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KEY. AND FLORA

~ PACTFIC:.COAST EDITION

ve

‘*,sPREPARED BY

“ALICE EASTWOOD

ee THE CALIFORNIA: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, AUTHOR OF THE
FLORA IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN EDITION

BOSTON; U.S.A. | er
-GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
Che Atheneum Press. |
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PeneHn’s BOTANY
KEY AND FLORA

PACINIC COAST #£DITION

PREPARED BY

ALICE EASTWOOD

Xt
OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, AUTHOR OF THE
FLORA IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN EDITION

Bist eg >¥
NEM YORE
BOTANICAL
GARDEN

BOSTON, U.S.A.
GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
The Atheneum Press
1901

ALL RIGHTS

PREFACKH

Tuts Flora of the Pacific States has been made to enable
pupils to obtain a clear idea of the method of classifying
plants through practical experience in identifying the most

common genera and species of the coast. It is to serve asa

. guide in understanding the characteristics and relationships

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of large and important orders and genera, and, to some
extent, in identifying species.

The species included have been those most widely dis-
tributed or those most abundant near large centers of popula-
ion, so that sufficient material might easily be obtained for
class study. Species not clearly and easily defined have been
omitted even when abundant, so as to render the possibility
of error as little as possible. Where a difference of opinion
exists among botanists in regard to generic names, both have
generally been given, one in parentheses.

Teachers will find, in whatever part of the Pacific States
they may be, that they can collect a sufficient number of the

sary. It is advised that the teachers furnish the plants for
class study, being careful to select only from those here
included rather than to allow the pupils themselves to select
at random from the flora of the neighborhood ; otherwise, the
pupil is likely to become discouraged by failure in identifying

plants not described in the book.
1

9 PREFACE

Teachers who are in doubt about any plants are earnestly
requested to send specimens to the Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco, where they will be compared with herbarium speci-
mens and identified. The specimens should have both flower
and fruit when possible, and in the case of herbs the entire
plant should be sent, root and all.

It requires quite a library of botanical books to identify
Pacific Coast species, since there is no book published that
contains even all the known species, and there are many
species still undiscovered. It is neither possible nor desirable
to attempt to include all in a school flora. The chief books
needed for a more complete study are the two large and
expensive volumes of the State Geological Survey; the fol-
lowing botanical works of Prof. E. L. Greene: Pittonia, Flora
Franciscana, and The Botany of the Bay Region ; Western
Cone-bearers, by J. G. Lemmon; and, for Composite and
Gamopetale, Gray’s Synoptical Flora.

The plan of arrangement in preparing this Flora has been
that of Professor Bergen’s Key and Flora to the Spring-
blooming Plants of the Northern and Middle States, which
replaces this in the Eastern edition of his book. It seemed
that a plan which he had tried and found successful was
better to adopt than one that was new and untried. When-
ever possible, his descriptions have been used, the aim
throughout having been to follow as he led.

The botany of the Geological Survey, Professor Greene’s
botanical works, and Dr. Behr’s Botany of the Vicinity of San
Francisco have all been used in compiling the descriptions

and making the Key.

PREFACE 3

The figures referred to are to be found in the text of this
Key, unless the reference is preceded by f or e. The former
refers to Bergen’s Foundations of Botany, the latter to his
Elements of Botany.

The pronunciation is indicated by accent marks and the
division of the accented syllable. A vowel ending this
syllable has a long sound; but when the accented syllable
ends in a consonant, the vowel has a short sound. It
matters little whether the English or Continental sounds
for the vowels are used; the former are more generally
authorized, though the latter are becoming more and more
prevalent.

In this revised edition I am indebted to Prof. C. V. Piper,
of the Agricultural College, at Pullman, Washington, for
additions to the Flora from Washington and Oregon, and
to Mr. Louis A. Greata, of Los Angeles, for additions from
the country adjacent to Los Angeles.

AuicE Eastwoop

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

San FRANCISCO

Ti por%

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KEY TO SOME FAMILIES OF PHANEROGAMS

GYMNOSPERMS. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary.
Trees or shrubs, usually with needle-shaped or scale-like evergreen leaves and
monecious or diccious flowers in catkins, the pistillate ones usually ripening
ML COMES yi. es | (Contfere), Pine Family, p..15

ANGIOSPERMS. Ovules in an ovary. :

MONOCOTYLEDONS. Flowers generally on plan of 3, never of 5; leaves
usually parallel-veined.

GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers rudimentary, enclosed in husk-like

“bracts.
Bracts for each flower 2; stems jointed, hollow, cylindrical or nearly
OAS i 7 famines); Grass: Family; p28

Bracts for each flower 1; stems not jointed, solid, triangular
(Cyperacez), Sedge Family, p. 22

PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers having a true perianth ; not ona spadix.
Ovary free from the perianth, Stamens 6
(Liliacez), Lily Family, p. 23
Ovary adnate to the perianth.

Stamens6 . (Amaryllidacee), Century Plant Family, p. 36
Stamens3 . . . . . . « (Iridacez), Iris Family, p. 37
Stamens 1 or (rarely)2 . . (Orchidacez), Orchis Family, p. 39

DICOTYLEDONS. Flowers generally on the plan of 4 or 5. In woody
plants the woody fiber forms concentric rings.
Division I. APpETALH. With but one set of floral envelopes or none.
Flowers in catkins. Trees or shrubs.

Diccious, 1 flower to each scale of the catkin; fruit a many-seeded pod,
each seed furnished with a tuft of cotton

(Salicacez), Willow Family, p. 40
Moneecious ; sterile catkins drooping ; fertile, erect, cone-like, with 1 or
2 flowers under each stiff, shield-shaped scale
(Betulacee), Alder Family, p. 42
5

KEY AND FLORA

Monecious, androgynous ; catkins short, erect, with 1 flower under
each scale of the fertile catkin ; fruit a round nutlet

(Myricacee), Wax-myrtle Family, p. 40

Moneecious, sterile flowers only in catkins ; fruit a nut in a cup or bur,
or a leaf-like cylindrical sheath

(Cupulifere), Oak Family, p. 44

Dicecious, sterile flowers with calyx 4-parted, stamens 4; fertile flowers
with calyx 2-lobed or wanting, ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled, styles 2;
fruita berry (Garryacee), Silk-tassel Bush Family, p. 120

Flowers not in catkins.
Ovary inferior,
6-celled, perianth regular and 3-lobed or irregular, stamens 6-12
(Aristolochiacez), Dutchman’s Pipe Family, p. 46

1-celled, sunk in the axis of the conical spike, which has numerous
flowers, and a persistent petal-like involucre; flowers naked, of
6-8 stamens and 3-6 pistils, each subtended by a white bract.
Aromatic herbs of wet alkaline places

(Houttuynia), Yerba Mansa, p. 40

Ovary superior,
3-celled, 3-ovuled, stigmas 3-6. Monccious or dicecious. Staminate
flowers with 1 to many stamens. Plants with milky juice
(Euphorbiacee), Spurge Family, p. 99
1-celled, forming a 3-sided akene, stamens 9, perianth of 6 divisions
usually colored like a corolla

(Polygonacez), Buckwheat Family, p. 47

1-celled, forming a flat akene with embryo coiled, stamens 5 opposite
the divisions of the green perianth ; plants often fleshy and covered

with scurf . . (Chenopodiacee), Pigweed Family, p. 49

Similar to Chenopodiacex, but the divisions of the perianth are
papery and persistent with similar bracts

(Amarantacee), Amaranth Family, p. 51

1-celled, 1-seeded, calyx corolla-like, monosepalous, the persistent
herbaceous base hardening around the akene, style 1; flowers in
cealyx-like involucres

Nyctaginacez), Four-o’clock Family, p. 51
y

Stamens 9 in 3 rows, anthers 4celled, opening by uplifted valves ;
sepals 6, petaloid, pistil simple; flowers in umbels; trees with

aromatic foliage . . . (Lauracez), Laurel Family, p. 63

Division II. PoLtypeTaLts. Petals distinct (in some genera wanting).

Stamens hypogynous (on the receptacle below the superior ovary).

PHANEROGAMS 7

Stamens Numerous

Separate, and the other floral organs distinct, petals sometimes want-
ing, flowers with the sepals 5 or irregular

(Ranunculacee), Buttercup Family, p. 58

Separate, flowers regular, sepals (generally 2) half as many as the
petals and falling as the petals expand

(Papaveracee), Poppy Family, p. 64

Monadelphous, attached to the bases of the petals.
Anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped
(Malvacee), Mallow Family, p. 105

Anthers 2-celled, petals wanting, sepals petal-like

(Fremontia), p. 107

United into 5-5 bunches, sepals and petals 5, leaves opposite, punctate

(Hypericacee), St. John’s-wort Family, p. 107

About 20, sepals 5 (2 scale-like), petals 5, soon falling
(Cistaceze), Rockrose Family, p. 108

Stamens 10 or less

10 (rarely fewer), petals 5 (sometimes wanting), capsule splitting into
twice as many valves as styles. Seeds on axillary placenta

(Caryophyllacez),. Pink Family, p. 55

10 or 5, sepals and petals 5, carpels 5 on a spike-like axis, distinct at
base but cohering by their stigmas and separating from the axis at

the base first, l-seeded . . . . . . (Geraniacez), p. 95

10, sepals and petals 5, carpels distinct, 1-seeded, globose, at the base of
acommon style; juice pungent . . . (Limnanthes), p. 97

10, sepals and petals 5, carpels united into a 5-celled ovary with 5 styles ;
leaves compound with 3 leaflets; juice acid . . (Oxalis), p. 97

10 or 5, equal to or double the number of petals; herbs with fleshy
- leaves . . . . (Crassulacez), Stonecrop Family, p. 74

6 or 9, anthers 2-celled, opening by uplifted valves (f. Fig. 160, I];
e. Fig. 138, Il); bracts, sepals, petals, and stamens opposite each
other ; pistil simple (Berberidacee), Barberry Family, p. 62

6 (4 long and 2 short), petals and sepals 4 (petals sometimes wanting) ;
fruit 2-celled with a papery partition, or sometimes 1-celled and
indehiscent ; herbs with pungent juice

(Crucifere), Mustard Family, p. 67

6, or sometimes more, nearly equal, sepals and petals 4; pod 1-celled, on
a long slender stalk (Capparidacee), Caper Family, p. 73

KEY AND FLORA

6, united by the filaments to form 2 equal sets ; flowers irregular

(Fumariacee), Bleeding Heart Family, p. 66

5, sometimes united over the pistil; petals 5, one of them with a spur

(Violacez), Violet Family, p. 109

1 to many, sepals 2-8, petals 5-16, styles 3-8-cleft, ovary 1-celled with
placenta axillary; plants with fleshy leaves and mostly showy
flowers that open only in bright sunshine

(Portulacacee), Portulaca Family, p. 52

Stamens 47, petals 4-5 with long claws, ovary 1-celled, with as many
parietal placentz as divisions of the style

(Frankeniacee), Yerba Reuma Family, p. 108

6-8, the filaments united into a split sheath; flowers irregular, super-
ficially resembling the Papilionacee, sepals 5, petals 2; pod
2-celled, flattened contrary to the partition

(Polygalacee), Polygala Family, p. 98

5, monadelphous at base, petals soon falling, capsule splitting into

twice as many divisions as stigmas
(Linacez),.Flax Family, p. 98
2 (rarely 3 or 4), petals 4, 2, or wanting, calyx 4toothed; fruit winged
from the summit, 1-seeded ; polygamous or dicecious trees or shrubs
with opposite compound leaves . . (Fraxinus), Ash, p. 128

Ovary superior or nearly so.

Stamens distinctly on the calyx or on a disk simulating
a calyx tube

Numerous ; ovary simple or compound, free from or partly united to
the disk ; leaves alternate, with stipules that sometimes fall early ;

seeds without endosperm (Rosacez), Rose Family, p. 80

Stamens indefinite, petals merging into the sepals, carpels numerous,
beeoming akenes within a hollow disk; aromatic shrubs, having
opposite leaves and no stipules

(Calycanthacee), Sweet Shrub Family, p. 80

Variable in number (5, 10, 20), carpels 2-5, completely or partially
united to the calyx, styles distinct ; leaves without stipules ; seed

with endosperm (Saxifragacee), Saxifrage Family, p. 75

10, distinct, monadelphous or diadelphous; flowers papilionaceous ;

fruit a legume . . . (Papilionacee), Pea Family, p. 89
Numerous, distinct ; flowers regular of 4 or 5 sepals and petals; fruit
alegume . . . . . (Mimosez), Acacia Family, p. 95

5 or fewer, petals minute and scale-like (or none); fruit a loosely
covered 1-seeded indehiscent pod enclosed in the persistent calyx ;

stipules papery (Illecebracez), Sand Mat Family, p. 57

PHANEROGAMS 9

Stamens on a disk, not simulating a calyx tube

Inserted on the inner margin of the disk, as many or twice as many as
the petals and alternate with ‘them (usually 5); ovary 1-celled,
1-ovuled ; fruit a berry

* (Anacardiacez), Poison Oak Family, p. 101

Inserted on the outer margin of the disk, as many as the petals and
opposite them (petals sometimes wanting); style or stigma 2-
4-lobed ; fruit a berry or dry pod with 24 hard seeds

(Rhamnacez), Buckthorn Family, p. 103

5-8, corolla irregular with 4 or 5 unequal petals ; ovary 3-celled, ovules
6,only1maturing . . . . (/®sculus), Buckeye, p. 102
3-12 (usually 8); flowers perfect with petals, or dicecious and apetalous ;

fruit of 2 parts, each winged (/f. Fig. 169, IL; e. Fig. 172, I1)
(Acer), Maple, p. 102

Ovary distinctly inferior.

Stamens perigynous (on the calyx)

Stamens 4-8, sepals and petals 4; ovary 4-celled
(Onagracez), Evening Primrose Family, p. 111

Stamens numerous, usually some petaloid, petals and sepals 5; herbage
adhesive with barbed hairs

(Loasacez), Blazing Star Family, p. 115

Stamens, petals, and sepals numerous; fruit fleshy, 1-celled; spiny,
leafless plants . . . (Cactacez), Cactus Family, p. 115

Stamens and petals numerous, sepals 5, capsules 3-5-celled ; leaves and

stems fleshy . . (Ficoidez), Fig Marigold Family, p. 116

Stamens numerous; ovary 3-5-celled, opening at the top; calyx falling
off like a lid, setting free the stamens and producing a tassel-like

blossom . . . . . . (Eucalyptus), Gum Tree, p. 110

Stamens epigynous (on the ovary)

Stamens, petals, and sepals 5 (the last very small), styles 2; fruit a pair
of seed-like carpels; flowers small in umbels; leaves alternate,

compound . . . (Umbelliferz), Parsley Family, p. 117

Similar to Umbellifere, except the styles and carpels 4 or 5; fruit a
berry, and umbels panicled

(Araliaceze), Ginseng Family, p. 116

Stamens, sepals, and petals 4; fruit a 1-seeded berry ; flowers in cymes
or heads ; leaves simple, opposite

(Cornacez), Dogwood Family, p. 119

10 KEY AND FLORA

Division III. GaMopeTAL&. Petals united into a cup or tube.

Ovary free from the calyx (superior).
Corolla regular.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, in fruit forming 4 nutlets
(Borraginacee), Borage Family, p. 137

Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous ; fruit often a berry

(Solanacez), Nightshade Family, p. 145

Ovary 2-celled (generally 4-ovuled) ; twining plants
(Convolvulacee), Morning-glory Family, p. 132

Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled, styles 2-cleft or entire

(Hydrophyllacee), Baby-eyes Family, p. 133

Ovary 3-celled with axillary placenta, style 3-lobed
(Polemoniacez), Phlox Family, p. 180

Ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentz, style 1, stigmas 2
(Gentianacee), Gentian Family, p. 128

Ovary cells as many as petals, style 1, anthers 2-celled, opening by
holes at the top . . (HEricacez), Heather Family, p. 120

Ovary 1-celled with axillary placenta, stamens opposite the petals
(Primulacee), Primrose Family, p. 125

Ovary 5-angled, 1-celled, 1-seeded, styles 5
(Plumbaginacee), Sea Pink Family, p. 127
Ovary 2-celled (sometimes 3-4-celled) with 1 seed in each cell (some-
times more in Plantago major)
(Plantaginacee), Plantain Family, p. 153
Ovaries 2, distinct, with a stigma common to both and united with a

crown-like column of stamens; flowers in umbels; seeds with a
tuft of silky hairs; plants with milky juice

(Asclepiadacez), Silkweed or Milkweed Family, p. 129

Similar to Asclepiadacex, except that the stamens are distinct and
free from the stigma, but the anthers are disposed to cohere withit

(Apocynacee), Dogbane Family, p. 130

Corolla irregular. Fertile stamens fewer than the divisions of the

corolla.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, becoming 4 nutilets ; corolla 2-lipped ; aromatic
herbs orshrubs . . . (Labiate), Mint Family, p. 139

Ovary 2-celled, seeds many on a central placenta, style and stigma 1

(Scrophulariacee), Figwort Family, p. 146

Ovary 2-celled with 2 or more parietal placentz, seeds many ; root-
parasites without leaves or green color

(Orobanchacee), Broom Rape Family, p. 153

PHANEROGAMS £4.

Ovary adnate to the calyx (inferior).
Ovary with as many cells as petals, anthers 2-celled, opening by holes
at the top (f. Fig. 160, IIL; e. Fig. 138, I11); fruit a berry
(Vaccinium), Huckleberry, p. 120

Ovary 2-5-celled (sometimes becoming 1-celled); fruit a berry; leaves
opposite, without stipules

(Caprifoliacez), Honeysuckle Family, p. 156

Ovary 2-5-celled; leaves opposite with stipules, or whorled and
without stipules . . (Rubiacez), Madder Family, p. 154

Ovary 1-3-celled; flowers monecious or dicecious; trailing or
climbing tendril-bearing herbs; fruit fleshy, indehiscent

(Cucurbitacee), Gourd Family, p. 158

Ovary 2-5-celled, with axillary placenta, style 2-5-cleft
(Campanulacee), Harebell Family, p. 159

Ovary 2-celled with axillary placenta, or 1-celled with parietal
placent# ; stamens united by both filaments and anthers

(Lobeliaceze), Lobelia Family, p. 160

Ovary 3-celled, 2 cells empty, fruit 1-seeded; stamens 3, corolla
tubular, slightly irregular, border of the calyx plumose or wanting

(Valerianacee), Valerian Family, p. 158

Ovary 1-celled, becoming an akene, stamens united by their anthers
(f. Fig. 153; e. Fig. 131); flowers many, combined in heads and
appearing like a single flower (/. Fig. 133; e. Fig. 110)

(Composite), Sunflower Family, p. 161

CLASS I.—GYM’NOSPERMS

Plants destitute of a closed ovary, style, or stigma; ovules
generally borne naked on a carpellary scale, which forms part
of acone. Cotyledons often several.

CONIF’ERZ. Pine FAMILY

Trees or shrubs with wood of peculiar structure, destitute
of ducts, with resinous and aromatic juice. Leaves generally
evergreen and needle-shaped or scale-shaped. Flowers desti-
tute of floral envelopes, moncecious or dicecious. Male flowers
consisting of stamens arranged in a spike, and.resembling a
catkin, with pollen sacs at the base of scales, subtended by a
cluster of bracts like an involucre. Female flowers consisting
of naked ovules at the base of scales arranged in.a spike with
a cluster of bracts below, in fruit forming a cone with the
seeds under the scales or becoming a one- to few-seeded berry.

I. JUNIP’ERUS, Juniper, Cedar

Flowers dicecious, axillary or terminal. Staminate clusters
numerous, with scales whorled or opposite,-on a central axis,
and 2-6 anther cells to each scale. Pistillate clusters of
3-6 fleshy scales, each bearing 1-2 erect ovules. Fruit a
berry. Seeds bony. Shrubs or low trees, usually branching
irregularly, with aromatic wood and thin, shreddy bark.
Leaves either triangular, scale-like, folding over each other,
or linear, rigid, pointed, and free from each other.

II. CUPRES'SUS, Cypress

Monecious. Staminate clusters small, very numerous, and
at the tips of tiny branchlets; pollen sacs 3-5 at the base
of each scale. Fertile clusters erect on short lateral branchlets,

13 .

14 KEY AND FLORA

forming, when ripe, roundish or oblong woody cones, con-
sisting of 6-10 very thick, shield-shaped scales, fitting closely
together ; cones maturing in two years in all except the last ;
ovules numerous, in several rows at the base of the scales,
forming acutely angled seeds. Leaves evergreen, scale-
shaped, imbricated. When the tree is allowed to grow
naturally, it is pyramidal, or roundish, with rather loose,
straggling branches and pointed or rounded at the top. In
bloom in winter or early spring.

a. C. macrocar’pa Hartweg. Monterey Cypress. This has
dense foliage and oblong cones clustered on short stems. It is
extensively cultivated throughout California for wind breaks and
hedges; also trimmed into the most fantastic shapes, which are
supposed to be ornamental. .

b. C. Govenia’na Gordon. Mountain Cypress. This is a more
loosely branched and smaller tree, with the upper branches slender
and drooping. The cones are an inch or less long, and are globose,
rarely oblong. This, too, is cultivated. In its native state it grows
throughout the Coast Mountains.

c. C. Macnabia’na Murr. This is a small tree with fine foliage very
fragrant, sprinkled all over with white glands, so’ that the tree is pale
green. The cones are small, wth horn-like projections on the scales.
This also is cultivated, but rarely. It is a native of the mountains
of Lake County.

d. C. Lawsonia’na Murr (Chamaecy’paris). Port Orrorp CEepDAr.
This differs from the other species of Cupressus in having flattened,
2-ranked branches, and the cones ripening in one year. Cones very
small, 4 of an inch in diameter, globose, with 8 or 10 flat scales which |
are bluish green when young. Seeds 2-4 to each scale, somewhat
winged. This is a tall, symmetrical tree with slender branches,
often drooping. It is frequently cultivated and is a very valuable
timber tree. The wood is very fragrant and is used in making chests
and cupboards where it is desirable to keep out insects. — It is also
known as Oregon Cedar and Ginger Pine. It is found chiefly in the
Coast Mountains of Oregon. |

Ill. THU’YA, Arbor-vite

Monecious. Staminate flowers numerous, very small, with
3 or 4 pollen sacs at the base of the 4-6 pointed scales.
Fertile clusters at the ends of branchlets. Cones very small,
4 inch long, soon reflexed, ripening in one year, with 8-12 erect

GYMNOSPERMS 15

scales in pairs, having a pair of winged seeds under all except
the top and bottom pair. These are tall, symmetrical trees, with
horizontally flattened branches and scale-shaped, evergreen
leaves adnate and decurrent in 4 rows, with the tips free.

T. gigantea Nutt. This is a very tall tree found in the Coast
Mountains of Oregon, in Washington, northern Idaho, and British
Columbia. The cones are densely clustered at the ends of the droop-
ing branchlets, and the foliage is a bright, shining green. The bark
is thin and fibrous, the wood soft but durable.

IV. LIBOCE’DRUS, Incense Cedar

Similar to Thuya, but with 12 or more scales on the stamt-
nate cluster and with the cones not reflexed. These consist of
4-6 thick scales in pairs, the two largest only bearing seeds.
Seeds with unequal wings.

L. decur’rens Torrey. This becomes a large tree in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains and has a trunk resembling that of the giant
Sequoia. It is also found on almost all the higher hills of the
Coast Mountains.

V. SEQUOI’A, Redwood

Moneecious. Staminate flowers small, very numerous near
the ends of young shoots, with 3-5 pollen sacs under each
scale. Fertile flowers at the ends of branchlets, consisting of
several scales with long-pointed tips which become bristles on
the shield-shaped scales of the cone. Hach scale is diamond-
shaped with lines running to the center, gwing the cone a
quilted appearance. The Sequoias are the largest trees on
earth. Their leaves are flattened or triangular scale-shaped ;
the bark very thick, fibrous, and spongy; the wood red and
soft, easily split longitudinally, and the bark also cleaving
longitudinally. Both species are cultivated in different parts
of California.

a. S. semper’virens Endl. Repwoop. Cones small, oblong, of
about 20 scales, maturing in one season; lower leaves flat, 2-ranked ;
upper leaves, on tall trees, scale-shaped. This forms immense forests
in northern California and extends, along the coast, from southern
Oregon to Point Gorda in Monterey County. The specific name

16 KEY AND FLORA

arises from its tenacity of life. It sends up new trees in a circle
around where a tree has been cut down. In bloom in winter.

b. S. gigante’a Decaisne. MAmmotH Sequoia, Bie TREE.
Upper and lower leaves alike, scale-shaped, with long-pointed tips ;
cones about 2 in. long of 25-30 scales, requiring two seasons to
ripen. This is found in groves in moist, protected valleys in the
higher Sierras, from Placer County through Tulare County.

VI. A’BIES, Fir

Tall trees tapering from a rather broad base to a pointed
top, with horizontal branches and brittle wood that soon
decays. Leaves apparently in 2 ranks, generally erect,
twisted at base. Cones erect, near the top of the tree, the scales
and seeds falling away from the axes, which remain like
candles on a Christmas tree. The cones are therefore never
found under the trees, only the fallen scales.

a. A. concolor Lindl. Wuitr Fir. Large trees with old bark
rough, gray, and furrowed. Leaves pale green, obtuse. Cones 3-5
in. long, green or purple when ripe. This is the common fir
of middle elevations in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. It also
extends into Oregon. .

b. A. gran’dis Lindl. Tall and large trees with smooth, brownish
bark. Leaves dark green and glossy on the upper surface, with 2
white lines on the lower, obtuse or notched at apex. Cones 2-4 in.
long. This is probably the tallest fir in the world. It is found
near the coast from northern California to British Columbia and is
one of the most important sources of lumber.

Vil. PICEA, Spruce

Tall trees, shaped as the firs, and with soft but strong
wood. Leaves sessile, spirally arranged, falling from the
branchlets as soon as dry and leaving the stems covered with
numerous tiny projections, sometimes appearing in 2 ranks.
Cones drooping, growing on the upper branches, falling to the
ground when ripe and always to be found under the bearing trees
with the scales spirally arranged on the axes.

a. P. Sitchen’sis Carr. TIpELAND Spruce. Very tall and large
trees with thin, scaly, brownish red bark. Leaves slender, sessile,
with short points at the apex. Cones 13-3 in. long, yellowish.

GYMNOSPERMS ‘Le

This is one of the most important trees of the northern Pacific
coast and is probably the largest spruce in the world. It extends
from northern California to Alaska.

b. P. Engelman’ni Engelm. ENGELMANN SPRUCE, WHITE SPRUCE.
Bark light cinnamon-red, broken into thin loose scales. Young
trees of pyramidal outline ; old trees in forests with long straight
trunks and pyramidal at top. Leaves stiff, ending in a sharp tip.
Branchlets pubescent. Cones cylindrical, about 2 in. long. Wood
white, valuable as timber. This replaces the preceding species east
of the Cascade Mountains.

Vill. TSU’GA, Hemlock Spruce

Similar to the true spruces but with flatter leaves, having
short petioles joined to a hard, woody, persistent base. Seeds
resinous on the surface and cones smaller. Tall trees of
pyramidal outline and slender, drooping branchlets.

a. T. heterophylla Sargent. Bark thick, reddish brown. Cones
less than an inch long, ovate. This is found along the coast from
northern California to Alaska and is one of the most important
timber trees.

b. T. Mertensia’na Sargent (T. Pattonia’na). PATTON’s SPRUCE,
HemMuLock Spruce. ‘Trees with thick, cracked bark, reddish gray
and apt to be scaly. Cones long and slender, 2—5 inches in length.
Seeds with wings almost twice their length. This is shrubby at
great elevations, but when favorably situated becomes a tree more
than a hundred feet high. The apex is slender and pendent and the
trunk generally slopes at base. It is found in the higher Sierra
Nevada Mountains and northward to Alaska, where it grows along
the coast.

IX. PSEUDOTSU’GA, Douglas Spruce

Flowers monecious, from the axils of last year’s leaves.
Staminate clusters subtended by conspicuous involucres of
bud scales; pollen scales with 2 oblong pollen sacs tipped
by an awl-shaped spur. Fertile clusters near the ends of
branchlets, dark red or yellowish green, with scales concealed
by 2-lobed, long, pointed -bracts. Cones oblong, drooping,
maturing in one year, but remaining on the trees after the
seeds have fallen out. The leaves are flat and 2-ranked, on short
petioles. This can easily be distinguished from other conifers
by the fringe-like bracts over the scales of the drooping cone.

18 KEY AND FLORA

P. mucrona’‘ta Sudw. (P. Douglas‘ii Carr), (incorrectly called
OREGON Pine and Rep Fir). This is found in California and
Oregon, and usually grows near streams. It becomes a very tall
tree. The wood is yellow or reddish and rather coarse, and the bark
is fissured.

X. PINUS, Pine

Monecious. Staminate clusters crowded at the base of the
young shoots of the season ; pollen scales spirally arranged,
forming an elongated, cylindrical cluster, with 2 pollen sacs
to each scale (Fig. 1, 2). Fertile flowers of spirally arranged
carpel scales on an axis, each scale bearing 2 ovules at base
(Fig. 1, 3). Fruit a cone ripening the second year, but often
remaining unopened on the tree several years. Leaves ever-
green, needle-shaped, in bundles of from 2-5, enclosed in a
sheath of membranous scales (Fig. 1, d). Seeds generally
winged (Fig. 1, 4).

a. P. Lambertia’‘na Dougl. SuGaAr Pine. Leaves 5 in a sheath,
3-4 in. long. Cones long, narrow, cylindrical, from a foot to more
than 2 ft. long when fully grown, pendent at the ends of the branches
the second year, the scales without knobs or prickles. -This is a very tall
and large pine, with the upper branches widely spreading and with
irregular and picturesque outlines. It is common in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains at moderately high elevations and on most of
the high peaks of the Coast Mountains, extending into Washington
and Oregon.

b. P. montic’ola Dougl. Smaxtyt SuGAr Pine. This is a smaller
tree than the preceding but similar, with leaves 5 in a sheath, about
2 in. long. Cones 3-8 in. long, with the scales without knobs or
prickles, reflexed when the seeds are ripe. This is common in the
higher Sierra Nevada Mountains, especially northward, and extends
into Oregon and Washington at lower elevations.

c. P. pondero’sa Dougl. YreLttow Pine. Leaves 3 in a sheath,
5-11 in. long, rather thick. Cones oval, 3-5 in. long, sessile, spread-
ing or recurved, generally several together; scales with stout prickles.
Wings on the seeds not quite an inch long, widest above the middle.
This is one of the largest pines of the coast. It is found in the
mountains in the same region as the Sugar Pine but more widely
distributed. The variety Jeffreyi is found generally at higher eleva-
tions and has longer, coarser leaves, and much larger cones. ‘This
is the most widely distributed species and one of the most prized
timber trees.

GYMNOSPERMS 19

d. P. contor’ta Dougl. Leaves 2 in a sheath, short. Cones small
and slender, 1-3 in. long, whorled, oblique, often remaining closed
for many years; scales with strong knobs and delicate prickles. This is
a small tree. It is found along the coast from California to Alaska.

Fic. 1.— Scotch Pine (P. sylvestris).
1, a twig showing: a, staminate catkins ; 5, pistillate catkins ; c, a cone; d, needles.
2,an anther: a, side view ; }, outer surface. 3, a carpel scale: a, inner surface ;
b, outer surface. 4, a cone scale, a seed wing, and a seed. 5, section of a seed,
showing the embryo. J is natural size; the other parts of the figure are magni-
fied by the amount indicated by comparison with the vertical line alongside each.

The variety Murrayana is a tall, straight tree, growing in the moun-
tains and known as Lodge-pole Pine, from the use made of the
slender, straight stems by the Indians. It is widely distributed and
variable.

20 KEY AND FLORA

e. P. radia’ta Don (P. insig’nis Dougl.). MonTerey Pine. Leaves
3 in a sheath, 4-6 in. long, slender, lax, closely serrate, bright green,
densely clustered. Cones encircling the stem, deflexed on short stems,
pointed, curved inwards, owing to the difference between the inner and
outer scales. The cones remain on the tree two or more years without
opening. This pine is most extensively cultivated in California for
wind-breaks. It grows nearly 100 ft. in height.

f. P. attenua’ta Lemmon (P. tubercula’ta Gord.). KNoB-CONE PINE.
Leaves 3 in a sheath, 4-7 in. long. Cones in whorls, ofien with several
whorls in a bunch, strongly reflexed on short stems, oblique, tapering to
a very narrow base, with the apex pointed; the outer scales are
enlarged and conical, the inner flatter, both tipped with stout prickles.
The cones persist on the stems and branches many years without
opening. This is a small tree and often begins to bear cones when
a foot or two high. It is found in the Coast Mountains and in the
foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

g. P. Sabinia’na Doug]. Nut Prine, Buti Pine, DieGer PINE.
Leaves 3 in a sheath, 8-12 in. long, light glaucous green, slender, droop-
ing; cones massive, short-oval, 6-10 in. long, 5-7 in. in diameter
near the base, deflexed on short, stout stems ; scales with stout, claw-like
projections. The nuts are edible and have a stony shell, and formed
an important part of the food of the Digger Indians. This tree
generally has loose spreading branches and is very graceful. The
long light-green foliage easily distinguishes it from other pines. The
cones often remain on the branches several years after the seeds have
fallen out. This pine is the most common in the foothills of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains and in the valleys of the Coast Mountains.

ee ae 7
CLASS IT.— AN'GIOSPERMS

Plants with a closed ovary, in which the seeds are matured.
Cotyledons 1-2.

SUBCLASS I.— MONOCOTYLED'ONOUS PLANTS

Stems with the fibro-vascular bundles scattered amid the .
parenchyma cells (f. Fig. 52; e. Fig. 54); in perennial plants
no annual rings of wood. Leaves usually parallel-veined,
alternate, nearly entire. Parts of the flower generally in
threes (never in fives). Cotyledon 1.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ak

“GRAMINEZ. Grass Famity

Mostly herbs, with usually hollow stems, closed and enlarged
at the nodes. Alternate leaves, in 2 ranks, with sheathing
bases, which are split open on the side opposite the blade.
The flowers are nearly or quite
destitute of floral envelopes,
solitary, and borne in the axils
of scaly bracts called glumes,
which are arranged in 2 ranks
overlapping each other on

\}

“GM TKS

v
i 4
\ i
)
J
iy
(

Fic. 2. — Diagram
of Inflorescence
of a Grass.

g, sterile glumes ;
p,aflowering
glume; p.,ascaly

bract (palea) ; e, Fic. 3.— Fescue-grass (Festuca
transparent pratensis).

scales (lodicules) A, spikelet (compare Fig. 2); B, a
at the base of the flower, the lodicules in front and
flower; B, the the palea behind; C, a lodicule ;
flower. D, ovary.

1-many-flowered spikelets; these are variously grouped in
spikes, panicles (f. Figs. 136, A, B, C; e. Fig. 183), and so on.
The fruit is a grain.

yy KEY AND FLORA

(The family is too difficult for the beginner, but the struc-
ture and grouping of the flowers may be gathered from a
careful study of Figs. 2, 3.)

Fic. 4.— Inflorescence, Flower, and Seed of a Sedge.
(Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris.)

A, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogynous bristles ; B, the
seed; C, section of the seed, showing the small embryo enclosed in the
base of the endosperm.

CYPERA’CEZ. SrpGE FAMILY

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with solid, usually triangular
stems, growing in tufts. The sheathing base of the generally
3-ranked leaves, when present, is not slit as in grasses. The

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 2S.

flowers are usually somewhat less enclosed by bracts than
those of grasses; the perianth is absent or rudimentary ;
stamens generally 3; style 2-cleft or 3-cleft.

The flower cluster and the flower may be understood from
an inspection of Fig. 4.

The species are even more difficult to determine than those
of grasses.

ARA’CEZ. Arum FAMILY

Smooth, perennial herbs, generally growing in wet places.
Leaves large, radical or alternate. Flowers sessile, crowded
on a spadix which is surrounded by a broad sheathing spathe.
Perianth in our representative with 4 divisions. Ovary
2-celled and 2-ovuled. Fruit consisting of berries which
coalesce on the spadix.

LYSICHI’TON, Skunk Cabbage

Leaves large, 1-3 ft. long and often a foot broad, growing
from a thick rootstock. Spadix at first covered by a yellow-
ish green spathe, later extending beyond it on a stout
peduncle. Flowers covering the spadix. Stamens 4, oppo-
site the segments of the perianth, with 2-celled anthers
opening upwards.

L. Kamtschatcen’sis Schott. This is found in swamps from
northern California to Alaska. It blooms in May and June. It is
a beautiful plant with large, broad leaves, covering the swamps, but
it has a strong and disagreeable odor, from which the common
name is derived.

LILIA’CEZ. Lity FAMILy

Herbs. Flowers regular and symmetrical, with their parts
3 or some multiple of 3. Ovary 3-celled, free from the
perianth. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds with endosperm
Ljetie: 5: 2. Wigs 8,1).

24 KEY AND FLORA

I. AL’LIUM, Wild Onion

Plants with the odor and taste of onion. Scape from a coated
bulb. Involucre with papery bracts. Pedicels not jointed
under the flowers. Perianth rose-color or white. Stamens 6,
with filaments broadening towards the base, attached to the
perianth. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary, rarely all ripen-
ing. (There are many species, difficult to determine. The
most common are given.)

a. A. serra‘tum Watson. Scape nearly a foot high. Perianth
dark rose-color, with divisions in 2 sets, dissimilar. Ovary with
wart-like crests at summit. Outer bulb coats marked with a horizontally
zigzag veining which tears readily along the veins. This is common
and abundant wherever found.

b. A. unifo/lium Kellogg. Scape usually 2 ft. or more high.
Flowers pale rose-color or white, from 10 to 30 intheumbels. Ovary
smooth at summit. Bulb propagating by a side offshoot, the white outer
coats marked by a delicate, complicated veining. This grows in wet
places and generally has more than one leaf.

c. A. acumina’tum Hook. CRIMSON-FLOWERED ONION. Scapes
4-6 in. high, from a bulb with outer coats, not fibrous, but marked
with hexagonal or quadrangular venation. Leaves narrowly linear.
Bracts of the involucre 2. Flowers crimson, on pedicels nearly an
inch long, in erect umbels. Segments of the perianth recurved, with long,
pointed tips, the inner ones wavy and minutely serrate. Generally grow-
ing in adobe soil, blooming ‘in spring and early summer. It is found
chiefly on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and
north to British Columbia.

d. A. attenuifo/lium Kellogg. Scape slender, from 6 in. to more
than a foot high. Leaves narrow, becoming thread-like at tip.
Bracts of the umbel 2, short, acute. Umbel with many white flowers.
Segments of the perianth pointed, longer than the stamens. Ovary
with 6 crests at summit. Bulb coats often reddish, with a fine, wavy
veining. This is found in wet places in the Coast Mountains, in
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and it extends into Oregon.

e. A. falcifolium H. and A. Scape low, flat, 2-edged. Leaves 2,
flat, broad, sickle-shaped. Bracts2. Flowers deep crimson, the seg-
_ ments of the perianth edged with minute, glandular teeth. Capsule
pointed with short, narrow crests. Bulb large and globular, the mark-
ings on the coats not distinctive. This is found in sandy or gravelly
places on the hills of the Coast Mountains, especially northward,
extending to Oregon,

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 25

II. MUIL’LA

Similar to Allium, but without the odor and taste. Flowers
greenish yellow. Bracts of the umbels from 4 to6, linear-
lanceolate. Ovules 8-10 in each cell of the ovary.

M. marit’‘ima Watson. ‘This is found in the interior of the state
and along the coast, frequently growing in alkaline soil. The
flowers have a delicate perfume.

Ill. BLOOME’RIA, Golden Stars

Perianth of 6 nearly equal, spreading divisions; light
orange, with a dark midnerve of 2 closely parallel lines.
Pedicels jointed under the perianth. Stamens 6, with slender
filaments nearly as long as the perianth,— each, at base, at-
tached to a short 2-toothed, hairy appendage ; these uniting to
form a cup at the base of the perianth. Ovules several in each
cell of the ovary.

B. au’rea Kellogg. GoLpEN BLoomeEriA, GOLDEN STARs. Bulb
small, densely covered with brownish fibers. Flowers usually nu-
merous in the umbel. Capsule beaked with the persistent style.
From Monterey to San Diego, and abundant wherever found.

IV. BRODIZ’A, GENERALLY KNOWN As BRODIZA,

SOMETIMES CALLED Wild Hyacinth

Corm coated with brownish fibers (sometimes tissue-like),
flat on the bottom when the old part is removed. Leaves
generally withering soon. Pedicels of various lengths, jointed
under the perianth. Flowers withering and persisting, white,
blue-purple, rose-color, yellow, or scarlet ; in shape tubular,
rotate, or funnel-form. Stamens in 2 sets, 3 or 6, attached to
the tube of the perianth, often with wing-like appendages on
the filaments ; when 3, alternating with petal-like staminodia.
(Staminodia are filaments, usually broadened, without anthers.)

(There are 5 subgenera which Professor Greene regards
as genera; so, to avoid confusion, the species are arranged
under the subgenera.)

26 KEY AND FLORA

SUBGENUS DICHELOSTEM’MA. Perianth tubular, 3 stamens with
erect anthers and wing-like appendages on each side of the filaments, the
other 3 free or reduced to staminodia.

a. B. capita’‘ta Benth. Grass Nuts, Bropi#a, Wiitp Hya-
cINTH (often incorrectly Wi~tp Ontons). Flowers blue-purple
(rarely white), in a close umbel, like a head. Bracts of the invo-
lucre membranous, dark purple. Stamens with anthers 6, the inner
anthers nearly sessile with wing-like appendages, the outer free, on short
filaments ; the appendages of the inner anthers form a crown in the
throat of the perianth. This is abundant and widely distributed. The
children eat the bulbs and call them “ grass nuts.”

b. B. volw’bilis Baker (Strophilir’ion). Twrninc Hyacinru.
Perianth rose-color, with a 6-angled tube nearly as long as the
divisions. Three stamens with anthers and wing-like appendages, 3
emarginate staminodia. Scape long, twining snake-like around other
stems. The color of the flowers and shape of the umbel might lead
one to suppose this a wild onion. It is common in the foothills of
the Sierras and is found also in the Coast Mountains.

c. B. coccin’ea Gray (Brevoor’tia). FIRECRACKER FLOWER.
Perianth with a scarlet tube nearly an inch long, and 6 short and
broad green divisions. Three stamens with wing-like appendages,
8 staminodia. The staminodia and appendages are yellow. The
scape is long and wavy, but not twining. ‘These brilliant flowers
hang, as if too heavy to stand erect on their slender pedicels.
Northern California.

SUBGENUS HOOK’ERA. Perianth tubular-funnel-shaped with a
spreading border. Flowers purplish blue, lighter colored at base, thick
in texture. Pedicels unequal. Stamens 3, with erect anthers alternating
with 3 petal-like staminodia.

d. B. grandiflora Smith. Scape from a few inches to a foot in
height. Pedicels 3-10, curved outwards and upwards, from | to 4 in.
long. Anthers twice as long as the slender filaments. Staminodia
white, tongue-shaped, as long as the anthers. The flowers of this are
sometimes nearly an inch long. This blooms in summer later than
other species growing in the same localities. Quite common.

e. B. terres‘tris Kellogg. Grounp Lity. Scape scarcely appear-
ing above the surface of the ground. Flowers smaller than the
last. Staminodia yellowish, emarginate, folded backwards. Common
in central California and extending northwards.

SUBGENUS CALLIPRO’RA. Stamens 6, with versatile anthers.
Filaments attached to the throat of the perianth, winged their entire length,
3-forked at top, with the anther on the middle prong.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS rat

jf. B. ixioi'des Watson. GoLtpEN Bropr#a. Perianth funnel-
form, with short tube and spreading divisions which are yellow with
a brown midvein. Capsule on a stipe.

SUBGENUS TRITELE'A. Stamens 6, 3 on the throat, 3 below on
the tube, with no appendages on the filaments. Anthers versatile. Capsule
on a stipe.

g. B. lax’a Watson. Grass Livies, ITHURIEL’s SPEAR, BLUE
Mitia. Scape erect from 1 to 2 ft. high. Flowers usually many, on
pedicels 2-4 in. long, blue to violet (sometimes white). Perianth
funnel-form, narrow at base. Capsule on a prominent stipe. This is
common and very lovely. The flowers are sometimes an inch or
more long. From Kern County to northern Oregon.

h. B. Douglas’ii. Scape stout, erect, a foot or two high. Leaves
keeled. Flowers blue, on short pedicels. Perianth broadly tubular,
with lobes about as long as the tube. Oregon and Washington.

SUBGENUS HESPEROCOR’DUM. Stamens 6, filaments without ap-
pendages, equal, dilated, and united at base.

7. B.lac’tea Watson. Scape slender, from 1 to2 ft. high. Flowers
numerous, on pedicels from 1 to 2 in. long. Perianth funnel-form, thin
in texture, white with a green midvein on each division. Anthers
yellow or purple, erect. Capsule almost round, beaked by the pointed
style, stipitate. In northern California and north to Washington.

V. LIL’IUM, True Lilies

Flowers in racemes or whorls on tall, leafy stems. Bulbs
formed of thick, lanceolate scales. Perianth deciduous, funnel-
form, with 6 nearly equal, spreading divisions. Anthers linear,
versatile, on long filaments. Ovary sessile. Fruit a pod, with
2 rows of flat seeds in each cell. Leaves often in whorls,
net-veined. Bracts leaf-like. Nectary a narrow groove.

a. L. Washingtonia’‘num Kellogg. WaAsHINGTON LiLy. Stems
simple, from 2 to 5 ft. high. Leaves in whorls of from 6 to 10,
oblanceolate. Flowers large, pure white, or dotted with purple, fading
purplish, from 2 to 20, hanging on ascending pedicels in a simple or
compound raceme. Perianth divisions not recurved. The flowers are
fragrant, from 3 to 4 in. long and spreading nearly as wide. This
fine lily generally grows in the shade, in the higher Sierra Nevada
Mountains and in Oregon.

28 KEY AND FLORA

b. L. pardali‘num Kellogg. Ticer Lity, LEoparp Lity. Stems
simple, 3-7 ft. high, from a bulb like a thick rootstock, forming
clumps. Leaves acuminate in whorls of from 9 to 15, lanceolate,
pointed, 3-nerved, varying in width. Flowers in racemes, the lowest
often whorled, nodding at the ends of long spreading pedicels.
Perianth orange below, spotted with reddish purple; segments curled
backwards. Anthers red. This is frequent along streams under
the trees, in the Coast and Sierra Nevada Mountains.

c. L. Humbold’tii Roezl. and Leicht. HumsBo.tpt’s Lity, TIGER
Lity. Stems stout, purplish, 4-8 ft. high, from bulbs 2-6 in. in
diameter composed of fleshy, ovate-lanceolate scales 2-3 in. long.
Leaves large, with undulate, rough margins, in 4-6 whorls and with
10-20 in each whorl. Flowers large, drooping, on stout widely
spreading pedicels which are from a few inches to nearly a foot long.
Segments of the perianth 3-4 in. long, reddish orange, spotted with
purple, curled back. Stamens about equaling the style, anthers red.
Capsule large, sharply 6-angled. This blooms in summer and is
frequent in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and south
to near San Diego.

d. L. par’vum Kellogg. Smatu TiGer Lity. Stems slender, 1 to
more than 6 ft. high, from a small bulb composed of short, thick,
jointed scales. Leaves scattered or in whorls, 2—5 in. long. Flowers
small, erect, or nearly so, on slender, almost erect pedicels. Segments of
the perianth about an inch long, orange, spotted with purple, reddish at
the recurved spreading tips. Stamens almost as long as the style.
Capsule roundish, less than an inch long. This is frequent in the
Sierra Nevada Mountains and north to Oregon.

e. L. Columbia’num Hanson. Bulb small, with fleshy white scales
closely folded over each other. Stems slender, 2—3 ft. high. Upper
and lower leaves scattered, the others in whorls of 5-several, oblanceo-
late. Flowers nodding, few or many, on scattered, slender, curving
pedicels. Perianth bright orange spotted with purple, the segments
1-2 in. long, revolute. Anthers yellow. Capsule an inch long,
6-angled. This beautiful lily is common in Washington and Oregon
and is found in northern California. ~

VI. FRITILLA/RIA, Mission Bells, Rice Roots

Stems simple, leafy. Bulb with round, thick scales, often
like grains of rice. Flowers in racemes, nodding on rather
short pedicels. Perianth bell-shaped with separate divisions,
nectary a shallow pit.

a. F. lanceola’ta Pursh. CurckereD Liry. Leaves in from
1 to 3 whorls, lanceolate, 2-5 in. long. Flowers on slender pedicels,

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 29

checkered variously in dark purple and greenish yellow. Pods with
winged angles. Bulb solid, not dividing into scales, but with rice-like
grains over the whole upper surface. In the Coast Mountains extend-
ing to British Columbia.

b. F. biflo’ra Lindl. CuHocoLate Liry. Leaves scattered or some-
times whorled. Flowers 1-3, brownish red or sometimes greenish
purple. Pod angled but not winged. Bulb composed of thick, separable
scales and without rice-like grains. More common southward.

ce. F. recur’va Benth. Stem rather stout and tall, generally more
than a foot high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, in 2 whorls near the
middle of the stem. Flowers 1—9, scarlet spotted with yellow, obtuse at
base. This is found in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and it extends
northward into Oregon.

d. F. coccin’ea Greene. This is similar to the above, but the flowers
are acute at the base. It is found in the Coast Mountains.

e. F. atropurpu’rea Nutt. Stem 6 in. toa foot high. Leaves scat-
tered or whorled. Flowers dull purplish or greenish, often imperfect,
less than an inch across when expanded. Pod with 3 short angles, broad-
est at the top. From northeastern California to the Columbia River.

jf. F. pudica Spreng. Stems 3-8 in. high. Leaves few, scattered
or whorled. Flowers generally solitary, yellow or orange and tinged
with crimson. Pod oblong, with angles obtuse. From east of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains to British Columbia.

VII. ERYTHRO’NIUM, Dog-tooth Violet, Adder’s Tongue

Seapes from an oblong, deep-seated corm, generally with a
tooth-like offshoot. Leaves broad, often mottled with brownish
red, generallg 2 at the base, spreading in opposite directions.
Flowers one or several in an umbel. Perianth nodding, open
bell-shaped, of 6 recurved divisions. Stamens 6, with erect
anthers and slender filaments. Pods 3-sided.

a. E. gigante’um Lindl. Scape from 10 to 15 in. high. Flowers 1-6
in an umbel. Leaves often mottled, 6-10 in. long. Flowers cream-
color, often tinged with pink or brown, yellow in the center. Seg-
ments 1-2 in. long, much recurved. In the Coast Mountains from
Sonoma County to Washington.

b. E. Hartwe’gi Watson. Scape shorter. Leaves generally mottled,
sometimes 3. Flowers pale yellow, orange at the center, with segments
1-1} in. long, recurved but little. - Flowers on slender stems, from 1 to 5,
in a sessile umbel. This is found in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

c. E. grandiflo’rum Pursh. Leaves not mottled. Flowers 1-6, yellow
or cream color, with the base of the perianth white. Anthers purple.

30 KEY AND FLORA

Pods oblong, narrowed at base. This is common in Washington
and Oregon.

Vill. YUC’CA, Spanish Bayonet, Soapweed

Leaves stiff and pointed like daggers, growing in a bunch.
Flowers in a raceme or panicle. Perianth of 6 thick divisions,
bell-shaped, nodding. Stamens with thick filaments attached
to the base of the perianth. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 3, united.
Fruit with cells incompletely divided. Seeds black, flat, 2 rows
in each cell.

a. Y. Whip’plei Torr. Scape 4-12 ft. high and about 2 in. in
diameter, clothed with sharp-pointed bracts close to the stem, rising
from amidst a thick bunch of narrow, dagger-like leaves. Flowers
in a panicle. Segments of the perianth cream-color, 1-2 in. long.
The plant from which the scape springs dies after fruiting; but the
dead scapes often remain standing like slender white posts on the
hillsides.

b. Y. arbores’cens Torr. This is the tree Yucca of the Mojave
Desert. (f. Part I, Plate VII.

IX. CALOCHOR’TUS, Butterfly Tulip, Mariposa Lily ~~

Perianth with 3 outer segments sepal-like, the 3 inner petal-
like, each with a large honey-gland near the base, densely covered
with hairs. Flowers erect or drooping, solitary, in racemes
or in umbels, beautifully and variously colored. Stamens 6,
with erect anthers. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the ovary.

a. C. alb’us Dougl. Satin Bett, Harry Brett, ALABASTER
Ture. Flowers white, or pinkish with a satiny texture. Segments
of the perianth curved inwards, forming a close roundish bell in shape
something like a sleigh bell, very hairy within. Gland crescent-shaped,
almost concealed by the long hairs of the perianth. Anthers linear-
oblong, tipped by a blunt point. Capsule winged. The stems are
rather tall, leafy and branching, bearing numerous flowers. This
grows on shady banks in the Coast Mountains.

b. C. pulchellus Dougl. GotpEN Betis. Flowers shaped as the
preceding, yellow, hairy within and on the margins ; flowers rather few.
This has been mistaken for the next, which is much commoner.

c. C. amab’‘ilis Purdy. DroGenes’ LANTERN. Similar to the
above, but the flowers are more numerous, smaller, and the segments
of the perianth curve inwards so much that they overlap, hairy on the
margin only. This is common in northern California.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS oi

d. C.ame’nus Greene. Rosy Betis. This is similar to C. amabilis
in form, but is deep rose-color. It grows in the foothills of the
southern Sierra Nevada Mountains.

e. C. Ben’thami Baker, YELLOW Star Tutips. Flowers bell-
shaped with incurved petals, erect when open. Petals yellow, densely
covered with yellow hairs, the gland shallow and crescent-shaped
above the brown claw. Capsules nodding on slender recurved pedi-
cels. Low slender plants with from 2 to 6 flowers. Common in the
Sierra Nevada Mountains from Mariposa to Siskiyou County.

jf. C. Mawea’nus Leicht. Movusz-Ears. Flowers less than an inch
in diameter, with spreading divisions, erect in full bloom, white or
bluish. Inner divisions of the perianth densely covered with long
white or purplish hairs. Honey-gland semicircular. Anthers
pointed. Capsule winged, nodding. Stems low, branched, with
from 3 to 6 flowers. Common in northern California. Spring.

g. C. elegans Pursh. Scape 2—5-flowered, generally shorter than
the single grass-like leaf. Flowers on short thread-like pedicels
which are not much longer than the bracts. Petals about 4 inch
long, white, with a smooth purple spot at base, covered on the inside with
purple down. Pods nodding. The roots are eaten by the Indians.
It is found from Oregon and Idaho to British Columbia. Spring.

h. C. uniflo’rus H. & A. Scapes erect with 1-3 flowers. Petals
lilac, an inch long, with the upper margin denticulate ; gland purple,
densely hairy, with a few scattered hairs on the petal above. Pods
nodding. ‘This is found in middle California near the coast. Spring.

7. C. umbella’tus Wood. Scapes low and often decumbent.
Flowers generally many in 1-3 umbels or corymbs on long slender
pedicels. Petals white or tinged with pink about } inch long, with
some hairs on the lower half; gland covered with a narrow scale.
Pods obtuse at each end, nodding. This is found on slopes of hills in
the Coast Mountains of middle California. Spring.

j- C. nu’dus Watson. Low and slender with one leaf. Flowers
1-6 in one umbel. Petals white or pale lilac, fan-shaped, denticu-
late on the upper margin, wholly without hairs ; gland shallow, divided
by a transverse, denticulate scale. Pod acute at each end, nodding.
This is found in the Sierra Nevada Mountains from the Yosemite
northward. Early summer.

k. C. clava’tus Watson. Erect stems a foot or two high. Flowers
tulip-shaped, erect. Sepals yellow on the inner side, with a brownish
spot at base, greenish on the outer side. Petals yellow, with a deep,
round gland surrounded by yellow, club-shaped hairs. Anthers purple,
obtuse. Pod erect, narrowly oblong, with thick, obtusely angled
cells. Southern California. Early summer.

l. C. Weed’ii Wood. Stem branching, leafy, a foot or more high.
Sepals as long as the petals, orange on the inner side with a brown

32 KEY AND FLORA

spot at base. Petals 1-1} in. long, fan-shaped, deep yellow, dotted and
often margined with brownish purple, covered with slender yellow or
purple hairs; gland small, round, densely hairy. Pod erect, narrowed
to the top, 14 in. long. ‘The variety purpuras’cens Watson has the
petals wholly purple or blotched with purple. ‘These are common in
southern California. Early summer.

m. C. luteus Dougl. GoLpEN TuLip. Flowers erect, tulip-shaped,
greenish yellow, and variously marked with brownish purple, slightly
hairy within. Honey-gland round or crescent-shaped, densely covered
with yellow hairs. Anthers yellow, linear-oblong, obtuse. Capsule
erect, narrowed towards the top. This is the most widely distributed
species and is quite variable. Early summer.

n. C. lu’teus var. ocula’tus Watson. ‘This is similar to C. luteus,
except in the color and markings of the petals. They are white,
cream, or purple, with a central brownish spot which is usually bordered
with yellow. The claw is yellow or purplish, and the gland is narrowly
crescent-shaped and covered with brownish or yellowish hairs. This
includes a great variety of color forms, and has a wide range. It is
the commonest species in the northern Californian valleys, and is
found in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast Mountains from Fresno
County to Oregon. Early summer.

o. C. Nuttal’lii Torr. & Gray. Stem always bearing a small bulb
at base. Flowers erect, tulip-shaped, 1—several in umbel-like clusters.
Sepals ovate lanceolate with papery margins, generally yellowish
within. Petals white or tinged with lilac, with a purplish spot
above the yellow base. Gland round or oblong, densely hairy, and
surrounded by long, scattered hairs. Anthers obtuse, sagittate at base.
Capsule erect, narrowed upwards. This is found in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains, especially northward, to Oregon. Early
summer.

p. C. venus’tus Benth. Butrrerrity Ture. Flowers erect, tulip-
shaped, white, often tinged with lilac, or purplish throughout, generally
marked with a red spot near the top of the petals, like a drop of blood.
Honey-gland narrowly oblong, hairy. The markings above the glands
are beautiful and exceedingly variable. Pods erect. This is widely
distributed in various forms. Early summer. .

q. C. splen’dens Dougl. Litac Tuite. Flowers erect, tulip-shaped,
lilac above with scattered white hairs, paler beneath. Gland round,
densely hairy, sometimes wanting. Anthers purple, obtuse or acute.
Pods erect. This is common in the southern parts of California.
Early summer. |

r. C. macrocar’pus Dougl. Stems stout, erect, 1-2 ft. high, with
1-2 tulip-shaped flowers. Leaves 3-5, narrow, convolute. Sepals
about as long as the petals, narrowly pointed, lilac on the inner side.
Petals obovate with pointed apex, 14-2 inches long, dark lilac, paler at

7

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ae

base and with a greenish line down the middle; gland oblong, densely
hairy, and with some scattered glandular hairs above. Pods erect,
narrowed upwards, about 2 inches long. This is found from north-
ern California to Washington and Idaho. Summer.

X. CAMAS’SIA, Camass

Flowers usually deep blue in a simple raceme with papery
bracts. Perianth of 6 oblanceolate segments, spreading open.
Stamens 6, on the base of the perianth. Style slender, with
3 divisions. This has a coated bulb and grows in swampy
places. The flowers are rarely white.

C. esculen’ta Lindl. Scape from 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves many, near
the base, keeled. Style as long as the perianth. Stamens shorter,
with awl-shaped filaments and linear, versatile anthers. The bulbs
are eaten by the Indians. This grows through middle California
and north to Washington. Early summer.

XI. CHLOROG’ALUM, Soap Plant, Amole

Stems almost leafless from a bulb, either fibrous or mem-
branous-coated. Leaves mostly radical, linear, with very wavy
margins. Flowering branches widely spreading, with the
flowers scattered on short pedicels. Perianth of 6 oblong
spreading segments which persist and become twisted over the
ovary. Stamens 6, shorter than the segments, to which they
are adnate at base. Capsule 3-lobed, broadest at top, with
1 or 2 black seeds in each cell.

C. pomeridia’‘num Kunth. Soap Piant, Amo.te. Bulb large,
covered with coarse brown fibers. Leaves 6-18 in. long, and nearly
an inch wide. Flowers with the white segments veined with purple,
spreading widely from the very base. Pedicels nearly as long as the
flowers. The flowers open suddenly in the afternoon, and are con-
spicuous on the leafless stems. The bulb is used as a substitute for
soap. It is widely distributed and blooms in summer.

XII. ZYGADE’NUS

Stems stout from a deep bulb. Leaves linear, chiefly near
the base of the stem. lowers in racemes or panicled racemes.
Perianth greenish white, spreading star-like, with a greenish

34 KEY AND FLORA

yellow gland at the base of the segments. Stamens nearly free,
with filaments at first recurved.

a. Z. Fremon‘ti Torr. Bulb with outer coats almost black. Stems
from a few inches to about 4 ft. high. Racemes simple or compound,
with few or many flowers. Bracts leaf-like. Flowers from less than
a half inch to nearly an inch in diameter. Perianth entirely free from
the ovary; outer segments without a claw, inner with claws. Glands
wavy. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Styles short. Capsule
oblong, 5-lobed, septicidally dehiscent. Spring.

b. Z. veneno’sus Watson. Dratna Camass, Hoe’s Poraro.
Flowers smaller than the preceding, generally in a simple raceme,
the lower sometimes staminate. Segments of the perianth from
triangular-ovate to elliptical, with blades rounded or slightly cordate
at base, all with claws. Capsule oblong-ovate with 2 seeds in each
cell. This grows in wet meadows or along streams. The bulb is
said to be poisonous, except to hogs. Spring.

XIII. SMILACI’NA, False Solomon’s Seal

Stems from a horizontal rootstock, simple, leafy. lowers
white, very small, in a simple or compound terminal raceme.
Anthers versatile on awl-shaped filaments. Fruit a berry.

a. S. amplexicau’lis Nutt. Stems from 1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves
broad, half clasping the stem. Flowers very small, in an oblong or
pyramidal panicle. Filaments equaling or even surpassing the divi-
sions of the perianth in length and breadth. Fruit a light-red berry
with darker dots. This is common in rich, shady woods. Spring.

b. S. sessilifo’‘lia Nutt. Stems not so tall. Leaves narrower and
lighter green. Raceme simple, with star-like flowers on spreading pedicels.
Stems half as long as the divisions of the perianth. Berry green
with red lines, becoming dark red when fully ripe. This is common
in shady woods. Spring.

XIV. DIS’PORUM (PROSAR’TES), Fairy Bells, Drops of Gold

Stems from a spreading rootstock, widely branching, leafy.
Leaves alternate, sessile or clasping. lowers greenish white,
bell-shaped, hanging under the leaves from the upper azxils.
Fruit an orange or salmon-color berry.

a. D. Menzie’sii Benth. & Hook. Perianth broad at base, with
divisions somewhat swollen. Stamens shorter than the perianth.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 35

Style 3-cleft. Leaves ovate, pointed, often cordate at base. Fruit a
pear-shaped, salmon-color berry. This grows along the banks of
streams in shady woods of the Coast Mountains. Spring.

b. D. Hook’eri Benth. & Hook. Perianth narrow at base, with
spreading segments. Stamens equaling or surpassing the perianth.
Leaves ovate, deeply cordate at base, rough to the touch. Fruit an
orange, obovate berry, somewhat pubescent. This grows in shady
woods, but not close to the water. Spring.

c. D. trachyan’drum Benth. & Hook. This is similar to the last,
with the stamens shorter than the perianth. Fruit smooth, with a
stout beak. This grows in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Spring.

XV. CLINTO’NIA

Stems very short from a rootstock. Leaves all from the
base, large, oblanceolate, sheathing, with many veins and the
veinlets transverse. Flowers solitary or on a scape-like
peduncle, in umbels or whorls. Perianth of 6 oblanceolate
divisions, soon falling to pieces. Stamens on the segments of
the perianth with thread-like filaments and versatile anthers.
Ovary sessile, 2—5-celled. Fruit a beautiful blue berry, smooth
and glossy. Seeds few to many.

a. C. uniflora Kunth. Covered more or less with woolly hairs.
Stem above ground scarcely any. Leaves 4-8 in. long, 1-2 in.
broad, narrowed at base. Peduncle shorter than the leaves, bearing 1, or
rarely 2, white flowers, erect, nearly an inch across. This beautiful and
delicate flower grows in the woods and is found from northern
California to British Columbia. It blooms in late spring or summer.

b. C. Andrewsia’na Torr. Almost smooth. Stem 2-6 in. long,
bearing 5 or 6 large leaves nearly a foot long and 2-4 in. wide, bright
green and very luxuriant, forming a circular bunch around the tall
scape, which is a foot or two high. Flowers generally many, in umbels
or whorled fascicles, deep rose-color, pendent. Perianth broad at base,
34-1 in. long. This is found in the redwood groves and is in bloom
in early summer. It is one of the most conspicuous plants, whether
in fruit or flower or with only its tropical-looking leaves.

XVI. STREP’TOPUS, Twisted Stalk

Stems from slender, creeping rootstocks, leafy, glaucous,
branching in pairs. Leaves alternate, sessile, lance-shaped,
veinlets transverse. Flowers usually solitary from the leaf

36 KEY AND FLORA

axils, on slender, simple or forked peduncles, bell-shaped, greenish
white, with the divisions recurved at tip. Fruit a round berry
with 3 cells and many seeds.

S. amplexifo‘lius DC. Stems 2-5 ft. high. Leaves heart-shaped
at base, 2-5 in. long, rough on the margins. Perianth about half
an inch long. This is found in damp, shady places from northern
California to Washington. It blooms in the spring.

XVII. TRIL’LIUM, Wake Robin

Stems erect, naked up to the three leaves which are in a
whorl under the flower. Leaves netted-veined, large and
broad. Perianth withering, but not falling. Outer divisions
(sepals) greenish, inner (petals) colored. Filaments short.
Anthers long, erect. Stigmas sessile on the sessile ovary.

a. T. sessile L. Leaves broad, round-ovate, often mottled with
reddish brown, crowded. Flowers and leaves sessile. Petals white,
rose-color, deep wine-color, or greenish yellow. This is common in
woods near the coast. It is exceedingly variable in the size and
shape of the leaves and parts and color of the flowers.

6. T. ova’‘tum Pursh. Leaves on short petioles, ovate, acute or
pointed. Flowers on a peduncle from 1 to 3 in. long. Petals white,
turning rose-color as they fade. This has the same range as the
preceding, but is usually earlier and less common.

c. T. petiola’‘tum Pursh. Stem short. Leaves ovate to kidney-
shaped, with petioles equaling or longer than the blade. Flowers sessile.
Petals narrowly oblanceolate, a little longer than the sepals, dull
purple. This is found through Oregon and Washington.

AMARYLLIDA’CEZ. Crntury PLANT FAMILY

Mostly smooth perennial herbs, sending up from the root a
scape and leaves which show no distinction between petiole
and blade. Stamens 6. Tube of the 6-parted perianth adnate
to the 3-celled ovary. Capsule 3-celled, several or many seeded.
The Chinese Sacred Lily, the Narcissus, Jonquil, and Daffodils
belong to this family.

— oe

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 37

I. AGA’VE, Century Plant, American Aloe

Plants with large, thick, spiny-pointed and spiny-toothed
leaves. The flowers are numerous on short bracted pedicels,
in spikes or panicles, at the summit of a tall woody scape
clothed with bracts. The perianth is thick and fleshy, tubular
or bell-shaped, with the 6 divisions nearly equal. Filaments
bent in the bud, but becoming straight and extending beyond
the perianth. Capsule leathery, with numerous flattened black
seeds. Different species of Century Plants are common in
cultivation, and several species are native in desert regions.
It blooms in California when 10 to 20 years old. _ “ Pulque,”
a Mexican drink, is made from the sap of some species.

II. NARCIS’SUS, Narcissus, Jonquil

Flowers with a cup-shaped crown at the throat of the perianth.
Tube of the perianth somewhat cylindrical, the 6 divisions
of the border widely spreading. Stamens 6, inserted in the
tube. Scapes with 1 to several flowers from a thin, dry
spathe.

N. Tazet’‘ta. CHINESE SAcRED Lity. Flowers white, with yellow
cup; fragrant. Leaves and scapes from a large bulb, like an onion.
This is cultivated especially by the Chinese and usually grows in
water. It is in bloom during the winter, about the time of the
Chinese New Year, and can readily be obtained for class study.

IRIDA’CEZ. Iris FAmMILy

Herbs with equitant 2-ranked leaves. Flowers showy,
perfect. Tube of the perianth attached to the ovary, which
is enclosed by spathe-like bracts. Stamens 3, with anthers
turned outwards. Style 1, stigmas 3, often petal-like. Capsule
3-celled and many-seeded.

I. IRIS, Blue Flag, Fleur de Lis, Flower de Luce

Sepals 3, turned backwards, larger than the 3 erect petals.
Stamens 3, distinct, borne on the sepals. Anthers long, and

38 KEY AND FLORA

covered by the petal-like branches of the style. Perennials
with dagger-shaped leaves and large rootstocks.

a. I. macrosi’phon Torr. Stems low, forming mats of bright green,
narrow, erect leaves, amid which the flowers arise, overtopped by the
leaves. Perianth with a slender tube from 1 to 4 in. long, easily break-
ing. Flowers dark blue, rarely cream-color.

b. I. Douglasia’na Herbert. ‘Taller than the last, but also growing
in mats. Leaves dark green, rose-color at base, laxly spreading.
Stems bent about the middle. Tube of the perianth slender, an inch
or more long. Flowers variable in color; cream, rose-color, violet,
and purplish blue. This is the most widely distributed species.

c. I. longipet’ala Herbert. Stems stout, more than a foot high.
Leaves glaucous. Flowers larger than the preceding. /Perianth
funnel-form at base, sessile on the ovary. Sepals from 2 to 3 in. long,
beautifully veined with yellow and violet. Petals shorter. Petal-like
branches of the style with broad crests. This Iris covers acres of
ground in low places near San Francisco.

d. I. Missourien’sis. Stems slender, the few leaves shorter than
the stem. Bracts papery, dilated. Flowers blue, generally 2 in a
spathe. Sepals and petals 2 or 3 in. long, with narrow claws. This
grows in moist or wet places and is widely distributed. It blooms
in spring.

II. SISYRIN’CHIUM, Blue-eyed Grass, Star-eyed Grass

Perianth 6-parted, with the spreading divisions all alike.
Stamens monadelphous. Stigmas 35-cleft, very slender, usually
twisted together. These are small grass-like perennials, with
pretty flowers that soon wither, borne on slender scapes.

a. S. bel’lum Watson. BLUE-EYED Grass. Stems usually about
a foot high. Leaves shorter. Spathes 2, nearly equal, enveloping
the flowers in bud. Flowers 4-7, purplish blue, yellow at the center.
Divisions 3-toothed or tipped with a point. Stamens with the filaments
united to the anthers. Stigmas short, hardly apparent. Capsule
globular. This is common in damp places.

b. S. grandiflo’rum Dougl. Scapes about a foot high. Spathe with
1-4 flowers, flattened but not winged, surpassing the leaves. Bracts
broad, unequal, the larger exceeding the flowers. Perianth an inch
and a half across, reddish purple, occasionally white. Filaments
united only at the broad base. Style merely cleft at apex. This most
beautiful species ranges from northern California to British Columbia.

c. §. Califor’‘nicum Ait. STAR-EYED GRASS, GOLDEN-EYED GRASS.
Scape winged, a foot or more high, longer than the leaves. Flowers

——

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 39

from 3 to 7, yellow, nearly an inch in diameter. Spathe 1. Filaments
united at base only. Style divided to the middle. Capsule oblong.
This stains the paper purple when it is pressed. It grows in swampy
places near the ocean.

ORCHIDA’CEZ. Orcuis FAMILY

Perennials, with perfect flowers of peculiar shapes, perianth
of 6 divisions adnate to the 1-celled ovary, which contains an
immense number of ovules. The stamens are 1 or 2, united
with the pistil. The pollen is of a few waxy grains, held
together by cobweb-like threads. The family is difficult, and
the specimens are so rare that they should not be collected in
large numbers for class study. The most familiar genera are
Cypripe'dium, Lady’s Slipper; Spiran'thes, Ladies’ Tresses ;
Habena'ria ; and Epipac'tis.

SUBCLASS II.—DICOTYLED'ONOUS PLANTS

Stems composed of bark, wood, and pith ; in woody stems
which live over from year to year, the wood is generally in
annual rings, traversed at right angles by medullary rays.
Leaves netted-veined. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more).

Drviston I

APETALOUS PLANTS. FLOWERS WITHOUT A COROLLA, OFTEN
WITHOUT A CALYX. CALYX OFTEN COLORED LIKE A
COROLLA.

PIPERA/CEZ. YererRBA Mansa FAMILY

Perennial herbs with jointed or scape-like stems. Leaves
entire, with petioles dilated at base, and without stipules.
Flowers perfect, without perianth, in dense terminal spikes,
with a bract under each flower. Stigmas 1-5, stamens 3-6
or more.

40 KEY AND FLORA

HOUTTUY’NIA (ANEMOP’SIS), Yerba Mansa

Herbs with aromatic, creeping rootstocks, and most of the
leaves radical. Flowers in spikes, subtended by a corolla-like
involucre on a few-leaved stem. Sepals and petals none, a
petal-like bract under each flower. Stamens on the base of
the ovary. Ovaries, sunk in the fleshy axis of the spike, each
consisting of several follicles, which open and appear to form
a 1-celled pod with several parietal placentz ; when ripe,
opening at the apex, leaving the old spikes full of regularly
arranged holes.

H. Califor’‘nica Benth. & Hook. Yrersa Mansa. This grows in
saline or alkaline swamps, and has reputed medicinal value.

MYRICA’CEZ. WaAx-MYRTLE FAMILY

Monecious or dicecious trees or shrubs. Leaves fragrant,
alternate. Flowers in short sessile catkins with one naked
flower under each scale. Staminate flowers of about 10
stamens with united filaments. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled,
with 2 sessile thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small, round,
dark purple nut, unevenly coated on the rough surface with
grayish white wax.

Myri‘ca Califor’nica Cham. Flowers usually androgynous. Leaves
evergreen, leathery, oblanceolate, dark green and glossy above, some-
what whitened below, serrate above the base, and narrowed to a

short petiole. Catkius solitary or in thick clusters. From Monterey
to Washington in moist places.

SALICA’/CEZ. Wittow FAmILy

Dicecious trees or shrubs. Flowers in catkins (f. Fig. 131 ;
e. Figs. 108, 121), destitute of perianth. Fruit a 1-celled pod
with numerous seeds, provided with rather long and silky
down (usually called cotton), by means of which they are
transported by the wind.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 41

I. SA’LIX, Willow

Trees or shrubs, growing near water. Leaves generally
long and pointed ; with stipules generally present on young
shoots, disappearing from the older leaves. Stamens 1-6 to
each scale of the staminate catkin. On the pistillate catkin
the pods are small, ovate, pointed, splitting from the top into
two pieces. In bud the catkins are covered with scales that
fall off. (The following species generally occur as trees,
sometimes also as shrubs.)

a. S. nigra Marsh. Brack Wititow. Trunk nearly black, gen-
erally leaning over the water. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed,
closely serrate, smooth and light green on both sides. Catkins on
leafy branchlets. Pods brownish on short pedicels. Stamens 3-5 to
each scale. Along the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers.

b. S. leviga’ta Bebb. Trunk straight, with dark brown bark. Leaves
rather thick, glossy green above, glaucous beneath. Scales of the
catkin toothed. Otherwise much like the preceding, but with broader
leaves. Widely distributed.

c. S. lasiol’epis Benth. Trunk generally straight, with grayish
brown bark, almost smooth. Leaves thick, oblanceolate, unequally
serrate, glaucous and brown-hairy beneath. The young leaves are
closely covered with silky hairs. Catkins on very short peduncles ;
scales dark brown, densely covered with white hairs. Stamens 2 to
each scale, with the filaments united at the base. Pods on short pedicels.
This is the most common willow and varies considerably. Widely
distributed.

d. S. Scouleria’na Barratt (S. flaves’cens Nutt.). Small tree or shrub.
Leaves silky tomentose on the underside when young, obovate or
oblanceolate. Catkins short, sessile, appearing before the leaves, densely
flowered. Stamens 2 to each scale of the catkin; scales covered with
long silky hairs. Capsules tomentose on short pedicels. Styles
wanting; stigmas long, entire or deeply parted. The freshly broken
twigs of this species have a strong and disagreeable odor. It is one
of the earliest willows in bloom and is very lovely and conspicuous
when in bloom. It is found from Santa Barbara to Alaska.

e. S. Sitchen’sis Sanson. Similar to the above but with leaves
much more tomentose, with permanent and shining tomentum.
Catkins long, appearing before the leaves but often in the axils of the
previous season’s persistent leaves. Stamens 1-2 to each scale of the
catkin ; scales villous and catkins tomentose. This is a beautiful
willow with large broad leaves. It is found from Santa Barbara to
Alaska.

42 KEY AND FLORA

jf. S. corda’ta Muhl. Small tree or shrub. Leaves oblong lanceo-
late, heart-shaped or acute at base, pointed at apex, serrate, smooth
except when young. Catkins leafy at base, cylindrical, lengthening in
Jruit. Stamens 2 to each scale of the catkin. Scales dark but villous
with long white hairs. Capsule smooth. Style short, stigma bifid.
This is found on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Northward.

g. S. fluvia’tilis (S. longifolia). © NARROW-LEAVED WILLOow.
A shrub forming dense clumps. Leaves linear to lanceolate, tapering
at apex and base, sessile, 2-4 in. long and + in. or less wide ; margin
entire or with scattered teeth. Catkins on leafy branchlets. Stamens
2 to each scale. Capsules downy or smooth, on short pedicels, with
large, sessile stigmas. Sometimes the leaves are smooth, sometimes
white downy. This is widely distributed and variable.

II. POP’ULUS, Cottonwood, Poplar, Aspen

Trees with broad ovate or deltoid leaves, and buds covered
with scales full of aromatic balsam. Staminate catkins
appearing before the leaves, with many stamens to each scale,
on a cup-shaped disk; anthers purple, staining the ground
where they fall. Fertile catkins of round or ovate pods on
slender pedicels.

a. P. trichocar’pa Torr. BAtmM or GILEAD, BALSAM CoTTON-
woop. Leaves ovate, pointed, cordate or rounded at base, crenate, dark
green above, greenish brown beneath, on terete petioles. Buds full of
balsam, and very fragrant. Tree with cracked bark and open growth.
Widely distributed.

b. P. Fremon’ti Watson. Leaves broadly deltoid, with few rounded
teeth on the margins, bright green on both sides; petioles flattened.
Large tree, with gray, cracked bark. Widely distributed.

c. P. tremuloi’des Michx. Aspen, QuAKING Asp. Trunk straight,
slender, with smooth grayish white bark. Leaves round-ovate, thin,
on slender petioles flattened at right angles to the broad surfaces of the
leaf, causing it to sway edgewise with the least perceptible breeze. In the
Sierra Nevada Mountains and far northward.

BETULA’CEZ. Brrow anp ALDER FAMILY

Moneecious trees or shrubs, growing along streams. Leaves
toothed. Staminate catkins drooping ; when young covered
with resin, but without bud-scales. Stamens 2-4 in a 4-lobed

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 43

or scale-like perianth under the bracts of the catkin. Pistil-
late flowers in short, erect cones. Pistil with a 2-celled ovary
and 2 stigmas.

I. AL’NUS, Alder

Trees or shrubs with broad, toothed leaves. Staminate
catkins long and drooping, appearing in early spring. Pistil-
late catkins erect, becoming dark brown and woody, persisting
on the trees for some time after the seeds have fallen. Stamens
generally 4 in each perianth.

a. A. rhombifo’lia Nutt. Tvees with dark brown bark. Leaves
ovate or oval, paler beneath, irregularly glandular-toothed. This
blooms very early, the staminate catkins falling in January or
February, and the fruit ripe at the same time. Widely distributed.

b. A. rub’ra Bong (A. Orego’na Nutt). Bark pale gray, mottled
with darker gray. Leaves ovate or elliptical, rusty-pubescent on
the lower surface, doubly serrate, with revolute margins to the teeth.
Twigs smooth, winter buds glutinous, nearly 3 in. long. Catkins
open in the spring before the leaves. From San Francisco to Alaska.

c. A. tenuifo’lia Nutt. A small tree with red-brown bark, often
forming thickets. Twigs pubescent. Leaves ovate rounded or cor-
date at base, doubly serrate with teeth acute, veins prominent, winter
buds short, obtuse, pubescent, about 4 in. long. In the Sierra
Nevada Mountains and northward, especially on the eastern slope of
the mountains.

II. BET’ULA, Birch

Trees or shrubs with smooth bark often coming off in
sheets, dotted on the branches. Catkins similar to those of
Anus, but the fertile ones do not persist on the trees after the
seeds are ripe. The scales and seeds fall away from the axis.
Each scale of the staminate catkins bears 3 flowers, each of
which consists mainly of two 2-parted filaments with an
anther cell on each. On every scale of the pistillate catkins
are borne 2—3 flowers, each of which consists simply of a
naked ovary with 2 diverging stigmas.

B. occidenta‘lis. Brack Biren. A tree 20-30 ft. high with
smooth dark brown or reddish bark, with conspicuous whitish hori-
zontal lenticels, becoming lighter in color with age; the branchlets
dotted with resinous spots. Leaves thin, broadly ovate, serrate with

44 KEY AND FLORA

~

glandular teeth. Seeds with wings as broad as the body. Bracts of
the catkin 3-lobed. Most common on the western side of the Rocky
Mountains.

CUPULIFVFERZ. Oak FAMILY

Moneecious trees or shrubs. Staminate flowers in catkins ;
pistillate forming, in fruit, a nut in a cup-like or bur-lke
involucre.

I. QUER’CUS, Oak

Staminate flowers in slender, fringe-like catkins, with a
6-lobed perianth ; pistillate usually single, consisting of a
3-celled ovary enclosed in a bud-like involucre which becomes
acup. Stigmas 3. Only 1 of the ovules ripens to form an
acorn ; the other 5 can be seen as rudiments. |

a. Q. loba’ta Nee. VALLEY Oak, Rosie, WHITE Oak, WEEPING
Oax. Leaves large, deciduous, deeply lobed with obtuse divisions,
3-4 in. long on stout petioles. Cup deep, with a rough warty sur-
face, acorns 1-2 in. long, usually pointed. These trees grow to a
great size, and are generally isolated in fertile valleys. ‘They have
graceful, drooping branches. Throughout California.

b. Q. Garrya’na Dougl. A large tree, often 10-12 ft. in circumfer-
ence, with bark only 1 or, at most, 2 in. thick. Leaves thick, strongly
veined, 4-6 in. long, 2—5 in. wide, with coarse lobes, obtuse or acute,
entire or again lobed, dull green on the upper side, pale green or
yellowish on the lower, turning brown or red in the fall. Acorns
sessile or on short peduncles, with the nut oval and obtuse, about 14
in. long, in small, shallow cups. 'The winter buds of this oak are
nearly half an inch long and are densely tomentose. It is found in the
valleys and hills north of San Francisco Bay and extends to British
Columbia. It is common in Oregor and Washington.

c. Q. Douglas’ii Hook. & Arn. Briur Oak, WHITE Oax. Leaves
an inch or two long, deciduous, oblong, with shallow lobes, bluish
green, veiny. Cup usually shallow, with flat scales; acorns oblong,
often swollen in the middle. Bark usually light gray, causing the
trunks to be very noticeable on hillsides. From Tehachapi to the
Sacramento Valley.

d. Q. oblongifolia Torr, EverRGREEN Live Oak or WHITE OAK
of southern California. Leaves evergreen, oblong, often entire, or with
a few blunt teeth, thick, with the veining almost concealed. Cup with
warty surface, acorns oblong. Not found north of Tehachapi.

es

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 45

e. Q. chrysol’epis Liebm. Droopinc Live Oak, Go_pEN Cup
Oak. Leaves evergreen, oblong, entire or spinosely toothed, often
both kinds on the same branch, dark green on the upper surface, cov-
ered with a golden powder on the lower surface of young leaves; the old
leaves becoming smooth and paler beneath. Cup either bowl or saucer
shaped, more or less covered with yellow powder, sometimes so dense
as to conceal the scales of the cup. Acorns large and thick. This
is a shrub or an immense tree growing usually in cafions. It is
extremely variable in leaves and fruit. Throughout California.

f. Q. agrifo’lia Nee. Live Oak, Encino. Leaves evergreen,
spiny-toothed on the margin, which is curled under. Pubescence stellate.
Staminate flowers very numerous. Cup bowl-shaped, glossy, of flat
scales; acorns slender, tapering, maturing in one year. This is a
round, compact tree, or it sprawls over the ground with low branches,
widely spreading. This never grows far from the sea, but keeps
within the fog-line.

g- Q. Wislize’ni A. DC. Post Oax, Live Oak. Leaves ever-
green, dark, glossy, spiny-toothed, but not curled back, very stiff,
smooth on both sides when old. Acorns maturing in 2 years. Cup deep,
very rough-scaly. Acorns variable, often almost covered by the cup.
This is usually a tree, but is often shrubby and is found throughout
California.

h. Q. Califor’nica Cooper (Q. Kelloggii). KrtLoee’s Oak, BLack
Oak. Leaves deciduous, large, deeply lobed with pointed divisions,
smooth and glossy green when old. Fruit on short stems. Cups
deep with smooth scales ; acorns large, oblong, obtuse. Bark black
and rough. The young shoots are rose-color and densely tomentose.
Through the mountains of California.

i. Q. densifloora Hook & Arn. CHESTNUT OAK, TANBARK OAK.
Leaves evergreen, oblong, ribbed with thick veins, toothed, covered more or
less with white tomentum. Cups saucer-shaped, densely covered with
long, linear, curved scales that give the cup a bristly appearance ;
acorns large, with a thick shell. This is in flower and fruit at the
same time, generally blooms in summer, and has large panicled spikes
of androgynous flowers. From the Tehachapi Range northward.

II. CASTANOP’SIS, Western Chinquapin

Flowers androgynous in erect axillary or terminal panicled
spikes. Staminate flowers with perianth 5-6-lobed, and
stamens twice as many; sessile on the upper part of the
spikes. Pistillate flowers below, in a scaly involucre. Ovary
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, maturing only 1-3 nuts in
a roundish involucre, densely covered with brown, intricately

46 KEY AND FLORA

branched prickles. ‘This blooms chiefly in the summer and
fall, and is generally fruiting at the same time.

a. C. chrysophyl’la A. DC. GOLDEN-LEAVED CHINQUAPIN. Leaves
lanceolate, pointed, dark green above, golden below. This is generally
a shrub, but becomes a large beautiful tree in Mendocino County.

b. C. semper’virens Dudley. Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse at apex.
This is the species of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

III. COR’YLUS, Hazelnut

Staminate flowers in slender, drooping catkins, each flower
consisting of 8 stamens with 1-celled anthers. Pistillate
flowers several, grouped in a scaly bud, each consisting of a
single ovary in the axil of a bract, and with a smaller bract
on each side. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled (one seed only matur-
ing). Stigmas 2, bright red, long and slender. Nut roundish,
enclosed in a fringed cup.

C. rostra’ta Ait. var. Califor’‘nica A. DC. Shrubby. Leaves slightly
heart-shaped. Staminate flowers drooping, very numerous; con-
spicuous on the leafless stems of winter. Involucre completely
covering the nut, and prolonged into a beak above it. This is
common in the woods along the coast. It blooms very early.

ARISTOLOCHIA’CEZ. DutTcHMaAn’s Pipe FAMILY

Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves heart or kidney shaped,
palmately veined. Perianth adnate to the 6-celled ovary,
greenish brown, regular or irregular. Stamens 6-12, attached
to the style, with anthers opening outwards. Styles 6, united

at base.
I. AS’ARUM, Wild Ginger

Low herbs. Leaves and flowers springing from creeping root-
stocks which have the odor of ginger. Leaves large, kidney-
shaped, on long petioles. Flowers erect, bell-shaped, with 3
divisions bearing long tails. Stamens 12, almost free from the
style. Capsule round. Seeds large, 2 rows in each cell.

a. A. cauda’tum Lindl. Flowers on slender pedicels. Divisions
of the perianth with tails from 1 to 3 in. long. This grows in damp,
shady places under the trees in the Coast Mountains.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS AT

q b. A. Hartwe’gi. Flowers on stout peduncles, from a woody base.
Divisions of the perianth narrowed to a linear apex. Leaves marked

with lighter-colored veins, often white-veined. This grows in the

higher parts of the Sierra Nevada Mountains under the trees.

II. ARISTOLO’CHIA, Dutchman’s Pipe

Perianth something like a pipe in shape, inflated, soon
deciduous from the inferior ovary. Anthers 6, sessile, adnate
to the short style. Stigmas 3-6-lobed. Pod club-shaped.

A. Califor’nica Torr. A shrubby vine with twining stems. Flowers
greenish brown with purplish brown stripes and markings, appearing
before or with the leaves, in the leaf axils. Peduncles slender, with
a leaf-like bract in the middle. Leaves soft, pubescent, ovate-cordate
on short petioles. This climbs amid the brush, from which it is not
readily distinguishable, as the colors of the flower are so similar to
its surroundings, and usually there are no leaves when the flowers
are in bloom.

POLYGONA’CEZ. BuckwHEAT FAMILY

Shrubs or herbs. Perianth small, generally corolla-like, of
3-6 distinct or united divisions. Stamens 4—9 on the perianth.
Ovary a 3-sided or lens-shaped akene, generally dark brown
or black. Styles 2-4.

I. ERIOG’ONUM, California Buckwheat

Flowers small, perfect, on hair-like pedicels from bell-shaped
or top-shaped involucres. Perianth of 6 petal-like divisions,
thin in texture, yellow, white, or rose-color. Stamens 9.
Styles 3, generally deflexed or curled, with cap-like stigmas.
Akenes 3-sided (rarely lens-shaped or winged). Leaves without
sheaths or stipules, often more or less white-woolly, generally
in a spreading cluster at the base of the stem. The small
involucres full of flowers are variously clustered in umbels,
panicles, racemes, ete.

These plants inhabit dry places. The species are very
numerous, and difficult to distinguish. The majority of the
species are annuals, much branched, with slender stems. ‘The
perennial species are stouter, and one, H. fascicula'tum, 1s an

48 KEY AND FLORA

evergreen shrub, with small, short leaves in clusters along the
stems, and the flowers in terminal cymose panicles.

II. CHORIZAN’THE, Turkish Rugging

Involucres sessile, tubular, thick in texture, 3-6-ribbed, with
as many teeth or divisions, tipped with stiff bristles. Flowers
small, 1-3, included in the involucres, often nearly sessile.
Stamens generally 9. Ovary smooth and akene triangular.
Low, much branched annual herbs with slender branches, very
brittle when dry. The leaves are all in a cluster at the base,
and the bracts are ternate and usually small. They grow in
dry, sandy places, where they often cover the ground as with
a veil. The species are numerous, generally local and difficult
to distinguish.

III. RUMEX, Dock, Sorrel

Coarse herbs, generally perennial, with acid or bitter juice.
Perianth with 3 outer divisions green, the 3 inner generally
larger, reddish or yellowish green, becoming large and veiny,
often with a white grain on the back of one or all of the inner
divisions, which closely cover the 3-sided akene. Styles 3.
Stigmas with a tuft of hairs at the top. Leaves with papery
stipules sheathing the stem.

a. R. acetosel’la L. Sorret, Sour Grass. Flowers diecious,
small, in a narrow panicle, becoming reddish. The inner divisions
of the perianth do not enlarge over the akene. Leaves thick, hastate.
This is very common, spreading by slender rootstocks. The male
plants greatly exceed the female in number. Common everywhere.

b. R. salicifo‘lius Wein. WuiLLow-LEAVED Dock. Stems several,
generally spreading and ascending or erect. Leaves light green, 3-6
in. long, lanceolate, narrowed to a short petiole. Flowers in a leafy
panicle, which becomes dark red as it grows old. Each of the inner
divisions of the perianth has a large grain on the outside. Common in
moist places everywhere.

c. R. cris‘pus L. Curty Dock. Leaves on long stalks with a
crisped or curled margin. Flowers in a leafy panicle. The grains
are present on all the inner divisions of the perianth. Common.

d. R. pul’cher L. Branches widely spreading, leafy, reddish when
young, becoming brown and stiff when old. Leaves rough on
the lower surface, generally lanceolate and acute. Flowers in

si? i

“i a init ee ee ee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 49

numerous whorls at short intervals along the branches. Perianth
with the inner divisions all grain-bearing and with 4-6 stiff bristly teeth
on each side. This is an introduced weed, becoming very common.

e. R. occidenta‘lis Watson. Tall, 5-6 ft.in height. Lowest leaves
with blade often a foot long and petiole almost as long, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, with the base heart-shaped. Panicle large, almost
destitute of leaves. Perianth with large reddish divisions, finely
toothed near the cordate base, without grains on the back. This grows
in wet places throughout the Pacific coast and biooms in summer.

jf. R. persicarioi'des L. Annual, generally with many stems,
low, erect, or spreading. Leaves linear-lanceolate, on short petioles.
Flowers in dense whorls at nearly all the leaf axils. Divisions of the
perianth all bearing grains and with 2-3 long, slender, awn-like teeth
on each. This is found in wet places, generally along the edges of
ponds and lakes. It is widely distributed and blooms in summer.

IV. POLYG’ONUM, Jointweed, Smartweed

Flowers perfect in axillary or panicled spikes. Perianth
of 5-6 petal-like divisions, often rose-color, not enlarging in
fruit. Stamens 4-9. Styles 2-3, with cap-like stigmas. At
the base of the petiole there are papery sheaths around the stem.
The species are difficult to determine. They generally grow
in swampy places.

CHENOPODIA’CEZH. Picgwreep FAmILy

Shrubs or herbs, often with fleshy stems and leaves, usually
found near the ocean or in alkaline soil, often covered with
white scurf. Leaves generally salty or bitterish. Flowers
perfect, moncecious or dicecious. Perianth small, of 5 greenish
sepals. Stamens as many as the sepals, and opposite them.
Ovary 1-celled, with the embryo coiled in a ring or spiral
around the endosperm.

I. CHENOPO’DIUM

Flowers perfect in axillary or terminal clusters. Perianth
nearly covering the fruit, which is round and flattened. Leaves
alternate on petioles, often covered with scurf or down.

50 KEY AND FLORA

a. C. album L. [LAmpsB’s-QUARTER, PIGWEED. Annual, erect,
simple or branched. Leaves cold to the touch, covered with a flour-
like powder, from lanceolate to ovate, wavy and toothed. Flowers
in spikes, either simple or panicled, and axillary or terminal. This
is common in cultivated ground.

b. C. Califor‘nicum Watson. Soap PuLant. Perennial, from a
spindle-shaped root. Stems smooth, usually several from the root,
spreading and ascending. Leaves triangular, 2-3 in. long, sharply
and irregularly toothed. Flowers densely clustered in long, slender,
terminal spikes. Seed large, vertical, only partly covered by the
5-toothed, bell-shaped perianth. This blooms in spring, often under
bushes. Near the coast, from San Diego to San Francisco Bay.

c. C. mura‘le L. Stems generally reddish, with some flour-like
powder, branching rather closely, forming a compact plant, a foot or
two high. Leaves broadly triangular to lanceolate, coarsely and deeply
sinuate-toothed. Flowers generally in small clusters in the leaf azils,
shorter than the leaves. Sometimes the clusters are panicled at the
top of the stems. Seeds black with sharp edges. Common every-
where.

d. C. ambrosioi’des L. WorMSEED. Stems annual, stout, and
branching, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves lance-shaped, 2-5 in. long, sinuate-
dentate, on short petioles. Flowers in axillary spikes, or in panicled
leafless spikes. The entire plant has a strong, persistent, aromatic
odor. It is common in salt and alkaline marshes.

II. AT’RIPLEX, Salty Sage

Herbs or shrubs, mealy, scurfy or pubescent. Flowers in
simple or panicled spikes, or clustered in the axils. Staminate
flowers with the divisions of the perianth 3-5, and stamens
opposite the divisions. Pistillate flowers enclosed by 2 bracts,
which are distinct or united, variously toothed, or with wart-
like protuberances or winged, often thickened. Seed vertical,
generally falling with the bracts which enclose it.

a. A. Califor’nica Moquin. Stems many from the base, spreading
on the ground a foot or more, densely mealy. Leaves sessile, small,
lanceolate, the lower opposite. Flowers monececious in small, axillary
clusters, the staminate ones mostly near the top of the cluster.
Fruiting bracts small, round, spongy, not toothed, and without wart-like
protuberances. This is found along the coast.

b. C. canes’cens James. BuckwHEAT SAGE, SALTy SAGE.
Shrubby, dicecious. Leaves grayish green, linear or oblanceolate.
Flowers in panicled spikes. Fruiting bracts with 4 distinct dilated

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ae

wings. ‘This is found in the interior, in alkaline valleys. It is a
valuable forage plant.

(The species of Atriplex are numerous and difficult, also
somewhat local, so the rest will be omitted.)

AMARANTA’CEZH. AMARANTH FAMILY

Herbs, with small papery flowers surrounded with persist-
ent papery bracts. Perianth persistent of from 1 to 5 papery
divisions. Stamens as many as the divisions of the perianth,
sometimes fewer. Ovary 1-celled and 1-seeded, forming a
fruit, which opens like the lid of a box. Seed always ver-
tical. Stigmas 2-3, sessile.

AMARAN’TUS. Amaranth

Flowers generally moneecious. Perianth of from 3 to 5
divisions. Bracts 3 to each flower. Stamens with filaments
spreading at base. Stigmas generally 3, forming 3 beaks on
the fruit. Seeds brown or black, dropping readily when ripe.

a. A. retroflex’us L. PiGwrEp. Stems stout, erect. Leaves ovate,
1-3 in. long, on petioles almost as long. Flowers green, in thick,
erect, crowded spikes, either terminal or axillary. Divisions of the
perianth 5. A common weed.

b. A. al’bus L. TUMBLEWEED. Stems light green, branching
diffusely from the base, forming a mound-iike plant. Leaves spatulate
or obovate, often wavy-margined, on slender petioles. Divisions of
the perianth 3, pointed, shorter than the fruit. Bracts awl-shaped
with stiff points. This forms a tumbleweed, and will often be found
caught in fences and bushes. Common everywhere.

NYCTAGINA’CEH. Fovur-o’cLtock FAMILY

Herbs with fragile stems and swollen joints. Leaves
opposite, entire, unequal at base. Flowers perfect, several
in an involucre resembling a calyx. Perianth corolla-like,
showy, the base hardening around the 1-seeded ovary.

52 KEY AND FLORA

I. MIRAB‘ILIS, Four-o’clock

Involucre 5-lobed. Flowers nearly sessile. Stamens 5.
Fruit scarcely ribbed. Herbs with showy, reddish purple
flowers, opening in the afternoon.

a. M. multiflora Gray. Stems often glandular; stout and spread-
ing. Leaves broad, an inch or two long, ovate, on petioles a half-
inch long. Flowers 6 in the involucre. Perianth open-funnel-form,
with border an inch in diameter, and tube from 1 to 2 in. long.
Southern California.

b. M. Califor’‘nica Gray. Stems several from a woody root, sup-
ported on bushes, as if climbing. Leaves ovate, cordate, on short
petioles. Involucre small, 1—3-flowered. Perianth open-bell-shaped.
Fruit small. This is common in southern California.

II. ABRO’NIA, Sea Verbena

Involucre of from 5 to 15 distinct papery bracts. Flowers
sessile, with salver-shaped perianth, having a long tube, and
the border with notched segments. Stamens 5, within the
tube. Annual or perennial, fleshy herbs, with thick, opposite
leaves. Flowers in umbels on long peduncles, fragrant, showy,
rose-color, yellow, or white.

a. A. umbella’ta Lam. Stems prostrate, viscid. Leaves ovate or
oblong, narrowed at base to a petiole. Perianth rose-color. Fruit
winged. ‘This grows on the seacoast.

b. A. latifo’lia Esch. Stems similar to above. Leaves broadly
ovate, with kidney-shaped base. Perianth yellow. The flowers have
the odor of orange blossoms. This is found on the coast from Van-
couver to Monterey.

PORTULACA’CEZ. PortruLtaca FAMILY

-Fleshy herbs. Flowers with 2 sepals (except in Lewisia)
and 2-5 or more petals. Stamens opposite the petals when
of the same number. Ovary 1-celled, style 2-8 cleft. The
flowers open only in the sunshine or bright daylight.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ek

I. PORTULA’CA, Purslane

Low herbs with alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers ter-
minal and sessile. Petals 4-6. Stamens 7-30, inserted
where the calyx joins the ovary. Pistils with 3-8 styles.
Fruit like a box opening with a lid, full of black seeds.

P. olera’cea. PURSLANE, Pustey. Prostrate. Flowers small.
Calyx lobes keeied. Petals yellow, spreading, notched. Common
everywhere.

II. LEWIS‘IA, Bitter-root

Low herbs, without stems, from thick, perpendicular roots.
Leaves forming a rosette at the apex of the root. Flowers
large, solitary, on low scapes, conspicuous when open, white or
rose-color. Sepals 2-8. Petals 3-16. Stamens numerous.
Style branches 3-8. Pod globose, with thin walls that split
from the base upwards.

L. redivi‘va. BirtrerR-rootT. Leaves numerous, shorter than the
scapes. Scapes jointed above the middle, bearing an involucre of
5-7 papery bracts. The flower when expanded is an inch in diam-
eter, resembling a small cactus blossom. The sepals resemble the
petals. The Bitter Root Mountains receive their name from this
plant. It is the state flower of Montana.

Ill. CALANDRIN‘TIA

Sepals green and persistent. Petals and stamens usually 5,
the former sometimes 5-10, the latter often indefinite. Ovary
3-valved. Seeds black and shining or rough, nwmerous.

a. C. Menzie’sii Torr. & Gray. Flowers crimson or magenta in
racemes. Petals a little longer than the sepals. Stamens 3-10. Seeds
shining. Widely distributed.

b. C. elegans Spach. Stems rather stout, smooth, with ascending
branches. Flowers numerous, rose-color. Petals twice as long as the
sepals. Stamens 10-15. Usually found most abundant in cultivated
ground.

IV. MON’TIA, Miner’s Lettuce

Petals and stamens 5. Pod 3-valved and 3-seeded. Flowers
white or rose-color, in racemes or panicles. When the seeds

54 KEY AND FLORA

are ripe they are shot out of the pod by the elastic closing
of the valves.

a. M. perfolia’ta Howell. Murner’s Lettuce. Root leaves on long
petioles, stem leaves forming a round perfoliate leaf below the flowering
stems. Flowers small, white, often growing on but one side of
the stem. This is very common and widely distributed. It grows
in the shade and blooms in spring and early summer.

b. M. Sibir’ica Howell. Stems brittle, often climbing over other
vegetation and growing in swampy places. Leaves sessile but not
united. Flowers pink or white, a half inch in diameter, on long
pedicels, in long, loose racemes. From Marin County to Alaska,
blooming in spring and summer.

c. M. gypsophiloi’des Howell. Annual, pale green, with many
slender stems from the root, 3-10 in. high. Root leaves linear or
linear-spatulate, shorter than the stems. Stem leaves at the base of
the panicle partly united on one side. Flowers numerous, pink, sweet-
scented. This blooms in early spring and grows on rocky banks and
hills. It is very variable in size and shape of leaves. In the coast
mountains of central California.

d. M. linea’ris Greene. Annual, 6 in. to a foot high, branching.
Leaves almost thread-like, fleshy, an inch or so long, becoming
slightly wider toward the apex. Flowers in racemes on one side of
the stem on pedicels that recurve in fruit. Petals white, tinged with
pink, unequal, narrowed at base, separate or somewhat united.
Moist places through California and northward, blooming in spring.

e. M. Chamisso’nis Greene. Stems erect or procumbent, propa-
gating by runners that have a round bulblet at the tip. Leaves oblong-
spatulate, in several pairs. Flowers in racemes, the bracts present only
with the lower flowers, on pedicels that recurve in fruit. Petals rose-
color, Jonger than the calyx. Seeds kidney-shaped, covered all over
with tubercles. This is widely distributed and grows in wet places,
blooming in spring and summer.

V. SPRA’GUEA, Pussy-paws

Sepals thin and papery. Petals 4. Stamens 3. Style with
2 lobes at the apex. Pod 2-valved. Flowers densely clustered
in umbellate spikes curling in at the tips.

S. umbella’ta Torr. Stems several, usually from a thick root.
Root leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, forming a rosette at the base,
stem leaves becoming mere bracts. Flowers light rose-color. Common
in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS oo

CARYOPHYLLA’CEZ. Pink FAMILY

Herbs with regular flowers, sepals as many as the petals
(generally 5, the latter sometimes wanting), stamens as
many or twice as many, ovary 1-celied with central placenta,
styles 2-5.

I. SILE’NE, Pink

Sepals united into a 5-toothed calyx. Petals with both blade
and claw, together with the 10 stamens, attached to the stipe
of the ovary. Styles 3. Capsule dehiscent from the top by
6 teeth. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers gener-
ally showy.

a. S. Gallica L. Stems generally several. Leaves hairy, spat-
ulate. Flowers small, on short pedicels in one-sided racemes. Petals
pale rose-color, not much longer than the sepals. This is a common
introduced weed.

b. S. Califor‘nica Durand. Low, glandular herbs, with lax, leafy
stems, generally branching above. Flowers few, nearly an inch in
diameter, on short pedicels, the lowest of which are deflexed in fruit.
Petals 5, bright scarlet, the blades cut into 2 divisions, which are gener-
ally toothed. Widely distributed in shady places where the ground
does not become very dry.

c. S. lacinia’‘ta Cav. Stems ascending, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves
narrow, 2-3 in. long. Flowers few on the long branches. Blades
of the petals 4-cleft into linear lobes, scarlet, smaller than the preced-
ing. Pedicels not deflexed in fruit. This is common in southern
California.

d. S. verecun’da Watson. Stems several from the rootstocks,
branching, leafy, glandular-viscid, especially on the upper part.
Leaves lanceolate, spatulate or linear. Flowers 1-3 at the ends of
short branchlets.. Petals with blades shorter than the claws, rose-color ;
blades 2-cleft and with the appendages in the throat oblong, entire or
toothed. This is common in San Francisco near the cemeteries. It
is widely distributed in California.

Il. CERAS’TIUM, Mouse-ear Chickweed

Sepals separate. Petals 5, white, notched. Stamens 10.
Stigmas 5. Capsule dehiscent from the top by 10 teeth.

56 KEY AND FLORA

a. ©. arven’se L. Perennial, with spreading stems. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, clasping the stem. Flowers 4 in. in diameter, on
long pedicels, in few-flowered cymes. Capsule extending but little
beyond the calyx. Common around San Francisco and northward.

b. C. visco’sum L. Annual, somewhat clammy, branched from
the base. Leaves small, generally ovate. Flowers on short pedicels
in rather close cymes. Petals shorter than the calyx. Capsule nearly
straight, much longer than the calyx. The flowers open only in sun-
shine. This is an introduced weed.

Ill. STELLA/RIA, Chickweed

This is similar to Cerastium, but the petals are 2-lobed, and
the capsule is globose, dehiscent to below the middle.

a. S. media L. CurckwrErEp.. Annual, spreading and rooting
at the lower joints. Leaves ovate, petioled. Flowers small, on slen-
der pedicels, which are deflexed in fruit, in the axils of leafy bracts.
Stamens 3-10. Pod equaling or surpassing the calyx. This is
introduced, and is very common in shady, damp places.

b. S. ni‘tens Nutt. Annual, low, with slender, shining stems.
Flowers small, erect, on short pedicels. Sepals shining, 3-nerved,
twice as long as the petals, which are sometimes wanting. Pod shorter
than the calyx. This is a delicate little plant, with inconspicuous
flowers blooming in early spring and soon disappearing.

c. S. cris’‘pa Ch. & Schl. Smooth, with long, weak, trailing stems.
Leaves thin, ovate, about an inch long, with crisped margins. Flowers
axillary, on slender pedicels. Sepals lanceolate, 5-nerved. Petals
small, or wanting, white. Capsule when ripe longer than the sepals.
Northern California to Alaska, growing in wet, shady places and
blooming in spring and summer.

d. S. borealis Bigel. Generally smooth and erect, 6-10 in. in
height. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed to a long point, 4-13 in. long,
with one prominent nerve. Pedicels often deflexed, scattered. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate with papery margins, acute or obtuse. Petals
shorter than sepals or wanting. Pods narrow, acute, nearly twice as
long as the sepals. Seeds smooth. Northern California to Wash-
ington. Blooming in summer.

IV. ARENA/RIA, Sandwort

Sepals separate. Petals 5, white, entire or notched. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 3. Pod splitting into 3 valves, each with
2 parts.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 57

a. A. Douglas’ii Torr. & Gray. Slender, low, much-branched
annuals. Leaves very narrow, thread-like. Flowers i in. in
diameter, on long, slender pedicels. Pod globose, equaling the
calyx. Seeds flat, smooth. Throughout California.

6. A. Califor’nica Brewer. Similar to the preceding, but with
lanceolate, very short, obtuse leaves, flowers half as large, capsule
oblong, seeds small and rough, with minute points. 'Throughout Cali-
fornia.

V. SPER’GULA, Corn Spurry

Sepals separate. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Styles 5,
alternating with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, with valves
opposite the sepals. :

S. arven’sis L. Annual, branching herbs, with fleshy, thread-
like leaves in whorls. Flowers small, white, on long pedicels that
become reflexed. Sepals as long as the petals and a little shorter
than the capsule. This is a common weed, blooming more or less
throughout the year.

VI. SPERGULA’RIA (TISSA, BUDA, LEPIGONUM), Sand Spurry

Sepals separate. Petals 5. Stamens10. Styles 3-5. Cap-
sule 3-valved. Leaves usually fleshy, with papery stipules.
Flowers white or rose-color. Low herbs, usually growing near
the coast or on alkaline soil.

S. macrothe’ca Robinson. Perennial, much branched from the
base, rather stout. Flowers white or rose-color, nearly $ in. in
diameter, on pedicels that become nodding. Capsule slightly sur-
passing the calyx. Seeds smooth with a narrow wing. The large
ovate stipules are quite noticeable. In salt marshes from Marin
County to San Diego.

ILLECEBRA’CEZ

This family is similar to Caryophyllacee, and is included
under the latter by some botanists. It has an undivided or
2-cleft style, a 1-seeded fruit (like an akene), and the petals
wanting or minute.

58 KEY AND FLORA

PENTACA’NA, Sand Mat

Sepals 5, hooded, terminating in a spine. Petals scale-like.
Stamens 3-5 at the base of the sepals. Calyx becoming
closed over the fruit.

P. polycnemoi’des Bartl. Perennial herbs, forming mats of densely
flowered lax stems. Leaves very small, tipped with sharp awns that
become recurved. Stipules papery, shorter than the leaves, but very
noticeable. Flowers small, greenish, sessile, clustered in the axils.
This grows in sandy soil and is common along the seacoast.

RANUNCULA’CEZA, Burtrercup FAMILY

Herbs (Clematis shrubby) with a colorless, acrid juice,
distasteful to animals. Parts of the flower all separate and
distinct, inserted on the receptacle. Petals often wanting
or peculiar in form, Stamens numerous; fruit consisting of
numerous akenes (f. Fig. 166; e. Fig. 169), of several follicles
(f. Fig. 168; e. Fig. 171), or sometimes of berries. Leaves
without stipules, often clasping at base (fi Fig. 97; e. Fig. 70),
generally much cut or divided.

I. CLEM’ATIS, Virgin’s Bower

Climbing over bushes or rocks by the leafstalks of the com-
pound, opposite leaves, or sometimes erect and not climbing.
Sepals 4, petal-like. Petals none or very small. Pistils numer-
ous, forming a round bunch of akenes with styles developing
into long feathery tails.

a. C. ligusticifo’lia Nutt. Flowers diwcious, in panicles. Sepals
thick, dull white, less than 4 in. long. Akenes with tails from 1-2
in. long. Widely distributed.

b. C. lasian’tha Nutt. Flowers diwcious, solitary, on stout peduncles
with one or two bracts. Sepals thick, dull white, sometimes nearly an
inch long. Fruit similar to above. In the Coast and Sierra Nevada
Mountains.

c. C. Douglas’ii Hook. Busny Ciematis. Stems erect, a foot or
two high, not climbing. Leaves once, twice, or thrice pinnately com-
pound, with linear or lanceolate leaflets, axils woolly. Flowers per-
fect, usually solitary and terminal, nodding. Sepals leathery, dark

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 59

blue, forming a bell-shaped flower, more than an inch long, with
spreading tips. Tails to the akenes conspicuous. This is found
from Oregon to British Columbia.

Il. ANEMO’NE, Windflower, Anem’ony

Calyx of few or many petal-like sepals. Petals wanting.
Akenes pointed or with long feathery tails. Perennial herbs
with stem leaves whorled, forming a kind of involucre some
distance below the flower.

Ill. THALIC’TRUM, Meadow-rue

Flowers diccious in panicles. Sepals 4-7, greenish. Petals
‘none. Akenes in a head, terminated by long, naked styles.
Leaves twice or thrice palmately compound, leaflets 3-toothed
or lobed, on short petioles. Generally tall, perennial herbs,
often with a strong disagreeable odor. The species are diffi-
cult to determine.

IV. RANUN’CULUS, Buttercups

Sepals 5. Petals 3-15, each with a little nectar-secreting
scale or gland at the inside of the base. Akenes in a head,
numerous, usually flattish. Stem leaves alternate. Flowers
generally yellow. (There are some that grow in the water
with thread-like divisions to the leaves and small white
flowers.)

a. R. Califor‘nicus Benth. Stems branching from a cluster of
thickened fibrous roots, erect, hairy. Root leaves of 3 leaflets with
3-7 linear divisions, or 3-lobed, with the lobes toothed. Sepals
turned back. Petals 10-15, glossy, yellow, nearly 4 in. long. Akenes
very flat, in a round head beaked with the stout, recurved styles.
This is variable in size, leaves, and amount of pubescence. Through-
out California.

6. R. murica’tus L. Stems stout, smooth, hollow. Flowers small.
Akenes large with stout beaks, and the sides covered with coarse
prickles. This grows in wet places and has been introduced.

c. R. glaber’rimus Hook. Perennial, with fleshy fibrous roots.
Stems 3-6 in. high. Root-leaves spatulate or wedge-shaped, entire or
with 2-4 blunt teeth or lobes : stem leaves 3-cleft, with narrow divisions or

60 KEY AND FLORA

entire. Petals obovate, nearly 4 in. long. Akenes in a globose head,
generally smooth, each tipped with a short beak. In the Sierra
Nevada Mountains and northward to British Columbia. It blooms
in the spring.

d. R. tenel’‘lus Nutt. Perennial, a foot or two high. Stems erect,
hairy, or smooth. Leaves deeply lobed, 3-5 cleft, with the divisions
more or less wedge-shaped, the margin with a few sharp teeth.
Petals 5, small, yellow. Akenes in a globose head, each tipped with a
coiled style. Receptacle smooth. This is widely distributed and
variable. It blooms in the spring.

e. R. occidenta‘lis Nutt. Perennial, a foot or two high. Stems
widely branching, covered with widely spreading hairs. Leaves
deeply cleft into 83-5 wedge-shaped divisions, these again cut ; some-
times the leaves are compound with 3 leaflets on petioles. Upper
leaves simpler and smaller. Petals 5, twice as long as the reflexed
sepals. Akenes tipped with flattened, hooked beaks on a smooth recep-
tacle. This is variable and widely distributed. It blooms in the
spring.

jf. R. alismaefo’lius Geyer. Perennial from thick fibrous roots.
Stems in bunches, short and erect, about 6 in. high. Leaves lance-
shaped, tapering to margined petioles that widen at base; upper leaves
thickish, 2-4 in. long, nearly sessile. Corolla showy, yellow, nearly
1 in. across, with broad obovate petals. Akenes in a globose head,
smooth with a short beak. This grows in marshy places in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains and northward. It blooms in the spring.

V. AQUILE’GIA, Columbine (ALSO MISTAKENLY CALLED Honeysuckle)

Sepals 5, petal-like, all similar. Petals 5, each consisting of
a tubular or expanded border terminating in a long hollow spur
projecting below the sepals. Pistils 5, forming many-seeded
follicles. Perennial herbs with leaves twice or thrice pal-
mately compound. Flowers usually nodding at the ends of
the branchlets.

a. A. trunca’ta Fisch & Meyer. RED CoLUMBINE. Flowers red,
tinged with yellow. Sepals spreading. Petals with scarcely any
border, and thick, blunt spurs. Throughout California growing in
shady, moist places.

b. A. formo’sa Fisch. This resembles the preceding, except that
the border of the petals is prolonged, especially on the outer side. This
is found in Oregon.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 61

VI. DELPHIN’IUM, Larkspur

Sepals 5, petal-like, the upper one prolonged backwards at
the base into a spur. Petals 4, two running into the calyx spur,
the others partly covering the pistils and stamens. Flowers in
racemes. Fruit of 1-5 many-seeded follicles. Some of the
species are poisonous to cattle. The blue Larkspurs are the
most common, but they are difficult to distinguish.

a. D. nudicau’‘le Torr. & Gray. Flowers scarlet, few, on long pedicels.
Sepals close together, spur long. Stems almost leafless, except at
base, slender and delicate. This grows on moist, shady banks in
the Coast Mountains.

b. D. cardina’le Hook. Flowers bright scarlet with yellow centers, in
a rather dense raceme. Stems tall and stout. This grows in the
mountains of southern California.

c. D. Califor’nicum Torr. & Gray. Flowers in dense racemes, bluish
gray, woolly on the outside, spur horizontal, equaling the sepals.
Stems 2-8 ft. high. Lower leaves 4—7 in. in diameter, deeply cleft,
with wedge-shaped divisions. This generally grows on dry hills
amid the brush along the coast.

Vil. ACONI’TUM, Aconite, Monkshood

Sepals 5, petal-like, the upper one like a hood or helmet.
The two upper petals have long claws and spur-like blades
concealed within the hood ; the 3 lower are much smaller or
wanting. Fruit of 3-5 many-seeded follicles.

A. Columbia‘num Nutt. Stems simple, leafy, 2-5 ft. high.
Flowers in a loose raceme. Leaves palmately 3-5 cleft, with wedge-
shaped, toothed, or cleft divisions. This is found at higher eleva-
tions in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in moist, shady places. In
the northern part of the state it is found at much lower altitudes.

Vill. ACTA’A, Baneberry

Perennial from short, branched rootstocks, about a foot or
two in height. Leaves 1 or 2, with broad triangular outline,
3-5 times compound; the leaflets ovate, irregularly cut and
with the teeth on the margins unequal. Flowers white, small,
in a corymb lengthening to a raceme and terminating the stem,
blooming in spring. Fruit consisting of red or white berries
on spreading pedicels.

62 KEY AND FLORA

A. spica’ta L. var. argu’ta Torr. Berries generally bright red,
oblong or roundish, not quite so large as green peas, falling off
soon when ripe. This grows in shady woods and the fruit ripens in
late summer. It is considered poisonous. Widely distributed, on
the coast and in the mountains.

IX. PAO’NIA, Peony

Stems several, from fleshy roots, erect at first, bending over
in fruit. Leaves thrice-compound, leaflets cut into several seg-
ments. Flowers solitary at the ends of the stems. Sepals 5.
Petals 5, concave, brownish red. Stamens many on a disk.
Fruit of 2-5 leathery follicles containing several large seeds.

a. P. Califor’nica Nutt. Leaves of pedate outline, scarcely glaucous.
Southern California.

b. P. Brow’nii Dougl. Leaves cordate-ovate in outline, very glaucous.
From the higher Sierra Nevada Mountains to Oregon.

BERBERIDA’CEZ. BarBeRRY FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs with pinnately compound leaves ;_ bracts,
sepals, petals, and stamens opposite each other instead of
alternating. Anthers opening by little valves hinged at the
top. Pistil simple.

I. BER’BERIS, Barberry, Oregon Grape

Flowers yellow, in clustered racemes with bracts. Sepals 6,
petal-like. Petals and stamens 6. Leaves odd-pinnate, with
stiff spiny-toothed leaflets. Fruit, in our species, a dark blue
berry. Wood yellow.

a. B. repens Lindl. OREGON GRAPE. Less than a foot high,
from slender woody rootstocks. Leaflets 3-7, not shining, somewhat
glaucous, racemes few, terminal. Northern California to Alaska.

b. B. aquifolium Pursh. Often 5 or 6 ft. high; leaflets 7-9, bright
green and glossy, sinuate-dentate. Racemes terminal. Fruit nearly
round. In the Sierra Nevada Mountains from Kern County north-
ward.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 63

c. B. pinna’‘ta Lag. From less than a foot to about 2 ft. high.
Leaflets prominently spiny, the lowest pair near the base of the petiole.
Racemes both axillary and terminal. Hills of the Coast Moun-
tains.

d, B. nervo’sa Purshe MAnonrtA, WATER Hotiy. Stem simple,
bearing a crown of large leaves at summit, mixed with many dry,
chaffy, persistent bracts. Leaves 1-2 ft. long, leaflets 11-17, somewhat
palmately nerved. Racemes long. In deep woods from Monterey
northward.

Il. ACH’LYS, Oregon Sweet Clover and Deer’s-foot, Sweet-in-death

Flowers on a scape forming a spike, without sepals or petals.
Stamens 9, in 3 sets, with slender filaments and short anthers.
Pistil with a broad, sessile stigma and a simple ovary. Fruit
dry and indehiscent, kidney-shaped, thick and rounded on the
back, thin and concave on the other side, with a fleshy ridge
down the center. Leaves large, of 3 leaflets, having the odor
of new-mown hay, or vanilla, when they become dry.

A. triphylla DC. Leaves and flowering stems from a creeping
rootstock. Leaves with stalks a foot or more long and with the
leaflets broadly wedge-shaped, 5-5 in. long, palmately veined and
coarsely and irregularly wavy-margined.

This is found in northern California and northward to British
Columbia. It grows in shady woods and is much prized on account
of the lasting and sweet perfume of the dried leaves. It blooms in
spring.

LAURA’CEZ. LAUREL FAMILY

Aromatic trees or shrubs. Perianth of 6 petal-like divi-
sions. Stamens 9, in 3 rows, the inner with 3 glands at base
alternating with tongue-shaped staminodia. Anthers opening
as in Berberidacee. Ovary free, 1-celled, forming a fruit like
an olive.

UMBELLULA/RIA, California Laurel or Bay

Flowers perfect in umbels which before opening are in-
cluded in involucres that are soon deciduous.

64 KEY AND FLORA

U. Califor‘nica Nutt. Spice Woop. A large, handsome tree
(sometimes shrubby), with smooth bark. Leaves evergreen, glossy,
lanceolate-oblong, on short petioles. Flowers yellow, soon falling.
Fruit green at first,dark purple or yellow when ripe, about 1 in.
long, solitary, or 2 or 3 in a cluster, on a stout peduncle. This grows
near or not far from water. Oregon to San Diego. It blooms often
in December or even in November.

PAPAVERA’CEZ. Poppy FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs. Parts of the flower all separate (except
the sepals of Hschscholtzia, which are united), and distinct
on a top-shaped receptacle. Sepals falling off as the petals
expand in the bud. Petals twice as many as the sepals,
generally 4. Stamens numerous and conspicuous. Fruit a
capsule with parietal placente. (In Platystemon the seeds
are imbedded in the walls of the capsule in rows, each row
forming a linear necklace-like follicle.)

I. ESCHSCHOLT’ZIA, California Poppy

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves bluish green, succu-
lent, usually cut into fine divisions. Sepals united into a
pointed cap, often seen on the opening flower. Petals 4, orange
or yellow. Stamens numerous, with long anthers. Stigmas
2-6. Pods long and narrow, ribbed, usually dehiscent from
the apex, the valves frequently remaining attached at the
sides. Receptacle often surrounded with a rim.

E. Califor’‘nica Cham. Annual or perennial, with succulent leafy
stems. Flowers with a funnel-form receptacle and a broad or
narrow rim. Petals broad, yellow or orange, often the two colors
in the same flower. This is the commonest species and is widely
distributed.

II. DENDROME’CON, Tree Poppy

Shrubs with erect branches. Leaves alternate, lanceolate,
entire, stiff. Sepals 2, large. Petals 4, generally large, light
yellow. Stigmas 2. Pod similar to that of the preceding,
except that the valves are generally dehiscent from the base.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 65

D. rig’ida Benth. This shrub is generally found on gravelly or
clayey hills, growing to a height of from 2 to 8 ft. It is conspicuous
on account of its numerous large yellow flowers, which may be found
at all seasons. The bark is whitish. It is widely distributed.

Ill. PLATYSTE’MON, Cream Cups

Low, branching herbs. Stem leaves opposite or whorled,
entire. Sepals 3-6, cream-color, often with a yellowish spot
near the base. Stamens numerous, with flat filaments.
Stigmas linear, separate, one to each of the necklace-like pods,
which at first are somewhat united ; but when ripe they sepa-
rate and break apart between the seeds.

P. Califor‘nicus Benth. Stems branching from the base, from 6 in.
to 1 ft. high. Leaves light green, hairy, broad-linear. Flowers not
quite 1 in. in diameter. ‘ Pods from 6-25, forming an oblong cluster.
This is common in early spring throughout California.

IV. PLATYSTIG’MA, Cream Cups

Stamens few or many, with narrow filaments. Pod with
8 angles, splitting into 3 parts when ripe.

a. P. linea’re Benth. This resembles Platystemon, but can be
distinguished by the 3 stigmas and the 3-angled pods.

b. P. Califor’‘nicum Benth. & Hook. Stems long and slender, with
branches 2-forked, smooth. Flowers small, white. Stamens about
12 in 2 circles. Pod about 1 in. long, narrowly linear. This is less
common, and generally grows in the shade. Santa Barbara County
to Oregon.

V. ARGEMO’NE, Prickly Poppy, Mexican Poppy, Thistle Poppy,
Chicalote

Herbs with stout pale-green stems, and foliage more or less
covered with spines or prickles. Sap yellow. Leaves thistle-
like. Flowers large, white. Sepals 3, each with a spine-
like beak, forming a 3-horned bud. Petals 4-6. Stamens
numerous, on slender filaments. Pods 1-celled, opening at
the top into 3-6 parts, the ribs remaining fastened to the
united stigmas.

66 KEY AND FLORA

A. platy’ceras Link. & Otto. Stems smooth under the dense white
prickles. Flowers 3-4 in. broad. Ovary densely covered with erect
prickles. Central and southern California.

VI. ROMNE’YA, Matilija (MaTIL’IHA) Poppy

Smooth, stout, perennial herbs, several feet high, with
colorless sap. Leaves alternate, pinnately cut or divided,
not spiny. Sepals 3, each with a broad wing on the back.
Petals 6, large, white. Stamens many, with filaments dimin-
ishing towards the base. Ovary covered with bristles. Pod
7—11-celled, the sides separating from the placenta.

a. R. Coul’teri Harv. This beautiful plant is native in the south-
ern part of the state. It is now widely cultivated. The flowers are
sometimes 6 in. in diameter. The buds are smooth. This grows in
southern California and is extensively cultivated.

b. R. trichoca’lyx Eastwood. ‘This is similar to the above, but the
buds are hairy and the stems are not so robust. The dissected leaves
are close under the flowers. This is the true Matilija poppy, since
it is the species found in the cafion of that name.

VII. MECONOP’SIS, Poppy

Annual herbs with yellow sap. Leaves variously cut into
linear divisions. Sepals 2. Petals red or orange. Stamens
numerous. Stigma 4—-8-lobed, on a distinct, stout style. Pod
1-celled, with the valves separating as in Romneya.

M. heterophyl’la Benth. FLAamine Poppy. Smooth and slender
herbs with succulent stems and pale-green leaves. Flowers on long
slender peduncles, exceedingly variable, from less than 1 in. to 2 in.
in diameter, with pale-red petals becoming darker and more glow-
ing at the center. Throughout California.

FUMARIA’CEZ. BLEEDING HEART FAMILY

Perennial herbs. Leaves compound, cut into many narrow
divisions. Flowers of peculiar shape. Sepals 2, petals 4,
stamens 6 in 2 sets, with the filaments of each set somewhat
united, the middle anthers 2-celled, the others 1-celled. Pod
1-celled, with the valves separating from the placenta.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 67

I. DICEN’TRA, Bleeding Heart

Sepals 2, like scales. Corolla heart-shaped, the 2 outer
petals swollen at the base, and with spreading tips; the 2
inner narrow, spoon-shaped, with a crest or keel on the back,
united at the tips and covering the anthers and stigma.
Style slender. Stigma 2-lobed, each lobe 2-crested, and so:
appearing 4-lobed.

a. D. formo’sa DC. BLEEDING Heart. Leaves and flowering
stems springing from creeping rootstocks, succulent and pale green,
1 or 2 ft. high. lowers rose-color, in compound racemes. This
grows in rich soil in the shade. From the Sierra Nevada Mountains
to British Columbia.

6b. D. chrysan’tha Hook. & Arn. GoLpEN EARDROops. Flowers
golden yellow, in compound racemes. Stems leafy, stout, 2-4 ft.
high. Leaves twice pinnately compounded, often more than 1 ft.

long. Sepals soon falling. Flowers more than 3 in. long.

This showy plant grows in sunny places, usually on dry hills,
throughout California. It is not common.

CRUCIF’YERZ. Mustarp FAMILY

Herbs with pungent, watery juice. Leaves alternate with-
out stipules. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or corymbs. Sepals
usually 4, often falling early. Petals 4, with the blades in
the form of across. Stamens 6, the 2 outer ones shorter than
the 2 inner. Fruit a pod divided into 2 parts (except in the
first 2 genera) by a transparent partition which stretches
from one placenta to the other. The flowers of this family
are so alike that genera and species cannot be determined
without examining tolerably mature fruit.

*Pod not elongated, flowers usually very small.
I. THYSANOCAR’PUS, Lace Pod

Flowers inconspicuous, white. Fruit roundish, indehiscent,
1-seeded, surrounded by a prominent wing, which is crenate,
filled with small, regular holes like embroidery, or with lines

68 KEY AND FLORA

radiating from the seed to the margin. Erect, branching,
annual herbs, with leaves sessile and generally auriculate-
clasping.

a. T. cur’vipes Hook. This is the commonest species. It has the
fruit with crenate margin, often perforated. Widely distributed.

b. T. ra’dians Benth. This has much larger fruit than the preced-
ing, with lines radiating from the center to the outside of the wing.
This is found from California to Oregon.

Il. ATHY’SANUS

Flowers very small. Frwit roundish, not winged, generally
covered with hooked prickles, indehiscent and 1-seeded. Low,
spreading, slender, delicate, hairy herbs, fruiting in spring.

A. pusil’lus Greene. This is the only species. It is widely
distributed.

III. LEPID’IUM, Peppergrass

Flowers small, white or greenish, with petals often want-
ing. Fruit roundish, usually notched at the apex, 2-celled,
flattened contrary to the partition.

a. L. nitidum Nutt. Low annuals. Pods shining, reddish, very
numerous. Leaves compound, with narrow, linear leaflets. This is
one of the earliest plants of spring. Widely distributed.

b. L. bipinnatif/‘idum Desv. Low, almost prostrate herbs, with
the lowest leaves twice divided, and divisions usually roundish.
Petals wanting. Pods round, on stout spreading pedicels. Introduced.
Common on roads and streets.

c. L. apet‘alum Willd. Stems slender, a foot or so high, branch-
ing. Lower leaves toothed or more deeply divided, acute at apex.
Flowers without petals, on erect pedicels that spread widely in fruit.
Pods smooth, round, notched at apex. 'This is a weed which has been
introduced and is now widely distributed.

IV. SENEBIE’RA, Wart Cress

Flowers greenish. Pod of 2 globose, equal parts united, form-
ing a twin pod. Leaves pinnately parted. Low, spreading,
introduced plants with a disagreeable odor.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 69

S. pinnatif‘ida DC. ‘This is found along the coast, growing near
flumes, drains, roads, etc.

V. CAPSEL’LA, Shepherd’s Purse

Flowers small, white. Pods elliptical or obcordate, 2-celled,
flattened contrary to the partition. Erect branching herbs
with the leaves clustered at the base.

C. Bursa-pasto’ris Medic. SHEPHERD’s PurRsE. This is the com-
mon dooryard weed, with obcordate pods in loose raceme.

** Pod elongated. Flowers generally conspicuous.
VI. RAPH’ANUS, Radish

Pod beaked, compressed between the seeds. Flowers large,
orange, white or rose-purple, veined. These are coarse, hairy,
erect, branching herbs with fleshy roots. Leaves cut into
several divisions, the upper one much the largest.

R. sativus L. This is the common radish which grows wild
throughout the settled parts of California. The petals are purplish,
and the fruit is not strongly compressed between the seeds.

VII. BRAS’SICA, Mustard

Pod slender, terete, 2-celled, with a flattened beak. Flowers
yellow. All probably introduced weeds.

a. B. campes‘tris L. Wuite Mustarp. Flowers in a loose
raceme. Leaves bluish green, smooth, clasping. Pods large, spread-
ing. This is very common and is in bloom earlier than the other
species.

b. B. nigra Koch. Buack Mustarp. Flowers in close racemes
at the ends of long stems, fragrant. Petals twice as long as the
sepals. Pods rather small, erect as if clinging to the stem. Stems often
very tall. This is common throughout California.

Vill. ERYS’IMUM, Wallflower

Pods spreading or erect, 1-5 in. long, 2—4-sided, with thick
walls. Flowers fragrant, yellow or orange, at first in a

TO KEY AND FLORA

corymb, which lengthens to a raceme. Petals with blade
4 in. long. Erect rough herbs, with leaves linear or lanceo-
late.

a. E. as’‘perum, DC. Stems generally simple, often tall. Flowers
generally orange. Pods 4-sided. Widely distributed and variable,
especially in the color of the flowers.

b. E. grandifloorum Nutt. Stems 1 or 2 ft. high, simple or
branched from the base. Flowers in a corymb, yellow, becoming
paler after pollination. Pod 2-sided, flattened contrary to the partition.
From Oregon to Los Angeles, not far from the coast. This includes
many forms.

IX. NASTUR’TIUM, Cress

Pods short, oblong or linear, with thin walls. Flowers small,
yellow or white. Leaves usually pinnately divided.

WN. officina’‘le L. Water Cress. This is common in all the
streams.

X. BARBARE’A, Wintercress, Yellow Rocket

Pods somewhat 4-sided, flattened parallel to the partition,
about 1 in. long, spreading upwards. Seeds in 1 row in
each cell. Flowers yellow, with petals twice as long as the
sepals, in a short, dense raceme. Lower leaves compound, with
the terminal leaflet rounded and larger than the others ; upper
leaves generally simple.

B. vulga’ris R. Br. This is the only species. It grows in damp
places and blooms in early spring. Widely distributed.

XI. PLATYSPER’MUM ~

Flowers very small, solitary, on naked scapes. Sepals broad,
erect, equaling the white, linear-spatulate petals. Pods almost
orbicular, with broadly winged, veiny seeds in 2 rows. Leaves
lyrate, with few lobes or almost none.

P. scapig’erum Hook. Scapes 1-6 in. in height in fruit. - Flowers
about =, in. long. Pod 3-3 in. long, containing 8-12 seeds. This
is found on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains from
California north to Washington. It blooms in early spring.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 71

XII. DENTA/RIA, Toothwort, Pepper-root

Pods linear, flattened parallel with the partition, walls
firm without nerves, stigma short. Seeds in 1 row, wingless.
Flowers large, pale rose-color or milky white.

D. Califor‘nica Nutt. Mirxmarps. Rootstocks bearing tubers
which easily break off. Root leaves simple and round-kidney-shaped
or with 3 leaflets (usually not found on the blooming plant); stem
leaves with from 3 to 5 pinnate leaflets on petioles. This is one of
the loveliest and most common of the early spring flowers, usually
found in damp places. Widely distributed in the Coast Mountains.

XII. CARDA’MINE

Pods linear, flat, with the seeds in 1 row, wingless. This
is similar to Dentaria, but has smaller flowers, narrower pods,
and smaller seeds. The chief differences lie in the cotyledons,
which in Cardamine are flattened, while in Dentaria they are
thick, unequal, and oblique.

C. oligosper’ma Nutt. Annual, slender, hairy or smooth. Leaves
pinnately divided, with small 3—5 lobed or toothed divisions which
are on small petioles. Flowers small, + in. long, white, in few-
flowered racemes, on short peduncles. Pods erect, on short stipes
and containing 8-20 seeds. This grows in shady, damp places ; it
blooms in the spring and is widely distributed along the Pacific
Coast.

XIV. AR’ABIS, Rock-cress

This is similar to the preceding, except that the walls of the
pods are nerved, roots woody, and seeds usually with a border
or wing. Flowers white or rose-color, often conspicuous.

a. A. perfolia’ta Lam. TowrrR Mustarp. Biennial herbs with
stems bluish green, erect, 1 or 2 ft. high. Stem leaves arrow-shaped
and clasping. Root leaves hairy, soon withering. Flowers small,
white. Pods numerous, slender, erect, parallel, and close to the stem.
Seeds generally narrowly winged. Widely distributed.

b. A. blepharophyl’la Hook. & Arn. Stems low, from a tuft of
broadly spatulate, dark-green leaves, with long hairs on the margins.
Flowers large, fragrant, reddish purple. Pods beaked, flat, loosely
spreading. Seeds witha narrow wing, inlrow. This is perennial and
is found on rocky hills near the coast from San Francisco to Monterey.

12 KEY AND FLORA

c. A. hirsu’ta Scop. Biennial, hirsute especially at base, with
spreading hairs which are simple or forked. Stems erect, simple
or branched, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves at base oblanceolate, coarsely
toothed or entire, 1-2 in. long, on winged petioles; stem leaves cor-
date or auricled at base. Flowers very small. Petals greenish white.
Pods erect on slender pedicels, very narrow, 1-2 in. long; stigmas
nearly sessile. Seeds with a narrow margin. This blooms in
spring and is found from northern California to Alaska.

d. A. Holboel’lii Hornem. Biennial, clothed with fine stellate
pubescence. Stems 1-several, simple or branched. Leaves at base
oblanceolate, narrow, entire. Stem leaves arrow-shaped. Flowers
becoming deflexed and generally growing on one side of the pedun-
cle. Petals white or pink, 3 in. long. Pods flat, reflexed ; stigmas
sessile. Seeds in 1 row, orbicular, winged. This blooms in the spring
and is very widely distributed.

XV. STREPTAN’THUS, Jewel-flowers

Pods linear-oblong, flattened parallel with the partition,
on a broad receptacle. Seeds flat, with a margin or wing.
Sepals usually bright purple or white, uniting somewhat to
form «a closed calyx. Petals narrow, with spreading blades.
Anthers long, arrow-shaped; filaments of the larger stamens
often united into 2 pairs. The species are numerous and
difficult to distinguish.

XVI. STANFOR’DIA (NAMED FoR Hon. LELAND STANFORD).

Pods linear oblong, flattened contrary to the partition.
Stigma 2-lobed, on well-developed pods. Otherwise similar
to Streptanthus. .

S. Califor’‘nica Watson. This is the only species. It is found in
the southern San Joaquin Valley, where it is very abundant in some
parts in early spring.

XVII. CAULAN’THUS, Wild Cabbage

Pods terete, or somewhat flattened, parallel with the par-
tition. Flowers similar to the two preceding, except that the
petals have broad claws, and the blades are scarcely evident.
Tall herbs, often with inflated stems. The species are mostly
local and not readily distinguished.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 73

XVIII. THELYPO’DIUM

Pods slender, terete, or 4-sided, and often twisted, on a
slender stipe. Flowers white or purplish. Stamens long,
conspicuous, with very narrow, arrow-shaped anthers. Sepals
at first united to form a tube, afterwards spreading.

T. lasiophyllum Greene. Erect, smooth below, hairy above.
Leaves toothed or pinnately lobed or divided, with spreading seg-
ments. Flowers small, yellowish white. Pods slender, narrowed to
the apex, deflexed on curved pedicels. (One variety has erect pods.)
This is common, especially in cultivated ground.

XIX. STANLE’YA

Pods long and terete on a raised receptacle, with 1 row of
seeds in each cell. Flowers bright yellow or cream-color, with
long, narrow, spatulate petals with slender claws; anthers
linear, spirally coiled, on long filaments.

S. pinnatifida Nutt. GoLtpEN PRINCE’s PLUME. This is the
only known Californian species. The long conspicuous stamens
and the long, loosely and thickly flowered plume-like clusters of
golden-yellow flowers suggested the common name to Helen Hunt
Jackson. Southern California, common in arid districts.

CAPPARIDA’CEZH. Caper FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs with alternate palmately compound leaves
of 3 leaflets. Flowers as in Crucifere, except that the
stamens are all equal. Pods on long stipes, 1-celled, with
2 parietal placentz. Many flowers have the pistil rudimen-
tary and never produce fruit.

ISO’MERIS, Bladderpod

Shrubby, with hard, yellow wood. Leaflets as long as the
petiole. Flowers in racemes with bracts, generally simple.
Corolla yellow, $ in.in diameter. Pods inflated, pear-shaped,
drooping, on long slender stipes.

I. arbo’rea Nutt. This is the only species. It is found in south-
ern California, where it is quite common.

74 KEY AND FLORA

CRASSULA’CEZ. StTonecrop FAMILY

Thick, fleshy herbs. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
all of the same number, or stamens twice that number. The
pistils become follicles in fruit.

I. SE’DUM, Stonecrop

Sepals 4 or 5, united at base. \ Petals distinct, spreading,
star-like. Flowers in cymes, generally on one side of the
flowering axis, deep purple, yellow, or white. No one species
is widely distributed in California.

a. S. spathulifo’lium Hook. Perennial. Stems spreading by run-
ners and rooting at the rose-like bunches of fleshy leaves. Leaves
glaucous, obovate or spatulate, flat, 3-3 in. long. Flowering stems
erect, capped by a cyme of yellow flowers, which are almost sessile, and
disposed to be on one side of the peduncles. Petals twice as long as
the ovate sepals, a little longer than the stamens and style. This
blooms in summer. It grows on rocks that are clothed with moss
and are wet during the rainy season, but later become dry. It is
common from middle California to Washington.

b. S. Orega’num Nutt. This is similar to the above but is not
glaucous. Flowers larger. Petals pale rose-color, narrowly lanceolate,
with pointed apex, nearly twice as long as the stamens. ‘This is
found from northern California to Washington.

c. S. pumilum Benth. Annual, slender, with stems simple or
branched, 1-6 in. high. Leaves 3 in. long, ovate-oblong. Flowers
yellow, sessile, in cymes. Calyx lobes very small, triangular,
acute. Petals linear, acute, exceeding the calyx, stamens, and
styles. Follicles 1-seeded, with the seed filling the cavity. This is
widely distributed in the Coast and Sierra Nevada Mountains.
It blooms in summer and generally grows on northward slopes or
on shady rocks.

II. COTYLE’DON (ECHEVERIA)

Calyx 5-parted. Petals united into a cylindrical corolla.
Stamens 10, on the tube of the corolla. Leaves entire, thick,
and fleshy, forming large clusters at the base of the flowering
stem. Flowers red or yellow, in long racemes or cymes,
coiled somewhat at the tip. The species are difficult to
distinguish and mostly local.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ris

SAXIFRAGA’CEZ. SAxXIFRAGE FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate without
stipules. Calyx either free from or partially united to the
ovary. Petals and stamens inserted on the calyx. Stamens
not more than twice the number of calyx lobes. Carpels
2—5, partially or completely united into a compound ovary.
Styles distinct. Seeds with endosperm. In the currants and
gooseberries the fruit forms a berry.

I. SAXIF’RAGA, Saxifrage

Herbs with simple or palmately lobed leaves and cymose
or panicled flowers. (Flowers rarely solitary.) Calyx 5-lobed,
either free from the ovary or with the lower part of the
tube coherent. Petals 5, entire, inserted on the calyx tube.
Stamens 10. Capsule consisting of 2 carpels united at the
base, the styles soon diverging and becoming beaks on the
akenes. Placenta axillary. eaves often in radical clusters
and flowers on a scape.

S. Califor’nica Greene. Leaves few, rather thick, somewhat
clothed with glandular hairs, oval to elliptical, on broad petioles;
margin crenate or dentate. Scape 6-18 in. high; flowers in a loose
panicle. Calyx nearly free from the ovary, with reflexed sepals.
Petals oblong, white, thrice as long as the sepals. Stamens with
filaments inserted under the edge of a disk which equals the summit
of the ovary. Blooming in early spring and found on cool slopes
throughout California.

II. BOYKIN’IA

Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks, leafy stems, and
paniculate corymbs or cymes of small white flowers. Leaves
alternate, round-kidney-shaped, palmately lobed or toothed,
the teeth glandular at tip; petioles with stipule-like dilations
at base. Calyx 5-lobed, with globular tube, adherent to the
ovary. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5, with short filaments.
Pod splitting down the beaks, 2-celled.

B. occidenta’lis T. & G. Diffusely branched, with slender stems
1 or 2 ft. high. Leaves somewhat scattered, thin, 5-7-lobed, 1-3 in.

% AN L
76 KEY AND FLORA

broad; petioles with brown bristles at base. Calyx with urn-
shaped tube and triangular lobes. Petals recurved in age, wedge-
shaped. This grows along rocky streams from middle California to
British Columbia. It blooms in the summer.

Il. TELLYMA

Perennial herbs from rootstocks or tubers. Leaves mostly
radical, round-cordate, toothed or palmately divided, with
petioles dilated at base. Flowers in a simple raceme. Calyx
bell-shaped or urn-shaped, with the base attached to the lower
half of the ovary. Petals 5, fringed, lobed, or entire, white
or rose-color. Stamens 10. Styles 2 or 3, short, with round
stigmas. Capsule slightly beaked by the persistent styles, and
opening between the beaks.

a. T. grandiflora Dougl. Frincep Cups. Stems rather stout,
1-2 ft. high, from a woody rootstock. Radical leaves 2—4 in. broad.
Flowers with inflated calyx and petals rose-color, fringed. This grows
in moist, shady places. From Santa Cruz to Alaska.

b. T. af‘finis Bolander. Stems slender, about a foot high, from
a tuber-bearing rootstock. Radical leaves round-kidney-shaped, -
slightly lobed; stem leaves 3-lobed to the middle, with coarsely
toothed lobes. Calyx narrowed at base, with its tube adhering to the
ovary. Petals white, the lower 3-toothed, the upper narrower,
shorter, and entire. In shady places almost throughout the state.

c. T. heterophyl’la Hook. & Arn. Similar to the preceding in
stem and general appearance. Radical leaves with 5 shallow,
rounded lobes, stem leaves more deeply 3-lobed or parted. Calyx
bell-shaped, the base adhering to the ovary. Petals 3-lobed. Common
in the Coast Mountains, in shady places.

d. T. parviflora Hook. Stems slender, about a foot in height,
clothed with rough pubescence. Leaves 3—5-parted, with the divi-
sions wedge-shaped and cleft into narrow lobes. Calyx wedge-shaped, .
half adhering to the ovary. Petals 3-cleft, with the divisions linear or
oblong. Besides the bulblets on the slender rootstocks, there are
generally some on the few-flowered raceme. Blooming in spring.
and found from northern California to British Columbia.

e. T. tenel’la Watson. Stems slender, 2-9 in. high, rough with
glandular pubescence. Leaves similar to the preceding but smaller.
Calyz bell-shaped, with the base roundish or acute, adherent only at base.
Petals 3-7-parted into linear divisions. This also has bulblets on
the rootstock and racemes. Blooming in spring and found from
northern California to Washington.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 1

IV. TOLMIE’A

Perennial herbs with slender, creeping rootstocks and some-
times runners. Leaves mostly from the root. Flowers
small, in a loose raceme. Calyx funnel-form, free from the
ovary, thin and swollen at base, with unequal lobes. Petals 4-8,
thread-like, recurved, persistent. Stamens 8, inserted in the
throat of the calyx; filaments short, and anthers with the
2 cells running into one. Pod oblong, with the base tapering
to a short stem, splitting between the diverging equal beaks.

T. Menzie’sii T. & G. Stems 1-2 ft. high, hairy with stiff hairs.
Leaves round, heart-shaped, crenately toothed ; petioles slender; stem
leaves few. Raceme nearly a foot long, flowers greenish or purplish,
nearly 4 in. long, including the capsule. Blooming in spring and
summer and found from northern California to Washington.

V. HEU’CHERA, Alum Root

Perennial herbs from stout rootstocks. Leaves all radical,
cordate, lobed and toothed, the veins often colored red.
Flowers small in a panicle. Calyx generally campanulate,
with base attached to the lower half of the ovary. Petals 5,
entire, small, soon falling. Ovary and capsule 1-celled, with
2 parietal placente and 2 styles which become beaks on the
capsule.

a. H. micran’tha Dougl. This isthe commonest species. It is con-
spicuous on moist, shady banks because of its beautiful red-veined
leaves. The flowers are quite small, and the panicle is loosely and
numerously flowered. Common in shady places in the Coast and
the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

b. H. cylin’drica Dougl. Leaves all from the root, round-kidney-
shaped, lobed or crenately toothed, 1-2 in. broad. Flowers. greenish,
in spikes, terminating leafless scapes, 1-2 ft. high. Calyx lobes erect,
oblong, and elongated. Petals very small or wanting. Stamens and
style short. Blooming in spring. Washington and Oregon.

VI. TIAREL’/LA

Perennial herbs with simple or compound leaves with
stipules. Flowers small, white, in a panicle or raceme.
Calyx 5-parted, with valvate lobes. Petals 5, entire, with

78 KEY AND FLORA

claws. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals at the base of
the calyx. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, of 2 valves, which
soon separate and become unequal, one elongating, the other
remaining short. Seeds few at the base of the placente.
Blooming in summer and found from northern California to
British Columbia. |

T. unifolia’tta Hook. Stems slender, 3-1} ft. high. Leaves
ovate-cordate, 3-5-lobed; those from the root on long petioles ;
stem leaves few, on short petioles. Panicle narrow. ‘This is found
in shady woods from northern California to British Columbia. It
blooms in the summer.

VII. RI’BES, Currant, Gooseberry

Shrubs with alternate, palmately veined and lobed leaves.
Flowers solitary or in racemes at the ends of leafy branchlets,
sometimes blooming before the leaves. Calyx with tube
attached to the globose ovary and extending beyond it, the
border 4 or 5 cleft, usually colored. Petals erect, smaller
than the calyx lobes. Stamens alternating with the petals.
Fruit a berry, smooth or prickly, containing many seeds, and
generally surmounted by the withered remains of the flower.

a. R.specio’sum Pursh. FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY. Tall,
with prickly branches armed with 3 large thorns under each cluster
of leaves. Leaves thick, small, smooth, nearly evergreen. Flowers
2-5, on a glandular-bristly peduncle, bright red, with the parts four,
almost 1 in. long, drooping. Stamens protruding from the corolla.
Berry dry, densely glandular-bristly. Common in southern Cal-
ifornia.

b. R. divarica’‘tum Dougl. GoosreBerry. Stems destitute of
prickles except on young shoots, with 1-3 thorns under each cluster
of leaves. Calyx greenish white or purple. Petals white, fan-shaped,
much shorter than the filaments and 2-cleft style. Berry dark red,
smooth. Widely distributed.

c. R. sanguin’eum Pursh. FLOWERING CURRANT. Stems with-
out prickles or thorns, usually glandular. Racemes numerous, many-
flowered, drooping. Flowers rose-color. Berries black or covered
with a bloom. This is one of the earliest-blooming plants, some-
times flowering in November. The flowers appear before or with
the leaves, and the whole plant is very fragrant. Some botanists con-
sider that several species are included in this. Widely distributed.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 79

d. R. bracteo’sum Dougl. ‘Tall shrub, without prickles or thorns,
smooth. Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, 3-9 in. broad, 5-7-
cleft, with pointed lobes and doubly serrate margins ; petioles long.
Racemes many-flowered, becoming 1 ft. long, with persistent bracts which
are thread-like above and become leaf-like below. Flowers greenish white.
Calyx saucer-shaped. Fruit a black berry, sprinkled with resinous
dots. Blooming in spring and found from northern California to
Alaska.

e. R. ce’reum Dougl. Shrub with many short, stout branches,
which are glutinous and sprinkled with resinous dots. Leaves1 in.
broad, kidney-shaped, 5-ldbed, crenately toothed. Racemes with
3—5 flowers on short peduncles. Calyx white, with a greenish or
pinkish cylindrical tube 3 in. long, the lobes recurved. Petals
orbicular. Fruit a scarlet berry with a sweet, resinous taste. Blooming
in the spring and found from northern California to Washington.

Jf; R. lacus’tre Poir. Low shrub with prickly stems and thorns
under the leaf axils. Leaves 3—5-parted, their lobes deeply cut.
Calyx saucer-shaped, petals small, stamens and style short. Fruit
a reddish berry more or less covered with prickles. From northern
California to Washington. The variety molle Gray is the form com-
mon in the mountains of California. This species has the fruit and
the prickly stems of the gooseberry but the racemed flowers of the
currant.

Vill. PHILADEL’PHUS, Mock Orange, Syringa

Shrubs with diffuse branches, several feet in height. Leaves
opposite, entire or toothed, ovate or oblong, without stipules.
Flowers showy, white, in paniculate cymes. Calyx with tube
adnate to the ovary almost to its top, with 4-5 divisions which
are valvate in bud. Petals 4 or 5, large, obovate, convolute in
bud. Stamens many, with slender filaments. Styles 3-5,
united at base or almost to the top. Pod 3—5-celled, splitting
from the apex when ripe, each valve 2-parted. Seeds many,
pendent on placentz projecting from the axis.

a. P. Lewis‘ii Pursh. Nearly smooth. Leaves ovate, 1-2 in.
long, nearly entire. Panicle on a naked peduncle. Styles distinct at
apex only, stigmas narrow. Blooming in spring and found in the
Sierra Nevada Mountains from California to British Columbia.

b. P. Gordonia’nus Lindl. Almost smooth. Leaves ovate to
oblong, 2-4 in. long, coarsely serrate with scattered teeth. Flowers
in loose clusters with the peduncles leafy at base. Styles distinct to the
middle. Blooming in spring, in the Coast Mountains, from northern
California to Washington.

80 KEY AND FLORA

IX. WHIP’PLEA

Low shrubs, with trailing stems and branches. Leaves
opposite, 3-ribbed, toothed. Flowers in small cymes on slender,
naked stems. Calyx 5-cleft, with white divisions, the tube
attached to the lower part of the ovary. Petals 5, very small.
Ovary 3—5-celled, with 1 seed in each cell. Styles as many as
the cells.

W. modes’ta Torr. This is always found in woods of the Coast |
Mountains, particularly in the redwoods.

CALYCANTHA’CEZ. Sweet SHrRuB FAMILY

Aromatic shrubs with opposite leaves and no stipules;
sepals, petals, and stamens passing into each other, and all
uniting below into a closed cup which is lined by a hollow
receptacle bearing numerous simple pistils.

Calycan’thus occidenta‘lis Hook. & Arn. SwrET SHRuB. Sepals
numerous, imbricated, their bases united in many ranks into a
cup-shaped tube, the outer bract-like, the inner linear-oblong; petals
similar. Flowers terminal, reddish purple, fragrant, with an odor like

benzoin. This grows near streams and is more frequent in northern
California.

ROSA’CEZ. Rose FAmMILy

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate stipulate leaves.
Stamens numerous, inserted on the persistent calyx or on a
calyx-like receptacle. Ovaries from one to several. Seeds few,
without endosperm. This family contains some of our most
valuable fruits, such as the apple, pear, quince, almond, peach,
plum, apricot, cherry, raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry.
There are three great subdivisions or suborders.

SUBORDER I. — AMYGDA’LEZ

Trees or shrubs. Fruits with a fleshy exocarp enclosing a
hard endocarp, called a drupe or stone fruit (ff Fig. 170;
e. Fig. 180), as the plum, peach, almond, ete.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 81

I. NUTTAL’LIA (OSMARO’NIA)

Shrubby, diecious. Flowers white, in drooping racemes.
Carpels 5, usually only 1 or 2 ripening. The stipules soon
fall. The leaves when crushed have the odor of bitter
almonds.

N. cerasifor’‘mis Torr. & Gray. Oso Berry. Stems erect, generally
growing in clumps, the male plants being much more numerous
than the female. Racemes shorter than the leaves, with conspicuous
bracts. Calyx broadly funnel-shaped, with a 5-toothed border. Petals
5, spatulate. Stamens 15, 10 erect in a line on the calyx, 5 below
deflexed. Carpels on the disk at the base of the calyx. Fruit black-
purple, with bitter pulp, furrowed slightly on the inner side. This -
often blooms in January in the Coast Mountains, but is much later
in the Sierra Nevada. Widely distributed.

II. PRU’NUS, Plum, Cherry

Trees or shrubs. Flowers perfect, white. Pistil only 1,
forming a stone fruit.

a. P. demis’sa Walp. CHOKECHERRY. Trees or shrubs with
serrate leaves. Flowers in many-flowered drooping racemes. Fruit
globose, red, or dark purple, astringent. Widely distributed.

b. P. ilicifolia Walp., Istay. Tree or shrub with glossy evergreen,
spiny, holly-like leaves. Racemes from 4 to2 in. long. Fruit somewhat
flattened, 4 in. thick, sweetish, the stone large and the pulp thin.
From San Francisco to San Diego.

c. P. emargina’ta Walp. Small tree with slender, reddish twigs,
which are generally smooth. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse
or acute, serrate with fine teeth, with 2 glands near the summit of the
petiole. Corymbs shorter than the leaves, with few, white flowers. Fruit
a dark red cherry, which is bitter and astringent.

d. P. Califor’nica Greene. Shrub with the branches from the root,
smooth and shining. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse, emar-
ginate, or even acute, serrate with fine teeth and with 1 gland on the
lower part of the blade. Flowers few in a short corymb. Fruit a red
cherry, which is very bitter. In the mountains throughout middle
and northern California.

e. P. subcorda’ta Benth. Tree or shrub with thorny branches.
Leaves ovate, 1 in. long, with the base wedge-shaped or heart-shaped,
the margin finely and sharply serrate. Flowers white, in few-flow-

ered umbels. Fruit a red plum, 2 in. long, not palatable. This is

82 KEY AND FLORA

common in the Coast Mountains of California. The variety Kelloggii
Lemmon has yellow fruit, which is sweet and palatable. It is found
in the northern Sierra Nevada Mountains.

SuBORDER I].—RO/SEZ

Pistils few or many (sometimes only one) separate from
each other and free from the persistent calyx; sometimes, as
in the rose, enclosed and concealed in the hollow receptacle.
Stipules united to the bottom of the petiole. Many are armed
with spines or prickles, and some are valuable fruits, as the
strawberry, raspberry, blackberry.

I. NEIL’LIA (PHYSOCAR’PUS), Ninebark, Bridal Wreath

Shrubs without thorns or prickles, the bark becoming
shreddy. Leaves roundish, lobed and toothed, with large
stipules. lowers in corymbs resembling umbels, on short leafy
branchlets disposed along the stems. Petals white. Calyx
5-lobed. Stamens numerous. Pistils 1-5, becoming inflated,
shining, 2-seeded pods.

N. opulifo‘lia Benth. & Hook. 3-10 ft. high, the slender stems
often apparently climbing over the bushes. Pods becoming reddish
when ripe. Widely distributed.

Il. SPIRA’A, Hardhack

Similar to the above, except that the flowers are in com-
pound corymbs or panicles terminating the stems or branches, the
pods are membranous and not inflated, and the leaves generally
without stipules. Puistils 5, becoming several-seeded follicles.

a. §. densiflora Nutt. A shrub with reddish bark, leaves almost
smooth. Flowers rose-purple, in compound corymbs. In the Sierra
Nevada Mountains.

b. S. Douglas’ii Hook. HaArpuack. A shrub with reddish brown
bark, leaves white on the lower surface, flowers rose-purple, in panicles,
stamens numerous, giving the cluster a woolly appearance. Northern
California to British Columbia.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 83

II. HOLODIS’CUS, Meadow-sweet

Generally taller and with small white flowers in spreading
panicles. Stamens 20, inserted on a disk likearing. Pistils
5, becoming I-seeded carpels which are dehiscent by one side or
not at all.

a. §. ariefo’lius. Shrub with dark brown, smooth bark, leaves
silky-whitish beneath, flowers white, turning brownish, in loosely
flowered plumose panicles, somewhat drooping in flower, erect in
fruit. Blooming in early summer and growing along the woods of
the Coast Mountains.

b. H. dis’color Maxim. Shrub with short, rigid branches, clothed
with gray-brown, shreddy bark. Leaves deep green and almost
smooth above, clothed with white tomentum on the lower surface.
Panicles erect on short, erect branches. This is found on the eastern
slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and north to Oregon and
Washington.

IV. CERCOCAR’PUS, Mountain Mahogany

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple, entire or toothed,
evergreen. Flowers axillary, small. Calyx with a long tube
and a saucer-shaped border. Petals absent. Carpels included
in the calyx tube, usually 1, tipped by a long, feathery style.

a. C. ledifo’lius Nutt. Leaves lanceolute with revolute margins, thick
and resinous, white-downy on the lower surface, smooth above.
Flowers sessile, downy. Tail of fruit 2 or 3 in. long. Chiefly found
on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, north to
Oregon and Washington. Spring.

b. C. parvifo’‘lius Nutt. Shrubby, though sometimes 15 or 20 ft.
high. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped at base, thinner than the preceding,
with silky hairs above and white down beneath. Flowers on short,
slender pedicels. Tail of fruit 3 or 4 in. long. Common, widely
distributed, and variable. Spring.

V. PURSH’IA (KUN’ZIA), Buckbush

Low, diffusely branched shrubs. Leaves in bunches on
the stem, wedge-shaped. Flowers small, at the ends of short
branchlets. Calyx funnel-shaped. Petals 5, yellow, longer
than the calyx lobes. Stamens many, in 1 row. Carpels 1

84 KEY AND FLORA

or 2, narrowed at each end, projecting from the calyx, but the
style not becoming longer in fruit.

P. tridenta’ta. Leaves 3-lobed at apex, covered with white down
on the under surface. Calyx also downy. This is common in the
lower mountains, especially on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains. Late spring.

VI. ADENOS’TOMA, Chemisal, Greasewood

Evergreen shrub with linear, resinous leaves. Flowers
small, white, in panicles. Calyx with a 10-ribbed tube and
broad, membranous lobes. Petals 5, round. Stamens gen-
erally from 10 to 15 in clusters between the petals. Fruit
1-seeded, included in the calyx tube.

a. A. fascicula’tum Hook. & Arn. CHEMISAL, GREASEWOOD.
Stems many, the slender, reddish branches covered with close clus-
ters of very small, heather-like leaves; stipules small, acute. Flowers
crowded, nearly sessile. This often exclusively covers acres, usually
growing on dry hills.

b. A. sparsifollium Torr. YERBA DEL PASMO. Tree or shrub
with narrowly linear, scattered leaves, without stipules. Flowers larger
than the preceding, on distinct pedicels. This is found in southern
California. It is very fragrant, and much used as a remedy for
colds by the Indians.

Vil. GE’UM, Avens.

Perennial herbs. Leaves chiefly radical, pinnately divided,
with petioles sheathing the stem and stipules attached.
Flowers about as large as a nickel, solitary or generally in
corymbs. Calyx open-bell-shaped, valvate in bud, with bract-
lets between the lobes. Petals 5, purplish or yellow. Car-
pels very numerous, on a dry receptacle, the style becoming long ;
in fruit either bent in the middle or feathery.

a. G. macrophyl’‘lum Willd. Stems 1-3 ft. high, hairy. Leaves with
the largest division at the tip. Corolla yellow, with broad lobes
longer than the sepals. Receptacle of the fruit smooth. Styles bent
near the middle, the upper part falling, leaving the lower part hooked.
In the mountains. Summer.

b. G. stric’tum Ait. Similar to the preceding but less hairy. Recep-
tacle of fruit downy instead of smooth. In the mountains.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 85

c. G. riva‘le L. Somewhat similar to the preceding in habit of
growth. Calyx brownish purple. Petals purplish, broad, with a
short claw. Style bent in the middle, but the upper part feathery. In
the mountains. Summer.

d. G. triflo'rum Pursh (G. cilia’tum). About afoot high. Leaves all
radical, except for a few bract-like leaves on the scapes, pinnate,
with leaflets crowded and irregular in size. Flowers usually 3, on
long peduncles, large, reddish purple. Calyx with bractlets longer
than its lobes, equaling the petals. Styles straight, long, and feathery.
Widely distributed. Summer.

Vill. CHAMZEBA’TIA, Mountain Misery, Tarweed

Low, evergreen, glandular-aromatic shrub. Leaves tri-
pinnately dissected with the ultimate segments minute; stipules
small, linear, entire. Flowers about as large as a dime, in
terminal cymes. Calyx with top-shaped tube and 5-lobed
border. Petals white, 5, obovate. Stamens many. Pistil
one becoming a large akene.

C. foliolo’sa Benth. This is the only species. It covers the
ground under the pines in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Its fern-
like foliage, strong odor, and abundant viscidity cause it to be well
known.

IX. POTENTIL’LA, Cinquefoil, Five-finger

Herbs (one species shrubby) with compound leaves, toothed
leaflets, and stipules attached to the petiole. Calyx saucer-
shaped or bell-shaped, 5-cleft and with 5 smaller bractlets.
Petals 5, yellow (rarely white). Akenes on the receptacle,
which is dry and smooth or hairy.

a. P. Anseri’ina L. Sirvery CINQUEFOIL. Stems prostrate, with
runners like a strawberry. Leaves pinnately compound with from
7 to 21 leaflets (smaller ones interposed), sharply serrate and sil-
very white on the lower surface. Flowers yellow, nearly an inch
in diameter, petals falling easily. Receptacle very woolly. This
is common in wet places everywhere.

b. P. glandulo’sa Lindl. Erect, a foot or two high, covered with
glandular hairs. Leaves pinnately compound with from 5 to 7
leaflets. Flowers in cymes that become open and spreading in fruit.
Petals yellow or yellowish white. Stamens 25 in one row. This
usually grows in rather shady places. Widely distributed.

86 KEY AND FLORA

c. P. gra’cilis Dougl. Stems 1-3 ft. high, clothed with woolly
hairs. Leaves palmately or pinnately compound, with 7 or more
deeply lobed or coarsely serrate leaflets which are white-tomentose on the
lower surface. Flowers yellow, in loose, ample cymes. Akenes 40
or more, smooth. This blooms in the spring and is widely dis-
tributed in the mountains. ‘There are many species very difficult
to distinguish.

X. FRAGA/RIA, Strawberry

Calyx 5-lobed and with 5 alternate bractlets. Petals 5,
white, spreading. Stamens many in one row. Carpels
numerous, on a fleshy receptacle which becomes red when ripe,
and is called the fruit. Leaves palmately compound with 3
toothed leaflets. Low plants, sending out running stems
that root and form new plants.

a. F, Chilen’sis Ehr. Coast STRAWBERRY. Leaves thick, deep
green, glossy above, hairy beneath. Flowers white, an inch in diam-
eter. The fruit is delicious, and the akenes are in depressions on
the fleshy receptacle. This usually grows on sandy hills near the
sea from San Francisco to Alaska.

b. F. Califor’‘nica Cham. & Schl. Woop STRAWBERRY. Leaves
thin, light green, slightly hairy on both sides. Flowers half an inch
in diameter. Fruit small, with the akenes on the surface of the
receptacle, not in depressions. This is generally found on wooded
slopes of the Coast Mountains.

XI. RU’BUS, Raspberry

Calyx persistent, 5-lobed, without bractlets. Petals 5, gen-
erally conspicuous. Stamens numerous, carpels numerous on
a conical receptacle, each becoming a tiny, round stone fruit.
Leaves simple or compound, with stipules adnate to the
petiole.

a. R. Nutka’nus Moc. THIMBLE-BERRY, ScotcH Caps. _ Erect
shrub with large, 5-lobed leaves, which have gland-tipped hairs on
the veins beneath and on the leafstalks. Flowers white or pale rose-
color, an inch or more in diameter. Fruit red, shaped like an inverted
saucer, sweet and rather dry. From middle California to Alaska.

b. R. specta’bilis Pursh. SALMON-BERRY. Erect shrubs with
leaves generally compound with 3 leaflets, the veins and leafstalks
somewhat woolly. Flowers solitary, crimson, less than an inch in.
diameter. Fruit red or salmon-color, thimble-shaped, pleasant to the
taste. From near San Francisco to Alaska.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 87

c. R. vitifolius Cham. & Schl. BLacksBerry. Stems trailing,
very prickly. Leaves compound with 3-5 leaflets; the veins beneath,
the leafstalks, peduncles, and sepals prickly. Flowers white, a
half inch in diameter. Fruit black when ripe, oblong, sweet. Widely
distributed. :

d. R. leucoder’mis Dougl.. Shrub with ascending and recurved
stems, 3-5 ft. long, pale green, prickly. Leaves with 3-4 leaflets,
which are ovate-lanceolate, pointed and doubly serrate, pale green on the
lower surface. Flowers few. Sepals narrowed to a long point, sur-
passing the white petals. Fruit black, generally covered with a bloom.
This is found from northern California to Washington.

XII. RO’SA, Wild Rose

Prickly and thorny shrubs. Leaves pinnately compound,
leaflets serrate, stipules adnate to the petiole. Receptacle
globose, contracted at the throat. Calyx of 5 divisions, with-
out bractlets. Petals 5, rose-color. Stamens many, near the
mouth of the receptacle.

a. R. Califor’‘nica Cham. & Schl. Stems with stout recurved thorns.
Leaflets 2-3 pairs. Flowers in corymbs or rarely solitary. Fruit
generally with a distinct neck beneath the spreading calyx lobes.
This is widely spread throughout California, usually growing near
streams.

b. R. gymnocar’pa Nutt. Repwoop Ross. Slender shrub coy-
ered with numerous straight prickles. Flowers generally solitary,
less than an inch in diameter. Calyx lobes generally falling from
the fruit. Pedicels, petioles, and stipules glandular. This dainty
rose grows in the shade of trees or bushes, usually under the
redwoods.

SusporpDER II]. —POMEZ

Trees or shrubs with stipules not attached to the petiole.
Carpels 2-5, enclosed in and attached to the fleshy recep-
tacle, becoming a fruit like an apple, of which the core is the
ovary, and the fleshy part the receptacle (pome). Ovules
2 in each cell.

I. AMELAN’CHIER, Service Berry, June Berry

Shrub or small tree with deciduous leaves. Flowers large,
white, in racemes. Ovary 5-celled, becoming a part of the

88 KEY AND FLORA

berry-like calyx, each cell partially divided by a partition
from the back, 1-seeded.

A. alnifo’‘lia Nutt. Leaves rounded, serrate towards the apex.
Petals narrowly oblong, nearly an inch in length. Fruit, when
ripe, purplish, edible. Rather widely distributed and variable.

Il. CRATZ’GUS, Thorn Apple

Trees or shrubs, with thorny branches. Leaves simple,
toothed or lobed. Flowers white, in corymbs. Calyx tube
urn-shaped, with a 5-parted border. Corolla of 5 white,
spreading petals, about half an inch long. Stamens 5-20.
Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit containing 2 or 3 bony seeds, either
separated or united.

C. Douglas‘ii Lindl. Tree 10-25 ft. high, with thorns on the
stems 1 in. long. Leaves broadly ovate, 13-3 in. long, lobed or
cleft and finely serrate. Corymb with many flowers. Fruit sweet
and insipid, black. This blooms in the spring and is found from
northern California to Washington.

Ill. HETEROME’LES (PHOTIN’IA), Toyon’, Christmas Berry

Shrub with evergreen, oblong, serrate leaves and minute
stipules. Flowers white in close panicles at the ends of the
branchlets, fragrant with a sweet, sickening odor. Receptacle
adnate to the ovary, becoming fleshy in fruit and nearly cover-
ing the 2 carpels, which are generally I-seeded.

H. arbutifo/lia Remer. Berries scarlet with mealy pulp, slightly
astringent, but edible. In bloom chiefly in July and August; in
fruit in November and December. Common in the Coast Moun-
tains.

IV. PY’RUS (MA’LUS), Pear, Apple

Trees or shrubs, with deciduous leaves which are simple
or pinnately compound, serrate. Flowers in corymbs, white
or pink. Calyx top-shaped with the border 5-cleft. Petals
5, spreading. Stamens 20. Styles 5, more or less united at
base. Fruit a pome, the 5 cartilaginous carpels forming the
core, and the calyx tube becoming a fleshy covering.

——

a bt es ee Rh ed eed a

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 89

P. rivula’ris Dougl. Tree 15-25 ft. high. Leaves simple, ovate-
lanceolate, acute or pointed, 1-3 in. long, sometimes lobed or with
sharp teeth on the margins. Corymb somewhat like a raceme.

Pedicels slender, 1 in. long. Petals orbicular, white, 3 in. long.

Fruit reddish or yellowish, 4 in. long. This is found from northern
California to Washington.

V. SOR’BUS, Mountain Ash, Rowan

Shrubs or trees. Leaves large, pinnately compound, with
oblong, serrate leaflets. Flowers small, white, in terminal,
compound cymes. Styles distinct, as many as the cells of
the ovary. Fruit about the size of a pea, red-when ripe,
usually containing one seed.

S. occidenta’lis Greene. Shrub 2-6 ft. high, smooth. Leaflets
3-5 pairs. Cyme small, with few flowers. Fruit pear-shaped.
This grows in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, chiefly northward.

LEGUMINO’SZ%. Putse FAmItLy

Ovary 1-celled; fruit a legume (/f. Fig. 271, II; e. Fig. 176).
Leaves alternate, compound, with stipules (with a few excep-
tions). There are three subdivisions, of which two are well
represented in California.

SUBORDER I. — PAPILIONACEA, Pra Famity

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often somewhat
irregular. Corolla of 5 petals, papilionaceous (f. Fig. 141;
é. Fig. 119). Stamens 10, either monadelphous, diadelphous,
or distinct. Seeds 1 or several, without endosperm.

I. THERMOP’SIS, Golden Pea

Herb with spreading underground stems. Leaflets 3,
palmate, with stipules almost as large. Flowers large, yel-
low, in terminal many-flowered racemes on short pedicels
with bracts. Stamens distinct from each other. Legumes
linear, compressed.

90 KEY AND FLORA

a. T. Califor’‘nica Wats. Silky-tomentose. Leaflets an inch or
two long, obovate ; stipules ovate or lanceolate, often longer than
the petioles. Pods 1-2 in. long, erect and slightly spreading, with
but few seeds maturing. This is the common species in Cali-
fornia. It grows among the hills of the Coast Mountains where
the ground is wet but not marshy, and blooms in spring.

6. T. monta’na Nutt. Silky-hairy. Leaflets oblong, 1-3 in. long ;
stipules ovate or lanceolate. generally longer than the petioles. Pods
strictly erect, 2-3 in. long. This is found in the mountains of
Washington and Oregon. It blooms in the spring. -

Il. PICKERIN’GIA (XYLOTHER’MIA), Spiny Chaparral, Chaparral
Pea, Needle Bush

A very spiny glaucous shrub with small evergreen leaves.
Leaflets from 1 to 3, without stipules. lowers large, soli-
tary, nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves, of a rich crimson
color. It fruits very rarely.

P. monta’na Nutt. This is the only species. It is the most diffi-
cult chaparral of all to penetrate because of its stout spines. It is
found on dry hills in the Coast Mountains.

Ill. LUPI’NUS, Lupine, Sun Dial

Calyx generally 2-lipped. Corolla with broad standard
and wings united above, enclosing the incurved, pointed keel.
Stamens monadelphous in 2 sets. In the bud one set has long
anthers, the others are shorter and tipped with a yellow ball.
As the flower develops, the ball-tipped filaments grow longer
and push the pollen up to the top of the keel, from which
the pistil projects. Leaves palmately compound, with the
leaflets folding at mid-day. Stipules adnate to the petiole.
Flowers in terminal racemes, sometimes arranged in whorls
onthe peduncles. The flowers are generally blue; but white
and yellow-flowered species exist, also one combining yellow
and rose-color.

a. L. Chamisso’nis Esch. Shrubby, pale green from the close
white pubescence. Leaflets 7-9, silky on both sides. Flowers
somewhat whorled, blue, violet, rarely white. This is variable, and
several species have been included under this name; but they are
not easily defined. Throughout California.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 91

b. L. arbo’reus Sims. Shrubby, 4-10 ft. high. Leaflets 7-11,
generally 9. Flowers generally yellow, in whorls, fragrant. This
grows on sand-hills along the coast, where it is abundant and very
showy in summer.

c. L. trunca’tus Nutt. Annual, erect, simple or branching above,
finely pubescent, becoming smoothish. Leaflets 5-7, linear-wedge-
shaped, with the apex obtuse, truncate, 3-toothed or entire. Flowers small,
deep purple, rather scattered on the elongating raceme. Pods more
than an inch Jong. Common in southern California. Spring. ‘

d. L. latifolius Agardh. Perennial, stout, branching, 2-4 ft.
high, leafy, dark green. Leaflets 5-7, oblanceolate, 1-2 in. long.
Racemes long on slender peduncles. Flowers rarely whorled, violet-
blue, turning brownish in fading. This is a common species in shady
places of the Coast Mountains. Spring.

e. L. microcar’pus Sims. Annual, with many spreading branches
from near the base, woolly throughout. Leaflets 9, 1 in. long or
more, narrowly obovate. Racemes containing many whorls of pur-
plish flowers and persistent bracts. Peduncles short, stout, some-
what succulent, often horizontal, and with the whorls turned to the
upper side. Flowers rather large, on short pedicels. Pods thick,
2-seeded. This is common throughout California.

f. L. densiflo’‘rus Benth. This is very similar to the preceding,
but is stouter and more spreading, less hairy, with the racemes on
long peduncles and the flowers white or yellowish, rarely rose-color.
This also is common and widely distributed.

(There are many other species not so readily recognized
from descriptions, and many of them are quite local.)

IV. TRIFO’LIUM, Clover

Low herbs with palmately compound leaves of 3 leaflets,
stipules adnate to the petiole. lowers in close head-like
clusters on axillary peduncles. Calyx with 5, nearly equal
teeth. Petals with claws attached to the tube of the fila-
ments. Stamens usually diadelphous (9 and 1). Legumes
small, from 1 to 6 seeded, usually enclosed in the calyx. ‘The
species are numerous and difficult.

V. MELILO’TUS, Sweet Clover

Leaves pinnately compound of 3 toothed leaflets. Flowers
small, in slender racemes. Legumes roundish, 1 or 2 seeded.

92 KEY AND FLORA

The entire plant is very fragrant. The two species are
introduced.

a. M. Ind’ica Allioni. Flowers yellow, common.
b. M. al’ba Lam. Flowers white. Less common.

VI. MEDICA’GO, Bur Clover, Alfalfa

Leaves pinnately compound, of 3 leaflets. lowers in small
clusters or racemes in the axils of the leaves. Legumes curved
or curled like a screw. 'The species are introduced and are
valuable as fodder.

a. M. denticula’ta Willd. Bur CLrover. Annual, low, with stems
spreading on the ground, smooth throughout. Flowers small,
yellow. Pod coiled, armed with a double row of prickles. Common.

b. M. sativa L. Alfalfa, Lucerne. Perennial, erect, smooth.
Flowers violet in a close raceme. Pod spirally coiled, without
prickles. Usually escaped from cultivation.

c. M. apicula’ta Willd. This is similar in appearance to M. den-
ticulata, but the pods have the margins rough with fine tubercles instead
of with hooked prickles, and the whole surface veiny. In some places
this is more common than M. denticulata.

Vil. HOSACK’IA (LOTUS)

Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Petals with long claws,
free from the stamens. Leaves pinnately compound with
from 2 to many leaflets. Flowers solitary or in umbels, ses-
sile or on peduncles from the axils of the leaves. Legumes
linear, sessile, somewhat compressed between the seeds.

a. H. Purshia’‘na Benth. Annual, erect or spreading loosely over
the ground, with numerous slender branches, soft woolly through-
out. Leaflets generally 3 on a linear rhachis. Flowers solitary,
salmon-color, axillary on slender peduncles which are longer than the
leaves, with a single leaflet below the flower. Legumes from 1 to 1}
in. long. This is common, blooming in the summer and autumn.
Widely distributed.

b. H. subpinna’ta T. & G. Stems low, spreading or erect, smooth
or woolly. Leaflets small, 3-5, on a dilated rhachis; stipules gland-
like. Flowers small, nearly or quite sessile in the leaf axils, without
bracts. Pod 4 in. or more in length with about 5 seeds. From
Santa Barbara to Washington, common.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 93

c. H. parviflora Benth. Annual, with slender, smooth stems.
Leaflets 3-5. Flowers very small, yellow, but becoming red with age :
peduncles thread-like, each with a 1—3-leaved bract. Pods linear,
contracted between the seeds; these 5-7. This is common from
middle California to British Columbia. Spring.

d. H. gra‘cilis Benth. Perennial with slender stems, generally
spreading over the ground and growing in wet places. Leaflets
5-7; stipules thin. Umbels with 8-10 flowers about as long as
the leaves, with a 3-leaved bract. Calyx teeth shorter than the
tube. Corolla with yellow banner, rose-red wings and keel. Pods long
and straight. This is the most beautiful species, and it is found
from Monterey to Washington.

e. H. bicolor Dougl. Perennial with smooth, erect, rather stout
stems. Leaflets 5-7, obovate or oblong; stipules papery, rather large.
Peduncles longer than the leaves; umbel of 3-7 flowers, with or
without a bract. Flowers nearly sessile, yellow, or with white wings.
Calyx teeth half as long as the tube. This grows in wet ground
and is found from near San Francisco to Washington.

jf: H. gla’bra Torr. Somewhat shrubby, with many nearly smooth,
erect, or decumbent stems from the root. Leaves few, with 3 small
leaflets. Umbels numerous, sessile along the stem, consisting of many
yellow flowers that become reddish. Legumes curved and tipped with
the long style. This is common all over the state, and in bloom at all
seasons. There are many other species more difficult to distinguish.

VIII. PSORA’LEA

Lil-scented herbs covered with dark, glandular dots. Leaves
with 3-5 leaflets and stipules free from the petiole. Flowers
white or purplish in axillary spikes or racemes, with thin
bracts that soon wither and fall. Legumes sessile, 1-seeded,
indehiscent.

a. P. orbicula’ris Lindl. Stems running along the ground in swampy
places, bearing leaves and spikes of flowers on petioles and peduncles a
foot or more long. Leaflets large, round. Flowers large, purple, in
close, woolly spikes. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Throughout
California.

b. P. macrosta’chya DC. Stems usually very tall, 6 ft. or even*
more. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Peduncles much longer than the leaves.
Spikes silky-woolly, with blackish hairs on the calyx. Bracts
broad. Corolla purple. The tenth stamen almost free. Legumes
woolly. Throughout California, along streams.

c. P. physo’des Dougl. Generally a foot or two high, with several
stems spreading from the base. Flowers in short, close racemes.

94 KEY AND FLORA

Calyx becoming slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla yellowish white,
tinged with purple. Stamens monadelphous. In the Coast Moun-
tains from Monterey County to Puget Sound.

IX. ASTRAG’ALUS, Rattleweed, Loco-weed

Herbs »with odd-pinnate leaves and numerous leaflets.
Flowers in racemes or spikes, on axillary peduncles. Stamens
diadelphous (9 and 1). Keel of the corolla blunt at tip.
Legumes numerous, more or less 2-celled by one or both sutures
projecting inwards, often inflated like a bladder so as to secure
dispersion of the seed by the wind. Several species are poison-
ous to cattle and sheep. Almost all are perennials. The
species are numerous and too difficult for beginners.

X. VIC'IA, Vetch

Vines, with the leaves terminating in tendrils. Stipules semi-
sagittate. Flowers solitary or in loose axillary racemes. Sta-
mens diadelphous. Stigma a round hairy ball at the tip of the
slender style. Legumes similar to those of the common pea.

a. V. gigante’a Hook. Perennials, stout, climbing high over the
bushes. Leaflets from 10 to 15 pairs. Corollas reddish or dirty white,
turning brown. Pods becoming black when ripe, each seed encircled by its
stalk. This is common in moist places from San Francisco northward.

b. V. America’‘na Muhl. Pea Vine. Perennial, generally low.
Leaflets from 4 to 8 pairs, linear, generally truncate or toothed at
apex. Flowers bluish, in few-flowered racemes. Legumes smooth.
Seeds 3-6, dark purple. Widely distributed.

XI. LATH’YRUS, Wild Pea

This is similar to Vicia, except that the tendrils are absent
in some species, the flowers are larger, the leaflets broader,
-and, most important, the style is hair y not only at the tip,
but nie down the inner side.

The species are difficult to distinedaie

SuBORDER IJ. —CHSALPINEZ

Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla not truly papilio-
naceous, with the petal that answers to the standard folded

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 95

within those on the side. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct.
Seeds sometimes with endosperm.

CER’CIS, Red-bud, Judas-tree

A small tree or shrub, blooming before the leaves appear.
Leaves cordate to kidney-shaped, entire, palmately veined.
Flowers bright rose-color, in axillary clusters, numerous on the
leafless stems. Petals 5, the standard enclosed by the wings.
Pod large, flat and thin, turning purplish.

C. occidenta‘lis Torr. This is the only native species on the

Pacific Coast. It is most beautiful along mountain streams through-
out California, but not near the seacoast.

SuporveER III. — MIMO’SEZE

Flowers regular, small, and numerous in spikes or heads.
Calyx and corolla of 4 or 5 divisions. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals, or numerous, inserted on the
receptacle.

ACA’CIA

Flowers small, numerous in spikes or heads. Stamens very
numerous. Flowers usually yellow (rarely rose-color).

Leaves various, naturally pinnately compound, but in many
Australian species reduced to a petiole flattened and broad-
ened like a leaf (phyllodia). On young plants the gradations
between the compound leaf and the simple phyllodia can
often be seen. ——

GERANIA’CEZ. GERANIUM FAMILY

Herbs with pungent, acid, or aromatic juice. Sepals and
petals 5. Stamens 5 or 10.

The fruit consists of 5 distinct carpels around a central
column, or is a 5-10-valved capsule splitting so as to shoot
out the seeds. .

I. GERA’NIUM, Crane’s Bill

Annual or perennial herbs with large joints and palmately
lobed leaves, stipules papery. Style 5-lobed at the summit.

96 KEY AND FLORA

Fruit of & carpels, which separate when ripe from the axis,
each one with a long, beardless tail, which curls from the bot-
tom of the axis to the summit. Most of the plants cultivated
as geraniums belong to the genus Pelargonium.

a. G. inci‘sum Nutt. Perennial, with branching, leafy stems, with
glandular and hairy pubescence. Flowers large, axillary, on pedicels
that are spreading or reflexed in fruit. Petals purple, woolly on the
inner surface. Filaments woolly. Fruit with the beak glandular.
Common in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and extending to Wash-
ington and Oregon. It blooms in spring and summer.

b. G. Richardson’ii F. & M. This is somewhat similar to the
preceding, and like it, is perennial. The stems are taller, more
slender, and weaker. The flowers are smaller, and always white,
though there may be pink veins on the petals. It grows in wet
places in the mountains at rather high elevations.

c. G. Carolinia’‘num L. Annual, with spreading stems, and gray,
somewhat glandular pubescence. Flowers and leaves closely clus-
tered at the ends of branchlets, the former small, rose-color, the latter
orbicular in outline, but cut into several divisions. Carpels covered
with black hairs, beak woolly or glandular. Common and widely
distributed.

d. G. dissec’tum L. Greener than the preceding, and with the
leaves cut into narrower and more numerous divisions. Stems weak,
often supported on other plants, and frequently growing in wet
places. Common, introduced.

Il. ERO’DIUM, Alfilerilla, Filaree’

This is similar to Geranium ; but the filaments are broader,
and those opposite the petals are without anthers, the tails
of the carpels are bearded on the inner side, and when they
break away from the axis they form a spiral. The flowers
are usually in umbels with an involucre of 4 bracts, and the
petals are small and fall easily.

a. E. cicuta’rium L’Her. ReED-STEMMED FILAREE. Leaves form-
ing a rosette at the base of the stem, compound with many leaflets,
which are cut into numerous, narrow, acute lobes; the stem leaves
are small, and shorter than the peduncles. Flowers rose-purple,
4-8 in an umbel. The axis on which the carpels are arranged is
from 1 to 2 in. long. This is the commonest and most valued
“‘ filaree.”

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 97

b. E. moscha’tum L’Her. GREEN-STEMMED FILAREE. This has
a faint odor of musk. The root leaves form a cluster, but are larger
and coarser than the preceding, and erect, often a foot long. The
leaflets are doubly serrate. This always has a greener and more
luxuriant appearance than the preceding. Widely distributed.

c. E. Bo’trys Bert. Stems short, depressed. Leaves in a rosette,
reddish and shining, oblong in outline with coarsely-toothed seg-
ments. Petals lilac-purple, longer than the calyx, forming a bell-
shaped corolla. Carpels with beaks 2-4 in. Jong. This gives a
reddish color to the hills along the seaboard in early spring. The
long beaks of the akenes are conspicuous later. It is introduced,
and likely to be found everywhere along the coast.

d. KE. macrophyl‘lum H. & A. Stems very short, glandular-hairy
above. Leaves kidney-shaped, crenate-serrate. Petals white, as long
as the sepals. ‘This is found chiefly in clayey soil, and is widely
distributed.

Ill. LIMNAN’THES, Meadow Foam

Smooth, succulent annuals with pungent juice. Leaves
alternate, without stipules, pinnately cleft. Flowers showy,
solitary, on axillary peduncles, white, yellowish, or rose-
color. Petals convolute in the bud. Stamens 10. Carpels
at first fleshy, becoming hard and wrinkled, separating from
the short axis. ‘This grows always in wet places.

a. L. Douglas’ii R. Brown. Stems very smooth, brittle, much
branched. Peduncles 2-4 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, petals twice
as long, yellow, white, or of both colors, obovate, emarginate. This
beautiful plant sometimes covers large areas in wet meadows.
Throughout California.

b. L. ro’sea Hartw. Leaves with narrow linear lobes; flowers
white, turning rose-color. This is found in the great valleys of
California.

c. L. al’ba Hartw. Short and stout, with the leaf segments
broad, short, 3-lobed. Petals white, not much longer than the
densely woolly sepals. Northern California.

IV. OX’ALIS, Wood Sorrel

Low herbs with acid juice, often without a stem. Leaves
compound with 3 obcordate leaflets, like clover. Stamens 10,
with filaments dilated and united at the base. Capsule
beaked with the short style, 5-celled with the valves remain-
ing attached to the axis by the partitions.

98 KEY AND FLORA

a. 0. Orega’na Nutt. Woop Sorre. Perennial herbs forming
mats, with slender rootstocks from which arise the leaves and flow-
ering stems. Leaflets broadly obcordate, rusty underneath. Scapes
usually 1-flowered, with 2 bracts near the flower. Petals nearly an
inch long, pink, white, or rose-color with darker veins. ‘This is common
in the redwood forests of the coast, north to Washington.

b. O. cornicula’‘ta L. YELLOw SorreEv. This also often forms mats
with slender prostrate stems. Leaflets deeply obcordate. Peduncles
bearing 2 or more flowers with yellow petals. The reddish-leaved, yel-
low-flowered sorrel, which is a common weed in the streets’ and
gardens, is a variety of this species.

LINA’CEZ. FLAx FAMILY

Flowers with all parts 5, except the pistil. Sepals per-
sistent, imbricated. Petals convolute in the bud, falling
soon. Each division of the ovary contains a pair of seeds.

LYNUM, Flax

Herbs with tough fibers in the bark. Leaves sessile, entire.
Styles 2-5. Ovary globose, with as many true cells as styles,
each cell partially separated into two false cells. The cap- —
sule splits through the false and true partitions, each half
cell containing one seed. The species are rather local and
with one exception small-flowered.

L. Lewis‘ii Pursh. Perennial, with erect, leafy stems, smooth ~
and bluish green. Leaves generally linear, an inch or less long,
without stipules. Flowers azure blue, nearly an inch in diameter,
in racemes or corymbs on elongating pedicels. Pod longer than
the calyx, 10-celled and 10-valved, with the valves widely spreading
when ripe. Common and widely distributed, blooming in spring
and summer.

The introduced flax, L. usitatis’simum L., is somewhat similar,
but is an annual. There are many small-flowered, annual species
in California, but they are difficult to distinguish and are more or
less local.

POLYGALA’CEZ. PotyGALA FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs with simple, entire leaves without stipules.
Flowers superficially resembling a pea blossom. Stamens

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 99

united into one or two sets, adnate to the petals; anthers
1-celled, opening at the top.

POLYG’ALA

Sepals 5, two of them large and spreading like wings.
Petals 3, united to each other and to the stamen tube, the
middle one forming a hood. Stamens 6-8, with filaments
united into a tube, split down one side. Pod notched, flat-
tened contrary to the partition, 2-celled, with one seed in

each cell. P

a. P. cornu’ta Kellogg. Low shrub with slender stems and
branches, 1-6 ft. high. Leaves oval, obtuse, on very short peti-
oles. Flowers greenish white tinged with rose-color, in short racemes.
Outer sepals usually finely tomentose. Petals shorter than the keel,
which is tipped with a straight beak. Pod orbicular with the apex
notched. This grows in the pine woods through the Sierra Nevada.

b. P. Califor’nica Nutt. Low perennial with slender, woody stems
rising 2-8 ft. from creeping rootstocks. Flowers in terminal racemes.
Sepals nearly smooth. Petals purple, with the wings longer than
the keel, which has a recurved beak. The fruit is chiefly from flowers
without petals near the root. The pod is smooth and almost orbicular.
This is common in the Coast Mountains of California and extends
to Oregon.

EUPHORBIA’CEZ. SpurGe FAMILY

Herbs with milky juice which is sometimes poisonous.
Leaves simple with stipules. Flowers moncecious or dic-
cious, naked or apetalous. Stamens 1 to many. Pistil 1,
with a 3-lobed ovary and 6 styles or stigmas. Pod dehiscing
with an elastic movement that scatters the seeds, leaving
the axis.

I. EUPHOR’BIA, Spurge, Milkweed

Flowers moneecious, both the staminate and the pistillate
included in a cup-shaped involucre which might be mistaken
for a calyx. Staminate flowers numerous, each of a single
stamen on a short, jointed pedicel with a tiny bract at base.
Pistillate flowers solitary, hanging on a long pedicel from the
center of the involucre. Ovary with one ovule in each cell ;

100 KEY AND FLORA

styles 3, each with 2 stigmas. Involucre 4—5-lobed, the lobes
alternating with crescent-shaped or colored and petal-like
glands.

a. E. albomargina’ta Torr. & Gray. Stems numerous, forming a
prostrate mat. Leaves small, almost round, cordate with a narrow
whitish edge. Stipules united into a triangular, white, membranous
scale. Glands of the involucre 4, brownish orange with white or rose-
color, petal-like appendages with entire margins. Seeds 4-angled.
This grows in southern California.

b. E. serpyllifo‘lia Pers. Annual with prostrate or ascending
stems, smooth. Leaves with the base unequal, oblong, 1-64 in. long,
the margins with some very fine teeth. Stipules bristle-like or
ragged. Involucres generally solitary. Seeds 4-angled, somewhat
pitted. The glands are small and the margins narrow, whitish, cre-
nate. This is widely distributed and is often found along roads
and railroad tracks. It blooms in summer and turns reddish
towards fall.

c. E. crenula’‘ta Engelm. Annual or biennial, erect with one or
several leafy stems from the root, generally branching above with —
2-forked branches. Leaves about an inch long, spatulate. IJnvo-
lucres with crescent-shaped glands and no petal-like appendages. Seeds —
gray, covered with dark-colored pits. This blooms early and is
widely spread.

II. EREMOCAR’PUS, Turkey Mullein, Yerba del Pescado

Stems branched from the base, prostrate, forming a mat.
Flowers moncecious, clustered in the axils of the leaves
without an involucre. Staminate flowers with a 65 or
6 parted perianth ; pistillate flowers, naked. Capsule I-celled
and 1-seeded.

E. setig’erus Benth. Grayish green, covered with white hairs
and a stellate pubescence. Leaves 3-nerved, ovate, obtuse, round
at base, on long petioles. Flowers inconspicuous. This is called
“turkey mullein” because turkeys are fond of the seeds. The
name given by the early settlers is “yerba del pescado” because
it was used by the Indians in catching fish. The effect of the
leaves thrown into a fish stream is to stupefy the fish so that they
can be caught by hand. Common in middle California and inclined
to cover waste places. Summer and fall.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 101

ANACARDIA’CEZ. Porson Oak FAMILY

Shrubs or trees with leaves alternate, without stipules,
either simple or compound. Flowers small, regular. Stamens
inserted on the inner margin of the disk. Ovary 1-celled,
l-ovuled. Styles often 5. Fruit a small drupe.

RHUS, Sumac, Poison Oak

Sepals and petals (4-9) generally 5. Stamens as many
or twice as many. Sterile and fertile flowers often mixed in
the clusters. Only the first species is poisonous.

a. R. diversiloba T. & G. Poison Oak. Stems shrubby or
climbing by rootlets. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets, which are
3-lobed and coarsely toothed or entire. Flowers yellowish white, fra-
grant, in loose panicles in the axils of the leaves. Fruit a round,
white, nerved, smooth berry. This is most poisonous in the spring.
It generally forms thickets. The foliage turns red in the fall.

b. R. triloba’ta Nutt. Squaw Busu, InpriAN LEMONADE. An
aromatic shrub with numerous, spreading branches. Leaves some-
what variable, with 3 leaflets, the middle one 3-lobed and toothed,
much larger than the 2 side leaflets, which are generally simple
and crenate. Flowers greenish, in short spikes, which precede the
leaves. Fruit a red berry, pleasantly acid. Seeds white and smooth.
Widely distributed, but not especially common.

c. R. integrifo’‘lia Benth. & Hook. Shrub or small tree. Leaves
many, evergreen, thick, oval, entire or with spiny teeth, dark green
and glossy above, sometimes compound. Flowers rose-color, in clus-
tered spikes. Fruit covered with an acid, viscid coat; the berry about
4 in. long. This is found in southern California near the sea.

d. R. ova‘ta Wats. Similar to the above, but with larger, thin-
ner leaves, which are ovate or almost heart-shaped; fruit having the
viscid coat crusted with a white powder. This is found in the moun-
tains of southern California.

e. R. lauri‘na Nutt. Shrub with oblong-lanceolate, entire leaves
on rather long petioles. Flowers many in a terminal panicle, small,
white. Fruit smooth, whitish, beaked by a stout style. This grows in
southern California near the coast.

Schi‘nus mol’‘le L. Perper Trer. This is extensively cultivated.
It is an evergreen tree, with graceful, drooping branches and com-
pound leaves, with 20 or more pairs of narrow leaflets. The flowers

102 KEY AND FLORA

are small, dicecious, in large panicles, with 5 greenish petals and 10
stamens. The fruit consists of numerous pungent rose-color drupes
as large as dry peas.

SAPINDA’CEZ (including BuckEyr and Mapter)

Trees or shrubs with deciduous simple or compound leaves
without stipules. Sepals 5, often irregular, and more or less
united. Petals alternate with the sepals or wanting. Stamens
more than 5. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, often only
one maturing.

I. AES’CULUS, Buckeye

Leaves opposite, palmately compound, of 5-9 leaflets.
Flowers white or pale rose-color, in a panicle nearly a foot
long; very few are fertile, the majority being staminate.
Calyx tubular. Petals 4 or 5, with long claws. Ovules 6,
2 in each cell of the ovary; but generally only one ripening,
becoming a large chestnut-like seed which is covered with the
three leathery valves of the capsule. The abortive seeds can
all be seen within the capsule.

#E. Califor’nica Nutt. This is a low-spreading tree or, rarely, a shrub.
The leaves fall very early, leaving the pods hanging on long, naked
peduncles. Rather widely distributed through middle California.

II. AC’ER, Maple

Trees or shrubs with deciduous palmately lobed leaves.
Petals as many as the sepals, and inserted with the sta-
-mens on the margin of the disk. ruit of 2, winged carpels.

a. A. macrophyllum Pursh. LARGE-LEAVED Mapte. This grows
to be a large tree with leaves from 6 in. to nearly a foot broad.
Flowers yellowish, fragrant, in drooping racemes. Fruit densely
hairy, with wings obliquely spreading. This grows along streams.
From Santa Barbara to British Columbia.

b. A. circina‘tum Pursh. Vine Mapue. Shrubs or small trees with
trailing stems that strike root where they touch the ground, forming
thickets. Flowers in loose, umbel-like corymbs. Fruit smooth, with wings
horizontally spreading. Northern California to British Columbia.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 103

Ill. NEGUN’DO, Box Elder

A small tree, with leaves pinnately compound with 3 leaf-
lets. Flowers dicecious, apetalous. Staminate flowers in
umbels with very slender pedicels. Fertile flowers in droop-
ing racemes. Fruit of 2, winged carpels with wings almost
parallel.

N. Califor‘nicum Torr. & Gray. This grows along streams in the
Coast Mountains, but is not very abundant.

RHAMNA’CEZ. BucktTHorn FAMILY

Shrubs or trees with simple leaves and small flowers.
Calyx valvate in the bud. Stamens opposite the petals.
Ovary with from 2 to 4 cells. Stigmas with as many lobes
as there are cells to the ovary. Seed solitary in each cell.

I. RHAM’NUS, Coffee Berry, Cascara Sagrada

Leaves alternate, with stipules that soon fall. Calyx tube
urn-shaped with a 4 or 5 cleft margin. Petals very small or
none. Ovary a drupe containing 2 or 8 stones.

a. R. cro’cea Nutt. Leaves evergreen, almost orbicular, small, shin-
ing above, inclined to be yellow beneath, sharply toothed. Flowers with
the parts in fours. Berries red. Throughout California.

b. R. Califor’nica Esch. Leaves evergreen, 1-4 in. long, 3-2 in.
wide, elliptical, denticulate, or nearly entire. Fruit black-purple,
2-seeded. Throughout California.

ce. R. Purshia’‘na DC. This sometimes becomes a tree. Leaves
deciduous, elliptical, pubescent beneath, 2—7 in. long, 1-3 in. wide.
Petals cleft at the apex. Fruit black, 3-seeded. This is more com-
mon in northern California and extends to British Columbia.

Il. CEANO’THUS, California Lilac

Trees, or more often shrubs, with small, simple leaves.
Flowers small, blue or white, in cymes or panicles. Calyx
bell-shaped, with colored margin. Petals with a small claw,
the blade forming a hood. Ovary half immersed in the disk,

104 KEY AND FLORA

style 5-cleft. Fruit a 3-seeded capsule embraced at the base
by the calyx tube, dehiscent from the junction of the 3 cells
with elasticity sufficient to scatter the hard nutlets.

a. C. thyrsiflo'rus Esch. Buiue-siossoms. A tall shrub or tree
with small alternate leaves, 3-nerved from the base. Flowers dense
in numerous, compound racemes, often forming a thyrse, light blue, very
fragrant. This is one of the most beautiful plants when in bloom.

It frequently covers places where the redwoods have been cut and

burned. From Monterey County northward.

b. C. veluti‘nus Dougl. This isa stout, diffusely branched shrub.
Leaves alternate, large, thick, resinous, and shining on the upper surface,
aromatic, strongly ribbed from the base. Flowers white, in loose clusters
on short peduncles. Common in northern California and Oregon.

c. C. integer’rimus H. & A. ‘Tall, erect shrub without spines.
Leaves alternate, 3-nerved, ovate, soft-hairy on both surfaces, on
short petioles. Flowers white or blue in slender panicles. Pods nearly
smooth with the crests on the sides. Through California in the moun-
tains, to Washington. In some places it is known as red-root.

d. C. divarica’tus Nutt. Tall shrub with olive or bluish-green
branchlets. Leaves alternate; ovate, 3-nerved, colored like the twigs
but with the upper surface darker. Flowers pale blue, in ample pani-
cles. Pods smooth, scarcely crested. The stems are rigid and fre-
quently spiny. This is common in southern California.

e. C. inca’nus T. & G. Shrub with stiff, spiny, diffusely branched
stems. Leaves alternate, large, elliptical to ovate, pale green, 1-24 in.
long. Flowers in short, dense, axillary clusters, frequently forming
a thyrse. Pod very resinous, lobed at top. This is found in the
Coast Mountains of middle California.

jf. C. cordula’tus Kellogg. Snow-susH. Low shrubs, generally
‘with flat tops; stems with spreading branches gray or glaucous.
Leaves alternate, elliptical to orbicular, generally obtuse at base, den-
ticulate at apex, pale gray-green on the lower side, darker above.
Flowers white, small, in numerous small clusters all over the stems.
_ Capsules smooth, slightly crested. This forms thickets in the moun-
tains of California and Oregon.

g. C. folio’sus Parry. Low shrub with declined or trailing
branches. Leaves alternate, small, with glandular, revolute margins.
Flowers dark blue or rarely white, in small, numerous clusters all
over the stems. This blooms profusely soon after the rains and is
in bloom almost continually. Common in the Coast Mountains.

h. C. soredia’tus H. & A. Erect shrub, becoming tree-like, with
spreading, rigid branches, somewhat thorny. Leaves alternate, ellip-
tical, glandular on the margins, gray-green on the lower surface, darker
above. Flowers deep blue, small, in very numerous, small, oblong

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 105

clusters. This is found in the Coast Mountains, and is a most
beautiful sight in full bloom.

i. C. cunea’tus Nutt. Widely branched with rigid branchlets. Leaves
opposite, spatulate or wedge-shaped, on very short petioles, paler on the
lower surface in lines. Flowers in small umbels which are close
together on the branches, white or lavender. Pods with 3 erect
horns or crests. ‘This is common throughout California to Oregon.

j. C. crassifo‘lius Torr. Erect shrub with rigid branches, the
young twigs clothed with white down. Leaves opposite, thick, white-
downy on the lower surface, obtuse or retuse at apex. Flowers in numer-
ous clusters on short peduncles, light blue or white, very densely
clustered. Capsule with 3 horn-like crests below the summit. This is
found in the Coast Mountains, especially in southern California.

k. C. pineto’rum Coville. Low shrubs with flat tops and many
stiff, spreading branches. Leaves opposite, thick, glossy on the wpper
surface, coarsely toothed. Flowers blue or white, rather large, in
many small clusters. Capsules large, red, with large, erect horns near
the apex and with crests between. On dry hills in the Sierra Nevada
and Coast Mountains.

l. C. prostra’tus Benth. SQquaw-CcARPETS, MAHALA Mats. Stems
forming mats, rooting. Leaves opposite, thick, with sharp teeth on
the margins, spatulate or wedge-shaped. Flowers blue, rather large.
Pods large, red, with 3 large, wrinkled horns at the apex and crests
between. Common in the mountains of California and extending

to Washington.

MALVA’CEZH. Mattow FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs with flowers generally showy. Calyx with
lobes valvate in the bud, often with an outer row of bracts
below, resembling another calyx. Petals 5, united at the base
of the stamen tube. Stamens numerous, united into a column
by their filaments, enclosing the pistils. Anthers kidney-
shaped, 1-celled, except in Fremontia. Fruit a 35-10-celled
pod or a cluster of one- to several-seeded carpels, at the base
of the united styles, commonly called “cheeses.”

I. LAVA’TERA, Tree Mallow

Stout shrubs, frequently planted as wind-breaks. Leaves
large, evergreen, 5-7-lobed. Flowers axillary, on long pedun-
cles. Calyx with an outer row of 8-6 leaflets. Carpels 1-seeded.

106 KEY AND FLORA

L. assurgentiflo’ra Kellogg. This grows to a height of several feet,
and has large reddish purple flowers, veined with darker lines.

II. SIDAL’CEA, Rose Mallow

Perennial or annual herbs. Leaves round in outline, lobed
or parted. Flowers rose-color, in a terminal raceme or spike.
Calyx with outer bracts wanting. Column of stamens double.
Carpels 1-seeded, indehiscent.

a. §. malveflo’ra Gray. Perennial with several stems from the
root 1-2 ft. high, erect or ascending, hairy. Root leaves rounded,
deeply crenate; stem leaves 7-parted, with the divisions 3-lobed.
Flowers in spike-like racemes, rose-color. Carpels becoming some-
what wrinkled and veiny when ripe. ‘There are two kinds of flowers.
Those with rudimentary anthers are smaller and generally of a
deeper color; the perfect flowers are an inch or more across. The
pistils ripen after the pollen is discharged. This is variable and
common near the coast.

b. S. Orega’na Gray. Perennial. Stems solitary or few from
the root, 2-6 ft. in height, branching into panicles which are stel-
late pubescent. Leaves chiefly at the base, orbicular in outline,
7-9-lobed, the lobes cleft. Flowers 3-1 im. long in spicate
racemes. Carpels slightly beaked, smooth. From northern Califor-
nia to Oregon.

c. §. diploscy’pha Gray. Annual, with hairy stems 1-2 ft. high ;
branches spreading. Leaves round-kidney-shaped, the earliest
crenate, the others with 5-7 lobed divisions. Petals pink, an inch
long. Carpels veiny and wrinkled, depressed, beakless. This is com-
mon in middle California in fields, growing like a weed. It is one
of the most beautiful species.

Ill. MALVAS’TRUM

Erect shrubs or herbs. Calyx with 3 outer bracts. Stamen
tube simple. Stigmas capitate. Carpels I1-seeded, usually
splitting from the top.

a. M. Par’ryi Greene. Annual. Stems prostrate or ascending.
Leaves deeply 5-parted, with toothed or lobed segments. Flowers
axillary, on long, slender peduncles. Carpels 15-20. This is sim-
ilar to Sidalcea malveflora in the dicecious character of its flowers.
The perfect flowers are often more than an inch in diameter.
This is found in middle California in dry places.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 107

b. M. fascicula’‘tum Greene. A shrub 6-8 ft. high, with long, slen-
der branches. Leaves tomentose, 5-lobed, coarsely toothed. Flowers
in racemes or panicles. Corolla rose-purple, 2 in. long. Carpels
smooth below, tomentose above. This is a beautiful shrub, or

sometimes a tree, common in southern California.

IV. FREMON’TIA, Slippery Elm

A shrub or small tree, with small 5—7-lobed leaves, rusty
stellate pubescent. Calyx 1-3 in. in diameter, 5-cleft almost
to the base, with bright yellow, leathery divisions, imbri-
cated in the bud; persistent bractlets under the calyx 3-5,
small. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, with filaments united
to the middle. Anthers linear, 2-celled. Capsule 4 or 5
celled, dehiscent from the top. This is, by some authorities,
put into Sterculiacee. |

F. Califor’‘nica Torr. Fause Siippery Exum. This is a fine
sight when in bloom. The large yellow flowers are numerous on
the long stems. The fruit is densely hairy and woolly on the
inside, and the dry open pods persist. The bark is used as slip-
pery elm. From middle California to San Diego.

HYPERICA’CEZ, Sr. JOHN’s-wort FAMILY

Herbs with opposite leaves, covered with transparent or
dark dots or with both kinds. Flowers with 4 or 5 sepals,
and as many petals. Stamens numerous in 3-5 clusters,
on the receptacle. Styles 3-5, more or less united. Pod
splitting at the partitions into 3 valves.

HYPERI’CUM, St. John’s-wort
Flowers yellow. Stamens in several sets, stigmas capitate.

a. H. Scou’leri Hook. Lect, with simple stems from running root-
stocks. Leaves oblong, obtuse, clasping, about an inch long. Flowers
nearly an inch in diameter, in panicled cymes. This grows in moist
places, chiefly in the mountains.

b. H. concin’‘num Benth. Stems low, numerous, from a woody base.
Leaves not clasping, usually folded, growing in four distinct ranks up

108 KEY AND FLORA

the stem. Stamens very numerous, in 3 sets. Corollas nearly an

inch in diameter. This grows on dry hills in central California.
: c. H. anagalloi'des Cham. & Schl. Stems weak, low, spreading,
rooting at the joints, growing in wet places and forming mats. Leaves
small, clasping. Flowers small, in cymes. Pod 1-celled. Widely
distributed.

FRANKENIA’CEZ, Yersa ReumMA FAMILY

Low, spreading, perennial herbs or shrubs, with opposite,
entire leaves and no stipules. Calyx tubular, 4 or 5 lobed,
ribbed. Petals with long claws inserted on the receptacle.
Stamens 4-7. Ovary Il-celled. Fruit a 2-4-valved pod
included in the calyx tube.

a. Franke’nia grandiflora Cham. & Schl. YERBA ReumMA. Stems
very numerous, slender. Leaves numerous, small and narrow, with
the margins rolled under. Petals small, pink. On account of the
great amount of salt contained in this plant it is almost impossible
to dry it. It is common in salt marshes on the coast.

b. F. grandiflo’ra var. campes‘tris. This is the form found in the
interior alkaline marshes. ;

CISTA’CEZ, RockrosE FAMILY

Calyx in 2 series; the outer sepals 2, smaller than the 3
inner, turned to the left in the bud, while the 5 petals are
turned to the right. Stamens many, style 1. Fruit a cap-
sule, with the parietal placentz protruding towards the center.

HELIAN’THEMUM, Rockrose

Perennials, with many slender stems about a foot high
from a woody root. Flowers small, yellow, open only in sun-
shine, with petals soon falling. Ovary opening into 3 valves.

H. scopa’rium Nutt. This grows on dry hills throughout Cali-
fornia, in the Coast Mountains.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 109

VIOLA’CEZH, VioLtet FAmILy

Low perennial herbs having alternate leaves with leaf-like
stipules. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Sepals 5, persist-
ent. Petals 5, one with a spur at base. Stamens 5, short,
with the filaments cohering around the pistil. Style club-
shaped, with a one-sided stigma. Pod 1-celled, splitting into
3 parts, each bearing seeds on the middle nerve. The seeds
are often scattered by the bursting of the elastic valves.

VYOLA, Violet

Sepals ear-like at the base. Petals somewhat bearded
within, thus affording a foothold for bees, the lowest one
with a spur at base. Stamens not cohering very much, the
lowest with spurs which reach down into the spur of the
lowest petal.

a. V. palus‘tris L. Stemless, low, from thread-like creeping root-
stocks. Leaves round-cordate, 1-2 in. in diameter, faintly crenate.
Flowers pale lilac to white, with short, rounded, sac-like spurs. Northern
California to Alaska, growing in swampy places in the mountains.

b. V. cani‘na var. adun’ca Gray. Biure VioLer. Stems leafy,
several from the rootstock. Leaves simple, ovate-cordate, with
leaf-like stipules. Flowers blue, with the spur as long as the sepals.
The side. petals are bearded. Widely distributed in the Coast
Mountains.

ce. V. ocella’ta T. & G. HeEArRT’s-EAsE. Stems leafy. Leaves
heart-shaped, crenate, with small papery stipules. Upper petals
white within, dark on the outside; the others pale yellow, veined with
purple ; those on the sides with a purple spot near the base. In woods
from Monterey County northward.

d. V. peduncula’ta T. & G. Pansy. Stems leafy, with ovate
leaves wedge-shaped at the base. Stipules narrowly lance-shaped.
Flowers large, on long peduncles, deep yellow. Upper petals tinged
with brown on the outside, the others veined with purple, those on
the sides bearded. Common from southern to middle California.

e. V. sarmento’sa Dougl. CRreEPING VIOLET. Stems creeping
by leafy stolons. Leaves finely crenate, round, with heart-shaped
base. Flowers light yellow. This grows in the woods of the Coast
Mountains. .

-

110 KEY AND FLORA

jf. V. premor’sa Dougl. Stems short, frequently underground,
gray pubescent or smooth. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with the margin
sinuate to dentate, tapering to the petiole. Sepals papery, entire or
slashed. Petals yellow, generally tinged with brown on the outside.
Ovary globular, pubescent. Variable and widely distributed.

g. V.loba’‘ta Benth. Stems leafy. Leaves palmately cut into 5-9 nar-
row lobes, the central one the longest. (The root leaves are sometimes
simple with crenate margins.) Stipules large, leaf-like. Flowers yel-
low. Upper petals brownish purple on the outside, the others veined
or tinged with purple, the side petals slightly bearded. Throughout
California.

h. V. chrysan’tha Hook. Apparently stemless. Leaves round in
outline, twice divided into linear segments. Stipules lance-shaped.
Flowers on peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves, bright
yellow. Lower petals veined, yellow; the upper brownish purple on
the outside ; the side petals not bearded. On low hills from Monte-
rey County northward.

i. V.trinerva’ta Howell. Stemless, smooth. Leaves palmately 3—5-
parted with lanceolate, acute divisions ; stipules small, entire, almost
free. Upper petals deep blue or violet: lower yellow. Washington.

j. V. Beckwith’ii T. & G. Stemless, hairy or almost smooth.
Leaves orbicular, palmately 3-parted into linear, obtuse divisions. Upper
petals deep blue or violet, lower light blue or white, with the base yellow-
ish. This is found from northern California in the Sierra Nevada
to Oregon, generally on the eastern slope.

MYRTA’CEZ, MyrtLte FAMILY

Evcatyp'tus. There are many different species of this
genus cultivated in California. The young shoots have oppo-
site leaves much broader than the older leaves, which are
alternate. The calyx never opens. It is like a lid and falls
off. Under this is another very thin lid which answers to
the corolla. Then the numerous stamens rise and expand,
producing a tassel-like blossom. The fruit is a 3—5-celled
capsule imbedded in the receptacle and opening by chinks at
the top. The commonest species in cultivation is the Blue
Gum, Hucalyptus globulus Labill.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS tit

ONAGRA’CEZ, Eventne Primrose FAMILY

Herbs with the calyx tube inserted on the ovary. Parts
of the flower 4, except the stamens, which are generally 8.
Capsule 4-celled, and stigma 4-lobed or capitate. Leaves
simple, without stipules. Flowers usually showy.

I. ZAUSCHNE’RIA, Wild Fuchsia

Perennial herbs with many low ascending stems from
woody rootstocks. Leaves opposite, except the upper ones.
Flowers large, scarlet, in racemes. Calyx with tube globose
just above the ovary, the funnel-formed border 4-lobed, with 8
scales within, 4 erect and 4 deflexed. Petals 4, obecordate and
deeply cleft, a little longer than the calyx lobes. Stamens 8
in 2 sets, one shorter than the other. Anthers versatile.
Stigma 4-lobed or shield-shaped. Pod 4-angled. Seeds with
a tuft of down at the end.

Z. Califor’‘nica Presl. All the forms of Zauschneria are considered
by many botanists to belong to this species. It is extremely vari-
able, and found through California; blooming from summer until
late in the fall.

II. EPILO’BIUM, Willow Herb

Perennial herbs often growing near water. Calyx with
tube short or none, border with 4 spreading, deciduous lobes.
Petals spreading or erect, purplish or white, often notched at
the apex. Stamens 8 in 2 sets, one shorter; anthers versa-
tile. Stigma with 4 spreading lobes or somewhat club-
shaped. Pod 4-sided. Seeds with a tuft of long white hairs.

a. E. spica’tum Lam. FirEWEED. Perennial, with tall, erect,
simple, leafy stems. Leaves sessile, lance-shaped, entire. Flowers
_ reddish purple, large, in a long spike with noticeable bracts. (The
spike resembles a raceme because of the long, linear ovaries, which
look like pedicels.) Style yellow, hairy at the base, with 4 linear
stigma lobes. This is common in the Sierra Nevada Mountains
wherever the timber has been burned, and also in the northern
part of the Coast Mountains.

12 KEY AND FLORA

b. E. panicula’tum Nutt. Annual, with slender’ stems branching
widely above, low or 10 ft. high. Leaves small, often in clusters on
the main stem, almost wanting on the branches. Flowers small,
rose-color, veined with darker lines, terminating the slender thread-
like branches. Petals deeply notched, nearly twice as long as the
calyx lobes. This is common, and blooms in the fall. Widely
distributed.

c. E. adenocau’lon Hausskn. Stems ascending, tall, with the
inflorescence branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with rounded base,
finely toothed margins, and short-winged petioles. Flowers small,
rose-color, nodding at first. Inflorescence and seed-pods glandular
pubescent. This is common and widely distributed. It grows near
wet places. Little rosettes of leaves appear late in the season at the
base of the stem.

Ill. G2NOTHE’RA, Evening Primrose

Herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers varius, with calyx
tube prolonged above the ovary, and the lobes reflexed, often
remaining somewhat united. Petals 4, white or yellow, turn-
ing reddish or, in some yellow-flowered species, greenish.
Stamens 8, with anthers versatile. Stigma either with 4
linear divisions or capitate. The following are the most
widely distributed species.

a. CQ. Califor’‘nica Watson. WuitTr EVENING PRIMROSE. Peren-
nials, with low, rather stout stems covered with white, shining
epidermis. Flowers axillary, with petals white, obcordate, more than
an inch long. Style 4-cleft. Capsules 2 in. long, slightly tapering.
Central and southern California.

b. G. bien‘nis L. YELLOW EvENING PrimMROsE. Stem erect,
often 3 ft. high, leafy. Flowers large (often more than 2 in. in diam-
eter), yellow, in a leafy spike. Stigmas with 4 linear lobes. This
is generally found in moist places. There are several varieties,
differing chiefly in the amount of pubescence and the size of the
flowers. Widely distributed.

c. . gaureflo'ra T. & G. NoppinGc EVENING PRIMROSE. Stems
leafy, simple or branched from the base. Flowers rather small (not
3 in. in diameter), very numerous, white, turning rose-color, in a nodding
spike. Capsules slender, linear, much contorted. This is common
in the San Joaquin Valley on the sides of hills or gulches.

d. C&. ova‘ta Nutt. Sun Cups (incorrectly called Cowstiips).
Low, with leaves and flowers from a fleshy root forming rosettes on the
ground. Leaves broadly lance-shaped, with the margins generally
toothed or wavy, 3-8 in. long, often the midvein red. Calyx tube

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS Tis

like a Jong stem, 1—4 in. long, extending down to the capsule, which
is underground. Corolla bright yellow, with petals 4 in. or more long.
Stigma capitate. This grows in moist places not far from the coast,
and blooms early.

e. CE. campes‘tris Greene. Annual, with many slender branches
Srom the root, 6 in. to nearly a foot high. Leaves narrow, linear, den-
tate. Calyx tube short, funnel-form, attached to the long linear
capsule, which often becomes somewhat contorted. Petals 4 in: or |
less long, bright yellow, sometimes spotted at base. Anthers versatile,
stigma capitate. This is generally many-flowered, and is quite com-
mon south of San Francisco.

fj. &. cheiranthifollia Hornemann. Stems decumbent, often 2 ft. or
more long, white, with a close pubescence, especially on the younger parts.
Leaves oblanceolate to ovate, the upper sessile. Ovary and calyx
woolly. Petals yellow, generally turning greenish when withering. Pods
angled, becoming contorted. This is common on the sands along
the coast, chiefly south of San Francisco, and is quite variable.

IV. GODE’TIA, “Farewell to Spring”

Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, funnel-shaped,
with reflexed lobes somewhat united, deciduous. Petals 4,
generally rose-color, often marked with spots of deeper color.
Stamens 8 in 2 sets, one shorter than the other, and ripen-
ing earlier; anthers attached at the base. Stigmas 4, gen-
erally purple. Capsule 4-celled. The following species are
the most easily distinguished and most common.

a. G. lep’ida Lindl. Annual, erect herbs with white, shining
stems. Flowers in spikes. Tips of the calyx lobes free in the bud.
Petals rose-color, with a darker spot near the top. Cupsule with a
single row of seeds in each cell, sessile, narrowed towards the apex,
ribbed, white-hairy. Monterey County to Oregon.

b. G. ame’na Lilja. Stems loosely branching below, with widely
spreading branches. Flowers nodding in the bud, large and showy
(an inch or more in diameter). Petals white, rose-color, or purple,
with a darker spot at the center. Capsules narrowed at both ends,
on short pedicels. From Monterey County northward.

c. G. quadrivul’nera Spach. Stems slender, a foot or two high.
Leaves narrow, entire or slightly denticulate, an inch or two long.
Tips of the calyx lobes slightly free in the bud. Petals purplish, about
half an inch long. Stigma lobes short, purplish. Capsule narrowed
to the top, ribbed and hairy. Seeds in one row in each cell. This
species is widely distributed.

114 KEY AND FLORA

d. G. purpu’rea Watson. Stems leafy, a foot or two high. Leaves
oblong, entire, an inch or two long. Flowers in a leafy terminal
spike. Tips of the calyx lobes not at all free in the bud. Petals deep
purple, half an inch long. Stigma lobes purple, short. Capsule
ovate to linear-oblong, sessile, not ribbed. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
From Oregon to Los Angeles.

e. G. Bot’‘te Spach. Erect, with few branches, 1-2 ft. high,
almost smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, entire or
with a few teeth on the margin. Petals light purple, about an inch
long. Pod narrowed at each end, about an ineh long, on pedicels 4-3
in. long. ‘This is common in southern California.

fj. G. epilobioi’des Wats. Stems erect, slender, one foot or less
high, slightly clothed with white down or smooth. Leaves linear.
Petals pale rose or white, a half inch or less long. Pod narrowed at
each end, an inch or less long. Common in southern California.

V. CLAR’KIA

Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, funnel-shaped,
with reflexed, united, deciduous lobes. Petals 4, with long
claws. Stamens 8 in 2 sets, those opposite the petals often
sterile. Anthers attached by the base. Pods linear.

The chief difference between Clarkia and Godetia consists
in the clawed petals of the former.

a. C. elegans Dougl. Stems simple or branched, from 6 in. to
6 ft. high. Divisions of the calyx united except on one side, deep
wine-color on the inner surface. Petals reddish purple, with long,
_ slender claws and rhomboidal blades. Anthers all perfect. Capsule
nearly sessile, often woolly. Widely distributed.

b. C. concin’‘na Greene (Eucharidium). Stems slender, with spread-
ing branches. Calyx tube very slender, an inch long. Petals dark
rose-color, 3-lobed. Stamens only 4. Stigma lobes unequal. Cap-
sules about an inch long, sessile. This is a very showy plant, bloom-
ing in summer. In the Coast Mountains.

c. C. pulchel’la Pursh. Stems branching, about a foot high.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-3 in. long, entire, smooth. Petals rose-
color, with 3 broad-spreading lobes, the claw with a pair of recurved
teeth. Perfect stamens 4, each with a scale on each side of the base.
There are 4 stamens that are rudimentary. Stigma lobes dilated. Pod
1 in. long, 8-angled, on spreading pedicels. From northern Cali-
fornia to British America.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS ES

LOASA’CEZ. BLazinea STAR FAMILY

Herbs covered with rough barbed hairs. Calyx tube attached
to the 1-celled ovary with parietal placente. Stamens numer-
ous, merging into the petals.

MENTZE‘'LIA, Blazing Star

Tall and erect, or loosely branching herbs, with stems white
and shining. Flowers showy, yellow, orange or cream-color ;
from very small to 5 or 4 in. in diameter. The barbed hairs
cause the plant to adhere to whatever it happens to touch.
The numerous stamens and spreading petals give this plant a
radiant appearance like a star. The species are local.

M. levicaulis T. & G. Biennial, with stout branching stems,
2-3 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, 2-8 in. long. Flowers sessile on
short branches, 3—4 in. broad, light yellow, blooming in the morn-
ing. Calyx tube naked. Petals 5-10. Stamens numerous. This
is generally found growing in the beds of streams in the mountains
through California to Washington.

CACTA’CEZ. Cactus FAmILy

Peculiar green fleshy perennial plants, armed with bundles
of spines, and rarely possessing leaves. Flowers with numer-
ous sepals, petals, and stamens, in several series, forming a
cup above the 1-celled, many-ovuled ovary. Style 1, with
several stigmas. Fruit a pulpy or, rarely, a dry 1-celled
berry with numerous seeds. The following are the common
genera.

I. MAMILLA/RIA, Bird’s-nest Cactus

Round or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles.
Flowers small, arising between the tubercles. Ovary naked.
Seeds without endosperm. .

Il. ECHINOCAC’TUS, Indian Melon

Round or oval plants, usually ribbed, with bundles of spines
on the ribs. Flowers from the youngest part of the ribs close

116 KEY AND FLORA

above the growing bunches of spines. Ovary covered with
sepals. Seeds with endosperm.

Il. CE’REUS, Column Cactus

Oval or columnar plants, sometimes tall, ribbed, or angled,
with bundles of spines on the ribs. Flowers larger than the
two preceding, close above the bundles of full-grown spines.
Ovary covered with sepals. Seeds without endosperm.

IV. OPUN’TIA, Jointed Cactus

Branching or jointed plants, with joints either flattened or
cylindrical. Spines barbed, and accompanied by numerous
short bristles that easily become detached. Ovary bearing
bristles in the axils of small terete deciduous sepals. Seeds
with the embryo coiled around the endosperm.

FICOVDEZ. Fic Maricgotp FAMILY

Fleshy, succulent plants, with opposite leaves without stip-
ules. Petals and stamens numerous, inserted on the tube of
the calyx, which is adnate to the capsule.

MESEMBRYAN’THEMUM, Fig Marigold, Ice Plant

Calyx lobes 5, unequal. Petals numerous, linear. Stamens
indefinitely numerous. Capsule with as many cells as styles
(4-20), usually 5, dehiscent at the top. .

M. equilaterale Haworth. Fic Maricouip. Perennial, with
stout, usually prostrate stems. Leaves thick, 3-sided, smooth, 1-3
in. long. Flowers crimson, nearly sessile. Fruit edible. This is
common on the coast.

ARALIA’CEAR. GINSENG FAMILY

Perennial herbs or shrubs, generally with woody stems.
Umbels not regularly compound. Styles and carpels more
than 2. Fruit fleshy, forming a berry or drupe.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS TET

I. ARA’LIA, Ginseng, Spikenard

Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate. Stamens 5.
Pistil with the ovary 2—5-celled, and the styles free or slightly
united at base. Leaves alternate, compound. Umbels simple,
either in racemes or panicles. Pedicels not jointed.

A. Califor’‘nica Watson. Herbs, 8-10 ft. high, from a thick aro-
matic root. Leaves large, bipinnate, with ovate-lanceolate leaflets,
simply or doubly serrate. Umbels globular, generally in panicles.
Fruit when ripe forming a purple berry. This is frequent along
shaded streams.

II. FAT’SIA, Devil’s Club

Densely prickly shrubs with large palmately lobed leaves
and greenish white flowers in dense paniculate umbels.
Calyx teeth wanting. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5,
alternate with the petals. Ovary 2—3-celled ; styles 2. Fruit
a drupe. Pedicels jointed.

F. hor’rida Benth. & Hook. Stems stout, woody, creeping at base,
leafy at summit, very prickly. Leaves roundish, heart-shaped in out-
line, prickly on both sides. Styles united to the middle. This is
common in shady woods from Oregon northwards. It forms thickets
which, on account of the thorny stems, are almost impassable.

UMBELLIF’ERZ. Parstey FAMILY

Herbs with hollow, grooved stems and small flowers in
umbels. Calyx usually a 5-toothed rim around the top of
the ovary. Petals 5, small. Stamens 5, inserted on a disk
on the top of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, ripen-
ing into 2 carpel-like akenes, which readily separate from
each other. Each carpel bears longitudinal ribs, in the fur-
rows of which secondary ribs often occur. On a cross-section
of the fruit the oil tubes are seen as dots. They traverse the
spaces between the ribs, and are pretty near the surface of
the fruit. The seeds contain a small embryo enclosed in
considerable endosperm. The family is difficult, and the

118 KEY AND FLORA

flowers are so much alike that the different genera and
species are to be distinguished from each other chiefly by
the characteristics of the fruit.

I. SANIC’ULA, Snakeroot, Sanicle

Leaves palmately lobed or pinnately divided. Umbels
simple or imperfectly compound, with flowers sessile or on
short pedicels. Bracts of the involucre leafy, toothed ; those
of the involucels small, entire. Fruit covered with hooked
prickles or tubercles. Seeds round, with oil tubes more or less
obscure.

a. §.arctopoi’desH. & A. YELLOw Marts, FoorstTers oF SPRING.
Stems prostrate, branching from the base. Leaves deeply 3-lobed,
with the divisions raggedly cleft. Fruit on short pedicels. This
ws very conspicuous in early spring, dotting the ground with its small
mat of yellowish green flowers and leaves, during the rainy season. It
is generally in bloom early in January. ‘Throughout California.

b. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. PurpLeE SAnicLtE, NIGGER-BABIES.
Erect, with lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, pinnately
3—5-parted, with the divisions toothed or lobed (generally the
teeth are tipped with bristles). Flowers purplish, in umbels with 3
or 4 elongated rays. ‘Throughout California.

c. §. tubero’sa Torr. Stems low from a small tuberous root. Leaves
finely dissected. Involucre with 1-4 rays, leafy; involucels small,
unequally lobed. Heads small. Flowers yellow. Fruit covered
with tubercles instead of prickles. Widely distributed, often growing
on stony hills. There is a disagreeable odor about the plant.

II. HERACLE’UM, Cow Parsnip

This is a stout, tall herb with large thrice-compound leaves.
Leaflets broad, deeply and irregularly toothed. Umbels large,
compound, with many-leaved involucels. Calyx teeth small
ornone. Petals white, conspicuous, the outer ones 2-cleft and
larger than the inner. Fruit tipped with a thick conical
enlargement of the style, with 3 blunt ribs on the outside of
each carpel, and a large oil tube in each interval between the
ribs. Seeds flat.

H. lana’tum Michx. This is the only species. The stem is gen-
erally woolly. It grows everywhere not far from water.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 119

II. DAU’CUS, Carrot, Rattlesnake Weed

Calyx 5-toothed, fruit oblong, with the primary ribs bristly,
and the secondary ones winged with a row of barbed prickles
more or less united. Oil tubes under the wings. Leaves
much dissected with very small segments. Involucres like
the leaves, but smaller. Outer rays of the umbel longest and
folding over the others in fruit. Flowers greenish.

D. pusil/lus Michx. YERBA DE LA VIBORA, RATTLESNAKE WEED.
Annual, erect, simple or branched, with the umbels terminating the
stems. The fruit tastes something like lemon peel. This is the
most widely accepted antidote for the bite of the rattlesnake.
Widely distributed.

CORNA’CEZ. DoGgwoop FAMILY

Generally trees or shrubs, with opposite simple and entire
leaves without stipules. Flowers in heads or cymes. Sepals,
petals, and stamens 4. Calyx adnate to the 1 or 2 celled .
ovary, which becomes a 1 or 2 seeded drupe or berry in fruit.
The seeds have hard endosperm and a minute embryo.

COR’NUS, Dogwood
Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals white or yellowish green.

a, C. Nuttal’lii Audubon. LARGE-FLOWERED DoGwoop. This
is usually a small tree with smooth bark. Flowers numerous in a
head surrounded by a conspicuous involucre of large white or yellowish
bracts often tinged with red and resembling petals. Berries bright red
in clusters. This grows along streams, chiefly in the northern part
of California.

b. C. pubes’cens var. Califor’‘nica C. & R. Common DoGwoon.
Shrubby, with smooth, reddish branches. Leaves ovate to oval,
acute at base, acute or pointed at top. Flowers white in cymes,
flowering almost throughout the year. Fruit dull white, rounded,
with stone somewhat flattened, ridged on the sides and furrowed on
the edge. This is common throughout the state, growing along
streams.

ce. C. stolonifera Michx. Shrub 3-9 ft. high, bearing stolons.
Stems bright red-purple and smooth. Leaves lanceolate to oblong,

120 KEY AND FLORA

pointed at top, obtuse at base, white on the lower surface from the
close pubescence. Flowers in small cymes. Calyx teeth minute,
petals white, fruit white or lead-color. Oregon to British Columbia.

GARRYA’CEZ. SILK-TASSEL BusH FAMILY
GAR’RYA, Silk-tassel Bush, Quinine Bush

Evergreen shrubs with opposite leathery leaves. Flowers
grayish green, apetalous, dicecious, in pendent axillary cat-
kins, which are solitary or several. Sterile flowers with
4-parted calyx, and 4 conspicuous stamens on distinct fila-
ments. Fertile flowers with a 2-lobed calyx or none, styles 2,
ovary 1-celled, containing 2 ovules. Fruit a berry with a
brittle outer covering, pulpy within, and containing 1 or 2
seeds. This is the only genus.

a. G. Fremon‘tii Torr. Leaves becoming glabrous, not wavy-
margined. Fruit very bitter, purple. Sterile catkins 2-3 in. long.
Middle California.

b. G. ellip’tica Doug]. Leaves white-woolly on the lower surface,
wavy-margined. Fruit, when ripe, red-purple, pleasantly acid, with
a hint of bitterness. The sterile catkins are from 2 to 5 in. long,

and look like fringe. From Monterey County to Oregon and
Washington.

ERICA’CEZ. HEATHER FAMILY

Herbs or woody plants. Leaves simple, evergreen or
deciduous, without stipules. Stamens as many or twice as
many as the parts of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, opening
by little holes at the top. Ovary generally with as many
cells as there are parts to the corolla, inferior in Vacciniwm
but superior in the other genera. Style simple. Fruit a
berry or a pod with axillary placente.

I. VACCIN’IUM, Huckleberry

Shrubby. Calyx and corolla apparently on the summit of
the ovary, the calyx tube being adnate to the ovary. Stamens

———————s

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS) - 121

8-10, with separate cells to the anthers, which taper upwards.
Fruit a berry crowned with the 5-toothed calyx.

a. V. ova‘tum Pursh. Leaves evergreen, glossy, serrate, acute.
Flowers crowded in short clusters in the axils of the leaves and at
the ends of the branches. Corolla bell-shaped, pink. Stamens 10.
Berries dark blue or purple, edible. This is common in the Coast
Mountains from Monterey County to Oregon.

b. V. parvifolium Smith. Stems much branched, with the
branches sharply angled. Leaves deciduous, oblong, entire, dull
green above, pale beneath. Corollaglobular. Stamens 10. Anthers
with long tail-like appendages on the back. Berries pale red, edible.
Northern California to Alaska.

Il. AR’BUTUS, Madrono, Madrone

Trees with thick, evergreen, alternate leaves. Flowers
white, in terminal panicles. Calyx small, 5-lobed. Corolla
urn-shaped, with 5 recurved teeth, and large honey-glands
near the base. Stamens 10; anthers flattened, with a pair of
horns on the back below the summit. Ovary raised on a disk,
5-celled. Fruit, when ripe, a round red berry with a rough,
tubercled surface, edible but rather dry.

A. Menzie’sii Pursh. This is a beautiful tree or sometimes a
shrub, with smooth, brownish red bark, which peels off in the sum-
mer. The leaves are large, oblong, serrate, bright green above, pale
beneath. The tree is beautiful at all times; when in bloom fra-
grant and adorned with large panicles of flowers like lilies of the
valley ; in autumn gorgeous with the large clusters of fruit, varying
in color from greenish yellow to bright scarlet, as large as green
peas. In the Coast Mountains and Sierra foothills to Puget Sound.

Il. ARCTOSTAPH’YLOS, Kinnikinick, Manzanita

Shrubs with alternate, evergreen leaves and smooth bark
that peels off insummer. Flowers white or pink, variously
clustered. Calyx small, 5-lobed. Corolla urn-shaped, with
5 recurved teeth and large honey-glands near the base.
Stamens 10, anthers flattened, with a pair of horns on the back
at the summit. Ovary raised on a disk, 5-celled. Fruit a
berry, containing stony seeds that are separable or cohere
into one.

122 KEY AND FLORA

a. A. Manzani‘ta Parry. ComMon MANZANITA. Erect and branch-
ing, becoming tree-like, with smooth, polished dark-red stems and
branches. The young shoots and the leaves are ashy gray, becoming
smooth with age. The leaves are generally vertical by a twist in
the petiole. Flowers crowded in short racemes on smooth pedicels
with short, pointed bracts. Fruit smooth, about the size of a
pea. This sometimes becomes a tree. In valleys of the Coast
Mountains.

b. A. Stanfordia’na Parry. A delicately branched shrub, either
erect or spreading, with slender peduncles and pedicels, small scale-
like bracts and dark-green, smooth leaves, round and small. The
flowers are smaller than in other species, and are deep rose-color, rarely
white. 'The berries are smooth, rather small, and the seeds coalesce
more or less. This is common in the northern Coast Mountains,
and is perhaps the most beautiful species.

c. A. tomento’sa Dougl. Shrub with hairy stems and leaves. more
or less clothed with a close pubescence. Flowers in short panicles
with leafy bracts which are most conspicuous in the buds. Flowers
white, rather large. Berries with the seeds coalescing more or less.
This is one of the most widely distributed species, and embraces a
great many forms chiefly distinguished by the amount of pubes-
cence. It is never destroyed by brush fires, and the old roots
become chunks of solid wood.

d. A. canes’cens Eastwood. This is somewhat similar to the
preceding, but the entire plant is white-downy. The flowers are more
often pink than white, and the habit of the plant is more spreading.
The bracts are large and leaf-like. This is widely distributed in
northern California.

e. A. Anderso’nii Gray. This is similar to A. tomento’sa. The
leaves are thin, bright green, smooth or slightly pubescent, with
the base arrow-shaped or heart-shaped, either sessile or short-petioled.
It is found in the Coast Mountains of California, in San Mateo,
Santa Cruz, and Alameda Counties.

Jj. A. vis’cida Parry. Shrub 3-5 ft. high, with smooth, pale-gray
or glaucous leaves. Panicles erect in bud, becoming pendent later.
Flowers pink or white, rather small, on slender, very viscid pedicels.
Fruit a berry containing seeds that coalesce more or less. The
bracts are small and scale-like. This species is very abundant in
the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and in the hills of Lake and
Mendocino Counties.

g. A. glau’ca Lindl. Bic-peErrirED MAnzanitTaA. The foliage
of this is always glaucous and smooth. It is distinguished from
all other species by the large berries, often 2 in. in diameter, with
the stones consolidated into a thick, solid mass. Most common south-
ward.

Ee Se eee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS Lae

h. A. bicolor Gray. Shrub 3 or 4 ft. high. Leaves oblong to
oval, 1-2 in. long, leathery, clothed with white down on the lower
surface, green and glabrous on the upper. Corolla rose-color, small.
Fruit a smooth berry with a solid seed. Southern California, espe-
cially in San Diego County.

i. A. U’va-Ur’si. KiInNIKINICK. Stems forming a mat on the
ground. Leaves small, very glossy. Flowers in short, simple
racemes. Fruit bright red and smooth when ripe. Northern Cali-
fornia to British Columbia.

There are many other species more local and difficult to
distinguish.

IV. GAULTHE’RIA, Salal

Stems shrubby but slender, ascending or spreading, creep-
ing under ground. Leaves alternate, broad, evergreen,
glossy. Flowers nodding, solitary or in racemes, in the
axils of the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft, becoming fleshy in fruit
and enclosing the capsule. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10
within the corolla, the anthers tipped with bristles. Ovary
5-celled, with many ovules, in fruit forming a sweet aromatic
berry which is edible.

G. Shal’lon Pursh. Sarat. Stems sometimes 3-4 ft. high,
almost climbing among trees and bushes. Racemes glandular.
Corolla pink, urn-shaped. Fruit black when ripe, with dark-purple
pulp. From Santa Barbara to British Columbia.

V. RHODODEN’DRON, Azalea

Calyx very small. Corolla large, funnel-form, 45-lobed.
Stamens 5-10, with long, slender filaments reclining alony the
lower side of the flower. Capsule woody, dehiscent from the
summit, at the partitions, by 5 valves. Flowers showy, in
umbels, the bracts falling as the flower opens.

a. R. Califor‘nicum Hook. Rose Bay. Shrub with smooth ever-
green leaves. Flowers rose-color, numerous, in a terminal umbel.
Upper lobes of the corolla yellowish and spotted within. This
is a beautiful shrub of northern California, Oregon and Wash-
ington, often growing in patches covering acres. It is the State
-Flower of Washington.

124 KEY AND FLORA

b. R. occidenta’le Gray. AzALEA. Shrub with bright-green decid-
uous leaves. Flowers large, fragrant, appearing after the leaves, in
numerous umbels. Corolla viscid, white or rose-color, the upper
lobes blotched with yellow within. Stamens and styles very long.
This is found along streams in both the Coast and Sierra Nevada
Mountains.

VI. LE’DUM, Labrador Tea

Shrub with alternate, evergreen leaves more or less covered
with resinous dots. Flowers white, in corymbs or umbels.
Calyx 5-lobed, small. Corolla of 5 obovate, widely spread-
ing petals. Stamens 5-10, as long as the petals. Pod
5-celled, with 5 valves opening from the base upwards.

a. L. glandulo’sum Nutt. Leaves smooth on both sides, but paler
and more glandular beneath. Flower clusters often crowded, terminal
or axillary. This is common at high elevations in the Sierra Nevada
and on the coast from northern California to British Columbia.

b. L. latifo’lium Ait. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath, becoming
brownish, margins with the edges turned back, oblong, obtuse, 1—2 in.
long, $ in. wide. Flower clusters all terminal. Northern Cali-
fornia to British Columbia.

VII. CHIMAPH’ILA, Prince’s Pine

Herbs with low stems from slender rootstocks. Leaves
evergreen, alternate or sometimes opposite, toothed. Flowers
few, fragrant, waxy-looking, in terminal corymbs. Petals 5,
widely spreading, regular, orbicular, concave. Stamens 10,
on short filaments which are dilated and hairy in the middle.
Stigma round-shield-shaped, concealing the short style, 5-rayed.
Pod splitting from the top downwards, not woolly on the edges
of the valves.

a. C. umbella’ta Nutt. Stems about 6 in. to a foot high, with
the leaves often in whorls, not spotted. Peduncle 4—7-flowered,
with the bracts narrow and deciduous; filaments hairy on the margins
only. California to British Columbia.

b. C. Menzie’sii Spreng. Stems about 6 in. high, with a few
branches from the base. Leaves sometimes mottled with white.
Peduncles 1-3-flowered. Filaments slender, with a woolly dilated cen-
tral part. California to British Columbia.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS TS

VIII. PYR’OLA, Wintergreen

Herbs with radical leaves and flowers nodding in racemes,
on scapes. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla with 5 incurved petals.
Stamens 10, usually declined. <Anthers erect in bud, 2-horned
at base, but becoming inverted when the flowers expand. Style
declined or straight. Fruit a capsule opening down the
middle of the cell walls on the back.

a. P. rotundifolia L. Leaves round, shining or dull, on long peti-
oles. Scapes from 6 in. to a foot high. Flowers white, pink or
rose-color, almost 3} in. in diameter. Anthers narrowed at top.
Style declined, with a collar at base of the stigma. In wet places
in the mountains, widely distributed.

b. P. pictta Smith. Leaves orbicular, thick, veined or blotched with
white, often purplish beneath. Scapes about 6 in. high, 7-15-flowered.
Petals greenish white, longer than the sepals. Northern California
to Alaska.

c. P. aphyl’la Smith. Lea/fless or with a few small, poorly formed
leaves. Scapes reddish, 6 in. high. Flowers similar to the above,
rose-color. In deep woods from California to Washington.

PRIMULA’CEZ. Primrose FAMILY

Herbs with perfect, regular flowers, parts of the calyx and
corolla 5 (sometimes 4, 6, or 8). Stamens equaling the lobes
of the corolla and opposite them, inserted on the tube of the
corolla. Pistil with a single style and stigma, the ovary
1-celled, with a globular central placenta.

I. DODECA’THEON, Twelve Gods, Shooting Stars, Prairie Pointers,
Cyclamen

Herbs with leaves clustered at the base of the scape.
Flowers showy, in simple, terminal umbels. Calyx 5-cleft,
with the divisions refleced in flower, erect in fruit. Corolla
with an extremely short tube, an open throat, and 5 reflexed
narrow divisions, which are white, rose-color or purple. Sta-
mens inserted on the throat of the corolla, with short monadel-
phous filaments, and long yellow or violet anthers conniving
around the long style and forming the point of the flower.

126 KEY AND FLORA

a. D. Henderso’ni Gray. Roots becoming small tubers and each
forming a new plant. Leaves ovate or obovate, smooth, on broad
petioles. Scape 6-12 in. high. Divisions of corolla 4 or 5, rose-
purple; tube darker, with a ring of yellow. Anthers erect. Pod
twice as long as the calyx, opening by a ld below the summit.
This is the commonest species in early spring on hillsides of the
Coast Mountains, and extends from middle California to Oregon.

b. D. Clevelan’di Greene. oots somewhat fleshy, but not forming
tubers. Stems and leaves pale green and glandular. Leaves ascend-
ing, spatulate or obovate. Divisions of corolla bright purple, yellow
at base; tube dark purple with yellow lines. Pods opening by a
lid at top. Southern California.

There are several other species, chiefly growing in the
higher mountains.

Il. TRIENTA/’LIS, Star-flower

Low perennial herbs from tuber-bearing, slender rootstocks.
Stems simple, with the leaves in a whorl below the flowers.
Flowers small, star-shaped, on slender pedicels. Calyx and
corolla 7-parted (sometimes 6—9-parted), with divisions widely
spreading. Stamens with slender filaments united into a ring
at the base. Capsule splitting into five parts, with few seeds.

T. Europe’a var. latifolia Torr. This grows in the woods and
blooms in the spring. The petals are white or rose-color.

Ill. STEIRONE’MA

Stems erect, leafy. Leaves entire, opposite or whorled.
Flowers yellow, axillary, nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla
wheel-shaped, apparently with petals distinct, each division
wrapped around its stamen in the bud. Filaments united
around the base of the corolla in a ring, every alternate one
being sterile. Capsule many-seeded.

S. cilia’‘tum Raf. Stem simple. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2—4 in.
long, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at base, with long ciliate
petioles. In moist thickets. Washington. Summer,

IV. ANAGAL’LIS, Pim’pernel, Poor Man’s Barometer

Spreading or prostrate annuals, with stem leaves opposite
or whorled. Flowers on axillary peduncles, salmon-color, with

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS TSE

a darker spot in the center (rarely blue or white); calyx and
corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments bearded. Capsule globose,’
the top falling off as a lid.

A. arven’sis L. This is common everywhere, and has been intro-
duced from Europe.

PLUMBAGINA’CEZA, Sea Pink FAMILy

Ours are maritime herbs, with all parts of the flower 5,
except the 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary. Leaves alternate, entire,
clasping the stem. Calyx tubular or funnel-form, 5-toothed.
Corolla with 5 petals, united at base into a ring. Stamens
5, opposite the petals, and inserted at their base. Ovary
5-angled at summit, with 1 ovule; styles 5.

I. ARME’RIA, Thrift

Stemless perennials, with narrow, linear, persistent leaves
in close tufts. Flowers in a head subtended by an involucre,
on along scape. Corolla 5-parted, of 5 distinct petals.

A. vulga’ris Willd. Sra Pryx. Corolla rose-color. This is com-
mon along the coast, blooming in spring.

II. STAT‘ICE, Sea Lavender

Flowers in small one-sided spikes crowded at the ends of the
numerous widely spreading branches. Leaves with a broad,
tough blade tapering to a petiole.

S. Limo’nium L. var. Califor‘nica Watson. SEA LAVENDER.
Corolla violet. This is common in salt marshes, blooming in
summer.

OLEA’CEZ. AsuH FAMILY

Trees or shrubs having opposite leaves without stipules.
Corolla 2 or 4 lobed. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled, with 2
ovules hanging from the top ofeach cell. Fruit often 1-celled

128 KEY AND FLORA

and 1-seeded, either a stone fruit, as the olive ; a pod, as the
lilac ; or a winged fruit, as the ash.

FRAX‘INUS, Ash

Trees or shrubs with compound leaves and dicecious or
polygamous flowers. Calyx small, 4-cleft. Petals 2 or none.
Stamens 2, with large anthers. Fruit winged from the top.

a. F. dipet‘ala Hook. & Arn. FLowrer1nG Asu. A small tree
or shrub with 5-7 separate leaflets on petioles. Flowers showy, in
panicles. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals 2, white, as long as the anthers.
This grows along streams in the Coast Mountains.

b. F. Orega’na Nutt. Orecon Asn. A large tree with dark-
colored bark. Leaflets 5-7, entire, sessile, usually tomentose when
young, becoming smooth with age. Flowers without petals. From
Fresno County, in the mountains, to Oregon and Washington.

GENTIANA’CEZA. GeENTIAN FAMILY

Glabrous herbs with entire opposite leaves without stipules.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its
tube, and alternating with the lobes. Stigmas 2, sessile or
on one style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit with 2 parietal placentz
dehiscent at the partitions. Seeds with abundant endosperm
around the minute embryo.

ERYTHRZ’A, Canchalagua

Low, much-branched herbs, with numerous showy flowers
in cymes. Corolla rose-color, salver-form, with lobes con-
volute in the bud. Anthers twisting spirally after the pollen
is shed. Stigmas at first united, wedge-shaped or fan-shaped,
afterwards spreading.

E. venus‘ta Gray. Corolla deep pink, with yellow center; divi-
sions half as long as the tube. ‘This is the handsomest and most
widely distributed species.

(True gentians are rare in California, and are mostly con-
fined to the high mountains.)

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 129

ASCLEPIADA’CEZ. MILKWEED FAMILY

Herbs with a milky juice and a tough inner bark having a
fiber like flax. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers peculiar in
shape, inumbels. Sepals and petals each 5, reflexed. Anthers
forming a crown united to the solid stigma, and with peculiar
hood-lke appendages surrounding it. ‘The anther cells are
orange in color, and are concealed in the crown, and have
the outline of a pair of scales. Fruit a pod, opening at one
side. Seeds arranged symmetrically on a thick axis, each
provided with a tuft of silky down.

I. ASCLE’PIAS, Silkweed, Milkweed

The five hoods of the stamens are each provided with a
protruding horn.

a. A. specio’sa Torr. Covered with white down. Stems stout,
erect, with large, thick, oblong leaves, opposite or whorled. Umbels
on peduncles shorter than the leaves, many-flowered. Flowers large,
purple; the hoods nearly half an inch long, spreading, with a horn-
like prolongation from the summit; besides the short, inflered true horn.
Follicles rough with soft spinous processes. California to Washington.
This is inclined to become a troublesome weed.

b. A. Mexica’na Cav. Stems rather slender, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves
in whorls of 3-6, linear, sessile, smooth, 3-6 in. long. Umbels
clustered to form a corymb, densely flowered on peduncles longer
than the petioles. Flowers rather small, greenish white or tinged
with purple. Hoods broadly ovate, shorter than the beak-like, incurved
horn. Follicles slender, tapering to the top. California to Oregon,
spreading as if introduced, along highways.

Il. GOMPHOCAR’PUS

The five hoods are without horns.

G. cordifo’lius Benth. Smooth, with ascending stems, 2—5 ft. high.
Leaves ovate, clasping by a heart-shaped base, opposite or some-
times in threes. Umbels 1-4, with the flowers loose, on thread-like
pedicels. Corolla dark red-purple. Horns tipped with a point
where the open edges come together. Follicles smooth, inclined

130° *. KEY AND FLORA

to be erect, on deflexed pedicels. This is common in California,
blooming in late summer, and growing in dry ground in the valleys
and foothills.

APOCYNA’CEZ. DoGBaNneE FAMILY

Perennial herbs with milky juice and opposite entire leaves
without stipules. Flowers in cymes or corymbs, regular, all
the parts 5, except the pistil, which consists of 2 ovaries, with
the styles and stigmas united. Fruit a pair of slender folli-
cles. Seeds with a tuft of silky down.

APOC’YNUM, Indian Hemp, Dogbane

Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 scales opposite the lobes
and near their base. Stamens inserted on the base of the
corolla, with short filaments and arrow-shaped anthers,
uniting into a ring.

a. A. androsemifo/lium L. Corolla rose-color, with revolute lobes
and a bell-shaped tube longer than the calyx. This is generally
much branched, and the flowers are numerous in loose cymes.
Widely distributed.

b. A. cannab’inum L. Corolla white, with erect lobes, and the
tube not longer than the calyx. Flowers small, in dense cymes.
This grows in marshy places. Widely distributed.

POLEMONIA’CEZ. PuHtLtox FAMILY

Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves simple or divided, with-
out stipules. All parts of the flower 5, except the pistil,
which has a 3-lobed style and a 3-celled ovary with axillary
placenta. Stamens on the tube of the corolla, alternate with
its lobes. Embryo with endosperm.

GIL’/IA

Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves various, alternate or oppo-
site. Calyx partly herbaceous, generally papery below the
folds, with lobes narrow and acute. Corolla from funnel-form

EEE ee eae ee.
.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS aig

and salver-shaped to bell-shaped and wheel-shaped. The
seeds generally become mucilaginous when wet. The flowers
are showy, and among our most characteristic spring annuals ;
the species are numerous, and are not always easily distin-
guished. Only the most distinct and common are given.

a. G. grandiflora Dougl. SAtmon-coLor GuiLIA (Collo’mia).
Flowers crowded at the summit of an erect stem; corolla pale
salmon-color, with the tube nearly an inch long and the border
almost as broad. Widely distributed.

b. G. squarro’sa Esch. SKUNKWEED (Navarre’tia). Stems low,
branching diffusely, viscid. Leaves and bracts pinnately parted,
with spiny divisions. lowers small, deep blue. This blooms late
in the summer. The whole plant has the odor of the skunk. Widely
distributed. .

c. G. tricolor Benth. Brrp’s Eyres. Stems slender, branching.
Corolla 4 in. long, with a yellow tube, the funnel-form throat marked
with deep violet-purple, and the limb white or lilac. It is sweet-scented
and very pretty. Throughout western California.

d. G. dicho’‘toma Benth. Evrentnc Snow (Linan’thus). Erect
and branching herbs with very slender stems. The leaves are few,
small, and far apart. FVowers large, terminating the peduncles, salver-
form, with the divisions convolute in the bud, showing only the dull-pink
outer edges, opening about 4 o’clock. Where they are abundant they
look like snow on the ground. The white flowers are often more
than an inch in diameter, and have a sweet, heavy perfume.
Throughout western California.

e. G. androsa’ceus Benth. (Linan’thus). Stems leafy, with
palmately parted leaves, apparently whorled, with thread-like divi-
sions. Flowers crowded in a terminal cluster. Corolla salver-
form, with a long, slender tube, rose-color, lilac or white. This is a
handsome and widely distributed species, but variable and difficult
to distinguish from allied species.

J. G. micran’tha Steud. Smaller in all its parts than the pre-
ceding, with the tube of the corolla long and thread-like, 1-14 in.
long. Flowers small, rose-color, white, or lilac. Common through
California.

g. G. cilia’ta Benth. Stems slender, erect, clothed with white
hairs. Flowers and bracts in a dense, capitate cluster, very hispid
and ciliate. Corolla small, pink or white, extending beyond the
bracts but little. This is widely distributed through California,
and common.

h. G. dianthoi’des Endl. Frincep Gitia. Stems from an inch
to less than a foot high, simple or branching from the base. Leaves
thread-like. Corolla pink, with yellowish throat and very short tube.

:

532 KEY AND FLORA

California, and is one of the prettiest spring annuals.

- The corolla lobes are fringe-toothed. This is common in southern

i. G. Califor’nica Benth. Shrubby, 2 or 3 ft. high, with rigid

branches. Leaves with spiny divisions, widely spreading, clustered. —
Corolla rose-color, fading to lilac, salver-form, with the border an —

inch or more in diameter, the lobes often shortly fringed on the
margin. This is common in southern California, chiefly on dry
hills. It is very showy, with its numerous flowers, like those of
phlox, in dense clusters terminating the branches.

j. G. aggrega’ta Spreng. ScarLet Gitia, WILp CyPpREss.
Stems erect, simple or branched, viscid. Leaves compound, with
narrow, linear leaflets. Flowers in a close panicle. Corolla salver-
form, nearly 1 in. long, scarlet, pink or white, extremely variable in
color. This grows in the mountains or near streams on the plains
Summer.

CONVOLVULA’CEZ. MorninG-GLtory FAMILY

Twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves, and flower.
solitary or few, on peduncles in the axils of the leaves. Caly>
of distinct sepals. Stamens alternating with the parts of th
corolla. Ovary 2 or 3 celled, with a pair of ovules in eac!
cell. Capsule globular, containing 1-4 seeds.

I. CONVOL’VULUS, Morning-glory

Corolla open funnel-form, with the border 5-angled. Sta-
mens inserted within the tube. Style slender. Stigmas 2.
Capsule 2-celled and generally 4-seeded, with dehiscent septi-
fragal dehiscence (the valves separate from the partition).
Cotyledons folded and crumpled in the seed with some
endosperm.

a. C. Soldanel’la L. SreAstpE Morninc-GLory. Low and trail-
ing herbs, with stem and leaves fleshy. Leaves kidney-shaped, on long
petioles. Bracts of the peduncle close to the calyx, thin in texture.
Corolla pink or purple, an inch or more in length. Pod becoming
1-celled. This grows on sandy beaches.

b. C. villo’sus Gray. Stems trailing. Leaves hastate. Bracts
narrow, close under the calyx. Corolla cream-color, an inch long.
The entire plant is covered with a close, soft, velvety, white down.
Throughout California, but not very common.

pier ane Mee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 133

c. C. lute’olus Gray. Stems often twining over high bushes,
smooth, blooming at all seasons. Peduncles as long as the leaves,
with a pair of linear or lanceolate bracts a little below the flower (no
bracts directly under the calyx). Corolla pale cream-color, or
(when growing near the coast) light or deep rose-color. Through-
out California.

II. CUS’CUTA, Dodder, Love Vine

Parasitic plants with yellow or orange stems, scales in place of
leaves, and densely clustered small white flowers. Calyx 5-cleft
or parted. Corolla bell-shaped or tubular. Stamens inserted
on the throat of the corolla, with fringed scales below. Ovary

_2-celled, containing 4 ovules. Styles 2,distinct. Embryo with-
out cotyledons, thread-like, spirally coiled in hard endosperm.
The seeds germinate in the soil, but do not form roots there.
Instead, they attach themselves to the other plants by means of
little roots, and take all their nourishment from their hosts.

_ a, C. salina Engelm. Saxut-mMArsH Dopper. Corolla having a
‘shallow bell-shaped tube. Capsule pointed. This grows in salt
marshes on plants belonging to the Chenopodiacee.

b. C. subinclu’sa Durand & Hilgard. Corolla with a rather long,
urn-shaped tube. Capsule conical. This grows on shrubs or coarse
herbs.

HYDROPHYLLA’CEZ. Basy-Eyves FAMILY

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves without stip-
ules (rarely opposite). Flowers in coiled spikes or racemes,
usually showy. Calyx 5-parted, or of 5 separate sepals.
Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens on the corolla tube, and alternate
with its lobes and shorter. Styles 2 or 2-cleft. Capsule 1 or
2 celled, with 2 parietal placente, splitting along the back of
each valve.

I. HYDROPHYL’LUM, Waterleaf

Herbs from fleshy, running rootstocks. Leaves large, alter-
nate, pinnately compound. Flowers white or blue, in close or
open cymes, on long peduncles. Corolla bell-shaped, with a
honey-gland at the base of each lobe. Stamens and style
longer than the corolla. Filaments bearded at the middle.
Styles 2-cleft. Ovary 1-celled.

134 KEY AND FLORA

a. H. occidenta’le Gray. Stems perennial, 1-2 ft. high, hairy.
Leaves broad, pinnately divided; divisions 7-15, oblong, 1-2 in.
long, the apex cut into long, uneven teeth, obtuse. Cymes on long
peduncles, densely flowered. Calyx with erect, narrow, lanceolate,
obtuse divisions. Corolla pale violet or white. California to
Washington.

b. H. capita’‘tum Dougl. Brar’s CABBAGE. Low, from many
fleshy roots. Leaves pinnately 5—7-parted or divided, with the
divisions 2—3-lobed or cleft into oblong, mucronate lobes, soft-hairy,
broadly ovate in outline, 2-3 in. long. Flowers densely clustered
in close cymes like heads, on peduncles shorter than the petioles.
Calyx clothed with stiff hairs. Corolla dull white or violet. From
California, in the mountains at rather high elevations, to Washing-
ton. It comes up and blooms very soon after the snow melts.

Il. NEMO’PHILA

Annual herbs, flowering very early, with the leaves pin-
nately lobed or divided, the lowest leaves opposite. Flowers
solitary, on long peduncles in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
5-parted, with a reflexed lobe at each sinus, enlarging and
covering the fruit. Corolla generally saucer-shaped, the throat
within having 10 scales. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 1-celled.

a. N. auri‘ta Lindl. CLimprinc NEMOPHILA. Stems succulent,
long and weak, clinging for support to other plants by means of
stiff reflexed bristles. Leaves deeply cut into 5-9 lobes, curved down-
wards, dilated at base, and auriculate. Corolla violet, the throat
purplish. Southward from San Francisco.

b. N. macula’ta Benth. Low annuals, growing in the higher
Sierras. Corolla white, with a violet spot on each lobe.

c. N. insig’nis Dougl. BAby-BLUE-EYES. Low, spreading, grow-
ing in sandy places. Corolla clear blue, nearly an inch in diameter.
This is the commonest species.

d. N. atoma’ria Fisch. & Meyer. Low, spreading, growing in wet
places. Corolla white, dotted with dark purple.

e. N. interme’dia Bioletti. Taller than the last two, growing
amid the brush. Corolla light blue, with lines and dots radiating to
the center.

Il. ELLIS’IA

Leaves once or twice divided. Flowers small and white.
Calyx without the reflexed lobes. Corolla generally shorter,

4
:
*
of
j
3
:
|
br

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS tos

or but little longer than the calyx, which enlarges under the
fruit. Style 2-cleft. -Capsule 1-celled.

a. E. membrana’cea Benth. Stems succulent, light-green, smooth
except for some stiff bristly hairs that sometimes help support the weak
stems. Leaves pinnately divided into 5-9 obtuse, linear divisions
with margined petioles. This generally grows in shady and damp
places. From middle California to San Diego.

b. E. chrysanthemifo‘lia Benth. Stems much branched. Leaves
2 or 3 times divided into small and short divisions. Flowers in loose
racemes on short, slender pedicels. From middle California to San
Diego.

IV. PHACE’LIA

Herbs with simple or compound leaves, and flowers in
loosely or closely coiled spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply
5-parted, without reflexed lobes. Corolla readily falling,
blue, white, or purple (rarely rose-color), from wheel-
shaped to funnel-form, with vertical scales attached between
the bases of the filaments, sometimes attached to the fila-
ments. Pistil with 2-cleft style and 2-celled ovary. Seeds 4
to many.

a. P. circina’‘ta Jacq. Perennial from a stout root, a foot or
two high. Leaves grayish green, hairy, simple, or the lowest compound
with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets. Spikes crowded, conspicuously coiled.
Corolla small, whitish or lilac. Stamens conspicuous. This is
found in many forms and is widely distributed.

b. P. divarica’ta Gray. Annual, low, with spreading branches
inclined to be prostrate. Leaves oblong on petioles shorter than the
blades, simple or with 1 or 2 teeth or lobes at the base. Flowers in
loose raceines, corolla bluish purple, 2 in. in diameter.

c. P. Menzie’sii Torr. Stems 6-10 in. high, branching above,
gray with a close pubescence and rough with stiff hairs. Leaves
linear, entire or cleft into linear lobes. Flowers in spikes or spike-
like racemes which are clustered to form close panicles. Corolla
violet or white, half inch or more in diameter, with long, narrow
appendages at base, free from the filaments. Pod shorter than the
calyx, with several seeds. From California, in the Sierra Nevada
to British Columbia.

The species are numerous, and many are local; nearly all
are beautiful, with conspicuous flowers.

136 KEY AND FLORA

V. EMMENAN’THE, Whispering Bells

This chiefly differs from Phacelia in the corolla, which is
bell-shaped, withering-persistent, and becoming papery, yellow
or yellowish white, sometimes tinged with pink.

E. pendulifloira Benth. Annual, simple up to the inflorescence
or branched diffusely from the base, from a few inches to a foot high.
The leaves are divided into numerous short, toothed or sharply cut
lobes. The racemes are panicled, with the bell-shaped flowers on
slender pedicels that are at first erect, but afterwards droop. This
grows in dry places from Lake County to San Diego.

VI. ERIODIC’TYON, Yerba Santa

Low-branching erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, dentate,
petioled, with the chief nerves pinnate, and the others form-
ing a network. lowers in cymes, coiled at the tips, and
generally collected in terminal clusters. Corolla funnel-form,
violet, purple, or white, without internal scales. Stamens
with filaments adnate to the tube of the corolla. Styles 2,
distinct at the base. Capsule pointed, 2-celled, splitting on the
back and at the sides into 4 hard, thick half-valves.

a. E. tomento’sum Benth. The entire plant is white or rusty,
with a dense coat of short woolly down. Southern California.

b. E. glutino’sum Benth. This is rather smooth and viscid, with
a balsamic exudation. Throughout the Coast Mountains.

VII. HESPEROCHI’RON

Dwarf, stemless perennials with entire, spatulate, or oblong
leaves. Flowers on naked, slender peduncles, shorter than
the leaves, from the leaf axils. Calyx and corolla with the
parts 5-7, the former with linear-lanceolate lobes which are
sometimes unequal, the latter rotate or campanulate, white
or purplish, with hairy base. Stamens inserted at the base
of the corolla with hairy filaments. Ovary cone-shaped, some-
what adnate to the calyx, tapering to the rather stout style which
is 2-cleft at apex, with small stigmas. Ovary I-celled. Seeds
many.

— —

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 137

a. H. Califor’‘nicus Watson. Leaves many in a cluster at base.
Corolla oblong-campanulate, with the lobes longer than the tube, about
half an inch long. From California in the Sierra Nevada to Wash-
ington ; blooming as soon as the snow melts.

b. H. pu’milus Porter. Leaves fewer. Corolla nearly rotate, its
lobes longer than the tube which is densely bearded within, about half an
inch across. Same range and time of blooming as the preceding.

BORRAGINA’CEZA, BoraGEe FAmMILy

Herbs usually with stems and leaves, rough-hairy. Leaves
alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in panicles,
cymes, or racemes, coiled at the tips, usually on one side of
the peduncles. Calyx 5-parted or cleft. Corolla salver-form.
Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, alternating with
its lobes. Ovules 4, solitary, at the base of the simple style,
usually all ripening into 4 nutlets. The coiled flower clusters
become straight as the flowers open.

I. HELIOTRO’PIUM, Heliotrope

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form. Stamens with short
filaments or none, and anthers sometimes cohering by their
pointed tips. Style simple or none, with an wmbrella-shaped
stigma. Seeds with endosperm.

H. Curassa’vicum L. Smooth, glaucous, succulent, prostrate
herbs, growing in moist, salty or alkaline places. Flowers white or
pale violet in dense spikes, which are generally 2-forked. Widely
distributed.

II. AMSINCK‘IA, Fiddle-neck, Woolly Breeches

Hairy annuals, with conspicuous yellow or orange flowers in
curved spikes or racemes without bracts. Many are covered with
bristly hairs that have a pustulate base. Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla funnel-form, with the tube longer than the calyx.
Stamens with short filaments included in the corolla. Stigmas
2-lobed, capitate. Nutlets ovate-triangular, attached above
the base to a narrow pyramidal column called the gynobase.
The species are difficult to distinguish.

138 KEY AND FLORA

III. CYNOGLOS’SUM, Hound’s Tongue, Forget-me-not:

Calyx 5-parted, open in fruit. Corolla tubular or salver-form,
with conspicuous crests in the throat. Nutlets 4, covered over
the back with short, stout prickles with barbed tips, forming burs.
These are rather coarse perennials, with large leaves and
thick roots.

C. gran’de Dougl. Stems a foot or two high, branching above.
Leaves mostly at the base on long petioles, oblong-ovate. Flowers in
panicled racemes on a long naked peduncle. Corolla similar to

the ferget-me-not, but larger, at first pinkish, with white crests in
the throat, turning blue after pollination. Monterey County to
Washington.

IV. MERTEW’SIA, Bluebells

Stems erect, leafy, not hispid, sometimes smooth. Leaves
broad, the upper ones sessile, the lower petioled. Flowers
nodding, in cymes or panicled racemes. Corolla blue, often
turning pink after pollination, trumpet-shaped or bell-shaped,
with folds in the throat. Nutlets sessile, on a flat or slightly
convex receptacle.

a. M. oblongifo/lia Don. Stems about a foot high, almost smooth.
Leaves oblong or somewhat spatulate, rather succulent and with
veins scarcely evident. Corolla blue, with tube twice as long as the
border, together about half an inch long. Flowers in a close, terminal
cluster. Stamens with the filaments as broad as the anthers and
about the same length, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Bloom-
ing in early spring, growing on moist banks. Oregon to British
Columbia.

b. M. panicula’ta Don. Stems 1-5 ft. high, more or less rough
with pubescence. Leaves broad, veiny, ovate to oblong-lanceolate.
Flowers blue, in loosely panicled racemes. Corolla tube but little
longer than the border, about as long as the hairy, linear, calyx divisions,
together a half inch or more in length. From Washington to the
Arctic regions.

(Most of the other genera are in a state of confusion, because
of the differences of opinion among botanists. The differ-
ences between them lie chiefly in the seeds, and they are
difficult to distinguish.)

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 1389

LABIA’TZ, Mint Famity

Herbs or shrubs with 4-angled stems and opposite leaves.
Flowers generally in whorls, or solitary in the axils of the
leaves. Calyx ribbed, with many nerves. Corolla 2-lipped.
Stamens 4 in two sets, 2 often sterile. Fruit of 4 nutlets
around a simple style. These plants are generally aromatic.

I. MEN’THA, Mint

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with short tube, naked within,
and 4-cleft border, scarcely 2-lpped, but with the upper lobe
broadest. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, distant. Flowers
small, white or purplish, in whorls. Aromatic and sweet-
scented herbs. (There are several cultivated species.)

a. M. Canaden’sis L. Flowers all in axillary whorls, the summit
of the stem being flowerless. Calyx hairy. Common in damp places.

b. M. Pule’gium L. Covered with a white-woolly pubescence.
Calyx slightly 2-lipped, 10-ribbed, the throat closed with hairs.
Recently introduced, but spreading rapidly.

II. MONARDEL’LA

Calyx tubular, with 5 short, nearly equal teeth, and the
throat naked within. Corolla with the tube longer than the
calyx, smooth within ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower one 3-parted,
with flat, oblong-lnear lobes. Stamens 4, projecting beyond
the corolla. Flowers in terminal heads having conspicuous
involucres.

a. M. villo’sa Benth. Perennial herbs with many stems from a
woody base, soft-hairy. Leaves ovate, strongly veined. Bracts of the
involucre similar to the leaves. Flowers flesh-color, white, or most
frequently purple. Widely distributed, and blooming at all seasons.

b. M. odoratis’sima Benth. Perennial with several stems from
a woody root, 6-12 in. high, pale green or gray with a minute
pubescence. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, entire, on short petioles, with
veins inconspicuous. Bracts thin and membranous, veiny, white or
purple. Calyx teeth hairy. Common in the mountains of Cali-
fornia and extending to Washington.

140 KEY AND FLORA

c. M. lanceola’ta Gray. Annual, with stems loosely branching, a
foot or more high, green and almost smooth. Leaves oblong or
lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole. Sracts ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, with cross veinlets between the principal veins. Corolla
purple ; calyx teeth acute, densely hirsute within, almost smooth
without. Throughout California in the valleys and plains.

d. M. can’dicans Benth. Annual, gray, with soft pubescence.
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, obtuse, tapering to a petiole.
Bracts ovate, somewhat papery, white with greenish nerves ; cross veinlets
between the principal nerves. Corolla white, small and short; calyx
teeth short, obtuse, tipped with white wool on both sides. Through
middle and southern California.

Il. MICROME’RIA, Yerba Buena

Calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed. Corolla short, naked
within; upper lip erect, entire or notched, lower spreading,
3-parted. Stamens 4. These are sweet-scented plants, with
small lavender flowers in the axils of the leaves.

M. Douglas’ii Benth. Perennial herbs, spreading by trailing
stems. Leaves round-ovate, sparingly toothed. This usually grows
in the shade of bushes and trees in the Coast Mountains.

IV. SPHA’CELE

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, thin, membranous, enlarged in fruit
and persistent. Corolla oblong, bell-shaped, with 5 broad and
roundish, erect lobes, and a hairy ring at the base of the tube
within. Stamens 4, distant, one pair shorter.

S. calyci‘na Benth. Shrubby at base, with many leafy stems.
Flowers an inch long, solitary in the upper axils, forming a raceme.
Corolla white or tinged with purple. The entire plant has a sweet
aromatic perfume. From middle California southward.

V. SAL’VIA, Sage

Ours are all herbs. Calyx 2-lipped, with the upper lip 2 or
3 toothed, lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, with the
upper lip erect, entire, notched, or rarely 2-lobed. Stamens 2,
with filaments apparently forked, one end bearing a linear

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 141

anther cell, the other end a mere rudiment of an anther cell.
The nutlets when wet become mucilaginous and send out spiral
threads.

a. §. cardua’cea Benth. THISTLE SAGE. Leaves clustered at the
root, white-woolly, thistle-like. Flowers in whorls. Corollas large,
bright blue. This is a very showy plant of the interior valleys of
California.

b. S. Columba’rie Benth. Cura. Leaves wrinkled with numerous
veins, once or twice parted into oblong, crenate or toothed divisions.
Flowers in one or more rather distant whorls on the naked stems.
Corolla rather small, dark blue. Involucre of entire leaves, like
bracts. Widely distributed.

VI. AUDIBER’TIA, California Sage, Bee Sage

Shrubby plants with leaves wrinkled and veiny, finely
crenate. Flowers similar to those of Salvia, except that the
filament has but one linear anther cell, and shows the remains
of the connective as a sort of spur. 'The various kinds of sage,
so well known as honey plants, all belong to this genus.
They are most abundant in southern California, where they
sometimes clothe the hillsides.

* Flowers in dense whorls at intervals along the stem. Bracts crowded
and conspicuous. Shrubs.

a. A. niv’ea Benth. Wuitre Sacre. Stems and leaves covered
with a snow-white down. Whorls an inch across, usually 2-4.
Corolla lavender or lilac, with the tube scarcely longer than the lips.
Stamens and style conspicuously extending beyond the corolla. The
bracts and the calyx teeth are blunt.

b. A. stachyoi’des Benth. Brack Sacre. Stems and leaves ashy
gray, becoming greener and smoother with age. Clusters of flowers
3—5 at long intervals, on slender stems. Corolla lavender, half an
inch long. Calyx teeth and bracts bristle-tipped.

** Flowers in a close panicle. Floral leaves and bracts of the small and
numerous clusters lance-shaped or awl-shaped. Shrubs.

c. A. polystach’ya Benth. Wuritr SAGE, GREASE Woop. Stems
many, erect, covered with a fine white down; inflorescence a foot or
so in length ; flowers nearly sessile. Calyx with the upper lip broad,

142 KEY AND FLORA

the lower with 3 long teeth. Corolla half an inch or more long,
white or lavender, with a short tube and broad lower lip. Stamens
and styles long, conspicuously exserted. This is said to be the best
honey sage.

*** Flowers large, in dense whorls. Woody only at base.

d. A. grandiflo’ra Benth. Stem stout, 2-3 ft. high, woolly and
glandular. Leaves wrinkied, white tomentose on the lower surface,
sinuate-crenate. The lower ones are broadly lanceolate, with the
base somewhat arrow-shaped, 3-8 in. long on margined petioles ; the
upper are oblong and sessile. Corolla 1} in. long, bright red, with
tube longer than the limb. Bracts broad and membranaceous.
Stamens extending beyond the corolla. This is common from
near San Francisco southward. It generally grows in the hills.

Vil. SCUTELLA/’RIA, Skullcap

Low perennial herbs, with flowers in the axils of the leaves
on short peduncles. Calyx helmet-shaped. Corolla with an
arched upper lip and dilated throat. Stamens 4, the lower pair
with 1-celled anthers, the upper with 2-celled bearded anthers.

a. S. tubero’sa Benth. Low from slender underground stems ter-
minating in small tubers. Leaves ovate, toothed, on slender petioles.
Flowers dark blue, over half an inch long. From Santa Barbara
County northward. .

b. S. Califor‘nica Gray. Stems several, from slender rootstocks.
Leayes entire, narrowed at base. Flowers yellowish white, about two-
thirds of an inch long. Northern California to Oregon.

c. §. angustifolia Pursh. Stems erect, leafy. Leaves oblong to
linear, mosily sessile, entire, except for a few teeth on the lower ones.
Pedicels as long as the calyx. Corolla nearly an inch long with
slender tube and dilated throat; lower lip woolly within. Through-
out California to British Columbia.

d. §. galericula’‘ta L. Stems slender, 1-3 ft. high, simple or
branched above. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, almost sessile, serrate, except
at the top. Corolla dark blue, less than 1 in. long. Widely dis-
tributed. Summer.

VIII. BRUNEL’LA, Self-heal

Perennial herbs with usually simple stems and sessile,
3-flowered flower-clusters in the axils of kidney-shaped bracts,

a

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 143

the whole forming a spike or head. Calyx tubular, bell-shaped,
somewhat 10-ribbed, upper lip broad, 3-toothed, the teeth
short ; lower lip with 2 longer teeth. Upper lip of the corolla
upright, arched, and entire, the lower spreading, reflexed,
fringed, and 3-cleft. Stamens 4, reaching up under the upper
lip, with the tips of the filaments 2-toothed, only one tooth anther-
bearing.

B. vulga’ris L. Serir-HEAL, HEAL-ALL, CARPENTER WEED.
Leaves with petioles, ovate-oblong, either entire or toothed, often
somewhat hairy; corolla usually dark-blue or purplish, somewhat
longer than the brown-purple calyx. This is often abundant in
damp places, and is widely distributed.

IX. MARRU’BIUM, Horehound

Perennial herbs with many stems, forming a clump a foot
or two high, white-woolly. Calyx with usually 10 nerves and
teeth, the alternate ones spiny-tipped and recurved. Corolla
with upper lip narrow, arched and 2-lobed ; lower spreading
and 3-cleft. Stamens 4, having anthers with the 2 cells not dis-
tinct. Flowers in dense whorls, in the axils of the upper
leaves. This is a widely spread, introduced plant.

M. vulga’re L. Leaves roundish, wrinkled, crenate. Corolla
small and white. The bitter aromatic juice is used as a remedy for
colds.

X. STA’CHYS, Hedge Nettle

Perennial herbs with a disagreeable odor,—some species
growing near water becoming very tall. Flowers nearly ses-
sile, in scattered whorls, purplish or white. Calyx 5-toothed,
5-10-nerved. Corolla with tube not dilated .at the throat, the
upper lip erect, arched, entire or notched, lower spreading, 3-lobed,
the middle lobe longest. Stamens 4, with 2-celled anthers.

a. §. bulla’ta Benth. Stems one or several, loosely branching,
rough with downward-pointing hairs. Leaves ovate, cordate, cre-
nate, obtuse, with petioles an inch or two long. Flowers red-purple,
in whorls, forming an interrupted spike. This. grows everywhere in
California, and blooms almost throughout the year.

b. S. al’bens Gray. Stems erect, 1-5 ft. high, clothed through-
out with soft white wool. Leaves oblong, cordate at base, crenate,

144 KEY AND FLORA

2-3 in. long; upper sessile; lower with short petioles. Flowers white
on a wand-like spike in dense interrupted close clusters. Calyx with
spine-tipped teeth nearly equaling the tube of the corolla. California
in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and hills of southern California.

c. §S. Chamisso’nis Benth. Stems erect, 2-6 ft. high, with stiff
hairs pointing downwards, on the angles. Leaves oblong-ovate,
3-5 in. long, crenate, wrinkled with the veins, whitish, with woolly
hairs on the lower surface, stiffer ones on the upper. Spike 6-12 in.
long. Calyx with spine-tipped teeth, densely hairy. Corolla pur-
plish, 2 in. long, hairy; lower lip half as long. A very showy
species along the Californian coast from San Francisco northward.

d. §. cilia’‘ta Dougl. Similar to the above, but with the leaves
greener and thinner; corolla smaller, with the tube smooth. Along
the coast of Oregon and Washington.

XI. TRICHOSTE’MA, Blue-curls, Camphor Weed

Shrubs or herbs with flowers in dense, usually one-sided
axillary cymes, stamens and corolla blue or purple (rarely
white). Calyx bell-shaped, almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla
with a slender tube, 5-parted, the divisions forming in bud
a roundish ball which encloses the coiled stamens. Stamens
sptrally coiled in the bud, conspicuously protruding from the open
corolla. In bloom in summer and fall.

a. T. lanceola’‘tum Benth. CAmpnor Weep. Annual herbs with
several branches, erect from the base. Leaves crowded, sessile, lance-
shaped. Cymes almost sessile, conspicuously one-sided, densely
flowered. Corolla and calyx somewhat hairy or woolly. This
plant is called camphor weed, because it has a strong odor some-
what like camphor, but very disagreeable, sometimes causing head-
ache. Widely distributed in the interior valleys.

b. T. lax’‘um Gray. Annual, diffusely branched, soft, pubescent.
Leaves few, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed to an obtuse apex, 2-3 in. long,
on slender petioles. Cymes loosely flowered, on peduncles. Common
from middle to northern California, growing in dry places.

c. T. lana’‘tum Benth. Romero. Shrubby, 3 or 4 ft. high.
Leaves numerous, narrowly linear, with margins turned under,
smooth and shiny above, white-woolly on the under surface.
Flowers in numerous cymes in a close terminal cluster, destitute of
bracts. The whole inflorescence, even to the calyx and corolla, is covered
with dense violet wool. The filaments extend an inch or more beyond
the corolla. Southern California, in rocky places. It is very con-
spicuous and beautiful.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 145

SOLANA’CEZ, NiGuTsHADE FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs with leaves alternate and without stipules.
Flowers regular, with the parts in fives, except the single style
and 2-celled ovary. Fruit a many-seeded berry or capsule.
Seeds with curved embryo and endosperm. This family con-
tains Tobacco, Tomato, Nightshade, Egg-plant, Potato, and
Chili-pepper.

I. SOLA’NUM, Nightshade, Potato

Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or cleft. Stamens with short
jilaments and distinct anthers, which often apparently unite
around the style. Fruit usually a berry.

a. §. Douglas’ii Dunal. Somewhat shrubby, widely branching or
even climbing by the rough angles of the branchlets. Leaves
ovate, entire, or with large teeth, 1-2 in. long. Corolla white or
bluish, small. Berries black. Common throughout California, near
the coast.

b. S. ni’grum L. Common NIGHTSHADE. Annual, with stems
branching diffusely. ‘orolla small, white. Berries black when ripe,
as large as peas, in numerous umbels on axillary peduncles. This is
common everywhere in waste ground.

ce. S. umbelliferum Esch. Shrubby at base, much branched,
with leaves and stems hoary. Flowers in umbels, the corolla bluish
purple, 3 in. in diameter. The leaves vary extremely. Widely
distributed.

d. §. Xan’ti Gray. Similar to the above, but either smooth or
glandular-hairy; leaves thin. Corolla generally larger. This is more
common in southern California.

II. DATU’RA, Thorn-apple

Stout, widely branching herbs with rank odor and narcotic-
poisonous qualities. Flowers large, on short stems from the
axils of the leaves. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, deciduous,
leaving a circular disk under the fruit. Corolla broadly
funnel-form, convolute in the bud. FPistils with long style
and 2-lipped stigma. Capsule prickly all over. Seeds large,
kidney-shaped.

146 KEY AND FLORA

D. meteloi’des DC. Perennial, spreading, and often tall, hoary.
Leaves unequally ovate, wavy on the margin, or entire. Corolla
white or pale violet, with the border broadly expanded, the 5 angles
terminating in long, slender awns. Pods large on recurved peduncles.
Southern California.

III. NICOTIA’NA, Tobacco

Herbs (one a tree) with rank odor and narcotic poisonous
properties. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or lobed, closely
surrounding the capsule. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form,
with a very long tube. Stamens with slender filaments and
broad anthers included in the tube of the corolla. Pistil with
long, slender style and 2-celled ovary, stigma 2-lobed or cap-
hike. Capsule splitting generally at the junction of the valves
and on the back, appearing 4-celled.

a. N. glau’ca Graham. Trer Toxpacco. This has been intro-
duced from South America, and is now widely distributed in southern
California. It is a shrub or small tree with pale-green foliage.
Flowers in loose terminal panicles; corolla 2 in. long, greenish
yellow, with a long tube, narrowed at the throat; border erect,
5-crenate.

b. N. attenua’ta Torr. Stems simple or branching, very viscid.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends. Flowers in loose,
terminal racemes. Calyx teeth short, triangular, acute. Corolla
white, narrow, salver-form, the tube an inch long and the border 3 in.
across. Pod exceeding the calyx. This is widely distributed and is
frequently found along highways.

c. N. Bigelo’vii Wats. Similar to the preceding but with sessile
leaves. Calyx with unequal lobes, corolla tubular, funnel-form, with
tube an inch or more long and the border an inch across ; pod shorter
than the calyx. This is also found along highways.

SCROPHULARIA’CEZA, Ficgwort FAmity

Herbs and shrubs with corolla 2-lipped or otherwise more
or less irregular (2 lobes belong to the upper lip of the corolla ;
3 to the lower). Stamens 2 or 4 (2 long and 2 short), or 5,
with one lacking the anther. Pistil with a simple style and
2-celled ovary. Fruit a 2-celled pod, with the seeds on an
axillary placenta, splitting from the top.

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 147

I. VERONICA, Speedwell

Low herbs with opposite leaves, and flowers in axillary
racemes or solitary. Calyx and corolla 4-parted, with the lobes
more or less unequal. Stamens 2. Pod inversely heart-shaped.

a. V. America’na Schweinitz. Smooth herbs growing in wet
places, with the stems rooting at the joints. Leaves ovate or oblong,
on petioles. Flowers numerous, small, bright blue with darker stripes.
Widely distributed.

b. V. peregrina L. Annual, 3-10 in. high, erect, with few
branches. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, linear-oblong,
obtuse, entire or toothed. Flowers on short pedicels in the leaf
axils. Corolla very small, white. Capsule many-seeded. Common,
apparently an introduced weed.

II. SCROPHULA/RIA, Figwort, Bee-plant

Perennial herbs with opposite leaves, and small flowers in
loose cymes arranged in a terminal panicle. Calyx 5-cleft,
with broad, rounded lobes. Corolla with a globular tube and
5 lobes; four are erect and the fifth turned down or spreading.
Stamens 4 in 2 pairs, shorter than the lobes of the corolla and
inserted low on the tube. A rudiment of a fifth stamen
appears in the form of a scale on the upper side of the
throat of the corolla.

S. Califor’nica Cham. CALIFORNIAN BEE-PLANT. Stems 2-5 ft.
high, nearly smooth. Leaves oblong-ovate, usually cordate at base,
coarsely doubly toothed or incised. Flowers brownish purple, less
than half an inch long, the rudimentary stamen narrowly wedge-
shaped or spatulate. The honey-glands produce a large quantity
of honey which can usually be seen within the corolla tube. This
is widely distributed and common.

=

Ill. COLLIN’SIA

Low annual herbs with opposite leaves, and flowers some-
what resembling pea blossoms. Corolla 2-lipped, with the
lower lip 3-lobed and the middle lobe compressed at the sides,
including the style and stamens ; tube short, with a protuber-
ance at the base on the upper side, the mouth closed by an

148 KEY AND FLORA

inward projection of the lower lip like a palate. Stamens 4;
a small gland at the base of the corolla on the upper side
answers to the fifth stamen.

a. C. bicolor Benth. A foot or so high; leaves more or less
toothed, the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sessile by a broad base.
Flowers on short pedicels, in racemes at the summit of the stem;
corolla with the upper lip nearly white, the lower rose-color.
Widely distributed in California.

b. C. Francisca’na Bioletti. Similar to the last, but the flowers
are on longer pedicels, more numerous in the whorls; and the
throat of the corolla is entirely closed by the palate. ‘This grows around
San Francisco and is very common.

c. C. tincto’ria Hartweg. Flowers almost sessile. Corolla yellow-
ish or white, marked with purple dots or lines, the upper lip and
its lobes very short. The plant is covered with a yellowish or brownish
glandular pubescence that stains the hands. This is common in the
foothills of the Sierras.

d. ©. bartsiefo/lia Benth. Leaves thickish in texture, linear to
ovate-oblong, crenate. Flowers on short pedicels, crowded in the
axils of the leaves or bracts. Corolla nearly white, with the throat
bearded, and longer than broad, upper lip about the length of the
curved throat. This grows in sandy soil in the central and western
parts of California.

e. C. parviflora Doug]. Stems slender, branching, 2-6 in. high,
leaves lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at base and entire, sometimes
whorled. Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or several in a whorl.
Flowers small, less than 4 in. long. Corolla blue and white, a little
longer than the narrow, triangular calyx lobes. Common in the
Sierra Nevada range and north to British Columbia. In bloom
early.

IV. PENTSTE’MON

Perennial herbs with opposite leaves, the upper sessile or
partly clasping. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla red, purple, blue,
white (rarely yellow), 2-lipped, with a more or less inflated
tube ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-cleft or spreading. Stamens
4, the fifth a conspicuous filament without an anther. Pod
usually pointed, splitting from the top into two parts.

a. P. cordifo/lius Benth. Stems very leafy, climbing over bushes
by long branches. Leaves cordate, serrate, or toothed. Flowers in
a leafy panicle. Corolla scarlet, with a long narrow tube. Sterile fila-
ment bearded. Common in southern California.

ee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 149

b. P. heterophyllus Lindl. Stems many from a woody base,
pale-green. Leaves lance-shaped or linear. Corolla rose-purple, an
inch long. Anthers shaped like a horseshoe, with the base of each
cell remaining closed, and forming a sac, ciliate on the opened
edges. Sterile filament smooth. Throughout California in dry
places.

c. P. centranthifo/lius Benth. Light bluish green and perfectly
smooth. Upper leaves heart-shaped, clasping. Corolla fully an inch
long, bright red, tubular, hardly bilabiate, with the lobes spreading but
little. Sterile filament slender and smooth. Most common in southern
California.

d. P. gla’ber Pursh. Stems 1-2 ft. high, smooth, glaucous.
Upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, clasping the stem. Flowers in a
long, close panicle. Sepals ovate, pointed. Corolla violet, with
swelling throat, 1-14 in. long. Sterile filament with a few hairs at
top. Anthers opening from the base of each cell to the apex, smooth
or slightly hairy. Along streams. Summer.

e. P. confer’tus var. ceruleo-purpureus Gray. Stems slender, erect,
smooth, except for the viscid pubescence about the flowers. Leaves
linear to lanceolate. Flowers rather small, in 2-5 whorls, 1 in. or
more apart. Sepals with papery, fringed margins and pointed tips.
Corolla purplish blue, 2-lipped, the lower lip bearded. Anthers
opening from base to apex, the two valves spreading out flat, after the
pollen has been discharged. Sterile filament bearded. In the moun-
tains. Summer.

V. CASTILLE’JA, Indian Paint-brush

Perennial herbs generally with several stems from woody
roots. Leaves sessile. lowers in simple spikes, with the
bracts large and colored red, white, or yellowish. Calyx colored
like the bracts, tubular, more or less cleft either in front or
behind or on both sides. Corolla tubular, with a long-pointed
upper lip, lower lip very small, 3-toothed, with 3 folds or
small sacs below the short teeth (the tube is usually enclosed
in the calyx). Stamens 4, enclosed in the upper lip. Style
long, with stigma cap-shaped or 2-lobed.

a. C. affinis Hook & Arn. Stems often tall, branched from the
base. Leaves simple, linear-lanceolate, entire. Flowers somewhat
distant below but crowded above, curved. Upper leaves, bracts, and
calyx more or less colored red. Corolla yellowish or reddish, an inch
or more long, curved, surpassing the red calyx, the lower lip very
short. Middle to southern California.

150 | KEY AND FLORA

b. C. foliolo’sa Hook & Arn. Stems generally in a bunch, white-
woolly. Leaves short but numerous, lowest entire, upper floral
leaves cleft, with the tips dilated, yellowish or red. This is common
only on dry hills of the Coast Mountains.

c. C. latifo‘lia Hook & Arn. Stems leafy, 1 to several from the
root, viscid-pubescent. Leaves short and broad, the upper ones 3-5-
lobed, tinged with red. Calyx lobes longer than the tube of the
corolla. Near the coast, from Monterey County northward.

VI. ORTHOCAR’PUS, Owl’s Clover

Low annual herbs, similar to Castilleta in having spikes of
flowers with the cleft bracts and calyx divisions colored.
Calyx short, tubular, 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, with the
upper lip hardly longer than the lower, small in comparison
with the lower, which is inflated and in several species has 3
round sacs.

* Bracts with tips colored like a corolla.

a. Q. purpuras’cens Benth. Escopira. Simple and erect, or
branched at the base, hairy. Spike dense, oblong, the lobed bracts
and the calyx divisions crimson. Upper lip of the corolla densely
bearded with crimson hairs, hooked at the apex, the lower lip with 3
very small sacs. Stigma large, globose, densely covered with purple
hairs. Very common in spring. Widely distributed.

b. O. densiflorus Benth. Owv’s-cLover. This is similar to
the above, except that the upper lip of the corolla is straight and the
lobes of the bracts and of the calyx white and crimson; the leaves are
soft, pubescent, with few lobes, or entire at the base. Along the
coast.

** Bracts not colored like a corolla.

c. QO. erian’thus Benth. Slender, with many branches; stems and
bracts dark red. Corolla deep yellow, the upper lip slender, pointed,
dark-purple, the sacs on the lower lip large, round, and deep, the tube
very slender. Monterey County northward.

d. QO. versicolor Greene. Pop-corn FLower. Similar to the
last, but the flowers are pure white, fading pinkish. In one variety
the flowers are rose-color from the first. This species is very fra-
grant. Around San Francisco.

e. QO. lithospermoi’des Benth. Stems rather stout, generally
simple, 1-14 ft. high, very leafy. Flowers in a dense spike. Calyx

ry
‘
F
i
a
>
j
a

~~

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS bot

lobes linear. Corolla deep yellow, fading whitish, an inch or more long,
with 3 large sacs. This blooms later than the others. Throughout
California.

There are many species besides these.

VII. PEDICULA’RIS

Perennials with one to several stems from a thick root.
Leaves pinnately divided or lobed, the divisions often toothed,
cleft, or divided. Calyx 2-5-toothed, irregular. Corolla
2-lipped, the upper arched and compressed on the sides, some-
times with a beak; the lower erect at base, 8-lobed, and with
2 crests above. Stamens 4, in the long upper lip. -

P. densiflo'ra Benth. INDIAN Warrior. Leaves twice pinnately
divided, with the divisions sharply and irregularly incised. Stem
and leaves dark-red when young, becoming greener with age.
Flowers an inch long, crimson, in a dense spike that lengthens in
fruit. Common in western and middle California.

Vill. MIM’ULUS, Monkey Flower

Herbs, or one species shrubby, with opposite, simple leaves
and showy flowers on axillary peduncles. Calyx bell-shaped,
5-toothed, and with as many folds and angles, often oblique.
Corolla with the tube included in the calyx and the border with
5 round, spreading lobes arranged so that 2 form the upper lip
and 3 the lower. Within the tube are two ridges flattened on
top, running down the lower side of the throat. Stamens 4,
with the anther cells diverging. Stigma 2-lobed, with spread-
ing parts, often somewhat shield-shaped. When an insect
alights it touches the stigma, which immediately closes, the
2 lips folding together ; the anthers are thus exposed, so that
the insect becomes dusted with pollen. This can be observed
by touching the stigma with a pencil.

a. M. cardina‘lis Dougl. Rep Monkey Fiower. Stout, 2-4 ft.
high, viscid-pubescent. Leaves sessile, ovate, dentate, 2 in. long.
Corolla scarlet, 2 in. long, with all the lobes except the upper one reflexed.
Stamens projecting from the corolla. This grows along streams.
Widely distributed.

152 KEY AND FLORA

b. M. Lewis‘ii Pursh. Perennial, with erect, rather slender stems,
1-2 ft. high, or more. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, with the margin
finely toothed. Corolla rose-red, 2 in. long, the border of roundish,
spreading lobes. Stamens included within the corolla. This is one
of the handsomest species. It grows in shady, moist places from
British Columbia through California, in the mountains.

c. M. brevipes Benth. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, viscid-pubescent.
Leaves lanceolate to linear, 1-4 in. long. Calyx teeth unequal,
pointed. Corolla yellow, 14 in. long, the border campanulate, an inch
across, with rounded lobes. From Monterey southward.

d. M. Bolan’deri Gray. Annual, with stems about a foot high, viscid-
pubescent. Leaves oblong, 1-2 in. long. Corolla crimson, an inch
long, tubular, with the border slightly spreading.’ 'This is common in
the foothill region of the Sierra Nevada through California.

e. M. moscha’‘tus Dougl Musk-pLAntT. Perennial, with low,
spreading stems, soft-hairy, musk-scented. Corolla light yellow, $ in.
long. This grows in wet place and roots at the joints of the
stem. Widely distributed.

jf. M. Langsdor’ffii Don. Annual or perennial, the former slen-
der, the latter stout, growing in wet places and rooting at the
joints of the lower parts of the stem. Stem leaves round, clasp-
ing; root leaves on petioles, with a roundish blade at the top and
a few small leaflets below. Corolla yellow, with brown or red spots,
decidedly 2-lipped, large, from 1 to 13 in. long. Widely distributed
and extremely variable.

g- M. tricolor Lindl. (Euna’nus Benth.). Low, with spreading,
leafy branches. Corolla 2 in. long, with a short, slender tube and wide
border of almost equal lobes, rose-purple, marked with deep crimson, and
with yellow throat. This is a very beautiful plant, and grows in low,
damp places. From middle California northward.

h. M. Douglas’ii Gray (Euna’nus Benth.). Erect, with stems
beginning to flower when an inch or so high. Corolla crimson,
decidedly 2-lipped, the lower lip wanting, or much shorter than the
upper lip; tube from 1 to 14 in. long; throat funnel-form, dilated.
Throughout California, in bloom usually very early.

7. M. glutino’sus Wendland (Dip‘lacus Nutt.). Shrubby, 3-6 ft.
high, with glutinous, evergreen foliage. Leaves opposite, serrate,
veiny. lowers yellow or reddish, large and showy, solitary, on pedicels
in the leaf axils. This is common throughout California, and has
many forms regarded as species by good botanists.

j. M. exi/lis Dur. Annual, erect, with branched stems about a
foot high, leafy and soft-hairy, somewhat viscid, flowering from the
first. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire, the lower longer than the
upper and shorter than the pedicels. Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped,
the tube without angles and almost without nerves. Corolla a little

_

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS “153

longer than the calyx, yellow, with nearly equal lobes and sometimes some
brown spots in the throat. Common throughout California in the dry
beds of streams.

OROBANCHA’CEZ. Broom Rare FAmILy

Root parasites, tuberous, pale or brownish in color, with
scales in place of leaves. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, in-2
sets. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentze. Seeds many,
very small. Style long, with stigma 2-lobed. Pod splitting
into 2 valves when ripe, each valve with 1 or 2 placente.

APHYL’LON, Cancer Root

Flowers yellowish or purplish, usually on peduncles. Sta-
mens included in the somewhat 2-lipped corolla. Calyx with
5, nearly equal, pointed lobes. Stigma shield-shaped or with
2 broad, flat lobes. Placentz, a pair to each valve. Anther
cells deeply separated from below, awned at the base.

a. A. uniflo’rum Gray. Stem very short, bearing one or a few
slender scapes a few inches high. Flowers violet and violet scented,
terminating the scapes. Frequent in California and north to British
Columbia.

b. A. fascicula’‘tum Gray. Stems rather slender, nearly as long as
the numerous fascicled peduncles. Flowers brownish or yellowish.
Widely distributed.

PLANTAGINA’CEZH. PuLantTain FamiLy

Herbs with the leaves and peduncled spikes all from the
root. Corollas papery, 4-cleft.

PLANTA’GO, Plantain

Flowers perfect, each with a bract below. Calyx of 4 per-
sistent sepals free from the ovary. Corolla greenish or dull
white. Stamens 2-4, with long filaments. Fruit a capsule
opening by a lid which falls off, carrying with it the placenta
with the shield-shaped seeds attached.

154 KEY AND FLORA

a. P. ma’jor L. Common PLantain. Leaves large, ovate, 5—7-
ribbed, the petioles channeled on the upper side. A wayside weed,
introduced.

b. P. lanceola’ta L. Hairy.- Leaves long, lanceolate, 3—7-ribbed.
Flowers with conspicuous stamens ; at first in a head, lengthening to a
spike. Introduced.

c. P. marit’‘ima L. Smooth, leaves linear, fleshy. Spike oblong.
This is found along the seashore.

d. P. Patago’nica Jacq. A small annual covered with white silky

wool. Scape 2-3 in. high. Flowers in dense oblong spikes, except ,

in very small plants, where they form a head. Widely distributed.
This has been made to include many species which are difficult to
distinguish.

RUBIA’CEZH. Mapper FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs with opposite, entire leaves with stipules ;
or whorled leaves without stipules. Calyx and corolla 4-lobed,
adnate to the ovary. Stamens distinct, alternate with the
lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube. Ovary 2—5-celled.
Seeds with endosperm. ‘The plants yielding coffee and quinine
belong to this family.

I. CEPHALAN’THUS, Button Willow

Shrub growing near water, with willow-like leaves, opposite
or whorled ; and scale like stipules within the petioles. Flowers
in a dense, round head. Calyx pointed at base, 4-toothed.
Corolla with a long, slender tube and a small, 4-cleft border.
Stamens short. Style long, conspicuous, with a cap-like stigma.
Capsule, when ripe, splitting from the base upward into 2-4,
closed, 1-seeded parts.

C. occidenta’lis L. Leaves lanceolate, 3-5 in. long. Heads
an inch in diameter, flowers cream-color. Common along streams
throughout California, except near the coast.

II. KELLOG’GIA

Low, slender, much-branched herbs. eaves opposite, with
stipules between the petioles. lowers small, dull purple, in
loose cymes. Calyx tube somewhat flattened, covered with

am kiss mat ee ed

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 155

stiff, short bristles. Corolla funnel-form with narrow lobes.
Stamens 4, on the throat of the corolla. Style slender ; stig-
mas 2, thread-like. Fruit covered with hooked bristles, split-
ting into 2 parts, to the walls of which the seeds adhere.

K. galioi’des Torr. This grows in damp, shady places in the
Sierra Nevada Mountains, chiefly northward.

Ill. GA’LIUM, Bedstraw, Cleavers

Herbs with slender stems, whorled leaves, and no stipules.
Flowers small, white or greenish. Calyx without a border.
Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted. Stamens short; styles 2,
short, with cap-like stigmas. Fruit dry or fleshy, of 2
similar rounded parts with 1 seed in each.

* Fruit a berry. Perennials.

a. G. Califor’nicum Hook. & Arn. Stems low, generally growing in
bunches. Leaves thin, oval, with a bristle-tipped apex: margin and mid-
rib with stiff hairs. Fruit pearly white when ripe, turning black when
dried, smooth, on recurved pedicels. Common from San Francisco
southward.

b. G. Nuttal/lii Gray. Shrubby, climbing over the bushes, with a tangled
mass of slender stems which are minutely spiny on the angles. Com-
mon throughout California near the coast.

ce. G. Andrews’ii Gray. Low, densely matted, nearly smooth,
with leaves bright, shining green, crowded, somewhat spine-tipped.
Flowers dicecious, the sterile in few-flowered cymes, the fertile
solitary. The dead stems and leaves are persistent and usually
become white.

** Fruit dry.

d. G. Apari‘ne L. Annual, climbing by the reflexed prickles of
the stem and leaves. Fruit on straight pedicels, densely covered with
hooked prickles forming a bur. Common.

e. G. triflorum Michx. WaLpMEISTER. Stems with the odor of
vanilla when dry, weak, spreading on the ground. Leaves 6 in a
whorl, elliptical, acute at both ends, having a few short, reflexed
prickles on the margins and midribs. Peduncles few, 3-forked;
flowers greenish white, on spreading pedicels. Fruit covered with
slender, hooked bristles. This grows in the woods from San Fran-
cisco northward.

156 KEY AND FLORA

f. G. borea’le L. Erect, smooth, leafy, branched. Leaves in
fours, linear to lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved. Flowers white, perfect,
in a terminal panicle. Fruit small, hispid at first, smooth when ripe.
In the mountains northward. Summer.

CAPRIFOLIA’CEZ. HonrEyYSUCKLE FAMILY

Shrubs or shrubby vines (rarely herbs) with opposite leaves
without stipules. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular. Calyx
5-toothed, adnate to the inferior ovary. Corolla 4 or 5 cleft.
Stamens distinct, as many as the corolla lobes and alternat-
ing with them. Ovary 2—5-celled. Fruit a berry, drupe or
capsule.

I. SYMPHORICAR’POS, Snowberry

Low, branching shrubs, with leaves usually entire (some-
times on young shoots lobed at the base). Flowers in axil-

~

lary or terminal spikes or clusters with 2 bracts under each ©

flower. Calyx 5-toothed, persisting on the fruit. Corolla
bell-shaped, 5 or 4 lobed. Frwit a roundish, white berry con-
taining 2 bony nutlets. The berries are usually densely clus-
tered at the ends of the branchlets.

a. §. racemo’sus Michx. Erect shrubs, smooth or with the lower
Jace of the leaves pubescent. Flowers in terminal, short and inter-
rupted spike-like racemes, or some solitary in the upper axils.
Corolla very hairy within at the base of the lobes. Style and
stamens short. Widely distributed.

b. S. mollis Nutt. Low, diffusely spreading, softly and densely
pubescent. Leaves oval, small. Flowers few in terminal clusters
or in the upper axils. Corolla short and broad, but little bearded
inside. Throughout California.

II. LONIC’ERA, Honeysuckle, Twin-berry

Twining or erect shrubs with entire leaves (sometimes
lobed on short shoots), the upper united around the stem in
some species. Flowers many in interrupted spikes, or axillary
in pairs which are sessile in an involucre. Calyx minutely
5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or oblong bell-shaped,
with the border 5-lobed ; or 2-lipped, with 4 lobes forming the

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS tor

upper and 1 the lower lip. Ovary 2 or 5 celled, with numer-
ous ovules in each cell. Style slender, tipped by a cap-like
stigma.

a. L. hispid’‘ula Dougl. Twining, with the broad floral leaves,
uniting around the stem, the others elliptical, all except the lowest
with broad stipule-like appendages, all bluish green and pale. Spikes
of 3-6 whorls of pink flowers with the corollas 2-lipped. Fruit a red
berry, somewhat viscid. Along the coast.

b. L. interrup’ta Benth. Stoutish, erect and bushy, less disposed
to twine, branches covered with shining white bark. Leaves
pale-green, nearly round, all without stipules, several of the upper
pairs uniting. Spikes of several interrupted whorls. Flowers
yellow, smooth. Inner Coast Mountains and foothills of the Sierra
Nevada.

ce. L. involucra’ta Banks. Shrubs with stems erect, never twining,
and leaves never united. Flowers in pairs on an axillary peduncle,
each pair contained in a leafy involucre of 2 bracts. Corolla
yellowish, funnel-form, swollen at the base. Berries close together,
black when ripe, the involucre becoming dark réd, with the lobes reflexed.
Widely distributed.

d. L. cilio’sa Poir. Stems low, or climbing. Leaves broadly ovate,
glaucous beneath, generally smooth except for the ciliate margin ;
the uppermost one or two pairs united to form a disk. Whorls
of flowers 1-3, generally terminal but sometimes from the lower
leaf axils. Corolla smooth, an‘inch or more long, trumpet-shaped, scarlet
without, yellow within; the tube swollen on one side near the base; the
border slightly 2-lipped. From the Sierra Nevada Mountains of
middle California to British Columbia.

Ill. SAMBU’CUS, Elder

Shrubs or small trees with pinnately compound leaves of
5-11 serrate leaflets. Flowers small, white, in compound
cymes. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, with 5. lobes.
Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3-5. Fruit consisting of
“berries,” which are really drupes.

a. S. glau’ca Nutt. Cymes large and flat. Berries dark-blue,
with a dense bloom. This blooms in summer and is common in
middle and southern California.

b. §. callicar’‘pa Greene. Cymes ovate. Berries red; rarely yellow.
This blooms in spring and is found only in ravines or along streams.
Northward.

158 KEY AND FLORA

CUCURBITA’CEZ. Gourp FAMILY

Herbs, with succulent stems, climbing by tendrils. Leaves
palmately lobed, without stipules. Flowers monccious or
dicecious. -Calyx adnate to the ovary, with 5 lobes or teeth.
Corolla with petals more or less united. Ovary 3—5-celled,
stigmas 3-5-lobed. Fruit dry or fleshy. This family con-
tains the Squash, Melon, Cucumber, Pumpkin, and Gourd.

ECHINOCYS’TIS (MEGARRHIZA, MICRAMPELIS), Big Root, Chilicothe

The California species are rapidly growing vines, springing
from enormous fleshy roots. Flowers small, white, monc-
cious. Sterile flowers in racemes, at the base of which are
the solitary fertile flowers (often they are wanting). Corolla
wheel-shaped or bell-shaped. Fruit round or oblong, spiny,
the cells within with fibrous walls. Seeds round, flattened.
Cotyledons thick, not coming above the ground in germi-
nation.

a. E. faba’cea Naudin. Flowers yellowish white, numerous;
fruit round, densely covered with long, stout spines. Seeds 4. This is
the commonest species.

b. E. ma’ra Cogn. Flowers larger and purer white than the
above, less numerous; fruit pointed at both ends, sparingly covered
with spines. This is a more luxuriant plant than the preceding, and
is less common, found chiefly around San Francisco.

ce. E. Orego’na Torr. Fruit ovate-oblong, 1-2 inches long, sparingly
clothed with soft spines, with 35-4 cells, each 3-seeded. Fertile
flowers with abortive stamens. This is common in Washington.

d. E. macrocar’pa Greene. Fruit oblong, densely covered with long,
rather soft, stout spines. Seeds several, more than 4. Central and
southern California.

VALERIANA’CEZ. VALERIAN FAMILY

Herbs with a disagreeable odor, opposite leaves without
stipules, and flowers in cymes. Calyx tube adnate to the
ovary, teeth none, or becoming feathery. Corolla with a tube
and a 2-lipped border. Stamens 1-3 on the corolla. Style

a i tt ee i ee ee el ee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 159

and filaments slender. Stigma entire or minutely 3-cleft.
Fruit an akene with the seed hanging.

VALERIANEL’LA

Low annuals with stems generally simple, and flowers in
cymes forming whorls at intervals along the stem. Corolla
rose-color, small, with tube-swollen at base, or with a spur
and a 2-lipped border. Calyx without a border. The species
are few but somewhat difficult to distinguish.

VALERIA/’NA, Valerian

Perennials, with simple stems. Flowers small, in terminal
panicles or cymes. Corolla white or pale pink. Calyx limb of
5-15 bristle-like lobes, which are curled up when the flower is in
bloom, but spread out, becoming feathery in fruit. Stamens 3.

a. V. sylvat’ica Richardson. Stems erect, a foot or two high,
from running rootstocks. Root leaves simple, on long, slender
petioles, or compound. Stem leaves pinnately divided into 3-11
leaflets, which are entire or sparingly toothed. Cymes closely flow-
ered, more open in fruit. Flowers light-pink or white, } in. long.
In the mountains, from middle to great elevations. Summer.

CAMPANULA’CEZ. HAREBELL FAMILY

Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
Calyx adnate to the ovary, persistent. Corolla usually blue,
withering and persisting. Stamens generally 5, inserted at
the base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, ripening
before the pistil. Stigma with 2-5 lobes, which do not
expand until some time after the flower opens. Style hairy,
so as to collect the pollen. Capsule 2—5-celled, with axillary
placenta, opening by holes at the top or on the sides.

I. GITHOP’SIS

Low, simple or branched annuals, with small blue flowers.
Calyx with a 10-ribbed tube and 5 long, narrow, leaf-like lobes,

160 KEY AND FLORA

Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed: Stamens with short fila-
ments dilated at the base. Pistil with three stigmas and a
3-celled ovary. Capsule long and narrow, firm in texture and
strongly ribbed, crowned by the persistent calyx lobes, opening by
a hole at the top left by the falling away of the base of the style.

G. specularioi’des Nutt. Leaves linear, sessile, coarsely toothed.
Corolla deep blue with a white center. Flowers on short peduncles
at the ends of the stems and branches. ‘This is widely distributed,
but not conspicuous.

Il. CAMPAN’ULA, Harebell

Perennial herbs with determinate inflorescence. Calyx
lobes narrow. Corolla blue, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens
5, with the filaments dilated at base. Capsule short and
roundish, 3-5-celled, opening on the sides or near the base by
3-5 small, uplifted valves, leaving round perforations.

a. C. prenanthoi’des Durand. Stems clustered, slender, a foot or
two high. Leaves ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, those on the stem
mostly sessile, the lower ones on short petioles. Pedicels shorter
than the flowers. Calyx lobes much shorter than the corolla. Style
conspicuously extending beyond the corolla. This is found in moist,
shady places in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and
in redwood forests along the coast.

b. C. Scou’leri Hook. Stems slender, branching, a foot or so
high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate, pointed, sharply
serrate, tapering to a petiole. Flowers on long pedicels, somewhat
panicled. Corolla oblong in bud, exceeding the slender calyx lobes,
deeply 5-cleft, with ovate-oblong lobes. In shady woods from middle
California north to British Columbia.

LOBELIA’CEZ. LosBeEtiA FAMILY

Low herbs with milky juice. Leaves simple, alternate.
Flowers scattered or in racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, adnate to the
ovary or only to its lower half. Corolla irregular, apparently
2-lipped, inserted, with the free part of the calyx, on the
ovary. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla.
Filaments united into a tube at the base and usually even to
the top. Style 1, stigma 2-lobed. Ovary 2-celled with an

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 161

axillary placenta, or 1-celled with parietal placentz. Capsule
many-seeded, the seeds with endosperm.

DOWNIN'GIA, GARDENERS’ NAME Clinto’nia

Low and spreading smooth annuals, growing in low, wet
places that gradually dry (“hog wallows”’). Leaves small,
sessile, entire, becoming bracts above. Calyx tube and ovary
very long and slender, becoming twisted, the divisions of the
calyx linear and leaf-like. Corolla 2-lipped, the smaller lip
of 2 narrow, recurved, or spreading divisions; the other broad,
3-lobed, deep blue, with a white or yellow center. Filaments
and anthers united into a curved tube. Capsule long and
slender, becoming 1-celled, splitting along the sides but closed
at the top.

a. D. el’egans Torr. Low, with ovate to lanceolate leaves, acute.
The smaller lip of the corolla of 2 lanceolate divisions; the other 3-lobed,
blue with a white center. Northern California to Washington and
Idaho.

b. D. pulchel’la Torr. Stems 5-6 in. high. Leaves lanceolate,
obtuse. The smaller lip of the corolla with 2 oblong divisions; the
other broad, 3-lobed, azure blue, with a large white or yellow spot in
the center. Through middle California to Oregon.

COMPOS’ITZ. CompositE FAMILY

Flowers in a dense head, on a common receptacle, sur-
rounded by an involucre composed of many bracts (f. Fig. 135 ;
e. Fig. 110), with usually 5 stamens inserted on the corolla ;
the anthers united into a tube which surrounds the style
(f. Fig. 153; e. Fig. 131). Calyx with its tube adnate to the
ovary, the hmb sometimes wanting, when present taking the
form of scales, bristles, etc., known as pappus. Corolla either
strap-shaped, 2-lipped, or tubular (f. Fig. 147; e. Fig. 110), in
the first case often 5-toothed, in the last usually 5-lobed. Style
2-cleft above. Fruit an akene, often provided with means of
transportation (f. Fig. 267; e. Figs. 174,178,179). The largest.
family of flowering plants and among the most specialized for
insect fertilization. The genera here included belong to the

162 KEY AND FLORA

three suborders: I, LiguL1rLor#, the corollas all strap-shaped
and flowers all perfect; Il, LAsratTirLor#, corollas of all or
only the perfect flowers 2-lipped ; III, TusuLirer2, corolla
of the perfect flowers tubular and 5-lobed. To the latter
belong nine tribes, eight of which are represented by the
plants included. The figures refer to illustrations in Part I.

Key TO THE SUBORDERS AND TRIBES OF COMPOSITZ

Suporper I.— Licunirito'rm. All flowers ray flowers.
Herbs with milky juice.

SuporDER IJ.—Lapratiryo'r%. Corollas of all or only
the perfect flowers 2-lipped. Receptacle naked; anthers with
conspicuous tails; style branches short, smooth, without
appendages.

SusorpDER III.— Tusuririo'r®. Flowers tubular, the
outer ones only with rays, or the ray flowers entirely wanting.
The accompanying figures are to illustrate the descriptions of
the several tribes. They represent the style branches and
anthers as seen when magnified.

Tribe 1. Evpatorta'ce®. Heads without rays. Flowers
all perfect, never yellow. Anthers without tails. Style
branches club-shaped.

Tribe 2. AstERor'DE®. Heads with or without rays.
Anthers without tails. Style branches of disk flowers flat,
tipped with an appendage. Leaves all alternate.

Tribe 8. INuuoi'pEm. Heads usually without ray flowers.
Anthers with tails. Style branches of perfect flowers neither
truncate nor tipped with an appendage.

Tribe 4. AmBro'sta. Heads without ray flowers. Anthers
distinct, not united. Style abortive, truncate. Corolla of
female flowers rudimentary or wanting. Pappus none.

Tribe 5. Heviantruoi'pex. Anthers without tails. Style
branches of perfect flowers truncate or tipped with an append-
age. Bracts of the involucre not papery. Pappus never
capillary. Receptacle with chaffy scales mixed among the
flowers or only near those on the outside.

———- - F-

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 163

Tribe 6. HELENIoI'DEH. Similar to Helianthoidee, but
there are no chaffy scales on the receptacle.

Tribe 7. ANTHEMOI'DEH. Similar to Helianthoidee, but
the involucre consists of papery bracts in regular rows, the
pappus is a short crown or wanting, and the receptacle rarely
has chaffy scales mixed with the flowers.

Fre. 8.

FIG. 9. FIia. 10. Fia. 11.

Fig. 5. Anthers with tails (c, tails).—Fig. 6. Anthers without tails (d, base of
anthers). — Fig. 7. Style and stigmaof Tribe 9.— Figs.8,9. Flat style branches
tipped with an appendage (a, appendages).— Fig. 10. Style branches of Tribe
3.—Fig. 11. Truncate style branches.—e, the part of the anthers containing
the pollen; b, the stigmatic part of the style.

Tribe 8. SENECIONI'DER. Similar to WHelianthoidee, but
the pappus is abundant and capillary and the receptacle is
destitute of chaffy scales. The bracts of the involucre are
generally in a single series.

164 KEY AND FLORA

Tribe 9. CyNARoI'DE&. Anthers either with tails or arrow-
shaped. Style branches without tips or appendages, often
united at the apex. Corollas all tubular, with long, narrow,
linear divisions. Receptacle densely bristly.

SuBORDER |. —LIGULIFLO’RZ

All the flowers ray flowers. Herbs with milky juice. The
flowers are generally closed in the afternoon.

I. CICHO’RIUM, Chicory

Perennial herbs with long, spreading branches. Leaves
radical and alternate, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads an inch
or more in diameter, bright blue, in the axils of the leaves.
Bracts of the involucre in 2 series, firmly enclosing the ripe
akenes. Pappus 1 or 2 series of short, obtuse scales.

C. In’tybus L. This is very beautiful in the summer and fall.
The stems become garlands of bright blue flowers. It has escaped
from cultivation.

Il. HYPOCHA’RIS, Cat’s Ear

Annual or perennial herbs, with the leaves all radical, and
forming a rosette at the base of the stem. Stems naked,
branching, terminated by heads of yellow flowers. Bracts of
the involucre in rows; receptacle with chaffy scales that
fall soon. Pappus consisting of 1 row of feathery hairs and
an outer row of short, stiff bristles. The two species are
introduced.

a. H. gla’bra L. Annual. Stems several, slender, erect. Heads
rather small, with the involucres as long as the flowers. Widely
distributed.

b. H. radica’ta L. Perennial. Stems many. Heads much larger,
the involucres shorter than the flowers. Not quite so common as
the preceding.

III. TRAGOPO’GON, Oyster Plant, Salsafy

Smooth herbs from fleshy tap-roots. Leaves thin, lax,
sessile, tapering to a long point. Heads large, with purple

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 165

flowers, bracts of the involucre in one series, united at ‘the
base and generally longer than the flowers. Akenes with long
beaks and plentiful brownish pappus hairs, that are feathery,
with naked tips, and so numerous that they interlace.

T. porrifolius L. This is common, having escaped from culti-
vation. The large purple heads are on thick, hollow stems. The
flowers soon fade.

IV. MICRO’SERIS

Low herbs, with leaves chiefly radical and heads of yel-
low flowers on naked stems, mostly nodding before opening.
Akenes ribbed, truncate at apex; pappus of several papery
scales that spread in fruit. The species are rather difficult to
distinguish.

V. STEPHANOME’RIA

Herbs with smooth, almost leafless branches. Heads of pink
jfiowers, numerous, sessile, scattered along the naked stems,
in bloom only in the morning. Akenes 5-ribbed, truncate at
both ends, with plumose bristles.

S. virga’ta Benth. This is simple or widely branched, and often
grows to a height of several feet. The bracts of the involucre are
in a single row, with a few loose ones at base. This is in bloom
through the summer and fall. Widely distributed.

VI. RAFINES’QUIA

Annual, smooth herbs, with leafy, branching stems, and
heads of white or flesh-colored flowers an inch in diameter,
terminating the branches. Akenes terete, gradually nar-
rowed to a slender beak. Pappus white,. cobwebby.

R. Califor’nica Nutt. This is the common species; which is widely
distributed but seldom abundant.

VII. MALACO’THRIX

Generally annual, with leafy or scape-like stems. Flowers
various. The akenes have the apex developed into a crown, and
the silky pappus bristles falling in a ring.

166 KEY AND FLORA

. a. M. Coul’teri Gray. Erect, with glaucous stems and leaves.
The bracts of the involucre are broad, blunt, shining, and papery, with a
green midrib, loosely arranged in several rows; the flowers are white,
turning pink in drying or fading. This is one of the most notice-
able annuals of the San Joaquin Valley.

b. M. Califor’‘nica DC. Annual, with the heads large, solitary at the
ends of scape-like stems, the leaves all radical and pinnately parted
into narrow, linear divisions. Flowers yellow. The scales of the
involucre are linear and loosely ranked. Pappus of 2 persistent
bristles and minute-pointed teeth between. ‘This generally grows
in sandy soil, and is most common in southern California.

c. M. saxa’‘tilis T. & G. Perennial, with leafy, branching stems,
1-4 ft. high. Leaves entire or cut into slender divisions from lan-
ceolate to thread-like, in some varieties quite fleshy. Heads many-
flowered, an inch or less in diameter, terminating the branchlets,
white turning to rose-color. Involucres of numerous, narrow bracts
extending down onto the peduncle. Akenes ribbed, the summit
with a border of minute white teeth. This is common in southern
California, blooming in summer and fall, and in several varieties
from the seacoast to the higher hills.

VIII. TROX’IMON, Western Dandelion

Perennial herbs, with radical leaves and heads of yellow
flowers on hollow scapes. Akenes with smooth ribs and a long
beak ; the bristles of the capillary pappus falling singly. The
involucre consists of bracts in several series.

IX. TARAX’ACUM, Dandelion

Similar to Troximon. The akenes have a long beak and the
bristles of the pappus persist on the akene. The only species
is not native.

X. SON’CHUS, Sow Thistle

Herbs with spiny leaves, and erect, branching stems. Heads
with the bracts in several series, and flowers yellow. Akenes
flat, with soft, silky-white, capillary pappus.

a. §. olera’ceus L. Leaves pinnatifid, tipped with soft spiny
teeth, tapering from an auricled base to a long point, the auricles
acute, akenes rough. This is a very common introduced weed.

é. eee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 167

b. S. as’per Vill. Erect, more robust than the preceding, with
leaves decidedly spiny ; the auricles of the leaves are rounded. The
akenes are smooth with sharp edges. This is less common than the
preceding.

SuBORDER II. — LABIATIFLO’RAE

Corollas of all or only the perfect flowers 2-lipped. Recep-
tacle naked; anthers with conspicuous tails; style branches
short, smooth, without appendages.

PERE’ZIA

Herbs with alternate, rigid leaves. Flowers solitary or in
panicles, purple or white, all perfect. Involucre with leathery
scales in several ranks. Corolla with slender tube; the outer,
longer lip 3-toothed; the inner 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Anthers
with long, naked tails at base and a lanceolate appendage at
apex. Akenes usually glandular. ‘Pappus of rough, hair-like
bristles.

P. microceph’ala Gray. Stems 2-3 ft. high, branching, glandular
at the upper part, leafy to the top. Leaves thin, veiny, oblong to
ovate, clasping by a heart-shaped base ; margin with minute spine-
tipped teeth. Heads numerous in corymbs at the ends of the
panicled branches. Flowers rose-purple. This is common in south-
ern California, blooming in the summer and fall.

SuBorRDER III. — TUBULIFLO’'RE

Flowers tubular, the outer ones only with rays, or the ray
flowers entirely wanting.

Tribe 1. Eupatoria'cE®. Heads without rays. Flowers
all perfect, never yellow. Anthers without tails. Style
branches club-shaped.

I. BRICKEL’LIA

Herbs or low shrubs, with opposite or alternate, veiny
leaves. Heads few- to many-flowered ; bracts of the involucre
somewhat papery, in regular rows, nerved with parallel rows
or veins. Receptacle naked. Corollas slender, 5-toothed at

168 KEY AND FLORA

summit, with the teeth glandular on the outside. Pappus a
single row of feathery or rough bristles. Flowers white,
greenish or pinkish.

B. Califor’nica Gray. Stems 2-3 ft. high, with wand-like branches,
usually growing in bunches. Leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate-dentate,
about an inch long. Heads in axillary clusters, together forming
an interrupted, erect panicle. Common through California, often
growing in the gravelly beds of streams. Blooming in the summer
and fall.

Tribe 2. AstTERoI'DEs. Anthers without tails. Style
branches of disk flowers flat, tipped with an appendage.
Leaves all alternate.

Il. GRINDE’LIA, Gum Plant

Coarse, resinous herbs, with toothed leaves, large heads with
yellow rays and disk, in bud covered with a drop of milky-look-
ing resin. Scales of the broad involucre in several series, with
green, spreading tips. Akenes compressed. Pappus of a few
bristles that fall off easily. This is the most recommended
cure for the poisoning from Poison Oak. ‘There are several
species difficult to determine.

Ill. LESSIN’GIA

Much-branched, slender-stemmed plants, with numerous
small rayless heads of yellow, purple, or white flowers on slender
peduncles, the corollas of the outside flowers having the lobes
usually elongated and unequal. Involucre silky-hairy. Pappus
a single row of stiff rough bristles. They bloom in the sum-
mer, and the flowers deck the stems lke small rosettes.

a. L. Germano’rum Cham. YELLOW Lessinera. Low and
spreading, with heads of yellow flowers. Outer corollas with lobes
unequal.

b. L. lepto’clada Gray. Stems from a few inches to 2 ft: high,
much branched, with numerous, very slender, smooth branchlets, termi-
nated by the heads of lilac or white flowers. Lobes of the corolla
equal, the tube as long as the pappus. This is widely spread and
very variable. The lower leaves are frequently dry when the plant

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 169

is in bloom. They are spatulate, toothed, white-woolly; the upper
are triangular-ovate and closely sessile. Western and central Cali-
fornia. Variable.

IV. CHRYSOP’SIS, Golden Aster

Perennial herbs with many stems from the root, very leafy,
with alternate, sessile leaves. Heads either with or without
rays, solitary or in corymbs. Bracts of the involucre in
several series, either with or without papery margins, and
without green tips. lowers yellow. Akenes compressed,
hairy. Pappus usually double; the inner a row of long, rough,
rusty bristles ; the outer a row of short, narrow, chaffy scales
or bristles.

a. C. sessiliflo‘ra Nutt. Hairy or soft-woolly, with stems a foot
or so high. Heads about an inch in diameter, with rays. There
are several varieties of this which are considered species by some
botanists. Common, and in bloom all the year.

b. C. Orega’na Gray. Stems spreading, branched above, rough-
hairy. Heads numerous without rays, the involucre almost equal-
ing the flowers. The outer pappus consists of slender bristles
rather than chaffy scales. This is found in dry stream-beds through
middle California to Washington.

V. APLOPAP’PUS

Herbs or shrubs, with numerous heads of yellow flowers,
the outer ones having rays (with one or two exceptions).
Bracts of the involucre in several series. Akenes narrow, with
pappus in one row. Receptacle honeycombed.

a. A. linearifo’lius DC. Shrubby, much branched, forming a
bushy plant. Leaves an inch or less long, sometimes in clusters, viscid,
and covered with resinous dots. Heads solitary at the ends of the
numerous branchlets, an inch or more in diameter, with the ray
flowers irregularly placed, so that the head has an untidy appear-
ance; the bracts of the involucre are also less regular than in other
species. Akenes silvery-hairy, with white pappus that falls readily.
On dry hills in the Coast Mountains.

b. A. ericoi’des Hook. & Arn. Shrubby, much branched, with low,
spreading branches. Heads small, numerous, with few yellow flowers
and but few rays. Leaves very numerous, small, terete, closely clus-
tered into small, somewhat fan-shaped bunches, which rather densely clothe

170 KEY AND FLORA

the stem. This is common on sand-hills along the coast. (There are
many other species quite dissimilar in general appearance.)

VI. BIGELO’VIA, Rabbit-brush

Herbs or shrubs with numerous small heads of yellow
flowers, without rays. Involucres narrow, with bracts
arranged one above the other in rows not always distinct,
without green tips. Akenes narrow, usually nerved. Pappus
of almost equal bristles. The heads are generally in close com-
pound cymes, terminating the stems.

B. arbores’cens Gray. Shrubby, several feet high, with many erect
branches from a woody stem. Leaves linear, almost thread-like,
thickly clothing the stems, covered with resinous dots. On dry hills
of the Coast Mountains, rarely in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

VII. SOLIDA’GO, Golden-rod

Perennial herbs with erect stems and small heads numerous
in panicles. Bracts of the narrow involucre not spreading,
in several rows, the outer ones regularly diminishing. Outer
flowers with small ra ys. Pappus in one row, dull white, rough
and capillary.

a. §. Califor’nica Nutt. Stems and leaves hoary and rough to the
touch, covered with a fine, close pubescence. Stems from 1 to 3 ft.
tall, terminated by the numerous heads of pale-yellow flowers in a
close panicle, sometimes pyramidal and more branched. This grows
on dry ground, throughout California.

b. S. spathula’ta DC. Stems and leaves glutinous (sticking to the
paper when pressed), dark-green. Stems 1-2 ft. tall, terminated by
a spike-like panicle of rather few heads, which are larger than those
of the other species. Lower leaves spatulate, rounded at the apex and
serrate, 2-4 in. long. This grows near the coast.

c. §. elonga’ta Nutt. Stems leafy, with thin, lanceolate, serrate
leaves, 2-8 in. long. Heads small, in more open panicles than the
two preceding. Involucre with linear bracts. This is widely dis-
tributed, growing along streams and in gulches.

Vill. AS’TER

Perennial herbs with solitary or clustered heads of flowers
with rays which are never yellow. The bracts of the involucre

ne See

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS Tt

are in several rows, and have green and often leafy tips.
Akenes compressed, 4 or 5 nerved. Pappus dull white or -
tawny, of numerous rough, capillary bristles, in a single row.
The disk flowers are yellow, often turning purple, and the rays
are white, blue, pink, or purplish.

a. A. raduli‘nus Gray. Stem simple below, from a few inches
to 1 or 2 ft. high, leafy, branching above to an open corymb of medium-
sized heads. Leaves diminishing towards the top, stiff and rough,
oblong or broadly spatulate, sharply serrate near the top, tapering
below. Bracts of the involucre stiff, appressed, with green tips
often glandular. Rays white, the disk corollas becoming reddish.
Pappus rigid. Monterey County to Washington.

b. A. Chamisso’nis Gray. Stems 2-5 ft. high, leafy and branch-
ing, terminated by numerous medium-sized heads in long- racemes or in
widely branching panicles. Leaves lanceolate, 2-5 in. long, entire or
slightly serrate, sessile. Bracts of the involucre in several ranks,
with short and rounded tips. Rays white, purple, or violet, 20-25,
nearly half an inch long. This is the most widely distributed
species. It is somewhat variable in the size and color of the rays
and also the inflorescence. Throughout California to Oregon.

IX. ERIG’ERON

This is similar to Aster, but the bracts of the involucre are
in a single row, or if there is more than one the ranks are not
distinctly apparent. The pappus is often in two rows, and
the rays are generally more numerous and narrower.

a. E. glau’cus Ker. Srasipe Daisy. Generally, low, perennial
herbs, growing in mats near the seacoast. Leaves and stem covered
with soft, spreading hairs. Leaves broad, entire; the upper ones
sessile, the lowest narrowed to a margined petiole. Heads an inch
or two in diameter, with numerous violet or white rays, and the invo-
lucres soft-hairy and somewhat viscid. The stems are terminated
usually by solitary heads; sometimes there are 3 or 4 in a cluster.
This is common on the coast, and in bloom throughout the year.

b. E. Philadel’phicus L. Perennial herbs, with stems from 1 to
3 ft. tall, hairy. Root leaves spatulate or obovate, those on the
stem oblong, sessile by a broad, clasping base, irregularly toothed.
Heads in a loose corymb, with numerous very narrow pinkish rays.
This is common in wet places.

ce. E. folio’sus Nutt. Perennials, with several stems from a
woody root, simple, very brittle, and leafy up to the corymb, with

172 KEY AND FLORA

a rough, grayish pubescence. Leaves narrow, an inch or two long,
entire, diminishing upwards. Heads with unequal bracts to the invo-
lucre and about 30 bluish rays. Inner pappus capillary, outer of a
few short bristles. Throughout California. Extremely variable.
d. E. Canadensis L. Freasane. Annual with stems from 1
to 6 ft. tall. Heads very small, numerous in a loosely*and much-
branched panicle. Leaves mostly linear, numerous. Rays white,
inconspicuous. This grows everywhere and is a common weed.

X. BAC’CHARIS

Diecious shrubs having numerous heads without rays and
with the scales of the involucre in several rows. Pappus
capillary in one row, very abundant on the female flowers.

a. B. pilula’ris DC. Stems much branched, erect, several feet
high, in bunches often forming thickets, or (on the coast hills) low and
spreading. Leaves sessile, wedge-shaped, dark-green, coarsely toothed.
Heads either solitary or two or three in a cluster in the leaf axils,
very numerous. Male heads yellowish white, the stamens conspicu-
ous, slightly surpassing the involucre. Female flowers noticeable,
because of the long snow-white pappus, which is much longer than
the involucre. This is very common along the entire coast in sandy
soil. It blooms in autumn and is often covered with small gall-nuts.

b. B. Douglas’‘ii DC. Shrubby at base, glutinous, the herbaceous
branches terminated by compound corymbs. Leaves lance-shaped,
acute, 3-nerved. Scales of the involucre broader in the male heads than
in the female, hairy on the margin. Receptacle conical. Flowers
whitish. Common from San Francisco southward, along streams.

c. B. vimin’‘ea DC. FLowrertna WiLiow. Shrubby, resembling
a willow, with woody branches. Stems 4-20 ft. tall. Leaves lance-
shaped, acute at both ends, entire or with a few teeth. Heads numer-
ous in corymbs terminating the branches. Scales of the involucre
very thin, with hairy, papery margins. Receptacle flat. This is
found along streams from Monterey southward.

Tribe 8. Inuwtor'pEm. Anthers with tails. Style branches
of perfect flowers neither truncate nor tipped with an append-
age. Ray flowers wanting in the Californian species.

XI. PLU’CHEA, Marsh Fleabane

Annual herbs growing in salt or alkaline marshes, glan-
dular, a foot or two high. Heads numerous in dense corymbose

ee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS He

cymes. Bracts of the involucre purplish, thin and dry, in
‘several ranks. Most of the flowers are fertile, the sterile
ones in the center are purplish or sometimes white. Pappus
of fine, capillary bristles, in a single row.

P. camphora’ta DC. Leaves oblong-ovate to broadly lance-shaped,
nearly sessile, irregularly toothed. The entire plant has a heavy,
aromatic odor. In salt or alkaline marshes.

XII. ANAPH’ALIS, Pearly Everlasting

Diecious, perennial herbs, with white-woolly foliage.
Involucre of many rows of snow-white, papery scales. Style
2-cleft, only at the apex. Pappus a single series of capillary
bristles falling separately.

A. margarita’cea Benth. & Hook. Stems 1—5 ft. high, leafy up
to the broad compound corymb. Leaves narrow, lance-shaped,
l-nerved, becoming green and smooth above. Scales of the inyo-
lucre pearly white, not longer than the flowers. Widely distributed.

XII. GNAPHA’LIUM, Everlasting, Cotton-batting Plant

Annual or perennial white-woolly herbs, with whitish or
yellowish flowers. Heads with both staminate and pistillate
flowers, the latter fewer and in the center. Involucre of several
ranks of papery or papery-tipped scales. Styles in perfect
flowers, 2-cleft. Pappus of capillary bristles in a single row.

a. G. decur’rens Ives. Stems usually several from the woody root,
1-3 ft. high and rather stout, glandular under the dense wool. Leaves
lance-shaped, with the blade extending down the stem. Heads many in
dense corymbs terminating the stems. Involucre bell-shaped, of
many papery scales in several ranks. The plant has a peculiar odor,
something like licorice. It is common and widely distributed along
the coast.

b. G. microceph’alum Nutt. Perennial herbs, with slender, erect
stems 2 ft. or more high, loosely branched above, white, with a close
wool. Leaves linear, the lowest spatulate. Jnvolucre small, with
bright, white, obtuse bracts. The herbage is odorless, not glandular.

c. G. ramosis’simum Nutt. Perennial herbs with erect stems,
3-6 ft. high, viscid, green, with woolly covering not abundant.
Heads in loose panicles, small, often with pink involucres. Leaves

174 KEY AND FLORA

lance-shaped, with the blade extending down the stem. The entire
plant has a pleasant aromatic odor. Common on hills near the coast,
blooming in summer.

There are several species besides these that are quite
common.

Tribe 4. Ampro'stm. Anthers distinct or slightly united.
Style abortive, truncate. Corolla of female flowers rudi-
mentary or none. Staminate heads generally in a cluster
above the pistillate ones. Receptacle with chaffy scales.

XIV. FRANSE’RIA

Monecious. Staminate heads in many-flowered racemes.
Seales of the involucre united into a cup; receptacle with
thread-like scales among the flowers. Female flowers usu-
ally one or few in the leaf axils, each surrounded with a spiny
involucre. Akenes enclosed in the persistent involucres, which
form burs.

a. F. bipinnatif‘ida Less. Low spreading, perennial herbs, with
grayish pubescent stems and leaves. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately
divided into roundish divisions. On the coast from Washington to
San Diego.

b. F. Chamisso’nis Less. Similar to the above, with which it
seems to mix. ‘The leaves are ovate or wedge-shaped, with obtuse
teeth. These two species grow on the sand dunes of the coast and
are frequently associated.

XV. XAN’THIUM, Cocklebur

Monecious. Male heads many-flowered, with the scales of
the involucre distinct in one series ; receptacle cylindrical.
Female heads united and enveloping the akene, armed with
hooked spines. These are stout annual herbs, with an abun-
dance of large burs in the fall.

a. XK. struma’rium L. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, green on
both sides, on long petioles, rough, irregularly toothed. Burs 2 in.
long, ovate, tipped with two stout beaks. Common, introduced.

6. X. spino’sum L. Stems much branched, very spiny, with long
triple yellow spines by the sides of the leaves. Leaves lanceolate,
white beneath, twice or thrice lobed or cut, tapering into short

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 175

petioles. Burs flat, less prickly and with weaker prickles than the
preceding, and inconspicuous beaks. Common, introduced.

Tribe 5. Hexviantuor'pE%. Anthers without tails. Style
branches of perfect flowers, truncate or tipped with an append-
age. Bracts of the involucre not papery. Pappus never
capillary. Receptacle with chaffy scales mixed among the
flowers or only near those on the outside.

XVI. WYE’THIA, California Compass Plants

Perennial herbs with simple stems from a stout rootstock.
Leaves alternate, large, the same on both sides, erect, the
edges pointing north and south. Heads usually solitary, large,
with long broad, yellow rays. Bracts of the involucre in 2 or
3 rows, the outer leaf-like, the inner thinner and somewhat
membranous. Receptacle flat, with the chaffy scales partially
folded around the akenes. Pappus forming a cup on top of
the akene, or of from 1 to 4 rigid chaffy awns. These plants
bloom early in the flowering season.

a. W. helenioi’des Nutt. Stems and leaves white-woolly when young.
Leaves all on short petioles, the lowest a foot or two long, 4-8 in. wide.
Heads large, 4 in. or more in diameter, leafy at base. Akenes pubes-
cent towards the apex. Pappus scales more or less united into a
cup. In bloom early. Around San Francisco Bay on hillsides.

b. W. gla’bra Gray. Similar to the preceding, but the whole plant
is smooth and somewhat glutinous, the leaves are leathery and dark-green.
Akenes smooth. In bloom in April and May. In the Coast Moun-
tains, from Marin County southward.

c. W. angustifolia Nutt. Radical leaves long-lanceolate, pointed at
both ends. Heads smaller than the two preceding, on long peduncles,
leafy only at base. Bracts of the involucre numerous, lanceolate,
hairy on the margin, loose and leafy. Pappus of 1-4 stout hirsute
awns, with short intervening scales. This is in bloom the latest.
It is common and widely distributed.

d. W.amplexicau’lis Nutt. Smooth. Upper leaves sessile. Invo-
lucre broad, bell-shaped, of many loose scales. Pappus without
bristles. Eastern Oregon to Washington.

XVII. BALSAMORRHIZA, Balsam-root

Perennial herbs with thick aromatic roots and large leaves
chiefly from the root. Heads large, usually solitary and

176 KEY AND FLORA

terminating almost leafless stems, containing many flowers.
Involucre of many loose leaf-like scales in several ranks.
Ray and disk flowers fertile, yellow. Pappus none. <Akene
of the ray flowers flattened parallel with the scales ; those of the
disk with 4 angles.

a. B. sagitta’ta Nutt. Densely covered with white wool. Leaves
entire, heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, 4—8 in. long, on long petioles.
Seapes a foot or two high. Rays yellow, 1-2 in. long. In the
Sierra Nevada Mountains to British Columbia, blooming in early
spring.

b. B. deltoi’dea Nutt. Green and almost smooth. Leaves broadly
heart-shaped to V-shaped, irregularly serrate or entire, 4-10 in. long.
Scapes with small lanceolate or cordate leaves bearing 1—3 heads.
Rays an inch or more long. Southern California to British Colum-
bia, blooming in early spring.

XVIII. HELIAN’THUS, Sunflower

Annual or perennial herbs with the lowest leaves opposite,
the upper alternate, all simple. Heads large, with conspicu-
ous yellow rays. Bracts of the involucre in several series,
green, but not leaf-like. Receptacle flat, with the chaffy
scales numerous. Akenes slightly flattened, 4-sided. Pap-
pus of 2 marginal scales that fall soon, and more persistent
minute bristles between.

H. Califor’‘nicus DC. Stems tall, 2-5 ft. high, branching above.
Leayes long, lanceolate, or broader at base. Bracts of the involucre
narrow, linear-lanceolate, tapering to a long-spreading point. Recep-
_ tacle convex, with the chaffy scales blunt. Akenes flat, with a
smooth pappus of 2 or 3 chaffy scales. This grows along streams.
The flowers are quite numerous on the branches at the top of the
stem. Common from around San Francisco southward. Summer
and fall.

XIX. ENCE’LIA

Perennial, shrubby at base, branching. Leaves opposite or
alternate, generally simple. Heads containing many flowers ;
disk flowers perfect; ray flowers generally present and
neutral. Involucre bell-shaped with the scales in several
rows one above the other. <Akenes flat, with a thin edge but

:

ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee ee eee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 177

without wings, obovate, 2-toothed at summit or notched, with
long hairs or without. Pappus none or a pair of bristles.

E. Califor‘nica Nutt. Gray pubescent at first but becoming
smoother and greener. Leaves alternate, ovate to lanceolate, 1-2
in. long. Involucre covered with white hairs. Rays an inch long,
yellow.

XX. LEPTOS’YNE

Smooth succulent herbs, with leaves twice or thrice pin-
nately parted into narrow, linear lobes. Heads on long
peduncles, with a double involucre, the outer of 5-8 narrow,
leaf-like scales, the inner of 8-12 thinner and broader erect
scales. Rays yellow, conspicuous, oblong, 5-toothed, 10-nerved.
Receptacle nearly flat, with thin papery chaff that fails with
the fruit. Corollas of the disk flowers with a slender tube
having a ring around the summit below the funnel-form
border. Akenes flat, more or less margined with a wing.
Pappus none, or a minute cup.

a. L. Douglas‘ii DC. Annual. Stems leafy only at base. Heads
on long, naked peduncles. Rings on the corolla tube hairy. Common
in southern California.

b. L. Still’mani Gray. Stems leafy below. Involucre hairy at
base. Ring on the corolla tube smooth. This is the commonest species.

c. L. marit‘ima and L. gigante’a are shrubby, perennial species
with thick fleshy stems. The former grows near San Diego on the
coast ; and the latter, which has a strong odor of turpentine, near
the coast in Ventura and San Luis Obispo Counties, and on the
islands off the coast of Santa Barbara.

XXI. BI’DENS, Bur Marigold

Annual herbs, usually growing near water. Leaves opposite.
Involucre double, as in Leptosyne. Receptacle flat or convex,
the thin, narrow, chaffy scales falling with the fruit. Akenes
with a pappus of 2-4 awns, barbed downwards. The species
are somewhat uncertain.

XXII. MA’DIA, Tarweed

Annuals with glandular, aromatic foliage and flowers that
wilt during the heat of the day. Bracts of the involucre in

178 KEY AND FLORA

one series, boat-shaped, and embracing the black or brown
flattened akenes. Receptacle without chaffy scales in the
center, but with one or two rows between the disk and the
ray. tay flowers and usually disk flowers without pappus.
Rays yellow, sometimes with a brown spot at base.

a. M. el’egans Don. Stems branching. Heads in loose panicles
an inch in diameter, with conspicuous yellow rays, often with a brown
spot at base. Foliage lemon-scented. Widely distributed.

b. M. sati’‘va Molina. Stems simple or branching. Heads
usually densely clustered, with inconspicuous yellow rays. The bracts
enclosing the akenes persist around the akenes and adhere to other
substances by means of their viscidity, thus accomplishing the dis-
tribution of the seed. Widely distributed.

XXIII. HEMIZO’NIA, Tarweed

This is similar to Madia, the chief difference being the
bracts enclosing the akenes, which in Madia almost entirely
surround the individual akenes, while in Hemizonia they only
half enclose them. (“ Hemizonia” means half zone.) The
disk flowers generally have pappus and the rays are either
yellow or white. Anthers brown.

a. H. luzulefo’lia DC. Annual, widely branching. Lower leaves
~ long, linear, silvery, with shining white hairs, the upper leaves very glan-
dular. Heads numerous, with white or yellow 3-lobed rays less than
1 in. long, the dark-brown anthers conspicuous. This is one of the
commonest Tarweeds, blooming in summer and fall.

b. H. pun’gens (Centroma’dia). Stems much branched, hirsute.
Lower leaves twice pinnatifid, with short spiny lobes, those on the
branchlets entire, crowded, spine-tipped. Bracts of the involucre spiny,
and also the narrow chaff of the receptacle. Rays about as long as the
disk, 2 or 3 toothed. Pappus none. This is common, blooming in
summer and fall.

c. H. multiglandulo’sa Gray (Calycade’nia). Annuals, with erect
stems and branches; covered, especially above, with black tack-
shaped glands; lemon-scented. Leaves narrowly linear. Heads
crowded in the axils of the upper leaves or sometimes solitary.
Flowers white or tinged with rose-color, the rays 1-7, broad, deeply
8-lobed. Receptacle flat, with chaffy scales only between the ray
_and the disk flowers. Common in California. The species are
very numerous and difficult.

ae Se eee eee ee ee ee

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 179

XXIV. LAY’IA, Tidy-tips (BLEPHARIPAP’PUS)

Annual herbs with alternate leaves. Heads many-flowered,
with wedge-shaped, 3-toothed rays. Bracts of the involucre
in one series, with papery margins and pointed tips, com-
pletely enclosing the ray akenes. Receptacle flat, with a row
of chaffy scales between the ray and the disk, or chaffy through-
out. Ray akenes linear, often purplish, narrowed to the base,
flat on top, without pappus. They bloom in the spring.

a. L. glandulo’sa Hook. & Arn. Loosely branching, about a foot
high, hairy, and sprinkled above with stipitate, dark-colored glands.
Pappus of disk flowers, of 10-20 stout bristles, that are densely white-
woolly below the middle. Heads medium-sized, with 8-15, 3-lobed,
conspicuous white or rose-purple rays and yellow disk. Widely
distributed.

b. L. platyglos’sa Gray. Tipy-rirs. Loosely branching or often
simple-stemmed, hairy, and glandular. Lower leaves pinnately
lobed, with narrow divisions. Heads with large rays, bright yellow,
edged with white. Pappus of 15-25 stout, rough bristles, that are not
woolly. Ray akenes smooth, those of the disk silky-hairy. Through-
out California. (There are several other species not so easily
distinguished.)

Tribe 6. UHeEtentoi'pE®. Similar to Helianthoidee, but
without chaffy scales on the receptacle.

XXV. BAE’RIA, Golden Fields (LASTHENIA)

Low annuals with opposite leaves, entire or irregularly pin-
natifid into linear lobes. Heads small, on slender peduncles,
terminating the branches or stems. Involucre formed of a
single series of flat, oblong scales. Rays entire or 3-toothed,
oval or oblong. Receptacle conical, rough, with projecting
points that bear the akenes. Akenes angled or nerved. Pap-
pus either scales or bristles, or none. These little plants
cover the ground for acres, and look lke a golden carpet
spread over the earth. Some species have a sweet, rather
heavy perfume.

B. gracilis Gray. SunsHinre. This is the most widely spread spe-
cies, but it is not easily distinguished from the others. Fragrant.

180 KEY AND FLORA

XXVI. BLENNOSPER’MA

Annuals, low, slender, much branched, smooth. Leaves
pinnately parted into many, narrow, linear divisions. Heads
small, terminating the branchlets. Flowers many, light
yellow. Involucre with bracts in a single series, generally
tipped with dark red. Receptacle flat. Ray flowers pistillate,
without pappus ; disk flowers sterile, except the row neat to the
ray flowers. Akenes covered with white dots which become jelly-
like when wet.

B. Californicum T. & G. ‘This is the only species. It grows in
wet places in early spring and often covers the ground for miles
along highways.

XXVII. ERIOPHYL’LUM.

Shrubs or herbs with entire or divided leaves clothed with
cottony wool, especially on the under surface. lowers yellow.
Bracts of the involucre lance-shaped, united at base. Pappus
of membranaceous scales.

a. E. stechadifo‘lium Lag. Lizarp-Lear. Shrubby, with many
stems rising from a woody base, terminated by loose cymes of rather
small heads. Leaves cut into linear, pinnate divisions somewhat
resembling a lizard in outline, green above, white below. Common
in the Coast Mountains.

b. E. confertiflorum Gray. Similar to the above, but smaller,
with leaves reduced and scattered, white on both sides. Heads almost
destitute of rays in a dense corymb. Extending to the Sierras, as well
as in the Coast Mountains.

c. E. cespito’sum Dougl. Perennial herbs, with many stems
from the root. Heads nearly an inch in diameter, with conspicuous
rays, solitary or few, on long peduncles. This is extremely variable
and widely distributed.

XXVIII. MONOLO’PIA

Annual herbs with woolly pubescence and sessile leaves
alternate above, sometimes opposite below. Heads large,
terminating the stems ; scales of the involucre united into a
toothed cup. Receptacle conical, papillose. Pappus none.
Flowers yellow, with conspicuous rays.

|

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 181

M. ma’jor DC. Ray corollas, with a broad 3 or 4 toothed or
lobed ray, and bearing on the opposite side of the style a roundish,
toothed appendage. Leaves simple, partly clasping. Heads nearly
2 in. in diameter, very showy. Throughout western California, in
low ground.

XXIX. CHANAC’TIS

Herbs with pinnately compound leaves, more or less white-
woolly, and heads of yellow, white, or flesh-colored flowers
without rays; the outer corollas often have an enlarged
border simulating a ray. Involucre with green, linear, erect
bracts, generally in a single row. Receptacle flat. Pappus
of chaffy scales. Akenes slender. The heads are solitary,
or in loose clusters on peduncles. The species are not easily
distinguished.

XXX. HELE’NIUM, Sneezeweed

Annual or perennial herbs with alternate leaves, and heads
on peduncles terminating the branchlets. Bracts of the
involucre in 2 series, the external scales narrow, leaf-like,
spreading, and at length reflexed, the internal scales few and
chaffy. Receptacle globular. Pappus of 5-12 thin, chaffy
scales. ay flowers yellow, disk flowers often purplish.

a. H. puber’‘ulum DC. Widely branched, the stems winged with
the decurrent leaves. Disk forming a round ball, ray flowers incon-
spicuous. This is common in wet places.

b. H. Bolan’deri Gray. Perennial, with stems a foot or two
high. Heads on long, naked peduncles which are thickened at
top. Leaves obovate or lanceolate. Heads large, with wedge-
shaped rays an inch long; disk an inch across. From northern
California to Washington.

c. H. Bigelo’vii Gray. Stems tall and simple. Leaves lanceolate
to oblong or linear, entire. Heads on long, slender peduncles, with
‘rays half an inch long and disk as broad, somewhat depressed.
Common in wet places in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.

Tribe 7. ANTHEMOI'DER. Similar to Helianthoidee, but
the involucre consists of papery bracts in regular rows, the
pappus is a short crown or wanting, and the receptacle rarely
has chaffy scales mixed with the flowers.

182 KEY AND FLORA

XXXI. AN’THEMIS, Dog Fennel

Herbs with pinnately dissected leaves and numerous heads,
terminating the branchlets. Scales of the involucre in several
series, one above the other. Receptacle convex or conical,
having chaffy scales among the flowers. Ray flowers white,
those of the disk yellow. Pappus none. <Akenes ribbed.

A. Cot'ula L. Wuitewrep, MAYweeEp. This is a common intro-
duced weed, and blooms in summer and fall. It has a strong, acrid
taste disagreeable to animals.

XXXII. ACHILLE’A, Yarrow, Milfoil

Perennial herbs, strong-scented, with pinnately dissected
leaves. Stems usually simple, terminated by dense corymbs of
small heads of white or pinkish flowers. Involucres with
small scales in several rows. Pappus none, akenes flattened,
margined. Bracts of the receptacle thin and transparent.

A. millefo’lium L. This is common and widely distributed. The
leaves are disposed to form rosettes at the base of the stem, and are
delicate and fern-like.

XXXII. MATRICA’RIA, Chamomile

Erect simple or branching herbs, with pinnately dissected’

leaves. Heads terminating the branches, on short peduncles.
Bracts of the involucre in several series. Disk greenish
yellow, conical. Rays white when present. Pappus in a crown
or wanting.

M. discoi‘'dea DC. MaAnzanitia. Annual, erect, branching.
Heads with a high conical disk and no rays. Involucre with white,
papery margins to the broadly ovate scales. Akenes with a crown-
like margin in place of pappus. This plant has the odor of ripe
apples. Widely distributed.

XXXIV. ARTEMIS’IA, Wormwood, Sagebrush

Herbs or shrubs with bitter taste and alternate leaves.
Heads greenish, small, without rays, numerous in racemes or
panicles, Scales of the involucre dry, with papery margins.

—

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 183

Receptacle naked or hairy. Akenes obovate, with a small disk
at top, but without pappus. ‘These have inconspicuous flowers,
often an aromatic odor, and they bloom in the fall.

a. A. vulga’ris var. Californica Besser. MutucGworr. Stems simple
and tall. Upper leaves toothed or entire, lower 3-5-parted, green on
the upper surface, white-woolly below. This grows in gulches and
along streams, and is widely distributed.

b. A. Califor’nicaLess. FLEABANE. Shrubby, with many branches
from a woody base, 3-4 ft. high, forming a clump. Entire plant
white-pubescent. Leaves pinnately divided into thread-like divisions.
This grows on dry hills and is pleasantly aromatic. Common from
San Francisco southward.

XXXV. COT’ULA, Brass-buttons

Small introduced annual herbs, having heads without rays.
Bracts of the involucre nearly equal, papery on the margins,
in 2 ranks. Receptacle flat, naked, papillose. Akenes flat-
tened, with spongy margins. Pappus none. Flowers yellow.

a. C. coronopifo‘lia L. Smooth, with creeping stems and rather
fleshy leaves, which are lanceolate, irregularly pinnatifid, toothed or
entire, with broad, clasping base. Heads 4 in. in diameter, flat on
top, the bright-yellow disk flowers very numerous. This grows in wet
places, and is very common near the coast.

6. C. Austra’‘lis L. Smaller than the preceding, hairy. Leaves
twice pinnately parted into linear divisions. Heads very small, with
flowers greenish. This grows along the streets and in waste places.

Tribe 8. SENECIONID'EX. Similar to Helianthoidee, but
the pappus is abundant and capillary, and the receptacle is
without chaffy scales. .

XXXVI. AR’NICA

Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks, and simple stems
bearing a few rather large heads of yellow flowers on long
peduncles and usually a few opposite, entire or toothed leaves.
Involucre bell-shaped, of linear or lance-shaped equal scales in
one or two series. Rays elongated or sometimes wanting.
Pappus a single row of stiff, bearded, capillary bristles.
Akenes linear, 5-angled, or ribbed.

184 KEY AND FLORA

a. A. discoi’dea Benth. Heads without rays in a bractless panicle.
Involucre hairy and glandular. Leaves ovate or oblong, irregularly
toothed, the upper sessile and often alternate. Akenes becoming
smooth, not glandular. In the Coast Mountains.

b. A. cordifo/lia Hook. Heads with conspicuous rays, usually about
1 in. long (rarely rayless). Leaves opposite, 2 pairs on the stem;
root leaves roundish and deeply cordate, coarsely toothed. In the
Sierra Nevada Mountains.

c. A. folio’sa Nutt. Perennial, from rootstocks. Stems erect,
leafy, clothed with white wool. Leaves lanceolate, with small blunt
teeth on the margin and with 5 parallel longitudinal nerves. Heads
rather small, in corymbs, on short peduncles. Rays short, yellow.
Common in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, north to Oregon, bloom-
ing in summer.

XXXVII. SENE’CIO, Groundsel

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and heads of yellow
flowers either solitary or in corymbs. Bracts of the involucre
in a single series, somewhat united, often with a few loose
bracts at the base. Akenes slender, with fine and soft copious

pappus.

a. §. vulga’ris L. O1p Man or Sprine. Annual, from a few
inches to a foot high. Leaves rather thick, pinnately cut into
toothed lobes. Scales at the base of the involucre tipped with
black. Heads small, rayless. This is common in fields and along
roads. An introduced weed.

b. §S. Douglas’ii DC. Perennial, sometimes shrubby, leafy to the top,
usually white, with cottony wool more or less persisting. Leaves
linear, entire, acute, or pinnately parted into linear lobes. Heads in
corymbs at the ends of the branches, about an inch in diameter.
Involucre with a few loose scales at the base. Rays elongated.
Widely distributed.

c. §. aronicoi'des DC. Stems stout, erect, leafy at base, with
leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed, 3-6 in. long. Heads rather
small, in compound cymes terminating the stems, without rays or
with only one or two. Bracts of the involucre without black tips.
Common throughout California in low grounds.

d. §. euryceph’alus Torr. & Gray. Stems stout, erect, leafy, some-
what white-woolly when young, becoming smoother with age. Leaves
unequally pinnately parted, with wedge-shaped, acutely incised lobes.
Heads many in an ample corymb, with 10-12 long and showy rays.

e. §. Califor‘nicus DC. Annual, a foot or two high, with smooth,
slender stems. Leaves linear to oblong ; those on the stem clasping at base ;

*

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 185

those near the base toothed or lobed. Heads in corymbs, with rays half
an inch long. Common in southern California, blooming in spring.

jf. S. triangula‘ris Hook. Stems simple, smooth, leafy, 2-5 ft.
high. Leaves triangular, sharply toothed, pointed at top. Heads many,
in corymbs terminating the stem. Involucre bell-shaped, with a
few loose, narrow bracts at base. Rays 6-12, half an inch long.
In the Sierra Nevada Mountains to Washington. Summer.

Tribe 9. Cynarol'DE®. Anthers either with tails or
arrow-shaped. Style branches without tips or appendages,
often united near the apex. Corollas all tubular, with long,
narrow, linear divisions. Receptacle densely bristly.

XXXVIII. CIR’SIUM (CNI’CUS), (CAR’DUUS) Thistle

Stout herbs, usually biennial, with alternate prickly leaves
and large or medium-sized heads of purple, red, white, or
yellowish flowers. Scales of the involucre bristle-tipped,
arranged in many series, the lower successively shorter.
Receptacle flat, densely clothed with bristles. Akenes smooth,
obovate or oblong. Pappus of numerous, long, plumose bristles
that are deciduous, united in a ring. The style is usually
thickened by a knee-like swelling immediately below the stig-
matic portion, which consists of two slender divisions united
nearly or quite to the top. The species are not easily
determined.

XXXIX. SIL’YBUM, Milk Thistle

Stout annuals, nearly smooth, with large root leaves
blotched with white, and prickly on the margins. Heads
many-flowered and often solitary. Involucre with leaf-like
closely appressed bracts, tipped with stout spines. Flowers
magenta-purple. Pappus of stiff, chaffy bristles in several
rows, not spiny.

S. Maria’‘num Gertn. This has been introduced from the Medi-
terranean region, and is spreading more and more.
XL. CENTAURE’A, Star Thistle

Herbs with small heads of yellow, rose-color, or blue flowers.
Involucre globular, the scales spine-tipped or papery at

186 KEY AND FLORA

the apex, generally contracted under the flowers. Receptacle
very bristly. Akenes compressed, with pappus of numerous
chaffy bristles that fall separately. The outer flowers are
often funnel-shaped, with broad conspicuous divisions simu-
lating a ray flower. All the species are introduced weeds
from Europe.

a. C.Meliten’sisL. Tocatotr. Annual, with spreading branches.
Radical leaves pinnatifid, with rather broad lobes, the stem leaves
barely toothed, decurrent. Corollas yellow, inconspicuous. Scales of
the involucre spine-tipped, and with a few prickles at the base.
Common in fields and waste places.

b. C. solstitia’lis L. Annual, much branched. Stem leaves
linear. Flowers conspicuous yellow. Outer bracts of the involucre
with 3-5 small prickles, palmately spreading ; middle bracts with a
stout spine besides, This is less common than the preceding.

RQ EE—ESEeee

Abies, 16.
Abronia, 52.
Acacia, 95.

Acer, 102.
Achillea, 182.
Achlys, 63.
Aconite, 61.
Aconitum, 61.
Acta, 61.
Adder’s Tongue, 29.
Adenostoma, 84.
ZEsculus, 102.
Agave, 37.
Alabaster Tulip, 30.
Alder, 43.

Alder Family, 42.
Alfalfa, 92.
Alfilerilla, 96.
Allium, 24.
Alnus, 48.

Alum Root, 77.
Amarantacee, 51.

Amaranth Family, 51.

Amarantus, 51.
Amaryllidacee, 36.
Ambrosiz, 162, 174.
Amelanchier, 87.
American Aloe, 37.
Amole, 33.

- Amsinckia, 137.
Amyegdalee, 80.
Anacardiacez, 101.
Anagallis, 126.

INDEX

Anaphalis, 175.
Anemone, 59.
Anemopsis, 40.
Angiosperms, 20.
Anthemis, 182.

Anthemoideez, 163, 181.

Apetalous Plants, 39.
Aphyllon, 153.
Aplopappus, 169.
Apocynacee, 130.
Apocynum, 130.
Apple, 88.
Aquilegia, 60.
Arabis, 71.
Aracee, 23.

Aralia, IT:
Araliacee, 116.
Arbor-vite, 14.
Arbutus, 121.
Arctostaphylos, 121.
Arenaria, 56.
Argemone, 65.
Aristolochia, 47.
Aristolochiacee, 46.
Armeria, 127.
Arnica, 185.
Artemisia, 182.
Arum Family, 238.
Asarum, 46.
Asclepiadacee, 129.
Asclepias, 129.
Ash, 128.

Ash Family, 127.

188

Aspen, 42.

Aster, 170.
Asteroidez, 162, 168.
Astragalus, 94.
Athysanus, 68.
Atriplex, 50.
Audibertia, 141.
Avens, 84.

Azalea, 128.

Baby-blue-eyes, 154.
Baby-eyes Family, 153.
Baccharis, 172.

Beria, 179.

Balm of Gilead, 42.

Balsam Cottonwood, 42.

Balsamorrhiza, 175.
Balsam Root, 175.
Baneberry, 61.
Barbarea, 70.
Barberry Family, 62.
Bay, 65.

Bear’s Cabbage, 154.
Bedstraw, 155.
Bee-plant, 147.

Bee Sage, 141.
Berberidacee, 62.
Berberis, 62.
Betula, 43.
Betulacee, 42.
Bidens, 177.
Bigelovia, 170.

Big Root, 158.

Big Tree, 16.
Birch, 48.

Birch Family, 42.
Bird’s Eyes, 151.

Bird’s Nest Cactus, 115.

Bitter-root, 53.
Blackberry, 87.
Black Birch, 43.

KEY AND FLORA

Black Mustard, 69.
Black Oak, 45.

Black Sage, 141.
Black Willow, 41.
Bladderpod, 73.
Blazing Star Family, 115.
Bleeding Heart, 67.
Bleeding Heart Family, 66.
Blennosperma, 179.
Blepharipappus, 179.
Bloomeria, 25.
Blue-bells, 138.
Blue-blossoms, 104.
Blue-curls, 144.
Blue-eyed Grass, 38.
Blue Flag, 37.

Blue Milla, 27.

Blue Oak, 44.

Borage Family, 137.
Borraginacee, 137.
Box Elder, 103.
Boykinia, 75.
Brass-buttons, 183.
Brassica, 69.
Brevoortia, 26.
Brickellia, 167.

Bridal Wreath, 82.
Brodiza, 25.

Broom Rape Family, 153.
Brunella, 142.
Buckbush, 85.
Buckeye, 102.
Buckthorn Family, 103.
Buckwheat Family, 47.
Buckwheat Sage, 50.
Buda, 57.

Bull Pine, 20.

Bur Clover, 92.

Bur Marigold, 177.
Bushy Clematis, 59.
Buttercup Family, 58.

INDEX 189

Buttercups, 59. Centaurea, 185.
Butterfly Tulip, 32. Century Plant, 37.
Button Willow, 154. Century Plant Family, 36.
Cephalanthus, 154.
Cactacee, 115. Cerastium, 55.
Cactus Family, 115. Cercis, 95.
Cesalpinee, 94. Cercocarpus, 83.
Calandrinia, 53. Cereus, 116.
California Buckwheat, 47. Chenactis, 181.
California Compass Plant, 175. Chamebatia, 85.
California Laurel, 63. Chamecyparis, 14.
California Lilac, 103. Chamomile, 182.
Californian Bee-plant, 147. Chaparral Pea, 90.
California Poppy, 64. Checkered Lily, 28:
California Sage, 141. Chemisal, 84. :
Calliprora, 26. Chenopodiacee, 49.
Calochortus, 30. Chenopodium, 49.
Calycadenia, 178. Cherry, 81.
Calycanthacee, 80. Chestnut Oak, 45.
Camassia, 33. Chia, 141.
Campanula, 160. Chicalote, 65.
Campanulacee, 159. Chickweed, 56.
Camphor Weed, 144. Chicory, 164.
Cancer Root, 153. Chilicothe, 158.
Canchalagua, 128. Chimaphila, 124.
Caper Family, 73. Chinese Sacred Lily, 37.
Capparidacee, 73. Chlorogalum, 33.
Caprifoliacez, 156. Chocolate Lily, 29.
Capsella, 69. Chokecherry, 81.
Cardamine, 71. — ; Chorizanthe, 48.
Carduus, 185. Christmas Berry, 88.
Carpenter Weed, 143. Chrysopsis, 169.
Carrot, 119. Cichorium, 164,
Caryophyllacee, 55. Cinquefoil, 85.
Cascara Sagrada, 103. Cirsium, 185.
Castanopsis, 45. Cistacee, 108.
Castilleja, 149. Clarkia, 114.
Cat’s: Ear, 164. Cleavers, 155.
Caulanthus, 72. Clematis, 58.
Ceanothus, 103. Climbing Nemophila, 134.

Cedar, 13. Clintonia, 35.

190 KEY AND FLORA

Clover, 91. Daffodil, 36.

Cnicus, 185. Dandelion, 166.

Cocklebur, 174. Datura, 146.

Coffee Berry, 103. Daucus, 119.

Collinsia, 147. Death Camass, 34.

Collomia, 151. Deer’s Foot,.63.
Columbine, 60. Delphinium, 61. :
Column Cactus, 116. Dendromecon, 64.
Compositz, 161. Dentaria, 71. :
Composite Family, 161. Devil’s Club, 117.

Conifere, 13. Dicentra, 67.

Convolvulacee, 132. Dichelostemma, 26.

Convolvulus, 132. Dicotyledonous Plants, 39.

Cornacee, 119. Digger Pine, 20.

Corn Spurry, 57. Diogenes’ Lantern, 30.

Cornus, 119. Diplacus, 152.

Corylus, 46. Disporum, 54.

Cotton-batting Plant, 173. Dock, 48.

Cottonwood, 42. Dodder, 135.

Cotula, 183. Dodecatheon, 125.

Cotyledon, 74. Dogbane Family, 180.

Cow Parsnip, 118. Dog Fennel, 182.

Crane’s Bill, 95. Dog-tooth Violet, 29.

Crassulacee, 74. Dogwood Family, 119.

Crategus, 88. Douglas Spruce, 17.

Cream Cups, 65. Downingia, 161.

Creeping Violet, 109. Drooping Live Oak, 45.

Cress, 70. Drops of Gold, 54.

Crucifere, 67. Dutchman’s Pipe, 47.

Cucurbitacez, 158. Dutchman’s Pipe Family, 46.

Cupressus, 13.

Cupulifere, 44. Echeveria, 74.

Curly Dock, 48. Echinocactus, 115.

Currant, 78. Echinocystis, 158.

Cuscuta, 135. Elder, 157.

Cyclamen, 125. Ellisia, 154.

Cynaroidee, 164, 185. Emmenanthe, 136.

Cynoglossum, 158. Encelia, 176.

Cyperacee, 22. Encino, 45.

Cypress, 13. Engelmann Spruce, 17.

Cypripedium, 39. Epilobium, 111.

Epipactis, 39.
Eremocarpus, 100.
Ericacee, 120.
Erigeron, yg &
Eriodictyon, 136.
Eriogonum, 47.
Eriophyllum, 180.
Erodium, 96.
Erysimum, 69.
Erythrea, 128.
Erythronium, 29.
Eschscholtzia, 64.
Escobita, 150.
Eucalyptus, 110.
Eucharidium, 114.
Eunanus, 152.
Eupatoriacez, 162, 167.
Euphorbia, 99.
Euphorbiacez, 99.
Evening Primrose, 112.

Evening Primrose Family, 110.

Evening Snow, 131.

Evergreen White Oak, 44.

Everlasting, 173.

Fairy Bells, 34.

False Solomon’s Seal, 34.

Farewell to Spring, 115.
Fatsia, 117.

Ficoidee, 116.
Fiddle-neck, 137.

Fig Marigold Family, 116.

Figwort Family, 146.
Filaree, 96.

Fir, 16.

Firecracker Flower, 26.
Fireweed, 111.
Five-finger, 85.
Flaming Poppy, 66.
Flax Family, 98.

» Fleabane, 172, 183.

INDEX

Fleur de Lis, 37.

Flower de Luce, 37.
Flowering Ash, 128.
Flowering Currant, 78.
Flowering Willow, 172.
Footsteps of Spring, 112.
Forget-me-not, 158.
Four-o’clock, 52.
Four-o’clock Family, 51.
Fragaria, 86.
Frankeniacee, 108.
Franseria, 174.
Fraxinus, 128.
Fremontia, 107.
Fringed Cups, 76.
Fringed Gilia, 131.
Fritillaria, 28.

135

Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry, 78.

Fumariacee, 66.

Galium, 155.

Garrya, 120.
Garryacee, 120.
Gaultheria, 125.
Gentianacex, 128.
Gentian Family, 128.
Geraniacez, 95.
Geranium Family, 95.
Geum, 84.

Gilia, 130.

Ginger Pine, 14.
Ginseng, 117.
Ginseng Family, 116.
Githopsis, 159.
Gnaphalium, 173.
Godetia, 113.

Golden Aster, 169.
Golden Bells, 30.
Golden Bloomeria, 25.
Golden Cup Oak, 45.
Golden Ear-drops, 67.

192 KEY AND FLORA

Golden-eyed Grass, 38.
Golden Fields, 179.

Golden-leaved Chinquapin, 46.

Golden Pea, 89.

Golden Prince’s Plume, 73.
Golden-rod, 170.

Golden Stars, 25.

Golden Tulips, 32.
Gomphocarpus, 129.
Gooseberry, 78.

Gourd Family, 158.
Graminee, 21.

Grass Family, 21.

Grass Lilies, 27. -

Grass Nuts, 26.
Greasewood, 84, 141.
Green-stemmed Filaree, 97.
Grindelia, 168.

Ground Lily, 26.
Groundsel, 184.

Gum Plant, 168.
Gymnosperms, 13.

Habenaria, 39.

Hairy Bell, 30.
Hardhack, 82.
Harebell, 160.
Harebell Family, 159.
Hazelnut, 46.
Heal-all, 143.
Heart’s-ease, 109.
Heather Family, 120.
Hedge Nettle, 145.

- Helenioidee, 163, 179.
Helenium, 181.
Helianthemum, 108.
Helianthoidee, 162, 175.
Helianthus, 176.
Heliotrope, 137.
Heliotropium, 137.
Hemizonia, 178.

Hemlock Spruce, 17.
Heracleum, 118.
Hesperochiron, 136.
Hesperocordum, 27.
Heteromeles, 88.
Heuchera, 77.

Hog’s Potato, 34.
Holodiscus, 83.
Hookera, 26.
Honeysuckle Family, 156.
Horehound, 143.
Hosackia, 92.
Hound’s Tongue, 138.
Houttuynia, 40.
Huckleberry, 120.
Humboldt’s Lily, 28.
Hydrophyllacee, 133.
Hydrophyllum, 133.
Hypericacee, 107.

' Hypericum, 107.

Hypocheris, 164.

Ice Plant, 116.
Illecebracex, 57.
Incense Cedar, 15.
Indian Hemp, 130.
Indian Lemonade, 101.
Indian Melon, 115.
Indian Paint-brush, 149.
Indian Warrior, 151.
Inuloidex, 162, 172.
Iridacee, 37.

Tris Family, 37.
Isomeris, 73.

Islay, 81.

Ithuriel’s Spear, 27.

Jewel-flowers, 72.
Jointed Cactus, 116.
Jointweed, 49.
Jonquil, 36-37.

Judas-tree, 95.
June Berry, 87.
Juniper, 15.
Juniperus, 15.

Kelloggia, 154.
Kellogg’s Oak, 45.
Kinnikinick, 121.
Knob-cone Pine, 20.
Kunzia, 83.

Labiate, 139.
Labiatiflore, 162, 167.
Labrador Tea, 124.
Lace Pod, 67.

Ladies’ Tresses, 39.
Lady’s Slipper, 39.
Lamb’s Quarter, 50.

Large-leaved Maple, 102.

Larkspur, 61.
Lasthenia, 179.
Lathyrus, 94.

‘ Lauracee, 63.
Laurel Family, 63.
Lavatera, 105.
Layia, 179.
Ledum, 124.
Leguminose, 89.
Leopard Lily, 28.
Lepidium, 68.
Lepigonum, 57.
Leptosyne, 177.
Lessingia, 168.
Lewisia, 53.
Libocedrus, 15.
Liguliflore, 162, 164.
Lilac Tulip, 32.
Liliacex, 23.
Lilium, 27.

Lily Family, 23.
Limnanthes, 97.

INDEX 193

Linacee, 98.
Linanthus, 131.
Linum, 98.

Live Oak, 45.
Lizard-leaf, 180.
Loasacee, 115.
Lobeliacez, 160.
Lobelia Family, 160.
Loco-weed, 94.
Lodge-pole Pine, 19.
Lonicera, 156.
Lotus, 92.

Love Vine, 1338.
Lucerne, 92.
Lupine, 90.
Lupinus, 90.
Lysichiton, 23.

Madder Family, 154.
Madia, 177.
Madrone, 121.
Madrojfio, 121.
Mahala Mats, 105.
Mahonia, 63.
Malacothrix, 165.
Mallow Family, 105.
Malus, 88.
Malvaceez, 105.
Malvastrum, 106.
Mamillaria, 115.
Mammoth Sequoia, 16.
Manzanilla, 182.
Manzanita, 121.
Maple, 102.
Mariposa Lily, 30.
Marrubium, 143.
Marsh Fleabane, 172.
Matilija Poppy, 66.
Matricaria, 182.
Mayweed, 182.
Meadow Foam, 97.

194 KEY AND FLORA

Meadow-rue, 59. Mugwort, 183.
Meadow-sweet, 83. Muilla, 25.
Meconopsis, 66. Musk Plant, 152.
Medicago, 92. Mustard, 69.
Megarrhiza, 158. Mustard Family, 67.
Melilotus, 91. Myricacee, 40.
Mentha, 139. Myrtacez, 110.
Mentzelia, 115. Myrtle Family, 110.

Mertensia, 138.
Mesembryanthemum, 116.
Mexican Poppy, 65.
Micrampelis, 158.
Micromeria, 140.
Microseris, 165.
Milfoil, 182.
Milkmaids, 71.

Milk Thistle, 185.
Milkweed, 99.
Milkweed Family, 129.
Mimosee, 95.
Mimulus, 151.

Miner’s Lettuce, 53.
Mint Family, 159.
Mirabilis, 52.

Mission Bells, 28.
Mock Orange, 79.

Narcissus, 37.
Nasturtium, 70.
Navarretia, 131.

Needle Bush, 90.
Negundo, 103..

Neillia, 82.

Nemophila, 154.
Nicotiana, 146.

Nigger Babies, 118.
Nightshade Family, 145.
Ninebark, 82.

Nodding Evening Primrose, 112.
Nut Pine, 20.

Nuttallia, 81.
Nyctaginacee, 51.

Monardella, 139. Oak Family, 44.
Monkey Flower, 151. (Enothera, 112.
Monkshood, 61. Old Man of Spring, 184.
Monocotyledonous Plants, 20. Oleacez, 127.
Monolopia, 180. Onagracee, 111.
Monterey Cypress, 14. Opuntia, 116.

Monterey Pine, 20. Orchidacee, 39.
Montia, 53. Orchis Family, 39.
Morning-glory Family, 182. Oregon Ash, 128.
Mountain Ash, 89. Oregon Cedar, 14.
Mountain Cypress, 14. Oregon Grape, 62.
Mountain Mahogany, 83. Oregon Pine, 18.
Mountain Misery, 85. Oregon Sweet Clover, 63.
Mouse-ear Chickweed, 55. Orobanchacee, 153.

Mouse-ears, 351. Orthocarpus, 150.

Osmaronia, 81.
Oso Berry, 81.
Owl’s Clover, 150.
Oxalis, 97.

Oyster Plant, 164.

Peonia, 62.
Peony, 62.

Pansy, 109.
Papaveracee, 64.
Papilionacee, 89.
Parsley Family, 117.
Patton’s Spruce, 17.
Pea Family,, 89.
Pear, 88.

Pearly Everlasting, 173.
Pea Vine, 94.
Pedicularis, 151.
Pentacena, 58.
Pentstemon, 148.
Pepper Grass, 68.
Pepper-root, 71.
Pepper Tree, 101.
Perezia, 167.
Phacelia, 135.
Philadelphus, 79.
Phlox Family, 130.
Photinia, 88.
Physocarpus, 82. _
Picea, 16.
Pickeringia, 90.
Pigweed, 51.
Pigweed Family, 49.
Pimpernel, 126.
Pine, 18.

Pine Family, 13.
Pink Family, 55.
Pinus, 18.
Piperacee, 39.
Plantaginacez, 153.
Plantago, 153.

INDEX

Plantain Family, 153.
Platyspermum, 70.
Platystemon, 65,
Platystigma, 65.
Pluchea, 172.

Plum, 81.
Plumbaginacee, 127.
Poison Oak Family, 101.
Polemoniacez, 130.
Polygalacee, 98.
Polygala Family, 98.
Polygonacee, 47.
Polygonum, 49.
Pomee, 87.

Poor Man’s Barometer, 126.
Popcorn Flower, 150.
Poplar, 42.

Poppy Family, 64.
Populus, 42.

Port Orford Cedar, 14.
Portulaca, 53.
Portulacacee, 52.
Portulaca Family, 52.
Post Oak, 45.

Potato, 145.
Potentilla, 85.

Prairie Pointers, 126.
Prickly Poppy, 65.
Primrose Family, 125.
Primulacex, 125.
Prince’s Pine, 124.
Prosartes, 34.
Prunus, 81.
Pseudotsuga, 17.
Psoralea, 93.

Pulse Family, 89.
Purple Sanicle, 118.
Purshia, 83.
Purslane, 53.

Pusley, 53.
Pussy-paws, 54.

195

196

Pyrola, 125.
Pyrus, 88.

Quaking Asp, 42.
Quercus, 44.
Quinine Bush, 120.

Rabbit-brush, 170.
Radish, 69.
Rafinesquia, 165.
Ranunculacee, 58.
Ranunculus, 59.
Raphanus, 69.
Raspberry, 86.
Rattlesnake Weed, 119.
Rattleweed, 94.
Red-bud, 95.

Red Columbine, 60.
Red Fir, 18.

Red Monkey Flower, 151.
Red-stemmed Filaree, 96.

Redwood, 15.
Redwood Rose, 87.
Rhamnacee, 103.
Rhamnus, 103.
Rhododendron, 123.
Rhus, 101.

Ribes, 78.

Rice Roots, 28.
Roble, 44.

Rock Cress, 71.
Rockrose Family, 108.
Romero, 144.
Romneya, 66.

Rosa, 87.

Rosacez, 80.

Rose, 87.

Rosezx, 82.
Rose-bay, 125.
Rose Family, 80.
Rose Mallow, 106.

KEY AND FLORA

Rosy Bells, 31.
Rowan, 89.
Rubiacee, 154.
Rubus, 86.
Rumex, 48.

Sage, 140.

Sagebrush, 182.

St. John’s-wort Family, 107.
Salal, 123.

Salicacee, 40.

Salix, 41.
Salmon-berry, 86.
Salmon-color Gilia, 131.
Salsafy, 164.
Salt-marsh Dodder, 133.
Salty Sage, 50.

Salvia, 140.

Sambucus, 157.

Sand Mat, 58.
Sandwort, 56.

Sanicle, 118.

Sanicula, 118.
Sapindacee, 102.

Satin Bell, 30.
Saxifraga, 75.
Saxifragacee, 75.
Saxifrage Family,, 75.
Scarlet Gilia, 132.
Scotch Caps, 86.
Scrophularia, 147.
Scrophulariacee, 146.
Scutellaria, 142.

Sea Lavender, 127.

Sea Pink Family, 127.
Seaside Daisy, 171.
Seaside Morning-glory, 132.
Sea Verbena, 52.

Sedge Family, 22.
Sedum, 74.

Self-heal, 142.

INDEX 197

Senebiera, 68. Spice Wood, 64.
Senecio, 184. Spikenard, 117.
Senecionidee, 165, 183. Spiny Chaparral, 90.
Sequoia, 15. Spirea, 82.
Service Berry, 87. ; Spiranthes, 39.
Shepherd’s Purse, 69. Spraguea, 54. —
Shooting Stars, 125. . Spruce, 16.
Sidalcea, 106. Spurge, 99.
Silene, 55. Spurge Family, 99.
Silk-tassel Bush Family, 120. Squaw Bush, 101.
Silkweed, 129. Squaw-carpets, 105.
Silvery Cinquefoil, 85. Stachys, 143.
Silybum, 185. Stanfordia, 72.
Sisyrinchium, 38. Stanleya, 73.
Skullcap, 142. Star-eyed Grass, 38.
Skunk Cabbage, 25. Star-flower, 126.
Skunkweed, 131. Star Thistle, 185.
Slippery Elm, 107. . Statice, 127.
Small Sugar Pine, 18. Steironema, 126.
Small Tiger Lily, 28. Stellaria, 56.
Smartweed, 49. Stephanomeria, 165.
Smilacina, 34. Stonecrop, 74.
Snakeroot, 118. _ S$tonecrop Family, 74.
Sneezeweed, 181. Strawberry, 86.
Snowberry, 156. Streptanthus, 72.
Snow-bush, 104. Streptopus, 35.
Soap Plant, 33, 50. Strophilirion, 26.
Soapweed, 30. Sugar Pine, 18.
Solanaceez, 145. . Sumac, 100.
Solanum, 145. Sun Cups, 112.
Solidago, 170. Sun Dial, 90.
Sonchus, 166. Sunflower, 176.
Sorbus, 89. Sunshine, 179.
Sorrel, 48. Sweet Clover, 91.
Sour Grass, 48. Sweet-in-death, 63.
Sow Thistle, 166. Sweet Shrub Family, 80.
Spanish Bayonet, 50. Symphoricarpos, 156.
_ Speedwell, 147. Syringa, 79.
Spergula, 57.
Spergularia, 57. Tanbark Oak, 45.

Sphacele, 140. Taraxacum, 166.

198

Tarweed, 85, 177.
Tellima, 76.
Thalictrum, 59.
Thelypodium, 73.
Thermopsis, 89.
Thimbleberry, 86. °
Thistle, 185.
Thistle Poppy, 65.
Thistle Sage, 141.

Thorn-apple, 88, 145.

Thrift, 127.
Thuya, 14.
Thysanocarpus, 67.
Tiarella, 77.
Tideland Spruce, 16.
Tidy-tips, 179.
Tiger Lily, 28.
Tissa, 57.

Tobacco, 146.
Tocalote, 186.
Tolmiea, 77.
Toothwort, 71.
Tower Mustard, 71.
Toyon, 88.
Tragopogon, 164.
Tree Mallow, 105.
Tree Poppy, 64.
Tree Tobacco, 146.
Trichostema, 144,
Trientalis, 126.
Trifolium, 91.
Trillium, 36.
Triteleia, 27.
Troximon, 166.
Tsuga, 17.

Tubulifiore, 162, 167.

Tumbleweed, 51.
Turkey Mullein, 100.

Turkish Rugging, 48.

Twelve Gods, 125.
Twin-berry, 156.

KEY AND FLORA ~*~

Twining Hyacinth, 26.
Twisted Stalk, 35.

Umbelliferz, 117.
Umbellularia, 63.

Vaccinium, 120,
Valeriana, 159,
Valerianacee, 158.
Valerianella, 159.
Valerian Family, 158.
Valley Oak, 44.
Veronica, 147.
Vetch, 94.

Vicia, 94.

Vine Maple, 102.
Viola, 109.
Violacex, 109.
Violet Family, 109.
Virgin’s Bower, 58.

Wake Robin, 36.
Waldmeister, 155.
Wallflower, 69.

Wart Cress, 68.
Washington Lily, 27.
Water Cress, 70.

Water Holly, 63.
Waterleaf, 133.
Wax-myrtle Family, 40.
Weeping Oak, 44.
Western Chinquapin, 45.
Western Dandelion, 166.
Whipplea, 80.
Whispering Bells, 1386.
White Evening Primrose, 112.
White Fir, 16.

White Mustard, 69.
White Oak, 44.

White Sage, 141.

INDEX 199

White Spruce, 17. Xanthium, 174.
Whiteweed, 182. Xylothermia, 90.
Wild Cabbage, 72.

Wild Cypress, 152.
Wild Fuchsia, 111.
Wild Ginger, 46.

Wild Hyacinth, 25, 26.
Wild Onion, 24.

Wild Pea, 94.

Willow, 41.

Willow Family, 40.
Willow Herb, 111.
Willow-leaved Dock, 48.
Windflower, 59.

Yarrow, 182.

Yellow Evening Primrose, 112.
- Yellow Lessingia, 168.

Yellow Mats, 118.

Yellow Pine, 18.

Yellow Rocket, 70.

Yellow Sorrel, 98.

Yellow Star Tulips, 31.

Yerba Buena, 140.

Yerba de la Vibora, 119.

Yerba del Pasmo, 84.
Wantercresa: 70, Yerba del Pescado, 100.

a Yerba Mansa, 40.
Wintergreen, 125. ;

Yerba Mansa Family, 39.

ee ea Yerba Rheuma Family, 108
Wood Strawberry, 86. ; ;

Woolly Breeches, 137. the ee ree
Wormseed, 50. ae
Wormwood, 182. Zauschneria, 111.
Wyethia, 175, Zygadenus, 33.

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