
Flint, having entered upon a literary career, produced
many books — too many — and all within a period of eight
years. Mr. Gallagher, who knew him well and admired
him, said : " He writes as he talks — rapidly, eloquently,
poetically, carelessly." About three-fourths of the con-
tents of the Western Review were supplied by him. Yet
he found time, or rather managed without the aid of time,
to complete and publish three novels within three years.
These were "Arthur Clenning," " George Mason, the
Young Backwoodsman," and " The Shoshone Valley."
The Review was discontinued in 1830, and the editor pro-
posed to publish in its stead a quarterly, which should
comprise two volumes annually, of at least a thousand
pages each. This promised quarterly never appeared, but
the demand for a literary journal was soon supplied by
858 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
James Hall, who, in January, 1833, started the Western
Monthly Magazine in Cincinnati.
Flint, whose novels were histories and whose histories
were novels, easily turned his attention from the tribes of
the Shoshone Valley to the tribes of the Mississippi Val-
ley, and wrote his pleasant short history of the '' Indian
Wars of the West." In the same year, 1833, was pub-
lished his "Lectures upon IN'atural History, Geology,
Chemistry, the Application of Steam and Interesting Dis-
coveries in the Arts." This curious book, an omnium
gatherum from many sources, but chiefly from Aime Mar-
tin's " Lettres k Sophie," and other French authorities,
was intended to supply young men and women with a
general education supplementary to their schoiol training.
It touches upon every subject from the starry heavens to
Prussian blue, from the deluge to vaccination, from agri-
culture to the selection of books and the ritual of wor-
ship.
At the time in which this volume came out, the author
was every-where recognized as a leading writer, and he
was enjoying the praise and -suffering the detraction inci-
dent to reputation. Though a popular favorite with read-
ers, he was frequently criticised with severity by reviewers
for his unhappy choice of topics, and for his obvious
faults of style. But his literary standing was so good
that when, in 1833, Charles Fenno Hoffman retired from
the editorship of the Knickerbocker Magazine, Flint was
solicited to take the place. The Knickerbocker was orig-
inated in 1832 in New York. Flint assumed editorial
charge October, 1833, having previously contributed to
the new magazine articles on " Phrenology" and on " Ob-
stacles to American Literature." The salutatory remarks
in which he presents his literary views to the public con-
tain some suggestive sentences. He says :
"In proffering the customary editorial courtesies to
brother editors, and in bearing my earnest testimony
against the correctness of a prevalent opinion in the
editorial creed, begotten in ignorance and born in politics,
that malignity is inspiration, untiring volubility eloquence,
Timothy Flint. 359
abuse wit, and victory the last word, I distinctly affirm
that I am not conscious of having ever in my life been
the intentional aggressor in assailing the writings or dis-
turbing the feelings of any writer before the public. My
sympathies, on the contrary, have all been with those ill-
fated and ill-paid beings whose hard destiny it is to grind
and make sport for the Phillistines."
. Flint's constitution, always feeble, gave way under the
strain of added cares. In order to save his shattered life,
he gave up his editorial task, and went back to his former
sub-tropical home, with his Creole friends, at Alexandria,
away down on the Red river, in Louisiana. Though a
confirmed invalid, he did not intermit his customary em-
ployments. Aided by his daughter, he continued to write
for the press. He translated and published two French
books, " The Art of Happiness," by Droz, and " Celibacy
Yanqaished, or the Old Bachelor Reclaimed." These
were followed by a little volume, over whose charmed
pages thousands of western boys have pored, as they sat
by the winter fire, " The First "White Man of the West, or
the Life and Exploits of Colonel Daniel Boone."
The book has much of the freshness and fascinating
realism, much of the unliterary familiarity and colloquial
directness, which made the " Recollections " so popular.
Almost the last product of Timothy Flint's prolific pen
was a series of articles on American literature, contrib-
uted in 1835 to the London Athenaeum.
Scant is the record of Flint's life in his last few and
evil years. Meekly he bore the pain of disease, and pa-
tiently he suffered woe which bodily weakness entails.
Life is sweet ; love fights against death. The very sun-
shine and the balmy air of flowery Louisiana were steal-
ing away the little remaining vigor of the invalid. He
was now an old man. "Let me go once more to the
1^0 rth ; let me go to Salem." Wife and daughter re-
mained at Alexandria ; the father, accompanied by his
youngest son, James, took passage on a steamboat and
started on his last earthly journey. It was at the begin-
ning of the month of May, 1840. Down to the Red
860 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
river's mouth, up the Mississippi to Natchez, the passen-
gers are carried in safety. They take temporary lodging
at Natchez in the Steamboat Hotel, kept by a Mr. Alex-
ander. At one o'clock on the sultry afternoon of Thurs-
day, May 7, a furious tornado sweeps along the river,
whirls the shipping to destruction, tears the city. " Never,
never, never was there such desolation and ruin," was the
word of the Natchez Courier next day. The loss of
property was immense, and not fewer than four hundred
people were killed. From the ruins of the Steamboat
Hotel many dead bodies were dug, and the living body of
the landlord's wife, with two lifeless children in her arms.
The Natchez Free Trader mentioned that among those
who were taken out alive were " Timothy Flint, the
historian and geoprapher, and his son, from Natchi-
toches, La."
Imagine the state of body and mind in which the help-
less father and anxious son continued their melancholy
way on and on and on, to Cincinnati, to Wheeling, to
Philadelphia, to Boston, to dear old Heading, the birth-
place of the man who now, at the age of three score, had
come home, to die in his brother Peter's house.
Soon after his arrival at Reading, Flint wrote a letter to
his wife, bidding her farewell, and saying that before she
received the message he would be no more. The mourn-
ful tidings came to the broken-down woman in her lonely
southern home, and smote out her sad life. Thus the
wife and mother, the silent partner so little heard of in
the bustling career of her husband, went on ahead to pre-
pare the way. The papers said nothing of her but that
she died. But when, a short time afterward, the man
whom she and her children and the general public knew
and loved had breathed his last — August 16, 1840 — and
was gathered to his fathers in Harmony Grove, Salem, the
press teemed with eulogies.
Judge James Hall. 361
CHAPTER XII.
JUDGE JAMES HALL, SOLDIER, JURIST, AUTHOR, EDITOR.
James Hall, Soldier, jurist, author, banker, came of lit-
erary stock. His maternal grandfather. Rev. John Ewing,
D.D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Philadel-
phia; provost of Pennsylvania University, and vice-presi-
dent of the American Philosophical Society, was a man
of learning, who wrote ably on theology and science, and
w^ho possessed the faculty of rendering abtruse subjects
familiar and agreeable.
Dr. Ewing's daughter, Sarah, who was carefully edu-
cated by her father, was one of the few American women
who, in the last century, achieved a considerable reputa-
tion in authorship. This charming woman was born in
Philadelphia, October 30, 1761, and her childhood and
youth were passed in the days of the Revolution. She
was married, in 1782, to John Hall, a patriot soldier, son
of a wealthy planter of Maryland. When the Port Folia,
was established, in 1800, by Mr. Dennie, at Philadelphia,
Mrs. Hall became one of its most popular contributors,
writing many graceful, piquant, and sensible essays for its
pages. Through her father and other influential friends,
she became acquainted with eminent writers in the United
States and England.
The cares of a large family interfered much with her lit-
erary undertakings, but she found leisure to write many
charming letters, and to pursue polite studies. ^Not until
she had passed the age of fifty did she publish a volume.
It was a duodecimo of 365 pages, entitled " Conversations
on the Bible," and passed through several editions, and
had the distinction of being republished in London. The
book, written in a cheerful spirit of piety, without aus-
terity or cant, won favorable attention from critics. To a
862 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Scotch lady who wrote with friendly interest, inquiring
about Mrs. Hall's literary career, the latter replied : "Your
flattering inquiry about my 'literary career' may be an-
swered in a word — literature has no career in America.
It is like wine, which, we are told, must cross the ocean
to make it good."
Four of Mrs. Hall's sons were writers. The eldest of
these, John Ewing Hall, was chosen professor of Belles
Lettres in the University of Maryland, and he afterward
published the American Law Journal. From 1816 to
1827, he edited the Port Folio, with considerable assist-
ance from his mother and his brothers, James and Har-
rison. The Hall family had met with a serious reverse of
fortune in 1805, and years of heroic struggle were required
in order to retrieve the loss. The father was called to the
position of secretary of the land office, and afterward was
appointed United States marshal for the District of Penn-
sylvania. John Hall died in 1826, and his widow survived
him but four years.
A small volume of " Selections from the Writings of
Mrs. Sarah Hall," with a memoir and portrait, was pub-
lished in Philadelphia in 1833, which well exhibits the
versatility and general worth of the writer. Perhaps the
most interesting part of the book is a delightful sketch,
called " Reminiscences of Philadelphia," referring to the
manners and customs of pre-Revolutionary days.
James Hall, son of John and Sarah Hall, was born in
Philadelphia, August 19, 1793, and he died in Cincinnati,
July 4, 1868. He was not sent to school until his twelfth
year, but his mother taught him to read in his infancy,
and he soon became extravagantly fond of books. When
at length he was placed in the academy near Philadelphia,
he found his studies repulsive, his school a prison, and his
teachers tyrannous. The bitter men^ories which he has
recorded of that dreadful "academy" recall Cowper's
malediction on the English schools of his time. Hall
says: "Kindness, amiability, politeness, forbearance, jus-
tice had never been inculcated at this school, either by
precept or example, and the opposite vices took root in
Judge James Hall, 363
the vacant soil. ... I imbibed a deep-seated disgust
against schools, and schoolmasters, and school learning;
and against grammars, dictionaries, slates, copy-books,
ten-plate stoves, switches, cobwebs, and all other matters
and things belonging or in any way appertaining to a
school-house." This abhorrence to school did not destroy,
but rather it intensified, his pleasure in general reading,
and especially in poetical and romantic literature. A re-
spectable knowledge of Latin and French he acquired in
the hated school, and at home his mother directed his
studies. Perhaps sympathizing with the boy's feelings,
his parents removed him from the "academy," and placed
him in a merchant's counting-house, where for two years
he practiced the useful art of distinguishing the words
debit and credit. The beginning and the ending of his
active life were devoted to commercial affairs.
While yet in his teens, the youth began to study law.
The breaking out of the war of 1812 naturally excited
this son of a soldier to think of military fame. He joined
the Washington Guards, the first company organized for
the service in Philadelphia, and commanded by Captain
Andy Ragnet, who was afterward distinguished as a
writer of several works on the currency, free trade, etc.,
and minister to Brazil. The company was made up largely
of stylish young fellows from the "best families," for
Vv'hich reason they were known as " The Dandies," and
they received many donations of delicate food, flowers,
and smiles from the ladies of the city. Early in 1813,
"The Dandies" encamped on the bank of the Delaware,
near Wilmington, where, for some months, they watched
a British fleet and enjoyed all the holiday pleasures com-
patible with the discipline of a " tented field."
In the autumn of 1813, Hall received a commission as
lieutenant in the Second Regiment of Artillery in the
army, then commanded by Colonel Winfield Scott ; and
stationed at Fort Mifflin. The next spring. Lieutenant Hall
marched to Buffalo with a company commanded by Captain
Thomas Biddle, and joined the army of General Brown.
The American army crossed over into Canada on the 3d
364 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
of July, 1814, and fought the battle of Chippewa, July 5th,
Lundy*8 Lane, July 25th, and Fort Erie, August 15th.
Hall was in all three of these engagement, and conducted
himself with such bravery that he was complimented by
his superior officers.
At the close of the war Lieutenant Hall, who was re-
tained in the regular array, was chosen as one of the artil-
lery officers who were appointed to accompany Commodore
Decatur on the expedition against Algiers. He sailed in
September, 1815, in the brig Enterprise, Lawrence Kearney
commanding. The cruise to the Mediterranean and back
occupied less than half a year, and was full of interest to
the young officer. One day the vessel on which he voy-
aged hailed a returning American ship in mid-ocean, and
the question was asked : " What's the news ?" " Napoleon
has gone to hell," was the reply, and this one brief but
comprehensive particular was all that the passing bark
could communicate concerning the loser of Waterloo.
On his return from Algiers, Hall, then a captain, was
stationed at Newport, Rhode Island, until 1817, when he
was ordered to Pittsburg. Here, while upon duty in the
Ordnance Department, he resumed his law studies. He
was admitted to the bar in 1818, and resigned his position
in the army.
The vigorous, active, enthusiastic young gentleman was
now twenty-five years old, buoyant with hope, overflow-
ing with energy and ambition. His enjoyment of reading
and observation had developed the kindred pleasure of
writing. The Port Folio, his brother's magazine, afforded
him a convenient medium through which to convey his
words to the " gentle reader," and he wrote much for its
pages. At Pittsburg he became intimate with Morgan
Neville, then connected editorially with the Pittsburg
Gazette. To this, the oldest newspaper west of the Alle-
ghanies (founded in 1786), he became a contributor. The
articles he wrote were of a practical kind, urging the
state to construct roads and canals.
We may date the beginning of his carreer as author
in the year 1820. He launched upon the stream of literature,
Judge James Hall. 365
and on the bewitching Ohio river at the same time.
Smitten with the desire to go West and " explore the
country," he took passage on a keel-boat for Shawnee-
town, Illinois. The boat was of about forty-five tons
burden, loaded with merchandise, and navigated by eight
or ten roystering boatmen, stalwart, mischievous, and
merry. The traveler's senses were alive to every impres-
sion ; his curiosity was alert, and his sentimental tendency
had full scope. The majestic river, the embracing hills,
the forests clad in the verdure of spring, gay with blos-
soms and musical with birds, the islands, especially that
romantic one named Blennerhasset, all combined to de-
light his eyes, kindle his imagination, and incite to the
study of natural phenomena. Nor was the human inter-
est of the journey less varied, novel, and absorbing. The
new villages and the farmers' cabins on the river banks
afforded busy scenes of activity in contrast to the solitude
of the general landscape. Captain Hall carried a fowling-
piece, and whenever his floating lodging-house stopped on
the border of Ohio, Virginia, or Kentucky, he sprang
ashore, ranged the woods, shooting squirrels, and made
social calls at the settlers' houses, to drink milk, look at
the girls, and learn the folk-lore of the backwoods by
talking freely with the hospitable pioneers. At Cincin-
nati our young gentleman economized the few hours in
port, not so much in collecting statistics of the bustling
young city, as in the more important and pleasing pursuit
of personal improvement in the company of a lady friend
of his '^ dancing days."
The deck of the keel-boat was a stage on which inter-
esting scenes were presented. The person, dress, and con-
versation of the boatmen were peculiar. Hall was par-
ticularly struck with the boat-songs, which he describes as
*' poetry dressed in rags and going on crutches." These
rude melodies were usually of an amatory character,
couched in the dialect of the river, and tinged with colors
local and personal. Dance alternated with song, as the
boat drifted down the lazy stream; the whisky-jug helped
to put " life and metal " in the dancers' heels ; and a
366 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
vagabond musician, rejoicing in the familiar name of " Old
Pap,'* paid for his passage and his potations by playing
many a merry tune on " Katy," his beloved violin.
This trip from Pittsburg to Shawneetown furnished Mr.
Hall material for a series of letters, which were published
in the Port Folio. Some years afterward these letters
were collected in a volume, and sent to London for pub-
lication under the title, "Letters from the West by a
Young Gentleman from Illinois." The friend to whom
the manuscript was intrusted died in Europe, but the book
was duly issued in 1828, from the house of Henry Colburn,
London. The title, however, was expanded, without the
knowledge or permission of the author, into the follow-
ing : " Letters from the West, containing sketches of
scenery, manners, and customs, and anecdotes connected
with the first settlements of the western section of the
United States, by Hon. Judge Hall." The explanation of
this change of title is given by Colonel J. F. Meline, a
friend of Hall's, in the following paragraph, fromthe Cin-
cinnati Commercial of October 16, 1868 :
" Having been promoted to the bench, in the interval
between the writing and publication of the letters,
some officious friend had, it is supposed, indicated the
author's official dignity in the kind purpose of placing his
work before the publisher under the most imposing cir-
cumstances. Thus, by an unauthorized act and without
his knowledge or consent, the author was made responsi-
ble, under his real name and in his judicial character, for
pleasantries which, however witty or agreeable, were by
no means suited to the grave character of the avowed
author.
" The book which would almost certainly have a suc-
cess, was thus made ridiculous. Several of the English
reviews noticed it at length, in the bitter and jealous
spirit which then dictated all their criticism of American
literature."
The journey in the keel-boat took place in April, 1820.
At that time Shawneetown was the principal village in
Illinois, which stat^ had just been admitted into the Union.
Judge James Hall. 367
The white population of Illinois was about sixty thou-
sand, confined to the southern third of the state, on the
borders of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash. Indians
were still numerous in the northern portion of the state.
Hall, in the preface of " Legends of the West," frankly
tells the reader that he *^ commenced the practice of the
legal profession, at an early age, with about the usual
stock of dreamy reminiscences of Coke and Blackstone,
Kent and Chitty, but with a somewhat richer store than
ordinary of history, poetry and romance." He adds : " It
was the search of adventure, rather than of actions at
law, that enticed him to the wilderness. The legends of
the West, scattered in fragments over the land, were
more alluring than imaginary clients or prospective fees."
The duties of a legal practitioner in the backwoods af-
forded ample opportunity for pursuing the very studies
and adventures that Hall was in search of. He spent
four years in the office of prosecuting attorney, traveling
the round of ten counties, and four more as judge for the
same circuit. The scene and character of his labors are
vividly described in his own language : '''• The lawyers not
only rode large circuits, embracing nine or ten counties
each, but those circuits were so arranged to follow each
other in succession that the bar could pass from one to
another through several of them, and an industrious
practitioner passed half of his time on horseback. The
counties were extensive, and the county seats being widely
separated, the journeys were long and toilsome. There
were no hotels, few roads and fewer bridges.
" The traveler often passed from county to county by
some bridle-paths leading from one settlement to another,
crossed streams where ' fords there were none,' and when
the channels were filled with heavy rains, found both dif-
ficulty and danger getting over. Sometimes the close of
the day found him far from the shelter of a human habi-
tation, and then, like the hunter, he must light his fire
and encamp under a spreading tree, and the want of an
inn obliged him to camp out. The more usual resting
place was at the log house of a farmer, where a cordial
368 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
•welcome and a board spread bountifully with the products
of the field and the forest awaited him.
"The seats of justice were small villages, mostly mere
hamlets, composed of log-houses, into which the judge
and bar were crowded, with the grand and petit jurors,
litigants, witnesses, and, in short, the whole body of the
county — for in new counties every body goes to court.
Here was no respect to persons ; they ate together, slept
together, congregated together in the crowded court-
house, and assembled together around the stump to hear
the bursts of patriotic eloquence from the candidates for
office.
" Such were the scenes, and such the population among
which the author spent twelve years in the exercise of a
profession which, above all others, opens to its members
familiar views of the whole organization of society and
of much of all that passes in the business and bosoms of
men. Traveling continually on horseback, over broad
and beautiful prairies, and through forests shaded and
tangled with all the luxuriance and majesty of their prim-
itive state, encountering the hunter in his solitary ram-
ble, or sitting with him by his fireside, breaking his bread
and partaking of his convivial cup — living with them, in
short, from day to day, and from week to week, as their
fellow-citizen, their counselor and their guest — his oppor-
tunities for becoming well acquainted with the haunts and
homes of the backwoodsman were quite as favorable as
could be well imagined."
The practice of law and the discharge of judicial duties
in Illinois at the period here considered called for firm-
ness and courage in the legal fraternity. Counterfeiters,
horse-thieves, robbers, and other desperate characters in-
fested the frontier settlements. Courts were set at defi-
ance. Timid prosecutors and judges were threatened by
desperadoes. Hall was not of the fearful kind, yet he
had his full share of adventures. On one occasion he dis-
covered the secret meeting-place of a gang of outlaws, in
a concealed cabin several miles from Shawnee Town.
Collecting a small party of reliable men, including in the
Judge James Hall. 369
number the sherifi, he led the way one night to the ren-
dezvous of the dangerous fellows. The posse rode to
within a few rods of the cabin, alighted, tied their horses
to trees, and crept noiselessly toward their intended cap-
tives. Then, after stationing his companions on guard.
Hall entered the thieves' den alone. The surprised crim-
inals were engaged in various ways, each with his arms
beside him, gun, dirk and pistol. Startled by the intru-
sion of a stranger, they all sprang to their feet, snatching
up weapons. " Don't shoot, my friends," said the visitor,
quietly, " but listen to me." One of the gang, recogniz-
ing the representative of law, exclaimed : '' Why, is it
you, 'Squire Hall ?" (They called him Captain Hall, or
Oolonel Hall, or 'Squire Hall, indiscriminately — it was be-
fore he was judge.) " Yes," — calling the man by name,
for he knew the rascals — '' and I just want to say a few
words peaceably to you fellows." So he went on and told
them how their hiding-place had been discovered, and
that the sheriff* with his posse was outside, and advised
them to surrender at discretion and be treated as prisoners
of war, and not venture to fight against odds and be
beaten first and taken afterward. The result of it all was
that the whole gang was captured without a struggle.
Judge Hall seldom spoke of his own achievements, mil-
itary or civil, but he was fond of a personal anecdote, and
he used sometimes to tell his family the following story of
a whimsical adventure that befel him while he was once
acting as a prosecuting lawyer at Yandalia : One day, on
coming out of the court-house, a man stepped up to him,
and, calling him by name, asked him to walk over to a
grove one or two hundred yards distant, because he
wanted to have a little private conversation with him.
The judge was accustomed to tell, with a twinkle of the
eye, how he followed the fellow with some internal trepi-
dation, for, said he, " I did not know whether he intended
to shoot me or only to horsewhip me, for I had shown no
mercy to his sort while I was state's attorney, and I was a
little fellow, you know, and he a great, stalwart back-
24
370 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
woodsman ; but I knew the only way was to put on a
bold face." The man was under indictment for some
crime, and his purpose in holding a conference with the
renowned prosecutor was to try to induce him to under-
take to defend him. He offered Hall a large fee, declar-
ing that no other lawyer could save him from the peni-
tentiary. ''You say/' answered the other, "that I can
get you off, and no other man can ; well, now, I will
make a bargain with you. I will not help you for money,
but if you will comply with my conditions, I will defend
you. First, you must promise to change your whole
course of living — give up your violent and lawless prac-
tices, leave the state and persuade your associates to do the
same. Why not become an honest man and take a fresh
start in the world ? Promise that you will quit this mean
business of preying upon your fellow-creatures; go to
farming, or cattle-raising, or some other decent occupa-
tion, and I will undertake to get you off." The man
promised; he was cleared by Hall's intercession ; lie kept
his bargain and reformed.
Hall went to Illinois in the summer of 1820. Three
years afterward, February 2, 1823, he married his first
wife, Mary Harrison Posey, at the house of her father,
Captain John Posey, in Henderson county, Kentucky.
The Posey family is of old and highly respected Virginia
stock. Mrs. Hall's grandfather, Thomas Posey, was a
brave and efficient officer in the revolutionary army, who
retired from the service with the rank of major-general.
Removing to Kentucky, he was elected to the state sen-
ate and chosen speaker of that body. Subsequently he
was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the
Territory of Indiana, to succeed General Harrison. A
sketch of his life was prepared by Judge Hall for Sparks's
American Biography, second series.
Mrs. Hall's father, Captain John Posey, was a soldier
and a man of gentle breeding. Her mother and grand-
mother were both reigning belles in their young woman-
hood. The latter was a relative of Washington, who
Judge James Hall, 371
spoke of her as his " charming cousin, the beautiful Miss
Thornton."
Mrs. Mary Harrison Hall was a most beautiful, accom-
plished, and lovable woman. She died August 18, 1832.
Of the five children whom she bore to her husband only
one is now living, the oldest daughter, Mrs. Sarah Hall
Foote, wife of Charles B. Foote, president of the Com-
mercial Bank, Cincinnati.
Returning to the story of Hall's public life and services
in Illinois, we observe that he availed himself of his ad-
vantages and recorded what he saw and heard. He took
notes, not from books, but from men and things. The
articles and books he made are like realistic pictures,
such as painters compose from studies taken in the fields
and woods.
The Illinois Emigrant, the second newspaper in the
state, was started at Shawneetown in the fall of 1818, by
Henry Eddy and S. H. Kimmel. Judge Hall succeeded
Kimmel as editor, and changed the name of the paper to
Illinois Gazette. His ofiice as judge having been abol-
ished by a change in the judicial system of the state, he
was elected treasurer of Elinois, and removed to the cap-
ital, Vandalia. Here he edited the Illinois Intelligencer,
and here he started the Illinois Magazine. In addition to
his legal and editorial duties, he wrote occasional letters
for the Port Folio, and essays, tales, and poems, under the
pseudonym of " Orlando," for Timothy Flint's Western
Review, published at Cincinnati from 1828 to 1830. In
1829 he prepared and issued the Western Souvenir.
The native or naturalized early writers in the West
reached their audience mainly through the medium of
newspapers and magazines. But that strong propensity
to make books, which Solomon includes among the hu-
man vanities, stirred in the breast of the backwoodsman,
even as in the bosom of his "Atlantick " countryman, or his
cousin " over the water." Publishers in eastern cities issued
annual " Souvenirs," antetypes of our modern " gift books"
— fancy volumes, with gilt covers, and pictures — to which
the leading authors contributed essays, tales, and poems.
372 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
In due time, or perhaps a little before the time was due
for such experiments in the West, Judge James Hall pro-
jected and published the first literary annual of the Ohio
Valley. It came from the press of I^. & G. Guilford, Cin-
cinnati, as a Christmas and !N"ew Year's gift. The book
is a small octavo of 324 pages, bound in satin cloth, and
"embellished" with six steel engravings from original
paintings by Hervieu and others.
The subjects of the pictures are " The Peasant Girl,"
"View of Cincinnati," " View of Pittsburg," " The Shaw-
anoe Warrior," ** View of Frankfort," '^ The Deserted
Children." The editor, Judge Hall, says in his preface :
"The following work appears before the publick under
the embarrassing character of being a first attempt to
imitate the beautiful productions of art and genius, which
have reflected so much honor upon the talents of our
worthy countryman in some of the Atlantick States.
. . . It is written and published in the western coun-
try, by western men, and is chiefly confined to subjects
connected with the history and character of the country
which gives it birth."
The editor introduces his volume to its readers with the
subjoined parody as prelude :
"THE NEW SOUVENIR.
" Oh ! a new Souvenir is come out of the West,
Through all the wide borders it flies with a zest;
For, save this fair volume, we souvenir had none —
It comes unpreceded, it comes all alone ;
80 glossy in silk, and so neat in brevier,
There never was book like our new Souvenir !
" It stays not for critic, and stops not for puflf,
Nor dreads that reviewers may call it ' poor stuff!*
For ere the dull praiser can rail or can rate,
The ladies have smiled, and the critic comes late.
And the poets who laugh and the authors who sneer,
Would be glad of a place in our new Souvenir.
" So boldly it enters each parlor and hall,
'Mong Keepsakes, Atlantics, Memorials and all,
That authors start up, each with hand on his pen.
To demand whence it comes, with the wherefore, and when ;
Judge James Hall. 373
* Oh come ye in peace, or in war come ye here,
Or what is the aim of your new Souvenir ? '
" We 've long seen your volumes o'erspreading the land,
While the West country people strolled rifle in hand ;
And now we have come, with these hard palms of ours,
To rival your poets in parlors and bowers.
There are maids in the West, bright, witty, and fair,
Who will gladly accept of our new Souvenir.
" One hand to the paper, one touch to the pen,
We have rallied around us the best of our men : —
Away with the moccasin, rifle and brand !
AVe have song, picture, silk and gold-leaf at command —
'T is done ! — Here we go with the fleet foot of deer —
They '11 have keen pens that battle our new Souvenir."
The contributors to the Western Souvenir, besides Hall,
who supplied nearly half the articles, were Timothy Flint,
ITathan Guilford, ^N'athaniel "Wright, Moses Brooks, Dr.
Harney, Otway Curry, Harvey D. Little, Louis H. I^oble,
Caleb Stark, S. S. Boyd, Ephraim Robins, John P. Foote,
John B. Dillon, M. P. Flint, Benjamin Drake, and Mor-
gan J^eville.
The venture was not a financial success, nor are its lit-
erary merits of a very high order. Hall's own stories and
poems are bright and lively. The gem of the casket
is a sketch by Morgan IS^eville, a study of real life on
the Ohio river, entitled, "Mike Fink, the Last of the
Boatmen." This is an admirable piece of work in its
way, and it won for its author immediate recognition and
universal praise.
Morgan ^N'eville was highly admired and esteemed by
his contemporaries. He was a son of the distinguished
Major Presby Neville, aid-de-camp of La Fayette, and a
grandson of General John Neville. His mother was a
daughter of General Morgan. Morgan Neville was born
in Pittsburg, December 25, 1783. At an early age he was
sent to an academy, where he was taught Greek, Latin,
and mathematics by Mr. Mountain and Rev. John Taylor.
H. M. Brackenridge, in his " Recollections of Persons and
Places in the West," writing of his school-fellows, says :
874 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
" I will name Morgan Neville, William Robinson, William
0*Hara, and Chas. Wilkins, of the first class. The first
of these was the first of the first. The stories of the * Last
of the Boatmen,' ' Chevalier Dubac,' etc., are sufficient to
stamp him as a man of genius. But his accomplishments
in every thing which can form a perfect gentleman leave
him no superior in this country, and few equals. It is
wonderful that such a man should not be sought and ten-
dered the highest official stations in this pure government
of wisdom and virtue, where the beau ideal of Fenelon
might be expected to be realized ! "
Neville was admitted to the bar in 1808. Among his
legal associates were Walter Forward, Alexander John-
ston, Neville Craig, and Charles Shaler, all men of power
and distinction in their day. Forward held several im-
portant national offices, the highest of which was Secre-
tary of the Treasury.
From October, 1819, to October, 1822, Neville was
sheriff of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania. In 1 811, he
was married to Miss Nancy Baker. He removed from
Pittsburg to Cincinnati about 1824, and became connected
with an insurance company as secretary. In 1826, he
edited the Cincinnati Commercial Register, the first daily
newspaper, I believe, west of Philadelphia. It survived
but half a year. He wrote a good deal for the Western
press, and took an active part in forwarding the educa-
tional and literary interests of the Queen City.
When the Duke of Orleans, afterward Louis Philippe,
visited Pittsburg in 1796, he formed a warm attachment
for Neville, then a lad of thirteen, and long afterward the
Prince expressed regret on hearing of his friend's death.
Morgan Neville, like his father, was devoted to the French,
and entertained many distinguished visitors from France
at his hospitable home. His private library, which sold
for only $300, was the foundation of the library of the
Ohio Mechanics' Institute. Some of the books of the
Neville collection, as it was called, are yet to be found in
a fair state of preservation. They may be distinguished by
labels on which, together with his name, the number of
Judge James Hall. 375
the volume, and an elegantly engraved pictorial design,
the following motto from Horace is printed :
" Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna."
It was related by Jose Tosso, the violinist, who was one
of the aids of La Fayette, and came with him from Louis-
ville to Cincinnati, that the first inquiry of the venerable
Marquis on arriving at the Cincinnati Hotel was for Mor-
gan I^eville, whose father had been on his staff in the
revolutionary war. Let me quote Tosso's words as given
to a reporter of the Commercial Gazette :
" N'eville w^as ill with ague at his house, which stood
where now is Chatfield & Woods' paper warehouse."
" I will go to him at once," the general said. He was
shown the way, and after a little talk, he asked:
" ' Well, J^eville, what are your circumstances ? '
." ' ISTot good, general,' was the reply. ' I spent every
thing I had to pay my father's debts.' The general then
rang for pen and ink, and wrote an order on the United
States Bank for stock to the amount of §4,000 in favor of
Morgan Neville, and put it under the pillow. Neville
was too proud to ever use a cent of it. His family, how-
ever, inherited it, and also received a pension from Louis
Philippe."
• Morgan Neville died March 1, 1840.
The first number of the Hlinois Magazine was issued in
October, 1830, and the periodical, a monthly, was contin-
ued two years. This was the pioneer magazine of Illinois,
and the editor, James Hall, wrote the most of it, doing a
work in Shawneetown similar to that Gibbs Hunt did at
Lexington, and Timothy Flint at Cincinnati with their
*' Reviews." The contents were largely historical, relating
to the early setttlement of the West. In a series of arti-
cles headed, " Indian Relations," written in a noble and
magnanimous spirit, and filled with facts and persuasive
arguments. Judge Hall arraigned the government and the
people for injustice to the red race, anticipating the plea
so strongly made in these latter days by Mrs. Helen Jack-
son in " Ramona." The magazine gave much prominence
876 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
to the subject of education, and kept pace with the prog-
ress of literature. Under the caption, " March of Mind,"
the editor stated that within the last three months of the
year 1831 eighty-five thousand volumes, mainly school-
books, had been issued from the press of Cincinnati.
Several original stories appeared in the Illinois Maga-
zine, and plenty of original verse. Salmon P. Chase,
James H. Perkins, and Otway Curry were contributors.
Mrs. Anna Peyre Dinneis, a once quite popular writer in
the West, gained her reputation by poems published in
the Illinois Magazine, under the signature, " Moina.'*
Hugh Peters,, a young lawyer of great literary promise
and much admired by his contemporaries, wrote his best
pieces for Hall's publication. His poem, " Connecticut,"
enjoyed a school reader immortality.
Late in the year 1832 Judge Hall removed to Cincinnati,
where he soon after began the publication of " The West-
ern Monthly Magazine, a Continuation of the Illinois
Monthly Magazine." The first number was issued in Jan-
uary, 1833. Its aims were like those of its predecessor,
though the scope was wider, and the contributors were
numerous. Introducing his periodical to the public, the
editor wrote : " Although devoted chiefly to elegant
literature, it has always been our wish and endeavor to
render it useful, by making it the medium for disseminat-
ing valuable information and pure moral principles."
Matters historical and statistical received much attention.
The editor furnished "Notes on Illinois," Kev. J. M.
Peck supplied pioneer reminiscences, Jno. H. James, of
Urbana, Ohio, contributed many chapters of his valuable
"History of Ohio," and E. B. Mansfield wrote various
articles on the material economies of the West. Scientific
and literary topics were discussed somewhat ponderously,
and a number of heavy essays, original and selected, ap-
peared on "Phrenology," "British Statesmen," "Amer-
ican Literature." The editor, in a "message" to his
readers in February, 1835, says : " To show that we have
not been wanting in exertion to give variety to our pages
and to cause the whole West, as far as practicable, to be
Judge James Hall. 377
presented in our pages, we will state the fact that the
articles contained in the last volume were written by
thirty-seven different individuals, who are known to us,
besides several who are anonymous. Of these, four reside
in Kentucky, two in Indiana, four in Illinois, one in Mis-
souri, one in Tennessee, two in Alabama, one in Michigan,
one in Mississippi, one in Pennsylvania, one in New York,
one in Massachusetts, and the remainder in Ohio. Of
these, six are ladies ; and it is due to them to say, that
some of the most vigorous and popular articles which
have adorned our periodical have been the production of
highly-gifted females." Prominent among the " thirty-
seven " contributors were Rev. Jas. 11. Perkins, Morgan
Neville, Benjamin Drake, Charles D. Drake, Otway Curry,
W. D. Gallagher, and Joseph Reese Fry. Of the "gifted
females," at least three made names for themselves. Miss
Hannah H. Gould, of Newburyport, Massachusetts, whose
first volume, which appeared in 1832, was warmly praised
by Judge Hall, contributed to the Western Monthly Mag-
azine many of her most popular poems, including " The
"Winter King," " The Bed upon the Beech," and '^ The
Pioneers." It may be said that Hall brought this writer
out.
Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz, who, with her husband, car-
ried on a private school in Cincinnati, wrote many stories
and poems for the magazine. Her name was very familiar
to readers of fiction. According to Allibone, ninety-three
thousand volumes of her novels were sold within three
years. She was a daughter of General John Whiting, of
the United States army, and was born at Lancaster, Mas-
sachusetts. Before she was thirteen, she composed a
novel and a tragedy in ^yq acts. She was married to
Prof. N. M. Hentz, and lived at Chapel Hill, North Caro-
lina, before coming to Cincinnati. She removed from
Ohio with her husband to Alabama, living first near Flor-
ence, and then at Tuscaloosa. Among her books are :
"Aunt Patty's Scrap Bag," "The Mob Cap," "Aunt
Mercy," "The Blind Girl," "The Peddler," "Lowell's
378 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Folly," and "Ernest Linwood." She wrote a tragedy/
" De Lara, or the Moorish Bride," for which a gold medal
and a prize of $500 were awarded her by a Boston
theatrical manager. She also produced a tragedy called
" Constance of Werdenberg," and another, " Lamorah, or
the Western Wild," which was written in Cincinnati, and
represented there on the stage, and afterward printed in a
newspaper. The scene of the play was laid on the banks
of the Ohio, and the principal character, Lamorah, was a
sentimental squaw most wretchedly in love.
The third famous lady contributor to Hall's Magazine
was Harriet Beecher. She was born in Litchfield, Con-
necticut, in 1812, and, at the age of fifteen, she became the
assistant of her sister, Catherine, in a girls' school at
Hartford. She removed to Cincinnati with her father's
family, and not long afterward, at the age of twenty-four,
she was married to Prof. Calvin Stowe, at Lane Semi-
nary. Mrs. Stowe's literary career really began in Cin-
cinnati. E. D. Mansfield mentions in his " Memories " that
he had heard her read her first public composition at Miss
Pierce's school, Litchfield, and that a few years afterward he
published her first printed story in the Cincinnati Chronicle.
In April, 1834, she contributed to the Western Monthly
Magazine a "!N'ew England Sketch," for which she re-
ceived a prize of fifty dollars. She wrote the delightful
study, "Aunt Mary," for the same periodical. Her first
volume, " The May Flower," published in 1849, was dedi-
*Thi8 tragedy was printed at Tuscaloosa in 1843. The preface says:
*' Mr. Pelby, of Boston, offered five Imndred dollars for the best original
tragedy, which was awarded to Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz. Owing to
pecuniary embarrassment, he felt unable to pay the whole amount of
the award, and honorably returned to her the copyright." Mr. Robert
Clarke, of Cincinnati, possesses a copy of " De Lara," on the fiy-leaf of
which is inacribed the following " Notice :"
" This being the sole property of
Edwin E. Anderson,
and supposed to be the only copy extant of this original play in the
United States, the purloining of which will be punished to the utmost
extent of the law.
Howard Atubneum, Boston, Mass., April 4, *58."
Judge James Hall. 379
cated to the " Semi-colon Club," a Queen City literary
society, of which she was a member.
Judge Hall supplied the magazine with many stories,
poems, critical sketches, and reviews. His life of General
Harrison was printed as a serial. Much of tlie material
of his several volumes first appeared in the periodical.
A sharp and aggressive critic, he wrote humorous and
sarcastic reviews of various contemporary writings and
writers. He compared the works of Wilson and Audu-
bon, to the disparagement of the latter. He very wit-
tily ridiculed Flint's "Lectures on IN'atural History,"
and Caleb Atwater's antiquarian discussions. Mann But-
ler's "History of Kentucky" was handled so severely by
Hall as to call out a rejoinder in the form of a pamphlet.
The most heated controversy in which he engaged was
precipitated in 1835, when, like a lone knight champion-
ing an unpopular cause, he boldly struck the sounding
shield of the doughty crusader, Dr. Lyman Beecher.
Beecher had made Lane Seminary a militant post of of-
fensive warfare against Catholicism and slavery. His
little book, "A Plea for the TVest," was an argument
against foreign migration, especially the migration of ig-
norant foreigners, to the Mississippi Valley. The publi-
cation of it excited much feeling, and was thought to
have unjustly inflamed public opinion against the Church
of Rome.
Hall took up the gauntlet in behalf of the Catholics,
believing them to be misrepresented and abused. He re-
viewed Beecher's discourse at considerable length and
with caustic severity, calling it a " plea for Lane Seminary
and against the Catholics." In May, 1835, a long article
appeared in the magazine devoted to " The Catholic Ques-
tion," in extenso. Other writers engaged in the contro-
versy, especially Eli Taylor, the editor of the Journal, an
anti-Catholic and anti-slavery newspaper, and former pub-
lisher of Hall's Magazine. Many patrons withdrew their
names from Hall's subscription list. Some accused the
editor of disloyalty to his own sect ; some forsook him be-
cause he had condemned the " heresy of abolition," he
380 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
favoring gradual emancipation instead of the Garrisonian
method.
Financial disputes with Eli Taylor caused a change to
be made in the publication of the magazine, which, in
January, 1835, was transferred to Flash, liyder & Co. In
June, having made engagements to enter other business,
Judge Hall withdrew from the editorship of the magazine,
which devolved upon James Reese Fry. At the close of
the year. Hall sold out to James B. Marshall, who merged
it in his Literary Journal and Review, at Louisville, in
February, 1837. The joint subscription lists numbered
only a thousand names. To these a new periodical, called
the Monthly Magazine and Review, edited by Wm. D.
Gallagher, was sent for five months only, and the languish-
ing publication perished June, 1837.
Before his removal to Cincinnati, Judge Hall had pub-
lished three books, in addition to his volumes of the Illinois
Magazine. The first of these was the " Letters from the
West," already spoken of. The second was a collection
of short stories, " Legends of the West," issued from a
Philadelphia press in 1832. The titles of the stories are,
** The Backwoodsman," " The Divining Rod," " The Sev-
enth Son," " The Missionaries," "A Leg'end of Caron-
delet," " The Intestate," " Michael de Coucy," " The Em-
igrants," "The Barrack-Master's Daughter." In 1832
appeared " The Soldier's Bride and Other Tales." This
was followed, in 1833, by " The Harpe's Head ; a Legend
of Kentucky." The next year the diligent author put
out " Sketches of the West," in two volumes, and " Tales
of the Border." " Statistics of the West," " Notes on the
Western States," and the " Life of General William Henry
Harrison," were issued while the author was still connected
with the magazine.
Before he relinquished the editorial chair Judge Hall
was appointed cashier of the Commercial Bank, Cincin-
nati. The charter of the bank expired in 1843, but the
institution was reorganized under the same name, with
Hall as president, which position he held until his death.
For a period of more than thirty years, therefore, he was
Judge James Hall. 381
engaged in absorbing mercantile duties. The exactions
of business did not cause him to abandon literary pur-
suits. His most laborious task as a writer was undertaken
after he assumed the duties of a bank cashier.
This was the composition of an elaborate " History of
the Indian Tribes," in three huge folios, embellished by
one hundred and twenty authentic portraits from the In-
dian gallery at Washington. This splendid work was re-
published in London. The original price was $120 per
set, but the' fe"yv^ copies now attainable are held at a much
higher rate. The projector and chief proprietor of the
publication was Colonel Thomas L. McKenny, of the In-
dian Department. He superintended the illustration, but
the letter-press was written by James Hall, and consumed
the leisure of eight years.
The long list of Judge Hall's published writings is com-
plete when w^e add to those already named " The Wilder-
ness and the War-path, 1845 ; " "Anniversary Address Be-
fore the Mercantile Library Association of Cincinnati,
1846;" the "Life of Thomas Posey," contributed to
" Sparks's American Biography ; " and the " Romance of
Western History." In view of the useful and varied
labors of Judge Hall, we may w^ell agree with the as-
sertion in Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, that " few
men have done so much for the cause of Western civiliza-
tion and the intellectual improvement of the country at
large."
The salt and substance of Judge Hall's writings, exclu-
sive of what is found in the " History of Indian Tribes,"
may be read in two volumes, the " Legends of the West "
and the " Romance of Western History." The first con-
tains cullings from the author's best tales, among which
is " Harpe's Head ; " and the second, though called
" Romance," presents a vast array of historical facts and
very little fiction. It is, indeed. Hall's most valuable con-
tribution to literature, being a clear, vivid, authentic, real-
istic survey of pioneer life, more interesting to the reader
of to-day, because of its literal truth, than the author's
novels, for they are now sought for the facts they contain,
382 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
and not for their literary art or other merit as works of
imagination. Doubtless, Judge Hall realized this him-
self, for he said in the brief preface to " Legends of the
West " that the sole intention of his tales was " to convey
accurate descriptions of the scenery and population of the
country " in which he resided.
Judge Hall's volumes graphically depict the state of
things in Virginia and Kentucky at a period just after the
revolutionary war. We see in them the pioneer and the
emigrant moving westward into the wilderness. The
Long-knives encounter the red men; the "station" rises
in the forest ; the deer speeds away before the hunter ; the
paroquets flutter their green wings above the canebrake
along the Ohio. Behold the train of pack-horses winding
along the mountain road ; see the piroque and the flat-
boat bearing adventurers from Fort Pitt to the Gulf
of Mexico. Coming down to a later day, we are intro-
duced to the indolent French settlers at their picturesque,
semi-Indian villages, Yincennes and Kaskaskia.
We explore Southern Illinois, and listen to stories of
Missouri trappers, and of the freebooters that rob by river
and on land and hide in caves. Then the novels take us
to hunt the raccoon and the wild-cat in the Kentucky
woods. " Hank Short, the snake-killer," amuses us with
his extraordinary feats; and we are horrified at the
ghastly vision of Micajah Harpe's gory head severed from
his body and stuck in the forks of a tree.
Judge Hall goes with us to the hospitable manor-house
of the Virginia planter, introduces fine young officers, and
beautiful young ladies who journey through the forests,
and are captured by Indians. He takes us to the back-
woods cabin, entertains us with feasts and weddings, ac-
quaints us with the barbecue and the camp-meeting.
The style of his composition is correct, dignified, and
graceful ; enlivened by humor and made piquant by satiric
touches. Hall never loses enthusiasm nor vivacity, and,
though his narrative is sometimes tedious, it is never dull,
a remark that applies as well to Cooper and to Irving.
In the early part of his literary career, James Hall
Judge James Hall, 383
found exquisite pleasure in the works of the great poets,
and, like many another young man of sensibility and lively
passions, he wrote in verse. The " Western Souvenir " con-
tains a score of metrical pieces from his hand to half a
dozen of which he attached tlie nom de plume " Orlando."
Judge Hall's wife died in 1832, leaving a family of
^Ye children. -He was married September 3, 1839, to his
second wife, Mrs. Mary Louisa Alexander, nee Anderson,
a sister of Governor Charles Anderson and of the late
Larz Anderson, of Cincinnati. Mrs. Hall, who is now
deceased, was born near Louisville, Kentucky, '* Soldier's
Retreat," the residence of her father. Major Richard
Clough Anderson (aid to General LaFayette). She was a
young widow when Judge Hall made her acquaintance.
The wedding took place at Chillicothe, in the historically
famous mansion of General Duncan McArthur, at Fruit
Hill,' afterward the residence of Governor Allen.
The issue of this union was two sons and two daughters.
The oldest son, William Anderson Hall, secretary and
treasurer of the Phoenix and Merchants' Mutual Fire In-
surance Company, inherits, in generous measure, the lit-
erary aptitude from both parents, and, had he devoted
his energies to letters instead of business, he would have
added another to the long line of authors of his name and
kindred. As it is, he has written, as a pastime, much that
is worthy of a more permanent repository than the news-
paper columns, in which it has appeared from time to
time, under the signature of " Timothy Timid."
In 1872, Mr. Wm. Hall wrote from Europe a series of de-
lightful letters, which were published in the Cincinnati
Commercial, w^ith the general title, "Timothy's Tour."
He was the Philadelphia correspondent of the Enquirer in
1876, and furnished that newspaper capital reports of the
Centennial. There appeared from his sprightly pen, in
1886, a charming short story, "A Romance of Vesuvius."
James Harrison Hall, younger brother of William, is
now in the fire insurance business in Dayton, Ohio. He
is a graduate of West Point Military Academy.
384 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Maria Louisa Hall married Thomas II. Wright, and
lives in Cincinnati.
Kate Longworth Hall, the youngest child of Judge Hall,
is unmarried, and is now living at Mt. Auburn.
Judge James Hall's death occurred at his home in Cin-
cinnati on the 4th of July, 1868. A biogrophical sketch
of him was prepared by his friend, Colonel J. Fi Meline,^
and published in the Cincinnati Commercial, October 16,
1868.
The man of business seldom finds tim^ for literary pur-
suits. The duties of a bank president are exacting, and
he who discharges them faithfully will have little energy
left for the mental toil of composing books. Judge Hall's
period of literary invention closed soon after his mercantile
labors began. But he never lost interest in the cause of
education, culture, and polite studies. We can not better
conclude our survey of his useful life and services than by
quoting a passage from an address which he gave before
the " Young Men's Mercantile Library Association," on
the " Dignity of Commerce." He said :
" I am happy to believe that the acquisition of wealth
does not necessarily, nor, as I hope, usually, blunt the
sensibilities, nor destroy the manliness of a generous char-
acter ; that it is not always a selfish and a mercenary occu-
pation. If money be sought with moderation, by honora-
ble means, and with a due regard to the public good, no
employment affords exercise to higher or nobler powers
* James Florant Meline, an author of considerable distinction, was
born in the United States fort at Sackett's Harbor, New York, in 1813.
He came to Cincinnati in 1832, and taught in St. Xavier's College (then
the Atheneum), and asssisted in editing the Catholic Telegraph. He
studied law with William Greene, and was admitted to the bar about
1836. He traveled and resided in Europe, becoming master of several
languages— French, German, Italian, Spanish. Returning to Cincinnati,
he practiced law there for several years. Colonel Meline took a promi-
nent part in the civil war. Besides writing much for the Cincinnati
Commercial, the New York Tribune, the Nation, and other newspapers
and magazines, he was the author of " Two Thousand Miles on Horse-
back," and of many learned lectures. But his most noted work is that
entitled " Mary, Queen of Scots, and Her Latest English Historian," a
reply to Froude. He died in 1873.
Judge James Hall. 385
of the mind and heart. And such, gentlemen, should be
the character of the merchant. He should guard his
heart against the seductive influence of money ; he should
carefully shield his mind against the narrow precepts of
avarice. Money should be regarded as the agent and rep-
resentative of the good it may be made to perform — it
should be sought as the instrument of self-defense against
the evils of poverty ; of parental love, enabling us to pro-
vide for those dependent on us ; of public spirit, in afford-
ing the means of promoting the public good."
25
886 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
CHAPTER XIII.
GEORGE DENNISON PRENTICE, JOURNALIST, POET, AND WIT.
George Dennison Prentice was born in an humble farm-
house in Preston township, Connecticut, on Saturday,
December 18, 1802. The natural scenery surrounding his
home was impressive, and its varied beauty gave an early
impulse to his poetical tendency. The child inherited
bodily vigor, an active temperament, and bright intellect.
His precocity was stimulated by a fond mother, who taught
him to read in the Bible ere he had completed his fourth
year. At the tender age of five he was sent to school,
where he was kept until he reached the age of nine years ;
then his father took him out of school and put him to
work on the farm. A poor man's son, he must do manual
tasks, in seed-time and in harvest, and help the family to
earn and to save. Physical toil in the fields did not de-
stroy the lad's inclination for study. What he had learned
in the country school begat a longing for more knowl-
edge.
Doubtless the beloved mother, whose ambitious care
had induced George to con the alphabet as he sat on her
knees, seconded his earnest desire to prepare for college.
In his fourteenth year he was placed under the instruction
of a clergyman who had been a tutor at Yale College, and
he made extraordinary progress in his studies. Perhaps
the foregoing years of sturdy service, with plow and scythe
and ax, were well invested, and had established a sound
bodily basis for a good mental superstructure. It is re-
corded that young Prentice " completed the study of Vir-
gil, Horace, Sal lust, Cicero, the Greek Testament, Xeno-
phou, six books of Homer, the Greek Minora, most of the
Greek Majora, and other works, with in six months after
George Dennison Fr entice, 387
his first introduction to English grammar." Tradition
further declares that he learned Lindley Murray by heart
in ^YQ days, and that he recited the twelfth book of the
-^neid at a single lesson.
Making a discount of fifty per cent for exaggeration in
the above assertions, the record would still prove Prentice
a remarkable student ; and if we credit the statement as
it stands, we must accord him a place with such prodigies
as Macaulay and Stuart Mill.
Like thousands of other ambitious young people, before
and since his day. Prentice used the vocation of teaching
as a means of getting to college. At the age of fifteen
he undertook to teach his first school in a country village ;
undertook and succeeded. For about two years he con-
tinued to teach, then entered the sophomore class of Brown
University. The phenomenal memory which enabled him
to prepare for college so rapidly gave great distinction
and brilliancy to his college career. We have it on good
authority that he could repeat, verbatim, " Kames's Ele-
ments of Criticism," " Blair's Rhetoric," and " Dugald
Stuart's Mental Philosophy." A poet says our teachers
are the parents of our mind, which epigram adds interest
to the fact that Prentice, while in college received instruc-
tion from the once somewhat famous Tristram Burges,
and the much more celebrated Horace Mann. Prentice
entered college in 1820 and graduated in 1823, crowned
with the reputation of being the best student Brown Uni-
versity had then sent forth. Years afterward the care-
worn and world-taught man, revisiting the scenes of his
student life, meditated thus :
" Within your silent domes, how many hearts
Are beating high with glorious dreams ? 'Tis well
The rosy sunlight of the morn should not
Be darkened by the portents of the storm
That may not burst till eve. Those youthful ones
Whose thoughts are woven of the hues of heaven,
May see their visions fading tint by tint,
Till naught is left upon the winter air
Save the gray winter cloud ; the brilliant star
That glitters now upon their happy lives,
888 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
May redden to a scorching flame, and bum
Their every hope to dust."
"With a full mind and an empty purse, the honored
graduate betook himself again to the wide-ranging art of
school-mastering, finding employment in a seminary at
Smithfield. Teaching became the stepping-stone to the
profession of law, for which he soon began to prepare.
He was admitted to the bar in 1827, being then twenty-
five years old. The practice of law seems not to have
been to his liking ; at any rate, there is no record of his
ever having tried any case. Perhaps he delighted more
in literary composition than in legal forms, or the patience-
trying task of securing clients. While in college he had
written for the press in verse and in prose.
The poet, J. G. Brainard, himself an editor in Hartford,
Connecticut, was the direct cause of Prentice's launching
in journalism. Brainard, only six years his senior, dis-
covered Prentice's ability, and encouraged his literary en-
deavors. Fifty years ago the knack of facile writing was
rarer than it is now-a-days, when, as Tennyson said to
George Eliot, '* every body writes well;" and ready pens
were then in demand. The JS'ew England Review was
started at Hartford in 1828, and Prentice was chosen ed-
itor. The Review was an aggressive Whig newspaper
that soon attracted popular attention, for readers perceived
that it was ably conducted, and that its editor was a rising
man. The precocious school-boy, toil-tried farmer, suc-
cessful collegian, earnest teacher, disciplined law-student,
was ready for his life-work. Henceforth he was the slave
of the pen, yet its master.
When, in 1828, Jackson was elected president over
Adams, political excitement was at a white heat. The
memorable campaign arrayed the Whigs and the Demo-
crats against each other in desperate partisan war of
words, both on the stump and in the newspapers. The
Whigs, stung by defeat, made tremendous efforts to re-
gain their lost power. Political orators and writer^
brought all their batteries of wit, argument, and eloquence
to bear in the hot controversy.
George Dennison Prentice. 389
Henry Clay was considered by many in the Whig party
as a foeman more than worthy Jackson's steel, and he
was to run as the Whig candidate in 1832. The Ken-
tucky statesman's adherents in Kew England pushed his
claims vigorously. The canvas demanded that an attract-
ive "life" of the "great commoner" should be prepared
for circulation among the people. Who so competent to
prepare such a campaign book as the ambitious young
editor of the !N'ew England Review ? Prentice was easily
prevailed upon to undertake the task. As it was neces-
sary for him to go to Kentucky to obtain material for his
book, a provisional editor was wanted to carry on the
Hartford paper. There was among the contributors to
the Review a Quaker youth, five years the junior of Mr.
Prentice — his name, John Greenleaf Whittier. This
young man had been studying and teaching in the acad-
emy at Haverill, Massachusetts. He had come back to
his father's farm, and was one day hoeing in the field
when a letter was brought him from the publishers of the
Review, requesting him, in Prentice's name, to come to
Hartford and edit the paper. " I could not have been
more astonished," said Whittier, afterwards, relating the
incident to John James Piatt, " if I had been told I was
appointed Prime Minister to the Great Khan of Tartary."
To J. C. Derby, the veteran publisher, Whittier said :
" My first real work was done when George D. Prentice
was editor of the Hartford Review ; although I had writ-
ten considerable before, I wrote and sent him a few things,
and he encouraged me. When he recommended me to
take his place, the publisher met me, and I went down,
and for two years I remained with the Review." When
Whittier arrived at Hartford to assume his editorial
duties, Prentice had already gone to Kentucky ; the two
never met.
Prentice's " Life of Clay " was written at Lexington,
Kentucky. The preface is dated November, 14, 1830.
The book is intensely partisan, extravagantly eulogistic of
Clay, savagely abusive of his political enemies. The style
is lucid and vigorous, but the sentences often soar on
890 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
American eagles' wings. " Impassioned eloquence " was
a commodity much in demand in the era of Henry Clay.
The popular taste relished flowing periods, burning
perorations, and scintillant rhetoric.
Prentice thus pictures Clay in the climax of oratoric
fervor : " His keen eye kindles into new brightness from
the irresistible fire within him; and his whole countenance
discovers, like a mirror, the transit of star-like thought,
which beam upon lips touched with the living coal of elo-
quence." One more of these exuberant passages may be
quoted because it exhibits Prentice's temper and early
style, and, at the same time, afibrds a striking example of
a kind of composition once admired :
" When the spirit of faction shall have spent its
strength and died ; when the flood of calumny which, like
the stream from the mouth of the Apocalyptic Dragon,
has overspread the land with its pestilential tide, shall
have passed off into the dead sea of common oblivion, the
virtue of the last administration will be remembered, and
will glow, undimmed over the waste of after-corruption,
like * night's diamond star ' above the dark outline of a
sky of storm."
The administration thus praised was, of course, that of
John Quincy Adams, to whom Mr. Prentice refers in an-
other part of his book in the following terms : " The
tranquil majesty of his mind was like that of the ocean
when its Controller has laid the finger of His silence upon
every wave. A mild and chastened feeling of admiration
might, indeed, steal upon the hearts of those who con-
templated its quiet, yet noble manifestations ; but for the
calling forth of enthusiasm, a wilder and more passionate
moving of its elements was requisite. It needed the
sublimity of the tempest — the cloud-fire's shock — the loud
Bummons of the thunder, and the hoarse murmur of the
answering waves."
Such luxuriant growth of expression, loaded with every
flower of speech, but especially with metaphor, character-
ized Prentice's early prose. I have read a short, senti-
mental story of his, probably written about the time he
George Dennison Prentice. 391
left college. It is entitled " The Broken-Hearted," and is
a tale of love and desertion. The heroine who dwelt
in " a country village in the eastern part of Kew England "
is described as " a creature to he worshiped — her brow was
garlanded with the young year's sweetest flowers, her yel-
low locks were hanging beautifully and low upon the
bosom — and she moved through the crowd with such
a floating and unearthly grace that the bewildered
gazer," etc.
"The Broken-Hearted" is one of those maiden efforts
that their authors blush for when they grow old and
wicked, but which, notwithstanding their jejune senti-
mentalities, are often more creditable to the heart than are
the riper and less sincere productions of prudent maturity.
The little story is spangled with rhetorical ornaments, but
is really beautiful in thought and feeling, and abounds in
moral and religious reflections very simply and devoutly
expressed.
While Prentice was engaged on the '•' Life of Clay,"
propositions were made urging him to remain in Ken-
tucky and conduct a newspaper to fight the Jackson party,
and represent " Harry of the West." The project was
realized in the establishing of the Louisville Journal by
George D. Prentice and E. L. Buxton. The first number
of this famous newspaper appeared November 24, 1830, a
month after Judge Hall started the Illinois Magazine, and
a year before Gallagher began the Cincinnati Mirror. Mr.
Prentice was connected with the Journal till his death, a
period of forty years. Henry Watterson, declares that
*' From 1830 to 1861 the influence of Prentice was perhaps
greater than that of any political writer who ever lived."
"Wm. H. Perrin claims that the Louisville Journal " built
the city of Louisville," and " prevented the secession of
Kentucky."
To Thomas Jefferson is ascribed the distinction of mak-
ing prominent in political warfare that mode of attack
called personal' journalism, which he employed through
the National Gazette, edited by Philip 'Frenau, the poet.
The Aurora, a Democratic paper edited in Philadelphia by
392 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
"William Duane, is said to have secured the election of
Jefferson by virtue of its fighting force. So intense was
the partisan antagonism that a mob of Federalists, wear-
ing the black cockade, attacked the office of the Aurora.
Another powerful Democratic "personal" editor was
Thomas Ritchie, who conducted the Richmond Enquirer
from 1804 to 1845. On the other side, William Coleman
was selected by the Federalists to ^* fight in their cause
and lead the van," in New York, and the Evening Post
was the weapon he wielded. The history of Coleman's
personal encounters was notorious, and it is probable that
Prentice emulated his example. Wm. C. Bryant succeeded
Coleman, and all know his power as a writer and his apti-
tude for applying a horsewhip on occasion, small of stature
though he was.
Joseph Gales started the famous National Intelligencer,
Democratic, in 1800. Robert Walsh, twenty years later,
became editor of the Philadelphia National Gazette, the
leading organ of the Whig party at that time, and a paper
of great literary ability.
The individuality of such editors as Duane and Cole-
man gave character to their journals. The man in the
" sanctum " and his chief contributors stood before the eye
of the public, known and personally responsible. Modern
impersonal journalism is a drilled army behind a wall.
The early editors were summoned to a tournament in the
open field — spear to spear, sword to sword. The knights
of greatest prowess conquered. Nor was the spear always
a pen only, and the blood only ink. What the composing-
stick said, the editor must stand bv when he showed his
face on the street. The term " fighting editor " was not
altogether figurative. He who ventured to fire a fierce
leader at a political foe often had reason to expect a reply
in the sharp rhetoric of a pistol. Richard Hildreth, the
historian, says that " In the half century from 1765 to
1816 the peculiar literature of America is to be found in a
series of newspaper essays, some of them of distinguished
ability. Rich jev<'els now and then glitter in the general
mass. But the editorial portion of the papers, and no
George Deyinison Prentice. 393
small part of the communications also, consist of declama-
tory calumnies expressed in a style of vulgar ferocity."
This peculiar style did not go out of use in 1816, nor,
indeed, is it likely to disappear until the general process
of human evolution has gone much further. In all times
of great political excitement, strong and aggressive editors
are liable to relapse into the old fashion.
George D. Prentice was one of the first powerful per-
sonal editors in the Mississippi Valley. He brought the
Louisville Journal into the arena of action ten years be-
fore Horace Greeley started the Tribune, and twenty years
before Raymond began the x^ew York Times. The Ken-
tucky champion was a warm friend of Greeley, though
the two editors were often at variance. Prentice respected
Greeley as a foeman worthy of any editor's steel, and ad-
mired him as strong men ever must admire others of like
power. The Louisville hero of the pen thus greeted the
New York journalist, in verses addressed to '^A Political
Opponent :"
" I send thee, Greeley, words of cheer,
Thou bravest, truest, best of men ;
For I have marked thy strong career.
As traced by thy own sturdy pen.
I 've seen thy struggles with thy foes
That dared thee to the desperate fight.
And loved to watch thy goodly blows
Dealt for the cause thou deem'st the right."
Prentice was not the only famous and influential Whig
journalist of his time in the West. Charles Hammond
began his editorial connection with the Cincinnati Ga-
zette in 1827, three years before the Louisville Journal
was established. Hammond, born in Baltimore in 1779,
educated in Virginia, was admitted to the bar in 1801.
He removed to Belmont county, Ohio, where, in 1813, he
started the Ohio Federalist, a newspaper which was dis-
continued in 1817. From 1816 to 1821 he was a member
of the Ohio House of Representatives. From 1823 to
1838 he was reporter for the Supreme Court of Ohio, and
prepared the first nine volumes of Ohio Reports. From
394 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
1825 to the date of his death, April 3, 1840, this very ahle,
industrious, and learned man was editor-in-chief of the
Gazette. In his capacious mind he received and digested
the knowledge which proved him a lawyer, political econo-
mist, statesman, historian, and poet. An intimate friend
and adviser of Clay, a correspondent of the leading pub-
lic men of his generation, he was pronounced by Webster
" the greatest genius that ever wielded the editorial pen."
Hammond's formidable antagonist in editorial warfare
was Moses Dawson, conductor of the Cincinnati Adver-
tiser, the Jackson newspaper of the Ohio Valley. Daw-
son, whose " Memoirs " by Mr. Reemelin were published,
I think, in the Commercial, was a writer of great force
and clearness. He was the author of a life of Harrison.^
E. D. Mansfield has recorded some amusing recollections of
the intercourse of Hammond with his respected Democratic
opponent. "They would meet," says Mansfield, "at a
noted colfee-house on Front street, where they would
banter each other over their toddy. Dawson would say,
" I'll beat you, Charley," and Hammond would say, " I'll
give it to you in the morning.' "
Prentice found his Dawson, though a weaker one than
Moses, in the person of Shadrach Penn, who edited in
Louisville the Advertiser in advocacy of Jackson and
Democracy. Penn was an able writer, but no match for
Prentice. For a dozen years the Journal and the Advertiser
maintained bitter war. Prentice disabled his adversary
by the force of ridicule. Shadrach Penn was actually
driven from the city and the state at the point of a terri-
ble quill. Prentice recorded the departure in the follow-
ing witty but not very generous sentences :
" Shadrach, after a residence of twenty-three years in
this city, goes to spend the rest of his life and lay his
* Historical Narrative of the Civil and Military Services of Major-
General William Henry Harrison, and a Vindication of his Character
and Conduct as a Statesman, a Ciliz.n, and a Soldier; with a detail of
his Negotiations and Wars witli the Indians, until the final Overthrow
of the celebrated Chief, Tecumst»h. anl his Brother, the Prophet. By
Moees Dawson. 8vo. pp. 472. Cincinnati, 1824,
George Dennison Prentice. 395
bones in St. Louis. Well, lie has our best wishes for his
prosperity. All the ill-will we have ever had for him
passed out long ago through our thumb and forefinger.
His lot hitherto has been a most ungentle one, but we
trust his life will prove akin to the plant that begins to
blossom at the advanced age of half a century. May all
be well with him here and hereafter. We should, indeed,
be sorry if the poor fellow, whom we have been torturing
eleven years in this world, should be passed over to the
devil in the next."
Prentice rejoiced in controversy. His keen arrows of
personal attack and defense flew to every part of the
United States, and he was known in France and England
as a poignant, epigrammatical writer. Punch appropriated
his jests. He wrote with sustained force and with dignity
on the political questions of his day. But his reputation,
like that of Tom Corwin, depended much upon his wit
and humor. His bright sayings were repeated in every
newspaper. Readers looked every morning with eager
curiosity for the last quip of the Louisville Journal.
^' Prentice says," was the introduction to the freshest an-
ecdote of the breakfast table, and to the last swift-flying
witticism on 'Change.
A collection of paragraphs from the columns of the
Journal was published in 1859 under the title of Pren-
ticeiana, a name suggested by Evart A. Duyckinck in
1855. The selections were first made by Mr. Prentice him-
self; then reduced to one-third the original number by
friends to whom they were submitted ; finally cut down
still more by the publishers, J. 0. Derby & Co. It is fair
to suppose that so much editing diluted rather than
strengthened the wit of Prenticeiana. The critical friends
doubtless rejected the most audacious and therefore best
hits, and the prudent publishers expurgated the expurgated
copy. The book is a sort of paragraph history of party
politics for a period of twenty exciting years. In its
pages we
" Catch the manners living as they rise,"
396 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
of a past generation. We learn the characteristics of the
press in other days. We realize the meaning of political
vituperation. Much of that terrific editorial warfare
seems more barbarous than it really was. The tragedy
lapses, on occasion, into pantomime, and we see that the
clubs are stufted. Prenticeiana abounds in recommenda-
tions and prophecies in regard to kicking, nose-pulling,
cowhiding, shooting, hanging, and going to the peni-
tentiary, or to a place still more confining and hotter. The
style is vigor itself, for vigor means war-making ; almost
every passage is an aggravating personality. The wit,
for the most part, turns on the pun — the pun usually on a
proper name. For example : " Messrs. Bell & Topp, of the
N. C. Gazette, say that ^Prentices are made to serve
masters.' Well, Bells were made to be hung, and Topps
to be whipped."
The humor is broad, adapted to vulgar apprehension,
the point never obscured from any qualm of delicacy.
" There is a member of the Arkansas legislature whose
name is Buzzard. Let him subscribe for the Louisville
Advertiser ; it will be a feast for him." Not all the pass-
ages in Prenticeiana are political nor written in the joker's
vein. We meet maxims, philosophical, prudential, and
moral. "A friend that you have to buy won't be worth
what you have to pay for him, no matter how little that
may be." " The pen is a formidable weapon, but a man
can kill himself with it a great deal more easily than he
can other people."
The following are straws from Prentice's sheaf of hon
mots :
"A critic says of a late volume of poems that it is ' un-
utterably stupid.' Pity it hadn't been."
" Doctor, what do you think is the cause of this fre-
quent rush of blood to the head ?" " Oh, its nothing but
an effort of nature. Nature, you know, abhors a vacuum."
" The New Haven Herald says : ' Does the editor of the
Louisville Journal suppose that he is a true Yankee be-
cause he was born in New England ? If a dog is born in
an oven is he bread?' We can tell the editor that there
George Dennison Prentice, 397
are very few dogs, whether born in an oven or out of it,
but are better bred than he is."
" ' The Louisville Journal professes to think that Mr. Clay
can be elected to the Presidency. Is Brother Prentice
a fool V — Westchester Herald. ITo, but if the editor of
the Herald is our brother, we are next kin to one."
"A locofoco paper of Illinois calls the governor of that
•state ' a temperate man.' We believe that his locofoco
excellency did belong to a temperance society a few days,
a year or two ago. He made a brief attempt at sobriety —
merely made a stagger at it."
"A certain editor, who has had a controversy with us,
-suggests that he and we should look each other in the face.
But he would have the advantage over us ; he would have
much the better prospect."
''- ' We feel that we can now go forward to our destina-
tion with nothing to obstruct our progress.' — [Washing-
ton Union. We suppose you can. The l^ew York papers
say that the obstructions at Hell-gate have been all re-
moved."
Henry Watterson says " Prentice was the darling of the
mob." At the beginning of his career in Kentucky, the
"Yankee School-master," as he was called, encountered
some prejudice, and had to prove his personal courage.
Adapting himself to his environment, he quickly learned
the use of the pistol, and was accounted the best shot in
Kentucky. On one occasion, he was fired at and wounded
by a political antagonist on a street of Louisville. Prentice
throttled the would-be assassin, threw him to the ground,
and was about to stab him, urged by the excited crowd.
Controlling his rage, he released his victim, saying, " I
can not kill a disarmed man."
Prentice was neither a bully nor a respecter of bullies.
" There is no more dishonor," he says, " in being knocked
down by a bully than in being scratched by a catamount
or kicked by a jackass."
He was opposed on principle to dueling, though he
mildly defended Clay for fighting a duel. To a certain
Mr. Hewson, who demanded satisfaction according to the
898 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
code, for some offense of Prentice's pen, he wrote : " I
came here, from a distant state, because many believed I
could do something to promote a great and important en-
terprise, and as I have reason to think my labors are not
altogether in vain, I do not intend to let myself be di-
verted from them. There are some persons, and perhaps
many, to whom my life is valuable, and however little or
much value I may attach to it on my own account, I do
not see fit, at present, to put it up voluntarily against
yours. I am no believer in the dueling code. I would
not call a man to the field unless he had done me
such a deadly wrong that I desired to kill him, and I
would not obey his call to the field unless I had done him
so mortal an injury as to entitle him, in my opinion, to
demand an opportunity of taking my life. I have not the
least desire to kill you or to harm a hair of your head,
and I am not conscious of having done any thing to enti-
tle you to kill me."
Prentice's immense influence enabled him to dispense
much political patronage. Hundreds of men were in-
debted to him for public ofiice. His power reached its
culminating point in 1840, in the memorable Harrison
campaign — the campaign of endless processions, log-cab-
ins and hard cider. " Pray, in what respect is hard cider
an emblem of General Harrison ?" asked a Jackson editor.
"All we know is," responded Prentice, " that it runs well."
We can readily understand how the Louisville Journal
did so much to secure the triumphant election of old Tip-
pecanoe. Kentucky gave Harrison a larger vote than did
any other state.
When, in the critical canvas of 1856, the Whig party
went to pieces and out of its fragments two new combina-
tions were formed, the Republican and the American, or
Know-Nothing, party, Prentice went with the latter, and
the Journal ran up the Fillmore flag. From 1856 to 1861,
we know how men's souls were tried — how patriotism
itself was bewildered. When the cannon of Sumter
boom<'<1, ;i!h1 the echo rolled along the Ohio valley, Pren-
George Dennison Prentice. 399
tice wavered, and his indecision Avas fatal to his national
influence. He opposed the rebellion, but not for radical
reasons and not with zeal. The Journal was counted a
Union newspaper, but the army of the Union did not
recognize it as a strong ally. Whittier said Prentice was
unfortunately placed.
The sympathies of his southern friends were with the
Confederacy. His interests in Louisville were involved
with southern business. His wife favored the Confederate
cause, and his two sons enlisted in the rebel army. The
eldest son, Courtland, was killed in the battle of Augusta.
Prentice worshiped but one hero, and that was the idol
of Ids early political devotion — Henry Clay. Clay was
his beau-ideal statesman. When Clay had gone, it seemed
to him as if chaos had come to the world of politics.
Just before the war. Prentice went the rounds of the prin-
cipal cities as a public lecturer, his theme being "American
Statesmanship."
The memorable part of his lecture is that which is eulo-
gistic of the Ashland orator. On the occasion of the un-
veiling of the Clay statue at Louisville, on May 30, 1867,
Prentice read an ode, in which occur the lines :
"Alas! alas! dark storms at length,
Sweep o'er our half-wrecked ship of State,
And there seem none with will and strength
To save her from her awful fate,"
And again :
" Oh, he was born to bless our race
As ages after ages roll !
We see the image of his face,
Earth has no image of his soul!"
When a man comes to seek the companionship of Mem-
ory, and averts his eye from the face of Hope, it is a
pretty sure sign that his day is waning. Let him bind up
his harvest swath and quit the field.
400 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Alluding to Mr. Prentice's lecturing experience, I am
reminded of an amusing story which the witty editor was
in the habit of relating at his own expense. One summer
evening he delivered an address at a country school-house
in a somewhat benighted neighborhood in Kentucky, and
on leaving the building at the close of the speech, his at-
tention was arrested by the conversation of two perplexed
farmers. " Say, Jim," asked one of them, " what was he
a drivin' at ?" " Durned if I know — nor I don't reckon
the old fool knows himself."
George D. Prentice was married in the spring of 1835
to Miss Henrietta Benham, daughter of Mr. Joseph B.
Benham, a noted lawyer of Cincinnati. Mr. Piatt de-
scribes her as he saw her in middle life : " Still fine
looking, having a handsome and attractive face, a stately
figure, an elegant and gracious manner." Mr. Watterson
tells us that Mr. Prentice once said : "• I have not had
credit for being a devoted husband ; but if I had my life
to go over, that is the only relation I would not alter ; my
wife was the wisest, the purest, the best, and the most
thoroughly enchanting woman I ever knew." Mrs. Pren-
tice's death occurred in 1868, two years before that of her
husband.
Of the four children born to Mr. and Mrs. Prentice, two
died in infancy — two, William Courtland and Clarence,
attaining the years of manhood, both meeting violent
death. The first was killed in the battle of Augusta,
Kentucky, in 1862, fighting for the Confederate cause;
Clarence was thrown from a buggy and killed since the
death of his father. Clarence, like his brother, joined the
Confederate army, against his father's protest. On one
occasion the young man, who attained the rank of major,
was arrested as a spy, and a court-martial was ordered by
General Burnside to try him. Geo. D. Prentice tele-
graphed to President Lincoln, and immediately set off for
Washington to intercede in person for his son. Hasten-
ing anxiously to the President's office, he was smilingly
received^by " Old Abe," who said : " Did you think I'd let
them hang your boy? Sit down, Prentice, and tell me a
George Dennison Prentice. 401
good story." The chief magistrate had already dis-
patched an order that the court-martial for the trial of
Major Clarence Prentice be dissolved.
George D. Prentice died January 22, 1870, aged sixty-
eight. His last two years were spent almost wholly in a
small room in the Journal office. There he wrote by day,
with hand half-deadened from writer's paralysis, or dictated
to an amanuensis. There he slept the uneasy sleep of
sorrow and infirmity. His friend and successor, Henry
Watterson, says : " Strangers supposed that he was de-
crepit, and there existed an impression that he had re-
signed his old place to a younger and more active spirit.
He resigned nothing. I doubt whether he ever did more
work or better work during any single year of his life
than during this last year."
In the summer of 1869, returning from a tour to Mam-
moth Cave, I stopped a few days in Louisville, and one
afternoon paid a brief visit to the distinguished old jour-
nalist, in his editorial room. I found him at the desk, a
quill pen in hand. He greeted me with a hospitable
smile, and talked freely about matters literary and per-
sonal, giving me, I remember, a friendly message for John
James Piatt, whom he pathetically called his " oldest
friend," Mr. Piatt being thirty-three years his junior.
Mr. Prentice seemed older than he was, and, to me, he
looked as men look whose work is done and whose ambi-
tion has perished. My interview with him happened in
his "closing year." "Time, the tomb-builder," had num-
bered his months and days. He died at the house of his
son Clarence, ten miles from Louisville, where he had
gone to spend the holidays, taking Christmas gifts for his
grandson, little George. The farm-house stands near the
Ohio river, and as he lay dying in an upper room, a
mighty flood came, and the swollen waters swept against
the foundation of the house, the emblem of destruction
and death, but also of immortality.
George D. Prentice is buried in Cave Hill Cemetery.
He sleeps beside his son Courtland, over whose-grave a
26
402 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
marble canopy rises, resting on four Grecian columns,
with a classic urn in the center and on the top a lyre with
a broken string. This tribute, erected by the father to
the son, is a touching memorial of himself, who in mourn-
ful verse recorded :
" Once more I come at set of sun
To sit beside thee, long-lost one."
In a lofty niche over the entrance to the Courier-Journal
building in Louisville is a marble statue of Prentice, rep-
resenting him seated in the editorial chair. This figure is
perhaps the most prominent object of art in the city. It
catches the eye of every visitor, and keeps fresh in the
minds of the citizens the memory of one whose bright
fame illuminated the Ohio Yalley, and shone even to dis-
tant lands. Kot many months ago, I stood with the ven-
erable poet, Wm. D. Gallagher, on the street, in front of
the Courier-Journal office. " There," said he, with the
sympathetic tone of one who is thinking of '-' the old fa-
miliar faces," " there is George.''^ After a pause he added :
" We had our political antagonisms ; but Prentice was
always magnanimous."
It is proverbial that the world's fun-makers are at heart
melancholy. " Comedy is crying." In 1853, on the occa-
sion of the death of Thomas II. Shreve, assistant editor
of the Journal, Prentice, then fifty years old, wrote : "We,
the surviving editor of the Journal, feel that the prime of
our life is scarcely yet gone ; yet, as we look back upon
our long career in this city, we seem to behold, near and
far, only the graves of the prized loved and lost. All the
numerous journeymen and apprentices that were in our
employ when we first commenced publishing our paper
are dead; our first partner, our second partner, and our
third partner are dead, and our first assistant and our last
assistant are also dead. When these memories come over
us, we feel like one alone at midnight in the midst of a
church-yard, with the winds sighing mournfully around
him through the broken tombs, and the voices of the
George Dennison Frentice. 403
ghosts of departed joys sounding dolefully in his ears.
Our prayer to God is that such memories may have a
chastening and purifying and elevating influence upon us,
and fit us to discharge, better than we have ever yet done,
our duties to earth and heaven."
The Louisville Journal ranked high as a literary me-
dium, and Prentice deserves to be gratefully remembered
for having encouraged and assisted many young writers.
Mr. Piatt, himself one of the recipients of editorial recog-
nition, says that " such a disposition as Mr. Prentice, in
the midst of busy political engrossments, showed and long
continued to show, sole of American editors before or
since, to encourage poetical manifestation is memorable."
W. W. Fosdick gives similar testimony, saying that " Mr.
Prentice, by private correspondence and by timely notices
in his Journal, has caused many a blossom of poetry to
blow in hearts that otherwise might only have worn a
purple crown of thistles." Among the poets of real ability,
whose early rhymes were welcomed to the columns of the
Journal, may be named Amelia B. Welby, Alice and
Phoebe Gary, William W. Harney, William Ross Wallace,
Fortunatus Cosby, Wm. D. Howells, Mrs. S. M. B. Piatt,
and last, but not least, Forescythe Willson.
Many a timid little book of verse was dedicated to
George D. Prentice. A prominent publisher says : " It
may be said of Prentice that he made and unmade poets
and prose writers, as well as politicians and statesmen."
Through his influence Mrs. Catherine A. Warfield's ro-
mance, " The Household of Bouverie," was published.
He supervised the posthumous publication of M. Louise
Chitwood's poems, and wrote a tender and sympathetic
introduction to the book. Such deeds of kindness were
habitual to his generous nature. He did, when his repu-
tation was established, as he would have been done by
when a literary beginner.
George D. Prentice began to write verses while a student
at Brown University, and he continued to produce them
occasionally to the last year of his life. His pieces gained
wide newspaper popularity, and many of them found their
404 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
w&j into school readers and general collections. He as-
serted no claim to the poet's laurels, and critics, with a
few exceptions, have rather slighted the work of his muse.
In 1848, when his faculties were in the flush of vigor, the
following characteristic rhapsody appeared in the Journal
from his pen : " Poetry is a smile, a tear, a glory, a longing
after the things of eternity ! It lives in all created exist-
ence— in man, and every object that surrounds him. There
is poetry in the gentle influence of love and affection — in
the brooding over the memory of other years, and in the
thought of that glory that chains our spirits to the gates
of paradise. There is poetry, too, in the harmonies of
nature. It glitters in the wave, the rainbow, the light-
ning, and star ; its cadence is heard in the thunder and
the cataract ; its softer tones go sweetly up from the thou-
sand-voiced harp of the wind, the rivulet, and forest ; and
the cloud and sky go floating over us to the music of its
melodies. . . . It is the soul of being. The earth and
heavens are quickened by its spirit, and the great deep in
tempest and in storm is but its accent and mysterious
workings." This exuberant passage enumerates the princi-
pal themes on which the author's poems are written — the
grand features of nature, earth, sea, sky, with their phe-
nomena.
" The Poems of George D. Prentice, edited, with a
biographical sketch, by John James Piatt," appeared in a
volume of 216 pages, in 1875, from the press of Robert
Clarke & Co. The poems, sixty-five in number, are all
short, and of very unequal merit, ranging from such mas-
terpieces as " The Closing Year," and lines " To the River
in Mammoth Cave," to slight conventional jingles and
hasty verses composed for occasions poetic or prosy. At
no time is his muse " poky," nor does she ever lack
words or facility in versification. Now and then one wishes
that Mr. Prentice had not learned so much of Kames and
Blair at college. Rhetoric interposes an artificial veil be-
tween his eye and nature. In his best and sincerest moods
this veil is lifted, and he sees hill, river, and sky, as God
shows them. Yet eloquence is his blemish in verse, as in
George Dennison Frentice. 405
his early prose. The taste of the times, and the example
of the legislative halls, as well as of the har and the pul-
pit, demanded sonorous periods and florid ornaments.
Mr. Piatt, an exacting critic, thinks that no other
American poet excepting Bryant " has so finely handled
blank verse as Mr. Prentice has done in several of his
principal poems." In " The Closing Year," " The River
in Mammoth Cave," "My Mother," "The Invalid's 'Re-
ply," and other of the author's serious performances, we
discover the texture of his mind — his prevailing emotions,
his mode of conceiving and developing poetical ideas, his
devotional fervor, his tenderness and delicacy, melancholy
solemnity of feeling, pensive meditation on the past,
chastened resignation to the Divine will; these are the
frequent subjects of his blank verse. Occasionally the
lines are surcharged with passionate energy, the words
glow, the melody swells and resounds.
In reading Prentice one's pleasure is marred by the ob-
vious evidence that the poet, in haste or carelessness, often
left his work faulty where he was capable of perfecting
it. Many of his fine descriptive pieces, while true to na-
ture in general, are not true in detail. The stately rhythm
of the lines conveys a sensuous pleasure, but the epithets
are frequently inexact, and sometimes meaningless. The
verse is strained and artificial in places where it should be
simplest. Excessive imagery overloads the thought. Sim-
ile is used too much, and metaphor is misused outrage-
ously.
It is surprising that a writer, original, sensible, and ex-
perienced as Mr. Prentice, should employ so many trite
and puerile sentimentalities of diction as he does. He
" sits me down " in " a fairy grot," or an " amaranth
bower," to list "Eolian strains." Just fancy the sturdy
proprietor of the Louisville Journal, with his keen appre-
ciation of the absurd, sitting him in an " amaranth bower"
— an " amaranth bower " in Kentucky ! Then he makes
use of the words "erst," "myriad," "weird," "welkin,"
" specter," " wizard," " Eden," with " wasteful and ridicu-
lous excess." These and their like are good poetical
406 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
counters, but, after graduating day, with its orations and
ode, they are to he sprinkled sparingly in discourse. Of
all " pet words," the word " Eden " used adjectively ap-
pears to be the favorite with our western bards and bard-
ines of yesterday. " Eden '' and its synonym " paradise,"
have performed prodigious poetical service in the Ohio
Valley. I am afraid that Prentice's muse must be held
responsible for this. As a matter of curiosity I have gone
somewhat into the statistics of the substantive adjective
" Eden." Mr. Prentice allures his readers with " Eden
dyes," " Eden flowers," " Eden tones," '' Eden stream,"
" Eden message," " Eden isles," "- gales of Eden," " incense
winds of Eden," " a dream of Eden," and " Eden's blessed
bowers." Mr. Gallagher, in one short poem, introduces
" Eden lore," " Eden bloom," and " Eden glories." In the
poems of Mattie Griffith, a protegee of Mr. Prentice, the
nouns " Eden," " Paradise," and " Heaven " occur eighty-
seven times, averaging about thrice to every poem, and ag-
gregating celestial syllables enough to compose seven
stanzas, each of four iambic lines. Mrs. Welby avoids
" Eden " except in two happy instances, and in Mrs. Piatt's
verse " Paradise " is altogether lost. I wonder if it w^as
not the influence of the verse-makers that inspired the
Queen City to name her beautiful pleasure garden ''Eden
Park?"
Prentice reminds us of Bryant, both in his choice of
subjects and in a certain pensive quality and manner of
expression. The touching verses on an "Infant's Grave "
illustrate this :
" Each spring-time as it wanders past,
Its buds and blooms will round thee cast,
The thick-leaved boughs and moonbeams pale,
Will o'er thee spread a solemn vail.
And softest dews and showers will lave
The blossoms on the infant's grave."
But the poet of Louisville was much warmer than he
of New York, and meddles much more with that danger-
ous fire — the poetry of the passions. A tinge Byronic is
George Dennison Prentice. 407
discernible in his lyrics, as also in some of his blank verse.
Byron enchanted the " far West/' as he enchanted the
older world. The reflection of his wild light is cast back
curiously from pages penned by the pioneer rhymers of
the wilderness before the time of Prentice.
In a letter dated December 25, 1855, addressed to Miss
Sallie M. Bryan, Prentice wrote : " I have no doubt that
your mind, as you intimate, has felt the unhealthful in-
fluences of the pages of Byron. I have, like yourself, an
almost boundless admiration for the genius of that extra-
ordinary man, but I believe it would have been better for
mankind if he had never lived."
Prentice was fond of society, and society eagerly sought
him. An ardent admirer of bright and handsome women,
he pleased them in conversation, and his graceful pen was
facile in the pretty art of compliment. Forever was he
gallantly inditing " Lines to a Lady." Exquisite, in their
way, are his verses, " To the Daughter of an Old Sweet-
heart ;" more refined and dainty still are the sentimental
lines, " To a Bunch of Roses."
But it is likely that neither these nor even the noble
and impressive " Closing Year " will hold their place in
the memory and affections of readers so long as the simple,
sweet, and pure tribute " To an Absent Wife."
" 'Tis morn— the sea breeze seems to bring
Joy, health, and freshness on its wing ;
Bright flowers, to me all strange and new,
Are glittering in the early dew.
And perfumes rise from every grove
As incense to the clouds that move
Like spirits o'er yon welkin clear :
But I am sad — thou art not here !
'T is noon — a calm, unbroken sleep
Is on the blue waves of the deep ;
A soft haze, like a fairy dream,
Is floating over wood and stream ;
And many a broad magnolia flower.
Within its shadowy woodland bower,
Is gleaming like a lovely star ;
But I am sad— thou art afar!
408 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
" *T is eve — on earth the sunset skies
Are painting their own Eden dyes ;
The stars come down, and trembling glow
Like blossoms on the waves below ;
And, like an unseen spirit, the breeze
Seems lingering 'midst these orange trees,
Breathing its music round the spot ;
But I am sad — I see thee not !
" 'T is midnight — with a soothing spell
The far tones of the ocean swell,
Soft as a mother's cadence mild,
Low bending o'er her sleeping child,
And on each wandering breeze are heard
The rich notes of the mocking-bird.
In many a wild and wondrous lay ;
But I am sad — thou art away.
" I sink in dreams : low, sweet, and clear.
Thy own dear voice is in my ear ;
Around my neck thy tresses twine ;
Thy own loved hand is clasped in mine ;
Thy own soft lip to mine is pressed ;
Thy head is pillowed on my breast ;
Oh ! I have all my heart holds dear,
And I am happy— thou art here ! "
Edward Deering Mansfield. 409
CHAPTER XIV.
EDWARD DEERING MANSFIELD, PUBLICIST AND AUTHOR.
E. D. Mansfield was born at ^ew Haven, August 17,
1801. His father, Colonel Jared Mansfield, a good scholar,
bred at Yale, was the author of '■' Essays in Mathematics
and Physics." President Jefferson appointed him teacher
at West Point, and afterward surveyor-general of the
ITorth- western Territory, to succeed Rufus Putnam.
Colonel Mansfield married Elizabeth Phipps, daughter of
Captain David Phipps, of ^New Haven. She was a woman
of superior character, refinement and culture.
In 1803, Colonel Mansfield brought his family to Mari-
etta, where they resided two years, himself being away
from home most of that time on his duties as surveyor in
the Territory of Indiana. Edward remembered two things
which happened while he was at Marietta, the great flood
of 1805 and a visit which Madame Blennerhassett made
to his mother, on which occasion the splendid lady
brought along her splendid little boy, w^ho wore very fine
clothes and a pretty sword.
In October, 1805, the Mansfields removed to Cincinnati,
coming down the river in an ark like Noah. In his
" Personal Memories," Mr. Mansfield says : " Cincinnati
was the first town I had seen, except Marietta, for the va-
rious towns now on the Ohio were then not in existence.
But what was Cincinnati then ? One of the dirtiest little
villages you ever saw. The chief houses at that time
were on Front street, from Broadway to Sycamore ; they
were two-story frame houses, painted white."
The family located on Mill creek, at Ludlow Station,
now one of the most interesting landmarks of Ohio. Mr.
J. M. Cochran, who has made a study of the homes and
410 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
haunts of the pioneers of the Miami country, writing in
the year 1890, says :
"A part of the original Ludlow Indian fort, erected in
1790 in what is now Cumrainsville, Cincinnati, was incor-
porated into the famous Ludlow mansion, which is still
standing and occupied. Here, in the times of its distin-
guished founder, Israel Ludlow, many of the great men
of our country visited. Here stopped travelers on the old
Hamilton or Wayne road, to accommodate whom the
brick building that stands adjacent was erected. Here
once visited Little Turtle, a celebrated Indian warrior
and statesman ; and that was his last appearance in our
valley. Within a short distance, on the beautiful grounds
now occupied by the venerable Jacob Hoffner, stood
Hutchinson's tavern, a well-known hostelrie of early
days."
Referring to the same edifice, in a paper on " Some His-
torical Persons and Places of the Miami Valley," Judge
Joseph Cox says :
*^ There, too. Chief Justice Chase was married to a
daughter of Israel Ludlow, and a square away from it,
near the corner of Chase and Dane streets, stands an an-
cient elm, nearly as large as the Washington elm at Cam-
bridge, from under which marched the armies of St. Clair
in 1791 and Wayne in 1793 on their mission of war
against the Indians."
In one wing of the Ludlow mansion Colonel Mansfield
established the first astronomical observatory west of the
Alleghanies. Thomas Jefferson caused to be purchased,
from the contingent fund of the President, a transit in-
strument, a telescope, an astronomical clock and a sextant,
which the surveyor-general used to determine .lines and
boundaries. Colonel Mansfield remained at Ludlow Sta-
tion from 1805 to 1809, and during part of that time he
had in his employ Lewis Cass, afterward governor of
Michigan, and Thomas Worthington, who became the
second governor of Ohio.
Referring to his solitary life at Ludlow Station, Mans-
field says : " The only lonely person was myself, a boy in
Edward Deering Mansfield. 411
the country with no other boy to associate with, no school
to attend, always with older persons. I was not intoxi-
cated with the levities, frivolities, and fancies of youthful
life. On the contrary, I was of necessity lonely, timid
and abstracted. The impress of that timidity and ab-
straction remained upon my character until I had passed
the meridian of life."
Colonel Mansfield went east in June, 1809, on a visit,
taking his family to l^ew York and 'New Haven. In
Philadelphia he bought for Edward, at the book-store of
Matthew Carey, a small collection of books, two of which,
" Mease's United States " and ^' London Cries," specially
gratified the boy.
Returning west. Colonel Mansfield rented the place of
Colonel Isaac Bates, afterward called Mount Comfort, two
miles nearer Cincinnati than Ludlow Station. Here the
family remained three years, in which Edward began to
read, w^rite and cipher, aided by father and mother. He-
tells us : " My particular admiration in the spelling-book
was the picture of the man who pretended to be dead
when the bear smelled him ; and the old man who called
the boys dowm from the apple-tree, and when they laughed
at him for throwing grass, pelted them with stones."
"When nine years of age he read his first book, a short life
of Bonaparte, which made him want to be a soldier. In
1811 he went to school a few months, in a log school-
house, which stood nearly opposite the site of the present
House of Refuge. Out of school, he learned much from
nature ; set quail-traps, saw a herd of wild deer, and an
army of squirrels, that ^' covered the fences in every direc-
tion, devoured the corn and disappeared."
At the beginning of the War of 1812, Colonel Mansfield
was called to the East and assigned to duty first at New
Haven, and afterward at West Point. In New Haven
Edward attended two schools, at the first pf which he
learned nothing, he sa^^s, " unless it was to draw ships
and pictures on a slate." In the other school he made a
start in the study of Latin. When, in 1814, his father be-
canie professor in the Military Academy, the youth was
412 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Bent to Cheshire Academy, Connecticut, to continue the
study of Latin. The town library, fairly stocked with
novels, enticed him more than his grammar did; and
the whortleberries on the hillsides were more alluring
than the library. From Chesire the not over-studious
student was recalled to West Point, in the summer of
1815, having received an appointment as cadet. He en-
tered upon the course of study — algebra, geometry, trig-
nometry, French, drawing — without much enthusiasm,
and did not apply himself severely until two years had
elapsed, when his father stimulated his ambition by prom-
ising him a gold watch if he succeeded in winning a cer-
tain rank in scholarship within a stated time. " From that
moment I waked up and did a good deal of hard work be-
fore my graduation." Having finished the course in his
eighteenth year, he was offered an appointment which, at
his mother's wish, he declined. It was planned that he
•should go West after taking a college course and studying
law.
Princeton was the college selected for him, and from this
he graduated in 1822. Next on the programme came the
law-school, and this was found at Litchfield, Connecticut.
Mansfield was admitted to the bar in June, 1825.
To the advantages of constant home training and a
triple school course — military, classical, legal — he added
the benefits derived from access to much society and to
many notable men, his father's acquaintances. Timothy
Dwight was ^ visitor at his father's house. So were
Colonel Wm. L. Stone, the historical writer, and DeWitt
Clinton, the distinguished statesman. Theodore Wolsey,
afterward president of Yale College, was one of the
" nice boys " whom he knew. He was made welcome at
the house of Noah Porter's father, and at that of Samuel E.
Foote, governor of Connecticut. In Litchfield he boarded
opposite the residence of Dr. Lyman Beecher, whose
merry fiddle he often heard playing across the way, and
whose powerful preaching he attended on Sundays. Mrs.
Emma Willard used to instruct and amuse him with her
talk ; and James G. Percival, the poet, who for a short
Edward Beering Mansfield. 413
time was professor of chemistry at West Point, occasion-
ally visited the Mansfield family.
The following incident connected with the once famous
author of " Clio " is from Mansfield's *' Memories :" " I
remember one evening, in the early part of summer, the
month of roses, Percival was at our house, and exhibited
the true character of the poet, something to the annoy-
ance of poor human nature. The evening had passed in
conversation, when, at ten o'clock, my father, as he in-
variably did, retired. Soon after my mother, quite unusual
for her, stepped out, too. Percival, my sister, and myself,
were left in the parlor. The lights were dim, but the
moon cast its silvery rays through the window^, which
probably suggested an idea to the poet. He began to de-
scribe a visit to Niagara by moonlight ; the beauty which
shone from r.ocks and waters ; and, finally, what certainly
must have been a beautiful phenomenon — a rainbow under
the falls of Niagara. All this was in the highest degree
poetic and interesting ; but, alas ! never did I have such a
time to keep awake."
E. D. Mansfield can not be classed with those who, in
youth, were " self-made ;" for his educational opportuni-
ties were unusually rich. His parents had procured for
him all that books, schools, and intellectual companion-
ship could bestow. So liberal had the young man's
training been, so amply was he equipped for the campaign
of life, that the original intention of sending him West
was shaken by the afterthought that qualifications such
as his would probably be better suited to New England
than to Ohio. The balance turned, however, in favor of the
new state and its rising city — the young Queen of the
West. The time had come for Edward to be launched,
that he might learn to " paddle his own canoe." In his
case the self-making was to begin after taking the degree
of bachelor in literature and in law. Accordingly, in
June, 1825, the newly-fledged attorney journeyed to Cin-
cinnati, accompanied by his devoted father.
The young man, now in his twenty-fourth year, was
w^elcomed to the house of Dr. Daniel Drake, whose wife,
414 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
formerly Miss Harriet Sisson, was Mansfield's cousin and
adopted sister. It is a staple topic of trite jest that be-
ginners in the practice of law or n\edicine are likely to
have more leisure than they desire. Manfield's experience
was not exceptional ; the putting up of a sign, "Attorney-
at-law," was not the signal for a rush of eager clients. On
the contrary, the " briefless barraster " found plenty of time
to review his studies, to attend parties, and to frequent
the Columbia Street Theater, where he once saw Junius
Brutus Booth in " Richard III.," and often heard Aleck
Drake and his talented wife. But he soon tired of having
nothing to do but to enjoy himself. Eager to engage in
any dignified work, he was easily induced to join Benja-
min Drake in some literary projects. Though without
marked aptitude for composition and little inclined to
cultivate the art of expression, he was destined to become
a professional writer. In connection with Drake, in the
summer of 1826, he undertook to compile a little hand-
book descriptive of Cincinnati, designed to induce immigra-
tion. Dr. Drake's " Picture of Cincinnati " was out of
print and out of date, therefore a demand came for the
later information in '* Cincinnati in 1826." To obtain
materials for their work, the authors took the census of
the city, and gathered other statistics, Drake canvassing
the town west of Main street, and Mansfield that east.
The facts collected were presented in attractive language,
and the small volume of one hundred pages, printed by
Morgan, Lodge & Fisher, furnished an excellent guide and
directory for the day, and is still valuable as history.
In less than a year after the publication of " Cincinnati
in 1826," circumstances influenced Mansfield to share
with Benjamin Drake the editorship of the Cincinnati
Chronicle, a weekly newspaper which had been started
January 1, 1826, by F. Burton. As Mr. Mansfield was
connected with this paper, interruptedly, for fifteen years,
a brief outline of its history will be appropriate here. It
was edited by Ben Drake and Mansfield until 1884, when
it was merged in the Cincinnati Mirror, which was dis-
continued October, 1836. The subscription list was bought
Edward Deering Mansfield. 415
by Dr. Drake and others, who re-established the Chronicle,
with Mansfield as editor. The next year it was bought
by Achilles Piigh, who retained Mansfield, and in Decem-
ber, 1839, it was changed to a daily. The Chronicle
finally lost its identity in 1850, when it was purchased by
E'athan Guilford and merged in the Atlas.
In 1828 Mansfield's health declined to such a degree that
he returned to New England. The three or four years
that ensued were years of struggle, years of stern self-
discipline and severe preparation for the real duties of suc-
cessful life.
In the autumn of 1832, Mansfield came back to Cincin-
nati, and soon afterward formed a law partnership with a
young Kentuckian, who, like himself, was a graduate of
West Point. This was Ormsby Macknight Mitchel, who
rose to distinction as an astronomer, and to fame as a
general in the civil war. Referring to their companion-
ship, Mansfield wrote : " He was my partner in a pro-
fession for w^hich, I think, neither of us was well
adapted.
" We were really literary men, and our thoughts wan-
dered ofi* to other subjects. The scene in our ofilce was
often a remarkable one, though observed by no eyes but
our own. Mitchel was fond of the classics, and instinct-
ively fond of eloquence, which, in his after lectures on
astronomy, he so brilliantly exhibited. The scene I refer
to was this : Mitchel sat in one corner reading Quin-
tilian, a Latin author on oratory. He was enamored of
the book, and would turn to me and read passages from
it. I, on the other hand, sat at my desk in another
corner writing my Political (Grammar now the Political
Manual). Thus we were two students, each occupied
with his own literary pursuits, and neither thinking of
what both professed, the practice of the law. The conse-
quence was, what might have been expected, Mitchel re-
sorted to teaching classics, and I became a public
writer."
0. M. Mitchel was born August 28, 1810, near Morgan-
field, Union county, Kentucky. Before he had reached
416 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
his tenth year, his parents removed with him to Lebanon,
Ohio, where the lad obtained his elementary education.
At the age of about fifteen, he was admitted as cadet to
West Point Academy. On leaving the military school,
he was assigned to post duty m Florida, and, in that state,
he was married to a widow, Mrs Trask. Coming to Cin-
cinnati he entered the law with Mansfield, as above re-
lated. Presently he started an academy, a species of mili-
tary institute, in which he was assisted by John Augustine
Wilstach,^ now of Lafayette, Indiana, and eminent in law
and letters. Mitchel was chosen to teach in Cincinnati
College. For a time he was civil engineer on the Little
Miami Railroad. Becoming deeply interested in astrono-
my, he gave a course of lectures on that science and formed
a plan for the establishment of an observatory. A joint
stock company was organized. IN'icholas Longworth gave
a lot on Mount Adams, and the corner-stone of an ob-
servatory building was laid, with imposing ceremonies,
John Quincy Adams pronouncing an oration. A tele-
scope was put in place in the spring of 1845.
In the summer of 1833, 0. M. Mitchel published in Cin-
<;innati a volume which he entitled " The Works of Quin-
tilian. Digested and Prepared for the Use of the American
Public." Mansfield's Political Grammar appeared in
1834, a text-book on the constitution, which is still in de-
mand. It was reprinted in London.
Mansfield traces the causes which led him to embark in
writing as a vocation to an informal literary club, the
meetings of which were held at the house of Dr. Daniel
Drake.
The coterie which assembled in Drake's parlor must
have been stimulating to such young men as Mitchel and
Mansfield. There was vigor in it. Drake was himself a
galvanic battery of mental energy. Mansfield did not al-
* Mr. Wilstach is the author of a notable translation of Virgil, pub-
lished by Houghton, Mifflin & Co.; and also of a translation of Dante.
Other writings from his scholarly pen are *' The Virgilians," a study of
Dante, and an original Western epic, " The Battle Forest," a versified
story of the Tip»"" '»ti..o battle.
Edward Deering Mansfield, 417
together sympathize with the crude and audacious origin-
ality of some of those pioneer writers who set authority
at naught and wrote from "• inspiration." Recently, from
an Eastern college, it was hut natural that he sought to
impress the classic proprieties on the unconventional literati
of the backwoods. To Flint's Review, he contributed, in
March, 1830, a carefully prepared article on "• Literary In-
dustry," in w^hich he says : " There is a strong tendency
in the West to prefer the unassisted energies of nature
in literary efforts to the refinements of culture and the re-
strictions of rule. Learning is frequently thought idle
and criticism little. This feeling springs from a principle
of independent action, noble and just in the abstract, but
inapplicable to the pursuits of literature. They are the
growth of artificial life, nor can even genius, without the
discipline of labor and the observance of rule, hope to be
distinguished in them."
The years 1832-7 may^J3e regarded as an era of intel-
Igctual activity in^Cincinnati and its^lifefai-yllepeiTderncies^
During this time it was that'the'Tocally famous Semicolon
Club rose and flourished. This club seems to have been\
organized~in XWd'A. MrTJohn P. Foote gives some account
of__it_iu_his ^'Memoir" of his~ brother, Samueh Edmund
Foote, at whose house, at the corner oTTlhe and Third
streets, Cincinnati, many of the meetings were held. Mr.
Samuel E. Foote, generally known as Captain Foote, was
born in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1787. He amassed a
fortune by marine commerce, and then settled in Cincin-
nati. His sister Roxana was the first wife of Lyman
Beecher, and the mother of eight children, Henry Ward
being the youngest. Captain Foote and his brother John
P. were intellectual men, and they, in alliance with the
Beechers, were leading members of the Semicolon Club.
Another prominent figure in the club was James H. Per-
kins, who came from Boston to live in Cincinnati in 1832.
He married Miss Sarah H. Elliott, a sister of Mrs. S. E.
Foote. The Elliott family was one of distinguished in-
tellectuality ; one of its members, Mr. C. W. Elliott, who
27
418 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
also belonged to the club, was the author of a " History
of New England."
To the names just given may be added those of three
Misses Blackwell, Mr. C. D. L. Brush, Mr, E. P. Cranch,
Mr. C. G. Davies, Dr. Daniel Drake, Mr. Benjamin Drake,
Mr. Charles D. Drake, Mr. Nathan Guilford, Mr. George
Guilford, Mr. William Greene, Rev. E. B. Hall, Judge
James Hall, Prof. Hentz, Mrs. Lee Hentz, Mr. U. L. Howe,
Mr. C. P. James, General Edward King, Mr. Lawler, Mr.
T. D. Lincoln, Mr. Joseph Longworth, Mr. E. D. Mans-
field, Mr. J. F. Meline, Prof. O. M. Mitchel, Mr. L N.
Perkins, Dr. Richards, Mr. W. P. Steele, Prof. Calvin
Stowe, Mr. C. Stetson, Judge Timothy Walker, Mr. D.
Thew Wright, and his sister, the accomplished Mrs. Cur-
wen.
Not one of these names is unknown to honorable repu-
tation, and most of them hold a conspicuous place in the
annals of literature, law, theology, science, or philan-
thropy.
Miss Harriet Beecher, who was born in 1812, and who
at the age of twenty-four became the second wife of Prof.
Calvin Stowe, at Lane Seminary, may be said to have be-
gun her literary career in Cincinnati. She read many
original papers before the Semicolon Club, and_ her first
book, the " Mayflower," published in 1849, was dedicated
tolhe club. In April, 1834, Miss Beecher contributed to
the Western Monthly Magazine a ** New England Sketch,"
for which a prize of fifty dollars was awarded her by the
" enterprising publishers of the magazine." In a review
of this " Sketch " the editor of the Cincinnati Mirror said :
" Miss Beecher has evinced the possession of vivacity,
versatility, and power sufiicient to enable her to write well
and pleasantly — a union exceedingly desirable."
At the date of the formation of the club Dr. Daniel
Drake was about fifty years of age, and had won celebrity
as a general and professional writer. His brother Benja-
min had not yet written his " Black Hawk," " Harrison,"
or ** Tecumseh," but was known as a sprightly editor, and
writer of " Tales of the Queen City." Charles D. Drake,
Edward Deering Mansfield.' 419
the doctor's son, now chief judge of the Court of Claims,
Washington, was one of the young poets of the Semicolon
Club.
!N'athan Guilford, born in Massachusetts in 1786, edu-
catecl at Y ale College, was known not only as the apostle
of the .p,ulilic--ach(>oLsygtem in Ohio, but also as publisher,
editor, legislator, business man, and general writer. He
was one of the leading contributors to Hall's Western
Souvenir, and no doubt he was prominent in the club. A
sketch of Guilford's life was furnished to the Genius of
the West, March, 1855, by Rev. A. A. Livermore.
WUliflm Greane was one of the organizers and sustain-
ers of the club. Of him a well-known Cincinnati gentle-
man, who has graced the bar and the bench, writes : " Mr.
William Greene was one of the most glorious characters
on the face of the earth, and affiant is aware of that which
he affirms. He is dead — God rest his soul — but his works
still live. We always called him Billy Greene. He was
the most amiable man I think I ever saw, and a good deal
more so than many I have never seen. There never yet
was the wind or cyclone of adversity that ever blew that
could rustle a feather of his serene plumage ; and there
never was a time when he was not in trouble, and trouble
by the solid yard and ton weight, too. He was once
wealthy, and lost all his money ; but, Lord bless you, it
made no difference to him. . . . Discussing a profound
theological question, a crank (a crank, you know, is the
fellow who is on the other side of the debate) thought to
wind him up by the following stunning remark : ' But,
you know, Mr. Greene, Paul says so and so.' 'Ah, yes !
but that is where Paul and I differ.' In the latter part of
his life some property greatly enhanced in value, and
again made him rich. He went back to his original home
in Rhode Island, and became governor or lieutenant-gov-
ernor of that state." Mr^ Greene lectured^ in ISSO,,^
"Constitutional Law," in the Ohio Mechanics' Institute.
The^TnFStih'gs "of~tEe"^miCi5ton~"Club were held, as' I
have said, at the house of Mr. S. E. Foote, and at the ad-
joining residences of Charles Stetson and William Greene.
420 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
One of the members says : " My recollections of the
Semicolon are but scant. I was at that uncertain age in
human life when I took my big sister to parties, and stood
in the front entry and was spoken of as ' nothing but a
boy/ I remember that this occurred, I think, every two
weeks. We went to difterent houses of the folks, and
certain manuscript articles were read, which were sup-
posed to be interesting and instructive. I suppose they
were, as there is no evidence to the contrary. Personally,
however, I remember thinking that most of them were
stupid. Most of us were glad when the readings were
over, for then we did something else, the principal of
wjiichj^as dancing."
Another "old member" furnishes me with an explana-
tion of the club name : " You probably know that the
name Semicolon meant (Christopher Colon discovered a
new world) whoever gives us a new pleasure deserves half
as much credit as the discoverer of a new world— hence
Semicolon."
Mrs. Stowe, in a biographical sketch of Salmon P.
Chase, gives a graphic characterization of Cincinnati
society about the year 1834. It is reasonable to conclude
that she derived her impression from experience among
the members of the club. The Queen City is described as
a " newly-settled place, having yet lingering about it some
of the wholesome neighborly spirit of a recent colony.
With an eclectic society drawn from the finest and best
cultivated classes of the older states, there was in the gen-
eral tone of life a breadth of ideas, a liberality and free-
dom, which came from the consorting together of persons
of different habits of living."
The Semicolon Club had its eastern lion, who, however,
was both hunter and hunted. He was none other than
pharloo Fotio lloffmanr-of- New York. This versatile and
pleasing author visited Cincinnati, and was a frequent
guest of the club. On his return to New York, he pub-
lished a book of experiences entitled <^ A Wiiitog^4aJiie
West."-- TfetfMMmie out iu 1836. Here is an extract from
Hoffman's book : " What would strike you in the streets
Edward Deering Mansfield. 421
of Cincinnati would be the number of pretty faces and
stylish figures one meets in a morning. A walk through
Broadway here rewards one hardly less than to promenade
in its IS'ew York namesake. I have had more than one
opportunity of seeing these western beauties by candle-
light, and the evening display brought no disappointment
to the morning promise. I^othing can be more agreeable
than the society which one meets with within the gay and
elegantly-furnished drawing-rooms of Cincinnati."
E. D. Mansfield appeared upon the stage of public af-
fairs at that most vital time wben social institutions were
taking fixed form in the West. His tastes and training
fitted him well to participate in educational movements.
For his life-long services in behalf of the common school
system, Ohio and the country at large owe him a debt of
gratitude. The happy phrase, " People's colleges," now
so hackneyed, was first applied to the public schools by
E. D. Mansfield. He says, modestly enough, at the age of
seventy-nine: " In forming educational institutions I had'
some part myself, and I look upon that work with unal-
loyed pleasure."
In 1831, an effort was made to convene in Cincinnati
thgecutors of the Mississippi Valley^ TEis~failed, but inA /[
June of the same year a general meeting of teachers was
held, which organized the " Western Literary Institute
and College of Professional Teachers." The idea of cre-
ating such a body rose in the brain of Albert Pickett, sr.,
and it was first discussed in the Academic Institute, a pi-
oneer educational association started in 1829. Pickett
was a veteran school-master and pedagogical writer, who
came to the West from I^ew York city, where he had
long held an honored position as principal of the ^' Man-
hattan School." He and his son, J. W. Pickett, con-
ducted in Cincinnati a very successful private school for
girls. In the year 1833, there were twenty-four private
schools in the city, with thirty-eight teachers and 1,230
pupils, and in the public schools but twenty-one teachers
and two thousand pupils.
The College of Professional Teachers was a popular
422 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
body, grounded on democratic principles, and its mission
was to create a public opinion in favor of the free school
system. Albert Pickett was the permanent president of
the organization, and he opened each annual session with
an address. Mansfield said of him : " He presided over
the college with great dignity, and I never knew a man
of more pure, disinterested zeal in the cause of educa-
tion."
The proceedings of the convention of June, 1831, were
printed in the first number of the Academic Pioneer and
• Guardian of Education, a monthly conducted by the ed-
itorial committee of the Academic Institute. The object
of the second meeting, in 1832, as announced in the news-
papers throughout the West, was '' to promote the inter-
ests of education, and to secure the co-operation of parents
and the friends of science in aid of scholastic institutions,
whether they are of a public or private character." The
Cincinnati Mirror described the association as a " congress
of talent, the several displays of which were a treat of the
highest gust." The meeting of 1833 was held in Septem-
ber, at the Second Presbyterian Church. In November of
the same year, a similar convention took place at Lexing-
ton, Kentucky.
I would fain pay tribute to the leading spirits whose
devotion to popular education in this pioneer congress of
teachers, builded so broadly and well the basement walls
of our school system. There was Lyman Beecher, who,
as Judge Hall said, " burst out occasionally like a vol-
cano, with a brilliancy that astonishes while it enlightens."
There was Calvin E. Stowe, whose report on the
" Prussian Education " remains one of the ablest papers
of its kind in pedagogical literature. There were Wm.
H. McGuffey, and Milo G. Williams, and Joshua L. Wil-
^^", and Alexander Campbell, and John B. Purcell, and
/^^ Th?'"^ S' Grimkej and twenty others almost as eminent
who deserve not only passing mention, but grateful eulogy
for the helping hands they lent to the struggling cause
of literature and learning in the days of the Teachers*
College.
Edward Deering Mansfield. 423
One conspicuous worker, perhaps the most forceful and
aggressive man in the college, was the Scotchman, Alex-
ander Kinmont, who came to Cincinnati in 1827, and died
there in 1838. Western bibliography would be incom-
plete without a notice of his " Lectures on the Natural
History of Man," a posthumous volume, distinguished by
the praise of Henry James, who regarded its author as a
man of genius, born before his time. George Grraham,
one of Cincinnati's most honored citizens, who died in
1881 at the advanced age of eighty-three, gave me some
personal anecdotes of Kinmont, which I will reproduce.
Kinmont was educated in Edinburgh for the pulpit. His
arm was torn off in a cotton factory. He came to the
United States to try his fortune. Passing through !N'ew
Bedford, Pennsylvania, with his bundle on his arm, he
met the father of George Graham, who persuaded him to
take a school in the town. He afterward came to Cin-
cinnati, where he was adored by his pupils. He believed
in great freedom in school, allowing the boys to study
aloud. It was his theory that a student ought to be able
to get a lesson in the midst of the confusion of a steam-
boat wharf. If two of his boys got into a quarrel, he or-
dered them to leave the room and settle their dispute by
a fair fight. He was strict in his way — his disorder was
not anarchy, but liberty subject to self-control. !N'o one
trifled with him. He was very prompt. Xinmont's
school was devoted to classic learning. Over the school-
house door he inscribed the motto :
" Nil dictu foedum visuque haec limina tangat,
Intra quae puer est." " Procul, O ! procul este profani ; "
"Maxima debetur puero reverentia."
Kinmont was offered a position in the Cincinnati Col-
lege at a salary of $2,000. But he declined on the ground
that to accept would be to surrender his liberty. Said he
to Mr. Graham, who tendered him the place : " Your
college will be under the control of a faculty ; I wish to
be not directed by a faculty or by trustees ; think of my
424 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
being told how to teach school by a set of professional
donkeys."
The ordinance of 1787 proclaimed that education should
forever be encouraged in the North-western Territory;
the constitution of Ohio repeated the same, and, in 1825,
Nathan Guilford and other legislators secured the passage
of a bill providing for school taxes and teachers' exam-
inations, and imposing educational duties upon the town-
ship clerks and county auditors. The city of Cincinnati
in 1829 secured the passage of laws giving an independ-
ent organization to the city schools, and the power to levy
special taxes. The statutes also provided for the erection
of ten school-houses.
The cautious city council were reluctant to tax the
people for the support of free schools, the richest objecting
most to what they called the " charity schools." The
common school advocates did all they could to advance
the efficiency and promote the dignity of the " people's
colleges." Showy public examinations of the children
were held ; distinguished visitors were invited to visit the
schools; the pupils were paraded to band music along
the principal streets on the Fourth of July. It was
George Graham who conceived the idea of marching the
schools through the city for popular effect. When the
teachers refused to march he had them discharged.
Graham asked the council for an appropriation to build
a suitable school-house in his ward, then the Second
"Ward. They voted a pittance insufficient to build a good
edifice. " I will not have such a house ; I will build to
suit myself." " Where will you get the money ? "
"None of your business!" was the saucy, but good-
humored reply. The "model school-house," as it was
called, was erected in the year 1833, on the west side of
Race street, between Fourth and Fifth, nearly opposite
the present Arcade. The cost was $5,500. Graham sur-
mounted it with a cupola to catch the general eye. When
he demanded of the city the cost, it was at first refused,
but finally paid all except the price of the cupola. Eight
Edward Deering Mansfield. 425
other similar buildings were afterward erected, the total
expense for lots and buildings amounting to $96,159.44.
Fifty years ago the city teachers formed an association
that met twice a month. The classification of pupils was
perfected. Courses of study were improved. Changes
took place in the organization and methods of the board
of education. Provision for instruction in the German
language was made in March, 1840. JSight schools were
started in 1842. The Central High School was created in
1747, and it continued in operation until 1851, when it w^as
merged in Hughes and Woodward, whose funds were
united and put in trust of a union board. In 1850, the
office of superintendent was created, and four years later
the gradation of the schools was improved by the intro-
duction of intermediate schools. Since that date a normal
school has been added to our educational facilities, and,
to crown the system, the Cincinnati University and the
Public Library have been established on secure founda-
tions.
The principles formulated by Guilford and Lewis, and
discussed in the College of Teachers, have been accepted
by all classes. The unpopular experiments of George
Graham, succeeding, have become historical events grate-
fully remembered. The model school-house of 1833,
propagating its kind by multiplication, has produced
fifty-seven buildings, some of which are palatial in size.
The proceedings of the college in the years 1834-1840,
inclusive, are contained in six volumes of " Transactions,"
a set of books now rare and valuable. The proceedings
of the year 1837 were first made public in the pages of the
" Western Academician and Journal of Science and Edu-
cation," a periodical edited by John W. Pickett, to which
the principal contributors were Albert Pickett, Alexander
Kinmont, Joseph Ray, Rev. Elijah Slack, Wm. Wood,
John D. Craig, Rev.'^B. P. Aydelott, W. H. McGufiey,
Samuel Lewis, and Julia L. Dumont.
The ''College of Teachers" continued to assemble an-
nually for some years after it ceased to publish its transac-
tions. The sessions of 1843 and 1844 were held in Louis-
426 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
ville. The far-reaching influence of the body is indicated
by the fact that delegates came to its meetings from the
states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Vir-
ginia, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Mississippi,
Louisiana, Georgia, JS'orth Carolina, South Carolina,
Florida, and the Territories of Iowa and Wisconsin.
People crowded to its daily sessions, which were held in
the largest churches, and listened to the essays and ad-
dresses with breathless attention and semi-religious en-
thusiasm.
The professional teachers called to their support the
shining lights of the pulpit, the bar, and the press. Such
distinguished representative men as Beecher, Campbell,
Purcell, J. M. Peck, Drake, Grimke, joined in the dis-
cussions with all their force and fervor. The best scholars
of the West brought their best learning to the convoca-
tion. Mansfield thought it doubtful " whether in one
association, and in an equal time, there was ever concen-
trated in this country a larger measure of talent, informa-
tion, and zeal." Mr. Gallagher said : " Perhaps the most
important literary institution in the West, and certainly
one of the most interesting in the world, is the College
of Professional Teachers." Through its influence the
oflice of State Superintendent of Schools was created for
Ohio, and one of its members, Samuel Lewis, was the
first to administer the office.
The college encouraged formation of adjunct societies,
being in fact the mother of the teachers' institute sys-
tem in the West. It gave birth, in 1841, to the " Cincin-
nati Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge."
This " Great Western Academy of the Sciences and Lit-
erature " was planned on a most ambitious scale, mainly
by Prof. 0. M. Mitchel, and was to embrace fourteen sec-
tions devoted to teaching exact science, natural science,
practical arts, fine arts, medicine, law, politics, philosophy,
history, language, commerce, literature, and statistics.
The membership included most of those in the Teachers'
College, with many additional notables.
The organization had too many aims to hit any thing
Edward Deering Mansfield. 427
in particular. The most important section that survived
was the astronomical, which, under the fostering care of
Mitchel, came to fruition in the Cincinnati Observatory.
The energy of the College of Teachers was transmitted
to different institutions — the Mechanics' Institute, various
libraries, schools of medicine and law, the Historical So-
ciety, and the Academy of Fine Arts. The impulse
which it gave to popular education spread throughout the
State of Ohio and throughout the nation, and the schools
of to-day inherit a legacy of vital force from that vigor-
ous pioneer institution.
Mr. Mansfield took a leading part in the discussions and
business of the College of Teachers. The proof-sheets
of his Political Grammar were submitted to that body for
criticism in 1834. Several of his addresses are published
in the " Transactions," among them one on " The Study of
Mathematics," and another on ^' The Qualifications of
Teachers."- Years after the " College " had ceased to ex-
ist, he produced a book entitled " American Education ;
its Principles and Elements," which was published by A.
S. Barnes & Co., and which still holds its place in the
popular series known as '* The School Teachers' Library."
Mansfield suggested the formation of a complete library of
education in Cincinnati. He was urgent for the establish-
ment of normal schools ; and in 1835 he proposed that a
great national association of teachers should be founded by
delegations from " New England, the Middle States, the
South, and the Great Yalley of the West." His labors in
the furtherance of education continued to the close of his
life. One of his favorite projects undertaken in connec-
tion with 0. M. Mitchel was to form a convocation of
Ohio colleges, that is, '^ to unite them in general and
university purposes, not interfering with the particular
rights and instruction of the colleges."
Cincinnati College was revived in 1835, with depart-
ments of medicine, law, and literature. The faculty of the
literary department consisted of Wm. H. McGufiTey, presi-
dent and professor of moral and mental philosophy ; 0.
M. Mitchel, professor of mathematics and astronomy ;
428 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Asa Drury, professor of ancient languages ; Chas. L. Tel-
ford, professor of rhetoric and belles-lettres ; E. D. Mans-
field, professor of constitutional law and history ; Lyman
Harding, principal of the preparatory department ; and
Joseph Herron, principal of the primary department.
Mr. Mansfield's duties as professor were light, being
confined to a series of lectures on the law of equity and
another series on the history of civilization. But the
task of editing the Chronicle, which was devolved upon
him, also, was by no means a sinecure. Writing for the
press was, in fact, the business of E. D. Mansfield's life.
Though he wrote ten books, and twice as many pamphlets,
we may regard this form of authorship as but a large in-
cident in a career dedicated to journalism. In the last
chapter of his last book he says : " My first newspaper
article was published in 1824, at Litchfield, Connecticut.
In the more than half century which has elapsed there has
been no year in which I have not written for the press."
The manuscript articles found in his library after his de-
cease cover more than 200,000 pages.
From 1853 to 1871 he edited the Eailroad Record. In
1857 he was editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, and he con-
tinued on the editorial staft* of that newspaper as long as
he lived, writing over the familiar initials, E. D. M. To
the New York Times, edited by his friend, H. J. Ray-
mond, he contributed a series of political articles under
the signature of " Veteran Observer." He was a publicist,
a writer on current subjects of common interest. In such
hand as his the pen becomes a material power to bring
about tangible results. Manufacture, trade, financial ex-
pedients were affected by his newspaper columns. Though
never rich himself, his practical thinking enriched corpo-
rations and individuals. Especially was he active and ef-
ficient in promoting railroad enterprises. The Cincinnati
Southern Railroad was projected in his mind fifty years
before it was completed. Not only was his pen diligent
for near half a century in the advocacy of a railroad to
the South ; he traveled, made maps, made speeches, and
persuaded capital for the accomplishment of the plan.
Edward Deering iMansjield. 429
Mansfield's familiarity with the material conditions of
the country was such that when, in 1858, Governor Chase
made him Commissioner of Statistics for Ohio, the puhlic
saw the fitness of the appointment. For ten years he
held the oflace, making a reputation as a specialist, and
winning the honor of an election to the *"' Society of Uni-
versal Statistics," in Paris. In his own state he was re-
garded as the highest authority in facts and figures. In
the war-time, his calculations and prophetic judgments
were eagerly read and much trusted by the people. Al-
most every day an article appeared over his initials in the
Gazette. I have a vivid recollection of a scene which I
witnessed in the counting-room of that newspaper, on the
north-east corner of Vine and Fourth streets, in one of the
early years of the civil war. Mr. Mansfield was there, and
a crowed of citizens had gathered to hear his views of the
*' situation." While he was talking, a thick-set, weather-
tanned, push-your-way man, wearing a plain dress and a
slouched hat, appeared at the door. Some one imme-
diately recognized the sturdy war governor of Indiana
and spoke the name Morton. Mansfield caught the word,
and instantly his tall, erect, and somewhat gauntly muscu-
lar form pressed through the crowd. "Are you Governor
Morton?" he asked, for he had never met the man,
though he admired him and had applauded his course.
"Yes; and you are—?" " E. D. M.," replied the editor;
and the two embraced each other with a heartiness that
brought a storm of applause from the amused spectators.
Mansfield's books, like his other writings, are of the
useful or the expository order, rather than the purely lite-
rary. His "American Education " is a concise, suggestive
and philosophical treatise, clear in statement, correct in
facts, earnest in the advocacy of learning, virtue, patriot-
ism and religion. The chapter on " The Education of
Women," based on the proposition that " the human soul
has no sex," is the best chapter in the book. The author's
estimate of woman was always high ; he regarded the sex
with chivalrous respect, and at the same time conceded
its claims to legal equality with men. To gallantry he
430 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
added justice. One of his first books was on " The Legal
Rights of Women."
In 1846 Mansfield published "The Life of Winfield
Scott," and in 1848 its sequel, a history of " The Mexican
War." Twenty years later he published a "Life of U. S.
Grant." All these books are clear, authentic, and digni-
fied. They abound in historical and political truth, and
glow with ardent love of whatsoever things are right and
pure. Though an intense partisan, a Whig of the Whigs,
and a Republican of the Republicans, he never allowed
party dust to obscure his vision of the field of conduct ;
his public character was untainted, and his name was
above suspicion.
The volumes by which he will be remembered longest
are his " Daniel Drake" (1855), and his " Personal Memo-
ries" (1879). These contain the true juice of the man —
the wine of his nature. The two books are really one, for
the " Personal Memories " reproduces the more interest-
ing parts of the " Life of Drake." In the earlier work
the author, with a young man's literary pride, put forth
his best efibrts at fine writing ; the last book, composed
when the veteran was in his eightieth year, is simple and
direct, without waste of words, or rhetorical vanities of
any kind. The old man tells his story, with delightful
frankness, from the date of his ,birth to the year 1843.
The volume is a rich sheaf gleaned from a wide field of
recollection.
E. D. Mansfield was married twice. His first wife, Mary
Wallace Mansfield, nk Peck, was a lovely and accom-
plished lady of Litchfield, Connecticut. I think four
children were born of this union, only two of whom sur-
vived infancy. The eldest of these, Edward Jared, be-
came a civil engineer; he died in 1870, unmarried. A
second eon, Charles, graduated at Marietta College, and
studied law with his kinsman, Alexander H. McGuffey.
He practiced his profession for some years in Cincinnati,
then received an appointment as paymaster in the navy.
He married a Miss Beck, of Missouri, and now lives, I be-
lieve, in Rhode Island, at Narragansett Pier.
Edward Deering Blansjield, 431
The second wife of E. D. Mansfield was Margaret, the
fourth daughter of Hon. Thomas "Worthington, second
governor of Ohio. The marriage took place April 24,
1839, in the old capital of Ohio, Chillicothe, at the historic
homestead, "Adena," which Benson J. Lossing describes
in his "Field-Book of the War of 1812," in these words :
*' It is situated upon the same ridge, two hundred feet
above the Scioto, and half a mile north from McArthur's
mansion. It overlooks the same valleys, and, because of
the beauty of its situation, it was called 'Adena,' or
Paradise. The building is of hewn sandstone, and was
erected in 1805, at great expense, under the supervision of
the elder Latrobe, of Washington city."
Another daughter of Governor Worthington became
wife of General Edward King, and mother of his son,
Hon. Rufus King,^ the honored Cincinnati lawyer, and
^ Hon. Eufus King, son of General Edward King, and grandson of
Rufus King, the statesman, who helped to make the national Constitution
and the Ordinance of 1787, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio, May 30, 1817.
His mother, Sarah, the eldest daughter of Governor AVorthington, was
distinguished as a philanthropist and patron of art and literature. By
a second marriage (in 1844) she became Mrs. Peter, the name by which
she is remembered in Cincinnati, A memoir of her has been pub-
lished. She founded the ''Ladies' Academy of Art," the forerunner of
the Cincinnati School of Design.
RufusKing began his education at Kenyon College, Ohio, and was
gra^Ha^ed at Harvard, first "ffOmthe academic department and then"
fromthe law school. He was admitted tQ-the" bar In Cincinnati in 1841."
Ki"l843 he was married to Miss Margaret Rives, daughter of Dr. Landon^
Rives. He rose to distinction in his profession, and was very active and
efficient in serving the higher interests of the public. Much of his
time, energy, and fortune were given for the promotion of education,
science, history, and art. Mr^_Kingwas for years a leading member
of the Public School Board, and was~a founder of the Public LibrafyT
'KrHe was one of the incorporators of the Law Library, anH' perhaps its
p Mchief sustainer. He was a trustee of Cincinnati University, and of
I /Cincinnati College. Th^re_js_scarcely a literary institution in the
p Queen City that has not been aided by his counsel ^ajid liberality.
TEe~geHeTatT5CbgiiitioTr75f his worth was voiced by Hon. AVm. S. Groes-
beck^who^,jJt a memorial meeting in the United States Court room,
/^ \J^arch^28jl89i^, said: "Rufus King was the most valuable citizen Cin-
cinnati everliad . ' ' Mr. King died March 25, 1891. Always interested
in literary matters, a reader of books and a friend of authors, Mr. King
was himself a strong and graceful writer. In the days of his early man-
432 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
author of the " History of Ohio." Thus, by relationship
of marriage, Mr. Mansfield was closely allied to the King
family.
Mrs. Margaret Mansfield died at the homestead, " Ya-
moyden," near the village of Morrow, Warren county,
Ohio, in 1863. She left one son, now Lieutenant F. W.
Mansfield, of the regular army, and three daughters, Mrs.
Dudley, wife of Rev. A. S. Dudley, of Granville, Ohio ;
Mrs. Eleanor M. Svviggert, wife of Rev. Swiggert, of
Morrow, Ohio ; and Miss Edith D. Mansfield, of Morrow.
I am indebted to Mrs. Swiggert for a succinct and ad-
mirable account of her father's leading characteristics.
The impartial fidelity of the portraiture will be recognized
by all readers who knew Mr. Mansfield :
" Mr. Mansfield was a thorough American — a believer
in both the present and future of this nation, an encour-
ager of American institutions, American education, Amer-
ican manufactures, and American people. For the latter
he worked with brain, heart, and pen as long as he lived.
He had a great contempt for those Americans who can
see no good in America, but try to ape Europeafl ways.
" He was also thoroughly a nineteeath century man,
a believer in progress, a despiser of all croaKrsIwlro
say *the former times were better than these.' He
was a great believer in work as a blessing, not a curse;
a more industrious man never lived. He would say,
when it was urged in his later years that he should
take more rest, 'Better wear out than rust out!' His
mind was vigorous, clear and cheerful ; his interest in all
the affairs of life wonderful. He was in every thing a
radical ; a believer in sides, he would often say laughingly
to me, * My daughter, I am a partisan ;' he could not be
neutral or indifferent. He was a Christian in every sense
of the word, and a believer in the coming of Christ as the
ruler of the whole earth. He had neither patience nor
hood he was a contributor to the Evening Chronicle, a paper conducted
by his uncle, Mr. E. D. Mansfield. The only volume liejjave_to the
. world is a History of Ohio, one of the American Cominon wealths series,
/\publiHhed in 1888. "^
Edward Deering Mansfield, 433
toleration with infidels, and was_strongly opposed jto_the
fQreign_jQ]oinpnt of infide1ity_fitruggling-ioF rule-ia^Jids^
country. He was brought lip an Episcopalian, but united Li
with the Presbyterian Church after his marriage with my ^
mother, his second wife, in 1839, and was long an elder in
the_Second Presbyterian Church of Cincinnati. One of
the pioneers of Cincinnati, no man better loyed her inter-
ests, or was more thoroughly identified with them, or did
more for the growth and good of the city. Eyer inter-
ested in the public school system, he was both a professor
and a trustee of the Cincinnati College of Teachers. He
is best known as a writer. Besides writing for and at dif-
ferent times, editing both the Cincinnati Gazette and
Chronicle, he .wrote (^during the war) for the ^ejy^York ka^
Times as a ^Veteran Obseryer/ and his articles attracted
great attention. Besides these and other papers, he wrote
for many difierent periodicals, the Railroad Journal, and
also—many pamphlet^ jfor^ the different railroads of the
country j also for the manufacturing interests of the coal
and iron men. In fact, it would be impossible to enumer-
ate all his writings, which were marked, according to the
subjects, by clear, strong knowledge, statements of facts,
and, when on ethics, by a broad, hopeful. Christian tone.
There was neyer an uncertain ring to any of his enuncia-
tions by mouth or pen. He neyer, in religion, politics or
morals, stood ^ on the fence,' or hid behind sophistries ;
and I laughed the other day oyer an old letter, written by
some political enemy forty or more years ago, adyisihg
him to take more pains to hide his sentiments ! An old-
tijga«-^W^hig_arLd.a_strong RepubHcan, he was neyer ashamed
ofJiis-*iews. His last writing for the public was his ral-
Ijing cry to the men of his party for Garfieldj ' Forward,
Republicans.' TrTpnyaXe^ife^he wp the most delightful
of companions, cheerful and entertaining, with a fund of
anecdote which did more to educate us, his children, than
all the preachments and lectures of the most learned dom-
inie could do. He knew so much, and knew where to get
information, and shared it with us all — read his articles
28
434 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
aloud to us before they went to press, and asked our opin-
ions of them. He was so modest and unassuming always
— approachable by all, and yet too dignified to permit the
elighififit familiarity^ He was wonderfully charitable and
courteous. Surely, it might be said of him that he had
malice toward none. A graduate of Princeton, also of
West Point, the son of a man himself learned and distin-
guished, with a mother of strong mind and literary tastes,
and of a social position which gave him unusual facilities
for knowing the best society, he had, of course, great ad-
vantages, and used them well. But God gave him his
strongest weapons in a broad mind, cheerful disposition,
and a constitution not vigorous but of wonderful vitality.
His life was pure and he had nothing to hide ; no * wild
oats' were ever sown by him. His records at West Point
and Princeton were unassailable, either as a student or
man. He was a hard worker, using the morning hours
and part of the afternoon for writing, up to the last ten
years of his life, then only the morning, rarely or never
writing at night. Fond of society and fitted to shine in
it, yet a great lover of nature; enjoying companionship,
yet never afraid to be alone, full of resources, he was
never at a loss for occupation." / -^.^^ _
Edward Deering Mansfield died October 27, ISSOjat his
country home, " Yamoyden," near Morrow, Ohio. The
following tribute to his memery was written at Fern Kock,
Pewee Valley, Kentucky, October 28, 1880, by his old
friend, Wm. D. Gallagher.
I.
Yamoyden's halls are filled with grief,
Miami's groves are sere;
Where lies the fallen autumn leaf,
Falls many a heartfelt tear ;
For one has passed from life who knew
These haunts from side to side,
While yet rang loud the settler's ax
As fell the forest's pride.
No devious courses led astray
His feet ; from earliest youth
He sought and found and kept the way
Of Justice and of Truth.
Edward Deering Mansfield, 435 1
i
No wild ambitions fired his heart, 1
Or clothed his arm with might ; j
His manhood struck resounding blows,
But ever for the Eight. )
II. j
Yamoy den's halls are silent now, \
Miami's waters moan, 1
As present, though afar, I bow |
In grief, but not alone ; \
For round me living spirits close l
That knew him well through life, \
But who before him passed away
From earthly toil and strife ; '
His place is vacant now, but long
Shall his example live, \
And to the heart that would be strong ]
Its better lessons give. J
Lean to him, youth, and tread the ways \
So long he nobly trod ; ■
Regard him age and follow him . :
From manhood up to God. \
486 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
CHAPTER XV.
WILLIAM DAVIS GALLAGHER, POET, EDITOR, AND GOV-
ERNMENT OFFICIAL.
William Davis Gallagher, poet, editor, and public
official, was born in Philadelphia, August 21, 1808. His
father, Bernard Gallagher, familiarly called " Barney," was
an Irishman, a Roman Catholic, a participant in the rebel-
lion that, in 1803, cost Robert Emmett his life. " Barney "
Gallagher migrated to the United States, landing at the
City of Brotherly Love, where, by the aid of John Binns,
editor of the " Shamrock," he obtained work. Some time
afterward he became acquainted with Miss Abigail Davis,
of Bridgeport, I^Tew Jersey, who had been sent to Phila-
delphia by her widowed mother, to complete, at Quaker
school, an education begun at home. "Abbey " Davis was
the daughter of a Welsh farmer, who, volunteering in the
Revolutionary War, lost his life under Washington at
Valley Forge. The Irish refugee and the Welch patriot's
daughter were so much attracted to each other that they
joined their lives in wedlock. Four sons, Edward, Francis,
William, and John were the issue of this marriage. The
third was a child not eight years old when the father died.
On his death-bed Bernard Gallagher refused to confess to
his ministering priest the secrets of Free Masonry, which
order he had jomed, and the church not only refused him
burial in consecrated grounds, but also condemned his
body to be exposed to public derision in front of his own
door; and the execution of this sentence was prevented
by application for police interference. This was in 1814.
Two years after her husband's death, Mrs. Gallagher
and her four sons, joining a small "Jersey Colony,"
removed West, crossing the mountains in a four-horsed
and four-belled wagon of the old time, and floating
William Davis Gallagher. 437
down the Ohio river from Pittshurg to Cincinnati in
a strongly built and well-provided flat-boat of the period.
The boy "William amused himself during the whole " river
voyage " by fishing out of the window of the boat. " I
was sorry," said he, " when the boat landed and put an
end to my fun."
The widow and her family located on a farm near Mount
Healthy, now Mount Pleasant, Hamilton county, in the
neighborhood of the Carys. Mrs. Gallagher and the mother
of Alice and Phoebe Cary were near of kin, and the chil-
dren of the two families were, of course, intimate.
' Young William was put to work by his mother and his
uncle at the various tasks a country lad is expected to do.
In winter he attended school in a log school-house. The
teacher's name was Samuel Woodworth, whose scholars
always addressed him as " Sir " Woodworth, such was the
law of manners and the dignity of the preceptor's office in
those days. Under guidance of " Sir" Woodworth, Master
Gallagher grew familiar with the literary treasures of the
^'American Reader " and the " Columbian Orator." The
boy was fond of these books, and still more enamored of
the rosy-cheeked girls of Mount Healthy. Envious rivals
taunted him by calling him " girl-boy," and the jeer caused
fist-fights and bleeding noses. N^ot even the charms of the
bare-footed maidens at spelling-school "worked with such
a spell " on " Billy " (for that was his nickname), as did
the attractions of the woods. What so seductive to the
natural boy as the unfenced forests ? What so much cov-
eted as freedom to ramble over the hills and far away ?
Gallagher's ruling instinct, in boyhood and manhood,
was admiration of nature — especially love of woodland
scenery.^ His young feet trod every hill and valley about
Mount Healthy and along Mill creek, whose remembered
banks he long after celebrated as " Mahketewa's Flowery
Marge." Well did he know the wild flowers and native
birds. He plucked spicy grapes, or luscious pawpaws,
^ In the summer of 1890, Mr. Gallagher, then in his eighty-second
year, visiting friends in the suburbs of Cincinnati, took a long ramble,
every day, in the woods, with a company of girls and boys.
488 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
in season, and gathered hoards of hickory nuts to crack
by the winter fire. In summer weather, he found hidden
springs, and traced wandering brooks from source to
month.
One day the prepossessing boy, with his cheerful, ruddy
face, was observed by a Mrs. Graham, of Clermont county,
Ohio, who was visiting at Mount Healthy. Mrs. Graham
was so much pleased with " Billy " that she begged his
mother to allow him to return to Clermont county with
her, and live there for a time and do " chores." " Want
my boy ?" said the widow mother, with tears of protest.
Yet, on reflection, she consented to the proposal, and Will-
iam went with the lady to Clermont county, where, for
perhaps a year, he worked at " Graham's Mill." After his
return home he resumed farm-work on the place of David
Jessup. The toil was hard, but relief was found in stolen
escapes to the woods; or to Cummins's tan-yard, where
some pet bears were kept ; or to Spring Grove, where was
a herd of tame buffaloes. Sometimes he was sent to Irv-
ing's Mill, and while waiting for his grist he would sit un-
der a certain tree, which to-day stands within the inclosure
of Spring Grove Cemetery, and read one of his few books,
usually the " Columbian Orator."
The routine of the youth's drudgery was broken by the
thoughtful interest of his oldest brother Edward, who, vis-
iting the Jessup farm, saw that William was working " like
a nigger," as he expressed it, and insisted that the boy
should be put to school. A consultation of mother, brother,
and uncle was held, and it was decided that Billy should
go to town and attend the Lancastrian Seminary, he prom-
ising not to waste time by truancy in the woods or along
the alluring shores of the Ohio. The Lancastrian Semi-
nary, conducted by Edmund Harrison, was opened in
March, 1815. George Harrison, one of the sons of the
principal, took a kindly interest in the ingenuous country
boy, and gave him an opportunity, while yet a student in
the school, to learn to " set type," in the oflice of a small
paper called The Remembrancer, edited by Rev. David
Root, pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church. The
William Davis Gallagher. 439
paper was printed at 'a small office in a building up " old
post-office alley," west of Main street, between Third and
Fourth streets. Here Gallagher received his first lessons
in the printer's art and in proof-reading. The most puz-
zling part of the work was to understand and correct the
poetry, which seemed, to the embryo editor, absurd for the
reason that it was not written in prose. " I wondered,"
said he, referring to this experience after a lapse of sixty
years, '' why the stupid contributors didn't put what they
had to say plainly, instead of cutting it up ridiculously, in
short lines, with capitals at one end and rhymes at the
other."
In 1826, Hon. James W. Gazlay started an agricultural
paper called The Western Tiller, and young Gallagher was
employed as general assistant in its management. ^N'ot
only did he attend to the mechanical department, but
he also ventured to write, and became so expert with the
pen that, on occasion, Gazlay left him in charge of the
paper, jokingly declaring that " Billy" had superseded him
as editor.
Mr. Gazlay disposed of The Tiller in 1828 to Wm. J.
Ferris, and Gallagher's services were then engaged, for a
time, by Mr. S. J. Brown, proprietor of the Cincinnati
Emporium, a newspaper founded in 1824. Brown was per-
sonally remarkable for his lisping, and he often boasted
that he was " thole editor of the Thinthinnati Emporium."
Gallagher's connection with the Emporium was brief. His
next newspaper experience was with the Commercial Reg-
ister, the first daily in Cincinnati. This journal, edited by
Morgan ^N'eville and published by S. S. Brooks, survived
only six months. While engaged on the Eegister, Galla-
gher was requested by his brother Francis to take part in
the joint production of a new literary periodical. With
precipitate zeal the brothers plunged into the enterprise,
and the Western Minerva was born almost as soon as con-
ceived. This new daughter of Jove was named in the
classic style of the time, and after an eastern magazine
then flourishing. The Western Minerva, notwithstanding
its divine name, died in about a year, and hardly deserves
440 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
an epitaph. In the year 1824, Mr. John P. Foote pub-
lished the Literary Gazette, for which W. D. Gallagher
wrote his first verses. He was then only sixteen, and the
tripping " Lines on Spring," which he sent through the
mail to Mr. Foote, were signed " Julia."
On January 1, 1826, F. Burton began to publish the
Cincinnati Saturday Evening Chronicle, with Benjamin
F. Drake as editor. Mr. Gallagher wrote for the Chroni-
cle, under the pseudonym "Roderick," and his friend,
Otway Curry, contributed to it also, signing his articles
"Abdallah."
In the summer of 1828, Gallagher, not yet of age, went
to Mt. Sterling, Kentucky, to visit his brother John, who
attended school there. A violent contest for the governor-
ship was raging between the Whig candidate, Thomas
Metcalfe, " Old Stone-Hammer," and the fierce Democratic
orator, W. T. Barry, one of Clay's respected forensic rivals.
Gallagher espoused the Whig cause by writing for a party
newspaper conducted at Mt. Sterling by Weston F. Birch.
While meditating editorials, laudatory of " Old Stone-
Hammer," the sojourning knight of the goose-quill re-
ceived intelligence that his brother Francis was lying ill
at Natchez. William bought a horse and rode from Mt.
Sterling to Louisville ; thence, by steamboat, he completed
the journey to Natchez. The horseback trip through
Kentucky was crowded with incident. One evening the
traveler came to the gate of a large house, which a black
servant told him belonged to General James Taylor. The
general was not at home, but his wife, a stately lady, very
hospitably invited the young stranger to dismount and rest
awhile under her roof. The black slave put the horse in
the stable, and the bashful rider followed the courteous
southern matron into the big house, and was there treated
to a glass of " Metheglin," mixed by her own fair hands.
Pursuing his further adventures, the romantic "Roder-
ick" arrived at Ashland and announced himself as a
** young Whig from Ohio, who desired to pay his respects
to Henry Clay. The distinguished " Harry of the West"
came out and cordially greeted the pilgrim, and asked
William Davis Gallagher. 441
him to stay all night, but the honor was gracefully de-
clined.
Passing through Louisville, he saw, where now the finest
part of the city is built, a swampy wilderness, populous with
beaver. The open-eyed traveler observed every thing, and
wrote from Mississippi a series of descriptive letters for the
Chronicle. These were read by many, and their author was
talked about as a smart young fellow, worthy to be encour-
aged. One of the first to recognize his talents and speak
in his praise was the educator, Milo G. Williams.^ Galla-
gher returned to Cincinnati to find himself quite a local
lion. Doubtless, the people thought still better of him
when it was known he had saved a few dollars by self-
denial, and that he was desirous of securing for his mother
a home of her own. He bought a ground lot of Mcholas
Longworth, the eccentric pioneer millionaire, but had not
the means to build a house. " See here, Billy," suggested
Mr. Longworth, " I want you to build a house for your
mother; now, can you raise money enough to buy the
lumber? Get the lumber, and I will build the house, and
you may pay me when you are able." The offer was ac-
cepted; the house was built, and paid for in easy pay-
ments. The house was situated on the north side of
Fourth street, between "Western Eow," now Central
avenue, and John street, and overlooked the sloping plain
that lay between the bluff on which it stood and the Ohio
river, and the mouth of Mill creek ; and took in, most pic-
turesquely and charmingly, what is now the town plot of
Covington, and the beautiful hills of Ludlow, one of which
was crowned with the celebrated Carneal House, or
" Egyptian Hall."
We have seen that Gallagher was an enthusiastic Whig
and a worshiper of Clay. It is not strange that, in 1830,
he was persuaded by some of the prominent Whigs of
Green county to cast his fortunes on the hazard of a
^ Milo G. Williams was a celebrated teacher in Cincinnati, Dayton,
and Urbana, Ohio. He had a large school in Cincinnati. From 1844
to 1850 he was at the head of the Dayton Academy. Died in 1880.
442 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
" tooth-and-toe-nails " campaign newspaper, at Xenia,
Ohio. Even the mother's new house was sold to provide
an outfit for a small printing office, and, in a short time,
the JBackwoodsman ^ was issued, a sheet devoted generally
to hurrahing for Clay and specially to using up Jimmy
Gardner, editor of the Jackson organ at Xenia. Galla-
gher was elated to see his first leader copied in the i^a-
tioual Journal, and to learn that Clay himself had read it
with approval. In the course of the campaign, a banquet
was given to the Ashland hero, at Yellow Springs, Ohio,
on which occasion the modest editor of the Backwoods-
man was surprised and abashed on finding that the com-
mittee of arrangements had trapped him into a seat just
opposite the great statesman, who, it appears, requested
to have an opportunity of talking with " that bright
young man from Xenia who writes so well."
All this was pleasant enough ; but the Backwoodsman,
despite its cleverness, was doomed to fail with the failing
political fortunes of its idol. The man who "would
rather be right than be President " was not chosen Presi-
dent, and consequently Gallagher's labor of love was lost,
and with it all his money and much of his self-confidence.
One of the pleasant incidents of Gallagher's life at
Xenia took place in the office of the Backwoodsman in
the summer of 1830. One day a gentleman called and
asked to see the editor. The printer's devil ran up stairs
where Gallagher was at work, and gave the message : "A
man down there wants to see you ; he says his name is
Prentice." He of the Backwoodsman, in a flurry, would
brush up and wash his inky hands before presenting him-
self to the late editor of the New England Review, but
George sliouts from below, ** Never mind black fingers ! "
and the next minute the two young journalists meet and
join hands. Prentice was on his way to Lexington to pre-
pare his " Life of Clay."
By far the most important event of Mr. Gallagher's life
» The Backwoodsman was started March 20, 1830. The price was two
dollars a year. The paper had literary features, and gave some space
to agriculture.
William Davis Gallagher. 443
at Xenia was his marriage to Miss Emma Adamson, a
daughter of Captain Adamson, of Boston.
Some brilliant worldly expectations had been built on
the assumption that Clay w^ould be President ; and when
the campaign ended in disappointment, the newly wedded
pair knew not which way to look for a living. Just about
this dark time it came into the mind of John H. "Wood, a
Cincinnati book-seller, to start a literary paper in connec-
tion with his business, and he invited Gallagher to take
editorial charge of it at a guaranteed salary. The oftfe^
was accepted gladly, and, turning over the care of the
fast-expiring Backwoodsman to his brother Francis, Will-
iam took stage with his pretty wdfe and hastened to Cin-
cinnati, and presently began his first important literary
labor, the management of the Cincinnati Mirror. . This
was the fourth literary periodical published west of the
Alleghany mountains. Its prototype, the ^ew York Mir-
ror, was a well established and influential journal. The
new paper, a quarto, excellently printed on good paper,
and of attractive appearance, was issued semi-monthly.
The first two volumes were edited by Gallagher solely.
At the beginning of the third year Gallagher formed a
partnership with Thomas H. Shreve, and the two became
proprietors of the publication. It was enlarged and issued
weekly under the name, Cincinnati Mirror and Western
Gazette of Literature. In April, 1835, the Chronicle,
then owned by Kev. James H. Perkins, was merged in the
Mirror, and Perkins shared the editorship of the period-
ical. The concern was sold, October, 1835, to James B.
Marshall, who united with it a publication called the
Buckeye, and named it the Buckeye and Cincinnati Mir-
ror. Within three months Marshall sold out to Flash and
Eyder, book-sellers on Third street, who engaged Gal-
lagher and Shreve to resume control of the once more
plain Cincinnati Mirror. All now went on smoothly un-
til Gallagher offended Mr. Ryder by refusing to print mat-
ter indorsing Tom Paine's irreligious views. A quarrel
followed, and both Gallagher and Shreve resigned. They
were succeeded by J. Reese Fry, who, though he had fair
444 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
editorial ability, could not prevent the Mirror from sink-
ing to final extinction within two months.
The Mirror never paid its way, though it had an exten-
sive circulation in the Mississippi Valley. Its contents
embraced original and selected tales, essays, poetry, bio-
graphical and historical sketches, reviews of and extracts
from new books, and a compendium of the news of the
day. Nearly all the leading western writers contributed
to it. Among these were Timothy Flint, J. A. McClung,
John B. Dillon, Harvey D. Little, Morgan Neville, Benja-
min Drake, Mrs. Julia Dumont, and Mrs. Lee Hentz.
From the East, Mr. Whittier contributed at least one
poem — " Lines on a Portrait."
When, in 1832, Mr. Gallagher held this literary " Mir-
ror" up to nature and art on the banks of the Ohio, Bry-
ant was but thirty-eight years old, Longfellow and Whittier
but twenty-five, Poe twenty-one, and Howells lacked five
years of being born. The backwoods editor's comments
on contemporary literature read curiously in the light of
present reputations. Encouraging mention is made of a
fifty-dollar prize story, "A New England Sketch, by Miss
Beecher, of this city." The reviewer says the story " is
written with great sprightliness, humor, and pathos," and
that " none but an intelligent and observant lady could
possibly have written it." In a notice of " Mogg Me-
gone," Whittier is discriminatingly heralded as a "man
whom his countrymen will yet delight to honor. Some of
his early writings are among the happiest juvenile pro-
ductions with which we are acquainted." The complacent
editor mentions "Outre Mer" favorably, saying that it
was written by Professor Longfellow, " who is very well
known to American readers," and that " it is for sale at
Josiali Drake's bookstore on Main street."
Mr. Gallagher wrote much for the Mirror in prose and
Terse, and his editorials, sketches, and poems were widely
copied. One of his pieces, a carefully finished short es-
say, entitled "The Unbeliever," was credited to Dr.
Chalmers, and appeared in a school read* r witli that
classic divine's name attached.
William Davis Gallagher, 445
While editor of the Mirror, Gallagher made his debut
as a speaker, by delivering before the " Lyceum," an
" Eulogium on the Life and Character of William Wirt."
The old Enon Church, where the " Lyceum " met, was
crowded, and the orator, w^hen he rose to speak, was so
frightened that he could not at first open his mouth, but
the reassuring smile of the president. Doctor Daniel Drake,
restored his self-command, and the address was pro-
nounced satisfactorily.
The *' Lyceum " was a society for popular edification,
conducted under the auspices of the Ohio Mechanics' In-
stitute. Before it, Calvin E. Stow^e delivered a course of
lectures on the '^ History of Letters," and Judge James
Hall read an address on the " Importance of Establishing
a First-Class Library in Cincinnati."
The old Enon Church on Walnut street, w^as also the
meeting-place of a club called the " Franklin Society," the
members of which, w^e are told, '' met w^eek after week,
with much benefit to all concerned." " Many a cold and
cheerless evening," wrote the editor of the Western Quar-
terly, " have w^e seen half a dozen enthusiastic youths
gathered about and shivering over the stove in the corner
of the large apartment, while the President, wrapped in
dignity and a large cloak, sat chattering his teeth, apart
from the group, and member after member stepped aside
and made speeches, many of which were distinguished by
brilliancy and true eloquence."
A more popular debating society was the " Inquisition,"
mentioned in Channing's "Memoir of James H. Perkins."
The " Inquisition " was attended by the beauty and fashion
of Cincinnati. Mr. Gallagher shone w^ith the young gen-
try who read polite essays at Dr. Drake's parlors, and
shivered with the talented plebeians of the Franklin So-
ciety. He was also the very soul of a unique private
junto numbering but eight members, and named the Tags,
or the T. A. G. S., these cabalistic letters being the initials
of the four who originated the conclave, namely, Fred-
eric William Thomas, Samuel York Atlee, William Davis
Gallagher and Thomas Henry Shreve.
446 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Still another very interesting club may be referred to
here, though it arose somewhat later than those mentioned.
It was called the " Forty-Twos," from the circumstance
that, at its founding, all of its members were over forty-
one years of age and under *forty-three. The "Forty-
Twos" met in the law office of Salmon P. Chase, on Third
street (the office in which Donn Piatt says the Eepublican
party was born). Among its members, besides Chase and
Gallagher, were Samuel Eels, Jordan A. Pugh, and
Charles L. Telford. The club was larger than that of the
" Tags," and had more of a social nature, but it did a
great deal in the way of developing a literary taste in
Cincinnati.
It was before the appearance of the Mirror that W. D.
Gallagher, won his first laurels for poetical achievement.
Some verses of his called *' The Wreck of the Hornet,"
published anonymously, went the rounds of the American
press, and were ascribed to the pen of Bryant. The suc-
cess of this fugitive piece gave its author confidence to
produce others, and he was soon recognized as the lead-
ing imaginative writer of the West.
In the spring of 1835 he published a little book of
thirty-six pages, entitled " Erato !N'o. I," dedicated to Tim-
othy Flint. The naming of his collection after a lyric
muse was suggested, probably, by the example of Percival,
who, a dozen years before, had put forth " Clio IN'o. I."
and "Clio No. II." Gallagher's maiden venture was re-
ceived with favor ; and, in August, 1835, " Erato No. II."
was issued, and this was followed, two years later, by
"Erato No. III." A long and laudatory review of these
booklets appeared in the Southern Literary Messenger for
July, 1838. The reviewer says : " It is to be regretted
that, in justice to the poet, these volun^es were not pub-
lished in one of the Atlantic cities, inasmuch as it would
have extended the reputation of the author, and given
currency to liis works, which a Western press can not se-
cure to them. The Atlantic side of the Alleghanies is
sufficiently controlled by that kind of prejudice in rela-
tion to ultramontane literature, that led one, some two
William Davis Gallagher. 447
thousand years ago, to say, ' Can any good thing come
out of Nazareth?' These prejudices should not be ne-
glected or despised by Western writers. The names of
Messrs. Harper & Brothers, or Carey, Lea & Blanchard,
on the title page of many a book has often proved a
better indorsement to the public than the author's. How
natural it is to condemn a book unread that has the im-
print of a country town. There is the same kind of
faith extended to an unknown, book as to an unknown
bank-note ; if it bears city names, and is of a city bank,
it is received with confidence, and if it is a country bill
it is taken with hesitation and suspicion." The alleged
Eastern prejudice to Western literary outputs was met by
Gallagher with obstinate provincial pride and defiance.
To him the building up of Western literature was a duty
which he exalted to the rank of patriotism and religion.
He advocated the fostering of home genius with a fervor
like that which protectionists manifest in discussing do-
mestic industries. Instead of seeking Eastern publishers,
Gallagher did not even comply with their voluntary re-
quests to handle his books, though this was owing, in
part, to his careless disposition. Under date of March,
1881, he wrote to a friend : " I have been solicited repeat-
edly by Eastern publishers ; never but twice, that I re-
member, by Western publishers." In the same letter,
alluding to the volumes he wrote, and magazines he ed-
ited, he says : " I do not possess a copy of any one of
them."
Returning to the ambitious and sentimental period of
Gallagher's career, we find that he was admired for his
handsome looks. One of his contemporaries wrote : " He
has a manly figure, tall and well proportioned, with a
lofty and somewhat haughty carriage. His complexion is
very fair and ruddy ; his face exhibits a remarkably youth-
ful appearance, as if but nineteen and not twenty-eight
years had passed over his head. In conversation he is an-
imated and energetic, evincing the man of quick sensi-
bility, the bold thinker, the acute critic and severe satirist.
His eyes are lively and of a piercing blue. His forehead
448 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
is fair and open, denoting intellectual strength, with soft-
ened outlines, and is the index of the graceful character of
hie mind." The allusion in this description to Gallagher's
"haughty carriage," recalls the fact that the boys in the
printing office used to call him William " Dignity " Gal-
lagher.
Neither his handsome person, nor his versatile talents
brought much hard cash. Deprived of the salary which
he had received as editor of the Mirror, the poet
found himself in the unpoetical condition of a man with
a wife to support on no income whatever. He wrote
to Otway Curry : " I must do something to raise a little
money, for I am almost too badly clad to appear in the
street." Grasping at an invisible straw, he issued a
prospectus for a weekly paper, the Cincinnati Spectator
and Family News-Letter, but the name was all of the pa-
per that ever appeared. However, in June, 1836, Messrs.
Smith and Day projected a Western Literary Journal and
Monthly Review, and Gallagher was called to edit it.
Mark the western tone and confident air of this passage
from the opening number : " Let us, who are in the
enjoyment of a triune youthfulness, being young as a
people, young in years, and young as a literary commu-
nity, endeavor to approach the fathers of English poetry.
Let us discard the aifectation of parlor prettiness, wax-
work niceties, and milliner-like conceits. Let us turn our
lady-pegasus out to pasture, and mount coursers of speed
and mettle. Let us give over our pacing and ambling,
and dash off with a free rein." To these imperative appeals
the readers of the journal were probably insensible ; at
any rate they did not pay liberally for such exhortation,
and the starving editor's starving periodical gave up the
ghoBt, aged one year. The lively ghost flew to Louisville
and was there re-embodied, being merged in the Western
Monthly Magazine, which Judge Hall sold to James B.
Marshall in 1886. The combined publication forming the
Western Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal was to
be issned simultaneously from Cincinnati and Louisville.
Gallagher was employed to edit it, and he entered upon
William Davis Gallagher. 449
this new labor with unflagging zeal. The Western Acade-
mician (think of a Western Academician in 1837) says of
this new venture : " It is replete with good articles."
]N'otwithstanding its exuberance of merit, the journal
expired with the issue of the fifth number, perhaps being
too good to live, and William D. Gallagher was left once
more a man without a periodical. But now a star of hope
appeared in the North. John M. Gallagher, the poet's
youngest brother, had become manager of the Ohio State
Journal, at Columbus, Ohio, and he invited William to
assist him. Such an opportunity was not to be slighted,
and we may imagine the strong Whig, who had begun his
journalistic labors as editor of the Clay newspaper at
Xenia, now using the language of Leigh Hunt :
" I yield, I yield. — Once more I turn to you,
Harsh politics ! and once more bid adieu
To the soft dreaming of the muse's bowers."
Gallagher removed with his family to Columbus, and
entered upon editorial duties, also writing political letters
from the capital for the Cincinnati Gazette under the
signature of " Probus." But his connection with the
State Journal was of short duration. Standing by his
convictions with his usual stubborness he opposed, edi-
torily, the publication of the laws in the German lan-
guage and the teaching of any foreign language in the
public schools. Finding that his views were unpopular
and injurious to the business interests of the paper,
he chose to resign rather than suppress his honest
opinions.
Before withdrawing from the Journal he projected
what proved to be his most important enterprise in litera-
ture, a magazine named " The Hesperian." This was a
monthly miscellany of general literature. The first num-
ber came out in May, 1838. Otway Curry assisted in edit-
ing the first volume. Two volumes were published in
Columbus — the third and last in Cincinnati. The senior
29
450 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
editor, in his opening "Budget," confesses that his past
ten years' exertions in behalf of literature " have been
Iraitless to himself of every thing but experience," yet he
finds courage to make one more attempt, "because he
loves the pursuit— because he thinks he can be useful in
it— because he is convinced there is, throughout the whole
West, a great demand and a growing necessity for labor in
it and because he believes that under present auspices it
can be made to yield at least a quid pro quo."
The Hesperian was jealously Western, as its name suf-
ficiently suggests, but it was by no means narrow, shal-
low, or provincial. Its watchwords were Freedom, Edu-
cation, Manhood, Fair Play. The contents were wide-
ranging — geographical, historical, biographical, political,
poetical, agricultural, theological, romantic, and fictitious.
Among his contributors were the Drakes, Shreve, Perkins,
Neville, Prentice, W. G. Simms, S. P. Hildreth, C. P.
Granch, I. A. Jewett, A. Kinmont, R. Dale Owen, Jas W.
Ward, Mrs. Sigourney, Mrs. Lee Hentz, Amelia B. Welby,
and many others worthy to hold a permanent place in lit-
erature. Gallagher himself wrote copiously and very ably
for the Hesperian. In its pages appeared his most ambi-
tious story, " The Dutchman's Daughter," which, though
crude and ill-sustained as a whole, has descriptive passages
that would grace the pen of Irving.
The Hesperian was transferred from Columbus to
Cincinnati in April, 1839. The editor procured a room
in the third story of a brick house on Third street, east of
Main — a room ten by twelve, with a door and a single
window. "And in this small place," writes he gayly to
his wife, " Emma, dear," on May Day, " the renowned edi-
tor of the Hesperian is to read, write, eat, drink, go to
bed, get up, and entertain his friends." To. Curry he
wrote, lugubriously quoting Mother Goose, " I have so
many children I do n't know what to do." Again to Mrs.
Gallagher, on May 15, " I inclose you three dollars, all the
money I have, and I hope it will last you till I can get
and furnish you some more." This period was the pro-
verbial darkest hour just before day-break. The " Probus "
William Davis Gallagher. 451
letters had made a favorable impression on Charles Ham-
mond, the chief editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, and in-
duced him to oiFer Gallagher an important position as his
assistant. Hammond was at that time the most influential
journalist in the country. A series of profound and lu-
minous essays which he wrote, in 1820, for the !N'ational
Intelligencer, on the Constitution, compelled the attention
and commanded the praise of Jefferson. He was an inti-
mate adviser of Clay, and had been called, by Webster,
the " greatest genius that ever wielded the political pen."
Thomas Ewing had said of Hammond that he used a lan-
guage as pure as that of Addison. It was no light honor
to be called and chosen by so eminent a man. With the
honor came also a liberal salary. " Emma " and the " so
many children " were now well provided for. The Hes-
perian was discontinued, and the duties of the new career
were begun in the latter part of 1839, to be continued,
with little interruption, for ten years. Mr. Gallagher at
first attended mainly to the literary department of the
paper, but after the death of Mr. Hammond, in 1840, he
did much political writing. He became more and more
interested in state and national questions, and took an ac-
tive part in party management. For many years he was
secretary of the Whig committee for the First Congres-
sional District of Ohio. In 1842 he was nominated candi-
date for the state legislature, but declined to run.
The love of literature continued to hold sway over him.
In 1840 he planned a literary undertaking of praiseworthy
character and generous scope, as may be gathered from
the following letter to Otway Curry :
" To Otway Curry, Esq.,
Marysville, Union County, Ohio.
" Cincinnati, Nov. 7, 1840.
" My Dear Curry : — I thank you for your original con-
tribution to the Poetical Volume, and shall insert it as the
second selection from you, 'The Goings Forth of God'
being the first. It was not my original design to have ad-
mitted any thing not before published, but Jones thought
452 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
he could do better than he had yet done, and Shreve ditto ;
and, while I held their requests for the privilege of insert-
ing an original, under advisement, along came your volun-
tary* This, as there was no impropriety in deviating from
the first plan thus made, decided me. Perkins, I think,
will have an original likewise; and, in the forewritten
verses,* you have one of my own. I do not wish it known,
however, that the volume contains any thing specially pre-
pared for it.
" I had not room in my last letter to detail to you the
whole of my design. The volume of ' Selections from
the Poetical Literature of the West ' is but the first feat-
ure of it. My intention is to follow this up in regular
order by three other volumes, of * Selections from the
Polite Literature of the West,' * Selections from the Pul-
pit Literature of the West,' and ' Selections from the
Political Literature of the West.' Don't wipe those old
specs of yours so hard, now. I 've been looking over the
level prairies of these intellectual regions, and I find in
them materials enough for all I have contemplated. The
truth is, Curry, this Transmontane world is a most glori-
ous one, and I can't help trying to do something for its
literary character, engage in whatsoever else I may, and
starve, as I fear I must at this. I suppose these several
volumes will come out at intervals of from five to six
months, till the whole shall have been published.
"About your * Veiled Prophet,' I feel some anxiety.
Burton's new theater, I understand, has been open for a
number of weeks, yet I hear nothing either of Jemmy
Thorn or from him. The first one of our citizens whom
I find starting for Philadelphia I shall get to call upon
Burton and make personal inquiry, etc., with reference
to it.
"About that congress of lunatics which you suggest:
Perkins thinks well of it, Shreve thinks well of it, Curry
thinks well of it, and Gallagher thinks well of it; and
each of these distinguished men, doubtless, will willingly
* A poem entitled " Little Children," inclosed in the letter to Curry,
William Davis Gallagher. 453
meet, lunaticise, and go home again. What further than
this, while the matter is so entirely a new suggestion, can
I say ? Give us your plan, and if it be as good and feasible
as I presume it is, you will find us readily and actively
seconding your motion.
"And now, my dear fellow, a word in your ear confiden-
tially. I am very busy now-a-days, and should not there-
fore have replied to your last so promptly but that I want
very much to be ' astonished jist.' So crack your whip,
and let us know what that 'something' is, about which
you prate so bigly. Thine as ever,
'' W. D. Gallagher.
" P. S. — Write me down, if you please, richer since day
before yesterday, by another child, and poorer by what it
will cost to keep it. This makes the fifth, all alive and
kicking, and able to eat mush with the children of any
Clodhopper in the land."
That Gallagher's inclinations kept pulling him toward
literature for some years after he became a political editor,
is evident from a breezy letter written to Curry in August,
1844:
"Dear Curry: — Upon accurate calculation, the time of
the rising of the new literary comet of the West has been
determined. You and other benighted people in your
region may look for a luminous streak in the heavens at
9 h. 10 m. 11 sec, October 1, 1844. After this announce-
ment, my dear fellow, can you remain idle ? I hope not,
for the sake of the new experiment, the credit of your
name, and the honor of your friend, who pledged to
Messrs. Judson and Hine an article from your pen for the
first number, and probably one for the second, and another
for the third. The work is to be gotten out in the hand-
somest style, and you will have the pleasure of appearing
in good company. Lay aside your political pen, there-
fore, shut up your law books, mount Pegasus, or some
comely prose nag, and away to the free fields ! What do
you say ? Shall I have something from yon to hand over
454 Literary Culture in tlie Ohio Valley.
by the 6th to 10th prox.? Do n't make it later, for the
first copy is now in hand, and they want to be out early.
Think of the olden time — your first love — wipe your specs
— stick in a Havana — hum a madrigal — and dash into the
thing pell-mell. Let me hear from you at once."
The new " literary comet " thus announced was (pathetic
repetition!) still another Literary Journal and Monthly
Review, edited by L. A. Hine, and referred to by him some
years later as " my first literary wreck." It was published
at Nashville, Tennessee, and conducted nominally by E.
Z. C. Judson— " Ned Buntline."
In those years of prosperity and constant pen-wielding,
Mr. Gallagher's muse was liberal. Then it was that the
poet, caring more for the sentiment than the form of his
utterance, dashed off' the strong and fervent lyrics, by
which he became really recognized as a man of original
power. He sang the dignity of intrinsic manhood, the
nobleness of honest labor, and the glory of human free-
dom. Much that he wrote was extremely radical; his
poetry was tinctured with the gospel of Christian social-
ism, and the example he set was imitated by many other
writers of verse.
" Be thou like the first Apostles-
Be thou like heroic Paul ;
If a free thought seek expression,
Speak it boldly!— speak it all !
" Face thine enemies — accusers ;
Scorn the prison, rack, or rod !
And, if thou hast truth to utter.
Speak! and leave the rest to God!"
Such lines as these, and as compose the poems " Truth
and Freedom," " Conservatism," " The Laborer," " Radi-
calos," "The Artisan," "The New Age," "All Things
Free," went to the brain and heart of many people ; and
it is not to be doubted that they exerted a deep and lasting
influence. Of a more distinctly poetical type were his
melodious pieces describing the West and the life of the
pioneer; and still more popular, in their day, were his
William Davis Gallagher. 455
songs, many of which were set to music and sung in thea-
ters and at the fireside. In 1845 was written his famous
ballad, " The Spotted Fawn," which everybody knew by
heart.
A man of Gallagher's principles could not be other
than an opposer of slavery. When the ofiice of the Phi-
lanthropist, the anti-slavery paper established in Cincin-
nati by James G. Birney, was mobbed, and the press
thrown into the Ohio river, Gallagher was one of the citi-
zens who, meeting with Hammond, Chase, and others at
the Gazette office, arranged for a public meeting to be
held at the court-house, for the purpose of sustaining free
speech. Years afterward, in 1848, probably, Gallagher's
feeling on the slavery question became so positive that he
felt it a political duty to withdraw from the Gazette in
order to edit the Daily Message. " The most I remember
about this paper is," so he wrote in 1884, " that I gave its
editorial columns altogether too anti-slavery (not abolition)
a tinge to make it acceptable to business men in Cincin-
nati, who had commenced transactions with business men
south, and that soon after publishing the address of the
first national convention of the anti-slavery party of the
United States (which even the Cincinnati Gazette refused
to publish), the paper was almost kicked out of the stores
on the river tier of squares, and I made up my mind that
I must leave the paper very soon, or the time would not
be long before it would leave me (and my wife and babies)
without any thing to eat. So I left it and went back to
the Gazette."
While connected with the Gazette, Gallagher did much
to encourage the literary eftbrt in the Ohio Valley. It is
interesting to learn that of the young writers whom he
brought before the public, Murat Halstead is one. Mr.
Halstead humorously says, " I was ruined by Mr. Galla-
gher; he accepted and published in the Gazette a story
which I had written and carefully copied over three
times."
Gallagher was twice elected president of the " Histori-
cal and Philosophical Society of Ohio." The sixty-second
456 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
anniversary of the settlement of Ohio was commemorated
by the society on April 8, 1850, when the president deliv-
ered a discourse full of information and vigorous thought
on the " Progress in the North-west." This address was
published byH. W. Derby, and copies of it are now much
sought after.
The year 1850 marks the beginning of a new line of
experiences for Mr. Gallagher. His experiments in lite-
rary journalism ended with the Hesperian. His ten years^
editorial service on the Gazette came to a close, for rea-
sons which we give in his own written words :
" While I was connected with Judge Wright and L. C.
Turner, in the editorship of the Cincinnati Daily Gazette,
* Tom ' Corwin was appointed to the head of the Treasury
Department at Washington, and immediately offered me
the place of private secretary, which I was urged to ac-
cept. This, I believe, was in the year 1850. I was what I
considered in advance of both Wright and Turner, in re-
lation to sundry questions of public and party nature, and
on several occasions had felt it my duty to commit the
paper, much to Wright's dissatisfaction. Finally a count-
ing-room consultation was determined upon, and the
L'llommedieus were called into the editorial room.
Stephen, the elder brother, sympathized with me from
principle, Richard, the younger, agreed with Wright, as
he said, from policy. <What, Judge,' Stephen after a
while inquired, 'is Gallagher's besetting sin in editorial
matters?' * Why,' promptly replied the Judge, without
any exhibition of ill-nature, ' he is forever treading upon
Bomebody's toes — and causing dissatisfaction in the party
aa well as among business men.' Until this I had said
nothing, but now I quickly responded, ' That, gentlemen,
will never be a cause of complaint against Judge Wright
— because be is forever behind the life and soul of his
party, or at the best, stumbling against somebody's heels'
There was an instantaneous pause, when Stephen left and
beckoned me out of the room. I followed him, and much
to his dissatisfaction, notified him that I should withdraw
from the Gazette and accept Mr. Corwin's ofter."
William Davis Gallagher. 457
Soon after his going to Washington and entering upon
the discharge of duties in the Treasury Department, the
United States Senate called upon the secretary for a re-
port upon the merchant marine, internal and coastwise,
Reliahle materials for such a report were not at hand, and
Gallagher, having the reputation for ability to "hold hia
tongue," was directed to proceed to the various interior
customs districts of the United States and collect infor-
mation in regard to the revenue, and Edward D. Mansfield
was appointed to proceed upon similar business to the dis-
tricts upon the Atlantic sea-coast. All the materials in^
Gallagher drew up the report, which was much com-
mended in the department.
This over, he was immediately dispatched to the city
of Xew York for a million of dollars in gold, out of the
sub-treasury, with which he was instructed to proceed to
jS'ew Orleans, by sea, and to deposit with the United
States treasury in that city. This was to be a secret re-
moval of gold, required in the settlement of Mexican
claims. The specie was quietly conveyed to the steam-
ship Georgia, of the Howland and Aspinwall line, and
placed in a chest under the floor of the ladies' cabin be-
fore any passengers were received on board. Besides Mr.
Gallagher, the captain and the purser were the only soula
on the ship who were aware that it bore golden freight.
The voyage was in mid-winter; the weather proved
stormy.
Key West was reached without accident, but within an
hour after the voyage was resumed from that point the
ship struck a rock. By skillful piloting, the rock waa
cleared ; and, after a much longer than average trip, lN"ew
Orleans was finally reached on a Sunday morning. As
soon as the passengers were ashore, the gold was loaded
in. a wagon, and hauled to the office of the Assistant
United States Treasurer, where Gallagher had it securely
placed under lock. With the key in his pocket, he went
to the St. Charles Hotel and got breakfast. That over, he
proceeded to the telegraph office, and sent the follow-
ing dispatch : " Hon. Thomas Corwin, Secretary of the
468 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Treasury, Washington. All Right. W. D. Gallagher,
New Orleans." Keturning to Washington, Gallagher
resumed his labors as private secretary. One day he
found among the papers which it was his duty to examine
a letter signed by some of his old Cincinnati friends, sug-
gesting that an extra compensation of not less than
11,000 should be given him as an appropriate acknowl-
edgment of his general services to the Whig party and
to the government. He showed the letter to another
officer of the department, who was pleased with it, saying :
** There is precedent enough for such extra compensation
for similar services, and it is all right — but do you think
the secretary will consent to it ?" " I don't think he will
ever have an opportunity to consent to it," Gallagher
replied, and threw the letter into the grate and burned it
up. " You ought not to have done that, Gallagher,"
remarked Mr. H — , " but — " " Perhaps not ; but no per-
sonal friends of mine shall ever be tempted by other
personal friends to do any thing for me like that pro-
posed." Within an hour Mr. Corwin came back to the
department from a visit to the president. Mr. H — , good-
naturedly, mentioned the matter to him, whereupon he
sent, by messenger, a request that Gallagher would step
into his room. When the latter presented himself, Cor-
win, with a very solemn expression upon his face, said,
not angrily, but with sternness in his tone, " Gallagher,
are you in the habit, as my private secretary, of destroy-
ing such of my private letters as you happen not to
like?" "Governor, you have no idea that I could do
any thing of the sort. I destroyed one such letter awhile
ago, which concerned me more than it did you, and which,
though meant as an act of friendship, ought not to have
been written without my knowledge and consent. But I
suppose you know all about it." The expression on Cor-
win's face at once relaxed, as he continued*, " I wonder
j^ and really supposed I would use the public
money in that way. If they did, they were most damna-
bly mistaken." .
In the summer of 1852, Gallagher had an opportunity of
William Davis Gallagher. 459
going into the New York Tribune with Horace Greeley ;
and another of taking a one-half interest in the Cincinnati
Commercial, then controlled by his friend, M. D. Potter.
He was advised and urged by such old anti-slavery friends
as Gamaliel Bailey, Thomas H. Shreve, Koble Butler, and
others, in Washington, Cincinnati and Louisville, to pur-
chase half the stock of the Louisville Daily Courier, and
to assume the editorship of that paper, which was to be a
southern organ for the advocacy of Corwin's nomination
to the presidency. After long consideration, a decision
was reached in favor of the Courier, and Gallagher re-
turned to the West with his family, arriving at Louisville
the first day of January, 1853. IN early thirty years after-
ward he wrote : " My connection with the Courier proved
to be an unfortunate one. There was little sympathy with
my editorial tone and teachings, either in Louisville or
throughout Kentucky. I worked hard and lost money.
So in 1854 I sold my interest in the concern and withdrew
from the paper, having been stigmatized again and again,
in southern and south-western localities, as an abolition
adventurer on the wrong side of the Ohio river, as former
president of the underground railroad through Ohio for
runaway slaves, etc., etc." Personal animosity was in-
flamed against the unpopular editor from his boldly at-
tacking John J. Crittenden for consenting to defend Matt.
Ward, who killed the young teacher, Butler, in his own
school-room. Young Butler was a brother of Noble But-
ler, one of Gallagher's dearest friends.
Even George D. Prentice {et tu Brute!) joined in the hue
and cry against the Courier editor, partly because Galla-
gher was an Irish anti-know-nothing, but mainly on the
sore question of slavery. Prentice came up to Cincinnati
and spent several days looking through the files of the
Gazette to find in Gallagher's editorials abolition senti-
ments that might be used against him in Louisville. An
article appeared in the Journal branding Gallagher with
the crime of managing the underground railroad. This
direct and personal attack roused the Celtic resentment of
its subject, and he replied in the editorial columns of the
460 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Courier, over his signature, denying the allegation, and
closed his card by denouncing the author of the calumny
as '* a scoundrel and liar." He had caught the spirit of
personal journalism. The consequences were, if not dra-
matic, at least theatrical.
Upon a day the Louisville train brings to Pewee Valley,
in Oldham county, where Mr. Gallagher had bought a
little farm, a military gentleman of chivalrous appearance,
who inquires the way from the station to Fern Eock Cot-
tage. Finding the house, he knocks, and is admitted to
the parlor by a colored servant. The master of the house
is indisposed, is resting upon his bed, but clothed and in
his right mind, and able to receive his visitor. The
military gentleman will wait. To him presently enters
William " Dignity " Gallagher, who, recognizing Colonel
Churchill, cordially greets him, and asks his pleasure.
The colonel, with equal politeness, takes from his pocket
a letter, which he hands to the convalescent editor. The
missive is opened, and it proves to be a challenge from
the proprietor of the Louisville Journal. Gallagher reads,
tears the communication into a handful of bits, and
throws the fragments on the floor. "Colonel Churchill,
tell Mr. Prentice that is my answer to his foolish chal-
lenge.'*
Free once more, and now finally, from political journal-
ism, Gallagher began to plant orchards, earning bread and
butter for the time by editing an agricultural paper, the
Western Farmer's Journal, and by writing for the Colum-
bian and Great West, a Cincinnati paper, published by his
friend, W. B. Shattuc. He also contributed poems to the
National Era, edited by Dr. Bailey. With wonderful
energy, he set about organizing industrial and educational
institutions. He established a Kentucky Mechanics' In-
stitute, a Kentucky State Agricultural Society, and was
instrumental in forming the South-western Agricultural
Society, of which he was made secretary. In the way of
useful literature, ho wrote a prize essay on " Fruit Culture
in the Ohio Valley," and prepared materials for a social
and statistical view of the Mississippi Valley.
William. Davis Gallagher. 461
Pewee Valley (at first named Pewee's !N"est by Noble
Butler, from tbe circumstance that, when locating a build-
ing site there, he wrote letters in a ruined cabin in which
the pewees had built) is a beautiful village, on the Louis-
ville and Nashville Railroad, about sixteen miles east of
Louisville. It became a chosen resort of people of culture
and taste. There lived Edwin Bryant, who had been
the Alcalde of San Francisco in the gold-seeking days;
Noble Butler, the educator, resided there ; the wealthy
and accomplished Warfield family made their refined and
hospitable home at Pewee Valley. Mr. Gallagher's house,
a rambling frame cottage, covered with American ivy,
was built in the midst of great forest trees — beech, oak,
maple, poplar, and a newer growth of sassafras, dogwood,
black-haw and evergreens. Gray squirrels barked and
skipped about the door-yard, and the cat-bird, the red-
bird, and the unceremonious blue-jay came near the
porches for their daily bread.
Mr. Gallagher greatly enjoyed the picturesque surround-
ings and the congenial society of Pewee Valley. Being
of a generous and friendly disposition, he was liked by all
who knew him. Western literary people were especially
attached to him. His correspondence with that class was
extensive. The following letter may stand as a fair rep-
resentative of the many that were sent him. It was writ-
ten from New York, over thirty years ago, by one who,
at that time, was regarded as the coming man in literature,
Mr. William Boss Wallace.
[ William Boss Wallace to W. D. Gallagher^
" N. Y., August 17, 1860.
" My Dear old Friend : — Your most kind and welcome
letter came to hand several days since ; and I have delayed
an answer until I could read your lady friend's novel. This
I have done with very great interest, as it is brimful of
genius and a most peculiar, startingly original power.
Mrs. Warfield is certainly endowed with great talent and
moral force. Her style is rich, yet chaste — full of a ma-
ture and lasting splendor. I should think that this Ro-
462 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
mance will place her, at a bound, at the head of our fe-
male authors — while she will compare favorably with the
masculine. Of course, I will do all in my power in the
way of newspaper notices; although the work needs no
bolstering. T am very glad, my dear friend, that you like
my poems — as it is pleasant to be admired by those whom
we admire.
"Do send me a copy of your wood-thrush-note when
it rings, at last, through the grand old woods. I hope to
publish soon a long national poem, entitled * Chants in
America " — devoted to our glorious scenery and deeds. I
take a motto from yourself for the first part. Do you ever
see Noble Butler? and Mr. Bryant ? Mr. Fosdick told me
that you were all neighbors. I have dear memories of
both B's.
" I shall publish a notice of Mrs. W.'s great novel in a
few days, and send you a copy of the paper containing it.
" Please let me know when you receive this, and believe
me to be yours, afiectionately,
" William Ross Wallace.
Wm. D. Gallagher, Esq."
The novel here referred to was " The Household of
Bouverie," published in 1860 by J. C. Derby, and by him
described as a " wonderful romance." ^
Busied with the labors of peace, Gallagher little antici-
pated how soon he was to assume important duties of war,
not in the capacity of a military man, but as a civil officer
of the Government, which he had served so faithfully be-
fore. A new President of the United States was to be
chosen. He attended several political conventions — one
State convention — was a delegate from Kentucky to the
National convention at Chicago, in 1860, and was made
somewhat conspicuous there by a response which he gave
in reply to an address of welcome. Though his personal
preference was for Mr. Chase, he went with the current for
"Old Abe," working hard and voting for his nomination,
•Fifty Yeaw Among Aothore, Books and Publishers. J. C. Derby,
1884.
William Davis Gallagher. 463
against that of William H. Seward ; and was one of those
who carried the news to Springfield. In these and other
public ways, he rendered himself so objectionable to the
great mass of the people in his neighborhood, who were
opposed to the election of Mr. Lincoln, that a public meet-
ing was called and held within a mile of his house, for the
purpose of giving him notice to leave the State. The sit-
uation was now dramatic in earnest, and might have be-
come tragic, had it not been for the personal friendship of
some of his political opposers. On the day of the threat-
ened violence, Mr. Gallagher had intended to go from his
home to Cincinnati. At Pewee Station, his friend, Mr.
Haldeman, called out : " Gallagher, have you seen Dr.
Bell ?" " ]N'o." " He says they are going to mob you ;
there is a crowd at Beard's Station, and they swear you
must leave the State." Dr. Bell came up and advised
Gallagher to go on to Cincinnati. " ^N'o, gentlemen ; if
violence is meditated, my family are the first considera-
tion, and home is the place for me. Mr. Crow" — this to
the station-keeper — '^ let it be known that I am at home."
Haldeman forced into Gallagher's hand a navy revolver,
though the poet had never fired a pistol in his life ; an-
other political enemy, but personal friend, gave him a big
bowie-knife, and thus grimly over-armed he returned to
Fern Bock, to the amazement of his wife and daughters.
The meeting at Beard's Station was a dangerous one,
but Gallagher's rebel neighbors, with warm respect for
the man and chivalrous regard for fair play, demanded a
hearing. A stalwart young mechanic took upon himself
to champion the cause of free opinion. " I hate Galla-
gher's politics as much as any of you," said this gallant
Kentuckian to the crowd, " but he has as good a right to
his ideas as we have to ours, and " — with a string of terri-
ble oaths — " whoever tries to lay a hand on him, or to give
him an order to leave the State, must first pass over my
dead body." The notice was not served ; but after hours
of talk, the assemblage contented itself with providing
for the appointment of a " vigilance committee " for the
neighborhood and dispersed. The excitement died away,
464 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
and the Gallagher family lived in comparative safety ; the
stars and stripes floated above the roof of Fern Rock Cot-
tage during the six gloomy years of the war.
When Mr. Chase was made Secretary of the Treasury,
Gallagher was invited to accept the same position under
him that he had held under Mr. Corwin. As the war
went on, it became necessary for the Government to ap-
point a special Collector of Customs for the ports of de-
livery in the interior, on the Mississippi river and else-
where. Mr. Lincoln selected Gallagher for this important
office. He was also made special commercial agent for
the upper Mississippi Valley. By his vigilance, pro-
visions and stores, to the value of millions, intended for
the aid and comfort of the Confederates, were intercepted
and saved to the Union.
In the summer of 1863, he was appointed to the office
of Surveyor of Customs in Louisville, and at the close of
the war he was made Pension Agent. His public duties
were all discharged punctually and with the strictest in-
tegrity. He made no money out of his country's mis-
fortunes.
In the midst of official labor he found time and inspira-
tion for the occasional use of his good goose-quill (for he
never uses a steel pen), and he produced several stirring
poems that did better work than many bullets. Chief of
these were the patriotic ballad " Grandpa IS'athan," and
the timely lyrics, " Move on the Columns," and " The
President's Gun," the last a poem on the emancipation
proclamation.
The echoes of battle died away and Mr. Gallagher re-
turned to his quiet farm, planted flowers, made rockeries,
and planned new buildings. He resumed the useful pen,
writing masterly communications for the " Louisville and
Ohio Valley Manufacturer and Merchant." One of his
articles is on " Cotton and Tobacco," another on " Our
Commercial Exchanges." Perhaps his ablest statistical
discourse is one published in pamphlet form in 1879, en-
titled " The Area of Subsistence, and its Natural Outlet
to the Ocean and the World," a discussion of the resources
William Davis Gallagher, 465
of the great South-west, and a counterpart to his address
in 1850 on the North-west.
In the reaction that followed the seeming prosperity
stimulated by the war, Mr. Gallagher suffered financially,
as did thousands of others. His property at Pewee Val-
ley depreciated and he also lost money by unfortunate
investments. Driven by necessity he earned his living by
spending patient hours at the clerical desk as salaried
secretary of the " Kentucky Land Company." In 1881,
he was working, as he expressed it, " like a beaver," a
statement that recalls his brother's complaint, more than
sixty years before, that Billy was toiling " like a nigger."
If ever a citizen was entitled to government appoint-
ment on the score of faithful public service, Gallagher
was. Several of his political friends presented his claims
to the President and the Secretary of the Interior, in 1871,
His indorsers in Kentucky were such men as B. H. Bris-
tow, G. C. Wharton, and John M. Harlan. Hon. Charles
P. James wrote to President Hayes from Washington, " I
am able to say that his reputation, whether as an officer
or business man, has been absolutely without imputation
of wrong or neglect. He has always been known as a
remarkably hard worker, and as a man of great moral
courage." A letter written by General E. C. Schenck said
of Gallagher, " He can bring to the public service, high
character, undoubted integrity, and great literary ability."
On the back of this is written, with bold emphasis, " I
concur in the foregoing recommendation. J. A. Garfield."
It was Guiteau's bullet that prevented Gallagher from re-
ceiving an appointment from the man of Mentor.
Incidental mention is made, in the foregoing narrative,
of Mr. Gallagher's ringing lyrics of reform, and his songs
celebrating the days of the pioneer. These made their
author famous half a century ago, and were praised in the
magazines by Percival, Sprague, Brainard, and James F.
Clarke. There. is music as well as mental vim, and the
huzza of " progress," in such poems as " Conservatism,"
which opens with th^ satiric stanza :
30
466 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
" The owl, he fareth well
In the shadows of the night ;
And it puzzleth him to tell
Why the eagle loves the light."
There is manly pride and moral vigor in the lines ad-
dressed to the "Laborer," beginning abruptly with the
admonition —
" Stand up— erect! Thou hast the form
And likeness of thy God ! — who more ?"
Sincere emotion and faithful imagery give genuine poetic
qualities to the buoyant rhythm and easy rhyme of " The
West "—
" Land of the West — green forest land !"
And to the brave and breezy " Song of the Pioneers."
Fine and forcible as these eloquent and melodious pieces
are, they are surpassed in poetical merit by the author's
delicate lyrics descriptive of nature, such as his poems on
" May " and on "August," and his lines to " The Cardi-
nal Bird." These have been reprinted so often that they
are accessible to most readers. There is a little poem,
written by Mr. Gallagher in 1852, called " The Brown
Thrush," which has qualities of sweetness and tenderness
and open-hearted spontaneity. I quote :
" We trilled our morn and evening songs together,
And twittered 'neath green leaves at sultry noon ;
We kept like silence in ungenial weather,
And never new blue skies come back too soon.
• We sang not for the world ; we sang not even
For those we loved ; we could not help but sing, —
There was such beauty in the earth and heaven,
Such music in our hearts, such joy in every thing !"
The brief preface to Mr. Gallagher's "Miami Woods
and Other Poems," published in Cincinnati in 1881, tells
U8 that nearly the entire contents of the volume, except-
ing the miscellaneous poems "appear in print now for
the first time, though written at various periods between
William Davis Gallagher. 467
twenty-five and forty-two years ago." A subsequent vol-
ume, in which will be embraced " The Ancient People,"
" Ballads of the Barder," " Civile Bellum," w^as promised,
but it may never appear, for the first volume was not a
financial success. The book, a handsome octavo of 264
pages, has its contents ranged in ^yq sections : I, Miami
Woods ; II, A Golden Wedding ; III, In Exaltis ; lY, Life
Pictures ; Y, Miscellaneous.
" Miami Woods " is a long work divided into seven
parts, corresponding to seven periods in which it was
composed. The first part was written in 1839, the seventh
in 1856. The poem is essentially descriptive, though it
abounds in meditations and reflections on various sub-
jects— political, social, moral, religious, and philosophical.
This didactic quality reminds the reader of Wordsworth's
" Excursion."
Gallagher's verse paints the forest and field with na-
ture's own color, and glow^s with the warmth of human
iove and joy. " Miami Woods " is a sort of Thompson's
^- Seasons," adapted to the Ohio Yalley.
The following lines afford a fair sample of the verse :
i
" Now from the stormy Huron's broad expanse,
From Mackinaw and from the Michigan,
"Whose billows beat upon the sounding shores
And lash the surging pines, come sweeping down
Ice-making blasts, and raging sheets of snow ;
The heavens grow darker daily ; bleakest winds
Shriek from the naked woods ; the robber owl
Hoots from his rocking citadel all night."
Mr. Gallagher painted a true and quite complete pano-
rama of the changing year in western woods. It can be
said, in the words of Pope, that he made the groves
" Live in description and look green in song."
It can not be doubted that his book will be sought in
the future, not only for its literary value, but because it
468 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
will be recognized as the historical daguerreotype gallery
of woodland scenery forever passed away.
Very appropriate are the lines selected from " Comus,"
88 a motto or key-note to " Miami Woods :"
" Well known to me is every alley green,
Dingle, and bushy dell, in this wild wood,
And every bosky bourn from side to side,
My daily walk, and ancient neighborhood."
I have heard Mr. Gallagher repeat these lines, lingering
upon each noun and epithet with a poefs relish of their
deliciousness.
True, beautiful, and pleasing as are the best descriptive
passages in " Miami Woods," tliere is a minor strain of
subjective melancholy in the poem that moves the heart
more than any delineation of inanimate nature. The im-
pulse and motive of the composition are discovered in the
simple, pathetic narrative, which, like a musical air,
runs through the variable and wandering song of seven-
teen years. Never was sweeter or sadder story told in
prose or verse. No utterance more sincere ever fell from
pen. It is the record of a fath<er's ineffable love for a fa-
vorite child — a sympathetic, affectionate, and beautiful
little girl, who, after manifesting extraordinary mental
powers, was stricken with an illness that deprived her of
memory and reason. After the lapse of many months,
during which father and daughter were seldom separated,
her faculties were restored, marvelously, by the direct in-
fluence of sights and sounds acting upon her senses, in
the depths of the forest. The first awakening, or emerg-
ence of the mind from eclipse, occurred in a certain chosen
haunt in Miami woods, associated by parent and child with
many pleasures of " thought, sight, and admiration,'* in
the years before the shadow fell upon them. The revived
intellect seemed, for a time, more brilliant than ever, but
a change came — Mary's health declined once more ; she
faded away and died, leaving her heart-broken father the
William Davis Gallagher. 469
mournful solace of recording his grief and embalming her
memory in verse. The central theme of " Miami Woods "
is delicately suggested in the line from Keats, quoted as a
prelude to the poem :
"A solitary sorrow anthemina:
A lonely grief."
Mrs. Emma Adamson Gallagher, the poet's wife, died
suddenly, of heart disease, at the family home. Fern
Eock, Pewee Valley, December 26, 1867. She was the
mother of nine children, of whom four are still living,
one son and three daughters. The son, Edward Galla-
gher, a business man of Louisville, Kentucky, is married
and has a fine family. Mrs. Jane Cotton, the poet's eldest
daughter, a lady of intellect and sensibility, and the wife
of a well-known lawyer of Louisville, is, at the present,
residing at Pewee Valley. There, also, taking affection-
ate care of their father, in the old homestead, live his two
unmarried daughters, Emma and Fanny.
In the seclusion of his quiet country-seat, surrounded
by trees and birds and wild flowers, the pioneer poet of
the West passes his tranquil days. To him life has always
been worth living, and his serene piety doubts not that
death is worth dying. Ten years ago or more, he wrote,
in a strain not unlike that of Whittier's " Psalm :"
" We wait for the gates to open,
We wait together, Faith and I ;
And the twilight of life comes sweetly.
As the years glide gently by."
This trust in the spiritual hereafter is the natural exten-
sion and outcome of the hope for humanity on earth, ex-
pressed by the young man, Wm. D. Gallagher, in a speech
on " Progress in the West," delivered in 1850, which closes
with the inspiring sentence :
"As comes the cloud over the parched land, and the
rain from the cloud — as comes the green plant out of the
470 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
earth, and the flower out of the plant — as comes the bird
with the spring-time, and the song with the bird — so, it
18 my faith, will yet come to man the full love of the
Creator, and with it the Kingdom of Heaven upon.
earth."
Amelia B. Welhy. 471
CHAPTER XVI.
AMELIA B. WELBY.
There were two women in the West who, by the pecu-
liar charm of their poetry, and by their winning personal
character, secured the admiration and love of the people
in the fullest measure — Amelia B. Welby and Alice Gary.
They were born but a year apart, Amelia in 1819, and
Alice in 1820 ; but Alice lived almost twice as long as
Amelia. In girlhood both were left without a mother's
care ; each of them was fondly attached to her father ;
both began to write while very young ; both preferred to
sing of nature, love, and religion. I^either one of them
had special, or even ordinary advantages of school educa-
tion. Both attracted the attention of the critical Poe,
and both were " encouraged " by Rufus Griswold. Pren-
tice interested himself, as a journalist, in Mrs. Welby, as
Greeley ^lid in Alice Gary. The southern poetess was
born in Maryland, near the ocean, and is buried in Gave
Hill Gemetery, Louisville, Kentucky ; her northern sister
first saw the light at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, and now sleeps
in Greenwood Gemetery, within a mile of the Atlantic.
Wm. D. Gallagher wrote in the Hesperian, of January,
1839 : " It is now more than two years since the sweet
and thrilling notes of an anonymous poetess burst start-
lingly upon the ear of the literary world, from the wilds
of Kentucky. At once and eagerly were those enraptur-
ing strains caught up by the melody lovers throughout the
Union, and sung in every peopled valley, and echoed from
every sunny hill-side, of our vast domain." The fervid
and florid enthusiasm of this language fairly describes the
effect of '^Amelia's " lyrics upon her contemporary west-
ern admirers. She must have been in the mind of Pren-
472 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
tice when he made the simile : " The song of the poet,
like that of the nightingale, bursts sweetest from the
bosom of the wilderness."
Amelia B. Coppuck was born February 3, 1819, at St.
Michaers, Maryland, on Miles river, an estuary of Chesa-
peake bay. Her father, to whom Amelia's poems are
dedicated, was a cabinet-maker by trade. The Coppuck
family, consisting of the father, mother, and four daugh-
ters, removed to Baltimore, which city of monuments was
their home for fourteen years. Here the mother and one
of the daughters died, and here Amelia's surviving sisters,
both older than she, were married. In 1834, when Ame-
lia was in her fifteenth year, her father removed with her
to Kentucky, and ijaade their home, first in Lexington,
but soon afterward in Louisville.
The memorials of Amelia's childhood and youth are
few and vague. She refers to her early home and to fam-
ily events in her poem, " My Sisters :"
" Like flowers that softly bloom together,
Upon one fair and fragile stem,
Mingling their sweets in sunny weather,
Ere rude strange hands have parted them,
So were we linked unto each other.
Sweet sisters, in our childish hours,
For then one fond and gentle mother
To ufl was like the stem to flowers."
Born with the poetical temperament, she acquired facil-
ity in versification almost without effort. Her nature was
rhythmical ; melodious expression seemed instinctive to
her. She did not " take up " poetry as an art — poetry
took up her. Instead of wooing the muses, she was wooed
and won by them. The spirit of song sought her and
played with her " on the green mossy bank where the
buttercups f^v^yr" and knelt with her " upon the dewy sod
beside the moaning seas." Like Pope, she lisped in num-
bers. Before she attained her twelfth year she was in the
habit of improvising verses, which she would sometimes
write in the solitude of her private room, or sing to airs
of her own invention, while she rambled in field or wood
Amelia B. Welby. 473
or by the shore of the sea. Poe said that " Thomas
Moore, singing his own songs, was, in the most legitimate
manner, perfecting them as poems." This Amelia was
doing, unconsciously, as she wandered along the ocean
beach, and heard the tunes of the " dancing waves," " the
laughing wind," and the " night-bird warbling o'er its soft
enchanting strain." Emulous of song-birds, she exclaims,
in her early poem, " Musings :"
"I'd give the world for their sweet art,
The simple, the divine —
I 'd give the world to melt one heart
As they have melted mine,"
The fanciful girl did, in some sense, catch the '^ sweet
art " of the birds, so spontaneous is the carol of her melo-
dious lines.
The wild, wayward, passionate Maryland maiden blos-
somed into full womanhood in Kentucky, surrounded by
romantic, southern influences. We may imagine the emo-
tions of the transition period. With the later teens come
to impressible youth the melancholy days, the saddest of
life's year. To the susceptible, introspective, sentimental
girl, " sweet sixteen " brings tears without sorrow, dreads
without danger, lamentations without grief, longing with-
out definite object.
i^ot long after her removal to Louisville, Miss Coppuck
formed the acquaintance of a '' kindred spirit," to whom
she revealed her feelings without reserve. "Among her
earliest associates," writes an old friend of Amelia, " was
a lovely girl about her own age, w^iose heart was as warm
and susceptible as her own, and whose genius was only a
lesser light in the same constellation. They were for a
time bosom friends — confidantes — inseparable compan-
ions; and of this cherished counter-part the young poetess
sang in the stanzas beginning :
" I have a fair and gentle friend."
A few weeks and this companion was a tenant of the
tomb ! A slight injury received during a pleasure excur-
474 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Bion threw lit r upon a bed of unabating pain, from which
she never arose. This melancholy incident affected the
young poetess deeply, and weeks elapsed before she could
allnde to her late companion with composure."
This bereavement seemed to develop Amelia's emotional
nature, awaken her deepest sympathies, and give activity
to her poetical impulses. One of her first pieces was
written in memory of her deceased friend, a poem entitled
** "When Shines the Star," of which the following verse is
a fair sample :
" Lost one ! Companion of the blessed !
Thou who in purer air dost dwell,
Ere froze the life-drops in thy breast,
Or fled thy soul its mystic cell,
"We passed on earth such hours of bliss
As none but kindred hearts can know,
And, happy in a world like this,
But dreamed of that to which we go,
Till thou wert called in thy young years m
To wander o'er that shoreless sea,
Where, like a mist. Time disappears
Melting into eternity."
Amelia made her first appearance in print in the year
1837, before she was eighteen years old. Her first poem
18 entitled " To a Tear Drop," and the second is called
" Oh ! Dark is the Gloom ! " These, like most of her sub-
sequent productions, were published in the Louisville
Journal, after passing the criticism of the editor, George
D. Prentice. Mr. J. C. Derby, in his " Fifty Years Among
Authors," says : " Many persons surmised that Prentice
himself wrote the poems signed 'Amelia,' until he denied
it one day by saying, * I recognize their priceless beauty
too well to spoil it in that way. I- never wrote a word of
any of her writings. On the few occasions when she had
used a word I would not have used, I sent her manuscript
back with the defective word marked, and she corrected
the diction herself. I never once aided or had occasion
to aid.'"
Having begun to write for publication, Amelia put forth
poem after poem with wonderful rapidity. It was like
Amelia B. Welby. 475
the sudden and beautiful blossoming of a peach-tree on a
sunny day in spring. The seventy-five or eighty pieces
which constitute the complete " Poems by Amelia " were
produced within seven years. The publifc complained
that after her marriage she ceased to sing.
Miss Amelia B. Coppuck was married to Mr. George
Welby, a Louisville merchant, in June, 1838.
" There's a whispered vow of love,
As side by side they stand,
And the drawing of a snow-white glove
From a little trembling hand.
And the glitter of a ring,-
And a tear that none may chide —
These, these have changed that childish thing,
And she is now a bride."
Mrs. Welby died, May 3, 1852, not quite thirty-three
years of age. Her only child, a son, George Welby, was
born two months before his mother's decease. He is now
living, I believe, in Florida.
Ben Cassidy, author of a " History of Louisville," an
intimate and valued friend of Mrs. Welby, thus described
her personal appearance and character :
••'In person, Mrs. Welby was rather above the middle
height. Slender and exceedingly graceful in form, with
exquisite taste in dress, and a certain easy, floating sort of
movement, she would at once be recognized as a beauti-
ful woman. A slight imperfection in the upper lip, while
it prevented her face from being perfect, yet gave a pecu-
liar piquancy to its expression, which was far from de-
stroying any of its charm. Her hair was exquisitely
beautiful, and was always arranged regardless of the pre-
vailing fashion, with singular elegance and adaptation to
her face and figure. Her manners were simple, natural,
and impulsive, like those of a child. Her conversation,
though sometimes frivolous, was always charming. She
loved to give the rein to her fancy, to invent situations
and circumstances for herself and her friends, and to talk
of them as if they were realities. Her social life was full
of innocent gayety and playfulness. She was the idol of
476 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
her friends, and she repaid their affection with her whole
heart. Her character was as beautiful as her manners
were simple. Courted and flattered as she was, perhaps
a little willful, and sometimes even obstinate, an appeal to
her affections always softened and won her."
The praise, adulation, almost adoration bestowed upon
this pretty, capricious, charming lady singer of the South,
by the literary and artistic gentlemen of her acquaintance,
were extravagant. The editor of the "Literary Journal
and Monthly Review," began a laudatory notice of the
fair favorite's poetry in these words : " There is something
in this simple, three-syllabled word, 'Amelia,' that thrills
the hearts of us western men whenever it is spoken."
Prentice, Gallagher, Shreve, Fosdick, Plimpton, and many
other Buckeyes and Kentuckians, gallantly tuned their
harps and poured out th^ir souls in music to the Louisville
idol. Amelia-worship raged epidemic. It was the very
apotheosis of " Platonic " sentimentalism. One infatuated
bard inscribed warm " Lines on a Picture of Amelia," be-
ginning—
" Ah ! lovely shade, where beauty's image sleeping
Rests like the sunlight on the crimson rose."
The homage offered to the living "Amelia," gave place
to universal lamentation when she died. The literary pa-
pers teemed with elegiac tributes. Both meYi and women
wreathed flowers of loving verse to deck Amelia's grave.
Floras B. Plimpton composed a dirge in which are the
lines —
** Weave me a garland of the asphodel,
The dark-leaved cypress and the mournful yew,
Bring hither locust boughs from yonder dell,
Wall-fiowem of scarlet, night-shades palely blue.
And grave-grown myrtle weeping wet with dew.
They do accord with mournfulness, and bear
A sympathy to sorrow, and renew
The hope of happiness, and breath a prayer
For those who from our sight have gone where angels are."
Amelia B. Welby. 477
W. W. Fosdick published a passionate lament from
which I make the following extract :
" Her glowing genius mantled her in rays,
As seraph's presence sets the air ablaze ;
And goodness, from her glances, like a charm,
Fell e'en on frozen hearts, and they grew warm ;
Her speech was ever liquid on the tongue,
But music stood enraptured when she sung.
And sounds, like pearls, fell from her mouth in song,
Or rained like roses when the breeze is strong.
Alas I in vain the traveler shall seek,
Sweet child of song, beside broad Chesapeake,
Thy childhood's home to find thee now !
And where Ohio's bright blue waters flow,
Bearing the sunshine's gold upon his breast,
Through the green valleys of the woody AVest ;
There vainly shall the eye which reads thy lays
Look for thy form, to bless thee and to praise."
The volume entitled " Poems of Amelia," was brought
out in Boston, in 1844, and four thousand copies were soon
sold. A new edition enlarged was issued in 1845 in ]^ew
York. In a short preface to the seventh edition the pub-
lishers, D. Appleton & Co., expressed their gratification
that they had been " the humble instruments of making so
widely known the beauties of this poet of the West." In
1850 the poems were printed in a sumptuous volume, 8vo
and 12mo, illustrated with designs by Weir. Copies of
this elegant book are carefully preserved among the house-
hold treasures of western families. The Appletons pub-
lished fourteen supplies of the " Poems of Amelia." The
earlier editions were 1,000 each ; later only an edition of
250 copies was printed ; the last impression was in 1866.
The popularity of Mrs. Welby, unprecedented in the
case of any American female poet up to her time, calls for
some explanation. How did it happen that "Amelia's "
untrained muse pleased so many people ? What was the
charm of those simple verses that led children to commit
them to memory, musicians to set them to note, lovers to
learn them by heart, editors to keep them in the " poet's
corner," and compilers of school readers and popular col-
lections to reproduce them in conspicuous profusion ?
478 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Edgar A. Poe says : " Mrs. Amelia B. Welby has nearly
all the imagination of Maria del Occidente, with a more
refined taste ; and nearly all the passion of Mrs. ]^orton,
with a nicer ear, and (what is surprising) equal art. Very
few American poets are at all comparable with lier in the
true poetic qualities. As for our 'poetesses (an absurd but
necessary word), few of them approach her." (The sig-
nificance of Poe's reference to Maria Brooks — Maria del
Occidente — is heightened when we remember that Southey
pronounced her "the most impassioned* and the most im-
aginative of all poetesses.) Poe goes on to say : " With
some modifications, this little poem would do honor to any
one living or dead." He then gives in full the piece called
" The Bereaved," and proceeds to criticise it minutely at a
length of three printed pages, closing the criticism in this
language : " Upon the whole, there are some poets in Amer-
ica (Bryant and Sprague, for example), who equal Mrs.
Welby in the negative merits of that limited versification
which they chiefly affect — the iambic pentameter — but
none equal her in the richer and positive merits of rhyth-
mical variety, conception, invention. They, in the old
routine, rarely err. She often surprises, and always de-
lights, by novel, rich, and accurate combination of the
ancient musical expressions."
Mrs. Welby's vivid imagination, her luxuriant fancy,
her susceptibility to rhythmic beauty, needed no other in-
fluence than that of nature to inspire them. Her poems
are purely original. They are remarkable for the absence
of literary allusion. They are independent of mythology.
The odor of the library does not mingle with the perfume
of their flowers. The author appears not to have thought
of what others might think of her writings. As the
poem came to her, she gave it to the world, unconscious
of its faults as of its felicities. Expression was a neces-
sity and a relief. I imagine that the untrained writer,
penning her exhuberant verses In new Kentucky, did not
bother herself much about the critics. The impulses of her
heart were not scared back by the vision of some fierce editor
sharpening his pencil, in New York or Boston, and nurs-
Amelia B. Welhy. 479
ing an undying diabolical intention to stab her to death.
IS^ov was she worried by that still more miserable fear that
" the paper" would reject her " piece ;" nor did she cramp
her genius or prod it for the sake of a five dollar bill.
The objects which excited "Amelia's" imagination and
fancy, and called out her earliest poetical performances,
were ocean, earth, sky, in their many aspects. The me-
chanic's inspired daughter was enraptured with stars,
clouds, rainbows, streams, trees, flowers and birds. Inan-
imate nature was Aot inanimate to her, but instinct with
life, intelligence and passion — instinct with communicable
feeling. She does not labor to describe particular scenes
or objects with pictorial minuteness — she uses her theme
suggestively, seizing upon its " true poetic qualities."
"What she does describe is truly depicted, both in external
features and in its eliects upon the beholder. For exam-
ple, her poem on " Entering Mammoth Cave " is singu-
larly happy in its graphic realism, while it also conveys
an impressive image of the solemn and awful character of
the place described. The poem is very faulty in many
ways, and yet its effect upon the imagination is powerful,
because it gives a realizing sense of the vague, weird,
gloomy fascination of Mammoth Cave. Prentice's excel-
lent verses on the same subject lack the subtile elements
which are the airy fabric of Mrs. AVelby's ode.
Whoever has trodden the gloomy labyrinths of the
great Kentucky cavern will appreciate the lines —
" Hark ! hear ye not those echoes ringing after
Our gliding steps — my spirit faints with fear —
Those mocking tones, like subterranean laughter —
Or does the brain grow wild with wandering here ?
There may be specters wild, and forms appalling
Our wandering eyes, where'er we rove, to greet —
Methinks I hear their low, sad voices calling
Upon us now, and far away the falling
Of phantom feet."
Contrast with these resonant, slow-flowing, solemn ca-
dences, the equally majectic poem, " The Stars," and mark
how the measure soars to its brilliant theme — the verse
480 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
seems luminous. In this, as in other of Mrs. Welby's de-
scriptive pieces, the utterance gives the impression of im-
provisation—as if the singer were reciting impromptu,
out under the open heavens, not framing verses at a studi-
ous desk. The following is the closing stanza :
" But all in vain to thought's tumultuous flow
I strive to give the strength of glowing words ;
The waves of feeling tossing to and fro
In broken music o'er my heart's loose chords,
Give but their fainting echoes from my soul,
As through its silent depths their wild, swift currents roll."
This stanza reveals the working of that irresistible cre-
ative impulse, which is called inspiration. Thoughts, emo-
tions, images rush upon the singer's mind until she is
overwhelmed. Her effort is not to think of some thing
to say, but rather to resist the '^ thick-coming " visions
that confound expression. Mrs. Welby's art is often de-
fective, as the critic, and even the composition -teacher can
easily show, but she has the inventive faculty, the origin-
ating capacity which art can not give, but which, per-
fected by art, produces faultless poetry. She chooses po-
etical themes, and treats them with poetical skill. Her
lines " To a Humming-Bird," and those entitled " A
Dew-Drop," are as bright and dainty as the exquisite ob-
jects they describe. The familiar song, " When Soft Stars
are Peeping," coaxes the tuneless tongue to sing, and the
lyric " Music," is music indeed. Then those delicious
verses on " May," though excessively florid, are certainly
charming:
" Sweet season of love, when the fairj' queen trips,
At eve through the star-lighted grove—
What vows are now breathed where the honey-bee sips!
What checks, whose bright beauties the roses eclipse,
Are crimsoned with blushes! What rose-tinted lips
Are moist with the kisses of love ! "
Hardly anybody now reads the " Poems of Amelia."
The children of this generation never learn the lines de-
scribing " The green mossy bank where the butter-cups
grow." School readers do not now contain " Musings "
Amelia B. Welby. 481
the *' Freed Bird," or '* Pulpit Eloquence," poems once fa-
miliar to every household. Young ladies do not to-day
quote " Hopeless Love," in their hopeful love-letters.
And who any more sings to his light guitar :
" When soft stars are peeping
Through the pure azure sky,
And Southern gales sweeping
Their warm breathings by,
Like sweet music pealing.
Far o'er the blue sea,
There come o'er me stealing.
Sweet memories of thee."
No ; Amelia's voice is hushed. Her book is closed.
Now and then one turning the pages of some book of
" Family Poetry," may chance to find the once favorite
poet's favorite lines on the " Rainbow," and the title sug-
gests the evanescence of shining reputation.
On a summer day I strolled through Cave Hill Ceme-
tery with the " pioneer poet," W. D. Gallagher. Seeking
the tombs of Prentice and Fortunatus Cosby, I wandered
away alone, and presently lost signs of my venerable
guide. Nor did I encounter him again until an hour had
elapsed, when, in the course of my ramble I unexpectedly
came upon him where he sat in meditation on a low wall
of stone that encompassed a monument, on which was.
carved in relief a woman's face. " I have found ' Amelia *
for you," said the poet, in playful sadness.
31
482 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
CHAPTER XVII.
ALICE GARY.
Alice Gary claimed to be a lineal descendant of Thomas
Gary, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth. Thomas Gary was the
direct ancestor of John Gary, a Separatist, who came
from England to Plymouth,- Mass., in 1630. Robert Gary,
the father of Alice, was the second child of the sixth gen-
eration from this Pilgrim father John. When Robert was
but fifteen years old he migrated from IS'ew England with
his father, Ghristopher, to Gincinnati. This was in 1802.
Robert Gary married Elizabeth Jessup in 1814, and set-
tled upon a farm near Mount Healthy, Hamilton county,
Ohio. He bought the farm on credit, and built him a
small frame house. Robert and Elizabeth Gary had nine
children, two of whom are yet living, Warren, aged sev-
enty, and Asa, aged sixty-three. Alice, the fourth child,
was but eleven years old when the ninth was born.
There was plenty of work to do there in the
" Woods upon woods, with fields of corn
Lying between them,"
and in that make-shift farm-house,
" Low and little and black and old,
With children many as it can hold."
The patient father toiled in the field, the gentle mother
kept house with frugal care, and at last the farm was paid
for (a twenty years' struggle), and then, in 1832, a new
dwelling was erected. ** It cost many years of toil and
privation — the new house," Alice said. The first to dedi-
cate the new house were — two ghosts. The building was
just finished; it stood near the old one, separated from it
Alice Gary. 483
by a little hollow. One evening, at the close of a sudden
storm, Alice and others of the family, looking toward the
new house, saw at its threshold, " Rhoda with Lucy in her
arms."
But when they called across the hollow, to their awe
Ehoda came downi stairs to them, having left Lucy fast
asleep above. They all, including Rhoda, saw^ the appari-
tions sink slowly into the ground in front of the very door
of the new house ! Rhoda died the next autumn, Lucy a
month after her. " Since the apparition in the door," said
Alice to her friend and biographer, Mrs. Clemmer, " never
for one year has our family been free from the shadow of
death."
In a poem contributed by Alice to L. A, Hines's Herald
of Truth in 1847, entitled " To Lucy," are the following
characteristic lines :
" I see the willow and the spring
O'ergrown with purple sedge ;
The lilies and the scarlet pinks
That grew along the hedge ;
The meadow where the elm-tree threw
Its shadow dark and wide,
And, sister, flowers in beauty grew
And perished side by side.
O'er the accustomed vale and hill
Now winter's robe is spread ;
The beetle and the moth are still,
And all the flowers are dead."
In 1835, two years after the death of the sisters, Rhoda
and Lucy, the beloved mother died.
ISTo wonder that such a baptismal of grief saddened the
whole life of Alice Gary. She was naturally buoyant, ac-
tive, joyous. As a child she was fond of outdoor sports,
running, climbing, swinging, and rambling in field and
wood. Her brother Asa pointed out to me the identical
rafters to which her swing w^as fastened in the barn. At
school she was regarded as a tom-boy. Her will was
strong, her observing faculties w^ere keen, her love of
beauty was passionate.
Two years lapsed after his wife's decease, when Robert
484 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Gary married again. The second wife, it is said, was not
altogether congenial to her husband nor sympathetic with
his children. Her temperament may have been incom-
patible with that of the Carys, and, according to gossip,
the part she played in the family was that which fairy
tales usually ascribe to the implacable stepmother. But
let us do her justice. Probably she had her share of provo-
catiou to endure.
Mrs. M. E. Banta, of Franklin, Indiana, who, when a
girl, lived just across the ""pike" from the Gary house,
remembers the second wife of Robert Gary, a '' sweet-
faced, gentle, old Danish lady."
At the time of the marriage, Alice was about seventeen
years of age. She had thoughts and feelings of ber own.
Nature, books, and maiden fancies were molding her
silently. She was ambitious; she cherished an intense
desire to study, and she had alread^j begun to scribble
verses and stories. An irrepressible conflict arose between
her and her father's wife. The stepmother insisted that
the girl must work and let books and writing alone. She
had no patience with what she conceived was foolish
wasting of time.
So Miss Alice did work as long as daylight lasted —
scrubbed, swept, milked cows, washed dishes, made beds —
but when night came she read and wrote. Her sister Phoebe,
about thirteen then, aided and abetted Alice in nocturnal
disobedience. The mother will not permit the girls to
burn a candle, but a " saucer of lard with rag wick " is
the invention of their necessity. Here is Lincoln's pine
knot over again. Here is the will making the way.
What did they read ? " History of the Jews," " Lewis
and Clarke's Journal," " Charlotte Temple," " Pope's Es-
say on Man," and the Trumpet, a Universalist newspaper
from Boston. Yet more than books, they read what the
best books are made of. They pored on nature. Books
gave them an idea of expression. They readily imitated
such literary models as they had. Very pathetic is the
case of Alice Gary at seventeen — a shy girl in her loveli-
est age — cramped by circumstances, but making sure
Alice Cary. 485
progress in spite of all. Well done, brave lass! Write
verses by the lard lamp ; shut yourself up in your small,
low-ceiled room, and think and write, and never mind if
the hot tears fall upon the paper and blot the lines. Put
your heart into your thought and your thought into your
rhymes.
The world will acknowledge one of these days that a
country girl, without a librarj^, without a seminary, with-
out influential friends, without money, without a mother,
with younger brothers and sisters to take care of, with
irksome drudgery to do, may yet succeed in author-
ship.
Alice Cary made her first appearance in print in her
eighteenth year. She sent a poem, entitled " The Child
of Sorrow," to the Sentinel, afterward the Star in the
West,^ the Universalist paper of Cincinnati. " The Child
of Sorrow " — theme befitting her case — apt key-note to
the many mournful variations that followed.
The Star was for a long time almost the only publica-
tion for which Alice wrote. Mr. Elias Longley, a com-
positor in the Star ofilce when John A. Gurley^ edited
that paper, remembers that the Cary sisters used to come to
the ofiiice, sometimes with their father, but more frequently
unattended, and bring little, nicely folded manuscripts.
One day two contributions were handed in, and Mr. Gur-
ley held up one of the neat papers, saying : ''Ah, another
poet ; this is Phoebe's beginning."
Do the annals of literature afibrd a prettier picture?
Alice Cary had chosen her career. She had also entered
into the self-reliance of womanhood. She was gentle and
reasonable, yet as firm as grim Bess, her ancient kins-
woman. The conflict with the stepmother ended in a
compromise, with the responsibilities of victory on Alice's
* "The Sentinel and Star in the West" was started in October, 1829,
by Jonathan Kidwell, J. C. Waldo, and S. L. Tizzard. Among its con-
tributors were John B. Dillon, W. D. Gallagher, and Otway Curray.
^ Rev. John A. Gurley was an eminent Universalist preacher. He
went into politics, and was elected to Congress, on the Republican ticket,
in 1860.
486 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
aide. Robert Gary built a new house on the farm, and
moved into ilj with his new wife, leaving Alice, Phoebe,
Warren, Asa, and Elmina to occupy the old homestead,
and order it as they would.
Alice and Phoebe now devoted a good deal of time to
the service of the muses. They wrote for several different
papers, and were cheered by friendly recognition. Mrs.
Clemmer relates how Phoebe " laughed and cried " over
her first appearance in a Boston paper. '• I did not care
any more if I were poor, or my clothes plain. Somebody
eared enough for my verses to print them, and I was
happy. I looked with compassion on my schoolmates.
You may know more than I do, I thought, but you can't
write verses that are printed in a newspaper ; but I kept
my joy and triumph to myself." How sustaining this
universal, " I can do something that you can't?" Proud
Thomas Carlyle, like modest young Phoebe Gary, required
the support of conscious victory. ** One or twice among
the flood of equipages at Hyde Park Gorner, I recollect
sternly thinking, ' Yes ; and perhaps none of you could
do what I am at.' "
The enthusiastic, practical Phoebe seems to have been a
sort of business agent for the poetical firm at its outset.
Very soon the girls began to speculate on the possibility
of earning something by means of the pen. To be a con-
tributor is much — but to hQ 2i paid contributor — that were
fame — for them. 1 have before me the original of a letter
written to Mr. Lewis J. Gist,^ in 1845, and signed P. Gary,
for A. and P. Gary. The letter is without an envelope,
* U«wb J. Cist, the gentleman to whom this personal appeal was ad-
ditMiHMl, was a well-known citizen of Cincinnati, a brother of General
Henry M. Cist. He was born in Harmonyf Pennsylvania, November
30, 1818. He came to Cincinnati in 1827, and died there March 31, 1885.
The work of his life was the accumulation of autoj^raphs, of which he
had the most complet4^ collection in the United States, and one of the
lailgest in the world. It comprised about twelve thousand letters and
docomento, illustraUMl with fifteen thousand engraved portraits and
viewt. Mr. Cist was a poet of local celebrity A volume from his pen,
entitled "Trifles in Verse," was published in 1845, by Robinson and
Jones, Cincinnati.
Alice Gary. 487
folded and wafered, in the old-fashioned way, and was
mailed at Mount Healthy, the five cents postage prepaid :
" Mt. Healthy, November 2, 1845.
" Mr. L. J. Cist :
" Dear Sir — If (being a spirit of his order) you agree
with the poet that a ' necessary act incurs no blame,' I
shall be permitted to waive apologetic formula, as I am
under the necessity of troubling you for information rela-
tive to the compensation usually given by Eastern maga-
zines for poetic contributors.
"Awaiting an answer at your earliest convenience, I am,
with sentiments of regard,
" P. Gary, for A. and P. Gary."
In 1846, Alice and Phoebe both wrote for the Gasket, a
literary paper published in Gincinnati by Emerson Ben-
nett, the voluminous writer of sensational stories.
Among the Western editors who encouraged the
Gary sisters in the beginning of their career was L. A.
Hine, the reformer. Mr. Hine's first periodical, the Quar-
terly Journal and Review, was begun and ended in 1846.
Miss Alice Gary wrote two poems for this journal, one
called " The Past and Present," the other " Hannibal's
Lament for His Brother." When Hine's Herald of Truth
appeared, in 1847, Alice and Phoebe contributed to its
columns very often. Indeed, Hine and the Gary girls
were intimate friends, " like brother and sisters."
It was through the influence of Gallagher and Hine
that Alice Gary became acquainted with Dr. Gamaliel
Bailey, who was the first editor that paid her any thing
for her contributions. Dr. Bailey went from Gincinnati
to Washington in 1847, and started the i^ational Era,
famous afterward as the paper in which " Uncle Tom's
Gabin " was first printed, and for which Mr. Ilowells wrote
some of his early pieces. Alice wrote poems and sketches
for the Era under the pseudonym, " Patty Lee." After
she had been writing several months. Dr. Bailey sent her
ten dollars, the first pecuniary overflow of her ink bottle.
488 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
Referring to the beginning of her literary experience,
she says : " The poems I wrote in those times, and the
praises they won me, were to my eager and credulous ap-
prehension the prophecies of wonderful things to be done
in the future. Even now, when I am older, and should
be wiser, the thrill of delight with which I read a letter
full of cordial encouragement and kindness from the
charming poet, Otway Curry, is in some sort renewed.
Then the voices that came cheeringly to my lonesome and
obscure life from across the mountains — how precious
they were to me ! Among these the most cherished are
Edgar A. Poe and Eufus W. Griswold."
Qriswold's "American Female Poets " was issued in
1848. The editor says of the Gary girls : " It is but two
or three years since I first saw the name of either of
them, in a western newspaper, and of nearly a hundred of
the poems which are now before me, probably not one has
been written more than that time." He then quotes
from a letter of Alice Gary's, in which she says : " We
write with much facility, often producing two or three
poems in a day, and never elaborate. We have printed,
exclusive of our early productions, some three hundred
and fifty, which those in your possession fairly repre-
sent."
Here is a prolific pen ! In this copiousness of expres-
sion is a secret of success ; and, alas ! also of failure.
" We never elaborate." Fatal omission.
Poe's clieering words are in reference to the poem enti-
tled a " Picture of Memory," which he says is one of the
most musically perfect lyrics in the language.
Through the agency of Mr. Griswold, the first volume
of poems by Alice and Phoebe Gary was brought out.
This was published by Moss & Bro., of Philadelphia,
1849. " We are to receive for it $100," wrote the thrifty
Phcebe to a friend.
The red-letter year, 1849, dates the beginning of the
Caryg* acquaintance with Whittier, by letter, and with
Horace Greeley, who that year visited them at Mount
Alice Cary. 489
Healthy. Greeley must have known them as contributors
to the Universalist newspaper.
The book was published and went its way, finding
friends. The next year the sisters made their first pil-
grimage to the East — to New York, to Boston, to Ames-
bury. Whittier thus describes their appearance at his
home :
" Timid and young, the elder had
Even then a smile too sweetly sad ;
The crown of pain that all must wear
Too early pressed her midnight hair.
" Yet, ere the summer eve grew long,
Her modest lips were sweet with song,
A memory haunted all her words,
Of clover-fields and singing birds.
" Her dark, dilating eyes expressed
The broad horizons of the West ;
Her speech dropped prairie flowers, the gold
Of harvest wheat about her rolled.
" Fore-doomed to song she seemed to me ;
I queried not with destiny,
I knew the trial and the need,
Yet all the more, 1 said, God speed !"
The " trial and the need " lay hard ahead. This visit
to the East prepared the way for permanent residence
there. Mrs. Clemmer says : " In I^ovember of the same
year (1850), Alice Cary, broken in health, sad in spirit,
with little money, but w^ith a will which no difficulty
could daunt, an energy and patience which no pain or
sorrow could overcome, started alone to seek her fortune
and to make for herself a place and a home in the city of
N'ew York." Referring to this, the year before her death,
she said : " Ignorance stood me in the stead of courage.
Had I known the great world as I have learned it since, I
should not have dared ; but I didn't. Thus I came."
From Clovernook to the metropolis — what a change of
worlds ! She went to the great, roaring city, but she took
the tranquil country along ; she removed to the East, but
490 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
the West was in her heart ; and in her heart was the sting
of a disappointed love, not yet quite hopeless.
And now began a grim struggle, I might almost say for
bread. Yet she had one staunch, practical friend, her
brother-in-law, Alexander Swift. Mr. Swift had married
Susan, an older sister of Alice Gary. He accompanied
the sisters on their first journey to the East, and he as-
sisted them afterward in obtaining a place to live.
Alice came to New York in November, 1850; Phoebe
and Elmina, the youngest of the Gary family, joined her
the next spring. The sisters spent the first year of their
life in New York at the American Hotel, a favorite resort
of literary folk, kept by a refined and agreeable ex-pub-
lisher, Daniel Bixby, from Lowell. Gooper, Irving, Hal-
leck, and other notables had occupied apartments in the
American Hotel, and their patronage had given the place
a sort of classic charm.
Having come to New York to try her literary fortunes,
Alice Gary went to work systematically to make a book.
She collected for the press thirty-five of her short stories
and studies of country life in Ohio, under the title, " Glov-
ernook; or. Recollections of our Home in the West." The
volume was published in 1851. The author said in her
preface: "I confess I have no invention, and I am alto-
gether too poor an artist to dream of any success which
may not be won by the simplest fidelity."
The exact truthfulness and felicitous local coloring of
the Clovernook papers must be acknowledged and appre-
ciated by every reader who has seen or studied farm-life
in the Ohio Valley. The blemish of these exquisite stories
is that which attaches also to Alice Gary's poetry, namely,
the all-pervading sadness of the themes chosen. There is
scarcely a story in either volume of the " Recollections "
(a second series was issued) that comes out happily. How-
ever cheerfully the tale may begin, and however comical
may be its incidents, there is sure to be a death -bed some-
where in the narrative, and a tombstone at the finis. Not-
withstanding the depressing quality interfused throughout
Alice Gary. 491
the book, it was popular, and still holds a place in the
market, a new edition having been brought out in 1884.
Early in 1852, Susan, the first wife of Alexander Swift,
died in Cincinnati. Elmina returned from ISTew York to
attend her sister in her last illness. Bereaved and lone-
some, Alice and Phoebe kept on at their bread-winning
labors, writing for various journals and preparing material
for new books. Melancholy meditation deepened the
gloomy habit already fixed upon Alice's mind. In Feb-
ruary, 1852, she wrote as follows to her kinsman, Wm. D.
Gallagher, then the private secretary of Thomas Corwin
at Washington City :
ALICE GARY TO WM. D. GALLAGHER.
" :NrEW York, February 11, 1852.
^' My Dear Mr. Gallagher — It is a long time since I had
a very kind letter from you, for which I thank you most
sincerely. I have been for two months unable to write, or
it should have been acknowledged before. I hoped to
see you in Washington during the winter, but all my plans
failed most unhappily. The illness and death of a sister
in Cincinnati called Elmina from us in ]^ovember, so we
have had a lonesome time. Indeed, life has little charm
for me any more.
" In April I shall probably go West myself. I am
weary of this continual effort to live — beside, I like the
simple way of life to which I have been used.
" Will you not come and be my neighbor? How I wish
you would — and sometimes we can meet in some ' homely
beanvine bower,' and talk of poetry. By the way, I am
getting a little volume ready for the press, but I don't sup-
pose it will bring me either ' love or money.'
" You did not come to see us when here, as I hoped —
' The w^orld and your great ofiice,' I suppose, as Mark
Antony said.
" It is a dull, rainy day, and I am dull, too. What
would I not give to feel once more young at heart — as
though there were anything to live for.
492 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
" But I did not mean to inflict all this upon you — par-
don me.
" You see I am a sorry correspondent, but I shall be
just as happy to hear from you as though I were ever so
gay, and perhaps next time I shall do better — that I am
scarcely able to sit up may be some excuse for me.
" With every wish for your happiness, I am sincerely
yours, Alice Gary."
About three months later the following letter was
written :
ALICE GARY TO WM. D. GALLAGHER.
" New York, Aj>ril 26, 1852.
" My Dear Mr. Gallagher — It is a long time since I had
your very kind letter, and I have been delayed writing
because I had a great deal to do, because my health has
been wretched, and because I have been in sad spirits,
and you scolded me for writing sadly before. How, my
dear friend, am I to help it? My youth of years, my
youth of heart is gone. Since I was old enough to think
the plummet of agony has been sinking deeper and deeper
in my soul. Since I came from home a dearly loved sis-
ter has gone down to death ; a brother with whom I played
about the old homestead has gone far away, a crushed
and miserable wanderer ; between Phoebe and myself
the close sympathy has been broken by religious difter-
ence. God knoweth I would fain be right, if in the
wrong, but I see not as she does, and this grieves me and
that grieves her, and that grieves me again. I think I
have good feelings and right impulses sometimes — perhaps
not — but what is all this to you ?
" I do not mean to write sadly, and yet I want to pour
out my heart somewhere, and you wrote to me kindly,
and seem to be my friend, and I have known so little
kindness you can not know how I prize it. I wish you
knew me better. I wish we could see more of each other.
Yes, with all my faults and failings, I wish you knew me
better. I should like to talk to you on all the past and
the future, with no reserve and formality, but as friend
Alice Gary. 493
with friend. But what will you think of me for writing
as I do? I don't know. My mood unfits me for writing
at all to-day, and I should still delay but that I leave this
afternoon for Cincinnati, and have much work waiting
me, and when I am there and find vacant places and new
graves, and my father, old and bowed with sorrow, I shall
be in no gayer mood to write to you.
"Will you not come West this summer? I hope so.
And write soon. I will reply promptly — more cheerfully,
if I can.
" Dr. Bailey came to see me twice, a week ago, but I
chanced to be away from home, the first time I have
been out of the city for a year and a half. I am very sorry
I did not see him, and especially under the circumstances.
'^ He is not much my friend, I fear. I had never quite
given up the idea of coming to Washington till now. I
have enough to do, more than I can do worthily, I am
afraid, but I must write — chiefly because I must live, and
not that I have an idea that I have much influence, good
or bad. I would fain do something before my little life is
rounded by a sleep, but I never shall — they will fit a slab
of granite so gray and Alice lie under the stone, one of
these days.
" The world flourishes with you, I hope. Address me
at Cincinnati. I shall be there for the present, but I only
see my way clear for a month or two, and shall probably
drift with the current. I have some half-formed schemes
of traveling. Forgive my egotism — I see I have Avritten
of nothing but myself. Very truly your friend,
"Alice Cary."
From the time that Alice Cary began to write girlish
rhymes, by the light of a rag soaked in lard-oil, to the
year of her death, she worked with the pen incessantly.
When, at the age of thirty, she left Clovernook and took
up her residence in New York, resolving to become a pro-
fessional author, she had had fully twelve years' practice
in the art of written expression. She had tried her " 'pren-
tice ban'" in a dozen periodicals, and had accumulated
494 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
abundant material for the composition of books. Besides
writing for publication, she wrote many letters. One of
her correspondents, at the time of her busiest activity in
New York, was Miss S. I^. Venable, of Ridgeville, Ohio,
now Mrs. Lundy, of Los Angeles, California.
The first lengthy story by Alice Gary was contributed
as a serial to the Cincinnati Dollar Weekly Commercial.
This was " Hagar, a Story of To-day." Redfield published
it in 1852. A second series of " Clovernook " stories was
the next fruit of the prolific Cary pen. Then came a book
of verse, " Lyra, and Other Poems," issued in 1853. The
following year Ticknor & Fields brought out " Clovernook
Children," a charming juvenile that should not be sufiered
to go out of circulation.
It is not generally known that in 1854 Alice Cary was
the assistant editor of the Parlor Magazine, a monthly
literary periodical started by Jethro Jackson, and pub-
lished by Applegate & Co., Cincinnati.
A complete collection of Miss Cary's poems to date,
dedicated to R. W. Griswold, was published by Ticknor &
Fields in 1855. The edition unquestionably contains the
best, though not the maturest of the author's productions.
The volume met with general favor, and established the
reputation of Alice Cary as a poet. But it was mercilessly
criticised in some quarters.
A reviewer in Putnam's Monthly said : " It is a sob in
three hundred and ninety-nine parts. Such terrific mor-
tality never raged in' a volume of the same size before. It
is a parish register of funerals rendered into doleful
rhyme." These sentences and their like caused Alice
much pain. Perhaps, had the critic known the dismal
history of the poet's disappointments and griefs, he would
have restrained his witty ridicule. Mrs. Clemmer touch-
ingly says : " Remembering the bereaved and lonely girl,
whose daily walk ended in the graveyard on the hillside,
where her mother and sister slept, how could her early
song escape the shadow of death and the vibration of sor-
row? With her it was the utterance of actual loss, not
the morbid sentimentalism of poetic youth."
Alice Gary. 495
The critic, however, could not be supposed to know the
peculiar misfortunes of the author, and his strictures,
though disagreeable, were not altogether unjust. He ad-
mits, at the end of his review, that " Miss Gary writes
much better verse than most women who publish poetry."
The very extravagance of his ridicule helped to sell the
abused book, and while the criticism pained Alice Gary, it
must have taught her the bitter-sweet truth that Irving
puts upon the lips of Buckthorn : " Take my word for
it, the only happy author in this world is he who is below
the cares of reputation."
While the vivisecting critic of '' Putnam's " was anato-
mizing " Lyra," an equally pungent but more generous
reviewer in the West, Goates Kinney, was writing an elab-
orate article on the " Poetry of Alice Gary." Kinney,
like the Putnam critic very humorously ridicules the ele-
giac element of " Lyra," but he heals all wounds by pro-
nouncing Alice Gary "emphatically the first poetess of the
ISTew World." He adds : " There has, as yet, been no
other female intellect in our literature equal to the produc-
tion of such poems as many in this book, and especially
" The Maiden of Tlascala."
The year 1855 brought Alice Gary full in the eye of the
reading and writing public. She realized her situation,
appreciated her "means, culture and limits." She had
crossed the Rubicon, and must go on with the war. She
had her living to earn, and her reputation to sustain and
increase. The resolute Puritan blood in her said, Perse-
vere. Sensitive she was, but not timorous. She will fol-
low the light of the " rag in the saucer," and find whither
its glimmer shines. Something at least is won ; every
sweet apple has a bitter speck. Dash aside the quick ris-
ing tear of mortification, and take up the pen. Think,
think, think — write, write, write; make the best of a
scanty education, and go your own way.
Before 1856, the Gary sisters had given up apartments
which they had rented and moved to No. 53 East Twen-
tieth street. After the death of his first wife, Susan,
Alexander Swift married her youngest sister, Elmina, the
496 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
"baby " of the Gary family. Elmina's health failed, and
she desired to go to New York and live with Alice and
Phcebe. Accordingly, Mr. Swift bought a house on
Twentieth street, and the three sisters moved into it.
Elmina, an invalid, continued with her sisters until her
death, in 1862.
After Elmina's death, Alice Gary bought the property
on Twentieth street. Mrs. Clemmer has given charming
descriptions of this poet's nest — Alice's room and Phoebe's
room and the library ; the pictures of " The Huguenot
Lovers," " The Barefoot Boy," Rosa Bonheur's " Oxen,"
and the " Gupid," brought from Paris by Mrs. Greeley;
the neat table, with books, magazines and sewing work ;
Alice's writing-desk of rosewood; the pretty curtains;
the stained windows; the furniture, trinkets and treasures
collected, little by little, as the years sped by. The library
passed into the possession of Major Glymer, Govington,
Kentucky. The elegant mahogany table and two ecclesi-
astical bronze candlesticks were presented to Mr. A. W.
Whelpley, of Gincinnati, librarian of the Public Library.
Mr. Whelpley is also the fortunate owner of valuable
Gary autographs, and of Alice Gary's copy of Heine's
Poems, with autograph.
Horace Greeley wrote reminiscences of the orginal
Sunday evening receptions held in the parlor of the Gary
sisters, at which Henry Wilson, Oliver Johnson, Edwin
Whipple, Bayard Taylor, John G. Whittier, R. H. Stod-
dard and wife, T. B. Aldrich, E. H. Ghapin, Julia Dean,
Ole Bull, Robert Dale Owen, Justin McGarthy, and others
not less distinguished were frequent attendants. It is
said that some objected to these receptions because they
were held on Sunday, and others aftected to disdain them
on account of the "queer people" found in the assem-
blage.
One of Alice Gary's warmest admirers and best friends
was Robert Bonner, of the New York Ledger. This lib-
eral man testified his appreciation by paying good sums
for the poems which Alice wrote weekly for the Ledger.
Greeley said that Bonner paid perhaps as much for lite-
Alice Gary. 497
rary contributions as did all the rest of the Kew York
journalists put together.
Alice Gary's second novel, "Married; ]^ot Mated,"
came out in 1856. " Pictures of Country Life," one of
her best books, was published in 1859. Then followed
several volumes of her poems, including *■' Lyrics and
Hymns " and "A Lover's Diary." " Snow Berries," a de^
lightful volume for children, was published in 1868.
Then appeared another novel, " The Bishop's Son," first
printed as a serial in the Springfield (Mass.) Republican.
The author commenced writing a story called " The Born
Thrall " for the Revolution, but her death prevented its
completion.
This daughter of a western farmer was public spirited,
patriotic — a politician in her way and a social reformer.
Of course, she knew only the life that she did know, and
formed her opinion accordingly. Naturally enough, she
took special interest in the " Woman Question," which
somewhat involves the man question. Alice Cary, the
shy maid of Clovernook — is it not remarkable that she
was chosen the first president of the celebrated Sorosis,
or Woman's Club, in E'ew York city? On taking the
ofiicial chair, she made her first and last public speech —
simple, sensible, dignified and aggressive.
Alice Cary cherished her domestic instincts. She liked
to sew. She superintended her own housekeeping; she
went to market and bought her own beef-steak and vege-
tables.
Regarding herself a "born thrall," under the sover-
eignty of immemorial Wrong, she did not waste her en-
ergy in repining. She lifted her woman's arm in self-re-
liant courage, and cast off the shackles. She was of the
self-sacrificing signers who dated a new Fourth of July
for the subjected sex.
But literary composition was her vocation. As she grew
older she became dissatisfied with the quality of her pen
products. To her brother Asa, and to other of her inti-
mate friends, she used to say : " I have done nothing ; oh !
32
498 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
that I could live ten years longer !" The feeling is bit-
terly yet sweetly expressed in the poem, " To the Spirit of
Song — Apology," prefacing a volume of her poems.
. . . " Hear me tell
How much my will transcends my feeble powers :
As one with blind eyes feeling out in flowers
Their tender hues, or, with no skill to spell
His poor, poor name, but only makes his mark,
And guesses at the sunshine in the dark,
So have I been."
In 1862, when Elmina Swift passed away, Alice^ Cary
wrote : " My darling is dead. My hands are empty. My
work seems done." But the fates spun out the thread of
life eight years longer. They were years of physical feeble-
ness and suft'ering. Cancer, paralysis — terrible ministers
of death, dragged the brave woman slowly out of the
world. Alice Cary died February 12, 1870. Phoebe, her
dear companion, died the next year on the 31st of July.
The friendship of these congenial sisters is memorable in
the annals of human tenderness and fidelity.
The history of Alice Gary's life in New York is mixed
with painful incidents. The ambitious girl gained fame,
but she lost the pensive delights of seclu'sion, and the soul-
soothing pleasures derived from communion with nature.
She fled to the city to escape memory and grief, and lo !
memory and grief met her on Broadway and went with
her to her new house.
The solace of her days and nights w^as in recollecting
" Clovernook." Forever she was sighing for the fields,
the " new furrows," the " pasture green," tlie " clover
blossoms," the " flocks," the " bees," and even the " toad
stools " and the " thistle-flower " of beautiful Ohio. The
longing for things loved in girlhood is told in poem after
poem, but in none more forcibly than the lines appropri-
ately named, " My Dream of Dreams," beginning:
" Alone within my house I sit ;
The lights are not for me,
The music, nor the mirth ; and yet
I lack not company.
Alice Cary. 499
" So gayly go the gay to meet,
Nor wait my griefs to mend —
My entertainment is more sweet
Than thine to-night, my friend.
" Whilst thou, one blossom in thy hand,
Bewailst my weary hours,
Upon my native hills I stand
Waist-deep among the flowers."
J. C. Derby, the veteran publisher, gives the following
anecdote, which amusingly illustrates Alice Gary's ex-
travagant passion for the plants she loved : " I remember
on one occasion all three of the sisters accompanied me
on a brief visit to my residence on the Hudson near
Yonkers ; it was in the summer time, and the lawn of
clover in front of the house was fragrant with its blos-
soms. .My wife had hardly greeted them before Alice sat
down on the steps and deliberately took ofi' her shoes
and stockings, and literally waded through the clover."
I have alluded to Alice Gary's disappointed love. The
story is that of Evangeline realized — a true story, not
stranger but not less moving than the Acadian fiction. A
young man — the prince — came to Glovernook and wooed
and won an expectant heart. This youth, the only beloved
of Alice Gary, wears many names in her verses. It is
understood that he was a person of high social standing.
Alice was but a poor farmer's daughter. Objection was
made to the alliance by the family and friends of the
suitor.
The match was prevented. The lover, it would seem,
was not equal to rope-ladders and a galloping steed. He
was not Lochinvar, but the other young man, who stood
dangling his bonnet and plume. Alice confessed her
love for this unsatisfactory hero. Love is — love. Like
" Jessie Carroll," she long continued to hope that he would
return to her and make her his bride. Years went by,
but he did not come — did not write. At last she saw in a
newspaper the notice of his marriage.
Time wrought time's changes. The " sweetheart,'* in
widowhood, did return.
500 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley.
A gray-haired man, he journeyed to New York and
found his first love, a gray-haired woman, on the bed of
her last sickness. That Alice Cary was the Evangeline
and the Gabriel, too, of this sentimental story adds to its
pathos. We may afi^ect to ridicule the fact, nevertheless it
is a fact, as Alice Cary has intensely written that
" There are griefs more sad
Than ever any childless mother had —
You know them who do smother nature's cries
Under poor masks
Of smiling, slow despair —
Who put your white and unadorning hair
Out of your way and keep at homely tasks,
Unblest by any praises of men's eyes,
Till Death comes to you with his piteous care.
And to unmarriageable beds you go.
Saying, * It is not much, 'tis well if so
We only be made fair.
And looks of love await us when we rise.' "
Like Wordsworth's Wanderer, Alice Cary was a " poet
sown by nature." She was endowed amply with
" The vision and the faculty divine."
Bacon thought that "' a painter may make a better face
than ever was ; but he must do it by a kind of felicity (as
a musician maketh an excellent air in music) and not by
rule." By some such " felicity," Alice Cary acquired the
accomplishment of verse. The prime quality in the
poetical experiments of her girlhood, that won recogni-
tion and praise, was the melodious quality ; her song sings.
Much practice in the management of a few familiar
meters gave her surprising facility in rhythm and rh}- me,
and in the choice of agreeable words and apt figures.
Having trained her art to fly on a bold, free wing, she
sent it forth on new adventures. One is struck with ad-
miration of tlie range and versatility of her power. Per-
haps she wrote too much, too easily, and often for the ear
rather than the understanding, especially in her younger
years. However, the spontaneous outpourings of her
Alice Cary. 501
girlish muse are, as a rule, more poetical and pleasing than
her later and more correct productions. There is a deli-
cious flavor in her early harvest apples, not to be found
in her fall pippins. She became prosaic, practical, merely
useful toward the close of her career; thought more
of doing good than of surrendering her emotions to the
influence of mood and circumstance.
She excels in descriptive poetry. Her very best pieces
are those which sketch the scenery and life most familiar
to her childhood's experience. Her vivid pictures of per-
sons and things observed by her in the vicinity of Mount
Healthy, whether painted in prose or verse, will last, be-
cause they are absolutely true and entirely original. Like
the etchings of Diirer, they are inimitable.
Alice Cary transplanted to her verses, as to a garden,
the characteristic trees and flowers of the Ohio Valley.
She knew them all, not as a botanist knows, but in that
passionate and sympathetic w^ay in which Burns knew the
"gay green birk," and the '' crimson tippet" daisy. IN'or
was she less lovingly interested in the form and history of
animate things, brute and human. The flocks of the field,
the birds, and the
" Sweet bees at sweet work about the rose,
Like little housewife fairies round their fire."
were the objects of her attentive study, and the theme of
her lyrics. Then, what a collection has she hung on the
walls of memory, of portraits of real men, women, and
children! There is the long procession of lovers, " Jessie
Carroll," and "Annie Clayville," and " Mildred Jocelyn,"
and the rest. There is " The Farmer's Daughter," a char-
acter drawn wdth Wordsworthian vividness. There is
" Crazy Christopher," and, almost as good, " Uncle Joe,"
who dug graves and played the fiddle. How touching
the story of " The Water Bearer," how strong that of
" The Fisherman's Wife."
Many of Alice Cary's poems are so profoundly personal
and introspective that criticism shrinks from examining
602 Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley,
them as works of art ; they seem not to have been made
by the author, but born of her laboring mind — children
begotten of sorrow.
Through struggle and under tribulation she attained a
serene faith, and a saintly piety. oS'o other poet has more
beautifully expressed religious aspiration and trust in
Providence.
A suitable companion piece to Whittier's " My Psalm,"
is Alice Gary's poem entitled " My Creed," which opens
with the words :
" I hold that Christian grace abounds
Where charity is seen ; that when
We climb to Heaven, 't is on the rounds
Of love to men."
On Saturday, June 24, 1881, the home of the Carys,
situated about eight miles north of Cincinnati, was in-
formally dedicated to the memory of the sisters. The
ceremonies were simple. The place belongs to Alexander
Swift, and it was his desire to associate permanently with
it the .names of those whose literary genius made the word
" Clovernook " known to the w^orld. A Quaker picnic
party assembled on the grounds. Among the invited
guests were several literary friends of the sisters.
Mr. Swift was persuaded to give reminiscences of the
old times, more than forty years ago, when he first became
acquainted with the Cary family. He read the poem,
" Our Old Brown Homestead," and pointed out objects to
which the verse referred. Then Phcebe's hymn, "- JS'earer
Home," was sung, and short addresses or conversational
monologues were given by B. F. Hopkins, Joseph Kinsey,
Judge A. G. W. Garter, Dr. John B. Peaslee, and others.
The venerable brothers, Warren and Asa Cary, were on
the grounds, pleased with the honors bestowed in the
memory of their gifted sisters. Asa, a quiet, dry humor-
ist, was induced to relate several anecdotes. To him
Alice was wont to submit her verses almost before
the ink was dry, asking his opinion. Often he would
tease her by some such remark as " I can *t bother with
Alice Gary. 503
your poetry, I must go feed the hogs f or, " Well, I 'spose
ni have to stand it — read away." Asa thinks the secret
of Alice's fame was her truthfulness.
He can trace nearly every one of her poems to some
reality which was its origin. He walked with me to the
old spring and to the barn, and lifted a decaying board
from over the deep, deep well, now without curb or sweep.
I asked if he himself had ever committed the folly of
rhyme, at which he smiled, shook his head, and answered :
" I have no skill, but I know the real stuff when I read it,''
Of Alice, he said she was " melancholy by nature," not
through circumstances, and he added, speaking of her
misfortunes and his own, "I hope we will strike something
better in the next world."
There was a very touching suggestiveness in the sub-
dued, almost religious reverence with which men, women,
and children moved about, contemplating the home and
haunts of Alice Gary on that beautiful June day, set apart
for commemoration. The sky was bright, and the land-
scape seemed to give back a corresponding radiance, as if
conscious that human associations had hallowed the place.
Poetry had idealized every feature of the scene; each
clover blossom had become sacred, and the dead leaf that
lay in the path once trodden by the songstress was now
a precious souvenir that the school-girl, picking up,
placed on her heart.
I stood by the door, in the shadow of which they say
Hhoda, with Lucy in her arms, vanished into air, a phan-
tom— a spirit. I do not believe in ghosts, yet how sensi-
bly true it seemed that June day that the spirit of Alice
Gary lived and moved and had its being in the trees, and
the grass, and the damask rose ; in the earth beneath, and
the sky above, and the air around the Homestead of
Glovernook.
INDEX.
Academic Pioneer, the 422.
Academies, planned in Kentucky,
162 ; the golden age of, 182.
Academy, the Kentucky, 165 ; Lan-
caster, 178; Muskingum, 183;
" Great Western," 426.
Adams, John Quincy, his last im-
portant speech, 250 ; praised by
Prentice, 390.
"Adena," home of Hon. Thomas
Worthington, 431.
African Melodies, on steamboats,
268.
Agricultural Society, an early, 265.
Albach, James R., 31.
Albion, 111., founded by Birkbeck,
19 ; visited by Schoolcraft, 23.
Alcott, Bronson, his " Psyche,"
79.
Alexandria, La., in 1823, 345.
AUouez, 4.
Almanacs, first printed in Cincin-
nati, 50, 57.
Ames, Mrs. Mary Clemmer, bi-
ographer of Gary sisters, 87;
quoted, 486.
Andrews, Dr. I. W., on first library
in Ohio, 135-9.
Anthology of "Western Poetry, the
first, 273 ; list of poets represent-
ed in, 274.
Antony and Cleopatra, W. H.
Lytle's origin of, note, 284.
Anti-slavery agitation, 240, 246,
297.
Appleseed, Johnny, notice of, 211.
Ark, 37, 409.
Ashe, Thomas, the " bone-stealer,"
16, 302.
Atwater, Caleb, Historv of Ohio,
26, 98, 379.
Audubon, J. J., ornithologist, 167,
311.
Aurora, The, Philadelphia, 391.
Backwoods, 32; Patterson's His-
tory of, 32 ; strange rumors con-
cerning, 325.
Bailey, Francis, down the Ohio in
1796, 15.
Bailey, Dr., Gamaliel, editor, 487.
Baker, Nathan F., sculptor, 323.
Ballard, Judge Henry S., and Mr.
Flint, 346.
Ballentyne, Dr. Elisha, 175.
Bancroft, Geo., Ohio in 1750, 5.
Baptists, the, in Kentucky, 200;
in Ohio, 203 ; in Illinois, 209.
Bar, the, of Yincennes, 259.
Barge or Bargee, described, 329.
Barry, Hon. Wm. T., orator, 244.
Bartram, John, botanist, 3.
Bartram, Wm., botanist, travels
of, 1 ; praised by Coleridge, 3.
Bascom, Rev. Henry, D.D., Meth-
odist preacher, 169, 213.
Bazaar, the, or " Trollope's Folly,"
352 355
Bear, 'the," and Mr. FUnt, 334.
Beecher, Miss Harriet, begins her
literary career, 378 ; early writ-
ings of, 418.
Beecher, Henry Ward, his first
sermons, 219.
Beecher, Dr. Lyman, 218; tried
for heresv, 219; his children,
219, 412, 422.
Beecher, Roxana Foote, wife of
Lyman Beecher, 417.
Belpre, Ohio, first Library, 135 ;
books of, 138.
Benham, Miss Henrietta, marries
G. D. Prentice, 409.
Bennett, Emerson, novelist, sketch
of, 291.
Best, Dr. Robert, 310.
Bethany College, W. Va., 221.
Bible Society at Vincennes, 265.
Biddle, Hon. Horace P., sketch of,
83.
Bigelow, Rev. Russell, Methodist
preacher, 216 ; his eloquence de-
scribed, 217 ; anecdote of, 216.
Big Harpe, the robber, 286.
(505)
506
Index,
Birkbeck, Morris, founds Albion,
111., 19; his settlement, 23; his
books, 28.
Birney, Jas. G., and the Philan-
anthropist, 240, 455.
Bishop, Dr. Robert H., sketch of,
176.
Bishop, Prof. R. H., sketch of,
177.
Bivouac of the Dead, the, quoted,
284.
Blackford, Judge Isaac, author,
262.
Bledsoe, Judge Jesse, 16G.
Bliss, Eugene F., 154; translates
Zeisberger's Journal, 155; Pres-
ident Ohio Historical Society,
155; makes catalogue of Tor-
rence Papers, 159 ; quoted,
199.
Blythe, Rev. James, 165.
Boathorn, the, Butler's poem on,
331.
Boatmen, on the Ohio, habits of,
330; on the Mississippi, their
wild ways, 339.
Boat-Songs, the French, 267; on
the Ohio, 268.
Bolton, Mrs. Sarah T., poet, sketch
of, 281.
Book, the first printed in the U.
S., 36; the first in Kentucky, 44;
in Ohio, 49 ; in Indiana, 52.
Books, of early travel, 1-24; his-
torical, 24-34; the first printed
in Kentucky, 44-49 ; the first in
Ohio, 49-52 ; in Indiana, 52.
Book-making, in America, 36; in
newspaper offices, 43; in Ken-
tucky, 44-49 ; in Ohio, 49-52 ; in
Indiana, 52.
Book-stores, 53-55 ; the first in
Kentucky, 53 ; the first in Cin-
cinnati, 53.
Boone, Daniel, explores Kentucky
in 1796, 7 ; relates his life to Fil-
8on, 9; in Missouri, 18; a manu-
script letter of, 134; where he
went to school, 188.
Bonner,, Robert, editor, 496.
Bossu, Capitaine, French traveler,
1 ; admired by Carlyle, 2.
Boyce, Jas. P., of Kentucky, his
library, 133.
Brackenridge, Judge H. H., writes
for Pittsburg Gazette, 36; his
" Modern Chivalry," 287.
Brackenridge, H. M., "Recollec-
tions" of, 17.
Bradbury, John, botanist, his
"Travels," 17; meets Daniel
Boone ; his lively style, 18.
Bradford, Daniel, conducts the
" Medley," in 1803, 58-59.
Bradford, ' John, first printer in
Kentucky, sketch of, 37 ; prints
books, 44-45.
Brainard, J. G., poet, and Prentice,
388.
Breck, Rev. \Vm., pioneer preach-
er 200.
" Brotherhood," the, on the Ohio,
95, 224.
Brough, John, his oratory, 247.
Brown, Henry, his " Illinois," 29.
Browne, Rev. John W., publisher,
41, 50-51.
Brown, Dr. Samuel, 166.
Brut^, Bishop, fosters learning in
Indiana, 255.
Bryan, Daniel, poet, 273.
Bryant, Edwin, 461.
Bryant, Wm. C, as editor, 392.
Buchanan, Dr. Joseph, editor of
the "Focus," 40, 48; of the
"Cadet," 66; author and pro-
fessor, 168.
Buchanan, Dr. Joseph Rhodes, ed-
itor end author, 168.
Buchanan, Robt., 152, 153, 154.
Buckeye dinner, a, described, 317.
Buckeye tree, the, Drake's speech
on, 318.
Buflaloes, 5, 6, 18.
Bullock, W., his travels in the
West, 24.
" Buntline, Ned, and L. A. Hine,
90 ; and Albert Pike, 92 ; sketches
by, 93.
Burnet, Alf, 84.
Burnet, Judge Jacob, his " N'otes "
on North-western Territory, 27,
148, 149.
Bushwhacking described, 338.
Butler, Mann, sketch of ; his Ken-
tucky, 25, 49; writes for West-
ern Messenger, 73 ; founds Louis-
ville Library, 132.
Butler, Noble, educator, 459, 461.
Butler, General Wm. O., his " Boat-
horn," 65.
Byron, Lord, reviewed by Gibbs
Hunt, 64.
Cadet, the Literary, 66.
Cairo, in 1815, 337.
Caldwell, Dr. Chas., the "American
Spurzheim," sketch of, 166, 206.
Caldwell, John D., 154.
Campbell, the liev. Alexander, or-
ganizes Disciples of Christ, 208;
Index.
507
sketch of, 220; his debates, 221,
422.
Camp-meeting, the, origin of, 206 ;
influence of, 207.
Cane, described, 11 ; used as torch,
23.
Cane Ridge church, the Ky., 207,
208.
Carlyie, Thomas, on the travels of
Bossu and Bartram, 1-2; ad-
mired in the West, 77 ; on
Brother Jonathan, 172, 486.
Carpenter, Joseph, pubHshes West-
ern Spy, 40.
Cartwright, Rev. Peter, Methodist
pioneer preacher, his eloquence,
212-213.
Cary, Alice, edits Parlor Magazine,
87 ; poem by, 88 ; birth and par-
entage, 482 ; the " two ghosts,"
483 ; her youth, 484; first poems,
485 ; contributes to " Herald of
Truth," 487; first volume of
poems, 488 ; and Whittier, 489 ;
life in New York, ** Clovernook,"
490 ; letters to Gallagher, 491-3 ;
poems and stories, 494 ; her home
on Twentieth street. New York,
496; writings, 497; death, 498;
her disappointment in love, 499 ;
her poetry characterized, 500-2 ;
her brothers, 502.
Cary, Phoebe, 484 ; first poems of,
485, 486; letter of, 487; first
volume of poems, 488; in New
York, 490, 496 ; death, 498.
Casket, the, 487.
Cass, Gov. Lewis, travels with
Schoolcraft, 22, 410.
Cassidy, Ben., author, quoted, 475.
Catholic Church, the, 197, 200 ; in
Indiana, 254.
Cauthorn, Henry S., quoted, 197 ;
chapter by, 254.
Cavelier, French explorer, 4.
Center College, Ky., 169.
Centinel, the, first newspaper in
Ohio, 40.
Chaiming, Dr. Wm. E., a letter of,
75 ; compares East and West, 76.
Channing, Rev. W. H., edits
Western Messenger, 72.
Chase, Salmon P., his History of
Ohio, 26 ; and the Ohio Histori-
cal Society, 151 ; his oratory,
247 ; his verse, 275 ; his marriage,
410, 429.
Chitwood, M. Louise, 403.
Christian Church, the, founded,
208.
Church, first in Marietta, 202 ; first
in Indiana, 254.
Cincinnati, first named Losanti-
ville, 10; and Thos. Ashe, 16;
visited by Nuttall, 20 ; first news-
paper in, 40; early publishing
in, 50-52, 66; first library, 139,
second, 140; in 1813, 144^5; the
Historical Society, 152; Literary
Club, 154; the "Tyre of the
West," 171 ; first schools of,
184; in 1805, 409; society in
1815, 333; intellectual activity
in, 417; schools in 1833, 421,
424-5.
Cincinnati Chronicle, sketch of,
414, 428.
Cincinnati College, history of, 178 ;
revived, 427 ; faculty of, 427-8.
Cincinnati Gazette, edited by
Hammond, 393; by Gallagher,
428.
Cincinnati Society for the Pro-
motion of Useful Knowledge,
426.
Circuit Courts, the, as educational
agents, 237.
Cist, Lewis J., sketch of, 486.
Clarke and Lewis, their travels,
18.
Clark, Bishop Davis W., edits
" Ladies' Repository," 100.
Clark, General Geo. Rogers, por-
trait of, 263.
Clarke, Rev. Jas. Freeman, edits
Western Messenger, sketch of,
72 ; letter from, 73-4 ; publishes
writings of Keats, 75 ; and poems
by Emergen, Holmes, and Very,
77-78 ; praises Hawthorne, 79.
Clarke, Robert, his Ohio Valley
Historical Series, 34; a con-
jecture of, 53 ; and the Ohio His-
torical Society, 154-5, 378.
Classical schools, earlv in the
W^est, 183.
Clay, Cassius M., mobbed in Lex-
ington, Ky., 240.
Clay, Henry, and John Bradford,
37, 171 ; his schoolmaster, 89 ;
his oratory, 242; extract from
speech of, 243 ; at Ashland, 335 ;
"Life of," by Prentice, 389 ; ad-
mired by Prentice, 399.
Clemmer,*Mrs. Mary. See Ames,
Mrs. Mary Clemmer.
Clermont Phalanx, the, 224.
Cleveland, Gen. Moses, 229.
Clifford, John D., naturalist, 62,
167.
508
Index,
Clinton, De Witt, statesman, 412.
Club, the Cincinnati Literary
Club, 154 ; the Filson, 8, 35.
Cochran, J. M., quoted, 410.
Coggeshall, Wm. T., trip to New
York, 84 ; on Gov. Morrow, 85 ;
buys "Genius of the West,"
109 ; reports Kossuth's speeches,
110; made state librarian, 110;
writings of, 116 ; his " Poets and
Poetry of the West," 110-17;
Minister at Quito, and death,
118.
Coleman, Wm., editor, 392.
Coleridge, S. T., praises Bartram's
"Travels," 3.
Colfax, Hon. Schuyler, as orator,
248.
College of Professional Teachers,
the, 317, 420-21, 425.
Collins, Judge Lewis, his History
of Kentucky, 25.
Collins, Dr. Richard, Ky., his-
torian, 25 ; his library, 133.
Communism in Ohio Valley, 224.
Conclin, Wm., book-seller, 53-55.
Conway, Moncure D., early writ-
ings, 105; edits Dial, 118; early
life, 119; articles by, 120; his
book reviews, 122.
Conway's " Dial," history of,
118-23.
Coppuck, Amelia B. See Welhy,
Amelia B.
Cordelling, on the Mississippi, 337.
Corn-husking, 2 ; in Kentucky, 20.
Corwin, Thomas, sketch of, 244;
his eloquence and humor, 245-6;
and Gallagher, 456.
Cosby, Fortunatus Kentucky poet,
280.
Course of study in early Western
colleges, 181.
Cox, Governor J. D., note, 118,
179.
Cox, Judge Jos., quoted, 410.
Craig, Rev. Lewis, Baptist preacher,
200.
Cranch, C. P., poet, writes for
Western Messenger, 7(>-77.
Creoles, the, on the Red river,
346.
Crisman, Rev. E. B., on camp-
meetings, 206.
Crittenden, Hon. J. J., orator,
244.
Cumberland Presbyterian Church,
origin of, 207.
Cummg, F., travels of, 18.
Curry, Otway, poet, 73, 81, 102;
sketch of, 278; tribute to, 279;
assists in editing Hesperian, 449,
488.
Curtiss, L. G., editor, 292.
Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, on educa-
tion, 173-4 ; on religious liberty,
201.
Cutler, Temple, quoted, 324.
Cutter, Captain George W., poet,
sketch of; his " Song of Steam,"
279.
Dana, E., travels of, 19.
Dawson, Moses, editor, and Ham-
mond, 394.
Dayton, O., first library, 146.
Debating societies, golden age of,
235; their utility, 236.
Deer, 5, 23.
Delafield, J., 148, 149.
De Lara, tragedy of, a rare copv,
378.
Derby, H. W., publisher, 456.
Derby, J. C, publisher, 462;
quoted, 474, 499.
Dexter, Julius, 154; librarian of
Ohio Historical Society, 159.
Dial, the Boston, 80, 120.
Dial, Conway's, 118.
Dickens, Charles, 3.
Dillon, John B., historian of Indi-
ana, 27-28 ; note on, 73.
Disciples of Christ, the, organized,
208.
Doddridge, Joseph, " Notes," 32.
Dorfeuille, Mons. J., as lecturer,
68, 311 ; collects curiosities, 312;
his " Hell," 314.
Douay, Anastase, French ex-
plorer, 4.
Douglass, Stephen A., his debates
with Lincoln, 248.
Dow, Lorenzo, sketch of, writings,
210.
Drake, Benjamin, writer, 68; his
Tales of the Queen City, 290,
418.
Drake, Hon. C. D., his poems re-
viewed in Western Messenger,
73, 418.
Drake, Dr. Daniel, on Cincinnati
books, 51 ; his parentage and
boyhood, 299; schooling, 300;
goes to Cincinnati, 301 ; his pre-
ceptor, Dr. Goforth, 302 ; studies
medicine in Philadelphia and
marries, 303; publishes notices
of Cincinnati, 304; his picture of
Cincinnati, 304-5; a founder of
Cincinnati College, 305 ; creates
a Circulating Library, 305 ; pres-
Index.
509
ident of School of Literature
and Arts, 306; obtains his de-
gree, 307 ; business ventures,
308 ; becomes a professor in Lex-
ington, Ky., 308; founds social
institutions, 308 ; his great med-
ical work, 309 ; an admirable
fighter, 309; his wide reputa-
tion, 310 ; founds the Western
Museum, 310 ; on intemperance,
315; his Vine street reunions,
316; aids the College of Profes-
sional Teachers, 316; his speech
on the Buckeye Tree, 318 ; views
on western literature, 320; his
writings, 321 ; death and charac-
ter, 322; life of, by Mansfield,
430.
Drake, Isaac, book-dealer, 53.
Drake, Josiah, book-seller, 54.
Drake, J. G., contributor to West-
ern Messenger, 73.
Drake, John T., book-seller, 53.
Drake, Samuel G., 158.
Draper, Dr. Lvman C, notice of,
92.
Drury, Asa, professor in Cincinnati
College, 428.
Duane, Wm., editor, 392.
Dudley, Dr. Ben. W., 166.
Dumont, Mrs. JuUa L., 91 ; de-
scribes a store boat, 101 ; sketch
of, 277 ; tales by, 288.
Dunlevy, Francis, early teacher in
Cincinnati, 184.
Dunn, Jacob P., jr., quoted, 162.
Durham, Howard, editor, founds
"Genius of the West," 107, and
the " New Western," 109.
Durrett, Colonel R. T,, brief sketch
of, his life of Filson, 8; founder
of Filson Club, 35 ; on old Ken-
tucky books, 47; on Kentucky
libraries, 129-133.
Dwight, Timothy, 412.
Earthquake, the great New Mad-
rid, 344.
Eggleston, Dr. Edward, 104 ; taught
by Mrs. Dumont, 277.
Eliot, Rev. Wm. G., contributor to
the Messenger, 73.
Elks, 5.
Elliott, C. W., author, 417.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, Carlyle
to, 1-2; contributes his first
Poems to the Western Messen-
ger, his genius recognized in the
West, 77-78 ; writes for Con-
way's Dial, 120; his "Conduct
of Life," 123.
Eolian Songster, the, 56, 268.
Este, Daniel K., 152 ; sentiment of,
230.
Eudists, a religious order, 266.
Evening Post, New York, 392.
Everett, Hon. Edward, 229 ; speech
at Yellow Springs, O., 230.
Ewing, Rev. John, 361.
Ewing, Hon. Thos., first college
graduate of Ohio, 175; his ora-
tory, 246.
Fairchild, Dr. Jas. H., quoted, 181.
Fawn, the Spotted, poem by W.
D. Gallagher, 455.
Fiction, writers of, their themes,
286.
Fiddles, on western boats, 330.
Filmore, Rev. A. D., edits " Tem-
perance Musician," 107.
Filson, John, his "Kentucky," 7;
life of, by Durrett, 8 ; his adven-
tures and death, 9-10, 163.
Filson Club, the, founded, 8 ; list
of publications of, 35.
Fink, Mike, the Last of the Boat-
men, 286.
Finley, Rev. James B., his narra-
tive, 101.
Finley, John, first humorous poet
of the West, 277.
Fire-hunting, 23 ; in Louisiana,
346.
Flaget, Bishop Benedict I., 254.
Flint, E. H., book-seller, his ad-
vertisement, 54.
Flint, Hezekiah, portrait of, 323.
Flint, Rev. Jas., epitaph by, 323.
Flint, Micah P., poet, 70; notice
of, 348.
Flint, Timothy, "Recollections,"
17; his history and geography of
Mississippi Valley, 31, 69; his
" Review," 70-71 ; his literary
creed, 70 ; birth and family con-
nection, 323 ; early recollections,
324 ; becomes a preacher, 326 ;
goes west as missionary, 326 ;
crosses the mountains, 327 ; de-
scends Ohio river, 328 ; describes
river navigation, 330; visits Ma-
rietta, 332; stops at Cincinnati,
333; visits General Harrison,
334 ; tour through Indiana and
Kentucky, 334-5 ; describes
Henry Clay, 335 ; descends to
the Mississippi, 336-7 ; residence
in Missouri, 340 ; at Post Arkan-
sas, 341 ; describes the great
earthquake, 344; at New Or-
leans, 345; at Alexandria, La.,
510
Index.
345; visits the Sabine country,
346; returns to Salem, 347; his
recollections published, 347;
lives in Cincinnati, 348; writes
Francis Berrien, 348; edits West-
ern Magazine and Review, 349 ;
a voluminous writer, 357 ; his
translations, 358-9 ; edits Knick-
erbocker Magazine, 358 ; returns
to the South, writes life of
Boone, 359; returns to Salem,
and dies, 360.
Foote, John P., starts Cincinnati
Type Foundry, 53; edits Lite-
rarv Gazette, 66 ; his appearance,
his'books, 69, 147, 152, 417.
Foote, Governor Samuel E., 412;
sketch of, 417.
Force, Hon. M. F., president Ohio
Historical Society, 153 ; quoted,
154, 156.
Force, Peter, 157.
Ford, Governor Thomas, his his-
tory of Illinois, 31.
Fosdick, W. W., 114; as novel-
ist, 296; quoted, 403, 477.
Francis Berrian, novel by Mr.
Flint, 348 ; praised by Mrs. Trol-
lope, 349.
Frankenstein, Godfrey and George,
paint Niagara Falls, 84.
Free Enquirer, the, 224.
Freeman, Edmund, buys Centinel,
40 ; prints territorial laws, 50.
Frenau, Philip, poet, 391.
French explorers, the, in Louisi-
ana, 1 ; on the Mississippi, 3-4 ;
on the Ohio, 5; in Southern Illi-
nois, 29 ; odd customs of, 30 ; at
Vincennes, Ind., 197, 254, 256.
Friends of Humanity, the, in Ken-
tucky, 240.
Frothingham, Rev. O. B., writes a
work for Conway's Dial, 120.
Fry, Dr. Benj. St. James, notice of,
93.
Fuller, Sarah Margaret, contributor
to Messenger, 79.
Fuller, Miss Meta V., sketch of,
112.
Gage, Mrs. Frances D., sketch of,
280; her popularity, 281.
Gales, Joseph, editor, 392.
Gallagher, Mrs. Emma A., 469.
Gallagher, John M., 81, 449.
Gallagher, Wm. D., reviewed in
Western Messenger, 73, 74; his
Hesperian, 80-1 ; president Ohio
Historical Society, 152-3; edits
Ohio State Journal, 449; edits
The Hesperian, 449; writes
'*The Dutchman's Daughter,"
450; his "Probus" letters, 450;
assistant editor of Cincinnati
Gazette, 451 ; candidate for state
legislature, 451 ; letter to Curry,
451; to the same, 453; charac-
teristics of his poetry, 454; his
poem, *'The Spotted Fawn,"
355 ; an opposer of slavery, 455 ;
edits Daily Message, 45o; and
Murat Halstead, 455 ; president
Historical and Philosophical So-
ciety of Ohio, 455 ; " Progress in
the North-west," 456; withdraws
from editorship of Cincinnati
Daily Gazette, 456; takes one
million dollars in gold from New
York to New Orleans, 457; an
anecdote about Corwin and Gal-
lagher, 458 ; connection with
Louisville Daily Courier, 459;
a challenge from Prentice, 460 ;
life and writings at Pewee Val-
ley, Ky., 460-1 ; connection with
the war, a threatening mob, 463 ;
positions of trust under Lincoln
and Chase, 464 ; war poems, 464 ;
his poetrv described and quoted,
466-7 ; "Miami Woods," 467-8 ;
his wife and family, 469; and
Amelia Welby, 471 ; quoted, 426 ;
Alice Gary to, 491-3.
Galloway, Samuel, orator, 98, 247.
Gano, Rev. Stephen, Baptist
preacher, 203.
Garfield, Jas. A., praises Galla-
gher, 465.
Gazette, The Cincinnati Literary,
Gazette, Cincinnati, becomes a
daily, 40 ; established in 1826, 52.
Genius of the West, the, 66, 107 ;
contributors to, 110-11.
Giddings, Joshua R., orator, 101,
247.
Girty, the renegade, 286.
Gist, Christopher, surveyor, crosses
Ohio, 5; in Miami Valley, 6;
with Washington, 6.
Glass, Prof. Francis, his backwoods
classic school, 189; his life of
Washington in Latin, 189, 194.
Goforth, Judge Wm., his diary
quoted, 184.
Goforth, Dr. Wm., 301 ; sketch of,
302.
Goforth, Dr., robbed of mammoth
bones by Thos. Ashe, 16.
Gordon, Dr. Wm., 165.
Index.
511
Goshorn, A. T., donates Centen-
nial Collection to Ohio Historical
Society, 159.
Gouging, prevalence of, 339.
Gould, Miss Hannah F., contrib-
utes to Hall's Magazine, 377.
Graham, Geo., 153; quoted, 154,
423-5.
Granville College, Ohio, founded,
179.
Gravier, French explorer, 4.
Greeley, Horace, and Gallagher,
459; visits Cary sisters, 488, 496.
Greene, Wm., Eulogy of, 419.
Grimke, Thos. S., 422.
Griswold, Rufus AV., author, 488.
Guignas, French explorer, 4.
Guilford, Nathan, writer and ed-
itor, 419, 424.
Gulliver's Travels, a rare copy,
134.
Gurley, Rev. John A., 485.
Halstead, Murat, and W. D. Galla-
gher, 455.
Hall, Judge James, historical writ-
ings, 31 ; writes for Flint's Re-
view, 70 ; his magazines, 71 ; lec-
tures in Cincinnati, 250 ; his an-
cestry, 361 ; birth and parentage,
362; schooling, 362; joins the
army, 363 ; military career, 364 ;
descends the Ohio, 365 ; his first
book, 366; describes the back-
woods, 367 ; law practice in Illi-
nois, 368; breaks up a thieves'
den, 369; his marriage, 370;
starts the Illinois Magazine, 371 ;
edits the AVestern Souvenir, 372 ;
publishes the Western Monthly
Magazine, 376 ; his controversial
writings, 379 ; his books, 381 ;
character of his writings, 382;
second marriage, 383; his mer-
cantile career, 384.
Hall, Captain James Harrison, 383.
Hall, John, 361.
Hall, John Ewing, professor, 362.
Hall, Joseph, and John Scull,
printers, 36.
Hall, Mrs. Mary Harrison, 371.
Hall, Mrs. Sarah, writer, 361.
Hall, Wm. Anderson, his literary
work, 383.
Halleck, Fitz-Greene, poet, writes
for Cincinnati Literary Gazette,
69.
Hamer, Thos. Lyon, orator, 247.
Hamline, Rev. L. L., edits "La-
dies' Repository," 99.
Hammond, Chas., journalist, writes
verse, 275; sketch of, 393-4; ed-
itor, 451.
Hanover College, Indiana, 177.
Harding, Benjamin, travels of, 19.
Harding, Lyman, note on, 179 ;
professor in Cincinnati College,
428.
Harmony, Rappe's fraternal settle-
ment at, 23.
Harney, John M., Kentucky poet,
276.
Harney, Wm. Wallace, Indiana
poet, note on, 276.
Harrison, President Benjamin, 176.
Harrison, Symmes, librarian at
Vincennes, 264 ; president of Ag-
ricultural Society, 265.
Harrison, Wm. Henry, governor
Iildiana Territory, 52, 149, 180 ;
toasts Daniel Webster, 234; as
public speaker, 248, 257; his
house at Vincennes, 258, 318;
keeps open table, 334, 336, 337 ;
life of, by INIoses Dawson, 394 ;
his presidential campaign, 398.
Hart, A. M., his history of Mis-
sissippi Valley, 32.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, appreci-
ated, 79.
Haves, ex-President R. B., quoted,
lY3.
Havs, Will. Shakespeare, ballad-
ist, 269.
Haywood, John, his histories of
Tennessee, 25.
Hecke welder. Rev. John, Moravian
missionarv, 198.
Hendricks, Thos. A., 248.
Hennepin, French explorer, 4.
Hentz, Mrs. Caroline Lee, quoted,
318; her novels, 377; her trage-
dies, 378.
" Herald of Truth," the, 95 ; con-
tributed to bv the Cary sisters,
487.
Herron, Joseph, 428.
Hervieu, August Jean, artist, 314 ;
sketch of, 349 ; his pictures, 350 ;
and the School of Fine Arts,
352 ; his portrait of Robert Owen,
352.
Hesperian, the history of, 80-81 ;
started, 449 ; contributors, 450.
Hickman, Rev. Wm., sr.. Baptist
preacher, 199.
Hildreth, Richard, historian,
quoted, 392.
Hildreth, Dr. S. P., historical writ-
ings, 27; writes for Genius of
the West, 112, 135, 148, 153.
512
Index,
Hine, Lucius A., sketch of, 90;
conducts " Literary Journal,"
joined by E. Z. C. Judson, 90;
a reformer, 93; edits "Quar-
terly Journal," 94 ; edits " Her-
ald of Truth," 95 ; and " Quar-
terly Review," 96 ; lectures and
writes stories, 97 ; on virtue,
104 ; encourages the Gary sisters,
487.
Historical and Antiquarian Society
of Vincennes, 262.
Historical and Philosophical Soci-
ety of Ohio, 147-160; list of
charter members, 147 ; the Cin-
cinnati, sketch of, 152.
Hitchcock, J. S., 96.
Hobbs, Hon. Barnabas, anecdote
of, 177.
Hoffman, Chas. Feno, author, 420.
Holy laugh, the, 344.
Hoop snake and whip snake, the,
325.
Holley, Rev. Horace, president
Transylvania University, 165 ;
his popularity, 166 ; his theol-
ogy, 169.
Holmes, O. W., writes for Western
Messenger, 78.
Hosmer, Rev. Geo. W., 73.
Household of Bouverie, the, a
novel, 462.
Howe, Henry, his wonderful " Col-
lections" of Ohio, his travels,
27.
Howe, Mrs. Sarah J., poems by,
102.
Howells, Wm. Dean, an Ohio man,
120; writes for Conway's Dial,
121 ; poems first noticed by Con-
way, 121.
Hunt, Wm. Gibbs, writer, 40, 58;
his Western Review, 62.
JJjinois College, beginning of,
180-1.
Illinois, State of, Filson in, 9 ; his-
tories of, 28-31; first college,
180.
Indiana, State of, as seen in 1821,
22-23; histories of, 27-28; its
earl^ press, 42 ; territorial organ-
ization, 52 ; early schools, 180.
Indians, the, fight as they yield,
2. aii<l the Jesuits, 4; visited by
(iisi ;iim1 Croghan, 5; at Piqua,
Ohio, 'i; kill Filson, 10; on the
Wabash, -L' ; their mode of de-
coying dt*er, 23; conflicts with,
63, 170; the Moravian, 196; and
French Catholics, 254.
Infernal Regions, the, of Western
Museum, 314.
Jackson, Jethro, starts "Parlor
Magazine," 86.
James, Hon. Chas. P., and Gal-
lagher, 465.
James, IJ. P.,- sketch of, 56 ; pub-
lishes Eolian Songster, 268.
Jefferson, Thomas, 161, and per-
sonal journalism, 391.
Johnny Appleseed, notice of, 211.
Judson, Edward Z. C. (Ned Bunt-
line), and L. A. Hine, 90 ; sketch
of, 294 ; letters from, 295 ; obitu-
ary, 296; conducts Literary
Journal, 454.
Julian, Isaac H., sketch of, 105.
Justice, Richard, Cherokee chief,
341.
Keats, George, 75.
Keats, John, 74-5.
Keel-boat, the, 329, 336.
Kemper, Rev. Jas., Presbyterian
preacher, 204.
Kentucky Institute, the, 169.
Kentucky, State of, 6, 7, 9-12, 14,
24-5, 38; first books, 44; first
magazine, 58 ; libraries, 129 ;
schools, 162 ; churches, 200, 206;
orators, 244; society, 335, 382;
people and customs, 334-5.
Kidd, Hudson A., 90.
Kidder, Rev. D. P., 101.
King, General Edward, 431.
King, Hon. Rufus, sketch of, 431.
Kinmont, Alexander, sketch of,
423.
Kinney, Coates, 96, 104; his Rain
on the Roof, 108, 110, 495.
Kingsborough, Lord, 157.
Kossuth, 84; reported by Cogge-
shall, 110.
Lady's Book, Moore's Western,
82 ; contributors to, 83-4.
Lafayette, the Marquis, praised,
68; in Lexington, Ky., 168; in
the West, 229 ; historical picture
of, 350; meets an old friend,
352 ; and Morgan Neville, 375.
Lancaster Academy, Cincinnati,
178.
Land Reform, 93-6.
Lake, Mrs. Sarah, first Sunday-
school teacher in Ohio, 183.
Lane, Ebenezer, 148.
Larrabee, Prof. W. C, 100.
La Salle discovers Ohio river, 5.
Law, Judge John, his history of
Vincennes, 28.
Index.
513
Laws, territorial, 49, 52.
Lawyers of early Indiana, 262.
Lazarns, Dr. ^I. E., translations
from French, 121.
Leatherwood God, the, 226.
Lecturers in the West, 249, 252;
from the East, 252.
Le Sueur, French explorer, 4.
Lewis and Clarke, their travels,
18.
Lexington, Ky., Filson in, 9 ; first
printing press in, 87; libraries,
129-31; founded, 162; first
schools, 163 ; a rival to Cincin-
nati, 170 ; a seat of culture, 171 ;
visited by Mr. Flint, 335.
L'Hommedieu, Richard, 456.
L'Hommedieu, Stephen, 456.
Library, the Transylvania, 129,
168; the Lexington, Ky., 129;
its treasures, 131 ; first in Louis-
ville, sketch 'of, 132; Colonel
Durrett's, 133; curiosities in,
134; first in North-west Terri-
tory, 135 ; the Putnam, the Bel-
pre, 135 ; history of by Dr. An-
drews, 135-9; the Cincinnati,
139; the Coon-skin, 139-40; the
Circulating, 140; curious by-
laws of, 143 ; strict rules, 146 ;
the Ohio Historical, 157 ; Young
Men's Mercantile, of Cincinnati,
organized, 250 ; first in Indiana,
255 ; Vincennes, 263.
Libraries, 129 et seq.; private in
Kentucky, 133; of Dayton, O.,
145.
Lincoln, Abraham, boyhood of,
189; how he learned, 236; his
eloquence, 249 ; consults Dr.
Drake, 310 ; anecdote of, 400.
Lippard, George, novelist, 296.
Lisa, Manuel, king of fur traders,
341.
Literary Club, the Cincinnati,
original members, 154.
Literary Journal and Monthly
Eeview, 454.
Literary Periodicals, list of, 124-
128.
Little, Harvey D., Ohio poet, 279.
Lizst, anecdote of, 122.
Locke, Prof. John, a pioneer in
science, 68, 113; lectures in Cin-
cinnati, 250.
Long, Stephen H., travels of, 19.
Longley, Elias, phonographic pub-
lisher, sketch of, 108, 485.
Longworth, Joseph, an oration by,
317.
33
Longworth, Nicholas, 282, 317;
gives lot for Cincinnati Observa-
tory, 416.
Lord, Mrs. C. W., librarian Ohio
Historical Society, 155; describes
Torrence Papers, 159-60.
Losantiville, named by Filson, 10.
Louis Philippe and Morgan Neville,
374, 375.
Louisville Advertiser, edited by
Penn, 394.
Louisville Daily Courier, 549.
Louisville Journal, established,
391 ; rank, 403 ; contributors to,
403.
Louisville, Ky., Filson Club, 8 ;
visited by Filson, 9 ; by Nuttall,
21 ; first newspaper, 39; McMur-
trie's sketches of and Mann But-
ler's sketch of, 49 ; the home of
George Keats, 75; first library,
132.
Ludlow Station, sketch of, 410.
Lundy, Mrs. Newel Venable, 494.
Lytle mansion, the, 301.
Lytle, General Wm. Haines,
sketch of ; his "Anthony and
Cleopatra," 284.
Lythe, Rev. John, 199.
Magazine, " The Parlor," 86 ; con-
tributors to, 87 ; edited by Alice
Cary, 87.
Magruder, Allan Bowie, as politi-
cal writer, 61.
Major, Colonel S. I. M., his list of
Kentucky newspapers, 38 ; his
library, 133.
Mammoth bones, 6, 16.
Mann, Horace, President Antioch
College, 86, 93, 251.
Mansfield, Edward Deering, birth
and early life, 409 ; life at Lud-
low Station, Cincinnati, 410 ; at
Mt. Comfort, 411 ; education in
West Point, Princeton, and
Litchfield Law Schools, 412 ; his
father's distinguished friends,
412; goes to Cincinnati, 413;
literary connection with Ben-
jamin Drake, 414; edits Cincin-
nati Chronicle, 414; forms law
partnership with 0. M. Mitchel,
415 ; his " Political Grammar,"
415-16 ; contributes to Flint's
Review, 70, 417 ; services to the
common schools, 421 ; educa-
tional books, 427; professsor in
Cincinnati College, 428 ; as news-
paper writer, 428 ; Commissioner
of Statistics for Ohio, 429; and
514
Index.
Governor Morton, 429; on the
education and rights of women,
429-30 ; historical writings, 430 ;
married life, 430-31 ; portraiture
of, 432.
Mansion, the old St. Clair, 106-7.
Marietta, first school in, 182.
Marietta College, founded, 179.
Marquette, French explorer, 2, 4.
Manrat, Captain, 3.
Marshall, Humphrey, his History
of Kentucky, and sketch of life,
24 ; life of, 35, 58.
Matthews, Prof. T. J., lectures on
iSymmes's Theory, 68 ; teaches
in Lexington, 167.
Maxwell, Wm., first Cincinnati
printer, 40 ; publisher, 44.
Maxwell's code, 49.
McBride, James, his Pioneer Biog-
graphy, 38.
McCabe, Dr. Lorenzo Dow, 175.
McClung, Rev. John A., his
Sketches, 33.
McClure, Wm., geologist, 150.
McClure Working Men's Library,
the, 264.
McDonald, John, his Sketches, 33,
101.
McGuffey, Dr. Wm. H., sketch of,
178, 422; President Cincinnati
College, 427.
McKinney, John, and the wild
cat, 163.
McLean, Judge John, orator,
247.
Medical College of Ohio, organ-
ized, 308.
Medley, the, 58 ; prospectus of, 59 ;
its contents, 61.
Meline, Colonel James, Florant,
Sketch of, 384.
Membre, French explorer, 4.
Messenger, the Western, 71.
Methodist Book Concern, 97; lo-
cated in St. Clair mansion, 106.
Mexican Antiquities, 156-7.
Miami Purchase, the 176.
Miami University, founded, dis-
• tinguished alumni, 176.
Miami Woods, poem by Gallagher,
467-8.
Michaux, F. A., his travels in the
West, 15.
Mill, Morrow's, on the Little Mi-
ami, Frankenstein's picture of,
85.
Millerite Tabernacle, the, in Cin-
cinnati, 222.
Mitchel, General 0. M., professor
in Cincinnati College, 179; sketch
of, 415-416, 426-7.
Monette, John W., his History of
Mississippi Valley, 31.
Monfort, Rev. F. C., account of
first Presbyterian church in Cin-
cinnati, 204-5.
Moore, Rev. James, 165.
Moravian Missionaries, the, 189.
Morton, Hon. Oliver P., orator,
248 ; anecdote of, 429.
Morgan, Ephraim, pioneer printer,
51-52 ; his large business, 52, 55.
Mormonism, 221.
Morris, Hon. Thomas, orator, 247.
Morrow, Governor Josiah, account
of, 85.
Mound Builders, relics of, 156.
Murray, Orson S., described by
Whittier, 121 ; writes his own
funeral sermon, 122.
Muse of Hesperia, the, a poem,
275.
Museum, the Western, lectures at,
68, 311-15 : Letton's, 315.
Muskingum Academy, founded,
183.
•Mussey, F. D., editor, on pulpit
orators, 214-18.
Mussey, R. D., writes for Conway's
Dial, 121.
National Era, the, 487.
National Gazette, 391, 392.
National Intelligencer, started, 392.
National Road, the, in 1825, 347.
Nashoba, Tenn., and Fannv
Wright, 223.
Navigation, on the Ohio, 330.
Neville, Morgan, writes " Mike
Fink," 288 ; sketch of, 373.
New England Review, edited by
Prentice and Whittier, 388-9.
New England Society, the, of Cin-
cinnati, 158.
New Harmony, Indiana, Owen's
Community in, 222.
New Light doctrines, 205, 208, 219 ;
hymn, 220.
New Madrid, Mo., in 1819, 344.
Newspapers, first, in Ohio Valley,
36, 37, 40; list of Kentucky,
38-39 ; list of Ohio, 41-2 ; whole
number in 1813 and 1824, 43.
Newton, John M., librarian Ohio
Historical Society, 155-158.
Nichols, Mrs. Rebecca S., sketch
of, 281.
Nonpareil, the Cincinnati dailv,
97.
Nordhoflf, Charles, 105.
Index.
515
Novel, first western, 287.
Novels, earliest western, 287 ; of
Scott, Cooper, and Irving, 288.
Nuttall, Thomas, his travels, 19 ;
description of a river tavern, 20 ;
impressions of Louisville, 21.
Observatory, the, Cincinnati, dedi-
cated, 250; first west of Alle-
ghanies, 410, 416, 427.
O'Hara, Theodore, Kentucky poet,
283 ; his " Bivouac of the Dead,"
284.
Ohio River, the French on, 4; dis-
covered by La Salle, 5 ; visited
by Washington, 7; navigated by
Filson, 9; by F. Baily, in 1796,
15 ; by other travelers, 17 ; by
Nuttall, 19-21.
Ohio, State of, in 1751, 1 ; explored
by Gist and Croghan, 5 ; histories
of, 26-27 ; early press in, 49 ;
first book printed in, 49; first
library, 135 ; first schools in, 182,
et seq.
Ohio University, the, founded, 174 ;
distinguished graduates, 175.
Ohio Valley, explored by white
men, 5 ; canebrakes of, 11 ; early
travels in, 17-18 ; books concern-
ing, 23 ; histories of, 31, 32, 33.
Ohio Valley Historical Series, 34.
Orators, of Kentucky, 244; of Ohio,
246-7 ; of Indiana and Illinois,
248.
Ordinance of 1787, the, encourages
education, 172.
Osgood, Rev. Samuel, begins lit-
erary career in West, 76,
Owen, David Dale, 94.
Owen, Robert, debate with A.
Campbell, 221 ; his community
at New Harmony, 222 ; portrait
of, by Hervieu, 352.
Owen, Robert Dale, and Miss
Wright, 224.
Packhorse, 37, 52.
Paper-mills at Zanesville, O., 26 ;
the first in Georgetown, Ky., and
on the Miami, 43.
Parke, Benjamin, founds first Bible
Society in Indiana, 265.
Parker, Benj. S., poet ; sketch of,
115.
Parker, Prof. James K., a pioneer
teacher, letter by, 190.
Parlor Magazine, 86^9.
Paroquets, 12, 23 ; the green, 334,
338.
Patterson, A. W., History of the
Backwoods, 32.
Peabody, Miss Elizabeth P., writes
for Western Messenger, 79 ; for.
the Boston Dial, 80.
Peabody, Rev. Ephraim, starts
Western Messenger, 71, 72 ; be-
comes an invalid, 74.
Peabody, Joseph, patron of Tim-
othy Flint, 326.
Peck, Rev. John Mason, his books,
28, 31 ; on early Illinois schools,
188 ; on pioneer preachers, 209 ;
sketch of, 211-12.
Peirce, Thomas, author of Horace
in Cincinnati, 68 ; sketch of,
276.
Penn, Shadrach, issued Advertiser
in 1819, 40; publishes books in
1819, 49 ; and Prentice, 394.
Percival, Jas. G., poet, 412 ; anec-
dote of, 413.
Periodicals, literary, list of, 124-8.
Perkins, Jas. H., his Annals of the
West, 31 ; edits Western Messen-
' ger, 72, 149, 152, 417.
Perrin, Wm. H., quoted, 391.
Pewee Valley, home of Gallagher,
460.
Philanthropist, the, anti-slavery
paper, 455.
Piatt, Hon. John James, his " Pen-
ciled Fly-Leaves," 179 ; edits G.
D. Prentice's Poems, 404.
Pickett, Albert, Sr., organizes Col-
lege of Professional Teachers,
421-22.
Pike, General Albert, travels of,
18 ; poems reviewed, 73 ; writes
for " Western Literary Journal ;"
sketch of, 92.
Pingree, Rev. E. M., Universalist
preacher, debates with Dr. Rice,
222.
Piqua, Ohio, an Indian village, 6.
Pirogue, 329.
Pittsburg Gazette, the, first issued
36, 44.
Pittsburg wagons in 1815, 327.
Plimpton, Florus B., 84 : poet and
editor, 114, quoted, 476.
Plug, Colonel, the boat-wrecker,
286.
Poe, Edgar A., quoted, 473 ; praises
Amelia B. Welbv, 478, 488.
Poetry, in the Medley of 1803, 61 ;
American, in 1819, 64; of the
Literary Gazette, 1824, 68-69; of
the Western Messenger, 73, 77,
78, 102 ; vast quantity of, 269.
Poets and Poetry of the West,
Coggeshall's account of, 274.
516
Index.
Political Club, the, of Danville,
Ky., its members, 235.
Portfolio, the, Philadelphia, 3(32,
364, 360.
Posey, Captain John, 370.
Posey, Thomas, 370.
Post Arkansas in 1819, 341.
Potter, M. D., 459.
Powers, Hiram, makes wax figures
and clock-work, 314 ; and Mons.
Herv'ieu, 351.
Prayer, a strange view of, 121.
Prentice, George Dennison, early
life and education, 386-7 ; edits
New England Review, 388 ; and
Whittier, 389; his ''Life of
Clay," 389; and Greeley, 393;
and Shadrach Penn, 394; pub-
lishes " Prenticeiana," 395 ; "the
darling of the mob," 397 ; rela-
tions with the war, 399; his wor-
ship of Henry Clay, 399 ; a lec-
turing experience, 400; mar-
riage, 400 ; last days and death,
401 ; statute of, in Louisville,
402 ; his poems, 404-5-6 ; his
opinion of Byron, 407 ; "To an
Absent Wife," quoted, 407 ; at-
tacks Gallagher in an editorial,
459 ; challenges him, 460.
Prenticeiana, 395.
Presbyterian church, 164; in Ken-
tucky, 200 ; in Ohio, 200-205.
Press in Mexico, in New England,
in Pittsburg, 36 ; first in Ken-
tucky, 37 ; first in Cincinnati,
40 ; the early, in Ohio, 41 ; in
Indiana, 42; the early periodi-
cal, 58 et seq.
Psalmody splits the church, 44.
Publishers, the backwoods, 43 ;
first in Kentucky, their product,
44-49; in Lexington, 44-46; in
Washington and Frankfort, K^.,
47; in Louisville, 48-49; in Cm-
cinnati, 49-52, 55-56; in Vin-
cennes, Ind., 52.
Pulpit oratory, 213.
Purcell, Bishoj) John B., debate
with Campbell, 221, 422.
Putnam, Kuius, and Ohio Univer-
sity, 174; on Latin schools, 183;
in 1815, 332.
Quisenberry, A. C, 24; discovers
a copy of the Medley, 58; ac-
count of the discovery, (JO.
Rafinesque, Prof. C. S., writes for
Hunt's Review on Ohio river
and its fishes, 62 ; writes for Lit-
erary Gazette, 67 ; sketch of,
167-8.
Ragnet, Captain Andv, writi r, :>(i;5.
" liain on the Roof, history of,
108-109.
Raper, Rev. Wm. H., pulpit ora-
tor, 213; anecdote of, 215.
Rappe, Frederick, his fraternal set-
tlement at Harmony, 23.
Rattlesnakes, 18; eaten by the
pigs, 172.
Read, Dr. Daniel, 175.
Reed, Peter Fishe, painter, poet,
and story writer, 113-114.
Regenerator, the, radical paper,
121.
Reid, AVhitelaw, on Governor
Brough, 247.
Reily, John, teacher, first school-
house in Ohio, at Columbia, Cin-
cinnati, 184.
Repository," the Ladies', 97 ; con-
tributors, 100; also 105.
Revivals, religious, in Kentucky,
207.
Reynolds, Jeremiah N., descrip-
tion of Francis Glass's school,
189.
Reynolds, Governor John, his
" Pioneer History of Illinois,"
description of French settle-
ments, 29; his account of the
king's balls, 30.
Rice, Rev. David, teaches, 104-200 ;
in Cincinnati, 204.
Rice, Hon. Harvey, noble life of,
282.
Rice, Rev. N. L., debate witli
Campbell and Pingree, 222.
Richmond Enquirer, 392.
Ritchie, Thomas, editor, 392.
Rouse, Miss Bathsheba, teaches
first school in Ohio, 182.
Russell, Addison Peale, author,
note on, 245.
Ruter, Dr. Martin, 194.
Sackville, Fort, 258.
Saflford, Dr. James M., 175.
Sav, Thomas, 150.
Schenck, Cxeneral R. C, and Gal-
lagher, 4()5.
School, the first in Kentucky, 1()3;
in Ohio, 181; in Indiana, 180,
255.
School of Literature and the Arts,
306.
School-books of the Backwoods,
192, 193.
Schoolcraft, H. R., his "Tmvels"
Index.
517
in 1821, Indian school at Fort
Wayne, a night in a wigwam, a
savage carouse, 22 ; tire-hunting
on the Wabash, Vincennes, Al-
bion, Harmony, 23.
School-house, the, in pioneer days,
187-8; the ''model," 424.
Schurz, Carl, quoted, 189.
Scott, Dr. Wm. H., 175.
Scull, John, founds Pittsburg Ga-
zette, 36; issues books, 44.
Semicolon Club, 297, 31G, 417;
members of, 418, 420.
Seminary of Rapide, La., described,
345.
Sentinel and Star in the West, the,
485.
Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, 21,337.
Shea, John Gilmary, his historical
labors, 4.
Shreve, Thos. H., writer, praised,
78.
Shuck, Mike, the trapper, 286.
Simms, W. Gilmore, 91.
Sisson, Miss Harriet (Mrs. Daniel
Drake), 414.
Smart, Hon. Chas. S,, 175.
Smith, Hon. 0. H., his " Reminis-
cences," 28,
Smith, AVinthrop B., starts firm of
Truman & Smith, 52,
Soda water, first, in the West, 308.
Song-book, first, in the West, 268.
Song- writing in early days, 269.
Sorosis, the, Woman's Club of
New York city, Alice Cary first
president of, 497,
Souvenir, the Western, 372.
Spaniards, 2, 5.
an early teacher.
Ezra,
Spencer,
186.
Spofford, A. R.
Stanbery, Hon.
154.
Henry, orator, 247.
'in
Stanlev, Lord, Earl of Derbv
Kentucky, 168.
St. Charles, Mo., in 1816, 340.
St, Clair, General Arthur, his
mansion, 106-7; a speech of,
228.
St. Cosme, French explorer, 4.
Steamboat, the first on the Ohio,
328.
Steele, Robt. W., on Dayton libra-
ries, 145, 176.
Ste. Genevieve, an old French
town, 339.
Stetson, Charles, 419.
Stevens, Rev. A,, writings of, 104.
St. Gabriel College, Vincennes,
266.
St. Louis in 1816, 340.
Stoddard, Amos, travels of, 18.
Stone, Rev. Barton W., founds
Stoneites, 208.
Stone, Colonel Wm. L., historian,
412.
Storer, Hon. Bellamv, orator, 98,
247.
Stories in Hall's Western Souve-
nir, 288 ; in Cincinnati Mirror,
288.
Story, Rev. Daniel, chaplain of
Marietta colony, 201-2.
Stout, Elihu, starts Vincennes Sun
in 1803, 42; publishes laws of
Indiana Territory, 52; first
printer in Indiana, 259, 260.
Stowe, Calvin E., lectures in Cin-
cinnati, 250, 421,
Stowe, Mrs. Plarriet Beecher, 106 ;
her first writings, 278; "Unde
Tom's Cabin," 297, 418, 420.
Stubbs, Robert, founds Newport
Academy, Ky., 186.
Sullivant, Jos., 147; quoted, 149.
Swift, Alexander, 490.
Swiggert, Mrs. Eleanor M,, de-
scribes E, D, Mansfield, 432.
Sycamore Tree, huge trunk of,
332,
Symmes, John Cleves, 176, 198.
Tappan, Benj., 147, 150,
Tavern Signs, pictorial, 327.
Taylor, Jas. W., 111.
Taylor, Zachary, at Vincennes, 23;
a rising hero, 63, 259.
Teachers, the College of Profes-
sional, 317, 421, 422, 426.
Teeft, Rev. B. F., edits Ladies' Re-
positorv, 100; writes "The
Shoulder Knot," 101.
Telfer, R. J., woodcuts by, 84.
Telford, Chas. L,, Professor in Cin-
cinnati College, 428.
Tennessee, State of, first settle-
ments, 7 ; histories of, 25 ; news-
papers, 43.
Theater, the, stimulates literary
eflfort, 269.
Thespian Society, the Vincennes,
260,
Thomas, Calvin W,, 290,
Thomas, E, S,, pioneer author,
290.
Thomas, Frederick W., po^ and
novelist, 290.
518
Index,
Thompson, Rev. E., notice of, 100.
Thompson, Peter (i.. author, 51.
Thompson, Hon. nicliai.l W., ora-
tor, 248.
Thurston, Laura M., poet, qnoted,
273.
Todd, Colonel John, an education-
al benefactor, 162.
Torrence, Aaron, gift to Ohio His-
torical Society, 15{)-60.
Torrence Papei-s, the, in Ohio His-
torical Library, 159.
Tosso, Jose, violinist, and the Trol-
lopes, 354 ; sketch of, 356 ; on
Morgan Neville, 375.
Toulman, Henry, in Kentucky, his
publications, 13, 1(>4.
"Transactions" of the College of
Teachers, rare books, 425.
Transylvania University, 62; first
commencement of, 65; writers
in, 67 ; library of, 129-30 ; found-
ed, 162, 164; organized, 165; fac-
ulty and librarv, 168; alumni,
169.
Trees, 5, 15, 21, 70 ; immense size
of, 332.
Trollope, Mrs. Frances, 3; de-
scribes Western Museum, 313 ;
in Cincinnati, 353 ; her house,
354 ; gives a party, 355 ; builds
the Bazaar, 355 ; admires Mr.
Flint, 357.
Trollope, Henry, plays " Falstatf,"
354.
Trollope, Thos. Adolphus, remi-
niscences of Cincinnati, 353.
Tupper, Martin Farquhar, writes
for " Ladies' Repository," 102-3.
Type, cut from dog- wood in Ken-
tucky, 37 ; first foundry of, in
Ohio Valley, 43, 56.
" Uncle Tom's Cabin, origin of,
297 ; first appearance, 487.
Unitarian revival, the, 208.
Unitarianism, in Ohio Valley, 201 >.
Universulism, in the AVest, 209 ;
debates on, 222.
University, Transylvania, 62, (>5,
67, 129-30, 162, 164, 165, 168, 169;
the Ohio, founded, 174; distin-
guished graduates, 175; Miiuiii,
176; Vincennes, 2()1.
Utopia, foumled by Josiah War-
ren, 224.
Van Cleve, John W., 147, 149.
Varnura, Judge J. M., orator, 227.
Vaughn, Prof. Daniel. U'cturer,
250.
Very, Jones, letter of to J. F.
Clarke, 78 ; sonnets by, 79 ;
writes for Boston Dial, 80.
' \'eteran Observer," nom deplume,
iA v.. D. Mansfield, 428.
\ ('va\ . Indiana, founded, 334.
Victor, Mrs. M. V., novelist,
sketch of, 112.
Victor, O. J., editor and author,
112.
Vincenne, Francois Morgan De,
254, 257 ; his death, 258.
Vincennes, John Filson at, 9 ; in
1821, 23; the Western Sun, 42;
early printing, 52 ; first school
and college, 180; the first church,
197; literary institutions at, 254;
its settlers, 258.
Vincennes Historical and Anti-
quarian Society, 262.
Vincennes Library, the, 263.
Vincennes Universitv, 261.
Vincent, Rev. .1. H., "104.
Virginia School Act, tlu-, of 1780,
164.
Virginia, State of, Ohio Company
of, 5 ; sends Washington west, 6.
Volney, ('. 1\. his travels in
America, IG.
Wabash College, Indiana, founded,
180.
Wade, Benjamin F., orator, 247.
Wagner, Richard, heralded, 122.
W^agon, a famous, 324-5.
Wagoners of the AUeghanies, their
songs, 268 ; described, 327.
Walden, Bishop J. M., early writ-
ings of, 111.
Walker, Hon. Tim-.tliv. 11^. 1 I't.
158.
Wallace, Wm. Ross, Keutuckv
poet, 280 ; letter to W. D. Gal-
lagher, 161.
Walsh, Robert, editor, 392.
Ward, Nahurn, his rare panii)hKt
on Ohio, 26.
Ward, James Warner, author and
music composer, 113.
Warfield, Mrs. C. A., author of the
"Household of Bouverir/' '_'*i7.
4()1, 403.
Warren, Josiah, Ins conuiuini.^tic
ideas, 224.
Washington, Cieorge, his journey
to the Ohio country, adventures
on the Alleghany, 6; at the
Forks of the Ohio, 7 ; on educa-
tion, 161.
Watterson, Henry, praises Pren-
tice, 391.
Index.
519
Wax figures made by Hiram
Powers, 314.
Weaver, Rev. Geo. ^., 95.
Webster, Daniel, banquet to, in
Cincinnati, 280 ; his speech, 233 ;
praises Hamraonti, 394, 451.
Welby, Mrs. Amelia B., early life,
471-2-3; praised by Gallagher,
471 ; her first poems, 474 ; her
marriage, personal appearance,
and character, 475 ; "Amelia-
worship," 476; "Poems of
Amelia," 477 ; praised by Poe,
478; her tomb in Louisville,
481.
Weld, Isaac, Jr., his travels in
America, 13 ; his pettishly scorn-
ful book, 14; amusing descrip-
tion of Western people, 14-15.
Western Academician, 425.
Western Association of Writers,
the, 115, 281.
Western Museum, the, 310 et seq.
Western Reserve College, Ohio,
founded, 179.
Western Review, the, Hunt's,
62-66.
Western Souvenir, the, first an-
nual of the West, 288, 372.
Western Spy, the, 40, 41, 66.
Western Sun, the, first newspaper
in Indiana, 42, 52.
Whelpley, Albert W., 496.
Whiskv, drinking, 13, 20, 22, 188,
191. "
White, Jas., advertises English
school in 1799, 185.
Whitman, Walt, praised by Con-
way, 122-123.
Whittlesey, Colonel Charles, 93,
149, 152.
Whittier, John G., edits New
England Review, 389 ; and the
Gary's, 488 ; poem of, 489.
Wild turkeys, 5, 21.
Willard, Mrs. Emma, 412.
Williams, MiloG., 422.
Williams, John Fletcher, 98.
Williams, Samuel, pioneer writer,
98; on William Tell, 104.
Williamson, Geo. T., 157.
Willson, Byron Forceythe, poet,
sketch of, 285.
Wilson, Rev. Joshua L., 205 ;
charges Lvman Beecher with
heresv, 218, 422.
Wilson, Rev. Peter, 205.
Wilson, Robert Burns, poet, artist,
284.
Wilson, Rev. Robert G., 175.
Wilson, Rev. S. R., 205.
Wilstach, John A., lawyer and
author, 416.
Wistar, Dr. Casper, 307.
Withers, A. S., his " Chronicles,"
32.
Wollstonecraft, Mary, and Captain
Imlay, 10; marries Wm. Good-
win, 12.
Wolsey, Theodore, 412.
Worth, Gorham A., prints first
book of verse in Ohio, 275.
Worthington, Governor Thomas,
410.
Wreckers on the Ohio, 21,
Wright, Miss Frances, her career,
223-4.
Zachos, John C, sketch of, 93, 155.
Zeisberger, Rev. David, his diary,
199.
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