Full text of "Benjamin Franklin, printer"

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
PRINTER

THE f.T-

ASTOR, fNox

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

I 706-1 790

An idealized interpretation of the portrait by J. S. Duplessis.
Reproduced from an engraving by A. Krause, in the possession of the author.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
PRINTER.

BY
JOHN CLYDE OSWALD.

***

■» ♦ 7 » •

■ . » •

, » • > » >*

Published by
Doubleday, Page & Company

/for
The Associated Advertising Clubs

of the World.

1917.

1/V

V THE

Jll rights reserved, including that of
' ' ;\'' • '• ' 'tfdnsialipn into foreign languages,
• X • .' '•' '. .'*■ ' ' "(including the Scandinavian

« • * » .

Ed^ar Fahs Smith

Provost of the University of

Pe7insylvania

Educator, Chemist, Publicist,

Creative Leader of American Thought

this book is dedicated

in grateful appreciation of

his cordial and abundant hospitality

to the delegates to the
Twelfth Annual Convention of the
Associated Advertising Clubs
of the World,

TO (jfe (5AS <^fe C

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7^9 the Judicious and Impartial

READER.

Courteous Reader^

•^##J|#S#NE of my day dreams contained the hope
fjt O #X# that business cares might some day relax
#S##Jt#|' sufficiently to permit devoting the time
necessary to a careful performance of what I felt
would be an agreeable task, the writing of a book
on the life of that many-sided man, Benjamin
Franklin, dealing primarily with his activities as a
printer, using the word in the sense which it pos-
sessed in his time, when it included printing, ed-
iting, publishing, and advertising.

Many years ago I began to collect on a modest
scale what is known as Frankliniana — books re-
lating to Franklin's history, editions of his writings,
specimens of the product of his press, reproductions
of his portraits, etc., and as the collection grew my
wonder increased that although Benjamin Frank-
lin himself placed so much emphasis upon that
part of his activities which related to printing,
among all the published books about him and his

Vll

viii To the READER,

accomplishments there was not one devoted to that
phase of his career.

Reference to this fact was made at the annual
banquet in honor of the anniversary of Franklin's
birth of the Poor Richard Club in Philadelphia,
January 17, 1916, In an address by Mr. Herbert
S. Houston, president of the Associated Adver-
tising Clubs of the World. Mr. Houston said that
the year 1916, because of the holding of the twelfth
annual convention of the Associated Advertising
Clubs in Philadelphia, with the buildings and
grounds of the Universit}^ of Pennsylvania, which
Benjamin Franklin founded, as the scene of its
sessions, would be a particularly appropriate time
for the publication of such a book, and he did me
the honor to nominate me for its authorship.

Other tasks were in hand that prevented imme-
diate adoption of the suggestion, so that the work
could not be promptly begun, and consequently it
has therefore had to be performed somewhat hur-
riedly in order to keep the promise as to date of its
publication, a statement I make because of a regret-
ful appreciation of the fact that it could have been
much better done.

As to the physical structure of the volume, it
has been the aim to make it conform typograph-
ically somewhat nearly to the style of the books
printed by Benjamin Franklin. He had positive
ideas as to bookmaking, as will be seen in the quo-

To the READER, ix

tations from his writings, and we have endeavored
to produce a book that would meet with his ap-
proval could he have opportunity to pass judgment
upon it.

Grateful acknowledgment for invaluable service
in connection with the preparation of the book is
made to Messrs. Henry L. Bullen, of Newark, N.
J., Walter Gilliss and Edmund G. Gress of New
York, and Dr. William J. Campbell and Harrie A.
Bell of Philadelphia.

The Author.

*******************

The

CONTENTS.

/^^HAP. I. The Colonies at the Beginning of
the \%th Century and the First American
Printers. Page i

2. Toung Frafiklin as a '■'■Printer s Devil,'* 12

3. The First ^^ Tourist'' Printer. 29

4. In Sa}?iuel Keimer s Shop in Philadelphia, 33

5. your?iey?}ian Printer in London, 40

6. A Plan of Life, 50

7. In Philadelphia Again as Foretnafi of

Keimer s Shop, 58

8. The New Firm of Franklin and Meredith, 61

9 . Publisher and Bookseller. 6 8

10. The Pennsylvania Gazette, 95

1 1 . Poor Richard's Almariack, 1 1 o

12. As a Business Man, 129

1 3 . Partnerships, 138

14. Typefounder, 150
I 5 . T/^t' Private Press at Passy, 1 6 1
16. Advertiser atid Propagafidist, 166

xli The CONTENTS.

17. T^he First American Humorist, 178

18. Literary Style, 186

19. Literary Works, 195

20. Literary Friends, 213

21. The Love of Books, 219

22. Public Service, 225

23. " Our ' ' Benjamin Franklin, 232
/W^-a; 241

The

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Beiijawin Franklin' s Por'trait — Frontispiece.
Title Page of the ^'Booke of Psalmes^ Page 7
Record of Benjamin Franklifi's Birth. 1 3
Title Page by fames Franklin. 19
^^The New England C our ant'' 22—23
'■^The Independent Whig." 36
Title Page of ^^ The Religion of Nature Delin-
eated." 44
Franklin s Diagram for Daily Co7iduct. ^^
Title Page of ^^ The History of the Quakers." 63
First and Fourth Page of the ^^Philadelphische

Zeitung" 7'^~7'^

Title Page of ^' The Psalms of David." 73

Title Page of'^Catos Moral Distichs." 74

Title Page of'^A Treaty of Friendship." y^

First Page of ^^ The American Magazine." 76

First Page of ^' The General Magazijie." jy

Title Page of ''A Catalogue of Books." 79
Title Page of ''A Letter from the Rev. Mr.

Geo. Whitefield." 80

xlv The ILLUSTRATIONS.

Title Page of^^A Collection of All the Laws.'' 82

*^The Yearly Verses of the Printer s Lad'' 83

Title Page of*^M. T. Cicero's Cato Major." 85

Index Page from ^^The Cato Major." 86

First Reading Page of ^^ The Cato Major." 87
Pages Showing Type Arrangement of ^^The

Cato Major." 88-89
Bill to Thomas Penn for Printing. 9 1
Bill to the Library Compa?tyfor Printing. 9 1
Parker's Inventory. 92—93
First Page of ^^ The Universal Instructor." 96
First Page of ^^^ The Pennsylvania Gazette." 99
Advertisements in ^^The Pennsylvania Ga-
zette." 104
Broadside Advertising the Wonderful New

Microscope. 105
^^Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense." 1 1 1
^^ Apollo Anglic anus." 114
Title Page of '■^ Poor Richard's Almanack " 1 16
Inside Page of *^ Poor Richard's Almanack." 125
Pocket Edition of *^ Poor Richard's Almanack." 127
Franklin's Designs for Paper Money. i 34—1 35
Type Used at Passy. 153
Initials Cast from Matrices Owned by Frank-
lin. 156

The ILLUSTRATIONS, xv

Type Specimen Sheets Issued by Benjamin

Franklin Bache. 158-159

First Page of a Pa?nphlet Printed at Passy. 1 6 3
Title Page of ''A Modest Enquiry into Paper

Currency'' 160

Title Page of ''Plain Truthr 171

Supplement to ** The Boston Independent Chron-
icle, Yl "X
Title Page of ''Cool Thoughts on Public Af-
fairs." 17^
The first American Cartoon. i 7 7
Flag Designed by Franklin. 1 77
First Page of ' ' The Spectator. " 189
Two Verses in Franklin s Reformed Alphabet. 1 94
Title Page of "Experiments and Observations

on Electricity.'' 206

Title Page of"Oeuvres de M. Franklin." 208
Title Page of First Edition of the "Autobio-
graphy." 210
Title Page of Volume by James Ralph. 214
The "Tou are now my enemy" Letter, 217
Title Page of Sermon Acknowledging Frank-
lin s Gift of Books . 223

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BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

PRINTER,

CHAP. I.

The Colonies at the Begmning of the

Eighteenth Century and the First

American Printers,

^^^^^^

^^^^^^^ the beginning of the Eighteenth Centuiy,
#^ A #J# ten Colonies stretched up and down the
t^t^t^ Atlantic Coast in North America, which,
although they had been settled by representatives
of different European nations, all acknowledged the
sovereignty of Queen Anne of England, who,
lately come to the throne, was soon to leave it to
give place to that long line of German Georges
that was to play so considerable a part In the
affairs of the New World. England claimed
greater dominion in North America than the
narrow fringe of settlements along the Coast,
but was actually in possession westward, only to a

2 The First American Printers,

line roughly marked by the Allegheny Mountains;
farther to the west was New France, and to the
south and southwest was New Spain.

Among the colonists, in addition to the English,
were Scotch, Irish, Welsh, French, Dutch, Ger-
mans, Swedes, Danes, and Spaniards. The wealth-
iest of the English settlers lived in the south,
particularly in Virginia, where had settled the
Royalists, or Cavaliers, driven from England by the
successes in the civil wars of Oliver Cromwell and
his Roundheads. Contrasted with these aristo-
crats were the Georgians, brought over a few years
after the opening of the century from English
debtor prisons by Oglethorpe, and the Puritans
of New England, with their austere religious
tenets and disregard of opportunities to lay up
stores of this world's goods. In Virginia one must
hold property in order to exercise the citizen's right
to vote; in New England he must be a member of
the Church.

Most of the denominations and creeds in relig-
ion were represented. In Virginia to be saved
from eternal damnation meant conformity to the
rules of the established church, while the Puritan
in New England, having fled from what he re-
garded as persecution by that same ecclesiastical
institution, placed his reliance principally upon the
teachings of the Bible; and the Quaker largely
disregarded both and believed that one could find

The First American Printers, 3

a solution of his spiritual problems only in the
dictates of his own heart.

On the bleak shores of New England the diffi-
culties arising from repellent natural conditions
inculcated in the people habits of industry and
frugality. In the south, where nature was more
generous in the distribution of her favors, large
plantations were operated by wealthy owners, and
luxury and indolence were in evidence.

The population one hundred years after the
landing of the first shipload of colonists on an
island in the James River, in 1607, is not known.
No census was ever taken, and the estimates vary
between one half million and one million souls.

There were three large towns — Boston, New
York, and Philadelphia, naming them in the order
of their size. Even their population cannot defi-
nitely be given. Cotton Mather, who would
seem to be a credible witness on most subjects,
said, of the population of Boston, two years be-
fore the opening of the century, that it was *'more
than eighteen thoufand." Herman Moll, pub-
lisher of an "Atlas Geographus," who ought also
to be a good witness, said in 17 19: "Boflon is
reckon'd the biggeft Town in America, except
fome which belong to the Spaniards. ... Its
inhabitants are reckon'd about 12,000." Cap-
tain Nathaniel Uring, in his "Voyages and Trav-
els," published in 1726, said: "The Town is near

4 The First American Printers,

two miles in length and in fome places three-
quarters of a mile broad, in which are reckon'd
4,000 houfes; mofi: of them are built with brick
and have about 18,000 inhabitants."

In 1700 New York contained less than six
thousand population, of whom nearly one half
were negroes. Some aristocratic families are said
to have owned as many as fifty slaves. New York,
although having been under English rule for nearly
half a century, was still a Dutch town and most
of the sights and sounds were Dutch: gable-end
houses, streets that were little more than narrow,
crooked lanes, cobblestone sidewalks, but withal
"clean, compact, tidy."

Philadelphia was chartered as a city by William
Penn in 1701, at which time it had seven hundred
buildings and forty-five hundred inhabitants, hav-
ing almost doubled in population since Penn's jour-
ney across the seas to his Colony nine years be-
fore. It was first settled by the Swedes, who were
joined by the Quakers sent over by Penn and still
later by Germans at Penn's invitation, thus be-
coming the first really cosmopolitan city on the
newly settled continent. William Penn said in
regard to it: "I wanted to afford an Afylum for the
good and the befl of every Nation. I aimed to
frame a Government that might be an example. I
dcfired to fhow Men as free and happy as they
could be."

The First American Printers, 5

Transportation between the Colonies was re-
stricted principally to the sea. There were trails
across country that could be followed by foot or
on horseback, but none of any length or connecting
important points. The traveler from Boston to
New York must go by sailing vessel out around
Cape Cod and southwest through Long Island
Sound, taking two to four days for the voyage,
depending upon wind and weather. It was prac-
tically as long a voyage by water from New York
down the New Jersey coast and up the Delaware
Bay to Philadelphia.

The century was well along toward middle age
before covered wagons began to run regularly
once a week between New York and Philadelphia,
traveling at the rate of about three miles an hour.
Later a coach, advertised as "The Flying Machine"
because it made the journey in good weather in
two days, was put on. In bad weather the jour-
ney was not only longer, but less comfortable,
for the reason that frequently passengers were
called upon to alight and help to pry the wheels
out of the mud.

THE FIRST AMERICAN PRINTERS.

Several printers had come and gone in the
American Colonies before Benjamin Franklin first
saw the light of day early in the year 1706. First
of them all was Stephen Daye. He had been en-

6 The First American Printers,

gaged by the Rev. Jesse Glover, "a worthy and
weahhy dilTenting clergyman" to come to Amer-
ica with a printing equipment which the Rev.
Mr. Glover had purchased in England and which
he was bringing over to further the affairs of the
colonists from the points of view of Church and
State.

Unfortunately, Mr. Glover died during the voy-
age. His widow engaged Stephen Daye to set
up the equipment and to take charge of it, the
item in the records of Harvard College being to the
effect that *'Mr. Jofs. Glover gave to the College
a font of Printing Letters, and fome gentlemen of
Amfferdam gave towards furnifhing of a Printing
Prefs with letters forty-nine pounds and fome-
thing more."

Daye conducted the printing plant at Harvard
for about ten years, being succeeded for a short
period by his son Matthew, who spelled his sur-
name "Day." Stephen Daye remained in Cam-
bridge and some years later brought suit against
Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard
College, who had married the Widow Glover and
thereby come into control of the printing office,
for the recovery of five hundred dollars which
sum Daye said was owing to him as an unpaid
balance for his former services. Daye presented
a petition to the General Court for a grant of three
hundred acres of land as "Recompenfe of his Care

fefe '■"^ '^G.

if-i WHOLE hf

ifijG BOO KE OF PSALM ES ^^

r4k TRANSLATED wr. ENGLISH f-iC-

'cjCl <JKefre, (LTJJ

i^^^r-' W^ercunto is prefixed a difcoarfede- Qu

O^claring notooly the lawfullncs, bucalfopjGi

r^ the necdiityofthe heavenly Ordinance \3i«'*^J

I'^V'-' of finging scripture P/aIrae$io Yo,

(»1& tbc Churches of Uie^

God. r

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*]Sfr^ Letther>ariofCodciivel!f!ente9Upyin ^0J

'r jr jeUftH til wifieme^tfachiH^and exhort- rjllH

<n^n i"^«*<f^»'fbfrinVfilmeffnimnii,and nWJ^

C^:f^ (jiiritHallSenfitfngingtetheLordwitb Mf")

L'^i" grace if! jour hearts* r'lv'-.i

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'J}^i Jf4tsjle afflicted Jtt him frKf^4Hiif

'«m(% anjbemtrrjletbiMpngfffilmn,

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l^ta Tmprintei

Title page of the first book published in English America.
Printed by Stephen Daye, at Cambridge, Mass., 1640.
Original Size 3!" x 6".

8 The First American Printers-

and Charge of furthering the work of Printing,"
which was accepted.

Matthew Day was the second colonial printer,
but he died before he was thirty years of age, and
only one known work bears his imprint.

Samuel Green was the third colonial printer
and he continued to follow the craft until 1692,
his death, at eighty-seven years, occurring ten
years later. In 1656 there were two presses in
Cambridge operated by Green, one belonging to
Harvard College, which was probably that pur-
chased in England by the Rev. Mr. Glover, and
the other the property of the corporation, the sec-
ond one having been brought over for the purpose
of promoting the education of the Indians.

Green was the first to print the Bible in the
Indian language. Isaiah Thomas, in his "His-
tory of Printing in America," says of this Bible:
*'It was a work of so much consequence as to ar-
rest the attention of the nobility and gentry of
England, as well as that of King Charles, to whom
it was dedicated. The press of Harvard College,
in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was, for a time, as
celebrated as the presses of the universities of
Oxford and Cambridge, in England."

Green, too, received a grant of three hundred
acres of land. He was a man of character and his
high standing in the community is attested by the
circumstance that for thirty years he held a com-

The First American Printers, 9

mission in the Cambridge Militia Company as
captain. Robert F. Roden, in his history of *'The
Cambridge Press," says of him: "Although not
the first printer at our first press, his name, and
not that of Stephen Daye, is the most glorious
name in its history."

Of quite another calibre was Marmeduke John-
son, an English journeyman printer, who crossed
to America in 1660 to assist in printing Eliot's
Indian Bible — the greatest achievement of the
Cambridge Press; Johnson thus becoming fourth
in the ranks of American printers. He seems to
have been a capable workman but was continually
in debt and occasionally in conflict with the au-
thorities. In 1663 the Commissioners wrote from
Boston to the corporation in England in regard to
Johnson, "If there bee occation further to Imploy
him It were much better to contraci: with him heer
to print by the fheete than by allowing his Handing
wages," and further, "concerning Marmeduke
Johnfon the printer whofe Demeanor hath not
been fuitable to what hee promifed wee fhall leave
him to youerfelues to difmilTe him as foone as his
yeare is expir'd if you foe think fit."

The above were the first printers in Massachu-
setts and in the Colonies, and all of them, as
will be noted, were located in Cambridge. The
first Boston printers were John Foster, Samuel
Sewall, James Glenn, Samuel Green, Jr., Richard

lo The First American PrinterSo

Pierce, Benjamin Harris, and Bartholomew Green,
the first five of whom were successively connected
with one printshop and had passed away or had
retired from business before Benjamin Franklin
was born. There may have been an exception in
the person of an educated Indian known as James
the Printer, whose name, however, does not ap-
pear in a position of responsibility until the year
1709, when a Psalter in both the Indian and Eng-
lish languages was published with the joint im-
prints of " Stephen Green and James Printer."

Of these Boston printers, one, Benjamin Harris,
whose printing house was "over against the old
meeting house in Comhill," deserves special men-
tion. He is sometimes spoken of as the father
of American journalism, because in 1690, four years
before he returned permanently to London, he
issued a "news-letter" entitled "Publick Occur-
ences Both Foreign and Domeftick," which he
proposed to furnish once a month or oftener, if
required. It contained four pages, one of them
being blank, for correspondence. Only one copy
of it is known to be in existence, having been dis-
covered during a search in the State Paper Office
in London by the historian of Salem, Mass.

Bartholomew Green went over the river from
his father's establishment in Cambridge to Boston in
1690, and set up "the best printing apparatus then
in the country," but a complete loss by fire put him

The First American Printers. 1 1

out of business a few months after he started.
He returned to Cambridge for two years and was
employed by his father. In 1692 we find him again
engaged in printing in Boston, where he continued
to conduct an establishment for forty years. In
it was produced the first American newspaper,
the "Boston News-Letter," a weekly; No. i being
dated April 24, 1704, and printed for John Camp-
bell, postmaster.

One other printer was to be found within the ter-
ritory of the English Colonies during the closing
days of the Seventeenth Century, and he was
destined to have a good deal to do with the aff^airs
of Benjamin Franklin. He was William Bradford,
a Quaker, and the son of a printer, one among the
first immigrants to the new settlement on the
Delaware River, where he arrived in 1682. He
returned to London, where he married the daugh-
ter of Andrew Sowle, a printer, and came again
to Philadelphia in 1685, bearing a letter from
George Fox, the Quaker, introducing him as a
sober young man who was on his way to Philadel-
phia to set up the trade of printing Friends' books.
His first known work is dated 1686, and because
of inadvertent and apparently harmless reference
to the government authorities he got into difficulty
with them. This difficulty continued until 1693,
when having received an invitation from the Gov-
ernor of New York to remove to that province and

12 Franklin as a Printer's Devil,

a guarantee of two hundred dollars a year and
the public printing, Bradford removed to New York
and became the first printer of that province,
continuing to be the only printer in it for thirty
years. He established the '* New York Gazette " in
1725, thus becoming New York's first newspaper
publisher. He is said, although without authority,
to have been of noble birth, and he always sealed
with a crest showing his coat of arms.

i^ Co i^ i^ C^ C^ €^ C« C^ C^ C^ C^ C^ C^ Co €0 Co Co Co Co Co Co

CHAP. II.

Young Franklin as a Printer's DeviL

TOSIAH FRANKLIN, dissenter and dyer, re-
moved from Banbury in Oxfordshire, Eng-
land, to Boston in New England, with his wife
and three children in 1685. After the birth of four
more children his wife died, and later he married
Abiah Folger and by this marriage had ten chil-
dren, a total of seventeen, of whom ten were sons
and seven were daughters. Benjamin was the
tenth and youngest son and the fifteenth child.

Although Pope Gregory XIII promulgated the
reform of the Julian calendar in 1582, and it was
in that year adopted by all Roman Catholic coun-
tries, Great Britain and her colonies delayed until
1752 before doing likewise. Therefore, in the old
public Register of Births, still preserved in the

Franklin as a Printer's Devil, 13

Mayor's office in Boston, it is recorded that Benja-
min Franklin, son of Josiah and Abiah Franklin,

Record of the birth of Benjamin P'ranklin in the Register of Births in
the Mayor's office in Boston.

was born January 6, 1706. With the adoption of
the reformed calendar came an advance of eleven
days, and accordingly the day of the birth, as wc
now have it, is January 17.

The location of the birthplace is usually given
as Milk Street, opposite South Meeting House,
where the records of the Town of Boston show Josiah
Franklin was granted liberty to build a house eight
feet square on land belonging to Lieut. Nathaniel
Reynolds. Josiah Franklin later occupied a house
**at the sign of the Blue Ball," corner of Hanover
and Union streets. Jared Sparks, whose edition
of Franklin's works was published in 1840, satis-
fied himself that the removal did not occur until
after Benjamin's birth. Subsequent investiga-
tion by Samuel G. Drake, whose authoritative
"History and Antiquities of the City of Boston"
was published in 1854, seems to establish the fact
that Benjamin was born in the larger house.

The day of the birth was a Sunday, and the
pious father took the baby boy from his humble
cottage to the South Meeting House, and he was
there baptized under the name of his paternal

14 Franklin as a Printer's Devil,

uncle Benjamin, at that time living in England, and
who became later the only member of the numerous
Franklin family to join Josiah in the New World.

Benjamin being the tenth son was considered to
be something in the nature of a tithe, and this fact
and his very evident fondness for reading, indicat-
ing a tendency toward a literary pursuit, caused
his father to decide that the boy should become a
minister of the church. Accordingly, in order to
give him an education, at the age of eight years he
was placed in the Boston grammar school and in
less than a year rose to the head of his class. Prov-
ing to be deficient in mathematics, he was next sent
to a teacher noted for ability to instruct in writing
and arithmetic, but although Benjamin remained
a year, he made but little progress. Josiah Frank-
lin, finding that the income from his business as a
maker of candles and soap, which he had adopted
because there was small demand for his services as
a dyer, was hardly sufficient to meet the needs of his
family and keep the younger children at school,
withdrew his son from the school — the two years
mentioned being Benjamin's sole experience in
educational institutions.

The ministry project being abandoned, Josiah
took the boy into his own establishment, intending
to teach him the soap- and candle-making trade,
and he continued there until he was twelve years
of age. The work proved to be distasteful and

Franklin as a Printer's Devil. 15

fearing that Benjamin would follow his oldest
brother's example and run away to sea, the father
wisely decided to find a more agreeable trade for
him.

Accordingly, father and son together visited
the workshops of the town, and finally it was
decided that he should take up the trade of cutlery,
his cousin Samuel, son of the elder Benjamin,
being established in Boston in that line. Benja-
min was employed there for a short time only,
his departure resulting from the inability of his
father and his cousin to agree upon the price to be
paid for his instruction at the trade, it being the
custom of the time for a master not only to receive
the services of an apprentice free, but to be paid
for the tuition, the sum for such a trade as cutlery
being about one hundred dollars.

At about this time Benjamin's older brother
James, a printer, had but recently returned from
England with a printing outfit, and it was proposed
to Benjamin that he adopt the trade of printing.
The early Boston printers enumerated in the
previous chapter had removed or died and at the
time there were but two other printing establish-
ments in the town, one conducted by Thomas
Fleet in Pudding Lane and the other by Samuel
Kneeland in Prison Lane. James Franklin had
established himself on the corner that later became
Franklin Avenue and Court Street.

1 6 Franklin as a Printer's Devil,

Although printing deah with books, of which the
youthful Benjamin was so much enamoured, he
was not incHned to look with favor upon the project
connecting him for Hfe with that trade. However,
the persuasion of his father prevailed and he was
apprenticed to his brother James for nine years.
The terms of apprenticeship at printing were easier
upon the father than those imposed by cutlers, the
sum to be paid to James Franklin being only about
fifty dollars.

A clause of the form of apprenticeship used at
the time is as follows:

"During which term the faid Apprentice his
Mafter faithfully fhall or will ferve, his fecrets
keep, his lawful commands ever3rwhere gladly do.
He fliall do no damage to his faid Mafter nor fee
it to be done of others; but to his power fhall let,
or forthwith give notice to his faid Mafter of fame.
The Goods of his faid Mafter he fhall not wafte,
nor the fame without licenfe of him to any give or
lend. Hurt to his faid Mafter he fhall not do,
caufe, nor procure to be done. He fhall neither
buy nor fell without his Mafter's licenfe. Taverns,
inns, or ale-houfes he fliall not haunt. At cards,
dice, tables, or any other unlawful game he fhall
not play. Matrimony he fhall not contradl; nor
from the fervice of his faid Mafter day or night
abfent himself; but in all things as an honeft and
faithful apprentice fhall and will demean and be-
have himfelf towards his faid Mafter and all his
during faid term."

Fra n klin as a Prin te r 's Dev il. ij
The obligations of the master were as follows:

"And the faid James Franklin, the Mafter, for
and in confideration of the fum of ten pounds of
lawful Britifh money to him in hand paid by the
faid Jofiah Franklin, the father, the receipt of
which is hereby acknowledged, the faid apprentice
in the art of a printer which he now ufeth, fliall
teach and inftrudt or caufe to be taught and in-
ftrucl:ed the beft way and manner that he can, find-
ing and allowing unto the faid apprentice meat,
drink, wafliing, lodging, and all other necelTaries
during the faid term."

He was also to pay journeyman's wages during
the concluding year. The apparel of apprentices to
be provided by the master is thus described by John
F. Watson in his " Annals of Philadelphia " :

*'A pair of deerskin breeches, coming hardly
down to his knees, which, before they could be al-
lowed to come into the presence of ladies, at meet-
ing, on the Sabbath, were regularly blacked up on
the preceding Saturday night in order to give them
a clean and fresh appearance for the Sunday; a pair
of blue woolen yarn stockings, a thick and substan-
tial pair of shoes well greased and ornamented with
a pair of small brass buckles, a present from his
master for his good behavior, a speckled shirt all
the week and a white one on Sunday, which was
always carefully taken off as soon as he returned
from meeting, folded up and laid by for the next
Sabbath. The leather breeches after several years'
wear got greasy, as they grew old, and were only

1 8 Franklin as a Printer's DeviL

flexible so long as they were on and kept warm by
the superflux of youthful heat."

The terms of the apprenticeship agreement be-
tween James Franklin and his brother were ad-
hered to with one modification. Benjamin was a
constant reader and although able to borrow many
books he possessed a desire for some of his own.
In order to secure funds with which to make pur-
chases, he proposed at the age of sixteen, having
been four years in the employ of his brother, a
change in their arrangement. The brother being
unmarried did not keep house, but boarded himself
and his apprentices in another family. Benjamin
proposed to accept in cash one half of the sum paid
by his brother for his board, and the proposition
being accepted he provided his own meals, and
out of the sum received from his brother was able
to save one half. In this way he found funds that
enabled him to accumulate a small library of his
own. Says Paul Leicester Ford, in "The Many
Sided Franklin:"

"It is to be questioned, if the first years
of the apprenticeship were of any particular
value to Benjamin save on their mechanic side,
for the product of James Franklin's press is a
dreary lot of gone-nothingness. A few of the
New England sermons of the day: Stoddard's
'Treatise on Conversion'; Stone's 'Short Cate-
chism'; 'A Prefatory Letter about Psalmody,' in

CATALOGUE

Curious and Valuable

BOOKS,

Ck)nfiftmg of

Divinity, Peetry,

Thilofopky, VUys.

iSftory. Voyages and

Mathematicks, TYavels.

Generally well Bound.

To be Sold by AUCTION,

M the Oown CofFee-Houfc in King-Street 5^/^;^,
oti' Monday the Tk-^jv:/)' S/xrft' Day of this Inftint
OUoher, lyf ^- Beginning every Evening at half
an Hour after Four a Clock* until all be fold.

The Books will be fhewn by Samuel Gerri/hBook'
feller, near the 0/i Meeting-Ihufe^ where Cata-
logues may be had^rawV ; alfoat Mr. ticnchmarci,
and at the Place of 5 a l &.

Printed b/J. FRANgtiN. 1719

Title page by James Franklin.

20 Franklin as a Printer's DeviL

defense of church singing, which many Puritans
still held to be unholy; an allegory styled 'The Isle
of Man,' or, 'Legal Proceedings in Manshire
Against Sin'; Care's 'English Liberties'; sundry
pamphlets on the local politics of the moment,
such as 'A Letter from One in the Country to His
Friend in Boston,' 'News from the Moon,' 'A
Friendly Check from a Kind Relation to the Chief
Cannoneer,' and 'A Word of Comfort to a Melan-
choly Country' ; two or three tractates on inocula-
tion, and one aimed half at the Boston clergy and
half at the fair sex, entitled 'Hooped Petticoats
Arraigned by the Light of Nature and the Law of
God,' were the chief output of the new printer
during the years his brother served him."

After James Franklin had been established as a
printer for about two years, he secured an order to
produce a newspaper, the "Boston Gazette," es-
tablished by William Brooker, the successor as
postmaster of John Campbell, publisher, as has
already been noted, of the " Boston News-Letter,"
the first real American newspaper. William
Brooker was soon succeeded as postmaster by
William Musgrave, who took the printing of the
"Boston Gazette" from James Franklin and gave
it to Samuel Kneeland, whereupon James Franklin
established a new newspaper, the "New England
Courant."

It was the first newspaper not connected with a
postoffice to be published in America. Number
I of the "Courant" appeared Monday, August

Franklin as a Printer's Devil. 21

17, 172 1, printed on a half sheet of crown size
printing paper, the type used being small pica
with, occasionally, long primer. About two years
later pica was adopted and used continuously.

James Franklin established the paper against
the protests of his father and many of his friends,
who pointed out to him that there were already
three papers in the Colonies, two of them in Boston,
and that another one there could not be made to
succeed. The youthful publisher, however, turned
a deaf ear to their remonstrances. He proposed
to issue a different newspaper from any then in
existence. He formed a number of his friends,
among them several young doctors, into a club,
the members of which were to furnish at least one
original essay each week. The paper was hostile
to the clergy, attacked some of the religious opin-
ions of the day and opposed new fads, one of them
which especially came in for severe but mistaken
censure being the newly advanced theory of in-
oculation for the smallpox. The "Courant" soon
drew the fire of the heaviest guns. Its older com-
petitor, the "News-Letter," said of it:

"On Monday laft the 7th Currant, came forth a
Third Ne\vfpaper in this Town, Entitled, The New
England Courant, by Homo non unius Negotii;
Or, Jack of all Trades, [the motto of Franklin's
address to the public] and it would feem, Good at
none; giving fome very, very frothy fulfome Ac-

THE [ N» So

New-England Courant

From Monday February 4i to M o k d a "y February 1 1. 1723.

The late PubliHicr of this Paper, finding, fo many It>Jx>n-
r«hlene& wouM 3^ii<^ by his carrying the .M^nTJl^Tip^ ami
publick News to be fupervis'd by the Secretiry, as to Ten-
dci bis carrying it on unprofiubic, has inilrcry Jropf tln-
Cndertating. The prefent Publiib^r having receiv'«.'tlie
foUowOig Piece, defircs the Re^der^ to accept of it' as a
Piefaoe to 'what they ir.ay hereafter meet ivilh iiifthis
Paper.

UgK.^O voriaci lUJlrimxi Cami/ie qumquapf.

ONG has (he Prcfs gK an-
ed in bri!i';ing forth an
hatctul, but numcltiue
llrowl (.'f P.irty Fainph et<,
nialicioui Scriblild,' inu

Billinlirate Kihaldry. ■ Vhe

Kancour u:id bitKine.j it

I'.as unhappily iutitlL-d^to

Mens minds, and to «hal

a l^t-grce it has fonrcd
' and Icavcn'd tlie Temf tr*

of Pcrfena Ibrmeriy oiV*;-

med iV'iiie «£ the t^t

^- ^ well IviH.uii here, to nceJ

eny further Proof or Rcprefonlation nf il-e Matter. .

L generous and inlpartial I'crlua.h.n c:,„ bhm= the
prefcntlJndertakins, whth is .lefi;;nc>l. purely lor the Piver-
lion and Mcrrinu-m ..f the Rc.»h.r. P"^«' "f f'"S"<^/
*nd Mirth have a fa ret Chmn m them li, aUay th<^ Heat*
:u.d Tumours of our Spirits, an.l to u.ake a Man lorget h,.
relllcli Refcntmenls. 'Ihcy have a ftrange Po"er to tunc the
hirlh DiTorders of the Soul, an.l ralurc lis to a fcrcnc ami

'''^he^:n''DeM;f .hi. WecMv Paper «ill be ,0 c.,er^
tain the To-vn "iih the moft cm,. .,1 and J'vertmE Inc.dent>
of Huraal,e Life, which in lb lar.^c a Place as B»y!.«, .v. no.
fail of a univcrlal Exemi>lifuali<m . N"r ll.all >vc be wanting
to fill up thefe Papers svith a P"''^^" . '""r'^i'""'^! ,"'.. 1?.
lerious Morals, wfiich may be drawn Iro.ii the mnft hulKroiw
ami odd Parts of Life. ,. „ . ,

As for the Author, that is the next Quclbon. Bnt tho
we profefs our felvcs ready to oblige the ,ngen,ous '"J ""f;
teous Reader with mod Sorts of Intel igencc, yct.here wc l)eB
a RefeAe: Nor will it be of any Manner of Advan age
cither to them or to the Writers, that their "J™" "'^iJ >'=
publJhed , and therefore in this Matter we defire the tavooj
of yon to futfer us to hold our Tongt.es. Wh.ch tho at
this Time of Day it may found l'^^* "T ™""'™'' "f"
Ijueft, y« it proce'ed, from the very Hearts ..t your H.unblo.

'''Bj"this Time the Reader percciVes that more than one aft
enoZred io the prefcnt Undertaking. Yet .s there one Per-
fon^an Inhabitant of this T.own ot''s.>», -l.om wc honour
M a Doflor io the Chair', or a perpetual Diaator.

The Society had def.gn-J \o prefent the PubhcU with h..
Effigies, but that the Limner, to whom he was prcfented lor
a Sfiught of his Countenance, defcryed (and this bt is ready
to offer upon Oath) Nineteen Features in h.r Face, more than
Tver he Kheld in any Humane Vifage before; wj.chio
r"fU the Price of his 'plauu-.that our M^A",*'™'^'" f"J'''
the Extravagance of coming up to .t. And then M.des
the Limner objeiled a Schlrm in h„ lace, which rp'''^ ■' ^°'"
hij Forehead in a llrait Line down to his Chm, in fuch lort,,
ihat Mr. Painter proteIt»."it is a double face, and he.U nwe

The newspaper established in 1721 by James Franklin. Original in the
possession of the Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia. Size 65" x 10".

Foisr toiiitds foa the Pounraiture. However, tho" this d«b!e
Face has fpoilt us of a pretty Piflure, yet we all rejoiced tj
lee old Janut in our Company.

There is no Man in Bojion better qualified than old Jaiuu
Sot a .CcurMlrrr, or if you plcafe, an Otftr-uctor, belnj »
Man of luch remarkable O^tich, as to look two w«ys at
once.

As for his Morals, he is a chcaily Chriliian, as the Countiy
Phtafc exptelfes it. A Man of good Temper, cou-teooa
Deportment, found Judgment f a mort?J Hater of Nanleale,
Foppery, Formality, ana vnUIeft Ceremony.
> Ai tor hij Club, they aim at no greater Hapyinednf
Honour, than the Publick be made to fsnow, that it ii^tbe,
utmoft of their Ambition to attend -upofi and do aU,iniagtia-'
l>le good Oflires to good Old Janui the Coutiutatr, who In.
and always » ill be the Readers humble Servint. . ■ .

P. S. Gentle Rcadei^ wc defign never to let a Paper paTs
without a Latin Mono if wc ran pofGhly pick one up, which
carries a Charm in it l« the Vulgar, and the learned adniiie
ihc pleafuie of Conllrning. We (hould have obliged 6a
World with a Greek fcrap or two, but the Printer has no
Types, and therefure we intreit the candid Read-r nbtta
nputc tlie deleft to our Ignorance, foi our Do^ur c?n fay
til the Ortrli Letters by heart.

//;» t/taiep/t Spetcfi n ih Pnria-ieia, Oaohrfttjj
Itkt atrinJj puH:Jb\l, tmrf fer7inft *r ,ww U ma^ ^
tur Ctunlrj Rf/iJrrj : iir J/ntI ihtr'jme tnftrt It in-fmt
Dafi faffr.

His MAJESTY'S nioft Gracious SPEECH
to both Houftis of Parliament, on Thurs-
day Oiflober II. 1722..

f/!f LurdiBai CnlUmtH,

I Am fom- to Snd my feTf obliged, at the Oaetunjof
tills Parliament, to acquaint you, That a danjennK
Confpiiacy has for Ibmc time formed, and is fiiU carryiagM
agalnll my I'erfon and tJovemintiit, in Favour of » Popilh
IVtemlcr. '' . . ,

The Difcoverics 1 have made here, the In-'orinaboiu I
have received from my Minillers abroad, and thelotelllmeoa
I haye had from the Powers in Alliance with me, md todeed
from moft parts of Eunjpe, have given ine mollt ample and
current Proofs sf this wicked DeCgn. ...

The Confpirators have, by their EmiiTariei, mide int
Crnngeft Inllances for AinHancc from Foreign Powetj, bue

Kcre'Sifappointed ia their Eipeftations 1 However, confidmi
in their Numbers, and not difcouraged by their former ill
Succefs, they refolved (once more, upon their ovrn ftrengtb, t»
attempt the fubverfion of my Government. .

To this end they provided confiderable Sums of Moneft
engaged great Numbers of OHiccrs from abroad, fecurtd
large Quantities of Anna and Ammunition, and thought
ihemfclvrs in fuch Reatlinels, that had not the Confpiracy
been timely difcovcred, we Oiould. without doubt, beiote
now have km the whole Nation, and particularly the City cl
Lonilon, involved in Blood an(l Confuuon. •_...-

The Care I have taken has, by the Blelling of God, hiUi-
erto prevented the Execution of their trayterous ProieSs.
The Troops have, been inramped all this Summer! li» R«E*-,
menu ( though Very nerellary for the Security of that Kmy.
dom ) have been ■ brought over from Irtlandt The btatcs
General have given me alTurancea that Chey would Keep a

nOderahle Body of Forces in readiaet to embark on the

ft Notice of their being.wanted here j which w«i aU J de-

lirft I

^fdftd -of thrmi b«ii)ff dctemlKcd not to put my People to
»i>7 more Eip^co tK»n whit w»t abroluttl^ nectflViy fcr
thtir Pii« uxl Stcui:;)-. Some of the Compintor; hive
bttn talu:a up mi4 rctuicd i Endetvoun ire ulc4 for appic-
heodine othcn.

Hiving Ihui in [ftntril hid before you the Stue ot the
prtfent donfpiracy. 1 tnuft Itire to your ConCdention, whit
u proper ind BcaCbrj to be done for the Quiet ind Sifety of
the Kingdom. I cunot but believe, thit the Hop« .»r.d
Ejpe^fblioiii of our Eneniiej »re very ill grounded, in flattet-
ing themfclvet thit the late Dilcontet:ti,,(occ»fioned by pri-
»ite LofTes and mi»fortunei) however induftrioufly and mi-
lieiobdy fomented, arc turned into » Dififfeflion and Spirit of
Kebellion.
'Hid I, fince my arceinon to tlie Throne, ever attempted
any Invalion in bur EAablUhed Religion ; had I, in any one
Inlbnce, invaded the Liberty and Property of my Subjeif.,
I Ihould left wonder at any Endeavoun to alienate the At-
feAiom of my People, and dVa** them into Meafure* that can
end in iiotbiiiG; but their own dcftrufliun , But to hope tu
perfwade a free People, in full enjoyment of all that's dear
and ralualite to them, to exchange Fre«doro for Slavery, the
Proteftant Religion lot Popety, and to Sacrifice at once the
Price of fo much Blood and Xreifure aa have been /pent iu
our prefent El'tabliAiment, feems an Infatuation which cannot
ht accounted for. But however Vain and unfucceGful tbefc
ilefperate Proitfli may prove in the End, they have at prefvnt
lb tar the dclircd Enewt, as to create UnealioeCi and Diffi-
<lence in the Minds of my People j which our Enemies im-
|irove to their own Advantage, by framing Plots: They
•lepreciat'e all Property thrt is vel'teJ in the Publidc Funds,
kiul then complain qf the low State of Credit f They nultc
an P.ncreafe o^ tiie National Expences ^^'ceftary, and then
<-lanujjr at tlie Jjuitlicn of Taxes, and endeavour 19 impute
to my Government all the Grieiances, the MifchicE. and
Calamities, which they alone create and occafion, ^^v^"

I wifli for nothin; more than to dt the Publict Expences
letened, and tlie great National Debt put into a Method of
Uiog gradually reduced and difchargtd, with a ftria Regard
CO ParliUaentary Faith; .And a more favourable Opportunity
cotrfd never hate been doped for Than iht Sure of^i^»finind
Peace which we now c\)oy with all our Nti^boujs. Bui
Publick Credit will always langullh under Diilr Alvnu aad
Apprehendons of Publict Danger; and, as the Enemies of
cur peace have been able to brmg this Lnmediate Mifchid
Upon us, nothing can prevent them from continuing to fub-
jeft the Nation to new and conftant DilHcultics Ind Dlftre(rei,
liut the WiUom, Zeal and rigotoua Kefolution of this *ar-
liamcDt.

Cmtltmin tflhi Hau/i cf CcniHUt, ,

I liave onlered the A. count to be made up and laid bcfott
you, of the eairaordiiiiry Charge that has been incurred thU
Summer, for the DctVnCv: and Safety of ihe ICinedora) and
I hive been particularly careful, no;,to direil aoy Exijeiice to
bcmade greater or fonner than was abfolutely"neceltary,'_ i
havr likewili: ordered Ertimaic^ to be prepared and laid before
you, for the Service of the Year emuiog ; And I hope the
further proviHons which the Tryafonable prafticc of our Ene-
mies have mad: neielfarvfor our Common Safety, may be
ordered with fuch Frugality, as rcry little to exceed the Sup-
flies of the lalt year.

Mj Lor J) and GcHtltmeWf

I need not tell you of what infinite Concern -it is to tlie
peace and Tr:n<;uility of the Kingdom, that this Parlianient
ihould^ upon thi> Occaiu>n, exert theiTili:lvcs with a more titan
ordinary Zeal and ViL;our : An entire Unity among all tjiat
fincerely wifli well to the {ircll-nt Ellahliilimenl is now become
abfolutely neceirarv. ' Our Encmtes have too long talcen
Advantages from \tvi^ Differences & DilTentions i Let it be
llnown, that tlie Spirit of POperj', which betides nothing but
Confufion'to the Civil and K<:ligious Rights of a Prntcltant
Church and Kingdom ; (however abandoned fome few may
be, in delpite ct^-all Obligations Divine |and Humane) ha*
eos fo farpolTcli'd my people as to make them ripe for fuch a
falil Change. Let the World fee, that the general dispoli-
tioa of the Natioa is no Invitation to a Foreign Pamtt li^

invade a, nor Encouragetnent to DotnAlUct ElKHliM to
kindle a CivU War in the Boi«h of tlic Kiogdao. Your
own Int^tft and Welfare calls ujxw yoy «> ^^'^^ 3™"'"
fe'ves • I (ball wholly rely upon the Divuie prot»euoo, the
Support of my Parliament, and the Affefliooi of ray p«opJe j
which 1 lliill eadeavour to preftrve, by Beidily adhenag t*
the Conftiiution in Church and State, bv coouodug to \
make thy La"^ of my Realms the ruled Meafurti of all my

Anions.* s , . ... ,. . V

Undi*, OSob. li. The Humble Addttffes ot. both
Houfes of Parliament, and tlialt of the Convocation of Can-
/erbury, full of l«)-ajty and Puty, have been prefenttd tui
hU Mijelly ; which Addrefles his Majefty was pleafed to
receive v'ery gracioufly. And 'tis not doubled but the Itcady
adherence of tbe ParliaroeAt and Clerg)-, to his Majefty'.
fcrfon and Government, s^ill put an End to the Trayttroiii
Dcfigns of thofe who are Enemies to both.

LmJexyOad. 31. "Tis faid ihot » Scheme or Dnuglif
of 3 Confpiifacy was found among Counfellor Lcar't Paoerv,
flailed with his own Hand, whereby the Tower wa»«o hat c
been firit fcia'd, the Palace of St. James's fet on Fire, and
certain Pefiieradots to be at hand, who, under pretence ol'
giving AiTUtance, wee to have murder'd his Majefty \ anil
that a very great Nnniber of difaffedUd pcrfons were 10 Lt
aTembled in Lincoln's Inn-Fields, 19 put the Tonu tinirtc-.
d'.'Uely into rhe greatest Coofufioit.

Bofliu, Fill. p.

Laft AVecU the Reverend Mr. Otunl, Minll>er of ih;
Epifcopal Church, at Briftol; came from thence with a Pci;
lion fr(jia Twelve of hw Hc.*.rcrs, ^who are imprifuned fui
Refufing to pay Rales tu the Prclbvtcriin MiniUer of Brii'ni:)
to the Lieut. Governour, "ho, iviln the Ajdvice of the Coun -
ril, promis'd Mr. Oram ,to ufe his Intrrtft for their Relief at
the next Meeting qf liic General AlTcmMy, the Men Iiein^
imprifoo'd by Veituc of the Laws of the Provim-e.

We have Advice from the Eilhvard, that 100 Men, unJer
the coinmapd of Capt. Harmon, a^ gone to Norigiwock, iu'
ijuel^ of the Indians, and lyo to Pcnobfcot, luider comnlaiul
cf CoL Veftbrook. "Tis laii^ another party »re to march t«
Peiepfcot.

, ' Ycfi»T<l«y M<irmi>gflbout.A.»f.doefc;a Tir» bntkeouiii
Mr. Biulfi's Work-hou't in Oiftihill, wtUrfc bunua cuntii
rraU pftrt of the Roo> liefore it was cxfijiguiiticd.

Cufitm'HnJi, Btfla. Entrtd Iiiwa.th,

from
Benj;
ceco, John Bonotr^Ship Sarah from London.

. CUarei Out. None.
Ogtfvtrd Blimi. Amos Breed for New tothloD, WUUum
FleUnr for Maryland, James Bi;n for Aonapola Xoyal
John Trobridgcfor North Carolina, J. fumpey lor ARtigu.'
Jacob Pinhome for Lond»n.

q^HE belt aevr Philadelphia Town-boultcd Ptatrer.Ui be
■«• fold by Mr. WiUiam Clark ta Meirhaafi Row, it
Twenjy-Eiglh. EhlUings^r Hundird.

A Servant Boys Time for + Vcan'to be dilJwiJU of. He
*^ is about « Veart of Age, and can keep Acrompts.
Enquire at the Blue Ball in I'nion Street, ard know funher.

•|.» Ttii fttfrr having att tuiib fiftmiral am latftema:
inTewn a>ul CamlTf, aj id rcjuirt a Jar gnater Huritrtf
llum u be prlftcH, i/iai thrt it tf ibc ttitr tui/ki fattrt;
and il bring br/Ua mart gtntrjlfy riai by a.Kaft fiambtr ci'
Burrtkvm, -w no da tat lakf it in,i/ie Publi/itri/iititfrMr u
give V>is pvUlck Notice far the hr^agtmewl «f Uafe •suit
•umM havt Advertifcmenls ixjerttd in>t>it tubCe Printt
yMci tiej aej hmit trimU /» tbi, fafn at a mtdereei

BO^ON: Printed alid fold by Benjamin Fraj«kl|n Iu Queen Street; where
Advertircraents are taken in.

This is the first number to be issued in the name of Benjamin Frankhn. Although
he left Boston a few months after its publication, his name was used as pub-
lisher of the paper until June 4, 1726.

24 Franklin as a Printer's Devil,

count of himfelf, but left the continuance of that
ftile fhould offend his readers; wherein with sub-
miflion, (I fpeak for the Pubhflier of this InteUi-
gence, whofe endeavours has always been to give
no offence, not meddling with things out of his
Province) The faid Jack promifes in pretence of
Friendfliip to the other News-Publifliers, to amend
like soure Ale in Summer, Reflecting too, too much
that my performances are now and then, very
very Dull, mifreprefenting my candid endeavours
(according to the Talent of my Capacity and Edu-
cation; not foaring above my Sphere) in giving a
true and genuine account of all Matters of Fad:,
both Foreign and Domeftick, as comes any way
well Attefted, for thefe Seventeen Years & an half
paft."

Castigation was to come upon the "Courant"
from a yet more important source. The ponder-
ous Rev. Increase Mather wheeled into line and
the character of his thunderings is indicated by
this extract from a contribution published in the
** News-Letter":

"Advice to the Publick from Dr. Increafe
Mather. Whereas a wicked Libel called the New
England Courant, has reprefented me as one
among the Supporters of it; I do hereby declare,
that altho' I had paid for two or three of them, I
then, (before the laft Courant was publifhed) sent
him word I was extremely offended with it: In
fpecial, becaufe in one of his Vile Courants he in-
fmuates, that if the Minifters of God approve of a

Fra n klin as a Prin ter 's Devil, 2 5

thing it is a Sign it is of the Devil; which is a horrid
thing to be related."

These thrusts could be borne; indeed, it is easy to
imagine that such fulminations may have awak-
ened feelings of unholy glee in the breasts of the
young men who were doing what they could to
provoke them, particularly as tradition still ex-
ists to the effect that the indignant Dr. Mather,
having discontinued his subscription, secretly
sent his grandson to buy copies of the "Cour-
ant."

Soon, however, the venturesome feet of James
Franklin and his associates strayed much farther
in the risky paths of criticism. It was a dangerous
thing to trifle with governmental authority and
he who attempted it was sure to come to grief.
The government had its eye upon the "Courant"
and only awaited opportunity to pounce upon
it with heavy hand. Soon the opportunity
came.

Pirates were known to infest the New England
waters and there was a feeling that the government
was not as efficient in doing away with them and
their mischief as might have been the case. This
feeling was voiced in an article supposed to come
from Newport, R. I., appearing in the *'Courant,'*
which concluded with the statement:

*'We are advis'd from Bofton that the govern-
ment of MafTachufetts are fitting out a fliip to go

26 Franklin as a Printer^ s Devil.

after the Pirates to be commanded by Captain
Peter Papillon and it is thought he will fail fome-
time this month, Wind and Weather permit-
ting."

Shortly after the publication of the number
containing this extremely offensive paragraph, the
Council, with the Governor presiding, met and
resolved " that the faid Paragraph is a high affront
to this Government."

Further, resolved, "That the Sheriff of the
County of Suffolk do forthwith commit to the
gaol in Bofton the body of James Franklyn,
Printer, for the grofs offence offered to this Gov-
ernment in the Courant of Monday laft."

A week's close confinement in the stone prison
brought a change of mind, temporarily, at least,
to James Franklin, as is witnessed in the following
humble petition:

"A Petition of James Franklyn Printer, Humbly
Shewing that he is Truely Senfible ^ Heartily
Sorry for the offence he has Given to this Court,
in the late Courant, relating to the fitting out a
Ship By the Government, ^ Truly Acknowledges
his Inadvertency ^ Folly therein in affronting the
Government, as alfo his Indifcretion ^ Indecency,
when before the Court, for all which he Entreats
the Courts forgivenefs, ^ praying a dif charge from
the Stone Prifon, where he is Confined, by Order
of the Court, and that he may have the Liberty

Franklin as a Printer's Devil, 27

of the Yard, He being much Indifpofed ^ Suffering
in his health, by the Said Confinement."

Released from his uncomfortable quarters in
the jail, however, Franklin's ** impudence" re-
turned. Soon after, a single number of the " Cour-
ant" contained three articles, all of them objec-
tionable to the government, and as a result a joint
committee of three from the Council and four
from the House was appointed to investigate his
case. Its recommendation was that the General
Court should forbid James Franklin to "print or
publiHi the New England Courant or any Pamph-
let or Paper of a like nature, except it be firft fu-
pervifed by the fecretary of this Province," and
that bonds should be exacted from him for his good
behavior.

Young Benjamin Franklin in the meantime had
been making progress in his elder brother's esteem.
Desiring to try his hand at writing but believing
that James would be prejudiced against him be-
cause of his youth, he made a practice of writing
short pieces and slipping them at night under the
printing office door where they were found by his
brother the next morning. The pieces were read
and approved and it was gratifying to their youth-
ful author to hear names of well-known persons in
the community suggested as possibly responsible
for them. Finally Benjamin, having written about
all that he felt able to write, revealed his deception

28 Franklin as a Printer's Devil.

to his brother and his friends, much to their sur-
prise.

A crisis having been reached by James in his pub-
Hshing affairs, he turned now to Benjamin as afford-
ing a way out of his difficulties. He proposed
that since he was unwiUing to continue to pubHsh
the "Courant" under the supervision of the secre-
tary as ordered by the Court, the paper thereafter
be issued in Benjamin's name. The proposition
was accepted. In order not to have the master
still legally liable, the apprenticeship indentures
were publicly cancelled, but, unwilling to surrender
what he believed to be a good bargain, James
secretly executed new indentures preserving the
conditions of the old.

James Franklin was a hard task master. Also
he was ill-natured, suspicious, taciturn, and his
high-spirited young brother found it difficult to
get on with him, particularly when arguments
were supplemented with blows. Finally Benjamin
notified James that he considered their relations
at an end, knowing that James would not dare to
produce the secret apprentice agreement. James
accepted the resignation but as a means of retali-
ation for what he considered to be the injustice
done him, visited the other printing offices in
Boston and induced the owners to refuse to give
work to his brother should he apply to them for
it.

CHAP. III.

The First *' Tourist " Prijiter.

"OENJAMIN FRANKLIN was in a quandary.
He had devoted five years to an effort to
learn the printing business and had attained a
considerable proficiency in it. Aside from the
printing estabHshments in Boston and Cambridge
there were only four in the Colonies: one in
New London, one in New York, and two in Phil-
adelphia. Because of his brother's ill-natured
activity all of those at hand were closed to him,
save only that individual's own which he had just
quitted and to which he was resolved he would not
return.

To reach the other towns where printing offices
were located meant cither long, exhausting, and
dangerous walks through trackless forests or a
journey by boat. To go by boat required the ex-
penditure of passage money, of which he had none.
His sole possessions were the books he had been
able to purchase with the scanty savings from his
brother's allowance, and from the precious books
he was most reluctant to part. Besides, there was
parental opposition to be encountered. The father
sided with the elder brother in the dispute and the
seventeen-year-old son knew that, should he ask
his father's consent to his plan to go away from
home, not only would the consent be refused but

3 o The First ^^ Tourist'* Printer.

steps would be taken to prevent the carrying out
of the project.

However, Benjamin resolved to go away and to
go secretly. He sold some of his books and with
the connivance of his friend Collins and the cap-
tain of a New York sloop, he went aboard a vessel
bound for Manhattan Island. Three days of good
weather and fair winds brought the vessel into New
York Bay. The landing was made probably at
the wharf at the foot of what is now known as
Maiden Lane. A small stream ran down it at the
time and entered the Bay at what was called the
"V'lei Market," v'lei being old Dutch for valley.
The one printing office of the town was conducted
by William Bradford, "at the Sign of the Bible,"
on Hanover Square, not far away, and to it the
youthful runaway apprentice immediately re-
paired.

Bradford had no employment to give to the boy
and he suggested that the journey be extended to
Philadelphia, where his son conducted one of the
two printing offices of the town and who, through
the recent death of a workman, was in need of
help. Upon this advice Benjamin immediately
proceeded to act.

There were three ways to go from New York
to Philadelphia. One was over the Hudson River
and by trail through the forest all the way across
New Jersey to Camden, usually followed by those

Th e First ^^ Tourist'' Prin ter. 3 1

who could afford to ride horseback, and upon this
route WiUiam Bradford, on some errand of his
own and unknown to the boy who had just called
upon him, at once set out. A second route was by
boat from Manhattan Island across New York
Bay and around Staten Island to Amboy, at the
mouth of the Shrewsbury River, thence on foot
through the forest for fifty miles to Burlington,
between seventeen and eighteen miles above Phil-
adelphia on the Delaware River, which at that
point is about a mile wide, the last stage of the
journey being usually covered by boat. The third
route was by sailing vessel down the New Jersey
coast and around and up through Delaware Bay,
by which route young Benjamin sent his "chest."

He chose the second route for himself, and his
trip proved to be a most uncomfortable one. Be-
cause of bad weather, thirty hours were required
for the passage from Manhattan Island to Amboy.
A squall tore the rotten sails to pieces; a drunken
passenger fell overboard and was rescued with dif-
ficulty; and it was necessary to drop anchor near
the Long Island shore of the bay and to spend
the night in the open boat in the midst of the
pounding surf, the entire period without anything
to eat or to drink.

Franklin finally reached Amboy, however, and
after a night spent in resting from his exposure
and fatigue, he walked the fore part of the next

32 The First ''Tourist'* Printer,

day through the rain to a poor inn, where wet and
tired and thoroughly miserable he went to bed
wishing he had never left home. The next day's
walk brought him within ten miles of Burlington,
and after another night spent at an inn, one more
day brought him to the town.

He found to his regret that he had missed the
regular boat to Philadelphia and that there would
not be another for three or four days. He bought
some gingerbread from a kindly disposed old wo-
man, who sympathized with him in his predica-
ment, and, learning that he was a printer, advised
him to stay in Burlington and work at his trade.
She did not know that something more than a
pair of hands and a knowledge of how to use them
would be required. On his explanation of the
impracticability of her suggestion, she offered
him lodging and entertainment for the three days
of his prospective stay in Burlington, which offer
he accepted, but later in the day while walking on
the river bank he descried a boat bound for Phila-
delphia, in which he engaged passage and, with-
out being able to return to the home of his hostess
to say good-bye to her, was soon on his way.

At midnight, not having reached Philadelphia
and fearing that they might pass it in the dark, the
party landed and spent the night on shore. The
next day they made an early start and soon were in
the Quaker city.

33
CHAP. IV.

In Samuel Keimer's Shop in Philadelphia.

TT WAS on a bright Sunday morning late in
October, 1723, that Benjamin FrankHn ar-
rived in Philadelphia, and he found himself in
strange contrast with his surroundings. He was
in his working clothes, probably very similar to
the dress of apprentices described in Chapter 2 of
this volume, his "best clothes" (to use his own
expression) being still in the boat which was
bringing them around by sea. Not being espe-
cially presentable when new and clean, it can be
imagined what the garb he wore looked like after
a week or so of constant use on sea and land and
miles of walks through mud and dust.

His pockets, of large capacity as was the cus-
tom, were stuffed out with shirts and stockings;
tired, dirty, hungry, and with only a Dutch dollar
left after parting from the shilling which he in-
sisted upon paying for his boatride, against the
protest of the boatmen because of his assistance
at the oars, the runaway youth from Boston
offered on his first entry into Philadelphia a figure
in marked contrast to that of many years later,
when he received a public ovation on his return
from his ambassadorship to France.

His first concern was to obtain something to eat.
Walking up the street from the wharf, he met a

34 In Philadelphia,

boy carrying bread, and ascertaining where it
could be purchased, he went to the bakery and
asked for three penny worth. In Boston it would
have been only a moderate quantity, so he was
surprised to receive three great puffy rolls. Having
no room in his pockets, he put a roll under each
arm, and, eating the third roll, walked up Market
Street as far as Fourth Street. He passed the
house in which lived Miss Deborah Read, who
was standing upon the stoop, and she, struck by
the uncouth figure which he made, tittered as he
went by. It was an ungracious thing to do, but
as Elbert Hubbard in his monograph on the Life
of Franklin says, Benjamin in later years got
good and even with her; he married her.

Benjamin found his way back to the wharf
where, his hunger having been satisfied, he gave
the two remaining rolls of bread to a woman and
her child who had been in the boat with him and
who were going farther. Later, he found his way
to an inn called "The Crooked Billet," in Water
Street, where he got dinner, and where he slept
all afternoon and all night. Monday morning,
having tidied up a bit, he presented himself at the
shop of Andrew Bradford, printer, and, much to
his surprise, found in the shop the old man, Brad-
ford's father, whom he had seen in New York.

Andrew Bradford having no work for the young
printer, the elder Bradford offered to show him to

In Philadelphia. 35

the other Philadelphia printing shop, conducted
by Samuel Keimer. Keimer placed a composing
stick in the boy's hand to see how he would man-
age it and then said he would give him employ-
ment soon, having at the moment nothing for him
to do.

William Bradford did not disclose his identity
to Keimer, who thought the elder man to be a resi-
dent of the town. Keimer was willing to talk of
his affairs and prospects and Bradford led him aptly
on, thereby obtaining information that could not
but be of interest, if not of profit, to Keimer's com-
petitor, Bradford's son.

The part played by William Bradford in the
little comedy caused Benjamin Franklin to refer
to him in the "Autobiography" as a "crafty old
sophister" which, however questionable his conduct
may have been on this occasion, is not in keeping with
his standing in New York. He was publicprinterof
that state for fifty years, and of New Jersey for
thirty years; was clerk of the New Jersey Assem-
bly, and was vestryman for many years of Trinity
Church in New York City.

Benjamin Franklin lodged with Andrew Brad-
ford, in whose shop he did small jobs. A few days
later he was sent for by Keimer and put regularly
to work. Keimer's printing house was not much
to boast of. There was an old shattered press
which had never been used and which indeed,

THE

INDEPENDENT

W H I

4¥^

"Vec ulluttt fat is valiJum Itnper'wm erat coercen^is Seiitiinihus Pepulf^
flagitia Ihrnirrum uf, Ceremonias Deutti protcgetitiu . • >* , Jacir*

to the Lomr Houft 0/ CONVOCATION,

YOU, Gcndemcn, who arc th*e Reprefcntativcs of the Clergy oFEk^
glavt^^ ar-8 proper Patrons of a Work, which treats of Religion and
the Clergy. It is written to promote Liberty^ Vertue and Piety j the In -
verefts of which, I hope, you will always cfpoUle, and eftecm as youc
own ; and will confequcntly approve my Defign, and give meypur Thanks^
whatever may have been the Succcfs of my Endeavours,

The many wiM and unfcriptural Claims ftartecl, and imperuoufly maia-
^in'd by very many of thofc you rc^>rcfent (and I wi!h I could lay denied,
tho'buc faintly, by any confidcrable Number of othets) gave Occafioh c»
the following Sheets,* and, having in them, (hewn to my Brethren, tit?
Laity, the Abfurdity and Impiety of thofc Claims, by Arguments fctch'd
from Rcafon, thcGofpcl, and the Laws of our Country ; I fliall, in this
Addrcfs to your felves, endeavour to convince you, that it is your Intercft
to drop them ; and if I can lucceed in this Point, I prfifurae, all other Ar*
gumeius may be ulclefs*

Thefc Gentlemen, in the Heat of their Demands and Contention hi
Power, have gone fo far towards Rome^ and borrowed fo many of her
Principles, that I fee no other Medium left for them, but cither to proceed
en in their Journey thither, (which, as they have maiiag'd Mictcrs, is no^

Printed by Samuel Keimcr 1723-24. Benjamin Franklin probably set the type
Original in the possession of the Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia
Size si" X 6|".

In Philadelphia, 37

from what Franklin says of it, could not be used until
he put it in order. There was one pair of cases
containing a small worn-out font of English,
one reason for the delay in Benjamin's employment
being the necessity of waiting until another pair
of cases could be obtained.

Franklin worked steadily, saved a part of his
wages, and made friends quickly. Keimer did not
like the idea of his continuing to lodge with Andrew
Bradford, and being unmarried and having no
home of his own, obtained a place for him in the
house of Mr. Pvcad, father of the Miss Deborah
previously mentioned.

Among the friends he made was Sir William
Keith, the English governor of the province, whose
first knowledge of the boy came through acquain-
tanceship with Captain Holmes, Benjamin's
brother-in-law, master of a sloop trading between
Boston and Delaware. Governor Keith met Cap-
tain Holmes at Newcastle and being attracted by
a letter from the boy which the Captain read to
him, promised to call upon Benjamin on his re-
turn to Philadelphia. This, the Governor and his
friend, Colonel French, of Newcastle, later did,
much to the boy's bewilderment and Keimer's
astonishment. The "Autobiography" says, in de-
scribing the visit: *' Keimer stared like a pig
poifoned."

Sir William invited Benjamin to dine and con-

38 In Philadelphia,

versed with him in the most friendly and familiar
manner. He assured him, what he already knew,
that the printers at Philadelphia were wretched
workmen, and promised him if he would set up
for himself that the public business would be given
to him and that as Governor he would do every other
service in his power. Keith urged Benjamin to
return to Boston and secure his father's assistance
and gave him what is described as an "ample"
letter addressed to the elder Franklin, recom-
mending the project of Benjamin's setting up at
Philadelphia as a thing that must make his for-
tune.

Accordingly Benjamin gave up his position with
Keimer and returned to Boston. His appearance
there was unexpected and created some commotion.
The family was glad to see him, excepting possibly
his brother, who, says Franklin, "received me not
very frankly, looked me all over, and turned to
his work again." Evidently James could not
forget his former grievance. It can happily be
recorded, however, that in later years a reconcilia-
tion was effected.

The workmen in the brother's printing office,
however, were much interested. They had many
questions to ask and were open-eyed with astonish-
ment when Benjamin showed them a handful of
silver money, carelessly exhibited his watch, and
as a crowning act gave them "a piece of eight"

/// Philadelphia. 39

(about a dollar) with which to purchase liquid
refreshment.

Josiah Franklin was nearly seventy years of
age. Fifty years of trouble under hard conditions
had imbued him with a very positive degree of
conservatism. He received Governor Keith's let-
ter with surprise, saying that he must be of small
discretion to propose setting up an eighteen-year-
old boy in business. He flatly declined to be a
party to the enterprise and wrote a civil letter in
reply thanking the Governor for the offer, but
saying he considered his son too young to be trusted
with the management of a business so important.

He was evidently pleased with his son's progress
in Philadelphia, however, and gave a parental
consent to his return. He advised the boy to
continue to save his money, to cultivate friend-
ships, and to avoid making enemies by "lampooning
and libelling," and promised that if by the time
Benjamin was of age he had saved enough money
to cut a respectable figure in the matter of setting
up for himself in business, he would help out with
the rest.

On his return to Philadelphia, Benjamin pre-
sented his father's letter to Governor Keith. Sir
William on reading it said the father was too
prudent. He declared he himself would furnish
the money, directed young Franklin to give him
an inventory of the equipment necessary and he

40 Journeyman Printer in London.

would then send to England for it. Benjamin
had kept his negotiations with the Governor a
secret between them; if he had spoken to others
about it, the real character of his official patron
would probably have been revealed to him.

He prepared an inventory of the necessary equip-
ment, costing about five hundred dollars. The
Governor approved the plan of the outfit, as he
probably would have approved any that would be
presented to him, and asked if it would not be of
advantage for the youthful printer himself to go
to London to select the material. Benjamin said
that it would be of advantage and arrangements
were accordingly made for him to sail on a vessel
plying between Philadelphia and London.

i^ Z^ i^ it* i^ it* i^ €* €* €* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it*

CHAP. V.

Journeyman Printer in London,

QOVERNOR KEITH frequently invited the
young printer to his house, always referring
during the visits to the proposed new business
venture as a settled thing; letters to influential
friends in England were promised, as well as letters
of credit with which to purchase the press, types,
paper, and other needed equipment. The letters,
however, were never forthcoming when called for;
finally the time arrived for leave-taking, and still

Journeyman Printer in London, 41

no letters. Instead, the Governor's secretary in-
formed the caller that the Governor was extremely
busy, but would be at Newcastle before the ship
left that point and there the letters would be de-
livered.

The Governor was at Newcastle when the ship
anchored there, but was again too busy to be seen,
and the polite secretary presented his excuses
with the statement that the letters would be sent
on board. The Colonel French previously men-
tioned brought the Governor's despatches to the
ship, all in one bag, which the captain refused to
open until later in the voyage when there would be
more time. When the moment arrived there were
no letters for Benjamin Franklin, and then came
disillusionment.

A Quaker merchant named Denham, who sub-
sequently was to play an important if limited part
in Benjamin Franklin's life and who was sharing
quarters with him during the voyage, came for
the first time into a knowledge of the affair and he
informed 3^oung Franklin of Sir William Keith's
true character. Denham scoffed at the idea of
the Governor giving a letter of credit, saying he
had no credit to give.

Benjamin had sorrowfully to accept the conclu-
sion that he had been deceived and that his dream
of soon becoming a master-printer was not to be
realized. The disappointment was keen, but he

42 Journeyman Prmter in London.

seems not to have felt any great degree of animosity
toward its author. In later years he generously
summed up Keith's character by saying: "He
wished to please everybody; and, having little to
give, he gave expectations. He was otherwise an
ingenious, sensible man, and a good governor for
the people, though not for his constituents, the
proprietaries, whose instructions he sometimes
disregarded." Keith was eventually removed from
office and died in London in old age, neglected and
destitute.

Arriving in London, Franklin and his friend,
James Ralph, who had accompanied him, found
themselves in a strange city with only fifteen
pistoles, amounting to about sixty dollars, in
Franklin's pocket and none in Ralph's. Ralph
had some ability as a writer and expected to make
his living with his pen, but was unsuccessful and
after Franklin's stock of pistoles was exhausted
went to a small village where he secured employ-
ment as a schoolmaster.

Franklin immediately secured work at Samuel
Palmer's, a famous printing house in Bartholomew
Close, which was the name of the enclosed space
adjoining the Church of St. Bartholomew, the old-
est church in London. The printing office was
located in a part of the church called the Lady
Chapel, at that time and for some time afterward
devoted to secular uses. It has since been restored

Journeyman Printer in Loudon. 43

to its original purposes and the attendant takes pride
in saying to visitors, particularly to those from
America, that it is the site of the printing office in
which Benjamin Franklin worked at his trade. In
the north ambulatory in the church is a tablet to
Thomas Roycroft, printer of the Polyglot Bible of
1677.

Samuel Palmer was more than an ordinary
printer. He had visited America, was letter-
founder as well as printer, and was engaged in the
writing of "A History of Printing," only a third of
which he had completed when he died in 1732.

He proposed to issue his history in two parts:
Part I, historical, which was published in 1632, the
first history of printing in English; and Part H,
practical. An interesting fact in connection with
this proposal is that when it became known, to
quote Timperley's "Dictionary of Printing," "it
met with such early and strenuous opposition from
the respective bodies of letter-founders, printers,
and bookbinders, and under an ill-grounded appre-
hension that the discovery of the mystery of those
arts, especially the two first, would render them
cheap and contemptible . . . that he was
forced to set it aside."

At Palmer's, Franklin was employed in setting
the type for the third (not the second, as stated in
the "Autobiography") edition of a work called
Wollaston's " Religion of Nature." Some of its rea-

TRX

RELIGION

NATURE

DELINEATED.

.dvTniyrror, "yk^-rt^riffa.mi "En Me's'? xetfilmr tjii' "Euo-Z/Sway. Plut.
Xai'fMi 8C {'a'ffas t«4 TtjAai Taj toTv voy^^ir ap&^a.'TTaJv, tw "Aah'gei an

Re-printed in the Year 1724. by S a m. P a i m e r ; ami

SoMby BernardLintott, at the Cr<j/} /(Tf// between t\\iTempk
Gates ; J O s B o R N, at the Oxford- Arms in Lombardjlreet ; and
.W. and J. 1 N N Ys, at the Weft-End of St. Tauls,

Title page of the second edition of "The Religion of Nature" for which
Franklin says in the "Autobiography" he set the type. He wrote from
memory and in this statement was in error. He arrived in London in No-
vember, 1724, and it was the third edition, published in 1725, upon which he
worked. Original in possession of the author. Size 5" x yf".

Journeyman Printer in London, 45

soiling appealing to him as unsound, he wrote *'a
little metaphysical piece," entitled *'a DifTertation
on Liberty and Neceflity, Pleafure and Pain,"
in refutation. It brought him to the favorable
attention of his employer, but because of its
atheistic attitude Franklin afterward regretted its
publication. He is said to have attempted to
suppress the edition, but four copies of the pamph-
let are in existence.

Franklin now decided to make two changes.
His savings had disappeared and his rate of living
made it difficult to set aside anything from his
wages. He felt the necessity of obtaining an in-
creased income and he accordingly sought and
secured a position in a larger printing office, con-
ducted by John Watts in Great Queen Street,
Lincoln's Inn Fields, in another part of the city.
Watts was one of the eminent printers of his time.
He was largely instrumental in establishing the
great type-founding house of Caslon ^ Company.
WiUiam Caslon, its founder, was an engraver of
ornamental devices on the barrels of firearms, who
also made bookbinding stamps and dies that were
noted by Watts for their neatness and accuracy.
He introduced young Caslon to other prominent
employing printers, with the result that three of
them raised the sum of five hundred pounds with
which to set Caslon up in business. Watts contribut-
ing one fifth of the amount.

46 Journeyman Printer in London.

The second change decided upon by Frankhn
was occasioned by the fact that he was beginning
to feel the want of exercise, to which he had been
accustomed in America, and he therefore apphed
for a place in the pressroom instead of In the com-
posing room. The press on which he worked was
subsequently brought to America and Is now pre-
served in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion at Washington. Later he returned to com-
posing-room work, but in the same establishment.
His expertness as a compositor resulted In his
being placed on the rush work, which brought a
higher rate of remuneration.

The entry of a new man into a London printing
office at the time was marked by the Imposition
upon him by his fellow workmen of a tax for drink.
Franklin paid the amount, five shillings, without
demur, when he went into Watts' printing office,
but objected to paying a similar sum on his transfer
to the composing room of the same establishment.
His employer agreed with him and forbade com-
pliance with the demand. However, after two
or three weeks, during which time he found his
cases regularly mixed up, the pages of the form
upon which he might be at work transposed, and
other similar annoyances, all of which were as-
cribed to the chapel ghost, which It was explained
*'ever haunted those not regularly admitted," he
surrendered and paid the tax.

Journeyman Printer in London, 47

His abstemiousness was the subject of comment
because it was a belief among the workmen that
to do strong labor one must needs partake of strong
drink. Franklin says: "My companion at the
prefs drank every day a pint [of beer] before
breakfaft, a pint at breakfafi: with his bread and
tea, a pint between breakfaft and dinner, a pint
at dinner, a pint in the afternoon about fix o'clock,
and another when he had done his day's work."
Franklin showed them by example the fallacy of
their belief as to the source of physical strength.
"On occafion," said he, "I carried up- and down-
ftairs a large form of type in each hand, when
others carried but one in both hands. They won-
dered to fee from this and feveral inftances, that
the W ater- American, as they called me, was
ftronger than themfelves, who drank ftrong beer!"

Franklin's wages were usually considerably in
excess of those of his fellows. He never made a
"St. Monday," a holiday, observed by the other
workmen while recovering from the week end's
dissipation. He received higher wages also be-
cause of his superior ability, and he did not have
four or five shillings to pay on Saturday night for
drink consumed during the week, as did most of
the others. He was soon lending money to them,
carefully collecting it on pay day, with, one may
be assured, a reasonable addition for interest.
Acquiring a standing among the men, he pro-

48 Journeyman Printer in London,

posed some alterations in their chapel laws which
were made. He offered other suggestions also,
one being the substitution for the usual pint of
beer at breakfast of a "large porringer of hot water
gruel, fprinkled with pepper, crumbed with bread
and a bit of butter in it," which he convinced them
made a cheaper breakfast and kept their heads
clearer.

He had been lodging in Little Britain at three
shillings and six pence (about eighty-four cents) a
week. He removed to Duke Street, nearer Watts*
printing office, at the same price, but deciding to
obtain a cheaper lodging so as to increase his sav-
ings, he announced the fact to his landlady and she
reduced the price to one shilling and six pence per
week. It was a bargain, but lodgings were cheap,
compared to modern standards, in that day. It
was about the time that we find Dean Swift writing
a letter to "Stella" in which he says of his quarters
in Bury Street, one block away from Duke Street:
"I have a firft floor, a dining room and bedroom, at
eight fhillings a week, plaguey dear!"

Not far away from Duke Street is Craven Street,
at No. 7 of which was Mrs. Margaret Stevenson's
boarding-house, where lived Benjamin Franklin
during the two periods of his representation of the
American Colonies in England. The houses in
the street were renumbered twice after he left;
consequently when the Royal Society, of which he

Journeyman Printer in London, 49

was a member, in 1875 placed a tablet to his mem-
ory it was attached to the wrong house, and {)atri-
otic Americans who visited it during the succeeding
forty years worshipped at the wrong shrine. Search
of the London County Council records in recent
years established the fact that it was at the house
now numbered 36 that Franklin lived and at which
he received so many of the world's elect. It is
now a small hotel where those who make arrange-
ments sufficiently in advance may occupy the room
tenanted so long by the great American.

An interesting fact in connection with this
period of Franklin's life is that he was an expert
swimmer, and so far as is known, he was America's
first amateur athlete. With his accustomed thor-
oughness he read books that dealt with the theory
and practice of water sports; gave exhibitions that
excited comment to the point that financial aid
was forthcoming in a project to establish a nata-
torium in London for him, and it was further pro-
posed that he travel in Europe, giving exhibitions
of his dexterity as a swimmer.

He laid the matter before his Quaker merchant
friend Denham, with whom he had kept in associa-
tion, who discouraged it and advised him to return
to America. Denham was about to go back to
Philadelphia with a quantity of goods with which to
open a store, and he proposed to Benjamin that
he go along and take a position as clerk, keep the

50 A Plan of Life,

books, copy letters, and attend the wants of cus-
tomers. Later there was to be advancement.
Denham offered the equivalent of one hundred and
sixty-seven dollars a year as remuneration, which
was less than Franklin was then receiving as a
compositor, but with the ever-present desire of the
compositor to "get away from the case" the offer
proved tempting and was accepted. Accordingly
they sailed together from England, July 23, 1726.

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CHAP. VI.

A Plan of Life,

A VOYAGE across the Atlantic Ocean in the
early years of the Eighteenth Century was
something of an undertaking. The ships were
small and uncomfortable at best, and during bad
weather the conditions became almost unendur-
able. The great changes for the better in ocean
travel that two hundred years have brought are
indicated in the paper which Franklin wrote en-
titled : " Precautions to Be Ufed by Thofe Who Are
About to Undertake a Sea Voyage." He gives,
among other things, a list of the viands with which
each passenger should equip himself, for says he,
"the moft dif agreeable thing at fea is the Cookery;
for there is not properly fpeaking any profeff'd
Cook on board. The worft failor is generally

A Plan of Life, 5 1

chofen for that purpofe, who for the moft part is
equally dirty."

As to the passenger's equipment, he advises that
**a fmall Oven made of tin Plates is not a bad piece
of Furniture; your Servant may roaft in it a piece
of Mutton or Pork." He warns against the carry-
ing of live provisions. "With regard to Poultry
it is almoft ufelefs to carry any with you unlefs you
refolve to undertake the Office of feeding and fat-
tening them yourfelf. With the little care which
is taken of them on board Hilp they are almoft all
sickly and their flefh is as tough as Leather."

The voyage upon which Franklin and his mer-
chant friend and employer Denham embarked
lasted eleven and one half weeks and the diary
Franklin kept shows the trip grew so irksome that
he finally began to wonder if it would ever come to
an end. "For my part," he wrote, "I know not
what to think of it. . . . Sure the American
Continent is not all funk under Water fmce we left
it. I rife in the Morning and read for an hour or
two perhaps and then Reading grows tirefome.
Want of Exercife occafions want of Appetite fo
that Eating and Drinking afford but little Pleaf-
ure. I tire myfelf with playing at Drafts, then I
go to Cards; nay, there is no Play fo trifling or
childifh but we fly to it for Entertainment."

Such a dull existence afforded plenty of oppor-
tunity for meditation. This fact and Franklin's

52 A Plan of Life,

usual habit of reflection led him to draw up for
himself a plan of life. "Thofe who write of the
Art of Poetry," he said, "teach us, that, if we would
write what may be worth Reading, we ought al-
ways, before we begin, to form a regular Plan and
defign of our Piece; otherwife we shall be in Danger
of Incongruity. I am apt to think it is the fame
as to Life. I have never fix'd a regular Defign
in Life, by which means it has been a confuf'd
Variety of different Scenes. I am now entering
upon a new one; let me, therefore, make fome
Refolutions, and form fome Scheme of Action,
that henceforth I may live in all Refpects like a
rational Creature.

"i. It is necefl'ary for me to be extremely fru-
gal for fome time till I have paid what I owe.

"2. To endeavor to fpeak Truth in every
inftance, to give Nobody Expectations that are not
likely to be anfwered, but aim at Sincerity in every
Word and Action; the moft amiable Excellence
in a rational Being.

"3. To apply myfelf indufliriously to what-
ever Bufmefs I take in hand, and not divert my
mind from my Bufmefs by any foolifh Projecil: of
growing fuddenly rich; for Induftry and Patience
are the furefl: Means of Plenty.

"4. I refolve to fpeak ill of no Man whatever,
not even in a matter of Truth; but rather by fome
means excufe the Fault I hear charged upon others,
and upon proper Occafions, fpeak all the good I
know of Everybody.'*

A Plan of Life, 53

To this plan he later made additions. One of
them consisted of a set of twelve virtues, which
he resolved to practise as follows:

1. Temperance 7. Sincerity

2. Silence 8. Justice

3. Order 9. Moderation

4. Resolution 10. Cleanliness

5. FrugaHty 11. Tranquillity

6. Industry 12. Chastity

After practising them for some time he found
he was doing so well that he had grown proud of
the fact, which, as he reflected that pride was a
vice, caused him to add another to the table of
virtues:

13. Humility

Remembering the advice of the Greek philoso-
pher, Pythagoras, to the effect that daily examina-
tion is a necessary corollary to an attempt to
attain perfection, he prepared a chart upon which
it was his custom to check himself up at the close
of the day. Of this system of self-examination
he says :

"I made a little Book, in which I allotted a
Page for each of the Virtues. I ruled each Page
with red Ink, fo as to have feven Columns, one
for each Day of the Week, marking each Column
with a Letter for the day. I croiTed thefe Columns
with thirteen red Lines, marking the beginning
of each Line with the firft Letter of one of the Vir-

54 ^ Plan of Life.

tues, on which Line, and in its proper Column,
I might mark, by a little black Spot, every Fault I
found upon examination to have been committed
refpecting that Virtue upon that Day."

The diagram was arranged something like that
shown on the next page.

This chart was at first drawn in a memorandum
book made of paper which, because of the frequent
markings, proved not to be sufficiently durable,
consequently it was transferred to one made of
ivory leaves and the records were thus kept for
many years.

Order was the one virtue in which throughout
his whole life Benjamin Franklin found it difficult
to attain anything approaching perfection. Of
this fault he wrote: "In Truth, I found myfelf
incorrigible with refpect to Order; and now I am
grown old, and my Memory bad, I feel very fen-
fibly theWantof it."

While Franklin was Minister to France, William
Alexander wrote to him, "Will you forgive me
my Dear Sir for noticing, that your Papers feem
to me to lye a little loofely about your hands — you
are to confider yourfelf as furrounded by fpies and
amongfl; People who can make a Cable from a
Thread; would not a fpare half hour per day en-
able your Son to arrange all your Papers, ufelefs or
not, fo that you could come at them fooner, and
not One be vifible to a prying eye ?" John Adams,

TEMPERANCE

EAT NOT TO DULLNESS
DRINK NOT TO ELEVATION

S.
0.
R.
F.
I.

T.
C.

Diagram Franklin used in checking up his ob-
servance of the thirteen virtues.

56 A Plan of Life.

who usually saw something to remedy m every
situation, when he joined the embassy in Paris,
according to Parton, at once "objected to the dis-
arrangement of the papers, and very properly
addressed himself to the task of putting the em-
bassy in order. He procured letter books and
pigeon-holes, and performed a great deal of use-
ful, and perhaps some superfluous, labor, in ar-
ranging and rectifying the affairs of the office.
In a word, he put the office into red tape.'*

Fully realizing the need for all the check he could
put upon his tendency to neglect the observance
of Order in his affairs, Franklin early in life devised
a plan to cover the twenty-four hours of the day,
as follows :

THE MORNING

Queftion. What good
fliall I do this day?

5) Rife, wafh, and addrefs
) Powerful Goodnefs!

Contrive day's bufi-

6) nefs, and take the
) refolution of the day;

7) profecute the prefent
ftudy, and breakfaft.

8) Work.

9)
10)

II)

12) Read, or overlook my

accounts, and dine.
( i)Work.

A Plan of Life. 57

( 2)
(3)
(4)

( 5)
EVENING ( 6) Put things in their

Queftion. What good places,

have I done to-day? ( 7) Supper. Muficordiver-

( 8) fion, or converfation.
( 9) Examination of the day.
NIGHT (10) Sleep.

(II)
(12)

( I)

( 2)

( 3)

(4)
Always a deep thinker on all important subjects,
Franklin meditated long and earnestly upon that
of religion and as a result formulated his own creed,
which he said he felt contained the essentials of
every known religion. It was as follows:

"That there is one God who made all Things.
"That he governs the World by his Providence.
"That he ought to be worfhipped by adoration,

prayer, and thankfgiving.
" But that the moft acceptable fervice of God is

doing good to Man.
"That the Soul is immortal.
"And that God will certainly reward Virtue and

punifh Vice, either here or hereafter."

58 Foreman of Keimer*s Shop,

Conceiving God to be the fountain of all wisdom,
he supplemented his creed with this prayer of his
own composition:

"O powerful Goodnefs! bountiful Father! merci-
ful Guide! Increafe in me that wifdom which
difcovers my trueft intereft. Strengthen rny refo-
lutions to perform what that wifdom dictates.
Accept my kind offices to Thy other children as
the only return in my power for Thy continual
Favors to me."

Z^ il^ C^ €• e^ @ i^ i^ il^ €^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^ @ €^ €^ v|> il^ @ i^

CHAP. V I I.

In Philadelphia Again as Foreman of
Keimer's Shop,

A/TR. DENHAM set up his store in Water Street.
^ ^ He and his young clerk took living quarters
together and for six months everything went along
satisfactorily to both. Then both fell ill and al-
though Franklin recovered Mr. Denham did not.
The store was taken charge of by his executors
and Franklin was under the necessity of finding a
new position.

He tried to secure employment as a merchant's
clerk, but, nothing offering, he accepted an offer
from Samuel Keimer to take charge of his shop, in
which was now employed a force of several hands.
None was efficient, however, and it was for the

Fo rema n of Ke inter *s Shop. 59

purpose of making them so that Keimer offered
Franklin what was at that time a high rate of
wages.

FrankHn saw that what Keimer evidently had in
mind was to employ him until the workmen, two
of whom were bound servants, had attained some
measure of the skill at the printing trade which
Franklin had brought back from London, and
then to dispense with the instructor's services.
Notwithstanding that fact, however, the foreman-
ship was accepted. The position was made
attractive further, by the fact that Keimer closed
his shop on Saturday and Sunday, which gave ad-
ditional time for reading and study.

The new foreman proceeded to set the shop in
order and to instruct the workmen. As they
increased in usefulness Keimer began to grumble
at what he said were the high wages he was paying
to Franklin. At the end of the second quarter
he demanded a rearrangement at a lower rate of
pay. He became dictatorial in his manner, made
frequent complaints, and the break finally came
over a trivial occurrence which is described in the
" Autobiography " as follows :

"At length a Trifle fnapp'd our connec1:ions; for,
a great noife happening near the Court-Houfe, I
put my Head out of the window to fee what was
the matter. Keimer, being in the ftreet look'd
up and faw me, call'd out to me in a loud Voice

Go Foreman of Keimer's Shop,

and angry Tone to mind my Bufmefs, adding
fome reproachful Words, that nettl'd me the more
for their pubHcity, all the Neighbors who were
looking out on the fame occafion, being WitnelTes
how I was treat'd. He came up immediately
into the Printing-Houfe, continu'd the Quarrel,
high Words paiT'd on both fides, he gave me the
quarter's Warning we had ftipulat'd, exprefling a
wifh that he had not been oblig'd to fo long a
Warning. I told him his wifli was unnecelTary,
for I would leave him that inftant; and so, taking
my Hat, walk'd out of doors, defiring Meredith,
whom I faw below, to take care of fome things I
left, and bring them to my lodgings.'*

Hugh Meredith, referred to above, is described
as a "Welfh Pennfylvanian, thirty years of age,
bred to country work, honeft, fenfible, had a great
deal of folid Obfervation, was fomething of a
Reader, but given to drink." He called upon
Franklin in the evening to talk matters over.
He disapproved of Franklin's determination to
return to Boston, and suggested that they set up a
partnership together, saying that his father would
furnish the necessary capital as an offset to Frank-
lin's knowledge of printing, on a basis of an equal
distribution of the profits. The father being in
town, a further consultation was held, with a
result that an inventory of a printing shop was
given to a merchant with instructions to send it to
London to be filled.

Firm of Fran klin and Meredith , 6 1

Franklin applied to Andrew Bradford for work,
but was told there was none for him. After re-
maining idle a few days, Keimer, having in prospect
an opportunity to secure the printing of the paper
money of the Province of New Jersey, sent a civil
message to Franklin, with the result that he re-
turned to Keimer's employment. The New Jersey
order was obtained, Franklin constructed a copper-
plate press on which to print the money, cut orna-
ments for use in the design of the paper bills, and
went to Burlington, then the capital of New Jersey,
where he remained three months.

The one-story building which he fitted up as a
printshop in Burlington has been preserved as a
museum by a patriotic society because of his early
connection with it. During his stay in Burlington
he made many influential friends among the lead-
ing men of the capital, who rendered valuable as-
sistance to him when he later went into business
for himself.

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C H A P. V I I I.
The New Firm of Franklin and Meredith,

^T^HE outfit ordered from London arrived at

about the time Franklin finished the work for

which he went to Burlington for Keimer, and also

at about the expiration of the period for which

62 Firm of Franklin and Meredith*

Hugh Meredith was bound to Keimer. Mere-
dith's father advanced one hundred pounds, one
half the money required, with a promise of the
remainder at an early date. They rented a house
in the lower part of Market Street at twenty-four
pounds a year and sub-let the greater part of it to
Thomas Godfrey, with whom Franklin took lodg-
ings. Godfrey used his portion of the house for
the living quarters of his family and to accommo-
date his own business, which was that of a glazier.

A countryman walking along the street and look-
ing for a printer was the first customer, having
been brought in by one of Franklin's friends.
"This man's five fhillings," says Franklin, "being
our firfi; fruits, and coming so feafonably, gave me
more pleafure than any crown I have fmce earned."

The second order was to print forty sheets of a
work entitled "The History of the Rise, Increase
and Progress of the Christian People Called Quak-
ers." Keimer had undertaken it, but had failed to
complete it in time. Giving an estimated price
on the work, Franklin did what printers have been
known to do before and since, quoted too low.
When that fact became apparent he resolved that
the only course to follow would be to produce one
sheet every day, and so, even when interrupted
by other work, he would finish the sheet before
going to bed, and to do this he was obliged often
to work until eleven o'clock at night. He did the

THE

HISTORY

O F TH E

Rise, Increase, and Progress,

Of the CHRISTIAN PEOPLE e»lled

QUAKERS:

Intennuced with Several

Remarkable Occurrences.

Written OrigouUy in XOW-DUTCH, andalfo Tran-
titcj. into ENGL I S H,

By Willi AM' Sbw EL.

•ri/.THIRD EDITION, OrreScJ.

^HlLJDEL'PHtJ:

Frinted aAd Sold \j SAMUEL KEIMER m S»ni>d Strttf.

M DCCXXVIir

This work was begun by Samuel Keimer in 1725 and finished
in 1728 with the assistance of the new firm of Frankhn and
Meredith, being their first large order. Original in the Typogra-
phic Library and Museum of the American Type Founders
Company, Jersey City, N. J. Size sis" x lOjV"-

64 Firm of Franklin and Meredith,

type composition and Meredith the presswork.
One night just as a form of two pages had been
completed it was pied, but true to his resolution
he set to work and did not leave the printing office
until the pi had been distributed and the page set
up again and printed.

The new firm made a favorable impression,
one reason being the superior quality of its work.
Franklin knew how to set type correctly, how to
operate and keep a press in order, and how to get
good effects upon it. Neither Bradford nor Kei-
mer was noted for the excellence of his printing,
thus giving an opening to the young printers, of
which they were quick to take advantage.

A notable instance was in connection with the
public printing. Bradford was postmaster and
printer of the laws and other public documents.
On one occasion he printed an address of the House
to the Governor in a coarse, blundering manner.
Franklin and Meredith reprinted it correctly and
in good style, and sent a copy to every member of
the House. " They were fenfible of the difference,'*
Franklin says; "it ftrengthened the hands of our
friends in the Houfe, and they voted us their
printers for the year enfuing."

A difficulty soon presented itself to Franklin
and Meredith in the shape of a demand from the
merchant who had brought their outfit from London
for the payment of the second half of the purchase

Firm of Franklin and Meredith, 65

price. After some discussion, Meredith, who had
come to the conclusion that he never would be
successful as a printer, offered to withdraw from
the firm on the following terms as stated to his
partner: "If you will take the debts of the com-
pany upon you, return to my father the hundred
pounds he has advanced, pay my little perfonal
debts and give me thirty pounds and a new faddle,
I will relinquifh the partnerOiip. and leave the
whole in your hands."

Two of Franklin's personal friends came for-
ward with an offer of the money required to pay
off the whole sum due, which offer was accepted
and the title of the firm was changed to read:
" B. FrankHn, Printer."

The interest of his powerful friend Andrew Ham-
ilton, w^hose acquaintance was made at the begin-
ning of the voyage to England two or three years
before, which voyage, however, Mr. Hamilton at
tiie last moment was prevented from making, now
obtained the printing of the Newcastle paper money
and the laws of that government, which patronage
Franklin retained as long as he continued in busi-
ness.

The affairs of B. Franklin, Printer, continued to
prosper. In 1729, Samuel Keimer went into
bankruptcy, sold his printing office, and retired
to Barbadoes. One of his apprentices, David
Harry, bought the materials and set up in his place.

66 Fmn of Franklin and Meredith,

He had many friends and Franklin, fearing his
competition, proposed a partnership, which, fortu-
nately for him, Harry rejected. He neglected his
business, however, and soon followed Keimer to
Barbadoes, taking the printing outfit with him.
This left Franklin with but a single rival for the
patronage of Philadelphia, Andrew Bradford, who
gave more attention to the post office than he did
to his printing office and proved therefore not an
aggressive competitor.

Franklin now began to think of marriage. His
landlady interested herself in the matter and what
happened may perhaps be best expressed in his
own words:

"Mrs. Godfrey projecTd a Match for me with
a relation's Daughter, took opportunities of bring-
ing us often together, till a ferious Courtffiip
on my part enfu'd, the Girl being in herfelf
very deferving. The old Folks encourag'd me by
continual Invitations to Supper, and by leaving us
together, till at length it was Time to explain.
Mrs. Godfrey manag'd our little Treaty. I let
her know that I exped:'d as much Money with their
Daughter as would pay off my remaining Debt
for the Printing-Houfe, which I believe was not
then above a hundred Pounds. She brought me
word they had no fuch fum to fpare. I faid they
might mortgage their Houfe in the Loan-Office.
The anfwer to this, after fome Days, was that they
did not approve the Match; that, on inquiry of
Bradford, they had been inform'd the Printing

Firm of Franklin and Meredith, 67

Bufinefs was not a profitable one; the Types would
foon be worn out, and more want'd; that S. Keimer
and D. Harry had fail'd one after the other and I
iliould probably foon follow them; and therefore I
was forbidden the Houfe, and the Daughter fliut up."

Franklin was in doubt as to whether this action
expressed the real sentiments of the young woman's
family, or whether it was a device to prompt them
to contract a runaway marriage, which would put
the family in the position of providing a dowry or
not, as they chose. He resolved to give no further
consideration to the matter, whereupon Mrs. God-
frey renewed the overtures. He held to his decision
and as a result there was a falling out between him
and the Godfreys, who removed from the house,
which he then decided to retain wholly for his own use.

"But," says he, *'this affair having turn'd my
Thoughts to Marriage, I look'd round me and
made overtures of Acquaintance in other Places;
but foon found that, the Bufmess of a Printer
being generally thought a poor One, I was not to
expecl Money with a Wife, unlefs with fuch a One
as I fhould not otherwife think agreeable."

He renewed his acquaintance with Miss Deborah
Read and on September i, 1730, they were married.
Of this marriage Franklin said: "She proved a
good and faithful helpmate, aflifted me much by at-
tending the Shop ; we ftrove together, and have ever
mutually endeavor'd to make each other happy."

CHAP. IX.

Publisher and Bookseller,

TF A Philadelphian in 1728," says James Par-
-^ ton, "had been asked to name the business
by which, in Philadelphia, a stranger could make a
fortune in twenty years, the business of a printer
would have been among the very last to occur to
him. There was no good book-store south of
Boston, it is true, but also there was no general
regard for books south of Boston. Except Mr.
James Logan, who had a superb library, and per-
haps three or four persons besides, there was no
one in Philadelphia who had the true passion for
books, until our young printer infused it into them.
Franklin, like poets that Wordsworth speaks of,
had to create the taste by gratifying which he
was to thrive. Almanacs, hymn-books, low-priced
books of religious controversy, and very rudi-
mental school-books, were the staple commodities
of the Philadelphia book-store in the olden time.
It was not safe to publish any book higher than
eighteen pence, except by subscription. Of the
books published in the Colonies before the Revolu-
tion, nine tenths, at least, appear to have been
sold at less than eighteen pence. The whole busi-
ness of printing was trivial, and could be made
profitable only by prosecuting successfully a great
number of petty projects."

Publish 67' and Bookseller, 69

Although FrankHn and Meredith began to print
in 1728, the first issue of their press Hsted by
Charles R. Hildeburn in his remarkably complete
work, "A Century of Printing; The Issues of the
Press in Pennsylvania," is ''A Modeft Inquiry
into the Nature and NecelTity of a Paper Currency,
Print'd and Sold at the New Printing Office near
the Market, 1729." Seven other publications
are ascribed to Franklin and Meredith for that
year, two of which do not show their imprint, but
are known to be from their press.

One pamphlet bearing their imprint was not
printed by them. It is entitled "A Touch of the
Times," and was written and printed by Keimer
as an answer to an article in the "Mercury'*
which he considered to be aimed at himself, and
wrongfully ascribed on the title page to the "New
Printing Office." It brought forth the following
advertisement in the "Mercury" dated April
24, 1729:

THIS may inform thofe that have been
induc'd to think otherwife, That the filly
Paper, call'd a Touch of the Times, &c. was Wrote,
Print'd and Publifh'd by Mr. Keimer; and that
his putting the words New Printing Office at the
Bottom, and inftructing the Hawkers to fay it was
done there is an Abufe."

Franklin's publication of the "Pennfylvania Ga-
zette" began in 1729, and "Poor Richard's Alma-

o. Scfl ich In diefem yammerthal
Noch Jarjger iff armathkht/.

So hoffkh dochy Gott wird mir dorl
Ein hejj'eri ffibuurtg geben

GROSS BRlTTANIEIi

PlilLADELPKlA. ^. Mey..

Von Manila's Vineyard hst azrt, driidie r<^
dnigcf teit ailda angekommcne PfaUses wei"
chc £uf ihte: ian^en rcUs von Rotcerdain fo &bel
find bchandeic worden, mit Cspicain Loyd ac«
cwdirct tuben fie hieha rjx tShtea, xxA wcideo
nuuttiehro tSglich eivrartct.
■-- Von Engeland wird bifeftiget, dafs der VtO'
prietordielenFffchliognOcHbitr a';k'--innienwcr»
dc, such <iaji « alsdaai2>->RJgCDds detn Ver-

Eieich roit Mylord Baltimore gcfreflcn, die Linie
loffch lafTcn woUe.

Nachdim die Friedensund Ktiegs-affairen m
Europa eipe gcraume xcit her auf cincn fctr
wanckelbahren fiifs geftaiidcn, iind man einige
Jalire allezeit in den waiEra ftehend dcircii Frit-

<lenj.hand!ungen obgekgcn, fohat dochendlicli Am v*rwichenen Sonixag Bacl-i!nitta|e untft
<jet Korig von Giofi Brinanien, durch dca ihm wahrcndem Gotteidienft ensftand hiet Cift h^fici-
hcjrwolmcndcn Eifler das befte feint' Untertba-
nen tu bevorderen , die IcJste hand aiis wcrck
gcfchlagen, und durch eineu TiaSaat , ifelchcii
cr dea i6. Mcrtr verwichenen Jahres zu Wi?Q
foit d«n Ksyfer gemijchet, jitn'Fn'ederfuod die
Ruhe^Q fiumpn sefcffiget-; Zu dielemTiafisat
ill Spanie-n.imd HoUaniiuoh gstrefen': Franc};.-

lS)cli aile:.-! febeinet dariibcr fcUV unvergnflgt ^^s
Teyn. Und tttil der JCeyfet und Engeland fich
darinnen verpfiic'iret din Infant von SpanJen Don
Carlos', sis ErbTprinf/.-da Hcftiogthilmer Tof-
•canajipi Patnjamit fooo Mann Spanifche Trou-
^cp in I:al!cn ciiJiufuhr?n. , lb haj dieftm zu fol-
gc der K&^ von EpgclauKi cine Efquader uifr
ccr dem A<5rnTniI Wagcf nach Baltelqna gcJchi-"
tfcot , fidi alda lU der Spantlchen Flatte zu i3*
gen nnd die 6000. -Spauiets naeh Livomo'ju
nasisportirerl, wcfche IntfcduGion anch.gWck-
hell vo< fich gegangf n, vad, anlafs gfgebcn ta
efner Anrade Acs K8mgs am 1 5. Jan. an die bcy-
ilc HSafer des Parloftients, welchewir wegen en-
ge dci raums auf cine andeic Geiegcnheie veripa*
TOXwoHeo.

La:dn Jen 19. Jan. Vensichenen Mittwoch a-
hends un 9 ulir, gab der GraiT Bothmar-, crllor
Miniftcr der Haijnovcnfchcn affaircn, in fcinem
Haul? in S. J^mes Park, nach eiiier laag gewfihr-
<ai udpalilicbieit, flefZeitlichUeii cute nacKt
Er hat dber SO . Jahr in Engehnd gewohnct.
Scin^^ichnam foU haliamiro:, nach Hannovcs
jrebracht und bey. feinen Vorelterivsui Endenbe-
Ihrtet werden.

Lexitcrtiea. J. Feb.' 'In dnera S«hreiben von
Barcelona wird gcoieldet, dafs vor 2 TagcU an
die dafigen Intcittkntet ordrc gekommcn, eine
Armcf vor) ;aocO: M 'Un fe/lig Zu hilren, unci
r.otbjgc anftatrca machen, 3afi felbipe den -£5.
Meri£ nebft aller da«u gchflrt^tnArtillerie fcon-
jic eiiigeichiffet werden doch weifs.noch nie-
raand, worauf dicfesmochte angcfthen fcyn.

gcj branri. in Mr BadcicLs Btai-haufe. Ein ic»
<ierlief sJlendi aiss tir KircHta, und faud fich
eiije gioiTa s-.cage Vefckj hcj d«m Heuer, dock
konts dasGcbSi aiciit Crrets;' sreiden, V/ene
es des nachtsau^ebxoehen.oder das Waflernicttt
cben hocb in dem craben gewclen wire, foltc
on viel gr^ffcKs ichude decans habeii kSnocn
eiirftehen, weilxHa Flamme ichon vetfchcidene
andere Hsufet ergtiSen. Die Biajidfpr&zen rha-
ten bey ditfet Gekgcnheit grofie dienfte, und je»
darman •war wiiiig su helCcn, dergeitak, dais das
Wohnhaufs aoch, 'wiiwohl niche chne Ichadcn,
iii Ertettet werden.

Ve^ngeneWoeJie hat es fich begebtn^dsfi^ii
EW Fractf wclche einige «!t eiivor fehr meiaucho-
iUch gcwe&i, in einem Sloop das Rivier hinab
gsfaliien, und die Gelegcnheit wahrgenoniniers,
wennniemand in der Cabin;<Rar, einc FlinregE-
BOirmenund andea fpringet dcsHahnstio ftrick
gebunden, das \rnndiceh unter die Bruft geftei-
ict und fich alfo felbflerfchofie!?, dafs d« Schuls
linten ncbender Sciiulier herauj gangen, und fio
wenige fiunden hemach dflrarigeSarben.

Jiier Jiiid }ta;l/<ilgeiii<e S^hi^e thgdxafim.
Brig. Warren, The Ramfty, voft Dublin.
Snow Lovely Haanah, JWilco«ksi»on Antigiu.
Sloop Dove, John Rice, x/an South CaroliDa.
Sloop Johns, Abt Hayes, "von North Carolina.
Sliip Diamond, Wifl. Donaldlbn, von Briftol.
Sno'jv Mary Ann, Lab Pearce, von S C2ififtophet.
Preifi fdgender Cuter. Weitten dei Bufchel Z
fchil! 6. pence. Fein Meh!, der Centner 8 fch-
Mittcl Brod 12. ich. gemengt, 10. fth. braun,
9 (ph. Rum, ein Gallon 2. fch. 4. p. Mdaffe?
i6. p.

BEKENTMACHUNG.

GUtcr rother Klcber-Saamcn 'oor hi!'-
» lk)^eti pftifs zu hhmmeyt bey George Fitzwater,
in der AUrckfiraft, Philadelphia.

^HILADELIPHIA • Gcdruckt bey B.FratickJln in der Marck-flrafs, wq
dicfe ZcicuDgea zu bckommca und Bckandtmachungeu z«J b ftcUen jmd*

Fourth page of Franklin's German newspaper.

-#( No. I H^

Fhilaiel^hijche Zeitung.

S A M B S T A G, den-6 Mey. 1732.

Jit aUt tfutfche EiPcvcbner dtr 'Proviutz

NACHDEM ich von verfchic-
dencn teutfchcn Einwohnerh
dicfes Landcs bin crfuchct
wordcDjCinc teutfche Zeitung
aosgchen z.u laflen, uad ihnen darionen
das vomchmftc und mercltwiifdigfte
oeues, ib hicr und in Europa vorfallco
inochte, zu commaniciren ^ doch abcr
hicrzu viclc muhc, grolFe corrcfpon-
dcntzund auchUnkoften erfordcrt wcr
den ; Als habc mich enafchloflcD, dc-
ncn teutfchcn zu lieb gegenwartigcs
Specimen davon hePaus iu gcbcn, und
ihncn dabcy die Conditicncs welcbc
nothwendig zu dcr continuation derfd-
bcnerfordert\verdtn,bekect2umach~n.
Erftlich, iniiftoi 7-um wcnigflen, urn
die unkoftcndicdaraut'lauScn, gut zu
machcn, 300 ftiicks konnen gedruckc
und debitiret vverden, und miifte injc-
der Townfhip dazu dn mann aosge-
nnachetwcrdcn,wckhcrmirwiflcnlicf-
Ic, wie vielZ^Uongenjedesmahlan thn
muften gefandt werden, und der fie dan
wciter.scinenjeglichen zuftellen und die
bezahiong davor einfordem miifte.

Vor jedc Zeitung mnfs jahrlich 10
ShilliBgc crleget, uaddavon allcquar-
tal ifh. 6d. bczahlet werden.

Dagegen verfprechc ich auf mciner
fcitc, dutch gute Corxcfpondeutz die
ich in Holland und England habc alle-
zcitdas merkwurdigfle undncueftc fo
lin Eluropa und auch hier p:;fliret, allc

wocnc cintnahl, ncmlich ScnnaCtndsra
gegcnwartigcr form ciner Zeitung,
nebil denen fchlffcn fo hicr abgchcn
und ankommcn, und auch das ileigca
Oder .fallen des PrcifTcs dcr Qutcr, ur.d
was fonft zu "wiflcn dicnlieb bckandC
Z41 mochen.

Advertiflementfi oder Bekant nia-
chungen, welchcmanan micf^fchickeit
mochte, follcn das crfte mahJ vor 3 Ihilf.
3 mahl aber vor 5 fhil; hinein gcfeczcc
werden.

Und weil ich imtzlich eracKte did
gantzc bcfchrcibung dcr aufriehtung
dicfcrprovintz, rait alien dcrfclbcnprw
vilcgicn,.rcchtcn nndgdetzen, bey cr^r
inangeluog gcnugfamer Neuigkciten,
darinen bckandt zu machcn; foltc njcht
uadicnlicb fcyn, dafs cin jedcr, zuir.aht
wcr kinder bar, diefe Zeitungen wchl
bcwsh^e, und am cndc des jahrcs an
einander hcffte ; zumahl da folchc danii
glcichfam als cine Chronica diencn kon-
nen. die vorigen Gcfchtchtc darausza
erfchcn, und die folgendc" dcfto bcflcr
zu verftehen.

Auch wird aabey zu bcdcnckcn gc
gcbcn, cb fs nicht rahtfam^ ware, Jo
jeder groflenTownfliipcincn rcitcnden
Boten zu beftcllcn, welchcr alie wochc
cinmahl nach dcr fladt reitcn und was
ein jedcr da zu beftcilen hat, mit nch-
men konne

So bald nun die obgcmeldtc ai t>h!
der Ufltcrlchreibcr vorhanden, wdche
fo bald als moglich erfuche in Phila-
delphia

Title page of the first number of Franklin's German newspaper.

Size sh" X 8".

72 Publisher and Bookseller,

nack" was'established in 1732. Each will be dealt
with at length in separate chapters.

The issues of Franklin's press, exclusive of the
"Pennsylvania Gazette," "Poor Richard's Alma-
nack," the "Philadelphifche Zeitung," and the
"General Magazine," between the years 1729 and
1748, in which latter year the active management of
the printing office was turned over to David Hall,
numbered more than seven hundred, in which is
included everything from a single sheet to preten-
tious volumes of several hundred pages each.

Early in 1741 Franklin began the publication
of "The General Magazine and Hiftorical Chronicle
for all the Britifh Plantations in America, to be
Continu'd Monthly." A part of the announce-
ment of the new magazine in the " Pennsylvania
Gazette " was to this effect:

"We defire no fubfcriptions. We fhall publifh
the Books at our own Expenfe, and rifk the fale
of them, which Method, we fuppofe, will be moft
agreeable to our Readers, as they will then be at
Liberty to buy only what the^^ like, and we fliall
be under the conftant NeceiTity of endeavoring
to make every particular Pamphlet worth their
Money."

The ''General Magazine" came out late in the
month and followed by three days the publication
by Andrew Bradford of the first number of "The
American Magazine or a Monthly View of the

I A New Verfion |

g OF THE S

|P S A L M S|

i OF i

I D ^ r / A

g Fitted to the T U N E S Ufed g

I N

iCHURCHES.g

g i

1 BY I

* N. Brady^ D. D. Chaplain in Ordinary, J

2 and N. ^ate^ Efq; Poet Laurcat loHis «
« MAJESTY. *

8 PHILADELPHIA: S

S Printed and Sold by B.FRANKLIN, g

§at the New Printing-Officc, near the «S
Market. Sold alfo by A. Bradford, at C
» the Bible in Second-Street. 1795. ^ 3

The seventh edition of this work, printed in 1729, was the first
important production of Franklin's press. In speaking of the
deplorable tendency of people to prefer light literature he
said: "An impression of the Psalms of David had been upon
my shelves for above two years," yet he had " known a large
impression of Robin Hood's Songs to go off in a twelvemonth."
Original in the possession of the Curtis Publishing Company,
Philadelphia. Size 2^" x 4!".

C A T O's

MORAL

DISTIC

EngUJhed in Couplets.

Printed and Sold by B. F R A N K L I N, i73i-

Franklin's first reprint of a classic. He said "The Cato Major" (1744) was
"the first translation of a classic in the Western World," forgetting this
edition of the "Moral Distichs" and Samuel Keimer's publication in 1729
of "Epictetushis Morals." Original in the possession of the Curtis Publish-
ing Company, Philadelphia. Size 4" x 6".

TREATY

O F

FRIENDSHIF

HELD WITH THE

CHIEFS OF THE SIX NATIONS,

PHILADELPHIA

I H

SEPTEMBER and OCTOBER. 1736.

<PyiLjiDEL<?HlJf

Printed and Sold by a F R A N K L I N, »t the New PrintiDg-Offic*

Dear the Muket. M^C^XXVU.

First issue of the Indian Treaties.
Original in the possession of the Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia.

SizeSiV'xgA"-

The. Amerioan MaGAZI'NE:

O R

A MONTHLY VIEW OP

The. Political State

^F THE BRITISH COLONIES;

For FEBRUARY, 1740-t.

(To be Continued Monthly)

Ccntainir.g,

I. Continuation of theRl>rAiiK J

tp the Marxiamd Goverii-

nicnt.
n. Ptocitiuiwci intheAflcm-

bly of that Province.
III.,P«ocEaDiNCs of the Af-
jp/embly of Penmsvlvanix,
' ' in Relation to the inlifting of

Scrvanti.
IV. PnocsRDiNci of the Af-

fembly of N»w-Yo,rk, rc-

fpcfting the King's Inftrufti-
ons to make Provifions for the
Troops, direfted to be raifed
there.
V AnAccotJNT oftheSpEKCH-
Bs in Affcmbly of his Excel-
lency the Governor of New-

JSRSBV.

VI. The PtEjKNT Statb of
the WAR.

VII. The Affaixj ofEuRon.

PHILJDELPHIAt Printed and Sold by Anhkew Bradfoid:
[(Price One Shillin;; Penrfyhania Currency, or Ei:.-h- Pence St.rhr^ )

Title page of the second number of "The American Magazine." From the
file in the possession of the New York Historical Society, the only copies
known to be in existence. The title page of the first number is missing.
Size 3\l" X 6|".

THE

General Magazine,

And

Hijiorical Chronicle,

For all the Britijh Plantations in AmtrUe,
[To be Continued Monthly.]

JANUARY, 1741.

VOL I.

PHILADELPHIA:

'-^ SnMlw R. FRANKLIN.

Title page of the "General Magazine," the second magazine
established in the Colonies. It bears the coronet of the
Prince of Wales, of Hanoverian ancestry, which accounts for
the German motto. Original in the Ridgway Branch of the
Philadelphia Public Library. Size 2g" x 6",

78 Publisher and Bookseller.

Political State of the Britifli Colonies." The
publication of the twD magazines had been pre-
ceded by a wordy dispute in the newspapers be-
tween Franklin and John Webbe, the editor of
the "American Magazine." Franklin claimed
that the idea of publishing a magazine in the Amer-
ican Colonies originated with him and that he had
concluded with Webbe an agreement to edit it,
but that Webbe had broken faith, and had be-
trayed Franklin by laying the plan before Bradford
and inducing him to enter into an agreement on
better terms than those arranged for with Franklin.

On the title page of the "General Magazine"
appeared a wood cut reproduction of the Prince
of Wales' coronet with three plumes and the motto
"Ich dien." The contents consisted of theological
controversy, proceedings of Parliament, governors'
speeches, and extracts from books, very little of
the matter being original, and practically none of
it of the interesting character of that to be found
in the "Gazette" and " Poor Richard's Almanack."
The information was useful, but not calculated to
attract a wide circle of readers.

The magazine edited by Webbe and issued by
Bradford lasted three months. Of Franklin's
"General Magazine" six of the monthly numbers
were published. It contained sixty pages, 2| x
5| inches in size, and was set in type corresponding
to modern six point and ten point solid. Only

CATALOGUE

O F

CHOICE AND VALUABLE

BOOKS,

CONSISTING OF

Near 600 Volumes, in moft Faculties
and Sciences, viz.

Divinity, History, Law, Ma-
thematics, Philosophy, Phy-
sic, Poetry, &c^

Which will begirt'

To BE SOLD for Ready Money only, by Ben J.
Franklin, at the Poji -Office m Philadelphia,
on Wednefday, the 1 1 th. of y^/r/V 1 744. at Nine
a Clock in the Morning ; And, for Difpatch, the
bweft Price is mark'd in each Book.

The Sale to continue Three Weeks, and no longer ;
and what then remains will be fold at an advanced
Price.

Thofe Peribns that live remote, by fending their
Orders and Money to faid B. Franklin, jnaj
depend on the fame Juftice as if prefcnt.

Announcing a sale of books.
Original in the possession of the Curtis Publishing Companj^, Philadelphia.

Size 2f" X 5".

LETTER

F R O iVI
THE REVEREND

Mr. George Whtiefield,

T O

THE REVEREND

Mr. "John We (ley,

IN ANSWER TO HIS

SERMON,

ENTITLED,

FREE GRACE.

Gal. ir. ir.
&f when Peter li/as come ro'Antiocft, / vjtthjiood hltfk
it thi Facei iccaufe he wat to be blamed.

P JTIL A D'E L P HI Ai
ftinwtasd ^fd by 8. Franklin, M,DCC,XLI,

Title page that is interesting because showing a typographical
error, from which Benjamin Franklin's Work was usually singularly
free. Original in Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Public
Library. Size 3I" x s|".

Publisher and Bookseller, 8 1

one advertisement gladdened its short life, appearing
in small type at the bottom of the last page in the
fifth and sixth numbers. Since it is the first Amer-
ican magazine advertisement, it is here reproduced:

THere is a F E R R Y kept over Poto-
mac^ {by the Subjcriber) being the Pvft Road
and much the nighejt way from Annapolis to Will-
iamfburg, where all Gentlemen may depend on a
ready Parage in a good new Boat with able Hands
Richard Brett, Deputy-Pojt-M after at Potomack.

Another publication venture of Franklin's was
announced as the ** Philadelphifche Zeitung, or
Newfpaper in High-Dutch, which will continue
to be publiflied on Saturdays once a Fortnight,
ready to be deliver'd at Ten a Clock, to Country
Subfcribers." The editor was Louis Timothee,
"language master."

Although Franklin relates in the "Autobiog-
raphy" his early business ventures in considerable
detail, he makes no mention of either the " General
Magazine " or the " Philadelphifche Zeitung."

"Though the bulk of the issues of Franklin's
press are of little moment," says Paul Leicester
Ford, "there can be no doubt that as a whole they
contain more of genuine merit than those of any
printer of the same or previous periods in the
Colonies, the amount of doctrinal and polemical
theology being a minimum, and bearing a less
proportion to the whole mass that can be found

COLLECTION

OF ALL THE

LAWS

Of the Province of

PENNSTLFy^NI^:

Now IN Force.

Publijbed hy Order of ASSEMBLY

PHILADELPHIA :

Printed and Sold by B. FRANKLIR

M,DCC,XLn.

Franklin excelled in title pages, of which this is a fine example.
Original in the Typographic Library and Museum of the American
Type Founders Company, Jersey City, N. J. Size 4I" x 8f".

THE YEARLY

VERSES

Of the Printer's Lad,
who carrn'eth a-
bout the ^eiwfyl-
vania GJZETTE,
to the Cuftomerj
thereofl

yojt. 1. 1741.

; Y Labour's done for one unreckon'd Year,
And to account, kind S I R, I row appear.
'Twould give Offence, could I the News rclicarle,
T' attempt it all, here, in my fcanty Vcrfc t
Bat ifth* important Parts are nai^'d again
That ftrikc the Paffions and infpire the Pen,
Thp' Grief, and Joy, and Anger, thole may ralfe,
And fome defcrve Reproach, and others Praifc t
Such Parts, by Cuftom due, ye will expcfl ;
And fuch will make the noble Mind rcflcft'.

Heading of "The Yearly Verses of the Printer's Lad."
Original in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Size 3" X ii-ii"

84 Publisher and Bookseller,

in the books of contemporary American printers.
In the eadiest years of the venture he took the
risk of printing two Httle volumes of American
poetry, as well as reprinting other verses of Euro-
pean origin. In 1741 he pubUshed the earliest
American medical treatise, Colden's 'Essay on
the Iliac Passion/ and four years later the second
Cadwalader's 'Essay on the West India Dry
Gripes.' From his press came the first two pamph-
lets against slavery. In 1744 he reprinted Rich-
ardson's ' Pamela,' the first novel printed in Amer-
ica. Despite his personal disregard of the classics,
he printed as early as 1735, James Logan's Trans-
lation of Cato's * Moral Distichs,' the first Latin
work to be both translated and printed in America."

Franklin's printing and bookmaking were of a
higher grade than those of his contemporaries.
His type arrangements, particularly of title pages,
demonstrate skill, and his presswork as a rule,
although it does not measure up to modern stand-
ards, is good. The book he regarded as his me-
chanical masterpiece was the "Cato Major."

A feature of his work which impresses one is its
freedom from typographical errors, although they
did occasionally occur. One is to be noted in the
title page shown on page 80 and the date lines of
the issues of the "Pennfylvania Gazette" occasion-
ally were not changed from the issues of the pre-
vious week. However, he was able to turn even

M. T.CICERO'S

CAW MAJOR,

OR HIS

DISCOURSE

OLD-AGE:

With Explanatory NOTES.

PHILADELPHIA ;

Printed and Sold by B. FRANKLIN,
MDCCXLIV.

Title page of the book Franklin is said to have regarded as the best
specimen of his book printing. Original in the possession of the
Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia. Size 3I" x 6|".

( vill )

ID.r.i M.itcr
Ifccr.-itn
Junius Urutiii

LAcrlcs
La-Iius KiiA Scipio
Lepiduj jlilniiliui
Livius /\Ri!ronicus
Livy'/ zd Diciul
Lucius FlamL'.iui

Papo

95
28 54

109

10 12

1:0

103

MAndnus Caius 85
MarcdlusM. a. 144146

MaCniiTa 39 7'

MetelfusC. 64 119

Milo c/Croton J9

Milio andVjOMA 1 24

llolbii' cf ibt Gait 95

v^viusCneins 41 102
Numantia 8j

U-Jgi it* Commtnfmnit

TJAulus iEmilius
Y Plato
Plato's Phi3on
Plautus M. Accios
P^filltatus tUt 7yrant
FoniifiX hiax'wan
I'oAtius the Cintui'hn
Pontius the Samnile^
PolUiumiul Spurius
Prater's Off.(t
Pyirhus
Pythagoras

V<rpr'i Offct

3»

47 5°

150

103
»33 '35

6;
70
82

83
23

a* 3$ 88
46

%ilto M.Ati!. 139

. Romans 'wko,iofa'vl their
Country, expofeJ themfelvet It
ft (trtain Death 146 1 47

Roman Funeratt
Rojha

QAIinator

v^ y St.rfi;;itcs

Scipio .»</Lilius

Scipio'i z Drorl'jri

Scipio Cn. y P. Com.

Scipio Nafica '

SfrlpLL.n

SextusyEmiliu^

Sifflonides

Sotlratca

Solon

Sophocles

Sophonilba

.Statius C.-Eciliu9

Stefichorus

Stoiii

Stringth ofSidct

Sun/or Icgii

Siiperjlithu of the Rcmani

Sjbaris

Syphax

' l"^Arehtuni.
X TartafTus
ThemiftocUj
Theophraftus
Terence's Addphi
Terimius C Varro
Tithonus
Tims P. Atticus.
...1. Q^FlarftiiuBS
-— - Conmcaniu*
Troubles ofKomt
Turpio Afflbivitit

V^etiiu (?orvinas
Voconi&n Lah»

Page

27
to

'9
82

10 12

i:5

63 14+

40 97

47 S'

57 '^3

43 55

45 46

5»

^3
26
60
7>

129

55
12+

'45
9
t

3 4

J4 35

100

117
3.«

X'AntLippos 140

Xea9phQaV$yinpo£ani 98

'Ei6

48 ji

Index page from the "Cato Major.

T H E

CATO MAJOR

Of M. Tullius Cicero,

O R

His DISCOURSE of

OLD-AGE^

ADDRESSED TO

(i) Titus Pomi'ONius Atticus.

C H A P. I.

IIMiil^^^' Titus, if fome fovereign
" ^, (ff^l Balm I find

[|5 Tp footh ymcr CareSy and calm
" ""^ yatir rufficd M'uidy
Sbant I dejh-ve a Fee P

A For

______

(i) Tilus Pomponius Jtticns, tn wliom this Difcoufn'.
is addrcfs'd, was of an ancient Family of Romt, ot tlio
F.queftrian Order, the fecond in Dii^nity amongll il;i;
Romans, Of all Cicero'i Friends iU appears to li.ivc

Gccn>

First reading page of "The Cato Major."

[ 7S ]

found Co in his Underftanding. I am
now oil the ievcnth Kixik of my Origives^
(59) wherein I am collcding all the Monu-
ments of Antiquity of every kind. I am
alfo making out thofe Orations, that 1
formerly delivered in pleading the fcvcral
Caufes I defended. I am further treating
of the Civil Law, .and of that of the Au-
gurs and Pontift's. I read much Greeky
and, agreeable to the Pythagorean Precept,
the better to exercifc my Memory, I re-
colled: at Ni<^ht what I have heard, faid
or doiic in the Day. Thefe are the Me-
tJiods I purfue to keep mv Mind employed;
and while with a conftant and altiduous
Application I continue thefe Exercifes, I
c!ann6t fay 1 am fenfible of any Want of
Strength. I ani ftill able to ferve.my
Friends ; I come duly to the Senate, and
there propofc fuch Matters of Weight, as I

have

(59) Cote's Origi/us was 3 Work much eltcemed by
the Roni.uis, but is loft to us. C. Nepos informs u?,
t|«t its firft Book contained the Arsons of the People ot
Rme^ (probably to the Time of the firjl Punic or Car-
thaginkn War) the ad and 3d gavr the Origin tip firft
Rife of all «hc Cities of Italy ; the 4th was the HiAor>'
of the firft Punic War; the 5th gave the fccond, \vl\ic!i
WR» iifhts own Timt j In the lolJowing he related tluu

otJ'.er

Facing pages showing type arrangement of "The Cato Major."

[ 79 ]

ihavc long pondered and digcfted ; and I
fupport what I propofc with Arguments,
to which bodilv StrcnG;lh can contribute
nothing. And if for want of a Cortipetcat
Share of that Strcnn;di, I ihoiild be-rende-
Ted uncapablc of all this; yet I could ^leaft
myfelf, even on my Couch, with running
them over in my Thoiights. And whoc\-cv
will purfue the fame Methods, and praclifc
thus, will fcarce be fenfible of the Advan-
ce of Old- Age, but gradually Aiding on,
and infenflbly decaying, without any fuddcii
Changes, will at laft drop like ripe Fruit,
or go off like an expiring Light.

CHAP. XII.

']pHE third Charge againfl: Old- Age
was, That it is (they fay) infcnfiblc
to Pleafure, and the Enjoyments ariling
from the Gratifications of tlie Senfcs. And
a^moft blefied and heavenly Effed it truly
IS, ifiteafesof what in Youth was the

foreft

**fcer Wars, till the" ConqUeft of tit/Itariia, now Portu^
f^*^ wfeich I judge to have been the Conqueft mention'd
yf|«97//3,4l.f.n; for v/]iich L. Pojihumius triiJmphcd
■"••■^<* Yean before tliis Difcourfe j for I find Sergiut
•H'S*^ ■whom Nepos names, no-\Vhcre niemion'tl w f»*

90 Publisher and Bookseller,

errors into matters of general interest, as will be
noted by the following statement from Poor Richard :

*'In my laft, a few faults efcap'd; fome belong
to the Author, but moft to the Printer: Let each
take his fhare of the Blame, confefs and amend for
the future. . . . Printers indeed fliould be
very careful how they omit a Figure or Letter;
For by fuch Means Sometimes a terrible Alteration
is Made in the Senfe. I have heard, that once, in a
new edition of the ' Common Prayer,' the following
Sentence, *We fliall all be chang'd in a Moment, in
the Twinkling of an Eye,' by the Omiflion of a
fmgle Letter, became, *We fliall all be hang'd in a
Moment, ^c,' to the no fmall Surprize of the firft
Congregation it was read to."

In connection with the publishing enterprise
was conducted a stationery store, as may be noted
from the following advertisement from the "Ga-
zette":

JUST import'd from London and to be
fold by B. Franklin, at the Poft-Office, near
the Market in Philadelphia.

All forts of fine Paper, Parchment, Ink-powder,
Sealing Wax, Wafers, fountain Pens,' Ink and
Sand GlalFes with Brafs Heads, Pounce, and
Pounce Boxes, Curious, large Ivory Books and
Common ditto, large and fmall flates, Gunters
Scales, Dividers, Protactors, Pocket Compaffes,
both large and fmall, fine Pewter Stands proper
for Ofiices and Counting Houfes, fine Mezzotinto
and grav'd Pictures of Mr. Whitefield.

Where may be had great Variety of Bibles,
Teftaments, Pfalters, Spelling Books, Primers,
Hornbooks, and other forts of ftationery ware.

cz:^^

\''j*i^J^n

c^Arr /f-n n A^ S^t^^^h^ctX^^, £^C^rpcr4^ 2,. ",. (S>

Bill for printing rendered to Thomas Penn by Franklin, receipted by Mrs. Franklin.
Original in the possession of the Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelpliia.

>^r;

I! r^

.Ojf i, i/j

y<^i c.

0i a^-"^ ■/""', Jf^/l'yi"''^^

Bill for printing rendered to the Library Company by
Franklin. Original in the possession of the American
Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

2^i 9U.,.>tr /trvM, y ^j,^ i.'^rrri. , l^^JJD 7^ 1/3 -/Hr- //./a/"

Co 3. fii^ju^: tUc^ ^<^^ frrr^ . . ^ //s ~ Ai a'y

^of •^i,^.(%^,^_ i.^ .„^^ ... - -<o//e ..----- *^'\,.'^

?lfi /nc^ (P<\s., f./.,.^ i.""^ ■«> ■ ^ " ■ - - * ' ^,. fa

3s>, m ^^. AA /£^ -^^f^"^^*?-. -i^i - """^^

ISP ^CuJl<P,-cj^, j.^ y^,-2> t/^ ^^«

9/ Q,U£, ^4* - >> - S> >A - .. - J-- * *

> t^J^,^ . .. . . 5*/..- ■ - - ■ . - . . • 7-'' "

fi ^^^,<^,..U: .^/U/^,^^CJJiSf.'''.-ii/<!> • • ■^(9-^

/,i Jiatsiii^ Ji.y''-f^''i^- -->.:- a/- • ■ iio-o

{rr^^J.^r,. a // - - _ . -' 90

es (V^, ;^>- ® .^^..^Q 2^- . . • • ■..-.. tl:S-0

/> ^*^/ .... ■7>'f/ • ^ '^ ^

^KO^u^, /y^d-y^ /,^/^^. ii ^/. - -A^/oo

2 ^^ ^MS, rf»^^, ^; /„c/^>^ . . _ / rtoa

I oCt^cr i/2ii^ e^ e>^ (^ /it^ . . . ., ■/ :o:o

'•^/^■Xzn,^. / ^X/, <0-«^^r>k^^y^ . - * . - - /:u.t>

/ ^ A,^^^ _\,.,^/SJ^ . - > _-_------ /-•<»-•'»

'l^ iPfd^ /rr ^ fy (P*f-c^ ^^/i^tf

/2 ^^Qili,„^^ i^^.^^^/i'^irA . 3-0:«

1 /CJy^ Or^^ 3S', /^M'M^-^ i'y^'.I^V:^'^/^^ ■ -- a.0^0
"yiit- ^i^ /rr ^. Si^^^^i^"^-"^-^ "^"^ "'^'^ — — -- --.

Inventory by James Parker of the printing outfit owned by Franklin and
Hall, made at the time of the dissolution of the partnership. Parker's
comments are interesting. Original in the Typographic Library and
Museum of the American Type Founders Company, Jersey City, N. J.

CUANTITY AND VALUATION OF THE PRINTING OFFICE, AS TAKEN JAN. 27, I766,

PER J. PARKER

LBS.

383 Old Brevier, much worn, and worth little more than old

metal, @ 8d. per lb

282 Newer Brevier, 7 years worn, valued @ ^ per lb.

663 Burgois, eight years worn, @ )4

436 Long Primer, well worn @ i4

318 Small Pica, almoft worn out @ lod

421 Pica, Old, and much batter'd @ lod. ....

334 Old Englifh, fit for little more than old metal @ 8H

502 Newer Englifh, nearly half-worn, @%

223 Great Primer, well worn @ 5^

158 Double Pica, pretty good, @ ^

91 Double English Do. @ 'A

70 Flowers @ 2 . . .

S3 Figures, Planets, Space Rules, Black Letter, @ % .

63 Large and Title Letter, fome old, fome good, @ i .

40 Quotations, Juftifiers, etc., @ i

3 Crooked Letters, @ I

85 Cafes, fome, old and shatter'd @ s

13 Frames @ 8

15 Chafes, fome large, fome fmall, @ 6

16 Letter-Boards, only lo of 'em good-for-any-thing

3 Folio Gallies, 8 Quarto, and 7 small Do

I Letter Rack and one Cafe Rack

1 Lye-Trough, I Lye Tub, and one Wetting Trough .
6 Compofing Sticks, one of which good-for-nothing

2 Impofing Stones, with their Stands

1 Old Book-Prefs much fhatter'd

16 Poles for dr>nng Paper

2 Mallets, 2 Shuting Sticks, a Plainer, and fome old Furni-

ture

12 Cuts for Diiworth's Spelling Books

2 King's Arms, 3 S's for Bill of Lading, 3 or 4 Head ^ Tail

Pieces

The Cuts for 9 advertifements much worn
Some Brafs pieces of Rules, and other Rules .

Three Printing Preffes, one much shattered

Errors excepted
Per James Parker

L. 12

• 4

• 3

-»

I.?

268

L. 313

Parker's inventory set in type.

94 Publisher and Bookseller,

The foregoing advertisement, which was pub-
lished in 1742, is notable because it contains the
earliest known reference to fountain pens. They
were not of course made as are those of the present,
the process of galvanizing rubber not having been
discovered until nearly a century later.

Contrasting strangely, according to the modern
viewpoint, with the last paragraph of the foregoing
advertisement is the following:

TWO likely young Negroes, one a lad
about 19: The other a Girl of 15, to be fold.
Inquire of the Printer.

These advertisements appeared frequently, evi-
dently according to the space at the publisher's
disposal, as did the following three, which evidence
the wide range of his operations:

T^^ERY GOOD SACK at 6s. per Gallon.

» Inquire of the Printer hereof.

VT'ERY good coffee fold by the Printer

^ hereof.

O EADY Money for old Rags may he had

■'-^^ of the Printer hereof; by whom is made l^
Sold very good Lampblack.

CHAP. X.

The Pennsylvania Gazette.

TTT'HEN Franklin established himself as a
printer there was but one newspaper in
Philadelphia, the "American Weekly Mercury,"
founded by Andrew Bradford in 1719 and issued
continuously by him thereafter. Franklin said of
it in the ''Autobiography": "The then only news-
paper . . . was a paltry thing, wretchedly
managed, no way entertaining, and yet was profit-
able. I therefore freely thought a good paper
would fcarcely fail of good encouragement."

On two occasions Franklin found himself the
victim of misplaced confidence, each time in con-
nection with a publishing venture and each time
through betrayal by a man who pronounced his
name Webb. The first instance is given in the
previous chapter. The second relates to this
second newspaper which he proposed to establish.

On a certain day in 1728 there appeared in his
office one George Webb, a journeyman printer
from England, who had been bound to Keimer
but who had purchased the remainder of his
time from his master and employer. To him
Franklin confided his plan and Webb immediately
went to Keimer with the information. Keimer
** clutched at the idea," hurriedly made arrange-
ments to forestall his rival in issuing a new news-

iTheUttherfal InJkuriorintiU Arts and ScUfiCfs :

AND

Pennfylvania Gazette.

To be continued Weekly. ' ®«fwi^. . 24. 1728

A A

A^Jw-thati»t«r.<l«-to ereSa noble -an J magnU to God, as Fattier of all Tilings. Tho' tliis Way of

ficcDt Structure, is oblig'd to makcUfe «'l the Explication has been .much corrupted, and confcqucntly

tneanell and moll contemptible Materials, in condemn'd by many Learned Writers.

Order to begin, carry on. and pericA hi» Of all the Letters, A is obkrv'd to b^ that which

UndeiJtking ifoatPctl'on whatever cjn make dumb Perfons are fooneft taught to pronounce. The

aiiy true judgirent what Sorf of Building it will b«, Rcafon is, that it does not depend on the Wulcles, or

Wwv beholding the preparing of the Mortar, the dig. other Organs of the Mouth and Tongue, which .".re g^;.

'o'no-otthebtones, thefquaring the Marble, or the mU- nerally wanting in Mutes; but on thole ol the Throat

ink c? the Colours. ~ and Nofe, which the/ commonly have.

TPho <ain< may juftly te obferv'd ot nur Un'ivtrfal . Thisfiift Cmpleft Sound A fervesus to e«prefs itiod

Jif(Jr«8»rY {at as Great Things are compounded of of the Movements of the Soul. Tis fo mu?h the Lan-

SlJ»ill, .WMtoV it neceiTary, in Order to t'urnift oijt 'guage of bJature, that upon all fudden and.extraord'inary

Wper'witlf proper Materials deferving that Charaftpr, Occafions, we, are neccffarily led to it, as the Initru-

to intr'odiico it with an Expofitionon the Letter A, the tntnt ready at hand. With this we'fpeak ou^'Admiratij

firft in theAfphsbetf and as icltert were before (*'i!.-Wj, on, Joy, Anguilh, Avcifion, Apprefienfion of Danger,

jind.(*'i>ri«bhly ferve, as fo many Meifengcrs to decljro EJc. Where the Paflion is very ftrong, we irtquently

the Nature and Property of I4'n|j, it cannot bethought heighten the A, by adding an Affirm, Ah.

impertinent to begin at the lowed End firil, and advance 'i'is obferv'd of the £)iJJ//li Pronunciation, thst we

by Pygtees, to.the higheft Pitch of Knowledge wc aim fpeakthe A with a (lendercr and more puny Sound than

to4l>lt4r' at.. But to proceed, *n/ of our Neighbours: Ordinarily, 'tisTcarce broad

Riough for a Frsnch E Neuter, and com-.s tar iUort of

1 he Grarnmarians \tVX needs have A to be the firft f^e grofs a of the Germans which would make our ta,
.tertc^' ^"ett- Uwigtlaa«» ; «idLfai?p*ot.«m afligo a natu--^^-ft*'« ok e, Infonse Wordj hoirivcn Ri iaU^ w.iC/,

ral Realon for it, vl^- That it is the moll fimple, and
««fiefc.t9Bjbe.j>iooottn'e''d of all articulate Sounds. To
confion this,: J^iuiSealigtr, a, fatpous"" Author^ obferves,
that ,<! ittbc firft Sound. Nature jSu*s forth at, the cry-
ing and Tmiling of Infants*, and that it needs no other
Motion to form it, but a bare opening of thet.ip5..

Cnarruviat, refining on this Sentiijient of Scaligtr,
obftlvn very gravely, that the f.rll Sound pur forth by
Boyt, is A; but that .Girls firft put forth E; eachpro-
rouncinatlic initial .or firft Letter of the Name ot the
PartntiS|fe refpeftive Sex. Dr.iiK/eHis.Cfetting Adam
aCde/diiRes the' one fpeak the final, arid the other the
initial Letter of tie Mother of Mankind, SyA,

flail, tjf. the a it broad, and deep enough. But this;
'tis obferv'd, may rot be the meer Sound of a ; but tbo;
Effcft of the antlcnt, Orthography, which, as low as Qu«
El'nabsth, added an u to the a, and wrote taulk, nault,
&c. • „ .

^The Esraau; laid a mighty Strefs on their*; and di-
flinguifti'd exaftly, both in Writing and Speaking, when,
it was long, and when {hort. To denote it Ion-", they
firft wrote it double, ..<ala lor AU; which 'being'
enough, they inferted an b between 'em, . a. Ac,
length they fell to the comm&n long A<ceot- i. J ^ ^'-t
A was one of the Numeral Letter? among the Antients,

. , and fignily'd 500.,; Y^itha Dafli OD the lop a, it ftood

But Sis ilk viin that Authors compare' the A of the for ^ooo-

fttglijk^Jitaiin, Prertib, &c». with the Alcpb of the He- .B*rc«(Kr gives us a Set of ancient Technical Verfcs,'
wwtf'tiWRie Elipb ol the Arahi ; thofe two Letters ha-" [tbatis, Virfes trcatio^ of Art, Technical being a fPirJ
Ting w; t^informity with our European A, except in from the Gieck, fj fiz>tifymg~\ wherein the Numeral Va

iue of each Letter pi the Alphabet is exprefs'd, nrberaot
this is the firft,

tijpdet A numeros qulngentcs, criine rcSit

«hlt, -thit.t6ey are. tie firft of their feveral Alphabets..
V>J«t roakej a greater Difference, is, that thefe Oriental
.«^. EattsxB ->irs ale rot Vowels, , ■ . ■

Some CrKieks tike the Jlebrtx} lAUfb to be neither
Vowel, no^ Confonant, but whit the Gyamnfftrians call

»n Af^irati or fntumtici Letter, [War Is, a Letter which tranflated into! Englijli Verfe, is,

frSBfiipt'ii p>if4<»y!rri>^ Bre'«/4l liite-the H in the iaiin, , ,

and our Language V adding ftm St. Jerom appears to A by it felf, [at learned Bar— atife^etji

have had the fame ThoujliC, wlio probably learnt if "J-iye Hundred Niiinbers (in right Line; poff^ffet, .

htm the Jfwi pf the SchooV Of. -ISJifr/*!. But tho'Je« ' ^^ t

fuitsib rrevtai five the Thiog another Turn. Thof* Cut we fliill here bbfcrve, once for all, that ic.ttitS

Ftthtit. iiave prcM that the Hebrew Alefb, Arabick noj: ftriaiy among tVe Ancients, that this Ufe of Nume-

£t*pb, tiid Syriack Olipb, are real Confonants, and that ral Letters bad Place, as is commonly fuppos'd. Jfidore

the fame holes oP all the other Afpirates. * Wi/po/rK/if, an Author of the Vllth Century, »fEro« (t

Tb»lWnd(if6i, .a Sort 6? fevuf, R.ifcbieft, in thetr eiT^reCiy, .Latini autem nunerssaii titt(r^Mlltoj> compatant ',

(»ii§U,[abitb^-is a Mfflital Eitfifiioii from VIotis and th.it is. But the Latins Jt not Tii\ni tttft Ifuinhiri kj

' -"fn m thar .J^fw] pretending c^fiad out aUlrufe and ZHteri. The Ofige was really introdue'd in the Days

mMeanitigstiFrein, tell ui the /7/ep6 «nd Bc/i, tbd ofBarbarifm. Monfieur da Cange, explaining whai

<h>&«ioTiM!ai vi^(r«lui they^s«wwld/liswk tb* ^t~ 'ifiliit'j.iHgu^^thi Gen*»B» $ii PlAlnuMt^Bfl

First page of the first issue of Samuel Keimer's weekly newspaper.
Original in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Size 6^

X lOi'

The Pennsylvania Gazette, 97

paper, and soon after, on December 24, 1728, there
appeared the first number of Keimer's "The Uni-
verfal Inftructor in all Arts and Sciences, and
Pennfylvania Gazette."

The subscription price was ten shillings a year
and advertisements were inserted at three shillings
each. A feature was to be the publication of
"Chambers' Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences"
which had just appeared in London, and which,
in the absence of copyright, afforded a simple and
easy way of filling the pages of the new paper. In
the first number were two columns of the diction-
ary, an address of the Legislature of New Jersey
to the Governor, his reply, two columns of gen-
eral news paragraphs, and three advertisements,
two of which were Keimer's own.

The "Univerfal Instructor" was an improve-
ment, although not very much of an improvement,
upon Bradford's "Weekly Mercury." Franklin,
in retaliation for what he considered the duplicity
of Webb and Keimer, immediately devoted his
talents to improving the "Mercury." He con-
tributed a series of papers signed " Bufy-Body,"
written by himself and his friends of the Junto.
These papers created quite a stir in the Colonies
and attracted favorable notice and support to the
"Mercury." In spite of that fact, however,
Keimer succeeded in struggling along to the
twentv-sixth number of the "Univerfal Instrucflor"

98 The Pennsylvania Gazette,

ithout Interruption. Then came a delay in
publication which was explained by him as fol-
lows:

"It certainly muft be allow'd fomewhat flrange
that a Perfon of ftridl Sincerity, refin'd Juftice,
and univerfal Love to the whole Creation, fhould
for a Series of near twenty Years, be the conftant
But of Slander, as to be three Times ruin'd as a
Mafter-Printer, to be Nine Times in Prifon, one
of which was Six Years together. . . . Fame,
that common Strumpet, who long has been my
avowed Enemy, to my Lofs (as I may truly fay,
of feveral Thoufand Pounds), has fo far debauch'd
my Enemies, that by their late Attacks I was
awak'd when fall afleep in Bed, about Eleven at
Night, over-tir'd with the Labour of the Day,
and taken away from my Dwelling, by a Writ
and Summons, it being bafely and confidently
given out, that I was that very Night about to run
away, tho' there was not the leaf!: Colour or
Ground for fuch a vile Report."

Keimer made an arrangement with his creditors
that enabled ''The Univerfal Instructor " to reach
the thirty-ninth number, when it succumbed, and
whatever good will it possessed was sold for a trifling
sum to Franklin and Meredith.

Franklin shortened Keimer's absurd title to the
concluding three words, "The Pennfylvania Ga-
ette" and occupied most of the front page of his
first number, dated Thursday, September 25, to

THE

ffumb. XLb

Pennfylvania GAZETTE.

Containing the frepeji Advices Foreign andDomeilick.

From Thurfday, September a j. to Thurfday, Odobcr a. 1729.

rH E Pcnnfylvmia Gazette Icing tid-jo to
be carry's en ty o:hcr HaiitfC, the R:sJcr.
may exfeO fom; ylc'couut oftb: Method -Jic'
dtjiiii to prccfcd ill.
Upon a Fifui of ChimbersV great DifJionarin,
from Vihema ztere taken the Materials of the
Univerfal InftruSor in all Arts and Sciences,
Vibich ufaally made the Firji 'Part cfthis 'Taper,
Viefijd that befiJes then coiitaiuiiigmanyThiiigs
ahpruft or isjigiiificart to 113, it will probably
ht fifty Tears before the Whole can bt gone thro'
in this Manner of Publication. There are !il:e-
Vife in thofe Booka continual References from
Things under ci.c Letter of the Alphabet to thafe
under another, Tibicb relate l,o the fame Snljeily
end are vtcejfary to npiain and ctmpUat it ;
ihefe taken in their Turn may perhaps be Ten
Tears difart-^ andfince it is likxiy that they who
defire to acquaint ibemfthes -with any particular
.Art or Science, woiild gladly have the whole be-
fore them in a much lefs TtMe, vie believe our
Readers will not think fucb a Method ofcommu'
tjicating Krowledge p> be a proper One.

Howewr, tho' wi do not intend to cotitime the
fabrication of thofe DiHionaries in a regular
Jlpbabetical Method, as has hitherto been done;
jet is fever ai things exhibited from them tu the
Ceiirfe of thife Tapers, have been entertaining
tofiub of the Curious, who nner bad and can-
tot have the Ad'cantage of good Libraries ; and
fs there are many Things Jlill behind, which be.
tng in this Mjuiner made generally kpoxon, may
perhaps become of confiderable Ufe, by gniingficb
Hntf to the excellent natural Genius's of our
Country, as nay contribute either to the Jm-
prcveaent of our prefent Manufaaiires, or to-
"^ards the Invention of new Ones ; we propsfe
F'^Time to Time to communicate fucb farticii-
lar q>arts as vfpear to be of the nipji general
Ooifir^uence.

Js to the Religious Courtftilp, ^art of
Vhich has been relal'd to thi 'Publick in the/e
'Papers,, the Reader may be inform'd, that the
whole Book will probably in a little Time be
primed and bound rip by it/elf; and thofe 'sho
apfr've ef it, will doiibtlefs be better pl'c.u'd to
have It eutirt, than in this broken intcrrupud
' iianutr.

First page of first number of the
Original in the Ridgway Branch o

Size 6|

There are many who have long defired to fee a
good iS'ews-Taper in Pennfylvania, and we hope
thofe -Gfutlemen who are able, will contribute to-
wards the making This fuch. IVe ask ylJijUnce,
becaiife ve are filly fcufihle, that to pnblifb a
good Niws^Taper ts nit fo eafy an Vihiatakjug
as many (Per,ple imagine it to be. The /Author of
<a Gazette {in the Opinion of the Learned J ought
to be qualified with an extenfive ylcquaintance
with Languages, a great Eafimfs and Coiiimaiid
oflVritwg and Relating Things cleanly and in-
telligibly, and in few fVords ; he fbotilj be able
tofpeak of War both by Land and Sea • be well
acquainted with Geography, with the H:fiory ef
the Time, with the feveral Interefis i-f 'Princes',
and States, the Secrets of Courts, and the Man-
ners and Cufioim of all Nations. "Men this ac-
complilb'd are very rare in this remote 'Part of
the World; and it would be well if the Writer
of thefe Tapers could make up among bis Friends
what IS wanting in himfelf.

Upon the While, wp may afpire the Tutliek,
that as fir as the Encouraiement af meet with
will enable us, no Care and Taws fb.ill be omit-
ted, that may make the Pennf) Ivania Gazette
as agreeable and iifefiil an Entertainment as the
Nature of the Thing will allow.

The Following is the bll Mefligc ftnt by
his Excellency Governour Bunt!, to 'he
Hoafc of Rcjircfentatives in liojlch.

Cttit!emen ofiU F/^i'/f 4 ^ffriftrtslivlf

IT ii DOt wiih fo vuc a Hope at tf> convince you, thlt
I tjkc the Trouhfe to aufwer your McfTjcics bof, if
po3ibJc, (0 open the Eyes nf the deluded People vhoA,
you rcpicfcnr, wJ *Iiom you arc at lb much IVns to keep
in Jgnor-jncc :i the trm* Sf.ice of their Af?jir>. I need not
go fiifther (or an undcni-iblc Proof of this Endeavour to
blind thmi, tiian your oidciinT tijc Letter of Mc(ricuft
H'i!tisATv\ DrlrUr of the Tth-of 'f-i^ Uft to yoot Spokei lO
he pjbliftied This Letter ''A fjiH (in Paft i of youf

Vers) Ic mthft * Of) ef It*- Rffen 4 1^ ^^1 ^ 'i* ten'
mttrt cf Hil .Ufjfjli't Pri^r Cei4u, it. orf* htl /IM^py'l >*M
prctfitftji and OrMr tl^rrfTn n CoMKit , Yet thefe GentlecscQ
had-at the fame time tlie unparallelrd PrrfiimFtioo tA
uiiff to the Speaker in tht^ Nfaorter; y^-'ll tifcrM tf iht
Cvjlifjiaf. at.Tt ii frpi^ffj 10 hr lit C-Mje^Mn c tf )tf lut CM»

flfiie ii/itb Hii (l/j/'/J/'t in/lfHOx'i TO' v/Me Vmo f V

tall

'Gazette" published by Franklin,
f the Philadelphia Public Library.
X lol".

' i^48oO

lOO The Pennsylvania Gazette*

Thursday, October 2, 1729, with an announcement
to its subscribers, the number being ninety. Two
weeks later appeared another announcement, in
part as follows :

"The Publifhers of this Paper meeting with con-
siderable Encouragement, are determined to con-
tinue it. . . . From this time forward, in-
ftead of publifhing a Whole Sheet once a week, as
the firft undertaker engag'd to do in his Propofals,
we fhall publifh a Half Sheet twice a Week, which
amounts to the fame Thing."

Less than two months later, the weekly issues of
four pages were resumed, and a larger size of type,
corresponding to modern twelve point, as con-
trasted with the eight point previously used, was
adopted. Later, various sizes of types were em-
ployed and the issues were dated to cover periods of
differing length, occasionally as many as twelve
days. In the issue for December 2, 173 1, one of
the four pages was blank.

Keimer during his proprietorship of the "Ga-
zette" occasionally but not often published enough
advertisements to fill a page. Franklin increased
the advertising patronage and within a year after
he took over the paper some of its issues contained
paid announcements occupying nearly two of the
four pages.

The type page of "The Univerfal Inftrudlor"
measured 6^-^x loj inches. Franklin changed the

The Pennsylvania Gazette. loi

size to 6f X io| inches for all but the fourth page,
which was slightly longer. From October 4, 1739,
to January 27, 1743, inclusive, the size was reduced,
without explanation, to 6J x 9 inches. Then it was
increased to 7I x 1 1 inches, a size larger than the
first, with three instead of two columns to the
page. There were occasional "postscripts" of a
single leaf, which after 1744 were called "supple-

ments."

Editorially the "Gazette" was of uncommon
brightness. Its pages were illuminated with the
quiet humor to be found in all of Franklin's writ-
ings, although with regret it must be noted that
occasionally the humor was characterized by a gross-
ness that can be excused only on the ground that it
was characteristic of the times. His contributions
took the form of letters addressed to himself as
"The Printer of the Gazette," usually published in
one number and answered in a later number.
When the "Gazette" paid its respects to its con-
temporary, the jibes were commonly veiled in an
indirection that made their hits all the more telling,
as witness this one, supposed to be a letter from a
reader:

"To the Printer of the 'Gazette*:

"As you fometimes take upon you to correcft the
Publick, you ought in your Turn patiently to re-
ceive publick Correction. My Quarrel againft you
is, your Practice of Publifhing under the Notion of

102 The Pennsylvania Gazette,

News, old Transadions which I hope we have for-
got.

And the writer, who signed himself " Memory,"
gave instances of "news" four years or more old
published in Nos. 669 and 670 of the paper.

Frankhn replied:

"I need not fay more in Vindicationof myfelf in
this Charge, than that the Letter is evidently
wrong direcl:'d, and fhould have been to the pub-
lifher of the 'Mercury': Inafmuch as the Number
of my Paper is not yet amounted to 669, nor are
thofe old articles anywhere to be found in the
'Gazette,' but in the 'Mercury' of the last two
weeks."

Although fond of taking a thrust at the opposi-
tion and permitting itself to be the vehicle of
occasional coarsenesses, the "Gazette" was free
from scandal, Franklin justly made this claim for
it in a letter with which he preceded the reprinting
of an article on "Libel" from the London "Specta-
tor," as follows:

"Mr. Franklin:

"Tho' your Newf-paper is fometimes as empty
as thofe of others, yet I think you have for the moft
part (tho' you were once in one particular a fad
Offender) had the modefty to keep it pretty clear of
Scandal, a fubjedl that others delight to wallow in."

Franklin had definite opinions on the printing of
scandal and libel. In the "Autobiography " he says :

The Painsylvania Gazette, 103

"In the conduct of my newfpaper, I carefully ex-
clud'd all libelling and perfonal Abufe, which is of
late Years become so difgraceful to our Country.
Whenever I was folicit'd to infert any thing of that
kind, and the Writers plead'd, as they generally did,
the Liberty of the prefs, and that a Newfpaper
was like a Stagecoach, in which any one who would
pay had a right to a Place, my Anfwer was, that I
would print the piece feparately if defir'd, and the
Author might have as many Copies as he pleaf'd to
diftribute himfelf, but that I would not take upon
me to fpread his detradion ; and that, having con-
tracl'd with my Subfcribers to furnifli them with
what might be either ufeful or entertaining, I could
not fill their Papers with private Altercation, in
which they had no Concern, without doing them
manifeft Injuftice."

Near the close of his career he wrote an essay en-
titled "The Court of the Press." It " could receive
and promulgate Accufations of all kinds"; it was
"in favor of about one Citizen in five hundred"
and was not to be "governed by any of the Rules
of common Courts of Law." One paragraph reads :

"My Propofal then is to leave the Liberty of
the Prefs untouch'd, to be exercifd in its full
Extent, Force, and Vigor; but to permit the
Liberty of the Cudgel to go with it fari pajfu.
Thus, my fellow-citizens, if an impudent Writer
attacks your Reputation, dearer to you perhaps
than your life, and puts his Name to the Charge,
you may go to him as openly and break his
Head. If he conceals himfelf behind the Printer,

. >«r.d f>«l -M -« ^'T'Ciii

C O M T A I K

A W

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*• Tpw"aii9(Kc« HMWm. «o ibtnutoBrvKli CouBi/T, U wmo » gtad Cjpj H4B«),' »dJ hu cioiht Rjfcfl*. Eoolu, Writbit. or Atcn^ ,

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AA ^ ^ r, ,. 1 ■ . *^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^■•■•■^■•^i^iBW^^^BM^^ _( 1_ Bt^htT Eight Ton, CjrpoiifT'i Trnwi^,

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bni«a.*«J»^ R'^i'Ti""' '7;i"~t.c.Jcbrfj<i SOLD hv E Frankitw a'"'-* ft"»>e"d wi:b«a. vcffci.,«)tflu,ri
Hriiljs.mi-.cr,. En,„,«orf.W'^r,bLTnom pIBLES of all SIzcs, Tcftamcnts. ~ — ^^'

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i' TiMlrlj bi oe— fai;o»., oaThoMH Chilbltj'. ird't Tcronj miitwrni. tun. rnic, p«tdxii G-omt- ^'*"''«~'."' C/.«f/*r, bj th* loWtrfcr. b™ ,
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Infii bJifl.ct (-ihWh nujS( frotrnij-dlfionuhe D.t* andcomfalj rcciiAcd, futrrcc wi^oDCn, Ibin lod cot.- S°'-'"'' F^'ft.ntns in AO of fenrnJ AJ!ra«.i

Jicro/, Jbia«.lx«-"'ifulS"t.«iih v,t„tTof thoTct -fTts !Wi fBt>n">j, r""'""*- F»"loo'»ewsrtrf.i. j7°"""«A'™-7,-rrr, tDiir,^t.i..l^ ^ f^ .-. .

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fei^t of T»Nf"n« .nd CurTT"! TocU, ani . Iirceofini, bngbiliwi'itoilJli iiimman, prn't do tro(» 00 "/'"''""'•'>> »nd i-i«tbtd1n tfct'SliTrfw i^i

IWwuItt ofB.^ »t1l hovi'd. -rtb dinn fern of obwd, irgd.1-. ccnt-.fJu«--, qo.dti'i tfoW™,, ptroi- 'J.'" *^!;"J*". ^T Vi,^ ij|i'^*«y^™ u

£Sift*UC™lt, on tr»to".WcT«tiu. fret', ptm*, win'i tyrkk P«ici, (toec'i moril., «]- !j^"f' ,*'" •' "" ^'' •f->*l,S«»o^tf '

N- B. Al) Pffon. h...nr.>" Dcm.ndr . Mini* him iirim-pprotfTfila tJirtt pm>, i«e Uneedluoo. ban- ""'"'' "P™ «*« C.fc, S»j,l5'fc'qaJifiBn./'^.

■n^tflcK), 10 Inoi ituhdr Actsonl. f«iinm*d,jtt ym'iirorl<.t«VoU.feL Wiih ptil nntij o( oiSrr J^ ^'^' """■ ''^ '^'^'B*^ '•''^'^

KtrtabOran.; "od iho(( initbtti to him. to tompi, booki. Alfo flno. tnknoocr, ptptt sfill fom, wu f'' ""^ '^ ^"^ " ^ n«ataVf jlit f.lint..
pltbihririAtrtfrrttm. ^ M<-. i6ih. 1744. ,a:w.f booki. ...J iPgthp torn of rtjiionjrr - 'ft- ' " "" '*"«<^>«" «* 'l". AditaW

raiL^DELPm^.- Printed by B. FRANKLIN, Post-Mastek, at iheNt/
FsUiTIMO-0»IC«, QCU- tbc MulLCb

Showing style and arrangement of the advertisements in the
"Pennsylvania Gazette," 1744. Original in the Ridgway Branch
of the Philadelphia Public Library.

*}ujl an wed from LONDON,

|»<rtlit Ei>T«»TAiNU»NT of the CURIOUS and Othfrs,

. 1 J, flow to be S E E N, by Six or mort, in a Urge comraodioui

Room, at the Houfc of Mr. fidal, in Second-Strett ;

TJl Sohr or Camera Obfcura MIC ROSCOP E^

Invknted by the Ingenious DV. LIBERKHUN.

IT Hi'ti mift Entcruimngof aiiy MicR0ic<J?l whltfoevcr, and magnifict Objt-fljlo a moll"
{unjwittf Degree IV Arinukutt m fcvcral Somof FluiJs, with many other living and
j^O^sSj* too tediom to mention, wiJl be (hewn mod incTcJibly mjgnifieLi, at the fjnie
Time diitinit; »"'' '*" '~"™''t'<'" <^ •'*= '"°oJ "" " Frog's Foot, a FiOi'i Tail, aHb in
^Floi Btd LAlfe, "h-i: y™ Jiftovor iSo Pulfcof the Unit, the moving of the BowcU, iKc
I^and ArtciTrt, *^ many Ciiall InTc^i, that ohe T lutufjnd ofihem will not cxcccj the
,'' |-,„f J Grain oF Sand) with ttar Young in them ; Etb m PaOe, wliicli hwc given a general
S it^fafl'o" '° "" ""t"'^ '^* '"'*''''■ '^'''' Mrtofity "■» nitvet fl>™n by any I'cifun ihji ever

//.■I iliir Sllds,u:y^ ilber Pltmli tMi:,n :
IbcficllxrPUnti isnltUlhcirSKds, and Ihrfl,
Mtri PhMIl again, {taijivttj ittUrr.
riM, niryylTiU itrrj Ibal wfxl^ .
Uu, tally-' I' <')W, «*''' FiTiJli tf III hiJ.
Stiflrt and li'eallb lib Atcr^ may difpenji
By fUili ti/aila TTntfud Jfn hunt,

Each .\{) r;le Sttd iittliij^i a 7h:vfvid Cmri,
H^-frt fa.'kreBivdt may'^arllf fcrfb iheir Lntt :
So f'vlani'i Iw ttitta-n*J hrj tar^r Fcfitriti,
.i/l PtepL- that hale bttn, erdfU thai i*erjbjll it,
Amating Thitgbt t v;hat Marl.il can lenter.r
Sucb a^nj'reul Smatlnffl i-—y', xve muji ttl-rv*
f^'bal Rtafon tiUs : Jcr Rtafsn't'pcrung Eye
Di/terni Ibefe Tnubi our Seirfes can'l dtjcrj.

Note, The Micnoseopt may iefein at Cniltnmi Hiufii, giving half an Unr'i Ifclite.lbc
» ferTrillirg cnlj frm Ten in tit McTning la Fsar in Ibt jljlernim, in mj Rum.

TH E unpanDel'd MtfsfcAL CLOCK, mac^c by that great Mafttr of Maehinerr
DaVid LockwoOd : - Thn great tOrloHfy performs by Springs only ; it is a Machine
Womp^rable in its Kind \ it excels allothers in the Beauty of itsStru(f>ure ; is racft Entertaining
inks Mufick, and plap the choiccft Air? from Ihc moft celebrated Operas, with the greateft
Kicrty and Exaiflnefs : It p«^brmj with beautiful Graces, ingcnioudy and Taxioully intermix* d|
the French Horn Pieces, pCTormM upon the Orgm, German, and Common Flute, Flageolet,
Vr. as Sonau's Concerto'st Marches, Minuets, Jiggs, and Scot Airs, compos'd by Corclh,
Afceronij Mr. Haodcli aiwiot^greatandcannentMaftcrs ofMufick. Pncc Eigbtttn Pence.

This beautiful Cutioftty has tlecn (hewn twice before the K I N Gi in his Royal Pabce at St.
^Avs's, where Hb Majcfty was plcas*d to make an Obfcrvainn on the Excellence of its Bciruty^
aod dechr'd. He thought it the Wonder of this Age. It is allowed by all who have iecn it, to
Dcisore worthy to idom a lGng*s Fabcc dun of bang expos'd for a conunon Sight.

if. i. This furpriling Piece of Niachincry has ^ven fuch gencr^ Satisfai^on to tlic Lovcrl
HT Art and Ingmuity, that the Nobiljty are continually commanding jt to thar Scats to Citisfy thdf
C^i6(ityi andis tobcSOLD by thcOwncr EoHuno RisiHO.

The InWe of this Machine may be view'd t^Gentlemen nd Ladies, and is id tx ten froiT
ki^ in the Morning till Eight at Nighc

Far tie Evening bher/cfi,

TM E &cA ahi Cailiefa Obfcura, with tlic Battle of Dcttingen, aiMl fc*CTa] ItiEan Latul.
fltip*, irprcfoTting ArmieSi both Horfe and Foot, going through their Exarafc at the
Wad of Command : LikewiTe Views of Ships fighting at Sea, with the Fi(h playing above
WMer, and Variety of Counoy Dances by Figures, fix or eight Foot high, pcrform'd in a
*«*>tiftil Manner by the Camera Obfcura. Thu CurioCty is eftecm'd one of the bcft Pieca 8)
PjWngof thcKJnd that ever was brought from Italy.

ttKtttX tv» SmUnp, SemciVrmi QiK SUIUni. Tsbc^KScvntQo^

Broadside advertising the wonderful new microscope. Bound in the
volume of the "Pennsylvania Gazette" for 1744 in the Ridgway
Branch of the Philadelphia Public Library.

io6 The Pennsylvania Gazette.

and you can neverthelefs difcover who he is, you
may in like Manner way-lay him in the night, at-
tack him behind, and give him a good drubbing.
Thus far goes my Project as to private Refent-
ment and Retribution. But if the publick fhould
ever happen to be affront'd, as it ought to be, with
the condud: of such Writers, I would not advife pro-
ceeding immediately to thefe Extremities, but that
we fhould in Moderation content ourfelves with tar-
ring and feathering, and tofling them in a Blanket."

Some of the news items afford a striking con-
trast to those of the present day, as witness this one
from the issue of February 29, 1732, which, while
more than commonly startling, is not entirely un-
representative.

"From the South-Carolina Gazette":
"One Day laft week, Mr. Charles Jones, pur-
fuing a Runaway Negro who had robb'd him; he
came up with the Negro, who refilled and fought him ;
and he ftruck the Lock of his Mufket into the Negro's
Scull, and kill'd him. He went and told a Juftice
what he had done, who order'd him to cut his Head
off, fix it on a Pole, and fet it up in a Crofs-Road;
which was done accordingly near Afhley Ferry."

The advertisements in the "Gazette" related to
runaway servants, horses strayed or stolen, real
estate, "very good live-geese feathers," ^c. for sale.
In the issue of the "Gazette" of May 30, 1734, ap-
peared the first advertising cut, not, however, the
first used in colonial newspapers, the "Mercury"
having used them for some months previously.

The Pennsylvania Gazette. 107

Many of the advertisements have a curious sound
as viewed by modern standards:

OlX or Seven Months ago, was lent by

^^ David Evans, a barbicuing Iron, which he de-
fires may be return'd, he having forgot to whom
he lent it.

A LL persons who are indebted to
-^ ^ Henry Flower late Poftmaster of Pennfyl-
vania, for Poftage of Letters or otherwife, are de-
fir'd to pay the fame to him at the old CofFee-
Houfe in Philadelphia.

"DETWEEN the fecond and third Sun-
■*-' days in June paft, there was ftolen three Bi-
bles out of the Baptift Meeting-Houfe. . . .
Whoever gives Notice of the faid Bibles, and fe-
cures them so that they may be had again, fhall
have Fifteen Shillings Reward.

To Be Sold

A LIKELY young breeding Negro
Woman fit for Town or Country Bufinefs,
has had the Small Pox; as alfo a Mill for grinding
Malt, and a fcreen for cleaning of Malt or any
other grain; inquire of John Danby in Third
Street, and Know the Price; they will be sold very
reafonable for ready Money.

Counterfeiting seems not to have been a difficult
art two hundred years ago if we are to judge by the
following advertisement of the government of the
Province of New Jersey:

"Burlington, June 19, 1734.

THIS is to give Publick Notice, that
fome fraudulent Jerfey Bills have been lately

io8 The Pennsylvania Gazette,

utter'd at Burlington, and to caution all Persons
that they may not be impof'd upon by them.
They may be plainly diftinguifh'd from the true
ones by thefe Marks; viz. The Coat of Arms, and
the firft Word, This, are ftamped with red Ink,
whereas in the true Bills they are done with
black Ink: The Frauds are much foil'd and pafted
on the Back and the Signers Names fuppof'd to
be artfully taken from fome fmall Bill, and paft'd
to the Fraud: and feveral other fmall Patches art-
fully paft'd, to make them look like the true ones.

The following advertisement has a flavor that is
almost modern:

DR. BATEMAN'S Pectoral Drops,
which are given with fuch great Succefs, in all
Fluxes, Spitting of Blood, Confumption, Small- Pox,
Meafles, Colds, Coughs, and Pains in the Limbs
or Joints; they cure Agues, and the moft vio-
lent Fever in the World, if taken in Time, and
give prefent Eafe in the moft racking Torment
of the Gout; the fame in all forts of Cholicks; they
cure the Rheumatilm, and what is wonderful in all
forts of Pains (be they ever fo violent) they give
Eafe in a few minutes after taken; they eafe After
Pains, prevent Mifcarriages, and are wonderful
in the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys, Blad-
ders and Ureters; bringing away Slime, Gravel,
and oftentimes Stones of a great bignefs, and are
the beft of Medicines for all Stoppages or Pains
in the Stomach, Shortnefs of Breath, and Strait-
nefs of the Breaft, re-enkindling the almoft ex-
tinguish'd natural Heat in difeaf'd Bodies, by
which Means they reftore the languifhing to per-
fect Health. Their manner of working is by mod-
erate Sweat and Urine. For Children's Dif-
tempers no medicine yet difcovered can compare
with it: For it cures the Gripes in their Stomach

The Pennsylvania Gazette. 109

and Bowels. It caufes weak and forward Chil-
dren to take their natural Reft. It is taken
with great Succefs in the Rickets, and in a Word,
it hath reftored Hundreds of poor Infants to
their Strength and livelinefs that have been re-
duc'd to meet fkeletons. Sold by Miles Strick-
land in Market-Street, Philadelphia, price 4s. a
bottle with Directions.

At the time Franklin became a publisher it was
the custom for newspapers to be sent through the
mails post free, but the postmaster had the option
of denying the privilege to such as he chose, and
usually he denied it to all but his own. The suc-
cessful newspapers in Boston and Philadelphia were
conducted by the postmasters. This was an in-
justice to other publishers and was keenly felt by
Franklin in his efforts to extend the circulation of
the "Gazette." His only feasible way to secure
out-of-town distribution was to bribe the postriders
to carry his newspapers in addition to the post-
master's own. When he was appointed postmaster
he opened the mails to all newspapers on terms
equal to those he prescribed for himself. When he
became Deputy Postmaster General for the Col-
onies, in 1758, he withdrew the privilege of free
distribution and established a charge of nine
pence a year for each fifty miles of carriage. He
was the first postmaster to advertise unclaimed
letters.

CHAP. XL

Poor Richard's Almanack,

A LTHOUGH the encyclopaedias are authority
for the statement that WilHam Bradford in
1685 issued the first American almanac, the fact is
that Stephen Daye printed an almanac in Cam-
bridge almost fifty years before. One of the first
issues from Daye's press was an almanac printed in
1639 for that year, which began with March and
not with January. Almanacs were also issued by
other Cambridge printers prior to Bradford's.

William Bradford issued the first almanac pub-
lished in Philadelphia and it was also the first prod-
uct of his press. Its title was "Kalendarium
Pennfilvanienfe, or, America's Meflinger. Being
an Almanack For the Year of Grace, 1686."

Hildeburn says: "It consists of twenty unpaged
leaves. The reverse of the title which, in the copy
at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, measures
6 by 3 J inches, the type occupying 5rV by 2|
inches, and half of the succeeding page is filled by
Atkins' address 'To the Reader,' which is followed
by Bradford's: 'The Printer to the Readers.' The
latter was as follows :

"Hereby underftand that after great Charge and
Trouble I have brought that great Art and Myftery
of Printing into this part of Am.erica believing it
may be of great fervice to you in feveral refpects,

Kalendarium Pennfilvanienfe ^

o R,

America's Meffingen

BEING AN

ALMANACK

For the Year cf Grace, i68<5.

Wherein is contained both the Englifh & Forreign
Account, thf Motions of thfPlanrts through th^Signs, with
thr Luminan«, ConjunJiions, Afpefls, EclipfifS; therifing,
fouthing andfrttingof the Moon, with the time when (lie
pafTethby.or is with the moft eminent fixed Stars . Sun rifing
and Petting and the time of High-Water at the City of Pbi-
Itdelphii, yc

With Chronologies, and many other Notes, Rules,
and Tables, very fitting for every man to know& have ; all
which is accomodated to the Longitude of the Province of
Pennfilutnia, and Latitude of 40 Degr. north, with a Table
of Houfesforthefame, which may indifferently ferve //e!>«-
EngUni, Urm Tork, Eafiit. Weft ferfey, Maryland, aildmoll
parts of A';/jii7rtf.

By SAMVEL ATKINS
Student in the Mathamaticki and Aftrology.

Andthe Stars in their Courfes fought a^ainft Sefera, Jndg.^, 59.

/Vinted and Sold by Willtam Bradford, fold alfo.by

the Author and H. Murrey in Philadelphia^ and

Philip Richards in New-tork'-, 1685.

First issue of Bradford's Almanac.
Original in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

oize Zg X 5yg .

112 Poor Richard's Almanack.

hoping to find Encouragement, not only in this
Almanack, but what elfe I fhall enter upon for the
ufe and fervice of the Inhabitants of these Parts.
Some irregularities, there be in this Diary, which I
delire you to pafs by this year; for being lately
come hither, my Materials were Mifplaced, and out
of order, whereupon I was forced to ufe Figures ^
Letters of various fizes, but underftanding the want
of fomething of this nature, and being importuned
thereto, I ventured to make publick this, defiring
you to accept thereof, and by the next, (as I find
encouragement) fliall endeavour to have things com-
pleat. And for the eafe of Clarks, Scriviners, ^c.
I propofe to print Blank Bills, Bonds, Letters of
Attourney, Indentures, Warrants, ^c. and what
elfe prefents itfelf, wherein I fhall be ready to ferve
you, and remain your Friend.
Philadelphia, the 28th

loth Month, 1685 W. Bradford.

When Benjamin Franklin in 1732 decided to
issue aji almanac for the succeeding year, the busi-
ness of almanac making was in a thriving state.
Says John Bach McMaster in "Benjamin Franklin
as a Man of Letters":

**The almanac was the one piece of literature of
which the sale was sure. Not a household for a
hundred miles around the printer, but if there was
sixpence to spare, would have a copy. In remote
towns, where money was not to be had, a dozen
copies would be bought with potatoes or wheat, and
disposed of one by one— at the blacksmith's for a

Poor Richard's Almanack, 1 13

few nails; at the tavern for rum; at some neigh-
bor's in payment of a trifling debt. Chapmen
carried them in their packs to exchange with copper
kettles and china bowls, for worsted stockings and
knit gloves. They were the diaries, the journals,
the account books of the poor. Strung upon a
stick and hung beside the chimney-place, they
formed an unbroken record of domestic affairs, in
many instances for thirty years. On the margins
of one since picked up at a paper mill are recorded
the interesting cases of a physician's practice, and
the names of those who sufl^ered with the smallpox
and the flux. Another has become a complete
journal of farm life. A third is filled with verses
written in imitation of Pope and Young."

Although late in 1732 there were in Philadelphia
alone seven established almanacs, the fact did not
deter young Franklin from entering the field. The
cost of securing the copy for almanacs from the
philomaths was between twenty to thirty pounds
each year, which, in view of the fact that the salary
of the attorney-general was only sixty pounds, was
high pay. Franklin proposed to save this expense
by furnishing his own copy. Since he was to be the
publisher he did not wish to be known also as the
author and predictor of events, and he therefore
borrowed a title which he found in a London
almanac entitled "Apollo Anglicanus" (the English
Apollo) issued by "Richard Saunders, Student in
the Phyfical and Mathematic Sciences."

Apollo Anglic anus: ^

THE '

English Apollo;

^ AfTiftlrtg

^All Perfons in the Right Undcrfland^

Irg of this YEA R.'s Revolutions, as Mo of
Things paft, prefent, and to come.

A Twofold Kalendary viz. Julian or Engliji, _
and Gregorian or Foreign Computations, more ^
plain and full than any other ; with the Rifing
an4 Setting of the Sun, the Nightly Rifing and
Setting of the Moon, and alfo her Southing, ©
CJCaftl/ calculated for every Day,

Of General USE for moft M E N^

^Bcing thcSecond after Biftxiik, or.LE A p-Ye ar.

f?(^ To which is added, the Moon's Application to the
Pianetj; with the Calcularions of the Eclipfes : Alfo
Rules and Tables for the Meifiu-mf; ot Timber : With
^ maaj other Thingi both plesfcit, ufefol, and hKeflary.

^5^ Calculated according to A R T, and fitted to the
Meridian of Lticejitr. whofe Marinade ii 5 a Degrees , 41
Miniitei, exaiily hiring all the middle Countfc* of England,
and, without lenfibie Error, the whole Kinfidoin.

iy RICHARD SAUHDERS,

StuJtnl in the Phyfical and Mathematical Sdencn.

L NB ON-: Printed by A.Wii de, I

for the Gompany of Stationers, 1746.

The English almanac issued by the original Richard Saunders, upon an
early number of which Franklin modeled his "Poor Richard's Almanack."
Original in possession of the author. Size 3I" x 5§'

.3"

Poor Richard's Almanack, 115

The success of "Poor Richard's Almanack" was
immense. The first edition was immediately sold
out, as was also a second, and before the end of the
year a third was printed. Of the Almanack Frank-
lin says: "I reaped confiderable profit from it,
vending annually near ten thoufand."

Poor Richard, although entirely fictitious, be-
came in the minds of the readers of the almanac a
very real person. Franklin, as he says, scoured the
literature of the ages, and the wisdom thus secured
was served up in the homely words of Poor Richard
in a way that proved to be very acceptable to the
readers. Not only did the sayings pass into the
common speech of the people, but the writings of
others of that time and the years immediately suc-
ceeding abound in quotations from Poor Richard.
Indeed, it is true of the present as of the past that
probably no other American writer is so frequently
quoted as Benjamin Franklin.

Poor Richard in the first number gives as a
reason for the publication of the Almanack: "The
plain Truth of the Matter is, I am exceffive poor,
and my Wife, good Woman, is I tell her, exceiTive
proud; fhe cannot bear to fit fpinning in her Shift of
Tow, while I do nothing but gaze at the Stars; and
has threaten'd more than once to burn all my Books
and Rattling-Traps (as fhe calls my Inftruments) if
I do not make fome profitable Ufe of them for the
Good of my Family. The Printer has offer'd me

Poor Richard, 173^.

A N

manac

For the Year of Chrift

733

Ycarj
3241

574^
5682

5494

Being the Firfl after lEAPYHAR:

I Attd rrtahti ffrt the Creation Ycarj

By the Account of the E ftr'O Gre>ts
By the Latin Church, when O cm IT
By the Computation kS iV U^
By the Roman Chrortology
By the "Je-w'ip Rabbicj

Wherein is contatfieJ
The Lonations, 'Eclipfcs, Judgmcnr of

the Weather, Spring Tide<, Plaoefs Mocjoni&
inufual AfpeOs, Sun and Moon's Rifing and Set-
ting, Length of Days, Time of High Wjtcr,
Fairs, 0>urrs, and obfcrvahle Day*

Fitted to the Lartrud col Fortv Degrees,
and a Meridian of Five Hours VVfft froo' Imttm.
hur mav without (cnfihie Error fcfvcali ihe ad-
jaccnr Place?. Cvcb from h'rwfoundlajij »o S^uth-
Carolina.

By RICHJKD SJUNDBRS,¥hUom.

— "^f— ^M I — iW^W »— —— II I III III mm^m^m^

PHILADELPHIA:
jPtlnteJ atid fotd by B FH^NKL/N. at the New
[^ Printing OfJicr' neat the MaiJici

Title page of the first number of "Poor Richard's Almanack.'

Sizesr'xsl".

Poor Richard* s Almanack. 117

some confiderable share of the Profits, and I have
thus begun to comply with my Dame's De-
fire."

He gives his readers warning that they must not
expect too much of soHd stuff: **And be not thou
difturb'd, O great and fober reader, if, among the
many ferious fentences in my book, thou findeft me
trifling now and then, and talking idley. In all the
Diflies I have hitherto cooked for thee, there is
folid Meat enough for thy Money. There are
fcraps from the Table of Wifdom, that will, if well
digeft'd, yield ftrong Nourifliment for the Mind.
But fqueamifh ftomachs cannot eat without Pickles;
which, it is true, are good for nothing elfe, but they
provoke an Appetite. The vain Youth, that reads
my Almanack for the fake of an idle Joke, will, per-
haps, meet with a ferious Reflection that he may
the ever after be the better for."

Poor Richard was entertainingly frank about his
personal family affairs. In the second number, in
congratulating himself upon the success of the
Almanack, he announces that his wife has been able
to buy a pot of her own, instead of being obliged to
borrow one, and that they have got something to
put into it. **She has alfo got a pair of Shoes, two
new Shifts, and a new warm Petticoat; and for my
part I have bought a fecond-hand Coat, fo good
that I am not now afhamed to go to Town or be
feen there. Thefe Things have render'd her tem-

1 1 8 . Poor Richard *s Almanack,

per fo much more pacifick than it ufd to be, that I
may fay I have flept more, and more quietly,
within this last year, than in the three foregoing
years put together."

In a stanza of doggerel in the first number he
takes this fling at Bridget:

She that will eat her Breakfaft in her Bed,
And fpend the Morn in drefling of her Head,
And fit at Dinner like a maiden Bride,
And talk of Nothing all Day but of Pride;
God in his Mercy may do much to fave her,
But what a Cafe is he in that fhall have her.

In the next number of the almanac appears the
following stanza by "Mrs. Bridget Saunders, My
Dutchefs, in anfwer to the print' d Verfes of laft
Year":

He that for the fake of Drink neglects his Trade,
And fpends each Night in Taverns till 'tis late.
And rifes when the Sun is four Hours high,
And ne'er regards his ftarving Family,
God in his Mercy may do much to fave him.
But, Woe to the poor Wife, whofe Lot it is to
have him.

An astronomical prophecy is as follows :

"During the firft vifible Eclipfe Saturn is retro-
grade: For which reafon the Crabs will go fidelong,
and the Ropemakers backward. Mercury will
have his Share in thefe affairs, and so confound the

Poor Richard's Almanack, 1 19

Speech of the People, that when a Pennfylvanian
would fay Panther he fhall fay Painter. When a
New Yorker thinks to fay This he Hiall say Difs,
and the People in New England and Cape May
will not be able to fay Cow for their Lives, but will
be forc'd to fay Keow by a certain involuntary
Twifl: in the Root of their Tongues. No Connecti-
cut Man nor Marylander will be able to open his
mouth this year, but Sir fliall be the firft or lafl:
Syllable he pronounces, and fometimes both.
Brutes shall fpeak in many Places, and there will
be above feven and twenty irregular Verbs made
this year; if Grammar don't interpose. Who can
help thefe miffortunes .? This year the Stone-
Blind iliall see but very little; the Deaf fliall hear
but poorly; and the Dumb flian't fpeak very plain;
and it's much, if my Dame Bridget talks at all
this year. Whole Flocks, Herds, and Droves of
Sheep, Swine and Oxen, Cocks and Hens, Ducks
and Drakes, Geefe and Ganders fhall go to Pot;
but the Mortality will not be altogether so great
among Cats, Dogs and Horses. As to Old Age
'twill be incurable this Year becaufe of the years
paft. And towards the Fall fome People will be
seiz'd with an unaccountable Inclination to roaft
and eat their own Ears: Should this be call'd
Madnefs, Doc1:ors.^ I think not. But the worft
Difeafe of all will be a certain moft horrid, dreadful,
malignant, catching, perverfe and odious Malady,
almoft epidemical, infomuch that many fliall run
mad upon it; I quake for very fear when I think
on't; for I alTure you very few will efcape this
Difeafe; which is call'd by the learned Albro-
mazar Lacko'mony."

I20 Poor Richard's Almanack,

In another number he prophesies:

"Before the middle of this Year, a Wind at N.
Eafl; will arife, during which the Water of the Sea
and Rivers will be in fuch a manner raif'd, that
great part of the Towns of Bofton, Newport, New
York, Philadelphia, the Lowlands of Maryland
and Virginia, and the Town of Charlefton in South
Carolina, will be under Water. Happy will it be
for the Sugar and Salt ftanding in the Cellars of
thofe Places, if there be tight roofs and ceilings
overhead; otherwife, without being a Conjuror,
a man may eafily foretel that fuch Commodities
will receive Damage."

In the next number appeared the following ex-
planation:

"The Water of the Sea and Rivers is raif'd in
Vapors by the Sun, and is form'd into Clouds in
the Air, and thence defcends in Rains. Now,
where there is Rain overhead (which frequently
happens when the Wind is at N. E.), the Cities and
Places on Earth below are certainly under Water."

Fooling that was most relished by the public
related to rival almanac makers. The one among
them who was selected to receive the shafts of
Poor Richard's wit was Titan Leeds, the philo-
math responsible for Bradford's "American Alma-
nack.'* After the paragraph explaining Franklin's
reasons for publishing, there followed a prediction
of the forthcoming death of Mr. Leeds, a device
that was not original with Franklin, but had been

Poor Richard's Almanack. 121

used years before in England by Dean Swift, when
he prophesied the death on a certain date of one
Partridge, an almanac maker. Partridge sur-
vived the date and then exultingly proclaimed the
failure of the prophecy, but Swift replied that
Partridge was so notorious a liar that his testi-
mony could not be accepted in so important a
matter. Franklin was more gentle in his jest at
the expense of Titan Leeds. Poor Richard said:

"Indeed this Motive would have had Force
enough to have made me publifh an Almanack
many Years fmce, had it not been overpower'd
by my Regard for my good Friend and Fellow
Student Mr. Titan Leeds, whofe Intereft I was
extreamly unwilling to hurt: But this Obftacle
(I am far from fpeaking it with Pleafure) is foon
to be remov'd fmce inexorable Death, who was never
known to refpedl Merit, has already prepar'd the
mortal Dart, the fatal Sifter has already extend'd
her deftroying Shears, and that ingenious Man muft
foon be taken from us. He dies, by my Calcula-
tion made at his Requeft, on October 17, 1733,
3h. 29m. P. M. at the very inftant of the c/ of O and
y . By his own Calculation he will furvive till
the 26th of the fame Month. This fmall Difference
between us we have difput'd whenever we have
met thefe 9 Years paft; but at length he is inclin-
able to agree with my Judgment: Which of us is
moft exad:, a little Time will now determine.
As therefore thefe Provinces may not longer ex-
pedl to fee any of his Performances after this
Year, I think my felf free to take up the Tafk, and

122 Poor Richard's Almanack,

requeft a fliare of the publick Encouragement;
which I am the more apt to hope for on this Ac-
count, that the Buyer of my Almanack may con-
fider himfelf, not only as purchafmg an ufefui
Utenfil, but as performing an Act of Charity, to his
poor Friend and Servant."

Leeds replied indignantly, as Franklin hoped he
would, which resulted in further reference to the
matter in the second number of "Poor Richard's
Almanack" as follows:

"In the Preface to my laft Almanack, I foretold
the Death of my dear old Friend and Fellow-Stu-
dent, the learn'd and ingenious Mr. Titan Leeds,
which was to be on the 17th of October, 1733, 3h.
29m. P. M . at the very Inftant of the c/ of O and ^ :
By his own Calculation he was to survive till the
26th of the same Month, and expire in the Time of
the Eclipfe, near 11 o'clock P. M. At which of
thefe Times he died, or whether he be really dead,
I cannot at this prefent Writing pofitively afTure
my Readers; forafmuch as a Diforder in my own
Family demand'd my Prefence, and would not
permit me as I had intend'd, to be with him in his
laft Moments, to receive his laft Embrace, to clofe
his Eyes, and do the Duty of a Friend in perform-
ing the laft Offices of the Depart'd. Therefore
it is that I cannot pofitively affirm whether he be
dead or not. . . . There is however (and I
cannot fpeak it without Sorrow) there is the
ftrongeft Probability that my dear Friend is no
more: for there appears in his Name, as I am af-
fur'd, an Almanack for the Year 1734, in which I

Poor Richard's Almanack. 123

am treat'd in a very grofs and unhandfome Man-
ner, in which I am call'd a falfe Predicfler, and
Ignorant, a conceit'd Scribler, a Fool, and a Lyar.
Mr. Leeds was too well bred to ufe any Man fo
indecently and so fcurriloully, and moreover his
Efteem and Affection for me was extraordinaiy;
So that it is to be fear'd that Pamphlet may be
only a Contrivance of fomebody or other, who
hopes perhaps to fell two or three year's Almanacks
ftill, by the fole Force and Virtue of Mr. Leeds'
Name; but certainly, to put Words into the Mouth
of a Gentleman and a Man of Letters, againft
his Friend, which the meaneft and moll: fcandalous
of the People might be afliam'd to utter even in
a drunken Quarrel, is an unpardonable Lijury
to his Memory, and an Impolition uDon the
Publick."

Leeds replied again, and to this reply in the issue
for 1735 Poor Richard makes reference:

"But having receiv'd much Abufe from Titan
Leeds deceas'd (Titan Leeds when living would
not have uf'd me fo !) I say, having receiv'd much
Abufe from the Ghoft of Titan Leeds, who pre-
tends to be ftill living, and to write Almanacks in
Spight of me and my Predictions, I cannot help
faying, that tho' I take it patiently, I take it very-
unkindly. And whatever he may pretend 'tis
undoubtedly true that he is really defunct and
dead. Firft becaufe the Stars are feldom dif-
appointed, never but in the Cafe of wife Men,
(apiens dominahitur aftris, and they forefhow'd
his Death at the Time I predidted it. Secondly,

124 Poor Richard's Almanack,

'Twas requifite and necefTary he fhould die pund:u-
ally at that Time, for the Honour of Aftrology, the
Art profeff'd both by him and his Father before
him. Thirdly, 'Tis plain to every one that reads
his two laft Almanacks (for 1734 and 35) that they
are not written with that Life his Performances ufe
to be written with; the Wit is low and flat, the little
Hints dull and fpiritless, nothing fmart in them
but Hudibras's Verfes againft Aftrology at the
Heads of the Months in the laft, which no Af-
trologer but a dead one would have inferred, and
no Man living would or could write fuch Stuff as
the reft. But laftly I convict him in his own
Words, that he is dead {ex ore fuo condemnatus
eft) for in his Preface to his Almanack for 1734, he
says. Saunders adds another Grofs Falftiood in
his Almanack, viz. that by my own Calculation
I fhall furvive until the 26th of the faid Month
October, 1733, which is as untrue as the former.
Now if it be as Leeds fays, untrue and a grofs
Falfhood that he surviv'd till the 26th of October,
1733, then it is certainly true that he died before
that Time; and if he died before that Time, he is
dead now, to all Intents and Purpofes, any thing
he may fay to the contrary notwithftanding."

But the feature that gave widest popularity to
''Poor Richard's Almanack" was the short epigram-
matic sayings with which he filled the blank spaces
on the calendar pages as shown in the illustration
on page 125. They were mixed with the calendar
announcements indiscriminately and are to be
distinguished only by the difference in type face.

Mon. March hath xxxi days.

My Love and I for Kidcs playM,
bhc would keep (takes, I waj contend
But whca I won ffie would be paid ;
This made me ask her what flic meant t
"Quoth fhe, {inctf you are in this wrangling vein.
Here uke ycux Kiues, Kive me jnioe agaiot

Q. Caroiinc N^t. 1 1

7
S

ti
i:

>3
14

15
1^

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Highfpringlidcs.
^Sund Lent
7 * fct 1 1 2
Days II h. 54 rn
ff^ hid ar4 cloud/
* (J 9 -' told
ent. Y* then
Spring Q^ begins 7
A%-i ScmakesIS
Eq. DayScNight
rf09 8%S
If^ndy but viarm
Daysiocr.^ h.
6\j * fer 10 20
St. Patrick )
Palm Sunday
iHartb many loea-

, (5 b ? f^"*

i^Hoyj he hujft, poor
5'? *fet looiW/iJ
6 Good Friday

1221 S
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Nov: fair &'tUar
EASTER Day

• fcr 9 45
High v^nds, vaith
ft me vAia to the
5 (5 Ob €ncL
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59
58
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49
48

47
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45
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43
42

39
37
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Sc. David

> rif. 4 16 mo.
New 3) 4 day,
at 10 at night.

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viz.

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Inside page of "Poor Richard's Almanack."

Original 31" X si".

126 Poor Richard's Almanack,

A few of these maxims, selected at random, are as
follows :

" Keep thy fhop, and thy fhop will keep thee."

" Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck."

'' God helps Them that help Themfelves."

" Bargaining has neither Friends nor Relations."

" Early to Bed, Early to rife, makes a Man healthy,

wealthy and wife."
"An Empty Bag cannot ftand upright."
" Ben beats his Pate and fancys wit will come;
" But he may knock, there's Nobody at home."

Franklin summed them up in a preface to the
Almanack of 1758 (not 1757, as was stated in the
"Autobiography") which is sometimes entitled
" Father Abraham's Speech to the American People"
and sometimes "The Way to Wealth." Of it Paul
Leicester Ford says:

"It is this preface which has given the name of
Poor Richard currency in alien races, and a quot-
able quality to this day. It has been printed and
reprinted again and again. In every size, from a
*pot duodecimo' up to 'imperial folio'; in thou-
sands for the plow-boy, and in limited and privately
printed editions at the expense of noblemen; for the
* penny-horrible' hawker, and for the bibliomaniac;
for the 'Society for Preserving Property Against
Republicans and Levelers,' and for the 'Associa-
tion for Improving the Condition of the Poor'; and
under the titles of 'Father Abraham's Speech,'
'The Way to Wealth,' and 'La Science du Bon-

j a aBiUBi iiii iw iiii

wL f i r ' I • II

A POCKET

jA.LMANACK|

For the Year 1744.

Fitted to the Ufe ofpEjJN-
STtVANiA, and tKe neighbour-
ing Provinces.

V/ith feveral ufefal A-SM)itions,

5vR. SAUNDERS, P^i/.

PHlLADELPUIAi

fVinted and'ibM by B. Frank linJi

iS/gM* PUftets, end
fy Ariel, Head^Fcce,
^ Taurus, iV^^it,

■ li Gemini, Arms»
S^Cancefy Breafi*

I ;^Leo,. Hr^rt.
Ti^ Virgo, J?cwe/fi

iTj^ciJi pio, Secret 5-.
^S«Sittary,T^i£itf,
V) Caprksorn,^^^*^

}i.VK<f^, Feeh

GSol.

"I^Saturnr
l^Jupittfr
$ Mars.
? Venus.
$ Mercury,
A.Trice»,

>|cSextile.
l^Conjuii<2'.
^ Oppofition(

iUg P A '!!

Pocket edition of the Almanack.

128 Poor Richard* s Almanack,

homme Richard,' it has proved itself one of the
most popular American writings. Seventy-five
editions of it have been printed in English, fifty-six
in French, eleven in German, and nine in Italian.
It has been translated into Spanish, Danish,
Swedish, Welsh, Polish, Gaelic, Russian, Bohemian,
Dutch, Catalan, Chinese, modern Greek, and
phonetic writing. It has been printed at least four
hundred times, and is to-day as popular as ever."

Testimony to the value of the wisdom of the
maxims is given by John Paul Jones, famous in
American history as a naval officer in the War of the
Revolution. The government of France had prom-
ised a new ship to Jones and he waited at Brest, on
the seacoast, month after month for it to arrive.
He wrote for a fulfilment of the promise to every-
body who might be connected with the transaction,
even to the King of France himself, but the vessel
was not forthcoming. One day he came across a
copy of "Poor Richard's Almanack" in which he
read the sentence, "If you would have your Bufi-
nefs done, go; if not, fend." He took the hint, im-
mediately journeyed to Versailles, and soon ob-
tained an order for the purchase of the ship which,
in grateful recognition of the source from which
came the suggestion that brought an end to his
difficulties, he named Bon Homme Richard.

For twenty-five years Franklin compiled and
printed the Almanack, the one in which appears
the summing up of its philosophy being the last one

As a Business Mt^n, 129

edited by him. In 1748 it was enlarged from
twenty-four to thirty-six pages and the size from 2|
X 5I inches to sJ x 5I inches, the name being
changed to *'Poor Richard Improved." Small
engravings first appeared in the issue for 1749.

i^s i^ i^ i^ i^ © i^ it^ i^ it^ i^ it^ it* il^ i^ it* it* it* @ i^ i^ i^

CHAP. XII.
As a Business Man,

Bufinefs, the Plague and Pleafure of my Life,
Thou charming Miftrefs, thou vexatious Wife;
Thou Enemy, thou Friend, to Joy, to Grief,
Thou bringTt me all, and bring ft me no Relief,
Thou bitter, fweet, thou pleafing, teazing Thing,
Thou Bee, that with th}'^ Honey wears a Sting;
Some Refpite, prithee do, yet do not give,
I cannot with thee, nor without thee live.

CO WROTE Poor Richard in his Almanack of
1742, fourteen years after Benjamin Franklin
went into business for himself and six years before
the date of his retirement permanently from it.
The wisdom that experience in business had
brought to him and with which Poor Richard for so
many years pointed the way to achievement is to be
found tersely stated in the epigrams and aphorisms
which filled what would otherwise have been the
blank spaces in the Almanack. To those who
would look further into his business philosophy are
commended the short papers entitled ''Advice to a

130 As a Business Man,

Young Tradefman," "Hints for Thofe That Would
Be Rich," and particularly "The Way to Wealth,"
which has been described as "the best sermon ever
preached upon industry and frugality." Prof.
Albert Henry Smyth found seventy-three repe-
titions in Franklin's writings of his favorite phrase
"industry and frugality," and adds "there are
many more."

The great business enterprises of the present day
had no counterpart in the America of the Eigh-
teenth Century. We were then truly a country of
shopkeepers. John F. Watson gives an interesting
picture of the business men of that time.

"The tradesmen before the Revolution (I men-
tion these facts with all good feeling)," he says,
"were an entirely different generation of men from
the present. Between them and what were deemed
the hereditary gentlemen there was a marked differ-
ence. 'The gentry think scorn of leather aprons,'
said Shakespeare. In truth, the aristocracy of the
gentlemen then was noticed, if not felt, and it was
to check any undue assumption of ascendency in
them that the others invented the rallying name of
* the Leather Apron Club ' — a name with which they
were familiar before Franklin's 'junta' was formed,
and received that other name. In that day the
tradesmen and their families had far less pride than
now. While at their work, or in going abroad on
weekdays, all such as followed rough trades, such as
carpenters, masons, coopers, blacksmiths, 6^c., uni-
versally wore a leathern apron before them, and

As a Business Man, 131

covering all their vest. Dingy buckskin breeches,
once yellow, and check shirts and a red flannel
jacket was the common wear of most working men ;
and all men and boys from the country were seen in
the streets in leather breeches and aprons and
would have been deemed out of character without
them. In those days, tailors, shoemakers, and hat-
ters waited on customers to take their measures,
and afterward called with garments to fit them on
before finished.

"No masters were seen exempted from personal
labour in any branch of business — living on the
profits derived from many hired journeymen; and
no places were sought out at much expense, and
display of signs and decorated windows, to allure
custom. Then almost every apprentice, when of
age, ran his equal chance for his share of business in
his neighbourhood, by setting up for himself, and,
with an apprentice or two, getting into a cheap lo-
cation, and by dint of application and good work,
recommending himself to his neighbourhood.

**The overworked and painfully excited business
men of the present day have little conception of the
tranquil and composed business habits of their fore-
fathers in the same line of pursuits in Philadelphia.
The excited and anxious dealers of this day might
be glad to give up half of their present elaborate
gains, to possess but half of the peace and content-
ment felt and enjoyed by their moderate and tran-
quil progenitors."

James Parton in his "Life of Benjamin Franklin**
adds to the picture of the colonial business man and
his activities by saying, "A store was simply a

132 As a Business Man,

dwelling house, with a room full of goods on the
ground floor, and a wooden bee-hive, anchor, Bible,
ship, basket, or crown, hung over the door."

Benjamin Franklin did not stop with preaching
to others in his Almanack and "Gazette" correct
principles in business. He practised them himself.
Industry, frugality, modesty of demeanor, self-
reliance — these were the foundation stones upon
which he built, and that he built well is attested by
the comparatively short period in which he secured
a competence and was enabled to retire.

But there were croakers in Philadelphia at the
time when he went into business as there seem to be
in all places at all times. One such, whom he de-
scribes as "a Perfon of note, an elderly Man, with a
wife Look and a very grave Manner of fpeaking,"
one day stopped at his door, asked him if he were
the young man who had lately opened the printing
house, and, being answered in the affirmative, ex-
pressed his sympathy on the ground that the enter-
prise was sure to fail.

The elderly gentleman was not alone in his dismal
prophecy. In a discussion at what was called the
"Merchants' Every Night Club" the general
opinion was that since there were already two
printers in Philadelphia, a third could not succeed.
But a Dr. Baird gave a contrary opinion. "The In-
duftry of that Franklin," said he, "is fuperior to
anything I ever faw of the kind ; I fee him ftill at

As a Bus in ess Man . 133

work when I go home from Club and he is at work
again before his neighbors are out of bed."

Dihgence was characteristic of FrankHn's long
and busy hfe. At the age of sixty-nine we find him
writing to his friend Priestly, "In the Morning at
fix I am at the Committee of Safety, which Com-
mittee holds till near nine, when I am at the Con-
grefs and that fits till after four in the afternoon."

Franklin had a due regard for appearances. A
chapter in the "Autobiography" is to the following
effect:

" In order to fecure my Credit and Character as a
Tradefman, I took care not only to be in reality in-
duftrious and frugal, but to avoid all Appearance to
the contrary. I dreff'd plainly; I was feen at no
Places of idle Diverfion. I never went out a filhing
or fhooting; a book, indeed, sometimes debauch'd
me from my Work, but that was feldom, fnug, and
gave no Scandal; and, to fliow that I was not above
my Businefs, I fometimes brought home the Paper I
purchafed at the ftores through the flreets on a
Wheelbarrow."

Franklin's independence is illustrated by an
anecdote related by Jared Sparks. Some of the
patrons of the " Pennsylvania Gazette " thought
that he was too free in his criticism of the public acts
of certain persons of high standing and warned him
against its continuance as prejudicial to his business
welfare. By way of answer, Franklin invited his
critics and the other gentlemen of whom they spoke.

"v^?

'ite

Design for paper money made by Benjamin Franklin. Exact size of origi-
nal, in possession of the author.

tt*^:!

^^^^•

The veins of a leaf were used to make counterfeiting difficult. The inscrip-
tion reads: "To Counterfeit is DEATH."

136 As a Business Man.

to supper. They accepted, and when they had
assembled at his board they found, much to their
surprise, nothing before them but two puddings
made of coarse meal, usually called "sawdust pud-
ding," and a stone pitcher of water. Franklin ate
heartily, although his guests found it practically im-
possible to do so. When he had finished he dis-
missed them with the statement, "My friends, any
one who can subsist on sawdust pudding and water,
as I can, needs no man's patronage."

Franklin was careful of the quality of his work.
While learning his trade, and afterward when fol-
lowing it, he looked carefully into every method and
process, with a view to determining for himself the
reason for each operation, and frequently he was
able to substitute better ones. Examination of the
books and pamphlets he printed shows his work to
have been of a uniformly higher grade than that of
the other printers of his time or of the period which
preceded his. We have already seen (p. 64) how
he obtained one of his first orders, the public print-
ing of Pennsylvania, because of the better quality
of his workmanship.

Of Franklin's position in the business world in
1744, sixteen years after he began and four years be-
fore he was to retire, Parton says :

"His 'Gazette' became the leading newspaper of
all the region between New York and Charleston.
Poor Richard continued to amuse the whole coun-

As a Business Man, 137

try, to the great profit of its printer, who was
obliged to put it to press early in October in order to
get a supply of copies to the remote colonies by
the beginning of the new year. All the best jobs
of printing given out by the provinces of New Jer-
sey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, fell
to the office of Franklin; who, by means of his
partnerships, had a share also in the good things
of Virginia, New York, the Carolinas, and Georgia.
His schoolbooks, his hand-books of farriery, agri-
culture, and medicine, his numberless small pamph-
lets, his considerable importations from England,
all contributed to swell his gains."

Of these profits Parton adds: "Probably his
business in the most prosperous years did not yield
a profit of more than two thousand pounds sterling.
But there was not, probably, another printer in the
Colonies whose annual profits exceeded five hun-
dred pounds."

Sydney George Fisher in "The True Benjamin
Franklin," says: "Although extremely economical
and thrifty in practice as well as in precept, he
had very little love of money, and took no pleasure
in business for mere business' sake." Fisher esti-
mates Franklin's fortune at the time of his
death to have been "considerably over one hun-
dred thousand dollars." Parton gives the amount
"at a liberal estimate, one hundred and fifty thou-
sand dollars, of v/hich about two-thirds was pro-
ductive."

138

CHAP. XI 1 1.

Partnerships,

N ALL his business arrangements Benjamin
Franklin was careful to have complete under-
standings in advance. It is the almost universal
experience that partnerships are prolific sources
of quarrels. Franklin had many business partner-
ships, but all, with possibly one exception, turned
out satisfactorily. This was owing, he said, "a
good deal to the Precaution of having very ex-
plicitly Settled, in our articles, everything to be
done by or expe(5led from each Partner fo that
there was Nothing to difpute; which Precaution
I would therefore recommend to all who enter
into partnerfhips; for, whatever efteem Partners
may have for, and Confidence in, each other at the
time of the Contract!:, little Jealoufies and Difgufts
may arife, with Ideas of Inequality in the Care and
Burden, Bufmefs, ^c, which are attended often
with Breach of Friendfhip and of the connexion;
perhaps with lawfuits and other difagreeable
Confequences."

It is interesting to speculate on how wide might
have become the operations of Benjamin Franklin
had he continued in business for the remainder of
his long life. Success in printing nowadays is con-
sidered to be entirely a matter of personality.
Some one man or group of men dominates every

Partnerships. 139

printing establishment, which means that it is
necessarily a local business. In all the United
States, with more than thirty-one thousand print-
ing and publishing establishments, there are com-
paratively few conducting plants in places remote
from their main offices. Benjamin Franklin oper-
ated printing houses located in widely separated
parts of the Colonies and the West Indies. He
was the first American trust magnate and the only
one so far as the printing business is concerned.

The first of his ventures of the kind after the
dissolution of the firm of Franklin and Meredith
occurred in 173 1, when he had been in business
only three years. This partnership was with
Thomas Whitemarsh, who began in Charleston,
S. C, October i, 173 1, and who the next year es-
tablished a newspaper, the "Gazette," the first
paper in either of the Carolinas. He was after-
ward appointed printer to the government.

Franklin had later another partner in Charles-
ton, as successor to Whitemarsh, He was Peter
Timothy, son of the Louis Timothee, who, as pre-
viously related, was the editor of Franklin's Ger-
man newspaper, the "Philadelphifche Zeitung."

Three partnerships concern themselves with
relatives. Having become reconciled to his brother
James, whom he visited, in Newport, R. I., to
which place James had removed his printing office
from Boston, Franklin returned to Philadelphia

140 Partnerships.

with his brother's son, who also bore the name of
James, taught him the printing trade, and a few
years later sent him back to Newport with a new
assortment of types to be added to the equipment
which his mother was using in her management
succeeding the death of the boy's father. This
was a philanthropic rather than a business enter-
prise.

Franklin had another nephew, Benjamin Me-
com, son of one of his sisters, whom he took into
his shop in Philadelphia, taught the trade, and
then established in business in Antigua, West
Indies. The boy afterward returned to Boston,
where Franklin again helped to set him up in busi-
ness. He was only moderately successful and
later made another move this time to New Haven,
where Franklin procured for him the office of post-
master.

William Dunlap was another of Franklin's part-
ners who was a relative, although by marriage, he
having married into Mrs. Franklin's family. He
began printing at Lancaster, but later removed to
Philadelphia. According to Isaiah Thomas his
" printing was correctly and handsomely executed."
He subsequently left the business to engage in the
study of divinity, and in 1768 became the rector of
a parish in Virginia.

Samuel Holland and Benjamin Franklin signed
an agreement June 14, 1753, under which Holland

Partnerships, 141

began to print at Lancaster, Pa. Franklin was to
let Holland have a printing press and type; Hoi-
land was to keep them in good order and to pay
thirty pounds a year in four instalments. Hall
and Miller were the names of two others of Frank-
lin's partners at Lancaster. All of the Lancaster
partners, including William Dunlap, were prob-
ably connected with the same plant.

William Smith was also a partner of Franklin
in the West Indies. He established in Dominica
in 1765 "The Freeport Gazette or the Dominica
Advertifer" printed weekly on Saturday "on
foolfcap fheet and with new long primer and fmall
pica type."

Hildeburn gives three other partnerships, all in
Philadelphia, as follows: B. Franklin and G.
Armbruester, 1 747-1 750; B. Franklin and J. Boehm,
1 749-1 751; and B. Franklin and A. Armbruester,
1754-1758.

Articles of agreement were signed February
27, 1741, between Benjamin Franklin and James
Parker, who had served his apprenticeship with
William Bradford in New York, by the terms of
which Parker was to establish himself in that city.
When Bradford discontinued the publication of
his "New York Gazette" Parker reestablished the
paper under the title of "The New York Gazette,
Revived in the Weekly Poft-Boy," and he probably
retained Bradford's subscription list.

142 Partnerships,

The original agreement with Parker was for six
years, but it continued until Parker's death in
1770. FrankHn provided the plant, which is
quoted by Livingston to have been: "A Printing
Prefs with all its necelTary Appurtenances, together
with 400 Pounds Weight of Letters; but of *all
charges for Paper, Ink, Ball, Tympans, Wool, Oyl
and other things necelTary,' two thirds was en-
tered againft Parker and one third against Frank-
lin." The profits or losses were divided in the
same proportions.

When Franklin retired from active business he
turned over his printing and publishing business
to David Hall, his foreman, who Vv^as to carry it on
under the firm name of Franklin and Hall and to
pay Franklin one thousand pounds a year for
eighteen years, at the end of which time Hall was
to become sole proprietor. This agreement Hall
faithfully carried out.

In the final settlement James Parker acted as
Franklin's representative, the latter being then in
England. Parker made an inventory and ap-
praisal (pp. 92, 93) showing that Hall had not kept
the outfit up to a very high standard of efficiency.
The manuscript of his report to Franklin is in the
Typographic Library and Museum of the American
Type Founders Company in Jersey City, and since
it has not previously been published is here given
in full. The long letter seems to justify the des-

Partnerships, 143

ignatlon sometimes made of Parker as "the weep-
ing philosopher." It is as follows:

Philadelphia, February 3, 1766.
Hon. Sir:

This accompanies one Copy of the State of your
Accounts with Mr. Hall according to the beft of my
Skill and Judgment, and the Quantity and State
of the Printing Office : And tho' I have endeavoured
to mention every Thing as plainly as I could, yet
poffibly some Articles may need a little Explana-
tion, befides what is fo fet down: — The Valuation
of the Printing Materials feems fmaller than I im-
agin'd it would be; but as I examin'd all the Letter,
and faw the whole weigh'd, I could not do other-
ways : for the greateft Part of the Letter is much
worn; the Old Brevier fit for very little, and Mr.
Hall purpofes to throw it by as foon as he can, hav-
ing got a new Fount himfelf already come over, to
ufe in its Stead, — and indeed the whole is worn
much, except the Double Pica, and neweft Englifli,
tho' neither of them are new, — we weigh'd the Forms
and Pages of Almanacks ^c. with all their Rules
in and about them, so that thofe Rules are charged
in the Letter the fame as the Letter: In weighing a
Form, we only took the Chace out of the Weight, —
and in weighing the Letter in the Cafes, we weigh'd
two empty Cafes first, and took their Weight al-
ways out of it, — the Furniture and Rules not actu-
ally up in Forms was but little and poor, and he
muft foon get himfelf more : — One of the PrefiTes is
almoft done its beft, having been mended lb often,
as to be very patch'd and Mackled : — On the whole,
I think I have valued it, at what I thought was the

144 Partnerships,

Value of it, fuppofing no Advantage of one want-
ing to buy it, or of one wanting to fell it, on either
fide to be taken. — yet Mr. Hall fays, if there be
any Particulars in it, that you fhall make objedlion
to, he is willing it fhould be rectified. — With Re-
spe6l to the Paper furniOied by you he fays, he
had no other Rule to afcertain it, than by the
Work-Books, which we carefully look'd over, and
fet down the Quantity ufed in every Job and
Newfpaper, — As the Paper ufed for Public Work
before 1756, and fundry other Work, had been
fettled and accounted for to you already, as by the
Accounts he produced in your own Writing ap-
pears. — Tho' we fettled the Pocket Almanacks
he fold at 6d which is as he fold them wholesale,
yet he charges you with those fent to Rhode
Island but at 4^ which were part of thofe he
charges himfelf 6d at. — The Money paid by him
in England at fundry Times, as charged Stirl.
we reckon'd Exchange @/ 170, as a Medium, as
for fome of that Money he gave above L. 100 — and
for fome others little more than 160, — and we
have been as exad: in reckoning every thing as we
poifibly could. — We had gone on very nigh finifliing
when we recollected fome of the Money, both of
what you received, and what he had, was due to
you before the Partnerfhip began: This obliged
us to have a new refearch, and a thorough new
Examination of all the Books and Accounts, and
dif covered, that he had received the fum of £. 246.
4:2 J of Money due to you before the Partnerfhip
began, which Sum being included already in the
Articles of Numb, i on the Credit Side, whereby
you are credited for one half of it, we credited the

Partnerships, 145

other Half at the Bottom of the General Account,
being £.123.2:15 — Again we found of the Sums you
had received, the fum of £.185.6:7 which belonged
to you before the Partnerfhip began, and as you had
been charged with the Half of that in No. 3 Debtor
fide, fo we have credited the General Account for
that Half £. 92.13:3 J — This we thought the moft
eligible Way, as we had already enter'd and caft
up the Whole before: On your Confidering the
Matter, I think you will find this to be the right,
and perhaps the beft that could be, to fet fuch
blend'd Accounts in the clearefl: Light. — There
are fome of the Books and Pamphlets printed in
the Partnerfhip unfold, fome of which he has taken
to himfelf, and allowed for them, but fome others
which don't appear faleable, he has left, and if
hereafter any of them fells, he will account for
them: — And upon the Whole, if any Miftake or
Error fhall be hereafter difcovered on either Side,
he is willing it fhould be redlified, — If you fhould
return home this Spring or Summer, you can ex-
amine any thing you fhall think wrong yourfelf : —
As I fhall leave the final pafTmg of them, till I hear
from you, or fuch Return to do it yourfelf.

My lafi to you was from Burlington, the End of
laft December, and beginning of January: — I came
down here, tho' fcarce able to crawl, the i6th
inftant, — I continued all the reft of the Month to
proceed on with the Accounts, whenever I was able
to ftir, tho' I had a Relapfe, or rather only an In-
creafe of the Pain, a few Days after I came, that
rendered me unable to walk for three Days, —
and am ftill but very poorly, — I hope to be able
to get back again to Burlington, — as it is not com-

1 46 Pa rtn ersh ips.

fortable to be fick from home : — nor there neither, if
it could be help'd. — I have now been in the Gout
three Months, and have had it fome Days in the
Heart and Stomach fo bad, I thought I could not
Hve: — My Son been fick above three Months, — and
he is but poorly yet, tho' he is mending, and likely to
get well. On the Whole, this year paft has been a
diftrelTed one with me. — But, God's Will be done.
Mr. Foxcroft is gone to Virginie, and I have not
heard any thing from him fmce his Departure: —
I wifh I may hear from you, before the End of
this Month, where I am to put the Printing-
Materials of B. Mecom's that are now at Burling-
ton: — I have no body there at Work, all my Boys
being gone to New York i^ Woodbridge: And in-
deed, I have no work there for them to do, if they
were there: — I would immediately away to New
York now, were I able to travel at any Rate, but
I even fear, I fhall hardly be able to get back to
Burlington only, as the Weather is uncomfortable:
but I will go as foon as I can. — I think I wrote you
before, I had fecured the Goods you fent to Mr.
Hughes, but they are unopen'd, as I would be
there myself. — I wrote alfo to Balfour, which I
inclofed to you, and hope you will have received
it: — I don't know any thing further material
about Affairs wherein I am concerned, — And
thofe relating to the Publick you will doubtlefs
have from abler and better Hands— I wrote to
B. Mecom lately, but had but a fliort Anfwer, that
he would foon fend me the Account ^c. — I have
wrote again — But, — I fear nothing can quicken
his Sluggifhnefs.— I have told Holt I intend to
come to New York, and take my Printing Office

Partnerships. 147

again: I don't know what he defigns: he keeps it
fecret from me: — I heard the Gentlemen of Vir-
ginia were trying to get a new Printer, in Oppofi-
tion to Mr. Boyle, becaufe he declined going on, or
was too much under the Influence of the Governor
there: and as Green and Rind are parted. I im-
agine Rind is the Man, and that they have bought
the Office that was Stretch's, which by an Invoice
I faw of it, was very compleat and good ; fo that
if it be fo, it will be bad for Billy Hunter whether
Boyle lives or dies: — It was reported Boyle grew
worfe after his Return home but as we have not
heard lately from thence, I can't fay no more
about it, and Doubtlefs you will hear from thence
from Mr. Foxcroft foon, who can give you a better
Account of the Matter.

As I am necefTarily to send you two copies of the
Accounts ^c. — fo another to the same Purpofes as
this, I fhall leave in Mr. Hall's Hands to be for-
warded to you, with them. Therefore, I think I can
add no more, than all Refpecls ^c. from

Your most obliged Servt.

James Parker.

P. S. Mr. Hall made fome Demands for hiring
a Clerk: He fays he hired one at your Particular
Requeft @ one Time: — that he had one conftantly
from 1753 : and for 18 Months two of 'em: never lefs
than 20/ a Week, and great Part of the Time 25. —
he alfo muft keep one Still, to draw out Accounts
and get in the Money due, and thinks part of the
Expenfe should be yours: — As the Articles were
filent on that Stead, and my Power did not extend
fo far, I could only refer it to you: — Two Iron

148 Partnerships.

Fire places of yours are left, and he having a year or
two ago, purchafed two Cannon Stoves, he keeps
them himfelf, as he bought them with his own Money.

Burlington, Feb. 10. — I got as well home here as I
expecfted : the Gout not quite left me yet. — As foon
as my Strength will admit, I fliall fet forward for
New York: — No Packet come in yet tho' momen-
tarily expedled: — I fhall send down B. Mecom's
Printing Office to Philadelphia, immediately, as
Mrs. Franklin fays fhe will fee Care taken of it.

Feb. II. — I jufl: now heard Mr. Holt has had an
Execution levied on his Goods ; he does not tell me
fo himfelf, but I have heard it, and fear its too true:
— I believe I fhall be a far greater lofer by him, than
you were by B. Mecom: — Its an eafy Thing to be-
have with Fortitude, when all goes generally well :
But I muft expedl it notwithftanding all may go
aginft me: And indeed, I know I can't command
Succefs in my Affairs, but as far as Refignation, and a
Steady Diligence could deferve it, I have endeav-
oured it: — I have fupported others and almofl
Starv'd myfelf : but I am thankful its no worfe, and
will ftill fay, God's will be done.

Feb. 20. Laft night heard the Packet was come
in, but no Letter for me, fo I now attempt to Stop :
— I am ftill poorly with this wretched Gout, or rather
now a real Rheumatifm, as it takes all my Bones. —
Hope only remains at the Bottom of Box. I long
for my Health to go to New York, but I muft fubmit.

One thing I forgot to mention, I muft now note —
One box of goods fent to Mr. Hughes came by Capt.
Tillet, — this I fuppofe is the Stationary: — this I

Partnerships, 149

have in my Store at New York, but I have Advice
of another come in Capt. Berton, — which I fuppofe
is the Electrical Machine, but as you have never fent
a Bill of Lading for it either to Mr. Hughes or me,
Capt. Berton won't deliver it without a Bill of
Lading tho' I fent him word I would indemnify him
fo he keeps it in his PofTeffion, — and I cannot de-
mand it without a Bill ^c.

All Mecom's materials are fent down to Phila-
delphia.

Adieu.

An interesting account of Franklin's last business
relationship with a printer on a considerable scale
is given by Livingston. It is that which relates to
his dealings with Francis Childs, a young printer of
New York, who had learned his trade in the shop of
William Dunlap. Franklin, then in his seventy-
sixth year, was in Paris as Minister to France
when Childs first wrote to him to enlist his interest
in the printing business which he had established on
a frail basis in New York, and the relationship,
which cannot certainly be called a partnership be-
cause no definite statement appears in the cor-
respondence of Franklin's acceptance of Childs'
proposals, continued until a few days before Frank-
lin's death in April, 1790.

Franklin's experience with those who are known
to have been his partners was almost entirely
satisfactory to him, but that with Childs could
hardly be so termed. Childs' letters are filled with

ISO Typefounder,

continual complaint of shortages in equipment of
type sent to him from the foundry which Franklin
had established for his grandson, Benjamin Frank-
lin Bache, in Philadelphia, and with excuses for his
failure to make payments as promised. A little less
than a year before his death Franklin wrote to him
as follows, giving a glimpse into his financial affairs
at that late period of his life :

"You wrote to me in December lafl, that as foon
as you return'd from attending the Affembly you
would immediately fet out for Philadelphia in order
to make a final Settlement of our Accounts: This
was a Promife very agreeable to me, as my late
heavy Expenfe in building five Houfes (which coft
much more than I was made to exped) has fo ex-
haufted my Finances, that I am now in real and
great Want of Money."

Franklin was able to live comfortably upon the
annual payments by Hall and the salary received
from the various public offices he held, although
when Hall's payments ceased Franklin felt himself,
as he said and was, in reduced circumstances.

C^ i^ i^ it< il^ il^ il^ it4 ^|t Ha h^ h^ @ ^ @ ^4 h^ ^ ^ h^ h^

CHAP. XIV.

Typefounder,

JN FRONT of Bartholomew Close, near Palmer's
printing office in London, was located a type-
foundry conducted by Thomas James, and it was to

Typ efo under. 151

be expected that a young man with an inquiring
mind such as Benjamin Frankhn possessed and par-
ticularly one with his interest in printing and every-
thing connected with it, would be attracted to the
foundry. There he witnessed the processes that go
to make up the typefounder's art, the designing of
characters, the making of molds, and the casting,
trimming, and polishing of individual types.

After Franklin returned to Philadelphia in 1726,
and what he considered to be an ill turn of fortune
obliged him again to take up the printing trade, he
made an arrangement, as has already been stated,
to take over the mechanical management of Samuel
Keimer's printing establishment. There he found
that his knowledge of typefounding, although
limited, served him in good stead. Keimer's type
cases were in need of sorts, and since there was no
place in America at which to purchase them and
months were required to secure supplies from
abroad, the young foreman contrived a mold,
used the letters on hand to make puncheons, and
with them cast type that served the purpose.
Thus Benjamin Franklin became America's first
typefounder.

It has already been related how he went as the
employee of Keimer to Burlington, then the capi-
tal of New Jersey, to fulfill a contract which Keimer
had secured to print the paper money of that
province. He says in the "Autobiography," " I con-

152 Typ efo under,

trived a copper plate Prefs for it, the firft that
had been feen in the Country; I cut feveral Orna-
ments and Checks for the Bills." The press was
probably not imposing in appearance or remark-
able for its execution, and the design of the cur-
rency does not show a high order of artistic ability,
but both are important in establishing the fact that,
in making this copper plate press, Franklin was the
first American maker of printing presses and the
first designer and engraver for printing purposes.

Franklin's interest in the building of printing
presses was not confined to his early years at the
business. In 1753 we find him writing to his friend
William Strahan, of London, as follows:

"If you can perfuade your Prefs-Maker to go out
of his old Road a little, I would have the Ribs made
not with the Face rounding outwards, as ufual,
but a little hollow or rounding inwards from end to
end; and the cramps made of hard caft Brafs, fixed
not acrofs the Ribs, but longways, fo as to flide in
the hollow Face of the Ribs. The reafon is, that
Brafs and Iron work better together than Iron and
Iron. Such a prefs never gravels; the hollow Face
of the Ribs keep the Oil better, and the Cramps, bear-
ing on a large Surface, do not wear, as in the com-
mon Method. Of this I have had many years'
Experience."

One of Franklin's English friends, with whom he
corresponded for many years, was William Caslon,
the famous typefounder. In a letter written to

^ -^ A

CinifUre griv< i Tins pour M FRANKLIN, fit S. P. Fouhnier U jrune, 1781.

j^uand cm ^xcclU cLcmii Jon t/u-i', l^ awon lu^_ doTvm, towti, la, -fwrfccticn
donCil edtcofoalc , Ion en jort' en aaeCaue ma/nure, ^ Ion ;f'igxi/e a, ctf
aic'il u, a de, flud TioUe ^ cU plud relczi. ^1/io.non eat an SrecnVre,
Gla^e wn ty4i$tu)LCun , l^ l\ytutiur de ^urdm,e est cun ^oite , maca
tAwianard eat ^(ff canard, rduUa, cdCcdallu,, ^ Comctlle edtCcmu/Ie^
jCcd tJcumced et loj ^rCd aue fon ao/tlve doTidu/n (btat dcQcUnt' Ic
gin^ de la tj^/ation eC I'cdprlt dw ^uve^ncment.

m4'£r'(v-eey%w ^^34s^/^po

Type used at Passy. Livingston says it was "probably designed by Frank-
lin himself, for use in printing important documents, which it might have
been to the advantage of some one to counterfeit." Lower panel shows
exact size. From specimen sheet in the Typographic Library and Museum
of the American Type Founders Company, Jersey City, N. J. , ,4

154 "^yP ^/^ under,

Caslon in 1788 appears this paragraph voicing a
complaint that one hears occasionally from printers
even to this day:

"I approve very much of your Refolution not to
fend your Types abroad upon Credit. Their
Excellence will fecure a fufficient Demand without
it. Some other Britifh Founders have been fo
extravagantly liberal in that Way, and thereby
created fuch a Number of M after- Printers more
than the Bufmefs of the Country can maintain, as
may probably in the End be hurtful to both the
Debtors and Creditors."

Another typefounder friend was John Basker-
ville, the celebrated printer and letter-founder of
Birmingham. In a letter written in London to
Baskerville Franklin acknowledged the receipt of
some type specimen sheets which he promised to
distribute among the printers of America, sending
them by the first ship. He supposes that no orders
for type unaccompanied by bills for money will be
accepted, and suggests to the typefounder not to give
credit, adding, "efpecially as I do not think it will
be necefTary."

He advises Baskerville that James's Foundry, a
part of which ''among them some tolerable He-
brews and Greeks and fome good Blacks" is to be
sold and offers to buy whatever may be required for
the Birmingham foundry.

At another time Franklin wrote an amusing

Typefounder, 155

letter to Baskerville, giving particulars of a hoax
he played upon a caller who had insisted that
Baskerville's types were hard to read. This
gentleman even predicted, as quoted by Franklin,
that Baskerville would be *'a Means of blinding all
the Readers in the Nation; for the Strokes of your
Letters, being too thin and narrow hurt the Eye,
and he could never read a Line of them without
Pain."

Franklin put up a job on the critic. He stepped
into another room, secured a Caslon type specimen
sheet, tore off the name, and then returned and
exhibited it to the critic as a Baskerville specimen,
asking him to point out the deficiencies of the
designs mentioned. "He readily undertook it,"
says Franklin, "and went over the feveral Founts
fhowing me everywhere what he thought Inllances
of that Difproportion ; and declar'd, that he could
not then read the Specimen, without feeling very
ftrongly the Pain he had mentioned to me." So
thoroughly did he commit himself in uncon-
sciously disproving his own theory that Franklin
spared him the confusion of an exposure.

Although in a letter to William Strahan in 1744,
four years before he retired from active connection
with his Philadelphia business, we find him ack-
nowledging obligation "to you for your care and
pains in procuring me the founding tools," Franklin
seems not to have done much in the way of type-

Set of initials cast from matrices once owned by Franklin,
now in the possession of the Massachusetts Historical
Society. Size within border 3!" x sW-

Typefounder, I57

founding In America until his return from his long
residence In France. There he evidently cast con-
siderable quantities of type and Is said to have de-
signed at least one alphabet of his own, the beauti-
ful Script letter shown on page 153.

Livingston says of It, "This fount was probably
designed by Franklin himself, for use In printing
Important documents, which it might have been
to the advantage of some one to counterfeit, such
as the Passport blank, or his commissions to com-
manders of privateers (If such a document was
printed by him)."

Franklin engaged to a considerable extent In
typefounding after his return from France, princi-
pally with a view to setting up in business his
grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache. To one pur-
chaser, Francis Childs of New York, he wrote under
date of May 8, 1787, an Interesting letter In regard
to sorts, as follows :

*'You are always complaining of ImperfecT:ions
in the Founts, which I fuppofe to proceed from
your not having right Ideas of that Matter. They
were all caft after the bell; Rules of the Founderles
in England, and in the fame Proportions. But as
the Stiles of Authors vary, and different Subjeds
ufe the different Sorts varioufly, there never could
be a Fount fo proportion'd as to run out equally
In all Cafes. And If whenever, in any Work, four
or five Sorts run fhort, you caft for the Deficiency,
in a fubfequent Work thofe Sorts, may be fuper-

I ASPECIMEN

{printing rrpEs

BELONGING TO

\^j.^^K d'^^mJUin ^.^V PRINTING OFFICE,
Philadelphia.

* French Canon Rom.

\ Tandem alio
1 ABCDEFGJ

Frtnch Canon Rom,

Tandem aliqu
^ ABCDEFGH

2 Two Lines Double Pica Rom.

I Tandem aliqua
I ABCDEFGHIJ

I 7«o Liiiei Great Primtr Rom.

I Tanjdem aliquand
I ABCDEFGHJKLO

Tv)9 Lines RngUJh Rom,

. TANDEMaliquando,Qu
J ABCDEFGHIJ KLMN

Two Lines Pica Rom.

Tandem aliquando,Quirites!
L. Cadlinam fiirentera audacia
ABCDEFGHIJ KLMNOPS

Double Pica Rom.
Tandem aliquando, Quintes !
L. Catilinam furentem audacia,
fcelus anhelantem, peftera patrii
ABCDEFGHIJ KLMNOPQR

* Double Pica Rom.
Tandem aliquando, Quirites ! L.
Catilinam furentem audacia, fce-
lus anhelantem, peftcm patrijE ne
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ.RT

• French Canon Ital.

I Tandem alia
ABCDEFG

FrCTth Canon Ital.

Tandem aliquan
ABCDEFGH

Two Lines Double Pica IttJ. J

"Tandem aliquand \
ABCDJEFGHI \

Two XWWOreaT Prlinrr ItaK

Tandem aliquando^
ABCDEFGHK

Two Lines EngUfti ItaJ.

Tandem aliquando., ^iri
ABCDEFGHIKJMOS

Two Lines Pica ItaL

TaHcUm alujuanJo, ^irites ! L.
Catilinam furentem audacia, fee-
JBCDEFGHIJKLMNOPR

Double Pica Ital.
Tandem aliquando, ilui rites ! L.
Catilinam furentem audacia, fce-
lus anhelantem, peflem patri.e nef
ABCDEFGHIJ KMNOPSlg

*Double Pica Ital.
Ta.ni.em aliquando, Quirites ! L.
Catilinam furentem audacia, fcelus
anhelantem, peflem patrix nefarie
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNSPQRS

»«»*^»*m»*m»*«t»*m m t . »aa » m > it t mii»t»itK * «<» * mi¥ f <» %m i» t «i^*^»*»ei^'>.

Type specimen sheets issued by Benjamin Franklin Bache.

Size inside the border 'j\

BcMiAUiH pRAMUiH Bacmi'i SPECIMEN.
Thultiin LlHtl Pic*.

York.

Eiivt"! Lines Pica,

fton.

Nine LiNts Pica.

Baltimore

Scvis Lures Fnr».

Burlinfi-ton.

Five Lines Pica. ^^.-^ j^

I Philadelphia City (

Foi-'E. Lines Pica. 1

Northumberland i

I A. Quantity of 19, 16, i3» »i, 9 & 7 Lines Pica is elways to be difpofcd of, J

^ at B. F. Bache's Printing-Office, Nkrket Street ; As aUo a number of t/pog;!- J

J phical Cuts and a great Variety of Flowers. ^

yt^\9i^^^^ j^'v^vl^^wij^ V

From the Typographic Library and Museum of the American Type
Founders Company, Jersey City, N. J.

i6o Typefounder,

abundant, and all the reft will appear deficient,
fo that there will be no End of proceeding in that
Manner. Therefore it is, that Printers have
lifually to every large Fount what they call a
Bomcafe, or Fount Cafe, that is, a Cafe to hold
thofe Sorts that are fuperfluous in one kind of Work
and where they may be found when wanting in
another. You remark that your now demanding
more of fundry Sorts (after being fupply'd with all
you formerly thought wanting) is owing partly
to your not taking an accurate Lift of the Imper-
fections at firft : and I am perfuad'd that the pref-
ent Lift you have fent me is far from being accurate,
fmce it is in Pounds weight, and not in the Number
of Letters. This lumping Method of calling for
Sorts to fupply fuppof'd Imperfed:ions, 5 lb. of
m's 3 lb. of s's, etc. etc. can never be accurate ; and in
this Inftance of the Petit Romain, you may fee
already the Effedl of fuch Inaccuracy, viz. to aug-
ment inftead of diminifhing the Imperfections of a
Fount; for at firft you want'd but 4 or 5 Sorts of
the lower Cafe, and now you want 15 or 16, which
is a great Part of the Four ^ twenty, and proves
what I have faid above that there can be no End
of going on in this Way. — However to oblige you,
tho' it is much more Trouble as the Mold muft be
adjuft'd afrefli for every little Parcel, you fhall
have the Sorts you want if you fend a Lift of them
in Numbers. My Grandfon will caft them, as
foon as he has taken his Degree and got clear of the
College; for then he purpofes to apply himfelf
clofely to the Buftnefs of Letter founding and this
is expect'd in July next. You fhall alfo have some
W's of a better form for the Pica as you defire.

The Private Press at Passy, i6i

And I will willingly receive the Petit Canon again
which you propofe to return."

To his grandson, who was twenty-one years of
age at the time of his death, Franklin left "all
the Types and Printing Materials which I now
have in Philadelphia with the complete Letter
Foundry, which, in the whole, I suppofe to be
worth near one thoufand Pounds."

@ i^^ C^ C^ e^ i^S €4 €^^|4 C^ !§ i^^ €^ i^^ C^ @ €^ t^ i^s i% €^ e^

CHAP. XV.

The Private Press at Passy,

"DENJAMIN FRANKLIN sailed from Phila-
delphia on his mission as one of the three
comjnissioners to France, October 27, 1776. He
landed nearly two months later, proceeded imme-
diately to Paris, and soon had established himself
in the Hotel de Valentinois, in Passy, a village
between Paris and Versailles, at which latter place
the headquarters of the French government was
located. The growth of Paris in the direction of
Versailles in the years that have intervened has
swallowed up the village of Passy, and the Hotel
de Valentinois long since disappeared. A replica
of Boyle's statue of Franklin in front of the post-
office on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia has
been placed in that part of Paris which once was

1 62 The Private Press at Passy,

Passy on the Rue Franklin, so named because of
Franklin's residence there.

He used the residence for eight and a half years,
and it comes within the scope of the present vol-
ume because during practically all of that time he
operated in it a printing equipment for the pro-
duction of leaflets, broadsides, etc., some of them
for practical use, but mostly for the amusement
of himself and his friends.

Franklin's biographers have had little to say
about the press at Passy. William Temple Frank-
lin dismisses it with the single sentence, "Not-
withstanding Dr. Franklin's various and important
occupations, he occasionally amused himself in
composing and printing, by means of a small set
of types and a press he had in his house, several
of his light essays, bagatelles, or jeux d'esprit,
written chiefly for the amusement of his intimate
friends."

Edward Everett Hale in his two volumes,
"Franklin in France," says: "Franklin soon es-
tablished in his own house at Passy a little printing
establishment, from which occasionally a tract or
handbill was issued. From this press the pre-
tended 'Independent Chronicle,' with an account
of Indian scalping, was issued, and the little books
published here are among the treasures most de-
sired by the connoisseurs."

Professor Smyth makes only one important

INFORMATION

TO THOSE
WHO WOULD REMOVE

TO AMERICA.

ANY Perfons in Europe having direftly or by
Letters, exprefs'd to the Writer of this, who is
well acquainted with North-America, their Defire
of tranfporting and eflablishing themfelves in that
Country ; but who appear to him to have formed
thro* Ignorance, miftaken Ideas 8c Expedations o£
what is to be obtained there ; he thinks it may be
ufeful, and prevent inconvenient, expenfive & fruit-
lefs Removals and Voyages of improper Perfons, if
he gives fome clearer & truer Notions of that Pare
of the World than appear to have hitherto pre-
vailed.

He finds it is imagined by Numbers that the In-
liabitants of North -America are rich, capable of
rewarding, and difpos'd to reward all forts of
Ingenuity ; that they are at the fame time ignorant
of all the Sciences ; & confequeutly that Grangers
poffeirmg Talents in the Belles-Letters, fine Arts, ike.
muft be highly efteemed, and fo well paid as to
become eafily rich themfelves ; that there are alfo
abuadance of profitable Offices to be difpofed of,

First page of a twelve-page pamphlet printed at Passy.

Exact size.
From "Franklin and His Press at Passy."

164 The Private Press at Passy,

reference to the press in Passy: "Sometimes they
were printed upon his private press at Passy, in
hmited editions of perhaps a dozen or fifteen
copies. Nearly all are lost. The fictitious * Sup-
plement ' exists in the Library of Congress and the
Library of the American Philosophical Society,
and the latter collection has also the printed orig-
inal of 'La Belle et la Mauvaise Jambe' (Passy,
1779). But the other fugitive leaves have dis-
appeared."

It remained for the late Luther S. Livingston
in his beautiful volume, '' Franklin and His Press
at Passy," privately published by the Grolier
Club in 1914, to present a nearly complete account
of the printing done at the Hotel de Valentinois.

Livingston describes fifteen "bagatelles," four-
teen of which, each a separately printed piece, are
bound together in a little volume in the Franklin
collection of William Smith Mason. He says,
"three of these are sixteen pages each, one is of
twelve pages, two of eight pages, one of six pages,
one of four pages, and six of two pages (or a single
leaf) each. The fifteenth is a single sheet printed
on one side only, among the Franklin papers in
the Library of the American Philosophical Society
in Philadelphia.

William Temple Franklin was too much of a
dandy to think of giving his time and attention to
such trivial matters as setting type and working

The Private Press at Passy. 165

a press. A younger grandson, Benjamin Franklin
Bache, was of a different mold. It was the grand-
father's intention to bring the younger boy up in a
way that would fit him for public business, but
evidently reflection upon his own personal experi-
ence of the limited financial return to be derived from
such a career caused him to change his mind, for we
find him writing to the boy's father that he had de-
termined to teach him a trade, that '*he may have
fomething to depend on, and not be oblig'd to
afk Favours or Offices of anybody." Franklin
further said, "he has already begun to learn the
bulinefs from Maflers who come to my Houfe,
and is very intelligent in working and quick in
learning."

This reference is confirmed by an entry in Ben-
jamin Franklin Bache's diary to the effect that a
"mafter founder" had come to Passy to teach him
to cast printing types and that the teacher was to
remain all winter. A later entry says that M.
Didot, whom he describes as "the befl: printer of
this age and even the beft that has ever been feen,"
had consented to take him into his house for some
time in order to teach him his art. The statement
is made that in the house is combined "engraving,
the forge, the foundry, and the printing oflFice."
A further reference in the diary, dated April 5^
1785, to M. Didot's establishment, is to the effect
that "the meals are frugal.'*

1 66 Advertiser and Propagandist,

It has already been noted that William Temple
Franklin referred to his grandfather's equipment as
"a small set of types," which does not agree with a
reference Benjamin Franklin made to It In a letter
he wrote to Francis Chllds after his return to
Philadelphia, In which he said: *'My printing
Materials, confifting of a great variety of founts,
were fent down the Seine fome weeks before I left
PalTy." Livingston's Investigations indicate that
the equipment was a considerable one. Much
correspondence with French typefounders, among
them the famous house of Fournler, has been
brought to light, and unless the type purchased was
disposed of in ways not known and not now
ascertainable, the supply must have been a large
one. There Is also some evidence to war-
rant the belief that two printing presses were
operated.

i% i^ it^ it< Z^ C^ it^ il^ il^ t^ n^ ^4 i^4 n^ g|4 ^4 n^ n^ n^ ii< n^ n^

CHAP. XVI.

Advertiser and Propagandist,

"PRANKLIN is sometimes spoken of as the first
American advertiser, but there is no special
reason for such a designation. The " Pennfylvania
Gazette" under his ownership contained more
advertising than It did under that of Samuel
Keimer and more than was common to the other

Advei^tiser and P7'0pagandist, 167

colonial newspapers, but the circumstance is to be
accredited rather to the enlarged circulation of
the "Gazette," owing to its superiority as a news-
paper, than to any particularly effective manner of
promoting the advertising department.

Franklin himself was far from being a self-
advertiser. Excepting for the statement of his
public services that he prepared for the Conti-
nental Congress, he never made any claims for him-
self. Throughout his long career he was almost
continually in the public service, but he never
sought office or made anything like a special effort
to obtain it. Although a seemingly indefatigable
writer, he never issued so much as a single vol-
ume of his literary productions and on at
least one occasion discouraged others from doing
so.

He did, however, advertise occasionally for him-
self or the members of his family. The following
examples show that to them, as to all other things
with which he had to do, he imparted a measure
of originality.

^T^AKEN out of a Pew in the Church
-■- fome months fince, a Common Prayer Book,
bound in red, gilt, and lettered D. F. [Deborah
Franklin] on each cover. The Perfon who took
it is deiired to open it and read the eighth Com-
mandment, and afterwards return it into the
fame Pew again, upon which no further Notice
will be taken.

1 68 Advertiser and Propagandist,

ALL Persons indebted to Benj Frank-
lin, Printer of this Paper, are defired to fend
in their refpective Payments: (Thofe Subscribers
for the News excepted, from whom a Twelve-
Month's Pay is not yet due).

Gentlemen, it is but a little to each of you, though
it will be a conjiderahle Sum to me; and lying in
many hands wide from each other, {according to the
Nature of our Bufinefs) it is highly inconvenient
and fcarce practical for me to call upon every One;
I fhall therefore think myfelf particularly obligedy
and take it very kind of thofe, who are mindful to
fend or bring it in without further Notice.

Franklin's English is a model for advertisement
writers. Simplicity was its chief characteristic.
He had the faculty of putting the most thought
into the fewest words, extravagance in language
being the target of one of his chief animadver-
sions. Writing to John Jay from Paris in 1780 he
says :

"Mrs. Jay does me much Honor in defiring to
have one of the Prints, that have been made here of
her Countryman. I fend what is faid to be the
beft of five or fix engraved by different Hands, from
different Paintings. The Verfes at the Bottom are
truly extravagant. But you muft know, that the
Defire of pleafmg, by a perpetual Rife of Com-
pliments in this polite Nation, has fo ufed up all the
common expreflions of approbation, that they are
become flat and infipid, and to ufe them almoft
implies Cenfure. Hence mufic, that formerly
might be fufficiently praifed when it was called

A MODEST

ENQUIRY

INTO THE

Nature and Necejfity

O F A

PAPER- CURRENCY.

Quid afper

Vtik Ntmmus habet ; patri^y cbarifq'j fropmquis
^uajitttm elargiri dcceat, -1— —

Pcrf.

<PHILJDEL'T>HIJ

Printed and Sold at the New PRINTING-
OFFICE, near the Market, i/ip-

Franklin's initial efFort in propagandist literature, which resulted in the
issuance of thirty thousand pounds in paper currency by the governor and the
assembly of the province of Pennsylvania in defiance of orders from England
to the contrary. Size 3" x 5t". ~

170 Advertiser and Propagandist,

bonne, to go a little farther they call excellente, then
Juperhe, magnifique, exquije, celefte, all which being
in their turns worn out, there only remains divine:
and, when that is grown as infignificant as its
PredeceiTors, I think they muft return to common
fpeech and common fenfe ; as, from vying with one
another in fine and coftly Paintings on their
Coaches, fmce I firft knew the Country, not being
able to go farther in that Way, they have returned
lately to plain Carriages, painted without arms or
figures in one uniform color."

Franklin's studies in the art of expression both as
a youth and practically throughout his whole life
were pursued with one purpose in mind, to in-
fluence those who read what he wrote. He had the
admirable quality of vision — to be able always to
see into things further than did those about him,
and seeing clearly he desired others to do likewise.
As a youth he practised the Socratic method, but
later abandoned it for plain, substantial statements
of arguments and facts. Later in life he sometimes
employed the dialogue.

Every public project, such as paving, cleaning,
and lighting the streets, establishing a fire com-
pany, hospital, public library, or university, brought
forth an article from Franklin's pen published
either in the "Gazette," or as a pamphlet, always
interestingly and, as events proved, effectively
written.

In his later years Franklin adopted another

PLAIN J RUT Hz

Serious Considerations

On the Present State of the

CITY of PHILADELPHIA,

AND

Province of PENNSYLVANIA,

By a Tradesman of Philadelphia »

Cafta urhe, nihil Jit rtliqut vi{lit, Setl, per Deet tmmtTtales, >v»l
tgo opfello, qui ftmper domos, villas, Jigna, tabulaj i/ejlras, tan»
ttt aJiitHationis fecijiii ; Ji ifta, cujufaimque modijint, qatt am--
fhxamini, rttinire, Ji I'oltiptatibui vejlris olium pralert vultit {
t,xptrgifcimini aliquando, (^ cafejjite rempublicam. Ncn agitur
nunc de Jociorum itguriis ; Li-az».T as (jf AritUA. rtqflra in du-
bio tji. Dux hojiium cum exercitu 'Jupra capuPeJi. Vos ain3amini
ttiam nunc, (jf duhitatii quid Jaciatis f Scilicet, res ipfa ajperm
tJi, Jed vos non timelis earn. Imt vera maxume ; Jed inertia £jP
tnollitia animi, alius alium exJpeCantes, cunSamini ; videlicet^
Diis immortaliiuj conjiji, qui banc rempublicam inmaxumis peri"
adit Jerva'vere. NoN VoTis, NECiyB Suppliciis MtfuE-
BRlBvs, AuxiLlA DeoRVM parantur : vigilando, agen-
do, bene confulendo, projpere omnia cedunt. Vbi Jocordiit tete at^
que ignaviit tradiderit, nequicquam Deos implores ; irati, injefiif^
guf/unt. M. Po». Cat. in Salust.

Printed in the Year MDCCXLVU.

The pamphlet written by Franklin that caused the inhabitants of east-
ern Pennsylvania, despite the protests of the Quakers, to put them-
selves in a state of defense against France and Spain. Original in the
possession of the Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia. Size 3I" x
63 .

172 Advertiser a^id Propagandist,

propaganda method, that of the hoax. Balzac
termed him "the inventor of the Hghtning rod, the
hoax, and the repubUc." A notable example was
entitled "An Edict of the King of Pruflia," in
which the claim of the King, because of early Ger-
man settlements upon the island, to a right to hold
England as a German province and to lay taxes
upon its inhabitants, was supported by the same
kind of argument by which the ministry of Qeorge
the Third attempted to justify its claim in respect
to the American Colonies.

Another hoax took the form of a letter from a
Hessian ruler to his representative in America,
where Hessian soldiers were employed by Great
Britain to fight against the colonial army, in-
structing him not to be too careful of their lives on
the ground that more money was paid by England
for dead soldiers than for those who fought and re-
turned alive.

The most notable effort of the kind, however, was
one intended to bring home to the people of Great
Britain the horrors of warfare as conducted by the
allies of the British soldiers, the Indians, in Amer-
ica. It was issued from the Private Press at
Passy, as a pretended "Supplement to the Bofton
Independent Chronicle" and purported to be "an
extract of a letter from Captain Gerrifli of the New
England militia." It gave particulars of eight
large packages of scalps taken by the Seneca

Njjmb. 70J.

S U P P L

M E N T

TO THE DOST ON

J N D EP E ND E N'T CHRONICLE.

BOSTON, Much u.
txtriifl rf a Le'i^rfrnm Cjft. Gcrndt, (fJn Kini-*£rfl&ad Atf-
A.-rf, .f. (.1 .Ubar-. fthnhy.

fc.— ."I-HK Pcliiy takm ia (he Fjcp^'diiion ( See the Aettw" ff
X i.'.e LxytVw-H ID Ofw.-fiichic f*« (A/ Rrtxr :J*, L*t»-
rmc^. <'f <"»«■ . tt\ttrfj tht ifi In/ all.'] will U you (cc afBOurt iw a
(•M'Jdt.-nJof Mor.cy.'fhv'PoffcfConof tliii Bo«y u fiift ftrt in ri.-»-.
fuic : but iv; \r^ij lUuck wi:h Honor 10 find udooj tn.- Paclt)rt.-t,
fi larjt* o.n« foniiininj SC A'LI'i of r-uf gnhappy Count ry-fnTla,
;,Ji'»i in ■h.Mhrc.'lAJt Vcif^'by ihj SvtJicVt 1ndiui\ from iK,- lr.haji-
(aiit* of ibe I lOj.iicM of N'<:%v-Voik, Nl;^v^JcHVy. PmnrylvAnia, 4jid
Viryinj*. B-dfcniby iKcm «aP(>rfCTt 10 Cpl. HaldimanH, (ioviTrior,
cl Cuiidi. in f idrr ia be by him iTinfmictnl 10 Kf -lanj. Th.-y Wtf^
^'COu'piii:<i byih. f^IIoui.-igcuiokoLcua to ilui Ckmtk~ci.%

Mty !' phaft your Ejittllcaey* ^K^en. i»n. ;J, lySz^

*• Ai ih : Ktf«;u.fi of ih; S.-nntka ('.hiwfi I f.-od h.-rcV iih 10 yowr Ki^

frlWfinr. uit^vrihtfCjlff of Ji«« fcoyd,c'j;biP«li»of .'^ralni, cut^,

dii -6, nonp«tI and {-iinl.-d, lAilh oil fh<- LdJAJi uiun^K^ ul«/k>^ vt

whivhtlu'liMlnu'ing i> Invoii^ and Ixplanatinn.

*<y, I. Co'Hinirif 4J Scalpi of (^1 (rTjCt SolAirn kiP^Alia Affcioil
ikitriiKn; tK:.r.- »rc flrcichcJ «" black Honr*, 4liKho<l>a*
r>.M;r: the infMcof the.^kin cuatixl tcd.«-iih a rn*:! btuk
&p0[ to ocu- ihfir b.-iiij> kilK-d H iih Bulk-:i. /.Ii'nf j of 1 ar-
r>.r». kill.-d jfi ih.-ir HouTv;! ; iS* Huf»p»rcd ; th.- Ain }-aini.4
biov\M, ttti maik.-d niih • Uoj ; abluk Ci-ct: all lound. tft
ti.-OTiiciS.nibrinpfurpfin.'din thcNijht ; aV 1 fclirk Hitih^i
i-' t!t.- ftlidtHj. I^);n<fyii>{ iFwti beiri; kitU-d «^'ith that M vipnn.

Ko. J. Oi'toinrnjj of! of Fimivn k.IIcd in tScir Hou^.t i HorS* n-^j
iij'iircuf J Ho;, [a ujik ih-ir rtof.flwn j frV nhit. I iub
inj Sun. to Ihr*' ih«;y wwc rurrnfi.^ ii iK: l^y-un>c; afiul.-
i.-d (cot. ro fhc*' th,*y ftpod upon.iJwu Dd-Tnc, aLiI t^i^
fijEhtiiiijfAfih-iT Li\TNa-»dl aailin.

Nfl. }• f-in. jiiinjt p7 -Tf rarokTK Hoops pern, 10 fVo*- ih.-y w.-rj
LilL-d 111 th^iiFklds ; a larjtr V Witcl.ncle uhh al'tiki<\iDd
Alark o-tii for th.' Sun, m dtirw 'kai ii «'a> in the Ujytiau't
bl^k F/rk.-tHouk on fbna. Mauh-ji oa oih:».

Ko. 4- t^ntai.'iii? ica of Faracii. niskxJff ih<^ fvr.-iat Maik>'tlr>Tvi
Oily 18 «jikedv\ithaIlttL'y,lI'ncrUihc. ir>i a<>iv- ih.-ii b>-
i«([ uf hirur^tii burnt ali\T. iftvi Wiff fcatp^, lK.-i> >'tiK
pull.t^ out by th? Kooii, and oilwi Tofmoii* ; on.- of iksf^- U*.
rcj fuppof^d to be of a irixl CLt^waft. hli l4^d be-rg
fia<J toihc Hocpof hnSfalp. Moftof ikc FaiOk-naf p.'^by
iHeKcir to have teen ywr-f ot nuddlc-ari^d.Mvti ; (k-K-li^-htj
but if vziy crqr Heads aaoog iIkm alii uhich Bak«,-> th.*
SrtvictoiwcctrpniiaJ,

tt'a. |. Ct-ntainin^ S8 Sca'pioTToiiieA t Hah kfif .braiikJ in th-.>Iii-
dtm KiiHioo. to ftrw they w^#e HofK-n ; Hoot* blui ; >klo
yd!ow Orou-d, uiihUiile rcdTadpok»toivp'-*''^i"« * y *"«*
H"TriuirfK. thelVanof Giirfoctaf-oaed to 'V-ti Kvlrinn^t
a black fcakiag Knif- or Hatth.! at rhr Kohttv. t«Dij,k iti.ii
tcirg killcduith ihofe :DArunia''U. iyoiK.-»*,Haii \iTy fn-vi
black H<x>piipUlabraM,-ii Colour -.KoAItikbuiihclkoitCTi b
Of ( jinuii. to lh.-x- they were knoekjd dou-a dctd, pr li^
■htir Biaini beat out,

ho. i. (.'oi.iaininy 191 Boy»' Soalpi, of i^jiow Af^^ i fnll en.\*
li'urrt ; uSjnlV Ground on the Skin, u iih r«) T;vi> i?" 'h--*
>1i jdle. a.-id bUck BuUet-sailch Knif,-. H^^-u or Uub. u
th;if Dcj'hi bippfred.

Ko. 7. 1 1 1 Cuh* Scalpi, big and little ; fajll yJI-w Ho^pt i « Rite
Ground ; Tean . Halc^e^, Club, fealpinn Krifc. Kc .

Ko. 8. Thij Package it a Mixtur: of aU th: VarL-tii* abm .*fKTiioi>'d,
to the Number of 1 j i ; with a Box nf Birch Ka/k, coatainirf
30 '"lie Tnfanti' Scalp* of various Si;« ; fnali uhit; Hao> j
whitL' (.round ;ro Trtr* ; a^id .triv i WhU bbcV Kr.if.- m
th^' Aliddle, 10 ftcw thi.y ucrc ripi ouj uf th^ir .Mmh,-!/
Mil *v.
»^ith ihiT; PacVt. the Chief* fond 10 yout KicflU-ncy th: follrminff

Sri.\xh.d.I.¥CiedbvConctAgaKhiein('ouncil. inlet pTai;dbyih,:vIdcr

ftluofj. ih; Trader, and latcn (km n by oe in Criiine.

Vr Cr.^ vou hcr..-w iih Biiny Scalpf. thar y-u nay fkvwc arc not idle
fticrii. 4 biue Bill,

t'aifcr,
Vc n-iflt yo«i tn fend iVfc Scalp over rhe Wafer to ilie jreit Ki"f ,
ibjihrmay r.pard thrir and b: rtfrefli.d ; aridihai U: ma/ fe.- our
riiihfulnt,rt in dtilroym;; hit Kiwmrv. and be cunritlccd thai hit
rn-fent* h;;.e not bcvn mide lounpaicfu! PcopI*.
A Hue rtitd w/titc Bell tviih rc-l Tafft/i,

Aridul -u> U hit I am now Boinjf to fay : ii i« a Matter of touch
»ri;ht.11»e great KirgS Fnemlei uemany. aadtkfvfrnnv f«ft In
Nitabcr. 1 bv7 wot fuiracily [Dw yourj Tanihafc ; tbcy COuM wi-

l>i;r*biT»' ftcr fcratch : we crru!d play uiih ih.-n fafJy. we'^.-rri
iso:Si.T- ihcy cOuU do 10 u*. Hut nmv ih.ii P*id)i-^ an, b«.CMiih biy
•v ih< Kik, ard Hionr ai t)-c Buffalit : ih^y have alfo ^nt j^tii tnd
fharp ('Ia\ei. Th-.-y have driven m out ol our (V«liy fC» ib''>2
Vait inyrxtr Quirrel. VecxpeAi1te;ri.jl Kirgu illciveo'. jn>Mh.v
<.'t>uitr>-, ihatcur I'-hildrv-n .luy \nt aftiT u^, aidb^ hit Fn.nd^ ai«^
Childrm. at we are. Say (hu fur \a !■> ihj {•/ j:.! Kieg. Tt, »furck ii
Wc{ivt:ihii belt.

' ^ rTcot irA/K Ut/r iWf/i i/iK T-iff<lu

CeliaveOnly tufa/ Ciri'iet ili:r vc*jt Tiad.-'CTLtt m-Vk ihan r\.: fi«
llK-ir CM>di : and o^r Hu.-iling ia leflereil by ihc V ar. fn ib.ii \\-e
have R'n'er Skint 10 give for ih^ts, ThJt>uict u». Think nffnma flmi
^fc'y. Ue ail' p--t '• and ynu have fLnty df rviriy I l)ic{. Co
Icriuw you uill fend u^ I'tnedei a'^d <>uns lodJCnitef ind Hu*
ih.1k; but w.- atfo wsnt Slimia.idXlliik.'U*

W /.r'/e ivAhc i'c/r<
td» TAt doubt but that yftJT ticclkrcy will ihint: !r f'fpS* f-^
f ivv film.' (arthsi rDCAurap'-miBt in ihr/e Konefl Po"pI.. 1 K hijh
Pii*.'*th.>crmpl:ini'f. ajeihcn-ev-jraiy h^'.-ct i>f th.-\» jr. U h=t».%cr.
I'ljfj-Mfc rray be f.at t.;r thoo iSro-.ijth iBy Hand*. (V;l! bv dii'tib.t^
<\hUhXpj^kUCcaildrjJt,1Iiy. J h:\etb.- H>-.-v<ur f.f iKi^f;
Vuur lJ(Cv'tI»;nev*k mnH oK. .'li.-rt

AeJ .luni humvt ■ "ierv ;^r.

JA.MLS CRAt#VRD"

It wu ?t fiffl pT^pflfiJ 10 luiy ih^fe ffalp* : but luiifnan' ni**
•..'ijf v.hoyookuxv h3» f m L< jv. of Abr.-rceto |!a frr In laadoa
»t.k(ii»rate Affair*, fjit! h,. iliouphi ii b\.-ttrr ik-v Cir<\,U pioc.'.-d i*
ih.il IXCirj'icM. ; ard if th.-y^i^ti- fi\fn 10 him, h; uoulJ br,dvYTaIcj
»9Cajrv th.-m ro irjifhrA and hinf th.-ni all it(> in fiiTK* dark N'if ht
it.i ih. Tk-.* in ttt. .••mi.*'» I ark. whrti? thiv e«>*jM b; r.\" ffAai thtf
kii-ca-dOu-vflM «!«■.* in ih-.- V-i-rrinp. (..r ihjf th.-«i(htof tK,-m
m'/ht pihjpi fiiVd.' Wul.sU}.tTyA\»yhj<»]l_Ah,\T:i)u'ithCr^nvi Act.-
|fj*.iii: ('I ionfeiTfe. IKy w.^e ifr>>idin>I/ d lli.trd in i'l c,
arni he h^ brp-jchi iV.^ faf.- hiikr. To-ttofrtm ih. y ro « i'fc Sia
Bi( /aT'- 3 « ** ai-p^i fut Budoi, iiid u 111 ptottbly U- ih^w i^ a f. v
l>iy * iiuiiUa U Ru •

SAMVKL CKRRI?K.
ROSTOV. March ,0.
BtoftJay I'^l iwNx-d hetc UcMarrant FiKj^raU ab'^ifeniiiXLd,
•»td Vrf.t.iJ^y ihj 1 jfpATi fc iih iKe Scfcl.-v. 'l ho^fioa* oTr-Tpb'
arefWli'^r iij nvthjraihiv Mi.-t.iirc. and all .Vowthi-r^full of J «.-
Cialion^ HKir.fr hen tA iheTre.* '» ftot app»ov\*d. If i rf w pt»-t<^jd
I" »3i-.elK ir L'pir dv-cwi Ciile I'aik.-K f.al ird diref *hcjn { one to
the kii./. «f^ 'air lag a Sairrle ^f t.-\fTv .*Arr f-r Km Xu*'i.t(p t r»: »o
iSr Onvn. W'lh fomr-rf *Air.:n i^d Drik- <.hildrrt : ih- *rfl 'ibe
£t1iruu(c<c< lamg both Houfet o{ raitiunc&t i » diAibJa QuacOiy iw
iht' Ki(V'p,

TO Bt. SOLD.

A cnnvcnieni Tan-Yard, lying in Mcdfield,

r- :r>-.-rQil Koad. Haifa MiL- from ih; .'Mcetiri-Houfe. unh a fooc
I*w.l''ii^Howfe and ham, ^^d abA-ji lo Acnt of Land. co-.AiliO|t l*"
.Mt\\i(i^. I lowi;;p, indPillurijij'. and an cifclL-ni Oi^ha/J. For fi***
ih^-r l'ani;L:larirr>;uir«'i>^.*('amr'cieison iltePmnifo.

T O K t S O L U.

A large Tratfl of L A N D, lying partly in

Oaford, ar^d panly inCImluin. i' the I -■urtyttf leucelLr. luifliu-
•(ed on a ^-«t Country Kojd, ibogi Hi'l": Mile froniChirltftn .Mrci-
irg-Houfc, and l> capable Af raikirp a NutaiKr«if fiieSeiil.;jKrt».Fer
fuiihct Piniculiiv cnuuire of Jckph Bliiry. of Salcai, ortX»AoiSa-
mu.l Danf..rih. of Kollo-1. ^ _^_

aTI Perfons indebted to, or that have any

Dirmard^on, ihe Jflaie of Richaid Greer leaf, late of Ncwbuty-P^«l,

>f.r.deccared. are r.v>^;fi<-d ia biirg i..ihcir A«r^-nr* to Mrfct Fia-
/KT and Mary Greenleaf. txcc uioin 10 th. lirt U .11 atd Tethta:n| of
lK-deceifed,foT an immediaieSvttl.mert.

TO H y SOLD.

A fmall new Brick H O U S E, tTO Roonu

onaFL-or, it :^.■SodlnPa^of theTo\*'n.— I-n.iutr:of ih. ft i-tci.

Strayed or ftolen from the Su|prcriber«

livina inSalcfo.iBayHorfe, iboui feven Veari oW. iflocky u-cfl fef

Hotft, marfcedl. C. on hi* off Th-ph. trnf* all. « hocvvT fiiill lakeuj*

Stiiiifn(-: »rd icturhitr t-; Ji:0'a rft, OuJI be handfomvly te%\irde<.

HfNRY WHITE.

The "scalp "hoax. Written by Franklin and printed at Passy. Orig-
inal in the possession of the Curtis Publishing Company, Phila-
delphia. Size8ir^i2H

L5"

174 Advertiser and Propagandist,

Indians from the inhabitants of the states of New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and
sent by them as a present to the governor of Canada
to be transmitted by him to England. Package
No. I was said to contain forty-three scalps of
soldiers, Nos. 2, 3, and 4, two hundred and ninety-
seven of farmers; No. 5, eighty-eight scalps of
women, and Nos. 6, 7, and 8, those of boys and
girls, with twenty-nine infants' scalps of various
sizes.

Some of Franklin's hoaxes were for amusement
purposes primarily, although each usually had a
moral of its own. One such was the famous
"Parable of Persecution," written in biblical
phraseology as the last chapter of Genesis, in which
was contrasted man's inhumanity to man because
of differences in religious belief with the patience of
the Heavenly Father in passing judgment upon his
children. Franklin memorized the chapter and it
was his habit in the presence of ecclesiastics
and others versed in the Scriptures to turn the
conversation to it, then to pick up the Bible and
to pretend to read it to them, to their wonder and
often confusion because of the lack of previous
knowledge of its existence as a chapter of the
Bible.

An article published in the "Public Advertifer"
of London, while Franklin was resident agent for
the colonies there, entitled "Rules by Which a

Cool Thoughts

ON THE

PRESENT SITUATION

OF ODR

PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

In a Letter to a Friend in the Countri

PHILADELPHIA?
printed By w. dunLap. m, dcC, txrv.

A political pamphlet written by Franklin advocating the chang-
ing of Pennsylvania from a proprietary province to a royal
colony. Original in the possession of the Curtis Publishing
Company, Philadelphia. Size 35" x 63".

176 Advertiser and Propagandist,

Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One,"
was not exactly a hoax but it carried indirectly
a message that could not have been presented so
effectively in any other way. There were twenty
of the rules and they prescribed the exact course
of conduct that Great Britain was at the time pur-
suing in connection with her colonies.

At a time such as the present when honesty in
advertising and merchandizing is so much under
discussion, and when Truth is the slogan upon
the banner behind which associations of advertis-
ing men are marching, it is interesting to find a
discussion of the subject of truth, or rather its
antithesis, "lying," in the "Gazette" of the
later months of 1730. One of the issues con-
tains an editorial in which this statement is
made :

"There are a great many Retailers, who falfely
imagine that being Hiftorical (the modern phrafe
for Lying) is much for their Advantage ; and fome
of them have a Saying, That 'tis a Pity Lying is a
Sin, it is fo ufeful in Trade."

The editorial discusses the matter for more
than a page and in a later issue appear two let-
ters, one of which, signed "Shopkeeper," says in
part:

" Sir, I am a Shopkeeper in this City, and I fup-
pofe am the Person at whom fome Refledlions are

The first American Cartoon.
Drawn by Franklin and published in the "Pennsylvania Gazette,'

May 9, 1754.

A flag designed by Franklin

for the Pennsylvania "Associators," 1747. From

Ford's "The Manv-Sided Franklin."

1 78 The First American Humorist,

aimed in one of your late Papers. . . . Shop-
keepers are therein accused of Lying, as if they
were the only Perfons culpable, without the leaft
Notice being taken of the general Lying practiPd
by Cuftomers. They will tell a hundred Lies to
undervalue our Goods, and make our Demands ap-
pear Extravagant."

The other letter "from a Merchant" pointed
out that not only do shopkeepers he when they
sell but also when they themselves go out to
buy.

In 1754 Great Britain and France were at war.
A weakness of the Colonies consisted in the fact that
they were disunited and this weakness Benjamin
Franklin pointed out in the "Gazette" with a sug-
gestion as to how the difficulty might be overcome.
He illustrated his arguments with an engraving of a
drawing of a serpent cut into pieces, each piece
bearing the initials of the name of one of the Colonies,
and beneath it the warning caption "Join, or Die."
Thus he became the first American cartoonist.

€' i^ @ €^ i^ €^ €' i^ i^ i^ it< il< €^ it' it' it' it' it' it' it' it' it'

CHAP. XVII.

The First American Humorist.

T^NGLISH literature of the eighteenth century

abounds in humor, wit, and satire, all produced

in England itself. The writings of Addison, Swift,

The First American Humorist. 179

Steele, and Pope, to mention only four of the bril-
liant essayists and satirists of the time, furnished
abundant entertainment for their own age and the
ages which have followed it; but in America
literary production of a lighter vein in the Eigh-
teenth Century is to be found only in the works of
Benjamin Franklin. There it bubbles forth as
continuously and as refreshingly as water from a
hillside spring.

James Parton quotes David Hume as having said
that a disposition to see things in a favorable light is
a turn of mind it is more happy to possess than to be
born to an estate of ten thousand a year. Ben-
jamin Franklin had the turn of mind that not only
enabled him to see things in the most favorable
light but so to present them to others that they, too,
could have the same privilege.

His sense of humor developed early, in support
of which assertion may be quoted an incident re-
lated by William Temple Franklin. It was the
custom of Josiah Franklin to say long graces before
and after meals, a circumstance that proved irk-
some to the younger element in the family. One
autumn day after the winter's provisions had been
stored away, young Benjamin suggested to his
father that if he would " say grace over the whole
cask, once for all, it would be a vast saving of
time.

The first of his literary efforts, the "Silence

i8o The First American Humorist.

Dogood" papers, produced when he was a boy in
his teens and offered anonymously as contributions
to his brotlier's newspaper, evidence this gift of
humor in an engaging manner. Exhumed by
Professor Smyth from the dusty pages of the "New
England Courant," they make good reading even
at this late day.

"Poor Richard's Almanack" sprang into aston-
ishing popularity because the sound sense of its
aphorisms was expressed in such quaint humor and
entertaining wit. Some of the humor was coarse,
belonging rather to the age of Francois Rabelais
than to that of Oliver Wendell Holmes, but enough
remains that may be repeated in polite society to
make Franklin still the most quoted humorist in
American literature.

Humor began to show itself in the columns of the
" Pennfylvania Gazette" as soon as Franklin took
hold of it. A correspondent asked : " I am courting
a girl I have but little Acquaintance with. How
fliall I come to a Knowledge of her Faults and
whether fhe has the Virtues I imagine fhe has."
Franklin replied, "Commend her among her female
Acquaintances."

His tendency always to see the humorous side of
a situation sometimes got him into difficulties.
"Andrew Miller, Peruke-maker, in Second Street,
Philadelphia, takes Opportunity to acquaint his
Cuflomers, that he intends to leave off the Shaving

The First American Humorist. i8i

Bufinefs after the 22d of AuguO: next," was an
advertisement appearing in the "Pennfylvania
Gazette" that occasioned a letter from Mr. Frank-
lin addressed to himself on the subject of "Shavers
and Trimmers," in which occurred the statement:
" If we would know why the Barbers are fo eminent
for their Skill in Politicks, it will be necelTary to lay
afide the Appellation of Barber and confine our-
felves to that of Shaver and Trimmer, which will
naturally lead us to confider the near Relation
which fubfifts between Shaving, Trimming and
Politicks, from whence we fliall difcover that
Shaving and Trimming is not the Province of the
Mechanic alone, but that there are their feveral
Shavers and Trimmers at Court, the Bar, in Church
and State." The article went on to consider the
matter of shaving and trimming, particularly trim-
ming, from every angle, evidently very much to the
dissatisfaction of Mr. Miller, for in the next number
of the "Gazette" appears an explanation from the
editor. But, although it contains the statement,
" I have no real Animofity againft the perfon whofe
Advertifement I made the motto of my paper" the
explanation could not have been satisfactory^ to
any one able to read between the lines.

In 173 1 Franklin printed an announcement of the
sailing of a ship for Barbadoes at the bottom of
which was this postscript: "N. B. No Sea Hens
nor Black Gowns will be permitted on any Terms."

1 82 The First American Humorist.

*' Black Gowns," it seems, had reference to the
clergy, some of whom became indignant because of
being classed with "sea hens." In the "Gazette"
of June loth for that year appears a long "Apology
for Printers" in which the argument is made
on twelve numbered "particulars" that printers
should not be held responsible for what is said in
the things they print. One cannot help but be
somewhat skeptical as to the accuracy of the state-
ment in the "Apology" that this printer had noth-
ing to do with the matter of adding to the an-
nouncement the postscript to which the reverend
gentlemen objected.

Franklin never hesitated when opportunity
offered to relate a joke at his own expense. One of
his electrical experiments was an attempt to kill a
turkey by shock. He himself received the full
effect of the electrical discharge and was rendered
unconscious. When restored his first remark was,
"Well, I meant to kill a Turkey, and inftead I nearly
killed a goofe."

Clad in a new suit of clothes, he walked over some
barrels of tar on the wharf when the head of one of
them gave way and Franklin was partly immersed
in its contents. The incident was duly chronicled
In the "Gazette." A typographical error in one issue
of his paper was apt to be turned to good account
in the next, usually with a letter from a supposed
reader giving an entertaining account of other

The First American Humorist. 183

printers' errors. How he turned his own physical
infirmities into entertainment for his friends is
shown in the dehghtful "Dialogue between Frank-
lin and the Gout."

Sometimes he joked his fellow-editors. A rhym-
ing contribution to the " Mercury " was signed B-d.
Franklin referred to it in the " Gazette" as follows:

"Mr. Franklin, I am the Author of a Copy of
Verfes in the laft Mercury. It was my real In-
tention [to] appear open, and not bafely with my
Vizard on, attack a Man who had fairly unmallved.
Accordingly, I fubscrib'd my Name at full Length,
in my Manufcript fent to my Brother B-d; but he
for fome incomprehenfible Reafon, infert'd the two
initial Letters only, viz. B. L. 'Tis true, every
Syllable of the Performance difcovers me to be the
Author, but as I meet with much Cenfure on the
Occafion, I requeft you to inform the Publick, that
I did not defire my Name fliould be conceal'd; and
that the remaining Letters are O, C, K, H, E, A, D."

Many stories of Franklin's sallies are told. One
related by Parton is of a Quaker citizen who came
to him with this inquiry: "Canft thou tell me how I
am to preferve my fmall Beer in the back Yard.?
My Neighbors, I find, are tapping it for me."
Franklin's solution was simple : " Put a barrel of old
Madeira by the fide of it."

The storm aroused in America by the passage of
the Stamp Act by the English Parliament is a
familiar incident of history. In one of the ex-

184 The First American Humorist,

aminatlons before the committee of the Whole
House which was held to consider the matter,
Franklin was urged by his friends to repeat a reply
he had made to a member who was a most strenuous
advocate of the Act and who had told Franklin that
if he would but assist the Ministry a little the Act
could be amended so as to make it acceptable to the
Colonies. Franklin gravely replied that he had
thought of one amendment, a very little one, in fact
the change of but a single word, which he felt would
make the Act acceptable in America. The Tory
member was much interested. Franklin then ex-
plained that the change he proposed was in the
phrase "on and after the firft day of November,
one thoufand feven hundred and fixty-five, there
fhall be paid, etc.," where he would substitute
**two" for "one." He declined to make the sug-
gestion during the official examination, however, on
the ground that it would be "too light and ludicrous
for the Houfe."

One day at dinner in a bottle of Madeira wine
were found three flies apparently dead. Having
heard that it was possible to revive flies supposedly
drowned by placing them in the sun, Franklin tried
the experiment, with the result that two were
brought back to life. This caused him to remark:
"I wifli it were poflible from this Inftance, to invent
a Method of embalming drowned Perfons in fuch a
manner that they may be recalled to Life at any

The First American Humorist, 185

Period however Diftant; for having a very ardent
defire to fee and obferve the State of America a
hundred Years hence, I fliould prefer to any
ordinary Death the being immerfed in a cafk of
Madeira Wine, with a few Friends, till that Time,
to be then recalled to Life by the folar Warmth of
my dear Country!"

Many a tense situation was relieved by a laugh
following one of Franklin's remarks. There came a
day when the Committee of Safety, composed
principally of "diffenters," was required by the
more strenuous among the Pennsylvania patriots to
call upon the Episcopal clergy to refrain from pray-
ing for the king. The suggestion afforded an oppor-
tunity for a disagreeable and disturbing discussion,
which was averted by Franklin. "The Meafure,"
said he, "is quite unnecefTary; for the Epif copal
clergy, to my certain Knowledge, have been con-
ftantly praying, thefe twenty years, that 'God
would give to the King and his Council Wifdom,'
and we all know that not the leaft notice has ever
been taken of that prayer. So, it is plain, the gentle-
men have no intereft in the Court of Heaven." Good
humor was restored and the matter was dropped.

The most famous of the witty remarks credited
to Franklin is probably that which relates to the
signing of the Declaration of Independence. John
Hancock is reported to have said, "We murt be
unanimous; there muft be no pulling ditferent ways;

1 86 Literary Style,

we muft all hang together." Franklin replied,
"Yes, we muft, indeed, all hang together, or, moft
alTuredly, we fhall all hang feparately." The inci-
dent is entirely traditional, but it is so characteris-
tic as to be generally accepted as authentic.

The first year or two of the Revolution was dis-
couraging for the envoys in France. Their success
on the continent of Europe depended almost en-
tirely upon the success of the revolutionary arms
in America. The outlook for the American forces
was bad, but news came that was worse, to the
effect that General Howe had captured Phila-
delphia. "Well, Doctor," said an Englishman
jubilantly to Franklin, "Howe has taken Phila-
delphia." " I beg your pardon. Sir," was Franklin's
reply; "Philadelphia has taken Howe," which
proved to be true, for while the British General and
his officers were wasting their time in the agreeable
social gaieties of the Quaker city Washington was
reorganizing his army, thereby laying the founda-
tion for the victories that came later.

i^ i^ i^ i^ il^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^ il^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^ i^

CHAP. XVIII.

Literary Style.

QUERY: — How fliall we judge of the good-
^"V^nefs of a writing? Or what qualities fhould
a writing have to be good and perfed: in its kind ?

Literary Style, 187

^'Answer. To be good, it ought to have a
Tendency to benefit the Reader, by improving
his Virtue or his Knowledge. But, not regarding
the Intention of the Author, the Method Ihould
be juft, that is, it fhould proceed regularly from
Things known to Things unknown, dillinclly and
clearly without Confuiion. The Words ufed ihould
be the moft expreflive that the Language affords,
provid'd that they are the moft generally under-
ftood. Nothing fhould be exprelFd in two Words
that can be as well exprefif'd in one; that is, no
Synonymes fhould be ufed, or very rarely, but
the whole fhould be as fhort as pollible, conliftent
with clearnefs; the Words fliould be fo placed as to
be agreeable to the Ear in reading, fummarily
it fhould be fmooth, clear, and short, for the con-
trary qualities are difpleafmg."

So wrote Benjamin Franklin after thirty years
of constant production of what is generally ac-
cepted as the strongest, clearest, simplest English
that has come from the pen of an American writer.

Earlier in his career, after five years of editor-
ship, he had written "To the Printer of the Ga-
zette:"

"To write clearly^ not only the moft expreftive,
but the plaineft Words fhould be chofen. . . .
The Fondnefs of fome Writers for fuch Words as
carry with them an Air of Learning, renders them
unintelligible to more than half their Country^men.
If a man would that his Writings have an Effect
on the Generality of Readers, he had better imitate

1 88 Literary Style,

that Gentleman, who would ufe no Word in his
Works that was not well underftood by his Cook-
maid."

His first effort to acquire correct literary style
began in his early teens and was the result of a
controversy with a youthful friend, John Collins,
over "the Propriety of educating the female Sex
in Learning and their Abilities for Study." Frank-
lin preserved not only his friend's letters but copies
of his own arguments on the subject. The cor-
respondence later came to the attention of his
father, who pointed out to his son that the literary
form of his arguments was inferior to that of his
antagonist and suggested methods of improvement,
which were followed to advantage.

About this time Benjamin came across a volume
of the " Spectator," the brilliant collection of essays
on a wide variety of subjects that was published
in London between the years 171 1 and 1714, and
despite his youth he immediately discovered its
value from a literary point of view. In the "Auto-
biography" he relates how he made synopses of
some of the papers, laid them aside for a few days
and then without looking at them again rewrote
them from his notes and compared his effort with
the original. He soon saw that he was deficient
in his vocabulary and he attempted to turn the
papers into verse, which necessitated a search for
words of different sound and number of syllables.

Numb. CCCLXXXIII

The SPECTATOR.

Cnminibus debent Hortos-

Juv.

Tuefdayy May 20. 1711.

AS I wu fiiring in my Chtmber, and
thinking on a SubjeS for my next J/e-
<!fit«r, I hcaii two or three irregiilar
Bounces ar my Landlady's Door, and up-
tmthe opemng of it a loud chcarfal Voice enmii-
rmg wLcthcT iht PhilofopheT was ai Home The
Child who went to the Door anfwercd very Inno-
ctntlj that he did not Lodge there. I immediately
rtcoiiedtcdihat it was my good Friend Sir RocE R's
Voice, and that I had promifed him to go wiihhim
on the Waier iQ Sprite -Cardci, in cafe it proved a
toodEvemre. The Knight put me in mind of my
pTOmifefrom the bottom of theSiair Cafe, but told
me that if I was Speculating he wou'd (lay l)£low
0(1 I hsd done. Upon my coming down I found
ill (he Children of the FamOy got sliout my old
Ftiend, and my Landlady her felf, who is a nota-
ble prating Goffip, cng8|ed in a Conference with
tiim, b«ing mightily pleafed wiiX his frroiking her
littleBoy upon theHcid, and bidding himbcagood
Child and mind his Boole

We were no fooner tome to the TemfU Stairs,
but we were furrounded with a Crowd of Water-
men ofTeringus their refpedtive Services. Sir Ro;
<iER, after having looked about him very attentively,
fpied one With 1 Wooden Leg, and immediately
gave him Orders to gee his Boat ready. As we were
*Jlkine towards it, Ten mujlkno-ui, fays Sir Ro-
se r, 7 nncT make uft of uny Body to Row me chat
Ail not either tojt aLeg or an Arm. I \jjou*U rather
hale hm a feu Strokes of bi} Oar, than not Employ
«n hone[l /4ait that has been wounJed m zhe (^uten j
S'rinu. If I ■wu a Lord, or a Biffiop, o'ld kept a.

^"i*! J luoud. not fut a. FelloVJ in my l^vrj that

not a Woederx, Leg-

My old Friend, afker having feated himfelf, and
tnmmedtheBoat with hisCoadiman, who, being a
"fry fobtr Man, always ferves for Ballaft on thefe
Occafions.we made thebeftof our vtay for fox-hall.
5r Roc ER. obliged the Waterman to give us the
Hldory of h is Right Leg and hearing that he had left it
« Buntry Buy, with many Particulars which pafied in
«^K glorious ASion, the Knight in the Triumph of

liis Heart made fevera) Re(le(!>ioni on fhcGreamtft
of the Bnii^ Nation; as,thatODe£n^///!;;;,a;,(ou'd
beat three /v-e»<-AmM , thatwecou'dneverbemDjn-
ger of Popery fo long as we tooK.carc of our Fleet;
that the TAamej wasthenobleft Riverin Europe ■ that
LonJon-krIdge wo! a greater Piete of Work, than any
of the Seven Wonders of theWorld, with manyo-
ther honed Prejudices that naturally cleave to the
Heart of a true Englifbrnan.

After fome (hort Paufe, the old Knight turning
about hij Head twice or thnce, to take a Survey of
this great Metropolis, bid me obfcrve. how tl«i(.i
the City was fet with Churches, and that there was
fcarceafingle SteepleonthlsfideTemyi/t-ia;.. yl miji
Heitbtntjb Sigbti fays Sir RocER: There it ,o Jt.e-
U'gion at tAij EndaftheTown. The Fifty new Cturchet
■udl very much mexd the Profpe£t ; bueCbunh-Unrk
isjlow^ Church-Miork u/lauii

I do not remember that I have any where menti-
oned, in Sir Roger's Oaraaer, his Cuaon of
Saluting every Body that pafles by him, with a
Good-morrow, or a GootJ-nieht. This the Old-
Man does out of theOverfiowmgsoX his Humanity,
tho' at the fame time it rrnderj him fo popular a-
mong all bis Country Neighbours, that it is thought
to have gone a good way in making him onco or
twice Krright onhe Shire. He cannot forbear this
Exercife of Benevolence even in Town, when he
meets with any one in his Morning or Evening
Walk. It broke from him to fevera) Boats that
paffedbyus upon the Water; but to the Kr.ighl'j
great Surprife, ai he gave the Good'night to two
or ihreeyonng Fellows a little before our Landing,
one of them, inlteiiJof returnmg the Civility, asked
ut what Queer old Purt we had m the Boat ; and
whether he wsj not ainimed to go a Wenching at
his Years ; with a great deal of the like Thomet-
Ribaldry. Sir RoCEnifeemed a little fnocked at Srft,
but at length afluming a Face of MagiAricy, told
us, that if be lutre a. Middlefex jfu/l/ce, it would
make futh l^t^anii know that Htr-Majejl-^iSuhjedi
u/ere no more to he abujed hy U^a/er ibtn hy hand.

A first
used
original 5!

page of the London newspaper which young Benjamin Franklin
as a model in his study to improve his literary style. Size of

x9r'

190 Literary Style,

He would also take a synopsis and jumble the
hints into confusion, later attempting to restore
them to their proper order, by which process he
taught himself method in the arrangement of his
thoughts.

He supplemented his scanty education by read-
ing the best books. Among them were Bunyan's
''Pilgrim's Progress," Burton's "Historical Collec-
tions," Plutarch's "Lives," DeFoe's "Essays on
Projects," Mather's " Essays to Do Good," Locke's
"On the Human Understanding," du Port Royal's
"Art of Thinking," Xenophon's "Memorable
Things of Socrates," and other works that one
would not expect ordinarily to find in the library
of a boy of fifteen or sixteen.

The book last named had a pronounced influ-
ence upon Franklin. He had become an aggressive
controversialist, and his study of Xenophon's work
Induced him to adopt the Socratic method of
arguing, that of asking questions seemingly irrele-
vant but leading to conclusions not suspected by
the opponent. He became adept in its use and
his victories afforded him much satisfaction.

Of his arguments with Keimer, who was himself
fond of disputations, he said: "I ufed to work him
fo with my Socratic method, and had trepanned
him fo often by queftions apparently fo diftant
from any Point we had in hand, and yet by De-
grees led to the point, and brought him into Diffi-

Lit era ry Style. 1 9 1

culties and Contradicflions, that at laft he grew
ridiculoufly cautious, and would hardly anfwer
me the moft common Queftion without aiking
firft, 'What do you intend to infer from that?'
However, it gave him fo high an opinion of my
Abilities in the confuting way that he ferioufly
propofed my being his Colleague in a project he
had of fetting up a new fecft. He was to preach
the Doctrines, and I was to confound all Oppo-
nents."

Franklin eventually abandoned the Socratic
method. *'I continued this Method fome few
years, but gradually left it," he said, "retaining
only the Habit of exprefTmg myfelf in terms
of modeft Diffidence, never ufmg, when I advanced
any thing that might pofTibly be difputed, the
words certainly, undoubtedly, or any others that
give the air of pofitivenefs to an Opinion; but
rather fay, I conceive or apprehend a thing to be
fo and fo; it appears to me, or I should think it
fo or fo, for fuch and fuch reafons; or I imagine
it to be fo; or it is fo, if I am not miftaken. This
Habit, I believe has been of great Advantage to
me when I have had occafion to inculcate my opin-
ions, and perfuade Men into Meafures that I
have been from Time to Time engaged in pro-
moting."

Franklin gives evidence in his correspondence
of having been always a student of language.

192 Literary Style,

In 1789 young Noah Webster sent him his ''Dif-
fertations upon the Enghsh Language." Frankhn
acknowledged its receipt in approving terms,
complimenting the young-author on his "zeal for
preferving the purity of our Language" and recom-
mending further effort along that line.

He objected to the growing use of the word
"improved" instead of "employed" in an expres-
sion like "a country Houfe improved as a Tavern."
He also objected to the forming of verbs from sub-
stantives such as "noticed," "advocated," "pro-
greiTed" and "oppofed."

When Franklin published his so-called "Canada
Pamphlet" he himself came under the criticism
of the English historian, David Hume, because of
his use of unusual words. Three that Hume speci-
fied were "pejorate," "colonize" and "unfhake-
able." Franklin gave up the first two as being
provincial and the last as "rather low." He con-
ceded the inadvisability of introducing "new words
where we are already pofTelTed of old ones fuffi-
ciently expreffive," but added "at the fame time
I cannot but wifh the Ufage of our Tongue per-
mitted making new words, when we want them,
by Compofition of old Ones, whofe meanings are
already well underftood." "For inftance, the
word 'inacceflible' fo long in ufe among us, is not,
I darefay, fo univerfally underftood by our people as
the word *uncomeatable' would immediately be."

Literary Style, 193

Franklin proposed "A Scheme for a New Al-
phabet and Reformed Mode of Spelhng," explained
in the following remarks :

"It is endeavoured to give the Alphabet a more
natural Order; beginning firfl; with the fnnple
Sounds formed by the Breath, with none or very
little help of Tongue, Teeth, and Lips, and pro-
duced chiefly in the Windpipe.

"Then coming forward to thofe, formed by the
Roof of the Tongue next to the Windpipe.

"Then to thofe, formed more forward by the fore
part of the Tongue againft the Roof of the Mouth.

"Then thofe, formed still more forward, in the
Mouth, by the Tip of the Tongue applied firft to
the Roots of the upper Teeth.

"Then to thofe formed by the Tip of the Tongue
applied to the Ends or Edges of the upper Teeth.

"Then to thofe, formed yet more forward, by
the upper and under Lip opening to let out the
founding Breath.

"And laftly, ending with the fliutting up of the
Mouth, or clofmg the Lips, while any Vowel is
founding."

His reformed alphabet comprised twenty of the*
characters of the English alphabet and to replace
those rejected he substituted six of his own con-
struction. He used it in correspondence with some
of his close friends whose devotion to him and inter-
est in everything he did caused them to study the
alphabet sufficiently to be able to write with it, but
it had no vogue beyond his immediate circle. Noah

So huen sym endfiel, byi divyin kamand,
Utfl ryizlrj., tempests ^eeks ^e gilti land,
(Syt^ az av leet or peel Britania past,)
Kalm and siriin hi dryivs l}i fiuriys blast ;
And, pliiz'd Y almyitis ardyrs tu pyrfarm^
'Ryids in 7}i htiyrluind and dyirekts \i stamu

So l}i piur limpid striim, huen faul uiJi steens
av ryfiig. tarents and disendig. reens,
Uyrks itself kliir ; and az it ryns rifyins ;
Til byi digriis, l}i flotig. miryr fiyins,
Riflekts iitfi flaw \at an its bardyr groz,
Jbfid e nu hev'n in its feer byzym fioz.

Two verses in Franklin's reformed alphabet. "Englished," they read as
follows :

So when some angel by divine command
With rising tempests seeks a guilty land
(Such as of late o'er pale Britannia passed)
Calm and serene he drives his furious blast
And pleased the Almighty's orders to perform
Rides in the whirlwind and directs the storm.

So the pure limpid stream when foul with stains
Of rising torrents or descending rains
Works itself clear and as it runs refines
Till by degrees thy floating mirror shines
Reflects each flower that on its border grows
And a new heav'n in its fair bosom shows.

Literary ff^orks. 195

Webster in his ''Dissertation upon the EngHsh
Language " makes this interesting reference : "This
indefatigable Gentleman (Dr. Franklin), amidfl: all
his other employments, public and private, has
compiled a Dictionary on his Scheme of a Reform,
and procured types to be caft for printing it. He
thinks himfelf too old to purfue the plan; but has
honored me with the offer of the Manufcript and
Types and exprefTed a ftrong Defire that I fliould
undertake the task. Whether this project, fo
deeply interefling to this Country will ever be
effected ; or whether it will be defeated by Infolence
and prejudice remains for my countrymen to
determine."

€^ Z^ it< €^ il^ it^ €^ Z^ it^ €^ €< €< €< €^ il^ it^ Z €^ €^ it' Z'
CHAP. XIX.
Literary ff^orks,

A LBERT HENRY SMYTH in his chapter on
the works of Franklin quotes Sydney Smith's
remark to his daughter, "I will disinherit you If
you do not admire everything written by Franklin,"
and himself adds "The literature of the world
might be searched in vain for the works of another
author who should exhibit such a variety of theme,
fertility of thought and excellence of style."

Franklin's earliest attempts at authorship were
in the form of ballads. In his time nearly ever}^-

196 Literary W^orh,

body took a turn at rhyming, and although the
ballads were, as Franklin in later years said of his
own, usually "wretched stuff," many of them had a
large sale. Thomas Fleet is said by Isaiah Thomas
to have sold so many ballads that "the profit upon
them alone was sufficient to support his family
respectably." The ballads were commonly of a
tragic nature, relating the "exploits of pirates, the
execution of murderers, the gallantry of highway-
men, terrible shipwrecks, horrible crimes, etc."
Young Franklin, seeming to have some facility at
ballad writing, at the suggestion of his elder brother
James, wrote two, one called "The Light Houfe
Tragedy" and the other relating the exploits of
Edward Teach, a pirate known as "Blackbeard,"
who cruised up and down the Atlantic Coast,
striking terror wherever he went.

Benjamin not only wrote the ballads, but went,
under his brother's direction, to sell them on the
streets. Of "The Light Houfe Tragedy" it is said
that it "sold prodigiously," which so encouraged
the young author that he would have made further
efforts in ballad writing had not his father come to
his rescue and persuaded him to devote his talents
to more sensible endeavor.

Franklin wrote most of the matter in the " Penn-
sylvania Gazette" not credited by him to other
sources. The Almanack was a sort of melting
pot into which he gathered whatever came his way

Literary JVorks. 197

that served his purpose. Some of Poor Richard's
sayings were phrased as they were found, others
were sUghtly altered, and in many the thought
alone was used but expressed in Franklin's own
words. His attitude may be seen in what Poor
Richard had to say in No. 1 5 of the Almanack on the
subject of poetry.

*'The Verfes on the Heads of Months are alfo
generally defigned to have the fame Tendency. I
need not tell thee that not many of them are of My
Own Making. If thou haft any Judgment in
Poetry, thou wilt eafily difcern the Workman from
the Bungler. I know as well as thee, that I am not
Poet Born; and it is a Trade I never learnt, nor in-
deed could learn. . . . Why then fhould I
give my Readers bad Lines of my own, when good
Ones of other People's are fo plenty.?"

Franklin wrote much on scientific subjects, giv-
ing evidence of interest in them at an early age.
During his first sojourn in London he made the
acquaintance of several men of scientific attain-
ment, one of them being Dr. Pemberton, secretary
of the Royal Society, who made him the promise of
an introduction to Sir Isaac Newton, but failed to
keep it. Another was Sir Hans Sloane, who in-
vited him to his house and showed him his collec-
tion of curiosities.

In the "Gazette" he published papers of his own
authorship on such subjects as "On Making Rivers
Navigable," "Caufes of Earthquakes," etc., but it

198 Literary ff^orks,

was not until 1746, when he was forty years of age
and two years before his retirement from business,
that his attention was first drawn to electricity. In
that year his friend, Peter Collinson, London
Agent for the Library Company of Philadelphia,
and fellow of the Royal Society of London, sent to
Philadelphia an electrical tube with directions for
its use. Franklin gave himself up to the fascinat-
ing experiments he was able to make with it.

" I never was before engaged in any Study that
fo totally engrolFed my Attention and my Time as
this has lately done " ; he says, " for, what with mak-
ing Experiments when I can be alone, and repeating
them to my Friends and Acquaintance, who, from
the Novelty of the thing, come continually in
Crowds to fee them I have, during some Months
past, had little Leifure for anything elfe."

Franklin's writings on the subject of electricity
were sent to Europe, where they were at first re-
ceived with ridicule and later accepted with en-
thusiasm.

With his untiring energy, he delved into the
mystery of natural phenomena in every direction.
He propounded a theory of navigation; it was he
who discovered that storms have a definite di-
rection ; the experiments he conducted on shipboard
to relieve the tedium of the long ocean voyages
demonstrated that there is a difference of tempera-
ture in the Gulf Stream as compared with the

Literary IVorks. 199

water which surrounds it, and it was he who found
an explanation of the effect of oil upon water.

A conception of FrankHn's writings on science
and philosophy may be obtained from the following
statement by Professor Smyth: "Franklin's mind
teemed with ideas. In a single letter he speaks of
linseed oil, northeast storms, the origin of springs in
mountains, petrified shells in the Appalachians, and
tariff laws — subjects apparently far apart and with
little connection, and yet they are linked together
with relevancy enough, for, as he said, with homely
comparison, 'ideas will ftring themfelves like ropes
of onions.' . . . His philosophical writings
relate to subjects of electricity, seismology, geology,
meteorology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, mathe-
matics, hydrography, horology, aeronautics, navi-
gation, agriculture, ethnology, paleontology, medi-
cine, hygiene, and pedagogy."

His writings upon scientific subjects received
more than usual attention, one reason being that
they were so understandable. He wrote not in
scientific terms, but in the language of the layman.
"Science appears in his language," says Sparks, "in
a dress wonderfully decorous, the best adapted to
display her native loveliness."

Only one product of Franklin's pen was of
sufficient length to make a book of average size.
All others were intended as contributions to news-
papers or for publication as pamphlets and broad-

200 Literary ff^orks.

sides, or were social and business letters. There
are in existence between fifteen thousand and six-
teen thousand of his original manuscripts, em-
braced mainly in three great collections, which are
located respectively in the Library of Congress at
Washington, D. C, the Library of the American
Philosophical Society, in Philadelphia, and the
Library of the University of Pennsylvania in
Philadelphia. Among what might be called the
minor collections, because not so large, the most im-
portant probably is that in the possession of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

Professor Smyth says of Franklin, "he had the
magpie trait of hoarding things." Letters written
to him, rough drafts and copies of letters written by
him, visiting cards and invitations to dinner or to
masonic lodge meetings were saved and cherished
and went to swell the tremendous aggregate of his
collection of papers.

When in 1776 Franklin went to France as a rep-
resentative of the Confederation he was seventy
years of age and naturally uncertain as to the prob-
able tenure of his life. He made Joseph Galloway,
once speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly and a
friend of many years, one of his executors and in his
supposedly safe care left his collection of papers
securely packed in a chest.

Two things happened which Franklin naturally
did not expect would happen. One was the sending

Literary JJ^orks. 201

by Galloway of the chest of papers to his country
seat some miles from Philadelphia, where they were
stored in a small house sometimes used as an office,
and the other was Galloway's desertion of the
patriot cause and alliance with the British.

The house was later broken into by "rebels," to
use Galloway's phrase, by which he probably
meant American soldiers. The chest was opened
and its contents scattered upon the floor, where
they remained in disorder until Richard Bache,
Franklin's son-in-law, heard of the disaster and
went to Galloway's house, collected such of the
papers as could be found, and returned with them to
Philadelphia. Important letters and manuscripts,
including those relating to the whole period of
Franklin's representation of the Colonies in Eng-
land, the most valuable of his early documents,
were lost.

All of Franklin's papers and manuscripts were be-
queathed to his grandson, William Temple Frank-
lin, who took with him to London some letter books
and a few other original manuscripts, leaving what
remained, comprising thirteen thousand separate
pieces, in the possession of the father of Charles P.
Fox, who nearly fifty years later bequeathed all but
a comparatively small portion of them to the Amer-
ican Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, where
they have since remained.

The portion referred to was stored in a garret

202 Literary ff^orh.

over a stable at the home of the Fox family, and
was therefore overlooked. Miss Fox knew what
the papers were but took small interest in them,
and needing a new carpet for her kitchen decided
to sell the waste paper to a paper mill in order to
secure funds with which to purchase the carpet.
They were in process of removal when a Mrs. Hol-
brook was visiting Miss Fox. Mrs. Holbrook
remonstrated and the papers, with the exception
of those contained in one unlucky barrel, which
could not be recalled, were returned to the house
and later presented to Mrs. Holbrook. Eventu-
ally, through the efforts of Dr. S. Weir Mitchell,
they were purchased and deposited in the Library
of the University of Pennsylvania.

The manuscripts taken abroad by William
Temple Franklin had the "strange, eventful
history" which seems to have been the fate of all
of the Benjamin Franklin papers. After the
publication of his edition of his grandfather's
writings, the original papers were deposited for
safe keeping with a firm of London bankers. A
few years after William Temple Franklin's death
the widow removed the papers and for the next
seventeen years nothing is known of their where-
abouts. Mrs. Franklin remarried and apparently
lost interest in them.

In 1840 they were found "loosely bundled up,"
on the top shelf of a tailor's shop in the London

Literary IVorks, 203

street where William Temple Franklin had lodged.
The finder ineffectually offered them for sale, to
the British Museum among others, for nearly
a dozen years. Finally a buyer was found in
Henry Stevens, of Vermont, who sorted, repaired,
and rearranged them, and in turn sold them to the
United States for ^^3 5,000. Comprising nearly
three thousand separate items, they are now ac-
curately catalogued and arranged in fourteen
folio volumes in the Manuscript Department of the
Library of Congress in Washington.

When William Temple Franklin came into the
possession of his grandfather's works, his first
thought was of course to issue a complete edition
of such as in his opinion were worthy of preserva-«
tion, and that none of the papers might escape
him he inserted in the "Aurora," a newspaper pub-
lished by Duane, who had married the widow of his
cousin, Benjamin Franklin Bache, the following
advertisement:

DR. FRANKLIN'S PAPERS

*' Towards the end of the year 1776,
the late Dr. Franklin, on his departure
for Europe, for greater security deposited
a large chest, containing his papers and
manuscripts, with Mr. Joseph Galloway,
at his place in Bucks County in Penn-
sylvania. The same was left there by
Mr. Galloway, when he quitted his habi-

204 Literary ff^orks.

tation, and was, it is said, broke open by
persons unknown, and many of the papers
taken away and dispersed in the neigh-
borhood.

"Several of the most valuable of these
papers have since been recovered; but
there are still some missing, among which
are a few of the Doctor's Letter Books,
and a manuscript in four or five volumes
folio, on Finance, Commerce, and Manu-
factures. The subscriber, to whom Dr.
Franklin bequeathed all his papers and
manuscripts, and who is preparing to give
his works to the public, takes this method
of informing those who may have knowl-
edge of any of the above mentioned pa-
pers, and will communicate the same to
him so that he may thereby be enabled to
recover any of them, or who may them-
selves procure ajiy of thern and deliver
them to him, shall be thankfully and gen-
erously rewarded and no questions asked.
He likewise requests those persons who
may have any letters or other writings of
Dr. Franklin that may be deemed worthy
of the public eye, to be so kind as to for-
ward them as early as possible, that they
may be inserted in the Doctor's Works.

"Those, also, who may have any books
or maps belonging to the library of the
late Dr. Franklin, are desired to return
them without delay, to the subscriber,
who is about to embark for Europe.

"W. T. Franklin."

Literary W^orh. 205

William Temple Franklin went to London to
arrange for the publishing of the papers, arrivijig
just in time to halt the issuance in English of two
translations of a French edition of the *' Autobi-
ography" that had been published by Buisson in
1 79 1. On his positive assurance that he would
soon bring out a complete edition of his grand-
father's works, the publication of these two trans-
lations was delayed two years. In 1793 they both
appeared, one bearing the imprint of J. Parsons
and the other, edited by Richard Price, one of
Benjamin Franklin's friends, which was much the
better of the two, bearing the imprint of G. C. J.
y J. Robinson.

A year later the "Autobiography" appeared in
Germany, translated from Robinson's edition, and
in 1798 a new version in French was published in
Paris. In this later French edition the editor
complained because the edition promised by Wil-
liam Temple Franklin had not been published,
adding, "the works of a great man belong less to
his heirs than to the human race."

In 1806, "while Temple Franklin was still scis-
soring, sorting, shifting, and pasting the heaps of
his grandfather's papers," appeared "The Com-
plete Works in Philofophy, Politics and Morals,
of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin now firft col-
lected and arranged: with Memoirs of his early
Life written by himfelf in 3 vols., London, J. John-

EXPERIMENTS

AND

OBSERVATIONS

ELECTRICITY,

MADE AT

.Philadelphia in America,

B Y

Benjamin Franklin, L. L. D, iand F<f R. Si

To which are added,

LETTERS and PAPERS

O N

Philosophical Subjects.

The Whole correfted, methodized, improved, and now.firft col-
leftcd into one Volume,

AND.

Illuftrated with COPPER PLATES..

LONDON:

Printed for David Henry •, and fold by Francis NeWbery»
at the Corner of St. Paul's Church- Yard.

MDCCLXIX.

First comprehensive collection of Franklin's writings in English. Original
in the Typographic Library and Museum of the American Type Founders
Company, Jersey City, N. J. Size 4/g" x 7".

Literary U^orh. 207

son and Longman." In the preface of this edition,
the editor of which is said to have been a Mr.
Marshall, assisted it is beUeved by Benjamin
Vaughan, appears a severe criticism of William
Temple Franklin, because of his delay in the pub-
lication of the work. A part of it is as follows :

"The proprietor, it seems, had found a bidder
of a different description in some emissary of
government, whose object was to withhold the
manuscripts from the world, not to benefit it
by their publication; and they thus either passed
into other hands, or the person to whom they were
bequeathed received a remuneration for suppress-
ing them. This at least has been asserted, by a
variety of persons, both in this country and Amer-
ica, of whom some were at the time intimate with
the grandson, and not wholly unacquainted with
the machinations of the ministry; and the silence,
which has been observed for so many years re-
specting the publication, gives additional credibil-
ity to the report."

Later in the same year the "American Citizen,"
a newspaper published in New York, joined in the
condemnation by saying that William Temple
Franklin, "without shame and without remorse,
mean and mercenary, has sold the sacred deposit
committed to his care by Dr. Franklin to the
British government. Franklin's works are lost to
the world forever."

To this Temple Franklin published a reply

(E V V R E S

D E

M. FRANKLIN,

DOCTEUR ^S LOIX,

Membre de l'Acadbmie Royale jdes Sciences
de Paris. , des SocUtes Resales de Londres & de Coaingue,
dei Socieies Philofophiques d'Edimbourg & de Rotterdam ,
Prifident de la Societe PhUofophique de Pkiladelphie ^
& R^Jident a la Cour de la Grande Bretagne pour plujieurs
Colonies Bntannlques Amiricaines.

TRADUITES DE»L'ANGLOIS SUR LA QUATRFEME feDITION,

Par M. BARBEUDUBOURG

avec des additions nouvelles

£ r iti Figures tn TailU douce.

TOME PREMIER.

A PARIS,

CQuittAtJ I'aind, Libraire, rueChriftine, au Magafin LItterarre.
Cbez < E s P R 1 T , Libraire de M^'. le Due de Chartres , au Palais Royal.
C Et I'Auteur f rue de h Bucherie , aux Ecoles de Medecine.

M. D C C. L X X I I f.

Avu Approbatian & PeimiJJlon du Rot.

First edition of Franklin's writings in French. Original in the Typographic
Library and Museum of the American Type Founders Company, Jersey
City, N.J. Size si" X 71"-

Literary ff^orks. 209

branding the charge as *' atrociously false" and
saying that the papers had been left to him to be
published "in his discretion" and the manuscripts
were not lost but were "under lock and key in the
secure vaults of my bankers." Finally in 1817,
twenty-seven years after Temple Franklin came
into the possession of the papers willed to him by
his grandfather, appeared the first volume of his
edition. There were six octavo volumes, the last
appearing in 1819. The edition was limited to
seven hundred and fifty copies. The publisher,
Henry Colburn, assumed all the expenses and risks
and took one third of the profits. Temple Frank-
lin's profits amounting to fourteen hundred and
seventy-three pounds.

Of the editions of Franklin's works not men-
tioned above the most notable are the following:

Vaughan, London, 1779, one volume.

Marshall and Vaughan, London, 1806, three vol-
umes.

Duane, Philadelphia, 1808-1818, six volumes.

Jared Sparks, Boston, 1 836-1 842; ten volumes.

John Bigelow, New York, 1 887-1 888 ; ten volumes.

Albert Henry Smyth, New York, 1907, ten vol-
umes.

Of these editions the only one now not out of
print is that by Professor Smyth, and it is by far
the best. Sparks took liberties with the manu-

MfiMOIRES

DE LA VIE PRIVfiE
DE BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

ECRITS PAR LUI-MEME.

ET aDRESSES a son FILS;

Sv I VIS (Tun Pricis hlstorlque de sa Vie
politique ^ et de ptuaieurs Pikes , relatives
i ce Plrc de la LibertL

A PARIS,

Chez EuzlsoK ; Libraire , rue Haute'feuille ^ n^ io.

' 79 '•

The first edition in any language of the famous "Autobiography."
Original in the Typographic Library and Museum of the American
Type Founders Company, Jersey City, N. J. Size 3^^" x 6fg".

Literary ff^orks, 211

scripts, correcting and altering as he chose. Bige-
low's edition was an improvement, but he based
many of his quotations upon the work of Sparks
and thereby repeated the errors.

Professor Smyth performed a notable service
to American letters in preparing his edition of
Franklin's works. He had access to many manu-
scripts not known when previous editions were
published and in republishing he went to the orig-
inal documents in every case, preserving their exact
style, spelling, and of course phraseology.

The "Autobiography" will always remain one
of the great monuments of American literature.
It has been translated into practically every tongue,
securing a wide circulation all over the globe, and
in America no hbrary is complete without it. In
some cities it is used as a text-book in the public
schools.

The manuscript of the "Autobiography" in
Franklin's handwriting long remained in the pos-
session of the family of M. le Veillard, Mayor of
Passy when Franklin lived there, and one of his
close personal friends. In 1867 it came into the
possession of Hon. John Bigelow, Minister to the
Court of France, and for the first time the public
was made acquainted with the "Autobiography"
as written by its author. On comparison with the
edition put forth by William Temple P>anklin, it
was found that as his grandfather's literary execu-

212 Literary W^orks,

tor he had taken unwarranted Ubertles with the
text. More than twelve hundred changes were
found to have been made by him, all of them of
course in his own mind improvements upon the
original.

"Of these changes," says McMaster, "little need
be said. They are usually Temple Franklin's
Latin words for Benjamin Franklin's Anglo-Saxon.
They remind us of the language of those finished
writers for the press who can never call a fire any-
thing but a conflagration, nor a crowd anything but
a vast concourse, and who dare not use the same
word twice on the same page Thus it is that in the
Temple Franklin edition ^notion' has become 'pre-
tence,' that 'night coming on' has become 'night ap-
proaching,' that *a very large one' has become 'a con-
siderable one,' that 'treated me' has become 'received
me,' that 'got a naughty girl with child' has become
'had an intrigue with a girl of bad character,' that
'very oddly' has been turned into 'a very extraor-
dinary manner.' But the changes did not stop
here. The coarseness of the grandfather was very
shocking to the grandson, and 'guzzlers of beer' is
made 'drinkers of beer,' 'footed it to London' be-
comes 'walked to London,' 'Keimer stared like a pig
poisoned' is made to give way to ' Keimer stared with
astonishment.'"

213

CHAP. XX.

Literary Friends.

n~^HE first of Benjamin Franklin's friends who
could properly be classed under the title of this
chapter were two friends of his youth, John Collins
and James Ralph. It was with young Collins that
he engaged in youthful controversies over weighty
subjects, as has been related in another chapter,
which resulted in his decision, at the suggestion of
his father, to acquire an improved literary style.
Collins seems to have been a young man of great
promise, but he took to over-indulgence in in-
toxicants and early disappeared from Franklin's life.

James Ralph was one of the original members of
the Junto. He was clerk to a merchant and was
"ingenious, genteel in his manners, and extremely
eloquent." But he abandoned a young wife and
child and went with Franklin to England, where he
became a literary hack and a producer of indifferent
poetry. His memory is kept alive principally be-
cause of the fact that Alexander Pope satirized him
in the "Dunciad." He dedicated his first work to
Franklin.

In enumerating in the "Autobiography" his
closest acquaintances during his first years in
Philadelphia, Franklin named not only James
Ralph, but Charles Osborne and Joseph Watson,
"all lovers of reading," and presents an attractive

NIG H T:

P O E

Li Four Books.

Picchy and dark the night rometimes appears,
Friend to our woe,, and parent of our fears :
Dur joys and wonder fometimes Ihe excites.
With ftars unnumbred, and eternal lights^

Prior.

By JAMES RALT H,

L N "D N:

Printed by C. Ackers^ for S. BiLttucistEY at the 'Judged'
Head in Cbancerj-Lane> tyzdi (Price is. 6 d}

Title page of a volume by Franklin's youthful friend, James Ralph.

Original in possession of the author.

Size 4" X 61".

Lit era ry Frien ds. 215

picture of their intimacy when he adds: "Many
pleafant Walks we four had together on Sundays
into the Woods near Schuykill where we read to
one another and conferred on what we read."

One of the dearest friends of Franklin's later
years was Benjamin Vaughan, a native of the West
Indies, who was in London serving as secretary to
Lord Shelburne when Franklin was there. When
the "Parable of Persecution" was published in
London during Franklin's absence in America, and a
charge of plagiarism was brought against him,
Vaughan sprang immediately and successfully to
his defence. He it was who urged Franklin to con-
tinue the writing of the "Autobiography," and he
was the editor of the first edition of Franklin's
works.

Peter Collinson, celebrated because of his knowl-
edge of botany and natural history, was another
close friend. He kept up a correspondence with
men of science in all parts of the world, and it was to
him that Franklin was indebted for the opportunity
to make his first experiments with an electrical
tube which Collinson sent from London to the
Library Company of Philadelphia.

Cadwallader Colden, another friend, was about
the same age as Benjamin Vaughan, both being a
dozen years older than Franklin. Colden was the
author of the "Hiftory of the Five Indian Nations,"
"Principles of Action in Matter," and other

2i6 Literary Friends,

scientific and historical works. He invented a
method of stereotyping about which he wrote a
long description to Franklin, but which did not
come into general use.

Other literary friends in England were Edmund
Burke, author of an "Essay on the Sublime and
the Beautiful," who later became better known
through his oratory and statesmanship; David
Hume, the historian, and Adam Smith, author of a
"Theory of Mild Sentiments" and "The Wealth
of Nations."

America at the time was not abundantly supplied
with literary men, but Franklin was friend and con-
fidante to two young men whose names were later
to become well known. One of them was Thomas
Paine, to whom he wrote advising him not to pub-
lish his attacks upon the prevailing religious beliefs,
and the other was Noah Webster, compiler of the
dictionary that bore his name.

Franklin's greatest friendship, however, one
which has become historic, does not properly come
under the designation of "literary" in the sense of
authorship. It is that which existed between
him and William Strahan (now pronounced as if
spelled Strawn, but in his lifetime pronounced
Stray-han), the celebrated London printer and
publisher. Strahan was nine years younger than
Franklin, having been born in 171 5. He built up a
successful business, became printer to the king and

^2JC.

<«>n^

The famous "yon are now my enemy" letter.
Original in the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

2i8 Literary Friends.

was the publisher of David Hume's "History of
England " and the works of Edward Gibbon, author
of the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire."

Strahan and Franklin spent much time in each
other's company when Franklin was resident in
England, and later he was Franklin's representative
in London in his business negotiations. Their cor-
respondence was voluminous and it was to Strahan
that the famous "you are now my enemy" letter
was addressed. Paul Leicester Ford makes the
statement, on what authority is not known, that
the letter was never sent. What may be the
original, but what would seem to be a copy, is pre-
served in the collection of Franklin manuscripts in
the Library of Congress at Washington, and it is the
one usually used for illustration in works relating
to Franklin. In the private library of J. Pierpont
Morgan, in New York, is another copy in Franklin's
handwriting, which fact affords material for in-
teresting speculation.

Franklin's letters to Strahan were, with one ex-
ception, decorous and dignified, save that some of
them, instead of bearing a formal superscription,
were addressed " Dear Straney." What must have
been Strahan's astonishment when he received the
exception, which was dated Burlington, October 4,
1763, and which begins:

" In the name of God what I have faid or done to
you, that fo many Months fhould elapfe, fo many

The Love of Books, 219

VefTels arrive without my having the Pleafure of a
fingle Line from you fince my Arrival in America.
I can't help imagining that you must have Wrote,
and the letter mifcarried, but Mrs. F. fays fiie
thinks you have quite forgot us, now we have left
England, and that you will not trouble yourfelf
about us any more. I hope flie is miftaken and
that you will enable me to prove her so."

The original is in Mr. Morgan's collection.

William Strahan put himself on record as to his
friendship for Franklin in a letter to Mrs. Franklin,
unsuccessfully urging her to overcome her dislike
for the sea and to make a voyage to London. " For
my own part," he said to her about her husband,
" I never faw a man who was in every refpect so per-
fectly agreeable to me. Some are amiable in one
view, fome in another, he in all."

i^ @ it^ i^ i^ il^ i^ l|> @ i^ il^ i^ Z^ it^ it^ it^ i^ it* i^ it* i^ e§

CHAP. XXL

The Love of Books,

T3ENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S early love of books
is revealed in the incident related in the first
chapter of this volume of his arrangement with the
brother to whom he was apprenticed to spend less
upon his board and clothing in order to provide him
with money for the purchase of books. One of his
earliest friends in Boston was a Matthew Adams,

220 The Love of Booh.

who had a collection of books and who invited the
boy to his home and placed the books at his dis-
posal.

It is related in the "Autobiography" that when
he arrived in New York from Boston the second
time, the governor of the province (Burnet) hearing
from the Captain of the ship that one of his pas-
sengers had a great many books, invited the young
man to call upon him. "The Governor treated me
with great Civility, fliowed me his Library, which
was a very large one, and we had a good deal of
converfation about books and authors.'* In the
"Autobiography" Franklin relates how he once
changed an enemy into a friend by borrowing a
book: "Having heard that he had in his Library a
certain very fcarce and curious Book, I wrote a note
to him, exprefling my defire of perufmg that Book,
and requeuing he would do me the favor of lending
it to me for a few days. He fent it immediately,
and I return'd it in about a week with another note
exprefling ftrongly my fenfe of the favor. When
we next met in the Houfe he fpoke to me (which he
had never done before) and with great civility, and
he ever after manifeft'd a readinefs to ferve me on
all occafions, fo that we became great friends, and
our friendlhip continued to his death."

Before young Benjamin made the arrangement
with his brother James by which he hoped to ac-
quire a library of his own he became acquainted

The Love of Books. 22 1

with an apprentice in a second-hand book store,
through whose connivance he sometimes borrowed
a book, "a fmall one," which he was careful to
return soon and clean, often sitting up the greater
part of the night so as to finish with it and be able
to return it in the morning "left it fhould be miffed
or wanted."

Next door to Palmer's printing house in London
was a second-hand book establishment kept by
one Wilcox, with whom he arranged "on certain
reafonable Terms," to "take, read and return
any of his books."

Franklin had definite ideas as to the way in
which books should be read. In a letter to his
young friend. Miss Mary Stevenson, accompanying
a gift of books, he wrote: "I would advife you to
read with a Pen in your Hand, and enter in a little
Book fhort Hints of what you find that is curious,
or that may be ufeful; for this will be the befl
method of imprinting fuch Particulars in your
Memory, where they will be ready, either for
pradlice on fome future occafion, if they are mat-
ters of utility, or at leaf!; to adorn and improve
your converfation, if they are rather points of
curiofity. And as many of the terms of Science
are fuch, as you cannot have met with in your
common reading, and may therefore be unac-
quainted with, I think it would be well for you to
have a good Dictionary at hand, to confult imme-

222 The Love of Books.

diately when you meet with a Word you do not
comprehend the precife Meaning of. This may at
first feem troublefome and interrupting; but it is
trouble that will daily diminifh, as you will daily
find lefs and lefs occafion for your Dictionary, as
you become more acquaint'd with the Terms; and
in the mean time you will read with more Satif-
faction, becaufe with more underftanding."

Franklin bought books for their contents rather
than for their appearance, as will be seen by the
following quotation from a letter written to Ben-
jamin Vaughan in 1785 : "One can fcarce fee a new
Book, without obferving the exceflive Artifices
made ufe of to puff up a Paper of Verfes into a
Pamphlet, a Pamphlet into an Octavo, and an
Octavo into a Quarto, with Scabboardings, white
Lines, fparfe Titles of chapters, and exorbitant
Margins, to fuch a Degree, that the Selling of
Paper feems now the object, and printing on it
only the Pretence. I enclofe the copy of a Page
in a late Comedy. Between every two Lines there
is a white fpace equal to another line. You have
a Law, I think, againft Butchers blowing of Veal
to make it look fatter; why not one againft Book-
sellers' blowing of Books to make them look
bigger."

As was to be expected, Franklin's own library
was a large one. The Rev. Dr. Manasseh Cutler,
while on a visit to Philadelphia, called to pay his

THE DIGNITY OP MAN.

DISCOURSE

Addreded to the Congregation- in

FRANKLIN,

Upon the OccaCon of their receiving from

Dr, FRANKLIKy

The Mark of his Rcfpc£t, in a rich

DONATION OF BOOKS,

Appropriated to the \5h of a

PARISH-LIBRARY.

^TtNATHANAEL EMMONS,

P*»TO» or THI CuUftCH lif P»A»<«tlK.

PROVIDENCE:
P*iST>D »T BENNETT WHEELER, m

WllTMIDtTSk.STKKT.

A sermon acknowledging one of Franklin's gifts of books.
Original in Boston Public Library.

Size 3tV' X 6\".

224 The Love of Books,

respects to Dr. Franklin, and in his journal he
gives this glimpse of the library: "After it was dark
we went into the Houfe, and he invited me into
his Library, which is likewife his Study. It is a
very large Chamber, and high-ftudded. The
Walls are covered with Book-Shelves, filled with
Books; befides there are four large Alcoves, ex-
tending two thirds the Length of the Chamber,
filled in the fame manner. I prefume this is the
largeft and by far the beft private Library in
America."

Franklin made gifts of books to the Library
Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania
Academy, Yale and Harvard Colleges, and the
Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh (St. An-
drews) and was instrumental in securing contribu-
tions of books to other colleges. He gave a li-
brary of three hundred books to the town of Frank-
lin in New Hampshire, and when a request came
from the town of Franklin in Massachusetts for a
bell to hang in the steeple of the meeting house
he advised that he would send books instead of a
bell, " Senfe being preferable to Sound."

225

CHAP. XXII.

Public Service,

Studious of Eafe, and fond of humble Things,
Below the Smiles, below the Frowns of Kings:
Thanks to my Stars, I prize the Sweets of Life,
No fleeplefs Nights I count, no Days of Strife.
I reft, I wake, I drink, I fometimes love,
I read, I write, I fettle, or I rove;
Content to live, content to die unknown,
Lord of Myfelf, accountable to None.

OUCH was Poor Richard's conception of life
after permanent release from business cares.
When Franklin retired he wrote to his friend
Cadwallader Golden of New York: "I have re-
moved to a more quiet part of the Town, where I
am fettling my old Accounts, and hope foon to be
quite mafter of my own Time, and no longer, as
the Song has it, at every one's call but my own.
. . . Thus you fee I am in a fair way of having
no other Tafks than fuch as I fhall like to give my-
felf, and of enjoying what I look upon as a great
Happinefs, Leifure to read, ftudy, make Experi-
ments, and converfe at large with fuch ingenious
and worthy Men, as are pleaf'd to honor me with
their Friendfhip or Acquaintance, on fuch points
as may produce fomething for the common Benefit
of Mankind, uninterrupted by the little cares and
fatigues of Bufinefs."

But he was not to be permitted to make use as

226 Public Service,

he chose of what he fondly hoped would be leisure
time. On the contrary, no project, pubhc or
semi-pubhc, was proposed but that the first
thought of the proposers seems to have been to
interest Benjamin Frankhn in it.

"There is no fuch thing," said Dr. Bond to
Frankhn, "as carrying through a pubhc-fpirited
Project without you are concerned in it, for I am
often afked by thofe to whom I propofe fubfcrib-
ing, 'Have you confuhed Frankhn on this Bufmefs.?
And what does he think of it.?' And when I tell
them that I have not (fuppofmg it rather out of
your line), they do not fubfcribe, but fay, they will
confider it. '

Franklin s service to the public began when, at
the age of twenty, he gathered a number of his
young friends around him and established the
Junto, the first American debating society, and
the service ended when, two thirds of a century
later, at the age of eighty-four, he founded the
Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition
of Slavery. Between these two events is a long
list of services and achievements in the public
interest. No work relating to Franklin's life
would be complete without mention of the more
important of these services and achievements,
although want of space in the present volume
permits of no more than the listing of them by
name.

Public Service. 227

So far as the holding of pubhc offices is con-
cerned, Frankhn stated it to be his rule "never to
afk, never refufe, or never refign an office." His
first was that of Justice of Peace which, however,
he did resign, because he felt that he had not
sufficient legal knowledge to fill it adequately.
The other offices he held were as follows:

Clerk Pennsylvania Assembly

Speaker Pennsylvania Assembly

Member Philadelphia Common Council and,
later. Alderman

Postmaster of Philadelphia

Deputy Postmaster General for the Colonies

Postmaster General for the Colonies

Delegate to Albany convention to consider
plans for a union of the Colonies

Acting General, Pennsylvania Militia

Colonel, Pennsylvania Militia

President Pennsylvania Commission of Safety

Commissioner to Continental Army at Cam-
bridge

Commissioner to Canada

Agent in England for the Colonies (sixteen
years)

Member Secret Committee of Correspondence

Member Committee to draft Declaration of
Independence

Member Continental Congress .

228 Public Service.

President Pennsylvania Constitutional Con-
vention

United States Commissioner to France

United States Minister Plenipotentiary to
France

United States Commissioner to Negotiate
Peace with Great Britain

President (Governor) of Pennsylvania

Equally important with the holding of public
office was Franklin's service of an unofficial kind.
The more important of these achievements, in
addition to the two already mentioned, were as
follows :

Founded the American Philosophical So-
ciety (First President)

Founded the Philadelphia Library, upon
which is based our public library system

Founded the University of Pennsylvania

Founded the Philadelphia Fire Company

Helped to found the Philadelphia Hospital

Introduced the basket willow

Introduced street paving, cleaning, and lighting

Reformed the night watch

Promoted use of plaster

Promoted use of mineral fertilizers

Promoted culture of silk

Advocated building of ships with water-tight
compartments

Public Service. 229

Eventually he began to feel that he was identi-
fying himself to too great a degree with j^hiian-
thropic projects, so when the Reverend (lilbert
Tennent came to him with a request for assistance
in erecting a new meeting house he said, "UnwilHng
to make Myfelf difagreeable to my fellow-c!tizens
by too frequently foliciting their Contributions, I
abfolutely refuf'd." He did, however, give ad-
vice to the reverend solicitor, as to how to proceed,
which was followed to success.

This attitude of mind is further illustrated by
the following quotation from his statement in the
"Autobiography" in regard to the founding of the
Pennsylvania Academy which later became the
University of Pennsylvania. "In the Introduc-
tion of thefe propofals, I ftat'd their publication,
not as an Act of mine, but of fome public-fpirited
Gentlemen, avoiding as much as I could, according
to my ufual Rule, the prefenting JMyfelf to the
Public as the author of any Scheme for their
benefit."

His inventions come properly within the catalog
of public service for the reason that he took out no
patents. He declined Governor Thomas' offer to
give him a patent on the Pennsylvania fireplace,
saying "that as we enjoy great Advantages from
the Inventions of others, we fliould be glad of an
Opportunity to ferve others by an Invention of
ours; and this we fliould do freely and generoufly."

230 Public Service,

Most of his inventions were of a minor character,
tending merely to convenience or comfort (such
as the chair which turned over and became a step
ladder) exemplifying his statement that "human
felicity is produc'd not fo much by great pieces of
good fortune that feldom happen as by little ad-
vantages that occur every day." The more im-
portant of his inventions are the following:

Lightning rod
Franklin stove
Smokeless chimney
Bi-focal lens for spectacles
Improved armonica

A part of Franklin's public service resulted from
his deep interest in and his constant study of
medicine. So important were his contributions
to medical literature that a volume on "The Med-
ical Side of Franklin," by Dr. William Pepper,
has been published.

He proposed, among other innovations, a new
theory of colds that met with much opposition
before being finally adopted. His contributions
on the subject of ventilation had much the same
experience, although he came eventually to be
so highly regarded as an authority on the sub-
ject that the government of England consulted
him about the ventilation of the House of Com-
mons.

Public Service, 23 1

Dr. Pepper says that Franklin's "letters on lead
poisoning are wonderful and would have been a
credit to any physician of that age." One such
that had reference to printing was addressed to
Benjamin Vaughan and is in part as follows:

*' I there found a Practice I had never feen before,
of drying a Cafe of Types (which are wet in dif-
tribution) by placing it Hoping before the fire. 1
found this had the additional Advantage, when the
Types were not only dri'd but heat'd, of being
comfortable to the Hands working over them in
cold Weather. I therefore fometimes heat'd my
Cafe when the Types did not want drying. But an
old workman, obferving it, advif'd me not to do
fo, telling me I might lofe the ufe of my Hands by
it, as two of our Companions had nearly done,
one of whom that ufed to earn his Guinea a week,
could not then make more than ten Shillings and
the other, who had the Dangles, but feven and
fixpence. This, with a kind of obscure Pain, that
I had fometimes felt, as it were in the Bones of
my Hand when working over the Types made
very hot, induced me to omit the Practice."

Franklin was not a graduate of a medical
school, but was a member of several medical
societies, and he did treat people for various ills.
Many of the most prominent medical men of
America and Europe were his intimate companions
and valued correspondents, and many medical
works were dedicated to him.

232

CHAP. XXI 11.

** Our " Benjamin Franklin,

"D ECAUSE of the wide range of his sympathies,
of the astonishing energy and industry that per-
vaded his long hfe, and of his interest in the activi-
ties of nearly all the great movements of his cen-
tury, mankind has many claims upon the heritage
left by the words and deeds of Benjamin Franklin.
I am firmly of the belief, however, that we of the
printing and publishing craft have first claim in
that respect, for whatever the many and remark-
able achievements that took him into other fields
in which he received welcome and acclaim, his in-
terest in printing never lessened.

When in England, as agent for the Colonies, he
went on one occasion to Watt's printing ofhce, and
according to the "Memoirs" of his friend Strahan,
sought out a particular press and designated it as
the one upon which he worked as a journeyman
printer. During his ambassadorship at Paris, he
visited the famous printing house of Didot, and
taking hold of one of the presses with easy familiar-
ity, printed off several sheets. To the startled
printers who observed the performance, he said:
"Do not be aftonifhed. Sirs, it is my former Bufi-
nefs."

To acknowledge having been a tradesman was,
in the circle in French society in which he moved,

Our Benjamin Fran kiln. 233

almost to accept membership in the lower orders
but Franklin never hesitated to speak of his early
experiences. At dinner one day in Paris in the
presence of a distinguished company he addressed
a young gentleman just arrived from Philadelphia,
with the statement that he had always felt an obli-
gation to the young man's family because his grand-
father had been one of the first of his customers.
In a letter to William Strahan, dated 1784, near
the close of his life, a paragraph is written enter-
tainingly in printing terms. It is as follows :

"But let us leave these ferious Reflcc'lions and
converfe with our ufual Pleafantry. I remember
your obferving once to me as we fat together in
the Houfe of Commons, that no two Journeymeii
Printers, within our Knowledge, had met with
fuch Succefs in the World as ourfelves. You were
then at the head of your Profeflion, and foon after-
wards became a Member of Parliament. I was an
Agent for a few Provinces, and now act for them
all. But we have rifen by different Modes. I, as
a Republican Printer, always liked a Form well
plain'd down; being averfe to thofe overbearing
Letters that hold their Heads fo high, as to hinder
their Neighbours from appearing. You, as a
Monarchift, chofe to work upon Crown Paper, and
found it profitable, while I work'd upon pro patris
(often indeed call'd Fools Cap) with no lefs ad-
vantage. Both our Heaps hold out very well,
and we feem likely to make a pretty good day's
Work of it. With regard to Public Affairs (to

234 Our Benjamin Franklin,

continue in the same ftile), it feems to me that the
Compofitors in your Chapel do not caft off their
Copy well, nor perfectly understand Impofmg;
their Forms, too, are continually pefter'd by the
Outs and Doubles, that are not eafy to be correded.
And I think they were wrong in laying afide some
Faces, and particularly certain Head-pieces, that
would have been both ufeful and ornamental.
But Courage! The Bufmefs may ftill flourifh with
good Management; and the Mafter become as rich
as any of the Company."

In a letter to Noah Webster dated the day after
Christmas, 1789, he acknowledges receipt of that
author's " DifTertations on the Enghfh Language"
and takes occasion to make a number of observa-
tions relating to writing and printing. One point
he brings out is that interrogation marks should be
placed at the beginning of a sentence Instead of
at the end, so that one reading aloud would know
how to modulate the voice. It was Franklin's
practice usually to capitalize all important words,
and he therefore takes occasion to deprecate the
growing practice of restricting capitals to proper
words. The letter goes on to state :

"From the fame Fondnefs for an even and uni-
form Appearance of Characters in the Line, the
Printers have of late banifhed alfo the Itahc Types,
in which Words of Importance to be attended to
in the Senfe of the Sentence, and Words on which
an Emphafis fliould be put in Reading, ufed to be
printed. And lately, another Fancy has induc'd

Our Benjamin Franklin, 235

fome Printers to ufe the fhort round s, inftead of the
long one, vyhich formerly ferved well to distinguish a
word readily by its varied appearance. Certainly,
the omitting this prominent Letter makes the Line
appear more even, but renders it lefs immediately
legible; as the paring all Men's Nofes might fmooth
and level their Faces, but would render their
Phyliognomies lefs diltinguifhable.

"Add to all thefe Improvements backwards, an-
other modern Fancy, that grey Printing is more
beautiful than black; hence the Englilli new Books
are printed in fo dim a Character, as to be read with
difficulty by old Eyes, unlefs in a very Strong Light
and with good Glaffes. Whoever compares a
Volume of the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' print'd be-
tween the Years 1731 and 1740 with one of thofe
print'd in the last ten Years, will be convinc'd of the
much greater Degree of Perfpicuity given by Black
Ink than by grey. Lord Chefterfield pleafantly
remark'd this Difference to Faulkener, the Printer
of the Dublin Journal, who was vainly making
Encomiums on his own Paper, as the mofl: complete
of any in the World; But, Mr. Faulkener, said my
Lord, don't you think it might be ftill farther im-
prov'd by ufmg Paper and Ink not quite fo near of a
Colour? For all thefe Reafons I cannot but wifh
that our American Printers would in their Editions
avoid thefe fancied Improvements, and thereby
render their Works more agreeable to Foreigners in
Europe, to the great advance of our Bookfelling
Commerce."

He felt strongly upon the matter of the misuse
of capitals and italics. According to Professor

236 Our Benjamin Franklin.

Smyth, "he wrote to the printer Woodfall, enclos-
ing a contribution to his paper, asking him to take
care that the compositor observed strictly the
Italicking, Capitalling and Pointing!" And he
told his son that his "Edict of the King of Pruflia"
had been reprinted in the "London Chronicle," " but
stripped of all the Capitalling and Italicking that
intimate the allufions and mark the emphafis of
written difcourfes, to bring them as near as pofTible
to thofe fpoken. — Printing fuch a piece ail in one
even fmall Character, feems to me like repeating
one of Whitefield's Sermons in the Monotony of a
fchool boy."

Among the memorial services held after Frank-
lin's death, the part played by the printers of Paris
in the meetings held in that city is worthy of
quotation here: "They assembled in a large hall,
in which there was a column surmounted by a bust of
Franklin, with a civic crown. Below the bust were
arrayed printers' cases and types, with a press, and
all the apparatus of the art, which the philosopher
had practiced with such distinguished success.
While one of the fraternity pronounced a eulogy on
Franklin, several printers were employed in com-
posing it at the cases; and, as soon as it was finished,
impressions of it were taken, and distributed to the
large concourse of people, who had been drawn to-
gether as spectators of the ceremony."

The famous epitaph was written when the author

Our Be nja m in Fra n k I in . 237

was twenty-two years of age, but was never used,
the grave in the old cemetery in Philadelj)hia being
marked only by a simple stone giving the bare facts
of his life. The epitaph reads:

THE BODY
OF
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
PRINTER
(like the cover of AN OLD BOOK,
ITS CONTENTS TORN OUT,
AND STRIPT OF ITS LETTERING AND GILDING,)
LIES HERE, FOOD FOR WORMS.
BUT THE WORK SHALL NOT BE LOST,
FOR IT WILL (as HE BELIEVEd) APPEAR ONCE MORE,
IN A NEW AND MORE ELEGANT EDITION
REVISED AND CORRECTED
BY
THE AUTHOR

When he wrote his will in the closing days of his
life it began, "I, Benjamin Franklin, of Philadel-
phia, Printer, late Minister Plenipotentiary from
the United States of America to the Court of
France," etc.

Franklin statues have been erected in most of the
large cities of America, and his bust has a place in

238 Our Benja m in Franklin .

the decoration of school houses and other pubHc
buildings generally throughout the land. Every
year in every important American city his birthday
is celebrated by meetings and banquets of members
of societies of advertising men, publishers, and
printers. Printers claim him as their own by the
statement that he is their "patron saint."

Benjamin Franklin died April 17, 1790, at the
age of eighty-four years and three months, at his
home in Philadelphia, surrounded by his family
and near friends. Four days later he was buried
in Christ Church burial ground, at Fifth and Arch
streets, in Philadelphia. In the funeral pro-
cession, headed by the clergy of the city, were the
chief members of the executive, legislative, and
judicial departments of the government, and
(according to the "Gazette of the United States,"
of April 28, 1790) "the Mayor and Corporation
of the City of Philadelphia, the Printers of the
city, with their Journeymen and Apprentices,
the Philosophical Society, the College of Physicians,
the Cincinnati, the College of Philadelphia, sun-
dry other Societies — together with a numerous
and respectable body of Citizens." The account
in the "Gazette" continues:

"The concourse of spectators was greater than
ever was known on a like occasion. It is com-
puted that not less than 20,000 persons attended
and witnessed the funeral. The order and si-

Our Benjamin Franklin 239

lence which prevailed, during the Procession,
deeply evinced the heartfelt sense, entertained
by all classes of citizens, of the unparalleled vir-
tues, talents, and services of the deceased."

The grave in Christ Church burial ground is
unmarked by a monument of any kind. Sim-
plicity was the keynote of all the events of his
long and useful life, and simplicity characterizes
the final resting place of his earthly remains.

THE END

sS^ A^A A'te, Afe ^Qa, a9a a'^a ^9a, ^^ Qto
W %^ ^6^ %^ ^6^ %^ ^6^ ^0^ ^^ ^<f

The

INDEX.

Almanac making in the Col-
onies in the eighteenth
century, ii2

"American Citizen" quoted,
207

"American Weekly Mer-
cury," 95

Autobiography, alterations
in, 202

Bache, Benjamin Franklin,

157. 165
Balzac, quoted on Franklin,

172
Baskerville, John, 154
Bond, Dr., quoted, 226
Boston, early population of,

" Boston News-Letter" estab-
lished, II

Bradford, William, first
printer in Philadelphia
and New York, 1 1

Burke, Edmund, 216

Business before the Revolu-
tion, 130

Caslon, Williani, 152
Childs, Francis, 14';
Colden, Cadwallader, 215
Collins, John, 213
CoUinson, Peter, 215
"Court of the Press," 103
Craven Street, London, where

Franklin lodged, 48
Cutler, Rev. Dr. Manasseh,

quoted, 222.

Day, Matthew, second prin-
ter in the Colonies, S

Dave, Stephen, first printer
in the Colonies, 5

Dunlap, William, 140

Editions of Franklin's works.
209

First American magazine ad-
vertisement, 81

Fisher, Sydney George
quoted, 137

Ford, Paul Leicester, quoted.
81, 126

241

242

The INDEX.

Franklin, Benjamin,
Birth, 13

Goes to school, 14
Adopts a trade, 15
Terms of apprenticeship, 16
Becomes publisher of the
"New England Cour-
ant," 28
Runs away from Boston, 30
In New York, 30
Goes to Philadelphia, 31
Lodges with Andrew Brad-
ford, 35
Meets Sir William Keith, 37
Returns to Boston, 38
Sails for London, 41 _
Goes to work at Samuel

Palmer's, 42
Sets type for Wollaston's
" Religion of Nature," 43
Goes to work for John

Watts, 45
Known as the "Water-
American," 47
As an athlete, 49
Employed as a clerk, 50
Draws up a plan of life,

Religious belief, 57

Foreman of Keimer's print-
ing office in Philadelphia,

58
Prints the New Jersey

Money, 61

Franklin, Benjamin, Con.
Goes into business with

Hugh Meredith, 62
Secures the public print-
ing, 64.
Dissolution of partnership

with Meredith, 65
Marries, 67

Becomes publisher of "The
Universal Instructor,"
98
Becomes typefounder, 151
Writes about the building

of printing presses, 152
Writes about sorts, 157
Goes to France, 161
Establishes himself in

Passy, 161
On the uses of words, 168
Interest in medicine, 237
Inventions, 237
Franklin, James, gives em-
ployment to Benj amin, 1 5
EstabHshes "New Eng-
land Courant," 20
In prison, 26
Franklin, James, Jr., 140
Franklin, Josiah, 12
Frankhn, William Temple,
quoted, 162, 186
Inherits his grandfather's

papers, 201
Advertises for those not
in his possession, 203

The INDEX. 243

"General Magazine," 72 MtMasfci. |.»hn Hach.
• Green, Bartholomew, pi in- (luotcd, 112

ter of the first American Mcroni, Ik-njanun, 140

newspaper, 10 Meredith, lliinh, Franklin's

Green, Samuel, tliird printer first partner, (o

in the Colonies, 8 .

I\e\v hngland Lourant cs-

Hale, Edward Everett, tablishcd. 20

quoted, 162 New York, early population

Hall, David, 142 of. 4

Hall and Miller, 141 O,,,,, ,„,.,., ,.,Hv in rhr

Hams, Benjamm, publisher Ki^hreenth Cenrui

"Public Occurrences

Both Eoreign and Do- Parker. James. 141

mestic " 10 Palmer, Samuel, author of

Hari^% David, 65, 67 "A History of Printinp."

Holland, Samuel, 140 43

Hume, David, quoted, 179 Parton. James, cpioted, 56,

68, 131, 136

James, Thomas, typefounder, " Pennsylvania Gazette. ' t>>
150 Advertisements in, 107,

Jones, John Paul and "Poor 167

Richard's Almanack," Philadelphia, earlv popula-
128 tion of, 4

Johnson, Marmeduke, fourth " Philadelphischc Zeitunp,"
printer in the Colonies, 9 Si

Junto, Formation of, 213 "Poor Richard's Almanack."

"Kalendarium Pennsilvan- ^^■J'J'^ -^ Philadelph... .n

lense," no 172S, 68

Keimer, Samuel, 65, 98 Prophecy of the Death of
Livingston, Luther S., Titan Leeds, 120

quoted, 157, 164 R.,lph^ j3n,es, 42, 213

Mather, Rev. Increase, 24 Roden, Robert K, quoted. >)

244 The INDEX.

Scheme for a new alphabet, "Supplement to the Boston

i53j i57> 193 Independent Chronicle,"

Scheme for Twenty- Four 172

Hours, 56, 57

"SeaHens and Black Gowns," Thomas, Isaiah, quoted, 8,

181, 182 HO. 196

"Shavers and Trimmers," pmothy, Peter, 139

jgj "Touch of the Times," 69

Smith, Adam, 216 ,,tt • it ,,

c • 1 c J J Universal Instructor, 97

Smith Sydney, quoted, 195 ' ^'

Smith, Wilham, 141 Vaughan, Benjamin, 215
Smyth, Albert Henry, quoted,

162, 195, 199, 200 Watson, John F., quoted,

Socratic method of arguing, 130

190 Webb, George, 95

Sparks, Jared, quoted, 13, 199 Webster, Noah, quoted, 192

Strahan, William, 155 Whitemarsh, Thomas, 139

THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

1 8 1939