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LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Class
Betterment Briefs
A Collection of
Published Papers on Organized
Industrial Efficiency
BY
H. W. JACOBS
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
It I FOR N^
NEW YORK
JOHN WILEY & SONS
LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED
1909
Copyright, 1909
BY
H. W. JACOBS
fche fcrirtttifir fJrrHB
Kiibrrl Bntntmanb and (tompamj
5Jetn«0rk
TO
Sofjtt MUUam SCrnbrtrk
A LEADER OF MEN AND A LEADER IN METHODS WHO HAS THE
RARE QUALITY OP INFUSING INTO HIS SUBORDINATES
AN ENTHUSIASTIC CO-OPERATION UNEQUALED
IN THE INAUGURATION OF A NEW
ORDER OF THINGS
ta
BY ITS AUTHOR
IN RECOGNITION OF PECULIAR INDEBTEDNESS FOR THE
SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT GIVEN HIM IN
THE PROSECUTION OF SUCH A WORK
ON A LARGE RAILWAY SYSTEM
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
THE nucleus of the present volume is a series of four articles
published by Mr. Jacobs in The Engineering Magazine from Septem-
ber, 1906, to January, 1907, under the title "Organization and
Economy in the Railway Machine Shop." This was followed in
June by a paper on "The Square Deal to the Railway Employee,"
and concluded a year later, in June, 1908, by a discussion entitled
"Personalism in Railroading; a Study of Changing Conditions."
These all appeared in pamphlet reprint editions, quickly ex-
hausted. Later in 1908, the greater part of the work was reissued,
somewhat altered in form, and combined with other papers by the
same author which had been published from time to time in The
Railroad Gazette and The American Engineer and Railroad Journal,
or had been presented before various professional bodies. The entire
issue of this enlarged volume, entitled "Betterment Briefs," in turn,
was soon absorbed in private and general circulation.
Meanwhile the work on the Santa Fe was proceeding to the
development of a new order — new, not only to the road, but to the
ideals of railroad operation generally. In the mechanical and stores'
departments, in the apprenticeship system, and in all the relation
with employees, both financial and friendly, standards were being
attained which made the Santa Fe a center of observation and study
for railway officials throughout the country. Both inside and oufr-
side the organization in which Mr. Jacobs wras directing so strong a
ii Preface.
motive force, there was need for a logical presentation of the various
aspects and activities of the Betterment work — a presentation which
should properly correlate the several influences and agencies and
show them in their proper proportion and connection with one
another.
This book appears as the fulfilment of the need. While it is
recrystallized from a portion of the original material, it is a segre-
gation of the best elements contained therein, strengthened and am-
plified by a great store of new matter amply sufficient to display
the present status of Betterment work and to advance its fuller develop-
ment. It has been prepared at the very focus of the energies with
which it deals, and it reflects the actualities as they appear in the
daily prosecution of the movement for higher efficiency and better
economy in the conduct of a great railway. Above all, it expresses
the strong vitality, the watchful intensity, the wide activity, and
the energizing personal enthusiasm of its author.
CHARLES BUXTON GOING.
EDITORIAL ROOMS, THE ENGINEERING MAGAZINE, N. Y.
January 8. 1909.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
THIS volume, which the author presents in the form of matter
"printed, not published," is a rather miscellaneous collection in chro-
nological sequence, of such of my papers and others on the new move-
ment for the scientific betterment of American railroading as have
appeared in the press from time to time, dealing with those features of
the movement with which the writer has had to do.
The book, as an exposition of what has been done, is offered: To
those friends and associates who have been in sympathy with the
ideals therein portrayed, and whose interest has ofttimes encouraged
the work of one who feels more confidence in the handling of tools
than in writing about them ; to those others who may desire a further
acquaintance with the methods and results obtained from the use of
these ideals in practice; and to those who may be somewhat con-
servatively skeptical, but who will perhaps be encouraged in the ap-
plication of these principles by their demonstrated practical soundness.
It is fitting that I should make due acknowledgment to Mr. A. W.
Whiteford (present superintendent of the Sayre shops of the Lehigh
Valley Railroad) and to the following members of my staff : Mr. Raffe
Emerson, Mr. C. J. Morrison, Mr. Harry Muchnic, Mr. H. H. Lanning,
and Mr. B. W. Benedict, who have assisted me in this work, and who
have given their interest and spare time in furthering its various
features. Other acknowledgments are due to Mr. Harrington Emer-
son and Mr. Clive Hastings, for constructive criticism.
H. W. JACOBS.
TOFEKA, KAS., February 1, 1908
CONTENTS.
Page.
COMMERCIAL TOOL METHODS IN RAILROAD SHOPS 11
IMPROVED DEVICES FOR RAILROAD SHOPS 21
HIGH-SPEED STEEL IN RAILROAD SHOPS 35
PRACTICAL ADVICE TO COLLEGE MEN 59
ORGANIZATION AND EFFICIENCY IN THE RAILWAY MACHINE SHOP 67
I. Specializing and Centralizing the Operations and Equipment 69
II. The General Aspects of Standardization 82
III. Centralization and Balance of Machine-Tool Equipment on an
Entire Railroad 107
IV. Standardization of the Small-Tool Equipment 139
V. Erecting-Shop Economies 155
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE MECHANICAL AND STORE DEPARTMENTS.... 171
SHOP EFFICIENCY 184
GENERAL TOOL SYSTEM, A. T. & S. F. RY 204
LOCOMOTIVE REPAIR COSTS 223
THE SQUARE DEAL TO THE RAILWAY EMPLOYEE.. . 233
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
ABRASIVE WHEEL STANDS, STANDARD 212
Am DRUM HOIST, PNEUMATIC 26, 27
AIR DRUMS, OLD METHOD OF RAISING 25
AMOUNTS OF STEEL IN OLD AND NEW LATHE TOOLS Ill, 112
ANGLE COCK GRINDING MACHINE 32
ANGLE DEVICES FOR DRILLING IN CLOSE QUARTERS 80, 205
ATTRACTIVE RAILROAD SHOP YARDS 235
BALL JOINT REAMER FOR STEAM PIPE JOINTS 89, 90
BELT FASTENINGS, GOOD AND BAD 121
BLOCK-AND-TACKLE, STANDARD MOTOR 206
BONUS CURVE 186
BORING MILL WITH CHAIN DRIVE 1 37
BORING MILL, CYLINDER, EVOLUTION OF 125, 130, 211
BORIXG TOOL, OLD STYLE 84
BOWLING ALLEY IN RECREATION HALL, NEEDLES 249
BRAKE SHOE KEY FORGING MACHINE 71
BRAKE SHOE KEY SHEARING MACHINE 72
BUSHING, CYLINDER, OLD AND NEW PATTERNS 118
BUSHING, HYDRAULIC EXTRACTOR FOR PISTON VALVE 102
BUSHINGS, MILLING PORTS IN PISTON VALVE, OLD METHOD 97
BUSHINGS, MILLING PORTS IN PISTON VALVE, NEW METHOD 31
BUSHING, MILLING DEVICE FOR PISTON VALVE 31, 98
BUSHINGS, REAMER FOR EXTENDED PISTON ROD 85
CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL, TESTS OF 53, 57, 1 09
CARBON STEEL TOOLS SCRAPPED 112
CASE FOR TEMPLATES, ETC., IN TOOL-ROOM 144
CENTERING MACHINE BUILT IN SHOPS 114
CHAIN DRIVE ON BORING MILL 137
CHIPS REMOVED BY HIGH-SPEED TOOLS 134
CHIPS REMOVED FROM MAIN RODS ON PLANER 50, 58
CHUCK FOR FLAT DRILLS 143
CHUCK, SHOE AND WEDGE FOR PLANER 14
CLEARANCE CARD, TOOL BREAKAGE 217
COMPARATIVE COST OF TURNING DRIVING WHEEL TIRES 53
COMPARISON OF METAL REMOVED BY DIFFERENT STEELS 56
COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW WHEEL LATHE TOOLS 47
COMPOUND MILLING CUTTER FOR SHOES AND WEDGES 63
COST OF LOCOMOTIVE REPAIRS PER ROAD-UNIT 225
COST OF LOCOMOTIVE MATERIAI 229
CROSSHEAD AND PISTON FIT REAMERS, STANDARD 151, 152, 208
CROSSHEAD JIG FOR BABBITTING 28
CUTTER, FLUE HOLE 23, 86
CYLINDER BORING MILL, EVOLUTION OF 125, 130, 217
CYLINDER BUSHING, OLD AND NEW PATTERN OF 118
CYLINDER, CYLINDER HEAD, AND STEAM CHEST JIGS 17
CYLINDER HEAD STUDS, TEMPLATE FOR 76
DIAGRAM SHOWING METAL REMOVED BY VARIOUS STEELS 56
DIVISION OFFICES AT NEEDLES 239
DRILLING, ANGLE DEVICES FOR CLOSE QUARTERS 80, 205
DRILLING TEMPLATE FOR CYLINDER HEAD STUDS 76
DRILLS, EFFICIENCY OF FLAT AND TWIST COMPARED 110
[7]
8 List of Illustrations.
DRILL, HIGH SPEED FLAT, AND CHUCK 143
DRILL PRESS WITH FEED CONE PULLEY INCREASED 41
DRIVING Box PLANER JIG 34
DRIVING Box SLING FOR USE WITH CRANE 157
DRIVING GEARS FOR PLANER, IRON AND STEEL : . ^ 134
DRIVING WHEELS, COST OF TURNING 53
ECCENTRIC MANDREL FOR LATHE 33
ECCENTRIC MILLING JIG 13
EFFICIENCY OF FLAT AND TWIST DRILLS 110
EFFICIENCY RECORD OF GOOD WORKMAN 185
EFFICIENCY RECORD OF POOR WORKMAN 187
EFFICIENCY RECORD OF SPASMODIC WORKMAN 188
EFFICIENCY RECORD OF DRY-PIPE GANG 191
EFFICIENCY RECORD OF REPAIR TRACK 1 92
EFFICIENCY RECORD OF SHOP 195
EVOLUTION OF CYLINDER BORING MILL 125, 130, 21 1
EXCESS MACHINERY FROM DIVISION SHOPS 219
EXCESS TOOLS AND APPLIANCES FROM DIVISION SHOPS 220
EXTENDED PISTON RODS 45
FASTENING, BELT, GOOD AND BAD 121
FEED CONE PULLEYS ON LATHE COMPARED 40
FEED CONE PULLEYS ON BOLT LATHE INCREASED 39, 135
FINISHED PARTS FROM CENTRAL SHOP 92, 95
FLAT DRILL, HIGH SPEED, AND CHUCK 143
FLATTER, STANDARD BLACKSMITH 207
FLUE-HOLE CUTTER 23, 86
FLUE ROLLERS, STANDARD 91
FORGING MACHINE, BRAKE SHOE KEY 71
FORM FOR CHARGES TO REPAIRS OF MACHINERY 218
FORM FOB PENSION APPLICATION 255
FORM FOR RECOMMENDATION FOR PENSION 257
FRAME PLANER AND DRIVING GEAR -. . 133, 134
GEARING FOR FOUR-SPINDLE MILLING DEVICE 98
GRINDING MACHINE FOR ANGLE COCK 32
GYMNASIUM, RECREATION HALL, NEEDLES 243
HARRIMAN LINES, STANDARD LOCOMOTIVES 83
HIGH-SPEED TOOL-HOLDERS AND TOOLS 122
HOLDERS, TOOL, FOR WHEEL LATHE 24, 111
HYDRAULIC PISTON VALVE BUSHING EXTRACTOR 102
INCREASED DRIVING PULLEYS ON PLANER 48
INCREASED FEED CONE PULLEYS ON LATHE 39, 135
INNER COURT OF RECREATION HALL AT NEEDLES 242
ISOLATED WARD IN- HOSPITAL AT TOPEKA 252
JIG FOR BABBITTING CROSSHEADS 28
JIG FOR CYLINDER HEADS AND STEAM CHESTS 17
JIG FOR PLANING DRIVING BOXES 34
JIG FOR ECCENTRIC MILLING 13
KNUCKLE-PIN HOLE REAMERS 79
LATHE, AXLE, RECONSTRUCTED FOR HIGH-SPEED STEEL 46, 136
LATHE, BOLT, RECONSTRUCTED FOR HIGH-SPEED STEEL 39. 135
LATHE, RECONSTRUCTED FOR HIGH-SPEED STEEL 46
LATHE, WITH FEED PULLEYS INCREASED 135, 136
LATHE TOOLS, OLD AND NEW COMPARED 122
LATHE STEADY REST, RE-DESIGNED 38
LOCOMOTIVE MATERIAL, COST OF 229
LOCOMOTIVE REPAIRS, COST OF PER ROAD-UNIT 225
LOCOMOTIVE REPAIR CHARGES, REDUCTION OF 226
LOCOMOTIVES, STANDARD HARRIMAN LINES 83
MACHINE, CENTERING, BUILT IN SHOPS 114
List of Illustrations. 9
MAIN RODS ON PLANER, SHOWING CHIPS REMOVED 50, 58
MATERIAL. FINISHED IN CENTRAL SHOP 92, 95
MATERIAL, LOCOMOTIVE, COST OF 229
MATERIAL PLATFORM AND RACKS 173, 179
MAIN HOSPITAL AT TOPEKA 251
METAL REMOVED BV DIFFERENT STEELS 56
MILLING CUTTER WITH INSERTED BLADES 91
MILLING CUTTER, COMPOUND, FOR SHOES AND WEDGES 63
MILLING CUTTERS, REAMERS AND HIGH-SPEED TOOLS 61
MILLING CUTTER FOR SHOES AND WEDGES 62, 63
MILLING DEVICE FOR PISTON VALVE BUSHINGS 31
MILLING MACHINE, SNAP RING 42
MILLING PORTS IN PISTON VALVE BUSHINGS, OLD METHOD 97
MILLING PORTS IN PISTON VALVE BUSHINGS, NEW METHOD 31, 98
MOJAVE INDIANS, WIPERS AND SWEEPERS 236
MOTION PICTURES OF RAILROAD OPERATIONS 158
NURSES' PARLOR IN TOPEKA HOSPITAL 254
OLD STYLE BORING TOOL 84
OPERATING ROOM AND WARD, TOPEKA HOSPITAL 253
PARTS FINISHED IN CENTRAL SHOP 92, 95
PERFORMANCE OF ALLOY AND CARBON STEELS 57
PISTON FIT AND CROSSHEAD REAMERS 151, 152, 208
PISTON ROD, EXTENDED 45
PISTON ROD LATHE 46
PISTON VALVE BUSHING, MILLING DEVICE FOR 31, 98
PLANER FRAME AND DRIVING GEAR 133, 134
PLANER, INCREASED PULLEYS FOR 48, 49
PLANER, RECONSTRUCTED FOR HIGH-SPEED STEEL 133, 134
PNEUMATIC AIR DRUM HOIST 26, 27
PORTAL OF RECREATION HALL, NEEDLES 240
PORTICOS AND VERANDAS, RECREATION HALL, NEEDLES 24 1
PRODUCT OF BRAKE SHOE KEY FORGING MACHINE 75
PUNCHES AND DIES, STANDARD 147, 148
RACK, TOOL, STANDARD 138, 174
RAILROAD Y. M. C. A. BUILDING, TOPEKA 256
RAISING AIR DRUMS, OLD METHOD 25
READING ROOM IN Y. M. C. A., TOPEKA 259
READING-ROOMS, TYPICAL, FOR EMPLOYEES 237
REAMERS AND CUTTERS MADE IN TOOL- ROOM 61
REAMER FOR EXTENDED PISTON ROD BUSHINGS 85
REAMER WITH INSERTED BLADES 91
REAMER, KNUCKLE- PIN HOLE 79
REAMER, CROSSHEAD AND PISTON FIT 151, 152
REAMER, BALL JOINT FOR STEAM PIPES 89, 90
REAMERS, OLD STYLE CROSSHEAD 153
RECONSTRUCTED AXLE LATHE 46, 136
RECONSTRUCTED BOLT LATHE 39, 135
RECONSTRUCTED DRILL PRESS 41
RECONSTRUCTED PLANER 133, 134
RECREATION HALL AT NEEDLES 238
REDUCTION OF LOCOMOTIVE REPAIR CHARGES 226
RE-DESIGNED STEADY REST FOR LATHE 38
REPAIR CHARGES, LOCOMOTIVE, REDUCTION OF 226
REPAIRS AND RENEWALS OF MACHINERY, FORM FOR 218
REPAIRS, LOCOMOTIVE, COST OF PER ROAD-UNIT 225
ROLLERS, FLUE, STANDARD '. 91
SANITARY WASH AND LOCKER ROOM, TOPEKA SHOPS 229
SECTION OF PISTON ROD SHOWING METAL REMOVED 46
SHEARING AND BENDING MACHINE BRAKE SHOE KEY. . 72
10 List of Illustrations.
SHOE AND WEDGE CHUCK FOR PLANER 14
SHOE AND WEDGE, COMPOUND MILLING CUTTER 63
SHOE AND WEDGE. MILLING CUTTER 62
SHOP MATERIAL PLATFORM 173, 179
SHOP YARDS AT NEEDLES 235, 245
SLING FOR DRIVING BOXES 157
SMALL PARTS FINISHED IN CENTRAL SHOP 92, 95
SNAP RING MILLING MACHINE 42
STANDARD ABRASIVE WHEEL STANDS 212
STANDARD BLACKSMITH FLATTER 207
STANDARD CROSSHEAD REAMERS 151, 152, 208
STANDARD FLUE ROLLERS 91
STANDARD LOCOMOTIVES, HARRIMAN LINES 83
STANDARD MOTOR BLOCK-AND-TACKLE 206
STANDARD PUNCHES AND DIES 147, 148
STANDARD TOOL RACK IN STOREHOUSE 138, 174
STANDARD SHAPES OF MACHINE TOOLS 1 17
STEAM CHEST JIGS 17
STEADY REST FOR LATHE, RE-DESIGNED 38
STEEL, ALLOY AND CARBON, PERFORMANCES OF 57
STEEL AND CAST IRON PINIONS FOR LATHE 37
STOCK BOOK, TOOL 214
STOCKS, COUPLINGS, PUNCHES AND DIES 143, 144
STORAGE PLATFORM AND RACKS 173
SWIMMING POOL, RECREATION HALL, NEEDLES 214
TEMPLATE FOR DRILLING CYLINDER HEAD STUDS 76
TEMPORARY HOSPITAL IN DESERT 250
TEST OF TWIST DRILLS OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS 110
TEST OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL 53, 57, 109
TEST RACK FOR TRIPLE VALVES 32
TOOL BREAKAGE CLEARANCE CARD 217
TOOL-HARDENING ROOM 213
TOOL-HOLDERS FOR WHEEL LATHE TOOLS 24, 111
TOOL-HOLDERS FOR HIGH-SPEED TOOLS 122
TOOLS, LATHE 1 17
TOOLS, MACHINE, STANDARD SHAPES 117
TOOL- ROOM, TYPICAL RAILROAD 10 1
TOOL-ROOM CASE FOR TEMPLATES 144
TOOL-ROOM RACK FOR SMALL TOOLS 144
TOOL-STOCK BOOK 214
TOOLS, WHEEL TOOLS COMPARED 47, 111, 1 12
TWIST DRILLS, TESTS OF ALLOY AND CARBON 1 10
TYPICAL RAILROAD TOOL-ROOM 10 1
TYPICAL READING ROOMS FOR EMPLOYEES 237
WHEEL LATHE TOOL-HOLDER AND TOOLS 24, 111
WHEEL LATHE TOOL-HOLDERS FOR SHIPMENT 113
WHEEL LATHE TOOLS, OLD AND NEW. COMPARED 47, 111, 112
WIRE-SCREENED BUNGALOW AT NEEDLES 258
WRITING AND READING ROOM AT NEEDLES 246
BETTERMENT BRIEFS.
COMMERCIAL TOOL METHODS IN RAILROAD SHOPS.
THE success of the - modern manufacturing industries depends
greatly on their ability to perfect labor-saving devices to cheapen
the output of each of their different departments. Up-to-date
managers and superintendents of manufacturing concerns are alive
to this vital point, and see to it that they have at the heads of their
various departments, and particularly in the case of their tool depart-
ment, the very best man that it is possible for them to secure for the
work.
As a general thing, railroad shops do not devote much attention
to the tool-making question, as private concerns of similar character
do. This is due in a great measure to the fact that, in the words of a
well-known superintendent of motive power, the railroads "are in the
transportation business and not in the manufacturing
tions in business." While this may be to a certain extent true, it
Railroad joes not justify the utter disregard of the tool depart-
ment that some railroads seem to have. It is not the
intention to cast any reflection on any member of the great family
of railroad officials, but it is nevertheless a lamentable fact that in
the majority of cases the tool-room is given but scant attention. In
fact, there are cases, known to the writer, of good-sized railroad shops,
employing as high as fifty full -pay machinists, which have absolutely
no tool -room whatever; the only approach to a tool -room is possibly
a wrench rack in some out-of-the-way corner, and what few special
tools each individual machinist can keep in his own locker, — although
the more he can steal from another man the more he will have for his
own. There can be no denying the fact that work done in shops of
this sort must of necessity be done in the crudest manner possible, with
accompanying disadvantages to the motive-power equipment and
output.
MI ^
12 Betterment Briefs.
It is not to be insinuated that the machine shops of our railroads of
today are not in charge of capable men ; the fact is, some of as good
shop managers as can be found anywhere in the country are in charge
- .of our railroad shops, but a great number of them have
Superiority of .
Modern Tools been brought up along railroad lines exclusively, and they
and Methods, unconsciously see things from the older railroad point of
view only. The effect of this condition of affairs may be seen by con-
sidering a few specific cases in the machine shop :
For instance, it would never take a lathe man three hours to bolt
a crosshead to a face-plate on a lathe and rebore it for a pin fit if the
shop had a full equipment of standard piston fit and crosshead reamers.1
It would not take one hour to tap out eccentrics by hand if the
shop had an automatic tapping device to tap them in the drill press,
by which the work could be done in five minutes.
It would not take four hours to bend the arm of a tumbling-shaft
and then swing it in the lathe to be able to turn the bearings if they had
a tumbling-shaft turning device to do the work.
In place of taking eighteen hours to plane ten eccentric halves by
bolting on the planer bed, thirty of them ought to be done in ten hours
with a special eccentric-planing jig.
It would not take two hours with a bar and cutters on a drill press
to true out knuckle-pin bearings if the shop had reamers with which
the same work could be done in fifteen minutes and a standard hole
made.2
Where it would take one hour to turn a driving brass with an old-
style flange and nut mandrel, three of them could be done in the same
time by using a mandrel with set-screws to locate them in position,
and thus not require truing up, and cupped set-screws to hold them
tight.
A special chuck for shoes and wedges, whereby the work could have
the benefit of all the heads on a planer at once, would be the means
of reducing the time by at least one-half over the method of using only
one head at the time.
It would not take one hour to cut off a set of piston packing rings
if the shop had a gang cutter, whereby the same work could be done in
ten minutes.
These are but a few examples of the many cases that could be cited
from actual experience to show the difference between a shop with an
1 See description of Standard Crosshead Reamers, p. 150.
2 See description of Standard Knuckle Joint Reamers, p. 78.
Commercial Tool Methods in Railroad Shops. 13
FIG. 1 — PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING A SPECIAL ECCENTRIC JIG AND MILLING AT-
TACHMENT FOR SLAB MILLING MACHINE FOR FINISHING JOINTS OF ECCENTRIC
HALVES. BY THIS METHOD THE TIME FOR FINISHING THE JOINT OF ONE ECCENTRIC
HALF WAS REDUCED FROM 1 HOUR AND 45 MINUTES TO 20 MINUTES.
Jute EltYat/on of Jig
• i o~ 4- 1 •"
—i'— I— « i"H [— «
End Elevat/on tfJ,$ showing facnfna </j/>atf,t>n
7>/r/o/^'1 /^A Drilling Stop Pm Holes
H1
Eccentrics in Jig ready fcr Mi/lmf
TIG. 2 — ELEVATIONS AND GENERAL PLAN OF SPECIAL MILLING JIG FOR FIN-
ISHING THE JOINT ON ECCENTRIC HALVES. THE CASTINGS ARE HELD IN THE PROPER
POSITION BY STEEL PINS INSERTED IN HOLES DRILLED IN THE ECCENTRIC HALVES
A DRILLING JIG INSURES ACCURACY IN THE LOCATION OF THE HOLES.
14
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 3 — SPECIAL CHUCK FOR PLANING 12 SHOES OR WEDGES AT ONE TIME AS
SUGGESTED BY CHIEF SHOP PIECE WORK INSPECTOR FOR CHEAPENING THE PRICE
OF THE OUTPUT.
Commercial Tool Methods in Railroad Shops. 15
equipment of modern tools and one in which the tool-room end is not
given the fullest attention. A closer standardizing of parts, made pos-
sible by complete sets of reamers, drilling- jigs, templates,
tion of Tools etc., for certain lines of work, such as rod knuckle-joint
and Parts. pins, crosshead pins, etc., would be the means of re-
moving an immense amount of extra labor time, worry and incon-
venience, to say nothing of the great reduction of maintenance.1
It is possible to replace a broken part of a bicycle, automobile,
typewriter, etc., of any of the standard makes, by simply sending to
the factory and specifying only the number and names of the parts
required. Why should not this be true, to a great extent, also, of
locomotives? Just imagine the great saving it would bring about, and
resulting improvement in all departments if any roundhouse foreman
along the line were able to send to headquarters for any broken part
and know for a certainty that it could be applied without many hours
of fitting.2
The question is, however, how can this state of affairs be best
brought about? In the first place, a complete set of jigs and templates
should be kept on hand by the tool-room foreman for all vital parts of
the running gear, rods, etc., that are more liable to become broken or
thrown out of place ; by this effort, duplicate parts are made possible.
Then an accurate record should be kept of all of these ; they should be
catalogued, indexed, and filed in such a manner as to render it possible
for anyone, even a stranger, to walk into the tool-room and find easily
and quickly anything he might want in this line. When new classes
of engines are bought it should be the tool-room foreman's duty to see
that the equipment of jigs is brought right up to date for all these new
appliances.
With an accurate and complete set of jigs and templates, duplicate
parts could always be kept on order. This is the main point — to be
able to furnish the parts. The application is of secondary importance .
In order to do this with the greatest hope of success, however, the
scope of the tool-room should be enlarged. It should not only embrace
Practical ^e ma^mS and keeping of labor-saving devices, standard
Tool-room measuring tools, etc., but under its jurisdiction should
Methods. come the tempering, drawing, hardening, annealing, etc.,
of all the drills, taps, reamers, etc., that are needed in this department.
JSee Standardization of Small-Tool Equipment, p. 139.
2 See p. 82 for Methods of Standardization and List of Standard Locomotive Parts.
sSee Templates, illustrated and described on pp. 17, 76.
16 Betterment Briefs.
This should be so, for the reason that it is much easier and far more
certain for the man who has watched and worked up a piece of steel, from
the rough forging to the finished article, to be able to tell how it will
set in the fire than it is for the man at the fire who has had no chance to
observe the peculiar properties of this certain piece through its differ-
ent stages of transformation. This is not idle talk nor mere theory,
for it is an established fact that even among the same makes of steel
there is always a certain amount of variation as to its action and de-
velopment. Each individual tool has to be handled as a separate and
distinct piece, to get the very best results, and the only sure way to
tell accurately how to handle it is to watch it closely from the start to
the finish.
As far as possible, all manufactured parts should be made on the
place, presumably at the largest and best equipped plant on the sys-
tem. This would enable one set of jigs and standards to do all the
work, and thereby do away with the greater or less lia-
Manufacture bility of mistakes. It is not possible, however, to do this
of Standard in all things, and duplicate sets of jigs should thus be
kept at the most important points. This would require
a man to look after these equipments and see that they were kept
exactly the same at all points, something in the same manner that
all the manufacturing concerns in the country keep up their gauges.
They, as a rule, have a man or a number of men who do nothing else
but see that the gauges are kept to an accurate standard ; in fact,
they have this work systematized to such a point that in many of
them the temperature of the gauge-room is never allowed to vary
from one year's end to another.
There is no necessity of this, however, on a railway system, in gen-
eral repair work, as this work does not require anything like this de-
gree of accuracy. This work can be done by some one in connection
with other work. A good, all-round practical man would fill the bill,
whose duty it would be to see that these templates, jigs,
etc*> no^ on^v are kept UP ^° an absolute standard, but
that they are used in shop practice to the best advan-
tage. He should, in fact, be a man who could not only maintain and
apply these ideas, but could also create and develop new ones as the
occasion required.
In connection with this work, he could see that the tool steels are
handled to the best advantage, not only in the actual use on the ma-
chine, but in the storing, keeping, checking, tempering, grinding, etc.
Commercial Tool Methods in Railroad Shops. 17
FIG. 4 — CYLINDER, CYLINDER HEAD AND STEAM CHEST JIGS FOR DRILLING STUD
HOLES ACCURATELY FOR INSURING INTERCHANGEABILITY OF PARTS.
Commercial Tool Methods in Railroad Shops. 19
The writer has been in shops where a special high-speed steel was being
used that cost 70 cents a pound, and the shop was not getting any better
results than when using the old carbon steels. This was due simply to
the fact that there was no one there whose particular duty it was to
look after this ; some of the men in charge did not know and some did
not care, and so the thing went on, with no good results for anyone,
and only added expense to the company.
In this connection, the question can be asked, and very properly,
too: Of what use is an up-to-date tool system if it is not kept up?
The answer is emphatically, None! But another question can also be
asked, and that is: What reason is there that it cannot be kept up?
And the answer is, also — None! The only thing that needs a remedy,
and, in fact, the only weak spot possible in a modern and up-to-date
tool system, is lack of interest or lack of knowledge among those di-
rectly connected with it. In most cases the lack of knowledge is
responsible for the decline of a tool system.1
It is admitted by all interested that in the last decade no such re-
markable change of shop methods and appliances has been brought
Hi jrh-speed about by any one movement as by the introduction of
Steel in Rail- the new high-speed steels. The changes are so great and
road Shops. SQ many that it ig impOSSible for the best of foremen, let
alone the average of the rank and file, to keep pace with the move-
ment and see that everything is keyed up to the point where it is
possible to always obtain the best results. In the present every-day
run of railroad life, a master mechanic, a general foreman, or even a
machine shop foreman, has entirely too much to look after to allow
him to devote sufficient time to the tool or steel end of his depart-
ment.
What is needed to overcome this difficulty is a demonstrator or
teacher, a man who not only possesses the necessary knowledge, but
also the ability to impart it. This man should work hand-in-hand
with the tool man, and it should be his duty to see that all new tools
are thoroughly understood by everybody who will be called upon to use
them. He should go from shop to shop as any new tools
Demonstrator. are introduced, and see that they are worked at all times
to the best advantage. He should see that the best
methods are adopted for tempering, handling, and applying all steels,
and that all tools are kept up to the proper capacity.
JSee article, "Care and Control of the Small-Tool Equipment in the Shop," by R. Emer-
son, in Engineering Magazine, February, 1905.
20 Betterment Briefs.
Without going into more elaborate detail, and without touching
on one of the greatest of all the problems, labor, it can be said without
fear of contradiction that the above fairly well covers the ground of the
many improvements that could be inaugurated by placing the tool
end of a railroad shop on an equal basis with that of a manufacturing
concern.
Widen the scope of each tool-room locally till it embraces every-
thing that properly belongs to its department ; then see that the tools
along the line are kept checked up together; and the results will be
beyond the most sanguine expectations. The motive power will be
brought nearer a universal standard ; the working method of the entire
system, as far as the shops are concerned, will be placed on a sure and
accurate basis, and the saving thereby brought about will be far greater
than can be possible in any particular line of shop practice. — H. W.
JACOBS, in American Engineer and Railroad Journal, May, 1904-
IMPROVED DEVICES FOR RAILROAD SHOPS.
WHILE it may be said that railroads generally have been slow
to adapt modern methods to locomotive erecting and ma-
chine work, a visit to the Omaha shops of the Union Pacific
will show that one railroad, at least, has realized the economical ad-
vantages of a progressive shop policy. The machine tools are driven
by direct-current motors-and more than 60 per cent of the tools are
new. Good results were obtained, but it was realized a year or more
ago that possibilities for a considerable improvement in efficiency ex-
isted. It was decided to put the matter into the hands of one man
Example of who would devote his entire attention to bringing each
Progressive important tool up to its maximum service. In some
Shop Policy, cases the output of a single tool has been so greatly in-
creased that extra tools, previously needed, have been withdrawn from
service. A few of the more notable and interesting records are given
in the following :
, Three pairs of 50-in. Midvale tires, which were badly worn, re-
quired two roughing cuts and were finished in 4 hours and 4 minutes,
the first pair taking 1 hour and 40 minutes, the second pair 1 hour and
Machine 37 minutes, and the third pair 1 hour and 27 minutes.
Practice and This includes all work from the time the wheels were
Production taken off of the floor until they were put back again. The
Kecords. machine used was a 90-in. Pond lathe driven by a 15-h.p.
motor. The average surface speed was 23 f. p. m., using a ;)i<$-in. cut
and feed. The maximum power demand on the motor was 7 h.p., and
the average horse-power was 4^. On the basis of these tests the
horse-power of the driving motor could be reduced about one-third
and still have enough power to do the work.
On this same lathe 84-in. drivers having Standard tires were turned
at a peripheral speed of 28^ f. p. m., using a '/lo-in. cut and -TiB-in. feed.
Turning With these heavy cuts and feeds and high cutting speeds,
Driving-wheel a tendency to excessive vibration is developed in the
Tires, machine due to the dogs being too light and the shaft
too small, and an uneven chattering motion given by the large gears.
Larger dogs have been designed at the shops for the purpose of reduc-
ing the trouble. It has been suggested that these difficulties can be
overcome by doing away with the driving shaft, which is subjected
to considerable torsional stress, and drive each face plate independ-
ently with a worm.
Before high-speed steels were introduced into the shops, car- wheel
tires required 5 hours for turning. This time has now been reduced
(21)
22 Betterment Briefs.
to 55 minutes, the machine having been speeded up to a cutting speed
Turning of 28 f. p. m., as against 6 ft. formerly. The feeds and
Coach-wheel depth of cut have, of course, been increased correspond-
Tires. ingly. The lathes proved to be too light in some re-
spects for this heavier service, and they were strengthened by replacing
the cast-iron pinions with soft steel.
Extended piston rods are finished from the rough forging in 7
hours. The former time was 14 hours. The average roughing speed
is 5 f. p. m. with J-in. cut and a %o-in. feed. This work
Ptoon Rods *s done on an °ld New Haven 36-in. lathe that has been in
service thirty years. The finishing is done on a new 38-in.
Pond lathe at 90 f. p. m/
The time on piston valves has been reduced from 14 hours to 3
hours. This includes centering and turning valves of medium hard
cast iron 12 in. in diameter. The work is done on a
. LodSe & Shipley 36-in. lathe. Roughing is done at 38
f. p. m. with a f-in. cut and a J-in. feed. Finishing and
grooving is done at 45 f. p. m.
Low-pressure cylinder bushings 30 in. in diameter are turned in
1 hour and 40 minutes on a 42-in. Pond lathe. A year ago this job
Turning took 12 hours. The speed is 32 f. p. m. with a J-in. cut
Cylinder and a J-in. feed. The finishing cut is at 48 f. p. m. with
Bushings. a i_in< feed. This includes turning and facing complete,
"floor to floor."2
The record for drilling flue sheets has been increased from 30 to
110 holes an hour. This has been accomplished by means
SheetHoleS.8 °* ^ne cutter shown in the accompanying sketch, Fig. 5,
which was designed at the shops.3
The tool used for turning the flanging locomotive and car-wheel
Wheel Lathe tires is shown in Fig. 6. It consists of a cast-steel holder
Tools and having at one end the roughing tool and at the other the
Holder. flanging tool, both being made of high-speed steel.4
The old method of blocking up air drums by means of wooden
blocks is shown in Fig. 7, and as a substitute for this antiquated and
costly method, the air hoist shown in Fig. 8 was devised. The hoist
consists of a 5-in. air cylinder supported upright in a frame work on
three wheels provided with a tongue. The details of con-
Drums* Alr struction will be seen in Fig. 9. The upper end of the
piston rod is shouldered and threaded and carries a cradle
in which the drums are placed. The rod carries a split collar which
rests on the upper head of the cylinder, which is used to secure the rod
at any height.
To overcome the necessity of machining the sliding surfaces of the
crossheads of the Vauclain compounds a cast-iron jig (Fig. 10) is used.
1 See p. 43 for improved methods in turning piston rods.
2 See p. 124 for improvements made in design of cylinder bushings and the reduced cost
of turning.
3 See p. 86 for photograph and description of flue-sheet cutter.
4 Illustrations of tool-holder and tools and saving in steel by its use, shown on p. 115.
Improved Devices for Railroad Shops.
Arbor of safe steel
k
•'/' .
*' ^
1
/
^ Morse toper *4 """
A '
.
Cutters of various diameters interchangeable on eacfi arbor
FIG. ,5 — FLUE-HOLE CUTTER WHICH HAS A CAPACITY OF OVER 100 HOLES AN
HOUR. DESIGNED BY A SHOP DEMONSTRATOR.
24
Betterment Briefs.
Improved Devices for Railroad Shops.
FIG. 7 — OLD METHOD OF RAISING AIR DRUMS TO POSITION BY BLOCKING UP
WITH WOODEN BLOCKS. TlME REQUIRED TO RAISE DRUM TO POSITION AS SHOWN,
2 HRS. AND 45 MIN , FOR 2 MEN,
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 8 — PNEUMATIC AIR HOIST FOR RAISING AIR DRUMS. ONE MAN WITH THIS
DEVICE WILL RAISE A DRUM TO POSITION IN 1 HR.. THUS SAVING 2 HRS. AND 30
MIN. OVER THE OLD METHOD.
Improved Devices for Railroad Shops.
FIG. 9 — ELEVATIONS AND SECTION OF PNEUMATIC AIR DRUM HOIST.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 10 — SIDE AND END ELEVATIONS OF JIG FOR BABBITTING CROSSHEADS
OF VAUCLAIN COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES, AVOIDING THE NECESSITY OF MACHINING
THE BABBITT BEARING FACES.
Improved Devices for Railroad Shops. 29
It consists of two end-plates made of boiler plate, which are supported
by two soft-steel mandrels, each having a taper part to fit the piston
rod fit of the crosshead. The end plates support four cast-iron angle
face-plates in the same position relative to the crosshead as the guides.
The fop and bottom angle-plates on each side are clamped together and
hand wheels with threaded stems, inserted through the clamps, bear
Crosshead Ji aSamst the end-plates, holding the angle-plates rigid
longitudinally. The crosshead is heated in a molten
babbitt bath contained in a cast-iron box, and the end-plates and
mandrels are heated to a uniform temperature. The resulting bab-
bitted surfaces are of such smoothness that after a short time in service
their condition is as satisfactory as if they had been milled or planed,
while the time for this later operation, amounting to 1J hours per
crosshead, is entirely saved.
The method of milling ports in piston valve bushings for compound
engines is shown in Fig. 11. This is done with a specially designed
fixture, which mills four ports at once.1
By the use of knuckle-pin reamers the time for reaming rods has been
reduced from 2 hours to 15 minutes. In connection with the reamers
is a set of templates which have been reamed out, hardened and ground,
to which the reamers have been sized. The different shops along the
line have been supplied with reamers, but the templates
HoleCReamers are ^ept m *^e Omaha shop, each hole having a symbol
number corresponding to the reamer that has been fitted
to this hole. All knuckle pins are made at Omaha, and any point
along the line wanting a certain pin simply gives the symbol number.2
Twenty triple valves are completely overhauled in a day of nine
hours by one man and an apprentice. Fig. 12 is a corner of the brass-
room where triple valve work is done, showing the rack
Work ^or testmS the valves. One man grinds 7 angle-cocks in
35 minutes. This is done on a special grinding machine
(Fig. 13) that has been built up out of a nut tapper rescued from the
scrap bin.
All shoes and wedges for the entire system (about 3600 per year)
are planed on a Pond machine. The time is 30 minutes
Per s^oe or wedge> planing the surface on five sides. A
Wedges. special chuck was devised for this work. With a special
adjustable chuck, driving-box brasses are turned to fit
the box (for a 9-in. journal) in 15 to 20 minutes. For former time was
1 hour.3
Eccentrics, cast-iron, in two halves are planed up with a special
__.... jig for clamping them on the planer, at the rate of six
Eccenfrics halves an hour. The former time was two halves an hour.
They are turned on a special mandrel holding four at one
1 See pp. 97-98 for comparison of old and new methods of milling the ports in piston valve
bushings.
2 Illustrations of standard knuckle-pin hole-reamers shown on p. 79.
3 See p. 14 for illustration of special shoe and wedge-planer chuck.
30 Betterment Briefs.
time (Fig. 14) at the rate of one hour each. The former time was two
hours each.1
The former record for boring cast-iron car wheels was 50 in nine
hours by one man. There is now a record of boring 90 wheels for a
. 5i-in. fit in this same time, by one man, on two boring
Wheefs mills, using high-speed steel cutters. With a double
angle-iron for clamping, and a double tool-holder, eight
new driving boxes have been planed up complete in 14 hours. The
time with old methods was 5 hours jw? box.
One specially belted planer, to plane steel rods, runs
cmneRecords ^ ^ P* m* an<^ removes; on actual test, 846 Ibs. of metal
per hour.2
Eighty two-in. steel tires are bored and faced (J-in. stock removed)
in 35 minutes. The old time with the old steel was three hours.
On a Gisholt lathe, fitted up with high-speed cutters, forty 4-in. cast-
iron piston-rod glands have been fitted up in nine hours.
On a new 24-in. Pond lathe, sixty 13-in. valve packing rings have
been bored, faced and cut off in six hours.
A special double tool-holder for slotter work enables the operator
to slot out a large steel driving box complete for brass and cellar fit,
in H hours ; old time, 3 hours.
A special revolving angle-iron chuck, with which the brass needs
but one cutting, enables the operator to plane for the rod fit a large
back-end main rod brass in 2J hours. The time by the old method
was five hours.
Other aids to rapid handling of work are the regulation of the crane
service, and the narrow-gauge track system. For instance, there is
used with the crane a form of tackle which permits of four driver boxes
being picked up and carried with safety at one time.3 Material is
stored in special places on the platforms, and all refuse, chips, scrap,
etc., are placed in bins provided for each, these bins being emptied
periodically. The narrow-gauge road for the most part runs by a time-
table.
The present efficient condition of these shops has been brought
about under the supervision of W. R. McKeen, Jr., superintendent of
motive power and machinery, to whose suggestions many of the spe-
cial methods and devices in use are due. H. W. Jacobs, general shop
demonstrator for the Union Pacific System, has been directly in charge
of the work. — Notes by an editor of The Railroad Gazette, June 24,
1904.
1 Special jig for milling eccentric halves shown on p. 13.
2 See pp. 48,49,51 for illustrations and description of re-designed planer for high-speed tools.
8See p. 157 for illustration of a driving-box sling of similar design.
Improved Devices for Railroad Shops.
31
FIG. 11 — SPECIAL DEVICE FOR MILLING MACHINE, ENABLING FOUR PORTS IN
PISTON- VALVE BUSHINGS TO BE MILLED SIMULTANEOUSLY, DEVISED BY SUPER-
INTENDENT OF SHOP.
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 12 — CORNER or AIR ROOM SHOWING RACK WHERE ALL TRIPLE VALVES
ARE TESTED FOR A RAILWAY SYSTEM.
FIG. 13 — ANGLE-COCK GRINDING MACHINE ON WHICH ONE MAN GRINDS 7 ANGLE
COCKS IN 35 MINUTES. CLOSE INSPECTION OF THE ILLUSTRATION WILL SHOW
"PHANTOM" ANGLE COCKS IN PLACE. DEVISED BY GENERAL FOREMAN.
Improved Devices for Railroad Shops. 33
FIG. 14 — SPECIAL MANDREL FOR TURNING 4 ECCENTRICS WITHOUT CHANGING
MANDREL. TlME OF TURNING ONE ECCENTRIC WASREDUCED FROM 2 HOURS TO
45 MIN. BY THIS DEVICE.
34
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 15 — PLANER WITH DRIVING-BOX JIG AND ATTACHMENTS FOR PLANING TWO
ROWS OF DRIVING BOXES AT ONE TIME.
.IFO
HIGH-SPEED STEEL IN RAILROAD SHOPS.
AS a result of extended observation and considerable experience in
handling the new steels and applying progressive methods in
connection with them, I would lay it down as a cardinal principle
that before any attempt is made to put in so radical a factor of in-
creased production as the new high-speed steel, the fullest attention
should be given to the machine end of the plant, and to the methods in
vogue at the place where these steels are to be introduced. No amount of
steel, bought out of hand, is going to revolutionize the manner of doing
the work : and mere purchase of expensive grades of steel
Preparations ... , . j f. -nT-r^
necessary be- will not cheapen the cost of production. Even if the new
fore Introduc- tools are being introduced by men who understand them
ing Alloy Steel. A ? . ' .
thoroughly and who exercise energy in applying them
to practical work, the result will not always be up to expectations,
and a host of unsuspected and discouraging evils will be brought in.
In the first place, the majority of machine tools in railroad shops
today are not designed or built to stand the service that the high-speed
steel would demand of them. To introduce these steels in the ordinary
course of events will often prove disastrous to the machines (Fig. 81),
if these are speeded up or worked with heavy cuts, unless proper safe-
guards are taken. The depreciation rate becomes much greater under
the new condition than under the old; but with proper management
it will be found profitable to do this when the increased production
capacity is realized.
The most difficult factor to deal with, however, when there is not
the whetting of competition (as in the case of commercial shops) to
Difficulties f°rce the management to be vigorous in prosecuting im-
to be proved methods, is the attitude of the men, who have
Encountered. grown used to the old ways, and who view with hostility
and suspicion any innovation of this character.1
Unless a director of methods or demonstrator is employed, whose
special duty it is not only to direct how the tools shall be made and
used, but also to keep the men up to the new cuts and speeds, the great
majority of the men will be most loath to maintain the increased pace
aThe practical value of the shop demonstrator, p. 19.
(35)
36 Betterment Briefs.
that the new steel necessitates in order to be a paying proposition.
To get around this difficulty the writer has found it an excellent plan :
First, to examine the machines as to their capacity of standing the in-
Increase creased service, to remedy what defects might be found
Machine (Fig. 16). Then immediately to increase the speeds, by
changes in pulley sizes on both main and countershafts,
so as to have the machines in general running at a rate of speed much
above that used with the older tool steels.
These speed increases may vary from 30 per cent to over 200 per
cent above the original speed. They are not attained by one jump,
but by a succession of judicious increases, gradually getting the men
used to the higher speed, to a busier hum of pulleys and machines, to
a greater rapidity in turning out the work. By making these changes
(Figs. 18, 20 and 84), and at the same time following up the matter
of proper use of cutting tools, with proper feeds and cuts, the men are
induced, almost unconsciously, to fall in line with the new methods.
One very essential point, which should not be overlooked, is that every
tool of the older steels should be withdrawn from the shop entirely,
and high-speed tools substituted, so as to prevent any tendency to
cling to the old ways of doing things.
Not only do the mechanics object to innovations, but the gang fore-
men, foremen, and general foremen even, do not accustom themselves
readily to the new conditions. For it must be remembered that the
foreman of a shop, more particularly of a railroad shop, has so many
duties devolving upon him that he does not, as a rule, have sufficient
time for looking after a new move of this kind. The introduction
should, therefore, be in the hands of a man whose whole time can be
Opportunity devoted to the handling of the new tools. This man
for Shop should be a thorough mechanic, well informed as to the
as ra or. care an(j wor]^mg of these steels, and of sufficient inventive
ability to devise quick methods and ways of economizing work. He
should also possess the knack of being able to get along with the
workman with a minimum amount of friction, for the attitude of hos-
tility before mentioned is never so much in evidence as when the man
who is responsible for these changes is actively engaged. And he
should stimulate the foremen with whom he is working, to advance
ideas, such as that shown in Fig. 37 (for which full credit is given
when successful), even to a spirit of rivalry with himself in the intro-
duction of time-savers.
Yet the individual capacity and tact of this demonstrator will not
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops.
37
FIG. 16 — STEEL PINION FOR COACH WHEEL LATHE TO REPLACE ONE OF CAST
IRON THAT WAS NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO STAND THE HEAVY CUTS TAKEN WITH
HIGH-SPEED TOOLS.
38
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 17 — RE-DESIGNED STEADY REST FOR LATHE AND OLD DESIGN THAT WAS
NOT STIFF ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE ROD UNDER THE HEAVY DUTY IMPOSED ON
IT BY HIGH-SPEED TOOLS.
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops.
39
FIG. 18 — FESD CONE PULLEY FOR LATHE, RE-DESIGNED TO INCREASE THE CA-
PACITY OF THE MACHINE UP TO THE FULL CAPABILITIES OF THE HIGH-SPEED TOOL
STEEL,
40
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 19 — PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING RELATIVE SIZES OF OLD AND NEW FEED CONE
PULLEYS OF A LATHE TRANSFORMED FOR USE WITH HIGH-SPEED STEEL.
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops. 41
FIG. 20 — VIEW OF DRILL PRESS SHOWING CHANGES IN FEED CONE PULLEYS,
DUE TO THE USE OF HIGH-SPEED DRILLS.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 21 — SNAP RING MILLING MACHINE DESIGNED BY A MACHINE FOREMAN
AND BUILT LARGELY FROM PARTS OF OLD MACHINERY. TlME FOR MACHINING ONE
KING, 35 SECONDS.
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops. 43
alone meet the problem. Unless full support is given by the superin-
tendent of motive power himself, unless it be well understood that he
intends making a success of the new methods, and it be shown from
time to time, by personal talks with the more influential foremen, and
in other ways, that these innovations are no mere vagaries of an un-
practical man who is only "on trial," the progress of improvements
Responsibility w^ ^e namPerecl at every turn. Moreover, as the chief
of Higher attention of the demonstrator will be required in the
Officers. shop so as to keep the new methods moving, he should
be afforded the use, when necessary, of draughtsman and stenogra-
pher, as it will riot pay to have him spend his time over the drawing-
board, or in writing out, longhand, whatever communications he needs
to make.
These are the main points to be considered in the introduction of
the new alloy steel tools, or rather the obstacles to which chief attention
must be given and which must be overcome before any permanently
beneficial results can be obtained. As to the results themselves, no
better evidence may be given of what can be accomplished than to
cite examples of what has been done in a shop where 'these principles
have been adhered to. When the new steel tools were first announced,
extensive tests were made in this shop of all brands that could be se-
cured, and steps were taken to secure a man who could direct their in-
troduction. While, of course, the superintendent of motive power
could not devote time and attention to each little detail, yet he directs
in a large and farsighted way the lines it would pay best to follow, and
it must be acknowledged that without his interest no such degree of
success could be attained. I need only add that the cases that follow
are not special record ones (as was that of turning a pair of 68-in. driver
tires in 1 hour and 31 minutes), but are typical of everyday perform-
ance. The same character of results has been attained in hundreds of
other such jobs.
EXTENDED PISTON RODS. — These rods (Fig. 22) were rough-forged
in the blacksmith shop. The time for complete turning, threading,
fitting, etc., under the old conditions, was 14 hours. When the new
steels were put in, the man on this work was supplied with an outfit
of tools and instructed to get the most he could out of them. The best
time he made was 12 hours, but even this did not always keep up when
the man was left to his own resources. This reduction in time was
obtained by using a faster step on the cone pulley, and by increase
in the depth of cut. However, as it was rather inconvenient to make
44 Betterment Briefs.
the belt changes, the man preferred to run at a slower rate. The matter
__ was then taken hold of by the demonstrator and a num-
Modern Meth-
ods Applied to ber of changes were made. First, the work was divided
between two lathes, one for rough turning and one for
finishing. The lathe for rough turning was an old one,
but was put in shape, fitted with steady rests (see Figs. 17 and 23), etc.,
and adapted for turning roughly to within %o in. of finished size. The
pulleys on main and countershafts were changed, making a speed
increase of from 140 to 320 r. p. m. This maintained the higher turn-
ing speed even on the lower cone pulley step. A second-year ap-
prentice was used on this part of the work, replacing the more con-
servative machinist, and he was induced to use the higher step at the
cone pulley. The peripheral speed of the work was thereby changed
from 20 ft. to 65 ft. per minute. On rough turning the depth of cut
was doubled, thus finishing a rod with only one heavy roughing cut
instead of two. The feed was increased from i/ie in. to %2 in. The total
time of rough turning under the new conditions was, therefore,
or about 1-1 6th of the former time. This is for actual rough cutting.
The former time of complete rough turning was two hours and fifteen
minutes, to which must be added one hour and three-quarters for set-
ting work, etc. Under the new conditions, although the actual rough
cutting time was reduced to about ten minutes, the complete time of
rough turning was one hour and a half, the additional hour and twenty
minutes being the sum of all the times necessary to turn the rod end
for end, apply and take down chucks and dogs, rough turning taper
and collar, threading, grinding tools, etc. In other words, the ratio of
cutting time to total time was greatly reduced. The black- line dia-
gram, Fig. 24, illustrates where the saving was effected.
In the finishing process similar methods were employed, with sim-
ilarly gratifying results, although here the principal time-savings were
by methods and not by high-speed steel; so that, all in all, the time
reduction of six to seven hours on this one job was due as much to
intelligent modification of the conditions under which the new steels
were to act as to the steels themselves.
COACH WHEEL TIRES. — Another example is that of the
Reduction in - . , .. , , , * , ,
Time of Turn- time on one Pair °* steel-tired coach wheels, where a re-
ing Coach duction was made from five hours to one hour. As in
the previous case, increase in pulleys, thus permanently
increasing wheel-lathe speed, and other changes, such as special designs
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops.
45
FIG. 22 — EXTENDED PISTON RODS ON WHICH THE TIME FOR FINISHING COM-
PLETE WAS REDUCED FROM 14 TO 7 HOURS BY APPLYING MODERN METHODS.
46
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 23 — TURNING EXTENDED PISTON RODS IN LATHE EQUIPPED WITH HIGH-
SPEED TOOLS AND APPLIANCES.
work and all
Straight rough
Turning.
/JS Minutes
SO Mi
OLD CONDITIONS.
IO M/nute.3
NEW CONDITIONS.
iO7
FIG. 24 — SECTION OF EXTENDED PISTON ROD SHOWING METAL REMOVED (IN
BLACK) FROM ROUGH FORGING, AND TIME TAKEN FOR ALL OPERATIONS UNDER BOTH
OLD AND NEW CONDITIONS.
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops.
47
FIG. 25 — COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW DESIGNS OF WHEEL LATHE TOOLS,
SHOWING THE WAY TO ECONOMIZE IN THE AMOUNT OF HIGH-SPEED STEEL USED.
THE TOOLS FOR USE WITH CAST-STEEL TOOL-HOLDER REPLACE THE SOLID TOOLS
WEIGHING NEARLY TEN TIMES AS MUCH IN TOOL-STEEL.
48
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 26 — VIEWS SHOWING INCREASE IN SIZE OF DRIVING PULLEY ON PLANER
FOR INCREASING THE PLANER'S CUTTING SPEED IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE
OF HIGH-SPEED TOOLS.
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops.
49
FIG. 27 — VIEW SHOWING PLANER AND NEW 20 H. p. MOTOR WHICH SUPPLANTED
A 10 H. P. MOTOR IN ORDER TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT POWER TO DRIVE THE NEW
HIGH-SPEED CUTTING TOOLS TO FULL CAPACITY.
50
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 28 — VIEW FROM ABOVE PLANER BED SHOWING LARGE CHIPS REMOVED
BY HIGH-SPEED TOOLS FROM MAIN RODS.
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops. 51
of tool-holders (see Fig. 6) , substitution of forged steel pinions for cast
iron (see Fig.16), so the machine could stand the increased strain,
were all instrumental in accomplishing the desired results.
PLANERS. — Speed increases were made in the principal planers up
to a cut of over 50 ft. per minute, or the limit under this heavy work of
Improved ^e ^°°^s- One resu^ °f this change is a close approach
Planer to the reverse speed of the speed of cutting stroke, as
Practice. nearly the limit of the machine's capacity to overcome
the inertia of the table is reached under the changed conditions. Figs.
26 and 27 illustrate improvements in planer practice.1
If space permitted, numerous other instances could be cited, all
taken from actual shop practice, such as turning eccentrics, cylinder
bushings, car axles, planing shoes and wedges, etc.
The time on all these was reduced from one-half to one-eighth of
former time. The average increase, based on actual output, and the
difference in weight of metal removed was :
Cast Iron 120 per cent.
Steel 150 per cent.
Good, clean wrought iron 175 per cent.
CONCLUSIONS.
In conclusion I can but repeat that the buying of high-speed steel
is of little use unless progressive methods of application in actual work
are employed to effect real reduction in cost, which is the final and only
test in the question. In order to introduce these methods it is always
better policy to bring into each shop a man who has not been brought
up in the traditions of the place, and have him make the changes, the
possibility of which would not be seen as rapidly by one too used to the
older conditions. A local demonstrator should report direct to the
superintendent of shops, or where there is no such posi-
t*on> to ^e division master mechanic, so that he will
have sufficient authority behind him to carry out his
plans, and so that general and important interests may not
be sacrificed to local and individual preferences. If there were
a general demonstrator for an entire railroad system, the local
demonstrator should report to him, and he in turn direct to the
highest authority in control of the different shops, the superintendent
of motive power. Of course, upon the latter person the ultimate suc-
cess or failure of an enterprise of this kind must rest. So far as I know,
1 See report of planer tests 1 and 2, p. 54.
52 Betterment Briefs.
Mr. W. R. McKeen, Jr., of the Union Pacific, has been the only, or at
least the first, superintendent of motive power who has had the temer-
ity to create a position of this kind, and who has used the force to drive
his purpose home. That he has been amply justified is admitted by
all who have had the opportunity to see the results accomplished in
the shops on his system, not alone in the new Omaha shops, but also
in the redistribution of work among all the shops, made possible by
the increased capacity and concentration of manufacture in the main
shops, and in the economies effected by restricting the smaller and less
well-equipped points to repairs requiring light machine work only. —
H. W. JACOBS, in American Engineer and Railroad Journal, Septem-
ber, 1904.
HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEEL IN RAILROAD SHOPS.
EDITORIAL COMMENT BY AMERICAN ENGINEER AND RAILROAD JOURNAL, SEPT., 1904.
If busy railroad officers who are at their "wit's end" to know how to meet
the conditions of decreased rates per ton mile and increased cost of labor and
material will carefully ponder the record presented by Mr. Jacobs in this issue,
they will discover one of the roads they need to follow, that of the application of
commercial principles to railroad service.
Mr. Jacobs treats of shop practice, and when " 16 to 1," the familiar slogan,
is applied so successfully to the improvement of shop-tool output, the record is en-
titled to keen attention by the highest officials of all our railroads. The Union
Pacific has become a leader in this movement toward improved shop methods.
On cast-iron, the improvement in output has been 120 per cent; on steel, 150
per cent, and on wrought iron, 175 per cent, considering actual results and the
weight of metal removed in a given time. Union Pacific practice, before the new
methods were applied, was probably neither far better nor far worse than that
of other roads. It is, therefore, safe to say that other roads present the same
opportunities for improvement. If the statements of Mr. Jacobs receive the
attention they merit, a wave of improvement of machine and shop output will
pass over the entire country, and this will mean much for the railroads and for
the men into whose hands this opportunity falls.
Nearly every shop has the new tool steels, and blue chips are commonly seen.
This, however, is not sufficient. Machine tools, men, and shop methods require a
new kind of attention. In fact, the new steels have revolutionized shop prac-
tice all over the world, and the railroads are suitably encouraged. The railroad
mechanical officer will be in position to contribute, as he never has before, to
the advancement of transportation, and he will take a high place among the
leaders of the times. This officer is ready and willing to undertake his task.
The main question lies before the management, the directors and the owners,
Shall this opportunity be accepted? It will be accepted, and this journal ex-
pects to be kept busy recording the steps in this revolution.
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops.
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Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 29 — TESTS Nos. 1 AND 2. ON LEFT, NOSE OF CARBON TOOL AND CHIPS
REMOVED DURING FIVE SECONDS. NOTE BURNED CONDITION OF CUTTING EDGE
AFTER 8-FOOT LONGITUDINAL CUT (TWO STROKES OF THE PLANER). ON RIGHT,
NOSE OF ALLOY STEEL AND CHIPS REMOVED DURING FIVE SECONDS. EDGE PERFECT
AFTER ROUGH PLANING TWO SIDE-ROD CHANNELS.
J
FIG. 30 — TESTS 3 AND 4. PICTURE SHOWS EQUIVALENT TURNINGS BY THE
TWO TOOLS; THAT is, THE PROPORTIONATE AMOUNT TURNED BY EACH IN THE SAME
LENGTH OF TIME. ON THE LEFT IS THE ALLOY TOOL WITH ITS CHIP AND ON THE
RIGHT IS THE CARBON TOOL. BETWEEN THEM IS A SIX-INCH RULE.
From W. R. McKeen's paper betore Railway Master Mechanics Association, 1904.
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops.
55
FIG. 31 — TESTS 5 AND 6. TOOLS USED ON CAST IRON. ON THE RIGHT, ALLOY
TOOL, AND ON THE LEFT, CARBON TOOL. NOTE BURNED CONDITION OF THE LATTER
AT THE END OF A FEW MINUTES* USE.
FIG. 32 — TESTS 7 TO 10. ON THE LEFT, ALLOY TWIST DRILLS USED IN THESE
TESTS. PERFECT CONDITION UPON COMPLETION OF WORK. ON THE RIGHT, ORDI-
NARY CARBON DRILL. EDGES BURNED AFTER DRILLING $-INCH HOLE.
From W. R. McKeen's paper before Railway Master Mechanics Association, 1904.
56
Betterment Briefs.
.
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Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 33 — PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING THE LARGE CHIPS REMOVED BY HIGH-SPEED
STEEL IN FLUTING MAIN RODS. IN THE TESTS 780 LBS. OF METAL WERE REMOVED
PER HOUR WITH ALLOY STEEL AS AGAINST 288 LBS. WITH CARBON STEEL.
From W. R. McKeen's paper before Railway Master Mechanics Association, 1904.
PRACTICAL ADVICE TO COLLEGE MEN.
IN the past few years an entirely new profession has developed, known
as commercial engineering, brought about by the keen competition
of manufacturers. The engineer of today who is not able to take
hold of a proposition and figure results from a business standpoint is
likely to be left at the post. The Panama Canal is not being built as
. a triumphal exploit of engineering skill, but because
Value of it will cheapen the cost of ocean transportation ; the
Commercial Lucian cut-off on the Southern Pacific, with its thirteen
miles of trestle-work over Great Salt Lake, although it
represents the acme of achievement in railroad construction, was not
built as a scientific experiment, but was brought about because by this
method Oriental freight could be put from San Francisco into the
Eastern markets at so much less per ton.
This is the great and, in fact, the only idea for any young man to
keep in mind when leaving college and starting in for himself. The
majority of men within my hearing today will, no doubt, on the com-
pletion of their college course, find their way into the employ of some
manufacturing concern. The question will be, then (if the young man
intends to make his mark), not how nicely can he sketch a plan on a
piece of tracing-cloth, or how clearly can he elucidate upon the many the-
ories of applied mechanics, but how much of a saving can
Education. ^e snow in sn°P management? How much can he cheap-
en the production of some particular article? What can
he do to help tone up the plant so that the best results can be ob-
tained from his particular department? These are the problems he
will have before him, and these only must be kept in mind if he expects
to make a showing worthy of note, and of sufficient importance to attract
the attention of the head of the concern.
Among practical, everyday shop men the average technical grad-
uate is given very little consideration. This, of course, may be the
misfortune of the shop men or it may be the effect of the attitude of
the graduate. The fact remains that there is a great deal of truth in
the statement. In nine cases out of ten when a technical graduate
secures a position in a shop of any kind he is considered of about as
(59)
60 Betterment Briefs.
much use as an ordinary helper, or he is classed under the rather am-
biguous title of special apprentice, and duties are assigned him in about
the same proportion. The graduates themselves, in my experience,
College Men are greatly responsible for this state of affairs. They
in Machine enter a shop knowing almost to a certainty that
this exists, yet in many instances they make no effort
to change the general opinion. They take hold of the work that
is given them in a rather perfunctory manner, and seem incapable,
in many cases, of developing ideas on the subject at hand, and
in a short time they find themselves moving in the same old rut of
shop routine that may have existed ever since the shop was built. In-
stead of keeping their eyes open for chances for improvements and tak-
ing them up in the proper manner, they are content to allow things to
drag along with as much unconcern as if they had never been blessed
with advantages of any kind.
This is the point that I want to impress on your minds: Be on
the lookout for improvements in methods of all kinds at all times.
Don't think for a moment that I am decrying mechanical training
simply because a great many of the graduates have been made seeming
failures. The trained men are the men that are needed ; the technical
men are the men that have to fill the important places in all cases.
They must be the pioneers!
The theories of today become the practices of tomorrow, and the
men who can look ahead and anticipate a demand are the men that
are going to win in the long run. Have a systematic line of investiga-
tion that you intend to carry out if ever you enter a shop, no matter
what may be its kind of output. Keep the cost of production ever in
your mind, and let no chance escape you if you see an opening of any
kind for improvement.
If you enter a machine shop don't be content with doing whatever
little detail you may be assigned to on some particular bench or machine.
Note the entire layout of the plant. See what kind of power they are
using. Note the method of transmission. Keep an eye on the class
of machines in service; also their condition. Check up the speeds of
shafting at the first opportunity. Note the method of making tools.
Read up on tool steels. Keep in touch with the newest
Pointers! an(* latest catalogs on machinery. Compare the methods
with other shops. Check the price lists of similar articles
made in other parts of the country. In fact, familiarize yourself with
every item of interest in any way connected with the article in
Practical Advice to College Men.
61
FIG. 34 — MILLING CUTTERS, REAMERS AND HIGH-SPEED TOOLS, MANUFACTURED
IN A RAILROAD SHOP TOOL-ROOM UNDER THE DIRECTION OF A MODERN TOOL-ROOM
FOREMAN.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 35 — LARGE MILLING CUTTER FINISHING FOUR ROWS OF DRIVING- BOX
SHOES AT ONE TIME. SUGGESTION OF MACHINE SHOP FOREMAN.
Practical Advice to College Men.
FIG. 36 — LARGE COMPOUND MILLING CUTTER FINISHING SEVEN SURFACES AT
ONE TIME. SHOWING A FOREMAN WHO is SPECIALLY INTERESTED IN IMPROVED DE-
VICES OF THIS KIND.
Practical Advice to College Men. 65
question. You will be surprised how soon you are noted by some
official of the organization. I have had too many years of actual
experience in shop work not to know that I am speaking the exact
truth. If you are in the designing department, don't put in your time
seeing how nice a set of lines you can embellish with graceful curves,
but see how much machine work you can eliminate in the assembling-
room. No one will deny that the sale of any article, no matter what it
may be, is very greatly affected by its general appearance. It must look
neat, as well as be reliable, but the days of elaborate finish are past.
There was a day when buildings were equipped with heavy trappings
of all descriptions and locomotives were encircled with rings of polished
brass, but the best sellers of all merchantable articles today are those
of the plainest finish.
It is not how nice does a locomotive look today; it is how many
tons can it haul. It is not what sort of a polish do you have on your
line shaft ; it is how many revolutions can it make a minute. It is not
what style of architecture is your furnace built in ; it is how many tons
of pig iron can it turn out in twenty-four hours.
I believe, however, I have talked long enough on generalities, and
I think, perhaps, I could demonstrate to you much more clearly with
the following illustrations, than I could explain otherwise what I mean
when I speak of "toning up" a plant.
After this introductory address about 150 lantern slides were shown,
illustrative of these methods of "toning up" as applied to railway shop
work. The first group of slides dealt with the general layout and of
material storage and handling arrangements of a large shop.1 The
next group dealt with the methods of improving machine belting, this
being one of the first points to be taken up when shop
Betterment betterment is undertaken, as by this alone the efficiency
of the machines will be increased as a whole from 10 to
30 per cent.2 The third series showed the changes in shop methods, ma-
chine tools and devices, incident to the use of the new high-speed alloy
tool steels developed since the introduction of the Taylor- White process.
After these were shown some views of machine betterments necessitated
by the intensive shop production due to the use of these high-speed
heavy-service tools, such as the substitution of steel for cast-iron gears,
the increase in size of driving and feed pulleys and gears, the strength-
ening of steady rests, housings, etc.3 Then followed illustrations of a
1 For lay-outs of representative railway shops, see chapter 2, " Railway Shop Up to Date."
2 See p. 120 for an efficient method of keeping belts up in shape.
3 See pp. 39, 48, 125, 133, for illustrations and descriptions of typical machine betterments.
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
66 Betterment Briefs.
number of special devices for use in railway shops, showing how, by
the exercise of a little ingenuity in the tool-room, the cost of machin-
ing many special locomotive parts could be greatly reduced.,
Next after these were shown special jigs for use on the machines,
and then followed a long series of slides on the subject of tool standard-
ization for an entire railway system; i. e., standardizing punches, drills,
reamers for crosshead, knuckle pin, and ball joint work, flue rollers,
etc. A number of views were then given of a recent very light air
motor that has many advantages for work in close quarters, and on
account of its efficiency. Following these, various devices for use in
erecting floor work were shown, cylinder-boring machines, valve-facing
device, a convenient portable air hoist for main air reservoirs on engines,
guide lining device, valve bushing extractor, etc.
Mr. Jacobs concluded his address with a very interesting description
of the individual effort system for rewarding labor as applied in a large
shop to effect economical production and to reduce to a satisfactory
basis the wage problem. — An abstract of an address by H. W. JACOBS
before the engineering students of the University of Kansas, as published
by the American Engineer and Railroad Journal, April, 1906.
PRACTICAL ADVICE TO COLLEGE MEN.
EDITORIAL COMMENT BY AMERICAN ENGINEER AND RAILROAD JOURNAL, APRIL, 1906.
Mr. Jacobs's address to college students, which is partially reproduced on
another page, should be read by all those who are interested in the matter of shop
production. It is not surprising that the engineering colleges have neglected
to impress the students with the importance of the cost of production. It is
only during the past few years that the manufacturing concerns have waked up
to the importance of this problem, and apparently some of the railroad shop
managements are still blissfully unaware of it. The successful shop manager is
one who realizes the importance of studying the cost of production with a view
to reducing it and increasing the shop output.
ORGANIZATION AND EFFICIENCY IN THE RAILWAY
MACHINE SHOP.
(ADVANCE ANNOUNCEMENT IN THE ENGINEERING MAGAZINE.)
Because the railway shop is not competitive — because it does not have to
study expenses closely so as to undersell a rival manufacturing a similar product —
because it did not have to measure its costs against energetic and alert business
rivals — it has been slow to adopt the methods of shop betterment and works
organization which have been almost universally adopted into manufacturing
concerns.
Lately, however, the close scrutiny of operating expenses has roused the me-
chanical departments of our railways to a keen and most active study of the
best ideas and methods adaptable to the railway machine shop, and there has
been a great awakening, and some of the large American transcontinental roads
have gone as far perhaps as any commercial establishment in studying to bring
their work down to a minimum cost per unit. The new movement is full of in-
terest and importance, and not only to the man in charge of motive power and
equipment, or of the shops themselves or any department of them, but also to
the manufacturer of modern tools and materials. It has opened new opportu-
nities for men and machinery already in many of the larger railroads, and it will
inevitably extend rapidly to all, large and small.
Mr. Jacobs is one of the leaders in this movement, and has made the greatest
success in carrying out this work. He is engaged in it now, and the methods
he describes have been tried out in the shops of one of the greatest transconti-
nental lines. Everything he suggests is practical — the result of thorough trial
and perfection under working conditions. He does not speculate as to what
might be done, but tells what has been done, how it was done, and what profits
resulted. And the pictures bring the actual work of the shop, and the practical
improvements, directly before the eye of the reader; they tell a story as valuable
as that of the text. — THE EDITORS.
(67)
CONTENTS.
I. SPECIALIZING AND CENTRALIZING THE OPERATION AND EQUIPMENT.
Special Character of the Railway Shop. — How Far General Organization
Methods are Applicable. — Notable Instances. — The Question of Sala-
ries.— Centralizing the Shop Work. — Stores. — Room Records. — The
Value of Figures.
II. THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF STANDARDIZATION.
Methods of Standardization. — The Practice of Four Great Railway Sys-
tems.— Standard Specifications for Parts. — Parts Interchangeable for
all Types. — Standard Tools for Special Parts. — Gradual Replacement
of Non-Standard Machinery.— A Policy Outlined.— Sub-Stores.— Diffi-
culties with Foremen. — Departmental Conferences. — Directing the
Shopping of Engines. — The Possible Savings.
III. CENTRALIZATION AND BALANCE OF MACHINE-TOOL EQUIPMENT ON AN
ENTIRE RAILROAD.
Re-design of Patterns. — Study of Metal Supply. — Centralizing Foundry
Work.— The Blacksmith Shop.— Balancing the Machine-Tool Equip-
ment.— The Personal Equation of Master Mechanics. — Danger of Over-
Equipment. — General Inventory of Tools. — Transfer and Redistribu-
tion.— Introduction of Alloy Steel. — Comparative Performances De-
scribed and Illustrated. — Supervision of the Tool Account. — Selection
and Design of Tools. — Adaptation and Rebuilding of Old Machines. —
The Theory of Machine-Tool Economy. — Shafting and Belting. —
Examples of Re-design.
IV. STANDARDIZING THE SMALL-TOOL EQUIPMENT.
The Purchase of Steel. — Examples of Standard Tools. — How Adapted to
Air Tools. — To Boiler Shop, Erecting Shop, Bench. — Economies to be
Expected.— Alloy-Steel Tools— Where to Use Them.— Custody and
Supervision. — How to Keep Down Investment. — Functions of the Tool-
Room. — Its Operating Force. — Its Limits.
V. ERECTING-SHOP ECONOMIES.
The Introduction of Standards. — Useful and Profitable Devices. — Miscel-
laneous Economies. — Systematizing of Jobs. — Shop-Order Manufac-
turing.— Office Systems. — Checks on the Payroll. — Reward for Indi-
vidual Effort. — Premium and Bonus Systems. — Education and Pub-
licity.
(68)
ORGANIZATION AND EFFICIENCY IN THE RAILWAY
MACHINE SHOP.
I. SPECIALIZING AND CENTRALIZING THE OPERATION AND EQUIPMENT.
RAILROADS in the United States perform the functions of common
carriers and of money-makers. As carriers, besides their rela-
tion to the land and the people, they must be adapted to the trade
of their territory and connections — in facilities, capacity, and operative
efficiency. As the property of private persons, they must be managed
and operated to effect the greatest ratio of net earnings to investment,
besides conforming to the compulsions of the law, and to their own
interests in commerce. Men trained as engineers in both
Railways.0 ^ne scn°°ls of induction and of practice, are as a class
best able to bring about these results, as their work is
constructively directed toward the end in view after intelligent analysis
of actual conditions. We shall deal with some concrete problems of
the engineer in relation to the maintenance of operative efficiency of
the motive power and rolling equipment — those most active factors of
earning power and expense in existing steam roads.
To move the traffic of a road, locomotives and cars are required.
These must be built, maintained in running order, repaired, replaced,
and must be designed with reference to safety, efficiency and operative
economy, cost, adaptability, durability, simplicity and interchangeabil-
ity of parts, and facility of repairs.
Whether a road builds its own equipment or not, it has a large voice
in specifying design, and it must keep up the running condition; these
functions require both the mechanical and the industrial engineer.
Great manufactures, such as the steel industry, have been suc-
cessful on a large scale. The methods under which they thrived are
applicable wherever there are manufacturing shops. Railroads have
been slow to modernize their shop methods and to refine their mechan-
ical practice, because the chief spur is to earn dividends by means of
Commercial transportation. They are only very indirectly affected
Manufacturing by the forces governing competitive and economical
manufacture in commercial enterprises, and less indi-
rectly by the forces making for greater serviceability of equipment.
But if the experience of the commercial manufactories is profited
(69)
70 Betterment Briefs.
by, and modern methods adopted wholesale, modified to suit such
conditions as may be peculiar to railroads; if the improved products,
developed at such cost in the commercial world, are but , taken as
they are found, and used effectively, great improvements in operative
and maintenance efficiencies and economies will ensue, resulting in the
two-fold gain of lowered running cost and fixed charges, together with
capacity for handling larger business, with greater gross, and redoubled
net earnings.
All this is not mere argument, but is demonstrated by actual in-
stances, late and near at hand. The managements of the roads are
waking up to these capabilities and rapidly availing themselves of
them. Cast steel and malleable iron are substituted for cast and
wrought iron, wherever they may with advantage be used. Patterns
were re-designed, re-classified and standardized, many being obsoleted,
surplus of material being done away with both on account of the need-
less higher first cost of the casting, and the increased time of machin-
ing; bolt holes are cored so as not to require drilling, and design is
strengthened to take care of weaknesses shown by exhaustive records
of all classes of breakage to parts of motive power and rolling equip-
ment ; locomotive and car elements are standardized as
Equipment far as practicable, and new equipment is ordered to con-
and Shop form to these specifications. The Harriman lines and the
Rock Island have been conspicuous examples of such
standardization, broadly conceived and comprehensively carried out.
Tests are becoming more thorough and less perfunctory, and as
a result, design is continually changing for the better. Not only is
there thus a general tendency toward improvement in quality and
efficiency of equipment, but there is also a growing determination to
provide the very best shop facilities for taking care of repair and re-
placement, as at the Moline (Rock Island), Topeka (Santa Fe), Col-
linwood (Lake Shore) Omaha (Union Pacific), and other large recent
shops. And in these shops, centralized, large, there is a growing effort
toward intelligent systematization of manufacture, toward rapid pro-
duction at low cost, and toward using men and machines to full eco-
nomical capacity.
The direction in which railroads are slowly moving is the right one ;
this paper advocates some of the means by which these results can be
attained in a still larger way.
In the first place, salaries and wages are too low. I am no advocate
of increased pay-rolls ; but it is shown in practice that five men worth
Centralizing Shop Operations.
71
FlG. 37 A BRAKE-SHOE KEY FORGING DEVICE DESIGNED BY A BLACKSMITH
SHOP FOREMAN. IT FORGES TWO KEYS AT ONE TIME FROM SCRAP IRON, TURNING
THEM OUT BY THE THOUSANDS AT VERY LITTLE COST, WHERE FORMERLY THEY
WERE MADE LABORIOUSLY BY HAND. WlTH THE ENORMOUS NUMBER OF KEYS
USED ON A RAILROAD HANDLING A LARGE FREIGHT BUSINESS, AN ITEM OF THIS
KIND IS WELL WORTH CONSIDERING.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 38 — SHEAR WHICH TRIMS AND BENDS SHOE KEYS IN ONE OPERATION. THE
KEYS ARE FORGED IN THE MACHINE SHOWN ON THE PRECEDING PAGE. DESIGNED
BY BLACKSMITH FOREMAN.
Centralizing Shop Operations. 73
$4 a day each can do as much as ten $3 men, and the same is true of a
foreman earning $80 or $90 compared to one earning
fjjfjJJJtof and $150 to $200; or of an official belonging to the $200 class
compared to one belonging to the $600 class. The high-
priced man is not necessarily the best; but for the high price the
best can be secured. It is manifestly false economy to pay a master
mechanic $175 a month, and give him charge over one thousand or
two thousand men with an aggregate pay-roll of $60,000 to $100,000,
when an intelligent $300 man, bringing perhaps in his train a $500
staff of assistants and specialists, can in six months lop off 15 to 30 per
cent of this pay-roll, and at the same time by system and specialization
and a method of reward according to merit, give increased and
better service.
Similarly, a $90 foreman is not an economical man to whom to en-
trust the requisitioning of thousands of dollars' worth of material each
month; . he will generally order perfunctorily and far beyond his needs,
and it is not usual for his requisitions to be effectively checked up.
There is, for example, the case of a road that had but two engines of
one particular class, under experiment, which they would transfer
from one division to another to get figures on their service. After
they had been in use about two years and had been overhauled in three
different places, the president called for an itemized expense statement ;
and when the supplies were checked up at the different stores there
were found to be fourteen sets of grates, nine sets of cylinder-heads,
four sets of pistons, two complete sets of rods, besides numerous cylinder-
head casings, valve packings, piston rings, etc., — more stock, in fact,
than these two engines would use in ten years of hard service. This
-I , is perhaps an unusual case, but it is actual, and no one
Showing Ex- was to blame but the system. Each foreman at the
SuperrisioneaP different points thought it was his duty to keep up the
supplies, and in a sense he was right, as no one wished
to score a failure while the engines were in his particular territory.
But if the foreman had been a man of good judgment, he would
have consulted the storekeepers and others before ordering indiscrimi-
nately, and if there had been higher officials who would not have let
such a condition come into effect, but would have permitted the order-
ing only of what was necessary, and would have intelligently transferred
the material on hand as became requisite, all this needless investment
in new material would have been obviated. Multiply this cost by the
number of engines on a road, and perhaps cut the total in two on account
74 Betterment Briefs.
of its being an exceptional case, and the prevalent condition on many a
road today will be pictured. Plainly, almost no salary is too high if
it will secure the prevention and correction of this sort of practice.
There is now and then in a railroad shop a foreman whose ideas are
of a special merit, which, if encouraged, can be of thousands of dollars
benefit to a company.1 Such is the case of the blacksmith foreman
who designed the brakeshoe-key forging machine here illustrated. This
Value of machine was reconstructed from an old bulldozer, and
Foremen forges two brake-shoe keys at a time from scrap car bolts,
with Ideas. Whereas these keys used to be made laboriously by hand^
they are now turned out by the thousand at very little cost. With
the enormous number of brakeshoe keys used on a railroad han-
dling an immense freight business, an item of this kind is well worth
considerable attention.
Centralization, as applied to shop work in the railway world, is not
exactly a new idea, although the subject has been more or less agi-
tated by manufacturing concerns for years, and to this is largely due
the success of some of our great modern trusts. But 'the development
of this policy in railway lines is quite recent. The stride it has made
Centralized *n ^e immediate past, and which it is at present making
Manufacture among the railways of the United States, is worthy not
of Parts. onjv Q£ coniment, but of the serious consideration of
every railway official who believes in "Economy and Efficient Service."
There are many things to be considered when taking up a propo-
sition of this kind, involving serious and complicated problems which
must be decided upon before a successful working basis can be estab-
lished. First of all, should be considered the location of the railway
in question, its mileage, and general layout, and particularly the loca-
tion of the division points and headquarters, shops, etc., with refer-
ence to the original base of supplies.
It would not pay, for instance, for a straight overland line, say of
1,500 or 2,000 miles in length, with good facilities, foundries, etc., at
each end of the line, to decide to manufacture all of the material at
some point near the middle of the line, where no foundry or other
needed equipment was located. I have in mind a certain railway,
whose machine shop was located near its western terminal ; its largest
car shop was a little farther east, and it bought its wheels from a foundry
at its extreme eastern terminal. With the idea of centralization of
work in mind, the people in charge ordered all wheels for car work
1See pp. 31, 85, 102 for other improvements and devices suggested by foremen.
Centralizing Shop Operations. 75
FIG. 39 — THE PRODUCT OF A FEW DAYS' WORK ON THE BRAKE-SHOE FORGING
AND TRIMMING MACHINES.
76
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 40 — TEMPLATE USED IN DRILLING COMPOUND CYLINDERS FOR CYLINDER
HEAD STUDS. THIS SAVES HOURS OF WORK IN LAYING OFF THESE HOLES BY HAND
AND INSURES ABSOLUTE ACCURACY AND INTERCHANGEABILITY.
Centralizing Shop Operations. 77
fitted up at the western end. This caused all new wheels to be hauled
back after being mounted. It also caused all old wheels to be sent
jj . . . west to be stripped, and then hauled back the entire
Conditions length of the line as scrap. This haul in freight alone,
at one-half cent Per ton mile,- cost $1,200 in a month,
besides causing an extra delay of at least one day in
delivery from the time the wheels left the foundry until the time
when they were mounted and ready for the cars. Of course, the argu-
ment can be made that centralization was not at fault, but rather the
location of the shop with reference to the base of supply. This is in-
deed true, and all this trouble could be avoided by relocating the shop.
But this discussion is not intended to include the provision of new equip-
ment; it is intended to confine the consideration to plans which will
work with the present equipment of the road in question. There is
not one railway in twenty now in a position to consider the rebuilding
of all its shops, or even the relocation of its base of supply. We must
deal with conditions as we find them.
A shop that turns out finished material, whether it be pilots or
petticoats, is a manufacturing concern or establishment, and must be
recognized as such. It requires no large array of figures to prove that
the larger the output of a given article, the lower will be the labor cost
per piece. If a man can turn out six brasses, for example, in one lot
at a given rate, it stands to reason that he ought to turn out twenty
at one time at a reduced rate per brass. This is true of any other article
needed in railway work. The fewer the changes of tools and settings
to make, the less the number of tools to keep up ; and the more familiar
the workman becomes with each particular class of work, the larger
are the opportunities for the reduction of cost. Centralization of work
allows for the full development of the specialist, which is the greater
factor in the labor end of production. With one main shop and a
- f foundry in connection with it, the furnishing of material
Economy of
Centralized ready for service for all points comes in line as naturally
Manufacture. ag a wrappjng department in a large mercantile house.
There is an even and logical sequence of operations in the
movement of an article from the foundry or furnace to its place
of service. This method reduces the amount of stock to be car-
ried, and consequently does away with all the expense of extra
handling of stock, etc. It reduces the amount of tools, jigs, and ma-
chines required to get the stuff in shape for service. For instance,
it requires a certain expensive machine, a set of jigs, angle plates, tool-
78 Betterment Briefs.
holders, etc., to prepare properly shoes and wedges, or driving boxes,
for use on an engine.1 If there are eighteen shops on the road where
these are to be used, this calls for eighteen sets of tools, jigs, etc., for
this particular article. With this job specialized and all done at one
place, the chances are that one set of these tools, jigs, etc., would be
sufficient to supply the entire equipment. Clearly, this would cut out
The Use of seventeen no -longer -needed machines, sets of tools,
Jigs and angle plates, jigs, etc., besides the work and the man
Templates. formerly required at each place, to fit up and keep them
in good order. On one road where this was done it has secured a reduc-
tion in the small item of maintenance of machinery and tools, of
$180,000 per year.
This particular template here illustrated saves hours of work in lay-
ing cylinders off for the stud and bolt holes and insures absolute ac-
curacy and interchangeability, and if the cylinders are completely
finished before sending out to a smaller shop, but the one template is
required.
A jig or tool in continuous action is a money-saver, and there can-
not be too many under these conditions. A jig or tool of any kind,
lying idle, is so much "dead capital" or money lost. Take the basis
of eighteen shops and eliminate seventeen sets of tools, plates, etc., for
each special part of a car or locomotive, and the figures run away up
into the thousands.
The illustration of knuckle-pin-hole reamers shows a case of a money-
making tool. At the top of the pile (page 79) will be noted standard
gauges. These are supplied to each shop and large roundhouse and a
set of kunckle-pin reamers for the classes of engines dependent there.
An engine comes in with a knuckle pin to be replaced ; the hole is worn
oblong; there are four of each nominal size of these reamers, varying
Standard from actual size to one-eighth inch above, by thirty-
Knuckle-Pin seconds. The hole is bored out by the smallest reamer
Reamers. possible, and standard taper knuckle pins, completely fin-
ished and kept in stock, supplied from the general shop where centralized
manufacturing is carried on, are applied. This process results in great
economy of time in a roundhouse. The reamers are tried, frequently,
by gauge, and when worn small are shipped in to the central tool-room
for re-grinding and re-setting of the cutting edges.
The solution lies largely in the hands of the supply department,
more there than in any other. The hearty cooperation of the mechanical
*See p. 13 for description of special milling device for finishing eccentric halves.
I UNIVERSITY
CF
Centralizing Shop Operations.
79
FIG. 41 — SET OF STANDARD KNUCKLE-PIN HOLE REAMERS, MANUFACTURED
TO WITHIN .003 OF SIZE IN A CENTRALIZED TOOL-ROOM. AT THE TOP OF THIS PILE
OF REAMERS WILL BE NOTED STANDARD GAUGES. THESE ARE SUPPLIED TO EACH
SHOP AND LARGE ROUND-HOUSES, AND A SET OF KNUCKLE-PIN REAMERS FOR THE
PARTICULAR CLASSES OF LOCOMOTIVES IN SERVICE. WHEN WORN, THE REAMERS
ARE SHIPPED BACK TO THE CENTRAL TOOL-ROOM FOR REGRINDING AND SETTING.
80
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 42 — GROUP OF ANGLE DEVICES FOR DRILLING WITH AIR MOTORS IN CLOSE
QUARTERS, MADE IN CENTRAL TOOL-ROOM.
Centralizing Shop Operations. 81
department is an absolute necessity, but the supply or store department
should be the prime mover. It is the store department that should
furnish accurate figures, annually, monthly, or on some periodical basis
of consumption, as it is through this method only that the stock can
be kept alive at all times. " Live " stock and its proper care, is funda-
mental to the entire railway-supply business.1
The store should have absolute figures on engines and cars, accord-
ing to class and location, with a full set of pattern books and forgings,
planing-mill lists, etc., right up to date, at all times. Records of tire
Storehouse wear> journal wear, fire-box conditions, mill records,
Records and changes in design, new modern styles, etc., should always
Reports. ke eagy o£ acccss to the supply department. Records of
the distribution of power, changes in location, new rules on switching
and terminal work of all kinds, should always be given to the store
department. Stated reports, preferably quarterly, should be furnished
by all master mechanics, showing just what engines or coaches will be
shopped in the following sixty days, and then, with the tire- wear
figures, journal- wear figures, etc., it is easy to decide on material
needed. A close check should be kept by the store people on all en-
gines and cars, according to the classes and length of time at certain
locations. The consumption of cylinders; castings, timber, etc., at
these given points in a given time, say two years, would give figures
that would be accurate enough to work by. With all this work up and
a monthly check of all engines, according to class, that are repaired at
oach point, it should be no trouble to keep plenty of material on hand,
and still keep the stock at an extremely low figure.
On ten engines of Class I type, for example, located at five points,
showing a monthly consumption of two link-lifter bushings, it would
be a simple matter to cut up twenty feet of tubing and send six bushings,
or three months supply, to each point. If this is not done, the chances
are that each shop will order a 10- or 16-foot length, and thus have over
100 feet tied up, whereas one-fifth of the stock would have done the
Methods for business. This example could be carried out indefinitely,
Keeping until it numbered up in the hundreds, for every point on
Down Stock. the system an(j for each class of engine> Thus the store,
by an accurate and careful system of record-keeping, should have cor-
rect figures on consumption, and then put it up to the shop people to
meet the demands. Let both departments get together and work
hand-in-hand. Let the shop know what is expected, supply it with
xThe relation between the mechanical and store departments, p. 171.
82 Betterment Briefs.
material, and require it to deliver the goods. Let the shop people
devise the ways and means and promulgate the methods ; if the
store supplies the figures and material, they are doing their duty; it
is then up to the shop people ; where the stuff can be put up the
cheapest, there is where it should be done. If pilots can be made at
one place cheaper than anywhere else, let that point make the pilots ;
if piston rods can be got cheaper at the same place, let that point
make all the piston rods for the system, and so on through the list.
After the cheapest point has been settled upon for each article, should
it be found to pay to transfer certain machinery to another point,
do not hesitate to transfer it. Logs used to be hauled to the saw-
mills; now the saw-mills are taken to the timber. Men are like ma-
chines— if it would pay to transfer them, do not hesitate to do it. Do
not keep an 18-K man in a 2-K shop ; if you cannot give him an
18-K shop, take him to it. Give the best men the best facilities and
the result will justify the move in every case.
If you get accurate figures, and have the stock properly handled,
use the best methods and labor in each department, and have each
department in the hands of a good man, and let his word be a law unto
all — then the centralization of work cannot fail to be a true time-winner.
II. THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF STANDARDIZATION.
In one of the leading American railroad journals there appeared
within the past year a series of articles dealing with the standardization
of locomotives and of locomotive parts, for three railroad systems : the
Rock Island, the Harriman lines, and the Canadian Pacific. The
Standardization mctn°d of standardization has been so ably outlined and
of Locomotive detailed in these articles that I shall not attempt in this
and Parts. pjacc anything more than a description of the relation
between such standard engines and engine parts and the shops.
The general standardization for the Rock Island was the result of
recommendations of a "Committee on Power," appointed by direction
of the president. This committee recommended as to the types of
locomotives that should be adhered to in ordering future power, and
as to the retirement and order of retirement of the older
and inefficient classes of engines. A valuable and in-
structive system of determining depreciation of engines
was devised by this committee. The standard types of engines decided
General Aspects of Standardization.
83
FIG. 43 — PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING THE FOUR TYPES OF COMMON STANDARD
LOCOMOTIVES ON THE HARRIMAN LINES.
84
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 44— OLD TYPE OF BORING TOOL FORMERLY USED IN BORING EXTENDED
PISTON-ROD BUSHINGS.
General Aspects of Standardization.
85
FlG. 45 BOKING TOOL AND REAMER FOR FINISHING EXTENDED PISTON-ROD
BUSHINGS. THIS TOOL SUPPLANTED THE OLD BORING TOOL USED FOR THIS PUR-
POSE, DOING THE WORK MORE ACCURATELY AND CHEAPLY. DESIGN OF SPECIAL
APPRENTICE.
FIG. 46 — VIEW OF EXTENDING PISTON-ROD BUSHING SHOWN IN
ON REAMER AFTER THE BORE HAS BEEN FINISHED.
PHANTOM'
86
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 47 — HIGH-SPEED STEEL FLUE-SHEET CUTTER MOUNTED ON ARBOR READY
FOR USE. CUTTER WEIGHS LESS THAN 1£ LBS., AND HAS A CAPACITY OF 100
HOLES PER HOUR.
General Aspects of Standardization. 87
upon were, broadly given, two types, being subdivided. For passenger
service, the Atlantic, Pacific, and ten-wheel types were selected. For
freight, the same ten- wheel type with smaller drivers, and a light and
heavy consolidation. For switching, the six-wheel type.
On the Union Pacific, under the director of maintenance and op-
eration, a similar standardization was inaugurated. The
Standards* types selected were in this case four, being the same as
on the Rock Island with the elimination of the light
consolidation and ten-wheel types.
On the Canadian Pacific the standardization covers broadly but three
types: the consolidation, the ten-wheel, and the Pacific. On the latter
Canadian roa<^ ^ne Po^cv was adopted of making standard the
Pacific parts for all new engines, as with the other two roads,
Standards. an(j some Of these parts standard for some classes of the
older equipment, or standard with slight modifications.
Motive-power officers, and their immediate superiors, having de-
termined in a large way the types of power, can with profit proceed to
a consideration of parts standardized. Of course, when standard speci-
fications are drawn up for the detail construction down to the rivet
holes and the kind of cab fittings of a class of engines ordered from a
locomotive works, it may be said that the entire locomo-
Standardized. ^ive is standard ; all the parts should in theory be inter-
changeable between locomotives of this class or type ;
moreover, some parts will be thus interchangeable for several or all
types. Such parts are detailed in accompanying list number one.
STANDARD PART LIST No. 1.
Truck wheels and axle; trailer wheels and axle; trailer trucks; tender
trucks, wheels and axle; driving axles.
Frame spacing and cross sections ; methods of frame jointing ; tender frames ;
deck beams; frame ties; expansion bearings.
Shoes and wedges, and wedge bolts; driving boxes, collars, and brasses;
pedestals ; truck boxes.
Steam pressure; boiler-seam design; fire-boxes and details; water space;
flue diameter, thickness, and flue spacing (see opposite page); crown bars; fire
doors; stay bolts; mud rings; grates; washout plugs.
Front-end diameter; front-end rings and doors; exhaust nozzle; petticoat
pipe ; diaphragm plate and netting ; exhaust and steam pipe seats ; smoke stack
diameter; T heads.
Pilots ; front beams ; pilot braces ; bullnose and pilot coupler.
Bells ; sand boxes ; domes ; headlights ; safety valves ; whistle.
Cabs; cab accessories; all cab fittings; cab ventilator; throttle.
Air-pumps bracket ; air reservoir.
Piston valves and valve rods, together with bushings; valve setting.
Main and side-rod details; wrist pins; knuckle and crank pins and bush-
ings, except main crank pin ; piston rod diameter.
88 Betterment Briefs.
Link motion complete, except radius of link; rocker arms and boxes; shafts
and rods; reverse levers; eccentrics and eccentric straps.
Equalizer beams ; hangers, fulcrums.
Brake beams; brake shoes.
Grab irons; steps.
Cylinder cocks; relief valve.
Lagging.
Oil cup and lubricator.
Most frame and cylinder bolts and studs; split keys and nuts.
Tank accessories ; tank-valve hose and strainer.
With a very few exceptions this list of parts can be standardized
for all classes of engines; besides these there are many other features
that can be standardized in part, a few examples being:
Brake rigging.
Spring rigging and springs (leaf and coil).
Flue lengths.
Pistons and packing rings, etc.
Piston-rod lengths.
To indicate how certain construction or design determined upon as
standard may affect the shop tools and methods, and how the cost of
repairs with these standard parts is in turn affected by the methods
used, I will cite a typical instance.
On one road it was decided to use extended piston rods on Vauclain
compound engines, to counteract to some extent the rocking motion
of the crosshead due to unequal pressure in the cylinders.
The portion of the piston rods which extended out of the front head
of the cylinder passed through a long bronze bushing. It was neces-
Substitution sary in ecluiPPmg engines with these extended rods,
of Reamer for as they passed through the shop, that the bushings
Boring Tool, should be bored out to an exact standard size. The
ordinary boring-bar here illustrated, as used in a lathe, was not able
to give sufficiently accurate results, and moreover was very slow and
wasteful of time.
To overcome this difficulty and to get an accurate bore on these
bushings while increasing the speed of the work, the reamer shown below
was designed. This reamer is composed of an arbor, in which is inserted
a flat cutter of high-grade steel. Behind the cutter, and %i inch larger
than the cutter, is a straight spiral reamer of high-grade tool steel.
By means of this cutter and reamer the work could be revolved
at much higher speed and the reamer fed in with a heavy feed, the
spiral portion insuring an absolutely true bore. The saving in time of
this production amounted to something over twenty minutes on each
bushing, not counting the previous necessity of throwing out a large
percentage of the bushings that were inaccurately bored. This time,
General Aspects of Standardization.
89
FIG. 48 — BALL-JOINT REAMER FOR FACING STEAM AND DRY-PIPE JOINTS TO
STANDARD RADIUS. THE BLADES ARE GROUND TO STANDARD SHAPE AND INSERTED
IN THE BODY OF THE REAMER, AND IT WILL BE NOTED THAT THEY ARE OPPOSITELY
PLACED THOUGH UNEQUALLY SPACED TO AVOID CHATTERING OF THE REAMER.
90
Betterment Briefs.
B/odcs Spaced Irregularly W'tft Cutting
Edjea Diamctricai/y Opposed
16 B/odea of Too/ Steel
FIG. 40 — ELEVATION AND SECTION OF BALL-JOINT REAMER, SHOWING THE
DETAIL OF CONSTRUCTION. THIS REAMER FINISHES ALL STEAM AND DRY-PIPE
JOINTS TO STANDARD RADIUS WITHOUT CHATTERING, WHICH THE USUAL REAMER
WILL NOT DO.
FIG. 50 — GROUP OF BALL-JOINT REAMERS FOR STEAM PIPES IN STOCK, SUBJECT
TO ORDER FROM OUTSIDE SHOPS.
General Aspects of Standardization.
91
FIG. 51 — VIEW OF TWO STANDARD FLUE ROLLERS MADE IN CENTRAL TOOL-
ROOM. THESE ROLLERS ARE KEPT IN STOCK SUBJECT TO ORDER FROM ALL SHOPS
ON THE SYSTEM, AND INSURE ALL FLUES BEING ROLLED TO STANDARD.
FIG. 52 — MILLING CUTTER WITH INSERTED STEEL BLADES MADE IN A WELL-
ORGANIZED TOOL-ROOM. THESE BLADES ARE MADE FROM FLAT TOOL STEEL, AND
GROUND TO THE PROPER SPIRAL.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 53 — VIEW SHOWING LOT OF SMALL PARTS, SUCH AS WASHOUT PLUGS,
CHECK VALVES, GAUGE COCKS, ETC., FINISHED IN LARGE QUANTITIES AT CENTRAL
SHOP AT LOW DUPLICATE PRODUCTION COST, AND FURNISHED TO OUTSIDE POINTS
ON REQUISITION.
General Aspects of Standardization. 93
with a machinist at 35 cents an hour, and a lathe on which the hourly
charges were 45 cents, would amount to about 27 cents, or a little over
a dollar on four bushings for one engine. As in this case over one hun-
dred engines were so changed, and would require new bushings at
periods of about six months, it will be seen that this small item was
worth the trouble expended upon it.
It would be absurd and immensely unprofitable to displace all
existing engines with new standard ones, for the double reason that
the old engines are in a majority of cases able to render good and effi-
Percentaffe of c^en^ service, and that the new standardized engines
Standard would in the course of five years themselves be
Equipment. obsolescent. Moreover, such thorough standardization
as hereinbefore indicated will apply in whole to but 30 to 50
per cent of the engines, although these engines move 75 to 80
per cent of the traffic. It can only be hoped that standardization will
be approximately complete. In the course of time, and as experience
and recent development dictate, these standard parts themselves
must undergo re-design. But it may be hoped that for the greater
part the feature of interchangeability will be retained, and the feature
of central manufacture in quantities will be one of the governing con-
siderations in design and re-design.
In new engines, therefore, the standard types and standard detail
parts will of course be adhered to. In the existing engines of more mod-
ern types, where parts are worn out or broken, they will be replaced
with the standard article, this standard article having been designed
with reference to its applicability to the largest number of these fairly
modern engines. Where parts on an engine receiving general over-
hauling are not in bad condition (such as a trailer wheel or a rocker arm),
the old part should be retained on the engine unless it is of some notably
defective design.
While on the smaller, more miscellaneous, older engines some few
of the accessories and little detail parts can be applied, it will be found
that extensive standardization of the larger parts, such as rods and cyl-
inders, will not pay. As, however, the expense of general overhauling
of these engines is quite low compared with that of the heavy modern
power, this is not a serious disadvantage, especially as the engines are
not pushed so hard in service.
When it comes to manufacturing these standard parts in the cen^
tralized shops of the railway system, the following practice should be
adhered to:
94 Betterment Briefs.
Bolts and pins of all kinds should be of the fewest possible lengths,
lengths of thread, and nominal diameters. Tapers, of course, should be
standard. These articles cannot be furnished in one finished diameter
only; but they can be furnished in a series of diameters varying by
Standard ^2 or "^4 mcn> ^ tools are at the same time provided
Locomotive for boring or reaming to the nearest standard finished
Parts- diameter. Bushings of brass and steel should be stand-
ardized in much the same manner, and can be carried, if standardization
is developed far enough, in completely finished sizes, drilled. Similarly,
taper plugs, studs, staybolts, and flues can be standardized, , the
former as to lengths, diameters, and threads, the latter as to extra
lengths.
Cylinder diameters, bushings, piston heads, and piston packing-
rings can likewise be reduced to absolutely finished standard; and
similarly for piston valves, rings, and bushings. Piston rods and piston-
rod fittings and nuts can also be standardized as to lengths and diam-
eters. Wedge liners can be carried in stock finished in varying thick-
nesses. In the same way the use of a slip wedge with the standard shoe
is deserving of consideration.
With a fully developed system of ordering material at an early
date in advance of an engine being taken out of road service for general
repairs, and a systematic method of checking up and keeping on hand
a sufficient stock at any division point, great economies will result
from the carrying out, in a very extensive manner, of this manufactur-
ing of all articles in quantities and economically, thus doing little more
than applying them to the engines at the local shops.
STANDARD PARTS CENTRALLY MANUFACTURED. — After the stand-
ardization policy has been determined upon, the next work will be to de-
cide as to the shape in which these parts will be sent to sub-stores ; that is,
whether as rough material or parts, or as completely finished articles.
For instance, it probably would not be proper to forge and drill smoke-
Standard Parts arc^ rm&s> anc^ suPPty those for different classes of en-
to be gines as finished articles, for the reason that the ring
Finished. would not exactly fit the front end of an engine even
though it were designed for that class, the variations being sufficient
to make the ring too large in some cases, and too small in others;
moreover, the holes would not correspond closely to the holes in
the front end. On the other hand, such parts as valves and cab
fittings should be supplied completely finished. Then again, engine
bolts or knuckle pins might be partly finished, for example, being
General Aspects of Standardization. 95
BULL. R/NCS
Bored aid faced leaving
Outside d tometef '•fluyA
CROSSHEAD & KNUCKLE PINS, Centered heed ami threaded.
CRANK PINS.
Finished except fit
CRANK PIN COLLARS Finished complete.
CYLINDERS
CYLINDER HEADS.
DRIVING BOXES.
ENGINE BOLTS.
ECCENTRIC STRAPS.
finished except saddle
Finished complete.
finished except boring and facinq hub
Centered, turned for thnact.and fAntaded
When ordered with eccentrics, fin/shed complete.
When ordered sepcrately; bare to be left rough.
blade fit to be plantd
DRA IV BAR CARRY IRONS. Finished complete.
PISTON HEADS
PISTON RODS.
Outside diameter*' large Borert' aimll.
Finished except p/ston and crosshead fits
PISTON VALVE BUSHINCS. Turned* 'large outside diameter'
SHOES A WEDGES.
MOTION PINS.
finished except box fact.
Centered, foced.rouqh turned, and threaded
FIG. 54 — PARTIAL LIST OF LOCOMOTIVE PARTS, WITH SKETCHES, FINISHED IN
CENTRAL SHOP IN LARGE QUANTITIES AT VERY LOW COST. THESE PARTS ARE
KEPT IN STOCK AND ARE SHIPPED TO OUTSIDE SHOPS ON REQUISITION, THUS KEEP-
ING DOWN REPAIR COSTS AND INSURING MORE RAPID MOVEMENT OF LOCOMOTIVES
THROUGH ROUNDHOUSES ON ACCOUNT OF HAVING THE FINISHED MATERIAL ON
HAND READY TO APPLY.
Betterm ent Briefs .
FIG. 55 — TOOLS PRODUCED IN A WELL-ORGANIZED RAILWAY SHOP TOOL-ROOM.
THESE TOOLS WERE ALL MADE FROM THE BEST DESIGNS AND MORE ECONOMICALLY
THAN THEY COULD HAVE BEEN PURCHASED. THE SIX-INCH SCALE SHOWN IN RIGHT
CENTER INDICATES THE SIZE OF THE CUTTERS.
General Aspects of Standardization.
97
FIG. 56 — OLD METHOD OF MILLING PORTS OF PISTON -VALVE BUSHINGS.
BUSHING WAS SET BY HAND AND ONE PORT BEING MILLED AT A TIME.
THE
98
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 57 — IMPROVED METHOD OF MILLING PORTS OF PISTON-VALVE BUSHINGS.
THE MACHINE IS EQUIPPED WITH FOUR MILLING CUTTERS AND THE BUSHING IS
MOUNTED ON A MANDREL THAT CAN BE ROTATED BY A HANDLE.
FIG. 58 — INSIDE GEARING OF FOUR-SPINDLE MILLING DEVICE FOR MILLING
PORTS OF PISTON-VALVE BUSHINGS.
General Aspects of Standardization. 99
centered, cut off, and faced to length and threaded, the outside diameter
being left rough to be turned to fit for each individual engine.1
List number two, following, gives such parts as it would be desirable
to finish in whole or in part at the central shops, so that a minimum
amount of work might be required to be done on these articles at the
local points.
STANDARD PARTS FINISHED, LIST No. 2.
Piston heads, bull rings, and spiders, finished complete except leaving rod
fit a little small and the outside diameter to be about £ inch large.
Crosshead and knuckle-pins centered, faced, and threaded.
Driving boxes and collars, finished and fitted except boring the brass and
facing hub.
Shoes and wedges, finished except box face.
Cylinder castings, drilled and finished complete, except at saddle.
Engine bolts, centered, threaded, and slotted for split keys where necessary;
Or, turned in varying taper diameters also, to be fitted by blocks in the local
shops and roundhouses.
Piston rods, finished, except piston and crosshead fits, which are left liberally
large.
Piston- valve bushings, finished to length, bored and turned, except that
bushing or cage is turned a little large ; and live-port openings finished.
Crank pins, finished complete except wheel-center fit.
Eccentric straps only, finished except bore babbitt.
In addition to the above list, which shows standard articles finished
in part, the following articles should be finished complete :
Blower elbows.
Cylinder heads.
Crossheads.
Crank pin collars.
Chafing irons.
Drawbar carrying iron.
Double cones (dry pipe T heads).
Engine truck box.
Eccentric and straps when ordered together.
Exhaust nozzle.
Grease cups and grease-cup plugs.
Pipe glands.
Pilots and pilot bands. •
Packing rings.
Pedestal binder; solid pedestal binders finished except slotting for jaw fit
and drilling.
Piston valves and valve-chamber heads.
Rocker box and tumbling-shaft box.
Side rods and main rods.
Slide valves, steam chests, and steam-chest covers.
Steam pipes and stand pipes.
Stack saddles.
Safety-chain hook and swing-chain hook.
Transmission bars, except drilling for bushing.
1 See table showing economy effected by concentration of manufacture of certain locomo-
tive parts at central shops, p. 176.
100 Betterment Briefs.
STANDARD TOOLS CENTRALLY MANUFACTURED.
Wrenches; grease cup, car repairer's.
Machine punches.
Flue rollers.
Flue-beading tools.
All chisels and drift pins.
Sectional flue expanders.
High-speed turning and planing tools.
High-speed flat drills.
Frame reamers.
Staybolt taps.
Special devices.
All large reamers.
Milling cutters.
Besides these parts, all injector, lubricator, air-pumps, whistle, cylinder-
cock, pop-valve, valve-gland, check-valve and piston rod packing parts, should
be furnished completely finished. To this list should also be added blow-off-
cocks and fittings, starting valves, branch-pipe unions, water-glass parts, truck
and trailer brasses, oil cups and rod-cup bushings, elbow, relief valves, air and
feed-hose parts and couplings, hose strainer water and lubricator-glass guards,
plugs of all kinds, and all similar classes of material.
Many of these small parts can be standardized for all engines;
others, again, which would vary in design from one class of engine to
another, should be furnished to such engines only as it had been de-
cided to standardize, and such other unstandardized engines as standard
parts could be made to fit.
It will be found, when this system of supplying centrally manufac-
tured articles to local stores is promulgated, that there will be great
difficulties in obtaining a satisfactory working of the system, for the
Material reason that the foremen and others managing shops and
Supply of roundhouses will not have any comprehensive idea as
Local Stores. to ^ne j,jn(j an(j amoimt of stock supplies they require,
and even where they do have such an idea, will not have the oppor-
tunity (or take it) to submit lists to the authorities through whom the
stock must be ordered.
The various storekeepers will of course do their best to keep on
hand sufficient reserves of stock to supply estimated shop needs, but
in this effort on the part of the storekeepers very little assistance is
usually rendered by the shop managements. As a consequence, the
storekeeper will often order some articles in quantities out of all pro-
portion to consumption, and other parts, frequently needed, will be
but meagerly supplied. The result is, that in some respects the local
stock platforms are piled high with material which is delayed an un-
profitable length of time in getting into active and useful service ; and
on the other hand, many delays result to engine repairs owing to the
shortage of essential parts, such shortage not even being discovered
General Aspects of Standardization.
101
102
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 60 — HYDRAULIC MACHINE FOR PRESSING IN AND REMOVING PISTON-VALVE
BUSHINGS FROM CYLINDER CASTING. DEVISED BY AN ERECTING-SHOP FOREMAN.
General Aspects of Standardization.
103
Total Pay Roll, 1905 $650,984.31
" " " 1906 539,390.62
Total reduction 1906 $111,593.69
Per cent, reduction 17%
Total for year 1906 includes $32,696.23 bonus paid to workmen and
entire local cost for installing system, and an average increase in wages
of 10% due to bonus.
Total output in tons, 1906 30,188
" " " 1905 26,924
Increase, 1906 over 1905 3,264
Per cent increase 35%
Total cost per ton (labor and material), 1905 $ 14.89
" " " " 1906 $ 9.59
Decrease, 1906 under 1905 $ 5 . 30
Per cent decrease 35%
Total output of cars, 1906 18,908
" " " 1905 18,610
Increase, 1906 over 1905 298
Average cost per car, 1905 $ 15 . 23
" " " 1906 $ 12.57
Decrease in cost per car, 1906 $ 2 . 66
Per cent decrease 17%
Total
No.
Days.
Total
No.
Engines.
1905—8,641
1906—7,628
332
361
Average No.
Days in Shop
Per Engine.
26
21
Number
Days
Saved.
5 1,805
Grant an engine day saved at $25.00. At this rate the company has
saved time amounting to $45,125.00 during the year 1906.
STATEMENT SHOWING IMPROVEMENT ONE YEAR OVER ANOTHER AT ONE SHOP ON
ACCOUNT OF BETTERMENT WORK. THE HEARTY COOPERATION AND ENTHUSIASM OP
THE FOREMEN IN REGARD TO THE BETTERMENT WORK WAS THE PRINCIPAL FACTOR IN
THE EXCELLENT SHOWING MADE. REDUCED PAY-ROLL, INCREASED WAGES TO MEN,
GREATER OUTPUT AND LESSENED DELAY TO ENGINES FROM EARNING SERVICE, AT
LOWER COST.
General Aspects of Standardization. 105
until nearly the time when it is proposed to renew and apply the part
to the engine.
The three departments — stores, mechanical, and operating — should
in fact "get together" in some practical way for the discussion of mu-
C eration ^ua^ assistance. The operating department, seeing ahead
of Depart- the traffic requirements, should forecast as nearly as
ments. possib e changes in the engine assignment, both as re-
gards the number of engines assigned to different divisions and runs,
and also as regards the type of engines so assigned. The mechanical
department, presumably well posted at all times on the conditions
of all engines, should indicate, several months in advance, the ap-
proximate shopping dates of the engines. Knowing these two factors,
it should be very easy to decide what shop would undertake the repair
of each engine, and to see immediately that there is provision of
the principal material which will be required on these engines, such as
tires (if the limit of tire wear is exceeded), shoes and wedges, prob-
ably, bushings, packing-rings, and perhaps piston rods.
The store, thus advised in advance, should be able through its or-
ganization to have the requisite material on hand before the engine is
finally withdrawn from active service and repairs commenced. In
fact, it should be possible in regard to some new parts, to have already
completed the most of the machine work even before the engine is
stripped, making the task of erecting these parts onto the engine a
relatively speedy one, thus delaying the engine from earning service the
least possible time.
It will be found that where this centralized manufacture is under-
taken, if the railway system is not a very extensive one, the central
shops will take care of the heaviest repairs, such as boiler and fire-box
renewals, and shopping of engines requiring a general overhauling of
two thousand dollars and up: this is on account of the presumably
much more complete equipment of the central shops in regard to ma-
chine tools and methods of handling material and work, such as cranes
and power rolls for boiler sheets. On a railway system that extends
over a great territory between terminals, more than one such shop will
be required for the heavy and expensive repairs, though in no case
should there be more than one shop doing general manufacturing.
Distribution ^n e^her case the method of approximately determin-
of Locomp- j ing in advance what engines will require shoppings will
re epairs. enabie the management to take care of the heavy re-
pairs at the larger shops, and to apportion the light repairs at
106 Betterment Briefs.
the smaller shops in some relation to the capacity of these various
shops to turn out the work economically and expeditiously. It
does not pay to swamp with eight or ten engines, a shop built
for 'an output capacity of six engines a month, as all engines will
be delayed so much longer from getting into active service. On the
other hand, there is a limit below which it is not economy to make haste
in turning out engines.1 These various relationships — that of the motive
power to the traffic requirements, of the shops to their capability of
handling repairs to motive power, and of the material and stores de-
partment to furnishing prompt delivery of material as nearly completely
ready for application as is practicable — all these considerations must
be intelligently gone over, and decisive action taken, in order to obtain
the full benefits of the reneral methods here outlined.
That such careful and thorough consideration is well worth while,
is shown by the fact that repairs and renewals to locomotives will aver-
age, on a railway using a large power, more than $2,000 per engine per
Cost of year — anywhere from forty to several hundred per
Locomotive cent higher than it needs be with careful and intelli-
gent management. Not only is this large saving
amounting from hundreds of thousands of dollars to even a million
or so per year, quite within reach, but an almost greater financial
gain is obtainable by decreasing the time engines are kept out
of service for repairs, thus increasing their earning power hundreds
of thousands of dollars per year, and also postponing the necessity for
tying up capital at too early a date in additional power equipment.
The average railroad takes from three weeks to two months to effect
a general overhauling and repairing of a locomotive ; Baldwin Locomo-
tive Works can build complete new engines in an incredibly short time
EC n m in — a ver^ ^ew ^ays> even w^mn twenty-four hours, it has
Rapid been reported. There is little reason why some of the
methods making such rapid production possible should
not be in some way adaptable to railroad practice, with
the result that a general overhauling would not require over a
week or ten days at the outside. Of course, if shops were worked
night and day on three shifts, this time of detention from service could
be still further reduced, and the additional advantage would be gained
that the shop capacity would be greatly increased without increased
capital expenditure on buildings and equipment. There are certain
^See article, "Locomotive Repair Schedules," by C. J. Morrison, in American Engineer
and Railroad Journal, September, 1906.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 107
disadvantages in working the men in shifts in this manner, but the
financial benefits are so great as to make the plan well worth con-
sidering in respect to the larger shops, especially where extensions
of plant are proposed.
III. CENTRALIZATION AND BALANCE OF MACHINE TOOL EQUIPMENT
ON AN ENTIRE RAILROAD.
A railroad of the size with which we are dealing in these articles
will have a number of lesser shops besides one or more large main shops.
These lesser shops will be under different master mechanics, and each
one will be provided with a machine tool equipment, usually collected
and added to during a long period of years. Many of these machines
will be old, some will be new, and it will come about that fine and ex-
pensive machines, rarely used, will by chance rather than by intelligent
foresight be found in small shops.
Each master mechanic, in order to lessen the burden of "grief"
upon him in the way of power tied up for repairs, naturally desires to
fortify himself as far as possible with a large and safe number of men
Variation in anc^ a ^u^ anc^ comP^ete shop-tool equipment. As
Policy of master mechanic succeeds master mechanic, different
items will receive attention, and the shop will be
strengthened now here, now there. One man will de-
vote his attention to the roundhouse and clamor for efficient drop pits,
overhead cranes, lighting and heating systems. His successor will
yearly add many thousands of dollars to the machine-tool budget —
large radial drill suitable for use with mud rings, a quartering machine,
some patent planer or grinding machine, electric drives, or what not.
Still a third will insist on all manner of small tools, abrasive wheels,
air motors, valve-setting machines, jigs and devices without number;
usually he has these made right in the shop, and the expense does not
appear on the budget nor in the requisitions, but totals up in the pay-
roll.
The result of this general attitude and policy on the part of the mas-
ter mechanic of a division, wherein he is ably seconded and supple-
mented by all the foremen under him, is that the lesser shops are usually
over-equipped and over-manned for the amount of work they are sup-
posed to turn out. The higher officials, in charge of the purse-strings
and the budget, exercise quite a restraining influence, and keep this
over-equipment from reaching extravagant proportions. A master
mechanic has too much dependent upon him, in the way of keeping
108 Betterment Briefs.
engines in running condition and supervision of roundhouses over his
division, to give close study to the question of whether the installation
of certain machinery is economical, and he is often influenced by the
urgency of his foremen in such matters; at the same time the higher
officials must in large measure rely upon the master mechanic's rec-
ommendations, as he is the man employed to look after such interest,
and they usually have no other means of determining the requirements.
When, therefore, it has been decided by the management of a
railroad to organize thoroughly and to systematize clear-sightedly their
mechanical department, one of the earliest moves, after the general
EC n mical Poucv °f centralization of manufacture and standardi-
Utilization of zation of parts has been worked up, is to take stock
E°ui ment °^ ^ne en^re sn°P and tool equipment of the road, and
to decide upon certain broad policies in regard to the
economical utilization of this equipment. Under the general plan
of centralized manufacture herein outlined, it is very probable
that the main shops will have to be enlarged and that their tool equip-
ment will have to be increased. Instead, however, of purchasing large
amounts of new machine tools, it will be found of great advantage to
transfer to the main shops needed tools spared from the outlying shops.
Of course this policy will be bitterly opposed, but it needs no argument
to show that a $10,000 wheel lathe is better off in a place where it can
turn out seven to ten pairs of drivers a day, than where the total shop
output would permit of turning but one or two pairs ; and it also needs
no argument to show that it would be folly to purchase an additional
new machine for the large shops when one of which so little use was
being made, was available. I cite this case because it happens to be
an actual one. The same rule should govern in the case of engine
lathes, boring mills, slotters, and especially, large milling machines and
special grinding machines.
_ . One of the great factors of shop production im-
Increased ! ... • «i , i ,,
Production provement is the modern high-speed alloy steel, by the
. use of which many machining operations can be greatly
Speed Steel. . .
reduced in time.1
This first view is of the noses of two large planer tools, the one on
the left of carbon tool steel, and the one on the right of high-speed alloy
steel. Besides each tool is the chip that it removed from a main rod
in five seconds. The cutting edge of the carbon tool was burnt as
shown after three minutes' service; the other tool kept the edge here
1 See report of tests with high-speed steel, pp. 53-57.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 109
FIG. 61 — RESULTS OF TEST OF CARBON vs. ALLOY STEEL TOOLS, SHOWING
COMPARATIVE METAL REDUCTION AND CONDITION OF TOOL NOSES WHICH ARE
CUT OFF FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXHIBITION. SlX-INCH RULES ARE SHOWN IN
EACH ILLUSTRATION. THE HIGH-SPEED TOOLS AND CHIPS ARE IN THE MIDDLE AND
THE CARBON TOOL AND CHIPS ON THE OUTSIDE. THE CHIPS ARE IN IN EACH CASE
THE RESULT OF FIVE SECONDS* CUTTING.
110
Betterment Briefs.
The Eng. Mag*si*l
FIG. 62 — COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF FLAT AND TWIST DRILLS MADE OF CAR-
BON AND HIGH-SPEED STEEL.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. Ill
FIG. 63 — SIZE OF SOLID HIGH-SPEED WHEEL-LATHE TOOLS COMPARED WITH
THOSE USED IN TOOL-HOLDERS.
FIG. 64 — "PHANTOM" VIEW OF WHEEL- LATHE TOOL-HOLDER, SHOWING CUT-
TING TOOLS IN PLACE.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 65 — VIEW SHOWING THE RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF STEEL REQUIRED FOR
WHEEL-LATHE TOOL EQUIPMENT UNDER OLD AND NEW CONDITIONS.
FIG. 66 PILE OF SELF-HARDENING AND CARBON-STEEL TOOLS, WITHDRAWN
FROM USE WHEN STANDARD HIGH-SPEED TOOLS ARE GENERALLY INTRODUCED.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 113
FIG. 67 — A STACK OF WHEEL-LATHE TOOL-HOLDERS READY FOR SHIPMENT
TO OUTLYING SHOPS.
114
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 68 — AN EFFICIENT CENTERING MACHINE DESIGNED AND BUILT IN THE
SHOPS. IT COSTS LESS AND IS QUICKER IN ACTION AND MORE ACCURATE THAN ANY
MACHINE TO BE FOUND IN THE OPEN MARKET.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 115
photographed for an hour and a half, removing 780 pounds of metal
per hour, and was still not in need of grinding.
When the high-speed alloy steel was first put on the market its
fiery-furnace ordeal was to stand up under the severest conditions that
turning tires on the wheel lathe would subject it to. While experiment-
ing with these steels on the wheel lathe on Krupp tires, it was found
that the usual wheel-lathe tools were inefficient in design and needlessly
heavy in the amount of tool steel used. To economize in the tool steel,
and to standardize the flanging tools, a cast-steel holder, using only
Improved 1-inch square by 3 inches, and a flat flanging cutter
Wheel Lathe f-inch by 2 inches, instead of a H-inch square bar, was
Holder^ designed. The old flanging cutters were forged and
shaped and then ground by the machinist according
to his ideas as to what the shape of the flange should be. The new flat
cutters, weight not one-tenth as much, were milled out to standard
M. C. B. shape in the tool-room, in quantity, and then hardened. They
retained their edges under test about twenty times as long as the old
tools, and when in need of new grinding were reground in the tool-
room to standard. The illustration shows the flat cutter flanked
on each side by the two large flange cutters necessary under the old
conditions, and shows also the old roughing tools, the new small rough-
ing tool, and the cast-steel tool-holder. The high-speed steel used in
these two tools weighs only 3 pounds, as compared with 27 pounds for
the old set. The saving of 24 pounds at 50 cents per pound, where
Possible these sets of tools are kept in duplicate or triplicate, for
Savings in each shop having a wheel lathe on a railroad system,
Tool Steel. w^ amount to a considerable sum of money — secured
by the use of a cast-steel tool-holder, costing less than $1.*
The tool accounts on our larger railroads run from $100,000 to
over $1,000,000 per year. When necessary expenditures for new
machine-tool equipment are cut out, when needless manufacturing of
small and special tools is stopped, and the tool-room force at the small
Cost of shops so reduced that it is not possible to spend time
Machinery and wages on such manufacturing in addition to keeping
Maintenance. up ^e ordinary repairs and care of tools, and the pay-roll
of the tool account is checked up for each point each day, and sum-
marized each month, it will be astonishing what reduction in this
tool expense can be accomplished, without any detriment to the
service, but on the other hand, with increased efficiency resulting
'See p. 24 for detailed drawing of wheel-lathe tool-holder.
116 Betterment Briefs.
from intelligent supervision and supply of what is needed most in
order to get the work out. It may be confidently stated that if
this tool proposition is handled thoroughly, radically, and uncom-
promisingly, the account may assuredly be cut in two.
We deal here in economies in tool equipment; by means of tools
alone can we maintain our power. The tool account will not be 5 per
cent of the whole cost of maintaining and renewing locomotives, yet
Possible where a 50 per cent tool account economy can be made,
Reduction in a 20 per cent engine-repair economy is also possible,
Tool Account. w^ jitter engines, turned out more quickly. It is
with these larger and more telling economies that we have chiefly to
deal.
CONSIDERATIONS GOVERNING THE SELECTION AND DESIGN OF
MACHINE-TOOL EQUIPMENT. — Whenever a large shop is built, or even
a small shop extended, everyone, from the machinist to the highest
officials on the road, considers it desirable and advantageous to pur-
chase and put into use the best modern machine tools that can be had.
In fact, there is a constant tendency toward the acquisition of these new
machines. We have already shown how ill-chosen in respect to the
needs of a shop these purchases often are ; here stress is to be laid on
the fact that most of this new machinery is neither necessary nor de-
sirable.
With the prosperous conditions existing all over the United States
in the past five years, extravagance and wholesale expenditures have
seemingly become rampant, not only in government and municipal
undertakings, but also, concurrently with the rapid rise of consolidated
Tendency industries, in the new and improved equipment nec-
Toward Ex- essary to carry these on in an economically central-
Pur^hasTof111 ^ze<^ wav- In general this policy of expansion in manu-
Tools. facture and centralization, and of acquiring equipment
enabling such concentration, is according to economic laws; but
in detail, much of this hue-and-cry about new machines and modern
methods is a fad. For instance, we have many advocates of individ-
ual electric drives for machine tools. Electric cranes, electric telfers,
and other electrical devices are considered very desirable, and great
savings in labor are claimed on their account. Similarly, big, heavy
new machines are thought essential for several reasons. Much that is
being done in this direction is not economical — quite the contrary—
and better results would be secured if closer attention were given toward
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 117
! i'
M£
a -a
.H '*
M X X X -^
666
V
22g
£ J, JJ. j
0
H •«
II
<85
V
M M M M £
118
Bettcrmen t B riefs .
FIG. 70 — OLD AND NEW PATTERNS OF CYLINDER BUSHINGS. THE FORMER
WAS DESIGNED WITH CROSS-IRONS FOR TURNING UP IN A LATHE BEFORE BORING.
THE LATTER CAN BE BORED FIRST AND TURNED UP ON A MANDREL IN A LATHE
LATER. NOTE THE SAVING IN STOCK AND MACHINING BY THE INTELLIGENT DE-
SIGN OF PATTERNS.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 119
the adaptation and rebuilding of old machines with reference to the
particular work in view. First, the new machines are built with such
regard for massive strength that their cost is much
New Machin- higher owing to the weight of the material alone, and
ery Not Always they are too heavy and cumbersome to yield rapid
production. Second, notwithstanding that these ma-
chines are built with great strength, and, apparently, for very heavy
service, they are still supplied with cast-iron gears, for the most part
incapable of transmitting large loads for any length of time. Third,
many of them are supplied with electric motors on the theory that a
greater and more gradual variation in speed and power and applica-
tion will be effected, irrespective of the cost or actual advantage in
this method of drive. Fourth, the economical aspect of the machine-
tool proposition does not seem to have been considered
1 *n a sufficiently comprehensive way, and the "surcharge"
or overcharge on the machine is largely neglected in
estimating its time and output capabilities.
Under "surcharge" are included the following items:
Interest on the first cost of the machine.
Depreciation of the machine.
Annual repairs on the machine, including repairs to the electric
motor.
Cost of horse-power delivered at the spindle.
The machine's percentage chargeable to the individual ma-
chine, or
Cost, interest, insurance, depreciation, et cetera, annual rent
of the building and its appliances in which the machine is
situated.
Similar percentages on the power-house equipment.
Percentages also of the supervision, clerical, and other office
costs in connection with the machine.
All these items, as a rule, bear some direct ratio to the size and first
cost of the machine tool, and as a consequence the overcharges are
very high on some of our fine, modern heavy equipment — so high, in
fact, that it is more economical to turn a pair of drivers in three or
four hours on an old wheel lathe, even where the machine is used most
of the time, than to reduce the time to an hour or two hours by the use
of a magnificent $10,000 machine.
These overcharges are no imaginary items, appearing only on paper,
but considered in an ultimate way they are actual costs, for the "gen-
120 Betterment Briefs.
eral expense" of which they represent a subdivision is a large item in
any enterprise.1
In many cases, therefore, better results and greater economies can
be secured by close attention to the rebuilding of old machines. In
general it may be said that steel gears should be substituted for cast
iron, wide cone pulleys used (with perhaps fewer steps), and many
devices and appliances should be furnished in order to ex-
fo?fm8proving pedite and add to the convenience of the work. Along
Machine and with this re-design of the machine, of which we shall con-
sider a few detail examples shortly, comprehensive at-
tention should be given to the condition of the line shafting, pulleys,
and belting. Good forms of standard shaft hangers and bearings
should be adopted ; good forms of pulleys and standard belting speci-
fied. The oiling arrangements for the shafting should be made conven-
ient and some regular system of attending to them adopted.
The condition of the belting determines very largely the efficiency
of the machine, making very considerable difference in the producing
Modern Sh capacity of a whole shop. Therefore this small item de-
Belting serves all the attention required to maintain it in very
Methods. ^^ efficiency. It is the more desirable to do so as effi-
cient belting inspection and repair costs less than one-third as much
as the ordinary practice.
The three pictures on the right of the illustration show the various
short connecting lengths kept by a belt inspector, to take up slack.
The long piece is put in first, and as the belt stretches, the other pieces
are substituted in turn. The picture on the left shows a contrast to
this good belt fastening.
In one of the largest locomotive works in the world I saw this fast-
ening used less than a year ago, so that it is evidently common, very
common, practice. It is, however, very inefficient, because the joint
is much weaker than the rest of the belt, and because the mode of fast_
ening tears the belt.
Roughly, the cost of belting, maintenance, etc., is between 1 per
cent and 2 per cent of the pay-roll cost of running the machine shop;
I have seen not less than three instances on a large scale of this cost being
reduced to one-quarter of one per cent. However, I would emphasize
the matter of attention to belting, not so much from the saving in the
cost of the belting itself as on account of giving a better service to the
general machine equipment.
'See article, "The Surcharge Problem," by C. J. Morrison, In American Engineer and
Railroad Journal, October, 1906.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 121
FlG. 71 A WRONG METHOD OF PREVENTING BELTS SLIPPING BY COATING THE
FACE OF PULLEYS WITH ROSIN.
FIG. 72 — THE COMMON METHOD OF BELT FASTENING WITH BRASS CLEATS AND
THE MORE EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL SPIRAL WIRE LACING HINGING ON A RAW-
HIDE PIN. UNIT-SHORTENING SECTIONS OF VARIOUS LENGTHS ARE SHOWN READY
TO APPLY.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 73 — HIGH-SPEED TOOLS AND TOOL-HOLDERS ARRANGED TO SHOW THE
SAVING IN STEEL BY THE USE OF HOLDERS OVER THE OLD-STYLE SOLID TOOLS.
FIG. 74 — OLD AND NEW STYLES OF LATHE TOOLS COMPARED, TO SHOW THE
SUPERIORITY OF THE LATER DESIGNS IN STRENGTH AND SUPPORT DIRECTLY UNDER
THE CUTTING NOSE. NOTE THE WEAKNESS OF THE OLD " GOOSENECK" DESIGN
AT THE POINT IT SHOULD BE STRONGEST.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 123
After these general improvements of shafting, pulleys, belting, and
strengthening of machines have been started, the next step is to speed
up the line and counter shafts by using larger driving
Speeding up pulleys. As a result of such a general move the ma-
Macninery.
chines will all run more rapidly from this cause alone,
and an increase in production will result, of which generally the men
are unconscious, especially when the changes are made Sundays and
nights. Were they conscious of any organized effort toward increasing
the output they would probably spend much time and thought in an
attempt to circumvent such a plan.1
While these changes may be said to be going on overhead, concurrent
efforts should be made with regard to equipping the machines with
Special such steacty rests, angle plates, special bolts, dogs, chucks,
Machine and the like, air hoists and clamps, as- will benefit the
Equipment. character of the work on each machine, and also the cut-
ting tools should be standardized and the machines well provided with
them.
High-speed steel will of course be very extensively used. As the
capabilities of these new steels are not fully understood by some of
the men when they are first brought into the shops, there is some
difficulty in getting them to dispense with their old tools. A way to
enforce the use of the rapid-reduction tools is to scrap, or take out of
service, every old tool.
The illustration shows an example of standardized tools.
The diamond-pointed, curved, gooseneck shape, weak and unsup-
ported where it should be strongest and best supported, was very com-
mon in our shops, and a standard style, five years ago. In fact, at
Old and New ^e Presen^ day this tool may be seen in use in many
Lathe Tools shops. Recently I noted in passing through the instruc-
Compared. ^Qn s^Op of an engineering college that the young men
were being taught to forge and grind their tools in this way. In con-
trast to this poor design, note the modern design of round nose, most
efficient in cutting action, enabling a large chip to be removed, and well
supported by the tool post.
By means of these general machine improvements alone, which
with intelligent direction will not increase the cost of the tool account
at all, but will, in fact, enable it to be reduced even while these whole-
sale improvements are being carried forward, a great increase in shop
efficiency will result, without stirring up any labor difficulty.
'See illustrations on pp. 39,135, showing increased feed cone pulleys after high-speed tools
were adopted.
124 Betterment Briefs.
A detail example of machine re-design is here given. The illustra-
tion on p. 118 shows on the left the old method of supplying cylinder
Example of bushings. The casting is much too heavy, and the cross-
Machine arms, made so that the bushing could be centered in a
Re-Design. lathe and turned off previous to boring, were quite diffi-
cult to cast. The bushing on the right is much cheaper to make.
The old method of housing a bushing after it had been turned in
the lathe so it can be bored in a horizontal mill is shown by the ac-
companying illustration. This large wooden block, for use with each
size of bushing, is a very clumsy and unsatisfactory contrivance.
The housing with set screws shown below was therefore devised and
Ch . gave good satisfaction, as the work could be accurately
the Design of centered for boring and then mounted on a mandrel and
Housings. turned up in a lathe. So soon, however, as high-speed
steel tools were used in the horizontal boring mill it was found that
this new housing was not sufficiently rigid, and a more substantial one
was designed, which stood up to all the requirements.
Then, however, the strain on the machine was so great that the belt
Substitution ^ woulc* not Pu^ ^e cut *kat ^e to°^ was a^e to stan^, and
of Wider a heavier and wider belt had to be provided. In order to
Driving Belt. uge ^ ^ide keit; the four-cone pulley was displaced and
a three-cone substituted.
It was found that the cast-iron worm gear ran hot under these heavy
cuts, and a bronze gear was made to take its place. The cast-iron gear
Fi al Chan es *s s^own m ^ne l°wer left-hand of the picture, the bronze
and Finished gear up in place. When the machine was thus re-designed
Machine. for use m neavv WOrk it developed that the electric motor
was not sufficiently powerful for the purpose, and one of twice the
horse-power had to be then put in place. This displaced motor is
shown on the floor.
This series of improvements resulted in a much better machine
than could be bought upon the open market, and they cost less than
a new machine built to order by any outside manufacturing concern.
Speaking of high-speed tools: it soon becomes evident when these
heavy service tools are introduced in a shop, that many, in fact most
of the machines, are not up to the capacity of the tools. Line shafts
are speeded up, and driving pulleys enlarged. It is then found that
the feeds, too, must be increased, to take full advantage of the cutting
qualities of the new tools.
It was found necessary to make a number of changes in the large
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 125
FIG. 75 — THE ORIGINAL WOODEN HOUSING FOR CYLINDER BUSHINGS USED IN
CONNECTION WITH BORING .MILL.
FIG. 76 — THE FIRST IMPROVEMENT MADE IN THE BORING MILL. CAST-IRON
HOUSINGS WITH ADJUSTING SCREWS TOOK THE PLACE OF THE OLD WOODEN BLOCKS
FOR HOLDING THE BUSHINGS.
126
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 77 — THE HOUSINGS WERE RE-DESIGNED AS SHOWN, AFTER THE INTRO-
DUCTION OF HIGH-SPEED TOOLS, IN ORDER TO OBTAIN SUFFICIENT STRENGTH AND
RIGIDITY TO WITHSTAND THE HEAVIER CUTS.
FIG. 78 — BRONZE WORM GEAR THAT TOOK THE PLACE OF A CAST-IRON GEAR
WHICH FAILED UNDER THE HEAVY SERVICE OF HIGH-SPEED TOOLS.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 127
FIG. 79 — THE RECONSTRUCTED MACHINE. THE CAPACITY OF THE MACHINE
WAS DOUBLED BY THE IMPROVEMENTS MADE, AND THE ORIGINAL MOTOR WAS
REPLACED BY ONE OF TWICE THE HORSEPOWER.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 80 — LATER IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF THE MACHINE WERE MADE
WHICH GREATLY IMPROVED ITS STRENGTH, CONVENIENCE OF OPERATION AND OUT-
PUT.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 129
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130
Betterment Briefs.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 131
frame planer shown. When this machine was speeded up and heavy
cuts taken with high-speed tools, the driving-gear stripped off a tooth
at one time or another. Teeth were in some cases inserted, as shown
Improvement* *ft wmte on ^ms picture, and in other cases pegs were
Made in tapped in. It was finally decided to put in a steel
Large Planer. gear^ but as ^ woul(1 have taken severai months to
send to the foundry and secure a steel casting as required, a cast-
iron center was hurriedly ordered and a steel band forged in the
smith shop, and machined and shrunk as shown in the accom-
panying illustration. Some idea of the capacity of the recon-
structed planer will be gained from the photograph taken while planing
steel castings, using a %2 in. feed with both heads.
The substitution of a large for a small feed cone pulley on a bolt
lathe in order to increase the feeds in addition to the speed was made
as shown by the illustration. When it is remembered that the main-
line shafts of the shop were speeded up 50 per cent
Lath^Fefds anc^ tne pulley driving the countershaft for this particu-
lar lathe 30 per cent in addition, upon the introduction
of high-speed steels in this shop, the additional rapidity incident to
the use of this feed cone pulley will be appreciated.
In the early stages of the development of the high-speed alloy-steel
tools, it was realized that the physical properties of these steels, in
affording material for tools capable of greater cutting speeds, feeds,
and cuts, would react upon the machine tools themselves, and, in the
Infl ence of case °^ new macnmes> necessitate improved design, and
High-Speed adaptation to the new conditions in the case of old ma-
chlne°Desilrn cmnes> requiring re-design of some parts and reconstruc-
tion. Of course with the new steels greater strains are
encountered than those for which the machines had been designed.
Now it is a fact that so far there have been very few recently
designed machines turned out by the manufacturers which are
altogether adapted and suitable for use with these new tools, not-
withstanding the very pertinent observations and suggestions of Mr.
Oberlin Smith and of the early users and advocates of the new steels.
Besides this condition, the original commercial machines, when put
into a railroad shop, are not always suited to the work they are to do.
A gang drill will be strongly advocated by some agent on account of
the speed with which it can do certain classes of work, and the master
132 Betterment Briefs.
mechanic or other officer having charge of the local shop, being much
Imor er impressed with the argument, will ask for such a machine
Selection of on his budget, unmindful of the fact that the classes of
Machinery. Work on which this machine can be economically used
will not occur more than once or twice a month. Had the money
thus invested been spent for a thoroughly substantial and modern
radial drill, or for general improvements and repair of all of the rest
of the shop drilling equipment, much larger returns in economies of
shop production would have resulted. Of course I do not mean to say
that in a very large centralized railroad shop a gang drill would not
be a useful and a profitable acquisition. I am referring to the usual
railroad back shop. t
Another instance of a special tool supposed to be of great economy
is that of a large hydraulic flanging press and adjacent annealing fur-
nace, purchased with the intention of pressing from the steel plates,
throat sheets, door sheets, fire-doors or fire-door flanges, front-end
rings and front-end doors, cylinder-head casings, and even steam-dome
,- flanges from IJ-inch metal. For each of these different
ment in Se- parts separate dies or formers have to be made, these
lection of being manifold in number for each of the principal
special iooi. . . .
classes of locomotives in service, and furnace, an invest-
ment of $30,000 to $40,000 was sunk in these various formers. To
set the machine up for flanging or pressing out any article required
from two to ten hours' time of a skilled mechanic, helper, and a couple
of laborers, besides the services of a gang of laborers to bring the heavy
formers into the shop from their storage place. Once the machine was
set up, of course the flanging would be done quite rapidly, and with
relatively few, though skilled, men. But when it is considered that
(1) these large articles are not usually required in quantity, (2) the
formers often crack and new ones have to be made, and in any case are
very difficult to adjust, and (3) above all, that a sum not far from
$50,000, meaning an interest charge (at 6 per cent) of a dollar for every
work hour in the year, not to speak of cost of power consumed and
various repair charges to the machines themselves, it will be seen that
for even a large centralized railroad shop the old-fashioned gang of
boiler-maker flangers with their wooden flanging mallets and simple
slab-formers, in addition, perhaps, to a modern oil-annealing furnace,
would be much more economical.
I have cited these two cases simply as an illustration of the point
that fitness to the product in view is not the ruling motive of the sellers
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 133
FlG. 81 A LARGE FRAME PLANER AND ITS OLD CAST-IRON DRIVING GEAR
THAT WAS NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO WITHSTAND THE HEAVY CUTS TAKEN WITH
HIGH-SPEED TOOLS. ON THE RIGHT IS THE MECHANIC WHO PUSHED THIS MACHINE
UP TO THE LIMIT, AND THE LEFT THE PROGRESSIVE FOREMAN WHO HAS DONE MUCH
IN AN ENERGETIC WAY TO INTRODUCE MODERN METHODS IN A RAILROAD SHOP.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 82 — THE OLD AND NEW DRIVING GEARS FOR FRAME PLANER. THE ONE
ON THE LEFT IS THE ORIGINAL GEAR OF CAST-IRON. THE FAILURE OF THIS GEAR
UNDER THE HEAVY DUTY IMPOSED EY HIGH-SPEED TOOLS IS SHOWN IN THE LARGE
NUMBER OF BROKEN TEETH. THE NEW STEEL-RIMMED GEAR SUBSTITUTED FOR
THE OLD ONE, IS SHOWN ON THE RIGHT. THE HUB IS OF CAST IRON AND THE RIM
OF STEEL FORGED IN THE BLACKSMITH SHOP, AND SHRUNK ON. THE GEAR THUS
MADE IS AS SERVICEABLE AS ONE OF ALL STEEL, AND MUCH CHEAPER.
FIG. 83 — THE RECONSTRUCTED PLANER TAKING A I^IN. COT WITH SVIN-
FEED ON STEEL CASTING. THIS GIVES A GOOD IDEA OF THE CAPACITY OF THE
MACHINE AND WHAT MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED BY A PROGRESSIVE SHOP ORGANIZA-
TION IN THE BETTERMENT OF MACHIXE TOOLS.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 135
FIG. 84 — VIEW OF BOLT LATHE SHOWING THE INCREASED SIZE OF FEED CONE
PULLEY AFTER HIGH-SPEED TOOLS WERE ADOPTED.
136
Betterment Briefs
FIG. 85 — VIEWS SHOWING THE INCREASE MADE IN SIZE OF FEED GEAR ON
AXLE LATHE AFTER THE ADOPTION OF HIGH-SPEED TOOLS.
Centralization of Machine Tool Equipment. 137
FIG. 86 — BORING MILL EQUIPPED WITH CHAIN DRIVE. AN IMPROVEMENT
MADE BY A MACHINE FOREMAN THAT HAS RESULTED IN A GREATLY INCREASED
OUTPUT FROM THE MACHINE.
138
Betterment Briefs.
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Standardization of Small Tools. 139
of machine equipment. What I wish at this point further to develop,
_ "' however, is, that such fitness can be secured with very
Economy in J
Reconstruction great economy, in regard to fixed or overcharges, by
M Shiner intelligent and systematic re-design, by partial recon-
struction, and by increasing the speed and capacity of
the old tool equipment. It may be confidently asserted that there is
scarcely a railroad in the country which does not possess nearly
twice the number of machine tools that it actually needs to keep up
its power and rolling equipment, provided these tools were properly
" balanced " with reference to one shop and another, and used with the
object of gettng the utmost from their investments.
If this reformation of tool equipment is followed up by some sys-
tem of rewarding labor according to individual effort, or some other
financial incentive toward time reduction in machining and other op-
erations, full benefit from these improvements will speedily result.
IV. STANDARDIZATION OF THE SMALL-TOOL EQUIPMENT.
It needs no argument to point out that if the small hand tools used
with air motors and otherwise in the erecting shop and on the bench,
are reduced to a uniform standard throughout the shops of an entire
railway system, economies in either the purchase or manufacture of
these tools will result. This standardization should exist, from the
drift pins and chisels to the type of screw or pipe wrench decided upon.
It will often happen that the foreman of one shop will order a grade
of steel for his chisels more expensive than there is need for, or that a
Economy of boiler-maker foreman at another point will select some
Standardizing special high-grade round steel from which to make his flue
Sma oo s. roners At another point, machinists' hammers will be
forged on stock order instead of being obtained through requisition
and purchasing agent, although the home-made hammer is not of as
good quality nor shape, nor nearly so cheap in labor, as the purchased
article. In this connection it should be noted, however, that it would
be best for the railroad to "handle" its own hammers, as the usual
handle furnished by the manufacturer is not satisfactory.
These small items here mentioned are not imaginary ones, but cases
from actual experience, each representing in the aggregate thousands
of dollars for the railroad in question.
Most railroads at the present day have standardized their beading
tcois, and furnish from their central tool-rooms standard gauges by
140 Betterment Briefs.
which to try these for each shop. There are other boiler-makers' tools
Standard which should be similarly standardized, such as flue
Boiler-makers' rollers for use with the air motor, which should always
be self-feeding ; an illustration of these has been shown in
a previous article. These when standardized can be more economically
manufactured in the central tool-room than purchased from the rail-
way-supply concerns, and can also be more promptly furnished on
requisition. Another advantage of standardizing these tools is that
Centralized a^ ^e rollers will be of uniform size for each type of
Manufacture flue rollers, and the other parts of the tool will be inter-
changeable and supplies can be more economically
carried in stock and renewals made than is usually the
case where each shop has an agglomeration of the various types of roll-
ers, purchased now from this manufacturer, now from that, many of
them having the small rollers missing, necessitating special sizes to be
turned to fit them. The economies in the cost price of these tools
here cited do not take account of the much more serious wastes in the
time of the men learning to use the different types of rollers and at-
tempting to get satisfactory results from them. It is needless to point
out that where a standard flue roller is adopted, a man once learning
its use will always be able to handle it to the best advantage, even
though he be transferred from one shop to another shop1.
Another boiler tool that should be standardized is the set of taper
plug taps. These should be made of standard diameter and taper,
and should be tried out by standard-thread gauge at each shop at
Economies in ^eas^ once a naonth. The economy in having such plug
Standardizing taps standard lies not so much in the economy of
Taps* ?1Ug ^e in^ls^ cost °f tlie tools themselves as in the
lessened cost of finished plugs, manufactured at the
central shops in large quantities and sent to outlying points on requi-
sition. Similarly, staybolt taps should be standardized and inspected,
enabling staybolts to be centralized in their manufacture, produced
economically, and furnished to the outlying points as required instead
of having each small shop turn up and thread its own staybolts as the
requirements of some particular engine demand.
Chisels and beading tools lead to the mention of the
Hand&and special types of tools used with an air hammer. The
Air Hammer shanks of these tools should be standardized and the
hammer bushed to carry the standard shank.
k 'See illustration of standard flue rollers, p. 91.
Standardization of Small Tools. 141
Furthermore, a standard design of: (1) flat chisel; (2) cape chisel;
(3) round-nose chisel; (4) diamond-point chisel; (5) ripping tool;
(6) caulking tool, and one or two others, should be adopted.
The steps that have been here briefly indicated for
tion Applicable tne boiler tools are equally applicable to the erecting
to all Small shop and bench tools, to the tools of sheet-iron workersy
tin- and copper-smiths, and others.
The economies resulting in a general standardization of small tools
over an entire railway will be considerable. It is worth while to pur-
sue a systematic policy of collecting up all the spare tool equipment,,
and this will necessitate the frequent inspection of all lockers to thin
out the accumulations of pet tools carefully hoarded by selfish workmen.
The possibilities of saving in the wise selection and care of small
tools used on the machines are, however, quite as great as in the case
of hand tools, and probably play a more important part in effecting
economical manufacture. The advantages of the new high-speed alloy
steels over the old carbon and self-hardening varieties have been thor-
oughly explained within the last two years, and there is no need to
dwell at length upon the changes that these new steel tools have wrought
and are working in the machine shop of today and in the construction
of the machines themselves. But the question was always raised as
to whether these steels should entirely displace the older steels in the
shops, as to the quantity of new steels it would be economy to purchase,
and as to the method of disposition and custody of these expensive
steels — and tools made from them — when purchased.
From an extensive experience with just this problem from the very
first introduction of steels into railroad work, I should advocate with
few exceptions that all the tools used on the machines — that is, on the
Shop to be planers, lathes, slotters and shapers, vertical and hori-
Completely zontal boring mills — should be replaced with high-speed
Equipped with . , ^, . .U1 ,. , , 7°
High-Speed tools. The permissible exceptions would be some
Tools. of the finishing tools, and possibly tools used on soft
brass or on babbitt. This wholesale condemnation of the existing
tool equipment is advisable both on account of its permitting a gen-
eral speeding up of the machine tools and because of its securing stand-
ardization of size, shape, cutting edges, rakes, method of grinding, etc.,
of the machine tools, instead of leaving these important matters to the
individual preference of the men. A few of the tools so displaced in
one shop are shown in the article of this series in the preceding month.
The usual practice in many railroad shops is for the mechanic to select
142 Betterment Briefs,
the size bar he wishes a tool made from, and to stand by the black-
smith tool fire and supervise the hammering out and shaping of the
tool to suit his individual taste. This practice results in many tools
being far below the efficiency that should obtain, and is a source of
great waste of the workman's time. Both of these disadvantages are
overcome by the policy of centralized manufacture, from standard
Centralized design, of all tools of this kind. In a shop of large
Manufacture size it is advisable even to carry this specialization of
of Tools. work on these tools to the regrinding in the tool-room,
instead of permitting the men to regrind them themselves.
The following illustration shows a large rack in a central storehouse
Ideal T 1 ^or no^mS a complete stock of standard punches, machine
Rack for tools, reamers, taps, etc., manufactured in a central tool-
Central Store. room These supplies are shipped to outside points on
requisition.
If with this system of centralized manufacture there is combined
a supervision system whereby each local tool-room foreman keeps a
list of each and every high-speed tool issued and checks the same over
in the shop at least once a month, the greatest efficiency in tools will
Supervision resiu% for tne kind of tools best adapted for the work will
of Tools and be in service, and the smallest number for the output will
be in use. The records will further serve to regulate the
apportionment of tools, and by calling attention to certain needs of the
department in the way of tool equipment, should prevent a haphazard
and wasteful expenditure.1
Another way in which investment in high-speed steel can be kept at
a low figure, and costs in the manufacture of tools be reduced, is by
means of a special design of chuck for use with the high-speed steel
High-Speed ^at ^r^' ^ ^as ^een snown ky test an(* in practical
Flat Drill work that a fiat drill when properly shaped and ground
and Chuck. jg ag efficient for drilling cast iron as a twist drill. In-
asmuch as the cost of manufacturing a flat drill from plain bar steel
is much less than that of machining a twist drill, and as a twist drill
requires more material for the same size than a flat drill, it will be
readily seen that in providing these tools over an entire railway
system considerable savings are possible.
The accompanying illustration shows the chuck and its construc-
tion. In the first elements on the left are shown a flat drill with the
pin that holds it in the Morse taper shank which stands alongside of
1See article. "Care and Control of the Small-Tool Equipment in the Shop," by R. Emer-
son, in Engineering Magazine, February, 1905.
Standardization of Small Tools.
143
FIG. 88 — HIGH-SPEED FLAT DRILL, DRILL CHUCK AND PARTS, WITH ASSEMBLED
"PHANTOM" VIEW, SHOWING THE DRILL IN THE CHUCK READY FOR SERVICE. THIS
DRILL IS MADE FROM PLAIN FLAT BAR TOOL-STEEL, IS MUCH CHEAPER TO MANU-
FACTURE THAN THE TWIST DRILL, AND IS NEARLY AS EFFICIENT AT HIGH SPEEDS.
FIG. 89 — GROUP OF STANDARD FLAT DRILL CHUCKS, MANUFACTURED IN CEN-
TRAL TOOL-ROOM FOR DISTRIBUTION TO OUTSIDE SHOPS.
144
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 90 — CASE FOR HOLDING STANDARD TEMPLATES, GAUGES, COLLARS, PLUGS,
ETC., IN CENTRAL TOOL-ROOM. THESE GAUGES REQUIRE CAREFUL HANDLING IN
ORDER TO PRESERVE THEIR ACCURACY.
. 91 TOOL RACK FOR HOLDING SMALL TOOLS IN SHOP TOOL-ROOM. THE
RACK IS MADE CHEAPLY, BUT IS CONVENIENT FOR USE AND ECONOMICAL OF SPACE.
THE SHELVES ARE INTERCHANGEABLE. NOTE THE LOWER RACK FOR FILING FLAT
TEMPLATES IN VERTICAL POSITION. DESIGNED BY SHOP SPECIALIST.
Standardization of Small Tools. 145
it. Next are shown two detached jaws which hold the flat drill in
place, next the collar or coupling bored out taper, to be screwed down
in place over them with the spanner wrench, also shown. The one on
the right shows a phantom picture of the drill in place in the chuck
with the collar down.
Following are shown a number of these chucks as they are received
finished from the tool-room ready for shipment by the stores depart-
ment to outlying points on the road. Each minor shop or roundhouse
is supplied with one or more of these chucks for use in the drill press,
and a set of such high-speed flat drills as may be needed.
FUNCTIONS OF THE TOOL-ROOM. — Greater progress has been made
by railroads all over the United States in the last four years in building
new shops and equipment with up-to-date machinery, such as motor-
driven machine tools, electric cranes, power plants, etc., than had been,
made in the previous twenty-five years.
But there is one department which has been overlooked, and is not
up to the standard of a thoroughly modern manufacturing concern,
and that is the tool-room. By " tool-room " is meant that part of the
railroad machine shop in which all special reamers, taps,
Too?-Room Clltters, jigs, templates, and measuring appliances, etc.,
are made, stored, and preserved in a satisfactory working
condition. In addition to these functions, the average railroad-shop
tool-room takes care of all repair work, such as the repairing of all
shop machinery, pile-drivers, steam shovels, snow plows, automobiles,
computing and adding machines, electric and otherwise complicated
locks, time-locks, penknives belonging to officials, etc., etc. In fact,
the tool-room is a place where all odd jobs are taken. But this extra
work can only be done at the expense of the regular tool-manufacturing.
All of these odd jobs should come under a separate department, de-
voted to such repair work.
In a broad sense it has been said that the prime function of the tool-
room is to act in the capacity of an arsenal to provide the management
with the necessary weapons to wage war upon excessive cost ; the word
"excessive" is here used to indicate any excess of cost beyond that
minimum at which it is possible to produce the article to be manufac-
tured. Now and then a master mechanic tells us he has built and
repaired engines without having any tool-room connected with the
shop. In days gone by, successful battles were fought with clubs,
bows and arrows; but what chances would these same armies stand
with a modern army equipped with modern weapons?
146 Betterment Briefs.
An aim of every superintendent of motive power is to obtain the
most extensive output possible at the lowest cost, and the tool-room
is perhaps the most important factor in bringing around such a result.
The location of the manufacturing tool-room should be separate
from the tool-storing and distributing department. The latter depart-
ment should be located in the central part of the shop,
^° ^e within easy access of all workmen requiring tools.
The tool-manufacturing part should manufacture for the
entire railway system, thereby insuring an exact standard for all tools.
Most railroads have the machine foreman run the tool-room in con-
nection with his own department ; but this is a very grievous mistake,
for the work requires a competent tool man, one who has had ex-
tensive experience in tool work and who has made this branch a special
study ; a man of this calibre cannot be had for 35 cents or 40 cents per
hour.
To operate a tool-room satisfactorily, at least one draughtsman
should be associated with it to work in conjunction with the general
tool-room foreman. He should keep a record of all tools made, and
should control in a large measure the locating of tools, so that similar
tools, either actually in stock or anticipated, may be grouped and
numbered according to size, much after the manner of indexing and
classifying patterns in well-regulated shops.
In a previous section we dealt with standardized tools. In the
illustration of punches on page 147, it will be observed that the
non-standardized punches are grouped at the left in black. These were
Standard on^ a ^ew P^k6^ UP in about fifteen minutes' hasty rum-
Punches and maging of a Sunday morning in one shop. It will be
Dies* noted that each is of a different length, and of a different
mode of fastening at the base ; moreover, that the diameters of the
bases vary. The condition all over the whole railroad and the wide
variety in style of punches used, can be guessed from this one ex-
ample. The punches which are lighter in color are the standard
ones. On the right is shown a stock which is made of such lengths
and styles as will fit it to the particular machines. This stock re-
places the stock with which the machine is supplied by the manufac-
turer, and serves the purpose of enabling punches of standard length or
height to be used in all cases. It will be noted that ths upper end is
threaded to engage the hexagon coupling shown beside the stock.
These couplings are all alike, and consequently the bases of all punches
can be made alike. In order to save material in making small punches,
Standardization of Small Tools.
147
FIG. 92 — GROUPS OF NON-STANDARD AND STANDARDIZED PUNCHES AND STOCK.
THE MANY TYPES OF PUNCHES SHOWN ON THE LEFT WERE REPLACED BY STANDARD
PUNCHES ADAPTED TO ALL PUNCHING PRESSES, BY THE USE OF THE STANDARD
STOCK AND COUPLING SHOWN ON THE EXTREME RIGHT.
FIG. 93 — STANDARD PUNCHES, STOCKS, COUPLINGS AND BUSHINGS, AS MAN-
UFACTURED IN QUANTITY AND BEFORE SORTING FOR DISTRIBUTION FROM CENTRAL
TOOL-ROOM TO ALL OUTLYING SHOPS, THROUGH THE INTERMEDIARY OF THE GEN-
ERAL STORE.
148
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 94 — GENERAL ELEVATION AND SECTION OF STANDARD STOCKS, PUNCHES
AND DIES.
Standardization of Small Tools. 149
instead of turning these from a large bar they are turned from a small
bar, and a bushing is shown also in the illustration, as used to bring
the bases to standard size. The material thus saved comes to a con-
siderable amount on a large railroad.
ECONOMICAL LIMITS OF MANUFACTURE IN TOOL-ROOM. — The prob-
lem of reducing time (cost) in the manufacture, repair, and assembling
of locomotive parts is so intimately associated with the character of
the tools and devices used in the different operations, that
^ *s no^ l°&ical ^° separate these two elements, the means
of Tools and employed to get work out and the obtaining of maximum
Production efficiency in the use of these means. For this reason I
have always considered the design of tools and jigs of
paramount importance, as the method determines in advance the time
limit for the job; while the matter of keeping the men near this min-
imum is a matter of discipline of men rather than of intelligent direc-
tion of work.
For this reason, also, a railroad shop cannot without direct loss
avoid manufacturing a considerable proportion of tools applicable only
to the peculiar design of certain locomotive parts. Even if these tools
could be purchased from the manufacturer for less than their cost in the
local shop, it would be a doubtful economy to order them, as the making
Shop Man- °^ Detail drawings and specifications and the loss resulting
ufacture of in work from delay in putting new methods into effect,
Special Tools. ag wey ag ^ disadvantage of not having supervision and
inspection of the tools during their manufacture, would more than
counterbalance the reduced price. But as a matter of fact, tool-
manufacturing concerns are no better equipped for handling special
designs of tools than a well-planned railroad shop, the ability to turn
out such articles cheaply depending upon the experience of the men
in charge of the work, and not upon the machines, which are much the
same under both conditions. If, however, the tools are not produced
under intelligent direction, it will not pay for a railroad shop to under-
take their manufacture.
A good illustration both of the economy secured by thought and
experience in the initiation of quick and accurate methods in locomo-
tive work, and of the wastefulness in having tool manufacture under-
taken by persons unfamiliar with the subject, is the following.
The idea was to standardize work on crosshead fits, everything to
gauge instead of continuing the old hand fit. On compound engines,
150 Betterment Briefs.
the piston rod works loose in the crosshead, and wears the hole oblong.
To true out these holes the crosshead has hitherto been
Crosshead put in a machine and been bored out. With the reamer
and Piston fa^ was made for this purpose, it was impossible to ream
out these steel crossheads, as the reamer was not properly
designed for this class of work, the flues being straight, and gouging
into the work, thereby stalling the machine and breaking off the end
of the shank. Therefore, the truing up of these holes was done in a
boring mill and took about six hours. More often, though, the holes
were let go, not being trued up, and piston rods were fitted to them
in this state.
Necessarily the life of "a rod so fitted would be only one-half the
life of one that had been fitted up to a hole that was properly trued.
With the present standardized reamers, the man on the boring mill
reams out two holes per hour. On one hundred and twenty compound
engines going through a main shop in a year, four holes being reamed
E f on each engine, there is in crossheads, in reaming out
Standard crosshead pinholes, in piston heads, a saving in all of
Reamers. over $1^700. Owing to cruder methods, the same work
is even more expensive when done at other points than at the main
shops. These figures do not take account of the losses in life of piston
rods.
The next illustration shows the evolution of the crosshead and
piston-rod reamer from a rough contrivance of wood and brass to a
_ . . . modern one made of high-grade steel, with spiral flutes, in
Evolution of 7 .
Crosahead two sections, hollow for the purpose of even cooling in the
Reamer. tempering process and with soft-steel arbor. The cross-
head reamer is extensively described in the "Economical Limits of
Manufacture in Tool-Rooms."
The working out of the details of this standardization was left to
the mechanical engineer and the general tool foreman. It was deter-
mined in advance what shops were to be supplied with the reamers,
Methods of anc* e^^* extra blanks were provided in case any reamers
Standardizing were spoiled in making, or additional reamers required.
^ first-rate quality of tool steel was ordered so as to
prolong the life of cutting edges and keep down the
maintenance and high item of grinding a reamer of this character.
At the time the drawing was made, it was proposed to state the
material and details of design of reamers and arbors ; but it was finally
decided to leave these matters to the judgment of the tool-room foreman.
Standardization of Small Tools.
151
FIG. 95 — VIEW ILLUSTRATING THE EVOLUTION OF THE CROSSHEAD REAMER.
FIG. 96 — " PHANTOM '? VIEW OF CROSSHEAD REAMER, SHOWING HOLLOW REAMER,
AND ARBOR OF PLAIN MACHINERY STEEL.
Betterment Briefs.
v]
Worse Toptr#5
I' Da* a Ms.
Peamer fluted +tith left hand spirali 6S'p,tch
Cutting edges radal and diametrically opposed.
FIG. 97 — GENERAL ELEVATION OF STANDARD CROSSHEAD REAMER AND ARBOR.
' FIG. 98 — GROUP OF FOUR STANDARD CROSSHEAD REAMERS, COMPLETELY
FULFILLING THE REQUIREMENTS IN CROSSHEAD AND PISTON FITS OF SEVERAL
LARGE CLASSES OF LOCOMOTIVES.
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
Standardization of Small Tools.
153
FIG. 99 — THE KIND OF REAMERS, WITHOUT STANDARDS AS TO SIZE, TAPER, LENGTH ,
OR MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION, AND DESIGN, THAT RESULTED IN ONE SHOP FROM
THE WORKING OUT OF THE IDEAS OF THE INDIVIDUAL FOREMAN. THESE REAMERS
ARE THEMSELVES NOT ONLY SEVERALLY MORE EXPENSIVE TO CONSTRUCT THAN
THE STANDARD ONES, AND LESS EFFICIENT IN OPERATION, BUT THEY ALSO MAKE
THE WORK ON THE LOCOMOTIVES VERY COSTLY IN REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS.
154
Betterment Briefs.
40000'
38000
36000
34000
32000
30000
28000
26000
24000
22000
20000
* '
-. -j
1905 1006 1907
Nillillllilllililllij
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
N
....
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
X
s
x
X
^
The Black Line is a Graphical Representation of the Expense for certain Shop
Maintenance costs, plotted by Months. Each Point on the Line or "Graph" is
the Average Expenditure for each.month of the twelve mpnths preceding..
A REDUCTION OF $200,000 PER YEAR ON AN ACCOUNT THAT FORMERLY RAN
HALF A MILLION DOLLARS YEARLY. THIS ACCOUNT HAS BEEN INCREASING AT THE
RATE OF 15 PER CENT PER YEAR FOR THE PAST EIGHT YEARS, UNTIL SEPTEMBER,
1904, WHEN THE BETTERMENT WORK WAS STARTED. NOTWITHSTANDING MORE
BUSINESS, THIS ACCOUNT NOW SHOWS AN AVERAGE REDUCTION OF OVER $200,000
PER YEAR IN ADDITION TO BETTER TOOLS AND GREATER EFFICIENCY IN TOOL
SERVICE. ' THIS WAS BROUGHT ABOUT THROUGH STANDARDIZATION AND CEN-
TRALIZED MANUFACTURE OF ALL SHOP TOOLS, ALSO BY CLOSER SUPERVISION AT
OUTSIDE SHOPS. IT WILL BE NOTED THE ACCOUNT IS STILL BEING REDUCED.
Erecting -Shop Economies. 155
The labor costs were made as low as they proved by applying com-
mercial methods in the manufacture, doing each operation on all the
blanks at once. From the time the material arrived to the date the
reamers were shipped to their respective destinations was three months,
not interfering with regular tool-room work. However, as the general
tool foreman left the tool-room shortly after the work was started, he
could not continue to give the matter his personal attention. In con-
sequence, upon his return he found that in applying arbors, six of which
had already been made of machinery steel, the acting foreman over
tool-room work had already used a steel at 46 cents a pound for these
arbors instead of machinery steel at 3 cents, entailing the needless
expenditure of $240. The more expensive steel is not so fit for the pur-
pose used, being more brittle. It should not be possible for mistakes
of this kind to occur, and some method should be devised for checking
up tool work, so that it may be properly directed. Unless specific in-
structions are issued covering all details of importance, too much leeway
is left for making individual variations in the work.
Many benefits would accrue from having an efficient inspection
system, including statements of labor and material on each order for
all new work manufactured in shops. The tool-room would be an ex-
cellent place to begin this inspection system, if it is proposed to carry
on the manufacture of tools there on an extensive scale. In this way
it is possible to oversee all this work, and by comparison with requisi-
tions for purchase of new tools, determine just what tools to purchase
and what to make in the shops. With this would be included the check-
ing over of all store orders for new tools, and also the gathering of data
of costs of making various tools in the shops, and the corresponding
manufacturers' prices.
V. ERECTING-SHOP ECONOMIES.
High-speed steels and re-designed machine tools have worked great
improvements in machine-shop production. Have all the other de-
partments been improved to keep pace with the machine shop? The
blacksmith shop with its Bradley hammers, bolt-headers and bull-
dozers, and accompanying oil furnaces, has made rapid strides; and
the boiler shop with its hydraulic forming press and riveter, gasoline
p and oil heaters, and annealing furnace, together with all
Conditions in the pneumatic tools, is well in line ; but how about
Erecting Shop. the erecting shop? Here we find little or nothing has
been or is being done. True, there is now and .then a cylinder boring
156 Betterment Briefs.
bar or probably a rotary planer for valve seats, and perhaps a few
antiquated air motors; but close scrutiny reveals the fact that
the tools in the erecting shop are sadly in need of attention, for
the reason, perhaps, that it has never been thought necessary to
give to the men those individual tools which diminish the manual labor
and consequently decrease the number of hours and the cost of produc-
tion.
One great hindrance in erecting shops is a lack of standards. An
instance is that of ball-joints on dry and steam pipes. With a standard
radius for these joints, and forns to suit, all steam-pipe and dry-pipe
joints could be finished without the annoying delay of making a sheet-
iron template for each joint, and steam-pipe rings could
StandarY Ball- be kept in stock with the ball-joint finished, requiring
Joint Ecam- only a few minutes' work to cut it off for height when
one is wanted. The laborious job of grinding a dry
pipe into the flue sheet could be eliminated by the use of forms,
and the time reduced from eight or ten hours to one and one-half or
two.1 The same is partially true of the standpipe and throttle joints:
by having all joints of standard radius, an interchange of parts would
be effected in a short time in many cases, avoiding serious delays in
engines leaving the shop.
Standard Washout plugs form another case where a standard
Washout taper is indispensable, as by bringing all plugs to that
plu&8- standard, interchangeability and greater safety as regards
the danger of blowing out are secured.
A standard taper for all engine bolts could be easily arranged, and
by maintaining it a great saving of labor could be effected. With all
reamers of standard taper, bolts could be turned and fitted to blocks at
the lathe and kept in stock finished. The erecting men would then be
enabled to have a bolt on hand when they are reaming holes, obviating
the necessity for the machine men to go into the erecting shop to caliper
Standard ^e hole, and to return again to put the bolt into the
Taper for hole and file it if necessary. The size and length of
Engine Bolts. ajj boiler studs could be taken and a number given
to each size, and they could be kept in stock and handled as easily
as spring cotters. It would first be necessary to check over all the
boiler taps and have them conform to a given standard. The same
standardizing could be carried out in all cab brass work and boiler
mountings, cylinder cocks, boiler checks, and relief valves, so that all
1See pp. 89, 90 for illustrations of standard ball-joint reamers.
Erecting-Sh op Economies.
157
FIG. 100 — SLING DEVISED FOR THE QUICK AND SAFE PICKING UP AND CAR-
RYING OF DRIVING-BOXES BY CRANE FROM ONE PART OF A SHOP TO ANOTHER.
THESE BOXES DO NOT REQUIRE A SKILLED MAN TO ADJUST A ROPE SLING FOR THE
SAFE CARRIAGE FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL BOX, AND THEY WILL NOT DROP ON THE
HEADS OF UNSUSPECTING WORKMEN AS THEY PASS BY. THE BOXES ADJUST THEM-
SELVES IN A NEAT PILE ON BEING LOWERED TO THE FLOOR, AND THE SLING IS
DISENGAGED INSTANTLY. DEVISED BY AN AGGRESSIVE AND INTERESTED MACHINE
SHOP FOREMAN.
158
Betterment Briefs.
• "1*
FIG. 101 — MOTION PICTURES TAKEN OF RAILROAD AND SHOP OPERATIONS FOR THE INSTRIH
TION AND ENTERTAINMENT OF THE MEN, IN SERIES OF FREE LECTURES GIVEN, DESCRIBING MODER
SHOP METHODS, AND ILLUSTRATING THE ADVANTAGES TO THE MEN OF THE INTENSIVE OUTPU
LABOR REWARD, IN ORDER TO ENLIST THEIR INTEREST AND COOPERATION IN THE PROMOTION O
THESE EFFICIENT METHODS.
Erecting -Shop Economies. 159
joints would be of the same radius, and valves of the same size could be
interchanged.
Anyone with knowledge of work in the erecting shop can readily
see how much it would be of advantage if all spring rigging and driver-
brake pins were standardized, numbered, and kept in stock. Why
should a machinist earning 33 cents per hour be allowed to spend from
, , twelve to fifteen hours truing up the journals on a
Brake Rigging tumbling-shaft, when a machine can be made to do the
1>ins< work far better in one and one-half hours? Or why
should a man be compelled to ream holes by hand in close quarters
where an air motor could not be used directly when a geared device
could be made to permit the use of a motor?
A few devices which aid erecting work are: A bar and mandrel for
hanging guides instead of the old method of using a line; a hydraulic
piston extractor; an air gun or a cannon for stubborn frame bolts in
place of a sledge and a lot of muscle ; a suitable air motor for a valve-
S ecial setting machine. Why have four men pull in a cylinder
Erecting bushing with a big wrench when one man can do it with
Work Devices. an ajr mo^or anj the gear of a boring-bar? Again, if a
pneumatic hammer is essential to a boiler-maker chipping and caulk-
ing a seam, why is it not as essential to a machinist when chipping
a cylinder saddle or filleting a frame for shoes and wedges?
Another need is for a more careful watch over air tools to see that
they are economical as to the use of air or are discarded when unfit
for use. In the condition in which they are kept there are many oc-
casions where it is more economical to drill by hand than
Air Tools. to use the air motors. A sufficient quantity of air drills
and hammers is the first requisite of an erecting shop,
and it is important that they be kept in the best working condition.1
Another feature is an equipment of hand tools. I have seen a ma-
chinist spend forty-five minutes tapping a hole in a boiler sheet with a
worn-out tap when it could be done in five minutes with a good tap, and
I have seen reamers ruined by having the wrench not fit properly and
Importance turn ^ne corners °f the square end. I have seen, too,
of Good seven hours spent in drilling out a bolt when two would
To° St have sufficed with a proper equipment of twist drills and
sockets, and four hours spent reaming a hole where one-fourth the
time was spent waiting for another man to get through with a reamer.
Following are some devices needed in erecting shops: Stand for
1 See article, "Pneumatic Power in the Machine Shop," by R.Emerson, Engineering Maga-
zine, February, 1906.
160 Betterment Briefs.
setting stack saddle from nozzle base; device for quartering wheels;
air device for use when reaming holes vertically; num-
Neede^in bered templates for blacksmith and erecting shops, for
Erecting equalizers and driver brake hangers; jigs for drilling
piston glands, back cylinder heads, steam chests and
glands, cylinder frames, etc., to afford interchangeability ; jigs for
compound crossheads to allow guides to be hung standard.
MISCELLANEOUS ECONOMIES. — We have followed through the con-
ception of standardized engine parts and its practical application in
manufacturing methods in shops, together with the methods of han-
Methods for dling the sn°P work as effected with the plan of stand-
Standardizing ardized repairs. There are numerous minor advantages
Repairs. ^at mav j^ summarized here, incidental to a thorough
working out of good system. We might thus enumerate the branches
to which intelligent study of conditions and application of systems
should be applied:
1. The routing of work through the shops.
2. The handling of shop orders.
3. The making, providing, and using of standard blue-prints.
4. The establishment of shop sub-stores.
5. The standardization of air-tool equipment.
6. The supervision by a single expert of power plants and appur-
tenances, steam, electric, air.
7. The classification under individual foremen and by whole shops
of the pay-roll, with an analysis of the same.
8. The introduction of a system of reward according to individual
effort.
9. The offering of bonuses for saving material.
10. The proper consideration of overcharges, or "surcharges," in
comparing shop costs with manufacturers' prices.
Let us take up further examination of these points seriatim :
1. There is often great confusion and unnecessary delay in handling
any particular job, or series of jobs, through the different departments
of a shop, or even in one department, and there is a general lack of sys-
tem in placing the work in order of its importance. Two very simple
methods of handling and routing work are: First, to
have a board subdivided according to the shops and
Through the individual machines, gangs, smith fires, benches, or
men, in the various departments, with tags or pegs
representing a particular part having work done on it. From this
Erecting-Shop Economies. 161
board a daily sheet may be drawn showing the progress each day through
each department, and as the work on each locomotive or shop order is
scheduled according to the requirements of the operating department
or the store department, the detail elements of the whole job in each
case can be provided for like the operation of a regular train schedule
or time table. Second, the articles themselves may be provided with
tags indicating whence and whither, with days and hours for delivery
to and by each department. Red or green tags might indicate rush
jobs; but these tags should be under the hand of the superintendent
of shops and doled out by him for rush jobs only.1
2. As the shopping of engines is dependent on the requirements of
the operating department and traffic, so the urgency and amount of
shop-order manufacturing depends on the requirements of the store
department, in so far as that department foresees coming demands or
has to fill requisitions from outlying points. The men in
Sho^Orders cnarge of shop-order work at the central shops should
therefore act in thorough accord with the store depart-
ment, studying its needs, fulfilling its requirements systematically and
promptly. The store department, on the other hand, should
furnish its information in specific form, and should insist on the
requisitions bearing all the necessary information before they leave
the division storekeeper's hands. Shop orders, or store-order work,
should be confined to the central shops and practically none be
permitted at any outlying point, even though in some instances such
manufacture might be done just as cheaply at the small shops as cen-
trally. The reason for this is that there is apt to be a lack of uniformity
of standards.
3. At the time when a railroad decides to standardize its engines it
will also be well for it to systematize its mechanical engineer's office
thoroughly. The tracings should be reduced to a few standard sizes,
three or four sized in the relation of multiples being sufficient. As it is
usual to have margins and a regular form of title for these tracings, it
will be advantageous to have the tracing-cloth cut
Drawings UP m^° trimmed sheets and printed with the marginal
and e lines and such other indications as appear on each
and every drawing. This will save the draughtsman's
time in unrolling and cutting off the tracing-cloth, will save waste
in cloth itself if the standard sizes are made with reference to commercial
JSee article, "Dispatching Board for Engine Repairs," by C. J. Morrison,
Engineer and Railroad Journal, April, 1907.
in American
162 Betterment Briefs.
width of drawing-cloth, and the printing will be found to be cheaper
than the old hand method. On these tracing-sheets drawings of all
standard parts will be made, and blueprints sent to the various shops,
properly receipted for. These blueprints should preferably be mounted
on a heavy pasteboard and shellacked over, and a standard blueprint
rack supplied each shop in which to keep them, so that the drawing of
any part may be quickly located. When this system of standard
blueprints is first put into practice, one man should go from shop to
shop seeing that it is properly installed, and that the blueprints are used
by the men on the work and the work done in accordance with them.
Thereafter, perhaps once a month, some one from the mechanical en-
gineer's office should make a tour of the road both for inspection and
to ascertain the local shop needs.
4. These sub-stores save a good deal of time and bother. The ma-
terial in them should be drawn on requisitions in just the same manner
as from the general storehouse, and the requisitions turned over at the
Material Sub- enc^ °^ ^e day to the regular storekeeper. The fore-
Stores in man of the shop or department, or his clerk, will have
SnoP8< charge of the sub-store, and an inventory should be
taken at least once each week so as to keep the accounts for material
straight. I should advocate such sub-stores for small and frequently
used material only. The articles kept by these sub-stores should of
course be carried in the stock account of the regular stores depart-
ment.
5. The standardization of air-tool equipment has been covered in
a series of tw,o articles by Mr. R. Emerson, in the December, 1904, and
February, 1905, issues of the Engineering Magazine. As explained in
these articles, three or four types of air motors and air hammers are
selected as standard, and such extra parts as may
Standardiza- , -, .
tion of Air •* required are either purchased from the manufacturer
Tool or made and kept in the central manufacturing tool-
Equipment. . ... . , r ,,.
room. Any expensive air-tool repairs are made in this
central tool-room, the motors or hammers being shipped in by express,
duplicates having been sent out to the local shops to take their place
immediately on notice of their being out of commission. In this way
the small outlying points will always have a sufficiency of air-tool equip-
ment in good order, and the repairs of this class of tools, on which the de-
preciation is very high, owing to the extremely hard service to which they
are of necessity almost always subjected, will be reduced to a low figure.
In order to have pneumatic tools operate in a satisfactory manner,,
Av. Cost
per
Car
$16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
Av. No.
Cars
Rep' rd«
1,800
1,700
1,600
1,500
1,400
LJ
^ •»*•• ""'
r i- ' *'. -i/T i I i
5 i-s t-a «< 02 O fc C
;Av. Total
cost of
Repaii-s
$20,000
19,000
18,000
17,000
1C, 000
^
<
EFFIC
EPAIR
WITI
F
\\
ENCY
TRAO
\ BONUS
DR INDIV
OF FRI
: AT u
PAYMEN
DUAL El
LIGHT
VRGE S
CAR
HOP
IN
T TO ME
TORT.
\
\
\
\
I
^X
\
>
X"
\
**.^
L
Average Total <
Average Numb
Average Cost p
Dost of I
er Cars
er Car.
lepairs.
Elepaire(
A
Points
for p«
show av
seeding 1
erage
: months
DIAGRAM SHOWING EFFICIENCIES OF FREIGHT CAR REPAIR TRACK BEFORE AND
AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL EFFORT SYSTEM. THE ENTHUSIASTIC
COOPERATION OF THE CAR-FOREMEN WAS LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HIGH
EFFICIENCY OBTAINED AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL EFFORT
SYSTEM, 163
164
Betterment Briefs.
TON MILES PER ENGINE FAILURE.
Comparison of Calendar Years 1905 and 1906.
1543 Engines in Sen-ice
1695 Engines in Service
FROM THE ABOVE GRAPH YOU WILL NOTE THAT IN 1905 THERE WERE 1592
1000-TON MILES HAULED PER ENGINE FAILURE, AND IN 1906 THERE WERE 1732
1000-TON MILES HAULED PER ENGINE FAILURE.
It may sometimes be urged that attention to efficiency in the maintenance of motive
power will result in a greatly deteriorating condition of that power, with consequent loss of
efficiency and an increase in failures of such power on the road. In order to ascertain
whether such has been the case, the relation of eneine failures to the volume of business
handled (i.e., gross ton mileage) has been ascertained and is plotted above. The tendency
for improvement in this direction simultaneously with the elimination of waste in material
and labor applied to engines is marked, and effectually offsets any argument that might be
advanced to the contrary.
This improvement is not merely a temporary one, but it is likely to grow increasingly
favorable owing to the method now being introduced, since the efficiency plan has been gen-
erally extended to all shops and roundhouses, of rewarding foremen for quality of output
besides the efficiency of their men, and placing inspectors at each of the principal points,
whose reward will depend upon the number and character of defects found.
Erecting-Shop Economies. 165
a sufficient supply of dry air must be maintained at proper pressure,
and to do this considerable care is required in locating the intakes of
the air compressor, in operating the compressor, and in looking after
Maintenance ^ie non"leakage of the pipes and the cooling of the air be-
of Air and fore it reaches the machines, with provision for tapping
Electric Tools. any entrained moisture. Similarly the electric lines, gen-
erators and motors need to be kept up. There is no more elusive yet
real waste of power than occurs in a steam line, and these should be
very thoroughly and frequently inspected in order to maintain them
in efficient condition. Fuel economies in the boiler plant are likewise
of importance and should receive a broad, comprehensive study.
7. It is a very easy matter when once the pay-roll of any given
shop or division of a railroad is classified according to service rendered,
to check up this pay-roll daily according to the men who have worked,
„. .fl . and determine just how much each portion of the work is
Classification J
of Work on costing. If this is done, actually but the work of a few
Pay Rolls. minutes each day, it will be readily shown where it will
pay to concentrate one's efforts in reducing this kind of expense, and
a careful study of the conditions of the group that promises the largest
reduction will reveal how such reduction can be effected. Under this
kind of system, a reduction in shop operation expense of from 20 to
40 per cent can very easily be made within six months, at a cost of less
than 10 per cent of the reduction itself. This kind of analysis applied to
a $5,000,000 a year pay-roll for locomotive repairs will net a very hand-
some saving.
8.^ We shall touch a little later upon the subject of reward for in-
dividual effort, but it should be stated that whereas an expense reduction
R . , of 20 per cent or over can be attained by intelligent anal-
Individual ysis and supervision without reduction in the output, an
Effort. increased output with a simultaneous reduction in ex-
pense can be attained only by interesting the men financially in coop-
erating to this end.
Reward f r ^' Similarly ^ ^s verv difficult to attain any tangible
Saving results in the way of economical use of materials without
Material. offering some substantial form of reward for such care.
10. Under "surcharge" I would refer to an article by Mr. C. J.
Surcharge on M°mson> in the October 1906 issue of the American
Shop Engineer and Railroad Journal, and also the editor's corn-
Production, ment in the same issue. Mr. Morrison explains the sur-
charge problem in detail, and gives the following list of the items
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
166 Betterment Briefs.
making up the surcharge account in a modern railway repair
shop:
1. Rent:
A. Depreciation of buildings, 4 per cent per annum.
B. Interest on buildings, 4 per cent per annum.
C. Interest on land, 4 per cent per annum.
D. Repairs to buildings, material and labor.
E. Insurance.
F. Taxes.
2. Supervisory and Miscellaneous:
A. Superintendence and office.
B. Accounting.
C. Drawing room.
D. Spoiled work.
E. Laborers and watchmen.
3. Machinery :
A. Depreciation per annum, 4 per cent.
B. Interest per annum, 4 per cent.
C. Repairs (labor).
D. Repairs (material).
E. Replacing small tools.
F. High-speed and other steels.
G. Supplies.
4. Power, Heat, Light, Water, etc.:
A. Depreciation per annum, 4 per cent \ /-% u,,*i^' «.
B. Interest per annum, 4 per cent / ^ buudinSs-
C. Depreciation per annum, 10 per cent 1 o mar>hinprv
D. Interest per annum, 4 per cent / Un macninel>
E. Wages.
F. Fuel.
G. Repairs.
H. Supplies.
I. Lamps, coal delivery, etc.
These items, expressed as a percentage of the pay-roll, are found to
average for a number of shops as follows:
Locomotive Car TW/T/
Department. Department. * UIUI"
Rent 11.5 8.1 10
Supervision and miscellaneous 13 . 8 12.0 13
Machinery 26.6 14.4 21
Power 8.1 3.5 6
It is common practice for railways in figuring costs of their manu-
factured products to consider only the cost of rough material and the
actual cost of labor, adding from 10 to 15 per cent for supervision.
When costs are figured in this way the prices obtained are low as com-
pared with prices submitted by manufacturers, and railroad officials
congratulate themselves upon a cheap output, while in reality if proper
surcharges were considered they would be surprised at the reasonable-
ness of some manufacturers' prices.
INDIVIDUAL EFFORT REWARDED. — After, and only after, a very
clear idea of the manner in which shop betterment is going to be
Erecting-Shop Economies. 167
carried on has been formed, and largely put into effect, should
any tampering with the wage system of the men take place. The
day or hour rate is objectionable because the man is paid for time,
and not for output; therefore he seeks to put in as much time as
possible with little respect to rendering a valuable equivalent for
his wages, and the time he puts in is preferably over-time and over-
pay. The straight piece-work system has been devised to overcome
this, but has probably been the cause of greater dissatisfaction between
employer and employee than even the inefficient day-
of Individual ra^e system. Some form of premium or bonus not inter-
Effort fering with the man's regular daily wages should be
devised, in order to have a smooth and satisfactory basis
for all concerned. Moreover, the premium or bonus should not be
for a certain piece of standard operation, but the individual reward
should be determined for each individual set of conditions. For in-
stance, for two men running two lathes side by side and each of them
turning out the same piece of work, the time or extra money allowed
to each man for the performance of this work should be governed by
the conditions and capacities of each of the machines and by the
rates of pay (presumably a measure of the efficiency) of each man.
This, in brief, is the spirit of the system of rewarding labor according to
individual effort; it is a system based upon close analysis of the de-
mands, unit operations, and other conditions governing the performance
of each piece of work, and it differs from the usual piece work or premium
method in that guessing is eliminated, and actual observation by prac-
tical men, checked up by some one expert in figures, is substituted.1
Benefits of The §eneral policy of the thorough carrying out of
Progressive such a system of motive-power and shop betterment and
Policy. systematization similar to that outlined in these papers,
will have three real and great benefits :
Maintenance First, that part of the operating expense known as
Expense repairs and renewals to locomotives and machinery will
Reduced. j^ verv materially reduced, thus increasing the net earn-
ings on the road.
Improved Second, the motive power will be kept up in better
Conditions of condition and kept out of earning service a shorter length
ocomotives. Qf ^me^ thus increasing the gross earnings and postponing
the necessity for investment in additional power.
1 See article, "Efficiency of the Worker and His Rate of Pay," by C. Hastings, in American
Engineer and Railroad Journal, June, 1907.
168 Betterment Briefs.
Third, the shop output will develop a capability of considerable in-
crease, taking care of in a large way and curtailing what would in the
sh normal course of events be future shop extensions. These
Output extensions for the most part would not be necessary ;
Increased. ^jlus additional capital investment will be postponed.
Furthermore, it will finally become practicable for the road to build
locomotives in its central shops at a low figure.
These results can be guaranteed, provided the betterment system
is thoroughly carried out ; they can be guaranteed because they repre-
sent what has been done wholly or in part on roads in our experience.
EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY. — While machines and methods are the
solid framework of production, unless the cooperation, interest and en-
thusiasm of the men can be obtained, the system is apt to be lifeless.
So it may be said that an ability to get close to the men — to gain and
hold their confidence — is even more important than method.
To gain the confidence of the man (not so easy in the constant
strife and misunderstanding of the labor unions today), the intro-
ducer of these methods, or his representative in the shop, should be a
Necessity for practical and well-schooled mechanic himself, versed in
Confidence the failings and ideas of the men of whom he has recently
been one, and of a personality commanding, yet carrying
with it an enthusiasm that is contagious. The role of such a man is
to get the drift of the attitude of the individuals in the shop, to be able
to recognize the leading spirits, and to enlist their active assistance in
the work. This is the more requisite if any system of piece work or
reward according to individual effort is being introduced along with
the improved methods.
In dealing with the men, complete frankness is necessary. The
men must understand that the methods and objects are not mysterious,
nor designed for their detriment. Their reward should be commen-
Open and surate to the hope held out to them, and the leading
Direct Meth- men especially should be shown consideration in the way
8 88en a ' of certain favors, such as being permitted to work on a
particular machine, which is valued by them more highly than cold
cash alone.
To dispel the feeling usually prevalent, that the methods are mys-
terious and ultimately injurious to their interests, it is well in making
an improvement of any machine to point out to the operator just what
needs are in view, just what time economies are expected, and it should
be set before his reason that it is only fair the company should enjov
Erecting -Shop Economies. 169
some return on its investment which makes time reductions and output
increases possible. Over against this picture of the company's interest,
which will usually appeal to the fair-mindedness of a man, there should
be set a statement of his own advantages under the new system.
In order to enlist the cooperation of the higher officials, on whose
authority alone such systems can be introduced, it has been found most
Co-operation advantageous to secure accurate time records under the
of Higher old conditions, and under the new ones proposed, with a
Secured calculation of the quantity of the production in each
case and the monthly or annual savings which may be
effected under the changed method.
To urge all of the men and to enliven a universal enthusiasm and
ready will among them, lantern-slide views covering different phases
of the betterment work, accompanied by a clear and not too technical
address, are very effective. They are the more effective if the plain
Publicity of slides from well -taken photographs are supplemented
Methods by and interspersed with moving pictures of active opera-
tions in the shop. We illustrate a few portions of films
taken with this end in view.
The first shows a limited train of the road rushing out of the picture.
This picture, while hackneyed in subject, nevertheless serves to inspire
a certain patriotism for the road.
Next, the spectators are led into the shop, where they see a large
overhead electric crane in the impressive act of lifting a locomotive off
her wheels and placing her upon the blocks in the erecting shop. It may
be mentioned that the total time consumed in performing this opera-
tion was two minutes and forty-five seconds.
Next, on this page, one of the expert and speedy mechanics in the
act of planing a large locomotive frame. The motion is realistic, and
the man's efforts, making every move count to advantage — to the
company's advantage in time reduction and to his advantage in in-
creased daily pay — are very effective. Moreover, the publicity given
this man caused him to swell with pride, and among the spectators his
friends share this feeling, and the others look forward to a time when
they also may appear.
Another series would illustrate the greater effectiveness of pneu-
matic riveting hammers than of the old perspiring hand methods.
This series would interest whatever boiler-makers may be present. In
order that no department may be neglected, it is well to have illustra-
tions also of blacksmith work.
170 Betterment Briefs.
It may be stated that the preparation and carrying through of pho-
tographic illustrations of methods on such a large scale is an expensive
process, running far up into the hundreds of dollars. But this in-
vestment is quite cheap when it is considered that these views are not
only shown in one shop, but may be taken from shop to shop, from town
to town, instilling interest into shop men, engineers, and all others
whose helpfulness is worth anything. Such an instrument of publicity
and frank exposition is invaluable in averting organized dissension and
distrust on the part of the men. Especially is this true when there is a
strike on the road and the men filling the strikers' places are under un-
certainty and trepidation as to their treatment by the company.
The treatment of the human elements in the problem of railway
machine-shop management is, however, large enough for a series in
itself, and quite too large to be dismissed in a few paragraphs conclud-
ing a review which has followed only broad outlines in the administra-
tive policies and mechanical equipment and processes of the shops.
With this number, the discussion must be closed for the present. I
hope even in this limited scope it has sufficed to show the large oppor-
tunity open for the betterment of railway machine-shop operation, and
the efficacy of the means available for the reduction of costs and the
maintenance of the operative efficiency of the motive power and roll-
ing stock.
The betterment methods detailed in these papers are not untried
ideals from an over-theoretical mind ; they are for the most part drawn
from the practical application and development now in
Betterment * 11 • j i r ^
Methods process, of such a broadly conceived plan on one of the
inCpracticeted larSest Western railway systems of the United States,
and from them great additional net earnings and im-
proved power conditions have already resulted.
While, however, this economy and increase of efficiency has been
accomplished through the agency of those methods, the credit for the
accomplishment must be given, as always, not to the mere methods
themselves, but to the man who has the temerity to push them through
the inherent impedence of practices and mentalities rooted firmly by
long usage and establishment. The vice-president in charge of opera-
tion of this railroad, Mr. J. W. Kendrick, has had more than the cour-
age of his convictions ; he has had the rare quality of infusing into his
men an enthusiastic cooperation unequaled in the inauguration of a new
order of things. — H. W. JACOBS, in Engineering Magazine, September,
October, November, December, 1906, and January, 1907.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE MECHANICAL AND
STORE DEPARTMENTS.
IN this age of specialization we find the store and mechanical depart-
ments of a railroad handled by men who are specialists in their
line. Their duties overlap in the matter of mechanical depart-
ment supplies. Unless there is "team work" or harmony between
them, the good efforts of one may be entirely offset by the shortcomings
of the other.
The mechanical department's conception of an ideal store depart-
ment is one that can fill immediately each and every requisition. To
do this, the store department must carry a complete stock, the individ-
The Ideal ua^ ^ems °^ wmcn are obtained either in the market or
Store from the shops of the system, and to accomplish this the
Department. store department must make use of its previous records,
determining how much and what stock to carry, and must also be
informed by the mechanical department concerning future demands,
changes in engine locations and changes in standards. In addition,
the mechanical department should have confidence :
(1) That the store department will take care of each and every call
for material.
(2) That requisitions will be filled promptly.
(3) That requisitions will be filled correctly.
This is, in brief, a short outline of my idea of the storehouse problem
from the mechanical standpoint.
The stock in hand is the matter of greatest importance in every
storehouse. The aim should be to have a small live stock with as little
money as possible tied up, and at the same time be able to fill requisi-
tions as presented. The store department might come up to all require-
ments from the mechanical point of view and yet be most inefficient from
the standpoint of the owners of the road. Too much
Maintenance , , , . , , <. .
of Efficient stock on hand is almost as much of a waste of money
andEconom- as not enough, not enough meaning loss of money
through delays to engines and cars on the repair track
waiting for material to be bought or made, and too much meaning loss
of interest on money invested, deterioration in value on perishable
articles, and danger of much becoming obsolete and worthless through
change of standards.
(171)
172 Betterment Briefs.
An example of how too much stock can be accumulated is the old
story of the road with only two engines of a certain class which were
moved from one division of the road to another, until these two engines
had been over the entire system. After they had been on the road
Example some two years and had been overhauled in three dif-
Showing ferent places the president called for a statement of
Excessive material in hand for these engines. There were found
Stock. on hand scattered along the line fourteen sets of grates,
nine sets of cylinder heads, four sets of pistons, two complete sets of
rods, besides numerous cylinder-head casings, valve packings, piston
rings, etc. ; in fact, more material in stock than these two engines
would use in ten years.
This is perhaps an unusual case, but it is actual, and the fault was
that each master mechanic was trying to protect these two engines
while they were on his division. With an efficient store department
none of this material would have been in the hands of the mechanical
department, but instead there would have been a reasonable amount
in the hands of the store department, who would have moved it from
division to division as the engines were transferred.
This shows the difference between what happens when an efficient
store department handles this problem and what occurs when the same
thing is left to the mechanical department, who are not specialists in
this particular line.
The railroad that does not carry a full stock of material in the hands
of an efficient store department is very short-sighted. I find that if
the store department does not carry the necessary amount of stock,
EC n m f eac^ Sang boss, roundhouse foreman, shop superintend-
Complete ent and master mechanic takes it upon himself to run
his own little private storehouse for his needs as he sees
them. This means an innumerable number of duplications, no records
or system, and much time wasted hunting for material supposed to
exist but which either never did exist or has been lost.
This material is collected in numerous -rays. The most common
is by ordering more than needed when making requisitions and putting
the extra pieces in the private stock. The only excuse for this system
is that the value of the stock on hand does not show in the books of the
company. This is a disastrous policy, for the stock exists, and is much
more in quantity than would be needed by an efficient store department.
On a road I have in mind this private stock collected by self-appointed
storekeepers in the mechanical department contained every part of a
FIG. 102 — STORAGE PLATFORM AND RACKS FOR FINISHED MATERIAL AT CEN-
TRAL SHOPS, AND INTERIOR OF STOREROOM ILLUSTRATING THE RESULTS OF CEN-
TRALIZED PRODUCTION OF SUPPLIES FOR A MODERN RAILWAY STORES ROOM. THESE
PLATFORMS AND SHELVES ARE ARRANGED SYSTEMATICALLY AT EACH STOREHOUSE
BY GROUPS, BEING DESIGNATED BY CLASS LETTERS, WHICH ARE IDENTICAL FOR
EACH STORE ON THE RAILWAY SYSTEM, THUS MAKING IT A SIMPLE MATTER FOR
ANYONE FAMILIAR WITH THE METHOD TO LOCATE ANY PARTICULAR ITEM OF MA-
TERIAL. '- 'THIS SYSTEM WAS ORIGINATED AND PUT INTO PRACTICAL PAYING EFFECT
BY A SUCCESSFUL GENERAL RAILWAY STOREKEEPER WHO HAS PROBABLY DONE
MORE THAN ANY OTHER MAN IN HIS PROFESSION IN THE COUNTRY, TO REDUCE
RAILWAY STOREKEEPING TO A SCIENCE.
•t
The Mechanical and Store Departments. 175
locomotive from a piston gland to a boiler, complete. Such a state of
affairs does not exist today on this road.
An efficient store department can reduce the quantity of stock by
taking complete charge of it, keeping complete records of its location,
and distributing it geographically to correspond with the class distribu-
tion of engines.
The mechanical department can further aid the store department
to reduce the quantity of stock required, and also the value of it, by
standardizing all material to the greatest possible extent.
Standardization reduces quantity. As an example, if of one hun-
dred classes of engines the main rod key is different for each class, the
store department must carry at least three hundred keys to protect
Reduction in every engine ; if, however, these keys were standard-
Number of ized so that one style of key could do for every en-
Standardiza- gme> then a stock of fifty keys would be ample to pro-
tion- tect all of the one hundred classes. Standardization
reduces cost, as large quantities of duplicate pieces are ordered at one
time and consequently the cost of manufacture per piece can be ma-
terially decreased.
As an example of the economy of manufacturing standard parts in
quantities rather than in separate pieces each time, the tables on the
following pages are quoted, showing the saving in labor costs in material
manufactured in central shop.
Every railroad man today has reached the point of believing in
standardizing. There is little to be gained in making standard parts
unless these parts are to be made in quantities and distributed by an
efficient store system.
Standardization also permits of going into the open market for stand-
ard parts. This is more the province of the purchasing rather than the
store department, although the store and mechanical departments are
both concerned in the value of their material.
In bringing up the matter of costs we find many different systems
of determining them. The value of material bought in the open mar-
ket is easily determined, as the invoice takes care of that. The cost of
material manufactured on the road as listed on storehouse books is
Manufactured usua^y l°w compared with market prices. The value of
Material manufactured material is commonly figured as direct
labor cost plus material cost, and I find some roads
adding from two to ten per cent to their labor to cover handling and
other direct expenses. These figures are ridiculously low, as manufac-
176
Betterment Briefs.
ECONOMY EFFECTED BY CONCENTRATION OF MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN
LOCOMOTIVE PARTS AT CENTRAL SHOP.
ARTICLE.
Total
Number
used per
month.
Actual
Labor Cost
at
Average
Labor Cost
at Outside
Points.
Actual
Labor
Saving per
Month.
Bull Rings
20
$0 20
$0 70
$10 00
Blower Elbows
50
.38
60
11 00
Crosshead Pins
40
.26
1 35
43 go
Cylinder Heads assorted ....
72
1.55
2 10
39 60
Crossheads assorted .
30
1.90
4.10
66 00
Crank Pin Collars
70
.15
.80
45 50
Crank Pins . .
60
.50
1.75
75 00
Chafing Irons
60
.30
.75
27 00
Cylinders . . .
12
14.40
32.50
217 20
Driving Boxes
55
1.45
3.10
90 75
Drawbar Carry irons
.02
.28
Driving Box Binders
24
.15
.22
1 68
Eccentrics
70
1.05
2.32
158 90
Eccentric Straps
44
.90
2.50
70 40
Engine Bolts, Centering, Roughing and
Threadings
13562
.01
.09
1084 96
Engine Truck Boxes
16 "
.24
.68
7 04
Exhaust Nozzles
8
.65
1.22
4 56
Follower Plates
30
.40
15 60
Grease Cups
825
.08
.92
115 50
Grease-Cup Plugs
2500
.01
.22
15 00
Knuckle Pins. . . .
200
.26
.07
318 00
Niggerheads
6
.21
1.85
4 44
Piston Rods
48
1.65
.95
284 64
Packing Glands
50
.24
7.58
27 00
Piston Valves, assorted
15
1.75
.78
93 75
Piston Valve Bushing
12
3.33
8.00
77 64
Packing Rings
600
.08
9.80
384 00
Piston Heads
48
.95
.72
91 20
Rocker Boxes
30
1.11
2.85
62 70
Steam Chests
10
1.50
3.20
28 00
Steam Pipes
20
.65
4.30
11 00
Shoes and Wedges
450
.07
1.20
337.50
Slide Valves, assorted
5
1.95
.82
9.35
Stack Saddles
6
.38
3.82
2.04
Safety-Chain Hooks
30
.17
.72
9.90
Switch-Chain Hooks. . . .
40
15
.50
10.00
Sand Pipes
8
.20
.40
2.56
Spiders
20
.10
52
18.20
Tumbling-Shaft Boxes
16
17
1 91
4 96
Wrenches, Grease Cup
100
.16
48
29.00
Wrenches, Car Repairers'.
1000
025
45
175.00
Lathe and Planer Tools.
400
16
20
175.00
Brake-Shoe Keys
2500
001
60
122.50
$4,513.67
The Mechanical and Store Departments. 177
TABLE SHOWING LOCOMOTIVE PARTS THAT CAN BE MANUFACTURED AT A
CENTRAL SHOP WITH THE PRESENT FACILITIES.
ARTICLE.
Total that
could be
made per
Month.
Time on
Each.
Used at
per Month.
Surplus.
Store-
keeper's
Require^
ments.
Bull Rings
75
1.4
20
55
20
Blower Elbows
60
1 5
50
Crosshead Pins
40
6
14
26
40
Cylinder Heads, assorted
Crossheads assorted . . .
50
25
4.0
5 5
15
8
35
17
72
Crank Pin Collars .
225
6
25
200
30
Crank Pins
50
1 4
10
40
60
Chafing Irons
65
1 4
8
57
60
Cylinders
15
45 0
8
7
12
Driving Boxes
80
3.7
10
70
55
Drawbar Carryirons
2000
Driving Box Binders
25
.4
6
18
24
Eccentrics
100
2.5
15
85
70
Eccentric Straps
100
5.2
15
85
44
Eng. Bits., Centering, Rough-
* ing and Threading
14000
.05
4000
10000
13562
Engine Truck Boxes
60
.3
8
52
16
Exhaust Nozzles
12
1 6
4
8
8
Follower Plates
75
1.0
20
55
30
Grease Cups
1000
.3
150
850
825
Grease-Cup Plugs . . . .
7500
.05
300
7200
2500
Knuckle Pins
300
.25
60
240
200
Niggerheads
30
.6
Piston Rods
80
4.1
10
70
42
Packing Glands. ...
250
.6
50
200
50
Piston Valves, assorted
60
4 5
8
52
15
Piston Valve Bushing
Packing Rings . .
40
1200
8.0
.3
10
200
30
1000
12
600
Piston Heads . .
50
2 6
18
32
48
Pilots (new) ...
50
Pilot Bands (new)
50
Rocker Boxes
8
2.9
8
30
Steam Chests
30
4.0
5
25
10
Steam Pipes
75
2.0
8
67
20
Shoes and Wedges
450
.6
125
305
450
Slide Valves, assorted
10
4.8
3
7
5
Stack Saddles
15
1.0
4
11
6
Safety-Chain Hooks
100
Switch-Chain Hooks
100
Sand Pipes
10
.5
4
6
8
Steam-Chest Covers
50
9
3
47
16
Spiders
45
20
15
30
20
Tumbling- Shaft Box . .
30
4
5
25
16
Wrenches Grease Cup
100
Wrenches, Car Repairers'
1000
. . .
178 Betterment Briefs.
turers find that overhead or surcharge expenses are often two and three
times the direct labor.
It is not important that cost be figured accurately when the material
is only passed from one department of a road to another as from me-
chanical to store, or from one division to another. It is in this case
simply taking from one pocket and putting in another. So far as the
railroad is concerned as a whole, there would be no loss of money if
no charges at all were put on the material manufactured in their own
shop.
One department can give to the other and there is no decrease in
actual cost to the road.
Unless these costs are figured completely and accurately, there is
no use in taking them as a basis of value. In such cases I would ad-
vise keeping track of quantity only and paying no regard to value.
It is important that values be known accurately when the question
arises of buying or making certain articles. All the cost of rent, super-
vision, machinery, power, heat, light, etc., enters into the cost of each
Surcharge repaired engine or engine part delivered from the loco-
Item motive repair shop. Until these items are all prorated
over the cost of the shop output, no comparative figures
as to value are obtained.
These items make up the surcharge problem, and are just as real a
part of the cost as the material or the labor which we call direct and
locate. Direct labor and unlocated cost each enter into the final value
of an article just as much as power to move a balanced compound en-
gine is developed in both the high-pressure cylinders and low-pressure
cylinders. The high-pressure cylinders may be between the frame and
not in evidence to the untrained eye, but these cylinders must be con-
sidered in figuring tractive force or we underestimate it in about the
same proportion as we underestimate costs if we do not include the
surcharge, which is no more evident to the untrained mind than the
high-pressure cylinders of a balanced compound are to a farmer.
The store department should realize that the mechanical depart-
ment will not order a thing unless they need it. The mechanical
department wants what it orders and not something "just as good."
Commercial advertisements are full of cautions to beware of some-
thing "just as good," and mechanical men, gang bosses, will always
be wrought up if the store department attempts to fill their requisi-
tions with something "just as good," as that ordered.
I have said the mechanical department will not order anything
Relation Between Mechanical and Store Departments. 179
, FlG. 103 A MODEL RAILROAD SHOP MATERIAL PLATFORM. ON THIS PLAT-
FORM, LOCOMOTIVE CASTINGS AND PARTS WHICH HAVE BEEN MACHINED TO SIZE
ARE STORED READY FOR SHIPMENT TO OUTLYING SHOPS. THIS ALSO ILLUSTRATES
THE GOOD WORK DONE BY A PROGRESSIVE GENERAL STOREKEEPER.
The Mechanical and Store Departments. 181
unless they need it. This statement should be modified, for unless
close watch is kept of the foreman making requisitions they will con-
tinually order from two to three times what is needed, in their great
caution to protect themselves. It is, however, hardly in the province
of the store department to dictate as to what the foremen shall order,
unless they are ordering material which is not standard.
The mechanical department should aid the storehouse to have a
competent person pass on all requisitions and see that only the required
amount and class of material is ordered. At a certain point where
Su ervision of sn°Ps are l°cated, which I have in mind, this official
Requisitions is known as the material supervisor, and the results of
for Material. ^is worj, ^VQ ^een a decided decrease in the amount of
material ordered for engines being repaired.
The ordinary gang foreman, when given a requisition book, acts
very much as you or I would if we were given a check book and told
that our personal check was good for any amount we cared to draw.
We would soon have to have a material supervisor or some other officer
appointed to watch us to see that we did not order two suits of clothes
when one would do; turkey and plum-pudding for breakfast when
bacon and eggs would be much cheaper and more for our own good.
I have said that the ideal storehouse should fill every requisition
when presented. This means that everything should be carried in
stock and all requisitions filled from stock.
I would have the store department return to the
Returned011 maker every requisition it cannot fill in three days or
When Not a reasonable length of time, and with the return should
be a notice to show when it was expected this material
would be in stock.
The maker of the requisition then makes his plans to meet existing
conditions. If there is no chance to get the material until some time
long after he needs it, he v.ill make arrangements to use something else.
If, on the other hand, the Material is expected in stock soon enough
to meet his needs, he will send another requisition or return the first
one at a later date.
It was once very common on a certain system to find material being
delivered to their repair shops for certain engines, weeks and sometimes
months after the engines had gone into service. I do not doubt other
roads had the same experience. This material was without doubt
needed when ordered, but when the requisition failed to be filled
182 Betterment Briefs.
promptly the shop managed to get along without it, and of course when
delivery was made had no use for it.
The case is like that of a man who would order breakfast at 7 A. M.,
but the delivery was not made until 3 P. M. Our friend would probably
not want breakfast then, as he would have had dinner in the meantime,
and this breakfast delivered at 3 P. M. is only a nuisance to him. The
only thing he can do with it is to put it away in hopes he can put his
hand on it at 7 A. M. the next morning. This is one way in which private
stocks are accumulated by the foreman. How much better it would
have been if the requisition for breakfast at 7 A. M. had been returned
immediately, with the notice that it could not be filled until 7 A. M.
tomorrow. Our friend could then have arranged to get next to a free-
lunch counter this morning or made other arrangements to keep him
going until his source of supplies, the storehouse, was able to take care
of his needs.
A similar illustration carried to the same absurdity happens in
the case of a summer suit ordered for June delivery, which the tailor
does not deliver until the following December. This friend would be
much better off if at the time of ordering his suit he is
Conditions0* told the delivery wil1 not be made until December. He
will then patch up his old last summer's suit and change
his requisition from summer to winter goods.
Summing up conditions as they should be :
(1) The mechanical and store departments should be entirely sep-
arate.
(2) The men in each department should be specialists in their line.
(3) Team work and harmony must exist between them as regards
the matter of mechanical supplies, as in this matter the duties
of both overlap.
(4) The store department must take complete charge of all material,
and must be in a position to deliver the goods when called
upon to do so.
(5) The mechanical department must have confidence in the store
department, and not set up private storehouses of its own.
(6) If the store department fails to furnish material as called for,
individuals in the mechanical department take it upon
themselves to run their own storehouse.
(7) These private stocks run into immense amounts of money in
the innumerable duplications, no system and no records.
The Mechanical and Store Departments. 183
' (8) The store department must keep the quantity and value of
stock as low as possible, and at the same time be able to
fill all requisitions as presented.
(9) The quantity and value of stock can be reduced by the stand-
ardizing of all materials.
(10) All requisitions should be filled promptly.
(11) Requisitions which cannot be filled in a reasonable time should
be returned to maker, accompanied by a notice as to when
the material should be in the storehouse stock.
A paper presented by H. W. JACOBS before the Fourth Annual Railway
Storekeepers' Convention.
SHOP EFFICIENCY.
CONSIDERABLE attention has recently been given to the various
phases of the betterment work on the Santa Fe, the most im-
portant of which is that of shop costs, with its factors, individ-
ual efficiency as to labor performed and the scientific scheduling of en-
gines through the shop. The paper on this subject presented by Mr.
A. Lovell, superintendent of motive power of the Santa Fe, before the
recent meeting of the Master Mechanics' Association, attracted con-
siderable attention. As a paper of this kind has limitations as to length,
it may not be amiss to supplement, with more extensive illustrations
and examples, some phases of the subject, which it was not possible to
fully develop in the paper.
The cost problem, while it is helped by the introduction of carefully
prepared shop schedules, which are "lived up to," is by no means
solved. The problem involves each individual workman, and to solve
it some method must be adopted that will cause each man to work at
his highest average efficiency. This does not mean that
Effort, High ne *s expected to over-exert himself, but that he is to cut
Efficiency and out all unecessary delays and wastes. The method adopt-
ed to accomplish this result was the introduction of
the individual-effort method or bonus system, by which each man is
able to increase his earnings as he increases his average efficiency.
One very noticeable fact is that the older men are among the highest
bonus-earners, which is probably due to the fact that they depend to
a greater extent upon using their brain power to utilize their available
strength, than do the younger men. The accompanying chart, Fig.
105, illustrates the work done by one of the older men in February, and
is in several respects ideal.
It shows the result of steady and insistent work, day by day. The
full line shows the actual hours worked, which totals 210, while the
Record of broken line shows the standard work hours accumulated,
Good which also totals 210, making the man's efficiency for the
Workman. month 100 per cent. The standard hours are determined
by schedules which assign a given time for each operation. The bonus
inspector checks up the jobs performed by each man every day, and
the standard hours accumulated are credited to him.
( 184)
Shop Efficiency.
185
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
'l60
150
140
£30
J20
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
JO
°
210 h
rs.
y
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rs.
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[ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ,26 27 28
Days
PERSONAL RECORD OF L. J. W.
February 1907.
Efficiency, 100%. 210 hours. Rate, 40c. per hour. Wages, $84.00. Bonus, $16.8(X
Total, $100.80.
FIG. 105 — INDIVIDUAL EFFICIENCY OF A GOOD WORKMAN.
186
Betterment Briefs.
TABLE AND DIAGRAM SHOWING METHOD OF CALCULATING BONUS IN
ADDITION TO REGULAR WAGES.— RATE AT $1.00 PER HOUR.
•5*
^ c
q w q
oC>oi
i-te^co^fMot^GO
Time In Hours. Stand. Time tJT
TH <N CO 'O* «O
Wages + Bonus
- Total.
Bonus
Wages.
Efficiency. Rate.
$15.00
$0.00
$15.00
0.0%
66.6%
$1.00
14.00
0.06
14.06
0.4
71.4
1.004
13.00
0.26
13.26
2.0
76.9
1.02
12.00
0.62
12.62
5.2
83.3
1.05
11.00.
1.20
12.20
10.7
90.9
1.109
10.00
2.00
12.00
20.0
100.0
1.20
9.00
2.80
11.80
31.0
111.1
1.31
8.00
3.60
11.60
45.0
125.0
1.45
7.00
4.40
11.40
72.7
142.9
1.63
6.00
5.20
11.20
86.6
166.6
1.86
5.00
6.00
11.00
120.0
200.0
2.20
4.00
6.80
10.80
170.0
250.0
2.70
3.00
760
10.60
253.3
333.3
3.53
2.00
8.40
10.40
420.0
500.0
5.20
1.00
9.20
10.20
920.0
1000.0
10.20
0.00
10.00
10.00
Infinite
Infinite
Infinite
FIG. IOC — CURVE FROM WHICH AMOUNT OF BONUS is CALCULATED.
Shop Efficiency.
187
Hours
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
261 hrsV
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Days
PERSONAL RECORD OF J. D. H.
February 1907.
-Efficiency 20%. • Average rate 30c. per hour
Efficiency.
20%
100%
100%
20%
Hours.
261
51 8
261
261
Rate.
30c.
30
SO
30
Wages.
$78.30
15.54
78.30
78.30
Bonus.
3.10
Loss to company:
15.66
lotai.
?78.30
18.64
59.66
93.96
78.30
Loss to man: 15.66
FIG. 107 — EFFICIENCY RECORD OF A POOR WORKMAN
188
Betterment Briefs.
nours
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
.180
(170
160
160
140
130
120
aio
100
90
80
70
60
60
80
90
10
0
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PERSONAL RECORD OF J. H. B
February 1907.
Efficiency 94%. Average rate 38c. per hour. T f ,
Efficiency. Hours. Rate. Wages. Bonus.
94% 250 38c. $95.00 $12.85 $107.85
100% 235 38c. 89.30 17.86 107.16
Loss to company: 0.69
100%
94%
250 38c. 95.00 19.00 114.00
250 38c. 95.00 12.85 107.85
Lues to man: 6 . 15
FIG. 108 — EFFICIENCY RECORD OF A SPASMODIC WORKMAN.
Shop Efficiency. 189
As an example, a lathe operation may have a record as follows :
Standard Actual
Time. Time.
Turn three eccentrics (at 1.3) 3.9 3.3
Turn two small eccentrics (at 1.0) 2.0 1.7
Turn and bore complete six lateral swing castings (at 0.4).. . . 2.4 2.0
Turn and fit complete two knuckle pins (at 1.5) 3.0 3.0
TOTAL 11.3 10.0
Eleven and three-tenths hours would then be credited to his effi-
ciency account for the day's work.
The following practical example of cost study is taken from one of
the shop time-cards from which the workman's wages, bonus and per-
sonal records are deduced:
TRUING MALLEABLE IRON PISTON HEAD.
Machine No 0561
Machine Hour Rate $0.36
Man's Rate 0.34
Surcharge to Man 90 per cent.
Schedule Time 2.2 hours.
Actual January Record 2 . 25 hours.
AVERAGE COST OF EACH OPERATION DURING JANUARY.
Wages $0. 765
Surcharge 0 . 69
Bonus 0 . 13
Machine charge 0.81
TOTAL ..................................................... $2 . 395
An unusually hard malleable iron piston head was de-
Material and livered to the operator, who at once protested, as he saw
Production ^a^ there would be no opportunity for earning a bonus.
The work was completed in 8.3 hours. The cost of the
operation, in detail, was as follows :
Wages ........................................................... $2.82
Surcharge 2 . 54
Bonus. . 0 . 00
Machine charge 2 . 99
TOTAL COST.. . $8.35
Cost with normal iron 2 . 39
Loss . . . $5 . 96
Total increase of cost due to hard iron, 250 per cent. This piston
head was so badly cracked in putting it on the piston rod that it had
190 Betterment Briefs.
to be scrapped, and the net loss to the company was $18.40, as shown
below :
Cost of turning head $8 . 35
Cost of labor for putting heat on rod 0. 18
Surcharge, 45 per cent of $0 . 18 0. 08
Weight of head, 535 Ibs., at $0.025 per Ib 13.38
3 per cent for handling material 0.41
TOTAL COST . .$22.40
Scrap^lue, at $0.0075 per Ib
NET Loss .'fv.'"I?3? .$18.40
Under the efficiency plan it becomes incumbent on the man to reg-
ister a protest against improper or defective material to protect his own
interests, and this institutes a close check on the quality of material
delivered to the company.
At 100 per cent efficiency the workman receives a bonus of 20 per
cent of his wages. For example, the man represented in the chart, Fig.
105, has earned 210 times 40c. or $84, and a bonus equal to 20 per cent
of this, making his total income for the month $100.80. For efficiencies
below 100 per cent the bonus is taken from efficiency tables, which are
calculated from the bonus curve, Fig. 106.
Fig. 107 illustrates the work of a poor workman, his efficiency being
only 20 per cent. His wages for 261 hours at 30c. amounting to $78.30.
According to the schedules the man should have done the same amount
of work in 51.8 hours, which at 30c. an hour and with the 20 per cent,
bonus would have made the total cost to the company $18.64. Due
R rd f ^° ^ne me^c^en^ performance of this man, the company
Poor therefore lost $59.66. If he had attained an efficiency of
Workman. 10() per cent m 261 hours he would have had a bonus
coming to him of $15.66 in addition to his wages of $78.30, which
would have given him a total income of $93.96 for the month. It will
be noted that this man worked every Sunday in the month, and that
he also worked overtime. This undoubtedly had something to do with
his low efficiency.
The work of an unsteady and spasmodic workman is illustrated by
the diagram in Fig. 108.
Rec rd f Such a man can do good work, but he is not to be de-
Spasmodic pended upon. If his foreman should want him for a rush
Workman. j^ ne jg yery apt to jav of^ or worjc at a jow efficiency,
and is apparently of a somewhat emotional nature.
Shop Efficiency.
191
doura
920
880
840
800
760
'720
680
640
'600
560
520
480
440
400
380
320
280
240
200
160
>20
80
40
o
867 hT
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[ 2345 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 26 27 25
Days
RECORD OF DRY PIPE GANG.
February 1907.
Efficiency 88%.
Average rate 30c. per hour.
fficiency.
88%
100%
J-JL11^L^1A\
Hours.
867
768
^jr "0 /O.
Rate.
30c.
30c.
-rxvcici^c: ai»vv
Wages.
$260 . 10
230.40
ovt;. i '* i ii^ui .
Bonus.
$19.16
46.08
Total.
8279.26
276.48
Loss to company: 2.78
100%
88%
867
867
30c.
30c.
260 . 10
260.10
52.02
19.16
312.12
279 . 26
Loss to men: 32.86
FIG. 109 — EFFICIENCY RECORD FOR DRY-PIPE GANG.
192
Betterment Briefs.
22500
21600
20TOO
19800
18900
18000
17100
1.1200
2-
tt3(
hrs.
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13500
12600
11700
10800
9900
9000
8100
7200
6300
5400
4500
3600
2700
1800
900
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Days
Efficiency.
RECORD OF REPAIR TRACK.
January 1907.
Efficiency 72%.
Hours. Rate
Average rateg23c. per hour. BonU9
Total.
72%
100%
22061 •
16315
23c.
23c.
$5109.73
3752.45
$839.66
750.49
$5949.39
3502.94
Loss to company:
2446.45
100%
72%
22660
22660
23c.
23c.
5109.73
5109.73
1021.94
839.66
6131.71
5949.39
Loss to men:
FIG. 110 — EFFICIENCY RECORD OF REPAIR-TRACK GANGS.
182.32
Shop Efficiency. 193
Efficiency charts for the different gangs and departments or for
. the entire shop are plotted the same as for the individ-
Recordfof ual workers. Fig. 109 shows the work of the dry-pipe
Dry-Pipe gang for February, its efficiency for that month being 88
per cent.
The diagram in Fig. 110 shows the efficiency of the repair track for
the month of January, during which time there were ten rainy days,
Efficiency ^e cnart distinctly showing the effect of this on the effi-
Record of ciency. During the following month, February, there
Repair Track. were iess rajny davs and the efficiency of the depart-
ment increased from 72 to 85 per cent.
Fig. Ill shows the efficiency of a shop as a whole. The total number
of hours worked during the month was 129,470, and the standard time
allowed for performing the various operations was 103,335, so that the
shop efficiency was 80 per cent. The first day of the month being New
Efficiency Year's day, no work was done. The second day the men
Record of came to work and worked at a high efficiency, probably
Entire Shop. due to the fact that it wag the beginning of the month.
At the close of the third week the efficiency dropped off slightly, the
week closing at a lower efficiency than at the beginning. The sixth
day being Sunday, no work was done.
The second week the workmen began with a high efficiency, however
showing slight signs of a decrease at the end of the eighth day, and slowly
decreasing for the rest of the week. The thirteenth was Sunday, and
no work was done.
The first two days of the third week the efficiency was high. The
effect to pay day, the fifteenth, is shown by the falling-off in efficiency
on the sixteenth. On the morning of the seventeenth the workmen
began to work more efficiently, the week as a whole, however, showing
the bad effect of pay day. The twentieth, Sunday, no work was done.
The men began the fourth week with renewed efforts, their efficiency
being high for the first day, but the next day it again began to drop,
closing the week on the 26th with a much lower efficiency than any time
during the month. The 27th was Sunday. The men worked very
efficiently the rest of the month, falling off slightly on the last day.
The labor and bonus cost of scheduled work for the month at 80
per cent efficiency was $35,505.52, the total bonus paid amounting
to $4,006.83. If this same work had been done at 100 per cent effi-
ciency the labor and bonus cost would have been $29,822.63, including
a bonus of $5,006.83, which would have made an increase to the work-
194 Betterment Briefs.
men of $1,000 and a reduction in the cost of the work to the company
of $5,683.84. This clearly shows that the greater the bonus paid to the
men , the cheaper the work becomes to the company.
RESULTS. — RECORD OF INDIVIDUAL WORKMEN. — Knowing the effi-
ciency of the individual workmen, their advancement to positions of
greater usefulness can be automatically determined.
RECORD OF ENTIRE SHOP. — By setting "Standard Time" on each
operation performed by each workman, after expert analysis of con-
ditions, a totaling of standard times for all operations of all men and
actual times can be determined, showing the efficiency of each shop
department and for the shop as a whole. By thus determining the
efficiency of different divisions shops a much better comparison of the
amount of work turned out can be reached than by the old haphazard
method of counting the mere number of engines or cars repaired. This
old method is inconclusive owing to there being no set
Result* from measure of the amount or character of the work done on
Individual each car or engine, nor of the condition of the car or en-
System. gine when received at the shop and when again placed in
service. The attempted classifications of character of re-
pairs now in vogue are mostly based on the amount of money spent, with
scarcely any reference to amount of work done. Such methods tend
to show for the shop with poor organization and high and inefficient
labor costs, a more creditable output than that of a shop with good
administration and low and efficient labor costs.
By having centralized supervision of detailed operation costs at
each shop, it is mathematically practicable to determine the shop where
each class of work can be most efficiently performed and the methods
of the efficient shops can be applied to the places whose practice needs
improvement.
The system as outlined has reduced the cost of repairs, raised the
pay of the workmen, and established the output of 'he shops.
It is a task in itself to urge and develop practically such methods.
It is a greater task to convert others into sympathy and cooperation
with new ideas so that the workmen will not feel that it is a scheme to
get something from them for nothing and to take away their liberty,
but that they may be brought to realize that while the plan helps the
railroad it also helps the workmen in a fair proportion. — H. W. JACOBS,
in American Engineer and Railroad Journal, October, 1907.
Shop Efficiency.
195
Hours
196,000
189,000
182,000
175,000
168,000
161,000
154,000
147,000
• 140,000
133,000
126,000
119,000
112,000
105,000
98,000
91,000
84,000
77,000
70,000
63,000
56,000
49,000
42,000
35,000
28,000
21,000
14,000
7,000
Day of Mo.°1
ISO
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— 1
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/
/
/
/
/
/
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-
/
/
/
,
/
/
1
/
/
/
/
/
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/
/
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//
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Actual Time
/
St
an
dard Til
ne
—
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Efficiency. Hours.
88%
100%
100%
88%
180.000
158,400
180,000
180,000
Man rate at Surcharge at
25c. per hour. 40c. per hour.
$45,000.00 $75,000.00
39,600.00 63,360.00
Bonus.
$3,744.00
7,920.00
Total.
$120,744.00
110,880.00
Loss to company: 9,864.00
45,000,00
45,000.00
9,000.00
3,744.00
54,000.00
48,744.00
Loss to men: 5,256.00
Average rate per hour without bonus 25
with bonus at 88 per cent 275
" 100 30
FIG. Ill — EFFICIENCY RECORD OF A SHOP.
196
Betterment Briefs.
TABLE AND DIAGRAM SHOWING METHOD OF CALCULATING BONUS IN
ADDITION TO REGULAR WAGES.— ENTIRE SHOP.
= c n o
•5 « c s
5,5 § 8
Bit;
Wages + Bonus •
= Total.
Bonus
Wages.
Efficiency,
Rate.
59400
$0000
$59400
0.0%
66.7%
$0.25
55440
277
55717
0.5
71.4
0.251
51480
1030
52510
2.0
76.9
0.255
47520
2471
49991
5.2
83.3
0.26
45000
3744
48744
8.3
88.0
0.275
39600
7920
47520
20.0
100.0
0.30
35640
11088
46728
31.0
111.1
0.33
31680
14256
45936
45.0
125.0
0.36
27720
17424
45144
62.9
142.9
0.41
23760
20582
44352
86.6
166.6
0.47
19800
23760
43560
120.0
200.0
0.55
15840
26928
42768
170.0
250.0
0.68
11880
30096
41976
253.3
333.3
0.88
7920
33264
41184
420.0
500.0
1.30
3960
36432
40392
920.0
1000.0
2.55
0000
39600
39600
Infinite
Infinite Infinite
* i s i r ! i § § ! i § i j j i
Time in Hours
The above diagram represents the bonus or efficiency curve as applied to an entire
shop or shop department. This example shows the collective standard output of 636 men
each working a month of 250 hours, at an average rate of 25 cents an hour. If standard
is not attained, but an efficiency of less than 100 per cent is made, a loss results both to
the Company and to the men. For example: If the efficiency is only 88 per cent, the
bonus earned by the men is $4176.00 less than if they had attained 100 per cent, and the
work has required 21,600 more hours of time than the Company is paying for, — an excess
cost of $9864.00. The loss to the Company on account of inefficiency is over 8 per cent
of the labor cost alone, and the loss to the men nearly 11 per cent. It is thus evident
that it is to the interest of the men, as individuals and collectively, and to the Company,
to attain a maximum degree of efficiency for a maximum number of men.
Standard Form 1252, the monthly statement of bonus operations, gives an efficiency
summary of each shop, so that master mechanics and other officers may have a ready
index of where it will pay the Company in dollars saved on work done, to encourage and
Stimulate an increase in efficiency to the highest point.
Shop Efficiency. 197
SHOP EFFICIENCY.
EDITORIAL COMMENT BY AMERICAN ENGINEER AND RAILROAD JOURNAL, OCTOBER, 1907.
We are fortunate in being able to present, in this issue, an article on "Shop
Efficiency," by Mr. H. W. Jacobs. It goes somewhat more into detail as to the
method of determining the exact efficiency of the individual worker, gangs, or
shops as a whole, than was possible in the paper presented at the recent meeting
of the Master Mechanics' Association by Mr. A. Lovell on "Shop Cost Systems"
(July issue), or in the article in our June issue, by Mr. Harrington Emerson on
" The Methods of Exact Measurement Applied to Individual and Shop Efficiency
at the Topeka Shops," or in the article by Mr. J. F. Whiteford in our June issue,
on " Roundhouse Betterment Work." This matter of calculating the exact effi-
ciency of the individual or shop was one of the later developments (and one of the
most important) of the betterment work. To set a standard time for a piece of
work, or to determine a reasonable cost for a certain operation or the maintenance
of a piece of equipment, and then encourage the men to strive to reach it, is the
key to the best work which has been done along betterment lines in our mechan-
ical departments.
An important feature of the betterment work on the Santa Fe is that just
as soon as possible the betterment department was merged into the regular me-
chanical department organization. At the present time four men, each having
general supervision of the betterment work on a division, report directly to the
assistant superintendent of motive power, Mr. H. W. Jacobs. These men are
Mr. J. L. Sydnor, on the Coast Lines; Mr. C. J. Drury, on the Western Grand
Division; Mr. E. E. Arisen, on the Eastern Grand Division; and Mr. J. E. Epler,
on the Gulf Lines. In addition to these Mr. Raffe Emerson assists Mr. Jacobs
and Mr. J. F. Whiteford has general supervision of roundhouse work over the en-
tire system. Bonus supervisors are located at each point. Mr. Clive Hastings
handles statistical matters in connection with the betterment work, and reports
directly to the 2nd Vice-President, Mr. J. W. Kendrick.
We have had so many requests for the special article on betterment work
on the Santa Fe, published in our December, 1906, issue, and for other articles
which have since appeared concerning the later developments, that it has been
suggested that a list of all the articles touching on this work, which have appeared
in our Journal, be published. These are as follows:
"Shop Betterment and the Individual Effort Method of Profit-Sharing,"
by Harrington Emerson. (A reprint of a pamphlet which was prepared for dis-
tribution among the workmen on the Santa Fe.) — Feb., 1906.
"Locomotive Repair Schedules," by C. J. Morrison. (A detailed description
of the schedules in use at the Topeka shops.) — Sept., 1906.
"The Surcharge Problem," by C. J. Morrison. (A description of the method
of determining surcharges and how they are applied.) — Oct., 1906.
The above article excited considerable discussion, and communications con-
cerning it were published in the Nov. and Dec., 1906, issues. Mr. Morrison going
into greater detail as to the exact methods of determining the surcharge. Other
communications appeared in the Feb., 1907, issue.
"Betterment Work on the Santa Fe." (A complete study of the develop-
ment of this work and the general and specific results which had been obtained to
date. The article covered 26 pages.)— Dec., 1906.
198 Betterment Briefs.
Communications concerning the above article appeared in the Feb., 1907, and
March, 1907, issues
"Dispatching Board for Engine Repairs," by C. J. Morrison. — April, 1907.
"Roundhouse Betterment Work," by J. F. Whiteford.— June, 1907.
"The Methods of Exact Measurement Applied to Individual and Shop Effi-
ciencies at the Topeka Shops," by Harrington Emerson. — June, 1907.
Communications concerning the above article appeared in the July and Au-
gust, 1907, issues.
" Shop Cost System and the Effect of Shop Schedules Upon Output and Cost
of Locomotive Repairs," by A. Lovell. (A reprint of a paper presented before
the Master Mechanics' Association, and an abstract of the discussion.) — July,
1907.
" Shop Efficiency," by H. W. Jacobs. — In this issue.
Editorial comments on the betterment work on the Santa Fe appeared in
the Dec., 1906, issue; the Jan., 1907, issue, and June, 1907, issue.
STANDARDIZATION AND LABOR EFFICIENCY IN RAILROAD SHOPS.
EDITORIAL COMMENT BY THE ENGINEERING MAGAZINE, AUGUST, 1907.
The Santa Fe has taken a leading place in the application of standardization
and systematization to the efficient and economical management of railway shops,
on the principles laid down in Mr. H. W. Jacobs's notable series of articles in
recent numbers of The Engineering Magazine. Economy and efficiency of labor
have been studies in great detail, and the remarkable results obtained at the
Topeka shops form the subject of an interesting paper by Mr. Harrington Emerson
in a recent number of the A merican Engineer and Railroad Journal. The paper
is interesting also in offering a concrete example of the benefits to be derived
from standardization, as described in an article on the economical utilization of
labor reviewed in these columns last month. Mr. Emerson's article gives many
tables and examples which it is impossible to reproduce, the following extracts
giving only an outline of the methods employed and the results obtained.
"Shop efficiency pays. By shop efficiency is meant a careful investigation
and betterment of all conditions, so that with the same effort men can accomplish
more. To secure the cooperation of the worker with the management in cutting
out unnecessary wastes at the Topeka shops of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railway, he is offered an increase of as much as 20 per cent. If by means of
special strength or skill he does more work than normal he is given all the gain;
for instance, if he does in one hour a job standardized at two hours he receives
two hours' pay for an hour's time. The management gains, firstly, by the elimi-
nation of unnecessary wastes, although it gives the worker a 20 per cent increase,
and it particularly gains by the increased efficiency of its machines and other
equipment, which results in a larger output without the necessity of increasing
the capital investment. The actual results at the end of two years of systemati-
cally organizing the Topeka shops on an efficiency basis were:
To increase the average pay of the men 14 . 5%
To decrease the unit cost of production 36 . 3%
To increase the shop output 57 . 0%
"There is no reason why all the men should not earn at least a 25 per cent
increase above standard wages, and many of them do, 40 per cent of them earn-
ing a 25 per cent increase and better. The average efficiency of all of the men
in the month of April, 1907, was 94.2 per cent. Two years ago it was about 60
per cent. Although the average of all the workers is 94.2 per cent, there are
many who are better, many who are not as good. One man earned 105.4 per
cent above standard wages. Four men drawing full pay were 64.7 per cent below
Labor Efficiency in Railroad Shops.
199
CYLINDER CASTINGS FOR BALANCED COMPOUND PRAIRIE TYPE LOCOMOTIVE —
INSIDE CYLINDERS INCLINED, 18 BY 28 IN. OUTSIDE CYLINDERS 30 BY 28 IN.
SCHEDULE TIMES FOR BORING COMPOUND CYLINDERS ON CYLINDER
BORING-MILL, ILLUSTRATED ON P^GE 129.
a All (3) Chambers — bored, counterbored and ends faced, 13.8 hrs.
6 L. P. Cylinder — bored, counterbored and ends faced. ... 5.9 hrs.
c H. P. Cylinder — bored, counterbored and ends faced.. . . 2.5 hrs.
d Valve Chamber — bored, counterbored and ends faced. . . 1.9 hrs.
e L. P. Cylinder — bored, one cut 1.1 hrs.
/ H. P. Cylinder — bored, one cut 5 hr.
g Valve Chamber — bored, one cut 3 hr.
The standard machine schedules for boring complete compound and
simple cylinders are as follows, expressing the time allowance in hours
and tenths for convenience in time reckoning on the 24-hour system :
2A1— 2 BORING COMPLETE — BALANCED COMPOUND. RATE, .36
Boring one (1) balanced compound cylinder | casting on cylinder boring-
mill. Includes setting up, adjusting and clamping casting, rough boring,
finishing, counterboring and facing both ends of three (3) chambers to
blue-print. Casting undamped and on floor. Per casting:
Time.
1— Classes 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16 00.0
2— Classes 21, 22 00.0
2A1-22 BORING COMPLETE — SIMPLE SLIDE VALVE. RATE, .36
Boring one (1) simple slide valve cylinder \ casting on cylinder boring-
mill. Includes setting up, adjusting and clamping casting, rough boring,
finishing, counterboring and facing both ends of one (1) chamber to
blue- print. Casting undamped and on floor. Per casting:
1 — Classes, all slide valve engines. Time.
a Cylinders under 24 inches 00 . 0
b " 24 inches and over . . . . 00 . 0
ABOVE AND ON THE NEXT PAGE ARE SAMPLES OF STANDARD EFFICIENCY SHOP SCHEDULES AS
APPLIED IN THE SHOPS OF A LARGE RAILWAY SYSTEM. THESE SCHEDULES COVER SOME 23,000
OPERATIONS, WITH OVER 5000 SKETCHES TO ILLUSTRATE SAME. THIS PROVIDES AN ACCURATE CHECK
ON THE COST OF PRODUCTION OF EACH SHOP, AND IS THE MEANS OF KEEPING DOWN REPAIR COSTS
TO A MINIMUM FIGURE. THE SAMPLE CYLINDER-ERECTING SCHEDULES GIVEN ON FOLLOWING
200 Betterment Briefs.
Cylinders.
1AO-1 APPLYING 2, COMPLETE. RATE, —
Applying one pair of two (2) new cylinder castings to an engine in the erect-
ing shop. Includes laying-off connecting bolt holes on cylinder halves ;
drilling, counterboring, and reaming connection bolt holes, driving bolts,
and bolting halves together; laying-off saddle for chipping, chipping
saddle to fit smoke arch; level and line boiler and frames; drilling and
reaming saddle-bolt holes, driving saddle bolts, and bolting cylinders to
smoke arch ; reaming all cylinder frame bolt holes, drilling holes when
necessary, and driving all bolts; fitting and driving frame keys; lay
off and grind in back cylinder and valve heads, applying all cylinder and
valve head studs, bolting up back heads ; cleaning out ports, steam pas-
sages and cylinders and blowing out with steam or air. ™ .
1. Classes 31 to 34; 36 to 38, incl. (single frame) 00.0
2. " 41 to 45; 47 to 49, incl. (double frame) 00.0
3. " 51 to 54; 56, 57, 58, 59 00.0
4. " 61,62,64,68 00.0
5. " 71,74,76 00.0
6. " 81, 82, 83,84, 85, 86,87,88 00.0
Bolts — Connection.
1A9-1 REAMED. RATE, —
Reaming connection bolt holes through cylinder castings, bolted together
temporarily, complete for applying connection bolts. Per bolt:
1. All Classes. Time.
a With ratchet 00.0
b With air motor 00.0
Gland — Exhaust.
1A37-1 LAYOUT. RATE, —
Layout for drill and boring one (1) new L. P. exhaust gland. Per gland :
Time.
1. Classes 56, 68, 92 00.0
Head— Back Cylinder.
1A39-3 GROUND IN — NEW WORK. RATE, —
Grinding joint on one (1) new back cylinder head, when casting is on floor.
Per head :
1. All Classes, cylinders under 24 inches. Time.
a With air motor 00.0
b By hand 00.0
2. All Classes, cylinders 24 inches and above.
c With air motor 00.0
d By hand 00.0
Valves — By-Pass.
1A55-1 JOB COMPLETE. RATE, -
Grinding in one (1) by-pass valve and one (1) joint ring, applying studs,
put up valve chamber and bolt down complete. Per valve : .
j. i?nc»
1. Classes 41, 42, 57, 58, 59, 61, 72 00.0
Labor Efficiency in Railroad Shops. 201
normal, doing only one-third of what they should have done. These figures are
not guessed at, but taken from the actual operations of this large locomotive
repair shop, in which every job is standardized and the efficiency of every man
determined. Now, the system is perfected and it costs no more to keep it in
operation than the former barren methods."
The successive steps of progress were:
1. A permanent and standard method for determining costs of every opera-
tion.
2. The betterment of all conditions.
3. The determination of a standard cost of every operation.
4. A comparison of actual costs with standard costs as to every operation.
5. The guarantee to each individual worker of standard wages, and the pay-
ment of an added amount, based not on the piece or on output, but on efficiency.
6. A check and reward of each foreman on the basis of the efficiency of those
under him.
7. A check of efficiency of the shop as a whole from month to month.
8. The use in all accounting, of standard costs, not accidental actual costs.
A brief outline of the successive steps follows :
" Costs are of two kinds, those that can be located and those that cannot be
located. The work of a machinist and also of his machine can be located. The
problem of cost determination reduces itself into apportioning to each man and
each machine, the indirect or unlocated costs in addition to the direct or located
costs. To do this, each item of indirect cost is apportioned either to men or to
machines or partly to one and partly to the other. Having thus secured two
grand totals, one of indirect men costs and the other of machine costs, the totals
are subdivided to various departments. Whereas the indirect cost as a whole
may be 75 per cent of the pay-roll, within the confines of a department, the per-
centage may vary from 15 per cent up to 400 per cent, showing how absolutely
inaccurate the usual method is of applying the same flat rate of factor, surcharge
or burden to all departments alike.
"Having secured substantial accuracy by apportioning each class of costs,
men-costs and machine-costs, to each department, no great errors can arise in any
particular method of subdividing departmental charges to specific men and ma-
chines. The simplest method is therefore preferable. The method adopted at
Topeka was to assess indirect men-costs as a percentage on applied labor, to
assess all direct and indirect machine-costs as a yearly charge on the inventory
value of the machines. To ascertain the hourly rate for each machine, the yearly
charge to the machine was divided by 2,400 hours, it being assumed that the
machine worked 80 per cent of the time. If there were any gains in simplicity
to be effected by modifying this general method within the boundaries of a de-
partment there was no hesitation in allowing common -sense to govern. For
instance, when it was discovered that a direct worker on a machine did 200 dif-
ferent small jobs a day, he was at once considered an indirect worker, and when
a machine rate worked out at $0.01 an hour, the machine was promptly relegated
to the list of indirect machines. There is no sense in an accuracy that makes
the distribution of cost amount to more than the cost itself.
" Power is determined at so much per horse-power and floor space at so much
per square foot for the plant as a whole and charged on a flat basis to each de-
partment. If one department is further from the power-house than another and
therefore suffers a greater line-drop loss, this loss is considered a plant loss, and
a department loss, and it is borne in the form of a general increase in power cost.
What would one think of a gas or water company which charged more for gas
or water because the customer was farther from the central plant, or which charged
repairs of mains to the customers served by the mains? Yet just this kind of
202 Betterment Briefs.
cost accounting has brought the whole art of factory cost accounting into de-
served disrepute!
"With a machine rate, man rate, and man surcharge provided, and time
known, the cost of every operation is at once determinable.
"The betterment of all conditions was a very large task, and involved every-
thing that could be done to improve machines, tools, operation, and general com-
fort of the men; as, for instance, better lighting and heating. It is evident that
standard costs could not be determined until conditions were in the main stand-
ardized
"The determination of standard costs was most completely and conscien-
tiously carried put. The motto adopted and promulgated by the authorities
in a pamphlet distributed to the men was :
'Fairness, not Favoritism.
Individuality, not Subserviency.
Efficiency, not Drudgery/
"A time study of a job under actual working conditions by the regular
worker was made by a practical man, a machinist, a boiler-maker, or a black-
smith, as the case might be. The machines and other conditions, tools, belting,
speed, etc., were first adjusted. It makes no difference whether the job under
observation actually took a long or a short time. It was the duty of the ob-
server to set down a reasonable and proper time. As a rule the times eliminated
from standard were not those of reasonable work, but those of unnecessary waste.
"The comparison of actual costs with standard costs as to every operation is
exceedingly easy. Each job is assigned to each man on a work-card which states
the standard time. The man notes his own actual time, which in the aggregate
must check with his clock time. The efficiency of each man is tabulated each
month, and the efficiency reward is on a sliding scale. It begins at 67 per cent
and increases rapidly according to a table carried out to tenths of a per cent.
" The efficiency of the foreman depends on the efficiency of all the men under
him. If all the men average 100 per cent the foreman receives 20 per cent in-
crease on his own wages. Under some other foreman the extra earnings of the
men might be in the aggregate more, but hot average as well, if some men were
very good and others very poor. Such a foreman would earn less increase, so it
is to the advantage of a foreman to bring up his whole force evenly."
Mr. Emerson shows two diagrams of monthly records of shop efficiency,
the abscissae of the points on the curves representing percentages of efficiency,
and the ordinates, percentages of time worked at the efficiencies shown. On
these a vertical line shows the average efficiency for the month. Commenting
on these records, Mr. Emerson says:
" Shop efficiency as a whole is determined by the average efficiency of all the
workers. The two diagrams show the same shop in two successive months, and
the improvement in the second month is largely due to the lessons in the diagram
of the first month. It is plain that the shop is improving when the average
efficiency line moves to the right, that it is retrograding when it moves to the
left. It can be made to move to the right by finding out what the matter is with
the men whose average efficiency is low, and all workers with an efficiency under
70 per cent should be investigated. The record is there not only as to monthly
efficiency, as a whole, but as to every single job done in the month. It often
happens that efficiency falls through no fault of the worker, as when a steel casting
is so hard as to make normal work impossible. In very marked cases of this
kind, temporary schedules are put into effect to suit the peculiar and exceptional
occurrence.
"Since every job is standardized, it necessarily has a standard cost. How
ridiculous it would be for a railroad company to attempt to vary its ticket prices
on account of accidental delays or extraordinary expenses, as for a wreck.
" It is not less ridiculous to attempt to follow into cost accidental variations
of shop operation. If a fast worker is on a job one day and a slow worker on the
Labor Efficiency in Railroad Shops. 203
same job the next day, both have varied from standard, but the selling price of
what they have made has not changed.
"Variations from standard costs are accidents of shop operation, and are
to be taken care of, not in detail but as a whole, by a factor added in the office.
In the examples of the two months, the efficiency of labor was 89.5 in March.
Actual labor costs were therefore 11.7 per cent, and could have been applied to
each item of the output in the following month. In April the actual costs were
6.2 above standard, so for May 6.2 per cent could have been added to the direct
labor part. The discrepancies should, however, be averaged for at least twelve
months, and if this were done it would be found that the fluctuation in office
factor to be thrown forward with the succeeding month would not vary as much
as 1 per cent from month to month.
"The effects of this system of shop management are:
"(1) To increase output enormously without adding to shop equipment or
space.
"(2) To reduce unit costs as much as 30 per cent or more.
"(3) To increase the pay of the best men as much as 30 per cent on the aver-
age.
" (4) To hold permanently the best men.
" (5) To know accurately the cost of every item before work is begun on it.
"The system is equally applicable to railroad operations as a whole, i. e.,
the mileage of engines and cars and tonnage movement. It is, in fact, on the
Santa Fe now being adopted to determine the efficiency of each engine, exactly
as in the Topeka shop it has been perfected to determine the efficiency of each
man. Even as men in average shops work with less than 60 per cent efficiency,
so also do engines work with less than the 60 per cent efficiency. What was done
with the men in the shop can be done with engines."
GENERAL TOOL SYSTEM.
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway.
PREVIOUS issues of this journal have called special attention to the
comprehensive betterment work undertaken in the motive power
department of the Santa Fe. This work was inaugurated ear'y in
1904, at a time of labor difficulties and upon completion of one of the
largest locomotive repair shops in the country, at Topeka. At the same
time the managing officers undertook to make adequate provision for an
immensely increasing traffic, that was clearly foreseen, by the acquisition
of a large number of the most modern and very heavy locomotives for
both passenger and freight service.
In undertaking the betterment work it was the desire of the manage-
ment to use this motive power to the best advantage and at the same
time to keep the repair costs of these large and new types of engines
Ob' t f within a reasonable figure. Most of the locomotives were
Betterment compounds, many of them of the balanced type. In or-
Work. faf fo aciequately take care of the shopping of these
engines, and to carry out thoroughly a system of standardization of loco-
motive parts, centrally manufactured at the Topeka shops, it was real-
ized that the tool and machinery equipments of the shops and the
methods of doing the work must be the very best. For this reason
special attention was directed to the tool and machinery problem at the
beginning of the betterment work, an attention which has been consist-
ently followed up to the present time.
While the technical journals have made some mention of this phase
of the work, its importance as the keystone in the arch of betterment
and economy for the production of efficiency has, perhaps, been lost
sight of in the more extensive mention that has been made of matters
of greater magnitude in the gross amount of costs involved.
The purpose of this article is to consider the details of this
Outline of remarkably successful application of commercial tool
looi System. .
methods to railway shop practice. The plan of this super-
vision comprised:
FIRST. The use of tools that would foster the wholesale production
of standard locomotive and car parts at the central shop.
(204)
General Tool System.
205
Bevel Pinion Soft Steel
IE Teeth 6 Pitch
face Angle 8S°3'
Face of Tooth 1"
Outsid* Diam.
Brass
10 Thds.R.H.
Bevel Gear Soft Steel
36 Teeth 6 Pitch ,
Face Angle 7
Face of Tooth 1'
Outside Diam.
JJo. i Morse Taper xf
Ssft Steel
v Brass Bushing
FIG. 112 — ANGLE DEVICE FOR DRILLING AND REAMING IN CLOSE QUARTERS.
THREE SIZES ARE MADE, THE ILLUSTRATION SHOWING THE LARGEST.
206
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 113 — STANDARD MOTOR BLOCK AND TACKLE, DESIGNED AND BUILT IN To-
PEKA TOOL-ROOM. A\ EXAMPLE OF CAPACITY FOR REFINED MANUFACTURE.
General Tool System.
207
FIG. 114 — STANDARD BLACKSMITH FLATTER. AN EXAMPLE OF ECONOMICAL
TOOL MANUFACTURE BY DROP FORGE. DIES AND METHOD DEVISED BY AN AGRES-
SIVE SHOP SUPERINTENDENT AND HIS INGENIOUS BLACKSMITH FOREMAN. NET
LABOR AND MATERIAL COST, 13 CENTS.
208
Betterment Briefs.
Vote: All Reamers Fluted with Left Hand Spirals
62 '"pitch and Cutting Faces Radial
FIG. 115 — STANDARD CROSSHEAD AND PISTON REAMERS. THERE ARE NINE
SIZES IN ALL, WITH DIAMETERS VARYING BY THREE-EIGHTHS OF AN INCH. THE
THREE SMALLER SIZES ARE MOUNTED ON 1-INCH ARBORS, AND THE SIX LARGER
SIZES ON If -INCH ARBORS. ALL OTHER DIMENSIONS ARE UNIFORM.
General Tool System. 209
SECOND. The development and application of special tools, jigs, de-
vices and facilities that would lighten the labor of the men and increase
their output capacity, thus acting as an almost inseparable adjunct to
the introduction of an individual effort system of reward.
THIRD. The betterment of machines, including motors, shafting,
pulleys, etc.
FOURTH. To effect simultaneously with these results an economy
in the excessive expenditures for tools of all kinds, by eliminating waste,
introducing more durable and serviceable types, and avoiding undesir-
able investments.
FIFTH. The close and detail supervision of tools, machines and
methods in railroad work, as it is found by Fred W. Taylor to be, in
commercial work, an indispensable factor of shop betterment and in-
dividual labor reward ; it is, moreover, possible to effect many cost re-
ductions by the methods alone, irrespective of the labor stimulus, as
in the case of cylinder and eccentric drilling jigs and other jigs.
This involved the development and manufacture of many classes of
tools as indicated in the following synopsis:
1. — General tools and devices for use generally over a large part of
the work and in almost all shops, including :
a Three sizes of bevel gear angle device for getting into restricted quarters
with an air motor. See Fig. 112.
6 High-speed flat drill chucks, No. 5 Morse taper shank.
c Knuckle joint reamers.
d Universal joints for reaming in restricted quarters.
e Standard punches, stocks and couplings.
/ Standard worm-driven air hoist. Fig. 113.
g Standard blacksmith tools. Illustrated by flatter shown in Fig. 114.
h Standard rivet snaps.
i Standard high-speed lathe, planer and boring tools.
k Various standard taper reamers for erecting work, such as:
Standard taper reamers for blade pins used on all standard classes of
engines, thus making it possible to manufacture blade pins on an auto-
matic machine.
Standard taper knuckle-joint pin reamers used on all classes of engines,
reducing the number of reamers in each shop to only four.
Standard taper link motion pin reamers. Standardizing the taper on
all link motion pins of all engines will not only reduce the number of
reamers at each point to a minimum, but will make it possible to con-
centrate the manufacture of pins at a central point, supplying all out-
side points on requisitions.
Standard crosshead reamers. The taper on piston, crosshead, and wrist
pin fits was standardized for all classes of engines on the system, re-
ducing the number of reamers to only nine, as shown in Fig. 115.
210 Betterment Briefs.
Standard reamers for reaming frame holes to standard sizes, making it
possible to concentrate the manufacture of finished engine bolts for
the system at Topeka, thus using the automatic bolt machine to its
full capacity.
Besides these, nine special standard ball-joint reamers, with inserted
blades diametrically opposed but unevenly spaced, were shipped to
the principal points on the system in order that a standard radius
might be made on all steam pipes on engines passing through the shops.
2. — Special devices, such as mandrels and chucks, to facilitate the
machining of various classes of work.
3. — Jigs — attachments to machines for the economical production
of various kinds of work.
4. — Templets and jigs, to obviate the necessity of laying out work.
Includes jigs and templets for:
a Drilling steam-chest stud holes.
b Drilling cylinder stud holes.
c Drilling cylinder saddles, cylinder heads, valve-chamber heads, spiders,
follower plates, eccentric straps, steam-pipe elbows, packing glands.
d Laying off driving-box brasses.
e Drilling flue-roller casings.
5. — Special machines:
a Centering machine.
b Snap ring packing ring milling machine.
c Crank axle pin turning machine.
d Complete reconstruction of cylinder boring machine, as shown in Fig. 116.
6. — Machine improvements:
a Speeding up line and countershafts.
b Pulleys enlarged.
c Wider driving cones applied.
d Larger feed cones and gears.
e Use of bronze worms.
/ Steel gears and pinions.
g Increase in size of motors for motor drives.
h Standard abrasive wheel stands. Fig. 117
7. — High speed milling cutters and gang cutters:
a For heavy production work on shoes and wedges.
6 Cutters with inserted teeth for side-rod channels, eccentrics, eccentric
straps, etc.
c For small accurate work on flanging dies, MCB tire and knuckle gauges,
tire finishing tools.
The general tool-room at Topeka is equipped to handle tool work
of eveiy description, having all the facilities and labor-saving devices
_ , . and methods that have proven really efficient. Examples
Production of lessened costs of production under the new system, with
Costs. improved quality of output, may be given.
General Tool System.
211
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 117. — STANDARD ABRASIVE WHEEL STANDS FINISHED IN TOOL-ROOM AT
TOPEKA, AND IX GENERAL USE IN ALL SHOPS ON THE SYSTEM.
General Tool System.
213
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214
Betterment Briefs.
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General Tool System.
Turning flue-roller pins, former day's output, 8 in 10 hours; present output,
46 in 10 hours.
Milling a 28V' reamer, complete, former time, 7 hours; present time, 3.2 hours.
Forging blacksmith flatter under steam hammer, former cost, 24c.; present
cost, 13c.
Another new departure in railroad practice is shown in Fig. 118; this
is a special tool-hardening room equipped with a gas furnace and an-
nealing ovens, water, oil and air baths, and all facilities for the pro-
duction of perfect tools without failure. The tempera-
ivr°°h **ar(*en*n£ tures for exactly uniform product are determined by an
electric pyrometer, and not by color, thus eliminating all
chance of error. This room is adjacent to the manufacturing tool-room
and the work is directly under the supervision of the general tool fore-
man.
The general storehouse stock of standard tools is an indication of
the economy and advantage incident to the policy of centralized stand-
ard duplicate manufacture of railway tools, instead of the general prac-
tice of each local shop manufacturing individually from
Standard Tools individual varying and special designs. Under the new
policy not only are the tools more perfectly designed and
built, and more cheaply, but the needs of all shops are served more
promptly and efficiently by the finished stock at the general storehouse,
a stock which is much smaller than would be needed, were each local
shop to protect its own requirements.
The foregoing covers in a general way the mechanical features of
the tool system, as carried out in successful practice. In order to make
the system effective, and maintain an efficient but minimum stock of
tools at all shops, a tool-stock book is provided. The
I*ooli T> i sample page of this book, illustrated in Fig. 119, shows
Stock Book.
the arrangement of columns for keeping a record of tools
on hand and on order, by months. The book is ruled so that a double
page contains the record for a fiscal year, thus providing a perpetual
inventory.
On the first of each month all books are sent to Topeka, along with
the monthly requisition for the tools required. The books are then
checked up with the requisition and immediately returned. Requi-
sitions for tools are made once each month. A direct supervision over
each tool-room of the system is thus obtained and the maintenance of
the tool-room equipment is not left to the individual judgment of each
tool-room foreman. This method has not only kept down the stock of
216 Betterment Briefs.
tools to a minimum, but greatly increased the efficiency of every tool-
room on the system.
The methods, organization and details of operation of the tool sys-
tem have been covered in a bulletin issued by the assistant superintend-
ent of motive power. This bulletin is posted in all shops
i>001 1 « of the system for the instruction of both foremen and
Regulations. *
workmen. By this means all concerned are made familiar
with the rules and regulations of the tool system, and the cooperation
which naturally follows has greatly increased the efficiency of tools and
tool-rooms. The bulletin referred to is as follows :
TOOL REGULATIONS.
Proper and economical work depends upon the tools used, the condition in
which they are kept, and their availability for service when needed. System
must be used in the care and distribution of tools, so that excessive amounts of
them will not be accumulated, and so that expensive tools will not be kept idle
in one place when they are needed in another; system must be used in the stand-
ard design of tools and methods of doing work adopted, so that the work may
be properly and economically done.
With these objects in view, all decisions as to designs of tools, jigs, special
devices, etc., and as to methods of doing work, will be made after reference through
the office of Assistant Superintendent Motive Power, at Topeka; all suggestions
as to changes in methods and all ideas as to changes in design of tools, devices,
etc., or as to new forms of tools or new jigs and devices, must be submitted to that
office in duplicate, and receive the approval of the Assistant Superintendent Mo-
tive Power, before they can be put into effect or be adopted. This is necessary,
as often ideas and methods are developed at considerable expense in one place,
when they have been already tried and proven unsatisfactory elsewhere. This
useless expense should be avoided. Recommendations may be made either
through the regular channels, or directly by the men.
A system for checking tools out from the tool-room, checking them up in the
tool-room, and inspecting them while out of the tool-room, has been developed
from the best practice in use at first-class shops, and will be thoroughly installed
in all tool-rooms on this system.
This tool system will comprise the following features :
A. Perpetual or continuous inventory will be had of all tools, machines,
and devices of all sorts at each shop, showing location of tool, whether
assigned to tool-room stock or to the permanent use of an individual
man or gang.
B. Uniform aluminum checks of special design, six to each man, will be
furnished from Topeka for each shop, indicating the shop and the
block number of the mechanic to whom issued; these checks will
be issued only to such men as require to call on the tool-room for
tools ; Topeka will be called on for such checks as are required from
time to time, which will be forwarded by railroad mail.
General Tool System.
217
(Form 2026 stMdirt.)
Santa Fe.
IN ALL-CASES WHERE TOOLS ARE LOST. BROKEN OR DAMAGED, THIS CARD MUST BE FILLED. OUT.
TOOL BREAKAGE CLEARANCE.
i ONLY ONE TOOL TO EACH CARD.) Cheek Her*
Worn Out
No,
has
(SHOP LETTER, NUMlitK AND NAMB.J
(<UVS FULL NAME OF TOOL-)
{. Defective Material
Accident
.-.,... Jg no ranee
Carelessness
O.K. "
This card must be signed by your Foreman, ....
Cfte of the following:
..size
INITIAL* BBKX.
.Damaged
B,ohen
Lost
DATE
OAN0 FOREMAN.
TOOL KEEPER.
FIG. 120 — TOOL BREAKAGE CLEARANCE CARD. WHEN A TOOL is LOST OK
BROKEN, A CLEARANCE CARD PROPERLY SIGNED MUST BE PRESENTED AT THE TOOL-
ROOM BY WORKMAN TO OBTAIN HIS CHECK ON TOOL.
218
Betterment Briefs.
Santa Fe
REPAIRS AND RENEWALS fO SHOP MACHINERY AND TOOLS: Account 47. (Replacing Old Account 17.)
AND CHARGES TO POWER PLANTS, EXCEPT ENGINES, BOILERS AND MACHINERY CHARGEABLE TO OTHER ACCOUNTS.
SHOPS, DURING
190'
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r portable jack«
ud >t Ux»m«i« ud or shopi u<»
uiioB«r7 tnjint. >nd boilers for furnllhlng power
i u»ed in counection therewith
(11 Hdi%m ip^.wrr i
(O)Dropubles
,li lack> and othei
!?! Syd°r,u^c"ndd «hee" -portable Uck. Portable rale, and ^ing machine, used in .hop..
CoitoThrene-iog bett.ng boiler, anould be charged to account 16. 'Buildings. Figure, ani
explanation on Kparale .heel of each indindtul item convuutmg charge, in
FIG. 121 — FORM FOR KEEPING CHARGES OF REPAIRS AND RENEWALS TO SHOP MACHINERY
AND TOOLS. THIS FORM IS MADE OUT AT EACH SHOP EVERY MONTH, AND SHOWS THE VARIOUS
CHARGES TO THE TOOL ACCOUNT.
General Tool System.
219
220
Betterment Briefs.
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General Tool System.
C. Standard tool-lockers will be assigned to men using tools as far as prac-
ticable.
D. Standard tool-kits for each class of occupation will be determined upon
and these kits will be supplied to each man when he enters the service,
he signing up for same and being held responsible therefor; the man
will also be held responsible for the checks issued.
E. A regular weekly inspection system of all tools will be inaugurated as
rapidly as it can be organized.
In addition to these general measures, the following special regulations will
be in force:
1. No tools will be issued from tool-room except for tool-check.
2. No new hand-hammers or monkey-wrenches to be given in exchange
for old ones unless accompanied by an order from the gang foreman
and marked "OK" by shop foreman; chisels and soft hammers to
be the only tools exchanged for new ones without a written order.
3. No letters or figures to be given out in lots of less than a full set.
4. All tools out on check must be turned into the tool-room every Saturday
night before the tool-keeper leaves the shop. In all cases where
tool-checks remain on the board over Sunday, the tool-keeper should
notify the tool-room foreman or the general foreman, and the men
whom these checks belong to should be required to give an explana-
tion for not returning the tools. In some shops it may be desirable
to check up the tools daily.
5. In all cases of broken, or lost, or damaged tools, the tool-check will not
be returned until the tool clearance card (Fig. 120) has been personally
signed by the general foreman as per circular letter No. 358.
6. In places where, in addition to tools, the tool-room is used for a sort of
shop sub-store for small engine supplies, such as cutters, small bolts,
etc., the gang foreman's orders will be honored for these supplies.
7. The custody of all high-speed lathe, planer, and boring-mill tools should
come under the tool-room foreman, or the man in charge of the tool-
room. A man starting to work on a machine requiring these tools
should be given a set, and these should be charged to him. Should
he break one of these tools, he will exchange it for a new one in the
tool-room. The tool-room foreman or the tool-man should get a list
of the number of high-speed tools, the list showing size and style
now at various machines, and the workmen should sign up for them.
8. All air motors must be returned to the tool-room every Saturday night
and be thoroughly inspected and oiled before leaving the tool-room
again. At shops like Topeka, Albuquerque, San Bernardino and
Cleburne, it may be desirable to assign certain motors to a gang,
and that this gang be allowed to use these motors during the week,
turning them into the tool-room on Saturday night for regular in-
spection. All motors should be numbered and a record kept of what
gang they have been assigned to. Where parts of motors are missing,
the motors should not be accepted without authority of the tool-
room foreman. It should be the tool-room foreman's duty to see
222 Betterment Briefs
that all motors are regularly inspected and repaired and oiled as often
as necessary, which, for motors in service, should be as often as once
a week.
While the efficiency of tools and tool-rooms is of primary impor-
tance, expenditures for expensive tools and devices are not approved
unless there is a direct need for them and the saving in production costs
is represented by a satisfactory return on the investment. In order to
Record Form keep an accurate record of the charges to repairs and re-
for Tool newals to shop machinery and tools, the form shown in
Repairs. pjg ^l was adopted. The form is arranged with nine
columns, each reserved for a different charge account covering repairs
and renewals to shop machinery and tools, and charges to power plants.
This form is filled in once each month at all shops and forwarded to
Topeka. An accurate check and supervision over the tool account is
thus obtained and excessive expenditures for tools are eliminated with-
out impairing the efficiency of the tool system. — American Engineer
and Railroad Journal, June, 1908.
RAILROAD SHOP TOOL-ROOMS.
EDITORIAL COMMENT BY AMERICAN ENGINEER AND RAILROAD JOURNAL, JUNE, 1908.
The best trained and equipped army in the world would be seriously handi-
capped if supplied with poor ammunition. The tool-room in the railway shop
corresponds to the ammunition for an army. One of the most efficient and best
managed railroad shop tool-rooms is at the Topeka shops of the Santa Fe. The
small tools for the entire system are designed and manufactured there, and a tool
department, under the direction of the assistant superintendent of motive power,
not only has this in charge, but also looks after the supply, use and maintenance
of all the small tools and machine-tool equipment on the system. Probably no
other railroad has given as much care and attention to this subject. The general
features of this tool system are considered on page 239 of this issue of the Journal.
LOCOMOTIVE REPAIR COSTS.
COMPARISONS between costs of locomotive repairs on different
railroads are valuable only as they reflect the general tendencies
from year to year rather than the existing differences in cost.
The cost of locomotive repairs is influenced by a number of factors,,
namely: (1) Size of locomotive, (2) cost of labor, (3) cost of material.
(4) operating conditions, (5) shop methods and facilities.
General ^\\ of these factors bear an intimate relation to locomotive
Considerations.
repair costs and each must be considered when making
cost comparisons either from year to year on the same road or between
reports of separate companies.
A close investigation of conditions is always necessary before accept-
ing cost figures as statements of real facts, or as a mirror reflecting the
true elements that contribute to the results shown. This is especially
true when comparing costs of locomotive repairs on the Santa Fe for
the past few years, as the figures given in no way indicate the higher
efficiency maintained in locomotive repairs as compared with five years
ago.
The annual reports of the road for recent years give the cost of loco-
motive repairs in cents per engine-mile as follows: 1903, 8.67 cents;
1904,11.34; 1905,12.56; 1906,9.54; 1907, 9.40. It will
Conf^rison 1:>e °^serve<^ that the cost of rePairs was -73 cent per en-
gine-mile higher in 1907 than in 1903. This is an increase
of 8.4 per cent. Considering simply the cost of repairs, this represents
a considerable increase in expense, which might appear as retrogressive,
but an investigation of conditions gives an entirely different aspect to
this result.
In the five-year period ending 1907, locomotives on the Santa Fe
have increased in number from 1,309 to 1,791, a total of 482, or 37 per
cent. Among the principal types of locomotives, included in this num-
ber, there may be mentioned :
85 Santa Fe type 117 tons on drivers*
56 Prairie type 87 " "
67 Pacific type 75 " "
102 Atlantic type _50 " "
Total, 310 Average, 82 tons on drivers. »
(223)
Betterment Briefs.
In 1903 the average weight of locomotives on drivers was 46 tons.
Considering only the heavy power noted above it will be observed that
Increase in 31^ locomotives having an average weight of 82 tons on
Weight of drivers were added to the equipment in five years. This
Power. number is equal to 25 per cent of the total number owned
in 1903, and is made up of locomotives having a 78 per cent greater
average weight on drivers than the average locomotive of 1903.
The records of repair costs of individual locomotives for the past
few years show that this item is proportional to the weight of locomo-
tives, other conditions being equal or constant. On this basis, the re-
pairs for the 310 locomotives designated, at the prevailing cost in 1903
of 8.67 cents per engine-mile, would amount to 15.43 cents per engine-
mile; or if these 310 locomotives were added to the equipment in 1903,
the total number of locomotives would have been increased 25 per cent,
with a total average repair cost of 10.38 cents per engine-mile. The
rate in 1907 for repairing this same class of power was 9.40 cents per
engine-mile, which is .98 cent or 9.1 per cent less than the cost of re-
pairs in 1903 under the same conditions,. These figures show clearly
that in spite of higher labor and material charges the cost of locomotive
repairs per engine-mile is steadily decreasing and is approximately 10
per cent lower than in 1903.
While locomotive repairs in cents per engine-mile are generally ac-
cepted as a basis for cost comparison on account of the accessibility of
the records from which the figures can be compiled, a more accurate
method is based upon a system of locomotive road-units. The road-unit
adopted by the Santa Fe is defined as follows: "The
weignt of locomotive on drivers in pounds, multiplied by
the engine mileage between consecutive shoppings cost-
ing $500 or over divided by 100,000,000." Dividing maintenance ex-
pense by the road-unit gives the cost of repairs per road-unit, which is
a comparable quantity, for locomotives under all conditions of service.
The accompanying diagram, Fig. 124, illustrates in a graphical manner
the reduction in locomotive repair costs per road unit in the year 1906
as compared with the year 1905. It will be observed that the cost per
road-unit for the entire system in 1905 was $101, which in 1906 was re-
duced to $76 for freight and $66 for passenger locomotives, or an average
of $71. This represents a reduction in cost of repairs of $30, or 39.4
per cent per road-unit in 1906 as compared with 1905. It is to be re-
gretted that the road-unit costs for 1907 are not available for publica-
Locomotive Repair Costs.
225
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JO 20 30 40 A
0 60 /O dO SO 100 HO RO 130 /4a /& 16
Cosf per Un'it in Dollars.
FIG. 124 — DIAGRAM SHOWING REDUCTION IN LOCOMOTIVE REPAIR COSTS PER
ROAD-UNIT FROM THE YEARS 1905 TO 1906.
226
Betterment Briefs.
19
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19
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19
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19
07
joo too 900 r
Cosfofftt,
W 1500 1650 MOO &
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FIG. 125 — DIAGRAM SHOWING THE REDUCTION IN REPAIR CHARGES PER LOCO-
MOTIVE FROM 1903 TO 1907.
Locomotive Repair Cost 8. 227
tion at this time, as an even greater reduction is shown than for preced-
ing years.
Among the factors entering into cost of locomotive repairs, labor is
not only the largest in point of cost but also the most important. Labor
is the one element that is directly under the control of the railroads.
While the wage rate is more or less a product of commercial conditions
it remains with railroad managements to obtain a labor output com-
mensurate with the price paid.
The cost of labor in all branches of industry has been steadily in-
creasing for the past 10 years or more. The wage rate for railroad
machinists, as given by Slason Thompson, has increased from $2.23 in
1897, to $2.87 in 1907, or 29 per cent. Unless an output
Increasing proportional to this increased labor charge is obtained,
Cost of Labor. J
the cost of locomotive repairs will necessarily mount up-
ward even though other conditions remain the same. On the other
hand, it is possible to obtain lower production costs even with higher
priced labor by the application of scientific methods. This has been
strikingly illustrated on the Santa Fe in the past five years. That the
same proportional increase in wages has applied to skilled mechanics
on the Santa Fe as previously indicated for other railroads is shown by
the following figures: Average wage per day for the system in 1903,
$3.40; 1904, $3.60; 1907, $3.88.
It will be observed that the rate in five years has increased 48 cents
per day, or 14.1 per cent, and that the average wage paid skilled me-
chanics on the Santa Fe is $1.01 per day, or 35 per cent greater than the
average wages for this class of labor as compiled by Mr. Thompson.
With this high and constantly increasing rate, a correspondingly
greater cost for locomotive repairs might naturally be expected; but
the diagram in Fig. 125 shows that the reverse is true. In 1903 the labor
charge per locomotive was $1,950. In 1907 this had been forced down
to $1,560, a decrease of $390, or 24.3 per cent. Thus with an increase
of 14.1 per cent in labor charges, the cost of this labor for
locomotive repairs was reduced 24.3 per cent in the five-
year period, which is equivalent to a reduction of 38.4
per cent. This is due in some measure to the individual effort system
of reward, as well as to betterment methods and the large increase in
the size of locomotives. The first, through the payment of bonuses
for extra effort, gave the incentive for greater individual output, and
the second equipped the shops with facilities whereby each man's out-
put was limited only by his own endeavor.
228 Betterment Briefs.
Referring to the diagram in Fig. 125 it will be noted that the cost of
labor for repairs in 1905 was $2,300 per locomotive, or $740 higher than
in 1907. In 1904, 156 locomotives of the largest size were added to the
equipment which necessarily came in for repairs the following year.
Labor conditions were also very unsettled. Late in 1904 the better-
ment work was inaugurated along with the individual effort system, so
that the principal development work took place in 1905. The workings
of the new organization from that time on are shown clearly by the dia-
gram.
Next in importance to the labor charge in locomotive repairs is the
item of material. For the past 10 years there has been an upward tend-
ency in the cost of all materials that enter into locomotive construction.
With the advent of the heavy power, now common to the principal rail-
roads, taking a greater amount of material and at a higher cost, the
material item has assumed proportions that is directly manifest in the
cost of locomotive repairs.
As shown by the diagram in Fig. 126, the average material cost for
locomotive repairs in 1903 was $840 per locomotive. In 1907 this ma-
terial charge was $1,147 per locomotive, an increase of
of CMaat8erialC°8t $307' or 36<5 per cent> in the C0st of material Purchased
by the Santa Fe for locomotive repairs. Considering the
items of labor and material, it has been shown that the first, during the
five-year period, increased in cost 14.1 per cent, and the second, 36.5
per cent, so that the combined cost of labor and material in 1907 rep-
resents a figure 50.6 per cent above that in 1903. In the face of this
enormous increase in cost of the two principal items entering into loco-
motive repairs, the cost of repairs per engine-mile from 1903 to 1907
was reduced 9.1 per cent, which is substantial evidence of progress in
shop methods and locomotive design.
Conditions under which locomotives are operated have a direct in-
fluence on the cost of repairs. Thus, service in districts where "bad
water " prevails, results in higher maintenance charges for boilers. Also,
diti th t renewa^s °f fireboxes are much more frequent and expen-
Influence sive where oil is used for fuel than where coal-burning lo-
Rcpair Costs. comotives are used. Service in the mountains over heavy
grades is much harder on a locomotive than on the plains, consequently
repairs are higher for the same mileage. All of these factors enter into
the cost of locomotive repairs and should be considered when making
cost comparisons.
Locomotive Repair Costs.
OJ
/|
04
O£
f9
07
1
V?00300400$00600700800900IC
W'llOQ /2
VO
"a
Cos f of fiafariaj in Ooltars
FIG. 126 — DIAGRAM SHOWING INCREASE IN COST OF MATERIAL USED IN LOCO-
MOTIVE REPAIRS FROM 1903 TO 1907.
Locomotive Repair Costs.
Locomotives are now operated on a maximum tonnage basis. The
greater the capacity of a locomotive, the greater the load it must haul. In
oil-burning districts, the hauling capacity of a locomotive is much greater
than of the same type burning coal, owing to the greater evaporative
efficiency of oil. This means that a higher firebox temperature is main-
tained. The effect of this high temperature is rapid deterioration of
firebox sheets, necessarily involving frequent repairs and replacements
with high maintenance and repair charges. The extent of this necessary
firebox work on the Santa Fe largely arising from the causes as outlined
is expressed by 143 new fireboxes applied to locomotives in 1907. This
is one of the items contributing to a higher cost of locomotive repairs
that did not exist under former conditions of tonnage rating.
Another factor which bears directly on locomotive repairs is the man-
ner in which locomotives are handled on the road. The wear and tear
on the heavy locomotive of today hauling tonnage trains is enormous.
Not only is the highest class of shop and roundhouse repairs necessary,
but also the most careful and expert handling on the road, to obtain
Locomotive ^e recluisite mileage from locomotives between shoppings.
Operation and During the past few years, when the capacity of the rail-
Repair Costs. roacis was taxed to the utmost, all efforts were concen-
trated toward moving the traffic. Economy and efficiency were nec-
essarily sacrificed in the great struggle to handle the business. Methods
were not questioned so long as the traffic moved. This injected a new
spirit into the road organization which might be called " indifference."
It is a product of conditions, but nevertheless, its existence is real and
directly traceable in increased expenses.
The last factor to be considered as entering into the cost of locomo-
tive repairs is that of shop methods and facilities. It goes without say-
ing, that under the present conditions of high wages of labor and high
prices of material, the best shop facilities are necessary to keep repair
costs within a conservative figure. The reduction made by the Santa
Fe in locomotive repairs the past few years is indicative of the progress
in improved shops, facilities and organization.
The wide publicity given the " Betterment Methods" and " Individ-
ual Effort System" on the Santa Fe makes it unnecessary to discuss
them at this time, but they are largely responsible for the steadily de-
creasing cost of locomotive repairs and renewals.
In conclusion, it may be stated that the cost of locomotive repairs is
not satisfactorily expressed in cents per engine-mile. A unit should be
used that takes into account the work done by the locomotive. An
232 Betterment Briefs.
absolute value is then given to the figure showing the cost of repairs.
This is illustrated by Fig. 125, which shows the actual reduction in repairs
to locomotives based on a road-unit that represents conditions. The
present tendency toward higher locomotive repair costs is not on account
of any deficiency in design of locomotives or maintenance and repair
methods, but in the ordinary mile-unit used in expressing the cost of
repairs. — Railroad Age Gazette, June 19, 1908.
THE SQUARE DEAL TO THE RAILWAY EMPLOYEE.
ANNOUNCEMENT IN ENGINEERING MAGAZINE, JUNE 1, 1907.
It is eight years since H. F. L. Orcutt, writing in these pages of a contrast
in industrial policies at that time newly apparent, used the significant words:
" It is economy as well as humanity to plan factories in which human life is of
more account than machinery; into which human beings will not be driven by
hunger, but attracted by superior hygienic surroundings — air, light, comfort —
as well as by the most modern equipment for saving labor, increasing output, and
raising the standard of workmanship and wages."
No one movement in the field of " Power and Production " during the inter-
vening period is more striking than the progress of this concept in the belief and
the practice of the foremost employers. We are glad that much of the current
history of the advance has been written in the Engineering Magazine. We are
especially glad now to show so brilliant an example of its extension into a branch
of engineering activity which sometimes has not been closely associated with
the idea of care for the individual life. Mr. Jacobs's present article is a welcome
demonstration that there are railway managers by whom the "square deal to
the employee" is considered equal in importance to the increase of "efficiency in
the railway machine shop. — THE EDITORS.
IN the September issue of The Engineering Magazine, Dr. Louis Bell
sounded a note of warning against the result of the American
manufacturing method — devotion to securing the largest output
of uniform character at minimum cost. He pointed out that this made
automata out of the operatives and discouraged skilled, intelligent,
and thoroughly trained artisans, to so great an extent that the quality
of the men today was generally poor and unreliable.
Much of late has been written of the measures taken by manufac-
turing concerns to attract men of high character to their employ — to
surround their men with an environment making toward integrity,
sobriety, and industry, and not only to make the lot of the workman a
more agreeable one, but to reward him in proportion to his efforts as
well, in order to avoid the evils of "the American tendency." Al-
though less has been written regarding their treatment of employees,
some of the railroads have been doing a work along these lines unequaled
in depth of motive and breadth of application.
E. P. Ripley, president of the Santa Fe system, is quoted in the
Chicago Record-Herald of January 5, as saying :
"One of the most serious conditions which this country is facing
( 233 )
234 Betterment Briefs.
today is the indifference and the disregard which the employee has for the
interests of the employer.
"The Santa Fe," continued Mr. Ripley, "hopes to establish a better
esprit de corps among its employees, and expects that a liberal pension
system will have this tendency. We have on this system as much loy-
alty as most railroads enjoy, if not more, but it is not what it should be.
The lack of loyalty among employees is a condition from which all cor-
porations are now suffering, and it presents a most serious problem."
Railroads are the pioneers of civilization and commerce in America ;
they pierce mountains, blaze a way through the forest, and establish
a highway through the arid plains and the desert regions of the South-
west. They are antenna? or feelers, through which human society
reaches out and extends its domain over untrammeled nature.
The hardy and adventurous, the bold and the wild, among our race,
become prospectors, miners, ranchers, or settlers, or they serve the
railroad which serves all. This life, hard and rough, encourages the
Fr ntier lawless and incubates the saloon and attendant social
Railroad evils. It was hardly uncommon in a frontier town to
Conditions. gn(j everv third house a saloon, -and to their temptations
the railroader, because of his extremely unsettled and nervous life,
is especially subject. For instance, in one desert town there used to
arrive each month on pay-day morning, from a large Pacific coast city
about twelve hours distant, a number of detrimentals and gamblers
who spent the next few days shearing their victims.
To combat the evils of the saloon and to encourage men of the su-
Work of perior class, with families or without, one Western road,
Santa Fe in the. Santa Fe, has gone extensively into the construction
Conditions anc^ maintenance of reading rooms, recreation halls, hos-
of Men. pitals and company cottages, and of parks and pleasure-
grounds around the stations, shops, and offices.
A station called "The Needles," on the banks of the lower Colorado
river, in the heart of the Arizona-California desert (the haunt of the
Mojave Indian), about one hundred miles southeast of Death Valley,
being a shop and division point, was typical of severe conditions. It
was said that the railroader's experience was not complete until he
had spent some time there; that a machinist who could hold on for
three months would be promoted to master mechanic. The summer
heat is intense, yet notwithstanding these severe conditions the climate
is salubrious, and in winter, ideal.
The company has built at this point, without regard to expense, one
of its finest recreation halls, in the mission style; a hospital is main-
FIG. 127 — EXAMPLES OF SANTA FE METHODS IN MAKING AN ATTRACTIVE EN-
VIRONMENT FOR THEIR EMPLOYEES. THE UPPER VIEW IS OF THE SHOP YARDS
AND OFFICES AT THE NEEDLES; THE GOLD-FISH BASIN HAS AN UMBRELLA COVER
TO PROTECT THE FISH FROM THE GLARING SUN. THE LOWER VIEW IS OF A STATION
PARK AT A DESERT POINT.
236
Betterment Briefs.
Square Deal to Railway Employee.
237
FIG. 129 — TYPICA^ READING-ROOMS, PROVIDED BY THE SANTA FE ROAD FOR
EMPLOYEES. THE UPPER ONE IS IN ARIZONA, THE LOWER AT RICHMOND, CAL.
THERE ARE OTHERS AT LA JUNTA, COLO., AT RATON, N. M., AND ELSEWHERE, —
ABOUT TWENTY ALTOGETHER.
^ Q
II
I"
a B
H 8
Square Deal to Railway Employee.
239
FIG. 131 — DIVISION OFFICES AT THE NEEDLES, SHOWING WIDE PORCHES AND
EAVES FOR PROTECTION FROM THE DESERT HEAT.
' FIG. 132 — READING-ROOM FORMERLY AT THE NEEDLES, CALIFORNIA. RE-
PLACED BY THE FINE STRUCTURE SHOWN IN FlG. 130 AND IN FOLLOWING PICTURES.
240
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 133 — PORTAL OF THE SANTA FE RECREATION HALL AT THE NEEDLES.
FIG. 134 — IN THE NEEDLES RECREATION HALL. THE UPPER VIEW is THE WEST
PORTICO; THE LOWER is THE UPPER VERANDA AND ROOF GARDEN.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 135 — Two VIEWS OF THE INNER COURT AND FOUNTAIN, THE SANTA FE
RAILWAY'S RECREATION HALL FOR EMPLOYEES AT THE NEEDLES, CAL.
Square Deal to Railway Employee. 243
Fia. 136 — GYMNASIUM AND BILLIARD-ROOM, NEEDLES RECREATION HALL,
244
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 137 — SWIMMING-POOL AT THE RAILROAD Y. M. C. A., TOPEKA.
FIG. 138 — SHOP YARDS AT THE NEEDLES, SHOWING THE EFFORTS OF A PRO-
GRESSIVE AND BROAD-MINDED MASTER MECHANIC IN MAKING THE SURROUND-
INGS FOR EMPLOYEES AS ATTRACTIVE AS POSSIBLE. THE LOWER VIEW SHOWS THE
BEGINNING OF THE IMPROVEMENTS, AND THE UPPER VIEW THE YARDS AS THEY ARE
TODAY. FROM THE PROGRESSIVE APPLICATION OF BETTERMENT PRINCIPLES IN HIS
WORK AND DEALINGS WITH MEN, THIS MAN HAS BEEN ADVANCED TO THE HIGHEST
MECHANICAL OFFICE OF A GREAT RAILWAY SYSTEM.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 139 — THE WRITING-ROOM AND THE READING-ROOM IN THE NEEDLES REC
REATION HALL.
Square Deal to Railway Employee. 247
tained, parks have been grown, the shop grounds have been beautified,
and cottages have been built. At other points where the conditions
are severe, similar measures have been taken, as at Winslow, Arizona,
and at La Junta, Colorado.
In all the principal cities along the railway, hospitals are maintained ;
each employee, from laborer to the higher officials, pays a small monthly
sum (from 25 cents to $1) to the hospital association, the aggregate
amounting to about $20,000 a month. Some of the trustees of the asso-
ciation are officials of the company, while others are employees. These
E 1 ees' trustees devote any surplus receipts over expenditures
Hospital to permanent improvements, new buildings, and ad-
Association, ditional facilities. Although in this respect self-support-
ing, this association has received much substantial aid from the railroad
in the way of donations to building funds, company buildings rent-free,
and other services. All officers and employees of the association,
including surgeons, receive transportation free while in the company's
service, the same rule applying to injured and sick employees.
, The most notable hospital is at Topeka, where the chief surgeon
has his staff of five surgeons, about thirty nurses, and many other em-
ployees. At this point from fifty to one hundred patients are in the
various wards all the time, not only for injuries received, but also for
Hos itals sickness. Many serious operations are of course per-
and Hospital formed. There are many private rooms for severe or
Service. special cases. The other hospitals render service similar
to that at Topeka, there being about a dozen at various points on the
road. Besides these hospitals, which aim to take care of all the cases
in their own territory, there are several hundred physicians and sur-
geons who devote all or part of their time to the company's service
at various towns of any size on the road.
In the principal cities ambulance service is provided ; in the grounds
of the larger shops there are emergency rooms, and in
eacl1 sn°P department are men instructed in the "first
aid to the injured," regular classes being held at the
company's hospital.
Other railroads carry on the same kind of good work, and the time
will not be far distant when it is generally recognized that the railroad
management, their employees,, and the public, have common interests
stronger than any differences.
These examples of the interest of the railroad for its employees are
248 Betterment Briefs.
not along the line of paternalism, but are in the nature of an investment
in the character, health and good-will of the employees.
Railway Another advantage that has been instituted is the
Pension pension system, and still another of no small importance
is the advantage of the employees to get free transpor
tation for themselves and family from time to time.
The pension system is one of the latest institutions established by
the company, and while modeled on preexisting examples, it has been
introduced in the belief that its terms are more liberal than those of any
pension plan previously enforced. It is carried out wholly at the ex-
pense of the company, but under the conviction that the employees
will show appreciation of it by increased zeal and loyalty. Nearly
every employee has it in his power to benefit his employing company
by the character of his work, and his influence, or to injure it by care-
lessness or indifference. The establishment of the pension is based
upon confidence that those whose future is thus made safer will in re-
turn render the best service of which they are capable.
The general management of the pension" system is in the hands of a
board of five officers or employees designated by the president of the
railway, and acting under his general direction and during his pleasure.
This board adopts its own rules, subject to revision by the board of
direction or by the president of the railway company.
Pensions may be granted to any retired officer or employee who has
served the company continuously for fifteen years or more preceding
the date of his retirement, and who, at the time of retiring, has reached
the age of 65 years, or who for any cause incident to his employment
Rules of has been permanently incapacitated for the performance
Qualification of his regular duty and who cannot be transferred to
on> other work which he is still able to perform. Under this
provision the construction is liberal, for in the case of employees of
roads leased or purchased, the period of service of the employee is
construed to date from the time when he entered the employment of
the road acquired, and not merely from the time when that road may
have passed into the control of the main system.
Further, pensions may not be withheld nor revoked simply because
the recipient may have other means of support or may be engaged
in other business, if that business is not prejudicial to the interests of
the corporation or its auxiliary companies ; but the pension board may
deny, revoke, or withhold, a pension allowance to any employee if he
Square Deal to Railway Employee. 249
FIG. 140 — THE SWIMMING-POOL AND THE BOWLING-ALLEYS, NEEDLES REC-
REATION HALL.
250
Betterment Briefs.
Square Deal to Railway Employee.
FIG. 142— MAIN BUILDING, ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAILWAY HOS-
PITAL ASSOCIATION, TOPEKA, KANSAS.
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 14/3 — ISOLATED WARD IN THE SANTA FE HOSPITAL, TOPEKA.
Square Deal to Railway Employee. 253
FIG. 144 — WARD AND OPERATING-ROOM, SANTA FE HOSPITAL, TOPEKA.
254
Betterment Briefs.
FIG. 14,5 — NURSES' PARLOR AND REST-ROOM FOR CONVALESCENTS, SANTA FE
HOSPITAL, TOPEKA, KANSAS.
Square Deal to Railway Employee.
255
The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company.
PENSION DEPARTMENT
PERSONAL RECORD OF SERVICE
(Daft).
J90
TO THE BOARD OF PEJfSIOJfS,
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company,
RAILWAY EXCHANGE. CHICAGO. ILL.
I per tonally make this record of my service with Tlie Atchieon. Topeka <$• Santa Fe Railway Company,
and tender it as a basis for being placed on the pension rolls of that Company:
.Yarn* in full
Employed at present in the .
at
. Address,
. Department
Present rate of pay f
Date and place of birth
f resent age years
Different employment! in the service ol the Company and duration ol each, with salary attached to eack position. (Ever, chings in the pile.
ol employment, occupation, immediate superior olHcer or rate ol pay to be shown as a separate term.)
I1
EOATE
?MENT.
WHERE
RATES
OF FAY
«3
F»OM
To
EMPLOYED.
AMOUNT
""
1st
2d
3d
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
llth
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
11th
18th
19th
,20th
FIG. 146 — FORM FOR PENSION APPLICATION AND RECORD OF SERVICE,
256
Betterment ftriefs.
FIG. 147 — THE RAILROAD Y. M. C. A. BUILDING, TOPEKA, KANSAS.
Square Deal to Railway Employee. 257
The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company.
PENSION DEPARTMENT
TO THE BOARD OF PENSIONS:
_ who has been years continuously in the
service of the A. T. & S. F. Ry. Co. and is now employed as ..
at _ _ , on the t , reached
the age of 65 years and under the provisions of the Pension System may be retired from service. The
following statements respecting h are submitted for the information of the Board of Pensions:
(HERC SHOULD FOLLOW * STATEMENT OF THE EMPLOYE'S MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CONDITION AND AN EXPLICIT
RECOMMENDATION FOR RETIREMENT OR FOR CONTINUANCE IN THE SERVICE.]
(IF RECOMMENDED FOR RETIREMENT GIVE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED STATEMENT OF CHARACTER OF SERVICE RENDERED))
Does employe desire to be retired.'
Date when last on duty if now disabled
Date to which wages were paid if now disabled
Signature Official Title
Date ...._ Location
Respectfully forwarded to ~. (Date) _
who is my immediate superior officer.
FIG. 148 — FORM FOR RECOMMENDATION OF AN EMPLOYEE'S PENSION APPLI-
CATION.
258
Betterment Briefs.
Square Deal to Railway Employee. 259
FIG. 150 — READING-ROOM IN THE RAILROAD Y. M. C. A., TOPEKA, KANSAS.
FIG. 151 — SANITARY WASH- AND LOCKER-ROOM, SANTA FE SHOPS, TOPEKA.
Square Deal to Railway Employee. 261
prove himself wholly undeserving through immorality or other mis-
conduct.
Pensions are not allowable, further, if the officer or employee has
made or enforced any claim for damages against the company for in-
jury or accident occurring within three years of the time when the ap-
plicant is retired or leaves the service. Neither are they allowable if,
during the fifteen-year period, an applicant has been engaged in business
or employment other than the service of the company. The fifteen
years must be continuous, and voluntary withdrawal for two months
or more is sufficient to constitute a break; but leave of absence duly
granted, or even suspension or dismissal if followed by reinstatement
within one year, are not regarded as interrupting the continuity of
service.
The amount of the pension is contingent upon three elements: (1)
The highest average monthly pay received by the pensioner during any
consecutive ten years of service ; (2) the number of years he has been
in the employment of the company or its auxiliary companies; (3)
the character of the service he has performed. The general rule is that
Amounts employees whose highest average monthly wage during
Granted for any consecutive ten years was $50 or less may receive 1 J
ensions. per cen^ Q£ ^g mon^n}y average for each year of service,
while employees whose pay exceeded $50 per month may be granted
for each year of service 1J per cent on the first $50 and three-fourths
of 1 per cent on the remainder. A minimum of $20 a month and a
maximum of $75 per month are, however, arbitrarily provided. If the
pension computed as above falls below the lower figure it is raised to
$20, and if it rises above the higher figure it is reduced to $75. In case
of exceptionally long and unbroken service with a first-class record, the
board of pensions, with the approval of the president, may increase by
as much as 25 per cent any pension as calculated under the preceding
rule, provided always that the total sum paid does not exceed $75 a
month.
Application for pension is made by filling out a blank, of which re-
production is given on page 257. The signature of the employing officer
must be secured in approval, and the application is then passed to the
board of pensions through its secretary. In addition to the informa-
tion called for in the application form, the board may ask for any further
particulars it thinks necessary, and may require a physical examination
by the company's surgeon, where the retirement is asked on the ground
of incapacity. The acknowledgment of the receipt of the application
262 Betterment Briefs.
and notice of the action taken upon it is communicated to the applicant
through his employing officer.
The resolution of the board of directors adopting the pension system
sets forth that it has been instituted " in order to enable the employees
of the company who have rendered long and efficient service to retire
when advanced age makes relief from work desirable." This sense of
security in old age or in disability incurred in service has proved else-
where to be one of the greatest incentives to loyalty, contentment,
and faithfulness in service. It has as yet found comparatively little
application in industrial management in the United States.
By the institution of the system the Santa Fe road seems to be taking
a long step toward the betterment of permanent relations between em-
ployer and employed. The probability that it will be fully justified
and repaid by the results does not diminish in the least the credit due
to the far-sightedness and the praiseworthy effort of those who are re-
sponsible for its introduction. — H. W. JACOBS, in Engineering Mag-
azine, June, 1907.
INDEX.
Paqe.
Air and Electric Tools, Maintenance of 165
Ambulance Service 247
Angle Cocks, Grinding in 29
Angle Iron Chuck for Planer 30
Applied Education 59
Attitude of Workmen Regarding New Methods 35
Ball Joint Reamer for Steam Pipes 156
Belting Methods, Modern Shop 120
Betterment Methods Demonstrated 170
Bolts, Engine, Standard Tapei1 for 156
Boring Car Wheels 30
Boring Mill, Cylinder, Rebuilt 124
Boring Steel Tires 30
Boring Tool Supplanted by Reamer 88
Brake Shoe Key Forging Machine 74
Bushings, Cylinder, Turning 22
Bushing, Hydraulic Extractor of Piston Valve 102
Bushings, Valve, Milling Parts of 29
Canadian Pacific, Standard Locomotives 87
Car Wheels, Boring 30
Cast Steel Tool Holder for Wheel Lathe 22
Central Manufacture of Standard Parts 94
Central Manufacture of Standard Tools 100
Centralized Manufacture, Economy of 77
Centralized Manufacture of Flue Rollers. 140
Centralized Manufacture of Parts 74
Centralized Manufacture of Tools 142
Centralized Manufacture, Unfavorable Conditions for 77
Chuck, Angle Iron, for Planer 30
Chuck for Flat Drills 142
Chuck for Planing Shoes and Wedges 29
Classification of Work on Pay Rolls 165
College Men in Machine Shops 59
Commercial Manufacturing Methods 69
Comparison of Old and New Shop Methods 12
Cooperation of Higher Officers Secured 169
Cooperation of Supply and Mechanical Departments 105
Confidence of Men, Necessity of 168
Conservatism of Foremen 36
Conservatism of Workmen 35
264 Index.
Considerations Governing the Selection of Tools 116
Costs and Individual Effort 184
Cost of Material for Locomotive Repairs 228
Cost of Locomotive Repairs 106
Cost of Machinery Maintenance 115
Cost of Manufactured Material 176
Cost of Labor for Locomotive Repairs 227
Costs, Production, Reduced 210
Costs, Surcharge Item 178
Crosshead Jig for Babbitting 29
Crosshead and Piston Fit Reamers, Standard 150
Cylinder Bushings, Turning 22
Cylinder Boring Mill, Rebuilt 124
Crosshead Reamer, Evolution of 150
Cylinder Studs, Template for Laying Off 78
Demonstrator, The Shop 19
Design of Tools and Cost of Production 149
Devices Needed in Erecting Shops 160
Distribution of Locomotive Repairs 105
Double Tool Holder for Slotter 30
Drawings and Blueprint Standards 161
Drill, High-Speed Flat 142
Drilling Flue Sheet Holes 22
Driving Boxes, Planing 30
Driving Box Sling 30
Driving Boxes, Slotting , 30
Duplicate Parts in Stock 15
Eccentric Halves, Milling 29
Eccentric Mandrel for Lathe 29
Eccentrics, Turning 29
Economic Value of Commercial Engineering 59
Economical Shop Production 2}
Economical Utilization of Tool Equipment 108
Economies in Standard Taper Plug Taps 140
Economy of Ball Joint Reamers 156
Economy in Central Manufacture of Locomotive Parts 176
Economy of Centralized Manufacture 77
Economy of Complete Stock 172
Economy in Rapid Locomotive Repairs 106
Economy in Reconstruction of Old Machinery 139
Economy of Standard Parts and Tools 15
Economy of Standard Reamers 150
Economy in Standardization of Small Tools 139
Education, Applied 59
Efficiency Record of Dry-Pipe Gang 193
Efficiency Record of Entire Shop 193
Efficiency Record of Good Workman 184
Efficiency Record of Poor Workman 190
Index. 265
Efficiency Record of Repair Track 193
Efficiency Record of Spasmodic Workman 190
Employees' Hospital Association 247
Engineering, Economic Value of Commercial 59
Equipment, Percentage of Standard 93
Erecting Shop, Conditions in 155
Erecting Shop, Devices Needed in 160
Erecting Work Devices 159
Evolution of Crosshead Reamer 150
Excessive Stock, One Cause for 172
Expense of Cheap Supervision 73
Extended Piston Rods, Finishing 43
Extravagance in Purchase of Tools 116
Finishing Extended Piston Rods 22
Flue Hole Cutter 22
Flue Rollers, Centralized Manufacture of 140
Flue Sheet Holes, Drilling 22
Foremen, Conservatism of 36
Foremen With Ideas, Value of 74
Forging Machine, Brake Shoe Key 74
Frontier Railroad Conditions 234
Functions of Railways 69
Functions of Tool Room 145
Handling Shop Orders 161
Hardening, Tool, Methods 215
High-Speed Flat Drill and Chuck 142
High-Speed Steel, Increased Production From 108
High-Speed Steel and Machine Design 131
High-Speed Steel in Railroad Shops 19
High-Speed Tools Replace Carbon Tools 141
Holder for Wheel Lathe Tools 22
Hospital Association, Employees' 247
Hospitals and Hospital Service 247
Increase in \Veight of Locomotives 224
Increased Production from High-Speed Steel 108
Industrial Track System for Shops 30
Importance of Good Tools _ 159
Improper Selection of Machinery 132
Improved Equipment and Planer Practice 120
Improved Machine and Shop Practice 70
Improved Planer Practice 51
Improved Wheel Lathe Tools and Holder 115
Individual Effort, High Efficiency and Low Costs 184
Individual Effort, Reward for 165
Individual Effort System, Principles of 167
Individual Effort System, Results from 194
Jig, Crosshead 29
Jig for Milling Eccentrics 29
266 Index.
Jigs and Templates for Locomotive Shops 15
Jigs and Templates, Use of 78
Knuckle- Pin Hole Reamers 29
Lathe Feeds, Increased 131
Lathe Tools, Modem 123
Lathe Tools, Old and New Compared 123
List of Locomotive Standard Parts 87
Locomotive Operation and Repair Costs 231
Locomotive Parts, Economy in Central Manufacture of 175
Locomotive Parts to be Made in Central Shop 177
Locomotive and Parts, Standardization of 82
Locomotive Repair Cost 223
Locomotive Repairs, Cost of 106
Locomotive Repairs, Cost of Labor for 227
Locomotive Repairs, Cost of Material for 228
Locomotive Repairs, Distribution of 105
Locomotive Repairs, Economy in 106
Locomotive Repairs, Standardizing 160
Locomotive Road-Unit 224
Locomotive Standards, Canadian Pacific 87
Locomotive Standard Parts, List No. 1 87
Locomotive Standard Parts, List No. 2 ' 99
Locomotive Standards, Rock Island 82
Locomotive Standards, Union Pacific 87
Locomotives, Improved Condition of 167
Locomotives, Increase in Weight of 224
Machine Design and High-Speed Steel 131
Machinery, Economy in Reconstruction of Old 139
Machine Equipment, Special 123
Machinery, Improper Selection of 132
Machinery Maintenance, Cost of 115
Machine Production Records 30
Machining Piston Valves 22
Machinery, Speeding Up 36
Machinery, Surcharge on 119
Machine Tool Equipment, Selection of 1 16
Machine Tools and High-Speed Steel 35
Maintenance of Air and Electric Tools 165
Maintenance of Efficient Working Stock 171
Maintenance Expense Reduced 167
Maintenance of Standards 16
Man Required for Shop Demonstration 36
Manufactured Material Costs 175
Material, Reward for Saving 165
Material Sub-Stores in Shops 162
Material, Supervision of Requisitions for 181
Material Supply for Local Stores 100
Methods, Commercial Manufacturing .... 69
Index. 267
Methods for Keeping Down Stock 81
Methods, Open and Direct 168
Mechanical Officers, Variation in Policy of 107
Milling Eccentric Halves 29
Milling Ports of Piston Valve Bushings 29
Modern Shop Belting Methods 120
Object of Betterment Work 204
Officers, Responsibility of Higher 43
Old Method of Raising Air Drums 22
Organization Shop 51
Outline of Shop Organization 51
Outline of Tool System 204
Parts, Centralized Manufacture of 16
Parts, Duplicate in Stock 15
Parts Reduced by Standardization 175
Parts to be Standardized 87
Parts and Tools, Economy of Standard 15
Pay Rolls, Classification of Work on 165
Pension, Amount Granted 261
Pension, Qualifications for 248
Pension System 248
Percentage of Standard Equipment 93
Performance of Wheel Lathe 21
Pins, Standard Brake Rigging 159
Piston Fit and Crosshead Reamers 150
Piston Rods, Extended, Finishing 22
Piston Rod Glands, Finishing 30
Planer Chuck for Rod Brasses 30
Planer Improvements 131
Planer Practice, Improved 51
Planing Driving Boxes 30
Planing Shoes and Wedges 29
Plugs, Standard Washout 156
Pneumatic Air Drum Hoist 22
Pneumatic Tools, Standard 140
Possible Reduction in Tool Account 116
Possible Savings in Tool Steel 115
Practical Pointers for College Men 60
Practical Tool-Room Methods 15
Preparations for High-Speed Steel 35
Principles of Individual Effort System 167
Production Costs and Quality of Material 189
Production, Economical Shop 21
Progress, Conditions in Erecting Shop 155
Progressive Shop Policy 21
Progressive Shop Policy, Benefits of 167
Publicity of Methods by Lectures 169
Punches and Dies, Standard . 1 46
268 Index.
Qualifications for Pension 248
Railways, Functions of 69
Raising Air Drums 22
Reamer, Ball Joint for Steam Pipes 156
Reamer, Evolution of Crosshead 150
Reamers, Standard, Economy of 150
Reamer, Standard Knuckle-Pin Hole 29
Reamer Substituted for Boring Tool 88
Records and Reports, Store Department 81
Records of Templates and Jigs 15
Records of Tools 142
Reconstructed Axle Lathe 136
Reconstructed Bolt Lathe 39
Reconstructed Drill Press 41
Reconstructed Planer 131
Reconstruction of Old Machinery 1 39
Record Form for Tool Repairs 222
Reduced Production Costs 210
Repair Cost of Locomotives 223
Repair Costs, Influence of Locomotive Operation on 231
Requisitions, Returned When Not Filled 181
Responsibility of Higher Officers ' 43
Reward for Individual Effort 165
Reward for Saving Material 165
Rock Island Standard Locomotives 82
Roughing Extended Piston Rods 22
Routing Work Through Shops 160
Salaries of Mechanical Officers 73
Saving in Jigs and Templates 78
Schedules, Standard Efficiency Shop 199
Scope of Tool Room '. 20
Shoes and Wedges, Planing 29
Shop Belting, Modern Methods of 120
Shops, College Men in Machine 59
Shop Crane Service 30
Shop Demonstrator, The 19
Shop Demonstrator, Value of 35
Shops, Devices Needed in Erecting 160
Shop Manufacture of Special Tools 149
Shop Methods, Comparison of Old and New 12
Shop Orders, Handling 161
Shop Output Increased 168
Shop Policy, A Progressive 167
Shop Practice, Improved 21
Shop Practice and Improved Equipment 120
Shop Production, Surcharge on 165
Shop, Progress Conditions in Erecting 155
Shops, Routing Work Through 160
Index. 269
Shops, Sub-Stores in 162
Sling for Driving Boxes 30
Slotting Driving Boxes 30
Special Erecting Work Devices 159
Special Machine Equipment 123
Special Milling Records 30
Special Tool, Poor Selection of 132
Speeding Up Machinery 36
Standard Boiler-Makers' Tools 140
Standard Brake Rigging Pins 159
Standard Crosshead and Piston Reamers 150
Standard Drawings and Prints 161
Standard Efficiency Shop Schedules 199
Standard Equipment, Percentage of 93
Standard Flue Rollers, Central Manufacture of 140
Standard Hand and Air Hammer Tools 140
Standard Knuckle- Pin Hole Reamers 29
Standard Locomotive Parts 82
Standard Parts to be Finished 94
Standard Parts and Tools, Economy of 15
Standard Punches and Dies 146
Standard Reamers, Economy of 150
Standard Taper for Engine Bolts 156
Standard Taper Plug Taps 140
Standard Tools Centrally Manufactured 140
Standard Tools in Stock 215
Standard Washout Plugs 156
Standards, Maintenance of 16
Standards, Supervision of 16
Standardization of Air Tool Equipment 162
Standardization of Locomotives and Parts 82
Standardization and Reduction in Number of Parts 175
Standardization of Small Tools 141
Standardizing Locomotive Repairs 160
Standardizing Small Tools, Economy in 139
Stock Book, Tool 215
Stock, Cause for Excessive 172
Stock, Complete Economy of 172
Stock, Duplicate, in Stock 15
Stock, Methods of Keeping Down 81
Store Department, The Ideal 171
Store, Tool Rack for Central 144
Storehouse Records and Reports 81
Stores, Material Supply of Local 100
Stores, Sub-, in Shops 162
Superiority of Modern Tools and Methods 12
Supervision of Air Tools 159
Supervision, Expense of 73
270 Index.
Supervision of Requisitions for Material 181
Supervision of Standards 16
Supervision of Tools and Records 142
Supervision of Tools and Tool Steel 19
Surcharge Item Costs 178
Surcharge on Machinery 119
Surcharge on Shop Production 165
Taps, Standard Taper Plug 140
Templates and Jigs for Locomotive Work 15
Templates and Jigs, Records of 15
Templates and Jigs, Use of 78
Template for Laying Off Cylinder Studs 78
Testing Triple Valves 29
Tires, Boring Steel 30
Tires, Turning Coach Wheel 21
Tires, Turning Driving Wheel 21
Tool Account, Reduction in 116
Tools, Central Manufacture of 142
Tool Equipment, Economical Utilization of 108
Tool-Hardening Methods 215
Tool Holder for Wheel Lathe 22
Tool Rack for Central Shops : 142
Tool Regulation 215
Tool Repairs, Record Form for 222
Tool Room Conditions in Railroad Shops 11
Tool Room, Economical Limits of Manufacture in 149
Tool Room, Functions of 149
Tool Room, Jurisdiction 16
Tool Room Methods, Practical 15
Tool Room Organization 146
Tool Room, Scope of 20
Tool Steel, Savings in 115
Tool Stock Book 215
Tool System, A Modern 19
Tools, Central Manufacture of Standard 100
Tools, Design of 149
Tools, Economy in Standard Small 139
Tools, Extravagance in Purchase of 116
Tools and Holder for Wheel Lathe 115
Tools, Importance of Good 159
Tools, Maintenance of Air and Electric 165
Tools and Methods, Superiority of Modern 12
Tools, Modern Lathe 123
Tools, Shop Manufacture of Special 149
Tools, Standard Boiler-Makers' 140
Tools, Standard, in Stock 215
Tools, Standard Pneumatic 140
Tools, Standardization of Air 162
Index. 271
Tools, Standardization of Small 141
Tools, Supervision of Air 159
Tools and Tool Steel, Supervision of 19
Triple Valves Overhauled 29
Turning Coach Wheel Tires 21
Turning Cylinder Bushings 22
Turning Driving Wheel Tires 21
Turning Eccentrics 29
Turning Piston Valves 22
Unfavorable Conditions for Centralized Manufacture 77
Union Pacific Standard Locomotives 87
Unit, Locomotive Road 224
Use of Jigs and Templates 78
Value of Foremen with Ideas 74
Value of Modern Tool System 19
Valve Bushings, Milling Ports of 29
Valves, Overhauling Triple 29
Valve Packing Rings, Machining 29
Valves, Turning Piston 30
Variation in Policy of Mechanical Officers 107
Washout Plugs, Standard 140
Wheel Lathe, Performance of 21
Wheel Lathe Tools, Old and New Compared 115
Wheel Lathe Tools, Saving in New 115
Wheel Lathe Tools and Holder 24
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* Fiebeger's Treatise on Civil Engineering 8vo, 5 00
Flemer's Photographic Methods and Instruments 8vo, 5 00
Folwell's Sewerage. (Designing and Maintenance.) 8vo, 3 00
Freitag's Architectural Engineering 8vo, 3 50
Goodhue's Municipal Improvements 12mo, 1 50
* Hauch and Rice's Tables of Quantities for Preliminary Estimates. . . 12mo, 1 25
Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo, 3 00
Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors.) 16mo, mor. 2 50
Hosmer's Azimuth 16mo, mor. 1 00
Howe' Retaining Walls for Earth 12mo, 1 25
* Ives's Adjustments of the Engineer's Transit and Level 16mo, bds. 25
Johnson's (J. B.) Theory and Practice of Surveying Large 12mo, 4 00
Johnson's (L. J.) Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods 8vo, 2 00
Kinnicutt, Winslow and Pratt's Purification of Sewage. (In Preparation.)
* Mahan's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 1 50
Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 2 50
Merriman and Brooks's Handbook for Surveyors 16mo, mor. 2 00
Nugent's Plane Surveying 8vo, 3 50
Ogden's Sewer Construction 8vo, 3 00
Sewer Design 12mo, 2 00
Parsons's Disposal of Municipal Refuse 8vo, 2 00
Patton's Treatise on Civil Engineering ... .8vo, half leather, 7 50
Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 00
Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 4 00
Riemer's Shaft-sinking under Difficult Conditions. (Co/ning and Peele.).8vo, 3 00
Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masoary 8vo, 1 50
Smith's Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50
6
Soper's Air and Ventilation of Subways 12mo, $2 50
* Tracy's Exercises in Surveying 12mo, mor. 1 00
Tracy's Plane Surveying 16mo, mor. 3 00
* Trautwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-book 16mo, mor. 5 00
Venable's Garbage Crematories in America 8vo, 2 00
Methods and Devices for Bacterial Treatment of Sewage 8vo, 3 00
Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 00
Sheep, 6 50
Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 00
Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and
Architecture 8vo, 5 00
Sheep, 5 50
Warren's Stereotomy — Problems in Stone-cutting 8vo, 2 50
* Waterbury's Vest-Pocket Hand-book of Mathematics for Engineers.
2$ X 5f inches, mor. 1 00
* Enlarged Edition, Including Tables mor. 1 50
Webb's Problem's in the Use and Adjustment of Engineering Instruments.
16mo, mor. 1 25
Wilson's Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50
BRIDGES AND ROOFS.
F&
Boiler's Practical Treatise on the Construction of Iron Highway Bridges..8vo, 2 00
* Thames River Bridge Oblong paper, 5 00
Burr and Falk's Design and Construction of Metallic Bridges 8vo, 5 00
Influence Lines for Bridge and Roof Computations 8vo, 3 00
Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. II Small 4to, 10 00
Foster's Treatise on Wooden Trestle Bridges 4 to, 5 00
Fowler's Ordinary Fopndations 8vo, 3 50
Greene's Arches in Wood, Iron, and Stone 8vo, 2 50
Bridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50
Roof Trusses 8vo, 1 25
Grimm's Secondary Stresses in Bridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50
Heller's Stresses in Structures and the Accompanying Deformations.. . .8vo, 3 00
Howe's Design of Simple Roof-trusses in Wood and Steel 8vo. 2 00
Symmetrical Masonry Arches 8vo, 2 50
Treatise on Arches 8vo, 4 00
* Jacoby's Structural Details, or Elements of Design in Heavy Framing, 8vo, 2 25
Johnson, Bryan and Turneaure's Theory and Practice in the Designing of
Modern Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 00
Merriman and Jacoby's Text-book on Roofs and Bridges:
Part I. Stresses in Simple Trusses 8vov 2 50
Part II. Graphic Statics 8vo, 2 50
Part III. Bridge Design 8vo, 2 50
Part IV. Higher Structures 8vo, 2 50
Morison's Memphis Bridge Oblong 4to, 10 00
Sondericker's Graphic Statics, with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and
Arches 8vo, 2 00
Waddell's De Pontibus, Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers 16mo, mor. 2 00
* Specifications for Steel Bridges 12mo, 50
Waddell and Harringtoon's Bridge Engineering. (In Preparation.)
Wright's Designing of Draw-spans. Two parts in one volume 8vo, 3 50
HYDRAULICS.
Barnes's Ice Formation 8vo, 3 00
Bazin's Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein Issuing from
an Orifice. (Trautwine.) 8vo, 200
Bovey 's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 00
Church's Diagrams of Mean Velocity of Water in Open Channels.
Oblong 4to, paper, 1 50
Hydraulic Motors 8vo, 2 00
7
Coffin's Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems 16mo, mor. $2 50
Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power 12mo, 3 00
Folwell's Water-supply Engineering 8vo, 4 00
Frizell's Water-power 8vo, 5 00
Fuertes's Water and Public Health 12mo, 1 50
Water-filtration Works 12mo, 2 50
Ganguillet and Kutter's General Formula for the Uniform Flow of Water in
Rivers and Other Channels. (Hering and Trautwine.) 8vo, 4 00
Hazen's Clean Water and How to Get It Large 12mo, 1 50
Filtration of Public Water-supplies 8vo, 3 00
Hazelhurst's Towers and. Tanks for Water- works 8vo, 2 50
Herschel's 115 Experiments on the Carrying Capacity of Large, Riveted, Metal
Conduits 8vo, 2 00
Hoyt and Grover's River Discharge 8vo, 2 00
Hubbard and Kiersted's Water-works Management and Maintenance.
8vo, 4 00
* Lyndon's Development and Electrical Distribution of Water Power.
8vo, 3 00
Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Stand-
point.) 8vo, 4 00
Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 00
* Molitor's Hydraulics of Rivers, Weirs and Sluices 8vo, 2 00
* Richards's Laboratory Notes on Industrial Water Analysis 8vo, 50
Schuyler's Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-power, and Domestic Water-
supply. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged Large 8vo, 6 00
* Thomas and Watt's Improvement of Rivers 4to, 6 00
Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 00
Wegmann's Design and Construction of Dams. 5th Ed., enlarged 4to, 6 GO
Water-Supply of the City of New York from 1658 to 1895 4to, 10 00
Whipple's Value of Pure Water Large 12mo, 1 00
Williams and Hazen's Hydraulic Tables 8vo, 1 50
Wilson's Irrigation Engineering 8vo, 4 00
Wood's Turbines. . . . . . 8vo, 2 50
MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING.
Baker's Roads and Pavements 8vo, 5 00
Treatise on Masonry Construction 8vo, 5 00
Black's United States Public Works Oblong 4to, 5 00
Blanchard's Bituminous Roads. (In Press.)
Bleininger's Manufacture of Hydraulic Cement. (In Preparation.)
* Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50
Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering 8vo, 7 50
Byrne's Highway Construction 8vo, 5 00
Inspection of the Materials and Workmanship Employed in Construction.
16mo, 3 00
Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 00
Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering.
Vol. I. Kinematics, Statics, Kinetics Small 4to, 7 50
Vol. II. The Stresses in Framed Structures, Strength of Materials and
Theory of Flexures Small 4to, 10 00
* Eckel's Cements, Limes, and Plasters 8vo, 6 00
Stone and Clay Products used in Engineering. (In Preparation.)
Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50
* Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50
* Holley's Lead and Zinc Pigments Large 12mo, 3 00
Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments and Varnishes.
Large 12mo, 2 50
Hubbard 's Dust Preventives and Road Binders. (In Preparation.)
Johnson's (C. M.) Rapid Methods for the Chemical Analysis of Special Steels,
Steel-making Alloys and Graphite Large 12mo, 3 00
Johnson's (J. B.) Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 00
Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50
Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50
Lowe's Paint for Steel Structures.. . . 12mo, 1 00
Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles 12mo, $2 00
Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols 8vo, 7 50
Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00
Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 5 00
Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 00
* Strength of Materials 12mo, 1 00
Metcalf 's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users 12mo, 2 00
Morrison's Highway Engineering 8vo, 2 50
Patton's Practical Treatise on Foundations. 8vo, 5 00
Rice's Concrete Block Manufacture 8vo, 2 00
Richardson's Modern Asphalt Pavements 8vo, 3 00
Richey's Building Foreman's Pocket Book and Ready Reference. 16 mo, mor. 5 00
* Cement Workers' and Plasterers' Edition (Building Mechanics' Ready
Reference Series) 16mo, mor. 1 50
Handbook for Superintendents of Construction 16mo, mor. 4 00
* Stone and Brick Masons' Edition (Building Mechanics' Ready
Reference Series) 16mo, mor. 1 50
* Ries's Clays : Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses 8vo, 5 00
* Ries and Leighton's History of the Clay-working Industry of the United
States 8vo. 2 50
Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paint and Varnish 8vo, 3 00
* Smith's Strength of Material 12mo 1 25
Snow's Principal Species of Wood 8vo, 3 50
Spalding's Hydraulic Cement 12mo, 2 00
Text-book on Roads and Pavements 12mo, 2 00
Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 8vo, 5 00
Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts 8vo, 8 00
Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering and Metallurgy 8vo, 2 00
Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50
Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their
Constituents 8vo, 2 50
Tillson's Street Pavements and Paving Materials 8vo, 4 00
* Trautwine's Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 16mo, 2 00
Turneaure and Maurer's Principles of Reinforced Concrete Construction.
Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged 8vo, 3 50
Waterbury's Cement Laboratory Manual 12mo, 1 00
Wood's (De V.) Treatise on the Resistance of Materials, and an Appendix on
the Preservation of Timber 8vo, 2 00
Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and
Steel 8vo, 4 00
RAILWAY ENGINEERING.
Andrews's Handbook for Street Railway Engineers 3X5 inches, mor. 1 25
Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 5 00
Brooks's Handbook of Street Railroad Location 16mo, mor. 1 50
Butts's Civil Engineer's Field-book 16mo, mor. 2 50
Crandall's Railway and Other Earthwork Tables 8vo, 1 50
Transition Curve I6mo, mor. 1 50
* Crockett's Methods for Earthwork Computations. . 8vo, 1 50
Dredge's History of the Pennsylvania Railroad. (1879) Papei 5 00
Fisher's Table of Cubic Yards Cardboard, 25
Godwin's Railroad Engineers' Field-book and Explorers' Guide. . 16mo, mor. 2 50
Hudson's Tables for Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Em-
bankments 8vo, 1 00
Ives and Hilts's Problems in Surveying, Railroad Surveying and Geodesy
16mo, mor. 1 50
Molitor and Beard's Manual for Resident Engineers 16mo, 1 00
Nagle's Field Manual for Railroad Engineers 16mo, mor. 3 00
* Orrock's Railroad Structures and Estimates 8vo, 3 00
Philbrick's Field Manual for Engineers 16mo, mor. 3 00
Raymond's Railroad Engineering. 3 volumes.
Vol. I. Railroad Field Geometry. (In Preparation.)
Vol. II. Elements of Railroad Engineering 8vo, 3 50
Vol. III. Railroad Engineer's Field Book. (In Preparation.)
9
Searles's Field Engineering 16mo, mor. $3 00
Railroad Spiral 16mo, mor. 1 50
Taylor's Prismoidal Formulae and Earthwork 8vo, 1 50
* Trautw;ne's Field Practice of Laying Out Circular Curves for Railroads.
12mo, mor. 2 50
* Method of Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Em-
bankments by the Aid of Diagrams 8vo, 2 00
Webb's Economics of Railroad Construction Large 12mo, 2 50
Railroad Construction 16mo, mor. 5 00
Wellington's Economic Theory of the Location of Railways Large 12mo, 5 00
Wilson's Elements of Railroad-Track and Construction 12mo, 2 00
DRAWING.
Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50
* Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 00
Abridged Ed 8vo, 1 50
Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, 1 00
Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical Engi-
neers Oblong 4to, 2 50
Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 00
Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Application 8vo, 2 50
French and I ves' Stereotomy 8vo, 2 50
Hill's Text-book on Shades and Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 2 00
Jamison's Advanced Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 00
Elements of Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 50
Jones's Machine Design:
Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 1 50
Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 00
Kimball and Barr's Machine Design 8vo, 3 00
MacCord's Elements of Descritpive Geometry 8vo, 3 00
Kinematics ; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 00
Mechanical Drawing 4to, 4 00
Velocity Diagrams 8vo, 1 53
McLeod's Descriptive Geometry Large 12mo, 1 50
* Mahan's Descriptive Geometry and Stone-cutting .8vo, 1 50
Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 3 50
Moyer's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 2 00
Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 00
Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 00
Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design.. 8vo, 3 00
Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00
Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00
Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design 8vo, 3 00
Smith's (R. S.) Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50
* Titsworth's Elements of Mechanical Drawing Oblong 8vo, 1 25
Warren's Drafting Instruments and Operations 12mo, 1 25
Elements of Descriptive Geometry, Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 3 50
Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50
Elements of Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing 12mo, 1 00
General Problems of Shades and Shadows 8vo, 3 00
Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Forms and
Shadow 12mo, 1 00
Manual of Elementary Projection Drawing 12mo, 1 50
Plane Problems in Elementary Geometry 12mo, 1 25
Problems, Theorems, and Examples in Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 2 50
Weisbach's Kinematics and Power of Transmission. (Hermann and
Klein.) 8vo, 5 00
Wilson's (H. M.) Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50
* Wilson's (V. T.) Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 1 50
Free-hand Lettering 8vo, 1 00
Free-hand Perspective 8vo, 2 50
Woolf's Elementary Course in Descriptive Geometry Large 8vo, 3 00
10
ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS.
* Abegg's Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation, (von Ende.) 12mo, $1 25
Andrews's Hand-book for Street Railway Engineering 3X5 inches, mor. 1 25
Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics. (Magie.) ... .Large 12mo, 3 00'
Anthony and Ball's Lecture-notes on the Theory of Electrical Measure-
ments 12mo, 1 00'
Benjamin's History of Electricity 8vo, 3 00
Voltaic Cell , 8vo, 3 00
Betts's Lead Refining and Electrolysis 8vo, 4 00
Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.).Svo, 3 00
* Collins's Manual of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony 12mo, 1 50
Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph 8vo, 3 00
* Danneel's Electrochemistry. (Merriam.) 12mo, 1 25
Dawson's " Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. . . . 16mo, mor. 5 00
Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery), (von Ende.)
12mo, 2 50
Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 4 00
Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power 12mo, 3 00
Getman's Introduction to Physical Science 12mo, 1 50
Gilbert's De Magnete. (Mottelay ) 8vo, 2 50
* Hanchett's Alternating Currents 12mo, 1 00
Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) 16mo, mor. 2 50
* Hobart and Ellis's High-speed Dynamo Electric Machinery 8vo, 6 00
Holman's Precision of Measurements 8vo, 2 OO
Telescopic Mirror-scale Method, Adjustments, and Tests.. . .Large 8vo, 75
* Karapetoff 's Experimental Electrical Engineering 8vo, 6 OO1
Kinzbrunner's Testing of Continuous-current Machines 8vo, 2 OO
Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 00
Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard — Burgess.) 12mo, 3 00
Lob's Electrochemistry of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) 8vo, 3 00
* Lyndon's Development and Electrical Distribution of Water Power. .8vo, 3 00
* Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols, I .and II. 8vo, each, 6 OO
* Michie's Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light 8vo, 4 00
Morgan's Outline of the Theory of Solution and its Results 12mo, 1 OO
* Physical Chemistry for Electrical Engineers 12mo, 1 50
* Morris's Introduction to the Study of Electrical Engineering 8vo, 2 50
Norris and Dennison's Course of Problems on the Electrical Characteristics of
Circuits and Machines. (In Press.)
* Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design 4to, half mor, 12 5O
Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition.
Large 12mo, 3 50
* Rosenberg's Electrical Engineering. (Haldane Gee — Kinzbrunner.) . .8vo, 2 00
Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. Vol. 1 8vo, 2 50
Schapper's Laboratory Guide for Students in Physical Chemistry 12mo, 1 00
* Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, 1 50
Tory and Pitcher's Manual of Laboratory Physics Large 12mo, 2 00
Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 00
LAW.
* Brennan's Hand-book of Useful Legal Information for Business Men.
16mo, mor. 5 00
* Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 2 50
* Treatise on the Military Law of United States 8vo, 7 00
* Dudley's Military Law and the Procedure of Courts-martial. . Large 12mo, 2 50
Manual for Courts-martial 16mo, mor. 1 50
Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 00
Sheep, 6 50
Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 00
Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and
Architecture 8vo, 5 00
Sheep, 5 50
11
MATHEMATICS.
Baker's Elliptic Functions 8vo, $1 50
Briggs's Elements of Plane Analytic Geometry. (Bdcher.) 12mo, 1 00
* Buchanan's Plane and Spherical Trigonometry 8vo, 1 00
Byerley's Harmonic Functions 8vo, 1 00
Chandler's Elements of the Infinitesimal Calculus 12mo, 2 00
* Coffin's Vector Analysis 12mo, 2 50
Compton's Manual of Logarithmic Computations 12mo, 1 50
* Dickson's College Algebra Large 12mo,
* Introduction to the Theory of Algebraic Equations Large 12mo,
Emch's Introduction to Protective Geometry and its Application 8vo,
Fiske's Functions of a Complex Variable 8vo,
Halsted's Elementary Synthetic Geometry 8vo,
Elements of Geometry 8vo,
* Rational Geometry 12mo,
Synthetic Protective Geometry 8vo,
Hyde's Grassmann's Space Analysis 8vo,
* Johnson's (J. B.) Three-place Logarithmic Tables : Vest-pocket size, paper, 15
* 100 copies, 5 00
* Mounted on heavy cardboard, 8 X 10 inches, 25
* 10 copies, 2 00
Johnson's (W. W.) Abridged Editions of Differential and Integral Calculus.
Large 12mo, 1 vol. 2 50
Curve Tracing in Cartesian Co-ordinates 12mo, 1 00
Differential Equations 8vo, 1 00
Elementary Treatise on Differential Calculus Large 12mo, 1 60
Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus Large 12mo, 1 50
* Theoretical Mechanics 12mo, 3 00
Theory of Errors and the Method of Least Squares 12mo, 1 50
Treatise on Differential Calculus Large 12mo, 3 00
Treatise on the Integral Calculus Large 12mo, 3 00
Treatise on Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations. . .Large 12mo, 3 50
Karapetoff's Engineering Applications of Higher Mathematics.
(In Preparation.)
Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.) . 12mo, 2 00
* Ludlow and Bass's Elements of Trigonometry and Logarithmic and Other
Tables 8vo, 3 00
* Trigonometry and Tables published separately Each, 2 00
* Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 8vo, 1 00
Macfarlane's Vector Analysis and Quaternions 8vo, 1 00
McMahon's Hyperbolic Functions 8vo, 1 00
Manning's Irrational Numbers and their Representation by Sequences and
Series 12mo, 1 25
Mathematical Monographs. Edited by Mansfield Merriman and Robert
S. Woodward Octavo, each 1 00
No. 1. History of Modern Mathematics, by David Eugene Smith.
No. 2. Synthetic Projective Geometry, by George Bruce Halsted.
No. 3. Determinants, by Laenas Gifford Weld. No. 4. Hyper-
bolic Functions, by James McMahon. No. 5. Harmonic Func-
tions, by William E. Byerly. No. 6. Grassmann's Space Analysis,
by Edward W. Hyde. No. 7. Probability and Theory of Errors,
by Robert S. Woodward. No. 8. Vector Analysis and Quaternions,
by Alexander Macfarlane. No. 9. Differential Equations, by
William Woolsey Johnson. No. 10. The Solution of Equations,
by Mansfield Merriman. No. 11. Functions of a Complex Variable,
by Thomas S. Fiske.
Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00
Merriman's Method of Least Squares 8vo, 2 00
Solution of Equations 8vo, 1 00
Rice and Johnson's Differential and Integral Calculus. 2 vols. in one.
Large 12mo, 1 50
Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus Large 12mo, 3 00
Smith's History of Modern Mathematics 8vo, 1 00
* Veblen and Lennes's Introduction to the Real Infinitesimal Analysis of One
Variable 8vo, 2 00
12
* Waterbury's Vest Pocket Hand-book of Mathematics for Engineers.
2JX5$ inches, mor. $1 00
* Enlarged Edition, Including Tables mor. 1 50
Weld's Determinants 8vo, 1 00
Wood's Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry 8vo, 2 00
Woodward's Probability and Theory of Errors 8vo, 1 00
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS.
Bacon's Forge Practice 12mo, 1 50
Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings 12mo, 2 50
Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50
* Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 00
* " " Abridged Ed 8vo, 150
* Burr's Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal 8vo, 3 50
Carpenter's Experimental Engineering 8vo, 6 00
Heating and Ventilating Buildings 8vo, 4 00
Clerk's Gas and Oil Engine. (New edition in press.)
Compton's First Lessons in Metal Working 12mo, 1 50
Compton and De Groodt's Speed Lathe 12mo, 1 50
Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, 1 00
Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of Geenral Drafting for Mechanical En-
gineers Oblong 4to, 2 50
Cromwell's Treatise on Belts and Pulleys 12mo, 1 50
Treatise on Toothed Gearing 12mo, 1 50
Dingey's Machinery Pattern Making 12mo, 2 00
Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 00
Flanders's Gear-cutting Machinery Large 12mo, 3 00
Flather's Dynamometers and the Measurement of Power 12mo, 3 00
Rope Driving 12mo, 2 00
Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers 12mo, 1 25
Goss's Locomotive Sparks 8vo, 2 00
Greene's Pumping Machinery. (In Preparation.)
Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) 16mo, mor. 2 50
* Hobart and Ellis's High Speed Dynamo Electric Machinery 8vo, 6 00
Hutton's Gas Engine 8vo, 5 00
Jamison's Advanced Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 00
Elements of Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 50
Jones's Gas Engine 8vo. 4 00
Machine Design:
Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 1 50
Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 00
Kent's Mechanical Engineer's Pocket-Book 16mo, mor. 5 00
Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, 2 00
Kimball and Barr's Machine Design 8vo, 3 00
* Levin's Gas Engine 8vo, 4 00
Leonard's Machine Shop Tools and Methods 8vo, 4 00
* Lorenz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean).. 8vo, 4 00
MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 00
Mechanical Drawing 4to, 4 00
Velocity Diagrams 8vo. 1 50
MacFarland's Standard Reduction Factors for Gases 8vo, 1 50
Mahan's Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 3 50
Mehrtens's Gas Engine Theory and Design Large 12mo, 2 50
Oberg's Handbook of Small Tools Large 12mo. 3 00
* Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design. Small 4to, half leather, 12 50
Peele's Compressed Air Plant for Mines 8vo, 3 00
Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 3 00
* Porter's Engineering Reminiscences, 1855 to 1882 8vo, 3 00
Heid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 00
Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 3 00
13
Richards's Compressed Air 12mo, Si 50
Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00
Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00
Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design 8vo, 3 00
Smith's (O.) Press-working of Metals 8vo, 3 00
Sorel's Carbureting and Combustion in Alcohol Engines. (Woodward and
Preston.) Large 12mo, 3 00
Stone's Practical Testing of Gas and Gas Meters 8vo, 3 50
Thurston's Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics.
12mo, 1 00
Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work. . .8vo, 3 00
* Tillson's Complete Automobile Instructor 16mo, 1 50
* Titsworth's Elements of Mechanical Drawing Oblong 8vo, 1 25
Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50
* Waterbury's Vest Pocket Hand-book of Mathematics for Engineers.
2£X5f inches, mor. 1 00
* Enlarged Edition, Including Tables mor. 1 50
Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. (Herrmann —
Klein.) 8vo, 5 00
Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Hermann — Klein.) . .8vo, 500
Wood's Turbines 8vo, 2 50
MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING.
* Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50
Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering 8vo, 7 50
Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 00
* Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50
* Holley's Lead and Zinc Pigments Large 12mo 3 00
Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments, and Varnishes.
Large 12mo, 2 50
Johnson's (C. M.) Rapid Methods for the Chemical Analysis of Special
Steels, Steel-Making Alloys and Graphite Large 12mo, 3 00
Johnson's (J. B.) Materials of Construction 8vo, 6 00
Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50
Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50
Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles 12mo, 2 00
Maurer's Techincal Mechanics 8vo, 4 00
Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 00
* Strength of Materials 12mo, 1 00
Metcalf 's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users 12mo, 2 00
Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paint and Varnish 8vo, 3 00
Smith's ((A. W.) Materials of Machines 12mo, 1 00
* Smith's (H. E.) Strength of Material 12mo, 1 25
Thurston's Materials of Engineering 3 vols., 8vo, 8 00
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