Beówulf, an Anglo-Saxon poem. The fight at Finnsburh, a fragment. With text and glossary on the basis of M. Heyne. Edited, corr., and enl. by James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp

E o WU L

HARRISON AND SHARP

presented to

ttbe library

of tbe

of Toronto

I. BE6WULF:

AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM.

IT. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBUEH:

A FRAGMENT.

WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE
BASIS OF M. HEYNE.

EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY

JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., Lirr.D.,

I'KOFESSOB Or ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES, WASHINGTON AND
LEE UNIVERSITY,

AND

ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.),

PBOFBSSOB OF GBEEK AND ENGLISH, UNIVERSITY
OF LOUISIANA.

THIRD EDITION.

BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY.

1888.

Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1883, by

JAMES ALBERT HARBISON AND ROBERT SHARP,
to the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

flR

H37

J. 8. ODSHINO St Co., PRINTERS, 115 HIGH STREET, BOSTOH.

NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

THIS third edition of the American issue of Beowulf will, the
editors hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the
preceding editions. Further corrections hi text and glossary have
been made, and some additional new readings and suggestions
will be found in two brief appendices at the back of the book.
Students of the metrical system of Beowulf will find ample
material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive essay on that sub
ject (Beitrage, X. 209-314).

Socin's edition of Heyne's Beowulf (called the fifth edition) has
been utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortu
nately came too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of
the omissions and inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it con
tains much that is valuable to the student, particularly in the
notes and commentary. Students of the poem, which has been
subjected to much searching criticism during the last decade, will
also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers and
Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. Wiilker's new
edition (in the Grein Bibliothek) is of the highest value, however
one may dissent from particular textual views laid down in the
' Berichtigter Text.' Paul and Braune's Beitrage contain a varied
miscellany of hints, corrections, and suggestions principally embody
ing the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the
more important of which are found in the appendices to the pres
ent and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and
Hermann Mb'ller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f. d. Alterthum,
X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien,
IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in
the textual and metrical interpretation of the poem.

The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in
several able essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f. d.
Alterthum, V.), Kluge (Beitrage, XL), and others; but so much is

iv NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

uncertain in this field that the editors have left undisturbed the
marking of vowels found in the text of their original edition,
while indicating in the appendices the now accepted views of
scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (rag, we, J>fi, J»e,
ge, he) ; the adverb nu, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish
absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where
the Ms. has them marked.

An approximately complete Bibliography of Beowulf literature
will be found in Wulker's Grundriss and in Garnett's translation

of the poem.

JAMES A. HARRISON,

ROBERT SHARP.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,
LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.

DEDICATED

TO

PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH,

OP LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA.,
AMD

FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ.

FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETT,"
THE " CHAUCEB SOCIETY," ETC., ETC.

JSTOTE I.

E present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition,
(Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in
Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for
seekers after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American
edition of "Beowulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students
have had either to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with
great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English editions.
Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867
and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essen
tially the same text.

So many important contributions to the " Beowulf " literature
were, however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it
necessary to put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edi
tion, the text was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified
by the views, contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars.
In it the collation of the unique "Beowulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15 :
Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as made by E. Kblbing in
Herrig's Archiv (Bd. 56 ; 1876), was followed wherever the present
condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of
Bugge, Rieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of.
The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring
in the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing
to the many controversies in which the subject is still involved.
The present editor has thought it best to do the same, though,
happily, the subject of Old English Metrik is undergoing a steady
illumination through the labors of Schipper and others.

V1U NOTE I.

Some errors and misplaced accents in I ley ne's text have been
corrected in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision
of the text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J. M.
Garnett, late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland.

In the preparation of the present school edition it has been
thought best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves
principally with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one read
ing for another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until
Wiilker's text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms.
are in the hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce
such matters in the school room, where they would puzzle without
instructing.

For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to
each " fit " of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its
episodes.

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,
LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.

ARGUMENT.

THE only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved
entire is Beowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows : — The poem
opens with a few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild,
the son of Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly
traced down to HroSgar. HroSgar, elated with his prosperity and suc
cess in war, builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this
hall HroSgar and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malig
nant fiend, called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by
night thirty of HroSgar's men, and devours them in his moorland re
treat. These ravages go on for twelve years. Beowulf, a thane of
Hygelac, King of the Goths, hearing of HroSgar's calamities, sails from
Sweden with fourteen warriors to help him. They reach the Danish
coast in safety ; and, after an animated parley with HroSgar's coast
guard, who at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed
to the royal hall, where they are well received by HroSgar. A banquet
ensues, during which Beowulf is taunted by the envious Hunf erhS about
his swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Beowulf gives
the true account of the contest, and silences HunferhS. At night-fall
the King departs, leaving Beowulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon
breaks in, seizes and devours one of Beowulf's companions ; is attacked
by Beowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Beowulf,
escapes to the fens. The joy of HroSgar and the Danes, and their fes
tivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and Beowulf
and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's
mother revenges her son by carrying off JEschere, the friend and coun
cillor of HroSgar, during the absence of Beowulf. Hroftgar appeals to
Beowulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his
mother. They all proceed thither ; the scenery of the lake, and the mon
sters that dwell in it, are described. Beowulf plunges into the water,
and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake.
He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together with that
of Grendel, and brings the heads to HroSgar. He then takes leave of
HroSgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to Hygelac.

xiv ARGUMENT.

Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with the
accession of Beowulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and his
son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a dragon,
brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, and des
troys Beowulf's palace with fire. Beowulf sets out in quest of its hiding-
place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his approaching end,
lie pauses and recals to mind his past life and exploits. He then takes
leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to attack the
dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts aloud,
and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against
Beowulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one
of his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by
the dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Beo
wulf's shield of iron. Beowulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized
l>y the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Beowulf
cuts it in two with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids
Wiglaf bring out the treasures from the cavern, that he may see them
Ix-'fore he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described,
returns to Beowulf, and receives his last commands. Beowulf dies, and
Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his companions for their cowardice. The
disastrous consequences of Beowulf's death are then foretold, and the
poem ends with his funeral. — H. Sweet, in Warton's History of English
Poetry, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's History of English
Literature.

BEOWULF.

I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD.

TTWAT! we Gar-Dena in gear-dagum
•*-*• pe6d-cyninga prym gefrunon,
lift pd aSelingas ellen fremedon.
Oft Sc}Tld Scefing scea'Sena preatum,
5 monegum msegSum meodo-setla ofteah.
Egsode eoii, sy5(5an eerest wear5
fea-sceaft fanden : he pas frdfre gebacl,
we6x under wolcnum, weorS-myndum SAh,
6S fat him aeghwylc para ymb-sittendra

10 ofer hron-rade hj'rau scolde,

gomban gyldan: {?at; was g6d cyning.!
]>am eafera was after cenned
geong in geardum, pone god sende
folce td frdfre; fyren-pearfe ongeat,

15 pat hie ser drugon aldor-Zease
lange hwile. Him pas lif-fred^
wuldres wealdend, worold-are forgeaf ;
Be6wulf was breme (blsed wide sprang).
Scyldes eafera Scecle-landum in.

20 Sw£ sceal geong guma g6de gewj'rcean,
fromum feoh-giftum on fader wme,
pat hine on ylde eft gewunigen
wil-gesi^as, ponne wig cume,
Ie6de gelsesten : lof-daedum sceal

25 in maegSa gehwsere man gepe6n.
Him p4 Sc3Tld gewat t6 gescap-hwile
fela-hr6r ffiran on frean waere ;
hi hyne p£ atbaeron t6 brimes farotSe,

BEOWULF. [29-50.

swcese geslSas, swA he selfa bad,
80 penden wordum we61d wine Scyldinga,

Ie6f land-fruma lange ahte.

paer at hySe stod hringed^stefna,

Isig and utfus, aSelinges far;

a-16don pa Ie6fne pe6den,
35 beaga bryttan on bearm scipes,

maerne be maste. peer was madma fela,

of feor-wegum fratwa gelaeded :

ne byrde ic c3-mlicor ce61 gegyrwan

hilde-wsepnum and heaSo-wsedum,
40 billum and by mum; bim on bearme lag

mddma manigo, fa him mid scoldon

on flddes seht feor gewltan.

Nalas hi hine lassan lacum te6dan,

J)e6d-gestre6num, J>onne pd d3*dou,
45 pe hine at frumsceafte for6 onsendon

aenne ofer y$e umbor wesende :

pa g}*t hie him asetton segen gj/Zdenne

hedh ofer hedfod, 16ton holm beran,

geafon on gar-secg: him was ge6mor sefa,
50 murnende mftd. Men ne cunnon

secgan to s65e sfile raedenne,

hiilo5 under heofenum, hwa pam hlaste

II. THE HALL HEOROT.

pi was on burgum Be6wulf Scyldinga,
Ie6f Ie6d-cyning, longe prage
55 folcum gefnege (fader ellor hwearf,
aldor of earde), 66 pat him eft onw6e
heah Healfdene; he61d penden lifde,
gamol and gu5-re6w, glade Sc3'ldinga.s.
pam fe6wer beam for8-gerlmcd

60-94.] BEOWULF.

60 in worold w6cun, weoroda raeswan,
Heorogar and Hr65gar and Halga til;
h5rrde ic, fat Elan cwfin Ongen]>edwes was
HeaSoscilfinges heals-gebedde.
pa was Hr6$gare here-spfid gyfen,

65 wlges weorS-mynd, fat him his winc-magas
georne hyrdon, 66 fat se6 geogoS gewe6x,
mago-driht micel. Him on m6d bearn.
fat heal-reced hatan wolde,
medo-arn micel men gewyrcean,

70 fone yldo bearn sefre gefrunon,
and faer on innan eall gedaelan
geongum and ealdum, swylc him god seakb,
buton folc-scare and feorum gumena.
pa ic wide gefragn weorc gebannan

75 manigre maegSe geond fisne middan-geaixl,
folc-stede fratwan. Him on fyrste gelomp
adre mid yldum, fat hit weart5 eal gearo,
heal-arna maest; scdp him Heort naman,
se fe his wordes geweald wide hiifde.

80 He be6t ne a!6h, beagas dselde,
sine at S3rmle. Sele hiifade
heah and horn-geap : heafto-wylma bM,
Iat5an Hges ; ne was hit lenge fa gen
fat se ecg-hete a6um-swerian

85 after wal-nl5e wacnan scolde.
pa se ellen-gsest earfoSlice
frage gefolode, se fe in ]>y strum bad,
fat he ddgora gehwam dream gehj-rde
hludne in healle ; f ser was hearpan sweg,

90 swutol sang sc6pes. Sagde se fe cu8e
frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan,
cwaS fat se almihtiga eorSan worhie,
wlite-beorhtne wang, swa water bebuge5,
gesette sige-hr&5ig sunnan and m6nan

I BEOWULF. [95-125.

95 leoman td Ie6hte land-buendum,

and gefriitwade foldan sceatas

leomum and leafum ; lif eac gescedp

cj'nna gehw}*lcum, fara fe cwice hwyrfafc.

Swa fa driht-guman dreamum lifdon
100 eadiglice, 65 fat an ongan

fyrene fremman, fe6nd on belle:

was se grimma gast Grendel haten,

maere mearc-stapa, se ]>e mdras he61d,

fen and fasten ; fifel-cynnes card
105 won-saelig wer weardode hwlle,

siSSan him scyppend forscrifen hafde.

In Caines cynne fone cwealm gewrac,

6ce drihten, fas fe he Abel s!6g;

ne gefeah he psere faehSe, ac he hinc feor forwrac,
110 metod for ]>y mAne man-cynne fram.

panon untydras ealle onw6con,

eotenas and ylfe and orcnfias,

swj'lce gigantas, fa wi5 gode wunnon

lange prage ; he him fas lean forgeald.

HI. GRENDEL'S VISITS.

115 GEWAT fa ne6sian, sy^San niht becom,
hean hftses, hu hit Hring-Dene
after be6r-fege gebun hiifdon.
Fand )>a fser inne a^elinga gedriht
swefan after sjTmble ; sorge ne cuSon,

120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhaelo
gi-im and graedig gearo s6na was,
re6c and r65e, and on riiste genam
fritig fegna: fanon eft gewat
hufte Iir6mig td ham faran,

125 mid t>«ere wfil-fylle wlca ne6san.

120-160.] BEOWULF.

pa was on uhtan rnid aer-dage
Grendles gfr5-craft gumuin undyrne:
f& was after wiste wdp up ahafen,
micel morgen-swe'g. Maere pe6den,

130 afteling aer-g6d, unbliSe sat,

folode pry5-swy5, J;egn-sorge dreah,
sySSan hie fas laSan last scedwedon,
wergan g&stes; was fat gewin td straug.
laS and longsum. Nas hit lengra ffrst,

135 ac ymb ane niht eft gefremede

moi'S-beala m&re and n6 mearn fore
faehSe and fyrene ; was t6 fast on pain,
pd was eatS-fj-nde, fe him elles hwaer
gerunillcor raste sdhte,

140 bed after burum, fd him gebeacnod was,
gesagd s661ice sweotolan tacne
heal-f egnes hete ; he61d hine s}"S^an
fyr and faster, se fam fe6nde atwand.
Swd rlxode and wr5 rihte wan

145 ana wift eallum, 63 fat idel st6d
husa shiest. Was se6 hwil micel:
twelf wintra tld torn gefolode
wine Scyldinga, wcana gehwelcne,
sldra sorga; forfam sy&ftan weart5

150 ylda bearnum undjTne cuS,

gyddum gedmore, fatte Grendel wan
hwile wiS Hr6Sg&r; — hete-ni^as wag,
fjTene and faehSe fela missera,
singale sace, sibbe ne wolde

155 wits manna hwone magenes Deniga
feorh-bealo feorran, fe6 fingian,
ne faer naenig witena wdnan forfte
beorhtre b6te t6 banan folmum ;
atol aglaeca 6htende was,

160 deorc dea$-scua dugu6e and geogoSe

6 BEOWULF. [161-102.

seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte he61d

mistige m6ras ; men ne cunnon,

hwyder hel-runan hwjTftum scrlfiaiV

Swa fela fyrena fe6nd man-cynncs,
165 atol an-gengea, oft gefremede

heardra hynSa; Heorot eardode,

sinc-fage sel sweartum nihtnra

(nd he fone gif-st61 grStan mdste,

maStSum for rnetode, ne his myne wisse);
170 fat was wraec micel wine Scyldinga,

mddes brecSa, Monig-oft gesat

rice td rune; raed eaht^don,

hwat swlS-ferht5um s61est wsere

wiS faer-gryrum td gefremmanne.
175 Hwllum hie gehfiton at harg-trafum

wig-weor5unga, wordum baedon,

fat him gast-bona ge6ce gefremede

wi5 ]>e6d-freaura. Swylc was ]>eaw hyra,

hae^enra hyht; helle gemundon
180 in m6d-sefan, metod hie ne cfrSon,

daeda dfimend, ne wiston hie drihten god,

ne hie huru heofena helm hfirian ne cufon,

wuldres waldend. "VVa bi8 )?am fe sceal

purh sllSne nlS sawle bescufan
185 in f^res fat5m, frdfre ne w6nan,

wihte gewendan; wel br5 fam pe mdt

S,fter deaft-dage drihten s6cean

and t6 fader faftmum freoSo wilnian.

IV. HYGELAO'S THANE.

Swi fa mael-ceare maga Healfdenes
190 singala sedtS ; ne mihte snotor haleS

wean onwendan: was fat gewin t6 sw5*8,
lafS and longsum, fe on f& Ie6de becom,

1 93-227. J BEOWULF.

nyd-wracu nlS-grim, niht-bealwa maest.
pat fram ham gefragn Higelaces fegn,

195 g6d mid Geatum, Grendles daeda:
se was mon-cynnes magenes strengest
on fam dage fysses lifes,
aSele and eacen. H6t him yS-lidan
g6dne geg}"rwan; cwa$ he guti-cj'ning

200 ofer swan-rade s6cean wolde,

maerne fe6den, fa him "was manna ] earf
pone siS-fat him snotere ceorlas
lyt-hwon 16gon, feah he him Ie6f w;ere ;
hwetton higerdfne, hsel scedwedon.

205 Hafde se g6da Geata Ie6da

cempan gecorone, para J?e he cfinoste
findan mihte ; flftena sum
sund-wudu sdhte ; secg wlsade,
lagu-craftig mon, land-gemyrcu.

210 Fyrst forft gewat: flota was on ySum,
bat under beorge. Beornas gearwe
on stefn stigon ; streamas wundon
sund wi6 sande ; secgas baeron
on bearm nacan beorhte fratwe,

215 gu^-searo geatollc ; guman ut scufon,
weras on wil-si(5 wudu bundenne.
JGewat ]>a ofer wasg-holm winde gefysed
flota famig-heals fugle gelicost,
65 fat ymb an-tld 66res d6gores

220 wunden-stefna gewaden hafde,
fat fa li^ende land gesawon,
brim-clifu blican, beorgas stedpe,
side sae-nassas : fa was sund liden,
eoletes at ende. panon up hraSe

225 Wedera Ie6de on wang stigon,
sae-wudu saeldon (syrcan hrysedon,
guS-gewsedo) ; gode f ancedon,

g BEOWULF. [228-257.

)>as \>e him 5'S-lade eafte wurdon.
pa of wealle geseah weard Scildinga,

230 sc J>e holm-clifu healdan scolde,
beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas,
fyrd-searu fusllcu ; bine fyrwyt briic
mdd-gehygdum, hwat fa men waeron.
Gewat him ]>a to warofte wicge ridan

235 )>egn HrdSgares, frymmum cwehte

magen-wudu mundum," mettel-wordum fragn :
"Hwat syndon ge searo-habbendra
ub}Tnum werede, )>e fus brontne ce61
"ofer lagu-straete laedan cwdmon,

240 " hider ofer holmas helmas bceron ?
" Ic was ende-sffita, aeg-wearde he61d,
" )>at on land Dena laSra nsenig
"mid scip-herge scefcSan ne meahte.
" Nd her cu^licor cuman ongunnon

245 " lind-habbende ; ne ge leafnes-word
" guS-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson,
" maga gemfidu. Naefre ic mdran geseah
"eorla ofer eor5an, fonne is e6wer sum,
" secg on searwum ; nis fat seld-guma

250 " waepnum geweor6ad, nafne him his wlite Ie6ge,
" senile an-s5'n. Nu ic e6wer sceal
"frum-cyn witan, aer ge fyr heonan
"lease sceaweras on land Dena
"furSur ffiran. Nu ge feor-buend

255 " mere-115ende mlnne geh5Ta^5

" an-fealdne gep6ht: 6fest is sfilest

"to gecyftanne, hwanan e6wre c}'me Syndon."

258-289.] BEOWULF.

V. THE ERRAND.

HIM se yldesta andswarode,
werodes wisa word-hord onledc:

260 "We synt gum-cynnes Geata leode
" and Higelaces heorS-genedtas.
"Was min fader folcum gecySed,
"aSele ord-fruma Ecgpe6w haten ;
"gebad wintra worn, aer he on weg hwiirfe,

265 " gamol of gearduin; hine gearwe geman
"witena we^hwjlc wide geond eorSan. —
"We ]mrh holdne hige hlaford pinne,
" sunu Healfdenes, s6cean cw6mon,
" Ie6d-gebyrgean : wes pu us larena g6d!

270 "HabbaS we td fam mseran micel aerende
" Deniga fredn ; ne sceal j'aer dyrne sum
"wesan, pas ic wfine. pu wast, gif hit is,
"swa we s6Sllce secgan hyrdon,
"fat mid Scyldingum sceaSa ic nat hwylc,

275 " de6gol dasd-hata, deorcum nihtum
" eaweS ])urh egsan uncfrSne ni6,
"hynSu and hra-fyl. Ic pas Hr6Sgar mag
' ' purh rumne sefan rsed gelasran,
"hu he fr6d and g6d fe6nd oferswySeS,

280 "gyf him ed-wendan sefre scolde
''bealuwa bisigu, b6t eft cuman
' ' and pa cear-wylmas c61ran wurSaft ;
"oSSe a s3TS6an earfoS-prage,
"pred-nj'd polat5, penden paar wunaS

285 "on hedh-stede husa s&est."

Weard ma^5elode, pasr on wicge sat
ombeht nnforht: "JEghwaSres sceal
"scearp scyld-wlga gescdd witan,
"worda and worca, se pe wel penceS.

10 BEOWULF. [290-319.

290 " Ic fat gehy-re, fat fis is hold weorod

"frean Scyldinga. GewltaS forS beran

"waepen and gewsedu, ic e6w wisige:

" swylce ic magu-fegnas mine hate

" wiS fe6nda gehwone flotan e6werne,
295 " niw-tyrwedne nacan on sande

" arum healdan, 65 fat eft byreS

"ofer lagu-streamas Ie6fne mannan

" wudu wunden-hals td Weder-mearce.

" GuS-fremmendra swylcum gifefte bi$,
300 "fat fone hilde-raes hal gedlge«."

Gewiton him fa f6ran (flota stille l>ad,

seomode on sale sld-fa6med scyp,

on ancre fast) ; eofor-ltc sci6non

ofer hle6r-beran gehroden golde
305 fah and fyr-heard, ferh wearde he61d.

GuSmdde grummon, guman onetton,

sigon atsomne" 68 fat hy sal timbred

geatolic and gold-fah ongytan mihton ;

fat was fore-mserost fold-buendum
310 receda under roderum, on fam se rica bad;

lixte se Ie6ma ofer landa fela.

Hun fa hilde-de6r hof modigra

torht getaehte, fat hie him to mihton

gegnum gangan ; gutS-beorna sum
315 wicg gewende, word after cwa6 :

"Mael is me td ffiran ; fader alwalda

" mid ar-stafum e6wic gehealde

" sltSa gesunde ! ic to SJB wille,

"wiS wraS werod wearde healdan."

320-351.] BEOWULF. 11

VI. BE6wuLF's SPEECH.

320 STREET was stan-fah, stig wisode
gumum atgadere. GuS-byrne scan
heard hond-locen, hring-iren sclr
song in searwum, fa hie t6 sele furSum
in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cw6mon.

325 Setton sse-me15e side sc}-ldas,

rondas regn-hearde wiS fas recedes weal,
bugon fa td bence ; byrnan hringdon,
guS-searo gumena; garas stddon,
sse-manna searo, samod atgadere,

330 asc-holt ufan graeg : was se iren-freat
wsepnum gewurSad. pa faer wlonc hale&
oret-mecgas after a^elum fragn:
"Hwanon ferigeaS ge fatte scyldas,
" grsege syrcan and grim-helmas,

335 " here-sceafta heap? — Ic com HrdSgares
" ar and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-fe6dige
" fus manige men mddiglicran.
" W6n' ic fat ge for wlenco, nalles for wrac-slt5um,
"ac for hige-frymraum Hr6Sgar s6htou."

340 Him fa ellen-r6f andswarode,

wlanc "Wedera Ie6d word after sprac,
heard under helme : "We synt Higelaces
' ' be6d-genedtas ; Be6wulf is min nama.
"Wille ic asecgan suna Healfdenes,

345 "mserum fe6dne mtn aerende,

"aldre finum, gif he As geunnan wile,
"fat we nine sw& gddne gr6tan m6ton."
Wulfgar maSelode (fat was Wendla Ie6d,
was his m6d-sefa manegum gecj-Sed,

350 wig and wls-d6m) : " ic fas wine Deniga.
"frean Scildinga frinan wille.

12 BEOWULF. [352-382

"beaga bryttan, swd pu b£na cart,
44 peoden maerne ymb ptnne sift ;
44 and ]>e pa andsware adre gecyflan,

855 '4 pe me se gdda agifan fenced."

Hwearf pa hradltce, paer Hr6ftgdr sat.
cald and unhar mid his eorla gedriht :
eode ellen-r6f, pat he for eaxlum gestdd
Deniga frean, cft«e he dugufce ]>c&w.

86 J Wulfgdr mattelode td his wine-drihtne :
44 Her syndon geferede feorran cumene
'4ofer geofenes begang Geata leode:
" pone yldestan oret-mecgas
44 Be6wulf nernnaft. Hy b6nan synt,

865 44 pat hie, peoden mln, wi5 pe m6t»n

4'wordum wrixlan ; nd pu him wearne getc6h,
"ptnra gegn-cwida gladnian, Hr66gdr!
44Hy on wlg-geatwum w}T5e pinceaS
44 eorla geaehtlan ; huru se aldor dedh,

870 44se psem hea^o-rincum hider wlsade."

VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME.

maftelode, helm Scyldinga:
<4Ic hine cuSe cniht-wesende.
"Was his eald-fader Ecgj»e6 haten,
44pam t6 ham forgeaf HreSel Geata

375 44dngan ddhtor; is his eafora nu

44 heard her cumen, s6hte holdne wine.
44ponne sagdon pfit sse-liSende,
44pa pe gif-sceattas Gedta fyredon
44pyder to pance, pat he prittiges

880 44 manna magen-craft on his mund-gripe
44heaSo-r6f habbe. Hine halig god
44 for ar-stafum us onsende,

«83 417.] BEOWULF. 13

"td West-Denum, fas ic w6n habbe,
"witS Grendles gryre : ic fam g6dan sceal

385 " for his m6d-frace madmas be6dan.
"Be6 fu on 6feste, hat Mg in gan,
" se6n sibbe-gedriht samod atgadere ;
"gesaga him eac wordum, fat hie sint wil-cuman
" Deniga Ie6dum." pd wi3 duru healle

390 TFw^dr eode, word inne abedd :
" E6w h6t secgan sige-drihten min,
"aldor Edst-Dena, fat he e6wer aSelu can
" and ge him syndon ofer sae-wylmas,
" heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman.

39i? " Nu ge m6ton gangan in e6wrum gU(5-geatawum,
"under here-grlman, HrdSgar gese6n;
" laetaS hilde-bord her onbidian,
"wudu wal-sceaftas, worda gefinges."
Aras pa se rica, ymb hine rinc manig,

400 frySllc fegna hedp ; sume ];aer bidon,

hea5o-reaf he61don, swa him se hearda bebcad.

SnjTedon atsomne, J-a secg wisode

under Heorotes hr6f ; hyge-rdf eode,

heard under helme, )>at he on heot5e gestdd.

405 Be6wulf maSelode (on him byrne scan,
searo-net se6wed smiSes or-fancum) :
"Wes fu Hr65gar hal! ic com Higelaces
"maeg and mago-fegn ; habbe ic maerfta fela
"ongunnen on geogot5e. Me wearS Grendles )>ing

410 "on mlnre 6Sel-tyrf und}Tne cuS :

" secgaS sse-HSend, fat fes sele stande,
"reced s^lesta, rinca gehw^'lcum
"Idel and unnyt, si65an £efen-le6ht
" under heofenes hMor beholen weorSeS.

415 "pa me fat gelaerdon Ie6de mine,
" fa s£lestan, snotere ceorlas,
"fe6den HrdSgar, fat ic fe sdhte;

14 BEOWULF. [418-452.

"for|>an hie magenes craft mlnne cuSon :

" selfe ofersawon, fa ic of searwum cwoin,
420 "fan from fe6ndum, paer ic fife geband,

"5"$de eotena cyn, and on yiSum sldg

"niceras nihtes, nearo-pearfe dreah,

"wrac Wedera n!5 (wean dhsodon)

" forgrand gramum ; and nu wift Grendel sceal,
425 "wiS pam aglaecan, ana gehegan

"ping witS pyrse. Ic J>e nu pa,

"brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille,

"eodor Scyldinga, anre b6ne ;

"pat pu me ne forwj-rne, wlgendra hle6,
430 "fre6-wine folca, nu ic pus feorran com,

"pat ic mdte ana and mlnra eorla gedryht,

"pes hearda heap, Heorot faelsian.

;' Habbe ic edc geahsod, pat se aglaeca

"for his won-hydum wsepna ne rficeS;
435 "ic pat ponne forhicge, swa me Higelac sle,

"min mon-drihten, mddes bl!6e,

" pat ic sweord bere o5Se sldne scyld

"geolo-rand td gutSe; ac ic mid grape sccal

"fdn wi8 fe6nde and ymb feorh sacan,
440 " laS wits Id6um ; paer gelyfan sceal

"dryhtnes ddme se pe hine ded5 nimetS.

" W6n' ic pat he wille, gif he wealdan m6t,

" in pam guS-sele Geatena leode

" etan unforhte, swa he oft d}-de
445 "magen Hr6t5manna. Na pu mlnne pearft

"hafalan hydan, ac he me habban wile

"dre6re fdhne, gif mec dedtS nimetS,

"b3'retS blddig wal, bjTgean pencetS,

"ete5 an-genga unmurnllce,
450 " mearcatS mor-hApu: nd pu ymb mines ne pearft

"llces feorme leng sorgian.

"Onsend Higelace, gif mec hild nime.

453-483.] BEOWULF. 15

" beadu-scruda betst, fat mine bre6st wereft,
"hragla selest; fat is Hr651an laf,
455 " W&andes geweorc. Gae$ a Wyrd swa hi6 seel ! "

VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL.

HR63GAR maSelode, helm Scyldinga:
" for toere-fyhtum fu, wine min Be6wulf,
" and for ar-stafum tisic s6htest.
" Gesldh fin fader fisebSe maeste,

460 "wearS he HeaSolafe td hand-bonan
" mid Wilfingum ; fa hine Wedera cyn
" for here-br6gan habban ne mihte.
" panon he gesdhte SfrS-Dena folc
" ofer 5r^a gewealc, Ar-Scj'ldinga ;

465 "fa ic furSum we61d folce Deninga,
" and on geogo<5e he61d ghnme-rice
"hord-burh haleSa: fa was Heregar dead,
"min yldra mseg unlifigende,
"beam Healfdenes. Se was betera fonnc ic I

470 "Si6«an fa faehSe fe6 f ingode ;

" sende ic "Wylfingum ofer wateres hrycg
"ealde madmas : he me aSas swdr.
" Sorh is me td secganne on sefan minum
" gumena aengum, hwat me Grendcl hafaS

475 " h5'n6o on Heorote mid his hete-fancum,
"faer-niSa gefremed. Is min flet-werod,
"wig-hedp gewanod; hie "Wyrd forswe6p
" on Grendles gryre. God ed5e mag
"fone dol-scat5an daeda getwasfan!

480 "Ful oft gebe6tedon be6re druncne
" ofer ealo-waege oret-mecgas,
"fat hie in be6r-sele bidan woldon
" Grendles gftSe mid gryrum ecga.

16 BEOWULF. [484-514.

" poivne wfis ]>e6s medo-heal on morgen-tid,
485 " driht-sele dre6r-fdh, )x>nne diig lixtc,

" eal benc-J>elu bldde best}'med,

"heall heoru-dre6re : dhte ic holdra )>j* liis.

" de6rre dugufce, ]>e \>& deaft fornam.

"Site nu td synile and onsael raeoto,
490 " sige-hr6S secgum, swd j»in sefa hwette!"
""pa was Gedt-macgum geador atsomne

on be6r-sele benc ger5'med ;

J>aer swi8-ferh6e sittan eodon

fr}*5um dealle. pegn n^'tte behe61d,
495 se ]>e on handa bar hroden ealo-waege,

scencte sclr wered. Sc6p hwllum sang

h&dor on Heorote ; paer was haleSa dream,

dugoS unlytel Dena and Wederrv.

IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BE6WULF.

maSelode, Ecglafes beam,

500 fe at fdtum sat frean Scyldinga ;

onband beadu-rune (was him Be6wulfes s!6,
m6dges mere-faran, micel iif-funca,
forpon ]>e he ne uSe, |>at senig 65er man
aefre maerSa fon ma middan-geardes

505 gehfidde under heofenum J^onne he sylfa) :

" Eart ]>u se Be6wulf, se )>e wi5 Brecan wnnne,

u on sldne sae ymb sund flite,

' ' |»ffir git for wlence wada cunnedon

" and for dol-gilpe on de6p water

510 "aldrum n66don? Ne inc anig mou,
" ne Ie6f ne Iat5, beledn mihte
" sorh-fullne slS; ]»a git on suud re6n,
4'|>aer git eagor-stredm earmum |>ehton,
" mreton mere-straeta, mundiun l>rugdon.

61 5-549. J BEOWULF. 17

515 " glidon ofcr gar-secg; geofon ySum we61,
" wintres wylme. Git on wilteres aeht
"seofon niht swuncon ; he pe at sunde oferflat,
"hafde mare magen. pa hine on morgen-tld
" on HeaSo-raemas holm up iitbar,

520 " ponon he gcs6hte swaesne 66el
"Ie6f his Ie6dum lond Brondinga,
" freo<5o-lmrh fiigere, paer he folc ahte,
"burg and bedgas. Be6t eal wi5 pe
" sunu Beanstanes s66e gelaeste.

525 " ponne wene ic t6 )>e wyrsan gejnnges,
" fedh Jm heat5o-ra3sa gehwaer dohte,
" grinfre gu6e, gif ]m Grendles dearst
" niht-longne fyrst nedn bidan ! "
Be6wulf ma^elode, beam Ecg]'e6wes :

530 " Hwat }>u worn fela, wine min HunferS,
"be6re druncen ymb Brecan spraece,
" sagdest from his si5e ! S6S ic talige,
"pat ic mere-strengo maran ahte,
" eafef5o on y^hm, fonne aenig 6Ser man.

535 "Wit pat gecwaedon cniht-wesende

" and gebe6tedon (waarou begen |;d git
"on geogotS-feore) pat wit on gar-secg ut
" aldrum ne"5don ; and pat geafndon swa.
" Hafdon swurd nacod, pa wit on sund re6n,

540 "heard on handa, wit unc wi8 hron-fixas
" werian pdhton. N6 he wiht fram me
" fldd-5"8um feor fle6tan meahte,
" hra^or on holme, 116 ic fram him wolde.
" pa wit atsomne on sae waeron

545 " flf nihta fyrst, 6S pat unc fl6d t6draf,
"wado weallende, wedera cealdost,
" nlpende niht and norSan wind
"heaSo-grim andhwearf; hro6 wneron y6&.
' ' Was mere-fixa m6d onhr^rod :

18 BEOWULF. [550-680.

550 " J>ser me wi6 laSum llc-s}-rce inln,

"heard hond-locen, belpe gefremede ;

44 beado-hragl broden on bre6stum lag,

"golde geg}-rwed. Me td grunde teah

"fah fe6nd-sca$a, faste hafde
555 "grim on grape: hwaSre me gyfeSe wearS,

" )>at ic aglaecan orde geraehte,

"hilde-bille; heafto-raes fornam

"mihtig mere-de6r Jmrh mine hand.

X. BEOWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA. — THE FEAST,

44 SWA mec ge!6me Ia$-gete6nan

560 " predtedon ]»earle. Ic him ]>6node

4' de6ran sweorde, swa hit ged6fe was ;
44 lias hie paere fylle gefedn hafdon,
" man-fordasdlan, pat hie me j'Sgon,
44 s^-mbel 3'mb-saeton soe-grunde neah,

565 4' ac on mergenne mfictim wunde
4 'be 5'^5-lafe uppe laegon,
44 sweordum dswefede, ]>at syfrSan nft
44jtnb brontne ford brim-115ende
4'ldde ne lettou. Le6ht edstan com,

570 4' beorht bedcen godes ; brimu swaSredon,
u pat ic s£e-uassas gese6n mihte,
44windige weallas. W3'rd oft nereS
44unfaegne eorl, «onne his ellen dedh!
44 HwaSere me gescelde, ]>at ic mid sweorde ofsldh

575 4iniceras nigene. Nd ic on niht gefriign
44 under heofones hwealf heardran fcohtan,
44 ne on 6g-stredmum earmran mannan ;
'4hwa$ere ic fara feng feore gedlgde,
44 slSes w6rig. pa mec see 65bar,

580 44fl6d after faroSe, on Finna land.

581-615.] BEOWULF. 19

"wadu weallendu. N6 io wiht fram |>e

" swylera searo-nt$a secgan hyrde,

"billa brdgan: Breca nsefre git

" at heaSo-lace, ne gehwa<5er incer
585 ' ' swa de6rlice daed gefremede

' ' fagum sweordum

" nd ic pas gylpe;

" peah pu. pinum brdSrum t6 banan wurde,

" heafod-ma3gum ; pas pu in helle scealt
590 " werhSo dre6gan, peah pin wit duge.

" Secge ic pe td s65e, sunu Ecglafes,

"pat naefre Grendel swa fela gryra gefremede,

"atol aglaeca ealdre pinum,

" hj'n'So on Heorote, gif pin hige waere,
595 " sefa swa searo-grim, swa pu self talast.

"Ac he kafaS onfunden, pat he pa faehSe ne peaif,

' ' atole ecg-prace e6wer Ie6de

onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga ;
5rd-bMe, naenegum ara$
600 "Ie6de Deniga, ac he on lust wigeS,

" swefeS ond sende^, sacce ne w6neS

"t6 Gar-Denum. Ac him Gedta sceal

" eafot> and ellen ungeara nu

"gu6e gebe6dan. Gae6 eft se pe mdt
605 "t6 medo m6dig, si«5an morgen-le6ht

" ofer j-lda beam 66res ddgores,

' ' sunne swegl-wered sutian seined ! "

pa was on salum sinces brytta

gamol-feax and gfrS-r6f, ge6ce gelyfde
610 brego Beorht-Dena; gehyrde on Be6wulfe

folces hjTde fast-rgedne gepdht.

paer was hale6a hleahtor; hlyn swynsode,

word waeron wynsume. Eode Wealhpe6w forS,

cw6n HrdSgares, cynna gemyndig,
615 grette gold-hroden guman on healle,

20 BEOWULF. [616-650.

and pa fre61ic wlf ful gesealde
aerest East-Dena 6fiel-wearde,
bad hine bllSne at paere be6r-pege.
Ie6dum Ie6fne ; he on lust gepeah

620 symbel and sele-ful, sige-r6f kyning.
Ymb-eode ]>& ides Helminga
duguSe and geogofce dael aeghwylcue ;
sinc-fato sealde, 6fc pat sael alamp,
fat hi6 Be6wulfe, beag-hroden cw6n,

625 m6de gepungen, medo-ful atbar;
grfitte Geata Ie6d, gode pancode
wls-fast wordum, pas J>e hire se willa gelamp,
pat heo on senigne eorl gelyfcle
fyrena frdfre. He fat ful gepeah,

630 wal-re6w wiga at Wealh})e6n,
and ]>& g3^ddode guSe gef^sed,
Be6wulf raaSelode, beam Ecgj>e6wes :
" Ic pat hogode, pa ic on holm gestah,
" sae-bat gesat mid mlnra secga gedriht,

635 "pat ic anunga e6wra Ie6da

"willan geworhte, otS5e on wal crunge,
" fe6nd-grdpum fast. Ic gefremman sceal
u eorllc ellen, oS8e ende-dag
"on pisse meodu-healle mlnne gebldan."

640 pam wife pa word wel llcodon,

gilp-cwide Geates; code gold-hroden
fre611cu folc-cwfin td hire frean sittan.
pa was eft swa aer inne on healle
pryS-wo'rd sprecen, )>e6d on saelum,

645 sige-folca sw6g, 6S pat semninga
sunu Healfdenes s6cean wolde
aefen-raste ; wiste at pam ahlaecan
t6 pam hedh-sele hilde gepinged,
sifcSan hie sunnan Ie6ht gese6n ne meahton,

650 ofrSe nlpende niht ofer ealle,

651-681.] BEOWULF. 21

scadu-helma gesceapu scriSan cwdman,
wan under wolcnum. Werod eall aras.
Grette pa giddum guma 6Serne,
Hr6Sgar Be6wulf, and him hsel abedd,

655 win-arnes geweald and J>at word acwa.'1' :
"Naefre ic aenegum men ser alyfde,
"sifiSan ic bond and rond hebban mihte,
" )>ry5-arn Dena buton j>e nu ]?&.
" Hafa nu and geheald husa shiest;

660 "gemyne maerSo, magen-ellen cy^5,

"waca wi8 wr&Sum! Ne bi6 pe wilna gad,
"gif J>u fat ellen-weorc aldre gedigest."

XI. THE WATCH FOE GRENDEL.

pi him HrdSgar gewat mid his haleSa gedryht,
eodur Scyldinga ut of healle ;

665 wolde wig-fruma WealhJ?e6 secan,

cwfin 16 gebeddan. Hafde kyninga wuldor
Grendle td-gednes, swa guman gefrungon,
sele-weard aseted : sundor-nytte behe61d
ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard abedd;

670 huru Gedta Ie6d georne truwode
m6dgan miignes, metodes hyldo.
pa he him of dyde Isern-byrnan,
helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted swoord,
irena cyst ombiht-fegne,

675 and gehealdan het hilde-geatwe.

Gesprac J>a se gdda gylp-worda sum
Be6wulf Gedta, aer he on bed stige :
' ' N5 ic me an here-waesmum hnagran talige
" guS-geweorca, fonne Grendel hine ;

680 "forfan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle,
"aldre beneotan, fedh ic eal maege.

22 BEOWULF. [682-710.

" Nat he fdra g6da, fat he me on-gedn sled,
" rand gehedwe, fedh )>e he r6f sle
" nl5-geweorca ; ac wit on niht sculon

685 " secge ofersittan, gif he gesficean dear
" wig ofer waepen, and siSSan witig god
" on swd hwatSere bond halig dryhten
" maer&o d6me, sw& him gemet fince."
Hylde hine \>& hea8o-de6r, hle6r-bolster onffing

690 eorles andwlitan ; and hine ymb monig
sneUlc sae-rinc sele-reste gebedh.
Naanig heora fohte fat he ]>anon scolde
eft eard-lufan nefrc gesficean,
folc o^6e fre6-burh, J>aar he affided was,

695 ac hie hafdon gefrunen, )>at hie aer td fela miclea
in \>am win-sele wal-ded^S fornam,
Denigea Ie6de. Ac him dryhten forgonf
wlg-sp6da gewiofu, "Wedera Ie6dum
fr6for and fultum, fat hie fe6nd heora

700 ]>urh dnes craft ealle oferc6mon,
selfes mihtum: sdt$ is gecyi5ed,
fat mihtig god manna cynnes
we61d wlde-ferhft. Com on wanre niht
scrifian sceadu-genga. Sce6tend swaefon,

705 fd fat horn-reced healdan scoldon,
ealle buton dnum. pat was 3'ldum cu5,
fat hie ne mdste, fa metod nolde,
se syn-sca$a under sceadu bregdan ;
ac he waccende wrdfium on andan

710 bad bolgen-m6d beadwa gefinges.

711-742.] BEOWULF. 23

XII. GKENDEL'S RAID.

pi. com of mdre under mist-hleoSum

Grendel gongan, godes yrre bar.

Mynte se man-scatia manna C3*nnes

sunine besyrwan in sele f am hean ;
715 w6d under wolcnum, t6 fas ]>e he win-reced,

gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse

fattum f aline. Ne was fat forma sift,

fat he Hr6c5gares ham gesdhte :

naefre he on aldor-dagum aer ne siftftan
720 heardran hale, heal-fegnas fand !

Com fa t6 recede rinc slbian

dreamum bedseled. Duru s6na onarn

fyr-bendum fast, S}*ft5an he hire folmum hraii ;

onbrad fa bealo-hj'dig, fa he dbolgen was,
725 recedes muftan. Ra^e after fon

on fagne fl6r fe6nd treddode,

eode 3'rre-m6d ; him of eagum stdd

llge gellcost Ie6ht unfiiger.

Geseah he in recede rinca manige,
730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod atgadere,

mago-rinca heap : fa his m6d ah!6g,

mj-nte fat he gedoelde, aer fon dag cwdme,

atol agloaca, anra gelrvrylces

lif wift lice, fd him alumpen was
735 wist-fylle we'll. Ne was fat w}Td fa gen,

fat he ma m6ste manna cj'nnes

ficgean ofer fa niht. pry6-sw}"8 behe61d

mssg Higelaces, hu se man-scafta

under faer-gripum gefaran wolde.
740 Ne fat se aglaeca j-ldan fdhte,

ac he gef^ng hrafte forman sl5e

slaependne rinc, slat unwearnum,

24 BE6WULF. [743-777.

bftt bfin-locan, bldd Sdrum dranc,
syn-snsedum swealh: s6na hiifde

745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod

f£t and folma. For5 near atstdp,
nara ]>& mid handa hige-pihtigne
rinc on raste; rsehte ongedn
fe6nd mid folme, he onf&ng hratSe

750 inwit-J>ancum and wift earm gesat.
S6na fat onfunde fyrena hyrde,
]>at he ne mfitte middan-geardes
eorSan sceata on eban men
mund-gripe maran: he on mdde wear?

755 forht on ferhtJe, n6 )$ ffir frain meahte ;

hyge was him hin-fus, wolde on heolster fle6n,
secan de6fla gedrag: ne was his drohtoS ]>«er,
swj'lce he on ealder-dagum aer gem6tte.
Gemunde ]>& se g6da maeg Higeldces

760 a3fen-spraece, up-lang Astod

and him faste wiftffing. Fingras burston;
eoten was ut-weard, eorl furSur st6p.
M}-nte se maera, fssr he meahte sw&,
wldre gewindan and on weg fanon
fle6n on fen-h6pu ; wiste his fingra geweald
on grames grapum. pat was ge6cor s!5,
}>at se hearm-scaSa t6 Heorute Atedh:
dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum wearS,
ceaster-buendum, c6nra gehwj'lcum,

770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre waeron begen,
rfiSe r6n-weardas. Reced hl^'nsode ;
]>& w&s wundor micel, fat se win-sele
wi5hSfde hea^o-de6rum, )>at he on hrusan ne fe61,
f Jlger fold-bold ; ac he ]»iis faste was

775 innan and utan Iren-bendum

searo-)H)ncum besmitSod. past fram sylle abcag
medu-benc monig mine gefraege,

778-808.] BEOWULF. 25

golde geregnad, paer pa grarnan wunnon;

fas ne wendon aer witan Scyldiuga,
780 pat hit a rnid gemete manna fenig

betllc and ban-fag tdbrecau meahte,

listum tdlucan, nym<5e liges fa5m

swulge on swaftule. Sw6g up astag

niwe geneahhe ; NorS-Denum stdd
785 atelic egesa anra gehwylcum

para ]>e of wealle w6p gehyrdon,

gryre-le6(5 galan godes andsacap,

sige-ledsne sang, sar wanigean

belle haftan. He61d bine td faste
790 se }>e manna was magene strengest

on pam dage pysses llfes.

. BE6wuLF TEAES OFF GRENDEL'S ABM.

NOLDE eorla hle6 senige pinga

pone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlaetan,

ne bis llf-dagas Ie6da fenigum
795 nytte tealde. pser genebost bragd

eorl Be6wulfes ealde lafe,

wolde frea-dribtnes feorb ealgian

mseres pe6dnes, paer bie meabton sw&;

hie pat ne wiston, pa hie gewin drugon,
800 beard-bicgende hilde-mecgas,

and on healfa gehwone bedwan p6hton,

sawle s6can, pat pone syn-scaSan

genig ofer eorSan Irenna cyst,

gu5-billa nan gretan nolde ;
805 ac he sige-waepnum forsworen hafde,

ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedal

on pam dage pysses lifes

earmllc wurt5an and se ellor-gast

26 BEOWULF. [809-887.

on fe6nda gc weald feor slSian.

810 pa fat onfunde se )>e fela aeror
m6des m}T8e manna cynne
fyrene gefremede (he was fag wiS god)
}>at him se llc-hoina laestan nolde,
ac bine se m6dcga maeg HygelAces

815 hafde be honda; was gehwiiSer 6Srum
lifigende la$. Lic-sdr gebdd
atol iiglaeca, bim on eaxle wearS
syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon
burston ban-locan. Be6wulfe wearS

820 gft5-br6S gyfetSe ; scolcle Grendel ];onan
feorh-se6c fle6n under fen-bleoSu,
sficean wj-n-leas wlc; wiste p6 geornor,
|>at bis aldres was ende gegongen,
ddgera dag-rim. Denum eallum wearS

825 after fam wal-raese wiUa gelumpen.

Hiifde fa gefaelsod, se ]>e aer feorran com,
snotor and swyiS-fcrbS sele Hr66gares,
genered wi5 n!5e. Niht-weorce gefeh,
ellen-maerSum ; hafde Edst-Denuua

830 Gedt-mecga Ie6d gilp gelaested,
swylce onc5^5e ealle gebfitte,
inwid-sorge, fe hie ser drugon
and for J>rea-nydum folian scoldon,
torn unlytel. pat was tdcen sweotol,

885 83*$5an hilde-de6r bond alegde,

earm and eaxle (J'ser was eal geador
Grendles grape) under gedpnc hr<5/\

838-869.] BEOWULF. 27

XIV. THE JOY AT HEOEOT.

pi. was on morgen mine gefraege
ymb fa gif-healle gu5-rinc monig:

840 f£rdon folc-togan feorran and nedu
geond wid-wegas wundor scedwian,
laSes lasfcas. Nd his lif-gedal
sdrlic fuhte secga oenegum,
para fe tlr-ledses trode scedwode,

845 M he w6rig-m6d on weg panon,
nifta ofercumen, on nicera mere
faege and gefl^'med feorh-ldstas bar.
J)ser was on b!6de brim weallende,
atol ySa geswing eal gemenged

850 hatan heolfre, heoro-dre6re we61;
dedtS-fsege de6g, siS^an dredma le&s
in fen-freo^o feorh alegde
haeftene sawle, paer him hel onffing.
panon eft gewiton eald-geslSas,

855 swylce geong manig of gomen-watSe,
fram mere mddge, mearum ridan,
beornas on blancum. paar was Be6wulfes.
moai^o maaned ; monig oft gecwaS,
J>atte sufS ne nor5 be sasm tweonum

860 ofer eormen-grund 6Ser nasnig
under swegles begong selra naere
rond-habbendra, rices wyrSra.
Ne hie hum wine-drihten wiht ne 16gon,
gladne Hr6t5gar, ac fat was g6d cyning.

865 Hwllum heat5o-r6fe hledpan leton,
on geflit faran f eal we mearas,
paar him fold-wegas fagere fuhton,
cystum cu^e ; hwilum cj^ninges pegn,
gnma gilp-hladen gidda gemyndig,

28 BEOWULF. [870-904.

870 se pe eal-fela eald-gesegena

worn gemunde, word 66er fand

sA8e gebundcn : secg eft ongan

s!5 Be6wulfes snyttrum Syrian

and on spfid wrecan spel gerade,
875 wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecwa5,

pat he fram Sigemuude secgan hyrde,

ellen-daedum, uncuSes fela,

Walsinges gewin, wide slSas,

para ])e gumena beam gearwe ne wiston,
880 faehSe and fyrene, buton Fitela mid hine,

ponne he swylces hwiit secgan wolde

earn his nefan, swa hie a woeron

fit ni5a gehwam nyd-geateallan :

hafdon eal-fela eotena c^'nnes
885 sweordum gesaeged. Sigemunde gesprong

after deaS-dage d6m unlytel,

S3^8an wlges heard wyrm acwealde,

hordes hyrde ; he under harne stan,

aSelinges beam, ana genfiftde
890 frficne daede; ne was him Fitela mid.

HwiiSre him gesaelde, pat pat swurd pur*hw6d

wratllcne wyrm, pfit hit on wealle fitst6d,

dryhtllc Iren ; draca morSre swealt.

Hafde aglseca elne gegongen,
895 pfit he bedh-hordes brucan mdste

selfes ddme: sae-bat gehlod,

bfir on bearm scipes beorhte frfttwa,

Walses eafera; wyrm hat gemealt.

Se was wreccena wide maerost
900 ofer wer-pe6de, wlgendra hle6

ellen-da2dum (he pas aer onpah),

si65an Heremddes hild sweSrode

eafocS and ellen. He mid eotenum wearfi

on fe6nda geweald forS forlacen,

905-934.] BEOWULF. 29

905 snu.de forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas

lemede td lauge, he his Ie6dum wearS,

eallum aSelingum td aldor-ceare ;

sw3"lce oft bemearn aerran maelum

swlS-ferh5es sift snotor ceoii mouig,
910 se pe him bealwa td b6te gelyfde,

pat pat pe6dnes beam gepe6n scolde,

fader- aftelum onfdn, folc gehealdan,

hord and hle6-burh, halefia rice,

e15el Scyldinga. He paer eallum wearS,
915 maeg Higelaces manna cynne,

fre6ndum gefagra; hine fyren onwdd.

Hwilum flttende fealwe straete
mearum maeton. pa was morgen-le6ht
scofen and scynded. Eode scealc monig

920 swiS-hicgende td sele fam hedn,

searo-wundor se6n, swylce self cyning,
of bryd-bure bedh-horda weard,
tryddode tir-fast getrume micle,
cystum gecyi5ed, and his cw6n mid him

925 medo-stlg gemat magSa hdse.

XV. HROTHGAE'S G-RATULATION.

maSelode (he td healle ge6ng,
stdd on stapole, geseah stedpne hrdf
golde fahne and Grendles hond):
' ' pisse ansyne al-wealdan pane
930 ' ' lungre gelimpe ! Fela ic laSes gebM,
' ' grynna at Grendle : a mag god wyrcau
"wunder after wundre, wuldres hyrde!
" pat was nngeara, pat ic aenigra me
"wedna ne we'nde td widan feore

O BEOWULF. [935-969.

935 "b6te gebldan J>onne bldcle fan
"husa selest heoro-dre6rig stdd;
"wea wld-scofen witena gehwylcne
"fara ]>e ne w6ndon, fat hie wide-ferh8
"Ie6da land-geweorc laftum beweredon

940 " scuccum and scinnum. Nu scealc hafaS
"furh drihtnes miht daed gefremede,
" fe we ealle ser ne meahton
"snyttrum besyrwan. Hwat! fat secgan mag
" efne swa hwylc magSa, swa ]'one magan ceude

945 "after gum-cynnum, gyf he6 gyt l3'fa5,
' ' fat byre eald-metod 6ste waere
ubearn-geb3Tdo. Nu ic Be6wulf
"fee, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle
" fre6gan on ferhfte ; heald for5 tela

950 " niwe sibbe. Ne bits fe naenigra gdd
"worolde wilna, fe ic geweald habbe.
"Ful-oft ic for lassan ledn teohhode
" hord-weorSunge hnahran rince,
"saemran at sacce. pu fe self bafast

955 " daedum gefremed, fat fin ddm lyfatS
" awa td aldre. Alwalda fee
"g6de forgj-lde, swa he nu gyt dyde!"
Be6wulf maSelode, beam Ecgfe6wes :
"We fat ellen-weorc 6stum miclum,

960 "feohtan fremedon, frficne genfiSdon
" eafotS uncuSes ; ufte ic swtSor,
" fat fu hine selfne gese6n mdste,
" fe6nd on fratewum fyl-w6rigne !
"Ic hine hradllce heardan clammum

965 "on wal-bedde wrlSan f6hte,

"fat he for inund-gripe minum scolde

"licgean llf-bysig, butan his lie swice;

"ic hine ne mihte, f& metod nolde,

" ganges getwaeman, nd ic him fas georne fitfealh,

970-1000.] BEOWULF. 3J

970 " feorh-geniSlan ; was td fore-mihtig

"fe6nd on feSe. HwaSere he his folme forlet

"td llf-wra<5e last weardian,

' ' earm and eaxle ; n6 f ser tenige swa f eah

" fed-sceaft guma frdfre gebohte :
975 "nd fy leng leofaS Ia5-gete6na

" synnum geswenced, ac hyne sar hafaS

"in nyd-gripe nearwe befongen,

' ' balwon bendum : ]?aer abidan sceal

" maga mane fah miclan ddmes,
980 "hu him scir metod sciifan wiUe."

pa was swigra secg, simu Ecglafes,

on g3Tlp-sprsece gu5-geweorca,

siSSan a^elingas eorles crafte

ofer heahne hr6f hand sceawedon,
985 fe6ndes fingras, foraii seghw^ic ;

was stfide nagla gehwylc, style gellcost,

haeSenes hand-speru hilde-rinces

egle unh*e6ru ; aeg-hw37lc gecwa8,

fat him heardra nan hrlnan wolde
990 Iren aer-gdd, fat fas ahlsecan

blddge beadu-foline onberan wolde.

XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS.

pi. was haten hre^5e Heort innan-weard
folmum gefratwod : fela f sera was
wera and wifa, fe fat win-reced,
995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fag scinon
web after wagum, wundor-si6na fela
secga gehwylcum fara fe on swylc staraS,
Was fat beorhte bold t6brocen swl^e
eal inne-weard iren-bendum fast,
1000 heorras t6hlidene ; hrdf ana genas

30 BEOWULF. [1001-1035.

ealles ansund, )>a se aglceca,

fyren-dffidum fag on fleam gewand,

altlres or-w6na. N6 ]>at £Se by«

tO beflc6nne (fremme se )>e wille!)
100"> ac gesacan sceal sawl-berendra

nyde genydde ni55a bearna

grund-buendra gearwe st6we,

}>a?r his lic-horaa leger-bedde fast

swofeC after symle. pa was sael and mael,
1010 J'iit t6 healle gang Healfdenes sunu;

wolde self cyning symbol )>icgan.

Ne gefragcn ic |»a mceg8e mdran weorode

ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sel gebaeran.

Bugon )>a 16 bence blied-agende,
1015 fylle gefaegon. Fiigere gepaegon
medo-ful manig magas f 1'Ara
swlft-hicgende on sele J'am hean,
HroSgar and HrASulf. Heorot innan was
fre6ndum dfylled; nalles facen-stafas
1020 pe6d-Scyldingas )>enden fremedon.

Forgeaf )>a Be6wulfe beam Healfdenes
segen gj^ldenne sigores t6 leane,
hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan;
moere ma88um-sweord manige gesawon
1025 beforan beorn beran. Be6wulf gefah
ful on flette ; nA he \>Kre feoh-gyfte
for sce6tendum scamigau porfte,
ne gefrftgn ic fre6ndllcor fe6wer madmas
golde geg}Tede gum-manna fela
1030 in calo-bence 65rura gcsellan.

Ymb | as hehnes hr6f heafod-beorge
wlmni bewunden walan utan ho61d,
)'at him 1'i-la lafe frficne ne meahton
scur-heard sce88an, )>onne scyld-freca
1035 ongcan gramnm gangan scolde.

1036-1064.] BEOWULF. 33

H6ht pa eorla hle6 eahta mearas,

fated-hle6re, on flet te6n

in under eoderas^; para anum st6d

sadol searwum fab. since gewurSad,
1040 pat was hilde-setl heah-cyninges,

ponne sweorda gelac suuu Healfdenes

efnan wolde ; nsefre on 6re lag

wid-cuSes wig, ponne walu fe611on.

And pa Be6wulfe bega gehwaSres
1045 eodor Ingwina onweald geteah,

wicga and waepna ; he't hine wel brucan.

Swa manlice msere pe6den,

hord-weard hale^a heaSo-r£esas geald

mearum and mMmum, swa h^ nsefre man lyhtS,
1050 se pe secgan wile s6S after rihte.

XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET — THE LAY OP
HNAEF AND HENGEST.

pi gyt seghwylcum eorla drihten
para pe mid Be6wulfe brim-lMe tedh,
on paere medu-bence maSSum gesealde,
yrfe-lafe, and pone aenne lifiht

1055 golde forgyldan, pone pe Grendel ser

mane acwealde, swa he hyra ma wolde,
nefne him witig god wyrd forst6de
and pas mannes m6d : metod eallum we61d
gumeua cj^nnes, swa he nu git d66 ;

1060 forpan btf5 andgit seghwser shiest,

ferMes fore-pane! fela sceal gebidan
Ie6fes and Iat5es, se pe longe her
on pyssum win-dagum worolde bruceS.
paer was sang and swe~g samod atgadere

84 BEOWULF. [1065-1099.

1065 fore Healfdeues hilde-wlsan,

gomen-wudu grfited, gid oft wrecen,

ponne heal-garaen HrOSgares scop

fifbcr medo-bence maenan scolde

Finnes eaferum, pa hie se faer begeat:
1070 "Hale« Healfdenes, Hnaf Scyldinga,

"in Fr . . es wale feallan scolde.

"Ne huru Hildeburh hfirian porfte

*' eotcna tre6we : ut^nnum wear5

"beloren Ie6fum at pam lind-plegan
1075 " bearnuin and br68rum ; hie on gebyrd hruron

"gare wande; pat was gedmuru ides.

"Nalles h61inga Hdces ddhtor

" meotod-sceaft bemearn, sy$8an morgen com,

" )>a he6 under swegle gese6n meahte
1080 " morSor-bealo maga, \>fer he6 ser maeste hc61d

"worolde wynne: wig ealle fornam

"Finnes ]>egnas, nemne feauni dnum,

"I>at he ne mehte on ]>&m me6el-stede

" wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan,
1085 "ne )>a wed-lafe wlge forpringan

"feodnes pegne; ac hig him gepingo budon,

"pfit hie him dSer flet eal gerymdon,

"healle and hedh-setl, pat hie healfre geweald

" wit5 eotcna beam Agan m6ston,
1090 " and at feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu

"dogra gehwylce Dene weorSode,

"Hengestes heap hringum wenede,

"efne swa swlCe sinc-gestre6num

"fattan goldes, swa he Fresena cyn
1095 "on be6r-sele byldan wolde.

"pa hie getruwedon on twd healfia

"faste frioSu-waare ; Fin Hengeste

"elne unflitme d«um benemde,

" pftt he pa wed-lafe weotena ddme

1100-1130,] BEOWULF. 85

1100 " arum heolde, fat fser senig mon

"wordum ne worcum waere ne braece,
" ne furh inwit-searo aefre gemsenden,
" fedh hie hira bedg-gyfan banan folgedon
" fe6den-ledse, fa him swa gefearfod was:

1105 "gyf fonne Frysna hwylc Mcnan spraece
"fas inprSgr-heJies nryndgiend waere,
"fonne hit sweordes ecg syftftan scolde.
"AS was geafned and icge gold
" ahafen of horde. Here-Scyldiuga

1110 "betst beado-rinca was on bael geafu;
"at fam ade was e15-gesyne
" swat-fah syrce, swyn eal-gylden,
"eofer iren-heard, aSeling manig
"wundum dwyrded; sume on wale crungon.

1115 "Het fa Hilcleburh at Hnafes dde
l\ hire selfre suuu sweolo^e befastan,
"Vbjln-fatu barnan and on bosl ddn.
" Earme on eaxle ides gnornode,
"i^eSmrode giddum ; guS-rinc astah.

1120 "|lWand td wolcnum wal-fyra masst,
"Wy_node for hlawe ; hafelan multon,
" ben-geato burston, fonne b!6d iitspranc
"Id6-bite lices. Llg ealle forswealg,
"gaesta gifrost, fara fe faar guS fornam

1125 "bega folces ; was hira bleed scacen.

XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE is ENDED.

him f& wlgend wlca ne6sian,
"fre6ndum befeallen Frj'sland gese6n,
"hamas and hed-burh. Hengest fd gyt
"wal-fdgne winter wunode mid Finne
1130 " ealles unhlitme ; card gemtmde,

36 BEOWULF. [1131-1165.

"]>eah pe he ne nicahte on mere drtfan
" hringed-stefnan ; 'iolm storme we61,
"won wt5 winde; winter £6e beledc
"Is-gebinde 65 )»at 6Ser com

1185 "gear in geardas, swA nu gyt d&5,
" J>A J>e syngales s61e bewitiaS,
" wuldor-torhtan weder. pa was winter scacen,
"fager foldan beann; fundode wrecca,
" gist of geardum ; he td gyrn-wrace

1140 "swiSor )>6hte, )x>nne td sae-lAde,
" gif he torn-gemdt Jmrhte6n mihte,
"ffit he eotena beam inne gemunde.
" SwA he ne forw^Tnde worold-raedenne,
")x)nne him Hunlafing hilde-le6man,

1145 "billa sfilest, on bearm dj'de:

" )>as waeron mid eotenum ecge cu?5e.
" Swj-lce ferhS-frecan Fin eft begeat
" sweord-bealo sllSen at his selfes ham,
" siSSan grimne gripe Gu81af ond Oslaf

1150 "after sae-sfte sorge maendon,

" atwiton wedna dael ; ne meahte wafre mdd
"forhabban in hretJre. pA was heal hroden
"fe6nda feorum, swilce Fin sliigen,
" cyning on corSre, and se6 cw6n numen.

1155 " Sce6tend Scyldinga to scj-pum feredon
"eal in-gesteald eor5-cyninges,
" swj-lce hie at Finnes hAm findan meahton
" sigla searo-gimma. Hie on s£e-lAde
"drihtllce wlf td Denum feredon,

1160 "laeddon td leodum." Le65 was Asungen,
gle6-mannes g}'d. Gamen eft AstAh,
beorhtode benc-sw6g, byrelas sealdon
win of wunder-fatum. pA cwom WealliJ'ed forS
gAn under gyldnum beage, faer ]>A gddan twegen

1165 sreton suhter-gefaderan ; fA gyt was hiera sib Stgadere

1166-1192.] BEOWULF. 87

aeghwylc 65rum trywe. Swylce fcer HunferS fyle
at fdtum sat fredn Scyldinga : gehwylc hiora his ferhSe

tre6wde,

fat he hafde m6d micel, feah fe he his magum nsere
arfast at ecga gelacum. Sprac fa ides Scyldinga:

1170 "Onf6h fissum fulle, fre6-drihtcn mln,
." sinces brytta ; fu on saelum wes,
"gold- wine gumena, and td Geatum spree
"mildum wordum! Swa sceal man ddn.
" Be6 wiS Gedtas glad, geofena gemyndig ;

1175 " nedn and feorran fu nu friftu hafast.

"Me man sagde, fat fu fe for sunu wolde
" here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefaelsod,
' ' beah-sele beorhta ; bruc f enden f u mdte
"manigra me'da and finum magum loef

1180 "Me and rice, fonne fu for5 scyle
" metod-sceaft se6n. Ic minne can
"gladne Hr6Sulf, fat he fa geogoSe wile
" arum healdan, gyf fu ser fonne he,
' ' wine Scildinga, worold oflaetest ;

1185 "we"ne ic, fat he mid g6de g}idan wille
" uncran eaferan, gif he fat eal gemon,
' ' hwat wit td willau and td wor5-myndum
"umbor wesendum aer arna gefremedon."
Hwearf fa bt bence, fser hyre byre wseron,

1190 Hr6(5ric and Hr66mund, and haleSa beam,
giogoS atgadere ; fser se g6da sat
Be6wulf Gedta be fsem gebrdSrum twaem.

gg BEOWULF. [1193-1222.

XIX.

BE6wuLF's JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST.

HIM was ful boren and fre6nd-la«u

wordum bewagned and wunden gold
1195 6stura geedwed, earm-hredde twa,

hragl and hringas, heals-bedga maest

}>ara )>e ic on foldan gefragen habbe.

Nffinigne ie under swegle sfilran hyrde

hord-maftSum haleSa, sj-ftftan Hdma atwag
1200 t6 fsere b}Thtan b}Tig Brosinga mene,

sigle and sine-fat, searo-nl8as fealh

Eormenrtces, geceds 6cne rsed.

pone bring hafde Higelac Geata,

nefa Swertinges, n^'hstan sl5e,
1205 siSSan he under segne sine ealgode,

wal-reaf werede ; hyne \Vyrd fornam,

83-SSan he for wlenco wedn ahsode,

faehSe t6 Frysum; he ]>4 fratwe wag,

eorclan-st&nas ofer ySa ful,
1210 rice )>e6den, he under rande gecranc;

gehwearf ]>& in Francna fa5m feorh c^'ninges,

bre6st-gew£edu and se beah somod:

wyrsan wlg-frecan wal redfedon

after gu5-sceare, Gedta Ie6de
1215 hred-wlc he61don. Heal swege onfSng.

Wealh})e6 ma^elede, he6 fore ]>am werede sprac:

"Brftc )>isses bedges, Be6wulf, Ie6fa

"hyse, mid hsele, and Jnsses hragles ne6t

" )^6d-gestre6na, and ge)>e6h tela,
1220 "cen ^ec mid crafte and ]>yssum cnj-htum wes

"lara ll«e! ic fe )>as ledn geman.

" Hafast )>u geared, fUt pe feor and neah

1223-1251.] BEOWULF.

" ealne wide-ferhft weras ehtigaS,
"efne swa side swa sae bebugeS

1225 "windige weallas. Wes, penden pu lifige,
' ' aSeling eddig ! ic pe an tela
" sinc-gestre6na. Be6 pu suna minum
"daedum gedeTe dredm healdende!
" Her is aeghwylc eorl 6Srum getrywe,

1230 "m6des milde, man-drihtne hold,

"pegnas syndon gepwaare, fe6d eal gearo:
"druncne diyht-guman, d6t5 swa ic bidde!"
Eode fa t6 setle. paar was s}Tnbla cyst,
druncon win weras : w}rrd ne cu^on,

1235 ge6-sceaft grimme, swa hit agangen weariS
eorla manegum, sySSan sefen cwom
and him Hr6Sgar gewat t6 hofe sinum,
rice td raste. Reced weardode
unrim eorla, swa hie oft aer dj'don :

1240 benc-pelu beredon, hit geond-braeded wearS
beddum and bolstrum. Be6r-scealca sum
fus and faege flet-raste gebedg.
Setton him td hedfdum hilde-randas,
bord-wudu beorhtan; faer on bence was

1245 ofer aSelinge y^"Ses^ne

heaSo-stedpa helm, hringed byrne,
]>rec-wudu frymlic. Was ]?edw hyra,
pat hie oft waeron an wig gearwe,
ge at ham ge on herge, ge gehwaSer para

1250 efne swylce maela, swylce hira man-dryhtne
pearf gesaelde; was se6 pe6d tilu.

40 BEOWULF. [1252-1282.

X

XK.

GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES.

SIGON ]>A td slnepe. Sum sdre angcald

aefen-riiste, swa him ful-oft gelamp,

siSSan gold-selc Grendel warode,
1255 unriht afnde, dfi )>at ende becwom,

swylt after synnum. pat ges^ne wearS,

wld-cuS werum, fiitte wrecend j)A gyt

lifde after la^um, lange J>rage

after gA5-ceare ; Grendles mddor,
1260 ides aglaec-wlf ^TmSe gemunde,

se fe wiiter-egesan wunian scolde,

cealde streamas, si5?an Cain wearB

td ecg-banan angan br66er,

fadereu-maege ; he J>a fag gewat,
1265 morSre gemearcod man-dream fle6n,

wfisten warode. panon wdc fela

ge6sceaft-gdsta ; was J>£era Grendel sum,

heoro-wearh hetelic, se at Heorote fand

waccendne wer wlges bldan,
1270 J>aer him aglaeca at-grjEpe wearS ;

hwaSre he gemunde miigenes strenge,

gim-faste gife, ]>e him god sealde,

and him t6 anwaldan are gelyfde,

frdfre and fultum: }>$ he fone fe6nd ofercwom,
1275 gehnaegde hello gast: ]>a he hean gewat,

dredme bedaeled dea5-wlc se6n,

man-cynnes fe6nd. And his mddor ]>& gyt

glfre and galg-m6d gegan wolde

sorh-fulne st5, suna de&6 wrecan.
1280 Com ]>a to Heorote, ]>ser Hring-Dene

geond fat said swaefun. pa )>aer sdna weartJ

ed-hwyrft eorlum, siSSan inne fealh

1283-1317.] BEOWULF. 41

Greiidles mddor; was se giyre lassa

efne swa micle, swa bi5 magSa craft,
1285 wlg-gryre wifes be wsepned-men,

ponne heoru bunden, hamere gepureu,

sweord swate fah swln ofer helme,

ecgum dyhtig andweard scireS.

pa was on healle - heard-ecg togen,
1290 sweord ofer setlum, sid-rand manig

hafen handa fast; helm ne gemunde,

byrnan side, pe hine se br6ga angeat.

He6 was on 6fste, wolde ut panon

feore beorgan, pa he6 onfanden was ;
1295 hraSe he6 aSelinga anne hafde

faste befangen, fa he6 td fenne gang;

se was HrdSgare haleSa Ie6fost

on gestSes hM be saem tweonum,

rice rand-wiga, pone pe he6 on raste abredt,
1300 blaed-fastne beorn. Nas Be6wulf f>ser,

ac was 6Ser in aer geteohhod

after ma5Sum-gife mnerum Gedte.

Hredm wearS on Heorote. He6 under heolfre genam

cu6e folme ; cearu was geniwod
1305 geworden in wlcum: ne was pat gewrixle til,

pat hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon

fre6nda feorum. pa was fr6d cyning,

har hilde-rinc, on hre6n m6de,

sy55an he aldor-pegn unlyfigendne,
1310 pone de6restan deddne wisse.

HraSe was t6 bure Be6wulf fetod,

sigor-eadig secg. Samod ser-dage

code eorla sum, aSele cempa

self mid gesiSum, paer se snottra bad,
1315 hwaSre him al-walda sefre wille

after wed-spelle wyrpe gefremman.

Gang ])d after fldre fyrd-wyrSe man

42 BEOWULF. [1818-1348.

mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede)
fat he )K>ne wlsan wordum hnaegde
1820 frean Ingwina ; fragn gif him waere
filter ne6d-la5u niht gctaese.

XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: ^ESCHERE'S DEATH.

HR65GAH matSelode, helm Scildinga :

" Ne frin fu after saelum ! Sorh is geniwod

"Denigea Ie6dum. Dead is Asc-here,

1326 "Yrmenlafes yldra brdfcor,

"mln rtm-wita and mln raed-bora,
" eaxl-gestealla, }>onne we on orlege
"hafelan weredon, fonne hniton fSSan,
"eoferas cny sedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan

1880 " dueling ter-g6d, swylc Asc-here was.
"WearS him on Heorote t6 hand-banan
*' wal-gaest wafre ; ic ne wat hwfider
*4atol ffise wlanc eft-slSas teah,
"fylle gefraegnod. He6 )>a faeh^e wrfic,

1885 u)>e )m gystran niht Grendel cwealdest
"Jmrh haestne had heardum clammum,
"forfan he tA lange Ie6de mine
"wanode and wyrde. He at wlge gecrang
"ealdres scyldig, and nu 6t5er cwom

1840 " mihtig man-scat5a, wolde hyre maeg wrecan,
"ge feor hafaS fsehSe gestaeled,
"fas fe fincean mag fegne monegum,
" se fe tlfter sinc-gyfan on sefan gre6tet5,
" hreSer-bealo hearde; nu se6 hand ligefS,

134S " se fe e6w wel-hwj'lcra wilna dohte.
" Ic ffit lond-buend leode mine
" sele-rffidende secgan hyrde,
"fftt hie gesftwon swylce twegen

1349-1383.] BEOWULF. 43

" micle rnearc-stapan mdras healdan,

1350 " ellor-gsestas : paera 6$er was,

' ' pas pe hie gewisllcost gewitan meahton
" idese onllcnes, 66er earm-sceapen
" on weres wastmum wrac-lastas trad,
' ' nafne he was mara ponne senig man dtier,

1355 " pone on gear-dagum Grendel nemdon
" fold-buende : n6 hie fader cunnon,
" hwafter him aenig was ser acenned
"dyrnra gasta. Hie dygel lond
"warigeaS, wulf-hleoSu, windige nassas,

1360 " fr6cne fen-gelM, ]>ser fyrgen-stredm
"under nassa genipu niSer gewiteS,
"fl6d under foldan; nis pat feor heonon
" mil-gemearces, pat se mere stande<5,
"ofer pam hongiaS hrlnde bearwas,

1365 "wudu wyrtum fast, water oferhelma'5.

"pser mag nihta gehwam ni6-wundor se6n,
ufyr on fl6de; n6 pas fr6d leofaft
"gumena bearna, pat pone grund wite;
"peah pe haeS-stapa hundum geswenced,

1370 "heorot hornum trum holt- wudu s6ce,
"feorran geflymed, ser he feorh sele«,
" aldor on 6fre, ser he in wille,
"hafelan hydan. Nis pat he6ru stdw:
"ponon y3-geblond up astigeS

1375 "won t6 wolcnum, ponne wind styreS
"Ia6 gewidru, 65 pat lyft drysmatS,
"roderas re6ta$. Nu is rsed gelang
"eft at pe anum! Eard git ne const,
"frScne stdwe, pser pu findan miht

1880 "sinnigne secg: s6c gif pu dyrrel
"Ic pe pa faehSe fe6 leanige,
" eald-gestre6num, swa ic ser dyde,
"wundnum golde, gyf pu on weg cymest."

44 BEOWULF. [1884-U13.

XXII.

BE6wuLF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF

THE NlXIES.

BE6wuLF maSelode, beam Ecgfe6wes :
1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! sfilre biS aeghwam,

"fat he his fre6nd wrece, fonne he fela murne;

" Are aeghwylc sceal ende gebidan

"worolde llfes ; wyrce se ]>e mOte

"ddmes aer dedSe! fat btS driht-guman
1390 "unlifgendum after sfilest.

"Arts, rtces weard; uton hrafte f&ran,

"Grendles mdgan gang sceawigan!

"Ic hit fe gehate: nd he on helm losaS,

" ne on foldan faSm, ne on fyrgen-holt,
1395 " ne on gj-fenes grund, gd j'asr he wille.

"p}-s d6gor fu gefj'ld hafa

" wedna gehwylces, swA ic ]>e w6ne t6 ! "

Ahle6p ]>d se gomela, gode fancode,

mihtigan drihtne, fas se man gespriic.
1400 pd was HrdSgdre' hors gebaeted,

wicg wunden-feax. Wlsa fengel

geatollc gengde; gum-f65a st6p

lind-habbendra. Ldstas wseron

after wald-swa6um wide gesyne,
1405 gang ofer grundas; gegniim for fd

ofer mjTcan mdr, mago-fegna bar

J>one sfilestan sdwol-ledsne,

fdra fe mid HrdSgdre hdm eahtode.

Ofer-eode )>a aSelinga beam
1410 stedp stdn-liliSo, stlge nearwe,

enge dn-paSas, un-cu5 geldd,

neowle niissas, nicor-husa fela;

he fedra sum bpforan gengde

1414-1148.] BEOWULF. 45

wisra monna, wong scedwian,
1415 66 pat he fseringa fyrgen-bedmas

ofer harne stan hleonian funde,

wyn-ledsne wudu ; water under st6d

dre6rig and gedrefed. Deuum eallum was,

winum Scyldinga, weorce on m6de,
1420 t6 gefolianne pegne monegum,

oncytS eorla gehwam, sySSan Asc-heres

on fam holm-clife hafelan metton.

F16d bldde we61 (folc t6 saegon)

hatan heolfre. Horn stundum song
1425 fuslic fyrd-le6«. F66a eal gesat;

gesawon ]?a after watere wjTm-cj'nnes fela,

sellice sae-dracan sund cunnian,

sw3ice on nas-hleoSum nicras licgean,

]?a on undern-mael oft bewitigaS
1430 sorh-fulne si6 on segl-rade,

wj'rmas and wil-de6r; Me on weg hruron

bitere and gebolgne, bearlitm ongeaton,

gu3-horn galan. Sumue Geata Ie6d

of flan-bogan feores getwaefde,
1435 ^S-gewinnes, fat him on alclre stdd

here-stral hearda ; he on holme was

sundes fe saenra, ]>e hyne sw}-lt fornam.

HraSe wearS on y15um mid eofer-spre6tnm

heoro-h6cyhtum hearde genearwod,
1440 niSa genaeged and on nas togen

wundorlic waeg-bora ; weras scedwedon

gryrelicne gist. Gyrede hine Be6wulf

eorl-gewaedum, nalles for ealdre mearn:

scolde here-b}Tne hondum gebroden,
1445 sld and searo-fah, sund cunnian,

se6 J>e ban-c6fan beorgan cuSe,

fat him hilde-grap hre^re ne mihte,

eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceSSan;

46 BE6\VULF. [1449-1479.

ac se hwlta helm hafelan werede,

1450 se )>e mere-grundas mengan scolde,
sfican sund-gebland since geweorSad,
befongen frea-wrasnum, swa bine fyrn-dagum
worhte waepna smi5, wundrum te6de,
besette swln-llcum, fat bine syfcSan nd

1455 brond ne beado-mficas bltan ne mcahton.
Nas fat fonne maetost magen-fultuma,
fat him on ]>earfe lah fyle Hr65gares;
was ffim hafb-m6ce Hrunting nama,
fat was an foran eald-gestre6na ;

1460 ecg was Iren, ater-tanum fdh,

Ahyrded hea^o-swate ; naefre hit at hilde ne swac
manna aengurn fara ]>e hit mid mundam bewand,
se fe gryre-slSas gegan dorste,
folc-stede fara; nas fat forma sK5,

1465 fat hit ellen-weorc afnan scolde.
Hum ne gemunde mago Ecglafes
eafoSes craftig, fat he cer gesprac
wine drunceii, fa he fas waepnes onlah
sebran sweord-frecan : sebfa ne dorste

1470 under £6a gewin aldre gen&5an,

driht-scype dre6gan ; faer he d6me forleds,
ellen-maerSum. Ne was fam 65rum swa,
sy$5an he hine td gfrSe geg}Ted hafde.

XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE.

BE6wuLF maftelode, beam Ecgfe6wes:
1475 "gefenc nu, se maera maga Healfdenes,
"snottra fengel, nu ic com stSes fus,
i; gold-wine gumena, hwat wit ge6 spraecon,
" gif ic at fearfe ftnre scolde
"aldre linnan, fat fu me a waere

1480-1514.] BEOWULF. 47

1480 " forS-gewitenuin on fader stale;

"wes pu mund-bora minum mago-pegnum,

" hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime :

"swj-lce pu pa madmas, pe pu me sealdest,

"HrdSgar Ie6fa, Higelace onsencl.
1485 "Mag ponne on pam golde ongitan Geata dryhten,

" gese6n sunu HrelSles, ponne he on pat sine staraft,

"pat ic gum-cystum g6dne funde

"beaga bryttan, bredc ponne m6ste.

"And pu HunferS laet ealde lafe,
1490 "wratllc w£eg-sweord wid-cu6ne man

"heard-ecg habban; ic me mid Hruntinge

" d6m gewyrce, o83e mec dea6 nimeS."

After paem wordum Weder-Geata Ie6d

6fste mid elne, nalas andsware
1495 bidan wolde ; brim-wylm onf^ng

hilde-rince. pa was hwil dages,

aer he pone grund-wong ongytan mehte.

S6na pat onfunde, se pe fl6da begong

heoro-gifre behe61d hund missera,
1500 grim and graedig, pat pser gumena sum

al-wihta card ufan cunnode.

Grap pa t6geanes, gu6-rinc gef(Sng

atolan clommum ; nd py aer in gescdd

halan lice : hring utan ymb-bearh,
1505 pat he6 pone fyrd-hom purh-f6n ne mihte,

locene leoSo-syrcan laSan fingi-um.

Bar pa se6 brim-wylf, pa he6 t6 botme com,

hringa pengel t6 hofe sinum,

swa he ne mihte n6 (he pas m6dig was)
1510 waspna gewealdan, ac hine wundra pas fela

swencte on sunde, sse-deor monig

hilde-tuxum here-syrcan brae,

6hton aglascan. p& se eorl ongeat,

pat he in nrS-sele nat-hwylcum was.

48 BEOWULF. [1516-154&

1515 f»r him noenig wfiter wihte ne sceSede,

ne him for hrdf-sele hrtnan ne mehte

fter-gripe flddes: fyr-le6ht geseah,

blacne Ie6man beorhte sclnan.

Ongeat fa se g6da grund-wyrgenne,
1520 mere-wlf mihtig ; magen-raes forgeaf

hilde-bille, bond swenge ne oftedh,

f at hire on hafelan hring-mael agdl

graedig gu$-le6S. pa se gist onfand,

fat se beado-le6ma bltan nolde,
1525 aldre sceSSan, ac se6 ecg geswac

f eodne at f earfe : folode ssr fela

hond-gem6ta, helm oft gescar,

faeges fyrd-hragl: ]>at was forma s!5

de6rum maSme, fat his ddm alag.
1530 Eft was an-rsed, nalas elnes lat,

maerSa gemj-ndig maeg Hjgelaces;

wearp ]>&. wunden-mael wrattum gebunden

yrre oretta, fat hit on eorSan lag,

stlS and st^l-ecg; strenge getruwode,
1535 mund-gripe magenes. Swa sceal man d6n,

fonne he at gu5e gegan )>ence6

longsumne lof, na ymb his llf cearatS.

Gefi&ng ]>a be eaxle (nalas for faehSe mearn)

Gfr5-Geata leod Grendles mftdor;
1540 bragd fa beadwe heard, fa he gebolgen was,

feorh-genlfilan, fat he6 on flet gebedh.

He6 him eft hrafce and-ledn forgeald

grimman grdpum and him t6gednes f6ng;

oferwearp fa w6rig-m6d wigena strengest,
1545 f65e-cempa, fat he on fylle wearS.

Ofsat fa fone sele-gyst and h}Te seaxe geteah,

brad and brftn-ecg wolde hire beam wrecan,

angan eaferan. Him on eaxle lag

bre6st-net broden ; fat gebearh feore,

1550-1579.] BEOWULF. 49

1550 wi<5 ord and wr3 ecge ingang forstdd.
Hafde fa forslSod sunu Ecgfe6wes
under gynne grund, Geata cempa,
nemne him heafto-byrne helpe gefremede,
here-net hearde, and halig god
555 gewe61d wig-sigor, witig drihten;

rodera rsedend hit on ryht gescM, •

ySelice syiffian he eft astdd.

XXIV. BEOWULF SLAYS THE SPEITJS.

GESEAH fa on searwum sige-eadig bil,
eald sweord eotenisc ecgum ^'htig,

1560 wigena weorS-mynd : ]>at was wsepna cyst,
buton hit was mare fonne a3iiig mon dfier
td beadu-lace atberan meahte
g6d and geatollc giganta geweorc.
He gefSng fa fetel-hilt, freca Scildiuga,

1565 hre6h and heoro-grim hring-mael gebragd,
aldres orw6na, 3*rringa s!6h,
fat hire wi5 halse heard grapode,
ban-hringas brae, bil eal furh-w6d
faegne flaesc-homan, he6 on flet gecrong ;

1570 sweord was swatig, secg weorce gefeh.
Lixte se Ie6ma, Ie6ht inne st6d,
efne swa of hefene hadre seined
rodores candel. He after recede wlat,
hwearf fa be wealle, waepen hafeuade

1575 heard be hiltum Higelaces fegn,

yrre and an-raed. Nils se6 ecg fracod
hilde-rince, ac ho hraSe wolde
Grendle forgyldan guS-roasa fela
fara fe he geworhte t6 "\Yest-Denum

50 BE6WULF. [1580-1614.

1580 oftor inicle fonne on cenne slS,

fonne he Hr65gdres heorS-genedtas

sldh on sweofote, slaepende frat

folces Denigea fyf-tyne men

and 65er swylc ut of-ferede,
1585 IdSllcu lac. He him fas lean forgeald,

r65e cempa, td fas fe he on raste geseah

guft-werigne Grendel licgan,

aldor-ledsne, swd him aer gescdd

hild at Heorote ; hrA wide sprong,
1590 sySftan he after dedSe drepe prowade,

heoro-sweng heardne, and nine fd hedfde becearf.

Sdna fat gesdwon snottre ceorlas,

]>d )>e mid Hr65gdre on holm wliton,

fat was yS-geblond eal gemenged,
1595 brim b!6de fdh: blonden-feaxe

gomele ymb gddne ongeador spraecon,

fat hig fas aSelinges eft ne wSndoii,

]>at he sige-hr6Sig sficean c6me

maerne fe6den; fd fas monige gewearS,
1600 fat hine se6 brim-w^'lf dbroten hiifde.

pd com n6n dages. Nas ofgedfon

hwate Scyldingas ; gewdt him hdm fonon

gold-wine gumena. Gistas sfitan,

m6des se6ce, and on mere staredon,
1605 wiston and ne w6ndon, fat hie heora wine-drihten

selfne gesdwon. pd fat sweord ongan

after heaSo-swdte hilde-gicelum

wig-bil wanian ; fat was wundra sum,

fat hit eal gemealt Ise gellcost,
1610 fonne forstes bend fader onlaeteS,

onwindeS wal-rdpas, se fe geweald hafaS

saela and maala; fat is s66 metod.

Ne nom he in faem wlcum, Weder-Geata Ie6d,

mdSni-oehta md, feh he faer monige geseah,

LC15-1649.] BEOWULF. 51

1615 buton pone hafelan and ]>& hilt somod,

since fage ; sweord ser gemealt,

forbarn broden masl: was pat bldd td fas h^t,

aettren ellor-gaest, se pser inne swealt.

S6na was on sunde, se pe ser at sa'cce gebad
1620 wig-hryre wraftra, water up purh-deaf ;

waeron yi5-gebland eal gefielsod,

eacne eardas, p& se ellor-gast

oflfit llf-dagas and pas laenan gesceaft.

Com pa t6 lande lid-manna hehn
1625 swi5-m6d sw3Tmman, soe-lace gefeah,

magen-byrSenne para pe he him mid hafde.

Eodon him pa t6geanes, gode pancodon,

prySllc pegna heap, pe6dnes geffigon,

pas pe hi hyne gesundne gese6n mdston.
1630 pd was of pam hr6ran helm and bjTne

lungre alysed: lagu drusade,

water under wolcnum, wal-dre6re fag.

F^rdon for6 ponon f§fte-lastum

ferhSum fagne, fold-weg mseton,
1635 cuSe straete ; cyning-balde men

from pam holm-clife hafelan bseron

earfoSlice heora asghwa^rum

fela-m6digra : fe6wer scoldon

on Sam wal-stenge weorcum geferian
1640 to pam gold-sele Grendles hedfod,

6S pat semninga t6 sele c6mon

frome f}*rd-hwate fe6wer-tyne

Gedta gongan; gum-dryhten mid

mddig on gemonge meodo-wongas trad.
1645 pd com in gdn ealdor pegna,

dsed-c6ne mon d6me gewurSad,

hale hilde-de6r, Hr65gar gr^tan:
pa was be feaxe on flet boren
Grendles heafod, paer guman druncon,

52 BE6WULF. [1650-1680.

1650 egcsltc for corlum and faere idese mid:
wlite-se6n wratllc weras onsawon.

XXV. HROTHQAR'S GRATITUDE : HE DISCOURSES.

maSelode, beam Ecgfedwes:

"Hwat! we fe pas sae-lac, sunu Healfdenes,

"leod Scyldinga, lustum brdhton,
1655 "tires 16 tacne, J>e fu her td 16cast.

"Ic fat unsdfte ealdre gedlgde:

"wlge under watere weorc genfifcde

"earfoSliee, at-rihte was

"gu<5 getwaefed, nymfle mec god sc}Tlde.
1660 "Ne meahte ic at hilde mid Hruntinge

"wiht gew}Tcan, fedh ]>at waepen duge,

uac me geu8e ylda waldend,

" fat ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian

"eald sweord edcen (oftost wisode
1665 "winigea leasum) fat ic ]>£ waepne gebrad.

" Ofsldh fa at faere sacce (fa me ssel ageald)

"buses hyrdas. pa fat bilde-bil

"forbarn, brogden mael, swa fat b!6d gesprang,

"hatost heaSo-swata: ic fat hilt fanan
1670 " fe6ndum atferede ; fjTen-daeda wrac,

" deaC-cwealm Denigea, swa hit gedfife was.

"Ic hit fe fonne gehate, ffit fu on Heorote most

" sorh-leas swefan mid finra secga gedryht,

"and fegna gehwj-lc flnra leoda,
1675 " duguSe and iogotJe, fat fu him ondraedan ne fearft,

"feoden Scyldinga, on fa healfe,

" aldor-bealu eorlum, swa fu aer dydest."

pa was gylden hilt gamelum rince,

harum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen,
1680 enta eer-geweorc, hit on aeht gehwearf

1681-1714.] BEOWULF. 53

after de6fla hryre Denigea fredn,

wundor-smifta geweorc, and fa fas worold ofgeaf

grom-heort guma, godes andsaca,

morftres scyldig, and his m6dor edo ;
1685 on geweald geliwearf worold-cyninga

fam s61estan be saem twe6num

fara fe on Sceden-igge sceattas daelde.

Hr6Sgar maSelode, hylt sceawode,

ealde lafe, on fam was 6r writen
1690 fyrn-gewinnes : sy58an fldd ofsldh,

gifen ge6tende, giganta cyn,

Mcne gef6rdon : fat was fremde pe6d

6cean dryhtne, him fas ende-lean

Jmrh wateres w}rlm waldend sealde.
1695 Swa was on fcem scennum sctran goldes

purh run-stafas rihte gemearcod,

geseted and gessed, hwam ]>a,t sweord geworht,

Irena cyst aerest wsere,

wreo^en-hilt and wjTm-fah. pa se wisa sprac
1700 sunu Healfdenes (swlgedon ealle) :

" pat la mag secgan, se fe s65 and riht

"frame's on folce, (feor eal gemon

"eald 66el-weard), fat fes eorl wsere

" geboren betera! Blsed is arsered
1705 "geond wid-wegas, wine min Be6wulf,

' ' fin ofer f e6da gehwylce. Eal f u hit gef yldum healdest,

' ' magen mid m6des snyttrum. Ic f e sceal mine gelaestan

" fre6de, swa wit furSum spraecon ; fu scealt t6 frdfre

weorSan

** eal lang-twidig Ie6dum finum,
1710 "hale^um t6 helpe. Ne wearS Heremdd swa

"eaforum Ecgwelan, Ar-Scyldingum ;

"ne gewe6x he him t6 willan, ac td wal-fealle

"and td deaS-cwalum Deniga Ie6dum;

"breat bolgen-m6d be6d-geneatas,

54 BEdwULF. [1716-1746.

1715 " eaxl-gesteallan, 65 fat he ana hwearf,
"nuEre fe6den. mon-dredmum from:
" fedh fe hine mihtig god magenes wynnum,
"eafeftum stfipte, ofer ealle men
"forS gefremede, hwaSere him on ferhSe gre6w

1720 "bre6st-hord bldd-re6w: nallas bedgas geaf
" Denum after dome; dredm-leds gebdd,
" fat he fas gewinnes weorc fro wade,
"leod-bealo longsum. pu fe laer be |>on,
"gum-cyste ongit! ic \>is gid be ]>e

1725 "awrac wintrum fr6d. Wundor is to secganne,
"lift mihtig god manna cynne
"Jmrh sldne sefan snyttru brj-ttatS,
"eard and eorl-scipe, he ah ealra geweald.
" Hwllum he on lufan IffiteS hworfan

1730 "monnes m6d-gefonc maeran C3*nnes,
" seleS him o» *51e eorSan wynne,
Ut6 healdanne hle6-burh wera,
"ged6S him swd gewealdene worolde doelas,
" side rice, fat he his selfa ne mag

1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende gefencean;

" wunjiS he on wiste, n6 hine wiht dweleC,
"adl ne 3'ldo, ne him inwit-sorh
"on sefan sweorcetS, ne gesacu dhwaer,
"ecg-hete e6wetS, ac him eal worold

1740 "wendet5 on willan; he fat wyrse ne con,
" 65 fat him en innan ofer-h}'gda dael
"weaxeS and wridatS, fonne se weard swefeB,
"sawele hyrde: bit5 se slaep td fast,
"bisgum gebunden, bona swlt5e nedh,

1745 " se fe of flan-bogan fyrenum sce6tet5.

1746-1774.1 BEOWULF. 55

XXVI.

THE DISCOURSE is ENDED. — Bs6wuLF PREPARES
TO LEAVE.

bi3 on hreSre under helm drepen
"biteran strale : him bebeorgan ne con
' ' worn wundor-bebodum wergan gastes ;
" finceS him t6 lytel, fat he t6 lange he61d,

1750 "gytsaS grom-hydig, nallas on g}-lp seleS
"fatte beagas and he fa forS-gesceaft
" forgyteS and forgymeS, fas fe him aer god sealde,
"wuldres waldend, weorS-mynda dael.
"Hit on ende-staf eft gelimpeS,

1755 " fat se lic-homa Isene gedre6set5,
" faege gefealleS ; f6h6 66er td,
" se fe unmurnlice mMmas daaleS,
"eorles aer-gestre6n, egesan ne gymeS.
pEebeorh fe fone bealo-n!6, Be6wulf Ie6fa,

1760 " secg se betsta, and fe fat sMre gece6s,
" 6ce raadasjl oferhyda ne gym,
"masre cempa! Nu is fines magnes blaad
" ane hwile ; eft sdna biS,
"fat fee Ml oSSe ecg eafoftes getwaefeS,

1765 "o6Se fyres feng o«6e nodes wylm,
" o&Se gripe m^ces oSSe gares fliht,
"oS6e atol 3*ldo, /oScSe eagena bearhtm
"forsiteS and forsworceS fsemninga biS.
fat.

1770 " Swa ic Hring-Dena hund missera

" we61d under wolcnum, and hig wige beledc
" manigum maegSa geond f}Tsne middau-geard,
" ascum and ecgum, fat ic me aenigne
"under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde.

0(J BEOWULF. [1775-1809.

1775 "Hwat! me j>as on 6<51e edwenden cwom,

"gyrn after gomene, seo56an Grendel wearS,

" eald-gewinna, in-genga mln :

" ic ]>sere sdcne singales wag

" indd-ceare micle. pas sig metode fane,
1780 U6cean drihtne, ]>as J>e ic on aldre gebdd,

" fat ic on ]>one hafelan heoro-dre6rigne

" ofer eald gewin edgum starige!

" Gd nu t6 setle, sj'mbel-wynne dre6k

" wlg-geweor5ad: unc sceal worn fela
1785 "maSma gemaenra, siSSan morgen biS."

Gedt was glad-m6d, ge6ng sdna td,

setles nc6san, sw4 se snottra heht.

pd was eft swd aer ellen-r6fum,

flet-sittendum fagere gereorded
1790 ni6wan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc

deorc ofer dryht-gumum. DuguS eal drds;

wolde blonden-feax beddes ne6san,

gamela Scylding. Gedt ungemetes wel,

r6fne rand-w!gan restan l}-ste:
1795 s6na him sele-)>egn si<5es w^rgum,

feorran-cundum forS wlsade,

se for andr^'snum ealle beweotede

J'egnes fearfe, swj'lce ]>$ ddgore

hedfio-liSende habban scoldon.
1800 Reste hine fd rAm-heort; reced hlifade

gedp and gold-fdh, gast inne swaf,

63 fat hrefn blaca heofones W3~nne

blifi-heort bodode. pd com beorht sunne

scacan ofer grundas; scat5an onetton,
1805 waeron a^elingas eft t6 Ie6dum

fuse t6 farenne, wolde feor Jmnon

cuma collen-ferhS ce61es ne6san.

H^ht )>d se hearda Hrunting beran,

sunu Ecgldfes, h6ht his sweord niman,

1810-1840.] BEOWULF. 57

1810 Ie6fllc iron ; sagde him fas leanes fane,

cwii'5 lie ];oue gufl-wine g6dne tealde,

wlg-crJiftigne, nales worduni 16g

me'ces ecge : fat was m6dig secg.

And fa sl5-frome searwum gearwe
1815 wlgend waeron, eocle weorS Denum

aSeling td yppan, fser se 65er was

hale hilde-de6r, HrdSgar gr£tte.

XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS.

Bfi6wuLF ma'Selode, beam Ecgfe6wes :
" Nu we S£e-115end secgan wyllaS

1820 "feorran cumene, fat we fundiaft
" Higelac s6can. Wseron her tela .
"willum bewenede ; fu us wel dohtest.
" Gif ic fonne on eorftan 6wihte mag
" fiure m6d-lufan maran tilian,

1825 "gumena dryhten, fonne ic gyt d}'de,
" guS-geweorca ic be6 gearo s6na.
" Gif ic fat gefricge ofer fl6da begang,
" fat fee ymbe-sittend egesan fywaS,
" swa fee hetende hwllum dydon,

1830 " ic fe fusenda fegna bringe,

" halet5a td helpe. Ic on Higelace wat,
" Geata diyhten, fedh fe he geong s^*,
" folces Ii3'rde, fat he mec fremman wile
"wordum and worcum, fat ic fe wel herige,

1835 " and fe t6 ge6ce gar-holt bere

" niagenes fultum, faer fe MS manna fearf;
" gif him fonne Hre"Srlc t6 hofum Gedta
"gefingeft, fe6dnes beam, he mag fser fela
"fre6nda findan: feor cySSe be6S

1840 " s^lran gesdhte fam fe him selfa dedh."

58 BEOWULF. [1841-1875.

Hr6Sgar maSclode him on andsware :
" pe fa word-cwydas wittig drihten
"on sefan seude! ne hyrde ic snotorlicor
"on swa geongum feore gunuui fingian:

1845 "fu eart magenes strang and on mode fr6d,
" wls word-cwida. W6n ic talige,
" gif fat gegangeS, fat fe gar nyme<5,
"hild heoru-grhnme Hr6Slcs eaferan,
"Adi oftfte Iren ealdor flnne,

1850 "folces hj'rde, and fu fin feorh hafast,
"fat fe Sae-Gedtas sfilran nabben
"t6 gece6senne cj'ning aeuigne,
" hord-weard haleSa, gif Jm healdan wylt
"maga rice. Me fin m6d-sefa

1855 "llcafc leng swa wel, Ie6fa Be6wulf:

"hafast fu gef«5red, fat fAm folcum sceal,
"Gedta Ie6dum and Gar-Denum
"sib gemaenum and sacu restaii,
" inwit-nl8as, fe hie aer drugon ;

1860 "wesan, fenden ic wealde wldan rices,
"maSmas gemaene, manig 65erne
"godum gegrfitan ofer ganotes ba5 ;
"sceal hring-naca ofer hed^u bringau
"lac and luf-tacen. Ic fa Ie6de wat

1865 "ge wi5 fe6nd ge wi« fre6nd faste geworhte,
" aeghwas untaele ealde wlsan."
pa git him eorla hle6 inne gesealde,
mago Healfdenes matSmas twelfe,
h6t hine mid faem lacum Ie6de swaese

1870 sficean on gesyntum, snftde eft cuman.
Gecyste )>a c^'ning aSelum g6d,
feoden Scildiuga fegen betstan
and be healse genam ; hrurou him todras,
blouden-feaxum : him was bega wfin,

1875 caldum infr6dum, 66res

1876-1903.] BEOWULF. 50

pat hi seoSSan gese6n m6ston
mddige on meftle. Was him se man td pon Ie6f,
fat he pone bre6st-wylm forberan ue mehte,
ac him on hreSre hyge-bendum fast

1880 after de6rum men dyrne langaS

beorn wiS b!6de. Him Be6wulf panan,
guS-rinc gold-wlanc griis-moldan trad,
since hr£mig : sae-genga bad
dgend-fredn, se pe on ancre rad.

1885 pa wiis on gange gifu Hr65gares
oft gesehted : pat was an cyning
a5ghwas oiieahtre, 68 pat hine yldo ben am
magenes wj'nnum, se pe oft manegum sc6d.

XXVIIL

BEOWULF RETUKNS TO GEATLAND. — THE QUEENS
HYGD AND THRYTHO.

CWOM pa t6 fl6de fela-mddigra
1890 hag-stealdra liedp; hring-net bseron,

locene leoSo-syrcan. Land-weard oufand

eft-si5 eorla, swa he ser dyde ;

116 he mid hearme of hliSes nosan

gastos grette, ac him tdgeanes rad;
1895 cwacS pat wilcuman "Wedera Ie6dum

scawan scir-hame t6 scipe fdron.

pd was on saude sse-gedp naca

hladen here-waedum, hringed-stefna

mearum and maSmum : mast hlifade
1900 ofer Hrd'Sgares hord-gestre6num.

He ]'am bat-wearde bunden golde

swurd gesealde, pat he sy&San was

on meodu-bence maSme py weorSra,

60 BE6WULF. [1904-1038.

yrfe-lafe Gewat him on $5-nacan,
1905 drefan de6p water, Dena land ofgeaf.

pA wiis be maste mere hragla sum,

segl sale fast. Sund-wudu Jmnede,

n6 ]>KT w6g-flotan wind ofer y<5um

si6es getwtefde ; sae-genga fdr,
11)10 fledt famig-heals for5 ofer y«e,

buuden-stefna ofer brim-stredmas,

piit hie Gedta clifu ongitan meahton,

cASe nassas. Ce61 up gej»rang,

l^'ft-geswenced on lande stdd.
1915 Hra^e was at holme hy5-weard gearo,

se )>e aer lange tld, Ie6fra manna

fus, at faroSe feor wlatode ;

saelde t6 sande sid-faSme scip

oncer beudiim fast, ]>$ las hjTn ffia, ]>rym
1920 wudu w}'nsuman forwrecan meahte.

H6t fa up beran a^5elinga gestre6n,

friitwe and fat-gold; nas him feor J>anon

to gesficannc sinces bryttan :

Higelac Hr6Sling paer at ham wunat5,
1925 selfa mid gesiSum sae-wealle nedh ;

bold was betlic, brego-r6f cyning,

hed on healle, Hygd swlSe geong,

wls, wel-fungen, fedh ]>e wintra lyt

under burh-locan gebiden habbe
1930 Hare^es d6htor: nas hi6 hnah swa ]:edh,

ne td gnedS gifa Gedta Ie6dum,

md6m-gestre6na. M6d pryBo wag.

fremu folces cwfin, firen ondrysue :

ntenig ]>at dorste de6r genfiSan
1935 swaesra geslSa, nefne sin-fred,

fat hire an diiges edgum starede ;

ac him wal-bende weotocle tealde,

hand-gewriSene : hraSe seoS<San wiia

1939-1968.] BEOWULF. 61

after mund-gripe in6ce gepinged,
1940 pat hit sceaSen-mael scj'ran m6ste,

cwealm-bealu cySan. Ne bi6 swylc cw6nlic pedw

idese td efnanne, peah pe M6 seullcu 8$,

patte freoSu-webbe feores onsace

after llge-torne Ie6fne mannan.
1945 Hum fat onhdhsnode Heminges maeg;

ealo drincende 65er saedan,

fat hi6 Ie6d-bealewa las gefremede,

inwit-nlSa, sj'SSan aerest wearS

gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan,
1950 a<5elum di6re, sySSan hi6 Offan flet

ofer fealone fldd be fader lare

slSe gesdhte, faer hi6 sy^San wel

in gum-st61e, g6de maare,

llf-gesceafta lifigende bredc,
1955 M61d heah-lufan wi5 halet5a brego,

ealles mon-cynnes mine gefrasge

pone selestan bi seem twe6num

eormen-cynnes ; forfam Offa was

geofum and guSum gar-cfine man,
1960 wide geweorSod ; wisddme be61d

6Sel sinne, ponon E6maer w6c

hale^um t6 helpe, Heminges maeg,

nefa Garmundes, ni6a craftig.

XXIX. His ARRIVAL. HYGELAO'S RECEPTION.

GEWAT him pa se hearda mid his hond-scole
1965 sj'lf after sande sas-wong tredan,
wide waroftas. "Woruld-candel scan,
sigel suSau fus: hi si5 drugon,
elne geeodon, td pas pe eoiia hle6,

62 BEOWULF. [1969-2003.

bonan Ongeufedwes burgum on innan,
1970 geongne guS-cyning g6dne gefrunon

hringas daelan. Higelace was

s!8 Be6wulfes snude gecySed,

fat far on worSig wlgendra hle6,

lind-gestealla lifigende cwom,
1975 heafto-laces hal t6 hofe gongan.

Hrafte was gerymed, swa se rlca bebead,

f65e-gestum flet innan-weard.

Gesat \>& wi5 sylfne, se fa sacce genas,

maeg witS uiaege, sy^San man-dryhten
1980 Jmrh hle66or-cwyde holdne gegrfitte

meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum

hwearf geond fat reced HareSes c!6htor :

lufode fa leode, HS-waege bar

haelum td banda. Higelac ongan
1985 slnne geseldan in sele fam hean

fagre fricgean, hyne fyrwet brae,

hwylce Sae-Geata siSas waeron:

"Hu lomp e6w on IMe, Ie6fa Bi6wulf,

"fa fu faeringa feorr gehogodest,
1990 "sacce secean ofer sealt water,

"hilde td Hiorote? Ac fu Hr6Sgare

" wid-cu$ne wedn wihte gebfittest,

"maBrum fe6dne? Ic fas m6d-ceai-e

" sorh-wylmum sedt5, slSe ne truwode
1995 "Ie6fes mannes ; ic fe lange bad,

"fat fu fone wal-gaest wihte ne grette,

"16te SutS-Dene sj'lfe geweor^an

"gu^Se wi5 Grendel. Gode ic fane secge,

"fas fe ic fe gesundne gese6n mdstc."
2000 Bi6wulf mat5elode, beam Ecgf i6wes :

" pfit is undyrne, dryhten Higelac,

"mcere gemeting monegum fira,

"hwj-lc orfegr-hwll uncer Grendles

2004-2032.] BEOWULF. 63

"wearS on fain wange, fser he worna fela

2005 " Sige-Scildingura sorge gefremede,
"yrmSe t6 aldre ; ic fat eal gewrac,
"swa ne gylpan fearf Grendeles maga
" cenig ofer eorfian uht-hlem pone,
" se fe lengest leofaS laftan cynnes,

2010 "fenwe bifongen. Ic faer furSura cwom,
"td fam hring-sele Hr6Sgar grfitan :
" sdna me se maera mago Healfdenes,
"sy&San he m6d-sefan minne cuSe,
"wi5 his S}-lfes sunu sell getsehte.

2015 "Weorod was on wynne ; ne seah ic widan feorh
" under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra
" medu-dredm maran. Hwilum maeru cwfin,
" friSu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf,
"baedde b3're geonge ; oft hi6 bedh-wriSan

2020 " secge sealde, aer hi6 t6 setle geong.
"Hwilum for duguSe d6htor Hr66gares
' ' eorlum on ende ealu-wsege bar,
"fa ic Fredware flet-sittende
" nemnan hyrde, fasr hi6 nagled sine

2025 "haleSum sealde: si6 gehdten was,

"geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frddan;
"hafaS fiis gewoixlen wine Scyldinga
"rices hj-rde and fat raed talaS,
"fat he mid fy wife wal-fteh^a doal,

2030 "sacca gesette. Oft nd seldan hwser
' ' after Ie6d-hryre lytle hwile
"bon-gar buge6, fedh se6 bryd duge!

64 BEOWULF. [2033-20G3.

XXX. BE6wuLF's STORY OF THE SLAYINGS.

" HAG fas fonne offyncan fe6den Heafcobeardna
" and fegna gehwam fara Ie6da,

2035 "fonne he mid faemnan on flett gseS,
"dryht-bearn Deua dugufta biweuede:
"on him gladiaS gomelra lafe
" heard and hring-mael, HeaSobeardna gestre6n,
" fenden hie fdm waepnum wealdan radston,

2040 "68 fat hie forlseddan t6 )>am lind-plegan
" swaese geslSas ond h}'ra sylfra feorh.
" ponne cwiS at be6re, se \>e beah ges}*htS,
" eald asc-wlga, se pe call geman
"gar-cwealm gumena (him bi5 grim sefa),

2045 "onginneS geomor-mdd geongne cempan
" Jmrh hreSra geh3-gd higes cunnian,
" wlg-bealu weccean and fat word acwyS:
" ' Meaht }m, mln wine, m6ce gecnawan,
" ' j'one )>in fader t6 gefeohte bar

2050 " ' under here-grlman hindeman si5e,
";dyre Iren, faer hyne Dene sldgon,
" * we61don wal-stdwe (sy$5an wi5er-g}-ld lag
"'after hiileSa hryre) hwate Scyldungas?
" * Nu her ]>dra baneua b}Te nat-hwylces,

2055 "'fratwum hr6mig on flet gae8,

"'morSres gylpeS and Jxme mdS5um byretJ,
"'J>one fe }m mid rihte raedan sceoldest!'"
"ManaS swa\ and myndgaS m%la gehwj-lce
" sarum wordum, 68 fat sael cymeS,

2060 " fat se fcemnan fegn fore fader daadum
" after l)illes bite b!6d-fag swefe«,
"ealdres sc^'ldig; him se 65er fonau
" losaS /tfigende, con him lanil geare.

2064-2098.] BEOWULF. fifi

" ponne bi63 brocene on ba healfe

2065 " aS-sweord eorla; sySSan Ingelde

" weallaft wal-ni5as and him wif-lufan
'•lifter cear-walmum cdlran weor<5a"5.
"py ic HeaSobeardna hyldo ne telge,
' ' dryht-sibbe dael Denum unfaecne,

2070 " fre6nd-scipe fastne. Ic sceal forS sprecan
"gen yinbe Grendel, pat Jm geare cunne,
' ' sinces brytta, td hwan sySSan wearS
tv hond-raes halefta. S3*6t5au heofones gim
k'glM ofer grundas, gast yrre cwom,

2075 " eatol aefen-grom, user ne6san,
' ' }>D3r we gesunde sal weardodon ;
' ' fa?r was Hondsci6 hild onsaege,
" feorh-bealu faegum, he fyrmest lag,
" gj'rded cempa; him Grendel wearS,

2080 "maerum magu-pegne td mu5-bouan,
" Ie6fes mannes lie call forswealg.
"N6 ]>y aer ut ]>a gen idel-hende
c'boua b!6dig-t63 bealewa gemyndig.
"of f»am gold-sele gongan wolde,

2085 " ac he magnes r6f min costode,

"grapode gearo-folm. G16f hangode
" sld and sylllc searo-bendum fast,
" si6 was orfoncum eall geg}'rwed
" de6fles craftum and dracan fellum :

2090 "he mec ]>aer on innan uns^'nnigne,
" di6r daed-fruma, ged6n wolde,
" manigra sumne : h}'t ne mihte swa,
" sySSan ic on yrre upp-riht ast6d.
"Td lang ys t6 reccenne, hu ic ]?am Io6d-scea'8an

2095 "3*fla gehwylces ond-lean forgeald ;
" faer ic, fe6den min, pine Ie6de
" weorSode weorcum. He on weg losade,
" Ij'tle hwile lif-wynna bredc ;

66 BE6WULF. [2099-2133.

" hwaSrc him si6 swlSre swafre wearcladc
2100 " hand on Hiorte and he hean J'onan,

44 m6dcs gedmor mere-grand gefe611.

" Me |>one wal-rses wine Scildunga

" fattan golde fela lednode,

" manegum maftmum, sySflan mergen com
2105 " and we td symble geseten hafdon.

"peer was gidd and gle6; gomela Scilding

'* fela fricgende feorran rente ;

" hwllum hilde-de6r hearpan W3*nne,

"gomen-wudu grfitte ; hwllum gyd awrac
2110 "sdtJ and sdrllc ; hwllum 83'lllc spell

"rehte after rihte rum-heort cyning.

"Hwllum eft ongan eldo gebunden,

"gomel gu5-wlga giogutJe cwl«an

" hilde-strengo ; hre6er inne we611,
2115 " j'onne he wintram frdd worn gemunde.

" Swa we J»aer inne andlangne dag

" niode naman, 68 )»at niht becwom

" A6er t6 j-ldum. pa was eft hrat5e

"gearo gj-rn-wrace Grendeles mddor,
2120 "slSode sorh-full; sunu deaS fornam,

" wlg-hete Wedra. Wlf unh^re

"h}-re beam gewrac, beorn acwealde

"ellenllce; J>aer was Asc-here,

"frddan fyrn-witan, feorh uSgenge;
2125 "noSer hj- hine ne mdston, sySSan mergen cwom,

" dea«-w6rigne Denia leode

"bronde forbiirnan, ne on bael hladan

Ule6fne mannan : hi6 fat lie atbar

Ufe6ndes fa&mum wnder firgen-sti-edm.
2130 "pat was HrdSgare hre6wa tornost

"J>dra J>e Ie6d-fruman lange begeate ;

"fa se ]>e6den mec J-lne life

"healsode hre6h-mod, fat ie on holma gepring

2134-2160.] BEOWULF. 67

" eorl-scipe efade, ealdre gene<5de,
2135 "mser<5o fremede: he me m£de gehet.
" Ic pa pas wiilmes, pe is wide cftS,
"grimne gryrelicne grund-hyrde fond.
" pasr unc hwile was hand gemaene ;
"holm heolfre we611 and ic heafde becearf
2140 "in pam grund-sele Grendeles ihddor
" edcnum ecgum, uns6fte ponan
" feorh 63ferede ; nas ic faege pa gyt,
"ac me eorla hle6 eft gesealde
"maSma menigeo, maga Heah^denes.

XXXI.

HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAO

REWAEDS HIM. HYGELAC' s DEATH.

BEOWULF REIGNS.

2145 " SWA se pe6d-kyning peawum Ij'fde ;

" nealles ic ]>am lednum forloren hafde,

" magnes m6de, ac he me rndftmas geaf,

. " sunu Healfdenes, on stnne S3ifes ddm;

"pa ic pe, beorn-cyning, bringan w^'lle,

2150 " 6stum geywan. Gen is call at pe
' ' lissa gelong : ic l}'t hafo
" heafod-maga, nefne Hygelac pec!"
H6t pa in beran eafor, heafod-segn,
heat5o-stedpne helm, hare byrnan,

2155 gu6-sweord geatollc, g}*d after wi'iic:
"Me pis hilde-sceorp HrdSgar sealde,
" snotra fengel, sunie worde het,
" pat ic his aerest pe est gesagde,
" cwa6 pat hyt hafde Hiorogar cyning,

2160 "Ie6d Scyldunga lange hwile:

fig BEOWULF. [2KU-2195.

" 116 )$ aer suua slnum S3"llan woUK',

•• hwatum Heorowearde, )>edh he him hold waere,

"bre6st-gewaedu. Bruc ealles well!"

Hyrde ic j'iit )>din fratwum fe6wer mearas
/1 6") lungre geltce last weardode,

iippel-fcalnwe ; he him fist getejih

meara and mdSma. Swd sceal maeg d6n,

uealles inwit-net 6Srum bregdan,

dj'rnum crafte dedfi rfim'cm
VI 70 hond-gesteallan. Hygeldce was,

n!5a heardurn, nefa swy^6e hold

and gehwiifter dfirum hrd^ra gemyndig.

Hyrde ic J^at he J>one heals-beah Htygde gesealde,

wratllcne wundur-md^Sum, Jx>ne |>e him Wealh])e6 gea^
?175 feodues ddhtor, J^ri6 wicg somod

swancor and sadol-beorht ; h}Te sySSan was

after bedh-f>ege bre6st geweorSod.

SwA bealdode beam Ecg}>e6wes,

guma guSum cu5, g6dum dredum,
2180 dredh after d6me, uealles druncne s!6g

heorS-genedtas ; nas him hre6h sefa,

ac he man-cynnes m£Este crafte

gin-fastan gife, );e him god sealde,

he61d hilde-de6r. Hedu was lange,
2185 swd hj-ne Gedta beam g6dne ne tealdon,

ne hj*ne on medo-bence micles W}'ri5ne

drihten wereda ged6n wolde ;

swfSe oft sdgdoiij pat he sleac waere,

fifceling unfrom : edwenden cwom
2190 tlr-eddigum menu torna gehwj'lces.

H6t ]id eorla hle6 in gefetian,

heafio-rof cyning, Hr651es Idfe,

golde gegyrede; nas mid Gedtum |>a

sinc-ma6Sum s61ra on sweordes had ;
2195 J>St he on Bi6wnlfes bearm alegde,

219'6-222G.] BEOWULF. 69

and him gesealde seofan puscndo,

bold and brego-st61. Him was bain samod

on pam Ie6d-scipe loud gecynde,

eard 6Sel-riht, 66rum swiSor
2200 side rice, pam paer selra was.

Eft pat geiode ufaran ddgrum

hilde-hlammum, sySSan Hygelac lag

and HeardrMe hilde-me'ceas

under bord-hre6San t6 bonan wurdon,
2205 pa hyne ges6htan on sige-pe6de

hearde hilde-frecan, HeaSo-Scilfingas,

niSa gensegdan nefan Hererices.

S}'S8an Be6wulfe brMe rice

on hand geliwearf: he gehe61d tela
2210 flftig wintru (was ]>a frdd cyning,

eald frSel-weard), 65 fiit an ongan

deorcum nihtum draca ricsian,

se ]>e on hed?'e hoe^e hord beweotode,

stan-beorh stedpne : stig under lag,
2215 eldum uncuS. pser on innan gi6ng
nat-hwj'lces neodu gefiSng

horde hond . d . . ge]> . . hwylo

since fahne, he pat sj'StSan

...>...'. H. ;>.. 1 ; g
2220 slaepende be fyre, fyrena hyrde

]'e6fes crafte, pat sie . . . . Siot5

. idh . folc-beorn, pat he gebolgen was.

XXXII. THE FIKE-DEAKE. THE HOARD.

NEALLES mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . craft
sdhte sylfes willum, se ]>e him sdre gesce6d,
2225 ac for prea-nMlan pedto nat-hwylces
bearna hete-swengeas fleah,

70 BE6WULF. [2227-2261.

for ofer-]>ea.rfe and J>aer inne fealh

secg syn-bysig. Sdna in )>d tide

J>at J>am gyste . . . . br . g . stoxl,

2230 hwiiSre earm-sceapen

. . 8 . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se faes begeat,
sine-fat geseah: paer was swj-lcra fela
in J»am eor5-scr#fe aer-gestre6na,
swa by on gedr-dagum gumena ndt-hwylc

2235 eormen-ldfe aftelan C3'nnes
])anc-hycgende )>aer gehydde,
doure niuiSinas. Ealle hie dotiiS fornam
aerran maelum, and se an |>:i gen
Ie6da duguSe, se paer lengest hwearf,

2240 weard wiue-ge6mor wlscte fas yldan,
fat he lytel fac Iong-gestre6na
brucan mdste. Beorh eal gearo
wunode on wonge water-^'Suni nedh,
niwe be uasse nearo-craftum fast:

2245 J'aer on innan bar eorl-gestre6na
hringa hj'rde hai'd-fyrdne dael
fattan goldes, fed worda cwa6 :
•'Heald ]>u nu hruse, nu haleS ne m6ston,
"eorla aehte. Hwat! hit aer on )>e

2250 "g6de begedton; gu«-ded5 fornam,
' ' feorh-bealo frficne fyra. gehwylcne,
" leoda mlnra, fdra )>e fis llf ofgeaf,
" gesdwon sele-dredm. Ndh hwd sweord wege
" o86e fetige fated waege,

2255 " drj-nc-fat de6re: duguS ellor scdc.
" Sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde
"fiitum befeallen: feormiend swefa5,
" )>d ]>e beado-gi-lman by wan sceoldon,
"ge swylce se6 here-pdd, si6 at hilde gebdd

2260 "ofer borda gebrac bite irena,

"brosnatJ after beorne. Ne mag bjTnau hriiig

22(32-2296.] BEOWULF. 71

"after wig-fruman wide feran

•'haleSum be healfe ; nas hearpan wyn,

"gomen gle6-bedmes, ne g6d hafoc
2265 " geond sal swinge'5, ne se swifta mearb

"burh-stede bedteS. Bealo-cwealm hafafi

" fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended ! "

Swa gi6mor-m6d giohSo maeude,

an after eallum unblifte hwe6p,
2270 dages and nihtes, 65 fat dedSes wylm

bran at beortau. Hord-wynne fond

eald uht-scea'Sa opene standan,

se fe bjTiiende biorgas s6ceS

nacod ni6-draca, uibtes fle6ge$
2275 fyre befangen ; byne fold-buend

wide gesdwon. He gewunian sceall

blaw under brusan, ]>ser be hseSen gold

waraS wintrum fr6d ; ne b}-^ him wibte ]'6 s^l.

Swa se ]>e6d-scea8a ]n-e6 bund wintra
2280 be6ld on hrusan bord-arna sum

eacen-craftig, 68 j^a't b}-ne an abealh

mon on m6de : man-dryhtne bar

fated waege, frio<5o-wa3re bad

blaford sinne. pa was bord rasod,
2285 onboren beaga bord, bene getlSad

fed-sceaftum men. Fred scedwode

fira fyrn-geweorc forman s!5e.

pa se w}'rm onwdc, wr6bt was geniwad ;

stone fa after stane, stearc-beort onfand
2290 fe6ndes f6t-last ; he t6 forS gest6p,

dyrnan crafte, dracan bedfde nedh.

Swa mag unfsege edSe gedigan

wedn and wrac-s!5, se fe waldendes

hyldo gebealde(5. Hord-weard s6hte
2295 georne after grunde, wolde guman findan,

])one ]>e him on sweofote sare gete6de :

72 BEOWULF. [2297-2326

hat and hre6h-m£d hlaew oft ymbe hwearf,

ealnc Atan-weardne ; ne far rcnig raon

wtis on faere wfistenne. Hwaftre hilde gefeh,

2300 beado-weorces : hwllum on beorh athwearf,
sine-fat s6hte ; he fat s6na onfand,
fat hafde gumena sum goldes gefandod
hedh-gestredna. Hord-weard onbad
earfofcllce, 68 fat aefen cwom;

2305 wiis fa gcbolgen beorges hyrde,
wolde se lafca llge forg}-ldan
drinc-fat dj're. pa was diig sceacen
wynnc on willan, n6 on wealle leng
bldan wolde, ac mid baele fdr,

2310 f$re gefysed. Was se fruma egesllc

Ie6dum on lande, swa hyt lungre wearS
on hyra sinc-gifan sare geendod.

XXXIIL
BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIKE-DRAKE.

PA se gast ongan glddiim splwan,

beorht hofu biirnan ; bryne-le6ma stod
2315 eldum on andan ; nd frer aht cwices

IdS lyft-floga laefan wolde.

Was fiis w3Tmes wig wide gesyne,

nearo-fages n!5 nedn and feorran,

hu se gftcVscea8a Gedta Ie6de
2320 hatode and hynde: hord eft gescedt,

dryht-selc d}Tnne aer diigcs hwlle.

Hafde land-wara lige befangen,

baele and bronde ; beorges getruwode,

wlges and wealles : him se6 w6n geledh.
2325 pa wiis Bi6wulfe broga geey^Sed

snftde td so«e, fUt his sj-lfes him

2327-23B1.1 BEOWULF.

bolda shiest bryne-wylrnum mealt,
gif-st61 Gedta. pat parn g6dan was
hre6w on hrefrre, byge-sorga maest:

2330 w£nde se wlsa, pat he wealdende,
ofer ealde riht, 6cean dryhtne
bitre gebulge : bre6st innan we611
pe6strum geponcum, swd him gepywe ne was.
Hiifde lig-draca Ie6da fasten,

2335 ed-lond utan, eorft-weard pone

glMum forgrunden. Him \>'ds guS-c}"ning,
Wedera ]>i6den, wrace leornode.
Heht him ]>d gewyrcean wigendra hle6
eall-irenne, eorla dr^-hten

2340 wig-bord wratlic ; wisse he gearwe,
pat him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte,
lind wiS lige. Sceolde l£en-daga
aSeling aer-g6d endc gebldan
worulde lifes and se wyrm somod,

2345 pedh ]>e hord-welan he61de lange.
Oferhogode ]>& hringa fengel,
pat he pone wid-flogan weorode gesdhte,
sidan herge ; n6 he him pa siicce ondrfid,
ne him pas wyrmes wig for wiht clyde,

'2350 eafoS and ellen ; forpon he aer fela
nearo n^Sende nl5a gcdlgde,
hilde-hlemma, syfrSan he Hr6t5gares,
sigor-eddig secg, sele faalsode
and at gASe forgrap Grendeles moagum,

2355 laSan cynnes. N6 pat lasest was

hond-gemota, pnar mon H}'gelac s!6h,
sySftan Geata C}*ning guSe raesum,
f red- wine folces Freslondum on,
Hreftles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt,

2360 bille gebedten ; ponan Bi6wulf com
sylfes crafte, sund-nytte dredh ;

74 BEOWULF. [2362-239L

f hiifde him on carme . . . XXX

hilcle-geatwa, )>a be to holme st&g.

Nealles Hetware lirGmge j'orfton
2865 feSe-wlges, ]>e him foran ongedn

Uncle baeron: lyt eft becwom

fram J>am hild-frecan hdmes niosan.

Oferswam )>d sioleSa bigong sunu Ecg]:c6wes,

earm dn-haga eft to Ie6dum,
2370 |>aer him Hygcl gebedd hotel and rice,

bedgas and brcgo-st61 : bearne ne truwcxk'.

)>at he wi5 iil-fylcum 65el-st61as

healdan cu8e, pd was H3-geldc dedd.

N6 )>y rer fed-sceafte fiudan meahton
2375 at J'am iiSelinge aenige ]'inga,

J>at he Heardrfide hldford waere,

ofifie )K>ne cyne-d6m ci6san wolde ;

hwaSre he him on folce fre6nd-larum he61d,

6stum mid dre, 68 fat he yldra wearS,
2380 Weder-Gedtum wcold. Hyne wrac-macgas

ofer 883 s6htan, suna 6hteres :

hafdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga,

|>one selestan sa3-c)'mnga,

|>dra fe in Swi6-rlce sine brj-tnade,
2385 maerne feoden. Him ]»iit td mearce wearS;

he paen orfeorme feorh-wundc hledt .

sweordes swengum, sunu Hygeldces ;

and hun eft gewdt Ongen]n6wes beam

hdmes ni6san, sySSan Heardr^d lag;
2390 let }>one brego-st61 Bi6wulf healdan,

Gedtum wealdan: ]>&t was god cyning.

2892-2421.] BEOWULF. 75

XXXIV.

EETROSPECT OF BEOWULF. — STRIFE BETWEEN
SWEONAS AND GEATAS.

SE ]>as Ie6d-hryres ledu gemunde

uferan ddgrum, Eddgilse wearS

fed-sceaftum fe6nd. Folce gestepte
9395 ofer sae side sunu Ohteres

Avigum and waepnum : he gewrac sySSan

cealdum cear-siSum, cyuing ealdre binedt.

Swd he n!5a gehwane genesen hafde,

sliSra gesl}-hta, sunu Ecg]n6wes,
2400 ellen-weorca, 6t5 jioue dnne dag,

]>e he wi5 ]?am wjrrme gewegan sceolde.

Gewat fa twelfa sum torne gebolgen

dryhten Gedta dracan scedwian ;

hiifde \>& gefrunen, hwanan si6 fseWS drds,
2405 bealo-niS biorna ; him t6 bearme cwom

mat5t5um-fat maere J?urh ]'as meldan hond.

Se was oil ]>am ];redte ]>reotteoSa secg,

se fas orleges 6r onstealde,

haft hyge-gi6mor, sceolde hedn ponon
2410 w6ng wisian : he ofer willan gi6ng
• t6 j'as pe he eorS-sele anne wisse,

hloew under hrusan holm-wylme n6h,

yS-gewinne, se was innan full

wratta and wtra : weard unhi6re,
2415 gearo guS-freca, gold-mdSmas he61d,

eald under eor^an ; nas fat y^5e cedp,

t6 gegangenne gumena {enigum.

Gesa't pd on nasse nifi-heard cyning,

Jienden haelo dbedd heorS-genedtum
2420 gold-wine Gedta: him was geomor sefa,

wafre and wal-fus, Wyrd ungemete uedh,

fg BE6WULF. [2422-2456.

se )>one goinelan grfitan sceolde,
s6cean sawle hord, sundur gedaelan
llf wiS lice : n& f>on lange was

2425 fcorh aSelinges fleesce bewuiiden.

Bi6wulf raafcelade, beam Ecg)>e6wes :

"Fela ic on giogofce guS-raesa genas,

" orleg-hwlla : ic pat call gemon.

" Ic was S3'fan-wintre, J>a mec sinca baldor,

2430 " frea-wine folca at mlnum fader genam,
" he61d mec and hiifde Hr65el c3Tiing,
" geaf me sine and sj'mbel, sibbe gemunde;
" nas ic him to life laSra dwihte
" beorn in burgum, fonne his bearna hwylc,

2435 " Herebeald and HaeScj-n, o««e Hygelac mln.
" Was )>am yldestan ungedfifelice
" maeges dssdum morSor-bed strfid,
" sj-SSan hyne Haeflcyn of horn-bogan,
" his frea-wine flane geswencte,

2440 u miste mercelses and his maeg ofscfit,
" br6t5or 6Serne, b!6digan gare :
" fat was feoh-leas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad,
" hretSre hyge-m65e ; sceolde hwaSre swa fedh
" Deling unwrecen ealdres linnan.

2445 "Swa bi5 ge6morllc gomelum ceorle
"td gebidanne, fat his b}Te ride
"giong on galgan, )>onne he gyd wrece,
" sarigne sang, Jx>nne his sunu hangaS
" hrefne t6 hrdSre and he him helpan ne mag,

2450 " eald and in-fr6d, senige gefremmau.

" Sj'mble bi6 gemyndgad morna gehwylce
" eaforan ellor-sl6 ; 6Sres ne g^mefl
kt to gebidanne burgum on innan
"yrfe-weardas, j>onne se an hafa5

2455 '• )>urh dedSes nj-d daeda gefondad.

" Ges}'h(5 sorh-cearig on his suua bure

9457-2484.] BEOWULF. 77

" win-sele w£stne, wind-gereste,
" reote berofene ; rldend swefaS
" haleS in hofonan; nis J'aer hearpan swfig,
2460 " gomen in geardum, swylce faer hi waeron.

XXXV.

MEMORIES OF PAST TIME. — THE FEUD WITH
THE FIRE-DKAKE.

]>onne on sealman, sorh-le6ti galetS
"an after anum : puhte him eall t6 rum,
" wongas and wtc-stede. Swa Wedra helm
" after Herebealde heortan sorge

2465 " weallende wag, wihte ne meahte

"on ]mm feorh-bonan faeh<5e geb£tan:

' ' n6 ]>y ser he ]>one heaSo-rinc hatian ne meahte

" laSum daedum, ];edh him Ie6f ne was.

" He ]>a mid ];aere sorge, pe him si6 sar belamp,

2470 "gum-dream ofgeaf, godes Ie6ht geceds ;
" eaferum laefde, swa d6(5 eadig mon,
' ' lond and Ie6d-byrig, fa he of life gewat.
^•, "pa was synn and sacu Sweona and Geata,
" ofer wid water wr6ht gemaene,

2475 " here-nl6 hearda, sySftan Hr^Sel swealt,
" ofrSe him Ongen]>e6wes eaferan woaran
" frome fyrd-hwate, fre6de ne woldon
" ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh
" eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon.

2480 " pat maeg-wine mine gewraacan,

" faelifte and fyrene, swa hyt gefraege was,
" peah ]>e 65er hit ealdre gebohte,
" heardan ceape : HaeScynne wearS,
" Gedta diyhtne, guS onsaege.

78 BEOWULF. [2485- L'519.

2485 " pA ic on morgue gefriign raaeg 68erne
"billcs ecgum on bonan staelau,
" |>rer Ongen|»e6w Eofores ni6sade :
"gnS-helm t6glAd, gomela Scylfing
" hrcas 7<eoro-blAc ; bond gemunde

2490 " faehfio gen6ge, feorh-sweng ne ofteah.
" Ic him ]•& magmas, ]>e be me sealde,
" geald lit gufle, swa me gifefce wiis,
" Ic6btan sweorde : he me lond forgeaf,
" eard G5el-wyn. Nas bim aenig J'earf,

2495 " pat he t6 GifSum o«5e td Gdr-Deuum
" ofcSe in Swi6-rlce sficcan jnirfe
"wyrsan wlg-frecan, weorSe gecypan ;
" symle ic bim on fSSan beforan wolde,
" Ana on orde, and swA t6 aldre sccall

2500 " sacce frcmman, }>enden ];is sweord J>ola?S,
"fat mec aer and slfi oft gelasste,
" S3*t5t5an ic for dugeiSum Diigbrefne wearS
u t6 band-bonan, Huga cempan:
" nalles he ]:A fratwe Fres-cyninge,

2505 " bre6st-weorSunge bringan mdste,

" ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde,
" aSeling on cine. Ne was ecg bona,
" ac him hilde-grAp heortan wylmas,
" bAn-hus gcbriic. Nu sceall billes ecg,

2510 4i bond and beard sweord yrrib bord wlgan."
Be6wulf maSelode, be6t-wordum sprac
ni^hstan si5e : "Ic genfiSde fela
" gufia on geogo^e ; gyt ic wylle,
" fr6d folces weard, faeh8e sfican,

2515 "maerSum frcmman, gif mec se mAn-sceaSa
" of eor5-sele fit gesficeS ! "
Gegrfitte ]>A gumena gebwylcne,
hwate helm-berend hindeman slt5e,
swflBse gesltSas : " Nolde ic sweord beran,

2520-2554.] BEOWULF. 79

2520 " waepen td w3Tiue, gif ic wiste lift
" wiS fam aglaecean elles meahte
"gylpe wiftgripan, swa ic gi6 wi$ Gren.lle dyde;
" ac ic faer heaSu-fyres hates w6ne,
' ' re"5es and-hattres : forf on ic me on hafu

2525 " bord and b}Tnan. Nelle ic beorges weard
" oferfle6n f6tes trem, fe6nd unJiyre,
' ' ac unc sceal weorftan at wealle , swa unc Wyrd gete6(5,
"metod manna geliwas. Ic com on m6de from,
"fat ic wiS pone guS-flogan gj-lp ofersitte.

2530 " Gebide ge on beorge byrnum werede,
" secgas on searwum, hwa^er sel maege
" after wal-rsese wunde gedygan
" uncer twega. Nis fat e6wer stS,
" ne gemet mannes, nefne min anes,

2535 " fat he wif5 aglsecean eofoSo doele,
" eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall
"gold gegangan otSSe gu5 nime'S,
" feorh-bealu frdcne, fredn e6weme ! "
Aras fa b! ronde r6f oretta,

25-10 heard under helm, hioro-sercean bar
under stan-cleofu, strengo getruwode
anes mannes : ne biS swylc earges s!5.
Geseah fa be wealle, se fe worna fela,
gum-cystum g6d, gft^a gedigde,

2545 hilde-hlemma, fonne hnitan fSSan,

(st6d on stan-bogan) stredm ut fonan
brecan of beorge ; was f aere burnan walm
heaSo-fyrum hat: ne meahte horde neah
unb}Tnende aenige hwile

2550 de6p gedygan for dracan 16ge.

L6t fa of bre6stum, fa he gebolgen was,
Weder-Geata Ie6d word ut faran,
stearc-heort st}Trmde ; stefn in becom
heaSo-torht hlvnnan under harne stan.

g0 BEOWULF. [2555-2589.

2555 Hete was onhrfired, hord-weard oncni6w

mannes reorde ; nfis f aer mara fyrst,

freode td friclan. From aerest cwom

oruft aglaecean ut of stane,

hdt hilde-swdt; hruse dynede.
25GO Biorn under bcorge bord-rand onswaf

wi5 fam gryre-gieste, Gedta dryhten:

fa was hring-bogan heorte gefysed

sacce t6 sficeanne. Sweord aer gebrad

gdd gu8-cyning gomele lafe,
3565 ecgum ungleaw, aeghwa&rum was

bealo-hj'cgendra brdga fram 66rum.

Stl5-m6d gest6d wi6 stedpne rond

winia bealdor, fa se w}Tm gebeali

snude t6somne: he on searwum bad.
2570 Gewat fa bj-rnende gebogen scrlSan td,

gesclfe scj-ndan. Scyld wel gebearg

life and lice lascan hwlle

maerum fe6dne, fonne his myne s6hte,

\>SKT he ]>$ fyrste forman d6gore
2575 wealdan moste, swd him Wyrd ne gescraf

hr65 at hilde. Hond up abrad

Geata dryhten, gryre-fdhne sldh

incge lafe, fat si6 ecg gewac

brun on bane, bat unswlftor,
2580 fonne his fi6d-cyning fearfe hafde,

b3*sigum gebaeded. pa was beorges weard

after heat5u-swenge on hre6um mdde,

wearp wal-fyre, wide sprungon

hilcle-le6man : hr6t5-sigora ne gealp
2585 gold-wine Gedta, gu$-bill geswac

nacod at niSe, swa hj*t n6 sceolde,

Iren a?r-g6d. Ne wSs ]>iit 6tSe srS,

f at se ma^ra maga Ecgfe6wes

grund-wong fone ofgyfan wolde;

2590-2620.] BEOWULF. 81

2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wlc eardian

elles hwergen, swa sceal seghwylc mon

alsetan laen-dagas. Nas fa long td fon,

pat fa aglaecean hy eft geme'tton.

Hyrte hj'ne hord-weard, hreSer aeftme we611,
2595 niwan stefne nearo frowode

fyre befongen se fe ser folce we61d.

Nealles him on hedpe hand-gesteallan,

aSelinga beam ymbe gestddon

hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon,
2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in anum we611

sefa wiS sorgum : sibb sefre ne mag

wiht onwendan, fam ]>e wel fenced.

XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BEOWULF IN THE FEUD.

WiGLAF was haten Weoxstanes sunu,

Ie6fllc lind-wiga, Ie6d Scylflnga,
2605 maeg Alfheres : geseah his mon-dryhten

under here-griman hat frowian.

Gemunde ]>& fa are, fe he him ser forgeaf

wic-stede weligne Wsegmundinga,

folc-rihta gehwylc, swa his fader ahte ;
2610 ne mihte fa forhabban, bond rond gefi&ng,

geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getedh,

fat was mid eldum Edmnundes laf,

suna Ohteres, fam at sacce wearcS

wracu wine-leasum Weohstanes bana
2615 m^ces ecgum, and his magum atbar

brun-fagne helm, hringde byrnan,

eald sweord eotonisc, fat him Onela forgeaf,

his gadelinges guft-gewaedu,

f}Td-searo fuslic: n6 ymbe fa faeh^e sprac,
2620 fedh fe he his brdftor beam abredwade.

g-2 BEOWULF. [2621-2G55

He friitwe gelie61d fela missera,
bill and byrnan, 65 fat his byre mihte
eorl-scipc efnan, swA his aer-fader;
geaf him J;A mid Geatum gu5-gewasda

2625 ffighwas unrlm ; fa he of ealdre gewat,
frdd on for5-weg. pa was forma s!5
geongan cempan, fat he gufte raes
mid his fre6-dr}'htne fremman sceolde ;
ne gemealt him se mdd-sefa, ne his maeges laf

2630 gewac at wlge: fat se wyrm onfand,
sySSan hie tdgadre gegan hafdon.
Wlglaf mafielode word-rihta fela,
sagde geslftum, him was sefa gedmor:
" Ic fat mael geman, faer we medu f£gun,

2635 "fonne we gehfiton tissum hlaforde
"in bi6r-sele, fe As fas beagas geaf,
"fat we him ]>& gft6-geatwa g3'ldan woldon,
" gif him f3-sllcu fearf gelumpe,
" 1 ich nas and heard sweord : f6 he usic on herge geceda

2640 "t6 fyssum sl«-fate sylfes willum,

"onmunde tisic maarSa and me fas magmas geaf,
"fe he usic gar-wlgend gdde tealde,
"hwate helm-berend, fedh fe hlaford us
" fis ellen-weorc ana af6hte

2645 "td gefremmanne, folces h^Tde,

" forfam he manna maest maarSa gefremede,
"daeda dolllcra. Nu is se dag cumen,
"fat ure man-dr3"hten magenes behdfatS
" godra guS-rinca: wutun gangan td,

2650 "helpan hild-fruman, fenden h}-t* sy,
" gled-egesa grim ! God wat on mec,
"fat me is micle Ie6fre, fat mlnne llc-haman
"mid mlnne gold-gyfan g!6d fa«mie.
"Ne fynceS me gerj-sne, fat we rondas beren

2655 "eft td earde, nemne we aeror mpegen

2656-2690.] BEOWULF. 83

"fane gefyllan, feorh ealgian

"Wedra pi6dnes. Ic wat geare,

" pat naeron eald-gewyrht, fat he ana scyle

"Geata duguSe gnorn prowian,
2660 " geslgau at sacce : sceal urum pat sweord and helm,

"byrne and byrdu-scrud bam gemaene."

W6d pa purh pone wal-r6c, \vig-heafolan bar

frean on fultum, fed worda cwaS :

"Le6fa Bi6wulf, laest call tela,
2665 " swa pu on geoguS-feore geara gecwnede,

" pat pu ne alaete be pe lifigendum

" d6m gedre6san: scealt nu daedum r6f,

" afteling an-hj'dig, ealle miigene

"feorh ealgian; ic pe fullaestu!"
2670 After pam wordum W3*rm yrre cwom,

atol inwit-gast 65re si6e,

fyr-wylmum fall fi6nda ni6san,

Ia6ra manna ; Hg-ySum forborn

bord wi6 ronde : bj'rne ne meahte
2675 geongum gar-wigan ge6ce gefrernman :

ac se maga geonga under his maeges scj'ld

elne geeode, pa his agen was

gl&Jum forgrunden. pa gen guft-cyning

moe?^5a gemunde, magen-strengo,
2680 s!6h hilde-bille, pat hyt on heafolan st6d

nlSe genyded: „ Nagling forbarst,

geswac at sacce sweord Bi6wulfes

gomol and grasg-maal. Him pat gifefte ne was,

pat him irenna ecge mihton
2685 helpan at hilde ; was si6 hond td strong,

se pe me'ca gehwane mine gefraege

swenge ofers6hte, ponne he t6 sacce bar

waepen wundrum heard, nas him wihte p6 s61.

pa was pe6d-sceat5a priddan slSe,
2690 frdcne fyr-draca faehSa gemyndig.

g4 BEOWULF. [2691-2721

raesde on fone roTan, fa him rum Ageald,
hftt and heafco-grim, heals calne ymbef6ng
biteran banum; he geb!6degod weariS
sawul-dri6re ; swat ySum we611.

XXXVII. BEOWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.

2695 pi ic at fearfe gefragn fe6d-c3*ninges
and-longne eorl ellen cySan,
craft and cfinftu, sw& him gecynde was ;
ne h6dde he fas heafolan, ac si6 hand gebarn
mddiges mannes, faer he his maeges healp,

2700 fat he fone nl<5-gast nioSor hwfine s!6h,
secg on searwum, fat fat sweord gededf
fah and fated, fat fat fyr ongon
sweSrian sy66an. pa gen sylf cyning
gewe61d his gewitte, wall-seaxe gebriid,

2705 biter and beadu-scearp, fat he on byrnan wag;
forwrat Wedra helm wyrm on middan.
Fe6nd gefyldan (ferh ellen wriic),
and hi hj^ne f4 begen abroten hafdon,
sib-a8elingas : swylc sceolde secg wesan,

2710 fegn at fearfe. pat fam feodne was
slSast slge-hwile s^'lfes dsedum,
worlde geweorces. pa si6 wund ongon,
fe him se eorS-draca aer geworhte,
sw^lan and swellan. He fat s6na onfand,

2715 fat him on bre6stum bealo-nlS we611,
attor on innan. p4 se aSeling gi6ng,
])fit he bl wealle, wls-hycgende,
gesat on sesse ; seah on enta geweorc,
hu fd stan-bogan stapulum faste

2720 6ce eor5-reced innan he61don.

Hyne f A mid handa heoro-dre6rigne

2722-2752.] BEOWULF. 85

fe6den maerne fegn ungemete till,

wine-dry hten his watere gelafede,

hilde-sadne and his helm onspe6n.
2725 Bi6wulf maSelode, he ofer benne sprac,

wunde wal-bleate (wisse he gearwe,

fat he dag-hwila gedrogen hafde

eorfian w}*nne ; fa was call sceacen

d6gor-gerlmes, deaS ungemete neah) :
2730 " Nu ic suna mlnum syllan wolde

" gfrS-gewaedu, faer me gife^e swa

" aenig yrfe-weard after wurde,

"lice gelenge. Ic fas Ie6de he6ld

" f if tig wintra: , nas se folc-C}'ning
^735 " ymbe-sittendra asnig fara,

" fe mec gAS-winum gretau dorste,

"egesan ]>e6n. Ic on earde bM

" masl-gesceaffca, he61d min tela,

" ne s6hte searo-niSas, ne me sw6r fela
2740 " aSa on unriht. Ic fas ealles mag,

" feorh-bennum se6c, gefedn habban :

' ' forf am me witan ne ]> earf waldend fira

" morSor-bealo maga, fonne min sceaceS

" lif of lice. Nu fu lungre
2745 " geong, hord scedwian under harne stdn,

;t Wiglaf Ie6fa, nu se wjTm ligeti,

" swefefi sare wund, since bereafod.

" Bi6 nu on dfoste, fat ic aer-welan,-

' ' gold-aeht ongite, gearo scedwige
2750 " swegle searo-gimmas, fat ic fy seft ma3ge

" after mafr5uin-welan min dloetan

"lif and Ie6d-scipe, fone ic longe he61d."

86 BEOWULF. [2753-2762.

XXXVIIL

THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.

PA ic suude gefriign sunu Wihstaues

after word-cwydum wundum dryhtne
2755 hyran heaSo-si6cum, hring-net bcran,

brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hr6f.

Geseah ]>& sige-hrfifcig, ]<a he bl sesse ge6ng,

mago-]>egn m6dig rnaSSum-sigla fcla,

gold glitinian grunde getenge,
2760 wundur on wealle and ]>as wyrmes denn,

ealdes uht-flogan, orcas stondan,

fyrn-manna fatu feormend-ledse,

hjTstum behrorene: }>oer was helm monig,

eald and 6mig, earm-bedga fela,
2765 searwum gesaeled. Sine edSe mag,

gold on grunde, gumena C3'nnes

gehwone ofer-higian, hyde se J>e wylle !

Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-gylden

heah ofer horde, hond-wundra maest,
2770 gelocen Ieo6o-craftum : of )>am Ie6ma stdd,

fat he )>one grund-wong ongitan meahte,

wrate giond-wlltan. Nas fas wyrmes faer

onsyn aenig, ac hj'ne ecg fornam.

pa ic on hlaewe gefragn hord redfian,
2775 eald enta geweorc anne mannan,

him on bearm hladan bunan and discas

8}'lfes d6me, segn edc genom,

bedcna beorhtost; bill 8er-gesc6d

(ecg was Iren) eald-hlafordes
2780 ):am ]>ara maSma mund-bora was

longe hwile, llg-egesan wag

hatne for horde, hioro-weallende,

2783-2817.] BEOWULF. 87

middel-nihtum, 65 ]>iit he moi*Sre swealt. .

Ar was ou 6foste eft-siSes georn,
2785 fratwum gefyrtired : hyue fyrwet brae,

hwafter collen-fer5 cwicne geme'tte

in fam wong-stede Wedra ]?e6den,

ellen-si6cne, ]>aer he hine ser forl£t.

He pa mid ]>am maSmum maerne ]>i6den,
2790 dryhten slnne dri6rigne fand

ealdres at ende : he hine eft ongon

watere weorpan, 63 ]>at wordes ord

bre6st-hord Jmrhbrac. Be6wulf mafielode,

gomel on giohSe (gold scedwode) :
2795 " Ic )>ara fratwa frean ealles ]>anc

" wuldur-cj'ninge wordum secge,

" 6cum dryhtne, fe ic her on starie,

' ' fas ]>e ic m6ste mlnum Ie6dum

" aer swj'lt-dage swylc gestrynan.
2800 " Nu ic on maftma hord mine bebohte

" fr6de feorh-lege, fremmaS ge nu

"Ie6da f earfe ; ne mag ic her leng wesan.

"Hata'S hea^o-maere hlae\v gewyrcean, •

" beorhtne after basic at brinies nosan;
2805 " se seel t6 gemyndum mlnum Ie6dum

"hedh hlifian on Hrones nasse,

" fat hit see HSend sySSan hatan

" Bi6wulfes biorh, ]>a fe brentingas

" ofer fl6da genipu feorran drlfaS."
2810 D}Tde him of healse bring gyldenne

fi6den frlst-hydig, fegne gesealde,

geongum gar-wigan, gold-fahne helm,

beah and bjTnan, het hyne brucan well:

"pu eart ende laf usses c}Tnnes,
2815 " Waegmundinga ; ealle "Wyrd forswe6f,

"mine magas t6 metod-sceafte,

u eorlas on elne : ic him after sceal."

BEOWULF. ;2- 1-2-4*

pit wis |»am gomelan gingeste word
breost-gehygdum, JET be bad cure,
2820 bite heaSo-wylmas : him of hreftre gewat
•feral aecean sofc-flstm dom.

XXXIX. THE

PA was gegongen guman nnfrodmB
earfoftUce, pat he on eorftan geseah
{•one kofesUn ttfes it aide
Weate gebteran. Bona swyke lag,
egesHc eor5-draca, ealdre bereifod.
beahre gebseded: beih-hordom feng
wyrm woh-bogen wealdaa ne moste,
ac him trenna ecga fornamon,
hearde hea^o-scearpe homera life,
pit se wkl-floga wuiMloin stifle
hreas on hrasan hord-irne neah.
nalles after lyfte licende hwearf
middel-nihtum, ma5m-aehta wlonc

28S5 ansvn ywde: ac he eoi*an gefeofl
for |*is bild-frnman hond-geweorce.
Hftru )>it on lande lyt manna pah
migen-agendra mine gefraege.
peah fe he daeda gehwis dyrstig waere,

2840 |«t be wi5 attor-soea5an ore6e gercsde,
o6?e hring-sele bondmn strode,
gif he wiccende weard onfnnde
boan on beorge. Bi6wulfe wear6
dryht>ma$ma del deade forgoWen;

2845 hifde aeghwa8er ende gefered

benan fifes. Nis \>& lang to poo,
)4U (A hild-latan holt
tydre treow-logan true

2849-2883.] BEOWULF. 89

]>& ne dorston aer dareSum Idean

2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan ]> earfe ;
ac hy scamiende scyldas baeran,
gu6-gewaedu, faer se gomela lag:
wlitan on Wiglaf. He gewfirgad sat,
f&5e-cempa fredn eaxlum neah,

2855 wehte hyne watre ; him wiht ne spe6w ;

ne meahte he on eorSan, fedh he uSe wel,
on fam frum-gare feorh gehealdan,
ne ]>as wealdendes loittan wiht oncirran ;
wolde ddm godes daedum raedan

2860 gumena gehwylcum, swa he nu gen d&5.
pd was at pam geongum grim andswaru
6S-beg6te fam fe aer his elne forleds.
Wiglaf ma^elode, Weohstanes sunu,
secg sarig-ferS seah on unle6fe-:

2865 " pat la mag secgan, se J>e wyle s65 sprecan,
" fat se mon-diyhten, se e6w fa magmas geaf,
" e6red-geatwe, J>e ge }>aer on standaS,
" fonne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde
" heal-sittendum helm and byrnan,

2870 "feoden his fegnum, swj-lce he fr^UUcost
"6hwaer feor oftfte nedh findan meahte,
"fat he genunga guS-gewaedu
" wrafte fonvurpe. pa hyne wig beget,
" neaUes folc-cj'ning fyrd-gesteallum

2875 "gylpan forfte; hwa^re him god u5e,

" sigora waldend, ]>at he hyne sylfne gewi-ac
" ana mid ecge, fa him was elnes fearf,
"Ic him I!f-wrat5e lytle meahte
" atgifan at gA5e and ongan swa feah

?880 ' ' ofer mm gemet maeges helpan :

" S3*mle was ]>y saemra, fonne ic sweorde drep

" ferhS-genlt5lan, fyr unswlSor

" weoll of gewitte. "Wergendrp td lyt

90

BEOWULF. [2884-2914

" prong ymbe peoden, pa hyne si6 )>rag becwom.
2885 "Nu sceal sinc-pego and swyrd-gifu

u call 6Sel-wyn e6wrum cynne,

" lufen alicgean: lond-rihtes mot

' ' paere maeg-burge monna seghwylc

"tdel hweorfan, sySSan aSelingas
2890 "feorran gefricgean fleam e6werne,

"dom-leasan daed. Beat* bi« s611a

"eorla gehw^'lcum |>onne edwlt-llf!"

XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.

HEHT )>a pat heaSo-weorc t6 hagan bi6dnn
up ofer 6g-clif, poar pat eorl-weorod

2895 morgen-longne dag mdd-gidmor sSt,
bord-habbende, bega on wfinum
ende-ddgorcs and eft-cymes
Ie6fes monues. Lj-t swigode
niwra spella, se pe nas gerdd,

2900 ac he sdftllce sagde ofer ealle ;
" Nu is wil-geofa Wedra Ie6da,
"dryhten Gedta dea6-bedde fast,
"wunaft wal-reste wynnes cltedum ;
"him on efn KgeS ealdor-gewinna,

2905 " siex-bennnm se6c: sweorde ne meahte
" on pam aglascean aenige pinga
" wunde gewyrcean. Wlglaf siteS
"ofer Bi6wulfe, byre Wihst&nes,
" eorl ofer 65rum unlifigendum,

2910 " healde^S hige-m66um heafod-wearde
" Ie6fes and laftes. Nu ys leodum w6u
" orleg-hwlle, syS5an underlie
"Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges
"wide weor8etS. Was si6 wrdht scepen

2015-2946.] BEOWULF. 91

2915 "heard wi'5 Hugas, S3'3(5an Higelac cwom

" faran flot-lierge on Fresna land,

' ' peer hyne Hetware hilde gehnaegdon,

" elne geeodon mid ofer-magene,

" ]?at se byrn-wiga bugan sceolde,
2920 "fe611 on f6San : nalles fratwe geaf

" ealdor dugoSe ; us was a sySSan

" Merewioinga milts ungyfeSe.

' ' Ne ic t6 Swe6-]'e6de sibbe oSSe tre6we

" wihte ne w6ue ; ac was wide cu5,
2925 " J'atte Ongen]n6 ealdre besnj'Sede

"HaeScyn Hre1 Sling wi5 Hrefna-wudu,

" J?a for on-mMlan {Brest gesdhton

"Gcatale6de Gu5-scilfingas.

" S6na him se fr6da fader 6htheres,
2930 " eald and eges-full ond-slyht ageaf,

" abre6t brim-wisan, bryd ahe6rde,

"gomela i6-meowlan golde berofene,

" Onelan m6dor and Ohtheres,

" and fa folgode feorh-geniSlan
2935 " 65 pat hi 6Seodon earfotSlice

"in Hrefnes-holt hlaford-ledse.

" Besat ]>& sin-herge sweorda lafe

"wundum wfirge, wedn oft gehfit

" earmre teohhe andlonge niht:
2940 " cwa5 he on mergenne mfices ecgum

" getan wolde, sume on galg-tre6wuni

"fuglum t6 gamene. Frdfor eft gelanip

" sarig-m6dum somod aer-diige,

" S3'85an hie Hygelaces horn and byman
2945 "gealdor ongeaton. pa se g6da com

"Ie6da dugoSe on last faran.

92 BE6WULF. [2947-2978.

XLT. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS.

"WXs si6 swat-swaSu Sweona and Ge:ita,

*' wal-raes wera wide gesyne,

44hu )>a folc mid him fcehSe towehton.

2950 " Gewat him ]>& se g6da mid his gadelingum,
44fr6d fela ge6mor fasten sficcan,
"eorl Ongeu)n6 ufor oncirde;
44 hafde Higelaces hilde gefrunen,
"wlonces wig-craft, wiftres ne truwode,

2955 u )>iit he siu-munnuin onsacan mihte,
u hea8o-H5endum hord forstandan,
" beam and bryde ; beah eft ponau
"eald under eor5-weall. pa was seht boden
" Sweona Ie6dum, segn Higelace.

2960 "FreoSo-wong fone forS ofereodon,

" sy$6an Hr651ingas t6 hagan prungon.
" p£er wear6 Ongen];i6 ecguni sweorda,
*' blonden-fexa on bid wrecen,
" fat se ])e6d-c}*ning ]>afian sceolde

2965 "Eofores anue ddm: h^'ne yrringa
44 Wulf Wonrfiding waepne geraehte,
" )>at him for swenge swat aedrum sprang
"for5 under fexe. Nas he forht sw4 j6h,
"gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraSe

2970 "wjTsan wrixle wal-hlem fone,

"sj-SSan peod-cyning fyder oncirde:
" ne meahte se snella sunu Wunredes
"ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan,
4tac he him on hedfde helm cer gcscer,

297o "])at lie blOde fAh bugan sceolde,

44fe611 on foldan; nas he faege ]&. git,

14 ac he hyne gewyrpte, j'edh je him wund hrinc.

44L6t se hearda Higelaces |>egn

2979-3012.] BEOWULF. 93

" bradne m6ce, pa his brdSor lag,
2980 " eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm,

"brecan ofer bord-weal: pa gebedh cyning,

" folces hyrde, was in feorh dropen.

u pd waeron monige, pe his maeg wrifton,

" ricone araardon, pa him gerymed wearfl,
2985 "pat hie wal-st6we wealdan m6ston.

" penden redfode rinc 63erne,

" nam on Ongenpi6 iren-byrnan,

"heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod;

' ' hares Iryrste Higelace bar.
2990 "He ]>dm fratwum f£ng and him fagre geh^t

" ledna fore leodum and gelaeste swa :

"geald pone gu8-raes Geata drj-hten,

" Hr661es eafora, pa he td ham becom,

" Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-ma^mum,
2995 " sealde hiora gehwaSrum hund pusenda

' ' landes and locenra bedga ; ne porfte him pa ledn

65witan

' ' mon on middan-gearde, syStSan hie pa maerSa gesldgon ;

"and pa Jofore forgeaf angan dohtor,

" ham-weorSunge, hyldo td wedde.
3000 "pat j's si6 foeh^o and se fe6nd-scipe,

" wal-nlS wera, pas pe ic w&n hafo,

"pe us sficeaS td Sweona Ie6de,

" sySSan hie gefricgeacS fredn userne

" ealdor-ledsne, pone pe aer gehe61d
3005 ' ' wiS hettendum hord and rice,

" after haleSa hryre hwate Scylfingas,

" folc-raad fremede o^Se furSur gen

"eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is 6fost betost,

"pat we pe6d-C}*ning paer scedwian
3010 " and pone gebringan, pe us bedgas geaf,

" on M-fare. Ne seel anes hwat

" meltan mid pam m6digan, ac paar is mafima hord.

94 BEOWULF. [3013-3047.

"gold unrime grimme gecedpod

"and nu at slSestan sylfes feore
3015 tkbedgas gebohte; ]>£ sceal brond fretan,

"iiled feccean, nalles eorl wegan

"raa56um t6 gemyndum, ne magS sc^ne

" habban on healse bring- weorSunge,

" ac sceall ge6mor-mdd golde beredfod
8020 "oft nalles aene el-land tredan,

"nu se here-wtsa hleahtor alegde,

" gamen and gle6-dredm. Forpon sceall gar wesan

"monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden,

" hafen on handa, nalles hearpan sw6g
8025 " wigend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn

" fus ofer faegum, fela reordian,

"eame secgan, hu him iit aete spe6w,

"fenden he wi5 wulf wal redfode."

Swd se secg bwata secgende was
3030 laftra spella; he ne ledg fela

wyrda ne worda. Weorod eall aras,

eodon unbWSe under Earna nas

wollen-tedre wundur scedwian.

Fundon ]>d on sande sawul-ledsne
3035 hlim-bed healdan, pone ]>e him hringas geaf

aeiTan maelum: ]>& was ende-dag

gddum gegongen, fat se gfrS-cyning,

Wedra feoden, wundor-dedfte swealt.

JEr hi ges6gan sylllcran wiht,
3040 wynn on wonge wiSer-rahtes paer

Ia6ne licgean: was se 16g-draca,

grimllc gryre-grosi, g!6dum beswaeled,

se was flftiges fdt-gemearces

lang on legere, Iyft-W3'nne he61d
8045 nihtes hwllum, ny^5er eft gewat

dennes ni6sian; was ]>& ded«e fast,

hafde eorS-scrafa ende genyttod.

3048-3075.] BEOWULF. 95

Him big st6dan bunan and orcas,

diseas lagon and dyre swyrd,
3050 6mige ]mrh-etone, sw£ hie wiS eorSan faSm

pusend wintra paer eardodon :

ponne was pat yrfe edcen-craffcig,

iii-monna gold galdre bewunden,

pat pam hring-sele hrinan ne m6ste
3055 gumena aenig, nefne god sylfa,

sigora s6S-cyning, sealde fain pe he wolde

(he is manna gehyld) hord openian,

efne swA hwylcum manna, sw& him gemet pdhte.

XLIL

WIGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE
BALE-FIRE.

pi was gesyne, fat se si5 ne fah

3060 |:am pe unrihte inne gehydde

wriite under wealle. Weard aer ofsldh
fedra sumne ; pal si6 foahS gewearS
gewrecen wraSlice. Wundur hwar, ponne
eorl ellen-r6f ende gef6re

3065 lif-gesceafta, ponne leng ne mag

mon mid his mdgum medu-seld buan?

Sw£ was Bi6wulfe, pa he biorges weard

sdhte, searo-niSas : seolfa ne cu5e,

J.urh hwat his worulde gedal weorSan sceolde ;

3070 swd hit 65 domes dag di6pe benemdon
pe6dnas moare, pd pat p£er dydon,
pat se secg waere synnum scildig,
hergnm gehea^erod, hell-bendum fast,
\vommum gewitnad, se pone wong strade.

3075 Nils he gold-hwat: gearwor hafde

06 BE6WULF. [3076-31 10.

agendea 6st cer gescedwod.
Wlglaf maSelode, Wihstanes sunu :
"Oft sceall eorl monig anes willan
"wnec adre6gan, swa us geworden is.

8080 " Ne meahton we gelseran Ie6fne fe6den.
"rices hyrde raed senigne,
"fat he ne grfitte gold-weard fone,
"16te hyne licgean, J>aer he longe was,
" wlcum wunian AS woruld-ende.

3085 " He61don hedh gesceap : hord ys gescedwod,
"grimme gegongen; was fat gifeSe tA swi8,
" )>e )>one Redden fyder ontyhte.
" Ic was faer inne and fat call geond-seh,
" recedes geatwa, fa me gerymed was,

8090 "nealles swaeslice s!5 alyfed

" inn under eor5-weall. Ic on 6foste gcteng
" micle mid mundum magen-byrSenne
" hord-gestre6na, hider ut atbar
" cyninge mlnum: cwico was fd gena,

8095 "wis and gewittig; worn call gesprac
" gomol on gehfto and e6wic grfitan h6t,
" biid fat ge geworhton after wines daedum
" in bael-stede beorh fone hedn
"micelne and maerne, swa he manna was

3100 " wtgend weorS-fullost wide geond eorSan,
"fenden he burh-welan brucan m6ste.
"Uton nu 6fstan 68re sifte
" se6n and sficean searo-gefrac,
"wundur under wealle! ic e6w wlsige,

8105 "fat ge gendge nedn scedwiatS

"bedgas and brdd gold. Sle si6 baer gearo
" adre geafned, fonne we ut cjinen,
" and fonne geferian fredn userne,
" Ie6fne in an nan, faer he longe sceal

8110 " on fas waldendes waere gefolian."

8111-3137.] BEOWULF. 97

H£t ]>a gebe6dan byre Wihstanes,

hale hilde-di6r, haleSa monegum

bold-agendra, fat hie bael-wudu

feorran feredon, folc-agende
3115 gddum tdgdnes: " Nu sceal g!6d fretan

" (weaxan wonna 16g) wlgena strengel,

" pone fe oft gebad Isern-scure,

"]x>nne strsela storm, strengum gebseded,

"sc6c ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte he61d,
3120 " feSer-gearwum fAs flane full-eode."

Hftru se snotra sunu Wihstanes

acigde of cor5re c^'ninges fegnas

syfone tdsomne fa s^lestan,

code eahta sum under inwit-hrdf;
3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa bar

aled-le6man, se ]>e on orde ge6ng.

Nas ]>£ on hl^'tme, hwa ]?at hord strude,

S3*6San or-wearde aenigne dsel

secgas ges^gon on sele wunian,
3130 laene licgan : Ijt aenig inearn,

pat hi 6fostlice ut geferedon

dyre maftmas ; dracan dc scufun,

\vyrm ofer weall-clif, l^ton waag niinan.

fl6d faSmiau fratwa hj'rde.
3135 paer was wunden gold on waen hladen,

jeghwas uurlm, aSeling boren,

hdr hilde-r/nc td Hrdnes nasse.

98 BE6WULF. [3138-3169

XLIII. BEOWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.

HIM \>& gegiredan Gedta Ie6de
fld on eorSan un-wacllcne,

8140 helrnum behoiigen, hilde-bordum,

beorhtum byrnum, swa he b6na was ;
alegdon }>a t6-middes maerne feoden
haleS hi6fend«, hlaford Ie6fne.
Ongunnon fa on beorge bael-fyra maest

3145 wigend weccan: wudu-r6c Astah

sweart ofer swio6ole, sw6gcnde 16g,
w6pe bewnnden (wind-blond gelag)
68 J'iit he )>a bdn-hus gebrocen hiifde,
hdt on hreSre. Higum unr6te

3150 mdd-ceare msendon mon-dryhtnes cwealm ;
swylce gi6mor-gyd f ^at • con meowle

wunden heorde . . .

serg (?) cearig srelde geneahhe
)>jit hio hyre .... gas hearde

3155 ede walfylla wonn . .

hildes egesan hyfto

haf mid heofon r6ce swealh (?)

Geworhton. ]'d Wedra Ie6de

hlaew on hliSe, se was heah and brdd,

3160 waeg-li5endum wide gesyne,

and betimbredon on tyn dagum
beadu-r6fes bficn : bronda betost
wealle beworhton, swa hyt weor^Sllcost
fore-snotre men findan mihton.

3165 HI on beorg dj'don b6g and siglu,

call swjlce h}'rsta, sw}'lce on horde aer
nlS-hj-dige men genumen hafdon;
for!6ton eorla gestre6n eorSan healdan,
gold on gre6te, ]>aer hit nu gen lifaS

3170-3184.] BEOWULF. . 99

3170 eldum sw£ unnyt, sw& hit ceror was.

pa ymbe hlsew riodan hilde-de6re,

aSelinga beam ealra twelfa,

woldon ceare cwiSan, kyning msenan,

word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan,
3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc

duguSum d6mdon, swa hit ge-d$fe M5,

fat mon his wine-dryhten wordum hdrge,

ferhSum fre6ge, ponne he for^ scile

of llc-haman Icene weor^au.
8180 Swa begnornodon Gedta Ie6de

hlafordes 7wyre, heorS-geneatas,

cwaedon pat he waere woruld-cj'ning

mannum mildust and mon-]>w£erust,

Ie6dum It^ost and lof-geornost.

APPENDIX,

THE ATTACK IN FINNSBUKG.*

" nas byrnaS naefre."

HleoSrode \>£ heaSo-geong cjTiing:
" Ne J>is ne dagaS eastan, ne her draca ne fleogeft,
"ne her J>isse healle hornas ne byrnaB,
5 "AC f6r for5 bera5, fugelas singa6,
"gyllefi gweg-hama, gu$-wudu hlynneS,
" scj'ld scefte oncwyS. Nu scyne^J fes mdna
"waftol under wolcnum ; nu arisa^5 wea-dseda,
" fe fisne folces n!6 fremman willafi.

10 "Ac onwacnigeafc nu, wlgend mine,
** hebbaS e6wre handa, hicgeaS on ellen,
" winnaS on orde, wesaS on m6de ! "
pa aras monig gold-hladen fegn, gyrde hine his

swurde ;
]>a td dura eodon drihtllce cempan,

15 SigeferS and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon,
and at 6«rum durum Ordlaf and GuSlaf,
and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on laste.
pa git Garulf GuSere styrode,
fat hie swa fre611c feorh forman s!8e

20 t6 faere healle durum hyrsta ne baeran,
nu hyt nl8a heard Anyman wolde:
ac he fragn ofer eal undearninga,
de6r-m6d haleS, hwA fA duru he61de.
"SigeferS is mln nama (cw&6 he"). ic com Secgena

'le6d,

• See v. 1069 seqq.

25-48.] BEOWULF. 101

25 " wrecca wide cuft. Fela ic wedna gebad,

" heardra hilda ; fe is gyt her witod,

"swaSer fu sylf t6 me se'cean wylle."

pa was on wealle wal-slihta gehlyn,

sceolde celod bord cSnum on handa
30 ban-helm berstan. Buruh-felu dynede,

65 fat at fsere gutie Garulf gecrang,

ealra serest eor$-buendra,

GfrSlafes sunu ; ymbe hine g6dra fela.

Hwearf /lacra hrsew hrafn, wandrode
35 sweart and sealo-brftn ; swurd-le6ma st6d

swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu waere.

Ne gefragn ic naefre wurSllcor at wera hilde

sixtig sige-beorna se1! gebaeran,

ne naefre swanas sw^tne medo s61 forgyldan,
40 fonne Hnafe guidon his hag-stealdas.

Hig fuhton flf dagas, swa hyra nan ne fe61

driht-geslSa, ac hig fa dura he61don.

pa gewat him wund haleS on wag gangan,

saede fat his byrne abrocen waere,
45 here-sceorpum hr6r, and eac was his hehn fyrl.

pa hine s6na fragn folces hyrde,

hu ]>a wtgend hyra wunda genaeson

ot56e hwaSer faera hyssa

LIST OF NAMES

AND

GLOSSARY.

ABBREVIATIONS.

m. : masculine,

f. : feminine.

n . : neuter,

nom., gen., etc.: nominative, genitive, •»

w.: weak,

w. v. : weak verb.

St.: strong,

at. v. : strong verb.

I., II., III.: first, second, third per*;

comp. : compound,

imper. : imperative.

w.: with.

instr . : instrumental.

G. and Goth. : Gothic.

O.N.: Old Norse.

O.S.: Old Saxon.

O.H.G.: Old High German.

M.H.G.: Middle High German.

The vowel a = a in glad )

r approximately.
The diphthong SB = a in hair )

The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendation)
Words beginning with go- will be found under their root-word.
Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.

LIST OF NAMES.

Abel, 'Gain's brother, 108.

Alf-here (gen. Alf-heres, 2605), a
kinsman of WiglaT 's, 2605.

.\sc-here, confidential adviser of
King HroSgaT (1326), older broth
er of Yrmenlaf (1325), killed by
Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324,2123.

Ban-stan, father of Breca, 524.

Be6-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the
Danes, 18, 19. After the death of
his father, he succeeds to the throne
of the Scyldings, 53. His son is
Ilealfdene, 57.

Beo-wulf (Biowulf, 1988,2390; gen.
Bedwulfes, 857, etc., Bidwulfes,
2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Beowulfe,
6 10, etc., Biowulfe, 2325, 2843), °f
the race of the Geatas. His father
is the Waegmunding Ecg^eow (263,
etc.) ; his mother a daughter of
Hre"5el, king of the Geatas (374),
at whose court he is brought up
after his seventh year with Hre'Sel's
sons, Herebeald, HseScyn, and
Hygelic, 2429 ff. In his youth
lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188
f.) ; as man he attains in the gripe
of his hand the strength of thirty
men, 379. Hence his victories in
his combats with bare hands (711
ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him
the victory in the battle with swords,
2683 f . His swimming-match with
Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes
with fourteen Geatas to the assist

ance of the Danish king, Hr65ga"r,
against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat
with Grendel, and his victory, 7 1 1 ff.,
819 ff. He is, in consequence, pre
sented with rich gifts by IlroSgaT,
1021 ff. His combat with Grendel's
mother, 1442 ff. Having again re
ceived gifts, he leaves HroSgdr
(1818-1888), and returns to Hyge-
ISc, 1964 ff. — After Hygelac's last
battle and death, he flees alone
across the sea, 2360 f. In this bat
tle he crushes Daghrefn, one of the
Hugas, to death, 2502 f. He re
jects at the same time Hygeldc's
kingdom and the hand of his widow
(2370 ff.), but carries on the gov
ernment as guardian of the young •
Heardre"d, son of Hygeldc, 2378ff.
After Heardrld's death, the king
dom falls to Beowulf, 2208, 2390.

— Afterwards, on an expedition to
avenge the murdered Heardre"d, he
kills the Scylfing, Eadgils (2397),
and probably conquers his country.

— His fight with the drake, 2539 ff.
His death, 28 1 8. His burial, 3 1 35 ff.

Breca (ace. Brecan, 506, 531), son
of Beanstin, 524. Chief of the
Brandings, 521. His swimming-
match with Beowulf, 506 ff.

Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521).
Breca, their chief, 521.

Brosinga mene, corrupted from, or
according to Mullenhoff, written by

106

LIST OF NAMES.

mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N.,
Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr.
XII. 304), collar, which the Bri-
singas once possessed.

Cain (gen. Caines, 107) : descended
from him are Grendel and his kin,
107, 1262 ff.

Dug href n (dat. DSghrefne, 2502),
a warrior of the Hflgas, who, accord
ing to 2504-5, compared with 1203,
and with 1 208, seems to have been
the slayer of King Hygelik, in his
battle against the allied Franks,
Frisians, and Hugas. Is crushed
to death by Be6wulf in a hand-to-
hand combat, 2502 ff.

Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia,
2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. De-
num, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld
and his descendants, they are also
called Scyldings; and after the first
king of the East Danes, Ing (Run-
enlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320.
They are also once calledHr&tSmen,
445. On account of their renowned
warlike character, they bare the
names Gar- Dene, I, 1857, H ring-
Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280,
Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great
extent of this people is indicated by
their names from the four quarters
of the heavens: East-Dene, 392,
617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579,
Su«-Dene, 463, Nor 5-Dene, 784.—
Their dwelling-place " in Scedelan-
dum," 19, "on Scedenfgge," 1687,
"be saem tweonura," 1686.

Ecg-iaf (gen. Ecglafes, 499), Hun-
feriFs father, 499.

Ecg->e6w (nom. Ecg}>e6w, 263,
Ecg>e6, 373; gen. Ecg>e6wes,529,
etc., EcgHdwes, 2000), a far-famed
hero of the Geatas, of the house of
the Waegmundings. Beowulf is the
•on of Ecgj>e6\v, by the only daugh

ter of Hr&oel, king of the Geatas,
262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he
has slain Hea$olaf( 460), and in con
sequence he goes over the sea to the
Danes (463), whose king, I IroSgir,
by means of gold, arranges the strife
for him, 470.

Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711).
The Scyldings are called his de
scendants, 1711. Grein considers
him the founder of the older dynas
ty of Danish kings, which closes
with Heremod. See HeremOd.

Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king
of the Danes, (?) 62. According
to the restored text, she is the wife
of Ongen|?e6w, the Scylfing, 62, 63.

Earna-nas, the Eagle Cape in the
land of the Geatas, where occurred
Be6wulf's fight with the drake,
3032-

Eadgils (dat. Eadgilse, 2393), son
of Oh there, and grandson of Ongen-
J>e6w, the Scylfing, 2393. His older
brother is

Eanmund (gen. Eanmundes, 2612).
What is said about both in our poem
(2201-2207, 2380-2397, 261 2-2620)
is obscure, but the following may
be conjectured : —

The sons of Ohthere, Eanmund
and Eadgils, have rebelled against
their father (2382), and must, in
consequence, depart with their fol
lowers from Swidrlce, 2205-6, 2380.
They come into the country of the
Geatas to Heardre'd (2380), but
whether with friendly or hostile in
tent is not stated; but, according to
2203 f., we are to presume that they
came against HeardrC'd with de
signs of conquest. At a banquet
(onfeorme; orfeonne, MS.) Hear
dre'd falls, probably through treach
ery, by the hand of one of the

LIST OF NAMES.

107

brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer
must have been Eanmund, to whom,
according to 2613, "in battle the
revenge of Weohsta'n brings death."
WeohstSn takes revenge for his
murdered king, and exercises upon
Eanmund's body the booty-right,
and robs it of helm, breastplate, and
sword (2616-17), wm'ch the slain
man had received as gifts from his
uncle, Onela, 2617-18. But Weoh
sta'n does not speak willingly of
this fight, although he has slain
Onela's brother's son, 2619-20. —
After HeardrSd's and Eanmund's
death, the descendant of Ongen-
theow, Eadgils, returns to his home,
2388. He must give way before
Be6wulf, who has, since HeardrM's
death, ascended the throne of the
Geatas, 2390. But Beowulf remem
bers it against him in after days,
and the old feud breaks out anew,
2392-94. Eadgils makes an inva
sion into the land of the Geatas
(2394-95), during which he falls at
the hands of Beowulf, 2397. The
latter must have then obtained the
sovereignty over the Sweonas (3005-
6, where only the version, Scylfin-
gas, can give a satisfactory sense).

Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965;
dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of
the Geatas, son of Wonre'd and
brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills
the Swedish king, Ongen}>e6w
(2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he
receives from King Hygelac, along
with other gifts, his only daughter
in marriage, 2994-99.

Eormen-ric (gen. Eormenrtces,
1202), king of the Goths (cf. about
him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Helden-
sage, p. 2, if.). H&ma has wrested
the Brosinga mene from him, 1202.

Eomjer, son of Offa and pry'Sc (cf,
}?ry So), 1961.

Finn (gen. Prunes, 1069, etc. ; dat.
Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda
(1090), king of the North Frisians
and of the Eotenas, husband of
Hildeburg, a daughter of Hoce,
1072, 1077. He is the hero of the
inserted poem on the Attack in
Finnsburg, the obscure incidents
of which are, perhaps, as follows :
In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situ
ated in Jutland (1126-28), the
Hoeing, Hnaf, a relative — per
haps a brother — of Hildeburg is
spending some time as guest. Hnaf,
who is a liegeman of the Danish
king, Healfdene, has sixty men
with him (Finnsburg, 38). These
are treacherously attacked one night
by Finn's men, 1073. For five
days they hold the doors of their
lodging-place without losing one
of their number (Finnsburg, 41,
42). Then, however, Hnaf is
slain (1071), and the Dane, Hen-
gest, who was among Hnaf 's fol
lowers, assumes the command of
the beleaguered band. But on the
attacking side the fight has
brought terrible losses to Finn's
men. Their numbers are dimin
ished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg be
moans a son and a brother among
the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116,1119).
Therefore the Frisians offer the
Danes peace (1086) under the
conditions mentioned (1087-1095),
and it is confirmed with oaths
(1097), and money is given by
Finn in propitiation ( 1 108). Now
all who have survived the battle
go together to Friesland, the home
proper of Finn, and here Hengest
remains during the winter, pre-

108

LIST OF NAMES.

vented by ice and storms from re
turning home (Grein). But in
spring the feud breaks out anew.
GuSldf and Osldf avenge Hnaf's
fall, probably after they have
brought help from home (1150).
In the battle, the hall is filled wi'h
the corpses of the enemy. Finn
himself is killed, and the queen is
captured and carried away, along
with the booty, to the land of the
Danes, 1147-1160.

Flnua land. Beowulf reaches it in
his swimming-race with Breca, 580.

Pitela, the son and nephew of the
Walsing, Sigemund, and his com
panion in arms, 876-890. (Sige
mund had begotten Fitela by his
sister, Signy. Cf. more at length
Leo on Be6wulf, p. 38 ff., where an
extract from the legend of the
Walsungs is given.)

Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan,
1090), Finn's father, 1090.

Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat.
Froncum, 2913). King Hygeldc
fell on an expedition against the
allied Franks, Frisians, and Hugas,

121 1, 2917.

Fresan, Frisan, Frysan (gen.
Fresena, 1094, Frysna, 1 105, Fres-
na,29i6; dat. Frysum, 1208,2913).
To be distinguished, are : i ) North
Frisians, whose king is Finn,
1069 ff. ; 2) West Frisians, in al
liance with the Franks and Hugas,
in the war against whom Hygelac
falls, 1208, 2916. The country of
the former is called Frysland, 1127;
that of the latter, Fresna land, 29 1 6.

FT . . es wal (in Fr . . es wale, 1071),
mutilated proper name.

Freawaru, daughter of the Danish
king, HrSSgdr; given in marriage
to Ingeld, the son of the HeaSo-

beard king, Froda, in order to end
a war between the Danes and the
HeaSobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065.

FrOda (gen. Frodan), father of In
geld, the husband of Freeware,
2026.

Garmund (gen. Garmundes, 1963),
father of Offa. His grandson is
E6mxr, 1961-63.

Geatas (gen. Geata, 205, etc. ; dat.
Geatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in South
ern Scandinavia, to which the hero
of this poem belongs ; also called
Wedergeatas, 1493, 2552; or, We-
deras, 225, 423, etc.; GuSgeatas,
1539; Soegeatas, 1851, 1987. Their
kings named in this poem are :
Hrfcftel; HaeScyn, second son of
Hr&«el; Hygeldc, the brother of
Hae'Scyn; HeardrSd, son of Hyge
lac ; then Beosvulf.

Gifffas (dat. GifSum, 2495), Ge-
pidae, mentioned in connection with
Danes and Swedes, 2495.

Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) °f
Cain's race, 107, in, 1262, 1267.
He breaks every night into HrS'S-
gar's hall and carries off thirty war
riors, 115 ff., 1583 ff. He contin
ues this for twelve years, till Be6-
wulf fights with him (147, 711 ff.),
and gives him a mortal wound, in
that he tears out one of his arms
(817), which is hung up as a tro
phy in the roof of Heorot, 837.
Grendel's mother wishes to avenge
her son, and the following night
breaks into the hall and carries off
Aschere, 1295. Beowulf seeks for
and finds her home in the fen-lake
(1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.),
and kills her (1567) ; and cuts off
the head of Grendel, who lay there
dead ( 1 589) , and brings it to Hrdtf-
gdr, 1648.

LIST OF NAMES.

109

Guidf-laf and Oslaf, Danish war
riors under Hnaf, whose death they
avenge on Finn, 1149.

Halga, with the surname, til, the
younger brother of the Danish
king, Hro"3gaY, 6l. His son is
Hroftulf, 1018, 1165, 1182.

Haina wrests the Brosinga mene
from Eormenric, 1199.

Hareft (gen. Hareftes, 1982), father
of Hygd, the wife of Hygeldc, 1930,
1982.

HaeS'cyn (dat. HseScynne, 2483),
second son of Hre"5el, king of
the Geatas, 2435. Kills ^s oldest
brother, Herebeald, accidentally,
with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hr£-
•Sel's death, he obtains the king
dom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ra-
venswood, in the battle against the
Swedish king, Ongen^eow, 2925.
His successor is his younger broth
er, Hygelic, 2944 ff., 2992.

Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621).
From them comes Wealhbeow,
Hro"5gaT's wife, 621.

Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945,
1962). Offa is called Heminges
mseg, 1945; Eomser, 1962. Ac
cording to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's
Germania, I., p. 458), Heming is
the son of the sister of GaTmund,
Offa's father.

Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092;
dat. Hengeste, 1084) : about him
and his relations to Hnaf and Finn,
see Finn.

Here-beald(dat.'Herebealde,2464),
the oldest son of Hre"5el, king of
the Geatas (2435), accidentally
killed with an arrow by his younger
brother, Hae'Scyn, 2440.

Here-m6d (gen. Heremodes, 902),
king of the Danes, not belonging
to the Scylding dynasty, but, ac

cording to Grein, immediately pre
ceding it; is, on account of- his
unprecedented cruelty, driven out,
902 ff., 1710.

Here-rtc (gen. Hererices, 2207).
Heardre'd is called Hererices nefa,
2207. Nothing further is known
of him.

Het-ware or Franks, in alliance
with the Frisians and the Hugas,
conquer HygelSc, king of the Gea
tas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917.

Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189,
etc.), son of Beowulf, the Scyl
ding (57) ; rules the Danes long
and gloriously (57 f.); has three
sons, HeorogaT, Hro'SgaT, and
Halga (61), and a daughter, Elan,
who, according to the renewed
text of the passage, was married
to the Scylfing, OngenJ?eow, 62, 63.

Heard-red (dat. HeardrMe, 2203,
2376), son of Hygeldc, king of the
Geatas, and Hygd. After his fath
er's death, while still under age,
he obtains the throne (2371, 2376,
2379) ; wherefore Bedwulf, as
nephew of Heardre*d's father, acts
as guardian to the youth till he
becomes older, 2378. He is slain
by Ohthere's sons, 2386. This
murder Beowulf avenges on Ead-
gils, 2396-97.

Heaffo-beardnas (gen. -beardna,
2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the
Lombards. Their king, Froda, has
fallen in a war with the Danes,
2029, 2051. In order to end the
feud, King Hroftgar has given his
daughter, Freaware, as wife to the
young Ingeld, the son of Froda, a
marriage that does not result hap
pily; for Ingeld, though he long
defers it on account of his love for
his wife, nevertheless takes revenge

110

LIST OF NAMES.

for his father, 2021-2070 (WldslS,

45-49).

Heaffo-lAf (dat. Hea«o-life, 460),
a Wylfingish warrior. EcgbeoV,
Be6wulfs father, kills him, 460.

Heaffo-rsemas reaches Breca in the
swimming-race with Beo'wulf, 519.

Heoro-gAr(nom.6i; Heregir,467;
Hiorogir, 2159), son of Healfdene,
and older brother of HroSgir, 61.
His death is mentioned, 467. He
has a son, Heoroweard, 2162. His
coat of mail Beowulf has received
from HrS'Sgir (2156), and presents
it to Hygelac, 2158.

Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde,
2162), Heorogir's son, 2161-62.

Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heo-
rotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, He-
orute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). Hr3$-
gir's throne-room and banqueting
hall and assembly-room for his
liegemen, built by bun with un
usual splendor, 69, 78. In it oc
curs Beowulf s fight with Grendel,
720 ff. The hall receives its name
from the stag's antlers, of which
the one-half crowns the eastern
gable, the other half the western.

Hildeburh, daughter of Hoce, rela
tive of the Danish leader, Hnaf,
consort of the Frisian king, Finn.
After the fall of the latter, she be
comes a captive of the Danes, 1072,
1077, 1 159. See also under Finn.

Hnaf (gen. Hnafes, 1115), a Ho
eing (WldstfS, 29) , the Danish King
Healfdene's general, 1070 S. For
his fight with Finn, his death and
burial, see under Finn.

Hond-sclo, warrior of the Geatas :
dat. 2077.

HOc (gen. HSces, 1077), father of
Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of
Hnlf (WldsiS, 29).

Hreffel (gen. HreSles, 1486), son
of Swerting, 1204. King of the
Geatas, 374. He has, besides, a
daughter, who is married to Ecg-
fteoV, and has born him Beowulf,
(374), three sons, Herebeald, ILe'S-
cyn, and Hygelic, 2435. Thft e^*
est of these is accidentally killed
by the second, 2440. On account
of this inexpiable deed, HrfitSel be
comes melancholy (2443), and dies,

2475-
Hreffla (gen. HrfcSlan, MS. Hred-

lan, 454), the same as HreSel (cf.
Mullenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift,
12, 260), the former owner of
Be6 wulfs coat of mail, 454.

Hreff-men(gen. HreS-manna, 445),
the Danes are so called, 445.

Hreff-ric, son of HroSgir, 1190,

»»37-

Hrefna-wndu, 2926, or Hrefhes-
halt, 2936, the thicket near which
the Swedish king, Ongen^e6w,
slew HaeScyn, king of the Geatas,
in battle.

Hreosna-beorh, promontory in the
land of the Geatas, near which On
genj»e6wjs sons, Ohthere and One-
la, had made repeated robbing in
cursions into the country after
Hr&Sel's death. These were the
immediate cause of the war in
which HrlSel's son, King Haeftcyn,
fell, 2478 ff.

HrOff-gar (gen- HrSSgires, 235,
etc.; dat. HroS-gire, 64, etc.), of
the dynasty of the Scyldings; the
second of the three sons of King
Healfdene, 61. After the death
of his elder brother, Heorogar, he
assumes the government of the
Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not cer
tain whether Heorogar was long
of the Danes before HroSgar, of

LIST OF NAMES.

Ill

tvhether his death occurred while
his father, Healfdene, was still
alive) . His consort is WealhJ>e6w
(613), of the stock of the Hel-
mings (621), who has born him
two sons, Hre"5rtc and HroSmund
(1190), and a daughter, Freaware
(2023), who has been given in
marriage to the king of the Hea-
"Sobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-
room (78 ff.), which has been built
at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every
night by Grendel (102, 115), who,
along with his mother, is slain by
Beowulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). HroS-
gar's rich gifts to Beowulf, in con
sequence, 1021, 1818; he is praised
as being generous, 71 ff.,8o, 1028 ff.,
i868ff. ; as being brave, 1041 ff,
1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725. —
Other information about Hro Sgar's
reign for the most part only sug
gested : his expiation of the murder
which Ecg]>e6w, BeowulPs father,
committed upon Hea"5olaf, 460,
470 ; his war with the Hea'Sobeard-
nas ; his adjustment of it by giving
his daughter, Freaware, in mar
riage to their king, Ingeld; evilre-
. suits of this marriage, 2021-2070.
— Treacheiy of his brother's son,
Hroftulf, intimated, 1165-1166.

HrOS-mund, Hro Sgar's son, 1190.

HrOfr-ulf, probably a son of Halga,
the younger brother of King Hro$-
g&r, 1018, 1182. Wealhheow ex
presses the hope (1182) that, in
case of the early death of HroSgar,
Hro"S-ulf would prove a good guar
dian to Hro Sgar's young son, who
would succeed to the government;
a hope which seems not to have
been accomplished, since it appears
from 1165, 1 1 66 that HroS-ulf has
abused his trust towards Hroftgar.

Hrones-nas (dat. -nasse, 2806,
3137), a promontory on the coast
of the country of the Geatas, vis
ible from afar. Here is Beowulf's
grave-mound, 2806, 3137.

Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660),
HunfertS's sword, is so called, 1458,
1660.

Hugas (gen. Huga, 25O3),Hygelac
wars against them allied with the
Franks and Frisians, and falls,
2195 ff. One of their heroes is
called Daghrefn, whom Beowulf
slays, 2503.

Hun-ferff, the son of Ecglif, J?yle of
King HroSgar. As such, he has
his place near the throne of the
king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends
his sword, Hrunting, to Beowulf for
his battle with Grendel's mother,
1456 f. According to 588, 1168,
he slew his brothers. Since his
name is always alliterated with
vowels, it is probable that the origi
nal form was, as Rieger (Zachers
Ztschr., 3, 41 4) conjectures, UnfertS.

Hun-lafing, name of a costly sword,
which Finn presents to Hengest,
1144.

Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2 173), daughter
of Hare's, 1930 ; consort of Hyge-
lac, king of the Geatas, 1927; her
son, Heardre"d, 2203, etc. — Her
noble, womanly character is em
phasized, 1927 ff.

Hyge-lac (gen. Hige-laces, 194, etc.,
Hygelaces, 2387; dat. Higelace,
452, Hygelace, 2170), king of the
Geatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather
is Swerting, 1204; his father, Hre1-
•Sel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers,
Herebeald and HseScyn, 2435; his
sister's son, Beowulf, 374, 375. Af
ter his brother, Haeftcyn, is killed
by OngenJ>edw, he undertakes the

112

LIST OF NAMES.

government (2992 in connection
with the preceding from 2937 on).
To Eofor he gives, as reward for
slaying Ongen|>e6w, his only daugh
ter in marriage, 2998. Hut much
later, at the time of the return of
Be6wulf from his expedition to
HroiSgdr, we see him married to
the very young Hygd, the daugh
ter of IIacre'8, 1930. The latter
seems, then, to have been his sec
ond wife. Their son is IleardrOd,
2203, 2376, 2387. — Ilygelfic falls
during an expedition against the
Franks, Frisians, and IIQgas, 1206,
1211,2356-59, 2916-17.

Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of
Froda, the Heafiobeard chief, who
felt in a battle with the Danes, 205 1
ff. In order to end the war, Ingeld is
married to Fredware, daughter of
the Danish king, HroSgdr, 2025-
30. Yet his love for his young wife
can make him forget only for a
short while his desire to avenge his
father. He finally carries it out,
excited thereto by the repeated ad
monitions of an old warrior, 2042-
70 (WldstS, 45-59).

Ing-wlno (gen. Ingwina, 1045,
1320), friends of Ing, the first king
of the East Danes. The Danes
are so called, 1045, 1320.

Mere-wloingos (gen. Mcre-wioin-
ga, 2922), a name of the Franks,
2922.

Nagling, the name of Be6wulf's
sword, 2681.

Oflfa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the
Angles (WldslS, 35), the son of
G&rmund, 1963; married (1950)
to prySo (1932), a beautiful but
cruel woman, of unfcminine spirit
(1932 ff.), by whom he has a son,
E6n\xr, 1961.

Oht-herft (gen. 6htheres, 2929,
2933; Ohteres, 2381,2393,2395,
2613), son of OngenJ>e6w, king of
the Swedes, 2929. His sons are
Ednmund ( 26 1 2) and Eddgils, 2393.
Onclu (gen. Onelan, 2933), ftht-
here's brother, 2617, 2933.

Ongen-)»e6\v (nom. -)>e6w, 2487,
-)>ic5, 2952 ; gen. )>c6wes, 2476,
-J>i<5wes, 2388; dat. -|>i6, 2987), of
the dynasty of the Scylfing*; king
of the Swedes, 2384. Hi>
perhaps, Elan, daughter of the
Danish king, Ilcalfdcne (62), and
mother of two suns, Om-I.i and
Ohthere, 2933. She is takt-n prU-
oner by ILfiVyn, king of the < le-a-
tas, on an expedition into Sweden,
which he undertakes on account
of her sons' plundering raids into
his country, 2480 ff. She is set free
by Ongen)>e6w (2931), who kills
IloeScyn, 2925, and cnclo
Gcdtas, now deprived of their lead
er, in the Ravenswood (2937 ^0»
till they are freed by Hygcldc, 2944.
A battle then follows, which is un
favorable to Ongen|>e6\v's army.
Ongenf>c6w himself, attacked by
the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is

^ slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff.

Os-lfif, a warrior of HnSf's, who
avenges on Finn his leader's death,
H49f.

Scedc-laml, 19. Sceden-lg (dat.
Scedcn-lgge, 1687), O.N., Scdn-ey,
the most southern portion of the
Scandinavian peninsula, belonging
to the Danish kingdom, and, in the
above-mentioned passages of our
poem, a designation of the whole
Danish kingdom.

8c6f or Sce&f, the father of Scy Id, 4.

Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a ScCfmg,
4. His son is Bedwulf, 18, 531

LIST OF NAMES.

113

his grandson, Ilealfdene, 57; his
great-grandson, IlrSSgir, who had
two brothers and a sister, 59 ff. —
Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a
decorated ship, is given over to the
sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child,
drifted alone, upon a ship, to the
land of the Danes, 43 ff. After
him his descendants bear his name.

Scyldlngas (Scyldungas, 2053 ; gen.
Scyldinga,53,etc.,Scyldunga,2iO2,
2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.),
a name which is extended also to
the Danes, who are ruled by the
Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also
called Ar-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-
Scyldingas, 598, 2005; pe6d-Scyl-
dinfjas, 1020 ; Ilere-Scyldingas,
1109.

Scylflngas, a Swedish royal family,
whose relationship seems to extend
to the Gedtas, since Wlglaf, the
son of WihstAn, who in another
place, as a kinsman of 13e6wulf, is
called a Wacgmunding (2815), is
;ilso called Ie6d Scyliinga, 2604.
The family connections are per
haps as follows : —

Scylf.

Waugmund.

Ecg|>c<5w. Weohstdn. OngenJ)e6w.

Ue6wulf. Wtglaf. Onela. 6hthere.

Eanmund. Eadgils.

The Scylfings are also called I lea'So-
Scilfingas,63,Gu'S-Scyllingas,2928.
Sl»c inn ml (dat. -munde, 876, 885),
the son of Wills, 878, 898. His
(son and) nephew is Fitela, 880,
882. His fight with the drake,
887 ff.

Swertlng (gen. Swertinges, 1204),
Ilygeiac's grandfather, and Hr8-
Sel's father, 1 204.

Sweon (gen. Sweona, 2473, 2947,
3002), also Swe<5-J>e6d, 2923. The
dynasty of the Scylfings rules over
them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is
called Swi<5rice, 2384, 2496.

Jryffo, consort of the Angle king,
Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of E<5-
rnaer, 1961, notorious on account
of her cruel, unfcminine character,
1932 ff. She is mentioned as the
opposite to the mild, dignified
Hygd, the queen of the Geatas.

Wals (gen. Walses, 898), father of
Sigemund, 878, 898.

Waog-mmidlngas (gen. Woegmun-
dinga, 2608, 2815). The Wseg-
mundings are on one side, Wihstdn
and his son Wigldf; on the other
side, Ecg|>e6w and his son Bedwulf
(2608, 2815). See under Scylfin-
gas.

Wcderas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423,
498, etc.), or Weder-geatas. See
G cat as.

WOland (gen. WOlandes, 455), the
maker of Be6wulf 's coat of mail,

455-

Wcndlas (gen. Wendla, 348) : their
chief is Wulfgflr. See Wulfgftr.
The Wendlas are, according to
Grundtvig and Ikigge, the inhabi
tants of Vendill, the most northern
part of Jutland, between Limfjord
and the sea.

Woalh-J»e6w (613, Wealh-)*6, 665,
1163), the consort of King Hr3$-
gdr, of the stock of the Helmings,
621. Her sons are IlrC-Sric and
HrSSmund, 1190; her daughter,
Freaware, 2023.

Weoh-stan (gen . Weox-st^nes, 2603,
Weoh-stSnes, 2863, Wih-stSnes,

114

LIST OF NAMES.

2753, 2908, etc.), a Woegmunding
(2608), father of Wlglaf, 2603. In
what relationship to him Alfhere,
mentioned 2605, stands, is not
clear. — Weohstan is the slayer of
Eanmund (2612), in that, as it
seems, he takes revenge for his
murdered king, Ilcardrcd. See
Kiiiiiuiiiiil.

Wfg-lAf, Weohstan's son, 2603, etc.,
a Waegmunding, 2815, and so also
a Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Alf
here, 2605. For his relationship to
Be6wulf, see the genealogical table
under Scylfingas. — He supports
Be6wulf in his fight with the drake,
2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives
him, before his death, his ring, his
helm, and his coat of mail, 28ioff.

Won-rSd (gen. WonrSdes, 2972),

father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966,
2979.

Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the
Geatas, WonrSd's son. He fights
in the battle between the armies of
Hygelac and Ongen)>e6w with On-
gen)>e6w himself, and gives him a
wound (2966), whereupon Ongen-
J>e6w, by a stroke of his sword, dis
ables him, 2975. Eofor avenges
his brother's fall by dealing Ongen-
J>e6w a mortal blow, 2978 ff.

Wulf-gftr, chief of the Wendlas,
348, lives at Hro'Sga'r's court, and
is his " ar and ombiht," 335.

Wyllingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461).
Ecg>e6w has slain Hea'Solif, a war
rior of this tribe, 460.

Yrmen-laf, younger brother of Asc-
here, 1325.

GLOSSARY.

ac, conj. denoting contrariety : hence
i) but (like N.H.G. sondern), 109,
I35» 339. etc. — 2) but (N.H.G.
aber), nevertheless, 602, 697, etc.

— 3) in direct questions: nonne,
numquid, 1991.

aglaeca, ahlaeca, aglaeca, -cea,
w. m. (Goth. ag!8, trouble ; agl-s,
Ags. egle, troublesome; O.H.G.
egileihhi, trouble} ; original mean
ing, bringer of trouble : hence
l) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like
being; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593,
etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.

— 2) great hero, mighty warrior ;
of Sigemund, 894; of Beowulf:
gen. sg. agbecan(?), 1513; ofBe6-
\vulf and the drake: nom. pi. J>&
agloecean, 2593.

aglaec-wif, st.n., demoniacal, in the
form of a woman; of Grendel's
mother, 1260.

aldor. See ealdor.

al-wealda. See eal-w.

am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-
baht-s), st. m., servant, man-ser
vant : nom. sg. ombeht, of the
coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulf-
g^r, 336.

ambiht-J»egn (from ambiht n. offi-
cium and t>egn, which see), servant,
man-servant : dat. sg. ombiht-
begne, of Beowulf's servant, 674.

an, prep, with the dat., on, in, with
respect to, 678 ; with, among, at,
upon (position after the governed
word), 1936 ; with the ace., 1248.
Elsewhere on, which see.

ancor, st. m., anchor: dat. sg. ancre,
303, 1884.

ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor-
cable : dat. pi. oncer-bendum, 1919.

and, conj. (ond is usual form; for
example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33,
39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.)

anda, w. m., excitement, vexation,
horror: dat. wraftum on andan, 709,

23I5-

and-git, st. n., insight, understand
ing : nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.

and-hator, st. m. n., heat coming
against one : gen. sg. re"$es and-
hattres, 2524.

and-lang, -long, adj., very long :
hence l) at whole length, raised up
high : ace. andlongne eorl, 2696
(cf. Bugge upon this point, Zach-
ers Ztschr., 4, 21 7) . — 2) continual,
entire; andlangne dag, 21 1 6, the
whole day ; andlonge niht, 2939.

and-lean, st. n., reward, payment in
full : ace. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-,
hond-lean, MS.).

and-rlsno,st. f.(von risan surgere,
decere), that which is to be ob
served, that which is proper, eti
quette : dat. pi. for andrysnum, ac*
cording to etiquette, 1797.

116

GLOSSARY.

and-saon, \v. m., adversary : godes
andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.

and-slyht, st. ra., blow in return :
ace. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both
times hond-slyht).

and-swaru,st. f., act of accosting: I )
to persons coming up, an address,
2861. — 2) in reply to something
said, an answer, 354, 1494, 1841.

and-weard, adj., present, existing:
ace. sg. n. swin ofer helme and-
weard (the image of the boar, which
stands on his helm}, 1288.

and-wllta, w. m., countenance: ace.
sg. -an, 690.

nn-siind, adj., entirely unharmed :
nom. sg. m., 1001.

an-s£n, f., the state of being seen :
hence i) the exterior, the form,
251 : ansyn ywde, showed his form,
i.e. appeared, 2835. — 2) asPtft>
appearance, 929; on-syn, 2773.

an-walda, w. m., He who rules over
all, God, 1273.

atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), hos
tile, frightful, cruel : of Grendel,
159. 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Gren-
del's mother's hands (dat. pi. ato-
lan), 1503 ; of the undulation of
the waves, 849 ; of battle, 597,
2479. — cf. O.N. atall, fortis, stre-
nuus.

atelic, adj., terrible, dreadful: ate-
Itc egesa, 785.

a, adv. (Goth, aiv, ace. from aiv-s
aevum), ever, always, 45 5, 882, 93 1 ,
1479 : 4 sy'S'San, ever afterwards,
ever, ever after, 283, 2921 . — ever,
780. — Comp. ni.

^A^.m. funeral pile: ace. sg. dd,
3139; dat. sg. dde, mi, 1115.

ad-faru, st. f., way to the funeral pile;
dat. sg. on dd-fare, 3011.

Adi, st. I., sickness, 1737, 1764, 1849.

aff, st m., 0a/A in general, 2740; oa/Vi
0/° allegiance, 472 ( ?) ; 0<z//i of
reconciliation of two warring peo
ples, 1098, 1108.

an oath, the wearing of an oath :
nom. pi., 2065. See sweord.
affnm-swerian, m. pi., son-in-law

and father-in-law : dat. pi., 84.
agan, verb, pret. and pres., to have,
to possess, w. ace. : III. prs. sg. &h,
1728 ; inf. Agan, 1089 ; prt. Shte,
487, 522, 533; with object, ge-
weald,tobesupplied,3i. Form con
tracted with the negative : prs. sg.
I. n&h hwa" sweord wege {I have
no one to wield the sword), 2253.
agen, adj., own, peculiar, 2677.
agend (prs. part, of figan), possessor,
owner, lord : gen. sg. Sgendes, of
God, 3076. — Compounds : bked-,
bold-, folc-, magen-agend.
agend-f rea, w. m., owner, lord: gea.

sg. dgend-frean, 1884.
ahs jan, ge-ahsjan, w. v. : l) to ex
amine, to find out by inquiring:
pret. part, ge-ihsod, 433. — 2) to
experience, to endure: pret. ih-
sode, 1207; pi. Shsodon, 423.
aht, st. n. (contracted from &-\viht,
which see), something, anything:
S.ht cwices, 2315.

An, num. The meaning of this word
betrays its original demonstrative
character: l) this, that, 2411, of
the hall in the earth mentioned
before-; similarly, 100 (of Grendel,
already mentioned), cf. also 2775.
— 2) one, a particular one among
many, a single one, in numerical
sense : ymb &ne niht (the next
tnght), 135; hurh Sines craft, 700;

GLOSSARY.

117

hara dnum, 1038; an after Snum,
one for the other (Hrfi'Sel for
Herebeald), 2462: similarly, dn
after eallum, 2269; anes hwat, some
single thing, a part, 3011; se £n
leoda dugufte,/1/^ ow^ of the heroes of
the people, 2238; dnes willan,_/fcr //w
sake of a single one, 3078, etc. —
Hence, again, 3) alone, distin
guished, 1459, 1886. — 4) a, in the
sense of an indefinite article : dn . . .
feond, loo; gen.sg. dnrebe"ne (or to
No.2[?]),428; dn...draca,22ii —

5) gen. pi. dnra, in connection with
a pronoun, single; dnra gehwilces,
every single one, 733; dnra geh-
wylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pi.
in this sense : nemne feaum dnum,
except a feiv single ones, 1082. —

6) solus, alone: in the strong form,
1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145,
425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen.,
4na Geata dugu'Se, alone of the
warriors of the Gedtas, 2658. — 7)
solitarius, alone, lonely, see aen. —
Comp. nan.

an-feald, adj., simple, plain, without
reserve : ace. sg. dnfealdne ge^oht,
simple opinion, 256.

an-genga, -gengea, w. m., he who
goes alone, of Grendel, 165, 449.

iin-haga, w. m., he who stands alone,
solitarius, 2369.

an-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-
rad-r, of one resolve, i.e. of firm re
solve), of one opinion, i.e. firm,
brave, decided, 2668.

anga, adj. (only in the weak form),
single, only : ace. sg. dngan dohtor,
375, 2998; dngan eaferan, 1548;
dat. sg. dngan bre'Ser, 1263.

an-paS1, st. m., lonely way, path: ace.
pi. anpa'Sas, 1411.

an-raed, adj. (cf. under an-hydig),

of firm resohition, resolved, 1530,
1576.

an-tid,st. i.,one time, i.e. the same
time : ymb an-tid SSres dogores,
about the same time the second day
(they sailed twenty-four hours), 219.
— &n stands as in an-mod, O.H.G.
ein-muoti, harmonious, of the same
disposition.

anunga, adv., throughout, entirely,
wholly, 635.

ar, st. m., ambassador, messenger^
336, 2784.

ftr, st. f., I ) honor, dignity: drum heal-
dan, to hold in honor, 296; similar
ly, 1 1 oo, 1183. — 2) favor, grace,
support : ace. sg. are, 1273, 2607;
dat. sg. aYe, 2379; gen. pi. hwat . . .
Srna, 1188. — Comp. worold-ar;
also written ser.

sir-last, adj., honorable, upright,
1169; of HunferS (with reference
to 588). See fast.

arian, w.v., (to be gracious}, to spare:
Hl.sg. prs. w. dat. nsenegum dra^;
of Grendel, 599.

ar-staf,st. m.,(elementum honoris),
grace, favor : dat. pi. mid arstafum,
317. — Help, support: dat. pi. for
ar-stafum, to the' assistance, 382,
458. See staf.

ater-tan, m., poisonous branch: dat.
pi. iren ater-tdnum fah (steel which
is damasceened by the sap of
branches used in sorcery), 1460.

attor, st.n.,/0wo»,here of the poison
of the dragon's bite: nom., 2716,

attor-sceaffa, w. m., poisonous
enemy, of the poisonous dragon :
gen. sg. -scea'San, 2840.

awa, adv. (certainly not the dative,
but a reduplicated form of a, which
see), ever : awa to aldre, for eve*
and ever, 956.

118

(il.oSSAKY.

&dre, adv., hastily, directly, imme
diately, 77, 354. 3'°7-

affcle, adj., noble : nom. sg., of Beo
wulf, 198, 1313; of BeowulPs fath
er, 263, where it can he understood
as well in a moral as in a genealo
gical sense; the latter prevails de
cidedly in the gen. sg. aSelan cyn-
nes, 2235.

atfeling, st. m., nobleman, man of
noble descent, especially the appel
lation of a man of royal birth ; so of
the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld,
33; of HroSgir, 130; of Sigemund,
889; of Beowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597,
1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716,
3136; perhaps also of Daghrefn,
2507; — then, in a broader sense,
also denoting other noble-born
men: Aschere, 1295; HroSgar's
courtiers, 118, 983; Heremod's
courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors,
II 13; BeowulPs retinue, 1805,1921,
3172; noMc-born in general, 2889.
— Comp. sib-aSeling.

affelu,st.n.,only in the pi., noble de
scent, nobility, in the sense of noble
lineage: ace. pi. aSelu, 392; dat.
pi. cyning aSelum god, the king,
of noble birth, 1871 ; aSelum
didre, worthy on account of no
ble lineage, 1950 ; aSelum (haele-
l>um, MS.), 332. — Comp. fader-
aSelu.

afnan, w. v. w. ace., to perform, to
carry out, to accomplish : inf. ellen-
weorc afnan, to do a heroic deed,
1465; pret. unriht afnde, perpe
trated wrong, 1255.

ge- afnan, i) to carry out, to do, to
accomplish : pret. pi. J>at geafndon
swa, so carried that out, 538; pret.
part. 43 was geafned, the oath was

sworn, 1 1 08. — 2) get ready, pre
pare: pret. part, geafned, 3107. See
efnan.

after (comparative of af, Ags. of,
which see; hence it expresses the
idea of forth, away, from, back),
a) adv., thereupon, afterwards, 1 2,
341, 1390, 2155. — ic him after
sceal, I shall go after tiiem, 2817; in
word after cwa'5, 315, the sense
seems to be, spoke back, having
turned; b) prep. w. dat., l) (tem
poral) after, 119, 128, 187, 825,
1939, etc.; after beome, after the
(death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262;
after mao"5um-welan, after (obtain
ing) the treasure, 275 1 . — 2) (causal)
as proceeding from something, de
noting result and purpose, hence,
in consequence of, conformably to :
after rihte, in accordance with right,
1050, 2111; after faroSe, with the
current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944,
2180, etc., after heafto-swate, in
consequence of the blood of battle,
1607 ; after walni'Se, in consequence
of mortal enmity, 85 ; in accordance
with, on account of, after, about :
afteraftelum (haeleJ>um,MS.)fragn,
asked about the descent, 332 ; ne frin
J>u after soelum, ask not after my
welfare, \ 323 ; after sincgyfan gre6-
tefi, weeps for the giver of trea
sure, 1343; him after deorum men
dyrne langa'S, longs in secret for
the dear man, 1880; an after dnum,
one for the other, 2462, etc. — 3)
(local), along: after gumcynnum,
throughout the races of men, among
men, 945 ; sohte bed after burum,
sought a bed among the rooms of
the castle (the castle was fortified,
the hall was not), 140; after recede
wlat, looked along the hall, 1573;
stone after stane, smelt alon^ the

GLOSSARY.

119

rocks, 2289; after lyfte, along the
air, through, the air, 2833; simi
larly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc.

af-J>unca, w. m., anger, chagrin,
•vexations affair : nom., 502.

aglaecea. See aglsecea.

aled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. eld-r),
st. m.., fire, 3016.

aled-leoma, w. m., (fire- light),
torch: ace. sg. leoman, 3126. See
leoma.

al-fylce (from al-, Goth, ali-s, &\\os,
and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective
form from folc), st. n., other folk,
hostile army : dat. pi. wiS alfyl-
cum, 2372.

al-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., al
mighty : nom. sg. m., of the weak
form, se al-mihtiga, 92.

al-wiht, st. m., being of another spe
cies, monster : gen. pi. al-wihta
card, of the dwelling-place of Gren-
del's kindred, 1501.

appel-fealu, adj., dappled sorrel,
or dappled yellow : nom. pi. appel-
fealuwe mearas, dappled yellow
steeds, 2166.

am, st. n., house, in the compounds
heal-, hord-, medo-, bry'S-, win-am.

asc, st. m., ash (does not occur in
Beowulf in this sense) , lance, spear,
because the shaft consists of ash
wood : dat. pi. (qua instr.) ascum
and ecgum, with spears and swords,

1773-

asc -holt, st. n., ash wood, ashen
shaft : nom. pi. asc-holt ufan gneg,
the ashen shafts gray above (spears
with iron points), 330.

asc-wiga, w. m., spear-fighter, war
rior armed with the spear: nom.
sg., 2043.

at, prep. w. dat., with the fundamen
tal meaning of nearness to some
thing, hence i) local, a) with, near,

at, on, in (rest) : at hyfte, in har
bor, 32; at symle, at the meal, 8 1 ;
at Sde, on the funeral-pile, IIII,
1115; at J>e anum, with thee alone,
1378; atwlge, in the fight, 1338;
at hilde, 1 660, 2682; at sete, in eat
ing, 3027, etc. b) to, towards, at,
on (motion to) : dea'Ses wylm hr^n
at heortan, seized upon the heart,
2271; gehSton at hargtrafum,
vowed at (or to) the temples of the
gods, 175. c) with verbs of taking
away, away from (as starting from
near an object) : gej^eah J>at ful at
WealhJ>eon, took the cup from W.,
630; fela ic geb&d grynna at Gren-
dle, from Grendel, 931 ; at minum
fader genam, took me from myfath-
erto himself, z^yi.— 2) temporal, atf,
in, at the time of: at frumsceafte,
in the beginning, 45; at ende, at
an end, 224; fand sinne dryhten
ealdres at ende, at the end of life,
dying, 2791 ; similarly, 2823; at
feohgyftum, in giving gifts, 1090;
at si'5estan,y?««//)', 3014.

at-graepe, adj., laying hold of, pre-
hendens, 1270.

at-rihte, adv., almost, 1658.

aedre, edre, st. f., aqueduct, canal
(not in Beow.), vein (not in Beow.),
stream, violent pouring forth : dat.
pi. swdt aedrum sprong, the blood
sprang in streams, 2967 ; blod
6drum dranc, drank the blood in
streams^), 743.

aeffin, st. m., breath, gasp, snort:
instr. sg. hre'Ser ae^me weoll, the
breast (of the drake) heaved with
snorting, 2594.

asfen, st. m., evening, 1236.

120

GLOSSARY.

(efen-gram, adj., hostile at evening,
night-enemy : nom. sg. m. aefen-
grom, of Grendel, 2075.

aefen-Ieoht, st. n., evening-light :
nom. sg., 413.

aefen-rast, st. f., evening-rest: ace.
sg. -raste, 647, 1253.

aefen-spnec, st. f., evening-talk:
ace. sg. gemunde . . . aefen-spraece,
thought about what he had spoken
in the evening, 760.

aefre, adv., ever, at any time, 70,
280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative
sentences, aefre ne, never, 2601. —
Comp. naefre.

eeg-hwa (O.H.G. ao-ga-hwer),
pron., every, each : dat. sg. aeg-
h wain, 1385. The gen. sg. in adver
bial sense, in all, throughout, thor
oughly : aeghwas unfcele, thoroughly
blameless, 1 866; aegh-was unrtm,
entirely innumerable quantity, i.e.
an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.

wg-hwaffer (O.H.G. So-ga-hwe-
dar) : i) each (of two) : nom. sg.
hafde aeghwaSer ende gefered, each
of the tiuo (Be6wulf and the drake)
had reached the end, 2845 ; dat. sg.
aeghwaSrum wasbroga framoSrum,
to each of the two (Beowulf and the
drake) -was fear of the other, 2565 ;
gen. sg. aeghwa^res . . . worda and
worca, 287.. — 2) each (of several) :
dat. sg. heora aeghwaSrum, 1637.

seg-hwaer, adv., everywhere, 1060.

aeg-hwilc (O.H.G. fco-gi-hwelih),
pron., unusquisque, every (one) :
i) used as an adj. : ace. sg. m. dael
seghwylcne, 622. — 2) as substan
tive, a) with the partitive genitive :
nom. sg. aeg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat.
sg. aeghwylcum, 1051. b) without
gen. : nom. sg. aeghwylc, 985, 988;
(was) aeghwylc 35rum trywe, each
one (of two") true to the other, \ 166.

aeg-weard, st. f., watch on the sea
shore: ace. sg. aeg-wearde, 241.

aeht (abstract form from igan, de
noting the state of possessing), st
f. : i) possession, power : ace. sg.
on flodes aeht, 42; on wateres aeht,
into the power of the water, 516;
on aeht gehwearf Denigea frean,
passed over into the possession of a
Danish master, 1680. — 2) prop
erty, possessions, goods: ace. pi.
aehte, 2249. — Comp. maSm-, gold-
aeht.

aeht (O.H.G. ahta), st. i., pursuit:
nom. \>3i was aeht boden Sweona
Ie6dum, segn Higelice, then was
pursuit offered to the people of the
Sweonas, (their} banner to Hy-
geldc (i.e. the banner of the Swedes,
taken during their flight, fell into
the hands of Hygelac), 2958.

ge-aehtan, w. v., to prize, to speak
in praise of: pret part, geaehted,
1886.

ge-aehtla, w. m., or ge-aehtle,
w. f., a speaking of with praise,
high esteem : gen. sg. by ... wyrSe
Hncea'5 eorla geaehtlan, seem worthy
of the high esteem of the noble-born^

369.

aen (parallel form of in), num., one :
ace. sg. m. K>ne aenne hone . . .,
the one whom . . ., 1054; oftormicle
Jnjnne on aenne slS, much oflenef
than one time, 1580; for5 onsen-
don aenne, sent him fjrlh alone, 46.

aene, adv., once: oft nallesaene, 3020.

aenig, pron., one, any one, 474, 503,
510, 534, etc. : instr. sg. nolde . . .
aenige Hnga, would in no way, not
at all, 792; lyt aenig mearn, little
did any one sorrow (i.e. no one),
3130. — With the article: nas se
folccyning . . . aenig, no people's
king, 2735. — Comp. ncenig.

GLOSSAKY.

121

een-lio, adj., alone, excellent, distin
guished: senlic ansyn, distinguished
appearance, 25 1 ; beah J>e hio sen-
licu s£, though she be beautiful,
1942.

aer (comparative form, from a) : i)
adv., sooner, before, beforehand,
15, 656, 695, 758, 901, etc., for a
long time, 2596 : eft swai ser, again
as formerly, 643 ; ser ne slSftan,
neither sooner nor later, 719 ; ser
and sift, sooner a nd later (all times),
2501 ; no >£ ser (wo/1 J0 much the
sooner}, yet not, 755, 1503, 2082,
2161, 2467. — 2) conjunct., before,
ere : a) with the ind. : ser hio to
setle geong, 2020. b) w. subjunc. :
aer ge fyr feran, before you travel
farther, 252; ser he on weg hwurfe,
264, so 677, 2819 ; ser J>on dag
cwome, ere the day break, 732; ser
correlative to ser adv. : ser he feorh
seleft, aldor an ofre, ser he wille
. . ., he will sooner (rather) leave
his life upon the shore, before (than)
he will . . ., 1372. — 3) prepos.
with dat., before : ser deaV5e, before
death, 1389 ; ser dages hwile, be
fore daybreak, 2321 ; ser swylt-
dage, before the day of death, 2799.
se'ror, comp. adv., sooner, before
hand, 810; formerly, 2655.
aerra, comp. adj., earlier : instr. pi.,
serran mselum, in former times,
908, 2238, 3036.

serest, superl. : i) adv., first of all,
foremost, 6,617, 1698, etc. — 2) as
subst. n., relation in the begin
ning : ace. l>at ic his aerest J>e eft
gesagde (told thee, in what rela
tion it stood at first to the coat of
mail that has been presented},
2158.

8er-dag,st. m. (before-day),morning-
twilight, gray of morning: dat. sg.

mid serdage, 126; samod xrdage,
1312, 2943.

aeremle, st. n., errand, trust : ace.
sg., 270, 345.

aer-fader, st. m., late father, de
ceased father : nom. sg. sw& his
serfader, 2623.

aer-gestreon, st. n., old treasure,
possessions dating from old times :
ace. sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra
fela sergestreona, much of such old
treasure, 2233. See gestreon.

aer-geweorc, st. n., work dating
from old times : nom. sg. enta ser-
geweorc, the old work of the giants
(of the golden sword-hilt from
Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See
geweorc.

aer-g6d, adj., good since old times,
long invested with dignity or ad
vantages : afteling sergod, 130;
(eorl) sergod, 1330; iren sergod
(excellent sword}, 990, 2587.

aer-wela,w.m., old possessions, riches
dating from old times : ace. sg.
serwelan, 2748. See wela.

ses, st. n., carcass, carrion : dat.
(instr.) sg. sese, of Aschere's corpse,

1333-

set, st. m., food, meat : dat. sg., hft
him at aete speow, how he fared
•well at meat, 3027.

aettren (see attor), adj., poisonous :
was J>at blod to J>as hat, settren
ellorgast, se t>ser inne swealt, so
hot was the blood, (and} poisonous
the demon (Grendel's mother) -who
died therein, 1618

bana, boiia, w. m., murderer, 158,
588, 1103, etc.: ace. sg. bonan
OngenJ^eowes, of Hygelac,although

122

GLOSSARY.

in reality his men slew Ongenhe6w
(2965 ft".), 1969. Figuratively of
inanimate objects: ne was ecg
bona, 2507; wearS wracu Weoh-
stanes bana, 26 1 4. — Comp. : ecg-,
feorh-, gUst-, hand-, muft-bana.

bon-gar, st. m. murdering spear,
2032.

ge-bannan, st. v. w. ace. of the
thing and dat. of the person, to
command, to bid : inf., 74.

bad, st. f., pledge, only in comp. : nyd-
bld.

bun, st. n., bone : dat. sg. on bSne
(on the bony skin of the drake),
2579; dat. pi. heals ealne ymbe-
feng biteran banum (here of the
teeth of the drake), 2693.

ban-cOfa, w. m., "cubile ossium"
(Grimm) of the body : dat. sg.
-cofan, 1446.

ban-fAg, adj., variegated with
bones, either with ornaments made
of bone-work, or adorned with
bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of
HroSgdr's hall, 781. The last
meaning seems the more probable.

ban-fat, st. n., bone-vessel, i.e. the
body: acc.pl. b&n-fatu, 1117.

ban-bring, st. m., the bone-struc
ture, joint, bone-joint: ace. pi.
hire wiS halse . . . binhringas brae
(broke her neck-join f), 1568.

bfm-hiis, st. n., bone-house, i.e. the
body : ace. sg. ba"nhus gebrac,
2509; similarly, 3148.

ban-looa, w. m., the enclosure of the
bones, i.e. the body: ace. sg. bit
b&nlocan, bit the body, 743; nom.
pi. burston bdnlocan, the body burst
(of Grendel, because his arm was
torn out), 819.

bat, st. m., boat, craft, ship, 21 1. —
Comp. soe-bdt.

bat-wcard, st. m., boat-watcher, he

•who keeps -watch mer the craft:
dat. sg. -wearde, 1901.

baft, st. n., bath : ace. sg. ofer gano-
tes baS, over the diver's bath (i.e.
the sea), 1862.

barium, w. v., to cause to burn, to
burn: inf. h&t . . . binfatu bar-
nan, bade that the bodies be burned,
1117; ongan . . . beorht hofu bar-
nan, began to consume the splendid
country-seats (the dragon), 2314.

for-barnan, w. v., consume with
fire : inf. hy hine ne moston . . .
brondefor-barnan,//i<y(the Danes)
could not burn him (the dead
Aschere) upon the funeral-pile,
2127.

banian (Goth, baidjan, O.H.G. bei-
"5a),/0 incite, to encourage: pret.
bcedde byre geonge, encouraged
the youths (at the banquet), 2019.

ge-bredan, w. v., to press hard: pret.
part, bysigum gebneded, distressed
by trouble, difficulty, danger (of
battle), 2581; to drive, to send
forth : straela storm strengum ge-
bceded, the storm of arrows sent
from the strings, 3118; overcome:
draca . . . bealwe geboeded, the
dragon . . . overcome by the ills of
battle, 2827.

bael (O.N. ba"l),st. n.,fire, flames :
(wyrm) mid bsele for, passed
(through the air) with fire, 2309 ;
hafde landwara lige befangan, baele
and bronde, with fire and burn
ing, 2323. — Especially, the fire of
the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile,
1110,1117,2127; xr he bael cure,
ere he sought the burning (i.e.
died), 2819; hitai5 . . . hloew ge-
wyrcean . . . after basic, after J am
burned, let a burial mound be
thrown up (Be6wulf's words),
2804.

GLOSSARY.

123

bael-f^r, st. n., bale-fire, fire of the
funeral -pile: gen. pi. baelfyra
msest, 3144.

bael-stede, st. m., place for the fu
neral-pile : dat. sg. in bsel-stede,
3098.

bael-wudn, st. m., -wood for the fu
neral-pile, 3113.

baer, st. f., bier, 3106.

g e - baeran, \v.v.. to conduct one's self,
behave : inf. w. adv., ne gefragn ic
)?a mseg'Se . . . sel gebseran, / did
not hear that a troop bore itself
better, maintained a nobler de
portment, 1013 ; he on eor'San
geseah J>one leofestan llfes at ende
bleate gebaeran, saw the best-beloved
upon the earth, at the end of his
life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a
helpless situation), 2825.

g e - bsetan (denominative frombsete,
the bit), w. v., to place the bit in
the mouth of an animal, to bridle :
pret. part. \>& was Hro'Sgare hors
gebseted, 1400.

be, prep. w. dat. (with the funda
mental meaning near, "but not of
one direction, as at, but more gen
eral "): i) local, near by, near,
at, on (rest) : be ydlafe uppe lae-
gon, lay above, upon the deposit of
the waves (upon the strand, of
the slain nixies), 566; hafde be
honda, held by the hand (Beowulf
held Grendel) ,815; be ssem tweo-
num, in the circuit of both the seas,
859, 1686 ; be maste, on the mast,
1 906 ; be fyre, by the fire, 2220 ;
be nasse, at the promontory, 2244;
sat be J>sem gebro'Srum twsem, sat
by the two brothers, 1192 ; was se
gryre lassa efne swa micle swa
bi$ mag'Sa craft be wsepnedmen,
the terror was just so much less, as
is the strength of woman to the

warrior (i.e. is valued by), 1285,
etc. — 2) also local, but of motion
from the subject in the direction
of the object, on, upon, by : gefeng
be eaxle, seized by the shoulder,
1538; aledon leofne J>eoden be
maste, laid the dear lord near the
mast, 36 ; be healse genam, took
him by the neck, fell upon his neck,
1873 ; waspen hafenade be hiltum,
grasped the weapon by the hilt,
1575, etc. — 3) with this is con
nected the causal force, on account
of, for, according to : ic }>is gid
be }>e dwrac, I spake this solemn
speech for thee, for thy sake, 1724 ;
Jjft j?e laer be fc>n, learn according
to this, from this, 1723; be fader
lare, according to her father's di
rection, 1951. — 4) temporal, while,
during : be J>e lifigendum, while
thou livest, during thy life, 2666.
See bi.

bed, st. n., bed, couch : ace. sg. bed,
140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792;
dat. pi. beddum, 1241. — Comp. :
dea'S-, hlin-, lager-, mor'Sor-, wal-
bed.

g e - bedde, w. f ., bed-fellow : dat. sg.
wolde secan cwen to gebeddan,
wished to seek the queen as bed-fel
low, to go to bed with her, 666. —
Comp. heals-gebedde.

begen, fern, ba, both : nom. m., 536,
770, 2708; ace. fern, on bahealfa,
on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his
mother), 1306; dat. m. bam, 2197;
and in connection with the posses
sive instead of the personal pro
noun, urum bam, 2661; gen. n.
bega, 1874, 2896; bega gehwaftres,
each one of the two, 1044 ; bega
folces, of both peoples, 1125.

g e • belgan, st. v. (properly, to cause
to swell, to swell} , to irritate : w.

124

GLOSSARY.

dat. (pret. subj.) Hit he ecean
dryhtne bitre gebulge, that fie had
bitterly angered the eternal Lord,
2332; pret. part, gebolgen, 1540;
(gebolge,MS.),2222; pl.gebolgne,
1432; more according to the origi
nal meaning in torne gebolgen,
2402.

4-belgan, to anger: pret. sg. w.
ace. 8tS Hit hyne an dbealh mon on
mode, till a man angered him in
his heart, 2281 ; pret. part. Sbol-
gen, 724.

ben, st. f., wound : ace. sg. benne,
2725. — Comp. : feorh-, seax-ben.

benc, st. f., bench : nom. sg. benc,
492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014,
1 189, 1244. — Comp. : ealu-, medu-
benc.

benc-sweg, st. m., (bench-rejoic
ing), rejoicing which resounds
from the benches, 1162.

benc-J»el, st. n., bench-board, the
wainscotted space -where the benches
stand: nom. pi. benc-J>elu, 486;
ace. pi. bencj>elu beredon, cleared
the bench-boards (i.e. by taking
away the benches, so as to prepare
couches), 1240.

bend, st. m.f, bond, fetter : ace. sg.
forstes bend, frosfs bond, 1610;
dat. pi. bendum, 978. — Comp.:
fyr-, hell-, hyge-, tren-, oncer-,
searo-, wal-bend.

bcn-geat, st. n., (wound -gate},
wound-opening: nom. pi. ben-
geato, 1 1 22.

bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer : in
comp. hleor-bera.

berun, st. v. w. ace., to carry : III.
sg. pres. byreS, 296, 448; J>one
mattftum byretS, carries the treas
ure (upon his person), 2056; pres.
subj. bere, 437; pi. beren, 2654;
inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht

HI se hearda Hrunting beran, to
bring Hrunting, 1 808; up beran,
1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bar,
495» 7I2» &47» etc-J mandryhtne
bar fated waege, brought the lord
the costly vessel, 2282; pi. baeron,
213, 1636, etc.; baeran, 2851; pret.
part, boren, 1193, 1648, 3136. —
The following expressions are po
etic paraphrases of the forms go,
come : Hit we rondas beren eft t3
earde, 2654; gewttaS forS beran
waepen and gewaedu, 291; ic ge-
fragn sunu Wihstines hringnet be
ran, 2755; wfgheafolan bar, 2662;
helmas baeron, 240 (conjecture);
scyldas baeran, 2851 : they lay
stress upon the connection of the
man with his weapons.

at-beran, to carry to : inf. t3 bea-
dolace (battle) atberan, 1562;
pret. \>Si bine on morgenttd on
Hea'Soraemas holm up atbar, the
sea bore him up to the Hea&orccmas,
519; hi6 Be6wulfe medoful atbar,
brought Bedwulf the mead-cup,
625 ; magenbyrftenne . . . hider fit
atbar cyninge mtnum, bore the great
burden hither to my king, 3093;
pi. hi hyne atkeron t8 brimes fa-
ro«e, 28.

for-beran,A? hold, to suppress : inf.
)>St he )>one bre6stwylm forberan
ne mehte, that he could not suppress
the emotions of his breast, 1878.

ge-beran, to bring forth, to bear :
pret. part. )>at IS mag secgan se )>e
s&ft and riht freme"5 on folce . . .
Hit tes eorl waere geboren betera
(that may every just man of the
people say, that this nobleman is
better born), 1704.

d'S-beran, to bring hither: pret.
HI rnec sae 6$bar on Finna land,
579-

GLOSSARY.

125

on-beran (O.H.G. in beran, intpe-
ran, but in the sense of carere), au-
ferre, to carry off, to take away :
inf. Iren aergod bat >as ahlsecan
blodge beadufolme onberan wolde,
excellent sword which would sweep
off the bloody hand of the demon,
991; pret. part, (was) onboren
beaga hord, the treasure of the
rings had been carried off, 2285.
— Compounds with the pres. part. :
helm-, sawl-berend.

berian (denominative from bar,
naked), w. v., to make bare, to
clear : pret. pi. bencbelu beredon,
cleared the bench-place (by remov
ing the benches), 1240.

berstan, st. v., to break, to burst :
pret. pi. burston banlocan, 819;
bengeato burston, 1122. — to crack,
to make the noise of breaking : fin-
gras burston, the fingers cracked
(from Beowulfs gripe), 761.

for-berstan, break, to fly asunder :
pret. Nagling forbarst, Nagling
(Beowulf's sword) broke in two,
2681.

betera, adj. (comp.), better: nom.
sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.

bet-lie, adj., excellent, splendid:
nom. sg. n., of Hrofigar's hall,
781; of Hygelac's residence, 1926.

betst, betost (superl.), best, the
best : nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca,
1 1 10; neut. nu is ofost betost, J>at
we . . ., now is haste the best, that
we , . ., 3008; voc. m. secg betsta,
948; neut. ace. beaduscruda betst,
453; ace. sg. m. J>egn betstan,
1872.

been, st. n., (beacon), token, mark,
sign : ace. sg. betimbredon beado-
rofes bScn (of Be6wulfs grave-
mound), 3162. See beacen.

beg. See beag.

b§n, st. f., entreaty : gen. sg. bSne,
428, 2285.

bena, w. m., suppliant, supplex:
nom. sg. swa }m bena eart (as thou
entreatesf), 352; swa he bena was
(as he had asked), 3141 ; nom. pL
hy benan synt, 364.

g e - betan : I ) to make good, to re
move: pret.ac }>u Hroftgare wtdcfrS-
ne wean wihte gebettest, hast thou
in any way relieved Hrbftgdr of the
evil known afar, 1992; pret. part,
ace. sg. swylce oncyS~5e ealle ge-
bStte, removed all trouble, 831. —
2) to avenge : inf. wihte ne meahte
on bam feorhbonan fseh'Se gebStan,
could in no way avenge the death
upon the slayer, 2466.

beatlu, st. f., battle, strife, combat :
dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, in com
bat, 1540; gen. sg. bM beadwa
ge-Hnges, waited for the combats
(with Grendel) that were in store
for him, 710.

beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand: ace.
sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.

beado-grima, w. m., (b.attle-masK),
helmet : ace. pi. -grlman, 2258.

beado-hragl, st. n., (battle -gar'
ment), corselet, shirt of mail, 552.

beado-lac, st. n., (exercise in arms,
tilting), combat, battle : dat. sg. to
beado-lace, 1562.

bcado-leoina, w. m., (battle-light),
sword : nom. sg., 1524.

beado-mece, st. m., battle-sword.
nom. pi. beado-m6cas, 1455.

beado-rlnc, st. m., battle-hero, war
rior: gen. pi. betst beadorinca, 1 1 10.

beadu-r6f, adj., strong in battle :
gen. sg. -rofes, of Beowulf, 3162.

beadu-run, st. f., mystery of battle :
ace. sg. onband beadu-rune, solved
the mystery of the combat, i.e. gave
battle, commenced the fight, 501.

126

GLOSSARY.

beodu-scenrp, adj., battle-sharp,
sharp for the battle, 2705.

beadu-serud, st. n., (battle-dress),
corselet, shirt of mail : gen. pi.
beaduscrflda betst, 453.

beadu-serce, w. f., {battle-garment),
corselet, shirt of mail: ace. sg.
brogdne beadu-sercean (because it
consists of interlaced metal rings),
2756.

beado-weorc, st. n., {battle-work),
battle : gen. sg. gefeh beado-
weorces, rejoiced at the battle,
2300.

beald, adj., bold, brave: in comp.
cyne-beald.

bealdlan, w. v., to show one's self
brave : pret. bealdode gSdum dae-
dum {through brave deeds), 2178.

bealdor, st. m., lord, prince : nom.
sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia beal
dor, 2568.

boalu, st. n., evil, ruin, destruction :
instr. sg. bealwe, 2827 ; gen. pi.
bealuwa, 281 ; bealewa, 2083 ;
bealwa, 910. — Comp.: cwealm-,
ealdor-, hre'Ser-, le<5d-, morSor-,
niht-, sweord-, wtg-bealu.

boalu, adj., deadly, dangerous, bad :
instr. sg. hyne sdr hafaS befongen
balwon bendum, pain has en
twined him in deadly bands, 978.

bealo-cwealm, st. m., violent death ,
death by the nuord{1), 2266.

bealo-hycgende, pres. part., think
ing of death, meditating destruc
tion : gen. pi. aeghwa'Srum bealo-
hycgendra, 2566.

bealo-hydig, adj., thinking of death,
meditating destruction : of Gren-
del, 724.

bealo-niff, st. m., {zeal for destruc
tion), deadly enmity: nom. sg.,
2405 ; destructive struggle : ace.
sg. bebeorh J>e J>one bealontS, be

ware of destructive striving, 1759;
death-bringing rage : nom. sg. him
on breostum bealo-ntS weoll, in
his breast raged deadly fury (of
the dragon's poison), 2715.

bearhtm (see beorht) : i) st. m.,
splendor, brightness, clearness :
nom. sg. eagena bearhtm, 1767. —
2) sound, tone : ace. sg. bearhtm
ongeaton, gufihorn galan, they
heard the sound, {heard) the bat
tle-horn sound, 1432.

beariii, m., gremium, sinus, lap,
bosom : nom. sg. foldan bearm,
1138; ace. sg. on bearm scipes,
35» 897; on bearm nacan, 214;
him on bearm hladan bunan and
discas, 2776. — 2) figuratively, pos
session, property, because things
bestowed were placed in the lap
of the receiver (so 40 and 2195,
on bearm licgan, alecgan); dat.
sg. him tS bearme cwom ma"5'Sum-
fat maere, came into his posses
sion, 2405.

beam, st. n., I ) child, son: nom. sg.
beam Healfdenes, 469, etc. ; EcglS-
fes beam, 499, etc. ; dat. sg. bearne,
2371; nom. pi. beam, 59; dat. pi.
bearnum, 1075. — 2) in a broader
sense, scion, offspring, descendant :
nom. sg. Ongen)>e6w's beam, of
his grandson, 2388 ; nom. pi. yldo
beam, 70 ; gumena beam, chil
dren of men, 879 ; halefta beam,
1190; aSelinga beam, 3172 ; ace.
pi. ofer ylda beam, 606 ; dat. pi.
ylda bearnum, 150 ; gen. pi. niS'Sa
bearna, 1006. — Comp.: bro'Sor-,
dryht-bearn.

bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birtfi «f
a son : gen. sg. J>at hyre eald-
metod Sste wsere bearn-gebyrdo,
has been gracious through the birth
of such a son (i.e. as Be6\vu'.f ), 947.

GLOSSARY.

127

beam, st. m., (the bearer, hence
properly only the fruit-tree, espe
cially the oak and the beech), tree,
collectively forest : nom. pi. hrtnde
bearwas, rustling trees (or rustling
forests), 1364.

beacen, st. n., sign, banner, vexil-
lum : nom. sg. beorht beacen
godes, of the Sun, 570 ; gen. pi.
beacna beorhtost, 2778. See been.

g e - beacnian, w. v., to mark, to in
dicate : pret. part, ge-beacnod, 140.

beag, st. m., ring, ornament : nom.
sg. beah (neck-ring), 1212; ace.
sg. beah (the collar of the mur
dered king of the Heaftobeardnas),
2042; beg (collective for the ace.
pi.), 3165 ; dat. sg. cwom Wealh-
J?eo for 5 gin under gyldnum beage,
she walked along under a golden
head-ring, •wore a golden diadem,
1164; gen. sg. beages (of a col
lar), 1217; ace. pi. beagas (rings
in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pi.
beaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc. —
Comp. : earm-, heals-beag.

bedg-gyfa, vv. m., ring-giver, des
ignation of the prince : gen. sg.
-gyfan, 1103.

bedg-hroden, adj., adorned with
rings, ornamented with clasps :
nom. sg. beaghroden, cw8n, of
HroSgar's consort, perhaps with
reference to her diadem (cf. 1 164),
624.

bedh-hord, st. m. n., ring-hoard,
treasure consisting of rings: gen.
sg. beah-hordes, 895 ; dat. pi. beah-
hordum, 2827 ; gen. pi. beah-hor-
da weard, of King HroSgar, 922.

beah-sele, st. m., ring-hall, hall in
which the rings were distributed :
nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.

bedh-J>egu,st. f., the receiving of the
ring: dat. sg. after beah-bege, 21 77.

bedh-wri!5a, w. m.. ring-band, ring
with prominence given to its having
the form of a band : ace. sg. beah-
wriftan, 2019.

beam, st, m., tree, only in the com
pounds fyrgen-, gleo-beam.

bedtan, st. v., thrust, strike : pres.
sg. mearh burhstede beate'5, the
steed beats the castle-ground (place
where the castle is built), i.e. with
his hoofs, 2266 ; pret. part, swealt
bille ge-beaten, died, struck by the
battle-axe, 2360.

beorh, st. m. : i) mountain, rock:
dat. sg. beorge, 211 ; gen. sg. be-
orges, 2525, 2756 ; ace. pi. beorgas,
222. — 2) grave-mound, tomb-hill :
ace. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098,
3165. A grave-mound serves the
drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412) :
nom. sg. beorh, 2242 ; gen. sg. be-
orges, 2323. — Comp. stan-beorh.

beorh, st. f., veil, covering, cap;
only in the comp. heaford-beorh.

beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the in
terested person or thing), to save, to
shield : inf. wolde feore beorgan,
place her life in safety, 1294; here-
byrne . . . seo J>e bancofan beorgan
cufte, which could protect his body,
1446; pret. pi. ealdre burgan,
2600.

be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers.
and ace. of the thing), to take care,
to defend one's self from : inf. him
be-beorgan ne con worn, cannot
keep himself from stain (fault),
1747; imp. bebeorh )>e }>one bea-
lontS, 1759.

ge-beorgan (w. dat. of person or
thing to be saved), to save, to pro
tect : pret. sg. J>at gebearh feore,
protected the life, 1549; scyld wel
gebearg life and lice, 2571.

ymb-be organ, to surround pro-

128

GLOSSARY.

ttftingly : pret. sg. bring utan ymb-
bearh, 1504.

beorht, byrht,adj.: i) gleaming,
shining, radiant, shimmering:
nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570,
1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178;
)>at beorhte bold, 998; ace. sg.
beorhtne, of Be6wulPs grave-
mound, 2804; dat. sg. to here
byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig,
1 200; ace. pi. beorhte fratwe, 214,
897; beorhte randas, 231; bord-
wudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht
hufu, 2314. Superl. : beacna beorh-
tost, 2778. — 2) excellent, remark
able: gen. sg. beorhtre bote, 158.
— Comp. : sadol-, wlite-beorht.

beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly,
radiantly, 1518.

beorhtian, w. v., to sound clearly :
pret. sg. beorhtode benc-sweg,
1162.

beorn, st. m., hero, warrior, noble
man: nom. sg. (HroSgar), 1881,
(Be6wulf ), 2434, etc. ; ace. sg.
(Be6w.), 1025, (Aschere), 1300;
dat. sg. beorne, 2261 ; nom. pi.
beornas (Be6wulf and his com
panions), 211, (Hro'Sgir's guests),
857; gen. pi. beorna (Bedwulf's
liege-men), 2405. — Comp. : folc-,
gu'5-beorn.

beornan, st. v., to burn : pres. part,
byrnende (of the drake), 2273. —
Comp. un-byrnende.

for-beornan, to be consumed, to
burn: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617,
1668; for-born, 2673.

ge- beornan, to be burned: pret.
gebarn, 2698.

beorn-cyning, st. m., king of -war
riors, king of heroes : nom. sg. (as
voc.), 2149.

beodan, st. v. : i) to announce, to
inform, to make known : inf. bi6-

dan, 2893. — 2) to offer, to proffer
(as the notifying of a transaction
in direct reference to the person
concerned in it) : pret. pi. him
geHngo budon, offered them an
agreement, 1086 ; pret. part. HI
was aeht boden Sweona leodum,
then was pursuit offered the Swed
ish people, 2958; inf. ic Hun godan
sceal mdSmas beodan, I shall offer
the excellent man treasures, 385.

&-be6dan,to present, to announce :
pret. word inne Sbead, made known
the words within, 390 ; to offer, to
tender, to wish : pret. him hsel
ibead, wished him health (greeted
him), 654. Similarly, haelo Sbead,
2419 ; eoton weard dbead, offered
the giant a watcher, 669.

be-be6dan,/0 command, to order :
pret. swi him se hearda behead, as
the strong man commanded them,
401. Similarly, swi se rica be-
bead, 1976.

ge-be6dan: i) to command, to
order : inf. hSt J>i gebeodan byre
WihstSnes hale'o'a monegum, )>at
hie . . ., the son of Wihstan caused
orders to be given to many of the
men . , ., 3111. — 2) to offer: him
Hygd gebead hord and rice, of
fered him the treasure and the
chief power, 2370 ; inf. gu$e ge-
beodan, to offer battle, 604.

be6d-gene&t, st. m., table-compan
ion: nom. and ace. pi. geneitas,

343. I7H.

boon, verb, to be, generally in the
future sense, will be: pres. sg. I.
guflgeweorca ic be6 gearo sona,
/ shall immediately be ready for
warlike deeds, 1826; sg. III. wi
bi 5 J>am )>e sceal . . ., woe to him
who . . . ! 183; so, 186; gifefle
bW is given, 299 ; ne bl5 >e wilna

GLOSSAEY.

129

g&d (no wish will be denied thee},
66 1; \>xt )>e bl5 manna J>earf, if
thou shalt need the warriors, 1836 ;
ne bi"$ swylc cwenlic f>eaw, is not
becoming, Jwnorable to a woman,
1941 ; eft sona br5, will happen
directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.;
pi. }>onne bio'S brocene, then are
broken, 2064 ; feor cy^Se beoft
selran gesohte J>am J>e . . ., " terrae
longinquae meliores sunt visitatu
eiqui . . ." (Grein), 1839; imp. beo
(bio) }>u on ofeste, hasten ! 386,
2748 ; beo wi'5 Geatas glad, be
graAous to the Gedtas, 1 1 74.

beor, st. n., beer : dat. sg. at beore,
at beer-drinking, 2042 ; instr. sg.
beore druncen, 531; bedre drunc-
ne, 480.

beor-scealc, st. m., keeper of the
beer, cup-bearer: gen. pi. beor-
scealca sum (one of Hroftgir's fol
lowers, because they served the
Geatas at meals), 1241.

beor-sele, st. m., beer-hall, hall in
which beer is drunk : dat. sg. in
(on) beorsele, 482, 492, 1095 '•>
biorsele, 2636.

be6r-)»egu, st. f., beer-drinking,
beer-banquet : dat. sg. after beor-
)>ege, 117; at J>asre beor^ege, 618.

beot, st. n., promise, binding agree
ment to something that is to be
undertaken : ace. sg. he beot ne
S16h, did not break his pledge, 80 ;
beot eal . . . gelseste, performed all
that he had pledged himself to, 523.

ge-beotian, w. v., to pledge one's
self to an undertaking, to bind
one's self: pret. gebeotedon, 480,
536.

beot-^ord, st. n., same as be6t :
dat. pi. be6t-wordum sprac, 2511.

biddan, st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray:
pres. sg. I. doft sw& ic bidde ! 1232;

inf. (w. ace. of the pers. and gen.
of the thing asked for) ic J>e bid-
dan wille £nre bene, beg thee for
one, 427; pret. swS he selfa bad,
as he himself had requested, 29 ;
bad hine bliSne (supply wesan) at
J^ere beor>ege, begged him to be
cheerful at the beer-banquet, 618 ;
ic J>e lange bad J>at J>u . . ., begged
you a long time that you, 1995;
frio'Sowasre bad hl&ford sinne,
begged his lord for protecticn
(ace. of pers. and gen. of thing),
2283 ; bad t>at ge geworhton,
asked that you . . ., 3097; pi. wor-
dum bsedon Hit . . ., 176.
on-bidlan, w. v., to await: inf.
laetaft hilde-bord her onbidian . . .
worda ge}>inges, let the shields
await here the result of the con
ference (lay the shields aside here),

397-

bil,st. n. sword: nom. sg. bil, 1568;
bill, 2778 ; ace. sg. bil, 1558 ;
instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes,
2061, etc. ; instr. pi. billum, 40 ;
gen. pi. billa, 583, 1145. — Comp. :
gut?-, hilde-, wig-bil.

bindan, st. v., to bind, to tie : pret.
part. ace. sg. wudu bundenne, the
bound wood, i.e. the built ship, 216;
bunden golde swurd, a sword bound
with gold, i.e. either having its hilt
inlaid with gold, or having gold
chains upon the hilt (swords of
both kinds have been found),
1901 ; nom. sg. heoru bunden,
1286, has probably a similar mean
ing.

ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. J^er
ic fife geband, where I had bound
five(T), 420 ; pret. part, cyninges
t>egn word o'Ser fand sBfte gebun-
den, the king's man found (after
many had already praised Bedwulf 's

1 :*»)

GLOSSARY.

deed) other words (also referring
to Be6wulf, but in connection with
Sigemund) rightly bound together,
i.e. in good alliterative verses, as
are becoming to a gid, 872; wun-
denmael wrattum gebunden, sword
bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid,
I 5 32 ; bisgum gebunden, bound
together by sorrow, 1744; gomel
guSwlga eldo gebunden, hoary
hero bound by old age (fettered,
oppressed), 2112.

on-bindan,/c unbind, to untie, to
loose : pret. onband, 501.

ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which
binds, fetters : in comp. is-gebind.

bite, st. m., bite, figuratively of the
cut of the sword: ace. sg. bite
irena, the swords' bite, 2260; dat.
sg. after billes bite, 2061. — Comp.
liS-bite.

biter (primary meaning that of bit
ing), adj.: l) sharp, cutting, cut
ting in : ace. sg. biter (of a short
sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran
strale, 1747; instr. pi. biteran bi-
num, with sharp teeth, 2693. —
2) irritated, furious : nom. pi.
bitere, 1432.

bitre, adv., bitterly (in a moral
sense), 2332.

bi, big (fuller form of the prep, be,
which see), prep. w. dat. : i) near,
at, on, about, by (as under be,
No. l) : bi ssem twe6num, in tiie
circuit of both seas, 1957; iris bi
ronde, raised himself up by the
shield, 2539; bi wealle gesat, sat by
the wall, 2718. With a freer posi
tion: him big stodan bunan and
orcas, round about him, 3048. —
2) to, towards (motion) : hwearf
hi bl bence, turned then towards
the bench, 1189; ge6ng bi sesse,
went to the seat, 2757.

b!d (see bfdan), st. n., tarrying,
hesitation: Jwer wearS OngenHo"
on bid wrecen, forced to tarry,
2963.

bidan, st. v. : I ) to delay, to stay, to
remain, to wait : Inf. n3 on wealle
leng bidan wolde, would not stay
longer within the wall (the drake),
2309; pret. in hystrum bid, re
mained in darkness, 87 ; flota stille
bid, the craft lay still, 301 ; rece-
da . . . on J>am se rica bid, where
the mighty one dwelt, 310; \>xt
se snottra bad, where the wise man
(Hro"Sgir) waited, 1314; die on
searwum bid, he (Be6wulf) stood
there armed, 2569; ic on earde bid
maelgesceafta, lived upon the pater
nal ground the time appointed me
by fate, 2737; pret. pi. sume J»aer
bidon,sorne remained, waitedthere,
400. — 2) to await, to wait for,
with the gen. of that which is
awaited : inf. bidan woldon Gren-
dles gu'Se, wished to await the com
bat with Grendel, to undertake it,
482; similarly, 528; wiges bidan,
await the combat, 1269; nalasand-
sware bidan wolde, would await
no atwver, 1495 ; pret. bad beadwa
gebinges, awaited the event of the
battle, 710; saegenga bad igend-
frean, the sea-goer (boat) awaited
its owner, 1883; sele . . . heafto-
wylma bid, litSan liges (the poet
probably means to indicate by
these words that the hall Heorot
was destroyed later in a fight by
fire ; an occurrence, indeed, about
which we know nothing, but which
1165 and 1 1 66, and again 2068 ff.
seem to indicate), 82.

i- bidan, to await, with the gen.:
inf., 978.

ge-bldan: l) to tarry, to wait;

GLOSSAKY.

131

imp. gebide ge on beorge, wait ye
on the mountain, 2530; pret. part.
)>eah I'e wintra lyt under burhlocan
gebiden habbe Hare'Ses dohtor,
although H?s daughter had divelt
only a few years in the castle,
1929. — 2) to live through, to
experience, to expect (w. ace.) :
inf. sceal endedag minne gebidan,
shall live my last day, 639 ; ne
vvende . . . bote gebidan, did not
hope . . . to live to see reparation,
935 ; fela sceal gebidan leofes and
IdSes, experience much good and
much affliction, 1061; ende gebi
dan, 1387, 2343; pret. he J>as frofre
gebad, received consolation (com
pensation) therefor, 7; gebad win
tra worn, lived a great number of
years, 264; in a similar construc
tion, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117.
With gen. : inf. to gebidanne 6i5res
yrfeweardes, to await another heir,
2453. With depend, clause : inf.
to gebidanne J?at his byre ride on
galgan, to live to see it, that his son
hang upon the galloivs, 2446; pret.
dream-leas gebM |>at he . . ., joy
less he experienced it, that he . . .,
1721; }>as J>e ic on aldre gebad b&t
'ic . . ., for this, that /, in my old
age, lived to see that . . ., 1 780.
on-bldan, to wait, to await : pret.
hordweard onbad earfoiSlice 6ft bat
refen cwom, scarcely waited, could
scarcely delay till it was evening,

2303-

bit an, st. v., to bite, of the cutting of
swords: inf. bitan, 1455, 1524;
pret. bat banlocan, bit into his body
(Grendel), 743; bat unswi'Sor, cut
with less force (BeowulPs sword),

2579.

blanca, w. m., properly that which
shines, here of the horse, not so

much of the white horse as the
dappled: dat. pi. on blancum, 857.

ge -bland, ge -blond, st. n., mix
ture, heaving mass, a turning. —
Comp. : sund-, y~5-geblond, wind-
blond.

blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj .,
mixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray-
headed, as epithet of an old man ;
nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792 ; blon-
denfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blonden-
feaxum, 1874; nom. pi. blonden-
feaxe, 1595.

blac, adj., dark, black : nom. sg
hrefn blaca, 1802.

blac, adj.: i) gleaming, shining:
ace. sg. blacne leoman, a brilliant
gleam, 1518. — 2) of the white
death-color, pale ; in comp. heoro-
blac.

blaed, st. m. : i ) strength,force, vigor:
nom. sg. was hira bked scacen (of
both tribes), strength was gone, i.e.
the bravest of both tribes lay slain,
1125; nu is Hnes magnes blaed
dne hwile, now the fulness of thy
strength lasts for a time, 1 762. —
2) reputation, renown, knowledge
(with stress upon the idea of filling
up, spreading out) : nom. sg. bleed,
1 8; (Mn) blaed is araered, thy re
nown is spread abroad, 1 704.

blaed-iigend, pt., having renown^
renowned : nom. pi. bbed-figende,
1014.

blaed-fast, adj.,y?r;« in renown, re
nowned, known afar : ace. sg.
blaedfastne beorn (of Aschere, with
reference to 1329), 1300.

ble&t, adj., miserable, helpless ; only
in comp. wal-bleat.

bleate, adv., miserably, helplessly,
2825.

blican, st. v., shine, gleam : inf., 222,
, adj. : i) blithe, joyous, liappy ,

132

GLOSSARY.

tec. sg. bll'Sne, 618. — 2) gracious,
pleasing: nom. sg. bllfle, 436. —
Comp. un-blifle.

blfV-heort, adj., joyous in heart,
happy : nom. sg., 1 803.

blOd, st. n., blood: nom. sg., 1122;
ace. sg., 743; dat. sg. blSde, 848;
after tleorum men him langa'5 beorn
wi« blode, /^^(HrSSgir) longs
for the beloved man contrary to
blood, i.e. he loves him although he
is not related to him by blood,
1881 ; dat. as instr. blode, 486, 935,

I595» etc-

blO<l-fag, adj., spotted with blood,
bloody, 2061.

blQdtg, adj., bloody : ace. sg. f. blod-
ge, 991 ; ace. sg. n. blodig, 448;
instr. sg. blfidigan g&re, 2441.

ge-blOdian, w. v., to make bloody,
to sprinkle with blood : pret. part,
ge-blodegod, 2693.

blodlg-tutf, adj., with bloody teeth :
nom. sg. bona blBdig-tofl (of Gren-
del, because he bites his victims to
death), 2003.

blOd-re6w, adj ., bloodthirsty, bloody-
minded: nom. sg. him on ferh'Se
gre6w breost-hord blod-re6w, in
his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty
feeling, 1720.

be -bod, st. n., command, order ; in
comp. wundor-bebod.

bodian, w. v., (to be a messenger),
to announce, to make known : pret.
hrefn blaca heofones wynne bli'S-
heort bodode, the black raven an
nounced joyfully heaven's delight
(the rising sun), 1803.

boga, w. m., bow, of the bended
form; here of the dragon, in comp.
hring-boga; as an instrument for
shooting, in the comp. flin-, horn-
boga; bow of the arch, in comp.
stin-boga.

bolca, w. m., " forus navis " (Grein),
gangway; here probably the planks
which at landing are laid from the
ship to the shore: ace. sg. ofer
bolcan, 231.

bold, st. n., building, house, edifice :
nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hyge-
ISc's residence), 1926; (Be6wulfs
residence), 2197, 2327. — Comp.
fold-bold.

bold-agend, pt., house-owner, prop
erty-holder : gen. pi. monegum
bolda"gendra, 3113.

bolgen-m6d, adj., angry at heart,
angry, 710, 1714.

bolster, st. m., bolster, cushion, pil
low : dat. pi. (reced) geond-brae-
ded wear1? beddum and bolstrum,
was covered with beds and bolsters,
1241. — Comp. hle6r-bolster.

bon-. See ban-.

bora, w. m., carrier, bringer, leader:
in the comp. mund-, raed-,waeg-bora.

bord, st. n., shield : nom. sg., 2674;
ace. sg., 2525 ; gen. pi. ofer borda
gebrac, over the crashing of the
shields, 2260. — Comp. : hilde-,
wig-bord.

bord-habbend, pt., one having a
shield, shield-bearer : nom. pi. hab-
bende, 2896.

borrt-hrcoUa, w. m., shield-cover,
shield with particular reference to
its cover (of hides or linden bark) :
dat. sg. -hreoSan, 2204.

bord-rand, st. m., shield: ace. sg.,
2560.

bord-weall, st. m., shield-wall, wall
of shields : ace. sg., 2981.

bord-wudu, st. m., shield-wood^
shield: ace. pi. beorhtan beord-
wudu, 1244.

botm, st. m., bottom : dat. sg. t3
botme (hereof the bottom of the
fen-lake), 1507.

GLOSSARY.

133

b6t (emendation, cf. be" tan), st. f. : l)
relief, remedy: nom. sg., 281 ; ace.
sg. bote, 935 ; dat. sg. bote, 910. —
2) a performance in expiation, a
giving satisfaction, tribute : gen.
sg. bote, 158.

brand, brond, st. in. : i) burning,
fire : nom. sg. }>& sceal brond fre-
tan (the burning of the body*}, 3015;
instr. sg. hy hine ne moston . . .
bronde forbarnan (could not be
stow upon him the solemn burning),
2127; ha'fde landwara lige befan-
gen, ba?le and bronde, with glow,
fire, and flame, 2323. — 2) in the
passage, J>at hine no brond ne bea-
dome"cas bitan ne meahton, 1455,
brond has been translated sword,
brand (after the O.N. brand-r).
The meaning fire may be justified
as well, if we consider that the old
helmets were generally made of
leather, and only the principal
parts were mounted with bronze.
The poet wishes here to emphasize
the fact that the helmet was made
entirely of metal, a thing which was
very unusual. — 3) in the passage,
forgeaf J?a Beowulfe brand Healf-
denes segen gyldenne, 1021, our
text, with other editions, has emen
dated, beam, since brand, if it
be intended as a designation of
Hroftgir (perhaps son}, has not
up to this time been found in this
sense in A.-S.

brant, bront, adj., raging, foaming,
going high, of ships and of waves :
ace. sg. brontne, 238, 568.

brad, adj. : i) extended, wide : nom.
pi. brade rice, 2208. — 2) broad:
nom. sg. heah and brM (of Beo
wulf's grave-mound), 3159; ace.
sg. bradne me"ce, 2979; (seax)
brid [and] brunecg, the broad,

short sword -with bronze edge, 1547.

— 3) massive, in abundance ; ace.
sg. brSd gold, 3106.

ge-brac, st. n., noise, crash: ace.
sg. borda gebrac, 2260.

geond-braedan, w. v., to spread
over, to cover entirely : pret. part,
geond-bneded, 1240.

brecan, st. v. : i) to break, to break
to pieces: pret. b&nhringas brae,
(the sword) broke the joints, 1568.
In a moral sense : pret. subj. J>at
}>aer senig mon wsere ne brsece, that
no one should break the agreement,
nor; pret. part. J>onne bio'S bro-
cene . . . a"S-sweord eorla, then are
the oaths of the men broken, 2064.

— 2) probably also simply to break
in upon something, to press upon,
w. ace. : pret. sg. saede6r monig
hildetuxum heresyrcan brae, many
a sea-animal pressed with his bat
tle-teeth upon the shirt oj 'mail (did
not break it, for, according to 1549
f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed).
1512. — 3) to break out, to spring
out : inf. geseah . . . stream ut bre
can of beorge, saw a stream break
out from the rocks, 2547 ; le'tdse
hearda Higelices begn br&dne
mece . . . brecan ofer bordweal,
caused the broadsword to spring out
over the wall of shields, 2981. —
4) figuratively, to vex, not to let
rest: pret. hine fyrwyt brae, curi
osity tormented (N.H.G. brachte
die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.

ge-brecan,/0 break to pieces : pret.

b&nhus gebrac, broke in pieces his

body (Beowulf in combat with

Daghrefn), 2509.
to-brecan,A? break in pieces : inf.,

781 ; pret. part, to-brocen, 998.
J>urh-brecan, to break through.

pret. wordes ord bre6sthord t>urh«

134

GLOSSARY.

br&c, the word's point broke through
hit closed breast, i.e. a word burst
out from his breast, 2793.

brecff, st. f., condition of being brok
en, breach : nom. pi. modes brecfta
{sorrow of heart), 171.

ft-bredwian, w. v. w. ace., to fell
to the ground, to £///(?): pret.
abredwade, 2620.

bregdan, st. v., properly to swing
round, hence: i) to fiving: inf.
undersceadu bregdan, swing among
the shadows, to send into the realm
of shado-MS, 708; pret. bragd ealde
lafe, nvung the old weapon, 796;
brSgd feorh-genifilan, s"wung his
mortal enemy (Grendel's mother),
threw her down, 1541; pi. git
eagorstream . . . mundum brugdon,
stirred the sea with your hands (of
the movement of the hands in swim
ming), 514; pret. part, broden
(brogden) mnel, the drawn sword,
1617, 1668. — 2) to knit, to knot,
to plait: inf., figuratively, inwitnet
8<$rum bregdan, to weave a way
laying net for another (as we say
in the same way, to lay a trap for
another, to dig a pit for another),
2l68; pret. part, beadohragl bro
den, a woven shirt of mail (because
it consisted of metal rings joined
together), 522; similarly, 1549;
brogdne beadusercean, 2756.

A-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond
up &-brad, swung, raised his hand,
2576.

ge-bregdan: i) swing: pret. hring-
mael gebragd, s-^ung the ringed
sword, 1565; eald sweord eacen
... hat ic }>$ wxpne gebrad, an old
heavy sword that I swung as my
•weapon, 1665; with interchanging
instr. and ace. walseaxe gebrad,
biter and bcadu-scearp, 2704; also,

to draw out of the sheath : sweord
XT gebrad, had drawn the sword
before, 2563. — 2) to knit, to knot,
to plait : pret. part, here-byrne
hondum gebroden, 1444.

on-bregdan, to tear open, to throw
open : pret. onbrad )>a recedes
muSan, had then thrown open the
entrance of the hall (onbregdan is
used because the opening door
swings upon its hinges), 724.

brego, st. m.,prince, ruler : nom. sg.
427, 610.

brego-rdf, adj., poiverful, like a
ruler, of heroic strength : nom. sg.
m., 1926.

brego-stOl, st. m., throne, figura
tively for rule: ace. sg. him ge-
sealde seofon )>usendo, bold and
brego-stol^az'/////;; seven thousand
(see under see at), a country-
seat, and the dignity of a prince,
2197; her him Hygd gebead . . .
brego-stol, where //. offered him
the chief power, 237 1 ; le"t )>one
bregostol Beowulf healdan, gave
over to Bedwulf the chief power
(did not prevent Beowulf from
entering upon the government),
2390.

breine, adj., known afar, ren
nom. sg., 1 8.

brentlng (see brant), st. m., ship,
craft : nom. pi. brentingas, 2808.

a-broatan, st. v., to break, to break
in pieces, to kill : pret. Sbre6t brim-
wisan, killed the sea-king (King
Hoefcyn), 2931. See breotan.

bre6st, st. n. : i) breast: nom. sg.,
2177 ; often used in the pi., so ace
hat mine bre6st wereS, which pro
tects my breast, 453; dat. pi. bea
dohragl broden on breostum lag.
552. — 2) the inmost thoughts, tht
mind, the heart, the bosom ; nom.

GLOSSARY.

135

sg. breost innan vveoll beostrum ge-
boncum, his breast heaved with
troubled thoughts, 2332; dat. pi.
le"t ba of breostum word ut faran,
caused the words to come out from
his bosom, 2551.

breost-gehygd, st. n. f., breast-
thought, secret thought: instr. pi.
-gehygdum, 2819.

breost-gewaedu, st. n. pi., breast-
clothing, garment covering the
breast, of the coat of mail: nom.,
1212; ace., 2163.

breost-hord, st. m., breast-hoard,
that which is locked in the breast,
heart, mind, thought, soul: nom.
sg., 1720; ace. sg., 2793.

breost-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt
of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom.
sg. breost-net broden, 1549.

breost-weorffung, st. f., ornament
that is worn upon the breast : ace.
sg. breost-weor'Sunge, 2505 : here
the collar is meant which Beowulf
receives from Wealh}>e6w (1196,
2174) as a present, and which B.,
according to 2173, presents to
Hygd, while, according to 1 203, it
is in the possession of her husband
Hygelac. In front the collar is
trimmed with ornaments (fratwe),
which hang down upon the breast,
hence the name breost-weotSung.

breost- wylm, st. m., heaving of the
breast, emotion of the bosom : ace.
sg., 1878.

bre6tan, st. v., to break, to break in
pieces, to kill : pret. breat be6dge-
neatas, killed his table-companions
(courtiers), 1714.

a-breotan, same as above: pret.
t>one be heo on raste abreat, whom
she killed upon his couch, 1299;
pret. part. b& bat monige gewearft,
)>at hine seo brimwylf abroten haf-

de, many believed that the sea-wolj
(Grendel's mother) had killed him,
1600; hi hyne . . . dbroten hafdon,
had killed him (the dragon), 2708.

brim, st. n., flood, the sea : nom. sg.,
848, 1595; gen. sg. to brimes fa-
rofte, to the sea, 28; at brimes no-
san, at the sea's promontory, 2804 ;
nom. pi. brimu swaftredon, the
waves subsided, 570.

brlm-clif, st. n., sea-cliff, cliff washed
by the sea : ace. pi. -clifu, 222.

brim-lad, st. f., flood-way, sea-way :
ace. sg. bara be mid Beowulfe brim-
13.de teah, who had travelled the
sea-way with B., 1052.

brim-liffend, pt., sea-farer, sailor :
ace. pi. -li'Sende, 568.

brim-stre&m, st. m., sea-stream, the
flood of the sea : ace. pi. ofer brim-
strearnas, 1911.

brim-wisa, w. m., sea-king : ace. sg.
brimwisan, of Hseftcyn, king of the
Geatas, 2931.

brim-wylf, st. f., sea-wolf (designa
tion of Grendel's mother) : nom.
sg. se6 brimwylf, 1507, 1600.

brlm-wylm, st. m., sea-wave : nom.

sg-, 1495-

bringan, anom. v., to bring, to bear :
prs. sg. I. ic be busenda begna
bringe to helpe,£rz«^ to your assist
ance a thousand warriors, 1830;
inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heaftubrin-
gan l&c and luMcen, shall bring
gifts and love-tokens over the high
sea, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505;
pret. pi. we b&s ssel&c . . . brohton,
brought this sea-offering (Grendel's
head), 1654.

ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj.
pi. bat we bone gebringan ... on
idfare, that we bring him upon the
funeral-pile, 3010.

brosnian, w. v., to crumble, to be~

136

GLOSSARY.

come rotten, to fall to pieces : prs.
sg. III. herepAd . . . brosnaS after
beorne, M* coat of mail falls to pieces
after (the death of) (At Aero, 2261.

brOffor, st. m., brother: nom. sg.,
1325, 2441 ; dat. sg. brfiSer, 1263;
gen. sg. his bro&'or beam, 2620;
dat. pi. brStSrum, 588, 1075.

g e • b r 6 $ r u , pi., brethren, brothers :
dat. pi. s&t be Jwem gebroSrum
t \\.ini, sat by the two brothers, 1 192.

brdga, w. m., terror, horror : nom.
sg., 1 292, 2325, 2566; ace. sg. billa
brogan, 583. — Comp. : gryre-,
here-brSga.

briican, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make
use of : prs. sg. III. se he longe her
worolde bruce'S, who here long
makes use of the world, i.e. lives
long, 1063; imp. bruc manigra
me'da, make use of many rewards,
give good rewards, 1 1 79 ; to enjoy :
inf. >at he beahhordes brucan mos-
te, could enjoy the ring-hoard, 895;
similarly, 2242, 3101 ; pret. breac
llfgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed
life, lived the appointed time, 1954.
With the genitive to be supplied :
breac honne moste, 1488; imp.
bruc }>isses beages, enjoy this ring,
take this ring, 1217. Upon this
meaning depends the form of the
wish, wel brucan (compare the
German geniesze froh!): inf. hit
hine wel brucan, 1046 ; he"t hine
brucan well, 2813; imp. bruc ealles
well, 2163.

brun, adj., having a metallic lustre,

brun-eeg, adj., having a gleaming
blade : ace. sg. n. (hyre seax) brad
[and] brunecg, her broad sword
with gleaming blade, 1547.

brfin-fag, adj., gleaming like metal:
»cc. sg. brftnfagne helm, 2616.

bryne-le6ma, w. m., light of a con
flagration, gleam of fire : nom. sg.,

2314-

bryne-wylm, st. m., wave of fire :
dat. pi. -wylmum, 2327.

brytnlan (properly to break in small
pieces, cf. bredtan), w. v., to bestow,
to distribute : pret. sine brytnade,
distributedprcsents,\A. ruled (since
the giving of gifts belongs espe
cially to rulers), 2384.

brytta, w. m., giver, distributer,
always designating the king : nom.
sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072;
ace. sg. beaga bryttan, 35, 352,
1488; sinces bryttan, 1923.

bryttian (to be a dispenser), w. v.,
to distribute, to confer : prs. sg. III.
god manna cynne snyttru brytta'S,
bestows wisdom upon the human
race, 1727.

bryd, st. f . : i) wife, consort: ace.
sg. bryd, 2931 ; bryde, 2957, both
times of the consort of Ongen-
be6w(?). — 2) betrothed, bride:
nom. sg., of Hroflgar's daughter,
Freaware, 2032.

bryd-bur, st. n., woman's apart
ment : dat. sg. code . . . cyning
of brydbure, the king came out of
the apartment of his wife (into
which, according to 666, he had
gone), 992.

bunden-stefna, w. m., (that which
has a bound stem), the framed
ship: nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., can or cup, drinking-
vessel : nom. pi. bunan, 3048 ; ace.
pi. bunan, 2776.

burb, burg, st. f., castle, city, forti
fied house : acc.sg. burh, 523; dat.
sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pi. burgum,
53, 1969, 2434. — Comp.: fre6-,
freoSo-, hea-, hied-, hord-, Ie6d-,
mseg-burg.

GLOSSARY.

137

burh-looa, w. m., castle-bars : dat.
sg. under burh-locan, under the
castle-bars, i.e. in the castle (Hy-
gelac's), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place
•where the castle or city stands : ace.
sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., riches, treasure
of a castle or city : gen. sg. J>enden
he burh-welan brucan moste, 3101.

burne, w. f., spring, fountain : gen.
t>sere burnan walm, the bubbling of
of the spring, 2547.

buan, st. v. : i) to stay, to remain,
to dwell: inf. gif he waccende
weard onfunde on beorge, if he had
found the watchman watching on
the mountain, 2843. — 2) t° in~
habit, w. ace. : meduseld buan, to
inhabit the mead-house, 3066.

g e - b u a n , w. ace., to occupy a house,
to take possession : pret. part, hean
huses, hu hit Hring Dene after
beorj>ege gebun hafdon, how the
Danes, after their beer-carouse, had
occupied it (had made their beds
in it), 117. — With the pres. part,
buend are the compounds ceaster-,
fold-, grund-, lond-buend.

bugan, st. v., to bend, to bow, to sink ;
to turn, to flee : prs. sg. III. bon-gSr
buge^, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its
deadly point is turned down, it
rests, 2032; inf. Hit se byrnwiga
bfigan sceolde, that the armed hero
had to sink down (having re
ceived a deadly blow), 2919; sim
ilarly, 2975; pret. sg. beah eft
under eorftweall, turned, fled again
behind the earth-wall, 2957; pret.
pi. bugon to bence, turned to the
bench, 327, 1014; hy on holt bu-
gon,fled to the wood, 2599.

ft-bftgan,/^ bend off, to curve away
from : pret. fram sylle Sbeag me-

dubenc monig, from the threshold
curved away many a mead-bench,
776.

be-bugan, w. ace., to surround, to
encircle : prs. swa (which) water
bebugeS, 93; efne swa" side swd
sas bebuge'S windige weallas, as far
as the sea encircles windy shores,
1224.

ge-bugan, to bend, to bow, to sink .'
a) intrans. : heo on flet gebeah,
sank on the floor, 1541 ; J?d gebeah
cyning, then sank the king, 2981 ;
]>&. se wyrm gebeah snude tosomne
(when the drake at once coiled it
self up}, 2568; gew&t }>& gebogen
scridan to, advanced with curved
body (the drake), 2570. — b) w. ace.
of the thing to which one bends or
sinks : pret. selereste gebeah, sank
upon the couch in the hall, 691;
similarly gebeag, 1242.

bur, st. n., apartment, room : dat.
sg. bure, 1311, 2456; dat. pi. bu-
rum, 140. — Comp. bryd-bur.

butiiii, buton (from be and utan,
hence in its meaning referring to
what is without, excluded) : l) conj.
with subjunctive following, lest :
bfttan his lie swlce, lest his body
escape, 967. With ind. follow
ing, but: buton hit was mare
>onne senig mon o'Ser to beadu-
ISce atberan meahte, but it (the
sword) was greater than any
other man could have carried to
battle, 1561. After a preceding
negative verb, except : J>ira }>e gu-
mena beam gearwe ne wiston bu
ton Fitela mid hine, which the
children of men did not know at
all, except Fitela, who was with
him, 880; ne nom he ma"Sm-aehta
ma" buton J>one hafelan, etc., he took
no more of the rich treasure than

138

GLOSSARY.

the head alone, 1615. — 2) prep
with dat., except : buton folcscare,
73; bQton >e, 658; ealle buton
&num, 706.

bycgan, w. v., to buy, to pay : inf.
IH- was )>at gewrixle til |>at hie on
bd healfa bicgan scoldon freonda
feorum, that was no good transac
tion, that they, on both sides (as
well to Grendel as to his mother),
had to pay -with the lives of their
friends, 1306.

be-bycgan, to sell : pret. nu ic on
maiNma hord mine bebohte frode
feorhlege (now I, for the treasure-
hoard, gave up my old life}, 2800.

ge-bycgan, to buy, to acquire; to
pay : pret. w. ace. no \>xt senige
. . . fro fre gebohte, obtained no sort
of help, consolation, 974; hit (his,
MS.) ealdre gebohte, paid it with
his life, 2482; pret. part, sylfes
feore beagas [geboh]te, bought
rings with his own life, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (to make beald, which
see), to excite, to encourage to brave
deeds : inf. w. ace. swa" he Fresna
cyn on be6rsele byldan wolde (by
distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., " fatum destinatum "
(Grein) ( ?) : ace. sg. hie on gebyrd
hruron gare wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in com
pound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrfld, st. n., shield-orna
ment, design upon a shield(1):
nora. sg., 2661.

byre, st. m., (born) son : nom. sg.,
2054, 2446, 2622, etc. ; nom. pi.
byre, 1189. In a broader sense,
young man, youth : ace. pi. baedde
byre geonge, encouraged the youths
(at the banquet), 2019.

byrffen, st. f., burden ; in comp.
magen-byro'en.

byrele, st. m., steward, waiter, cup
bearer : nom. pi. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., to feast, to eat : inf.,
448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in
comp. Ie6d-gebyrgea.

byrht. See beorht.

byrne, w. f ., shirt of mail, mail :
nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.;
hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consist
ing of interlaced rings, 1246; ace.
sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; side byr-
nan, large coat of mail, 1292;
hringde byrnan, 2616; hire byr
nan, gray coat of mail (of iron) ,
2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705;
gen. sg. byrnan hring, the ring of
the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of
mail), 2261; dat. pi. byrnum, 40,
238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with
gleaming mail, 3141. — Comp. :
gu5-, here-, hea'So-, iren-, Isern-
byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wfga, w. m., warrior dressed
in a coat of mail: nom. sg.,
2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., trouble, diffi
culty, opposition : nom. sg. bisigu,
281; dat. pi. bisgum, 1744, bysi-
gum, 2581.

adj., opposed, in need, in the
compounds lif-bysig, syn-bysig.

byme, w. f., a wind-instrument, a
trumpet, a trombone : gen. sg.
byman gealdor, the. sound of the
trumpet, 2944.

bywan, w. v., to ornament, to pre
pare : inf. J>& }>e beado-griman
byVan sceoldon, who should pre
pare the helmets, 2258.

GLOSSARY.

139

O

camp, st. m., combat, fight between
two : dat. sg. in campe (Beowulf's
with Daghrefn ; cempan, MS.),
2506.

candel, st. f., light, candle : nom.
sg. rodores candel, of the sun,
1573. — Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., fighter, warrior,
hero : nom. sg. aSele cempa, 1313;
Geata cempa, 1552; rSSe cempa,
1586; mcere cempa (as voc.),
1 762 ; gyrded cempa, 2079 ; dat.
sg. geongum (geongan) cempan,
1949, 2045, 2627; Huga cempan,
2503 ; ace. pi. cempan, 206. —
Comp. fefte-cempa.

cennaii, w. v. : i) to bear, w. ace.: efne
s\va hwylc magba swa" K>ne rnagan
cende, who bore the son, 944; pret.
part, bam eafera was after cenned,
to hint was a son born, 12. —
2) reflexive, to show one's self, to
reveal one's self : imp. cen }>ec
mid crafte, prove yourself by your
strength, 1220.

S-cennan, to bear : pret. part, no
hie fader cunnon, hwa'Ser him senig
was osr acenned dyrnra g&sta, they
(the people of the country) do not
know his (Grendel's) father, nor
whether any evil spirit has been
before born to him (whether he
has begotten a son), 1357.

cenffu, st. f., boldness : ace. sg.
ce'n'Su, 2697.

cSne, adj., keen, warlike, bold : gen.
pi. ce"nra gehwylcum, 769. Superl.,
ace. pi. cenoste, 206. — Comp. :
died-, gar-cene.

ceald, adj., cold: ace. pi. cealde
streamas, 1262 ; dat. pi. cealdum
cearsi'Sum, with cold, sad journeys,
2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera

cealdost, 546. — Comp. morgen-
ceald.

cearian, w. v., to have care, to take
care, to trouble one's self : prs. sg.
III. ni ymb his lif cearaft, takes
no care for his life, 1537.

cearig, adj., troubled, sad: in comp.
sorh-cearig.

cear-siff, st. m., sorrowful way, an
undertaking that brings sorrow,
i.e. a warlike expedition : dat. pi.
cearsi'Sum (of Beowulf's expedi
tions against Eadgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., care, sorrow, lamenta
tion : nom. sg., 1304; ace. sg.
[ceare], 3173. — Comp.: ealdor-,
gu'8-, m?el-, mod-cearu.

cear-walm, st. m., care-agitation,
waves of sorrow in the breast : dat.
pi. after cear-walmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above :
nom. pi. }>a cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-buend, pt, inhabitant of
a fortified place, inhabitant of a
castle : dat. pi. ceaster-buendum,
of those established in HroSgar's
castle, 769.

ceap, st. m., purchase, transaction :
figuratively, nom. sg. nas }>at y'b'e
ceap, no easy transaction, 2416 ;
instr. sg. J?eah \>e o"5er hit ealdre
gebohte, heardan ceape, although
the one paid it with his life, a dear
purchase, 2483.

ge-ceapian, w. v., to purchase:
pret. part, gold unrime grimme
geceapod, gold ivithout measure,
bitterly purchased (with Beowulf's
life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., to separate, to
cut off (with ace. of the pers. and
instr. of the thing) : pret. hine \>&
heafde becearf, cut off his head,
1592; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., man: nom. sg. snotor

140

GLOSSARY.

ceorl tnonig, many a wise man,
909 ; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, the
old man (of King HrSSel), 2445;
so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongen-
)>e6w, 2973 ; nom. pi. snotere ceor-
las, wist men, 202, 416, 1592.

ce6l, st. m., keel, figuratively for the
ship: nom. sg., 1913; ace. sg.
ce61, 38, 238 ; gen. sg. ce61es,
1807.

ceosan, st. v., to choose, hence, to as
sume : inf. )>oiie cyned3m ci6san
wolde, would assume the royaldigni-
ty, 2377; to seek: pret. subj.aer he
bael cure, before he sought his fu
neral-pile (before he died), 2819.

ge-ce6san, to choose, to elect :
gerund, t8 gece6senne cyning
senigne (sSlran), to choose a better
king, 1852; imp. )>e hat sSlre ge-
ce6s, choose thee the better (of two :
bealonfS and See raedas), 1759;
pret. he usic on herge geceas t&
hyssum siflfate, selected us among
the soldiers for this undertaking,
2639 ; geceas 8cne ned, chose the
everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202;
similarly, godes Ie6ht geceas, 2470;
pret. part. ace. pi. hafde . . . cempan
gecorone, 206.

on- cirran, w. v., to turn, to change :
inf. ne meahte . . . J>as wealdendas
[willan] wiht on-cirran, could not
change the will of the Almighty,
2858; pret. ufor oncirde, turned
higher, 2952 ; J»yder oncirde, turned
thither, 2971.

i - oigan, w. v., to call hither : pret.
Sctgde of corSre cyninges J>egnas
syfone, called from the retinue of
the king seven men, 3122.

clam, c loin, st. m., f. n. ? fetter, figura
tively of a strong gripe: dat. pi.
heardan clammum, 964; heardum
clammum, 1336; atolan clommum

(horrible claws of the mother of
Grendel), 1503.

cllf, cleof, st. n., cliff, promontory :
ace. pi. Geataclifu, 1912. — Comp. :
brim-, fig-, holm-, stin-clif.

ge-cn&wan, st. v., to knou<,to rec
ognize: inf. meant l>u, min wine,
mSce gecniwan, mayst thou, my
friend, recognize the swan/, 2048.

on-cniwan, to recognize, to dis
tinguish: hordweard oncni6w man-
nes reorde, distinguished the speech
of a man, 2555.

ciiiht, st. m., boy, youth: dat. pi.
byssum cnyhtum, to these boys
(Hr88g4r's sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a
boy or a youth : ace. sg. ic hine cufte
cniht-wesende, knew him while
still a boy, 372; nom. pi. wit bat
gecwoedon cniht-wesende, we both
as young men said that, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., to strike, to dash
against each other : pret. pi. J>onne
. . . eoferas cnysedan, when the bold
warriors dashed against each other,
stormed (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferhff, -ferff, adj., (properly,
of siwllen mind), of uncommon
thoughts, in his way of thinking,
standing higher than others, high-
minded : nom. sg. cuma collen-
ferh$, of Beowulf, 1807; collen-
ferS, of WtglaT, 2786.

corffer, st. n., troop, division of an
army, retinue : dat. sg. Hi was . . .
Fin slagen, cyning on corSre, then
was fin slain, the king in the
troop (of warriors), 1154; of cor-
"Sre cyninges, out of the retinue of
the king, 3122.

costinn, w. v., to try : pret. (w. gen.)
he min costode, tried me, 2085.

cOfa, w. m., apartment, sleeping'
room, couch : in comp. bin-c8fa.

GLOSSARY.

141

c61, adj., cool : compar. cearwylmas
colran wurfta'S, the -waves of sorrow
become cooler, i.e. the mind becomes
quiet, 282; him wiflufan . . . colran
weor'Sa'S, his love for his wife cools,
2067.

craft, st. m., the condition of being
able, hence : i) physical strength :
nom. sg. magfta craft, 1284; ace. sg.
magenes craft, 418; t>urh Snes craft,
700; craft and ce'n'Su, 2697; dat.
(instr.) sg. crafte, 983, 1220, 2182,
2361. — 2) art, craft, skill: dat.
sg. as instr. dyrnum crafte, with se-
cret (magic) art,2i6g ; dyrnan craf
te, 2291 ; J>eofes crafte, with thief s
craft, 2221 ; dat. pi. deofles craf-
tum, by devil's art (sorcery), 2089.

— 3) great quantity (T) : ace. sg.
wyrm-horda craft, 2223. — Comp. :
leo^o-, magen-, nearo-, wig-craft.

craftig, adj. : l) strong, stout : nom.
sg. eafoiSes craftig, 1467; nifta
craftig, 1963. Comp. wig-craftig.

— 2) adroit, skilful: in comp.
lagu-craftig. — 3) rich (of .treas
ures) ; in comp. eacen-craftig.

cringan, st. v., to fall in combat, to
fall with the writhing movement
of those mortally wounded : pret.
subj. on wal crunge, would sink
into death, would fall, 636; pret.
pi. for the pluperfect, sume on wale
crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret.
he under rande gecranc,_/W/ under
his shield, 1210; at wige gecrang,
fell in battle, 1338; heo on flet
gecrong, fell to the ground, 1569;
in campe gecrong, fell in single
combat, 2506.

cuma (fie who comes), w. m., new
comer, guest: nom. sg. 1807. —
Comp. : cvvealm-, wil-cuma.

euman, st. v., to come : pres. sg. II.

gyf }>u on weg cymest, ifthou earn
est from there, 1383; III. cymeft,
2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23;
pi. )>onne we ut cymen, when we
come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244,
281, 1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569,
826, 1134, 1507, 1 601, etc.; cwom,
419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwome,
732; pret. part, cumen, 376; pi.
cumene, 361. Often with the inf.
of a verb of motion, as, com gon-
gan, 711; com si'Sian, 721; com
in gin, 1645; cwom gin, 1163;
com scacan, 1803; cwomon Isedan,
239; cwomon secean, 268; cwo-
man scriftan, 651, etc.

be-cuman, to come, to approach, to
arrive : pret. syS'San niht becom,
after the night had come, 115; J>e
on \>& leode becom, that had come
over the people, 192; t>a he to h&rn
becom, 2993. And with inf. fol
lowing: stefn in becom . . . hlyn-
nan under harne stan, 2553; lyt
eft becwom . . . haTnes niosan, 2366 ;
o'S t>at ende becwom, 1255; simi
larly, 2117. With ace. of pers. :
]>S hyne sio brag becwom, when this
time of battle came over htm, 2884.

ofer-cuman,/o overcome, to com
pel: pret. }>y he }>one feond ofer-
cwom, thereby he overcame the foe,
1 274 : pi. hie feond heora . . . ofer-
comon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.)
niiSa ofercumen, compelled by com
bats, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner:
gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506. —
Comp. hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., originating in, descend
ed from : in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres. : i ) to
know, to be acquainted with (w.
ace. or depend, clause) : sg. pres.
I. ic minne can gladne HroSulf

142

GLOSSARY.

bit he . . . wile, / know my gra
cious //., that he will .... Il8i;
II. card git ne const, thou knowest
not yet the land, 1378; III. he J>St
wyrse ne con, knows no worse, 1 740.
And reflexive : con him land geare,
knows the land well, 2063 ; pi. men
ne cunnon hwyder helrunan scrl-
•Safi, men do not know whither . . .,
162; pret. sg. ic hine cuSe, knew
him, 372; cufte he duguft beawe,
knew the customs of the distin
guished courtiers, 359; so with the
ace., 2013; seolfa ne cuSe burh
hwat . . ., he himself did not know
through what . . ., 3068; pi. sorge
ne cuSon, 119; so with the ace.,
180,418, 1234. With both (ace.
and depend, clause) : no hie fader
cunnon (sell, no hie cunnon) hwa-
fter him nenig was aer acenned
dyrnra gista, 1356. — 2) with inf.
following, can, to be able : prs. sg.
him bebeorgan ne con, cannot de
fend himself, 1747; prs. pi. men
ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50;
pret. sg. cu'Se reccan, 90; beorgan
cufte, 1446; pret. pi. hSrian ne
cfrSon , could not pra ise, 182; pret.
subj. healdan cuSe, 2373.

cunniiin, w. v., to inquire into, to
try, w. gen. or ace. : inf. sund cun-
nian (figurative for roam over the
sea~), 1427, 1445; geongne cem-
pan higes cunnian, to try the young
warrior's mind, 2046; pret. card
cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came
to it, 1501; pi. wada cunnedon,
tried the flood, i.e. swam through
the sea, 508.

cuff, adj.: i) kncnvn, well known ;
manifest, certain : nom. sg. un-
dyrne cu$, 150, 410; wide c&S,
2924; ace. sg. fern. cuJSe folme,
1304; cfrSe stnete, 1635; nom.pl.

ecge cuSe, 1146; ace. pi. cuffe
nassas, 1913. — 2) renowned ' : nom.
sg. guSum cu5, 2179; nom. pi.
cystum cu"5e,868. — 3) also, //•/>«</-
ly, dear, good (see un-cflff). —
Comp. : un-, wr5-cuS.

cuff-lice, adv., openly, publicly :
comp. n8 her cuSlicor cuman on-
gunnon lind-habbende, no shield-
bearing men undertook more bold
ly to come hither (the coast-watch
man means by this the secret land
ing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., murder, fall : in comp.
deaiS-cwalu.

cweccan (to make alive, see cwic),
w. v., to move, to swing: pret.
cwehte magen-wudu, swung the
wood of strength (= spear), 235.

cweffan, st. v., to say, to speak : a) ab
solutely : prs. sg. III. cwifi at be6re,
speaks at beer-drinking, 2042. —

b) w. ace. : pret. word after cwaS,
315; fea worda cwaS, 2247, 2663.

— c) with t>at following : pret. sg.
cwa5, 92, 2159; pi. cwaedon, 3182.

— d) with t>at omitted : pret. cwaS
he gu5-cyning sScean wolde, said
he would seek out the war-king,
199; similarly, 1811, 2940.

S-cwe'5an,/'o say, to speak, w. ace. :
prs. |>at word ScwyS, speaks the
word, 2047 ; pret. bat word ScwaS,

655.

ge-cwe'5an,/^jfl>', to speak: a) ab
solutely: pret. sg. II. swa" |-u ge-
cwaede, 2665. — b)w. ace. : pret. wel-
hwylc gecwaft, spoke everything,
875 ; pi. wit bat gecwxdon, 535. —

c) w. bat following : pret. gecwaft,
858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (to make die), to kill,
to murder : pret. sg. II. bu Gren-
del cwealdest, 1335.

4-cwellan, to kill: pret. sg. (he)

GLOSSARY.

143

wyrm acwealde, 887 ; J'one \>e Gren-
del aer mine Scwealde, whom Gr en-
del had before wickedly murdered,
1056; beorn acwealde, 2122.

cwen, st. f . : i) wife, consort (of
noble birth) : nom. sg. cwen, 62;
(Hr8«gar's), 614, 924; (Finn's),
1 1 54. — 2) particularly denoting
the queen : nom. sg. beaghroden
cwe'n (Wealh^eow), 624; mssru
cwen, 2017; fremu folces cwen
(pry'So), 1933; ace. sg. cwSn
(Wealh^eow), 666. — Comp. folc-
cwSn.

cwen-lic, K.&}., feminine, womanly :
nom. sg. ne bi'S swylc cwSnlic
J>ea\v (such is not the custom of
women, does not become a woman) ,
1941.

cwealm, st. m., -violent death, mur
der, destruction : ace. sg. }>one
cwealm gewrac, avenged the death
(of Abel by Cain), 107; msendon
mondrihtnes cwealm, lamented the
ruler's fall, 3150. — Comp. : bealo-,
deaft-, g£r -cwealm.

cwealm-bealn, st. n., the evil of
murder : ace. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., one coming
for murder, a new-comer who con
templates murder: ace. sg. J>one
cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

c\vic and cwico, adj., quick, having
life, alive : ace. sg. cwicne, 793,
2786; gen. sg. aht cwices, some
thing living, 231 5 ; nom. pi. cwice,
98; cwico was \>& gena, was still
alive, 3094.

cwide, st. m., word, speech, saying:
in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleo-, iSor-,
word-cwide.

cwiffan, st. v., to complain, to la
ment : inf. w. ace. ongan . . . gio-
gu'Se cwiftan hilde-strengo, began
to lament the (departed) battle-

strength of his youth, 2113; [ceare]
cwi'San, lament their cares, 3173.

cyme, st. m., coming, arrival : nom.
pi. hwanan eowre cyme syndon,
whence your coming is, i.e. whence
ye are, 257. — Comp. eft-cyme.

cymlice,adv., (convenienter), splen
didly, grandly: comp. cymlicor,

33.

cyn, st. n., race, both in the general
sense, and denoting noble lineage :
nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; We-
dera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461 ; ace. sg.
eotena cyn, 421; giganta cyn,
1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107;
manna cynne, 811,915, 1726; eow-
rum (of those who desert Beowulf
in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg.
manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.;
maeran cynnes, 1730; li^an cynnes,
20x39, 2355; usses cynnes Woeg-
mundinga, 2814; gen. pi. cynna
gehwylcum, 98. — Comp.: eormen-,
feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-
cyn.

Cyn, st. n., that which is suitabtr+r
proper: gen. pi. cynna (of eti
quette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., innate, peculiar,
natural: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-d6m, st. m., kingdom, royal
dignity : ace. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., king: nom. ace. sg.
cyning, u, 864, 921, etc.; kyning,
620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094;
gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen.
pi. kyning[a] wulclor, of God, 666.
— Comp. beorn-, eor5-, folc-, gfrS-,
heah-, leod-, sse-, soS-, J'eod-,
worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., "nobly bold"
(Thorpe), excellently brave (?) :
nom. pi. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., to kiss : pret. ge-
cyste >S cyning . . . >egen betstan,

144

GLOSSARY.

kissed tke best thane (Beowulf),
1871.
cy»t (choosing, see cefoan), st. (.,

tke select, t/ie best of a thing, good
quality, excellence : nom. sg. Iren-
na cyst, of the swords, 803, 1698;
waepna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst,
choice banquet, 1233; ace. sg. Irena
cyst, 674; dat. pi. foldwegas . . .
cystuni cQ5e, known through ex
cellent qualities, 868; (cyning)
cystum gecyfled, 924. — Comp.
gum-, hilde-cyst.

c$ff. See on-o$ ft.

c$ffan (see cflff), w. v., to make
known, to manifest, to show : imp.
sg. magen-ellen c£$, show thy Ae-
roicstrength,66o; inf. cwealmhealu
cy'San, 1941; ellen cySan, 2696.

ge-cy'San(/o make known, hence) :
l)to give information,to announce:
inf. andsware gecy'San, to give an-
siver, 354; gerund, t3 gecylSanne
hwanan e6wre cyme syndon (to
show whence ye comi), 257; pret.
part, so 5 is gecyfted Htt . . . (the truth
has become known, it has shown
itself to be true), 701; Higelice
was si'S Be6wulfes snude gecy«ed,
the arrival of B. was quickly an
nounced, 1972; similarly, 2325. —
2) to make celebrated, in pret. part. :
wis rain fader folcum gecyfted (my
father was renowned in the world),
262 ; was his modsefa manegum
gecy5ed,349; cystumgecy5ed,924.

c^ffffu (properly, condition of being
known, hence relationship), st. f.,
home, country, land: in comp.
feor-cySSu.

ge-cypan, w. v., to purchase : inf.
nas him aenig J>earf J>at he ... )>urfe
wyrsan wlgfrecan weorSe gecypan,
had need to buy with treasures no
inferior warrior, 2497.

n

daroff, st. m., spear : dat. pi. dare*
'Sum lacan (tofighf), 2849.

ge-dal, st. n., parting, separation :
nom. sg. his worulde gedil, his
separation from the world (his
death), 3069. — Comp. ealdor-, lif-

dag, st. m., day : nom. sg. dag, 485,
732,2647; ace. sg. dag, 2400; and-
langne dag, the whole day, 21 1 6;
morgenlongne dag(/fo whole morn
ing), 2895; 83 d3mes dag, till
judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on
)>am dage J>ysses lifes (eo tempore,
tune), 197, 791, 807 ; gen.sg. dages,
1 60 1, 2321 ; hwll dages, a day's
time, a whole day, 1496; dages and
nihtes, day and night, 2270; dages,
by day, 1936; dat. pi. on tyn dagum,
in ten days, 3161. — Comp. aer-,
dea$-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, gear-,
laen-, llf-, swylt-, win-dag, an-
dages.

dag-hwll, st f., day-time : ace. pi.
}>at he daghwila gedrogen hafde
eoriSan wynne, that he had enjoyed
eartKs pleasures during the days
(appointed to him), i.e. that his
life was finished, 2727. — (After
Grein.)

dag-rim, st. n., series of days, fixed
number of days : nom. sg. ddgera
dagrim (number of the days of his
life), 824.

dted, st. f., deed, action : ace. sg.
dedrlice daed, 585 ; domleasan daed,
2891 ; fr&cne daede, 890; daed, 941;
ace. pi. Grendles daeda, 195; gen.
pi. daeda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat.
pl.daedum, 1228, 2437, etc. — Comp.
ellen-, fyren-, lof-daed.

dsed-cene, adj., bold in deed : nom.
sg. daed-cSne mon, 1646.

GLOSSAKY.

145

daed-fruma, vv. m., doer of deeds,
doer : nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

daed-hata, w. m., he -who pursues
•with his deeds : nom. sg., of Gren
del, 275.

daedla, w. m., doer : in comp. m&n-
for-daedla.

dael, st. m., part, portion : ace. sg.
dael, 622, 2246, 3128; ace. pi. das-
las, 1733. — Often dad designates
the portion of a thing or of a qual
ity which belongs in general to an
individual, as, oft t>at him on innan
oferhygda dael weaxeS, till in his
bosom his portion of arrogance in
creases : i.e. whatever arrogance he
has, his arrogance, 1741. Bio-
wulfe wearft dryhtm^Sma dael dea-
fte, forgolden, to Bedwulf his part
of the splendid treasures was paid
•with death, i.e. whatever splendid
treasures were allotted to him,
whatever part of them he could
win in the fight with the dragon,
2844; similarly, 1151,1753,2029,
2069, 3128.

daelan, vv. v., to divide, to bestow, to
share with, w. ace. : pres. sg. III.
midmas daeleft, 1757; pres. subj.
)>at he wi"S aglascean eofo'So daele,
that he bestow his strength upon
(strive with) the bringer of misery
(the drake), 2535 ; inf. hringas
daelan, 1971; pret. beagas daslde,
80; sceattas daelde, 1687.

be-daelan, w. instr., (to divide}, to
tear away from, to strip of: pret.
part, dreamum (dreame) bedaeled,
deprived of the heavenly joys (of
Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-daelan: i) to distribute: inf.
(w. ace. of the thing distributed} ;
)>aer on innan call gedselan geon-
gum and ealdum swylc him god
sealde, distribute therein to young

and old all that God had given him,
71. — 2) to divide, to separate, with
ace. : inf. sundur gedaelan lif wi3
lice, separate life from the body,
2423; so pret. subj. Hit he gedaelde
. . . Snra gehwylces lif wift lice, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis),st. n.,
den, cave: ace. sg. f>as wyrmes
denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) ge-
wit dennes niosian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj. : i) (impersonal) prop
er, appropriate : nom. sg. swa" hit
gedefe was (biS), as was appro
priate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176. —
2) good, kind, friendly ; nom sg.
beo )>u suna minum daedum gedefe,
be friendly, to my son by deeds (sup
port my son in deed, namely, when
he shall have attained to the gov
ernment), 1228. — Comp. un-ge-
defelice.

deman (see d6m), w. v. : i) to
judge, to award justly : pres. subj.
maefSo de"me, 688. — 2) to judge
favorably, to praise, to glorify :
pret. pi. his ellenweorc duguftum
demdon, praised his heroic deed
with all their might, 3176.

demend,y«^<?; daeda dSmend (of
God), 181.

deal, adj., " superbus, clarus, fretus"
(Grimm) : nom. pi. J>ry$um dealle,
494-

dead, adj., dead : nom. sg. 467, 1324,
2373; acc- sg. deadne, 1310.

deaff, st. m., death, dying: nom.sg.
deaS, 441, 447, etc.; acc.sg. deaS,
2169; dat. sg. deaSe, 1389, 1590,
(as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg.
deaSes wylm, 2270; deaSes n^d,
2455. — Comp. gu5-, wal-, wundor-
deaft.

deaff-bed, st. n., death-bed: dat. sg.
deaft-bedde fast, 2902.

dedlff-cwalu, st. f., violent deatht

140

GLOSSARY.

ruin and death : dat. pi. t3 dea5-
cwalum, 1713.

deAff-cweulm, st. m., violent death,
murder : nom. sg. 1671.

deAV-dug, st. m., death-day, dying
day: dat. sg. after dea'5-dage (after
his death), 187,886.

dcaff-ftege, ad)., given over to death:
nom.sg. (Grendel) deaS-faege dedg,
had hiddenhimself, being given over
to death (mortally wounded), 851.

deaff-sctta, w. m., death bringing,
ghostly being, demon of death : nom.
sg. deorc dedfl-scua (of Grendel),
1 60.

deaff-werig, adj., -weakened by death,
i.e. dead: ace. sg. deaS-\vcrigne,
2126. See werig.

deaff-wic, st. a. death's house, home
of death : ace. sg. gewat deaSwic
sedn (had died), 1276.

deagan (O.H.G. pret. part, tougan,
hidden),to conceal one's self, to hide:
pret. (for pluperf.) de6g, 851. —
Leo.

deorc, adj., dark : of the night, nom.
sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat.pl.
deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the
terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc
dea5-scua, 160.

de6fol, st.m.n.,</«77.'gen. sg. de6-
fles, 2089; gen. pi. deofla, of Gren
del and his troop, 757, 168 1.

de6goJ, (lygol, adj., concealed, hid
den, inaccessible, beyond informa
tion, unknown : nom. sg. de6gol
dasdhata (of Grendel), 275; ace.
S8- dygel lond, inaccessible land,
'358.

deop, st. n., deep, abyss : ace. sg., 2550.

d«6p, &&v.,deeply:&cc. sg. dedp wS-
ter, 509, 1905.

d i 6 p e , adj., deep : hit 6« dSmes dag
di6pe benemdon beodnas mrere,
the illustrious rulers had charmed

it deeply till the judgment-day, had
laid a solemn spell upon it, 3070.

de6r, st. n., animal, wild animal :
in comp. mere-, sae-de6r.

de6r, adj.: i) wild, terrible: nom.
sg. di6r djed-fruma (of Grendel),
2091. — 2) bold, brave : nom. nae-
nig . . . de<5r, 1934. — Comp. : hea-
ttu-, hilde-de6r.

de6re, d$re, adj.: i) dear, cosily
(high in price) : ace. sg. dyle Iren,
2051; drincfatd^re (de6re), 2307,
2255; instr. sg. de6ran sweorde,
561; dat.sg. deorummdSme, 1529;
nom. pi. dyre swyrd, 3049; ace.
pi. de6re (dyre) maSmas, 2237,
3132. — 2) dear, beloved, worthy:
nom. sg. f., atJelum di6re, worthy
by reason of origin, 1950; dat.
sg. fifter de<5rum men, 1880; gen.
sg. dedrre dugu^?e, 488; superl.
ace. sg. aldor)>egn >one de6restan,
1310.

de6r-lie, adj., bold, brave : ace. sg.
deorlice dged, 585. See deor.

disc, st. m., disc, plate, fiat dish :
nom. ace. pi. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-d!gan. See ge-d^gan.

dol-gilp, st. m., promise of bold deeds,
binding agreement to a bold under
taking: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-lfc, adj., audacious: gen. pi.
moest . . . dseda dollicra, 2647.

dol-sceaffa, w. m., bold enemy : ace.
sg. K»ne dol-sca'San (Grendel) , 479.

dOgor, st. m. n., day : i) day as a
period of 24 hours : gen. sg. ymb
intid 8$res dogores, at the same
time of 'the next day, 219; morgen-
Ie6ht Sttres dogores, the morning-
light of the second day, 606. —
2) day in the usual sense : ace. sg.
n. |>ys dogor, during this day,
1396; instr. J>y dogore, 1798; for-
man dogore, 2574; gen. pi. d6gora

GLOSSARY.

147

gehwam, 88; dogra gehwylce,
1091; dogera dagrim, the number
of his days (the days of his life),
824. — 3) day in the wider sense
of time : dat. pi. ufaran dogrum,
in later days, times, 2201, 2393. —
Comp. ende-dogor.

dOgor-gerim, st. n., series of days :
gen. sg. was call sceacen dogor-
gerimes, the whole number of his
days (his life) was past, 2729.

ddhtor, st.f., daughter: nom. acc.sg.
dohtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc.

duin, st. m. : I., condition, state in
general ; in comp. cyne-, wis-dom.
— II., having reference to justice,
hence : l) judgment, judicial opin
ion : instr. sg. weotena dome, ac
cording to the judgment of the
Witan, 1099. 2) custom : after
dome, according to custom, 1721.
3) court, tribunal : gen. sg. mic-
lan domes, 979; 6"$ domes dag,
3070, both times of the last judg
ment. — III., condition of freedom
or superiority, hence : 4) choice,
free will : ace. sg. on sinne sylfes
dom, according to his own choice,
2148; instr. sg. selfes dome, 896,
2777. 5) might, power : nom. sg.
dom godes, 2859; ace. sg. Eofo-
res a" nne dom, 2965 ; dat. sg. driht-
nes dome, 441. 6) glory, honor,
renown: nom. sg. [dom], 955;
dom unlytel, not a little glory, 886 ;
J>at was forma sift deorum ma"Sme
J>at his d6m ilag, it was the first
time to the dear treasure (the
sword Hrunting) that its fame was
not made good, 1529; ace. sg. ic
me dom gewyrce, make renown for
myself, 1492; )>at Jm ne alsete d8m
gedrefisan, that thou let not honor
fall, 2667; dat. instr. sg. J^er he
d8me forleas, here he lost his repu

tation, 1471; dome gewurSad,
adorned with glory, 1646; gen. sg.
wyrce se J>e mote domes, let him
make himself reputation, whoever
is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in
heaven) : ace. soS-fastra dom, the
glory of the saints, 2821.

dom-leds, adj., withotit reputation,
inglorious: ace. sg. f. domleasan
daed, 2891.

clou, red. v., to do, to make, to treat: I )
absolutely: imp. d6"5 sw&icbidde,
do as I beg, 1232. — 2) w. ace.:
inf. h8t hire selfre sunu on basl don,
1117; pret. Hi he him of dyde
isernbyrnan, took off the iron corse
let, 672; (bonne) him HunlSfing,
. . . billa selest, on bearm dyde,
when he made a present to him of
Hunlafing, the best of swords, 1 145 ;
dyde him of healse hring gyldenne,
took off the gold ring from his neck,
2810; ne him }>as wyrmes wig for
wiht dyde, eafo^J and ellen, nor did
he reckon as anything the drake's
fighting,power, and strength, 2349;
pi. hi on beorg dydon beg and
siglu, placed in the (grave-) mound
rings and ornaments, 3165. — 3)
representing preceding verbs : inf.
to Geatum spree mildum wordum !
swS. sceal man don, as one should
do, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167;
pres. metod eallum weold, swa" he
nu git de"5, the creator ruled over
all, as he still does, 1059; similarly,
2471, 2860, and (sg. for pi.) 1135;
pret. II. sw& J>u ser dydest, 1677;
III. sw& he nu gyt dyde, 957; sim
ilarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pi. swd
hie oft ser dydon, 1239; similarly,
3071. With the case also which
the preceding verb governs : weV
ic }>at he wille . . . Geatena leode
etan unforhte, swa he oft dyde

148

GLOSSARY.

magen Hrfi'Smanna, I believe he
•will wish to devour the Gedt peo-
fie, the fear lea, as he often did (de
voured) the bloom of the HrtfSmen,
444; gif ic hat gefricge . . . J>at f>ec
ymbsittend egesan tywaS, swa" >ec
hettende hwllum dydon, that the
neighbors distress thee as once the
enemy did thee (i.e. distressed),
1829; gif icowihte mag Mnremod-
lufan maran tilian honne ic gyt
dyde, if lean with anytfiing obtain
thy greater love than I have yet
done, 1825; similarly, pi. J>onne }>&
dydon, 44.

ge - d 3 n , to do, to make, with the ace.
and predicate adj.: prs. (god)
gedSS him swi gewealdene worol-
de daelas, makes the parts of the
world (i.e. the whole world) so sub
ject that . . ., 1733; inf. ne hyne
on medo-bence micles wyrftne
drihten wereda gedon wolde, nor
would the leader of the people much
honor him at the mead-banquet,
2187. With adv. : he mec J^er on
innan . . . gedon wolde, wished to
place me in there, 2091.

(Irani, w. m., drake, dragon : nom.
sg., 893, 2212; ace. sg. dracan,
24°3t 3 '32; gen. sg., 2089, 2291,
2550. — Comp. : eortJ-, fyr-, le"g-,
llg-, nlft-draca.

on-draedan, st. v., w. ace. of the
thing and dat. of the pers., to fear,
to be afraidof: inf. J>St J>u him on-
dnedan ne J>earft . . . aldorbealu,
needest not fear death for them,
1675; pret. n8 he him J>& sacce
ondrSd, was not afraidof the com
bat, 2348.

ge-drag (from dragan, in the sense
segerere),st.n., demeanor, actions:
ace. sg. s@can de6fla gedrag, 757.

drepan, st. v., to hit, to strike : pret.

sg. sweorde drep ferhft-genf'Slan,
2881 ; pret. part. br5 on hreSre . . .
drepen biteran stncle, struck in the
breast with piercing arrow, 1746;
was in feorh dropen (fatally hit),
2982.

drepe, st. m., blow, stroke : ace. sg.
drepe, 1590.

drefan, ge-drefan, w. v., to move,
to agitate, to stir up : inf. gewSt
. . . dr£fan dedp water (to navi
gate), 1905; pret. part, water under
stod dre6rig and gedrfifed, 1418.

dream, st. m., rejoicing, joyous ac
tions, joy : nom. sg. haleSa dream,
497; ace. sg. dream hludne, 88;
)>u . . . dream healdende, tkou who
livest in rejoicing (at the drinking-
carouse), who art joyous, 1228:
dat.'instr.sg. dreame bedseled, 1276;
gen. pi. dreama leas, 85 1 ; dat. pi.
dreamum (here adverbial) lifdon,
lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99;
dreamum bedzeled, 722; the last
may refer also to heavenly joys. —
Comp. gled-, gum-, man-, sele-
dream.

dream-leas, adj., without rejoicing,
joyless : nom. sg. of King Here-
mod, 1721.

dre6gan, st. v. : i) to lead a life, to
be in a certain condition : pret.
dreah after dSme, lived in honor,
honorably, 2180; pret. pi. fyren-
)>earfe ongeat, J>at hie aer drugon
aldorlease lange hwlle, (God) had
seen the great distress, (had seen)
that they had lived long without a
ruler( ?), 1 5. — 2) to experience, to
live through, to do, to make, to en
joy : imp. dre<5h symbelwynne,/aw
through the pleasure of the meal, to
enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht-
scype dre6gan (do a heroic deed),
1471 ; pret. sundnytte dreah (had

GLOSSARY.

149

the occupation of swimming, i.e.
swam through the sea), 2361 ; pret.
pi. hie gewin drugon {fought), 799 ;
hi siS drugon, made the way, went,
1967. — 3) to experience, to bear,
to suffer : scealt werhfto dreogan,
shall suffer damnation, 590; pret.
J>egn-sorge dreah, bore sorrow for
his heroes, 131; nearoj>earfe dreah,
422; pret. pi. inwidsorge }>e hieaer
drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

S-dreogan, to suffer, to endure: inf.
wraec Sdreogan, 3079.

ge-dreogan, to live through, to enjoy,
pret. part. Hit he ... gedrogen hafde
eorftan wynne, that he had now en
joyed the pleasttres of earth (i.e.
that he was at his death), 2727.

dreor, st. m., blood dropping or flow
ing from wounds: instr. sg. dre6re,
447. — Comp. heoru-, s&wul-, wal-
dreor.

dre6r-fah, adj., colored with blood,
spotted with blood: nom. sg. 485.

dre6rig, adj., bloody, bleeding: nom.
sg. water stod dreorig, 1418; ace.
sg. dryhten sinne driorigne fand,
2790. — Comp. heoru-dreorig.

ge-dreosan, st. v., to fall down, to
sink : pres. sg. III. lic-homa laene
gedreose'S, the body, belonging to
death, sinks down, 1755; inf. J>at
Jin ne alsete dom gedreosan, honor
fall, sink, 2667.

drlncan, st. v., to drink (with and
without the ace.) : pres. part. nom.
pi. ealo drincende, 1946; pret.
blod edrum dranc, drank the blood
in streams^?), 743; pret. pi. drun-
conwin weras,^ men drank wine,
1234; }>3er guman druncon, where
the men drank, 1649. The pret.
part., when it stands absolutely, has
an active sense : nom. pi. druncne
dryhtguman, ye -warriors who have

drunk, are drinking, 1232; ace. pi.
nealles druncne slog heor'5-genea-
tas, slew not his hearth-companion*
who had drunk with him, i.e. at the
banquet, 2180. With the instr. it
means drunken : nom. sg. beore
(wine) druncen, 531, 1468; nom.
pi. beore druncne, 480.

drifan, st. v., to drive : pres. pi. )>&
J?e brentingas ofer floda genipu
feoran drifa'S, who drive their ships
thither from afar over the darkness
of the sea, 2809; inf. (w. ace.) }>eah
J>e he [ne] meahte on mere drifan
hringedstefnan, although he could
not drive the ship on the sea, 1131.

to-drifan, to drive apart, to dis
perse : pret. oft J?at unc flod tSdr&f,

545-

drohtoff, st. m., mode of living or
acting, calling, employment: nom.
sg. ne was his drohtotS \>ser swylce
he xt gemette, there was no em
ployment for him (Grendel) there
such as he had found formerly, 757.

drusian, w. v. (cf. dreusan, prop
erly, to be ready to fall ; here of
water), to stagnate, to be putrid .
pret. lagu drusade (through the
blood of Grendel and his mother),
1631.

dryht, d rilit, st. f., company, troop,
band of warriors ; noble band : in
comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop,
band of noble warriors : nom sg.
minra eorla gedryht, 431; ace. sg.
aftelinga gedriht, 118; mid his
eorla (hale'Sa) gedriht (gedryht),
357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.—
Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a
noble warrior band, noble young
man : nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena,
2036.

150

GLOSSARY.

dry hten, drlhten, st. m., command
er, lord: a) temporal lord : nom.
sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drih-
ten, 105 1 ; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc. ;

dryhten, 1832. — b) God: nom.

drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687,

etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc-5

drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryht-

nes, 44 1 ; drihtnes, 94 1 . — Comp. :

freah-, fre6-, gum-, man-, sige-,

wine-dryhten.
dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop

of warriors, noble warrior : dat.

sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pi.

drihtguman,99; dryhtguman,!232;

dat. pi. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of

HroSgir's warriors).
dryht-lic, adj., {that which befits a

noble troop of warriors), noble, ex
cellent : dryhtlic iren, excellent

sword, 893; ace. sg. f. (with an ace.

sg. n.) drihtlice wlf (of Hildeburh),

1159.
dryht-maffum, st. m., excellent

jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pi.

dryhtma"5ma, 2844.
dryht-sclpe, st. m., (warrior-ship'),

warlike virtue, bravery; heroic

deed : ace. sg. drihtscipe dredgan,

to do a heroic deed, 1471.
dryht-sele, st.m., excellent, splendid

hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485;

dryhtsele, 768 ; ace. sg. dryhtsele,

2321.
dryht-sib, st. I., peace en friendship

between troops of noble warriors :

gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.
drync, st.m., drink: in comp. heoru-

drync.
drync-fat, st. n., vessel for drink, to

receive the drink : ace. sg., 2255;

drinc-fat, 2307.
drysmlan, w. v., to become obscure,

gloomy (through the falling rain) :

pres. sg. III. lyft drysmaS, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to
be good: pres. sg. III. hum se aldor
deah, especially is the prince capa-
able, 369; Sonne his ellen deah,
if his strength avails, is good,
573; be him selfa deah, who is
capable of himself, who can rely on
himself, 1840; pres. subj. )>eah )>in
wit duge, though, indeed, your un
derstanding be good, avail, 590;
similarly, 1 66 1 , 2032 ; pret. sg. |>u us
wel dohtest, you did us good, con
ducted yourself well towards us,
1822; similarly, nu seo hand lige'5
se J>e eow welhwylcra wilna dohte,
ivhich was helpful to each one of
your desires, 1345; pret. subj. J>eah
J>u heaSonesa gehwasr dohte, though
thou wast everywhere strong in bat
tle, 526.

duguff (slate of being fit, capable),
st. f. : i) capability, strength : dat.
pi. for dugeftum, in ability (1),
2502; duguSum demdon, praised
•with all their might{ ?), 31 76. — 2)
men capable of bearing arms, band
of warriors, esp., noble warriors :
nom. sg. dugufi unlytel, 498 ; duguiJ,
1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguSe,
before the heroes, 2021 ; nalles
fratwe geaf ealdor dugu^5e, gave
the band of heroes no treasure
(more), 2921; Ie6da dugutfe on
Idst, upon the track of the heroes
of the people, i.e. after them, 2946;
gen. sg. cu$e he dugu'Se |>eaw, the
custom of the noble warriors, 359;
de6rredugu^5e,488; similarly, 2239,
2659; ace. pi. dugu'Sa, 2036. —
3) contrasted with geogofl, dugutS
designates the noted warriors of
noble birth (as in the Middle Ages,
knights in contrast with squires) :
so gen. sg. dugu'Se and geogofte,

GLOSSARY.

151

160; gehwylc . . . dugufte and iogo-
'Se, 1675; dugu'Se and geogo'Se
dsel seghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. to dare;
prs. sg. II. J>u dearst bidan, darest
to expect, 527 ; III. he gese'cean
dear, 685 ; pres. subj. sec gyf JPU
dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if
thou dare, 1380 ; pret. dorste,
1463, 1469, etc.; pi. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., door, gate, ticket: nom.
sg., 722; ace. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dufan, st. v., to dip in, to sink
into : pret. J>at sweord gedeaf {the
sword sank into the drake, of a
blow), 2701.

burh-dufan, to dive through ; to
swim through, diving: pret. water
up burh-deaf, swam through the
water upwards (because he was
before at the bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., to mislead, to hinder:
prs. III. no hine wiht dweleft, &dl
ne yldo, him nothing misleads,
neither sickness nor age, 1 736.

dyhtig, adj., tiseful, good for : nom.
sg. n. sweord . . . ecgum dyhtig,
1288.

dynnan, w. v., to sound, to groan, to
roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu,
hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj. : i) concealed, secret, re
tired : nom. sg. dyrne, 271; ace.
sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's
cave-hall), 2321. — 2) secret, mali
cious, hidden by sorcery : dat. instr.
sg. dyrnan crafte, -with secret magic
art, 2291; dyrnum crafte, 2169;
gen. pi. dyrnra gasta, of malicious
spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358. —
Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly : him
. . . after deorum men dyrne lan-
ga'S, longs in secret for the dear
man, 1880.

dyrstlg, adj., bold, daring: }>eah
J?e he doeda gehwas dyrstig w^ere,
although he had been courageous
for every deed, 2839.

ge-dygan, ge-digan, w. v., to en
dure, to overcome, with the ace. of
the thing endured : pres. sg. II. gif
J>u J>at ellenweorc aldre gedigest,
if thou survivest the heroic work
with thy life, 662; III. bat bone
hildenes hal gedige'5, that he sur
vives the battle in safety, 300; sim
ilarly, inf. unfoege gedigan wean
and wracsrS, 2293 ; hwafter sel mos-
ge wunde gedygan, -which of the
two can stand the wounds better
(come off with life), 2532 ; nemeah-
te unbyrnende deop gedygan, could
not endure the deep without burn
ing (could not hold out in the
deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-
digde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dygol. See de6gol.

dyre. See de6re.

E

ecg, st. f., edge of the sword, point:
nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1 107 ; ecg,
1525, etc.; ace. sg. wrS ord and
wr$ ecge ingang forstod, defended
the entrance against point and
edge (i.e. against spear and sword),
1550; m8ces ecge, 1813; nom.pl.
ecge, 1 146. — Sword, battle-axe,
any cutting weapon : nom. sg. ne
was ecg bona {not the sword killed
hint), 2507; sio ecg brun (Beo
wulf's sword Nagling) , 25 78 ; hyne
ecg fornam, the sword snatched him
away, 2773, etc.; nom. pi. ecga,
2829; dat. pi. ascum and ecgum,
1773; dat. pi. (but denoting only
one sword) eacnum ecgum, 2141;

152

GLOSSARY.

gen.pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169: —
blade: ecg was iren, 1460. —
Comp. : brun-, heard-, st^l-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., murderer by the
sword : dat. sg. Cain weariS t3 ecg-
banan ftngan brSSer, 1263.

ecg-hetc, st. m., sword-hate, enmity
•which the sword carries out : nom.
sg-, 84, 1739.

ecg-J»racu, st. f., sword-storm (of
violent combat) : ace. atole ecg-
hrace, 597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., return (of a for
mer condition) : ba boer sona wear'S
cdhwyrft eorlum, siSSan inne fealh
Grendles modor (i.e. after Gren-
del's mother had penetrated into
the hall, the former perilous con
dition, of the time of the visits of
Grendel, returned to the men),
1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., to turn back, to
yield, to leave off : inf. gyf him
edwendan sefre scolde bealuwa
bisigu, if for him the affliction of
evil should ever cease, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., turning, change :
nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wen
den torna gehwylces (reparation
for former neglect), 2189.

e<lwit-lif, st. n., life in disgrace :
nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., even, like, with preceding
o n , and with depend, dat., upon
the same level, near : him on efn
ligeS ealdorgewinna, lies near him,
2904.

efnan (see afnan) w. v., to carry
out, to perform, to accomplish : pres.
subj. eorlscype efne (accomplish
knightly deeds), -2^; inf.eorlscipe
efnan, 2623; sweorda gelic efnan
(to battle), 1042; gerund. t3 ef-
nanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde,
2134, 3008.

\ efne, adv., even, exactly, precisely,
just, united with swS or swylc:
efne swa" switfe swd, just so much
as, 1093; efne swd side swA, 1224;
was se gryre lassa efne swi micle
swA, by so much the less as . . .,
1 284; leoht inne stod efne swA . . .
seine1?, a gleam stood therein (in
the sword) just as when . . . shines,
1572; efne swi hwylc mag"5a swA
bone magan cende (a woman who
has borne such a son), 944; efne
swd hwylcum manna swA him ge-
met buhte, to just such a man as
seemed good to him, 3058; efne
swylce maela swylce . . . ^earf ge-
saelde, just at the times at which
necessity commanded it, 1 250.

eft, adv. : i) thereupon, afterwards :
56, 1147, 2112,3047, etc.; eftsfina
biS, then it happens immediately,
1763; b8t eft cuman, help come
again, 281. — 2) again, on the
other side : bat hine on ylde eft
gewunigen wilgesiSas, that in old
age again (also on their side) will
ing companions should be attached
to him, 22; — anew, again: 135,
6°4> 693, 1557, etc.; eft swa4 3er,
again as formerly, 643. — 3) re
tro, rursus, back : 1 23, 296, 854,
etc.; J>at hig a'Selinges eft ne w£n-
don (did not believe that he would
come back), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., return : gen. sg.
eftcymes, 2897.

ef t-siff , st. m., journey back, return :
ace. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sliSes
georn, 2784; ace. pi. eftsiftas teah,
went the road back, i.e. returned,

1333-

egesa, egsa (state of terror, active
or passive) : i ) frightfulness : ace.
sg. }mrh egsan, 276; gen. egesan
ne game's, cares for nothing ter*

GLOSSARY.

153

rible, is not troubled about future
terrors(l~), 1 758. — 2) terror, hor
ror, fear : nom. sg. egesa, 785;
instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737. —
Comp. : gled-, lig-, water-egesa.

eges-full, adj., horrible {full of ter
rible ness), 2930.

eges-lic, adj., terrible, bringing ter
ror : of Grendel's head, 1650; of
the beginning of the fight with the
drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., causing aversion, hideous :
nom. pi. neut, or, more probably,
perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl),
988.

egsian (denominative from egesa),
\v. v., to have terror, distress : pret.
(as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., to esteem, to make
prominent with praise: III. pi.
pres. J>at t>e . . . weras ehtiga'S, that
the men esteem thee, praise thee,
1223.

elde (those who generate, cf. O.N.
al-a, generare) , st. m. only in the
pi., men : dat. pi. eldum, 2215; mid
eldum, among men, 2612. — See
ylde.

eldo, st. f., age: instr. sg. eldo gebun-
den, 21 12.

el-land, st. n., foreign land, exile :
ace. sg. sceall . . . elland tredan,
{shall be banished}, 3020.

ellen, st. n., strength, heroic strength,
bravery : nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafo'S
and ellen, 903; Geata . . . eafo^
and ellen, 603; ace. sg. eafolS and
ellen, 2350; ellen c$¥>an,show brav
ery, 2696; ellen fremedon, exer
cised heroic strength, did heroic
deeds, 3; similarly, ic gefremman
sceal eorlic ellen, 638; ferh ellen
wrac, life drove out the strength,
i.e. with the departing life (of the
dragon) his strength left him, 2707;

dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as
instr. J'd was at l?am geongum grim
andswaru e'Sbegete l>am J?e aer his
elne forleas, then it was easy for
(every one of ) those who before had
lost his hero-courage, to obtain
rough words from the young man
(Wigldf), 2862; mid elne, 1494,
2536; elne, alone, in adverbial
sense, strongly, zealotisly, and with
the nearly related meaning, hur
riedly, transiently, 894, 1098, 1968,
2677,2918; gen.sg. elneslat, 1530;
}>a him was elnes J>earf, 2877. —
Comp. magen-ellen.

ellen-daed, st. f., heroic deed : dat.
pi. -dsedum, 877, 901.

ellen-gaest, st. m., strength-spirit,
demon with heroic strength : nom.
sg. of Grendel, 86.

ellen-lice, adv., strongly, with heroic
strength, 2123.

ellcn-maerffu, st. f., renown of heroic
strength, dat. pi. -mser'Sum, 829,
1472.

ellen-r6f, adj., renowned for
strength: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064;
dat. pi. -rofum, 1788.

ellen-seoc, adj., infirm in strength :
ace. sg. beoden ellensidcne {the
mortally wounded king, Bedwulf} ,
2788.

ellen- weorc, st.n., (strength-war K)t
heroic deed, achievement in battle:
ace. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen.
pi. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., else, otherwise : a (modal),
in another manner, 2521. — b
(local), elles hwaer, somewhere else,
138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., to some other place, 55,
2255.

ellor-gast, -gaest, st. m., spirit liv
ing elsewhere (standing outside of
the community of mankind) : nom.

154

GLOSSARY.

sg. se ellorgast (Grendcl), 808;

(Grendel's mother), 1622 ; ellor-

gaest (Grendel's mother), 1618;

ace. pi. ellorgnestas, 1350.
ellor-slff, st. m., departure, death :

nom. sg. 2452.
elra, adj. (comparative of a not

existing form, ele, Goth, aljis,

alius), another: dat. sg. on elran

men, 753.
el->e6dlg, adj., of another people :

foreign : ace. pi. el-)>e6dige men,

336.

ende, st. m., the extreme : hence, i)
end: nom. sg. aldres (llfes) ende,
823, 2845; 6"3 )>at ende becwom
(scil.unrihtes), 1255; acc.sg.ende
lifgesceafta (lifes, ken-daga), 3064,
1387, 2343; hafde eorflscrafa ende
genyttod, had used the end of the
earth-caves (had made use of the
caves for the last time), 3047; dat.
sg. ealdres (llfes) at ende, 2791,
2824; esletes at ende, 224. — 2)
boundary: ace. sg. side rice hat
he his selfa ne mag . . . ende ge-
)>encean, the wide realm, so that
he himself cannot comprehend its
boundaries, 1735. — 3) summit,
head: dat sg. eorlum on ende, to the
nobles at the end (the highest cour
tiers), 2022. — Comp. woruld-ende.

ende-dag, st. m., last day, day of
death : nom. sg. 3036; ace. sg. 638.

ende-dOgor, st. m., last day, day of
death: gen. sg. bega on wSnum
endedogores and eftcymes Ie6fes
monnes (hesitating between the be
lief in the death and in the return
of the dear man), 2897.

ende-laf, st. f., last remnant: nom.
sg. )>u eart ende laf usses cynnes,
art the last of our race, 2814.

ende-lean, st. n., final reparation :
ace. sg. 1693.

ende-saeta, w.m., he who sits en the
border, boundary-guard : nom. sg.
(here of the strand-watchman),
241.

onde-staf, st. m. (elementum finis),
end : ace. sg. hit on endestaf eft
gelimpeft, then it draws near to
the end, 1754.

ge-endian, w.v., to end: pret.part.
ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., narrow : ace. pi. enge
anpaftas, narrow paths, 1411.

ent, st. m., giant: gen. pi. enta rer-
geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the
dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680;
enta geweorc (the dragon's cave),
2718; eald-enta aer-geweorc (the
costly things in the dragon's cave),

2775-

entisc, adj., coming from giants :
ace. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., to eat, to consume : pres.
sg. III. b!3dig wal . . . ete'S Sn-
genga, he that goes alone (Grendel)
will devour the bloody corpse, 448;
inf. Geatena Ie6de . . . etan, \s\\

Jjurh-etan, to eat through: pret.
part. pi. nom. swyrd . . . Jmrhetone,
swords eaten through (by rust),
3050.

K

ec. See eac.

gee, adj., everlasting: nom. fice
drihten (God), 108; ace. sg. 8ce
eorftreced, the everlasting earth-
hall (the dragon's cave), 2720;
geceas ficne ned, chose the everlast
ing gain (died), 1202; dat. sg.
ecean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331;
ace. pi. gece6s See nedas, 1761.

edre. See aedre.

nom. sg. hd was at bam geongum

GLOSSAEY.

155

grim andswaru SiS-begete, then
from the young man (Wiglaf ) it
was ntt easy thing to get a gruff
answer, 2862.

gffe. See edffe.

efrel, st. m., hereditary possessions,
hereditary estate : ace. sg. swaesne
SSel, 520; dat. sg. on S51e, 1731.
— In royal families the hereditary
possession is the whole realm:
hence, ace. sg. e'Sel Scyldinga, of
the kingdom of the Scyldings, 914;
(Offa) wisdome heold e'Sel sinne,
ruled with wisdom his inherited
kingdom, 1961.

Siflfel-riht, st. n., hereditary privi
leges (rights that belong to a here
ditary estate) : nom. sg. card eSel-
riht, estate and inherited privileges,
2199.

effel-stOl, st. m., hereditary seat, in
herited throne: ace. pi. eSel-stolas,
2372.

§ffel-turf, st. f., inherited ground,
hereditary estate : dat. sg. on minre
S'Seltyrf, 410.

eftel-weard, st. m., lord of the here
ditary estate (realm) : nom. sg.
e"Selweard (king), 1703, 221 1 ; dat.
sg. East-Dena e'Sel wearde (King

. Hroftgar), 617.

§ffel-wy n, st. f., joy in, or enjoyment
of, hereditary possessions: nom. sg.
nu sceal . . . call StJelwyn eowrum
cynne, lufen ilicgean, now shall
your race want all home-joy, and
subsistence^?) (your race shall
be banished from its hereditary
abode), 2886; ace. sg. he me lond
forgeaf, card eSelwyn, presented
me with land, abode, and the en
joyment of home, 2494.

feiflf-gesyne, yflf-gesene, adj., easy to
see, visible to all : nom. sg. mi,
1245.

efstan, vv. v., to be in haste, to hasten:
inf. uton nu efstan, let us hurry
now, 3102; pret. efste mid elne,
hastened with heroic strength, 1494.

eg-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: ace. sg. ofer
Sg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

eg-stre&m, st. m., sea-stream, sea-
flood: dat. sg. on §g-streamum, in
the sea-floods, 577. See edgor-
stream.

ehtau (M.H.G. sechten; cf. seht and
ge-aehtla), w. v. w. gen., to be a
pursuer, to pursue : pres. part,
agbeca Shtende was dugu?>e and
geogo'Se, 159; pret. pi. e"hton aglse-
can, they pursued the bringer of
sorrow (Beowulf )(?), 1513.

Sst, st. m. f., favor, grace, kindness:
ace. sg. he him ^st geteah meara and
ma'Sma (honored him with horses
and jewels), 2166; gearwor hafde
Sgendes est XT gesceawod, would
rather have seen the grace of the
Lord(oiGodi) sooner, 3976. — dat.
pi., adverbial, libenter : him on
folce heold, estum mid are, 2379;
estum geyVan (to present}, 2150;
him was . . . wunden gold estum
geeawed (presented~), 1195; we
J>at ellenweorc estum miclum fre-
medon, 959.

este, adj., gracious : w. gen. este
bearn-gebyrdo, gracious through
the birth (of such a son as Beo
wulf), 946.

EA

eafoS1, st. n., power, strength : nom
sg. eafo'S and ellen, 603, 903; ace.
sg. eafo'S and ellen, 2350; we
frecne genSSdon eafo'S uncu'Ses,
we have boldly ventured against
the strength of the enemy (Grendel) ,

156

GLOSSARY.

have withstood Aim, 961 ; gen. sg.
' eafooes craTtig, 1467; hat J>cc idl
o<S'xe ecg eafoftes getwtefed, shall
rob of strength 1 764 ; ace. pi. eafe'So
(MS. earfetfo), 534; dat. pi. hine
mihtig god . . . eafe'Sum stSpte,
made him great through strength,
1718.

eafor, st. ra., boar ; here the image
of the boar as banner: ace. sg.
eafor, 2153.

eafora (offspring), w. m. : i) son:
nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora,
375; ace. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848;
gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pi. eafe
ran, 2476; dat. pi. eaferum, 1069,
2471 ; uncran eaferan, 1 186. — 2) in
broader sense, successor : dat. pi.
eaforum, 1711.

cahta, num., eight: ace. pi. eahta
mearas, 1036; code eahta sum,
went as one of eight, with seven
others, 3124.

eahtlan, w. v. : l) to consider, to
deliberate: pret. pi. w. ace. rzed
eahtedon, consulted about help,
172; pret. sg. (for the plural) hone
sSlestan hira he mid Hroflgire
him eahtode, the best one of those
who with Hrffigdr deliberated
about their home (ruled), 1408. —
2) to speak with reflection of (along
with the idea of praise) : pret. pi.
eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his
noble character, 3175.

eal, call, adj., all, whole: nom. sg.
werod call, 652; eal benchelu,
486; call fiSelwyn, 2886; eal wo-
rold, 1739, etc.; hat hit wearS eal
gearo, healarna maest, 77; hat hit
(wtgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And
with a following genitive : \>ast was
eal geador Grendles gripe, there
was all together Grenders hand,
the whole hand of Grendel, 836;

call . . . lissa, all favor, 2150; was
call sceacen dSgorgertmes, 2728.
With apposition : fcuhte Him call
to rum, wongas and wtcstede, 2462 ;
ace. sg. be6t eal, 523; similarly,
2018, 2081 ; oncySSe ealle, all dis
tress, 831 ; heals ealne, 2692; hbew
. . . ealne utan-weardne, 2298 ; gif
he hat eal gemon, 1 186, 2428; hat
call geondseh, recedes geatwa,
3089; ealne wlde-ferh'S, through
the whole wide life, through all
time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle magene,
with all strength, 2668; dat. sg.
eallum . . . manna cynne, 914;
gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956.
Subst. ic has ealles mag . . . gefean
habban, 2740; bruc ealles well,
2 1 63 ; frean ealles hanc secge, give
thanks to the Lord of all, 2795 ;
nom. pi. untydras ealle, 1 1 1 ; sceo-
tend . . . ealle, 706; we ealle, 942;
ace. pi. fe6nd ealle, 700; similarly,
1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle,
650; ealle hie deaff fornam, 2237 ;
lig ealle forswealg hara he haer guS
fornam, all of those whom the war
had snatched away, 1123; dat. pi.
eallum ceaster-buendum, 768; simi
larly, 824,907, 1418; subst. ina wiS
eallum, one against all, 145; with
gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058;
gen. pi. a Selinga beam ealra twelfa,
the kinsmen of all twelve nobles
(twelve nobles hold the highest
positionsof the court), 3172 ; subst.
he ih ealra ge weald, has power over
all, 1728.

Uninflected: bil eal Jmrhwo'd
fkeschoman, the battle-axe cleft the
body through and through, 1568;
hafde ... eal gefeormod ffit and
folma, had devoured entirely feet
and hands, 745 ; se he call geman
gir-cwealm gumena, who remem-

GLOSSARY.

157

hers thoroughly the death of the men
by the spear, 2043, etc.

Adverbial : }>eah ic eal moege,
although I am entirely able, 68 1;
hi on beorg dydon be"g and siglu
call swylce hyrsta, they placed in
the grave-mound rings, and orna
ments, all such adornments, 3165.
— The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in
the sense of entirely, 1001, 1130.

Bald, adj., old : a) of the age of liv
ing beings : nom. sg. eald, 35 7, 1 703,
221 1, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973;
gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan (dragon},
2761 ; dat. pi. ealdum, 1875 ;
geongum and ealdum, 72. — b) of
things and of institutions : nom. sg.
helm monig eald and omig, 2764;
ace. sg. ealde Idfe (sword}, 796,
1489 ; ealde wisan, 1866 ; eald
sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald ge-
win, old (lasting years), distress,
1782; eald enta geweorc (the pre
cious things in the drake 's cave},
2775; acc.pl. ealde maiSmas, 472;
ofer ealde riht, against the old laws
(namely, the Ten Commandments;
Bedwulf believes that God has sent
him the drake as a punishment,
because he has unconsciously, at
some time, violated one of the com
mandments), 2331.

yldra, compar. older: mln yldra
moeg, 468; yldra broftor, 1325; o$
pat he (HeardrSd) yldra weariS,

2379-
yldesta, superl. oldest, in the usual

sense; dat. sg. t>am yldestan, 2436;

in a moral sense, the most respected:

nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; ace. sg.

J>one yldestan, 363, both times of

Be6wulf.
eald-fiicler, st. m., old- father, father

who lived long ago : nom. sg. 373.
eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from

old times : gen. sg. eal-fela eald-
gesegena, very many of the old
traditions, 870.

eald-gesiff, st. m., companion ever
since old times, courtier for many
years : nom. pi. eald-gesi'5as, 854.

eald-gestreon, st. n., treasure out
of the old times : dat. pi. eald-ges-
treonum, 1382; gen. pi. -gestredna,

1459-

eald-gewinna, w. m., old-enemy,
enemy for many years : nom. sg.
of Grendel, 1777.

eald-gewyrht, st. n., merit on ac
count of services rendered during
many years : nom. pi. J>at nseron
eald-gewyrht, J>at he ana scyle
gnorn Jrowian, that has not been
his desert ever since long ago, thai
he should bear the distress alone,
2658.

eald-hlaford, st. m., lord through
many years: gen. sg. bill eald-
hlafordes (of the old Be6wulf(?) ),
2779.

eald-metod, st. m., God ruling ever
since ancient times : nom. sg. 946.

ealdor, aldor, st. m., lord, chief
(king or powerful noble) : nom.
sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor,
56, 369, 392; ace. sg. aldor, 669;
dat. sg. ealdre, 593 ; aldre, 346.

ealdor, aldor, st. n., life : ace. sg.
aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448,
1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre
stod herestral hearda (in vitalibus),
1435 5 nalles for ealdre mearn, was
not troubled about his life, 1443;
of ealdre gewit, went out of life,
died, 2625 ; as instr. aldre, 662, 68 1,
etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen.
sg. aldres, 823 ; ealdres, 2791,2444;
aldres orwe"na, despairing of life,
1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, hav
ing forfeited life, 1339, 2062; dat.

158

GLOSSARY.

pi. aldrum n&Sdon, 510, 538.—
Phrases: on aid re (in life), ever,
1780; t& aldre (for life}, always,
2006, 2499; dwa t3 aldre, for ever
and ever, 956.

ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: ace.
sg. \>\\ . . . ondnedan ne J>earft . . .
aldorbealu eorluin, thou needest not
fear death for the courtiers, 1677.

ealdor-rearu, st. f., trouble that en
dangers life, great trouble : dat. sg.
he his Ie6dum wear'5 . . . to aldor-
ceare, 907.

ealdor-dagas, st. m. pi., days of
one's life : dat. pi. naefre on aldor-
dagum (never in his life), 719; on
ealder-dagum aer (in former days),

758.

ealdor-gedal, st. n., severing of life,
death, end: nom. sg. aldor-geda"l,
806.

euldor-gewinna, w. m., life-enemy,
one who strives to take his enemy's
life (in N.H.G. the contrary con
ception, Tod-feind) : nom. sg. eal-
dorgewinna (the dragon), 2904.

caldor-leas, adj., without a rul
er (7) : nom. pi. aldor-lease, 15.

ealdor-leas, adj., lifeless, dead:
ace. sg. aldor-leasne, 1588; ealdor-
leasne, 3004.

ealdor-Jregn, st. m., nobleman at
the court, distinguished courtier :
ace. sg. aldor-hegn (Hroftg&r's con
fidential adviser, Aschere), 1309.

eal-fela, adj., very much: with fol
lowing gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena,
very many old traditions, 870; eal-
fela eotena cynnes, 884.

ealglan, w. v., to shield, to defend, to
protect: inf. w. ace. feorh ealgian,
797, 2656, 2669; pret. siSSan he
(Hygel&c) under segne sine eal-
gode, walreaf werede, -while under
his banner he protected the treas

ures, defended the spoil of battle
(i.e. while he was upon the Viking
expeditions), 1205.

eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely
of gold: nom. sg. swvn ealgylden,
1 1 1 2; acc.sg.segneallgylden, 2768.

cal-irenne, adj., entirely of iron :
ace. sg. eall-irenne wigbord, a
•wholly iron battle-shield, 2339.

calu, st. n., ale, beer : ace. sg. ealo
drincende, 1946.

ealu-benc, st. f., ale-bench, bench for
those drinking ale: dat. sg. in ealo-
bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.

ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under
the figure of a mishap at an ale-
drinking, probably the sudden tak
ing away of the ale: nom.sg. Denum
eallum wear'5 . . . ealuscerwen, 770.

ealu-weege, st. n., ale-can, portable
vessel out of -which ale is poured
into the cups: zee. sg. 2022; hroden
ealowoege, 495 ; dat. sg. ofer ealo-
waege (at the ale-carouse), 481.

eal-wealda,w.adj.,a//r«//«f(God):
nom. sg. fader alwalda, 316; alwal-
da, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan,
929.

card, st. m., cultivated ground, estate,
hereditary estate; in a broader
sense, ground in general, abode,
place of sojourn : nom. sg. him was
ba"m . . . lond gecynde, card £5el-
riht, the land was bequeathed to them
both, the land and the privileges at
tached to it, 2199; ace. sg. fifel-
cynnes card, the ground of the giant
race, place of sojourn, 104; simi
larly, alwihta card, 1501 ; card ge-
mw\fa,thousht of his native ground,
his home, 1130; card git ne const,
thou knoiuest not yet the place of
sojourn, 1378; card and eorlscipe,
prizdium et nobilitatem, 1 728 ; card
e"5elwyn, land and the enjoyment

GLOSSARY.

159

of home, 2494; dat. sg. ellor
hwearf of earde, went elsewhere
from his place of abode, i.e. died,
56; J?at we rondas beren eft t8
earde, that we go again to our
homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; ace.
pi. eacne eardas, the broad ex
panses (in the fen-sea where Gren-
del's home was), 1622.

eardian, \v. v. : I ) to have a dwelling-
place, to live ; to rest : pret. pi. dyre
swyrd swi hie wiS eorSan faSm
J>asr eardodon, costly swords, as they
hadrestedin the ear Ms bosom, 305 1 .
— 2) also transitively, to inhabit:
pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf.
wic eardian elles hwergen, inhabit
a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590.

eard-lufa, w. m., the living upon
one's land, home-life : ace. sg. eard-
lufan, 693.

earfoS'-lice, adv., with trouble, with
difficulty, 1637, ^58; with vexa
tion, angrily, 86 ; sorrowfully,
2823 ; with difficulty, scarcely, 2304,

2935-

earfoff-Jjrag, st. f., time full of trou
bles, sorrowful time : ace. sg. -J>rage,
283.

earh, adj., cowardly: gen. sg. ne bi5

' swylc earges sift (HO coward under
takes that), 2542.

earm, st. m., arm : ace. sg. earm, 836,
973 ; wi'5 earm gesat, supported
himself with his arm, 750 ; dat. pi.
earmum, 513.

earm, ad}., poor, miserable, unhappy:
nom. sg. earm, 2369 ; earme ides,
the unhappy woman, 1 1 18; dat. sg.
earmre teohhe, the unhappy band,
2939. — Comp. ace. sg. earmran
mannan, a more wretched, more
forsaken man, 577.

earm-bcag, st. m., arm-ring, brace
let : gen. pi. earm-beaga fela sear-

wum gesasled, many arm-rings in
terlaced, 2764.

earm-hread, st. f., arm-ornament:
nom. pi. earm-hreade twa, 1195
(Grein's conjecture, MS. earm
reade).

cann-lic, adj., wretched, miserable:
nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedal
earmlic wurSan, his end should be
wretched, 808.

earm-sceapen, pret. part, as adj.
(properly, wretched by the decree
of fate), wretched: nom. sg. 1352.

earn, st.m.,eag!e: dat. sg. earne, 3027.

eatol. See atol.

eaxl, st. f., shoulder : ace. sg. eaxle,
836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817,
1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides
gnornode, the woman sobbed on the
shoulder (of her son, who has fallen
and is being burnt), 1118; dat.pl.
sat frean eaxlum neah, sat near the
shoulders of his lord (Beowulf lies
lifeless upon the earth, and Wiglaf
sits by his side, near his shoulder,
so as to sprinkle the face of his
dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum
gestod Deniga frean, he stood before
the shoulders of the lord of the Danes
(i.e. not directly before him, but
somewhat to the side, as etiquette
demanded), 358.

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has
his position at the shoulder (sc. of
his lord) , trusty courtier, counsellor
of a prince: nom. sg. 1327; ace. pi.
-gesteallan, 1715.

EA

eac, conj., also: 97, 388,433, etc.;

£c, 3132.
eacen (pret. part, of a not existing

e a c a n, augere), adj., wide-spread,

160

GLOSSARY.

large : ace. pi. eacne eardas, broad
plains, 1622. — great, heavy: eald
sweord eacen, 1664; dat. pi. eac-
num ecgum, 2141, both times of
the great sword in Grendel's habi
tation. — great, mighty, powerful :
a'Sele and eacen, of Be<5wulf, 198.

eacen-craftig, adj., immense (of
riches), enormously great : ace. sg.
hord-arna sum eacen-craftig, that
enormous treasure-house, 2281;
nom. sg. )>at yrfe eacen-craftig,
idmanna gold, 3052.

eadig, adj., blessed with possessions,
rich, happy by reason of property :
nom. sg. wes, benden }>u lifige,
fifieling eadig, be, as long as thou
livest, a prince blessed with riches,
1226; eadig mon, 2471. — Comp.
sige-, sigor-, tir-eadig.

ea<Ug-lice, adv., in abundance, in
joyous plenty: dreamum lifdon
eadigltce, lived in rejoicing and
plenty, loo.

eaffc, feffe, $ffe, adj., easy, pleasant:
nom. pi. gode J>ancedon J>as fre him
y"3-la"de ea$e wurdon, 'thanked God
that the sea-ways (the navigation)
had become easy to them, 228; ne
was )>at e"5e si5, no pleasant way,
2587; nas J>at y5e ceap, no easy
purchase, 2416; n& Hit y5e by$ to
befle<5nne, not easy (as milder ex
pression for in no way, not at all},
1003.

edfle, yfte, adv., easily: cafe, 478,
2292, 2765.

eaff-fynde, adj., easy to find: nom.
sg. 138.

cage, w. n., eye: dat. pi. him of
eagum stod Ie6ht unfager, out of
his eyes came a terrible gleam, 727 ;
Hit ic . . . eagum starige, see with
eyes, behold, 1782; similarly, 1936;
gen. pi. eagena bearhtm, 1767.

eager-stream, st. m., sea-stream,
sea : ace. sg. 513.

ed-land, st. n., land with abundant
water (of the land of the Geatas) :
ace. sg. ea-lond, 2335.

oiiiii, st. m., uncle, mother's brother :
nom. sg". 882.

e&stan, adv., from the east, 569.

e&wan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to
prove: pres. sg. III. eawetS . . .
uncuSne nIS, shows evil enmity,
276. See cowan, J-wan.

ge-eawan, to skm, to offer: pret.
part, him was . . . wunden gold 8s-
tum ge-eawed, was graciously pre
sented, 1195.

EO

eode. See gangan.

eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing.
Among the old Germans, an estate
was separated by a fence from the
property of others. Inside of this
fence the laws of peace and pro
tection held good, as well as in the
house itself. Hence eodor is
sometimes used instead of house:
ace. pi. hcht eahta mearas on flet
te<5n, in under eoderas, gave orders
to lead eight steeds into the hall, into
the house, 1038. — 2) figuratively,
lord, prince, as protector : nom. sg.
eodor, 428, 1045 ; eodur, 664.

eofoff , st. n ., strength: ace. pi. eofoiSo,
2535- See eafoff.

eofer, st. m. : i) boar, here of the
metal boar-image upon the helmet :
nom. sg. eofer Irenheard, 1113. —
2) figuratively, bold hero, brave
fighter (O. N. iofur) : nora. pi.
J>onne . . . eoferas cnysedan, when
the heroes rushed upon each other,
1329, where eoferas and fe"San

GLOSSARY.

161

stand in the same relation to each

other as cnysedan and hniton.

eofor-lic, st. n. boar-image (on the

helmet) : nom. pi. eofor-ltc scionon,

303-

eofor-spreot, st. m., boar-spear:
dat. pi. mid eofer-spreotum heoro-
hocyhtum, with hunting-spears
which u'ere provided with sharp
hooks, 1438.

eoguS1, iogufr. See geogoS1.

eolet, st. m. n., sea^f) : gen. sg.
eoletes, 224.

eorclan-stan, st. m., precious stone :
ace. pi. -stanas, 1209.

eorU-cyning, s\..m..,kingofthe land:
gen.sg.eor'S-cyninges(Finn), 1156.

eorlff-draca, w. m., earth-drake,
dragon thai lives in the earth : nom.
sg. 2713, 2826.

eorUe, w. f. : I ) earth (in contrast
with heaven), world : ace. sg. al-
mihtiga eorSan worhte, 92; wide
geond eorSan, far over the earth,
through the wide world, 266; dat.
sg. ofer eor'San, 248, 803 ; on eor
'San, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg.
eor'San, 753. — 2) earth, ground :
ace. sg. he eor'San gefeoll, fell to
the ground, 2835 » forleton eorla
gestreon eor'San healdan, let the
earth hold the nobles' treasure, 3 1 68 ;
dat. sg. hat hit on eor'San lag, 1533;
under eor'San, 2416; gen. sg. wi5
eor'San fa"Sm (in the bosom of the
ear tli}, 3050.

torff-reced, st. n., hall in the earth,
rock-hall : ace. sg. 2720.

eorff-scraf, st.n., earth-cavern, cave:
dat. sg. eorS-[scrafe], 2233; gen.
pi. eor'S-scrafa, 3047.

eorflf-sele, st. m., hall in the earth,
cave : ace. sg. eor'S-sele, 2411 ; dat.
sg. of eorSsele, 2516.

eorS-weall, st. m., earth-wall : ace.

sg. (Ongen}>e6w) beah eft under
eoriSweall, fled again under the
earth-wall (into his fortified camp),
2958; t>a me was . . . sf5 alyfed
inn under eor'Svveall, then the way
in, under the earth-wall was opened
to me (into the dragon's cave), 309 1 .

eorij-weard, st. m., land-property,
estate : ace. sg. 2335.

eorl, st. m., noble born man, a man
of the high nobility : nom. sg. 762,
796, 1229, etc.; ace. sg. eorl, 573,
628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983,
1758, etc.; ace. pi. eorlas, 2817;
dat. pi. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650,
etc.; gen. pi. eorla, 248, 357, 369,
etc. — Since the king himself is
from the stock of the eorlas, he
is also called eorl, 6, 2952.

eorl-gestreon, st. n., wealth of the
nobles : gen. pi. eorl-gestreona . . .
hardfyrdne dasl, 2245.

eorl-gewsede, st. n., knightly dress,
armor : dat. pi. -gewaedum, 1443.

eorlic (i.e. eorl-llc), adj., what it be
comes a noble born man to do, chiv
alrous : ace. sg. eorlic ellen, 638.

eorl-scipe, st. m., condition of being
noble born, chivalrous nature,
nobility : ace. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728,
3175; eorl-scipe efnan, to do chiv
alrous deeds, 2134, 2536, 2623,
3008.

eorl-weorod, st. n., followers of.
nobles : nom. sg. 2894.

eormen-cyn, st. n., very extensive
race, mankind : gen. sg. eormen-
cynnes, 1958.

eormen-grund, st. m., immensely
wide plains, the whole broad earth :
ace. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.

eormen-laf, st. f., enormous legacy:
ace. sg. eormen-lafe aftelan cynnes
{the treasures of the dragon's cave} ,
2235.

GLOSSARY.

eorre, adj., angry t enraged: gen.sg.

eorres, 1448.
eoton, st. m. : i) giant: nom. sg.

eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. un-

inflccted, eoton (Grendel), 669;

nom. pi. eotenas, 112. — 2) harm
ful enemy, in general(?) : gen. pi.

eotena, 421, 884, (of the Danes)

1073, (of the Frisians) 1089, 1 142;

dat. pi. eotenum, 1146.
eotonlso, &&).,gigantic, coming from

giants : ace. sg. eald sweord eote-

nisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (eto-

nisc, MS.) 2617.

EO

e6red-geatwe, st. f. pi., warlike
adornments : ace. pi., 2867.

e6wan, w. v., to show, to be seen:
pres. sg. III. ne gesacu Shwaer,
ecghete edwetS, nowhere shows it
self strife, sword-hate, 1739. See
• -ii wail, \ \v;m.

e6\ver: i) gen. pi. pers. pron., ves-
trum : e6wer sum, that one of you
(namely, Be<5wulf), 248; faehSe
eower Ie6de, the enmity of the peo
ple of you (of your people), 597;
nis J>at e<5wer stS . . . nefne min
dues, 2533. — 2) poss. pton.,your,
251. 257. 294, etc.

g c - famllnn, -fond tan, w. v., to try,
to search for, to find out, to expe
rience: w.gen. pret. part. t>at hafde
gumena sum goldes gefandod, that
a man had discovered the gold,
2302 ; honne se fin hafaS |>urh
deaftes nyd daeda gefondad, now

pang experienced the deeds (the

unhappy bow -shot of Hce'Scyn),

2455-

fara, w. m., farer, traveller: in
comp. mere-fara.

faran, st. v., to move from one place
to another, to go, to wander: inf. t3
him faran, to go home, 124; ISton
on gefllt faran fealwe mearas, /.•/
the fallow horses go in emulation,
865 ; cwom faran flotherge on Fres-
na land, had come to Frieslandwith
a fleet, 2916; com leoda dugofte on
list faran, came logo tipon the track
of the heroes of his people, i.e. to
follow them, 2946; gerund waeron
aSelingas eft to leoduin fuse td
farenne, the nobles were ready to
go again to their people, 1806; pret.
S8- gegnum for [HI] ofer myrcan
mor, there had (Grendel's mother)
gone away over the dark fen, 1405;
scegenga for, the seafarer (the ship)
drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid
bade f&r, (the dragon) fled away
with fire, 2309; pret. pi. )>at . . .
scawan scirhame to scipe foron,
that the visitors in glittering attire
betook themselves to the ship, 1896.

gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. hu
se minscea'Sa under faergripum ge
faran wolde, how he would act in
his sudden attacks, 739.

ut faran, to go out : w. ace. ISt of
breo'stum . . . word ut faran, let
words go out of his breast, uttered
words, 2552.

faroff, st. m., sir earn, flood of the sea :
dat. sg. to brimes faro'Se, 28; after
faro'Se, with the stream, 580; at
faroiSe, 1917.

faru, st. f ., way, passage, expedition :
in comp. Sd-faru.

faoeu-staf (elementum nequitiae),
st. m., wickedness, treachery, deceit.
ace. pi. flcen-stafas, 1019.

GLOSSARY.

163

fah, fag, adj., many-colored, varie
gated, of varying color (especially
said of the color of gold, of bronze,
and of blood, in which the beams
of light are refracted) : nom. sg.
fih (coveredwith blood*), 420; blode
fah, 935; atertanum fah (sc. iren),
1460; sadol searwum fall (saddle
artistically ornamented with gold},
1039; svveordswatefah, 1287; brim
blode fall, 1595; waldreoref ig, 1 632;
(draca) fyrwylmum fah (because he
spewed flame}, 2672; sweord fah
and fated, 2702; blode fall, 2975;
ace. sg. dreore fihne, 447 ; goldsele
fattum fdhne, 717; on fdgne flor
treddode, trod the shining floor (of
Heorot), 726; hrof golde f&hne,
the roof shining with gold, 928;
nom. pi. eoforllc . . . fdh and fCr-
heard, 305; ace. pi. }>a hilt since
fage, 1616; dat. pi. fSgum sweor-
dum, 586. — Comp. ban-, blod-,
brftn-, dreor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-,
sine-, stin-, swat-, wal-, wyrm-fali.

fah, fag, fa, adj. : i) hostile : nom.
sg. fall feond-scea'Sa, 554; he was
fag wi$ god (Grendel), 8l2; ace.
sg. fane (the dragon), 2656; gen.
pi. fdra, 578, 1464. — 2) liable to
pursuit, without peace, outlawed :
nom. sg. f&g, 1264; mane fall, out
lawed through crime, 979; fyren-
daedum f&g, 1002. — Comp. nearo-
fah.

famig-heals, adj., -with foaming
neck : nom. sg. flota fdmig-heals,
218; (ssegenga) fimig-heals, 1910.

fac, st. n., period of time : ace. sg.
lytel fac, during a short time,
2241.

fader, st. m., father : nom. sg. fader,
55,262,459, 2609; of God, 1610;
fader alwalda, 316; ace. sg. fader,
1356; dat.sg. fader, 2430; gen. sg.

fader, 21, 1480; of God, 188 —
Comp. : asr-, eald-fader.

fadera, w. m., father's brother : in
comp. suhter-gefaderan.

fader-aSelo, st. n. pi., paternus
principatus (?) : dat. pi. fader-
a'Selum, 912.

faderen-maeg, st. m., kinsman de
scended from the same father, co-
descendant: dat. sg. faderen-msege,
1264.

faffm, st. m.: I) the outspread, en
circling arms : instr. pi. feondes
fa"S[mum], 2129. — 2) embrace,
encircling: nom. sg. liges faftm,
782; ace. sg. in fyres faftm, 185.
— 3) bosom, lap : ace. sg. on foldan
fa'Sm, 1394; wit5 eoriSan faSm,
3050; dat. pi. tS fader (God's) fa'S-
mum, 1 88. — 4) power, property :
ace. in Francna faSm, 1211. — Cf.
std-faSmed, si«-fa"Sme.

faffmian, w. v., to embrace, to take
up into itself: pres. subj. J>at mtnne
llchaman . . . glSd fa'ftmie, 2653;
inf. l£ton fl8d fa^mian fratwahyrde,

3I34-

ge-fag, adj., agreeable, desirablt
(Old Eng., fawe, willingly) : comp.
ge-fagra, 916.

fagen, adj., glad, joyous : nom. pi.
ferh'Sum fagne, the glad at heart,
1634.

fager, adj., beautiful, lovely : nom.
sg. fager fold-bold, 774; fager fol
dan bearm, 1138; ace. sg. freo'So-
burh fagere, 522; nom. pi. Jrer him
fold-wegas fagere }>fthton, 867. —
Comp. un-fager.

fagere, fagre, adv., beautifiilly,
well, becomingly, according to eti
quette : fagere ge^segon medoful
manig, 1015; ]>& was flet-sittendunr.
fagere ger corded, becomingly the
repast was served, 1789; HigelSc

GLOSSARY.

ongan . . . flgre fricgean, 1986;
similarly, 2990.

far, st. n., craft, ship : nom. sg., 33.

fftst, adj., bound, fast : nom. sg. biS
sc step to fast, 1743; ace. sg.
fre6ndscipe fastne, 2070; faste
frioSuwaere, 1097. — The prep, on
stands to denote the where or
wherein : was tu fast on )>im (sc.
on faehSe and fyrene), 137; on
ancre fast, 303. Or, oftener, the
dative : fe6nd-gr&pum fast, (held )
fast in his antagonists clutch, 637 ;
fyrbendum fast, fait in the forged
hinges, 723 ; handa fast, 1291, etc.;
hygebendum fast (beorn him lan-
ga5), fast (shuf) in the bonds of
his bosom, the man longs for (i.e.
in secret), 1879. — Comp. : ir-,
bked-, gin-, s6«-, ttr-, wts-fast.

faste, adv.,/<M/.- 554, 761, 774, 789,
1296. — Comp. faster, 143.

be -fasten, w. v., to give over : inf.
h8t Hildeburh hire selfre sunu
sweolo'Se befastan, to give over to
the flames her own son, 1 1 1 6.

fasten, st. n., fortified place, or place
difficult of access : ace. sg. ledda
fasten, the fastness of the Gedtas
(with ref. to 2327), 2334; fasten
(Ongen)>e6w's castle or fort), 295 1 ;
fasten (Grendel's house in the fen-
sea), 104.

fast-reed, z.^}., firmly resolved : ace.
sg. fast-raedne ge)>oht, firm deter
mination, 6il.

fat, st. m., way, journey : in comp.
stS-fat.

fiit, st. n., vessel ; vase, cup : ace. pi.
fyrn-manna fatu, the (drinking-}
vessels of men of old times, 2762. —
Comp.: bftn-, drync-, mlSSum-,
sine-, wundor-fat.

fftt, st. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal,
especially gold plate (Dietrich Hpt.

Ztschr. XI. 4:0) : dat. pi. gold-
sele . . . fattum f aline, shining '^>ith
gold plates (the walls and the inner
part of the roof were partly cov
ered with gold), 717; sceal se
hearda helm hyrsted golde fatum
befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold or
naments shall fall away from it,
2257.

fated, fatt, part., ornamented with
gold beaten into plate-form : gen.
sg. fattan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr.
sg. fattan golde, 2103. Elsewhere,
covered, ornamented with gold
plate : nom. sg. sweord . . . fated,
2702; ace. sg. fated waege, 2254,
2283; ace. pi. fatte scyldas, 333;
fatte beagas, 1751.

fated-hle6r, adj., phaleratus gena
(Dietr.) : ace. pi. eahta mearas
fated-hle6re (eight horses with bri
dles covered with plates of gold),

fat-gold, st. n., gold in sheets or

plates : ace. sg., 1922.
faege, adj.: i) forfeited to death,

allotted to death by fate : nom. sg.

faege, 1756, 2142, 2976; faege and

ge-flymed,847; fflsand faege, 1242;

ace. sg. faegne ftesc-homan, 1569;

dat. sg. faegum, 2078; gen. sg.

faeges, 1528. — 2) dead: dat. pi.

ofer faegum (over the warriors

fallen in the battle), 3026. —

Comp. : dea5-, un-faege.

(state of hostility, see fuh),

st. f., hostile act, feud, battle : nom.

sg. faehS, 2404, 3062; ace. sg.

freh«e, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334,

etc.; also of the unhappy bow

shot of the HrSSling, Hae'Scyn, by

which he killed his brother, 2466;

dat. sg. fore faehSe and fyrene, 137;

nalas for faehtSe mearn (did not

recoil from the combat), 1538;

GLOSSARY.

165

gen. sg. ne gefeah he J^ere

109; gen. pi. faeh'Sa gemyndig,

2690. — Comp. wal-fsehft.

fsehSfo, st. f., same as above : nom.
sg. sio fseh'So, 3000; ace. fsefrSo,
2490.

fjelsian, w. v., to bring into a good
condition, to cleanse : inf. bat ic
mote . . . Heorot fselsian (from the
plague of Grendel), 432; pret.
Hro'SgaTes . . . sele fselsode, 2353.

ge-fselsian, w. v., same as above :
pret. part, hafde gefaslsod . . . sele
Hro-SgaTes, 826; Heorot is gefael-
sod, 1177; waeron y"$-gebland eal
gefaelsod, 1621.

faemne, w. f., virgin, recens nupta :
dat. sg. fsemnan, 2035; gen. sg.
fsemnan, 2060, both times of Hro'S-
gar's daughter Freaware.

faer, st. m., sudden, unexpected at
tack: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnaf's
band by Finn's), 1069.

faer-gripe, st. m., sudden, treacher
ous gripe, attack : nom. sg. fser-
gripe flodes, 1517; dat. pi. under
fsergripum, 739.

faer-gryre, st. m.., fright caused by a
sudden attack : dat. pi. wi~S fser-
gryrum (against the inroads of
Grendel into Heorot), 174.

faeringa, adv., suddenly, unexpect
edly, 1415, 1989.

faer-nig1, st. m., hostility with sud
den attacks : gen. pi. hwat me
Grendel hafaft . . . fgernifta gefre-
med, 476.

feffer-gearwe, st. f. pi. {feather-
equipmenf}, the feathers of the
shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.)
pi. sceft fe'Ser-gearwum fus, 3120.

fel, st. n., skin, hide : dat. pi. glof
• • • gegyrwed dracan fellum,
made of the skins of dragons,
2089.

fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many:
as subst. : ace. sg. fela fricgende,
2107. With worn placed before :
hwat j>u worn fela . . . ymb Brecan
sprsece, how very much you spoke
about Breca, 530. — With gen. sg. :
ace. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-
cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sor-
ge, 2004; to fela micles . . . Denigea
leode, too much of the race of the
Danes, 695; uncfrSes fela, 877;
fela la'Ses, 930; fela leofes and
laSes, 1 06 1 . — With gen. pi. : nom.
sg. fela madma, 36; fela J>sera wera
and wifa, 993, etc.; ace. sg. fela
missera, 153; fela fyrena, 164;
ofer landa fela, 311; ma^Sum-
sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne
me swSr fela a"5a on unriht, swore
no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn
fela ma"8ma, 1784; worna fela
guiSa, 2543. — Comp. eal-fela.

II., adverbial, very, 1386, 2103,
2951.

fela-lirdr, adj., valde agitatus, very
active against the enemy, very war
like, 27.

fela-m6dig, adj., very courageous:
gen. pi. -modigra, 1638, 1889.

fela-synnig, adj., very criminal,
very guilty : ace. sg. fela-sinnigne
secg (in MS., on account of the
alliteration, changed to simple s i n -
nigne), 1380.

felgan, st. v., to betake one's self
into a place, to conceal one's self :
pret. srSftan inne fealh Grendles
m6dor (in Heorot), 1282; >aer
inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the
dragon's cave), 2227. — to come to
any place, to arrive : searoni'Sas
fealh, 1 20 1.

at-felgan, w. dat., insistere, adhse-
rere : pret. no ic him }>as georne at-
ha\}\(didtiol hold him so fast}, 969,

166

GLOSSARY.

fen, st. n., fen, moor : ace. sg. fen,
104; dat. sg. to fenne, 1296; fen-
ne, 2010.

fen-freoffo,st. i.,refuge in the fen :
dat. sg. in fen-freoSo, 852.

feng, st. m., gripe, embrace : nom.
sg. fyres feng, 1765; ace. sg. fSra
feng (of the hostile sea-monsters),
578. — Comp. inwit-feng.

fengel (probably he -who takes fas-
session, cf. t3 f3n, 1 756, and fon t3
rice, to enter upon the government) ,
st. m., lord, prince, king: nom.
sg. wlsa fengel, 1401 ; snottra fen-
gel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel,
2346.

fen-ge-lAd, st. n., fen-paths, fen
•with paths : ace. pi. frScne fen-
gelSd (/tns difficult of access),
1360.

fen-hliff, st. n., marshy precipice :
ace. pi. under fen-hleo5u, 821.

fen-hop, st. n., refuse, in the fen :
ace. pi. on fen-hopu, 765.

ferh, st. m. n., life ; see feorh.

ferh, st. m., hog, boar, here of the
boar-image on the helmet: nom.

sg., 3<>5-

ferhff, st. m., heart, soul : dat. sg. on
ferhfle, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc
hiora his ferhiSe tre6wde, J>at . . .,
each of them trusted to his (Hun-
ferfl's) heart, that . . ., 1167; gen.
sg. ferlvSes fore-J>anc, 1061; dat.
pi. (adverbial) ferh'Sum fagne,^a/-
py at heart, 1634; t>at mon . . .
ferhftum fredge, that one . . . hearti
ly love, 3178. — Comp.: collen-,
sirig-, swift-, wlde-fernS.

terWS-trec&ft)., having good 'courage,
bold, brave: ace. sg. ferfrS-frecan
Fin, 1147.

ferhff-geiiiffla, w. m., mortal ene
my : ace. sg. ferh'S-genrSlan, of the
drake, 2882.

ferlan, w. v. w. ace., to bear, to bring,
to conduct: pres. II. pi. hwanon
ferigea'S fatte scyldas, 333; pret.
pi. t3 scypum feredon eal inges-
teald eorScyninges, 1155; simi
larly, feredon, 1159, 3114.

at-ferian, to carry away, to bear
off: pret. ic J>at hilt )>anon fe6n-
dum atferede, 1670.

ge-ferian,/o bear, to bring, to lead:
pres. subj. I. pi. bonne (we) ge-
ferian frean userne, 3108; inf.
geferian . . . Grendles heafod, 1639;
pret. }>at hi ut geferedon dyre m^ft-
mas, 3131; pret. part, her syndon
geferede feorran cumene . . . Geata
Ie6de, men of the Gedtas, come
from afar, have been brought
hither (by ship), 361.

35-ferian, to tear away, to take
away : pret. sg. I. unsofte panon
feorh 8$-ferede, 2142.

o f - f e r i a n , to carry off, to take away,
to tear away : pret. ofter swylc fit
offerede, took away another such
(sc. fifteen), 1584.

fctel-hilt, st. n., s-Mord-hill, with the
gold chains fastened to it : ace. (sg.
or pi.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f.
nord. Altertumskunde,"pp.45,46.)

fetian, w. v., to bring near, bring :
pres. subj. na"h h\vi . . . fe[tige]
fated waege, bring the gold-chased
tankard, 2254; pret. part. hra'Se
was t3 bure Be6wulf fetod, 1311.

ge-fetian, to bring: inf. hSt J>&
eorla hle6 in gefetian Hre" ftles lafe,
caused Hrtf&efs sword to be brought,
2191.

a-fedan, w. v., to nourish, to bring
up : pret. part. >ser he SfSded was,
694.

feffa (O.H.G. fendo), w. m. : i} foot-
soldiers : nom. pi. fe"5an, 1328,
2545. — 2) collective in sing., band

GLOSSARY.

1G7

oj foot-soldiers, troop of warriors :
nom. fefta eal gesat, 1425; dat. on
fSSan, 2498, 2920. — Comp. gum-
fe«a.

f effe, st. n., gait, going, pace : dat.
sg. was t8 foremihtig feond on
fSfte, the enemy was too strong in
going (i.e. could flee too fast), 971.

f effe-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier :
nom. sg., 1545, 2854.

feffe-gast, st. m., guest coming on
foot : dat. pi. fe"$e-gestum, 1977.

feSe-last, st. m., signs of going, foot
print : dat. pi. fSrdon for 5 J>onon
feSe-lastum, went forth from there
upon their trail, i.e. by the same
way that they had gone, 1633.

feffe-wig, st. m., battle on foot : gen.
sg. nealles Hetware hremge }>orf-
ton (sc. wesan) fe5e-wtges, 2365.

fel (= feol), st. i.,file: gen. pi. f£la
lafe, what the files have left behind
(that is, the swords), 1033.

f eran, w. v., iter (A.S. for) facere,
to come, to go, to travel : pres. subj.
II. pi. ser ge . . . on land Dena
furSur feran, ere you go farther
into the land of the Danes, 254;
inf. feran on frean ware (to die},
27; gewiton him )>& feran (set out
upon their way) , 301 ; msel is me to
fSran, 316; feran . . . gang sceawi-
gan, go, so as to see the footprints,
1391; wide feran, 2262; pret.
ferdon folctogan . . . wundor scea-
wian, the princes came to see the
wonder, 840; ferdon for"8, 1633.

ge-feTan: i) adire, to arrive at:
pres. subj. J>onne eorl ende gefere
lifgesceafta, reach the end of life,
3064; pret. part, hafde seghwa'Ser
cnde gefered kenan lifes, frail
life's end had both reached, 2845.
— 2) to reach, to accomplish, to
bring about : pret. hafast J?u gef£-

red }>at . . ., 1222, 1856. — 3) to
behave one's self, to conduct one's
self: pret. fre"cne gcfe"rdon, had
shown themselves daring, 1692.

feal, st. m. , fall ; in comp. wal-feal.

feallan, st. v., to fall, to fall head
long : inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg.
}>at he on hrusan ne feol, that it
(the hall) did not fall to the ground,
773; similarly, feoll on foldan,
2976; fe<511 on feSan (dat. sg.),
fell in the band (of his warriors),
2920; pret. pi. )>onne walu feollon,
1043.

be-feallen, pret. part., w. dat. or
instr., deprived of, robbed : freon-
dum befeallen, robbed of friends,
1127; sceal se hearda helm . . .
fatum befeallen (sc. wesan), be
robbed of its gold mountings (the
gold mounting will fall away from
it moldering), 2257.

ge- feallan,^ fall, to sink down :
pres. sg. III. }>at se lic-homa . .
fsege gefealleft, that the body doomed
to die sinks down, 1756. — Also,
with the ace. of the place whither :
pret. meregrund gefeoll, 2101; he
eorSan gefeoll, 2835.

fealu, adj., fallow, dun-colored, taw
ny : ace. sg. ofer fealone flod (over
the sea}, 1951 ; fealwe staete (with
reference to 320), 917; ace. pi.
leton on geflit faran fealwe mea-
ras, 866. — Comp. appel-fealo.

feax, st. n., hair, hair of the head :
dat. sg. was be feaxe on flet boren
Grendles heafod, was carried by
the hair into the hall, 1648; him
. . . swat . . . sprong for~S under
fexe, the blood sprang out under the
hair of his head, 2968. — Comp. :
blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.

ge-fea, w. m., joy: ace. sg. fcere
fylle gefean, joy at the abundant

168

GLOSSARY.

repast, 562; ic His ealles inag . . .
gefean habban (can rejoice at all
this), 2741.

feA, &d].,few : dat. pi. nemne feaum
inum, except some few, 1082; gen.
pi. feara sum, as one of a few, with
a few, 1413; feara sumne, one of
a few (some few), 3062. With gen.
following : ace. pi. fea worda cwa'5,
spoke few words, 2663, 2247.

iVii-sceaft, adj., miserable, unhappy,
helpless: nom. sg. syS'San aerest
wear'5 feasceaft funden, 7 ; fea-
sceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat.
sg. feasceaftum men, 2286; Ead-
gilse . . . feasceaftum, 2394; nom.
pi. feasceafte (the Geatas robbed
of their king, Hygelftc), 2374.

feoh, fe6, st.n., (properlyfa///^,A<fr</),
here, possessions, property, treas
ure : instr. sg. ne wolde . . . feorh-
bealo fed J'ingian, would not allay
life's evil for treasure (tribute),
156; similarly, J>& feh'Se fe6 hin-
gode, 470; ic he J>a faehSe feo
leanige, 1381.

ge-feohaii, ge-feon, st. v., w. gen.
and instr., to enjoy one's self, to
rejoice at something: a) w. gen. :
pret. sg. ne gefeah he hsere faehSe,
109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces,
2299; pi. fylle gefsgon, enjoyed
themselves at tht bounteous repast,
1015; heodnes gefegon, rejoiced
at (the return of) the ruler, 1628.
— b) w. instr. : niht-weorce gefeh,
ellen-mnerSum, 828; secg weorce
gefeh, 1570; sseHlce gefeah, ma'gen-
byrSenne h&ra he he him mid haf-
de, rejoiced at the gift of the sea,
and at the great burden of that
(Grendel's head and the sword-
hilt) which he had with him, 1625.

feoh-glft, -gyft, st. f., bestowing of
gifts or treasures: gen. sg.

feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pi. at feob-
gyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum,
with rich gifts, 21.

feoh-lcds, adj., that cannot be atoned
for through gifts : nom. sg. hat was
feoh-leas gefeoht, a deed of arms
that cannot be expiated (the killing
of his brother by Hae'Scyn), 2442.

ge-feoht, st. n., combat; warlike
deed : nom. sg. (the killing of his
brother by HaeScyn), 2442; dat.
sg. mSce hone )>in fader t8 gefeohte
bar, the sword which thy father
bore to the combat, 2049.

g e - feohtan, st. v., to fight : inf. w.
ace. ne mehte . . . wig Hengeste
wiht gefeohtan (could by no means
offer Hengest battle}, 1084.

feohte, w. f., combat : ace. sg. feoh
tan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.

feor, adj., far, remote : nom. sg. nis
hat feor heonon, 1362; nas him
feor hanon to gesScanne sinces
bryttan, 1922; ace. sg. feor eal
(all that is far,J>asf), 1702.

feor, adv., far, far away: a) of
space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917;
feor and (o^fSe) neah,/#r and (or)
near, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267. —
b) of time : ge feor hafaiS fceh'Se
gesfceled (has placed us under her
enmity hencefortfi), 1341.

Comparative, fyr, feorr, and
feor: fyr and fastor, 143; fyr,
252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542.

feor-bfiend, pt., dwelling far away :
nom. pi. ge feor-buend, 254.

feor-c$ff, st. f., home of those liv
ing far away, distant land: nom.
pi. feor-c^SSe be65 selran gesohte
ham he him selfa deah, who trusts
to his own ability, for him is it
better that he seek foreign lands,

1839.
fcorh,ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s,twr/t/),

GLOSSARY.

169

st. m. and n., life, principle of life,
soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; no
)>on lange was feorh aSelinges flses-
ce bewunden, not for much longer
•was the soul of the prince enveloped
in the body (he was near death),
2425; ferh ellen wrac, life ex
pelled the strength (i.e. with the
departing life the strength disap
peared also), 2707; ace. sg. feorh'
ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh
gehealdan, preserve his life, 28575
feorh alegde, gave up his life, 852;
similarly, ser he feorh sele'S, 1371;
feorh o'Sferede, tore away her life,
214.2; o'S >at hie forlseddan to J>am
lindplegan swsese gesiftas ond hyra
sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour
they carried into battle their dear
companions and their lives (i.e.
led them to their death), 2041;
gif Jju Jnn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb
feorh sacan (to fight for life}, 439 ;
was in feorh dropen, was wotinded
into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982;
widan feorh, as temporal ace.,
through a -wide life, i.e. always,
2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549;
to widan kore,for a -wide life, i.e.
at all times, 934; on swi geongum
feore {at a so youthful age), 1844 ;
as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. feores,
1434, 1943; dat. pi. buton . . . feo-
rum gumena, 73; freonda feorum,
1 307. — Also, body, corpse : J>a was
heal hroden feonda feorum (the
hall was covered with the slain of
the enemy}, 1153; gehwearf }>& in
Francna fa'Sm feorh cyninges, then
the body of the king (HygelSc) fell
into the power of the Franks, 121 1 .
— Comp. geogoft-feorh.
feorh-bana, w. m., (life-slayer},
man-slayer, murderer : dat. sg.
feorh-bonan, 2466.

feorh-ben, st. f., wound that takes
away life, mortal wound: dat.
(instr.) pi. feorh-bennum seoc,
2741.

feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying
life, violent death : nom.sg., 2078,
2251, 2538; ace. sg., 156.

feorh-cyn, st. n., race of the living,
mankind : gen. pi. fela feorh-cyn-
na, 2267.

feorh-geniQla, w. m., he who seeks
life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod-
feind), mortal enemy: ace. sg.
-geni'Slan, 1541; dat. sg. -geni'S-
lan, 970; ace. pi. folgode feorh-
geniSlan, 970; ace. pi. folgode
feorh-geni'Slan, (Ongen^eow) pur
sued his mortal enemies, 2934.

feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to
anyone, life determined by fate:
ace. sg. on mi'Sina hord mine
(mmne, MS.) bebohte frode feorh-
lege, for the treasure-hoard / sold
my old life, 2801.

feorh-last, st. m., trace of (vanish
ing) life, sign of death : ace. sg.
feorh-lastas bar, 847.

feorh-se6c, adj., mortally wounded:
nom. sg., 821.

feorh-sweng, st. m., {stroke rob
bing of life}, fatal blow : ace. sg.,
2490.

feorh-wund, st. f., mortal viound,
fatal injury : ace. sg. feorh-wunde
hleat, 2386.

feorm, st. f., subsistence, entertain
ment : ace. sg. no Jm ymb mtnes
ne J>earft lices feorme leng sorgian,
thou needest no longer have care
for the sustenance of my body, 4151.
— 2) banquet : dat. on feorme (or
feorme, MS.), 2386.

feormend-leas, adj., wanting the
cleanser : ace. pi. geseah . . . fyrn-
manna fatu feormend-lease, 2762.

170

GLOSSARY.

feormlan, w. v., to dean, to cleanse,
to polish : pres. part, nom pi. feor-
miend swefa'5 (feormynd, MS.),

2257-
ge-f eormian, w. v., to feast, to eat:

pret. part. s3na hafde unlyfigendes
eal gefeormod f8t and folma, 745.
feorran, w. v., w. ace., to remove :
inf. sibbe ne wolde wift manna
hwone magenes Deniga feorh-bea-
lo feorran, fe6 J»ingian, (Grendel)
would not from friendship free
any one of the race of the Danes of
life's evil, nor allay it for tribute,

I56.

feorran, adv., from afar: a) of
space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820,
etc.; si$5an aftelingas feorran ge-
fricgean fleam e6werne, when noble
men afar learn of your flight
(when the news of your flight
reaches distant lands), 2890; f8r-
don folctogan feorran and nean,
from far and from near, 840;
similarly, nean and feorran J>u nu
[friSu] hafast, 1175; was J>as wyr-
mes wig wide gesyne . . . nean and
feorran, visible from afar, far and
near, 2318. — b) temporal: se J>e
cuSe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan
(since remote antiquity), 91 ; sim
ilarly, feorran rehte, 2107.

feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born :
dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.

feor-weg, st. m., far way : dat. pi.
midma fela of feorwegum, many
precious things from distant paths
(from foreign lands), 37.

g e - f e6n . See f eohan .

fe6nd, st. m., enemy : nom. sg., 164,
726, 749; fe6nd on helle (Gren
del), 101 ; ace. sg., 279, 1865,
2707; dat. sg. fe6nde, 143, 439;
gen. sg. fe6ndes, 985, 2129, 2290;
ace. pi. fe6nd, 699; dat. pi. fe6n-

dum, 420, 1670; gen. pi. feonda,
294, 809, 904.

fe6nd-grap, st. f., foe's clutch : dat.
(instr.) pi. fe6nd-grapum fast, 637.

fe6nd-scea9a, w. m., one who is an
enemy and a robber : nom. sg. fah
fe6nd-sca'Sa (a gleaming sea-mon
ster), 554.

fcond-sclpp, st. m., hostility : nom.
sg., 3000.

fe6wer, num., four : nom. fe6wer
beam, 59; fedwer mearas, 2164;
fe6wer, as substantive, 1638; ace.
fe6wer m£5mas, 1028.

fe6wer-tyne, num., fourteen : nom.
with following gen. pi. feowertyne
Geata, 1642.

flndan, st. v., to find, to invent, to
attain : a) with simple object in
ace. : inf. b&ra be he cSnoste findan
mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finnes-
ham findan meahton sigla searo-
gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871;
mag )>aer fela fre<5nda findan, 1839;
wolde guman findan, 2295; swd
hyt weorSHcost fore-snotre men
findan mihton, so splendidly as only
very wise men could devise it, 3 1 64 ;
pret. sg. healtegnas fand, 720;
word o'Ser fand., found other words,
i.e. went on to another narrative,
871; grimne gryrellcne grund-
hyrde fond, 2137; >at ic godne
funde beaga bryttan, 1487; pret.
part. sy55an aerest weariS feasceaft
funden (discovered), 7. — b) with
ace. and pred. adj. : pret. sg. dryh-
ten sinne driorigne fand, 2790. —
c) with ace. and inf. : pret. fand
H J>aer inne aSelinga gedriht swe-
fan, 118; fand waccendne wer
wlges bldan, 1268; hord-wynne
fond opene standan, 2271 ; 315 Hit
he fyrgen - beamas . . . hleonian
funde, 1416; pret. pi. fundon W

GLOSSARY.

171

sawulleasne hlim - bed healdan,
3034. — d) with dependent clause :
inf. no Jjy ser feasceafte findan
meahton at J^am a'Selinge }>at he
Heardr8de hlaford wasre {could by
no means obtain it from the
prince}, 2374.

o n - f i n d a n , to be sensible of, to per
ceive, to notice : a) w. ace. : pret.
sg. landweard onfand eftst'8 eorla,
the coast-guard observed the return
of the earls, 1892; pret. part. }>a
heo onfunden was (was discovered},
1294. — b) w. depend, clause : pret.
sg. }>a se gist onfand bat se beado-
leoma bltan nolde, the stranger
(Beowulf ) perceived that the sword
would not cut, 1523 ; s8na )>at on-
funde, bat . . ., immediately per
ceived that ...,751; similarly, 810,
1498.

finger, st. m., finger : nom. pi. fin-
gras, 761; ace. pi. fingrasf 985;
dat. (instr.) pi. fingrum, 1506; gen.
pi. fingra, 765.

firas, fyras (O.H.G. firahl, i.e. the
living; cf. feorh), st. m., only in
pi., men: gen. pi. fira, 91, 2742;
monegumfira, 2002; fyragehwylc-
ne leoda mlnra, 2251 ; fira fyrnge-
weorc, 2287.

firen, fyren, st. f., cunning way
laying, insidious hostility, malice,
outrage : nom. sg. fyren, 916; ace.
sg. fyrene and faeh'Se, 153; fashfte
and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' on-
drysne, 1933 ; dat. sg. fore fashfte
and fyrene, 137; gen. pi. fyrena,
164,629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena
hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat.
pi., fyrenum, is used adverbially in
the sense of maliciously, 1745, or
fallaciously, with reference to H3e"5-
cyn's killing Herebeald, which was
done unintentionally, 2442.

firen-daed, st. f., -wicked deed : ace.
pi. fyren-daeda, 1670; instr. pi.
fyren-daedum, 1002 ; both times of
Grendel and his mother, with refer
ence to their nocturnal inroads.

firen-J>earf, st. f., misery through
the malignity of enemies : ace. sg.
fyren-}>earfe, 14.

firgen-bedm, st. m., tree of a moun
tain-forest: ace. pi. fyrgen-beamas,
1415.

firgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood,
mountain-forest : ace. sg. on fyr-
gen-holt, 1394.

firgen-stredm, st. m., mountain-
stream : nom. sg. fyrgen-stream,
1360; ace. sg. under fyrgen-stream
(marks the place where the moun
tain-stream, according to 1360,
empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.

flsc, st. m., fish : in comp. hron-,
mere-fisc.

fif, num., five : uninflect. gen. flf
nihta fyrst, 545; ace. fife (?), 420.

fifel-cyn (O.N. fifl, stultus and
gigas), st. n., giant-race: gen. sg.
fifelcynnes card, 104.

fif-tene, f if-tyne, num., fifteen :
ace. fyftyne, 1583; gen. fiftena
sum, 207.

fif-tig, num.,yf/?j' .• I ) as substantive
with gen. following ; ace. ftftig
wintra, 2734 ; gen. se was fiftiges
fot-gemearces lang, 3043. — 2)
as adjective : ace. fiftig wintru,
2210.

flan, st. m., arrow : dat. sg. flane,
3120; as instr., 2439.

flan-boga, w. m., bow which shoots
the flan, bow : dat. sg. of flan-
bogan, 1434, 1745.

flaesc, st. n., flesh, body in contrast
with soul : instr. sg. no >on lange
was feorh itSelinges flresce bewun-
den, not much longer was the soul

172

GLOSSARY.

of the prince contained in his body,
2425.

fleesc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh,
i.e. the body : ace. sg. fkesc-homan,

1569-

flet, st. n. : l) ground, floor of a
hall : ace. sg. he6 on flet gebeah,
fell to the ground, 1541; similarly,
1 569. — 2) hall, mansion : nom.

sg- I977> acc- sg- fiet» IO37» 1648,
1950, 2018, etc. ; flett, 2035 ; J>at
hie him 85er flet eal gerymdon,
that they should give up entirely to
them another hall, 1087 ; dat. sg.
on flette, 1026.

flet-rast, st. f., resting-place in the
hall: acc. sg. flet-raste gebeag,
reclined upon the couch in the hall,
1242.

flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in
the hall: acc. pi. -sittende, 2023 ;
dat. pi. -sittendum, 1789.

flet-werod, st. n., troop from the
hall : nom. sg., 476.

fleam, st. m., flight: acc. sg. on
fleam gewand, had turned to flight,
1002 ; fleam e<5werne, 2890.

fleogan, st. v., to fly : prs. sg. III.
fleogeS, 2274.

fleon, st. v., to flee : inf. on heolster
fle<5n, 756; fleon on fenh8pu, 765;
fleon under fen-hleoSu, 821 ; w.
acc. hete-swengeas fleah, 2226.

be-fle6"n, w. acc., to avoid, to es
cape : gerund no J>at y'Se byS to
befle6nne, that is not easy (i.e. not
at all) to be avoided, 1004.

ofer-fle6n, w. acc., to flee from
one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges
wcard oferfledn fotes trem, will
not yield to the warder of the
mountain (the drake) a foot's
breadth, 2526.

fleotan, st. v., to float upon the water,
to swim ; inf. n3 he wiht fram me

flod-y'5um feor fledtan meahte,
hra'Sor on holme, no whit, could he
mini from me farther on the waves
(regarded as instrumental, so that
the waves marked the distance),
more swiftly in the sea, 542 ; pret.
saegenga fleat famigheals for$ ofer
y'Se, floated away over the waves,
1910.
fliht. See flyht.

II it inc. See n li • 11 i t inc.

ilitan, st. v., to exert one's st//, to
strive, to emulate : pres. part, fli-
tende fealwe straete mearum maeton
(rode a race}, 917; pret. sg. II.
eart hu se Be6wulf, se )>e wi$
Brecan . . . ymb sund flite, art than
the Beowulf who once contended
with Breca for the prize in swim
ming? 507.

ofer -flit an, to surpass one in a
contest, to conquer, to overcome:
pret. w. acc. he )>e at sunde ofer-
fla"t (overcome thee in a swimming-
™*ger), 517.

g e - flit, st. n., emulation : acc. sg.
ISton on geflit faran fealwe mearas,
let the fallow horses go in emula
tion, 866.

floga, w. m.,^ flyer; in the compounds :
gu'5-, lyft-, uht-, w^S-floga.

flota (see fleotan), w. m., float,
ship, boat : nom. sg., 210, 218, 301 ;
acc. sg. flotan eowerne, 294. —
Comp. waeg-flota.

flot-here, st. m, fleet: instr. sg.
cwom faran flotherge on Fresna
land, 2916.

fldd, st. m., flood, stream, sea-cur
rent: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.;
acc. sg. fl3d, 3134; ofer fealone
fl8d, 1951; datsg. t3 flode, 1889;
gen. pi. floda begong, the region
of floods, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827 ;
floda genipu, 2809.

GLOSSAEY.

173

1, st. f., flood-wave : instr. pi.
flod-yftum, 542.

fl&r, st. m., floor, stone-floor : ace.
sg. OH f&gne flor (the floor was
probably a kind of mosaic, made
of colored flags), 726 ; dat. sg.
gang £>£ after flore, along the floor
(i.e. along the hall), 1317.

flyht, fliht, st. m., flight : nom. sg.
gares fliht, flight of the spear, 1766.

ge- flyman, w. v., to put to flight :
pret. part, geflymed, 847, 1371.

folc, st. n., troop, band of warriors ;
folk, in the sense of the whole
body of the fighting men of a na
tion > ace. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912 ;
Su'Sdene folc, 464 ; folc and rice,
1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596;
folce Deninga, 465 ; as instr. folce
gestepte ofer sae side, went with a
band of warriors over the wide
sea, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125;
folces Denigea, 1583. — The king
is called folces hyrde, 6n, 1833,
2645, 2982 ; freawine folces, 2358 ;
or folces weard, 2514. The queen,
folces cwen, 1933. — The pi., in
thesenseof warriors, fighting-men:
nom. pi. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pi.
folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pi.
freo- (frea-) wine folca, of the king,
430, 2430 ; frrSu-sibb folca, of the
queen, 2018. — Comp. sige-folc.

folc-agend, pres. part., leader of a
band of warriors : nom. pi. folc-
agende, 3114.

folc-beorn, st. m., man of the mul
titude, a common man : nom. sg.
folc-beorn, 2222.

folc-cwen, st. f., queeti of a 'warlike
host : nom. sg., of Wealh^eow, 642.

folc-cyning, st. m., king of a war
like host : nom. sg., 2734, 2874.

folc-rsed, st. m., what best serves a
warlike host : ace. sg., 3007.

folc-riht, st. n., the rights of the
fighting men of a nation : gen. pi.
him asr forgeaf . . . folcrihta ge-
hwylc, swd his fader dhte, 2609.

folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of
warriors, nation : dat. sg. folc-
scare, 73.

folc-stede, st. m., position of a band
of warriors, place where a band of
warriors is quartered : ace. sg.
folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76 ;
folcstede faTa (the battle-field},
1464.

folc-toga, w. m., leader of a body
ofwarriors, duke: nom. pi., power
ful liege -men of Hroftgar are
called folc-togan, 840.

fold-bold, st. n., earth-house (i.e. a
house on earth in contrast with a
dwelling in heaven) : nom. sg. fa-
ger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot,

774-

fold-buend, pres. part., dweller on
earth, man : nom. pi. fold-buend,
2275; fold-buende, 1356; dat.pl.
fold-buendum, 309.

folde, w. f., earth, ground : ace. sg.
under foldan, 1362; feoll on fol-
dan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm,
the bosom of the earth, 1138; fol
dan sceatas, 96; foldan fa5m,
1394. — Also, earth, world: dat.
sg. on foldan, 1197.

fold-weg, st. m., field-way, road
through the country : ace. sg. fold-
weg, 1634; ace. pi. fold-wegas,
867.

folgian, w. v. : i) to perform vas
sal-duty, to serve, to follow : pret.
pi. J>eah hie hira beaggyfan banan
folgedon, although they followed
the murderer of their prince, 1103.
— 2) to pursue, to follow after :
folgode feorh-genl'Slan (ace. pi.),
2934

174

GLOSSARY.

folm, st. {., hand: ace. sg. folme,
971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme,
749; ace. pi. f£t and folma, feet
and hands, 746; dat. pi. to banan
folmum, 158; ful mum (instr.), 723
993. — Comp. : beado-, gearo-folm.

for, prep. w. dat., instr., and ace. :
I ) w. dat. local, before, ante : J>at
he for eaxlum gest3d Deniga frean,
358; for hli we, 1 1 21. — b) before,
coram, in conspectu : no he hire
feohgyfte for sceotendum scami
gan |>orfte, had no need to be
ashamed of the gift before the war-
riors,io2j; for >am werede, 1216;
for eorlum, 1650; for dugufte, be
fore the noble band of -warriors,
2021 ; for dugeffum, 2502. — Causal,

a) to denote a subjective motive,
on account of, through, from : for
wlenco, from bravery, through
warlike courage, 338, 1207; for
wlence, 508; for his wonhydum,
434; for onmedlan, 2927, etc. —

b) objective, partly denoting a
cause, through, from, by reason
of: for metode, for the creator, on
account of the creator, 169; for
hreanydum, 833; for breanfidlan,
2225; for dolgilpe, on account of,
in accordance with the promise of
bold deeds (because you claimed
bold deeds for yourself), 509; him
for hrSfsele hrlnan ne mehte faer-
gripe flSdes, on account of the roofed
hall the malicious grasp of the flood
could not reach him, 1516; Hg-
egesan wag for horde, on account
of (the robbing of) the treasure,
2782; for mundgripe mlnurn, on
account of, through the gripe of my
hand, 966; for J>as hildfruman
handgeweorce, 2836; for swenge,
through the stroke, 2967 ; ne meah-
te . . . de6p gedygan for dracan

ISge, could not hold out in the deep
on account of the heat of the drake,
2550. Here may be added such
passages as ic )>am godan sceal for
his modfrace maSmas be6dan, will
offer him treasures on account of
his boldness of character, for his
high courage, 385 ; ful-oft for las-
san lean teohhode, gave often re
ward for what was inferior, 952;
nalles for ealdre mearn, was not
uneasy about his life, 1443; simi
larly, 1538. Also denoting pur
pose : for arstafum, to the assist
ance, 382, 458. — 2) w. instr.
causal, because of, for : he hine feor
forwrac for )>y mine, no. — 3) w.
ace., for, as, instead of: for sunu
freogan, love as a son, 948; for
sunu habban, 1176; ne him )>as
wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, held the
drake 's fighting as nothing, 2349.

foran, adv., before, among the first,
forward: siftSan . . . sceawedon
feondes fingras, foran aeghwylc
{each before himself}, 985 ; )>at
was an foran ealdgestre6na, that
was one among the first of the old
treasures, i.e. a splendid old treas
ure, 1459 ; )>e him foran ongean
linde baeron, bore their shields for
ward against him (went out to
fight against him), 2365.

be- foran: i) adv., local, before:
he ... beforan gengde, went be
fore, 1413; temporal, before,earlicr,
2498. — 2) prep. w. ace. before, in
conspectu : maere maVSSum-sweord
manige gesiwon beforan beorn
beran, 1025.

ford, st. m., ford, water-way : ace.
sg. ymb brontne ford, 568.

forff : i) local, forth, hither, near :
fof5 near %.\.s\&^,approachednearer%
746; )>i cwom Wealh}>e6 for 5 gin,

GLOSSARY.

175

1163; similarly, 613 ; him selej>egn
for'S wlsade, led him (Beowulf)
forth (to the couch that had been
prepared for him in Heorot), 1 796 ;
>at him swat sprong for'S under
fexe, forth under the hair of his
head, 2968. Forward, further :
gewttaft for$ beran wsepen and
gewsedu, 291 ; he to for1? gestop,
2290; freo'So-wong K>ne for'S ofer-
eodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45,
904 ; fyrst for'S gewit, the time (of
the way to the ship) was out, i.e.
they had arrived at the ship, 210 ;
me . . . for'S-gewitenum, to me the
departed, 1480 ; fSrdon for'S, went
forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633 ;
J>onne he for'S scile, when he must
(go*) forth, i.e. die, 3178; hine
mihtig god . . . ofer ealle men for'S
gefremede, carried him forth, over
all men, 1719. — 2) tempora\,/ortA,
from now on : heald for'S tela niwe
sibbe, 949 ; ic sceal for'S sprecan
gen ymbe Grendel, shall from now
on speak again of Grendel, 2070.
See furffum and furflfor.

forgf-gerimed, pres. part., in un
broken succession, 59.

forff-gesceaft, st. f., that which is
determined for farther on, future
destiny: ace. sg. he ]?& for'S-ge-
sceaft forgyte'S and forgyme'5,1 751 .

forff-weg, st. m., road that leads
away, journey : he of ealdre ge-
w&t frod on forft-weg (upon the
way to the next world), 2626.

fore, prep. w. dat., local, before,
coram, in conspectu: heo fore
Visa, werede sprac, 1216. Causal,
through, for, because of: no mearn
fore fsefrSe and fyrene, 136; fore
fader daedum, because of the father's
deeds, 2060. — Allied to this is the
meaning, about, de, super: J>ser

was sang and sweg samod atgadere
fore Healfdenes hildewlsan, song
and music about Healfdene's gene
ral (the song of Hna'f), 1065.

fore-msere, adj., renowned beyond
(others), pneclarus : superl. J>at
was fore-mserost foldbuendum re-
ceda under roderum, 309.

fore -mihtig, adj., able beyond
(others'), praepotens : nom. sg. was
to foremihtig feond on feSe, the
enemy was too strong in going
(could flee too rapidly), 970.

fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond
(others), sapientissimus : nom. pi.
foresnotre men, 3164.

fore-J»anc, st. m., forethought, con
sideration, deliberation : nom. sg.,
1061.

forht, adj., fearful, cowardly : nom.
sg. forht, 2968; he on mode weariS
forht on ferhfte, 755. — Comp. un-
forht.

forma, adj., foremost, first : nom.
sg. forma SI'S (the first time), 717,
1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman
si'Se, 741, 2287 ; forman dogore,
2574-

fyrmest, adv. superl., first of all,
in the first place : he fyrmest lag,
2078.

forst, st. m., frost, cold : gen. sg.
forstes bend, 1610.

for-J>am, for-]>an, for-Jjon, adv.
and conj., therefore, on that ac
count, then: forj>am, 149; forj^an^
418, 680, 1060; forj>on \?e, because,

5°3-

f6n, st. v., to catch, to grasp, to takf
hold, to take: prs. sg. III. fSh^'
oSer to, another lays hold (takes
possession), 1756; inf. ic mid
grSpe sceal fon wi~S feonde, 439 ;
pret. sg. him togeanes feng, caught
at him, grasped at him, 1 543 ; w»

176

GLOSSARY.

dat. he Him fratwum fSng, received
tkt rich adornments (Ongenhe6w's
equipment), 2990.

be-fon, to surround, to ensnare,
to encompass, to embrace: pret.
part, hyne sir hafatS . . . nearwe
befongen balwon bendum, 977 ;
he6 aSelinga Snne hafde faste be-
fangen (had seized him firmly),
1296; helm . . . befongen freawrHs-
num (encircled by an ornament
like a diadem), 1452 ; fenne bi-
fongen, surrounded by the fen,
2010 ; (draca) tyre befongen, en
circled by fire, 2275, 259^ J hafde
landwara llge befangen, encom
passed by fire, 2322.

g e • f 8 n , w. ace., to seize, to grasp :
pres. he gefSng sbependne rinc,
741 ; guSrinc gefSng atolan clom-
mum, 1502; gefSng \>d. be eaxle . . .
GuSgeata le<5d Grendles m3dor,
1538; gefSng J>4 fetelhilt, 1564;
hond rond gef&ng, geolwe linde,
2610; ic on Sfoste gefSng micle
mid mundum magen - byrftenne,
/tastily I seized with my hands the
enormous burden, 3091.

o n - f 3 n , w. dat., to receive, to accept,
to take : pres. imp. sg. onfoh )>is-
sum fulle, accept this cup, 1170;
inf. hat hat he<5dnes beam . . .
scolde fader-aSelum onfSn, receive
the paternal rank, 912 ; pret. sg.
hwi ham hlaste onfSng, -who re
ceived the ship's lading, 52; hle<5r-
bolster onfSng eorles andwlitan,
the pillow received the nobleman's
face, 689 ; similarly, 853, 1495 ">
heal swgge onffcng, the hall re
ceived (he loud noise, 1215 ; he
onfSng hra'Se inwit-hancum, he
(Beowulf) at once received him
(Grendel) devising malice, 749.

|>urh-fon,w.acc, to break through

with grasping, to destroy by grasp
ing: inf. hat he6 hone fyrd-hom
hurh-f3n ne mihte, 1505.

wifl-ffin, w. dat., (to grasp af), to
seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him
faste wiU-fSng, 761.

ymbe-f8n, w. ace., to encircle:
pret. heals ealne ymbefSng biteran
banum, encircled his (Bedwulf's)
•whole neck with sharp £0*fij(teeth),
2692.

f6t, st. m., foot : gen. sg. fdtes trem
(the measure of a foot, a foot
broad), 2526 ; ace. pi. fSt, 746 ;
dat. pi. at fotum, at the feet, 500,
1167.

fot-gemearc, st. n., measure, deter
mining by feet, number of feet :
gen. sg. se was fiftiges fotgemearces
long (Jiftyfeet long), 3043.

fOt-last, st. m., foot-print : ace. sg.
(draca) onfand feondes fot-14st,
2290.

friicod, adj., objectionable, useless:
nom. sg. nas seo ecg fracod hilde-
rince, 1576.

frain, from,I.prep.w.dat.loc.aTftf>'
from something: haer fram sylle
abeag medubenc mo nig, 776, 1 7 1 6 ;
hanon eft gewiton ealdgeslflas . . .
fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men
from ham holmclife hafelan baeron,
1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367.
Standing after the dat.: he bine
feor fonvrac . . . mancynne fram,
HO; similarly, 1716. Also, hither
from something: \>& ic cwom . . .
from feondum, 420; aeghwaftrum
was . . . broga fram SSrum, 2566.
— Causal with verbs of saying and
hearing, of, about, concerning.'
sagdest from his slSe, 532; no ic
\viht fram he swylcra searo-nl^Sa
secgan h^rde, 581; hSt he fram
Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876.

GLOSSARY.

177

II. adv., away, thence: no by
xx fram meahte, 755; forth, out:
from asrest cwom oru^ agbecean
ut of stane, the breath of the
dragon came forth first from the
rock, 2557.

fram, from, adj.: l) directed for
wards, striving forwards; in comp.
sift-fram. — 2) excellent, splendid,
of a man with reference to his war
like qualities : nom. sg. ic com on
mode from, 2528; nom. pi. frome
fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things:
instr. pi. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.
— Comp. un-from ; see freme,
forma.

g e - f riigen. See f rignan.

fratwe, st. f. pi., ornament, any
thing costly, originally carved ob
jects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr.
X. 2i6ff.), afterwards of any costly
and artistic work : ace. pi. fratwe,
2920; beorhte fratwe, 214; beorhte
fratwa, 897 ; fratwe . . . eorclan-
stanas, 1208 ; fratwe, . . . breost-
weorftunge, 2504, both times of
Hygelac's collar; fratwe and fat-
gold, 1922 ; fratwe (Eanmund's
sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr.
pi. J>am fratwum, 2164; on frate-
wum, 963; fratwum (Heaftobeard
sword) hre"mig, 2055; fratwum, of
the drake's treasures, 2785; frat
wum (OngenJ>eow's armor), 2990;
gen. pi. fela . . . fratwa, 37; J>ara
fratwa (drake's treasure), 2795 ;
fratwa hyrde (drake), 3134.

f riitwan, w. v., to supply with or
naments, to adorn : inf. folc-stede
fratwan, 76.

g e - f r a t w i a n , w. v., to adorn : pret.
sg. gefratwade foldan sceatas leo-
mum and leafum, 96; pret. part.
J>& was haten Heort innanweard
folmum gefratwod, 993.

ge-fraege, adj., known by reputa
tion, renowned: nom. sg. le<5d-
cyning . . . folcum gefrcege, 55;
swS hyt gefnege was, 2481.

g e-fraege, st. n., information through
hearsay : instr. sg. mine gefrsege
(as I learned through the narra
tive of others'), 777, 838, 1956, etc.

g e - f raegnian, w. v., to become known
through hearsay : pret. part, fylle
gefraegnod (of Grendel's mother,
who had become known through
the carrying off of Aschere), 1334.

f reca, w. m., properly a wolf, as one
that breaks in, robs; here a desig
nation of heroes : nom. sg. freca
Scildinga, of Beowulf, 1564. —
Comp. : guft-,hilde-,scyld-,sweord-,
wig-freca; ferh'S-frec (adj.).

fremde, adj., properly distant, for
eign; then estranged, hostile : nom.
sg. }>at was fremde J>eod Scean
dryhtne, of the giants, 1692.

freme, adj., excellent, splendid:
nom. sg. fern, fremu folces cw£n,
of pryflo, I933(?).

fremman, w. v., to press forward,
to further, hence: i) in general,
to perform, to accomplish, to do, to
make : pres. subj. without an ob
ject, fremme se be wille, let him do
(if) whoever will, 1004. With ace. :
imp. pi. fremma'S ge nu leoda
J^earfe, 2801 ; inf. fyrene fremman,
101 ; sacce fremman, 2500; feh'Se
. . . maer'Sum fremman, 2515, etc.;
pret. sg. folcrced fremede {did what
• was best for his men, i.e. ruled
wisely), 3007; pi. hu \>& aftelingas
ellen fremedon, 3 ; feohtan fre-
medon, 960; nalles facenstafas . . .
}>enden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj.
J>at ic . . . maerSo fremede, 2135.
— 2) to help on, to support : inf.
}>at he mec fremman wile wordura

178

GLOSSARY.

and worcum (to an expedition),

1833.

ge-ii einman, w. ace., to Jo, to
make, to render : inf. gefremman
eorllc ellen, 637; helpan gefrem
man, to give help, 2450; after
weaspelle wyrpe gefremman, to
work a change after sorrow (to
give joy after sorrow), 1316; ge
rund, to gefremmanne, 174, 2645;
pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551,
585, etc. ; )>eah )>e bine mihtig god
. . . ofer ealle men foriS gefremede,
placed him away, above all men,
i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pi. ge-
fremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj.
gefremede, 177; pret. part, gefre-
med, 476 ; fern, nu scealc hafa'5
. . . doed gefremede, 941 ; abso
lutely, >u J>e self hafast daedum
gefremed, )>at . . ., hast brought it
about by thy deeds that, 955.

f retan, st. v., to devour, to consume :
inf. J>& (the precious things) sceal
brond fretan, 3015; nu sceal glcd
fretan wigena strengel, 31 15 ; pret.
sg. (Grendel) sbepende frat folces
Denigea fyftyne men, 1582.

f recne, adj., dangerous, bold: nom.
sg. frScne fyr-draca, 2690; feorh-
bealo fr&cne, 2251, 2538; ace. sg.
fre'cne doede, 890; frScne fengelid,
1360; frScne st&we, 1379; instr.
sg. frScnan spnece (through pro
voking words), 1105.

frScne, adv., boldly, audaciously,
960, 1033, 1692.

freA, w. m., ruler, lord, of a tempo
ral ruler : nom. sg. frea, 2286; ace.
sg. frean, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003,
3108; gen. sg. frean, 359,500,1167,
1681; dat. sg. frean, 271, 291,
2663. Of a husband : dat. sg. code
. . . t3 hire frean sittan, 642. Of
God : dat. sg. frean ealles, the Lord

of all, 2795; gen. sg. frean, 27.—
Comp. : dgend-, lif-, sin-frea.

fred-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling
lord: gen. sg. frea-drihtnes, 797.

freA-wine, st. m., lord and friend,
friendly ruler : nom. sg. frea-wine
folces (folca), 2358, 2430; ace. sg.
his frea-wine, 2439.

freA-wr&sn, st. f., encircling orna
ment like a diadem : instr. pi. helm
. . . befongen freawrisnum, 1452;
see \\ ra-.ii

f reoffu, f riffu, f., protection, asy
lum, peace : ace. sg. wel biS bam
J>e m8t . . . t5 fader fao'mum freo-
"So wilnian, who may obtain an asy
lum in God's arms, 188; neanand
feorran J>u nu [fiiSu] hafast, 1175.
— Comp. fen-freo'So.

freoffo-burh, st. f., castle fity afford
ing protection : ace. sg. freoftoburh
fagere, 522.

freoiffo-ivong, st. m., field of peace,
field of protection : ace. sg., 2960;
seems to have been the proper
name of a field.

f reoffo-wser, st. f., peace-alliance,
security of peace : ace. sg. HI hie
getruwedon on twi healfa faste
frio'Su-waere, 1097; 8en- S8- frioSo-
waere bad hldford slnne, entreated
his lord for the protection of peace
(i.e. full pardon for his delinquen
cy), 2283.

f reoffo-webbe, w. f., pads textrix,
designation of the royal consort
(often one given in marriage as a
confirmation of a peace between
two nations) : nom. sg., 1943.

frco-bnrh, st. f., = frea-burg (?),
ruler's castle (?) (according to
Grein, arx ingenua) : ace. sg. fre6-
burh, 694.

freed, st. f., friendship: ace. sg.
fre6de ne woldon ofer heafo heal-

GLOSSARY.

179

dan, 2477; gen. sg. nas J>ser mdra
fyrst freode to friclan, was no longer
lime to seek for friendship, 2557 ;
— favor, acknowledgement: ace. sg.
ic )>e sceal mine gelaestan freode
(will show myself grateful, with
reference to 1381 ff.), 1708.

fre6-dryhten (— frea-dryhten), st.
m.,lorJ, ruler; according to Grein,
dominusingenuus vel nobilis : nom.
sg. as voc. freo-drihten min ! 1170;
dat. sg. mid his freo-dryhtne, 2628.

f reogan, w. v., to love ; to think of
lovingly : pres. subj. hat mon his
wine-dryhten . . . ferh'Sum freoge,
3178; inf. nu ic J?ec . . . me for
sunu wylle freogan on ferfrSe, 949.

f reo-lic, adj., free, free-born (here
of the lawful wife in contrast with
the bond concubine) : nom. sg.
freolic wlf, 616; freolicu folc-cwe"n,
642.

freond, st. m., friend: ace. sg.
freond, 1386, 1865; dat. pi. freon-
dum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pi.
freonda, 1307, 1839.

freond-laflfu, st. f., friendly invita
tion : nom. sg. him was ful boren
and freond-la'Su (friendly invita
tion to drink) wordum bewagned,

"93-
fre6nd-lar, st. f., friendly counsel:

dat. (instr.) pi. freond-larum, 2378.
freond-Uce, adv., in a friendly

manner, kindly : compar. fre6nd-

Itcor, 1028.
freond-scipe, st. m., friendship :

ace. sg. freond-scipe fastne, 2070.
fre6-\vine, st. m. (see fre&wine),

lord and friend, friendly ruler ;

according to Grein, amicus nobilis,

princeps amicus : nom. sg. as voc.

freo-wine folca ! 430.
fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire

into : inf. ongan slnne geseldan

fagre fricgean hwylce Sae-Geata
stb'as wasron, 1986 ; pres. part,
gomela Scilding fela fricgende
feorran rehte, the old Scilding,
asking many questions (having
many things related to him), told
of old times (the conversation was
alternate), 2107.

ge-fricgean, to learn, to learn by
inquiry : pres. pi. syS'San hie ge-
fricgea'5 frean userne ealdorleasne,
•when they learn that our lord is
dead, 3003 ; pres. subj. gif ic f>at
gefricge, }>at . . ., 1827; pi. sySftan
aftelingas feorran gefricgean fleam
eowerne, 2890.

friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen.,
to seek, to desire, to strive for :
inf. nas }>£er mdra fyrst freode to
friclan, 2557.

friiffo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirm
ing of peace, designation of the
queen (see freoiyo-^vebbe),/^^^-
bringer : nom. sg. friSu-sibb folca,
2018.

frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., to
ask, to inquire: imp. ne frin Jm
after sselum, ask not after the well-
being! 1323 ; inf. ic t>as wine Deni-
ga frinan wille . . . ymb Jnnne sift,
351; pret.sg.fragn,236,332; fragn
gif . . ., asked whether . . ., 1320.

ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-
frinan, to Jind out by inquiry,
to learn by narration : pret. sg.
(w. ace.) J>at fram ham gefragn
Higelaces )>egn Grendles daeda,
194; no ic gefragn heardran feoh-
tan, 575; (w. ace. and inf.) J>a ic
wide gefragn weorc gebannan, 74 ;
similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774 ; ne
gefragen ic }>a moegSe maran weo-
rode ymb hyra sincgyfan sel ge-
boeran, I never heard that any peo
ple, richer in warriors, conducted

180

GLOSSARY.

itself better about its chief, IO12;
rimilarly, 1028; pret. pi. (w. ace.)
we t>eodcyninga Jryin gefrunon, 2 ;
(w. ace. and inf.) geongne gu5-
cyning godne gefrunon hringas
d.dan, 1970; (parenthetical) swa
guman gefrungon, 667 ; (after
J-onne) medo-arn micel (greater)
. . . J>one yldo beam refre gefru
non, 70 ; pret. part, hafde Hige-
Idces hilde gefrunen, 2953; hafdon
gefrunen J>at . . ., had learned that
• • •» 695 » hafde gefrunen hwanan
si6 faeh'S SLT&S, 2404 ; healsbeaga
maest l>ara he ic on foldan gefragen
habbe, 1197.

from. See Cram.

frod, adj.: i) relate provectus, olJ,
gray: nom. sg. frod, 2626, 2951 ;
frod cyning, 1307, 2210 ; frod
folces weard, 2514; wintrum frod,
1725,2115,2278; se froda, 2929;
ace. sg. frode feorhlege (the laying
do-un of my old life), 2801 ; dat.
sg. frSdan fyrnwitan (may also,
from its meaning, belong under
No. 2), 2124. — 2) mente excellen-
tior, intelligent, experienced, wise :
nom. sg. fr&d, 1367; frod and
god, 279; on mode frod, 1845. —
Comp. : in-, un-frod.

f rdfor, st. f., consolation, compensa
tion, help : nom. sg. fr6for, 2942;
ace. sg. frofre, 7, 974; fyrena fro-
fre, 629; frofre and fultum, 1274;
frSfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. to
frofre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frofre,
185.

f ruiita (see forma), w. m., the fore
most, hence: l) beginning: nom.
sg. was se fruma egeslic Ie6dum
on lande, swi hyt lungre wearS on
hyra sincgifan sire geendod (the be-
ginning-of the dragon-combat was
terrible, its end distressing through

the death of Bedwulf), 2310.—
2) he w/io stands first, prince ; in
comp. daed-, hild-, land-, Ie6d-,
ord-, wlg-fruma.

frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primiti-
vum), descent, origin : ace. sg. nu
ic e6wer sceal frumcyn witan, 252.

frum-gAr, st. m., primipilus, duke,
prince : dat. sg. frumgare (of Beo
wulf ), 2857.

f ruiu-soeaf t, st. f., prima creatio,
beginning: ace. sg. se J>e cu$e
frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, -who
could tell of the beginning of man
kind in old times, 91; dat. sg. frum-
sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his
birth, 45.

fugol, st. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle
gelicost, 218; dat. pi. [fuglum] to
gamene, 2942.

fill, adj., full, filled : nom. sg. w.
gen. pi. se was innan full wratta
and wlra, 2413. — Comp.: eges-,
sorh-, weorS-ful.

fult adv., plene, very : ful oft, 480,
952.

ful, st. n., cup, beaker: nom. sg.,
1193; ace. sg. ful, 616,629, 1026;
ofer ^iSa ful, over the cup of the
•waves (the basin of the sea filled
with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfoh
Hssum fulle, 1 1 70. — Comp. : medo-,
sele-full.

f ullaestlan, w. v. w. dat., to give
help : pres. sg. ic J>e fulkestu, 2669.

fultum, st. m., help, support, protec
tion : ace. sg. frofor (frofre) and
fultum, 699, 1274; magenes ful
tum, 1836; on fultum, 2663. —
Comp. magen-fultum.

f undlan, w. v., to strive, to have in
view : pres. pi. we fundia'S Hige-
lac secan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode
of geardum, 1 1 38.

f iirtfuni, adv., primo. just, exactly;

GLOSSARY.

181

then first : J?a ic furSum weold I
folce Deninga, then first governed \
the people of the Danes (had just
assumed the government), 465 ; HI
hie to sele furSurn . . . gangan
cwomon, 323; ic }>aer fur'Sum cwom
to ham hringsele, 2010; — before,
previously : ic J>e sceal mine ge-
laestan freode, swa" wit fur'Sum
spnecon, 1708.

f urffur, adv., further, forward, more
distant, 254, 762, 3007.

fus, adj., inclined to, favorable,
ready : nom. sg. nu ic com siSes
fus, 1476; leofra manna fus, pre
pared for the dear men, i.e. expect
ing them, 1917; sigel suftan fus,
the sun inclined from the south (mid
day sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn
fus ofer foegum, eager over the
slain, 3026; sceft . . . fefter-gear-
wum fus, 3120; nom. pi. wseron
... eft to leodum fuse to farenne,
1806. — Sometimes fus means
ready for death, moribundus : fus
and fege, 1242. — Comp. : hin-,
ut-fus.

fus-lic, adj., prepared, ready : ace.
sg. fus-lic f[yrd]-le6«, 1425; fyrd-
searo fus-lic, 2619; ace. pi. fyrd-
searu fus-licu, 232.

fyl, st. m., fall : nom. sg. fyll cyn-
inges, the fall of the king (in the
dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. }>at
he on fylle wearS, that he came to
a fall, fell, 1545. — Comp. hrS-fyl.

fylce (collective form from folc),
st. n., troop, band of warriors : in
comp. al-fylce.

ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., to fell,
to slay in battle: inf. fine gefyl-
lan, to slay the enemy, 2656; pret.
pi. feond gefyldan, they had slain
the enemy, 2707.

i-fyllan (see ful), w. v., to fill :

pret. part. Heorot innan was fre6n-
dum Sfylled (was filled with trusted
men), 1019.

fyllo,st. L, plenty, abundant meal:
dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefraegnod,
1 334 ; gen. sg. nas hie boere fylle
gefean hafdon, 562 ; fylle gefsegon,
1015. — Comp.: wal-, wist-fyllo.

fyl-\verig, adj., weary enough to
fall, faint to death, moribundus :
ace. sg. fyl-werigne, 963.

fyr. See feor.

fyrian, w. v. vv. ace. (= ferian), to
bear, to bring, carry : pret. pi. J>&
)>e gif-sceattas Geata fyredon Jjyder
to hance, 378.

fyras. See liras.

fyren. See iiren.

fjTrde, adj., movable, that can be
moved. — Comp. hard-fyrde. — Leo.

fjTrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on
an expedition, companion in bat
tle : dat. pi. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874

fyrd-ham, st. m., war-dress, coat
of mail : ace. sg. )>one fyrd-hom,

fyrd-hragl, st. n., coat of mail,

'Mar-dress: ace. sg. fyrd-hragl,

1528.
fyrd-hwat, adj., sharp, good in

war, warlike : nom. pi. frome

fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477.

oS1, st. n., war-song, warlike

music : ace. sg. horn stundum

song fuslic f[yrd]leo'5, 1425.
fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for

an expedition : ace. sg. fyrd-searu

fuslic, 2619; ace. pi. fyrd-searu

fuslicu, 232.
fyrd-wyrffe, adj., of worth in war,

excellent in battle : nom. sg. fyrd-

wyrfte man (Beowulf), 1317.
ge-fyrgfran (see forS1), w. v., to

bring forward, to further : pret.

part, dr was on ofoste, eftsitJes

182

GLOSSARY.

georn, fratwum gefyrSred, ht was
hurried forward by the treasure
(i.e. after he had gathered up the
treasure, he hasted to return, so
as to be able to show it to the
mortally-wounded Be6wulf ), 2785.

fyrnn'st . See forma.

fyrn-dagas, st. m. pi., by-gone days:
dat. pi. fyrndagum (in old times'),
1452.

fyrn-geweorc, st. n., work, some
thing done in old times : ace. sg.
fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-
cup mentioned in 2283), 2287.

fyrn-gewln, st. n., combat in ancient
times: gen. sg. or fyrn-gewinnes
(the origin of the battles of the
giants'), 1690.

fym-man,st.m., man of ancient
times: gen. pi. fyrn-manna fatu,
2762.

fyrn-witu, w. m., counsellor ever
since ancient times, adviser for
many years : dat. sg. fr3dan fyrn-
witan, of Aschere, 2124.

fyrst, st. m., portion of time, definite
time, time : nom. sg. nas hit lengra
fyrst, ac ymb ane niht . . ., 134;
fyrst foriS gewat, the time (of going
to the harbor) was past, 210; nas
Jwer mara fyrst fredde to friclan,
2556; ace. sg. niht-longne fyrst,
528; flf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg.
\ty fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on
fyrste gelomp . . ., within the fixed
time, 76.

fyr-wlt, -wet, -wyt, st. n., prying
spirit, curiosity : nom. sg. fyrwyt,
232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.

ge-fysan (ffis), w. v., to make
ready, to prepare: part, winde
gefysed flota, the ship provided
with wind (for the voyage), 217 ;
(wyrm) fyre gefysed, provided with
fire, 2310; |>4 was hringbogan (of

the drake) heorte gefysed sacce to
s&canne, 2562 ; with gen., in an
swer to the question, for what?
gu'Se gefysed, ready for battle, de
termined to fight, 631.

fyr, st. n.,fire: nom. sg., 1367, 2702,
2882 ; dat. sg. fyre, 2220 ; as instr.
fyre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fyres
faflm, 185; fyVes feng, 1765.—
Comp. : id-, bael-, heaSu-, wal-fyr.

fyr-bend, st. m., band forged in
fire : dat. pi. duru . . . fyr-bendum
fast, 723.

fyr-draca, w. m., fire-drake, fire-
spewing dragon : nom. sg., 2690.

fyr-heard, adj., hard through fire,
hardened in fire : nom. pi. (eofor-
lic) fah and fyr-heard, 305.

fyr-le6ht, st. n., fire-light : ace. sg.,
1517.

fyr-wylm, st. m., wave offire,flame-
wave : dat. pi. wyrm . . . fyrwyl-
mum fah, 2672.

galan, st. v., to sing, to sound: pres.
sg.sorh-le63gale$,246i ; inf.gr)-re-
leoft galan, 787; bearhtmongedton,
guiJhorn galan, heard the clang, the
battle-trumpet sound, 1433.

a-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg.
hat hire on hafelan hringmcel igol
graedig gu^lediS, that the sword
ca used a greedy battle-song to sound
upon her head, 1522.

gamban, or, according to Bout.,
gainbe, \v.l.,tribute, interest: ace.
sg. gc-mban gyldan, II.

ganien, st. n., social pleasure, re
joicing, joyous doings : nom. sg.
gamen, 1 161 ; gomen,246o; gomen
gleobeames, the pleasure of the
harp, 2264; ace. sg. gamen and

GLOSSARY.

183

gle6dream, 3022; dat. sg. gamene,
2942; gomene, 1776. — Comp.heal-
gamen.

gamen-waff, St. f., -way offering
social enjoyment, journey in joyous
society: dat. sg. of gomen-wi'Se,

855.

gamen-wudu, st. m., wood of social
enjoyment, i.e. harp : nom. sg. t>oer
was . . . gomenwudu greted, 1066;
ace. sg. gomenwudu grette, 2109.

gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old ;
of persons, having lived many
years, gr ay :gzxao\, 58, 265; gomol,
3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se go-
mela, 1398; gamela (gomela)
Scylding, 1793,2106; gomela,2932;
ace. sg. }>one gomelan, 2422; dat.
sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum
ceorl 6,2445; ^am gomelan, 2818;
nom. pi. blondenfeaxe gomele,
1 596. — Also, late, belonging to
former time : gen. pi. gomelra life
(legacy), 2037. — Of things, old,
from old times: nom. sg. sweord
. . . gomol, 2683 ; ace. sg. gomele
life, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611;
gamol is a more respectful word
than eald.

gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair :
nom. sg., 609.

gang, st. m. : i) gait, way : dat. sg.
on gange, 1885 ; gen. sg. ic hine ne
mihte . . . ganges ge-twaeman, could
not keep him from going, 969.
— 2) step, foot-step : nom. sg. gang
(the foot-print of the mother of
Grendel),i4O5; acc.sg. utonhrafte
feran Grendles magan gang scea-
wigan, 1392. — Comp. in-gang.

be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (so far
as something goes) , extent: acc.sg.
ofer geofenes begang, over the ex
tent of the sea, 362 ; ofer floda be
gang, 1827; under swegles begong,

861, 1774; floda begong, 1498; sio-
leSa bigong, 2368.

gangan. See under gan.

ganot, st. m., diver, fulica marina :
gen. sg. ofer ganotes baft (i.e. the
sea), 1862.

gad, st. n., lack : nom. sg. ne bi'S j>e
wilna gM (thou shalt have no lack
of desirable [valuable] t/tings),66i ;
similarly, 950.

gan, expanded = gangan, st. v., to
go: pres. sg. III. gaeS a Wyrd
swa hio seel, 455; gas~$ eft ... to
medo, 605 ; bonne he ... on flett
gseft, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres.
subj. III. sg. gi teer he wille, let
him go whither he will, 1395; imp.
sg. II. ga nu to setle, 1783; nu Jm
lungre geong, hord sceawian, under
harne stin, 2744; inf. in gin, to go
in, 386, 1645; forft gin, to go forth,
to go thither, 1164; )>at hie him
to mihton gegnum gangan, to go
towards, to go to, 314; t6 sele . . .
gangan cwomon, 324; in a similar
construction, gongan, 1643; nu ge
moton gangan . . . Hro'Sgir geseon,
395 > J>& com of more . . . Grendel
gongan, there came Grendel (going)
from the fen, 712; ongean gramum
gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to
go to the war, 1035; cwom ... to
hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan
to, let us go thither, 2649. — As
preterite, serve, i) geong or giong :
he to healle geong, 926; similarly,
2019; se J>e on orde geong, who
•went at the head, went in front,
3126; on innan giong, went in,
2215; he ... giong to J^as he he
eorSsele inne wisse, went thither,
where he knew of that earth-hall,
2410; J?ise afteling, giong, J>at he bt
wealle gesat, then went the prince
(Beowulf) that he might sit down

184

GLOSSARY.

by the wall, 2716. — 2) gang: tO
healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010;
similarly, 1296; gang bi after flore,
went along the floor, along the
hall, 1317- — 3) gengde (Goth,
gaggida) : he ... beforan gengde
. . ., wong sceawian, went in front
to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde,
also of riding, 1402. — 4) from
another stem, code (Goth, iddja) :
code ellenr3f, |>at he for eaxlum
gestod Deniga frean, 358; similar
ly, 403; [wi5 duru healle Wulfgar
code] , went towards the door of the
hall, 390; code WealhJ>e6w forS,
went forth, 613; code t3 hire frean
sittan, 641; code yrremod, went
with angry feeling, 727; code . . .
to sele, 919; similarly, 1233; code
. . . J>aer se snottra bad, 1313; code
weorS Denuin iiSeling td yppan,
the prince (Bedwulf), honored by
the Danes, went to the high seat,
1815; code . . . under inwit-hrof,
3124; pi. >aer swiSferhSe sittan
eodon, 493 ; eodon him t>a to-
geanes, went to meet him, 1627;
eodon under Earna nas, 3032.

a-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to
befall : pret. part, swa hit agangen
wearS eorla manegum (as it befell
many a one of the earls), 1235.

f ul 1-gangan, to emulate, to follow
after : pret. sg. Kmne . . . sceft
nytte hcold, fefter-gearwum fus
flane full-code, when the shaft had
employment, furnished with feath
ers it followed the arrow, did as
the arrow, 3120.

ge-gan, ge-gangan: l) to go, to
approach : inf. (w. ace.) his modor
• • • geg^n wolde sorhfulne slS,
1278; se J>e gryre-siSas gegan
dorste, who dared to go the ways of
terror (to go into the cotobat),

1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga
under his nueges scyld elne geeode,
went quickly under his kinsman's
shield, 2677; pi. elne geeodon td
J>as }>e . . ., went quickly thither
where . . ., 1968; pret. part. sy$5an
hie to-gadre gegin hafdon, when
they (Wiglaf and the drake) had
come together, 263 1 ; )>at his aldres
was ende gegongen, that the end of
his life had come, 823 ; J>4 was ende-
dag godum gegongen, bat se guS-
cyning . . . swealt, 3037. — 2) to
obtain, to reach: inf. (w. ace.)
l>onne he at guiSe gegan f>ence5
longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid clue
sceallgoldgegangan,2537; gerund,
nas HU y"Se ceap t3 gegangenne
gumena aenigum, 2417; pret. pi.
elne geeodon . . . J>at se byrnwlga
bugan sceolde, 2918; pret. part,
hafde . . . gegongen J>at, had at
tained it, that . . ., 894; hord ys
gesceawod, grimme gegongen,
3086. — 3) to occur, to happen :
pres. sg. III. gif J»at gegangeS J>at
. . ., if that happen, that . . ., 1847;
pret. sg. )>at geiode ufaran dogrum
hilde-hlammum, it happened in
later times to the warriors (the
Geatas), 2201; pret. part. )>a was
gegongen guman unfrodum ear-
fotSllce hat, then it had happened to
the young man in sorrowful wise
that . . ., 2822.

o 'S - g a n g a n , to go thither: pret. pi.
o5 )>at hi oSeodon ... in Hrefnes-
holt, 2935.

ofer-gangan, w. ace., to go over :
pret. sg. ofereode |>a aSelinga beam
steap stin-hli'So, went over steep,
rocky precipices, 1409; pi. freo'So-
wong J>one fortS ofereodon, 2960.

ymb-gangan, w. ace., to go around:
pret. ymb-eode )>& ides Ilehninga

GLOSSARY.

185

dugufte and geogo^e dsel segh-

wylcne, went around in every

part, among the superior and the

inferior warriors, 621.
gar, st. m., spear, javelin, missile :

nom, sg., 1 847, 3022 ; instr. sg.

gare, 1076 ; blodigan gare, 2441 ;

gen. sg. gaTes fliht, 1766; nom. pi.

garas, 328; gen. pi., i6l(?).—

Comp. : bon-, frum-gar.
gar-cene, adj., spear-bold: nom. sg.,

1959-

gar-cwealm, st. m., murder, death
by the spear : ace. sg. gar-cwealm
gumena, 2044.

gar-holt, st. n., forest of spears, i.e.
crowd of spears : ace. sg., 1835.

gar-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt
I. 578), sea, ocean : ace. sg. on gar-
secg, 49, 537 ; ofer gar-secg, 515.

gar-wlga, w. m., one -who fights with
the spear : dat. sg. geongum gar-
wtgan, of Wiglaf, 2675, 2812.

gar-wigend, pres. part., fighting
with spear, spear-fighter : ace. pi.
gaT-wtgend, 2642.

gust, gsest, st. m., ghost, demon :
ace. sg. helle gSst (Grendel), 1275 ;
gen. sg. wergan gastes (of Grendel),
133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen.
pi. dyrnra g&sta (Grendel's race),
1358; gaesta gifrost {flames con
suming corpses'], 1 1 24. — Comp. :
ellor-, geo-sceaf-g&t ; ellen-, wal-
gaest.

gast-bana, vv. m., slayer of the
spirit, i.e. the devil : nom. sg. gSst-
bona, 177.

gadding, st. m., he who is connected
with another, relation, companion:
gen. sg. gadelinges, 2618; dat. pi.
mid his gadelingum, 2950.

at-gadere, adv., together, united:
321, 1165, 1191; samod atgadere,
329, 387, 730, 1064.

to-gadere, adv., together, 263 1 .

gast, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger,
guest : nom. sg. gast, 1801 ; se gast
(the drake), 2313; se grimmagast
(Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523;
ace. sg. gryre-ltcne gist (the nixy
slain by Beowulf), 1442; dat. sg.
gyste, 2229; nom. pi. gistas. 1603;
ace. pi. gas[tas], 1894. — Comp.:
fede-, gryre-, inwit-, niS-, sele-gast

(-gyst).

gast-sele, st. m., hall in which the
guests spend their time, guest-hall :
ace. sg., 995.

ge, conj., and, 1341 ; ge . . . ge . . .,
as well . . . as . . ., 1 865 ; ge . . . ge
. . ., ge . . ., 1 249 ; ge swylce, and
likewise, and moreover, 2259.

ge, pron., ye, you, plur. of J>u, 237,
245, etc.

gegn-cwide, st. m., reply : gen. pi.
}>inra gegn-cvvida, 367.

gegnum, adv., thither, towards,
away, with the prep, to, ofer,
giving the direction : J>at hie him
to mihton gegnum gangan (that
they might go thither}, 314; geg
num for[t>i] ofer myrcan mor,
away over the dark moor, 1405.

gehftu, geohiffu, st. f., sorrow, care :
instr. sg. gioh'So msende, 2268 ;
dat. sg. on geh'So, 3096; on gioh'Se,
2794.

gen (from gegn), adv., yet, again :
ne was hit lenge ]?£ gen, J>at . . ., it
was not then long again that . . .,
83; ic sceal fovft sprecan gen ymb
Grendel, shall from now on speak
again of Grendel, 207 1 ; no )>y a?r
ut \>& gen . . . gongan wolde {still
he would not yet go out), 2082 ;
gen is call at be lissa gelong (yet
all my favor belongs to thee),
2150; >S gen, then again, 2678,
2703 ; sw£ he nu gen d8ft, as he

186

GLOSSARY.

still does, 2860 ; fur«ur gen, fur
ther still, besides, 3007 ; nu gen,
now again, 3169; ne gen, no more,
no fartlier : ne was J>at wyrd J>a
gen, that was no more fate (fate
no longer willed that), 735.

gen a, still: cwico was t>a gena,
was still living, 3094.

genga, w. m., goer ; in comp. in-,
sae-, sceadu-genga.

gengde. See gftn (3).

genge. See fiff-genge.

genunga (from gegnunga), adv.,
precisely, completely, 2872.

gerwan, gyrwan, w. v. : i) to
prepare, to make ready, to put in
condition : pret. pi. gestsele gyre-
don, 995. — 2) to equip, to arm
for battle : pret. sg. gyrede bine
Bedwulf eorl-gewzedum (dressed
himself in the armor), 1442.

ge -gyrwan: i) to make, to pre
pare : pret. pi. him J?a gegiredan
Geata Ie6da ad ... unwacllcne,
3138; pret. part. g!3f . . . call ge-
gyrwed de6fles craftum and dracan
fellum, 2088. — 2) to fit out, to
make ready: inf. ce<51 gegyrwan
hilde-waepnum and hea'Sowsedum,
38; h5t him ySlidan godne gegyr
wan, had (his} good ship fitted up
for him, 199. Also, to provide
warlike equipment : pret. part. syft-
"San he hine t8 guSe gegyred hafde,
1473. — 3) to endow, to provide,
to adorn : pret. part. nom. sg. bea-
do-hragl . . . golde gegyrwed, 553;
ace. sg. Iftfe . . . golde gegyrede,
2193; ace. pi. mad mas . . . golde
gegyrede, 1029.

get an, w. v., to injure, to slay : inf.,
2941.

be -g8te, adj., to find, to attain ; in
comp. eft-begSte.

geador, adv., unitedly, together,

jointly, 836 ; geadot atsomne,

491.
on-geador, adv., unitedly, together,

1596.
gealdor, st. n. : i) sound : ace. sg.

byman gealdor, 2944. — 2) magic

song, incantation, spell : instr. sg.

fanne was )>at yrfe . . . galdre be-

wunden (placed under a spell),

3053-

gealga, w. m., gallows : dat. sg. J<at
his byre ride giong on galgan, 2447.

gealg-mOd, adj., gloomy : nom. sg.
glfre and galgmSd, 1 278.

gealg-tre6w, st. n., gallows : dat.
pi. on galg-tre6wu[m], 2941.

geard, st. m., residence ; in Be6wulf
corresponding to the house-com
plex of a prince's residence, used
only in the plur. : ace. in geardas
(in Finn's castle), 1135; dat. in
geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum,
1 139; aer he on weg hwurfe ... of
geardum, before he went away from
his dwelling-place, i.e. died, 265.
— Comp. middan-geard.

gearo, adj., properly, made, pre
pared ; hence, ready, finished,
equipped : nom. sg. J>at hit wear 5
eal gearo, heal-arna maest, 77; wiht
unhcelo . . . gearo sona was, the
demon of destruction was quickly
ready, did not delay long, 121 ;
Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca
was on bael gearu, was ready for
the funeral-pile (for the solemn
burning), 1 1 10; >eod (is) eal gearo,
the warriors are altogether ready,
always prepared, 1231 ; hra'Se was
at holme hyiS-weard gearo (geara,
MS.), 1915; gearo guft-freca,
2415; sie si6 baer gearo adre ge-
afned, let the bier be made ready
at once, 3106. With gen.: gearo
gyrnwrace, ready for revenge for

GLOSSARY.

187

harm done, 2119; ace. sg. gearwe
stowe, 1007; nom. pi. beornas
gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.

gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., com
pletely, entirely: ne ge . . . gearwe
ne wisson, you do not know at
all . . ., 246; similarly, 879; hine
gearwe geman witena welhwylc
(remembers him very well}, 265;
wisse he gearwe l?at . . ., he knew
very -well that . . ., 2340, 2726;
Jja't ic . . . gearo sceawige swegle
searogimmas (that I may see the
treasures altogether, as many as
they are}, 2749; ic wat geare bat
. . ., 2657. — Comp. gearwor, more
readily, rather, 3077. — Superl.
gearwost, 716.

gearo-folin, adj., with ready hand,
2086.

gearwe, st. f., equipment, dress ; in
comp. feSer-gearwe.

geat, st. n., opening, door ; in comp.
ben-, hilde-geat.

geato-lic, adj., well prepared, hand
some, splendid : of sword and ar
mor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot,
308. Adv. : wisa fengel geatolic
gengde, passed on in a stately
manner, 1402.

geatwe, st. f. pi., equipment, adorn
ment : ace. recedes geatwa, the
ornaments of the dragon's cave (its
treasures), 3089. — Comp. : cored-,
gryre-, guft-, hilde-, wig-geatwe.

gean (from gegn), adv. in

on -g can, adv. and prep., against,
towards : J^at he me ongean slea,
682 ; rsehte ongean feond mid fol-
me, 748 ; foran ongean, forward
towards, 2365. With dat. : ongean
gramum, against the enemy, 1035.

t6-geanes, to-genes, prep, against,
towards: Grendle togezneSftowards
Grendel, against Grendel, 667;

grip )>& togeanes, she grasped at
(Beowulf), 1502; similarly, him
togeanes fe'ng, 1543; eodon him
t>i togeanes, went towards him,
1627; het hi gebeodan . . . £at
hie bsel-wudu feorran feredon go-
dum togenes, had it ordered that
they should bring the wood from
far for the funeral-pyre towards
the good man (i.e. to the place
where the dead Beowulf lay), 31 15.

geap, adj., roomy, extensive, wide :
nom. sg. reced . . . geap, the roomy
hall, 1801 ; ace. sg. under geapne
hrof,837. — Comp. : horn-, sse-geap.

geiir, st. n., year : nom. sg., 1135 ;
gen. pi. geira, in adverbial sense,
olim, in former times, 2665. See
un-ge&ra.

gefir-dagas, st. m. pi., former days :
dat. pi. in (on) geir-dagum, 1, 1355.

geofe. See glfu.

geofon, glfen, gyfen (see Kuhn
Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood :
nom. sg. geofon, 515 ; gifen geo-
tende, the streaming flood, 1691 ;
gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362 ;
gyfenes, 1395.

geogoXJ1, st. f. : i) youth, time of
youth : dat. sg. on geogo'Se, 409,
466, 2513; on giogofte, 2427; gen.
giogufte, 2113. — 2) contrasted
with dugu'S, the younger warriors
of lower rank (about as in the
Middle Ages, the squires with the
knights) : nom. sg. geogo'S, 66 ;
giogoft, 1191 ; ace. sg. geogoi5e,
1182; gen. duguSe and geogoiSe,
160; dugu'Se and iogofte (geo-
go"$e), 1675, 622.

geoguU-feorh, st. n., age of youth,
i.e. age in which one still belongs
in the ranks of the geogo'S : on
geogo«-(geogu-5-) feore, 537, 2665.

geohffo. See gehffo.

GLOSSARY.

geolo, adj., yellow : ace. sg. geolwe
linde (the shield of yellow linden
bark), 2611.

geolo-rand, st. m., yellow shield
(shield with a covering of inter
laced yellow linden bark) : ace.

sg., 438.

geond, prep. w. ace., through,
throughout, along, over : geond
£isne middangeard, through the
earth, over the earth, 75 ; wide
geond eorSan, 266, 3100; fSrdon
folctogan . . .geond wid-wegas, wv;;/
along the ways coming from afar,
841; similarly, 1705; geond Hit
said, through the hall, through the
extent of the hall, 1 281 ; similarly,
1982, 2265.

geong, adj., young, youthful : nom.

sg-, 13. 20, 855. etc-5 gi°ng> 2447;
w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; ace.
sg. geongne guScyning, 1970; dat.
sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675,
etc. ; on swa" geongum feore, at a
so youthful age, 1844; geongan
cempan, 2627; ace. pi. geonge,
2019; dat. pi. geongum and eal-
dum, 72. — Superl. gingest, the last :
nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818.

georn, adj., striving, eager, w. gen.
of the thing striven for : eft stSes
georn, 2784. — Comp. lof-georn.

georne, adv., readily, willingly:
Hit him wine-mi'gas georne hyr-
don, 66; georne truwode, 670. —
zealously, eagerly : sohte georne
after grunde, eagerly searched over
the ground, 2295. — carefully, in
dustriously : n3 ic him His georne
atfealh (did not hold him so fast},
969. — completely, exactly : comp.
wiste Hi geornor, 822.

ge6, 16, adv., once, formerly, earlier,
'4775 g><5, 2522; id, 2460.

gedo, st. f., help, support: ace. sg.

ge6ce gefremman, 2675; J>at him
gast-bona gedce gefremede \vi5
)>e6d-J>reaum, 177; ge6ce gelyfde,
believed in the help (of Beowulf),
609; dat. sg. t3 ge6ce, 1835.

ge6cor, adj., ill, bad : nom. sg., 766.
— See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.

gcu-muii, ifi-man,st. m., man of for
mer times: gen. pi. id-manna,

3053-

ge6-meowle, w. f., (formerly a vir
gin), -wife: ace. sg. i6-meowlan,

2932.
geOmor,adj., with depressed feelings,

sad, troubled : nom. sg. him was

geomor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 295 1 ;

modes geomor, 2101 ; fern. J>at was

geomuru ides, 1076.
geQmore, adv., sadly, 151.
geOmor-gid, st. n., dirge : ace. sg.

giomor-gyd, 3151.
goOmor-lic, adj., sad, painful : swS

bi'S geomorlic gomelum ceorle t3

gebtdanne J>at . . ., it is painful to

an old man to experience it, that

.... 2445.
gedmor-mOd, adj., sad, sorrowful:

nom. sg., 2045, 3OI9» gi3mor-mod,

2268.
geOmrian, w. v., to complain, to

laments pret. sg. geomrode gid-

dum, 1119.
ge6-sceaft, st. f., (fixed in past

times), fate: ace. sg. ge6sceaft

grimme, 1235.
ge6sceaft-gftst, st. m., demon sent

by fate : gen. sg. fela ge6sceaft-

gasta, of Grendel and his race,

1267.
gcotan, st. v. intrans., to pour, to

flow, to stream : pres. part, gifen

ge6tende, 1691.
glcel, st. m., icicle : in comp. hilde-

gicel.

st. n., speech, solemn all*

GLOSSARY.

189

tcrative song: nom. sg. \>xr was
. . . gid oft wrecan, 1066; leo^ was
asungen, gleomannes gyd, the song
was sung, the gleemaii1 s lay, 1161;
>aer was gidd and gleo, 2106; ace.
sg. ic J>is gid awrac, 1724; gyd
awrac, 2109; gyd after wrac, 2155;
}>onne he gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pi.
giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pi. gydda
gemyndig, 869. — Comp.:geomor-,
word-gid.

glddian, w. v., to speak, to speak
in alliteration : pret. gyddode,

631-

gif, conj.: l) if, w. ind., 442, 447,
527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With
subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf,
280, 1 105, etc. — 2) -whether, w.
ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320.

gifa, geofa, w. m., giver ; in comp.
gold-, sine-, wil-gifa (-geofa).

gifan, st. v., to give: inf. giofan,
2973; pret. sg. nallas beagas geaf
Denum, 1720; he me [maSmas]
geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174,
2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pi. geafon
(hyne) on g&rsecg, 49; pret. part.
]?& was HroSgare here-sped gyfen,
64; J>a was gylden hilt gamelum
rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679;
syS-5anaerest wear's gyfen . . . geon-
gum cempan (given in marriage},
1949.

S-gifan, to give, to impart: inf.
andsware . . . agifan, to give an
answer, 355; pret. sg. sona him se
froda fader Ohtheres . . . ondslyht
&geaf (gave him a counter-blow),
(hand-blow!}, 2930.

for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret.
sg. him J>as lif-frea . . . worold-are
forgeaf, 17; )>am to ham forgeaf
Hre"5el Geata angan dohtor (gave
in marriage), 374; similarly, 2998;
he me lond forgeaf, granted me

land, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021,
2607, 2617; magen-raes forgeaf hil-
de-bille, he gave with his battle-
sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck
with full force, 1520.

of-gifan, (to give up}, to leave:
inf. )>at se msera maga Ecg}>e6wes
grund-wong J>one ofgyfan wolde
(was fated to leave the earth-
plain), 2589; pret. sg. J>as worold
ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; sim
ilarly, gumdream ofgeaf, 2470;
Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pi.
nas ofgeifon hwate Scyldingas,
left the promontory, 1601; bat ]>§.
hildlatan holt ofgefan, that the cow
ards left the wood (into which they
had fled), 2847; SS- pret. for pi.
J^ara J^e )ns [llf] ofgeaf, 2252.

gifeSe, adj., given, granted : Gu5-
fremmendra swylcum gifefte bii5
>at . . ., to such a warrior is it
granted that . . ., 299; similarly,
2682; swd me gife'Se was, 2492;
bter me gife'Se swa senig yrfeweard
after wurde, if an heir, (living)
after me, had been given m'e, 2731.
— Neut. as subst. : was >at gife Se
to swi'S, J>e f>one [J>eoden] byder
ontyhte, the fate was loo harsh
that has drawn hither the king,
3086; gyfefte, 555, 820. — Comp.
un-gife'Se.

gif-heal, st. f., hall in which fiefs
were bestowed, throne-hall: ace.
sg. ymb J>a gifhealle, 839.

gif-sceat, st. m., gift of value : ace.
pi. gif-sceattas, 378.

gif-stdl, st. m., seat from which fiefs
are granted, throne : nom. sg.,
2328; ace. sg., 1 68.

gift, st. f., gift, present : in comp.
feoh-gift.

gifu, geofu, st. f., gift, present,
grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885-

190

GLOSSARY.

ace. sg. gimfaste gife \>c him got
sealde, the great gift that Cod Aa,
granted him (i.e. the enormous
strength), 1272; ginfastan gife )>e
him god sealde, 2183; dat. pi. (as
instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pi. gifa
1931; geofena, 1174. — Comp.
maSSum-, sinc-gifu.
gigant, st. m., giant: nom. pi. gi-
gantas, 113; gen. pi. giganta, 1563,
1691.
gild, gyld, st. n., reparation : in

comp. wiiSer-gyld (?).
gild an, gyldan, st. v., to do some
thing in return, to repay, to re
ward, to pay : inf. gomban gyldan,
pay tribute, 1 1 ; he mid gode gyl
dan wille uncran eaferan, 1185;
we him J>a" guiSgeatwa gyldan wol-
don, 2637; pret. sg. hea'Sonesas
geald mearum and maSmum, re
paid the battles -with horses and
treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492;
geald J>one guflraes . . . Jofore and
Wulfe mid oferma'Smum, repaid
Eofor and Wulf the battle with ex
ceedingly great treasures, 2992.
an-gildan, to pay for : pret. sg.
sum sare angeald aefenriste, one
(Aschere) paid for the evening-
rest with death"1 s pain, 1252.
ft-gildan, to offer one's self: pret.
sg. J>i me sael dgeald, when the fa
vorable opportunity offered itself,
1666; similarly, \>£ him rum igeald,
2691.

for-gildan, to repay, to do some
thing in return, to reward : pres.
subj. sg. III. alwalda J>ec gode for-
gylde, may the ruler of all reward
, thee with good, 957; inf. t>one aenne
hfiht golde forgyldan, he ordered
that the one (killed by Grendel) be
paid for (atoned for) with gold,
1055; he ... wolde Grendle for

gyldan guftraasa fela, wished to pa)
Crendel for many attacks, 1578;
wolde se lA$a lige forgyldan drinc-
fat dyYe, the enemy wished to repay
with fire the costly drinking vessel
(the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. he
him J>as lean forgeald, he gave them
the reward therefor, 114; simi
larly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald
hrafte wyrsan wrixle walhlem J>one,
repaid the murderous blow with a
worse exchange, 2969.
gllp» gylP> st. m., speech in which
one promises great things for him
self in a coming combat, defiant
speech, boasting speech : ace. sg.
hafde . . . Geat-mecga Ie6d gilp
geloested (had fulfilled what he
had claimed for himself before the
battle}, 830; nallas on gylp seleS
fatte beagas, gives no chased gold
rings for a boastful speech, 1750;
J>at ic wi$ |>one guftflogan gylp ofer-
sitte, restrain myself from the
speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg.
gylpe wiftgripan {fulfil my prom
ise of battle}, 2522. — Comp. dol-

gllpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., ace.,
and dat., to make a defiant speech,
to boast, to exult insolently : pres.
sg. I. no ic )>as gilpe (after a break
in the text), 587; sg. III. morSres
gylpeiS, boasts of the murder, 2056;
inf. swa ne gylpan bearf Grendles
maga aenig . . . uhthlem J>one. 2007 ;
nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum
gylpan )>orfte, had no need to boast
of his fellow-warriors, 2875; pret.
sg. hrSSsigora ne gealp goldwine
Geata, did not exult at the glorious
victory (could not gain the victory
over the drake), 2584.

jllp-cwlde, st. m., speech in which
a man promises much for himselj

GLOSSARY.

191

for a coming combat, speech of de
fiance : nom. sg., 641.

gilp-hladen, pret. part., laden with
boasts of defiance (i.e. he who
has made many such boasts, and
consequently has been victorious
in many combats), covered with
glory : nom. sg. guma gilp-hladen,
869.

gilp-spraec, same as gilp-cwide,
speech of defiance, boastful speech :
dat. sg. on gylp-spraece, 982.

gilp-word, st. n., defiant word de-
fore the coming combat, vaunting
word : gen. pi. gesprac . . . gylp-
worda sum, 676.

giin, st. m., gem, precious stone,
jewel: nom. sg. heofones gim,
heaveit's jewel, i.e. the sun, 2073.
Comp. searo-gim.

gimme-rice, adj., rich in jewels :
ace. sg. gimme-rice hord-burh ha-
le«a, 466.

gin (according to Bout., ginne),
adj., properly gaping, hence, wide,
extended: ace. sg. gynne grund
(the bottom of the sea), 1552.

gin-fast, adj., extensive, rich : ace.
sg. gim-faste gife (gim-, on account
of the following/), 1272; in weak
form, gin-fastan gife, 2183.

ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to
be open, ready ; in

on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake :
pret. 6t> J>at an ongan fyrene frem-
man feondonhelle,ioo;secgefton-
gan sf8 Be6wulfes sny ttrum styrian,
872; )>& Hit sweord ongan . . . wa-
nian, the sword began to diminish,
1606; Higelac ongan sinne gesel-
dan . . . fagre fricgean, began with
propriety to question his compan
ion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret.
pi. no her cuftlicor cuman ongun-
non lindhabbende, no shield-bear

ing men e'er undertook more openly
to come hither, 245 ; pret. part,
habbe ic mser'Sa fela ongunnen on
geogo'Se, have in my youth under
taken many deeds of renown, 409.

gist. See gsist.

gistran, adv., yesterday: gystran
niht, yesterday night, 1335.

git, pron., ye two, dual of ]>u, 508,
512, 513, etc.

git> gyt, adv., yet; then still, 536,
1128, 1165, 2142; hitherto, 957;
naefre git, never yet, 853; still, 945,
1059, 1135; once more, 2S*3',
moreover, 47, 1051, 1867.

gitan (original meaning, to take hold
of, to seize, to attain*), in

be-gitan, w. zee., to grasp, to seize,
to reach: pret. sg. begeat, 1147,
2231; J>a hine wig beget, when
war seized him, came upon him,
2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret.
pi. hit ser on J>e gode be-geaton,
good men received it formerly
from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pi.
J>at was Hro'8gare hreowa tornost
}>ara he leodfruman lange begeate,
the bitterest of the troubles that for
a long time had befallen the peo
ple's chief, 2131.

for- git an, w. ace., to forget : pres.
sg. III. he h>a forftgesceaft forgyte'5
and forgymeiS, 1752.

an-gitan, on-gitan, w. ace. : i) to
take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg.
gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly
virtue, of what becomes the man,
1724; pret. sg. }>e hine se broga
angeat, whom terror seized, 1292. —
2) to grasp intellectt4ally,to compre
hend, to perceive, to distinguish, to
behold: pres. subj. I. J>at ic rerwelan
. . . ongite, that I may behold the
ancient wealth (the treasures of
the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sal

192

GLOSSARY.

timbred . . . ongytan, 308, 1497;
Geata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg.
fyren-)>earfe ongeat, had perceived
their distress from hostile snares,
14; ongeat . . . grand- wyrgenne,
beheld the she-wolf of the bottom,
1519; pret. pi. bearhtm onge&ton,
gu Shorn galan, perceived the noise,
(heard) the battle-trumpet sound,
1432; sy$5an hie Higelaces horn
and byman gealdor ongeHton, 2944.

gif re, adj., greedy, eager : nom. sg.
gifre and galgm3d, of Grendel's
mother, 1278. — Superl. : llg . . .,
gxstagi frost, 1 124. — Comp.heoro-
gifre.

gttsian, w. v., to be greedy : pres. sg.
III. gytsa'S, 1750.

glo-, g!6-. See geo-, ge6-.

gladian, w. v., to gleam, to shimmer:
pres. pi. III. on him gladiaiS go-
melra life, upon him gleams the
legacy of the men of ancient times
(armor), 2037.

glad, adj., gracious, friendly (as a
form of address for princes) : nom.
sg. be6 wiSGeatas glad, 1174; ace.
sg. gladne HrSfigaT, 864; gladne
IlroNulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum
suna Frodan, 2026.

glade, adv., in a gracious, friendly
-way, 58.

gladnian, w. v., to rejoice : inf. w.
gen., 367.

glad-mOd, ad}., joyous, glad, 1786.

gled, st. f., fire, flame : nom. sg.,
2653» 3"5J da*- (instr.) pi. glg-
dum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042.

gle* d-egeaa, w. m., terror on account
of fire, fire-terror : nom. sg. glSd-
egesa grim (the fire-spewing of the
drake}, 2651.

fleaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., con-
tiderate, well-bred, of social con
duct; in comp. un-gleaw.

gle6, st. n., social entertainment,
(especially by music, play, and
jest) : nom. sg. jrcr w as gidd and
gle<5, 2106.

gle6-be&m, st. m., (tree of social
entertainment, of mitst'c), harp :
gen. sg. gle6-beames, 2264.

gleo-dre&m, st. m., joyous carrying-
on in social entertainment, mirth,
social gaiety : ace. sg. gamen and
gle6-dream, 3022.

giro-man, m., (gleeman, who enli
vens the social entertainment, es
pecially with music), harper : gen.
sg. gle6mannes gyd, 1161.

glitinian (O.II.G. glizinon), w. v.,
to gleam, to light, to glitter : inf.
geseah J>4 . . . gold glitinian, 2759.

glidan, st. v., to glide : pret. sg. sy5-
•San heofones gim gl&d ofer grun-
das, after heaven's gem had glided
over the fidds (after the sun had
set), 2074; pret. pi. glidon ofer
gdrsecg, you glided over the ocean
(swimming), 515.

to-gltdan (to glide asunder), to
separate, to fall asunder: pret.
gu5-helm to-glad (OngenJ>e6w's
helmet was split asunder by the
blow of Eofor), 2488.

glOf, st. f., glove : nom. sg. glof han-
gode, (on Grendel) a glove hung,
2086.

gneaff, adj., niggardly : nom. sg. f.
na's hi6 . . . t3 gneatS gifa Geata
Ie6dum, was not too niggardly with
gifts to the people of the Gedtas,

I93I-

gnorn, st. m., sorrow, sadness : ace.
sg. gnorn Jrowian, 2659.

gnornian, w. v., to be sad, to com
plain : pret. sg. earme . . . ides
gnornode, 1118.

be-gnornian,w. ace., to bemoan,
to mourn for : pret. pi. begnor-

GLOSSARY.

193

nodon . . . hlafordes [hry]re, be
moaned their lord's fall, 3180.

god, st. m., god: nom. sg., 13, 72,
478, etc.; hSlig god, 381, 1554;
witig god, 686; mihtig god, 702;
ace. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie
drihten god, did not know the Lord
God, 181 ; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227,
626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712,
787, etc.

gold, st. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013,
3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden
gold, wound gold, gold in ring-
form, 1194, 3136; ace. sg. gold,
2537» 2759, 2794, 3169; hseSen
gold, heathen gold (that from the
drake's cave), 2277; brad gold,
massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg.
golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fattan
golde, -with chased gold, with gold
in plate- form, 2103; gehroden gol
de, covered with gold, gilded, 304;
golde gegyrvved (gegyrede), pro-
vided with, ornamented with gold,
553, 1029, 2193; golde gecegnad,
adorned with gold, 778; golde
fahne (hrof), the roof shining with
gold, 928; bunden golde, bound
with gold (see under bindan),
1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the
helmet ornamented with, mounted
with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes,
2302; fattan goldes, 1094, 2247;
sciran goldes, of pure gold, 1695.
— Comp. fat-gold.

gold-aeht, st. f., possessions in gold,
treasure : ace. sg., 2749.

gold-fab, adj., variegated with gold,
shining with gold : nom. sg. reced
. . . gold-fih, 1801; ace. sg. gold-
fihne helm, 2812; nom. pi. gold-
f&g scinon web after wagum, va
riegated with gold, the tapestry
gleamed along the walls, 995.

gold-gifa, w. m., gold-giver, desig

nation of the prince : ace. sg. mid
mlnne goldgyfan, 2653.

gold-hroden, pret. part., {covered
with gold} , ornamented with gold :
nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026 ;
epithet of women of princely rank.

gold-hwat, adj., striving after gold,
greedy for gold ': nas he goldhwat,
he (Beowulf) was not greedy for
gold (he did not fight against the
drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.),

3°75-

gold-maUm, st. m., jewel of gold :
ace. pi. gold-ma"Smas (the treas
ures of the drake's cave), 2415.

gold-sele, st. m., gold-hall, i.e. the
hall in which the gold was dis
tributed, ruler's hall : ace. sg., 716,
1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640,
2084.

gold-weard, st. m., gold-ward, de
fender of the gold : ace. sg. (of the
drake), 3082.

gold-wine, st. m., friend who dis-
tributesgold, i.e. ruler, prince : nom.
sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gu-
mena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine
Geata, 2420, 2585.

gold-wlanc, adj., proud of gold :
nom. sg. gu'Srinc goldwlanc (Beo
wulf rewarded with gold by Hro5-
gar on account of his victory),
1882.

gomban, gomel, gomen. See
gam ban, gamal, gamen.

gong,gongan. See gang, gangan.

gOd, adj., good, fit, of persons and
things: nom. sg., n, 195, 864,
2264, 2391, etc.; frod and god,
279 ; w. dat. cyning a'Selum god,
the king noble in birth, 1871 ;
gumcystum god, 2544 ; w. gen.
wes }>u us lirena god, be good to
us with teaching (help us thereto
through thy instruction), 269; in

194

GLOSSARY.

weak form, se gftda, 205, 355, 676,
1191, etc.; ace. sg. g8dne, 199,
347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum
g8dne, 1487; neut. g3d, 1563;
dat. sg. gSdum, 3037, 3115; bam
gddan, 384, 2328 ; nom. pi. g6de,
2250; b& godan, 1164; ace. pi.
gdde, 2642; dat. pi. godum daedum,
21 79; gen. pi. g6dra guftrinca,
2649. — Comp. ser-g3d.

gOd, st. n . : I ) good that is done, ben
efit, gift: instr. sg. gode, 20, 957,
1185; gode moere, renowned on
account of her gifts (prySo), 1953;
instr. pi. godum, 1962. — 2) ability,
especially in fight : gen. pi. ndt he
bira goda, 682.

gram, adj., hostile : gen. sg. on gra-
mes gripum, in the gripe of the
enemy (Be6wulf), 766; nom. pi.
bi graman, 778; dat. pi. gramum,
424, 1035.

gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart,
hostile : nom. sg. grom-heort guma,
1683.

gram-hydig, adj., with hostile feel
ing, maliciously inclined: nom.
sg. gromhydig, 1750.

grap, st. f, the hand ready to grasp,
hand, claw: dat. sg. mid gripe,
438; on gripe, 555; gen. sg. eal
. . . Grendles gripe, all of Gren-
del's claw, the whole claw, 837;
dat. pi. on grames gripum, 766;
(as instr.) grimman gripum, with
grim claws, 1543. — Comp.: fe6nd-,
hilde-grip.

grapian, w. v., to grasp, to lay hold
of, to seize : pret. sg. bat hire wi$
halse heard gripode, that (the
sword) griped hard at her neck,
1567; he ... gripode gearofolm,
he took hold with ready hand,
2086.

gras-molde, w. f., grass-plot : ace.

sg. grasmoldan trad, went over tkl
grass-plot, 1882.

graedig, adj., greedy, hungry, vora
cious : nom. sg. grim and graedig,
121,1 500 ; ace. sg. graedig gu$le6$,

I523-

grueg, adj., gray: nom.pl. Ssc-holt
ufan grasg, the ashen wood, gray
above (the spears with iron points),
330; ace. pi. graege syrcan, gray
(i.e. iron) shirts of mail, 334.

graeg-mael, a.fy.,having a gray color,
here = iron : nom. sg. sweord Be<5-
wulfes gomol and graegmael, 2683.

graepe. See at-graepe.

gretan, w. v. w. ace. : l) to greet, to
salute : inf. hine swi godne gr8tan,
347 ; HroSgir grfitan, 1 647, 201 1 ;
e6wic grStan h£t (bade me bring
you his last greeting), 3096; pret.
sg. gr&tte Geata leod, 626; gr&tte
)>i guma Sterne, 653; HrSiSgir
gr£tte, 1817. — 2) to come on, to
come near, to seek out; to touch;
to tape hold of: inf. gifstol grStan,
take possession of the throne, mount
it as ruler, 168; nas se folccyning
aenig . . . be mec gu'Swinum gretan
dorste (attack with swords'), 2736;
Wyrd . . . se )>one gomelan gretan
sceolde, 2422 ; bat }>one sin-sca'San
guSbilla nin grStan nolde, that no
sword would take hold upon the
irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret.
sg. grette goldhroden guman on
healle, the gold-adorned (queen)
greeted the men in the hall, 615;
no he mid hearme . . . gastas
grette, did not approach the stran
gers with insults, 1894; gomenwu-
du grStte, touched the wood of joy,
played the harp, 2109; pret. subj.
II. sg. bat bu bone walgaest wihte
ne grfitte, that thou shouldst by no
means seek out the m urderous spirit

GLOSSAEY.

195

(Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III.
J>at he ne gre"tte goldweard J>one,
3082 ; pret. part, haer was . . . go-
menwudu greted, 1066.

ge-gretan, w. ace. : l) to greet, to
salute, to address : pret. sg. holdne
gegrette meaglum wordum, greeted
the dear man with formal words,
1981; gegrette \>& gumena ge-
hwylcne . . . hindeman sifte, spoke
then the last time to each of the
men, 2517. — 2) to approach, to
come near, to seek out : inf. sceal
. . . manig 6'Serne godum gegretan
ofer ganotes baft, many a one will
seek another across the sea with
gifts, 1862.

gre6t, st. m., grit, sand, earth : dat.
sg- on greote, 3169.

greotan, st. v., to weep, to mourn,
to lament: pres. sg. III. se t>e
after sincgyfan on sefan greoteS,
who laments in his heart for the
treasure-giver, 1343.

grim, adj., grim, angry, wild, hos
tile : nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.;
weak form, se grimma gast, 102;
ace. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137;
fern, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grim-
re guiSe, 527; instr. pi. grimman
grapum, 1543. — Comp. : beado-,
heatSo-, heoro-, searo-grimm.

grimme, adv., grimly, in a hostile
manner, bitterly, 3013, 3086.

grim-lie, adj., grim, terrible : nom.
sg. grimlic gry[re-gast], 3042.

grimman, st. v., (properly to snort) ,
to go forward hastily, to hasten :
pret. pi. grummon, 306.

grindan, st. v., to grind, in

for-grindan, to destroy, to ruin:
pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum,
destroyed the enemy, killed them ( ?) ,
424; pret. part. w. ace. hafde lig-
draca leoda fasten . . . gledum for-

grunden, had with flames destroyed
the people's feasts, 2336; J>& his
agen (scyld) was glSdum forgrun-
den, since his own {shield} had
been destroyed by the fire, 2678.

gripe, st. m., gripe, attack : nom. sg.
gripe me" ces, 1766; ace. sg. grimne
gripe, 1 149. — Comp. : faer-, mund-,
nift-gripe.

grima, w. m., mask, visor : in comp.
beado-, here-grima.

grim-helm, st. in., mask-helmet, hel
met with visor: ace. pi. grim-hel-
mas, 334.

gripan, st. v., to gripe, to seize, to
grasp : pret. sg. grip >i togeanes,
then she caught at, 1502.

for-gripan (to gripe vehemently),
to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the
grasp, w. dat.: pret. sg. at gufte
forgrip Grendeles msegum, 2354.

wift-grlpan, w. dat., (to seize af)t
to maintain, to hold erect : inf. hft
wiS Jjam aglaecean elles meahte
gylpe wrS-gripan, how else I might
maintain my boast of battle against
the monster, 2522.

gr6wan, st. v., to grow, to sprout :
pret. sg. him on ferfrSe gre6w
breosthord blodreow, 1719.

grund, st. m. : i) ground, plain,
fields in contrast with highlands ;
earth in contrast with heaven : dat.
sg. sohte . . . after grunde, sought
along the ground, 2295; ace. pi.
ofer grundas, 1405, 2074. — 2) bot
tom, the lowest part : ace. sg. grund
(of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on
gyfenes grund, 1 395 ; under gynne
grund (bottom of the sea), 1552;
dat. sg. to grunde (of the sea),
553; grunde (of the drake's cave)
getenge, 2759; so, on grunde,
2766. — Comp.: eormen-, mere-,
sae-grund.

196

GLOSSARY.

grund-buend, pres. part., inhabi
tant t'/tAe earth : gen. pi. grund-
bQendra, 1007.

gruiid-hyrde, st. m., warder of the
bottom (of the sea): ace. sg. (of
Grendel's mother), 2137.

grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom
(of the sea) : dat. sg. in )>am
[grund]sele, 2140.

grund-wang, st. m., ground sur
face, lowest surface : ace. sg. )>one
grund-wong (bottom of the sea~),
1497; (bottom of the drake's cave),
2772, 2589.

grund-wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of
the bottom (of the sea) : ace. sg.
grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's moth
er), 1519-

gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinacu-
lum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX.
429), st. n., net, noose, snare :
gen. pi. fela . . . grynna, 931. See
gyrn.

gryre, st. m., horror, terror, any
thing causing terror: nom. sg.,
1283; ace. sg. wrS Grendles gryre,
384; hie Wyrd forswe6p on Gren
dles gryre, snatched them away
into the horror of Grendel, to the
horrible Grendel, 478 ; dat. pi.
mid gryrum ecga, 483 ; gen. pi.
swi felagryra, 592. — Comp. : faer-,
wig-gryre.

gryre-brOga, w. m., terror and
horror, amazement: nom. sg.
[gryre-]br[o]g[a], 2229.

gryre-fah, adj., gleaming terribly :
ace. sg. gryre-fahne (the fire-spew
ing drake, cf. also [draca] fyr-
wylmum fah, 2672), 2577.

gryre-gast, st. m., terror-guest,
stranger causing terror : nom. sg.
grimltc gry[regast], 3042; dat. sg.
wi5 bam gryregieste (the dragon),
2561.

gryre-geatwe, st. f. pi., terror-ar
mor, warlike equipment : dat. pi.
in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.

gryre-le6<SF, st. n., terror-song, fear
ful song: ace. sg. gehyrdon gryre-
Ie65 galan godes and-sacan (heard
Grendel's cry of agony), 787.

gry re-lie, adj., terrible, horrible:
ace. sg. gryre-licne, 1442, 2137.

gryre-siff, st. m., way of terror, way
causing terror, i.e. warlike expedi
tion: ace. pi. se J»e gryre-slSas
gegan dorste, 1463.

gum a, w. m., man, human being:
nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; ace. sg.
guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman
(gumum, MS.), 2822; nom. pi. gu
man, 215, 306, 667, etc.; ace. pi.
guman, 615; dat. pi. gumum, 127,
321 ; gen. pi. gumena, 73, 328,
474, 716, etc. — Comp.: driht-,
seld-guma.

gum-cyn, st. n., race of men, people,
nation : gen. sg. we synt gum-
cynnes Geata leode, people from
the nation of the Gedtas, 260; dat.
pi. after gum-cynnum, along the
nations, among the -nations, 945 .

gum-cyst, st. f., man's excellence,
man's virtue: ace. sg. (or pi.)
gumcyste, 1724; dat. pi. as adv.,
excellently, preeminently : gum-
cystum g8dne beaga bryttan, 1487;
gumcystum g8d . . . hilde-hlemma
(Be6wulf), 2544.

gum -dream, st. m., joyous doings
of men : ace. sg. gum-dream of-
geaf (died), 2470.

gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men :
nom. sg. 1643.

gum-f effa, w. m., troop of men going
on foot : nom. sg., 1402.

gum-man, st. m., man: gen. pi. gum-
manna fela, 1029.

gum-stdl, st. in., man's seat teat*

GLOSSARY.

197

i^ox'hv, ruler's sea/, throne : dat.
sg. in gumstole, 1953.

, st. f., combat, battle : nom. sg.,
1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; ace. sg.
gufte, 604; instr. sg. gu'Se, 1998 ;
dat. sg. t6 (at) guSe, 438, 1473,
I536» 2354, etc.; gen.sg.gu-3e,483,
527, 631, etc.; dat. pi. guftum, 1959,
2179; gen. pi. gfrSa, 2513, 2544.

guff-beorn, st. m., warrior: gen.
pi. gfrS-beorna sum (the strand-
guard on the Danish coast), 314.

guff-bil, st. n., battle-bill: nom. sg.
guSbill, 2585 ; gen. pi. gfrS-billa
na^n, 804.

guff-byrne, 'w. f., battle-corselet:

' nom. sg., 321.

guff-cearu, st. f., sorrow which the
combat brings : dat. sg. after guft-
ceare, 1259.

guff-craft, st. m., -warlike strength,
power in battle : nom. sg. Grendles
guft-cra'ft, 127.

guff-cyning, st. m., king in battle,
king directing a battle : nom. sg.,
199, 1970, 2336, etc.

guff-deaff, st. m., death in battle:
nom. sg., 2250.

guff-floga, w. m., flying warrior :
ace. sg. wift J?one guftflogan (the
drake), 2529.

guff-freca, w. m., hero in battle,
warrior (see freca) : nom. sg.
gearo guft-freca, of the drake,
2415.

guff-fremmend, pres. pa.rt.,JZgMng
a battle, warrior : gen. pi. gu'S-
fremmendra, 246; guft- (god-,
MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a
warrior (meaning Beowulf), 299.

guff-gewaede, st. n., battle-dress, ar
mor : nom. pi. gfrS-gewsedo, 227;
ace. pi. -gewaedu, 2618, 2631(7),
2852,2872; gen.pl. -gewseda, 2624.

gfiff-geweorc, st. n., battle-work,

warlike deed : gen. pi., -geweorca,

679, 982, 1826.
guff-geatwe, st. f. pi., equipment

for combat: ace. \>& gu'S-geatwa

(-getawa, MS.), 2637 ; dat. in e6w-

rum gu'8-geatawum, 395.
guff-helm, st. m., battle-helmet: nom.

sg., 2488.
guff-horn, st. n., battle-horn : ace.

sg-, 1433-

guff-hreff, st. f. , battle-fame : nom.
sg., 820.

guff-le6ff, st. n., battle-song: ace.
sg., 1523-

guff-m6d, adj., disposed to battle,
having an inclination to battle:
nom. pi. gu'S-mode, 306.

guff-rses, st. m., storm of battle, at
tack : ace. sg., 2992; gen. pi. gu'S-
raesa, 1578, 2427.

gfiff-re6w, adj., fierce in battle :
nom. sg., 58.

guff-rinc, st. m., man of battle,
fighter, warrior : nom. sg., 839,
1119, 1882; ace. sg., 1502; gen.
pi. gutJ-rinca, 2649.

guff-r6f, adj., renowned in battle:
nom. sg., 609.

guff-sceaffa, w. m., battle-foe, en
emy in combat : nom. sg., of the
drake, 2319.

guff-scearu, st. f., decision of the bat
tle : dat. sg. after guft-sceare, 1214.

guff-sele, st. m., battle-hall, hall in
which a battle takes place : dat. sg.
in ]>am guftsele (in Heorot), 443.

guff-searo, st. n. pi., battle-equip
ment, armor: ace., 215, 328.

guff-sweord, st. n., battle-sword :
ace. sg., 2155.

guff-werig, adj., wearied by battle,
dead : ace. sg. guft-we'rigne Gren-
del, 1587.

guff-wine, st. m., battle-friend, com
rade in battle, designation of the

198

GLOSSARY.

sword: acc.sg., 1811; instr.pl. te
mec guiS-winum grStan dorste, who
dared to attack me with his war-
friends, 2736.

gfiff-wtga, w. m., fighter of battles,
warrior : nom. sg., 2112.

gyd. See gld.

gyfan. See gifan.

••y Man. See glldan.

gylden, adj., golden : nom. sg. gyl-
den hilt, 1678; ace. sg. segen gyl-
denne, 47, IO22; bring gyldenne,
2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum
beige, 1164. — Comp. eal-gylden.

gylp. See gilp.

gyrdan, \v. v., to gird, to lace : pret.
part, gyrded cempa, the (sword-}
girt warrior, 2079.

gym, st. n., sorrow, harm : nom.
sg., 1776.

gyrn-wracu, st. f., revenge for
harm : dat. sg. t8 gyrn-wrace,
II39> gen- sg- b& w^8 eft hrafle
gearo gyrn-wrace Grendeles m8dor,
then was Grendel's mother in turn
immediately ready for revenge for
the injury, 2119.

gyrwan. See gerwan.

gystran. See glstran.

g$man, w. v. w. gen., to take care
of, to be careful about : pres. III.
gyme'5, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. ofer-
hyda ne gym ! do not study arro
gance (despise it), 1761.

for-gyman, w. ace., to neglect, to
slight: pres. sg. III. he J>S forfl-
gesceaft forgyte'S and forgymeiJ,

1752-
gjtstan. See giteiau.

habban, w. v., to have : i) w. ace. :
pres. sg. I. >as ic w8n habbe (as 1
k°Pe}> 383; t-e ic ge weald h&bbe,

951 ; ic me on hafu bord and byr-
nan, have on me shield and coat
of mail, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II.
t>u nu [frtfSu] hafast, 1175; pi. I.
habbaft we ... micel serende, 270;
pres. subj. sg. III. J>at he J>rittiges
manna magencraft on his mund-
gripe habbe, 381. Blended with
the negative: pi. III. Hit t>e Sae-
Geatas sSlran nabben t8 gecedsen-
ne cyning aenigne, that the Sea~
Gedtas will have no better king
than you to choose, 1851; imp.
hafa nu and geheald husa sSlest,
659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018;
pret. sg. hafde, 79, 518, 554; pi.
hafdon, 539. — 2) used as an aux
iliary with the pret. part. : pres. sg.
I. habbe ic . . . ongunnen, 408;
habbe ic . . . geihsod, 433; II. ha
fast, 954, 1856; IIT. hafaS, 474,
596; pret. sg. hafde, 106, 220,666,
2322, 2334, 2953, etc. ; pi. hafdon,
117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret.
part, inflected : nu scealc hafaft
daed gefremede, 940; hafde se goda
. . . cempan gecorene, 205. With
the pres. part, are formed the com
pounds : bord-, rond-habbend.

for-habban, to hold back, to keep
one's self: inf. ne meahte wafre
mod forhabban in hreSre, the ex
piring life could not hold itself
back in the breast, 1152; ne mihte
J>a for-habban, could not restrain
himself, 2610.

wifl-habban, to resist, to offer re
sistance : pret. )>at se winsele wi$-
hafde heafto-dedrum, that the hall
resisted them furious in fight, 773.

hafela, hoafola, w. m., head : ace.
sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636,
1781 ; na }m minne J>earft hafalan
hydan, 446; J>onne we on orlege
hafelan weredon, protected our

GLOSSARY.

199

heads, defended ourselves, 1328 ;
se hwita helm hafelan werede,
1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522;
heafolan, 2680 ; gen. sg. heafolan,
2698; nom. pi. hafelan, 1121. —
Comp. wig-heafola.

hafenian, vv. v., to raise, to uplift :
pret. sg. wsepen hafenade heard
be hiltum, raised the weapon, the
strong man, by the hilt, 1575.

hafoc, st. m., hawk . nom. sg.,
2264.

haga, w. m., enclosed piece of ground,
hedge, farm-enclosure : dat. sg. to
hagan, 2893, 29^-

haga, w. m. See an-haga.

haina, homa, w. m., dress : in the
comp. flassc-, fyrd-, lic-hama, scir-
ham (adj.).

hamer, st. m., hammer : instr. sg.
hamere, 1286 ; gen. pi. homera
lafe (swords), 2830.

hand, hond, st. f., hand: nom. sg.
2138 ; sio swiSre . . . hand, the
right hand, 2100 ; hond, 1521,
2489, 2510; ace. sg. hand, 558,
984 ; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928,
etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540;
mid handa, 747, 2721 ; be honda,
815; dat. pi. (as instr.) hondum,
1444, 2841.

hand-bana, w. m., murderer with
the hand, or in hand-to-hand com
bat : dat. sg. to hand-bonan (-ba-
nan), 460, 1331.

hand-gcmot, st. n., hand-to-hand
conflict, battle : gen. pi. (ecg) bo-
lode ser fela hand-gemota, 1527;
no J>at lasest was hond-gemota,
2356.

hand-gesella, w. m., hand-compan
ion, man of the retinue : dat. pi.
hond-gesellum, 1482.

hand-gestealla, w. m., (one whose
position is near athand\ comrade,

companion, attendant: dat. sg.
hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pi.
hand-gesteallan, 2597.

hand-geweorc, st. n., work done
with the hands, i.e. achievement in
battle : dat. sg. for }>as hild-fruman
handgeweorce, 2836.

hand-gewriffen, pret. part., hand-
wreathed, bound with the hand :
ace. pi. walbende . . . hand-gewri-
fiene, 1938.

hand-locen, pret. part., joined,
united by hand : nom. sg. (gu$-
byrne, lic-syrce) handlocen (be
cause the shirts of mail consisted
of interlaced rings), 322, 551.

hand-ra;s, st. m., hand-battle, i.e.
combat with the hands : nom. sg.
hond-rass, 2073.

hand-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance,
retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand-
scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

hand-spere, st. n., finger (on Gren-
del's hand), under the figure of a
spear : nom. pi. hand-speru, 987.

hand-wundor, st. n., wonder done
by the hand, wonderful handwork :
gen. pi. hond-"wundra msst, 2769.

hangan. See hOii.

hangian, w. v., to hang : pres. sg.
III. J>onne his sunu hanga'5 hrefne
to hro'Sre, when his son hangs, a
joy to the ravens, 2448 ; pi. III.
ofer J>am (mere) hongia'5 hrinde
bearwas, over which rustling for
ests hang, 1364 ; inf. hangian,
1663; pret. hangode, hung down,
2086.

hatian, w. v. w. ace., to hate, to be
an enemy to, to hurt : inf. he bone
heafto-rinc hatian ne meahte l&'Sum
dsedum (could not do him any
harm}, 2467; pret. sg. hu se guiS-
scea'Sa Geata leode hatode and
hynde, 2320.

200

GLOSSARY.

hfld, st. m., form, condition, posi
tion, manner : ace. sg. J>urh hsestne
hid, in a powerful manner, 1336;
on geslfies hid, in the position of
follower, as follower, 1 298 ; on
sweordes hid, in the form of a
sword, 2194. See under on.

bailor, st. m., clearness, brightness :
acc.sg. under heofenes hidor, 414.

hfidor, adj., clear, fresh, loud : nom.
sg. scop hwilum sang hidor on
Heorote, 497.

hidre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572.

hai, adj., hale, -whole, sound, un
hurt: nom. sg. hal, 300. With
gen. heaSo-lices hal, safe from
buttle, 1975. As f°rm °f saluta
tion, wes . . . hal, 407 ; dat. sg.
hilan Hce, 1504.

hailg, adj., holy: nom. sg. hilig
god, 381, 1554; hilig dryhten, 687.

ham, st. m., home, residence, estate,
land : ace. sg. him, 1408; Hro'S-
gares him, 718. Usually in ad
verbial sense : gewit him ham,
betook himself home, 1 602; to him,
124, 374, 2993; fram him, from
home, 194; at him, at home, 1249,
1924,1157; gen. sg. himes, 2367;
ace. pi. himas, 1128. — Comp.
Finnes-him, 1157.

ham-weorffung, st. f., honor or
ornament of home : ace. sg. him-
weor'Sunge (designation of the
daughter of Hygelic, given in mar
riage to Eofor), 2999.

liftr, adj., gray : nom. sg. hir hilde-
rinc, 1308, 3137; ace. sg. under
(ofer) hirne stin, 888, 1416, 2554;
hire byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of
r^ail), 2154; dat. sg. hirum hild-
fruman, 1679; f. on heire haeSe
(onheaw. . .h . . . "Se, MS.), 2213;
gen. sg. hires, of the old man, 2989.
— Comp. un-hir.

hftt, adj., hot,glowing, flaming • nom,
sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.;
wyrm hit gemealt, the drake hot (of
his own heat) melted, 898; ace. sg.,
2282 (?) ; inst. sg. hitan heolfre, 850,
I424;g.sg.hea5u-fyreshites,2523;
ace. pi. hite hea'So-wylmas, 2820. —
Sup.: hitost heaiSo-swita, 1669.

hat, st. n., heat, fire : ace. sg. geseah
his mondryhten . . . hit |>rowian,
saiu his lord endure the (drake's)
heat, 2606.

hata, w. m., persecutor: in comp.
daed-hata.

ha tan, st. v. : l) to bid, to order, to
direct, with ace. and inf., and ace.
of the person : pres. sg. I. ic magu-
J'egnas mine hite . . . flotan eower-
ne irum healdan, / bid my thanes
take good care of your craft, 293;
imp. sg. II. hit in gin . . . sibbe-
gedriht, 386; pi. II. hita'S heaflo-
maere hlaew gewyrcean, 2803 ; inf.
J>at healreced hitan wolde . . .
men gewyrcean, that he wished to
command men to build a hall-edi
fice, 68. Pret. sg. heht : heht . . .
eahta mearas ... on flet icon, gave
command to bring eight horses into
tfie hall, 1036; Jwnne senne he"ht
golde forgyldan, commanded to
make good that one iuith gold, 1054;
h£ht J>i |>at hea'So-weorc to hagan
biodan, ordered the combat to be
announced at the hedge(J}, 2893;
swi se snottra hSht, as the wist
(HroiSgir) directed, 1787; so,
1808,1809. hfit: het him f Slidan
godne gegyrwan, ordered a good
vessel to be prepared for him, 198;
so, hSt, 391, 1115, 3111. As the
form of a wish: het hine wel brucan,
1064; so, 2813; pret. part. J>i was
hiten hra'Se Heort innan-weard
folmum gefratwod, forthwith wai

GLOSSARY.

201

ordered Hear ot, adorned by hand on
the inside(\.&. that the edifice should
be adorned by hand on the inside),
992. — 2) to name, to call: pres.
subj. III. pi. J^at hit saeliSend . . .
hatan Biowulfes biorh, that mari
ners may call it Bedivtilfs grave-
mound, 2807; pret. part, was se
grimma gast Grendel haten, 102 ;
so, 263, 373, 2603.

ge-h&tan, to promise, to give one's
•word, to vow, to threaten : pres. sg.
I. ic hit Jje gehate, 1393; so, 1672;
pret. sg. he me mede gehet, prom
ised me reward, 2135; him fagre
gehe't leana (gen. pi.), promised
them proper reward, 2990; wean
oft gehet earmre teohhe, with woe
often threatened the unhappy band,
2938; pret. pi. geheton at harg-
trafum wig-weorSunga, vowed of
ferings at the shrines of the gods,
175; K>nne we geheton ussum
hlaforde J>at . . ., when we prom
ised our lord that . . ., 2635 5 Pret.
part, sio gehdtan [was] . . . gladum
suna Frodan, betrothed to the glad
son of Froda, 2025.

hator, st. m. n., heat: in comp.
and-hator.

haft, adj., held, bound, fettered: nom.
sg., 2409 ; ace. sg. helle haftan,
him fettered by hell (Grendel), 789.

haft-mece, st. m., sword with fetters
or chains (cf. fctel-hilt) : dat. sg.
J?am haft-mece, 1458.

hag-steald, st. m., man, liegeman,
youth : gen. pi. hag-stealdra, 1890.

hale, st. m., man : nom. sg., 1647,
1817, 3112; ace. sg. hale, 720;
dat. pi. hselum (haenum, MS.), 1984.

haled1, st. m., hero, fighter, warrior,
man: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070;
nom. pi. hale 5, 52, 2248, 2459,
3143; dat. pi. haleftum, 1710, 1962,

etc.; gen. pi. hale'Sa, 467, 497,
612, 663, etc.

harg. See hearg.

haeff, st. f., heath: dat. sg. haefte,
2213.

hseffen, adj., heathenish; ace. sg.
haeSene sSwle, 853; dat. sg. haeft-
num horde, 2217; gen. sg. haefte-
nes, of the heathen (Grendel), 987;
gen. pi. hae'Senra, 179.

hseff-stapa, w. m., that which goes
about on the heath (stag) : nom.
sg., 1369

hael, st. f.: i) health, welfare, luck :
ace. sg. him hael abead, 654; mid
hasle, 1218. — 2) favorable sign,
favorable omen : hael sceawedon,
observed favorable signs (for Beo-
wulfs undertaking), 204.

haelo, st. f., health, welfare, luck : ace.
sg. haelo abead heor'S-geneatum,
2419. — Comp. un-haelo.

haest (O.H.G. haistera- hanti,
manu violenta; heist, ira; heis-
tigo, iracunde), adj., violent, vehe
ment : ace. sg. Jnirh haestne ha^d,
1336.

he, fern, he 6, neut. hit, pers. pron.,
he, she, it; in the oblique cases
also reflexive, himself, herself, it
self: ace. sg. hine, hi, hit; dat. sg.
him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire,
hit; plur. ace. nom. hi, hig, hie;
dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera,
hiora. — he omitted before the
verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345.

hebban, st. v., to raise, to lift, w.
ace. : inf. sifi'San ic hond and rond
hebban mihte, 657; pret. part, ha-
fen, 1291; hafen, 3024.

a-hebban, to raise, to lift from, to
take away : was . . . icge gold Sha-
fen of horde, taken up from the
hoard, 1 109 ; )>&" was . . . wop up
ahafen, a cry of distress raised, 128.

202

GLOSSARY.

ge- began (O.H.G. hagjan), w. v.,
to enclose, to fence : l>ing gehegan,
to mark off the court, hold court.
Here figurative : inf. sceal . . . Sna
gehegan Jnng wi8 byrse (shall
alone decide t/ie matter with Gr en-
del), 425.

hel,st. i.,hell: nom. sg., 853; ace. sg.
helle, 179; dat. sg.helle, 101,589;
(asinstr.),789; gen. sg.helle, 1275.

hoi-bond, s\..v\.l., bond of hell: instr.
pi. hell-bendum fast, 3073.

hrl-riiiia, w. m., sorcerer : nom. pi.
helrunan, 163.

bc-helan, st. v., to conceal, to hide :
pret. part, be-holen, 414.

hoi in, st. m. : I ) protection in gen
eral, defence, cover ing that protects:
ace. sg. on helm, 1393; under
helm, 1746. — 2) helmet: nom. sg.,
1630; ace. sg. helm, 673, 1023,
1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724;
brun-figne, gold-fdhne helm,26i6,
2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342,
404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; ace.
pi. helmas, 240, 2639. — 3) defence,
protector, designation of the king :
nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (HroS-
gir), 371, 456, 1322; ace. sg. heo-
fena helm (the defender of the
heavens = God), 182; helm Scyl-
finga, 2382. — Comp. : grim-, guS-,
hea~5o-, niht-helm.

of er-helinlan, w. v. w. ace., to cov
er over, to overhang: pres. sg. III.
ofer-helmaft, 1365.

holm-berend, pres. part., helm-
wearing (warrior) : ace. pi. helm-
berend, 2518, 2643.

helpan, st. v., to help : inf. }>at him
holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind
wiS Hge, that a wooden shield could
not help him, a linden shield
against flame, 2341 ; f>at him tren-
na ecge mihton helpan at hilde,

2685; \vutun gangan to, helpan
hildfruman, let us go thitherto help
the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. on-
gan . . . moeges helpan, began to
help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret.
sg. J>ser he his maeges (MS. ma'ge-
nes) healp, 2699.

help, helpe, f., help, support: in
strong form. : ace. sg. helpe, 551,
1553; dat. sg. tS helpe, 1831. In
weak form : ace. sg. helpan, 2449.

hciule, &$].,-handed ': in comp. Idel-
hende.

her, adv., here, 397, 1062, 1229.
1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; hith
er, 244, 361, 376.

here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., army,
troops : dat. sg. on herge, in the
army, on a warlike expedition,
1249; in the army, among the
fighting men, 2639; as instr. herge,
2348. — Comp. : flot-, scip-, sin-here.

here-brOga, w. m., terror of the
army, fear of war : dat. sg. for
here-brogan, 462.

here-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, coat
of mail : nom. sg., 1444.

here-grima, w. m., battle-mask, i.e.
helmet (with visor) : dat. sg. -gri-
man, 396, 2050, 2606,

here-net, st. n., battle-net, i.e. coat
of mail (of interlaced rings) : nom.

sg-, I554-

here-niff, st. m., battle-enmity, bat
tle of armies: nom. sg., 2475.

here-pad, st. f., army-dress, i.e. coat
of mail, armor : nom. sg., 2259.

here-rinc, st. m., army-hero, hero
in battle, warrior : ace. sg. here-
rinc (MS. hereric), 1177.

here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e.
spear : gen. pi. here-sceafta heap,

335-

here-sped, st. f., (war-speed), luck
in war : nom. sg., 64.

GLOSSARY.

203

here-stral, st. m., war-arrow, mis
sile : nom. sg., 1436.

here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt
of mail : ace. sg. here-syrcan, 1512.

here-waed, st. f., army-dress, coat
of mail, armor : dat.pl. (asinstr.)
here-vvsedum, 1898.

here-waesma, w. m., war-might,
fierce strength in battle : dat. pi. an
here-waesmum, 678. — Leo.

here-wisa, w. m., leader of the army,
i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021.

herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god,
grove where a god was worshipped,
hence to the Christian a wicked
place ( ?) : dat. pi. hergum ge-
hea'Serod, confined in wicked places
(parallel with hell-bendum fast),

3073-
herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to

provide with an army, to siipport

with an army : pres. sg. I. ic J?e

wel herige, 1834. — Leo.
hete, st. m., hate, enmity : nom. sg.

142,2555. — Comp. : ecg-, morftor-,

wig-hete.

hete-lic, adj., hated : nom.sg., 1268.
hetend, hettend, (pres. part, of

hetan, see hatian), enemy, hostis :

nom. pi. hetende, 1829 ; dat. pi.

wi"5 hettendum, 3005.
hete-niS1, st. m., enmity full of

hate : ace. pi. hete-miSas, 152.
hete-sweng, st. m., a blow from

hate : ace. pi. hete-swengeas, 2226.
hete-J»anc, st. m., hate-thought, a

hostile design : dat. pi. mid his

hete-^ancum, 475.
hedan, ge -hedan, w. v. w. gen.:

i) to protect: pret. sg. ne hSdcle

he l>as heafolan, did not protect his

head, 2698. — 2) to obtain: subj.

pret. sg. III. gehe"dde, 505.
hcrian, w. v. w. ace., to praise, to

commend ; with reference to God,

to adore : inf. heofena helm h8rian
ne cu'Son, could not worship the
defence of the heavens (God), 182;
ne huru Hildeburh herian Jwfte
eotena treowe, had no need to
praise the fidelity of the Jutes,
1072; pres. subj. t>at mon his wine-
dryhten wordum herge, 3177.
g e - heafferian, w. v., to force, to
press in : pret. part. ge-hea'Serod,

3073-
heaflfo-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt

of mail : nom. sg., 1553.
heaffo-dedr, adj., bold in battle,

brave : nom. sg., 689 ; dat. pi.

heatJo-deorum, 773.
heaffo-fyr, st. n., battle-fire, hostile

fire: gen. sg. hea'Su-fy'res, 2523;

instr. pi. hea'So-fyrum, 2548, of the

drake's fire-spewing.
heaffo-grim, adj., grim in battle,

548.

heaffo-helm, st. m., battle-helmet,
-war-helmet : nom. sg., 3i57(?).

heafto-lac, st. n., battle-play, battle :
dat. sg. at hea'So-lice, 584 ; gen.
sg. heafto-likes hil, 1975.

healjo-msere, adj., renowned in
battle : ace. pi. -msere, 2803.

heaffo-ries, st. m., storm of battle,
attack in battle, entrance by force :
nom. sg., 557; acc.pl. -rsesas, 1048;
gen. pi. -rsesa, 526.

heaffo-re&f, st. n., battle-dress,
equipment for battle : ace. sg.
hea'So-reaf heoldon (kept the equip
ments'}, 401.

heaffo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, war
rior : ace. sg. J^one hea'5o-rinc
(HreSel's son, Ife'Scyn), 2467;
dat. pi. j'sem hea'So-rincum, 370.

heafto-rOf, adj., renowned in bat fie :
nom. sg., 381 ; nom. pi. hearo-
rofe, 865.

heaffo-scearp, adj., sharp in battle.

204

GLOSSARY.

told: nom. pi. (-scearde, MS.)f

2830.
heaffo-sc6c, adj., da tele-sick: dat.

sg. -si6cum, 2755.
heaffo-steap, adj., high in battle,

excelling in battle: nom. sg. in

weak form, heaJSo-steapa, 1 246 ;

ace. sg. heaSo-steapne, 2154, both

times of the helmet.
heaffo-swut, st. m., blood of battle :

dat. sg. heaSo-swite, 1607 ; as

instr., 1461 ; gen. pi. hdtost hea'So-

swata, 1669.
heaSo-siveng, st. m., battle-stroke

(blow of the sword) : dat. sg. after

heaSu-swenge, 2582. .
heaffo-torht, adj., loud, clear in

battle : nom. sg. stefn . . . hea'So-

torht, the voice clear in battle,

2554-

heaffo-waed, st. f., battle-dress, coat
of mail, armor: instr.pl. heaSo-
waedum, 39.

heaffo-weorc, st. n., battle-work,
battle : ace. sg., 2893.

heaffo-wylm,st. m., hostile (Jlame-)
wave : ace. pi. bite heafto-wylmas,
2820; gen. pi. heafto-wylma, 82.

hcaf, st. n., sea : ace. pi. ofer heafo,
2478.

heafola. See hafela.

heal, st. f., hall, main apartment,
large building (consisting of an
assembly-hall and a banqueting-
hall) : nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215 ;
heall, 487; ace. sg. healle, 1088;
dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664,
926, 1010, 1927, etc. ; gen. sg.
[healle], 389. — Comp. : gif-, meodo-
heal.

heal-arn, st. n., hall-building, hall-
house : gen. sg. heal-arna, 78.

heul-gumen, st. n., social enjoyment
in the hall, hall-joy : nom. sg.,
1067.

heal-reced, st. n., hall-building:
ace. sg., 68.

hi'ul-slttend, pres. part., sitting in
the hall (at the banquet) : dat. pi.
heal-sittendum,2869; gen. pi. heal-
sittendra, 2016.

iieal-J>egn, st. m., hall-thane, i.e. a
warrior who holds the hall: gen.
sg. heal-}-egnes, of Grendel, -142;
ace. pi. heal-hegnas, of Be6wulfs
band, 720.

heal-wudu, hall-wood, i.e. hall built
of wood: nom. sg., 1318.

healdan, st. v. w. ace.: i) to hold,
to hold fast; to support: pret. pi.
hu J>A stdnbogan . . . See eorftreced
innan heoldon (MS. healde), how
the arches of rock within held the
everlasting earth-house, 2720. Pret.
sg., with a person as object : heold
hine to faste, held him too fast, 789 ;
w. the dat. he him* fredndlavrum
he61d, supported him with friendly
advice, 2378. — 2) to hold, to -watch,
to preserve, to keep ; reflexive, to
maintain one's self, to keep one's
self: pres. sg. II. eal )>u hit gej>yl-
dum healdest, magen mid modes
snyttrum, all that preserves! thou
continuously, strength and wisdom
of mind, 1706; III. healde"5 hige-
mSSum heafod-wearde, holds for
the dead the head-watch, 2910;
imp. sg. II. heald for'S tela niwe
sibbe, keep well, from now on, the
new relationship,^^); heald (heold,
MS.) }>u nu hruse . . . eorla aehte,
preserve thou now, Earth, the noble
men's possessions, 2248 ; inf. se )>e
holmclifu healdan scolde, watch
the sea-cliffs, 230; so, 705; nacan
. . . irum healdan, to keep well your
vessel, 296; wearde healdan, 319;
forleton eorla gestre on eorSan heal
dan, 3168; pres. part, dreim heal-

GLOSSAKY.

205

dende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou
who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg.
heold hine sy'SSan fyr and faster,
kept himself afterwards afar and
more secure, 142; segwearde heold,
/ have (hitherto) kept watch on
the sea, 241 ; so, 305 ; hiold heah-
lufan wi'S haleSa brego, preserved
high love, 1955; ginfastan gife . . .
heold, 2184; gold-md5mas heold,
took care of the treasures of gold,
2415; heold rm.r\.te\a.,protectedwell
mine own, 2738; honne . . . sceft . . .
nytte heold, had employment, was
employed, 3119; heold mzc,protect-
ed, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret.
pi. heae>o-reaf heoldon, watched
over the armor, 401; sg. for pi.
heafodbeorge . . .walan fttan heold,
outwards, bosses kept guard over tfye
head, 1032. — Related to the preced
ing meaning are the two following :

3) to rule and protect the father
land: inf. gif Jm healdan wylt maga
rice, 1853; pret. heold, 57, 2738. —

4) to hold, to have, to possess, to in
habit : inf. le"t bone brego-stol Beo
wulf healdan, 2390; gerund, to
healdanne hleoburh wera, 1732;
pret. sg. heold, 103, 161,466, 1749,
2752; lyftwynne heold nihtes hwl-
lum, at night-time had the enjoy
ment of the air, 3044; pret. pi.
Geata leode hre&wlc heoldon, the
Gedtas held the place of corpses
(lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg.
J-ser heo ser mseste heold worolde
wynne, in which she formerly pos
sessed the highest earthly joy, 1080.
— 5) to win, to receive : pret. pi. I.
heoldon heah gesceap, we received
a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us,
3085.

be -he aid an, w. ace.: l) to take
care of, to attend to : pret. sg. J>egn

nytte behedld, a thane discharged
the office, 494; so, 668. — 2) to hold:
pret. sg. se J>e floda begong . . .
beheold, 1499. — 3) to look at, to
behold: >ry'Sswy'5 beheold mseg
Higeldces hu . . ., great woe saw
H.'s kinsman, how . . ., 737.

for-healdan,w. ace., (to hold bad
ly}, to fall away from, to rebel :
pret. part, ha'fdon hy forhealden
helm Scylfinga, had rebelled against
the defender of the Scylfings, 2382.

ge-healdan: I ) to hold, to receive,
to hold fast : pres. sg. III. se J>e
waldendes hyldo gehealdet), who
receives the Lord's grace, 2294 ;
pres. subj. fader alwalda . . . eowic
gehealde si'Sa gesunde, keep you
sound on your journey, 317 ; inf.
ne meahte he ... on }>am frum-
gire feorh gehealdan, could not
hold back the life in his lord,
2857. — 2) to take care, to pre
serve, to watch over; to stop : imp.
sg. hafa nu and geheald husn. se-
lest, 659; inf. gehealdan he't hilde-
geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he fra'twe
geheold fela missera, 2621; hone
t>e ser gehe61d wi'S hettendum hord
and rice, him who before preserved
treasure and realm, 3004. — ,V) to
rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912;
pret. sg. gehedld tela (br&de rice),
2209.

hoalf, st. f., half, side, part: ace. sg.
on J>& healfe, towards this side,
1676; dat. sg. ha'le'Sum be healfe,
at the heroes' side, 2263; ace. pi.
on tw£ healfa, upon two sides, mu
tually, 1096 ; on b& healfa (healfe) ,
on both sides (to Grendel and his
mother), 1306; on two sides, on
both sides, 2064 ; gen. pi. on healfa
gehwone, in half, through the
middle, 80 1.

206

GLOSSARY.

hoalf, adj., half: gen. sg. healfre,
1088.

heals, st. m., neck : acc. sg. heals,
2692; dat. sg. wH5 halse, 1567;
be healse, 1873. — Comp.: the ad-
jective.s famig-, wunden-heals.

heals-bcah, st. m., neck-ring, collar:
acc. sg. J>one heals-beah, 2173 ;
gen. pi. heals-beaga, 1196.

heals-gebedda, w. m., beloved bed-
fdlffiv, wife: nom. sg. healsge-
beclda (MS. healsgebedda), 63.

healsian, w. v. w. ace., to entreat
earnestly, to implore : pret. sg. J>a
se beoden mec . . . healsode hre6h-
mod hat . . ., entreated me sorrow
ful, that . . ., 2133.

heard, adj.: i) of persons, able,
efficient in war, strong, brave:
nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404,
1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form,
se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda
J egn, 2978; bes hearda heap, 432;
nom. pi. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206;
gen. pi. heardra, 989. Compara
tive : ace. sg. heardran hale, 720.
With accompanying gen.: wlges
heard, strong in battle, 887; dat.
sg. nifta heardum, 2171. — 2) of
the implements of war, good, firm,
sharf, hard : nom. sg. (gfrS-byrne,
lic-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak
form: masc. here-stral hearda,
1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr.
here-net hearde, 1554; ace. sg.
(swurd, wsepen), heard, 540, 2688,
2988; nom. pi. hearde . . . homera
ISfe, 2830; heard and hring-mael
Ilea'Sobeardna gestre6*n, 2038 ;
ace. pi. heard sweord, 2639. Of
other things, hard, rough, harsh,
hard to bear: nom.sg.hre'Ser-bealo
hearde, 1344; wroht . . . heard,
2915; here-nlft bearda, 2475 > acc-
•g. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591 ;

instr. sg. heardan ceapc, 2483 ;
instr. pi. heardan, heardum clam-
mum, 964, 1336; gen. pi. heardra
hynfta, 166. Compar. : acc. sg.
heardran feohtan, 576. — Comp.:
fyr-, iren-, nltS-, regen-, scur-heard.

hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439.

heard-ecg, st. f., sharp sword, sword
good in battle : nom. sg., 1 289.

heard-f^rde, adj ., hard to take away,
heavy : acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.
— Leo.

heard-hycgend, pres. part., of a
warlike disposition, brave: nom.
pi. -hicgende, 394, 800.

hearg-traf, st. n., tent of the gods,
temple : dat. pi. at harg-trafum
(MS. hrserg trafum), 175.

lioarin, st. m., harm, injury, insult :
dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893.

h Arm-sceaffa, \v. m., enemy caus
ing injury or grief: nom. sg.
hearm-sca'Sa, 767.

hearpe, \v. f., harp : gen. sg. hear-
pan sw8g, 89, 3024; hearpan
wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263.

heaffu, st. f., sea, waves: acc. sg.
heaSu, 1863.

hoaffu-liffend, pres. part.,sea-/art-r,
sailor: nom. pi. -ll'Sende, 1799;
dat. pi. -li^endum (designation of
the Geatas), 2956.

heafod, st. n., head : acc. sg., 48,
1640; dat. sg. heafde, 1591, 2291,
2974; dat. pi. heafdum, 1243.

hcafod-beorh, st. f., head-defence,
protection for the head : acc. sg.
heafod-beorge, 1031.

heafod-maeg, st. m.,head-kinsman,
near blood-relative : dat. pi. hea-
fod-maegum (brothers), 589; gen.
pi. heafod-maga, 2152.

hoafod-segn, st. n., head-sign, ban
ner : acc. sg., 2153.

heafod-weard, st. f., head-watch •

GLOSSAKY.

207

ace. sg. healdeS . . . heafod-wearde
leofes and la"Ses, for the friend
and the foe (Beowulf and the drake,
who lie dead near each other),
2910.

hedh, bed, adj., high, noble (in
composition, also primus) : nom.
sg. heah Healfdene, 57; hea (Hi-
gelac), 1927; heah (sele), 82;
heah hlsew, 2806, 3159; ace. sg.
heah (segn), 48, 2769; heahne
(MS. heanne) hrof, 984; dat. sg.
in (to) sele J?am hean, 714, 920;
gen. sg. hean huses, 116. — high,
heavy : ace. heah gesceap (an un
usual, heavy fate}, 3085.

hed-burh, st. f., high city, first city
of a country: ace. sg., 1128.

hedh-cyning, st. m., high king,
mightiest of the kings: gen. sg.
-cyninges (of Hroftgir), 1040.

hedh - gcstre6n, st. n., splendid
treasure : gen. pi. -gestre6na, 2303.

hedh-lufe, vv. f., high love : ace. sg.
heah-lufan, 1955.

hedh-sele, st. m., high hall, first hall
in the land, hall of the ruler : dat.
sg. heah-sele, 648.

hedh-setl, st. n., high seat, throne :
ace. sg., 1088.

hedh-stede, st. m., high jtface, rul
er's place: dat. sg. on heah-stede,
285.

Iicdn, adj., depressed, low, despised,
miserable: nom. sg., 1275, 2100,
2184, 2409.

hedp, st. m., heap, crowd, troop :
nom. sg. ]>egna heap, 400; }>es
hearda heap, this brave band,
432 ; ace. sg. here-sceafta heap, the
crowd of spears, 335 ; mago-rinca
heap, 731 ; dat. sg. on heape, in a
compact body, as many as there
were of them, 2597. — Comp. wig-
heap.

hedwan, st. v., to hew, to cleave :
inf., 80 1.

ge-heavvan, cleave : pres. subj . ge-
heawe, 683.

heoffu, st. f., the interior of a build
ing: dat. sg. J>at he on heo'Se ge-
stod, in the interior (of the hall,
Heorot), 404.

heofon, st. m., heaven : nom. sg.,
3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen.
sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.;
gen. pi. heofena, 182; dat. pi.
under heofenum, 52, 505.

heolfor, st. n., putrid or festering
blood : dat. instr. sg. ha" tan heol-
fre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; un
der heolfre, 1303.

heolster, st. n., haunt, hiding-place :
ace. sg. on heolster, 756.

heonan, adv., hence, from here:
heonan, 252; heonon, 1362.

heor, st. m., door-hinge : nom. pi.
heorras, 1000.

heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.

heorff-genedt, st. m., hearth-com
panion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in
whose castle he receives his liveli
hood : nom. pi. heor'S-geneatas,
261,3181; ace. pi. heor'S-geneatas,
1581, 2181 ; dat. pi. heorft-genea-
tum, 2419.

heorot, st. m., stag: nom.sg., 1370.

heorte, w. f., heart: nom. sg.,
2562; dat. sg. at heortan, 2271 ;
gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508. —
Comp. : the adjectives bli'S-, grom-,
rum-, starc-heort.

heoru, st. m., sword : nom. sg. heoru
bunden (cf. under bindan), 1286.
In some of the following com
pounds heoro- seems to be con
founded with here- (see here) .

heoro-blac, adj., pale through the
sword, fatally wounded : nom. sg.
[heoro-] blac, 2489.

208

GLOSSARY.

heoru-drc6r, st. m., sword-blood:

instr. sg. heoru-dre<5re,4S7; heoro-

dreore, 850.
heoro-drc6rig, adj., bloody through

the sword: nom. sg., 936; ace. sg.

heoro-dre<5rigne, 1781, 2721.
heoro-drync, st. m., sword-drink,

i.e. blood shed by the sword : instr.

pL hioro-dryncum swealt, died

through sword-drink, i.e. struck by

the sword, 2359.
heoro-gffre, adj., eager for hostile

inroads : nom. sg., 1499.
heoro-grim, adj., sword-grim, fierce

in battle : nom. sg. m., 1565; fern.

-grimme, 1848. .
heoro-hGcihte,adj.,/r<7z/z<£</ with

barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pi.

mid eofer-spre6tum heoro-h3cyh-

tum, 1439.
heoro-serce, w. f., shirt of mail :

ace. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.
heoro-sweng, st. m., word-stroke :

ace. sg. 1591.

heoro-weallende, pres. part., roll
ing around fighting, of the drake,

2782. See wealllan.
heoro-wearh, st. m ., he who is sword-
cursed, who is destined to die by the

sword : nom. sg., 1268.
heofan, w. v., to lament, to moan :

part. nom. pi. hi6fende, 3143.
£-he6ran, to free (?) : w. ace. pret.

sg. bryd dheorde, 2931.
hcore, adj., pleasant, not haunted,

secure : nom. sg. fern, nis J>at hedru

stow, that is no secure place, 1373.

— Comp. un-he6re (-hyre).
hlder, adv., hither, 240, 370, 394,

3093. etc.
ofer-hlgian, w. v. (according to

the connection, probably ) , to exceed,

2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan,

to be arrogant?)
hild, st. f., battle, combat : nom. sg.,

452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru-
grimme, 1848; ace. sg. hilde, 648;
instr. sg. hilde, through the combat,
2917; dat. sg. at hilde, 1461.
hildc-bil, st. n., battle-sword: nom.
sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille,

557. '521-
hilde-bord, st. n., battle-shield: ace.

pi. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pi. -bor-

dum, 3140.
hilde-cyst, st. f., excellence in battle,

bravery in battle: instr.pl. -cystum,

2599-

hilde-de6r, adj., bold in battle, brave
in battle : nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647,
1817; hilde-didr, 3112; nom.pl.
hilde-deore, 3171.

hilde-f reca, w. m., hero in battle :
nom. pi. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat.
sg. hild-frecan, 2367.

hilde-geatwe, st. f. pi., equipment
for battle, adornment for combat :
ace. hilde-geatwe, 675 ; gen. -geat-
wa.,2363.

hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e.
the blood which hangs upon the
sword-blades like icicles : instr. pi.
hilde-gicelum, 1607.

hilde-grap, st. f., battle-gripe : nom.
sg., 1447, 2508.

h i I < 1 <>- hi (Hiiina, w. m., one raging
in battle, warrior, fighter : no™.
sg-, 2352, 2545 ; dat. pi. eft )>at
ge-eode . . . hilde-hlammum, it
happened to the warriors (the
Geatas), 2202.

hilde-leoma, w. m., battle-light,
gleam of battle, hence : l) the fire-
spewing of the drake in the fight :
nom. pi. -Ie6man, 2584. — 2) the
gleaming sword: ace. sg. -Ie6man,
1144.

hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle,
warrior: nom. pi. hilde-mecgas,
800.

GLOSSARY.

209

hilde-mece, st. m., battle-sword:

nom. pi. -me'ceas, 2203.
hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield:

ace. pi. -randas, 1243.
hilde-raes, st. m., storm of battle :

ace. sg., 300.
Mlde-rinc, st. m., man of battle,

i-jarrior, hero: nom. sg., 1308,

3I25> 3r37; dat- SS- hilde-rince,

1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987.
hilde-sad,adj., satiated -with battle,

not wishing to fight any more : ace.

sg. hilde-sadne, 2724.
hilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress^

armor, coat of mail: ace. sg.,

2156.
Mlde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle) :

nom. sg., 1040.
hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength,

bravery in battle : ace., 2114.
hilde-swat, st. m., battle-sweat:

nom. sg. hat hilde-s\va"t (the hot,

damp breath of the drake as he

rushes on), 2559.
Mlde-tux, st. m., battle-tooth : instr.

pi. hilde-tuxum, 1512.
hilde-waepen, st. m., battle-weapon :

instr. pi. -waepnum, 39.
hilde-wisa, w. m., leader in battle,

general : dat. sg. fore Healfdenes

hildewisan, of Healfdene's general

(Hnaf), 1065.

hild-freca. See hilde-freca.
hild-f ruma, st. m., battle-chief: dat.

sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650 ; gen. sg.

>as hild-fruman, 2836.
hild-lata, w. m., he who is late in

battle, coward: nom. pi. J>& hild-

latan, 2847.

hilt, st. n., sword-hilt: nom. sg.
gylden hilt, 1678; ace. sg. J>at hilt,
1669; hy It, 1668. Also used in the

plural; ace. J>4 hilt, 1615; dat. pi.

be hiltum, 1575. — Comp. : fetel-,
wreo'Sen-hilt.

hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with
a staff : ace. sg., 1023.

hilted, pret. part., provided with a
hilt or handle:, ace. sg. heard
swyrd hilted, sword with a (rich)
hilt, 2988.

hiii-fiis, adj., ready to die : nom. sg.
hyge was him hinfus (i.e. he felt
that he should not survive), 756.

hiiideina, adj. superl., hindmost,
last : instr. sg. hindeman si$e, the
last time, for the last time, 2050,
2518.

hirde, hyrde, st. m., (Jierd} keeper,
guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces
hyrde, 61 1, 1 833, 2982 ; rices hyrde,
2028 ; fyrena hyrde, the guardian
of mischief, wicked one, 751, 2220;
wuldres hyrde, the king of glory ,
God, 932; hringa hyrde, the
keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles
hyrde, the possessor of the banner,
the bearer of the banner, 2506 ;
folces hyrde, 1850; fratwa hyrde,
3134; rices hyrde, 3081; acc.pl.
huses hyrdas, 1667. — Comp. :
grund-hyrde.

hit (O.N. hita), st. L(7),heat: nom.
sg. benden hyt sy, 2650.

liladan, st. v. : i) to load, to lay.
inf. on bsel hladan leofne man-
nan, lay the dear man on the
funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm
hladan bunan anddiscas, laid cups
and plates upon his bosom, loaded
himself with them, 2776; pret. part.
Jjser was wunden gold on wsen hla-
den, laid upon the wain, 3135. —
2) to load, to burden : pret. part.
J>a was . . . ssegeap naca hladen
herewaedum, loaded with armor,
1898. — Comp. gilp-hladen.

ge-hladan, w. ace., to load, to bur
den : pret. sg. saebat gehlod (MS.
gehleod), 896.

210

GLOSSARY.

hlil ford, st. m., lord, ruler : nom.
sg., 2376; ace. sg., 267; dat. sg.
hliforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlafordes,
3181. — Comp. eald-hlaford.

hlaford-leas, adj., without a lord:
nom. pi. hlaford-lease, 2936.

hlaw, hhcw, st. m., kill, grave-hill:
ace. sg. hlaew, 2803, 3159, 3171;
dat. sg. for hlawe, 1121. Also,
grave-chamber (the interior of the
grave-hill), cave: ace. sg. hliw
[under] hrusan, 2277; hlsew under
hrusan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlaewe,
2774. The drake dwells in the
rocky cavern which the former
owner of his treasure had chosen
as his burial-place, 2242-2271.

blast, st. n., burden, load : dat. sg.
hlaste, 52.

lilciii, st. m., noise, din of battle,
noisy attack : in the compounds,
uht-, wal-hlem.

blemma, w. m., one raging, one who
calls; see hilde-hlemma.

:i- hlehhan, st. v., to laugh aloud, to
shout, to exult : pret. sg. his m3d
ahlog, his mood exulted, 731.

hleahtor, st. m., laughter: nom.
sg., 612; ace. sg., 3021.

hleapan, st. v., to run, to trot, to
spring: inf. hleapan l&ton . . . feal-
we mearas, 865.

a-hleapan, to spring up: pret.
dhledp, 1398.

hleoffu. See hliff.

hleonian, w. v., to incline, to hang
over : inf. oft }>at he ... fyrgen-
beamas ofer harne stin hleonian
funde, //// he found mountain-trees
hanging over the gray rocks, 1416.

hle6, st. m., shady, protected place ;
defence, shelter; figurative desig
nation of the king, or of powerful
nobles : wlgendra hle6, of HroS-
gdr, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of

Beowulf, 1973, 2338; eoila hle6,
of HroSgar, 1036, 1867; of 13e6-
wulf, 792; of Hygelic, 2191.

hloo-burh, st. f., ruler's castle or
«Vy.-acc. sg., 913, 1732.

hle6ffor-cwyde, st. m., speech of
solemn sound, ceremonious words,
1980.

hleor, st. n., cheek, jaw : in comp.
fated-hle6r (adj.).

hlcor-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, the
part of the helmet that reaches
down over the cheek and protects

. it: ace. pi. ofer hle6r-beran (visor!\

304-

hle6r-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster,
pillow : nom. sg., 689.

hleotun, st. v. w. ace., to obtain by
lot, to attain, to get : pret. sg. feorh-
wunde hleat, 2386.

hlifian, w. v.f to rise, to be promt'
nent: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret. hli-
fade, 81, 1800, 1899.

hills', st. n., cliff, precipice of a moun
tain: dat. sg. on hli'Se, 3159; gen.
sg. hlitSes, 1893; pi. hli'Su in com
position, stan-hli5u; hleo'Su in the
compounds fen-, mist-, nas-, wulf-
hleoSu.

hlln-bed( Frisian hlen-bed, Richt-
hofen 2o6M, for which another
text has cronk-bed), st. n., K\I-
vlSwv, bed for reclining, sick-bed:
ace. sg. hlim-bed, 3035.

to-hlidan, st. v., to spring apart, to
burst : pret. part. nom. pi. td-hli-
dene, 1000.

hlud, adj., loud: ace. sg. dreim . . .
hludne, 89.

hlyn, st. m., din, noise, clatter: nom.
sg., 612.

lily nnan, hlyniun, w. v., to sound,
to resound : inf. hlynnan (of the
voice), 2554; of fire, to crackU :
pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.

GLOSSARY.

211

hlynsian, w. v., to resound, to crash :
pret. sg. raced hlynsode, 771.

lily tin, st. m., lot : dat. sg. nas J>a on
hlytme, hwa }>at hord strude, if did
not depend ttpon lot who should
plunder the hoard, i.e. its posses
sion was decided, 3127.

hnfih, adj.: i) low, inferior: comp.
ace. ?g. hnagran, 678; dat. sg.
hnahran rince, an inferior hero,
one less brave, 953. — 2) famil
iarly intimate: nom. sg. nas hio
hnah swa" heah, was nevertheless
not familiarly intimate (with the
Geatas, i.e. preserved her royal dig
nity towards them), (niggardly"}},
1930.

hiuegan, w. v. w. ace., (for naegan),
to speak to, to greet : pret. sg. ]>at
he J>one wisan wordum hnsegde
frean Ingwina, 1319.

ge-hnaegan, w. ace., to bend, to
humiliate, to strike down, to fell :
pret. sg. ge-hnsegde helle gast,
1275 ? J5361 hyne Hetware hilde
gehnsegdon, 2917.

hnitan, st. v., to dash against, to
encounter, here of the collision of
hostile bands : pret. pi. f>onne hni-
ton (hnitan) fe"5an, 1328, 2545.

hoffma, w. m., place of concealment,
cave, hence, the grave : dat. sg. in
hofiman, 2459.

hof, st. n., enclosed space, court-yard,
estate, manor-house : ace. sg. hof
(HroSgar's residence), 312; dat.
sg. to hofe sinum (Grendel's home
in the sea), 1508; to hofe (Hyge-
lac's residence), 1975 > acc- ?!•
beorhthofu,23!4; dat. pi. to hofum
Geata, 1837.

hogode. See hyegan.

hold, adj., inclined to, attached to,
gracious, dear, true : nom. sg. w.
dat. of the person, hold weorod

frean Scyldinga, a band well dis'
posed to the lord of the Scyldings,
290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hy-
gelace was . . . nefa swy""Se hold,
to ff. was his nephew (Beowulf)
very much attached, 2171 ; acc.
sg. ]?urh holdne hige,/r0/« a kindly
feeling, with honorable mind, 267;
holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980;
gen. pi. holdra, 487.

hold. See healdan.

holm, st. m., deep sea : nom. sg., 519,
1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; dat.
sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915 ; acc. pi.
holmas, 240. — Comp. wseg-holm.

holm-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: dat. sg.
on J>am holm-clife, 1422; from j^am
holmclife, 1636 ; acc. pi. holm-
clifu, 230.

holm-wylm, st. m., the waves of the
sea : dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412.

holt, st. n., wood, thicket, forest:
acc. sg. on holt, 2599 ; holt, 2847.
— Comp. : asc-, fyrgen-, gar-,
Hrefnes-holt.

holt-wudu, st. r&p forest-wood: l) of
the material : nom. sg., 2341. — 2)
—forest : acc. sg., 1370.

hord, st. m. and n., hoard, treasure :
nom. sg., 2284, 3085; beaga hord,
2285; ma'Sma hord, 3012; acc.
sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510,
2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sa-wle
hord, 2423; >at hord, 3127; dat.
sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, on
account of (the robbing of) the
hoard, 2782 ; hoetmnm horde.
2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888. —
Comp. : bean-, breost-, word-,wyrm-
hord.

hord-arn, st. n., place in which a
treasure is kept, treastire-room :
dat. hord-arne, 2832; gen. pi. hord-
a'rna, 2280.

hord-burh, st. f., city in which h

212

GLOSSARY.

the treasure (of the king's), ruler's
castle : ace. sg., 467.
hord-gestre6n, st. n., hoard-treas
ure, precious treasure: dat. pi.
hord-gestre6num, 1900; gen. pi.
magen-byrSenne hord - gestre6na,
the great burden of rich treasures,

3093-

hord-maffffum, st. m., treasure-
jewel, precious jewel: ace. sg.
(-madmum, MS.), 1199.
hord-wela, w. m., treasure-riches,
abundance of treasures : ace. sg.
hord-welan, 2345.

hord-weard, st. m., warder of the
treasure, hoard-warden : I ) of the
king: nom. sg., 1048; ace. sg.,
1853. — 2) of the drake : nom. sg.,
2294, 2303, 2555, 2594.
hord-weorffung, st. f., ornament
out of the treasure, rich ornament :
ace. sg. -weortSunge, 953.
hord-wyn, st. f., treasure-joy, joy-
giving treasure : ace. sg. hord-
wynne, 2271.

horn, st. m., horn: i) upon an ani
mal : instr.pl. heorot hornum trum,
1370. — 2) wind-instrument : nom.
sg., 1424; ace. sg., 2944. — Comp.
gu5-horn.
horn-boga, w. m., bow made of
horn : dat. sg. of horn-bogan,
2438.

horn-geap, adj., of great extent be
tween the (stag-) horns adorning
the gables(P): nom. sg. sele .. .
heah and horn-geap, 82.
horn-rcccd, st. n., building whose
two gables are crowned by the
halves of a stag's antler (?) : ace.
sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on
the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.
bore, st. n., horse : nom. sg., 1400.
bOciht, adj., provided with hooks
hooked: in comp. heoro-hociht.

•>e-hOfian, w. v. w. gen., to need, to
want: pres. sg. III. nu is se dag
cumen JJat ure man-dryhten mage-
nes behofa'5 godra guiSrinca, now
is the day come when our lord
needs the might of strong warriors,
2648.

on- hohsnian, w. v., to hinder: pret.
sg. hat onh3hsnode Heminges mxg
(on hohsnod, MS.), 1945.

hOlinga, adv., in vain, without rea
son, 1077.

be-hOn, st. v., to hang with: pret.
part, helmum behongen, 3140.

bGp, st. n., protected place, place of
refuge, place of concealment, in the
compounds fen-, mor-hop.

hOs (Goth, hansa), st. f., accompany
ing troop, escort : instr. sg. magfta
hose, with an accompanying train
of servingwomen, 925.

hraffe, adv., hastily, quickly, imme
diately, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.;
hrii5e, 1438; hrefte, 992; compar.
hra'Sor, 543.

bran-fix, st. m., whale : ace. pi.
hron-fixas, 540.

bran-rad, st. f., whale-road, i.e.
sea : dat. sg. ofer hron-rade, 10.

bra, st. n., corpse : nom. sg., 1589.

hra-f yl, st. m., fall of corpses, kill
ing, slaughter: ace. sg., 277.

bradlice, adv., hasty, quick, imme
diate, 356, 964.

hrafn, hrefn, st. m., raven : nom.
sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802;
se wouna hrefn, the dark raven,
3025 ; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.

hriigl, st. n., dress, garment, armor:
nom. sg., 1196 ; gen. sg., hragles,
1218; gen. pi. hragla, 454.—
Comp. : beado-, fyrd-, mere-hragl.

hreffe. See hraffe.

hreffer, st. m., breast, bosom • nom.
sg. hreSer inne we611 (// surged in

GLOSSAKY.

213

his breast), 2114; hre'Ser se'Sme
weoll, 2594 ; dat. sg. in hre'Sre,
1152; of hreSre, 2820. — Breast
as the seat of feeling, heart : dat.
sg. J>at was . . . hre'Sre bygone" Se,
that was depressing to the heart (of
the slayer, Hseftcyn), 2443 ; on
hreSre, 1879, 2329; gen. pi. Jmrh
hreftra gehygd, 2046. — Breast as
seat of life : instr. sg. hre'Sre,
parallel with aldre, 1447.

hreflfer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes
hold on the heart, evil severely felt :
ace. sg., 1344.

hrefn. See hrafn.

hreS1, st. f., glory ; in composition,
gu5-hre"5 ; renown, assurance of
victory, in sige-hre'S.

hreflfe, adj., rencnvned in battle:
nom. sg. hreS (on account of the
following at, final e is elided, as
wen ic for w£ne ic,442; frofor
and fultum for frofre and
fultum, 699; firen ondrysne
for firene ondr., 1933), 2576.

hreSF-sigor, st. m., glorious victory :
dat. sg. hre"S-sigora, 2584.

hremig, adj., boasting, exulting:
with instr. and gen. hu'Se hremig,
124; since hremig, 1883; fratwum
hremig, 2055 ; nom. pi. nealles
Hetware hre'mge }>orfton (sc. we-
san) fe"5e-wiges, 2365.

on-hreran, w. v., to excite, to stir
•up : pret. part, on-hrered, 549,

2555-
hrea-wic, st. n., place of corpses :

ace. sg. Geata Ie6de hrea-wic heol-

don, held the place of corpses, 1215.
bread, st. f., ornamental'), in comp.

earm-hread. See hrc6ffan.
hredm, st. m., noise, alarm : nom.

sg-, 1303-

hreoSFa, w. m., cover, in the com
pound bord-hre6i5a.

hreoftan, g e - hreoffan, st. v., to

cover, to clothe ; only in the pret.
part, hroden, gehroden, dressed,
adorned : hroden, 495, 1023 ; }>&.
was heal hroden feonda feorum,
t/u'n was the hall covered with the
corpses of the enemy, 1152; ge
hroden golde, adorned with gold,
304. — Comp. : beag-, gold-hroden.

hreoh, hreow, hreo, adj., excited,
stormy, wild, angry, raging ; sad,
troubled: nom. sg. (Beowulf)
hreoh and heoro-grim, 1565; t>at
J>am godan was hre6w on hreSre,
(that came with violence upon him,
pained his heart), 2329 ; hreo
wseron y Sa, the waves were angry,
the sea stormy, 548; nas him hreoh
sefa, his mind was not cruel,
21 81; dat. sg. on hreon mode, of
sad heart, 1308; on hreoum mode,
angry at heart, 2582.

hreoh-mod, adj., of sad heart, 2133;
angry at heart, 2297.

hreosan, st. v., to fall, to sink, to
rush : pret. hreas, 2489, 2832 ;
pret. pi. hruron, 1075; hie on weg
hruron, they rushed away, 1431;
hruron him tearas, tears burst from
him, 1873.

be-hreosan, to fall from, to be di
vested of: pret. part. ace. pi. fyrn-
manna fatu . . . hyrstum behrorene,
divested of ornaments (from which
the ornaments had fallen away),
2760.

hreow, st. f., distress, sorrow : gen.
pi. J^t was Hro'SgSre hredwa tor-
nost, that was to Hrb^gdr the bit
terest of his sorrows, 2130.

bring, st. m. : i) ring : ace. sg. £>one
hring, 1203; hringgyldenne, 2810;
ace. pi. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035;
gen. pi. hringa, 1 508, 2246.— 2)shirl
of mail (of interlaced rings) : noni

214

GLOSSARY.

sg. hring, 1504 ; byrnan bring,
2261. — Comp. bSn-hring.

hringan, w. v., to give forth a sound,
to ring, to rattle : pret. pi. byrnan
hringdon, 327.

bring- boga, w. m., one who bends
himself into a ring: gen.sg. hring-
bogan (of the drake, bending him
self into a circle), 2562.

hringed, pret. part., made of rings :
nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; ace.
sg. hringde byrnan, 2616.

hrlnged-stefna, w. m., ship -whose
stem is provided with iron rings
(cramp-irons), especially of sea
going ships (cf. Fri5-Hofs saga, I :
horsteinn dtti skip M er Ellidi h8t,
. . . borSit war spengt iarni) : nom.
sg., 32, 1898 ; ace. sg. hringed-
stefnan, 1132.

hrlng-iren, st. n., sword ornament
ed with rings : nom. sg., 322.

hrlng-msel, adj., marked with rings,
i.e. ornamented with rings, or
marked with characters of ring-
form : nom. ace. sg., of the sword,
1522, 1 562(7); nom. pi. heard
and hring-mrel Hea'Sobeardna ge-
8tre6n (rich armor), 2038.

hring-uaca, w. m., ship with iron
rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg.,
1863.

bring-not, st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt
of interlaced rings : ace. sg., 2755;
ace. pi. hring-net, 1890.

hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall
in which are rings, or in which
rings are bestowed : ace. sg., 2841 ;
dat. sg., 20 1 1, 3054.

bring- weorffung, st. f., ring-or
nament: ace. sg. -weor"5unge,
3018.

hrinaii, st. v. w. dat.: l) to touch,
lay hold of: inf. hSt him heardra
n4n hrinaii wolde Iren aergdd (that

no good sword of valiant men
•would make an impression on
hint), 989; him for hr3f-sele hrlnan
ne mehte foergripe fl3des (the sud
den grip of the flood might not
touch him owing to the hall-roof),
1516; J>at J>am hring-sele hrinan
ne moste gumena asnig (so that
none might touch the ringed-hall),
3054; pret. sg. srS'San he bine fol-
mum [hr]a"n (as soon as he touched
it with his hands'), 723; 68 J>at
dea'Ses wylm hrdn at heortan
(seized his heart), 2271. Pret.
subj. |>eah )>e him wund hrine (al
though he was wounded), 2977. —
2) (O.N. hrtna, sonar e, clamare),
to resound, rustle : pres. part. nom.
pi. hrinde bearwas(for hrlnende),
1364.

hroden. See hre69an.

h ron -fix. See hran-lix.

hrOffor, st. m.,joy, beneficium : dat.
sg. hrefne to hrSftre, 2449; gen.
pi. hroSra, 2172.

hrOf, st. m., roof, ceiling of a house :
nom. sg., 1000 ; ace. sg. under
Heorotes hrof, 403; under geapne
hrof, 838; geseah steapne hrSf
(here inner roof, ceiling), 927 ;
so, ofer heahne hr3f, 984 ; ymb
}>as helmes hrof, 1031 ; under
beorges hrof, 2756. — Comp. inwit-
hrof.

hrOf-sele, st. m., covered hall : dat.
sg. hrof-sele, 1516.

hrOr, adj., stirring, wide-awake,
valorous : dat. sg. of J>Sm hroran,
1630. — Comp. fela-hr8r.

hruron. See hre6san.

hruso, w. f., earth, soil : nom. sg.,
2248, 2559; ace. sg. on hrusan,
773, 2832 ; dat. sg. under hrusan,
2412.

hrycg, st. m., back: ace. sg. ofet

GLOSSAKY.

215

wateres hrycg (over the waters
back, surface}, 471.

hryre, st.m.,/0//, destruction, ruin :
acc.sg., 3181 ; dat. sg., 1681, 3006.
• — Comp. : leod-, wlg-hryre.

hrysian, w. v., to shake, be shaken,
clatter: pret. pi. syrcan hrysedon
(corselets rattled, of men in mo
tion), 226.

hund, st. m., dog: instr. pi. hundum,
1369.

hund, num., hundred ' : J>reo hund,
2279; w. gen. pi. hund missera,
1499; hund J>usenda landes and
locenra beaga, 2995.

hu, adv., how,quomodo, 3, 116, 279,
738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc.

huff, st. f., booty, plunder: dat.
(instr.) sg. huSe, 124.

hum, adv., at least, certainly, 369;
indeed, truly, 182, 670, 1072, 1466,
1945, 2837; yet, nevertheless,^^;
now, 3121.

hus, st. n., house: gen. sg. huses,
116; gen. pi. husa selest (Heorot),
146, 285, 659, 936.

hwan, adv., whither : to hwan
syftSan wear's hondraes hale'Sa
(what issue the hand-to-hand jight
of the heroes had}, 2072.

hwanan, hwanon, adv., whence:
hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.

hwa, interrog. and indef. pron.,who :
nom. sg. m. hwa, 52, 2253, 3127;
neut. hwat, 173; aneshwat (apart
only), 3011; hwat \>§. men wseron
(who the men were}, 233, etc. ; hwat
syndon ge searo-habbendra (what
armed men are ye?}, 237; ace. sg.
m.wiiS manna hwone (from(")} any
man}, 155; neut. Jmrh hwat, 3069;
hwat wit ge6 sprsecon, 1477; hwat
. . . hynflo (gen.), faer-nvSa (what
shame and sudden woes}, 474; so,
hwat J>u worn fela (how very much

thou), 530; swylces hwat, 881 ;
hwat . . . arna, 1 187; dat. m. hwam,
1697. — Comp. aeg-hwS.

hwat, interj., what! lo ! indeea! I,
943, 2249.

ge-hwd, w. part, gen., each, each
one: ace. sg. m. wift feonda ge-
hwone, 294; nifta gehwane, 2398;
meca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes
gehwone, 2766; fem. on healfa
gehwone, 80 1 ; dat. sg. in. dogora
gehwam, 88 ; at nitia gehwam,
883; t>egna gehwam, 2034; eorla
gehwam, 1421 ; fem. in mseg'Sa
gehwsere, 25; nihta gehwam, 1366;
gen. sing. m. manna gehwas, 2528;
fem. dseda gehwas, 2839.

h\var. See hwaer.

h\viider. See h\vider.

hwaffer, pron., which of two : nom.
sg. hwafter . . . uncer twega, 2531 ;
swa hwa^er, utercunque : ace. sg.
on swa" hwa'Sere hond swa him
gemet J>ince, 687. — Comp. asg-
hwa"Ser.

ge-hwa"Ser, each of two, either -
other : nom. sg. m. was gehwaiSer
o^rum lifigende laS, 815; was . . .
gehwafter 6'Srum hroiSra gemyn-
dig, 2172; ne gehwa'Ser incer (nor
either of you two}, 584; nom. sg.
neut. gehwafter J>aTa (either of
them, i.e. ready for war or peace),
1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwa'Srum,
2995; Sen- sg- bega gehwaiSres,
1044.

hwaffer, h\vaffere, h-waffre, i)
adv., yet, nevertheless : hwaiSre,
555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299,2378,
etc. ; hwaftre swa" J>eah, however,
notwithstanding, 2443; hwa'Sere,
574, 578, 971, I7I9- — 2) conj.,
= utrum, whether : hwa^Jre, 1315;
hwaiJer, 1357, 2786.

hwat, adj., sharp, bold, valiant:

216

GLOSSARY.

noni. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat.
sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pi. hwate,
1602, 2053; ace. pi. hwate, 2643,
3006. — Comp. : fyrd-, gold-hwat.

hwiit. See hwa.

hwaer, adv., where : elles hwaer,
elsewhere, 138; hwaer, somewhere,
2030. In elliptical question: wun-
dur hwar J>onne . . ., is it a wonder
when ...? 3063. — Comp. 6-hwaer.

g e - h w ae r , everywhere : J>eah \>\i
hea'So-raesa gehwaer dohte {every
where good in battle"), 526.

hwelc. See hwylc.

hwergen, adv., anywhere: elles
hwergen, elsewhere, 2591.

hwettan, w. v., to encourage, urge :
pres. subj. swa1 J>ln sefa hwette (as
thy mind urges, as thou likes f),
490; pret. pi. hwetton higerofne
{they whetted the brave one), 204.

hwene, adv., a little, paululum, 2700.

hwealf, st. f., vault: ace. sg. under
heofones hwealf, 576, 2016.

hweorfan, st. v., to stride deliber
ately, turn, depart, move, die :
pres. pi. J>ira )>e cwice hwyrfa'S,
98; inf. hwilum he on lufan las
ted hworfan monnes m8d-ge)>onc
{sometimes on love (?) posses
sions (?) permits the thoughts of
man to turn), 1729; londrihtes
mot . . . monna aeghwylc idel
hweorfan (of rights of land each
one of men must be deprived*),
2889; pret. sg. fader ellor hwearf
... of earde {died), 55; hwearf
)>a hradltce J>aer Hr&ftgar sat, 356;
hwearf J>& bl bence {turned then to
the bench), 1 189; so, hwearf J?a be
wealle, 1574; hwearf geond )>at
reced, 1982; hlsew oft ymbe hwearf
(went oft round the cave), 2297;
nalles after lyfte lacende hwearf
{not at all through the air did he

go springing), 2833; subj. pret. sg.
xt he on weg hwurfe ... of gear-
dum {died), 264.

and-hweorfan, to move against :
pret. sg. 6$ J>at . . . norftan wind
heaflo-grim and-hwearf {till the
fierce north wind blew in our
faces'), 548.

at-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg.
hwilum he on beorh at-hwearf {at
times returned to the mountain),
2300.

ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret.
sg. gehwearf J>a in Francna faSm
feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on aeht
gehwearf. . . Denigea frean, 1680;
so, 1685, 2209.

geond-hweorfan, to go through
from end to end: pres. sg. flet
call geond-hwearf, 2018.

hwider,adv., whither : hwyder, 163;
h wader (hwafter, MS.), 1332.

hwf 1, st. f., time, space of time : nom.
sg. was seo hwil micel (it was a
longtime), 146; }>a was hwll dages
{the space of a day), 1496; ace. sg.
hwile, for a time, 2138; a while,
105, 152; lange (longe) hwile, a
long while, 1 6, 2781; ane hwile,
a while, 1763; lytle hwile, brief
space, 2031, 2098; senige hwile,
any while, 2549; lassan hwile, a
lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. ser da
ges hwile, before daybreak, 2321;
dat. pi. nihtes hwilum, sometimes
at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes,
often : hwtlum, 175,496, 917, 1729,
1829, 2017, 21 12, etc.; hwilum . . .
hwilum,2io8-9-io. — Gimp.: dag-,
gescap •, orleg-, sige-hwil.

hwit, adj., brilliant, flashing: nom.
sg. se hwita helm, 1449.

hworfan. See hweorfan.

hwOpan, st. v., to cry, cry out
mourn : pret. sg. hwedp, 2269.

GLOSSARY.

21'

hwyder. See It-wider.

hwylc, pron., which, what, any : i)
adj.: nom. sg. m. sceafta ic nit
hwylc, 274; fern, hwylc orleghvvll,
2003; nom. pi. hwylce Ssegeata
si'Sas wseron, 1987. — 2) subst., w.
gen. pi. nom. m. : Frisna hwylc,
1105; fern, efne swi hwylc magfia
swi b°ne magan cende (whatever
woman brought forth this son), 944;
neut. bonne his bearna hwylc
{than any one of his sons), 2434;
dat. sg. efne swi hwylcum manna
swi him gemet buhte, 3058. —
Comp. : a;g-, nit-, wel-hwylc.

ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc,
w. gen. pi., each : nom. sg. m. ge-
hwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; ace. sg. m.
gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; ge-
hwelcne, 148; fern, gehwylce,
1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr.
sg.dogra gehwylce, 1091; 50,2058,
2451 ; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412,
769, 785, etc.; fern, ecga gehwyl-
cre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum,
98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwyl-
ces, 733, 1397, 2095.

hvvyrft, st. m., circling movement,
turn: dat.pl. adv. hwyrftumscnfta'S
(wander to and fro), 163. — Comp.
ed-hwyrft.

hycgan, w. v., to think, resolve tipon :
pret. sg. ic bat hogode bat . . . (iny
intention was that . . .), 633. —
Comp.w.pres.part. : bealo-, heard-,
swift-, bane-, wis-hycgend.

f o r - h y c g a n , to despise, scorn, reject
with contempt : pres. sg. I. ic bat
bonne for-hicge bat . . ., reject with
scorn the proposition that . . .,435.

ge -hycgan, to think, determine
upon : pret. sg. J>a bu . . . feorr ge-
hogodest sacce secean, 1989.

ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg.
ofer-hogode bi hringa fengel bat he

bone widflogan weorode gesoht*
(scorned to seek the wide-flier with
a host), 2346.

hydig (for hygdig), adj., thinking,
of a certain mind : comp. in-,
bealo-, grom-, nift-, brist-hydig.

ge-hygd, st. n., thought, sentiment :
ace. sg. burh hreftra gehygd, 2046.

— Comp. : breost-, mod-gehygd,
won-hyd.

hyge, hige, st. m., mind, heart,
thought: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige,
594; ace. sg. burh holdne hige,
267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat.pl.
higum, 3149.

hyge-bend, st. m. f., mind-fetter,
heart-band : instr. pi. hyge-bendum
fast, fast in his mind's fetters,
secretly, 1879. .

hyge-gedmor, adj., sad in mind.-:
nom. sg. hyge-giomor, 2409.

hyge-meffe, adj.: i) sorrowful,,
soul-crushing: nom. sg., 2443. —
2) life-weary, dead: dat. pi. hyge- -
me"5um (-maefium, MS.), 2910.

hjTge-r&f, adj., brave, valiant, vig
orous-minded: nom. sg. [hygerof],
403; ace. sg. hige-rofne, 204.

hyge-sorh, st. f., heart-sorrow : gen.
pi. -sorga, 2329.

hyge-Jjyhtig, adj ., doughty, courage
ous : ace. sg. hige-bihtigne (of
Beowulf), 747. See J>yhtig.

hyge-J>rym, st. m., animi majestas,
high-mindedness : dat. pi. for hige^
brymmum, 339.

hyht, st. m., thought, pleasant thotight,
hope (Dietrich) : nom. sg., 179.

ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., sup
port, protection : nom. sg., 3057.

— Leo.

hyldan, w. v., to incline one's self>
lie down to sleep : pret. sg. hylde
hine, inclined himself, lay downt

218

GLOSSARY.

hyldo, st. f., inclination, friendli
ness, grace: ace. sg. hyldo, 2068,
2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999.
a- liy rdan, w. v., harden : pret. part.

a-hyrded, 1461.
hyrde. See hlrde.
hyrst, st. f., accoutrements, orna
ment, armor : ace. sg. hyrste (On-
gen>e6w's equipments and arms},
2989; ace. pi. hyrsta, 3166; instr.
pi. hyrstum, 2763.

hy rstan, w. v., to deck, adorn : pret.
part, hyrsted sweord, 673; helm
[hyr]sted golde, 2256.
liyrtan, w. v., to take heart, be em
boldened : pret.sg. hyrte hynehord-
weard (the drake took heart ; see
^2566, 2568, 2570), 2594.
hyse, st. m., youth, young man : nom.

sg. as voc., 1218.
hyt. See hit.

hydan, w. v., to hide, conceal, pro
tect, preserve: pres. subj. hyde
[hine, him self ~\ se )>e wylle, 2767;
inf. w. ace. no \>u minne )>earft ha-
falan hydan, 446; xt he in wille
hafelan [hydan] (ere in it he [the
stag] will hide his head}, 1373.
ge- hydan, w. ace., to conceal, pre
serve : pret. sg. gehydde, 2236,
3061.
hyff, st. f., haven : dat. sg. at hySe,

32-
h$'ff-weard, st. m., haven-warden :

nom. sg., 1915.
hynan (see bean), w. v. w. ace., to

crush, afflict, injure: pret. sg.

hynde, 2320.
hynffu, st. f., oppression, affliction,

injury: ace. sg. hyn'Su, 277; gen.

sg. hwat . . . h^n'So, 475 ; fela . . .

hynflo, 594; gen. pi. heardra hyn-

•Sa, 166.
by ran, w. v.: l) to hear, perceive,

learn : a) w. inf. or ace. with inf. :

I. pret. sg. hyrde ic, 38, 582, 1347,
1843, 2024; III. sg. {-at he fram
Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876; I.
pi. s\v£ we soSlice secgan hyrdon,
273. b) w. ace. : naenigne ic . . .
sSlran hyrde hordmaSSum (I heard
of no better hoard-jewel), 1198.
c) w. dependent clause : I. sg. pret.
hyrde ic J^at . . ., 62, 2164, 2173. —
2) w. dat. of person, to obey : inf.
55 f>at himaeghwilc )>ara ymbsitten-
dra hyran scolde, 10; hyran hea'So-
sidcum, 2755; pret. pi. |>at him
winemagas georne hyrdon, 66.
ge-h^ran, to hear, learn: a) w.
ace. : II. pers. sg. pres. mtnne ge-
hyra^S dnfealdne ge>oht, 255; III.
sg. pret. gehyrde on Be6wulfe fast-
raedne gej>6ht, 610. b) w. ace. and
inf. : III. pi. pret. gehyrdon, 786.
c) w. depend, clause : I. pres. sg.
ic J>at gehyre t>at . . ., 290.

Ic, pers. pron. /.• ace. mec, dat. me,
gen. min; dual nom. wit, ace. uncit,
unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pi. nom.
we, ace. usic, us, dat. us, gen. user,
ic omitted before the verb, 470.

Icge, gold (perhaps related to Sans
krit I;, = dominare, imperare,
O.H.G. 8ht, wealth, opes), treas-
uret, sword (edge) ?, 1 108. — K8n-
NER.

ides, st. f., woman, lady, queen :
nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169;
dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also
of Grendel's mother : nom. sg.,
1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352.

in. See inn.

in: I. prep. w. dat. and ace. : i) w.
dat. (local, indicating rest), in : in
geardum, 13, 2460 ; in Km gti$-
sele, 443; in bedrsele, 2636; so,
89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233,

GLOSSARY.

219

etc.; in msegfta gehwoere, 25 ; in
j^strum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107;
in hyra gryregeatwum (in their ac
coutrements of terror, war-weeds),
324; 50,395; in campe (in battle),
2506 ; hiora in anum (in one of
them*), 2600. Prep, postpositive :
Scedelandum in, 19. Also, on,
upon, like on : in ealo-bence,
1030; in gumstole, 1953; in J>am
wongstede (on the grassy plain,
the battle-field}, 2787; inbselstede,
3098. Temporal : in geSr-dagum,
I. — 2) w. ace. (local, indicating
motion), in, into : in woruld, 60; in
fyres faftm, 185; so, I2H ; in
Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in,
at, about, toward : in >& tide (in
watide, MS.), 2228.

II. adv., in (here or there), 386,
1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191,
2228; inn, 3091.

incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge),
instr. sg. incge l&fe (with the costly
swordl or with mighty sword '?),
2578. — [Edge : incge life, edge
of the sword. — K. Korner?]

In-frOd, adj., very aged : nom. sg.,
2450; dat. pi. in-frodum, 1875.

in-gang, st. m., entrance, access to :
ace. sg., 1550.

in-genga, w. m., in-goer, visitor :
nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777.

in-gesteald, st. m., house-property,
possessions in the house : ace. sg.,
1156.

Inn, st. n., apartment, house : nom.
sg. in, 1301.

fnnan, adv., -within, inside, 775,
1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (in
the interior}, within, 1741, 2716;
t>ser on innan (in there*), 71; bur-
gum on innan (within his city),
1969. Also, therein: \>xr on in
nan, 2090, 2215, 2245.

innan-weard, adv., inwatds, in
side, -within, 992, 1977 ; inne-
weard, 999.

iniic, adv.: i) inside, within, 643,
1282,1571,2114,3060; wordinne
ahead (called, sent word, in, i.e.
standing in the hall door), 390;
in it (i.e. the battle), 1142; J>ser
inne (therein*), 118, 1618, 2116,
2227, 3088. — 2) = insuper, still
further, besides, 1867.

inwit, st. n., evil, mischief, spite,
cunning hostility, as in

inwit-feng, st. m., malicious grasp,
grasp of a cunning foe : nom. sg.,
1448.

inwit-gast, st. m., evil guest, hostile
stranger : nom. sg., 2671.

inwit-hr6f, st. m., hostile roof, hid
ing-place of a cunning foe: ace. sg.
under inwit-hrof, 3124.

inwit- net, st. n., mischief-net, cun
ning snare : ace. sg., 2168.

inwit-niS1, st. n., cunning hostility,
hostile contest: nom. pi. inwit-
niSas (hostility through secret at
tack*), 1859; gen. pi. inwit-nifta,
1948.

inwit-scear, st. m., massacre through
cunning, murderous attack : ace.
sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.

inwit-searo, st. n., cunnitig, artful
intrigue : ace. sg. burh inwit-searo,
1102. See searo.

inwit-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse,
mourning springing from hostile
cunning: nom. sg., 1737; ace. sg.
inwid-sorge, 832.

inwit- J>anc, adj., ill-disposed, mali
cious : dat. sg. he onf^ng hraSe
inwit-^ancum (he quickly grasped
the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]),

749-

irnan(for rinnan), st. v., to run ; so
be-irnan,^ rw vt> fj, occur : pret.

220

GLOSSARY.

sg. him on m3d be-arn (came into

his mind), 67.
on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru

sona onarn, 722.
Irre-mOd, adj. See yrre-mOd.

I

tdel, adj., empty, bare ; deprived of :

nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. lond-

rihtes Jwere maegburge Idel (de-

privedofhis land-possessions among

the people [of the Geatas]), 2889.
idel-hende, adj., empty - handed,

2082.
Srcii, st. n., iron, sword : nom. sg.

drihtlic Iren (the doughty, lordly

sword), 893; iren aer-god, 990;

ace. sg. le<5flic iren, 1810; gen. pi.

Irena cyst (choicest of swords), 674;

Irenna cyst, 803; irenna ecge

(edges of swords), 2684.
iron, adj., of iron : nom. sg. ecg

was Iren, 1460.
Siren-bend, st. f., iron band, bond,

rivet : instr. pi. Iren-bendum fast

(bold), 775, 999.
iren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet : ace.

sg. iren-byrnan, 2987. See isern-

byrne.
Iron-heard, adj., hard as iron :

nom. sg., 1113.
frenne, adj., of iron : in comp. eall-

Irenne.

iren-)>reat, st. m., iron troop, ar
mored band : nom. sg., 330.
is, st. n., ice : dat. sg. Ise, 1609.
Ssern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet:

ace. sg. Isern-byrnan, 672. See

iren-byrne.
isern-sour, st. f., iron shower, shower

of arrows : gen. sg. )>one J>e oft

gebad Isern-scfire, 3117.
Is-geblnd, st. n., fetters of ice : instr.

sg. Is-gebinde, 1134.

fslg, adj., shining, brilliant (like
brass) : nom. sg. Isig (said of a
vessel covered with plates(?) of
metal), 33. — Leo.

IO IU

16. See ge6.

la-man. See ge6-man.

!6-ine6wle. See ge6-me6wle.

laff u, st. f., invitation. — Comp. :
fre6nd-, ne6d-la5u.

ge-lafian, w. v. w. ace. pers. and
instr. of the thing, to refresh, lave :
pret. sg. wine-dryhten his watere
gelafede, 2723.

lagu, st. m., lake, sea : nom. sg., 1631 .

lagu-craftlg, adj., acquainted with
the sea : nom. sg. lagu-craftig mon
(pilot), 209.

lagu-straet, st. f., path over the sea :
ace. sg. ofer lagu-stnete, 239.

lagu-stream, st. m., sea-current,
flood: ace. pi. ofer lagu-streamas,
297.

land, st. n., land : nom. sg. lond,
2198; ace. sg. land, 221, 2063;
lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242,
253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna
land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (in
the land), 2311, 2837; at, near,
land, shore, 1914; to lande (to the
land,ashore), 1624 ; gen.sg. landes,
2996 ; gen. pi. ofer landa fela
(over much country, space; afar),
311. — Comp.: el-, ea-land.

land-buend, part, pres., terricola,
inhabitant of the land : nom. pi.
lond-bflend, 1346; dat. pi. land-
bftendum, 95.

land-f ruma, w. m., ruler, prince of
the country : nom. sg., 31.

GLOSSARY.

221

land-gemyrcu, st. n. pi., frontier,
land-mark : ace. pi., 209.

land-geweorc, st. n., land-ivork,
fortified place : ace. sg. leoda land-
geweorc, 939. See weorc, ge-
weorc.

land-riht, st. n., prerogatives based
upon land-possessions, right to pos
sess land, hence real estate itself:
gen. sg. lond-rihtes tdel, 2887.

land-waru, st. f.,. inhabitants, popu
lation : ace. pi. land-wara, 2322.

land-weard, st. m., guard, guar
dian of the frontier: nom. sg.,
1891.

lang, long, adj., long: i) temporal :
nom. sg. to lang, 2094 ; na's >a
long (lang) to }>on (not long after),
2592,2846; ace. sg. lange hwile
(for a long time}, 16, 2160, 2781 ;
longe (lange) hrage, 54, 1 14, 1258;
lange tid, 1916. Compar. nom.
sg. lengra fyrst, 134. — 2) local,
nom. sg. se was fiftiges fotge-
mearces lang, 3044. — Comp. : and-,
morgen-, niht-, up-lang.

lange, longe, adv., long: lange,
31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe,
1062, 2752, 3109 ; to lange (too
long, excessively long), 906, 1337,
1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855,
2802, 3065 ; no by leng (none
the longer), 975. Superl. longest
(longest}, 2009, 2239.

ge-lang, adj., extending, reaching
to something or somebody, hence
ready, prepared : nfl is raed gelang
eft at J>e &num (now is help [coun
sel"] at hand in thee alone), 1377;
gen is call at he lissa gelong (all
of favor is still on thee dependent,
is thine}, 2151. See ge-lenge.

Iang-ge-streon, st. n., long-lasting
treasure : gen. pi. long-gestreona,
2241. — Leo.

langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, to long,
yearn ; pres. sg. III. him . . . after
deorum men dyrne langa'S beorn
(the hero longeth secretly after the
dear man), 1880.

lang-sum, adj., long-lasting, con
tinuing: nom. sg. longsum, 134,
192, 1723 ; ace. sg. long-sumne,

1537-

lang-twidlg, adj., long-granted,
assured : nom. sg., 1709.

lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one ;
in comp. hild-lata.

la, interj., yes ! indeed ! 1701, 2865.

lac, st. n. : I ) measured movement,
play : in comp. beadu-, heafto-lac.
— 2) gift, offering: ace. pi. lac,
1864; ld«licu tec (loathly offer
ing, prey}, 1585; dat. pi. lacum,
43, 1869. — Comp. sse-l&c.

ge-ISc, st. n., sport, play : ace. pi.
sweorda gel&c (battle}, 1041; dat.
pi. at ecga gel&cum, 1169.

laoaii, st. v., to move in measured
time, dancing, playing, fighting,
flying, etc. : inf. dare'Sum lican
( fight}, 2849; part. pres. after lyfte
licende (flying through the air),

2833-

f o r - 1 a" c a n , to deceive, betray : part,
pret. he wearS on feonda geweald
for"S forl&cen (deceitfully betrayed
into the enemy's hands'), 904.

lad, st. f., street, way, journey : dat.
sg. on l&de, 1988; gen. sg. IMe,
569. — Comp. : brim-, sae-lid.

ge-lSd, st. n., way, path, road: ace.
sg. uncft'S gel&d, 1411.

laS1, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hos
tile : nom. sg. la"S, 816; la"5 lyft-
floga, 2316; laS (enemy}, 440; ne
leof ne lift, 511; neut. 115, 134,
192; in weak form, se la"Sa (of the
dragon), 2306 ; ace. sg. Id'Sne
(wyrm), 3041 ; dat. sg. la^Sum,

222

GLOSSARY.

440, 1258; gen. sg. liSes (of the
enemy), 842 ; fela liSes (much
evil"), 930 ; so, 1062 ; liftan liges,
83 ; liSan cynnes, 2009, 2355 ;
His litfan (of the enemy), 132 ;
ace. pi. neut. 148 gewiflru (hateful
storms), 1376; dat. instr. pi. wiS
liSum, 550 ; lifium scuccum and
scynnum,939; li8umd3edum(wjV/4
evil deeds"), 2468; liftan fingrum,
1506; gen. pi. liftra manna, spella,
2673, 3030 ; liftra (the enemy),
242. Compar. nom. sg. liSra . . .
beorn, 2433.

laff-bite, st. m., hostile bite: dat. sg.
145-bite llces (the body's hostile
bite = the wound), 1123.

lA9-gete6na, w. m., evil-doer, in-
jurer : nom. sg., 975; nom. pi.
ULS-getednan, 559.

iaff-lic, adj., loathly, hostile : ace. pi.

ii«-i!cu, 1585.

iaf, st. f. : l) what is left, relic; in
heritance, heritage, legacy: nom.
sg. HrSSlan laf (Bedwulf's corse
let), 454; nom. pi. fSla life (the
leavings of files = swords, Grein),
1033; so, homera life, 2830; on
him gladia'S gomelra lafe, heard
and hringmael HeaSobeardna ge-
stre<5n (on him gleams the fore
father's bequest, hard and ring-
decked, the Hea&obeardas1 treasure,
i.e. the equipments taken from the
slain king of the HeaSobeardas),
2037; ace. sg. sweorda life (leav
ings of the sword, i.e. those spared
by the sword), 2937. — 2) the sword
as a specially precious heir-loom :
nom. sg., 2629; ace. sg. lafe, 796,
1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg.
incge lafe, 2578. — Comp. : ende-,
eormen-, wea-, yrfe-, y$-lif.

lar, st. f., lore, instruction, prescrip
tion : dat. sg. be fader lire, 1951 ;

gen. pi. lira, 1 22 1 ; lirena, 269. —
Comp. fre6nd-lir.

last, st. m., footstep, track : ace. sg.
list, 132, 972, 2165; on list (on
the traces of, behind'}, 2946; nom.
pi. listas, 1403; ace. pi. listas,
842. — Comp. : fe"Se-, feorh-, fot-,
wrac-list.

lager. See leger.

lager-bed, st. n., bed to lie on : instr.
sg. leger-bedde, 1008.

las, adv., less, 1947; J>y las (the less),
487; quominus (that not, lest),
1919.

liissa, adj., less, fewer: nom. sg.
lassa, 1283; ace. sg. m. lassan, 43;
fern, lassan hwlle, 2572; dat. sg.
for lassan (for less, smaller), 952.
Superl. nom. sg. no J>at lasest was
hond-gemot[a], 2355.

lat, adj., negligent, neglectful; w.
gen.: nom. sg. elnes lat, 1530.

leedan, w. v. w. ace. : to lead, guide,
bring: inf. locdan, 239; pret. pi.
laeddon, 1160.

f o r - 1 x d a n , to mislead: pret. pi. for-
laeddan, 2440(7).

ge-laedan.to lead, bring : part. pret.
ge-laeded, 37.

he fan, w. v. : l), to bequeathe, leave :
imper. sg. Hnum magum laef folc
and rice, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum
laefde . . . lond and leddbyrig, 2471.
— 2) spare, leave behind : iht
cwices laefan (to spare aught liv
ing), 2316.

laen-dagas, st. m. pi., loan-days,
transitory days (of earthly exist
ence as contrasted with the heav
enly, unending) : ace. pi. ken-
dagas, 2592; gen. pi. ben-daga,
2342.

laene, adj., inconstant, perishable,
n>anescent, given over to death or
destruction : nom. sg., 1755, 3179;

GLOSSARY.

223

of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; ace.
sg. ha"s laenan gesceaft (this fleet
ing life), 1623 ; gen. sg. Isenan
lifes, 2846.

he ran, w. v., to teach, instrzict: imper.
sg. hu J>e her be hon {learn this,
take this to heart), 1723.

ge-loeran, to teach, instruct, give
instruction : inf. ic has Hro5ga~r
mag . . . rsed gelseran (/ can gi've
H. good advice about this), 278;
so, 3080; pret. pi. h& me hat ge-
Iserdon leode mine (gave me the
advice), 415.

laestan, w. v. : i) to follow, to sustain,
serve : inf. hat him se lic-homa
bestan nolde {that his body would
not sustain him), 813. — 2) per
form : imper. laest call tela (do all
well), 2664.

ge-lsestan : i) to follow, serve : pret.
sg. (sweord) hat mec ser and oft
gelocste, 2501. — 2) to fulfil, grant. :
subj. pres. pi. hat . . . wilgesiSas,
honne wig cume, leode gelsestan
(render war service), 24; inf. ic
J>e sceal mine gelsestan freckle
(shall grant thee my friendship,
be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. beot
. . . gelseste {fulfilled his boast),
524; gelaeste swi {kept his word),
2991; pres. part, hafde East-De-
num . . . gilp gelassted {had ful
filled for the East Danes his boast),
830.

lietan, st. v., to let, allow, w. ace.
and inf.: pres. sg. III. lasteS,
1729; imper. pi. II. Iseta'S, 397;
sg. II. laet, 1489; pret. sg. ISt, 2390,
2551, 2978,3151 (?); pret.pl. leton,
48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II.
lete, 1997; sg. III. lete, 3083.

9,-lsetan: i) to let, allow: subj. pres.
sg. II. hat hu ne dlsete . . . dom ge-
dreosan, 2666. — 2) to leave, lay

aside : inf. ilcetan laen-dagas (die),
2592; so, ^Isetan lif and leodscipe,

2751-

for-lsetan : i) to let, permit, w. ace.
and inf. : pret. sg. for-let, 971 ; pret.
pi. for-le~ton, 3168. Also with inf.
omitted : inf. nolde eorla hleo . . .
Jjone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e.
wesan) forlsetan {would not let
the murderous spirit go alive),
793. — 2) to leave behind, leave:
pret. sg. in h>am wong-stede . . .
J>ser he hine ser forlet {where he
had previously left him), 2788.

of-laetan, to leave, lay aside: pres.
sg. II. gyf Jm ser J>onne he worold
oflsetest {leavest the world, diest),
1184; so pret. sg. oflSt lif-dagas
and his laenan gesceaft, 1623.

on-laetan, to release, liberate : pres.
sg. III. bonne forstes bend fader
on-laete'S (as soon as the Father
looseth the frost's fetters), 1610.

& -lecgan, w. v. : i) to lay, lay down :
pret. sg. sySSan hilde-deor hond
a-legde . . . under geapne hrof,
835; hat he on Beowulfes bearm
S-legde (this [the sword] he laid
in B?s bosom, presented to him),
2195 ; pret. pi. d-ledon \>& leofne
heoden ... on bearm scipes, 34;
a-legdon hd to middes masrne J>e6-
den {laid the mighty prince in-the
midst [of the pyre]), 3142. — 2) to
lay aside, give up : siS'San ... in
fen-freofto feorh d-legde {laid
down his life, died), 852; nu se
here-wisa hleahtor d-legde, gamen
andgleo-dream (now the war-chief
has left laughter, etc.), 3021.

leger, st. n., couch, bed, lair : dat.
sg. on legere, 3044.

lemiaii, w. v., to lame, hinder, op~
press: pret. sg. (for pi.) hine sorh-
wylmas lemede to lange, 906.

224

GLOSSARY.

leng. See lang.

lenge, adj., extending along or to,
near (of time) : nom. sg. neut. ne
was hit lenge J>4 gen (nor was it
yet long), 83.

ge- lenge, adj., extending, reaching
to, belonging : nom. sg. yrfe-weard
. . . lice gelenge (an heir belong
ing to one's body), 2733.

let, st. m., place of rest, sojourn : in
comp. e6-let (voyageT).

Jettan, w. v., to hinder : pret. pi.
(ace. pers. and gen. thing), J>at
syttfSan na . . . brim-ltSende lade
ne letton (might no longer hinder
seafarers from journeying), 569.

S- 10 don. Se»a-lecgan.

leg, st. m., flame, fire : nom. sg.
vfonna.\£g (the lurid flame), 3116;
swogende 18g, 3146; dat. sg. for
dracan 13ge, 2550. See lig.

leg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flam
ing dragon: nom. sg., 3041.

Icahan, lean, st. v. w. ace., to scold,
blame: pres. sg. III. lyhS, 1049;
pret. sg. log, 1812; pret. pi. logon,
203, 863.

be- lean, to dissuade, prevent : inf.
ne inc senig mon . . . belean mihte
sorhfullne siS (no one might dis
suade you twain from your diffi
cult journey), 511.

leahtre. See or-leahtre.

leaf, st. n., leaf, foliage: instr. pi.
leafum, 97.

Irafnes-word, st. n., permission,
leave : ace. pi., 245.

lean. See 1 call an.

lean, st. n., reward, compensation :
ace. sg., 114, 952, 1 22 1, 1585,
2392; dat. sg. leane, 1022. Often
in the pl.t ace. J>4 lean, 2996;
dat. ham leanum, 2146; gen. lea-
na, 2991. — Comp. : and-, ende-
lemn.

lean (for laen, O.H.G. lahan), st. n.,
loan, 1810.

Iranian, w. v., to reward, compen
sate : pres. sg. I. ic be )>& fo.-h Ne
fe6 leanige (repay thee for the con
test with old-time treasures), 1381 ;
pret. sg. me J>one wal-rses wine
Scyldinga fattan golde fela leanode
(the friend of the Scyldings re
warded me richly for the combat
with plated gold), 2103.

leas, aA]., false : nom. pi. lease, 253.

leas, adj., deprived of, free from, w.
gen. : nom. sg. dreama leas, 85 1 ;
dat. sg. winigea leasum, 1665. —
Comp. : dom-, dream-, ealdor-,
feoh-, feormend-, hldford-, sawol-,
sige-, sorh-, tir-, J>e6den-, wine-,
wyn-leas.

leasig, adj., concealing one's self;
in comp. sin-leasig(P).

leoffo-craft, st. m., the art of weav
ing or working in meshes, wire,
etc. : instr. pi. segn eall-gylden . . .
gelocen leoSo-craftum (a banner
all hand-wrought of interlaced
gold), 2770.

leoffo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail
(limb-sark) : ace. sg. locene leo"5o-
syrcan (locked linked sark), 1506;
ace. pi. locene leoSo-syrcan, 1891.

leomum. See lim.

leornian, w. v., to learn, devise,
plan : pret. him has gfl'S-cyning
. . . wrace leornode (the war-king
planned vengeance therefor), 2337.

Ie6d, st. m., prince : nom. sg., 341,
348, 670, 830, 1433, H93, 1613,
1654, etc.; ace. le<5d, 626.

leod, st. f., people : gen. sg. Ie6de,
597, 600, 697, 1214. In pi. indicates
individuals, people, kinsmen : nom.
pi. Ie6de, 362,415, 1214 (gen. sg.?),
21 26, etc.; gum-cynnesGeata Ie6de
(people of the race of the Gtdtas),

GLOSSARY.

225

260; ace. pi. leode, 24, 192, 443,
1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pi. leodum,
389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1 1 60, etc.;
gen. pi. leoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674,
2034, etc.

Ie6d-bealo, st. n., {mischief, misfor
tune affecting an entire people},
great, unheard-of calamity : ace.
sg., 1723; gen. pi. leod-bealewa,

1947-

Ie6d-burh, st. f., princely castle,
stronghold of a ruler, chief city :
ace. pi. -byrig, 2472.

leod-cyning, st. m., king of the peo
ple : nom. sg., 54.

leod-fruma, w. m., prince of the
people, ruler ; ace. sg. leod-fru-
man, 2131.

leod-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of
the people, prince : ace. sg. -gebyr-
gean, 269.

leod-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow,
of the prince, ruler : dat. sg. after
leod-hryre (after the fall of the
king of the Hea^obeardas, Froda,
cf. 2051), 2031; gen. sg. )>as leod-
hryres (of the fall of Heardred,
cf. 2389), 2392.

leod-sceaffa, w. m., injurer of the
people : dat. sg. )>am leod-sceatSan,
2094.

leod-scipe, st. m., the whole nation,
people : ace. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on
bam leod-scipe, 2198.

leoff, st. n., song, lay: nom. sg.,
1 1 60. — Comp. : fyrd-, gryre-, gu"$-,
sorh-leoS.

leof, adj., lief, dear : nom. sg., 31,
54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468;
weak form m., leofa, 1217, 1484,
1855, 2664; ace. sg. m. leofne, 34,
297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143;
gen. sg. leofes (m.), 1995, 2081,
2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat.
pi. leofum, 1074; gen. pi. leofra,

1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. Ie6-
fre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m.
leofost, 1297; ace. sg. bone Ie6fe-
stan, 2824.

leoflic, dear, precious, valued: nom.
sg. m. Iconic lind-wlga, 2604; ace.
sg. neut. leofltc iren, 1810.

leogan, st. v., to lie, belie, deceive :
subj . pres. nafne him his wlite leoge
{unless his looks belie him), 250;
pret. sg. he ne leag fela wyrda ne
worda, 3030.

S-leogan, to deceive, leave unful
filled: pret. sg. he beot ne d-leh
(he left not his promise unful
filled}, 80.

ge-leogan,/1^ deceive, betray : pret.
sg. him seo wen geleah (hope de
ceived him}, 2324.

leoht, st. n., light, brilliance : nom.
sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?) ; ace. sg.
sunnan leoht, 649; godes leoht ge-
ceas {chose God'' 'slight, died}, 2470;
dat. sg. to leohte, 95. — Comp. :
asfen-, fyr-, morgen-leoht.

leoht, adj., luminous, bright : instr.
sg. leohtan sweorde, 2493.

leoma, w. m. : l) light, splendor :
nom. sg., 311, 2770; ace. sg. leo-
man, 1518; sunnan and monan leo-
man (light of sun and moon), 95.
— 2) (as beadu- and hilde-leoma),
the glittering sword : nom. sg. lixte
se leoma {the blade-gleam flashed},

"571-

leosan, st. v., = amitti, in

be-leosan, to deprive, be deprived
of: pres. part, (heo) weartS be-
loren leofum bearnum and bro"$-
rum (was deprived of her dear
children and brethren}, 1074.

for-leosan, with dat. instr., to lose
something : pret. sg. )>3er he dome
for-leas, ellen-maer'Sum {there lost
he the glory, the repute, of his heroic

226

GLOSSARY.

deeds), 1471; pret. sg. for pi. J>im
J>e aer his elne for-leas {to him who,
before, had lost his valor}, 2862;
part. pret. nealles ic J>dm leanum
for-loren hafde {not at all had I
lost the re-cards'), 2146.

libban, w. v., to live, be, exist : pres.
sing. III. lifa'S, 3169; lyfaS, 945;
leofaS, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres.
sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part, lifi-
gende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat.
sg. be J>e lifigendum (in t/iy life
time'), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57,
1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pi. lifdon,
99. See unlifigende.

licgan, St. v. : I ) to lie, lie down or
low: pres. sg. nu seo hand ligeft
(now the hand lies loiv), 1344; nu
se wyrm HgeS, 2746, so 2904; inf.
licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083;
pret. sg. lag, 40, 552, 2078; sytt'San
HeardrSd lag (after Heardred
had fallen}, 2389 ; pret. pi. Idgon,
3049 ; laegon, 566. — 2) to lie pros
trate, rest, fail: pret. sg. naefre on
ore lag wid-cuSes wig (never failed
the far-famed one's valor at the
front), 1042 ; sy S$an wi'5er-gyld
lag (after vengeance failed, or,
when Withergyld lay dead, if IV.
is a proper name), 2052.

a- licgan, to succumb, fail, yield :
inf. 2887 ; pret. sg. hat his dom
i-lag (that its power failed if),
1529.

ge-licgan,/o rest, lie still : pret. sg.
wind-blond gelag, 3147.

lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion) ;
in comp. : sund-, y iS-lhla.

lid-man, st. m., seafarer, sailor :
gen. pi. lid-manna, 1624.

lim, st. n., limb, branch : instr. pi.
leomurn, 97.

llmpan, st. v., to succeed, befall (well
or ill) ; impers. w. dat. pret. sg. hti

lomp e<5w on l&de (how went it
with you on the journey ?}, 1988.

4- lim pan, to come about, offer it
self: pret. sg. 6« J>at sael i-lamp
(//// the opportunity presented
itself}, 623 ; pret. part, )>d him
d-lumpen was vvistfylle wSn (since
a hope of a full meal had befallen
him), 734.

be-limpan, to happen to, befall:
pret. sg. him si6 sir belamp, 2469.

g e - 1 i m p a n , to happen, occur, turn
out : pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeS
Hit . . ., 1754; subj. pres. J>isse an-
syne alwealdan |>anc lungre gelimpe
(thanks to the Almighty forthwith
for this sight /), 930 ; pret. sg. him
on fyrste gelamp J>at . . ., 76; swS
him ful-oft gelamp (as often hap
pened to them}, 1253; has J>e hire
se willa gelamp £at . . . (because
her wish had been fulfilled}, 627;
frofor eft gelamp sarig-modum,
2942; subj. pret. gif him J>yslicu
hearf gelumpe, 2638 ; pret. part.
Denum eallum wearS . . . willa ge-
lumpen, 825.

lind, st. f. (properly linden; here, a
a wooden shield covered with lin
den-bark or pith) : nom. sg., 2342 ;
ace. sg. geolwe linde, 26 u ; ace. pi.
linde, 2366.

Hnd-gestealla, w. m., shield-com
rade, war-comrade : nom. sg.,

1974-
lind-habbend, pres. part., provided

with a shield, i.e. warrior : nom. pi.

-habbende, 245; gen. pi. habben-

dra, 1403.
lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e.

battle : dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074,

2040.
Hnd-wiga, w. m., shield-Jighier,war'

rior: nom. sg., 2604.
linnan, st. v., to depart, be deprived

GLOSSARY.

227

of: inf. aldre linnan (depart from
life), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444.

Us, st. f., favor, affection : gen. pi.
call . . . lissa, 2151.

list, st. m., art, skill, cleverness, cun
ning : dat. pi. adverbial, listum
(cttnningly} , 782.

lixan, w. v., to shine, flash : pret.
sg. lixte, 311, 485, 1571.

lie, st. n. : i) body, corpse : nom. sg.,
967 ; ace. sg. lie, 2081 ; J>at lie
(the body, corpse}, 2128; dat. sg.
lice, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733,
2744; gen. sg. lices, 451, 1123.—
2) form, figure : in comp. eofor-,
swln-lic.

g e - 1 i c , adj., like, similar : nom. pi.
m. ge-lice, 2165. Superl. ge-licost,
218, 728, 986, 1609.

lie -liama, -homa, w. m. (body-home,
garment}, body : nom. sg. lie -homa,
813,1008,1755; ace. sg. lic-haman,
2652; dat. sg. lic-haman, 3179.

lician, w. v., to please, like (impers.) :
pres. sg. III. me J>in mod-sefa li-
ca"S leng swa wel, 1855; pret. pi.
)>am wife }>a word wel licodon,
640.

licnes. See on-licnes.

lic-sar, st. n., bodily pain : ace. sg.
lic-sar, 816.

lic-syrce, w. f., body-sark, shirt of
mail covering the body : nom. sg.,

55°-

liftfaii, st. v., to move, go : pres. part,
nom. pi. )>a liSende (navigantes,
sailors}, 221; j>a was sund liden
(the water was then traversed},
223. — Comp. : hea'Su-, mere-, wseg-
ItSend.

liUe (O.H.G. lindi), &$).,gentle, mild,
friendly: nom. sg. w. instr. gen.
lara lifte, 1221. Superl. nom. sg.
ItSost, 3184.

ISff-waege, st. n., can in which

(a wine-like, foaming drink) is
contained : ace. sg., 1983.

lif, st. n., life : ace. sg. lif, 97, 734,
1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg.
life, 2572; to life (in one's life,
ever}, 2433 ; gen. sg. lifes, 197,
791, 807, 2824,2846; worolde lifes
(of the earthly life}, 1388, 2344. —
Comp. edwit-lif.

lif-bysig, adj. (striving for life or
death}, weary of life, in torment
of death : nom. sg., 967.

lif-dagas, st. m. pi., lifetime : ace.
-dagas, 794, 1623.

lif-frea, w. m., lord of life, God:
nom. sg., 1 6.

lif-gedal, st. n., separation from
life : nom. sg., 842.

lif-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny :
gen. pi. -gesceafta, 1954, 3065.

lif-wraffu, st. f., protection for one's
life, safety : ace. sg. lif-wra'Se,
2878; dat. sg. to lif-wra'Se, 972.

lif-wyn, st. f., pleasure, enjoyment,
joy (of life) : gen. pi. lif-wynna,
2098.

lig, st. m., flame, fire : nom. sg.,
1 123 ; dat. instr. sg. lige, 728, 2306,
2322, 2342; gen. sg. liges, 83, 782.
See leg.

lig-draca, w. rs\., fire-drake, flaming
dragon : nom. pi., 2334. See leg-
draca.

lig-egesa, w. m., horror arising
through fire, flaming terror : ace.
sg., 2781.

lige-torn, st. m., false, pretended in
sult or injury, fierce anger (?):
dat. sg. after lige-torne (on account
of a pretended insult ? or fierce
anger ? cf. Bugge in Zacher's
Zeits. 4, 208), 1944.

lig-yS1, st. m., wave of fire : instr.
pi. lig-yiSum, 2673.

lihan, st. v., to lend: pret. sg. >at

228

GLOSSARY.

him on bearfe lah hyle HrSfigares

(which ff.'s spokesman lent him in

need), 1457.
o n - 1 1 h a n , /0 lend, grant as a loan,

with gen. of thing and dat. pers. :

pret. sg. |»a he J>as waepnes on-lah

sSlran sweord-frecan, 1468.
lora, w. m., bolt, lock : in comp.

bin-, burh-loca.
locen. See Iflcan.
loml, long. See land, lang.
lof, st. m., praise, repute : ace. sg.

lof, 1537.
lof-daed, st. f., deed of praise : instr.

pi. lof-dsedum, 24.
lof-georn, adj., eager for praise,

ambitious : superl. nom. sg. lof-

geornost, 3184.
loga, w. m., liar; in comp. tre6w-

loga.
losian, w. v., to escape, flee : pres.

sg. III. losaS, 1393, 2063; pret.

sg. he on weg losade (fled away),

2097.
Idcian, w. v., to see, look at: pres.

sg. II. sae-lac . . . )* J>u her t6 18-

cast (booty of the sea that thou

lookeston), 1655.
ge-ldme, adv., often, frequently,

559-

(ufe, w. f., love: in comp. heah-,
mod-, wif-lufe.

lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, nour
ishment), w. m., food, subsistence ;
property, real estate : ace. sg. on
lufan (on possessions), 1729. —
Comp. eard-lufa.

1 11 fon, st. f. (cf. lufa), subsistence,
food ; real estate, (enjoyment"}) :
nom. sg. lufen (parallel with e"5el-
wyn), 2887.

luf-t&cen, st. n., love-token : ace.
pi. luf-ticen, 1864.

lufian, w. v., to love, serve affection
ately : pret. sg. III. lufode )>a Ie6de

(was on affectionate terms with the
people), 1983.

lungre, adv.: i) hastily, quickly,
forthwith, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.
— 2) quite, very, fully : fe6wer
mearas lungre gelice (four horses
quite alike), 2165.

lust, st. m., pleasure, joy : dat. pi.
adv. lustum (.joyfully), 1654; so,
on lust, 619, cf. 600.

lucan, st. v., to twist, wind, lock, in
terweave : pret. part. ace. sg. and
pi. locene leotJo-syrcan {shirt of
mail wrought of meshes or rings
interlocked), 1506, 1891; gen. pi.
locenra beaga {rings wrought of
gold wire), 2996.

be-lflcan: i) to shut, close in or
around ' : pret. sg. winter y*5e be-
leac is-gebinde (winter locked the
waves with icy bond), 1133. —
2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect:
pret. sg. I. hig wtge beleac mane-
gum maeg'Sa (/ shut them in, pro
tected them, from war arising from
many a tribe), 1771. Cf. me wige
beluc wr&ftum feondum (protect
me against mine enemies),"Ps. 34, 3.

ge-lucan, to unite, link togethert
make : pret. part, gelocen, 2770.

on-lucan, to unlock, open : pret.sg.
word - hord on - leac (opened the
ivord-hoard, treasure of speech),
^259.

to-lftcan, {to twist, wrench, in two),
to destroy : inf., 782.

lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), air : nom. sg.,
1376; dat. sg. after lyfte (along,
through, the air), 2833.

lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom.
sg. (of the dragon), 2316.

lyft-geswenced, pret. part., urged,
hastened on, by the wind, 1914.

lyft-wyn, st. f., enjoyment of tht
air : ace. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044.

GLOSSARY.

229

Iyh3". See Icahan.

lystan, w. v., to hist after, long for :
pret. sg. Geat ungemetes wel . . .
restan lyste (the Gedt [Beowulf]
longed sorely to rest}, 1794.

lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), little, very
little, few : lyt eft becwom . . .
hames niosan (few escaped home
ward'), 2366; lyt senig (none at
0//),3i3O; usually with gen. : win-
tra lyt, 1928; lyt ... heafod-maga,
2151; wergendra to lyt (too few
defenders}, 2883; lyt swigode
niwra spella (Jie kept to himself
little, none at all, of the new tid
ings'}, 2898 ; dat. sg. lyt manna
(too few of men}, 2837.

lytel, adj., small, little : nom. sg.
neut. to lytel, 1 749 ; ace. sg. f. lytle
hvvile (a little while], 2031, 2098;
lif-wra'Se lytle {little protection for
his life}, 2878. — Comp. un-lytel.

lyt-hwon, adv., little — not at all :
iyt-hwon logon, 204.

lyfe, st. n., leave, permission, (lifeT) :
instr.sg. bine lyfe (life, MS.), 2132.
— Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave,
permission, in Mobius' Glossary,
p. 266.

lyfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning
to believe, trust} in

a- lyfan, to allow, grant, entrust:
pret. sg. nsefre ic asnegum men aer
alyfde . . . bryft-arn Dena (never
before to any man have I entrusted
the palace of the Danes'), 656; pret.
part. (ba me was) sift . . . alyfed
inn under eort!-weall (the way in
under the wall of earth was allowed
me}, 3090.

ge -lyfan, w. v., to believe, trust:
i) w. dat. : inf. baer gelyfan sceal
dryhtnes d8me se be hine dea'S
fume's (whomever death carrieth
away, shall believe it to be the judg

ment of God, i.e. in the contest
between Beowulf and Grendel),
440. — 2) w. ace. : pret. sg. geoce
gelyfde brego Beorht-Dena (be
lieved in, expected, help, etc.), 609 ;
bat heo on senigne eorl gelyfde
fyrena frofre (that she at last should
expect from any earl comfort, help,
out of these troubles'}, 628; se be
him bealwa to bote gelyfde (who-
trusted in him as a help out of
evils}, 910; him to anwaldan &re
gelyfde (relied for himself on the
help of God}, 1273.
a-lysan, w. v., to loose, liberate:
pret. part, ba was of bam hroran
helm and byrne lungre a-lysed
(Jielm and corselet were straight
way loosed from him}, 1631.

M

maffelian, w. v. (sermocinari), to
speak, talk : pret. sg. maftelode,
286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499,
etc.; maftelade, 2426.

maga, w. m., son, male descendant,
young man : nom. sg. maga Healf-
denes (HroSgar), 189, 1475,2144;
maga Ecgbeovves (Beowulf), 2588;
maga (Grendel), 979 ; se maga
geonga (Wiglaf), 2676; Grendles
maga (a descendant of Grendel},
2007; ace. sg. bone magan, 944.

magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to
be able : pres. sg. I. III. mag, 277,

478. 93J> 943. 1485. i734.etc-5 H.
meaht bu, 2048; subj. pres. maege,
2531, 2750; beah ic eal msege
(even though I could}, 681; subj.
pi. we maegen, 2655 ; pret. sg.
meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660,2465,
etc.; mihte, 190, 207,462, 511, 571,
657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083,

230

GLOSSARY.

1497, 15I6> 1878; pi. meahton, 649,
942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mih-
ton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; suhj.
pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521;
pres. sg. mag, sometimes = licet,
may, can, will (Cut.), 1366, 1701,
1838, 2865.

mago (Goth, magu-s), st. ru., male,
son : nom. sg. mago EcglSfes (Hun-
ferft), 1466 ; mago Healfclenes
(HroSgar), 1868, 2012.

mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young
men, band of men : nom. sg. mago-
clriht, 67.

mago-rinc, st. m., hero, man (pre
eminently) : gen. pi. mago-rinca,
heap, 731.

magu->egn, mago->egn, st. m.,
vassal, war-thane : nom. sg. 408,
2758; clat. sg. magu-)>egne, 2080;
ace. pi. magu-)>egnas, 293; dat.pl.
mago-begnum, 1481; gen.pl.mago-
l>egna . . . Jx>ne sSlestan (the best
of -vassals'), 1406.

man, mon, st. m.: i) man, human
being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534,
1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.;
mon, 209,510, 1561,1646,2282,6^.;
ace. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944,
2128,2775; wid-cuflne man, 1490;
dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1 880; menn,
2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?),
2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730;
nom. pi. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635,
3167; ace. pi. men, 69, 337, 1583,
1718; dat. pi. mannum, 3183; gen.
pi. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713,
736, etc.; nionna, 1414, 2888. —
2) indef. pron. = one, they, people
(Germ, man) : man, 1173, 1176;
mon, 2356, 3177. — Comp. : fyrn-,
gle<5-, gum-, id-, lid-, SBC-, waepned-
man.

man. See monan.

man-cyn, st. n., mankind: dat. sg.

man-cynne, no; gen. sg. man-
cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes,
196, 1956.

man-dream, st. m., human joy,
munJi voluptus : ace. sg. man-
dream, 1265; dat. pi. mon-drea-
muni, 1716.

man-dry hten, st. m. (lord of men),
ruler of the people, prince, king :
nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648;
mon-drihten, 436 ; mon-dryhten,
2866; ace. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605;
dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-
dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man-
dryhtnes, 2850; mon - dryhtnes,

3I50-

ge-mang, st. m., troop, company:
dat. sg. on gemonge (in the troop
[of the fourteen Geatas that re
turned from the sea]), 1644.

manian, w. v., to warn, admonish :
pres.sg. III. manaft sw£ and mynd-
ga"5 . . . strum wordum (so warn-
eth and remindcth he with bitter
words'), 2058.

inanig, monig, adj., many, many
a, much: l) adjectively: nom. sg.
rinc manig, 399 ; geong manig
(many a young man), 8$$; monig
snellic sae-rinc, 690; medu-benc
monig, 777; 50839,909,919,1511,
2763, 3023, etc.; ace. sg. medo-ful
manig, 1016 ; dat. sg. m. J>egne
monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f.
manigre msegfle, 75 ; ace. pi. man-
ige men, 337; dat. pi. manegum
maiimum, 2104; monegum maeg-
•Sum, 5; gen. pi. manigra meda,
1 1 79. — 2) substantively : nom. sg.
manig, 1861 ; monig, 858; dat. sg.
manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pi.
manige, 1024; monige, 2983; ace.
pi. monige, 1599; gen. pi. manigra,
2092. — 3) with depend, gen. pi. :
dat. manegum nuegfSa, 1772; mone-

GLOSSARY.

231

gum fira, 2002; hale'Sa monegum
bold-igendra, 3112; ace. pi. rinca
manige, 729; (ma^m)-3ehtamonige,
1614.

manig-oft, adv., very often, fre
quently, 171 [if manig and oft are
to be connected].

man-lice, adv., man-like, manly,
1047.

man-J>waere, adj., kind, gentle to
ward men, philanthropic: nom.
sg. superl. mon-Jnvserust, 3183.

ma, contracted compar., more:
with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056.

inaiTuni, iiiaftftum, St. m., gift,
jewel, tbject of value: ace. sg.
ma"S$um, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017;
dat. instr. sg. m£€me, 1529, 1903;
nom. pi. magmas, 1861 ; ace. pi.
madmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483,
1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pi.
malSmum, madmum, 1049, 1899,
2104, 2789; gen. pi. ma"Sma, 1785,
2144, 2167, etc.; m&dma, 36, 41.
— Comp. : dryht-, gold-, hord-,
ofer-, sine-, wundor-ma"Sum.

maffm-telit, st. f., treasure in jew
els, costly objects : gen. pi. maiSm-
sehta, 1614, 2834.

TnaSlS'iiiu-fat, st. n., treasure-casket
or cup, costly vessel: nom. sg.,
2406.

maffm-gestreon, st. n., precioris
jewel: gen. pi. mitSm-gestreona,
1932.

maffum-gifu, st. f., gift of valuable
objects, largess of treasure : dat. sg.
after ma"S'Sum-gife, 1302.

maffum-sigl, st. n., costly, sun-shaped
ornament, valuable decoration :
gen. pi. ma"SiSum-sigla, 2758.

maSum-sweord, st. n., costly sword
(inlaid with gold and jewels) : ace.
sg., 1024.

niaffiim-wela, w. m., wealth of jew

els, valuables : dat. sg. after-ma^-

ftum-welan (after the sight of the

wealth of jewels), 2751.
magas. See maeg.
mage, w. f., female relative: gen.

sg. Grendles magan (mother), 1392.
man, st. n., crime, misdeed: instr.

sg. mine, 1 10, 979 ; adv., crimi
nally, 1056.
man-for-daedla, w. m., evil-doer,

criminal : nom. pi. mSn-for-daed-

lan, 563.
man-scaffa, w. m., mischievous,

hurtful foe, hostis n-.fastus : nom.

SS- 7*3. 738» 1340; mSn-scea^a,

2515-

milra (comp. of micel), adj., greater,
stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m.
mara, 1354, 2556; neut. mSre,
1561; ace. sg. m. m&ran, 2017;
mund-gripe mdran (a mightier
hand-grip}, 754; with following
gen. pi. maran . . . eorla (a more
powerful earl), 247; fern, maran,
533, 1012; neut. mare, 518; with
gen. pi. morS-beala mare (more,
greater, deeds of murder), 136;
gen. sg. f. maran, 1824.

msest (superl. of micel, m^ra.'), great
est, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with
partitive gen.), maest, 78, 193; fern,
masst, 2329; ace. sg. fern, fsehfte
mseste, 459 ; mseste . . . worolde
wynne (the highest earthly pleas
ure), 1080; neut. (with partitive
gen.) masst maer'Sa, 2646; hond-
wundramsest, 2769; bsel-fyra msest,
3144; instr. sg. m. mseste crafte,
2182.

macg. See mecg.

magff, st. f., wife, maid, woman :
nom. sg., 3017; gen. pi. magfta
hose (accompanied by her maids
of honor), 925; mag"Sa, 944, 1284.

magcn, st. n. : l) might, bodily

232

GLOSSARY.

ttrength, heroic power: ace. sg.
magen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. ma-
gene, 780(7), 2668; gen. sg. ma-
genes, 418, 1271, 1535, I7i7,etc.;
magnes,67i,i762; magenes strang,
strongest {great in strength}, 1845,
196 ; magenes rof (id.), 2085. —
2) prime, flower (of a nation),
• forces available in war: ace. sg.
swa" he oft (i.e. etan) dyde magen
1 IrcSmanna (the best of the fireft-
meri), 445 ; gen. sg. wi8 manna
hwone magenes Deniga (from(J)
any of the forces of the Danes),
155. — Comp. ofer-magen.

magen-ftgend, pres. part., having
great strength, valiant: gen. pi.
-igendra, 2838.

niugen-byrffen, st. f.,kuge burthen :
ace. sg. magen-byr'Senne, 3092 ;
dat. (instr.) sg., 1626.

magen-craft, st. m., great, hero-
like, strength : ace. sg., 380.

nuigen-ellen, st. n. (the same), ace.
sg., 660.

magen-f ultuiii, st. m., material
aid : gen. pi. nas J^at J>onne maetost
magen-fultuma (that was not the
least of strong helps, i.e. the sword
Hrunting), 1456.

magen -roes, st. m., mighty attack,
onslaught: ace. sg., 1520.

magen-strengo, st. f ., main strength,
heroic power : ace. sg., 2679.

imigen-wudu, st. m., might-wood,
i.e. the spear, lance : ace. sg., 236.

mast, st. m., mast : nom. sg., 1899;
dat. sg. be maste {beside the mast),
36; to the mast, 1906.

marffum. See muffum, hyge-
m. i , Yum.

maeg, st. m., kinsman by blood: nom.
sg. maeg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915,
'S31. 1945. etc.; (brother), 468,
2605? ace. sg. maeg (son), 1340;

(brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat
sg. maege, 1979; gen. sg. maeges,
2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pi.
migas, 1016; ace. pi. magas, 2816;
dat. pi. magum, 1179, 2615, 3066;
(to brothers), 1168; maegum, 2354;
gen. pi. maga, 247, 1080, 1854,
2007, 2743. — Comp. : faderen-,
heafod-, wine-maeg.

maeg-burh, st. f., borough of blood-
kinsmen, entire population united
by ties of blood ; (in wider sense)
race, people, nation : gen. sg. lond-
rihtes . . . J>aere maeg-burge (of land
possessions among the people, i.e. of
the Geatas), 2888.

maegff, st. f., race, people: ace. sg.
maegSe, 1012; dat. sg. mxgSe, 75;
dat. pi. maegftum, 5 ; gen. pi. maeg-
"Sa, 25, 1772.

mjrg-wine, st. m., blood kinsman,
friend, 2480.

mael, st. n. : l) time, point of time :
nom. sg. 316; )>a was sael and mael
(there was [appropriate] cJiance
and time), 1009 ; ace. sg. mael,
2634; instr. pi. oerran maelum, 908,
2238, 3036; gen. pi. maela, 1250;
ssela and maela, 1612; maela ge-
hwylce (each time, without inter
mission}, 2058. — 2) sword,weap-
on : nom. sg. broden (brogden)
mael (the drawn sword ), 1 6 1 7, 1 668
(cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p.
156). — 3) mole, spot, mark. —
Comp. : graeg-, bring-, scea~5en-,
wunden-mael.

mael-cearu, st. f., long-continued
sorrow, grief: ace. sg. mael-ceare,
189.

mael-gesceaft, st. i.,fate, appointed
time : ace. pi. ic on earde bad mael-
gesceafta (awaited the time allotted
for me by fate), 2738.

iiuenan, w. v., with ace. in the sense

GLOSSARY.

233

of (l) to remember, mention, pro
claim : inf. maenan, 1068 ; pret.
part. J>asr was Beowulfes moerfto
maened, 858. — 2} to mention sor
rowfully, mourn : inf. 3173; pret.
sg. giofrSo msende (mourned sor
rowfully}, 2268 ; pret. pi. masndon,
1150, 3150.

ge -maenan (see man), w. v. with
ace., to injure maliciously, break :
subj. pret. pi. ge-msenden, 1102.

ge-maene, adj., common, in com
mon : nom. sg. gemaene, 2474; )>aer
unc hwlle was hand gemaene (i.e.
in battle), 2138; sceal Arum }>at
sweord and helm b&m gemsene
(i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pi. ge-
masne, 1861; dat. pi. }>at J>&m fol-
cum sceal... sib gemaenum (at
traction for gemaene, i.e. wesan),
1858; gen. pi. unc sceal (i.e. we
san) fela maYSma gemaenra (j.ve
two shall share many treasiires to
gether}, 1785.

maerffu, st. f. : i) glory, a hero's
fame: nom. sg.8$8; ace. sg. maer'So,
6oo(?), 688; ace. pi. maer'Sa, 2997;
instr. pi. maer'Sum (gloriously'},
2515: gen. pi. maer'Sa, 504, 1531.
— 2) deed of glory, heroism :
ace. sg. maer'So, 2135; gen. pi.
maer'Sa, 408, 2646. — Comp. ellen-
maer'Su.

msere, adj., memorable ; celebrated,
noble; wellknown, notorious : nom.
sg. m.maere, 103, 129, 1716, 1762;
se maera, 763, 2012, 2588; also as
vocative m. se msera, 1475; nom.
fern, maeru, 2017; msere,i953; neut.
maare, 2406; ace. sg. m. mserne, 36,
20I» 353. 1S99> 2385, 2722, 2789,
3099; neut. msere, 1024; dat. sg.
maerum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080,
2573; t8 )>am maeran, 270; gen. sg.
maeres, 798; meeran, 1730; nom.pl.

maere, 3071; superl. masrost, 899.
— Comp. : fore-, heafto-maere.

maBst. See inara.

maete, adj., moderate, small: superl.
nom. sg. maetost, 1456.

mecg, macg, st.m., son, youth, man :
in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wrac-
macg.

media. See on-medla.

inedii, st. m., mead : ace. sg. medu,
2634; dat. sg. to medo, 605.

medo-arn, st. n., mead-hall: ace. sg.
medo-arn (Heorot), 69.

medu-benc, st. f., mead-bench, bench
in the mead-hall : nom. sg. medu-
benc, 777 ; dat. sg. medu-bence,
1053 ; medo-bence, 1068, 2186;
meodu-bence, 1903.

medu-dredm, st. m., mead-joy, joy
ous carousing during mead-drink
ing : ace. sg. 2017.

medo-f ul, st. n., mead-cup : ace. sg.
625, 1016.

medo-heal, st. f., mead-hall : nom.
sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle,

639-

medu-scenc, st.m., mead-can, ves
sel : instr. pi. meodu-scencum,
1981.

medu-seld, st. n., mead-seat, mead-
house : ace. sg., 3066.

medo-setl, st. n., mead-seat upon
•which one sits mead-drinking : gen.
pi. meodo-setla, 5.

medo-stig, st. f., mead-road, road
to the mead-hall : ace. sg. medo-
stig, 925-

medo - wang, st. m., mead-field
(where the mead-hall stood) : ace.
pi. medo-wongas, 1644.

meftel, st. n., speech, conversation :
dat. sg. on me'Sle, 1877.

meffel-stede, st. m., (properly place
of speech, judgment-seat}, here
meeting-place, battle-Jield (so, also.

234

GLOSSARY.

425, the battle is conceived under
the figure of a parliament or con
vention) : dat. sg. on Nun meftel-
stede, 1083.

meffel-word, st. n., worth called
forth at a discussion ; address :
instr. pi. meffel-wordum, 236.

in el da, w. m.f finder, informer, be
trayer : gen. sg. His melclan, 2406.

meltan, st. v. intrans., to consume
by fire, melt or waste away : inf.,
3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pi.
mutton, 1 1 21.

ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. ge-
mealt, 898, 1609, 1616; negemealt
him se mod-sefa (his courage did
not desert him}, 2629.

men. See man.

mene, st. m., neck ornament, neck
lace, collar : ace. sg., 1 200.

mengan, w. v., to mingle, unite,with,
w. ace. of thing : inf. se }>e mere-
grundas mengan scolde, 1450.

ge-mengan,/0 mix with, commin
gle : pret. part., 849, 1594.

menigu, st. f., Multitude, many:
nom. and ace. sg. maiSma menigeo
(^multitude of treasures, presents},
2144; so, manigo, 41.

mercels, st. m., mark, aim : gen.
sg. mercelses, 2440.

mere, st. m., sea, ocean : nom. sg.
se mere, 1363; ace. sg. on mere,
1131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846;
dat. sg. fram mere, 856.

mere-de6r,st. n., sea-beast: ace. sg.,

558.
mere-fara, w. m., seafarer: gen.

sg. mere-faran, 502.
mere-fix, st. m., sea-fish : gen. pi.

mere-fixa (the whale, cf. 540), 549.
mere-grand, st. m., sea-bottom : ace.

sg., 2101; ace. pi. mere-grundas,

1450.
incre-hrugl, st. n., sea-garment,

i.e., sail : gen. pi. mere-h Sgla
sum, 1906.

mere-liffend, pres. part., moving on
the sea, sailor: nom. pi. mere-li-
•Sende, 255.

mere-street, st. f., sea-street, way
over the sea : ace. pi. mere-straeta,
514.

mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power,
strength in the sea : ace. sg., 533.

mere-wif, st. n., sea-woman, mer-
woman : ace. sg. (of Grendel's
mother), 1520.

mergen. See morgen.

met, st. n., thought, intention (cf.
metian = meditari) : ace. pi. onsael
.meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful;
see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Die
trich, Haupt's Zeits. 11,411; Kor-
ner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).

g e - met, st. n., an apportioned share ;
might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis
bat ... gemet mannes nefne min
anes (nobody, myself excepted, can
do thaf), 2534; ace. sg. ofer mln
gemet (beyond my power), 2880;
dat. sg. mid gemete, 780.

ge-met, adj., well-measured, meet,
good: nom. sg. swi him gemet
J>ince (J>uhte), (as seemed meet to
him), 688, 3058. See un-gemete,
adv.

inetan, st. v., to measure, pass over
or along: pret. pi. fealwe straete
mearum maeton (measured the yel
low road with their horses), 918 ;
so, 514, 1634.

ge-metan, the same: pret. sg.
medu-stig gemat (tneasured,walked
over, the road to the mead-hall},
925.

niftod, st. m. (the measuring, ar
ranging) Creator, God: nom. sg.,
no, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; scir
metod, 980; so 5 met od, 1612 ; ace.

GLOSSARY.

235

sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode,
169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.
— Comp. eald-metod.

metod-sceaft, st. f. : i) the Creator's
determination, divine purpose,
fate : acc.sg. -sceaft, 1078. — 2} the
Creator's glory : ace. sg. metod-
sceaft sedn (i.e. die), 1181; dat.
sg. to metod-sceafte, 2816.

m§ce, st. m., sword '.• nom. sg., 1939;
ace. sg. mSce, 2048; br&dne mece,
2979; Sen- sg- mSces, 1766, 1813,
2615, 2940; dat. pi. instr. me'cum,
565; gen. pi. me'ca, 2686. — Comp. :
beado-, haft-, hilde-m8ce.

med, st. f., meed, reward : ace. sg.
m8de, 2135; dat. sg. mSde, 2147;
gen. pi. m§da, 1179.

ge-mede, st. n., approval, permis
sion (Grein) : ace. pi. ge-me"du,
247.

meffe, adj., tired, exhausted, de
jected: in comp. hyge-, sse-meSe.

inetan, w. v., to meet, find, fall in
with: with ace., pret. pi. sySSan
Aescheres . . .hafelan metton,i422;
subj. pret. sg. bat he ne m8tte . . .
on elran man mundgripe maTan
(that he never met, in any other
man, with a mightier hand-grip},
752.

ge-me'tan, with ace., the same:
pret. sg. gemette, 758, 2786; pi.
nas \>& long to J?on, J>at J>a" aglsecean
hy eft geme'tton (it was not long
after that the warriors again met
each other), 2593.

ge-m&ting, st. f., meeting, hostile
coming together : nom. sg., 2002.

meagol, adj., mighty, immense ; for
mal, solemn : instr. pi. meaglum
wordum, 1981.

mearc, st. f., frontier, limit, end :
dat. sg. to mearce (the end of life},
2385. — Comp. Weder-mearc, 298.

g e - m e a r c, st. n., measure, distance :
comp. fot-, mil-ge-mearc.

mearcian, w. v., to mark, stain :
pres. ind. sg. mearca'S morhopu
(will stain, mark, the moor with
the blood of the corpse}, 450.

ge-mearcian, the same: pres.
part. (Cain) mor'Sre gemearcod
(murder-marked [cf. I Book Mos.
IV. 15]), 1265; swa was on t>sem
scennum . . . gemearcod . . . hwam
]?at sweord geworht wsere (en
graved for whom the sword had
been wrought), i6()(r.

mearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider,
frontier-haunter (applied to Gren-
del and his mother) : nom. sg.,
103; ace. pi. mearc -stapan, 1349.

mearh, st. m., horse, steed : nom. pi.
mearas, 2164 ; ace. pi. mearas, 866,
1036; dat. pi. inst. mearum, 856,
918; mearum and ma"Smum, 1049,
1899; gen. pi. meara and maUma,.
2167.

mearn. See murnan.

meodn. See medu.

meoto. See met.

meotud. See metod».

meowle, w. f., maiden : comp. geo--
meowle.

micel, adj., great, huge, long (of.
time) : nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fern.,,
67, 146,170; neut., 772; ace. sgi.
in. micelne, 3099; fern. micle>
1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168.
The comp. mare must be supplied
before J^one in : medo-arn micel
. . . (mare) }>one yldo beam aefre
ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume
micle,923; micle (by much, much} ;
micle leofre (far dearer}, 2652;
efne swa" micle (lassa), (\_less~] even
by so much), 1284; oftor micle
(much oflener}, 1580; dat. sg,
weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg.

236

GLOSSARY.

miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles
is an adv. = much, very : micles
wyrftne gedOn (deem worthy of
much, i.e. honor very highly), 2186;
to" fela micles (far too much, many),
695; ace. pi. micle, 1349. Compar.,
see mura.

mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and ace.,
signifying preeminently union,
community, -with, hence: i) w.
dat. : a) with, in company, com
munity, with: mid Finne, 1129;
mid Ilrotfgare, 1593; mid scip-
herge, 243-; mid gesiSum (with
his comrades}, 1314; so, 1318,
1964, 2950, etc.; mid his fred-
drihtne, 2628; mid J«:m lacum
(with the gifts'), 1869; so, 2789,
1 25 ; mid hade (with good luck !),
1218; mid bade for (sped off amid
fire}, 2309. The prep, postponed :
him mid (with him, in his compa
ny), 41; with him, 1626; ne was
him Fitela mid (was not with him},
890. b) with, among: mid Gea-
tum (among the Gedtas), 195,
2193,2624; mid Scyldingum, 274;
mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum
(eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (with,
among, one another), 2949. In
temporal sense: mid aer-dage (at
dawn}, 126. — 2) with, with the
help of, through, w. dat.: mid
dr-staf um (through his grace} ,317;
so, 2379; mid gripe (with the fist},
438; so, 1462,2721; midhishete-
J>oncum (through his hatred}, 475 ;
mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877 ;
mid gemete (through, by, his
power}, 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918;
mid g6de (with benefits}, 1185;
mid hearme (with harm, insult),
1893; mid J>aere sorge (with
\throughf\ this sorrow}, 2469;
mid rihte (by rights), 2057. With

instr. : mid J>y wii e (through [mar
riage with] the woman}, 2029. —
3) w. ace., with, in community,
company, with : mid his eorla ge-
driht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673;
mid bine, 880 ; mid mtnne gold-
gyfan, 2653.

II. adv., mid, thereamong, in
the company, 1643; at the same
time, likewise, 1650.

middan-geard, st. m.,globe, earth :
ace. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on mid-
dan-gearde, 2997 ; gen. sg. middan-
geardes, 504, 752.

inidde, w. f., middle = medius : dat
sg. on middan (through the middle,
in two), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) to-
middes (in the midst}, 3142.

middel-niht, st. f., midnight : dat.
pi. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.

miht, st. f., might, power, authority :
acc.sg. )>urh drihtnes miht (through
tJie Lord's help, power), <j\i\ instr.
pi. selfes mihtum, 701.

mihtlg, adj.: i) physically strong,
powerful: nom. sg. mihtig mere-
de<5r, 558; mere-wif mihtig, 1520.
— 2) possessing authority, mighty :
nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717,
1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne,
1 399. — Comp. : al-, fore-mihtig.

inilde, adj., kind, gracious, gener
ous : nom. sg. m&des milde (kind-
hearted}, 1230; instr. pi. mildum
\rord\im(graciousfy),ii'j3. Superl.
nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum
mildust (a king most liberal to
men), 3183.

milts, st. f., kindness, benevolence :
nom. sg., 2922.

missan, w. v. with gen., to miss,
err in : pret. sg. miste mercelses
(missed the mark), 2440.

missere, st. n., space of a semester,
half a year : gen. pi. hund missera

GLOSSARY.

237

(Jiffy -winters], 2734, 2210; gen
erally, a long period of time, season,
1499, 1770; felamissera, 153, 2621.

mist-liliS1, st. n., misty cliff, cloud-
capped slope : dat. pi. under mist-
hleoSum, 711.

mistig, adj., misty : ace. pi. mistige
moras, 162.

mil-gemearc, st. n., measure by
miles : gen. sg. mil-gemearces,

1363-

niiii: i) poss. pron., my, mine, 255,
345, etc. ; Hygelac mm (my lord,
or king, If.}, 2435.—*) gen- SS-
of pers. pron. ic, of me, 2085, 2534,
etc.

molde, w. f., dust ; earth, field : in
comp. gras-molde.

inoii. See man.

ge-mong. See ge-mang.

morS-bealu, st. n., murder, deadly
bale or deed of murder : gen. pi.
mor$-beala, 136.

morffor, st. n., deed of violence, mur
der : dat. instr. sg. mor'Sre, 893,
1265,2783; gen. sg. morSres, 2056;
morftres scyldig (victim of a -violent
death}, 1684.

morflfor-bed, st. n., bed of death,
murder-bed: ace. sg. was )>am
yldestan . . . morSor-bed .stred (a
bed of death -was spread for the
eldest, i.e. through murder his death
bed was prepared), 2437.

morftor-bealu, st. n., death-bale,
destruction by murder : ace. sg.
mor*5or-bealo, 1080, 2743.

inorffor-hete, st. m., murderous
hate : gen. sg. J>as morSor-hetes,
1106.

morgen, morn, mergen, st. m.,
morning, forenoon ; also morrmo :
nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125;
(inorrow), 2104; ace. sg. on mor
gen (in the morning), 838; dit.

sg. on morgne, 2485 ; on mergenne,
565, 2940; gen. pi. morna ge-
h \vylce (every morning), 2451.

morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold,
dawn-cold : nom. sg. gdr morgen-
ceald (spear chilled by the early
air of morn}, 3023.

morgen-lang, adj., lasting through
the morning: ace. sg. morgen-
longne dag (the -whole forenoon),
2895-

morgen-leoht, st. n., morning-light:
nom. sg., 605, 918.

morgen-sweg, st. m., morning-cry,
cry at morn : nom. sg., 129.

morgen-tid, st. f., morning-tide :
ace. sg. on morgen - tide, 484,

morn. See morgen.

inOd, st. n. : i) heart, soul, spirit,
mood, mind, manner of thinking :
nom. sg., 50, 731; wafre mod (the
flickeringspirit, thefadingbreath) ,
1151; ace. sg. on mod (into his
mind}, 67; dat. instr. sg. mode
gejmngen (of mature, lofty spirit),
625; on mode (in heart, mind},
754, 1845, 2282, 2528; on hredum
mode (^fierce of spirit), 2582; gen.
sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes
bliSe (gracious - minded, kindly
disposed}, 436; so, modes milde,
1230; modes seoce (depressed in
mind}, 1604. — 2) boldness, cour
age : nom. and ace. sg., 1058, 1 168.
3) passion, fierceness : nom. sg.,
549. — Comp. form adj.: galg-,
geomor-, glad-, gu'S-, hreoh-, irre-,
sarig-, sti'5-, swift-, werig-mod.

mGd-cearu, st. f., grief of heart :
ace. sg. mod-ceare, 1993, 3150.

mGd-gehygd, st. f., thought of tht
heart; mind: instr. pi. mod-ge-
hygdum, 233

, st. n.,

238

GLOSSARY.

meditation : ace. sg. m6d-ge-)>onc,

I73°-
mOd-glOmor, adj., grieved at heart,

dejected: nom. sg., 2895.

mOdig, adj., courageous : nom. sg.,
605, 1644, 1813, 2758 ; he )>as
(|>am, MS.) mfidig was (Jiad the
courage for it), 1509; se modega,
814 ; dat. sg. mid Him modignn,
3012; gen. sg. modges, 502; mo-
diges, 2699 ; Geata Ie6d georne
truwode m&dgan magnes (trusted
firmly in his bold strength), 671;
nom. pi. modge, 856 ; m6dige,
1877; gen. pi. modigra, 312, 1889.
— Comp. fela-modig.

iiio<lig-lic, adj., of bold appearance :
compar. ace. pi. mudiglicran, 337.

mOd-lufe, w. f., heart's affection,
love: gen. pi. J>inre mdd-lufan,
1824.

mud-sofa, w. m., thought of the
heart ; brave, bold temper ; cour
age : nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629;
ace. sg. mod-sefan, 2013; dat. sg.
mod-sefan, 180.

mOd->racu, st. f., boldness, courage,
strength of mind : dat. sg. for his
mod-hrace, 385.

mudor, f., mother .- nom. sg., 1259,
1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; ace. sg.
modor, 1539, 2140, 2933.

mona, w. m., moon : gen. sg. m8-
nan, 94.

mOr, st. m., moor, morass, swamp :
ace. sg. ofer myrcan m8r, 1406;
dat. sg. of more, 711; ace. pi.
moras, 103, 162, 1349.

mor-hOp, st. n., place of refuge in
the moor, hiding - place in the
swamp : ace. pi. mor-hopu, 450.

ge-mOt, st. n., meeting: in comp.
hand-, torn-ge-mot.

mdtan, pret.-pres. \.: i) power or
permission to have something, tj

be permitted ; may, can : pres. sg.
I., III. m6t, 186, 442, 604; II.
most, 1672; pi. mo" ton, 347, 365,
395; pres. subj. ic mote, 431 ; III.
se )>e mote, 1388; pret. sg. moste,
1 68, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999,
2242, 2505, etc.; pi. moston, 1629,
1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj.
sg. II. |>at Jm nine selfne gese<5n
mSste (mightest see), 962. — 2)
shall, must, be obliged : pres. sg.
m8t, 2887; pret. sg. moste, 1940;
•^aer he t>$ fyrste forman dogore
wealdanjloste, swd him Wyrd ne
gescrif, hrSiJ St hilde (if he must
for the first time that day be victo
rious, as Fate had denied him vic
tory, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.
ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., to have
in mind, be mindful ; remember,
think of, w. ace.: pres. sg. bine
gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc
(each of the knowing ones still re
members him well), 265; ic {>e J>as
lean geman (/ shall not forget thy
reward for this), 1221 ; ic bat call
gemon (/ remember all that),
2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he )>at
call gemon hwat . . . (if he is
mindful of all that which . . .),
1 1 86; ic Hit mael gemon hwaer . . .
(7 remenber the time when . . .),
2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde . . .
sefen-spraece (recalled his evening
speech), 759; 50,871, 1130, 1260,
1271, 1291, 2115, 2432,2607, 2679;
se His Ie6d-hryres lean ge-munde
(was mindful of reward for the
fall of the ruler), 2392; hat he
Eotena beam inne gemunde (that
he in this should remember, take
vengeance on, the children of the
Jutes'), 1142; so, hond gemunde
feh'So genfige (his hand remem
bered strife enough), 2490; ne ge-

GLOSSARY.

23J>

munde mago Ecgl&fes J>at . . . (re
membered not that which . . .),
1466; pret. pi. helle gemundon
in mod-sefan (their thoughts [as
heathens] fixed themselves on, re
membered, hell}, 179.

on-munan, w. ace. pers. and gen.
of thing, to admonish, exhort:
pret. sg. onmunde fisic mser'Sa (ex
horted us to deeds of glory), 2641.

mund, st. f., hand : instr. pi. mun-
dum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462,
3023, 3092.

mund-bora,w. m. ,protector, guardi
an, preserver : nom. sg., 1481, 2780.

mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip,
seizure : ace. sg. mund-gripe, 754;
dat. sg. mund-gripe, 28o(?), 1535;
after mund-gripe (after having
seized the criminal), 1939.

nun-nun, st. v., to shrink from, be
afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. no
mearn fore faeh^e and fyrene, 136;
so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn
(was not apprehensive for his life) ,
1443. — 2) to mourn, grieve : pres.
part, him was . . . murnende mod,
50; pres. subj., J>onne he fela murne
(than that he should mourn much),
1386.

be-murnan, be-meornan, with
ace., to mourn over: pret. be-
mearn, 908, 1078.

murn-lice. See un-murn-lice.

muff-buna, w. m., mouth-destroyer :
dat. sg. to mu'S-bonan (of Grendel
because he bit his victim to death),
2080.

m liffa, w. m., mouth, entrance : ace.
sg. recedes muftan (mouth of the
house, door), 725.

g e - mynd, st. f., memory, memorial,
remembrance: dat. pi. to gemyn-
dum, 2805, 3017. See weorS1-
mynd.

myndian, w. v., to call to mindf
remember : pres. sg. myndga'S,
2058 ; pres. part. w. gen. gif bonne
Fresna hwylc . . . l>as mor'Sor-
hetes myndgiend waere (were to
call to m ind the bloody feud ) , 1 1 06.

ge- myndian, w. v. w. ace., to re
member : bi$ gemyndgad . . . ea-
foran ellor-siS (is reminded of his
son's decease), 2451.

ge-myndig, adj., mindful: nom.
sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531,
2083, etc.

myne, st. m. : i) mind, wish : nom.
sS-> 2573- — 2) love(J): ne his
myne wisse (whose [God's] love
he knew not), 169.

ge-mynian, w. v. w. ace., to bt
mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne
mser'So ! 660.

myntan, w. v., to intend, think oft
resolve : pret. sg. mynte . . . man
na cynnes sumne besyrwan (meant
to entrap «//(?) [see sum], some
one of(T), the men), 713; mynte
t>a't he gedaslde . . . (thought to
sever), 732; mynte se msera, J?ser
he meahte swd, widre gewindan
(intended to flee) , 763.

myrce, adj., mtirky, dark: ace. sg.
ofer myrcan mor, 1406.

myrS1, st. i.,joy, mirth : dat. (instr.)
sg. m8des myr'Se, 811.

N

iiaca, w. m., vessel, ship v ace. sg.

nacan, 295 ; gen. sg. nacan, 214.

— Comp. : hring-, y'S-naca.
nacod, adj., naked : nom. and ace.

sg. swurd, gutf-bill nacod, 539,

2586; nacod ntS-draca, 2274.
nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.
iiama, w. m., name : nom. sg. Bed-

240

GLOSSARY.

wulf is mtn nama, 343 ; was J>am

haft-mSce Hrunting nama, 1458;

ace. sg. scop him lleort naman

(gave it the name If art), 78.
ni (from ne-a), strength, negative,

never, not all, 445, 567, 1537.
nfth, from ne-ah. See ftgan.
nan (from ne-an), indef. pron., none,

no: with gen. pi. gu5-billa nan,

804; adjectively, nan . . . iren xt-

god, 990.
nat, from ne-wat : 1 know not= ne-

scio. See witan.
nat-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wSt-

hwylc, know not who, which, etc.),

indef. pron., any, a certain one,

some or other : i) w. partitive gen. :

nom. sg. gumena nat-hwylc, 2234 ;

gen. sg. nat-hwylces ()>ira banena),

2054 ; ni 5a nat-hwylces ( ?) , 22 1 6 ;

nat-hwylces hale'Sa bearna, 2225.

— 2) adjectively : dat. sg. in ni5-

sele nat-hwylcum, 1514.
iiabben, from ne-habben (subj.

pres.). See habban. *
nafne. See nrl'nr.
iiagel, st. m., nail: gen. pi. nagla

(of the finger-nails), 986.
nagled, part., nailed!, nail-likel,

buckled"} : ace. sg. neut. nagled

(MS. gled) sine, 2024.
iiiis, st. m., naze, rock projecting

into the sea, cliff, promontory : ace.

sg. nas, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg.

nasse, 2244, 2418; ace. pi. windige

nassas, 1412; gen. pi. nassa, 1361.
nas, from ne-was (was not}. See

wesan. '
nag, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562,

2263.
naa-hllff, st. n., declivity, slope of a

promontory that sinks downward

to the sea : dat. pi. on nas-hleo'Sum,

1428.
neefre, adv., never, 247, 583, 592,

656» 7*9. I042» '049. etc.; also
strengthened by ne : nsefre ne,
1461.

g e - megan, w. v. w. ace. pers. and
gen. of thing, to attack, press :
pret. pi. n!5a genoegdan nefan
Ilererices (in combats pressed hard
ttpon f/.'s nephew), 2207; pret.
part. wearS . . . ni 5a genaeged, 1440.

na'iiig (from ne-aenig), pron., not
any, none, no : i) substantively w.
gen. pi.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692;
dat. sg. naenegum, 599; gen. pi.
nsenigra, 950. — 2) adjectively :
nom. sg. o'Ser naenig, 860; naenig
water, 1515; naenig. . . deor, 1934;
ace. sg. noenigne . . . hor5-ma5um,
1199.

naere, from ne-waere (were not, would
not be). See wesan.

ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, 83,
109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga !
1385; ne gym! 1 761, etc. Doubled
= certainly not, not even that : ne
ge . . . gearwe ne wisson (ye cer
tainly have not known, etc.), 245;
so, 863; ne ic . . . wihte ne wSne
(nor do I at all in the least expect),
2923; so, 182. Strengthened by
other neg. : nfifler . . . ne, 2125; swa
he ne mihte n3 . . . (so that he ab
solutely could not), 1509.

ne . . . ne, not . . . and not, nor;
neither . . . nor, 154-157, 511,
1083-1085, etc. Another neg.may
supply the place of the first ne:
so, n8 . . . ne, 575-577, 1026-1028,
1 393-1 395, etc.; nsefre . ..ne, 583-
584; nalles . . . ne, 3016-3017.
The neg. may be omitted the first
time : ser ne si'SiSan (neither before
nor after, before nor since), 719;
su$ ne nofS (south nor north),
859; Sdl ne yldo (neither illness
nor old age), 1737; wordum ne

GLOSSAKY.

241

vrorcum (neither by word nor
deed), lioi; wiston and ne wen-
don (knew not and weened not),
1605.

nefa, w. m., nephew, grandson :
nom. sg. nefa (grandson), 1204;
50,1963; (nfphew)tz\l\; ace. sg.
nefan {nephew}, 2207; dat. sg.
nefan (nephew), 882.

nefne, niifne, nemne (orig. from
ni-iba-ni) : i) subj.: a) with de
pend, clause = unless : nefne him
witig god wyrd forstode (if fate,
the wise God, had not prevented
him), 1057; nefne god sylfa . . .
sealde {unless God himself, etc.),
3055; nafne him his wlite leoge
(MS. nsefre) {unless his face belie
him), 250; nafne he was mara
(except that he was huger), 1354;
nemne him heafto-byrne helpe ge-
fremede, 1553; so, 2655. — b) w.
follow, substantive = except, save,
only : nefne sin-frea (except the
husband), 1935; ic lyt hafo hea-
fod-maga nefne Hygelac >ec {have
no near kin but thee), 2152; nis
J>at eower (gen. pi.) slS . . . nefne
mm anes, 2534. — 2) Prep, with
dat., except : nemne feaum anum,
1082.

g e - nehost. See g e - neahhe.

nelle, from ne-wille {I will not ) .
See willan.

iioiiiiian, w. v. w. ace. : l) to name,
call : pres. pi. J>one yldestan oret-
mecgas Beowulf nemna'S (the war
riors call the most distinguished
one Bedwulf), 364; so inf. nem-
nan, 2024; pret.pl. nemdon, 1355.
— 2) to address, as in

be-nemnan, to pronounce solemn
ly, put under a spell : pret. sg. Fin
Hengeste . . . aftum be-nemde bat
(asserted, promised under oath that

. . .), 1098 ; pret. pi. swa hit oft
domes dag diope benemdon J>eod-
nas msere {put under a curse),
3070.

nemne. See nefne.

nerian, g e - nerian, w. v., to save,
rescue, liberate : pres. sg. Wyrd
oft nere^ unfaegne eorl, 573; pret.
part, hafde . . . sele Hro'Sgdres ge-
nered wi"S ni'Sa (saved from hos
tility), 828.

ge-nesan, st. v. : i) intrans., to re
main over, be preserved: pret. sg.
hrof ana genas ealles ansund (the
roof alone was quite sound), 1000.
— 2) w. ace., to endure successfully,
survive, escape from : pret. sg. se
ha sacce ge-nas, 1978; fela ic . . .
gfrS-rsesa ge-nas, 2427; pret. part,
swa he nrSa gehwane genesen haf
de, 2398.

net, st. n., net: in comp. breost-,
here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.

nedla, w. m., dire necessity, distress :
in comfl Jrea-nedla.

neffan (G. nan>jan), w. v., to ven
ture, undertake boldly : pres. part,
nearo ne"Sende (encountering per
il), 2351; pret. pi. J>aer git ... on
deop water aldrum ne"$don (where
ye tivo risked your lives in the deep
water), 510; so, 538.

ge-ne"San, the same : inf. ne dorste
under yfta gewin aldre ge-ne'San,
1470. With depend, clause : nse-
nig J>at dorste geneftan J>at (none
durst undertake to . . .), 1934;
pret. sg. he under harne st£n ana
gene"5de frecne dsede (he risked
alone (he bold deed, venturing under
the grey rock), 889; (ic) wige
under watere weorc geneftde ear-
foft-lice (/ with difficulty stood the
work under the water in battle, i.e.
could hardly win the victory),

242

GLOSSARY.

1657; ic genfiUde fela gfrSa (ven
tured on, risked, many contests),
2512; pres. pi. (of majesty) we
. . . frfccne genSSdon eafotJ uncu-
-5es (we have boldly risked, dared,
the monster's power), 961.

n Mi. See in- Ah.

g e - iieahhe, adv., enough, sufficient
ly, 784, 3153; superl. genehost
bragd eorl Be6wulfes ealde life
(many an earl o/£.'s), 795.

nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., om-
nino non, not at all, by no means :
nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223,
2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750;
nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504,
etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538;
nales, 1812.

nearo, st. n., strait, danger, distress :
ace. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.

iiearo, adj., narrow : ace. pi. f.
nearwe, 1410.

near we, adv., narrowly, 977.

nearo-craft, st. m., art of rendering
difficult of access J, inaccessibility
(see 2214 seqq.) : instr. pi. nearo-
craftum, 2244.

nearo-fah, m., foe that causes dis
tress, war-foe : gen. sg. nearo-
fages, 2318.

nearo->earf, st. f., dire need, dis
tress: ace. sg. nearo-)>earfe, 422.

g e - nearwian, w. v., to drive into
a corner, press upon : pret. part,
geneanvod, 1439.

neah, neh: i) adj., near, nigh:
nom. sg. neah, 1744, 2729. In
superl. den •=. last : instr. sg. nyh-
stan slfle {for the last time), 1204;
niehstan slfle, 2512.

2) adv., near : feor and (ciSSe)
neah, 1222, 2871; w. dat. sse-
grunde neah, 564; so, 1925, 2243;
holm-wylme n8h, 2412. Compar.
near, 746.

iieAn, adv., near by, {from) flose
at hand, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105 ;
feorran and nean, 840; nean and
feorran, 1175, 2318.

ge-neat, st. m., comrade, companion:
in comp. be6d-, heorS-geneat.

nioffor. See niffer.

neowol, adj., steep, precipitous :
ace. pi. neowle, 1412.

nc6d, st. f., polite intercourse regu
lated by etiquette!, hall-joyl : ace.
sg. ni6de, 2117.

ne6du ?, 2216.

ne6d-la9u, st. f., polite invitation ;
wish : dat. sg. after nedd-laBu (ac
cording to Ais wishes}, 1321.

noosaii, nc6sian, w. v. w. gen., to
seek out, look for ; to attack: inf.
ne6san, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807,
2075; nidsan, 2389, 2672; ne6-
sian, 115, 1126; ni6sian, 3046;
pret. sg. niosade, 2487.

neotan, st. v., to take, accept, w.
gen.; to use, enjoy: imper. sg.
neot, 1218.

be-ne6tan,w. dat., to rob, deprive
of: inf. hine aldre be-neotan, 68 1 ;
pret: sg. cyning ealdre bi-neat {de
prived the king of life), 2397.

nicor, st. m., sea-horse, walrus, sea-
monster (cf. Bugge in Zacher's
Journal, 4, 197) : ace. pi. niceras,
422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pi.
nicera, 846.

nicor-hfis, st. n., house or den of sea-
monsters: gen.pl. nicor-husa, 1412.

nlff, st. m., man, human being: gen.
pi. niWa, 1006; nifta? (passage
corrupt), 2216.

niffer, nyffer, neoffor, adv., down,
downward: niSer, 1361; niotSor,
2700; ny«er, 3045.

niff-sele, st. m., hall, room, in the
deep (Grein) : dat. sg. [in] ni'5-
sele nat-hwylcum, 1514.

GLOSSARY.

243

nigoii, num., nine : ace. sg. nigene,

575-

niht, st. f. night: nom. sg., 115,
547, 650, 1321, 2117; ace. sg.
niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht
(y ester-night}, 1335; dat. sg. on
niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703;
gen. sg. nihtes hwilum (sometimes
at night, in the hours of the night),
3045 ; as adv. = of a night, by night,
G. nachts, 422, 2274; dages and
nihtes, 2270; ace. pi. seofon niht
(se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac.
Germ, n), 517; dat. pi. sweartum
nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275,
221; gen. pi. nihta, 545, 1366.-
Comp. : middel-, sin-niht.

niht-bealu, st. n., night-bale, de
struction by night: gen. pi. niht-
bealwa, 193.

niht-lielm, st. m., -veil or canopy of
night: nom. sg., 1790.

niht-long, adj., lasting through the
night : ace. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst
(space of a night}, 528.

niht-weorc, st. n., night-work, deed
done at night: instr. sg. niht-
weorce, 828.

nlman, st. v. w. ace. : l) to take,
hold, seize, undertake : pret. sg.
nam J>a mid handa hige-Jnhtigne
rinc, 747; pret. pi. we ... niode
niman, 2117. — 2) to take, take
away, deprive of: pres. sg. se J>e
hine dea'S nime^ (he whom death
carrieth off}, 441; so, 447; ny-
me'5, 1847; nymetJ nyd-bade, 599;
subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452,
1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongen-
\>\6 iren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he
. . . ma'Sm-aehta mS. (he took no
more of the rich treasures}, 1613;
pret. part. ML was . . . se6 cw8n
numen (the queen carried off},
"54-

be-niman, to deprive of ': pret. sg.
6"S J>at hine yldo benam magenes
wynnum (till age bereft him of joy
in his strength}, 1887.

for-niman, to carry off : pres. sg.
J>e J>a" desLS for-nam (whom death
rarr.'.J off}, 488; io, 557, 696,
1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also,
dat. for ace. : pret. pi. him irenna
ecge fornamon, 2829.

ge-niman: I ) to take, seize: pret. sg.
(hine) be healse ge-nam (clasped
him around the neck, embraced
him}, 1873. — 2) to take, take
away : pret. on reste genam J>ritig
}>egna, 122; heo under heolfre ge
nam cufte folme, 1303; segn eac
genom, 2777; }>& mec sinca bal-
dor ... at minum fader genam
(took me at my father's hands,
adopted me}, 2430; pret. part, ge-
numen, 3167.

ge -nip, st. n., darkness, mist, cloud :
ace. pi. under nassa genipu, 1361;
ofer floda genipu, 2809.

nis, from ne-is (is not} : see wesan.

niwe, ni6we, adj., new, novel ; un
heard-of : nom. sg. swe"g up a-stag
niwe geneahhe (a monstrous hub
bub arose}, 784; beorh . . . niwe
(a newly-raised^ ?) grave-mound},
2244; ace. sg. niwe sibbe (the new
kinship}, 950; instr. sg. niwan
stefne (properly, novS. voce; here
= de novo, iterum, again}, 2595;
niowan stefne (again}, 1790; gen.
pi. niwraspella (new tidings}, 2899.

ge-niwian, w. v., to renew: pret
part, ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geni-
wad, 2288.

niw-tyrwed, pret. part., newly-
tarred : ace. sg. niw - tynvedne
(-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295.

niij, st. m., properly only zeal, en
deavor ; then hostile endeavor, hos-

244

GLOSSARY.

tility, battle, war: nom. sg., 2318;

ace. sg. nlfi, 184, 276; Wedera

nlft (enmity against the IV., the

sorrows of the Wfders}, 423; dat.

sg. wit! (at) nifle, 828, 2586; instr.

nl«e, 2681; gen. pi. ni'Sa, 883,

2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = by,

in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171,

2207. — Comp. : bealo-, fer-, here-,

hete-, inwit-, searo-, wal-nlft.
niff-draca, w. m., battle-dragon :

nom. sg., 2274.
mff-gast, st. m., hostile alien, fell

demon : ace. sg. K>ne nlft-gast (the

dragon), 2700.
niff-geweorc, st. n., work of enmity,

deed of evil: gen. pi. -geweorca,

684.
niff-grlm, adj., /urious in battle,

savage : nom. sg., 193.
niff -heard, adj., valiant in war :

nom. sg., 2418.
niff-hydig, adj., eager for battle,

valorous : nom. pi. nift - hydige

men, 3167.
ge-nitHa, w. m., foe, persecutor,

waylayer : in comp. ferhft-, feorh-

genl'Sla.
nfff-wundor, st. n., hostile wonder,

strange marvel of evil : ace. sg.,

1366.

nf pan, st. v., to veil, cover over, ob
scure ; pres. part, nlpende niht,

547. 650.
nolde, from ne-wolde (would not) ;

see willan.

norff, adv., northward, 859.
nurffan, adv., from the north, 547.
nose, w. f., projection, cliff, cape :

ilat. sg. of hliSes nosan, 1893;

brinies nosan, 2804.
nO (strengthened neg.), not, not at
all, by no means, 136, 244, 587,
755, 842,969, 1 736, etc.; strength
ened by following ne, 459(?),

1509; n3 . . . n& (neither . . . nor},
541-543; so, n8 . . . ne, 168. See
ne.

nOflFer (from ni-hwa$er), neg., and
not, nor, 2125.

g e - nOh, adj., sufficient, enough : ace.
sg. faehSo genoge, 2490; ace. pi.
genSge . . . beagas, 3105.

nOn, st. f., [Eng. noon\, ninth hour
of the day, three o'clock in the after
noon of our reckoning (the clay
was reckoned from six o'clock in
the morning; cf. Bouterwek Screa-
dunga, 24 2 : we hatac! senne dag
fram sunnan upgange 6'5 sefen) :
nom. sg. non, 1601.

nu, adv.: l) now, at present, 251,
254, 375. 395» 424, 426, 489, etc. :
nu gyt (up to now, hitherto}, 957;
nu gen ( now still, yet}, 2860; (now
yet, stiff), 3169. — 2) conj., since,
inasmuch as: nu )m lungre geong
. . . nu se wyrm lige'S (go now
quickly, since the dragon lieth
dead}, 2746; so, 2248; J>at )>u me
ne forwyrne . . . nu ic )>us feorran
com (that do not thott refuse me,
since I am come so far}, 430; so,
1476; nu ic on ma"5ma hord mine
bebohte frode feorh-lege, fremma'S
ge nu (as I now . . ., so do ye),
2800; so, 3021.

nymffe, conj. w. subj., */«<?/, unless,
782; nym'Se mec god scylde (//
* God had not shielded me}, 1659.

nyt, st. f., duty, service, office, em
ployment: ace. sg. )>egn nytte be-
he61d (did his duty), 494; so,
3119. — Comp. : sund-, sundor-nyt.

nyt, adj., useful : ace. pi. m. nytte,
795 > comp. un-nyt.

ge-nyttlan, w. v., to make use of,
enjoy : pret. part, hafde eortS-
scrafaende ge-nyttod (had enjoyed,
made use of}, 3047.

GLOSSAKY.

245

nyd, st. f., force, necessity, need,
pain : ace. sg. J>urh deaSes nyd,
2455; instr. sg. nyde, 1006. In
comp. (like nyd-maga, consangui-
neus, in /Ethelred's Laws, VI. 12,
Schmid, p. 228 ; ned-maga, in
Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258) ;
also, tie of blood. — Comp. )>rea-nyd.

ge-nydan, w. v. : i) to force, com
pel: pret. part. niSe ge-nyded
{forced by hostile power) , 268 1 . —
2) to force upon: pret. part, acc.sg.f.
nyde genydde . . . gearwe stowe
(the inevitable place prepared for
each, i.e. the bed of death), 1006.

n^d-bad, st. f., forced pledge, pledge
demanded by force : ace. pi. nyd-
bMe, 599.

nyd-gestealla, \v. m., comrade in
need or united by ties of blood :
nom. pi. nyd-gesteallan, 883.

nyd-gripe, st. m., compelling grip :
dat. sg. in nyd-gripe (mid-gripe,
MS.), 977-

nyd-wracu, st. f., distressful perse
cution, great distress : nom. sg.,

193-
nyhst. See neah.

O

offlje, conj. : i) or; otherwise, 283,

437> 636> 638> 694. H92, i765. etc-
— 2) and(T), /z7/(?), 650, 2476
(whilst?).

of, prep. w. dat., from, off from :
i) from some point of view : ge-
seah of wealle {from the •wall'),
229; so, 786; of hefene scine'S
{shineth from heaven), 1572; of
hli~Ses nosan gastas grette {from
the cliff's projection}, 1893; of
ham leoma stod {from -which light
streamed}, 2770; J?oer M'as ma^ma

fela of feorwegum . . . gelseded
{from distant lands}, 37; \>£ com
of more {from the moor), 711,
922. — 2) forth from, out of :
hwearf of earde {wandered from
his home, died}, 56; so, 265, 855,
2472 ; }>a ic of searwum com {when
I had escaped from the persecutions
of the foe'), 419; H him HroFgar
gewit . . . tit of healle {out of the
hall}, 664; 50,2558,2516; 1139,
2084,2744; wudu-rec S-stahsweart
of (ofer) swioSole {black wood-
reek ascended from the smoking

fire), 3H5; (icge g°ld) ^-hafen
of horde {lifted from the hoard},
1 109; let \>& of breostum . . . word
fit faran (from his breast), 2551;
dyde . . . helm of hafelan {dofftd
his helmet}, 673; so, 1130; seal-
don win of wunder-fatum {pre-
sented wine from wondrous vessels) ,
1163; siiS'San hyne Hseftcyn of
horn-bogan . . . flane geswencte
{with an arrow shot from the
horned bow}, 2438; so, 1434. Prep,
postponed : \>& he him of dyde
isern-byrnan {doffed his iron corse-
lei), 672.

ofer, prep. w. dat. and ace., over,
above: i) w. dat., over (rest, lo
cality) : Wigiaf siteS ofer Bio-
wulfe, 2908; ofer a'Selinge, 1245;
ofer eorftan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer
wer-J?eode {over the earth, among
mankind}, 900; ofer y'Sum, 1908;
ofer hron-rade {over the sea), ic;
so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealo-
waege {over the beer-cup, drink
ing), 481. — 2) w. ace. of motion :
a) over (local) : ofer y^e {over the
•waves}, 46, 1910; ofer swan-ride
{over the swan-road, the sea), 200;
ofer wosgholm, 217; ofergeofenes
be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297,

246

GLOSSARY.

393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan
(over the gangway), 231; ofer
landa fela (over many lands), 31 1 ;
so, 1405, 1406; ofer heahne hrof
{along upon (under?) the high
roof), 984; ofer eormen-grund
(over the whole earth), 860; ofer
«alle (over all, on all sides), 2900,
650; so, 1718; — 606,900,1706;
ofer borda gebrac (over, above, the
crashing of shields), 2260; ofer
bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119.
Temporal: ofer J>i niht (through
the night, by night), 737. b) w.
verbs of saying, speaking, about,
of, concerning: he ofer benne
sprac, 2725. c) beyond, over: ofer
min ge-met (beyond my power),
2880; — hence, against, contrary
to : he ofer willan gi<5ng (went
against his will), 2410; ofer ealde
riht (against the ancient laws, i.e.
the ten commandments), 2331;
— also, without : w!g ofer waepen
(war sans, dispensing with, weap
ons), 686; — temporal •= after :
ofer eald-gewin (after long, an
cient, suffering), 1782.

ofer-hygd, st. n., arrogance, pride,
conceit : gen. pi. ofer-hygda, 1741 ;
ofer-hyda, 1761.

ofer-maffum, st. m., very rich treas
ure : dat. pi. ofer-ma'Smum, 2994.

ofer-magen, st. n., over-might, su
perior numbers : dat. sg. mid ofer-
magene, 2918.

ofer-J»earf, st. f., dire distress, need:
dat. sg. [for ofer] >ea[rfe], 2227.

oft, adv., often, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858,
908, 1066, 1239, etc.;' oft [no],
seldan, 2030; oft nalles sene, 3020;
so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor,
1580. Superl. oftost, 1664.

oni-, on-. See am-, an-.

ombiht. See ambiht.

oncer. See ancer.
ond. See and.
ons$n. See ans£n.

on, prep. w. dat. and ace., signifying
primarily touching on, contact with:
I. local, w. dat. : a) on, upon, in
at (of exterior surface) : on heah-
stede (in the high place), 285; on
minre fiftel-tyrf (in my native
place), 410; on J>am meftel-stede,
1083; so, 2004; on )>am holm-
clife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan
(on earth), 1197; so, 1533,2997;
on )>sere medu-bence (on the mead-
bench), 1053; beornas on blancum
(the heroes on the dapple-greys),
857,etc.; on raste (in bed), 1299;
on stapole (at, near, the pillar),
927; on wealle, 892; on wage (on
the wall), 1663; on )>ani wal-
stenge (on the battle-lance), 1639;
on eaxle (on his shoulder), 817,
1548; on bearme, 40; on bre6s-
t u in, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on
handa (in his hand), 495, 540;
so, 555, 766; on him byrne scan
(on him shone the corselet), 405;
on ore (at the front), 1042; on
corSre (at the head of, among, his
troop), 1154; scip on ancre (the
ship at anchor), 303 ; J>at he on
heafte ge-stod (until he stood in
the hall), 404; on fader stale (in
a father's place), 1480; on y5um
(on the waves, in the water), 2IO,
421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on
e"g-streamum, 577; on segl-ride,
1438, etc.; on flode, 1367. The
prep, postponed : Freslondum on,
2358. — b) in, inside of (of inside
surface) : secg on searwum (a
champion in armor), 249; so,
963; on wig-geatwum, 368; (re-
ced) on )>am se rica bad (in which
the mighty one abode), 310; on

GLOSSARY.

247

Heorote (in Heorot}, 475, 497,
594, 1303 ; on beor-sele, 492, 1095 ;
on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017,
1026, etc.; on burgum (in the
cities, boroughs'), 53; on helle,
101; on sefan minum (in my
mind}, 473; on mode, 754; so,
755. 949. 1343. 17J9> etc.; on aldre
(in his vitals), 1435; on rniddan
(in medio), 2706. — c) among,
amid: on searwum (among the
arms}, 1558; ongemonge (among
the troop}, 1644; on }>am leod-
scipe (among the people}, 2198;
nym'Se liges faiSm swulge on swa-
cSule (unless the embracing flame
should swallow it in smoke}, 783;
— in, -with, touched by, possessing
something: b& was on salum sinces
brytta (then was the dispenser of
treasure in joy}, 608; so, 644,
2015; was on hreon mode, 1308;
on sweofote (in sleep}, 1582, 2296;
heo was on ofste (she was in haste} ,
1293; so, 1736, 1870; b& was on
blode brim weallende (there was
the flood billowing in, with, blood},
848; (he) was on sunde (was a-
swimming}, 1619; was to fore-
mihtig feond on fe"$e (too powerful
in speed}, 971; J>aer was swlgra
secg ... on gylpspraece (there was
the champion more silent in his
boasting speech}, 982; — in ; full
cf, representing, something: on
vveres wastmum (in man's form},
1353. — d) attaching to, hence pro
ceeding from ; from something :
ge-hyrde on Beowulfe fast-rsedne
ge-boht (heard in, from, B. the
fixed resolve}, 610; bat he ne met-
te . . . on elran men mund-gripe
maran, 753; — hence, with verbs
of taking : on taste genam (took
from his bed}, 122; so, 748, 2987 ;

hit aer on }>e gode be-geaton (took
it before from thee}, 2249. — e)
with : swa" hit lungre wearS on
hyra sinc-gifan sire ge-endod (as
it, too, soon painfully came to an
end with the dispenser of treasure},
2312. — f) by: mag bonne on
bam golde ongitan Geata dryhten
(the lord of the Gedtas may per
ceive by the gold}, 1485. — g) to,
after weorftan : bat he on fylle
wear's (that he came to a fall } , 1 545 .
With ace. : a) w. verbs of mov
ing, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up
to, on, upon, in : a-ledon J>i leofne
beoden ... on bearm scipes, 35 ;
on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212,
225; b& him mid scoldon on flodes
seht feor ge-witan, 42; se J>e wiS
Brecan wunne on sidne sse (who
strovestin a swimming-match with
B. on the broad sea}, 507, cf. 516;
bat ic on holma ge-^ring eorlscipe
efnde (that I should venture on
the sea to do valiant deeds}, 2133;
on feonda geweald siftian, 809;
J>Sra be on swylc stara'S, 997 ; so,
1781; on lufan bete^S hworfan
(lets him turn his thoughts to lovel,
to possessions?}, 1729; him on mod
beam (came into his mind, oc
curred to him}, 67; rsesde on bone
rofan (rushed on the powerful one},
2691; (cwom) on worSig (came
into the palace}, 1973; so, 27, 242,
253, 5I2> 539, 58o> 677> 726, etc.;
on weg {away}, 764, 845, 1383,
1431, 2097. — \>}against (= wrS) :
gode gewyrcean ... on fader wine
(pi.), 21. — c) aim or object, to,
for the object, for, as, in, on : on
bearfe (in his need, in his strait},
1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes
miclan bearfe, 2850; wrd'Sum on
andan (as a terror to the foe}, 7095

248

GLOSSARY.

HrSSgir maftelode him on and-
sware (said to him in reply), 1841 ;
betst beado-rinca was on bad gearu
(on the pyre ready), I no; wlg-
heafolan bar frean on fultum (for
help), 2663; wearS on bid wrecen
(forced to waif), 2963. — d) ground,
reason, according to, in conformity
with : rodera nedend hit on ryht
gescSd (decided it in accordance
with right), 1556; ne me swor fela
&"Sa on unriht (swore no oaths un
justly, falsely), 2740; on spe"d(j<foV-
fully), 874; nallas on gylp seleS
fatte \x£.gas(giveth no gold-wrought
rings as he promised), 1750; on
slnne selfes dom (boastingly, at his
own will), 2148; him eal worold
wendeS on willen (according to his
will), 1740. — e) w. verbs of buy
ing, for, in exchange for : me ic
on ma"Sma hord mine be-bohte
frSde feorh-lege (for the hoard of
jewels'), 2800. — f) of, as to: ic
on HigelSce w&t, Geata dryhten
(/ know with respect to, as to, of,
ff.), 1831; so, 2651; Hit he6 on
aenigne eorl ge-lyfde fyrena fr8fre
(that she should rely on any earl
for help out of trouble), 628; )>&
hie ge-trflwedon on twa" heal fa (on
both sides, mutually), 1096; so,
2064; J>at )>u him ondnedan ne
hearft . . . on \>£ healfe (from, on
(his side), 1676. — g) after super
latives or virtual superlatives =
among: nas . . . sinc-ma"S'5um
sSlra (=J>atwassinc-ma"5mase'lest)
on sweordes hid (there was no bet
ter jewel in sword's shape, i.e.
among all swords there was none
better), 2194; se was Hr8$g4re
haleSa Ie6fost on ge-sl$es hikl
(dearest of men as, in the charac
ter of,foUvwert etc.), 1298.

II. Of time: a) w. dat., in,
inside of, during, at: on fyrste
(in time, within the time appoint
ed), 76; on uhtan (at dawn),
126; on mergenne (at morn, on
the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht,
575; on wanre niht 703; on tyn
dagum, 3J6i; so, 197, 719, 791,
1063, etc.; ongeogo'Se (inyouth),
409, 466; on geogoft-feore, 537;
so, 1844; on orlege (in, during,
battle), 1327; hu lomp e<5w on lide
(on the way), 1988; on gange (in
going, en route), 1885; on sweo-
fote (in sleep), 1582. — b) w. ace.,
towards, about : on undern-mael
(in the morning, about midday),
1429; on morgen-tld, 484, 518;
on morgen, 838; on ende-staf
(toward the end, at last), 1754;
oftor micle J>onne on scnne si5
(far oftener than once), 1580.

III. With particles : him on efn
(beside, alongside of, him), 2904;
on innan (inside, within), 71,1 741,
1969, 2453, 2716; J^er on innan
(in there) , 2090, 2215, 2245 . With
the relative he often separated
from its case : J>e ic her on starie
(that I here look on, at), 2797;
}>e ge her on standaS (that ye
there stand in), 2867.

on-c^ff (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's
Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., pain, suffer
ing: nom. sg., 1421; ace. sg. or
pi. on-cyiSSe, 831.

on-c7rysne, adj., frightful, terrible :
ace. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.

onettan (for anettan, from root
an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe,
panf), w. v., to hasten : pret. pi.
onetton, 306, 1804.

on-licnes, st. f., likeness, form, fig-
ure : nom. sg., 1352.

on-medla, w. m., pride, arrogant:

GLOSSARY.

249

dat. sg. for on-median, 2927. Cf.
Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218
seqq.

on-saege, adj., tending to fall, fatal ' :
nom. sg. )>a was Hondscio (dat.)
hild on-stege, 2077; Hseftcynne
wear's . . . gfr5 on-ssege, 2484.

on-weald, st. m., power, authority :
ace. sg. (him) bega ge-hwa"5res
. . . onweald ge-teah (gave him
power over, possession of, both},
1044.

open, adj., open : ace. sg. hord-
wynne fond . . . opene standan,
2272.

openian, w. v., to open, w. ace. : inf.
openian, 3057.

ore (O.S. ore, Goth, atirkei-s), st. m.,
crock, vessel, can : nom. pi. orcas,
3048; ace. pi. orcas, 2761.

orcne, st. m., sea-monster : nom. pi.
orcneas, 112.

ord, st. n. point : nom. sg. o'S J>at
wordes ord breost-hord J>urh-brac
(till the word-point broke through
his breast-hoard, came to utter
ance}, 2792; ace. sg. ord (sword-
poinf), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.),
556; on orde (at the head of, in
front [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.

ord-fruma, w. m., head lord, high
prince: nom. sg., 263.

oret-mecg, st. m., champion, war
rior, rfiilitary retainer : nom. pi.
oret-mecgas, 363, 481; ace. pi.
oret-mecgas, 332.

oretta, w. m., champion, fighter,
hero: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.

or-leg, st. n., war, battle : dat. sg.
on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges,
2408.

or-leg-hwil, st. f., time of battle,
war-time: nom. sg. [ or-leg] -hwil,
2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwile, 2912;
gen. pi. orleg-hwHa, 2428.

or-leahtre, adj., blameless : nom. sg.

1887.
or-]>anc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid

or-}>ance = argumento in Haupt
XI., 436; orj?ancum = machina-
mentis, ibid. 477; or-}>anc-scipe =
mechanica, 479), st. m., mechani
cal art, skill : instr. pi. or-^oncum,
2088; smiles or-J>ancum, 406.

or-wena, adj. (weak form), hopeless,
despairing, w. gen. : aldres or-
w£na (hopeless of life}, 1003, 1566.

or-wearde, adj., unguarded, with
out watch or guard: nom. sg., 31 28.

oruff, st. n., breath, snorting: nom.
sg., 2558; dat. orefte, 2840.

681 (Goth, und, O.H.G. unt, unz) :
i) prep. w. ace., to, till, up to, only
temporal : o'S bone anne dag, 2400;
6ft domes dag, 3070; oft woruld-
ende, 3084. — 2) 6ft f>at, conj. w.
depend, indicative clause, till, tin-
til, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145, 219, 296,
307, etc.

Offer (Goth. an}>ar), num. : i) one or
other of two, a second, = alter : nom.
sg. subs. : se ofter, 2062 ; ofter (one,
i.e. of my blood-relations, Hseftcyn
and Hygelac), 2482; 6x5er . . . o'oer
(the one . . . the other), 1350-1352.
Adj. : ofter . . . mihtig man-sceafta
(the second mighty, fell foe, refer
ring to 1350), 1339; se 6'Ser . . .
hale, 1816; fern, niht 65er, 2118;
neut. 6'Ser geir (the next, second,
year}, 1134; ace. sg. m. o'Serne,
653, 1861, 2441, 2485; Jjenden
reafode rinc o'Serne (whilst one
warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor
robbed Ongenj^eow), 2986; nent.
6'Ser swylc (another such, an eqval

250

GLOSSARY.

number}, 1 584; instr. sg. 8Sresl$e
(for tke second time, again), 2671,
3102; dat. sg. oorum, 815, 1030,
1166, 1229, 1472,2168,2172, etc.;
gen. sg. m. SSres dogores, 219,
606; neut. 6$res, 1875. — 2)another,
a different one, = alius : nom. sg.,
subs. 6$er, 1756; Goer menig (no
other), %(x>. Adj.: oenigoSerman,
5°3» 534; so» '561; ofler in (a
different house or room), 1301;
ace. sg. ofter flet, 1087; gen. sg.
GSres . . . yrfe-weardes, 2452; ace.
pi. ealo drincende S5er sedan (ale
drinkers said other things), 1946;
ace. pi. neut. word ofter, 871.

ftfer, st. m., shore : dat. sg. on ofre,
1372.

Ofost, st. f., haste : nom. sg. Sfost
is s&lest to gecytfanne (haste is
best to make known, best to say at
once), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. bed
J>u on ofeste (ofoste) (be in haste,
hasten), 386, 2748; onofste, 1293;
on fifoste, 2784, 3091.

Ofost-lice, adv., in haste, speedily,

3I3I-

0-hwaer, adv., anywhere, 1738, 2871.
Oniig, adj., rusty : nom. sg., 2764;

nom. pi. 8mige, 3050.
Or, st. n., beginning, origin; front :

nom. sg., 1689; ace. sg., 2408;

dat. sg. on 8re, 1042.
0-wib.t, anything, aught : instr. sg.

6-wihte (in any way), 1823, 2433.

pad, st. f., dress,- in comp. here-

pad.
paff, st. m., path, road, way; in

comp. an-pafi.
plega, w. m.,play, emulous contest ;

Hnd-plega, 1074.

raflfe, adv., quickly, immediately, 725.
Cf. hraffe.

rand, rond, st. m., shield : ace. sg.
rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610;
dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674;
under rande, 12 10; bl ronde, 2539 ;
ace. pi. randas, 231 ; rondas, 326,
2654. — Comp. : bord-, hilde-, sid-
rand.

rand-habbend, pres. part., shield-
bearer, i.e. man at arms, -war
rior'-: gen. pi. rond-habbendra, 862.

rand-wfga, w. m., shield-warrior,
shield-bearing warrior : nom. sg.,
1299; ace. sg. rand-wlgan, 1794.

r&d, st. f., road, street ; in comp.
hran-, segl-, swan-rfld.

ge-rad, adj., clever, skilful, ready:
ace. pi. neut. ge-ride, 874.

rap, st. m., rope, bond, fetter : in
comp. wal-rap.

rasian, w. v., to find, discover : pret.
part. hS was hord rdsod, 2284.

rast. See rest.

raccan, w. v., to reach, reach after :
pret. sg. raehte ongean fe6nd mid
folme (reached out his hand toward
the foe), 748.

ge-raecan, to attain, strike, attack :
pret. sg. hyne . . . wsepne ge-raehte
(struck him with his sword), 2966;
so, 556.

raed, st. m. : l) advice, counsel, res
olution ; good counsel, help : nom.
sg. nu is raed gelong eft at )>e inum
(now is help to be found with thee
alone), 1377; ace. sg. ned, 172,
278, 3081. — 2) advantage, gain,
use : ace. sg. )>at ned talaiS (counts
that again), 2028; 6cne ned (the
eternal gain, ever lasting life), 1 202 ;
ace. pi. See raedas, 1761. — Comp.:
folc-raed, and adj., in-, faest-ned.

GLOSSARY.

251

raed.oi, st. v., to rule; reign; to
possess : pres. part, rodera rsedend
(the ruler of the heavens), 1556;
inf. {'one }>e t>u mid rihte rsedan
sceoldest (that thou shouldst pos
sess by rights), 2057; wolde dom
godes dsedum rsedan gumena ge-
hwylcum (God's doom would rule
over, dispose of, every man in
deeds'), 2859. See sele-raedend.

raed-bora, w. m. counsellor, adviser :
nom. sg., 1326.

reeden, st. f., order, arrangement,
law: ace. sg. nedenne(?), 51;
comp. worold-rseden.

a - raeran, w. v. : I ) to raise, lift up :
pret. pi. fc>a waeron monige )>e his
maeg . . . ricone S-raerdon (there
•were many that lifted up his brother*
quickly), 2984. — 2) figuratively,
to spread, disseminate : pret. part,
blaed is S-rsered (thy renown is
far-spread}, 1704.

raes, st. m., on-rush, attack, storm :
ace. sg. gftfte rses (the storm of bat
tle, attack], 2627; instr. pi. gu'Se
rsesum,2357. — Comp. : guti-, hand-,
hea'So-, magen-, wal-rses.

raesan, w. v., to rush (upon) : pret.
sg. rsesde on J?one r8fan, 2691.

raeswa, w. m., prince, ruler ? dat.
sg. weoroda rasswan, 60.

reccan, \v. v., to explicate, recount,
narrate : inf. frum-sceaft fira feor-
ran reccan (recount the origin of
man from ancient times), 91 ;
gerund, to lang is to reccenne, hu
ic . . . (too long to tell how I . . .),
2094; pret. sg. syllic spell rente
{told a wondrous tale), 21 ii; so
mtrans. feorran rehte (told of olden
times), 2107.

reced, st. n., building, house ; hall
(complete in itself) : nom. sg.,
412, 771, 1800; acs. sg., 1238;

dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573;
gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089;
gen. pi. receda, 310. — Comp.:
eor^S-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.

regn-heard, adj., immensely strong,
firm : ace. pi. rondas regn-hearde,
326.

regnian, rciiiaii, w. v., to prepare,
bring on or about: inf. dea'S
r£n[ian] hond-gesteallan {prepare
death for his comrade), 2169.

ge-regnian,/"0 prepare, deck out,
adorn : pret. part, medu-benc mo-
nig . . . golde ge-regnad, 778.

regn-, ren-weard, st. m., mighty
guardian : nom. pi. r^n-weardas
(of Beowulf and Grendel contend
ing for the possession of the hall),
771.

rest, rast, st. f. : i) bed, resting-
place: ace. sg. raste, 139; dat. sg.
on raste (genam) {from his resting-
place), 1299, 1586; to raste (to
bed), 1238. Comp.: flet-rast, sele-
rest, wal-rest. — 2) repose, rest;
in comp. sefen-rast.

ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., rest
ing-place : in comp. wind-gereste.

restan, w. v. : i) to rest: inf. res-
tan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex, reste
hine J^a rum-heort, 1 800. — 2) to
rest, cease : inf., 1858.

rSc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., reek,
smoke: instr. sg. r8ce, 3157. —
Comp. : wal-, wudu-rSc.

recan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w.
gen., to reck, care about something,
be anxious : pres. sg. III. wrepna
ne re'ce'S (rtcktA not for -weapons,
weapons cannot hurt him), 434.

reffe, adj., wroth, furious : nom. sg.,
122, 1586; nom. pi. r&$e, 771.
Also, of things, wild, rough,f,erce :
gen. sg. re"Ses and-hattres {fierce,
penetrating heat), 2524.

252

GLOSSAEY.

reaf, st. n., booty, plunder in -war;
clothing, garments (as taken by the
victor from the vanquished) : in
comp. heaflo-, wal-reaf.

reaflan,w.v.,/0//w«<&r,r0£,w. ace. :
inf. hord realian, 2774; pret. sg.
Jjcnden reafode rinc 35erne, 2986;
wal reafode, 3028; pret. pi. wal
reafedon, 1213.

be-reafian, w. instr., to bereave,
rob of: pret. part, since be-redfod,
2747; golde be-reafod, 3019.

reord, st. f., speech, language ; tone
of voice : ace. sg. on-cniow mannes
reorde (knew, heard, a human
voice}, 2556.

reordian, w. v., to speak, talk : inf.
fela reordian (speak much}, 3026.

ge-reordian,/0 entertain, to pre
pare for: pret. part. J>4 was eft
sw£ xi . . . flet-sittendum fagere
ge-reorded (again, as before, the
guests were hospitably entertained},
1789.

reot, st. m.?, f.?, noise, tumult!
(graveT) : instr. sg. reote, 2458.
Bugge, in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 215,
takes refite as dat. from re8t (rest,
repose) .

re6c, adj., savage, furious : nom. sg.,
122.

be- re6fan, st. v., to rob of, bereave :
pret. part. w. instr. ace. sg. fern,
golde berofene, 2932; ace. pi. n.
reote berofene, 2458.

re6n. See rOwan.

reotiin, st. v., to weep : pres. pi. 6$
Hit . . . roderas retftafl, 1377.

re6w, adj., excited, fierce, -wild: in
comp. b!8d-, gflS-, \val-re<5w. See
hre6w.

rlcone, hastily, quickly, immediate
ly, 2984.

rlht, st. n., right or privilege; the
(abstract) right: ace. sg. on ryht

(according to right), 1556; s6"S
o.nd riht (truth and right}, 1701;
dat. sg. \viS rihte, 144; after rihte
(in accordance with right}, 1050;
sylllc spell rehte after rihte (told a
wondrous tale truthfully}, 2III;
mid rihte, 2057 ; ace. pi. ealde riht
(the ten commandments}, 2331;
— Comp. in S$el-, folc-, land-, un-,
word-riht.

rlht, adj., straight, right: in comp.
up-riht.

rihte, adv., rightly, correctly, 1696.
See at-rihte.

rinc, st. m., man, warrior, hero :
nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Gren-
del, 721; ace. sg. rinc, 742, 748;
dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hr&iSgdr,
1678; gen.pl. rinca, 412, 729. —
Comp. in beado-, gfr5-, here-, hea-
'So-, hilde-, mago-, sze-rinc.

ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., appro
priate, proper: nom. sg. n. ge-
rysne, 2654.

rice, st. n. : i) realm, land ruled
over: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; ace.
sg. rice, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005;
gen. sg. rices, 862, 1391, 1860,
2028, 3081. Comp. Swi6-rlce. —
2) council of chiefs, the king with
his chosen advisers(l}\ nom. sg.
oft gesat rice t& rflne, 172.

rice, adj., mighty, powerful : nom.
sg. (of HroiSgdr), 1238; (of Hy-
gelSc), 1210; (of Asc-here), 1299;
weak form, se rica (HrBSgir),
310; (Be6wulf ), 399; (HygeUtc),
1976. — Comp. gimme-rice.

ricsian, rixian, w. v. intrans., to
rule, reign: inf. ricsian, 2212;
pret. sg. rlxode, 144.

ridan, st. v., to ride : subj. pres. )>at
his byre ride giong on gealgan,
2446; pres. part. nom. pi. rtdend,
2458; inf. wicge rldan, 234; mea-

GLOSSARY.

253

rum ridan, 856; pret. sg. sse-genga
. . . se J>e on ancre r&d, 1884; him
to-geanes rM (rode to meet theni),
1894; pret. pi. ymbe hlsew riodan
(rode round the grave-mound},

ge-ridan, w. ace., to ride over:
pret. sg. se }>e na's ge-rdd (who rode
over the promontory), 2899.

rim, st. n., series, number : in comp.
dag-, un-rtm.

ge-rim, st. n., series, number: in
comp. dogor-ge-rim.

g e - riman, w. v., to count together,
enumerate in all: pret. part, in
comp. forS-gerimed.

£ - risan, st. v., to arise, rise : imper.
sg. S-ris, 1391; pret. sg. aura's )>&
se rica, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031;
a-r&s J>a" bi ronde (arose by his
shield}, 2539; hwanan sio fsefrS
a'-ra's (whence the feud arose}, 2404.

rodor, st. m., ether, firmament, sky
(from radiusl, Bugge) : gen. sg.
rodores candel, 1573; nom. pi.
roderas, 1377; dat. pi. under rode-
rum, 310; gen. pi. rodera, 1556.

r6f, adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic,
strength, strong: nom. sg., 2539;
also with gen. magenes rof
(strong in might}, 2085; so, }>eah
)>e he rof sie nii5-geweorca, 683;
ace. sg. rofne, 1794; on J>one rofan,
2691. — Comp.: beadu-, brego-,
ellen-, hea'So-, hyge-, sige-rof.

rOt, adj., glad, joyous ; in comp. un-
rot.

rd\van, st. v., to row (with the arms),
swim : pret. pi. re6n (for reowon),

5*2. 539-
ruin, st. m., space, room : nom. sg.,

2691.
rum, adj. : i) roomy, spacious : nom.

sg. }>uhte him call t8 rum, wongas

and wic-stede (fields and dwelling

seemed to him all too broad, i.e.
could not hide his shame at the
unavenged death of his murdered
son), 2462. — 2) in moral sense,
great, magnanimous, noble-heart
ed: ace. sg. jmrh rumne sefan, 278.

rum-heort, adj., big-hearted, noble-
spirited : nom. sg., 1800, 2ii I.

g e - rum-lice, adv., commodiously,
comfortably : compar.ge-rum-licor,

^39-

run, st. f., secrecy, secret discussion,
deliberation or council: dat. sg.
ge-sat rice to rune, 1 72. — Comp.
beado-run.

run-staf, st. m., rune-stave, runic
letter: ace. pi. J>urh run-stafas, 1696.

run-wita, w. m., rune-wit, privy
councillor, trusted adviser : nom.
sg., 1326.

g e - rysne. See g e - risne.

ge - ryitmii, w. v. : i) to make room
for, prepare, provide room : pret.
pi. J>a't hie him o'Ser net eal ge-
rymdon, 1087; pret. part. >& was
Geat-macgum . . . benc gerymed,
492; so, 1976. — 2) to allow, grant,
admit : pret. part. K me ge-r^med
was (sift) (as access was permitted
me}, 3089; \>£ him gerymed wearS,
J>at hie wal-stowe wealdan moston,
2984.

S

g e - saca, w. m., opponent,

nist, foe: ace. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.

sacan, st. v., to strive, contend: inf.
ymb feorh sacan, 439.

ge-sacan, to attain, gain by con
tending (Grein) : inf.gesacansceal
siwl-berendra . . . gearwe stowe
(gain the place prepared, i.e. the
death-bed), 1005.

254

GLOSSARY.

on-sacan: i) (originally in a law
suit), to withdraw, lake away, de
prive of: pres. subj. hatte freo'Su-
webbe feores on-sSce . . . Ie6fne
mannan, 1943. — 2) to contest, dis
pute, withstand: inf. Hit he sae-
mannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord,
beam, and bryde), 2955.

sac u, st. f., strife, hostility, fend :
nom. sg., 1858, 2473; ace. sg. sace,
154; sa'cce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500,
2563; dat. sg. at (tS) sa'cce, 954,
1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682,
2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen.
pi. sacca, 2030.

g e - s a c u , st. f., strife, enmity : nom.

sg., 1738.

sadol, st. m., saddle : nom. sg., 1039.

sadol-beorht, adj., with bright sad
dles ( ?) : ace. pi. sadol - beorht,
2176.

ge-saga. See secgan.

saiiine, soinnc, adv., together, uni
ted; in at-somne, together, united,
307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.

td-somne (together), 3123; J4 se
wyrm ge-beah snude t8-somne
(when the dragon quickly coiled
together}, 2569.

samod, somod : I. adv., simultane
ously, at the same time: somod, 1 2 1 2,
1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197;
samod at-gadere, 387, 730, 1064. —
II. prep. w. dat., with, at the same
time with : samod aer-dage (with
the break of day), 1312; somod
zer-dage, 2943.

sand, st. n., sand, sandy shore : dat.
sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3°43(?);
after sande (along the shore), 1965;
wi5 sande, 213.

sang, st. m., song, cry, noise : nom.
sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang sco
pes, 90; ace. sg. sige-leasne sang
(Grendel's cry of woe), 788; &&-

rigne sang (Hre"5el's dirge for
Herebeald), 2448.

sal, st. m., rope : dat. sg. sale, 1907;
on sdle (sole, MS.), 302.

sal. See sael.

sar, st.n., wound, pain (physical or
spiritual) : nom. sg. sir, 976; si6
sir, 2469; ace. sg. sir, 788; sire,
2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sire, 1252,
2312, 2747. — Comp. Ik-sir.

s&r, adj., sore, painful: instr. pi.
sirum wordum, 2059.

sire, adv., sorely, heavily, ill, gravi-
ter: se J>e him [si] re gesceSd
(who injured him sorely), 2224.

sarig, adj., painful, woeful: ace. sg.
sarigne sang, 2448.

sarlg - ferff, adj., sore - hearted,
grieved: nom. sg. sing-fedS (Wlg-
laf), 2864.

sarig-mOd, adj., sorrowful-minded,
saddened: dat. pi. sdrig-mSdum,
2943.

sar-l!c, adj., painful: nom. sg.,
843; ace. sg. neut., 2110.

sawol, s&wl, st. f., soul (the immor
tal principle as contrasted with lif,
the physical life) : nom. sg. sdwol,
2821; ace. sg. sawle, 184, 802;
hce'Sene sSwle, 853; gen. sg. sd-
wele, 1743; siwle, 1743.

s&wl-berend, pres. part., endowed
with a soul, human being: gen.
pi. sSwl-berendra, 1005.

sjlwul-dre6r, st. n., (blood gushing
from the seat of the soul), soul-
gore, hearfs blood, life's blood:
instr. sg. siwul-dridre, 2694.

sawul-leas, adj., soulless, lifeless:
ace. sg.siwol-leasne, 1407; sfiwul-
leasne, 3034.

sace, sacce. See sacu.

sad, adj., satiated, wearied: in comp.
hilde-sad.

sal, st. n., habitable space, house*

GLOSSARY.

255

hall: dat. sg. sel, 167; sal, 307,
2076, 2265.

said, st. n., hall, king's hall or pal
ace : ace. sg. geond )>at said (Heo-
rot), 1281.

sae, st. m. and f., sea, ocean : nom.
sg., 579, 1224; ace. sg. on sidne
sae, 507; ofer see, 2381; ofer see
side, 2395; dat. sg. to sae, 318; on
sse, 544; dat. pi. be ssem tweonum,
859, 1298, 1686, 1957.

sae-bat, st. m., sea-boat: ace. sg.,
634, 896.

sae-cyning, st. m., sea-king, king
ruling the sea : gen.pl. sae-cyninga,

2383;

sae-deor, st. n., sea-beast, sea-mon
ster : nom. sg., 1511.

sae-draca, w. m., sea-dragon : ace.
pi. sae-dracan, 1427.

ge-saegan, w. v., to fell, slay : pret.
part, hafdon eal-fela eotena cynnes
sweordum ge-sreged (felled with
the szvord}, 885.

saege. See on-saege.

sae-genga, w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea
going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.

sae-geap, adj., spacious (broad
enough for the sea) : nom. sg. sae-
geap naca, 1897.

sae-grund, st. m., sea-bottom, ocean-
bottom : dat. sg. sce-grunde, 564.

sael, sal, sel, st. f. : i) favorable
opportunity, good or ft time : nom.
sg. sael, 623, 1666, 2059; sael and
msel, 1009; ace. sg. s81e, 1136;
gen. pi. saela and maela, 1612. —
2) Fate(l} : gen. sg. se"le raedenne,
51. — 3) happiness, joy : dat. pi.
on sdlum, 608; saelum, 644, 1171,
1323. See sel, adj.

g e - sselan, \v. v., to ttirn out favor
ably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge-
sselde }>at . . . (he was fortunate
enough to, etc.), 891; so, 574;

efne swylce msela, swylce hira
man-dryhtne t>earf ge-saelde (at
such times as need disposed it for
their lord}, 1251.

saelan (see sal), w. v., to tie, bind :
pret. sg. soslde . . . sift-faftme scip,
1918; pi. sse-wudu saeldon, 226.

ge-saelan, to bind together, weave,
interweave : pret. part, earm-beaga
fela searwum ge-saeled (many cu
riously interwoven armlets, i.e.
made of metal wire : see Guide to
Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48),.
2765.

on-saelan, with ace., to unbindt
unloose, open : on-sael meoto, sige-
hre5 secgum (disclose thy views to
the men, thy victor's courage ; or,
thy presage of victory")}, 489.

sae-lac, st. n., sea-gift, sea-booty :
instr. sg. sae-lace, 1625 ; ace. pL
}^s saa-l^c, 1653.

sae-lad, st. f., sea-way, sea-journey .-
dat. sg. sas-lMe, 1140, 1158.

sae-liffend, pres. part., seafarer :
nom. pi. sae-li^end, 411, 1819,
2807; sas-li'Sende, 377.

sae-man, m., sea-man, sea-warrior :
dat. pi. sas-mannum, 2955; gen. pi.
see-manna, 329 (both times said of
the Geatas).

saemra, weak adj. compar., the
worse, the weaker: nom.sg. saemra,
2881 ; dat. sg. saemran, 954.

sae-meffe, adj., sea-weary, exhausted1
by sea-travel: nom. pi. sse-me'Se,

325-

sae-nas, st. m., sea-promontory, cdpet
naze : ace. pi. sas-nassas, 223, 571.

saene, adj., careless, slow: compar.
sg. nom. he on holme was sundes
bS saenra, J>e hyne swylt fornam
(was the slower in swimming in
the sea, whom death took away),
1437-

256

GLOSSARY.

see-rlnc, st. m., sea-warrior or hero :
nom. sg., 691.

sie-siff, st. m., sea-way, path, jour
ney : dat. sg. after sae-siSe, 1150.

fi&e-wang, st. m., sea-shore we beach:
ace. sg. soe-wong, 1965.

s;p-weal, st. m., (sea-wall} , sea
shore: dat. sg. soe-wealle, 1925.

Ktc-wudu, st. m., (sea-wood'), vessel,
ship : ace. sg. sas-wudu, 226.

sse-wylm, st. m., sea-surf, billow :
ace. pi. ofer sae-wylmas, 393.

scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, to
shake one's self; hence, to go, glide,
pass along 'or away: pres. sg. bonne
mln sceacefl llf of lice, 2743; inf.
J>a com beorht [sunne] scacan
[ofer grundas], (the bright sun
came gliding over the fields') , 1 804 ;
pret. sg. dugufl ellor scoc (the
chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e.
have died), 2255 ; >onne straela
storm . . . scoc ofer scild-weall
(when the storm of arrcnvs leapt
over the wall of shields'), 3119;
pret. part, was hira blaed scacen
(their strengtfi (breath?) had passed
away), 1125; )>& was winter sca
cen (the winter was past), 1137;
so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.

ecadu, sceadu, st. m., shadow, con-
cealingveil of night: ace. sg. under
sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.

scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer,
twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom.
sg. sceadu-genga, 704.
Bcadu-helm, st. m., shadow-helm,
veil of darkness : gen. pi. scadu-
helma ge-sceapu (shapes of the
shadow, evil spirits wandering by
nighf), 651.
scalu, st. f., retinue, band (part of
an armed force) ; in comp. hand-
scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-
•cole), 1318, 1964.

scamian, w. v., to be ashamed : pres.
part. nom. pi. scamiende, 2851;
n3 he >aere feoh-gyfte . . . scami-
gan J>orfte (tteeded 'not be ashamed
of his treasure-giving), 1027.
scawa(see 8ceawlan),w. m., obser
ver, visitor : nom. pi. scawan, 1896.
e-scad, st. n., difference, distinc
tion : ace. sg. seg-hwaSres gescad,
worda and worca (difference be
tween, of, both words and deeds'), 288.
e - scadan, st. v., to decide, adjudge:
pret. sg. rodera rcedend hit on ryht
gescSd (decided it in accordance
with right), 1556.

scanan, redupl. verb?, to shine:
pret. pi. scidnon, 303. Cf. O.S.
pret. an-skian, from an-skenan
(Heliand, 5800).
ge-8cai>-liwile, st. f., fated hour,
hour of death (appointed rest?) :
dat. sg. to gescap-hwile (at the
fated hour), 26.

sceffffan, w. v., to scathe, injure:
inf. w. dat. pers., 1034 ; aldre sceS-
•o'an (hurt her Hfe~), 1525; >at on
land Dena laSra naenig mid scip-
herge sceOTan ne meahte (injure
through robber incursions), 243;
pret. sg. hoer him naenig water
wihte ne sce'Sede, 1515.
ge-sceiS'5an, the same : inf. J>at him
. . . ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre
gesceSSan, 1448.
scene, st.m^ vessel, can : in comp.

medu-scenc.

sccncan, w. v., to hand drink, pour
out : pret. sg. scencte scir wered,
496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer) .
socnnc, w. f.?, sword-guardl : dat.
pi. on bsem scennum sciran goldes,
1695.

soeran, st. v., to shear off, cleave,
hew to pieces : pres. sg. jxmne heoru
bunden . . . swin ofer helme and'

GLOSSARY.

257

weard scire'S (hews off the boar-
head on the helm}, 1288.

ge-sceran, to divide, hew in two :
pret. sg. helm oft ge-scar {often
clove the helm in two), 1527; so,
gescer, 2974.

scerwen, st. f. ?, in comp. ealu-scer-
wen (ale-scare or panic!}, 770.

scet. See sceotan.

sceadu. See scadu.

sceaffa, w. m. : i) scather,foe : gen.
pi. sceaftena, 4. — 2) fighter, war
rior : nom. pi. seaman, 1804. —
Comp. : attor-, dol-, feond-, gfr5-,
hearm-, leod-, man-, sin-, J>eod-,
uht-sceatia.

sceaffan, st. v. w. dat., to scathe, in
jure, crush : pret. sg. se J>e oft
manegum scod (which has oft op
pressed many}, 1888.

ge-scea'San, w. dat., the same:
pret. sg. swS him ser gescod hild at
Heorote, 1588; se >e him sire ge-
sceod (who injured him sorely},
2224; no \$ asr in gescod halan
lice, 1503; bill set gescod eald-
hlafordes )>am J>ara ma"Sma mund-
bora was (the weapon of the ancient
chieftain had before laid low the

. dragon, the guardian of the treas
ure}, 2778 (or, sheathed in brass!,
if ser and gescod form compound) .

sceaffen-mael, st. n., deadly weapon,
hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940.

sceaft, st. m., shaft, spear, missile :
nom. sg. sceft, 3119. — Comp.:
here-, wal-sceaft.

ge-sceaft, st. f. : l) creation, earth,
earthly existence : ace. sg. \>£s la>
nan ge-sceaft, 1623. — 2) fate, des
tiny : in comp. forfl-, lif-, masl-
gesceaft.

BCealc, st. m., servant, military re
tainer : nom. sg., 919; (of Beo
wulf), 940. — Comp. beor-scealc.

ge-sceap, st. n. : i) shape, creature :
nom. pi. scadu-helma ge-sceapu,
651. — 2) fate, providence: ace.
sg. heah ge-sceap (heavy fate},
3085.

sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st.
v., to shape, create, order, arrange,
establish : pres. part, scyppend
(the Creator}, 106; pret. sg. scop
him Heort naman (shaped, gave,
it the name Heorot}, 78; pres.
part, was sio wroht scepen heard
wiiS Hugas, sy'S'San Hygelac cwom
(the contest with the Hugas became
sharp after If. had come}, 2915.

ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret.
sg. iif ge-sceop cynna gehwylcum,

97-

scear, st. m., massacre: in comp.
gu~S-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.

scearp, adj., sharp, able, brave:
nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, 288.
— Comp. : beadu-, hea'So-scearp.

scearu, st. f., division, body, troop :
in comp. folc-scearu; that is de-
cidedoi determined, in gfl'S-scearu
(pverthroivT), 1214.

sceat, st. m., money ; also unit of
value in appraising (cf. Rieger in
Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415) : ace. pi.
sceattas, 1687. When numbers are
given, sceat appears to be left out,
cf. 2196, 2995 (see J>usend). —
Comp. gif-sceat.

sceat, st. m., region, field : ace. pi.
gefratwade foldan sceatas leomum
and leafum, 96; — top, surface,
part: gen. pi. eorftan sceata, 753.

scedwere, st. m., observer, spy :
nom. pi. sceaweras, 253.

sceawian, w. v. w. ace., to see, look
at, observe : inf. sceawian, 841,
1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033;
sceawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. f>at
ge genoge nean sceawia'S beagas

258

GLOSSARY.

and brad gold, 3105; subj. pres.
Hit ic . . . sceawige swegle searo-
gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scea-
wode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for
pi., 844; pret. pi. sceawedon, 132,
204, 984, 1441.

ge-sceawian, to see, behold, observe :

pret. part, ge-sceawod, 3076, 3085.

sceorp, st. n., garment: in comp.

hilde-sceorp.

soootan, st. v., to shoot, hurl missiles :
pres. sg. se be of Mn-bogan fyre-
num scetftefl, 1745; pres. part,
nom. pi. sce<5tend (the warriors,
bo-Mmeri), 704, 1155; dat. pi. for
sceotendum(MS.scotenum), 1027.
ge-sce6tan, w. ace., to shoot off,
hurry : pret. sg. hord eft gesceat
(the dragon darted again back to
the treasure), 2320.
of-sce6tan, to kill by shooting : pret.
PS- his rnrcg of-scSt . . . blodigan
gare (killed his brother with bloody
dari), 2440.

solid, scyld, st. m., shield ' : nom.
sg. scyld, 2571 ; ace. sg. scyld, 437,
2676 ; ace. pi. scyldas, 325, 333, 285 1 .
scildan, seyldan, w. v., to shield,
protect: pret. subj. nymfte mec god
scylde (if God had not shielded
me), 1659.

scild-freca, w. m., shield-warrior
(warrior armed with a shield) :
nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.
sclld-weall, st. m., wall of shields :

ace. sg. scild-weall, 3119.
soild-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior :

nom. sg. scyld- wiga, 288.
sclnna, w. m., apparition, evil spirit:

dat. pi. scynnum, 940.
Bclp, st. n., vessel, ship: nom. sg.,
302; ace. sg., 1918; dat. sg. to
scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35,
897; dat. pi. t3 scypum (scypon,
MS.), 1155.

sclp-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis),
armada, fleet: dat. sg. mid scip-
herge, 243.

ge-scife (for ge-scyfe), adj., ad
vancing (of the dragon's move
ment), 2571.

scfnan, st. v., to shine, flash : pres.
sg. sunne . . . su'San scinet?, 607 ;
so, 1572; inf. geseah blacne Ie6-
man beorhte scinan, 1518; pret.
sg. (gu5-byrne, woruld - candel)
scan, 321, 1966; on him byrne
sc&n, 405 ; pret. pi. gold-fag scinon
web after wagum, 995; scionon,
303; cf. scanan.

scir, adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom.
sg. hring-iren scir, 322; scir me-
tod, 980; ace. sg. n. scir wered,
496; gen. sg. sciran goldes, 1695.

scir-ham, adj., bright-armored, clad
in bright mail: nom. pi. scir-hame,
1896.

scoten. See sce6ten.

g e - scOd, pret. part., j/w</(calceatus) ,
covered: in comp. ser-ge-scod(?).
See ge-sceaffan.

scop, st. m., singer, shaper, poet :
nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. sco
pes, 90.

scraf, st. n., hole in the earth, cav
ern : in comp. eoriJ-scraf.

scriffau, st. v., to stride, go : pres.
pi. scriSa'5, 163; inf. scriftan, 651,
704; scriftan to, 2570.

scrifan, st. v., to prescribe, impose
(punishment) : inf. hfl him (Gren-
del) scir metod scrifan \ville, 980.

for-scrifan, w. dat. pers., to pro
scribe, condemn : pret. part. si5-
"San him scyppend for-scrifen haf-
de, 1 06.

ge-scrifan, to permit, prescribe:
pret. sg. swft him Wyrd ne ge-scraf
(as Weird did not permit him},
2575-

GLOSSARY.

259

scrud, st. m.,clothing, covering; or
nament : in comp. beadu-, byrdu-
scrud.

scucca, w. m., shadowy sprite, de
mon : dat. pi. scuccum, 940.

sc ula n, aux. v. w. inf.: l) shall,
must (obligation) : pres. sg. I., III.
sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287,
440,978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535,
etc.; seel, 455, 2805, 3011; II.
scealt, 589, 26675 subj. pres. scyle,
2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I.,
III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071,
1/144, I45°> etc-> sceolde, 2342,
2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceol-
dest, 2057; pi. scoldon, 41, 833,
1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde,
1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709. — 2) w.
inf. following it expresses futurity,
= shall, -will: pres. sg. I., III.
sceal beodan {shall offer}, 384;
so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707,
1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499,
2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pi.
\vit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde,
280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.—
3) sculan sometimes forms a peri
phrastic phrase or circumlocution
for a simple tense, usually with a
slight feeling of obligation or ne
cessity : pres. sg. he ge-wunian
sceall (he inhabits; is said to in-
habitl~), 2276; pret. sg. se be water-
€gesan wunian scolde, 1261; wac-
nan scolde (was to awake}, 85;
se }>one gomelan gretan sceolde
{was to, should, approach}, 2422;
}at se byrn-wiga bugan sceolde
{the corseleted warrior had to bow,
fell}, 2919; pi. }>& J>e beado-gri-
man bywan sceoldon {they that
had to polish or deck the battle-
masks'}, 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.
— 4) w. omitted inf., such as
wesan, gangan : unc sceal worn

fela ma'Sma ge-mrenra (i.e. wesan),
1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda
helm . . . fatum befeallen (i.e. we
san), 2256; ic him after sceal (i.e.
gangan), 2817; subj. }>onne Jm
for'S scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A
verb or inf. expressed in an ante
cedent clause is not again expressed
with a subsequent sceal: gselS 3
Wyrd swa" hio seel {Weird goeth
ever as it shall [go]), 455; gfr$-
bill ge-swac sw£ hit no sceolde
(i.e. ge-swican), 2586.

sc'fia, w. m., shadowy demon: in
comp. deaft-scua.

sc'ftfaii, st. v.: l) intrans., to move
forward, hasten : pret. part. J?d
was morgen-leoht scofen and scyn-
ded, 919. — 2) w. ace., to shove,
push: pret. pi. guman ut scufon
. . . wudu bundenne {pushed the
vessel from the land'}, 215; dracan
scufun . . . ofer weall-clif {pushed
the dragon over the wall-like cliff},
3132. See wid-scofen.

be-scufan, w. ace., to push, thrus!
doum, in : inf. wS. bii"t j?am ^e sceal
. . . siwle be-scufan in fyres fa'Sm
(woe to him that shall thrust his
soul into fire's embrace}, 184.

scur, st. m., shower, battle-shower :
in comp. isern-scur.

scur-heard, adj., fight-hardened?
{file-hardened")} : nom. pi. scur-
heard, 1034.

scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan .

scyldig, adj., under obligations or
bound for ; guilty of, w. gen. and
instr. : ealdres (morSres) scyldig,
I339» 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig
{guilty of evil deeds}, 3072.

scyndan, w. v., to hasten : inf. scyn-
dan, 2571 ; pret. part, scynded, 919

scynna. See scinna.

scyppend. See sceapan.

260

GLOSSARY.

scyrnn, w. v., to arrange, decide:
inf. hat hit scea'Sen-mael scyran
m6ste (that the sword must decide
if), 1940. O.N. skora, to score,
decide.

se^ne, adj., sheen, -well-formed, beau
tiful : nom. sg. magS scyne, 3017.

se, pron. dem. and article, the : m.
nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, IO2,
etc.; fern. se6, 66, 146, etc.; neut.
J>at; — relative: se (who), 1611,
2866; se he (he who}, 2293; seo
>e (she who}, 1446; se )>e (for seo
)>e), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261,
1498; (GrendePs mother, as a wild,
demonic creature, is conceived
now as man, now as woman:
woman, as having borne a son;
man, as the incarnation of savage
cunning and power); se for se6,
2422; dat. sg. J>am (for J>am J>e),
2780.

secce. See sacu.

secg, st. m., man, warrior, hero,
spokesman (secgan?) : nom. sg.,
208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Beo
wulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760,
etc.; (Wulfgar), 402; (Hunfer«),
981; (Wigiaf), 2864; ace. sg.
synnigne secg (Grendel's mother,
cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020;
nom. pi. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129;
dat. pl.secgum,49O; gen. pi. secga,
634, 843, 997, 1673.

seeg, st. f., sword (sedge?) : ace. sg.
secge, 685.

Bocgan, w. v., to say, speak : i) w.
ace. : pres. sg. gode ic hanc secge,
1998; so, 2796; pres. part, swa
se secg hwata secgende was li^ra
spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf.
secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret.
sg. sSgde him has leanes hanc,
1810; pret. sg. II. hwat hu worn
fela . . . sagdest from his stSe, 532.

— 2) without ace. : inf. swft we
sSSUce secgan harden, 273; pret.
sg. sagde, 2633, 2900. — 3) w. de
pend, clause : pres. sg. ic secge,
591; pi. III. secgaiS, 411; inf.
secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701,
1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. t8 sec-
ganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sagde,
90, 1176; pi. sagdon, 377, 2188;
soedan, 1946.

a-secgan (edicere), to say out, de
liver : inf. wille ic S-secgan suna
Healfdenes . . . mm aerende, 344.

ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper.
sg. II. ge-saga, 388; hat ic his
[or] aerest he eft ge-sagde (that 1
should first tell thee Us origin),
2158; pret. part, gesagd, 141; ge-
saed, 1697.

sefa, w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit:
nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181,
2420, 2601, 2633; ace. sg. sefan,
278, 1727, 1843; dat. SS- sefan,
473. »343» 1738.— Comp.m8d-sefa.

ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale: in
comp. eald-ge-segen.

segl, st. n., sail : nom. sg., 1907.

segl-rad, st. f., sail-road, i.e. sea :
dat. sg. on segl-rSde, 1430.

segn, st. n., banner, vexillum : nom.
sg., 2768, 2959; ace. sg. segen, 47,
1022; segn, 2777, 2959; dat. sg.
under segne, 1205. — Comp. hea-
fod-segn.

sel, st. n., hall, palace. See sal.

sold, st. n., dwelling, house: in comp.
medu-seld.

ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, com
panion : ace. sg. geseldan, 1985.

scldan, adv., seldom : oft [no] sel'
dan, 2030.

seld-guma, w. m., house-man, home-
stayer {?); common man?, house-
earn : nom. sg., 249.

sole, st. m. and n., building consist*

GLOSSARY.

261

ing of one apartment ; apartment,
room : nom. sg., 81, 411; ace. sg.
sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. to sele,
323, 1641; in (on, to) sele }>am
hean, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on
sele (in the den of the dragon},
31 29. — Comp.: bean-, beor-, dryht-,
eor'S-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gftS-,
heah-, bring-, hrof-, nift-, win-sele.

sele-dredm, st. m., hall-glee, joy in
the hall : ace. sg. hara }>e J>is lif of-
geaf, gesavvon sele-dream (refer
ring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.

sele-ful, st. n., hall-goblet : ace. sg.,
620.

sele-gyst, st. m., hall-guest, stranger
in hall or house : ace. sg. J>one sele-
gyst, 1546.

sele-raedend, pres. part., hall-ruler,
guardian or possessor of the hall :
ace. leode mine sele-raedende, 1 347.

sele-rest, st. f., bed in the hall : ace.
sg. sele-reste, 691.

sele-J>egn, st. m., retainer, hall-
thane, chamberlain : nom.sg., 1795.

sele-weard, st. m., hall-ward, guar
dian of the kail : ace. sg., 668.

self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg.
strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? sel-
fa) ; )>u self, 595 ; }m J>e self, 954;
self cyning (the king himself, the
king tod}, 921, ion; sylf, 1965;
in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa,
29, 1734; ]?am \>e him selfa dean
(that can rely upon, trust to, him
self}, 1840; seolfa, 3068; he syl-
fa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; ace. sg.
m. selfne, 1 606; hine selfne (him
self}, 962; hyne selfne (himself,
reflex.), 2876; wi'S sylfne (oppo
site}, 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701,
896; his selfes, 1148; on sinne
sylfes dom (at his own will}, 2148;
sylfe.;, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711,
2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326;

fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pi.
selfe, ig(?) ; SfrS-Dene sylfe, 1997.

ge-sella, w. m., house-companion,
comrade : in comp. hand-gesella.

sellan, syllan, vv. v. : i) w. ace. of
thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver;
permit, grant, present: pres. sg.
III. sele'S him on Sftle eor'San
wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161,
2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673,
1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183,
2491, 2995 ; nefne god sylfa sealde
J?am J?e he wolde hord openian
(unless Godhimself gave to whom he
would toopenthe hoard},Tptfi>; pret.
sg. II. sealdest, 1483. — 2) to give,
give up (only w. ace. of thing) :
ser he feorh sele'S (he prefers to
give up his life}, 1371; nallas on
gylp sele'S fatte beagas (giveth out
gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750;
pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pi.
byrelas sealdon win of wunder-
fatum, 1162.

ge-sellan, w. ace. and dat. of pers.,
to give, deliver; grant, present:
inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-
sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143,
etc.

sel-lic, syl-lic (from seld-lic), adj.,
strange, wondrous : nom. sg. glof
. . . syllic, 2087; ace. sg. n. syllic
spell, 21 10; ace. pi. selltce sse-dra-
can, 1427. Compar. ace. sg. syl-
licran wiht (the dragon), 3039.

645, 1641, 1768.

sendan, w. v. w. ace. of thing and dat.
of pers., to send : pret. sg. >one
god sende folce to frofre (whom
God sent as a comfort to the peo
ple}, 13; 50,471, 1843.

for-sendan, to send away, drive off •
pret. part, he wearS on feonda ge-
weald . . . snftde for-sended, 905.

262

GLOSSARY.

on-sendan, to send forth, away, w.
ace. of thing and dat. of pers. :
imper. sg.on-send,452, 1484; pret.
sg. on-sende, 382; pi. be hine
. . . fof5 on-sendon aenne ofer y5e
(who sent him forth alone over tlie
sea), 45; pret. part, bealo-cwealm
hafaS fela feorh-cynna feorr on-
sended, 2267.

•endan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda =
ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt
IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet :
pres. sg. III. sendeft, 601. — Leo.

scree, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of
mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom.
pi. syrcan, 226; ace. pi. graege syr-
can, 334. — Comp. : beadu-, heoro-
serce; here-, leotSo-, lic-syrce.

sess, st. m., seat, place for sitting :
dat. sg. sesse, 2718; \>& he bl sesse
ge6ng (by the seat, i.e. before the
dragon's lair), 2757.

setl, st. n., seat, settle : ace. sg., 2014;
dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020;
gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pi. set-
lum, 1290. — Comp. : heah-, hilde-,
meodu-setl.

settan, w. v., to set : pret. sg. setton
sae-me"Se side scyldas . . . wi$ J>as
recedes weall (the sea-wearied ones
set their broad shields against the
wall oj 'the half), 325; so, 1243.

4-settan, to set, place, appoint : pret.
pi. hie him 3-setton segen [gylj-
denne heah ofer heafod, 47; pret.
part.hafde kyninga wuldor Grendle
t3-geanes...sele-weard&-seted,66S.

be -set tan, to set with, surround:
pret. sg. (helm) besette swin-licum
{set the helm with swine-bodies'),

1454-

ge-settan: i) to set, set down:
pret. part, swd was . . . burh run-
stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted
and ge-saed {thus was . . . in rune-

staves rightly marked, set down
and said"), 1697. — 2) to set, or
dain, create : pret. sg. ge-sette . . .
sunnan and monan leoman to
Ie6hte land-bftendur.i, 94. — 3) =
componere, to lay aside, smooth
over, appease: pret. sg. bat he
mid b£ wife wal-faeh'Sa . . . dael . . .
ge-sette, 2030.

seean, w. v., to follow after, hence :
i) to seek, strive for, w. ace. : pret.
sg. sine-fat sohte {sought the costly
cup}, 2301 ; ne sohte searo-niSas,
2739> so» 3068. Without ace.:
bonne his myne sohte {than his
wish demanded), 2573; hord-
weard sohte georne after grunde
{the hoard-warden sought eagerly
along the ground}, 2294. — 2) to
look for, come or go some whither,
attain something, w. ace. : pres.
sg. III. se be . . . biorgas se"ce3,
2273; subj. beah be haeft-stapa
holt-wudu s2ce, 1370; imper. sSc
gif bu dyrre {look for her, i.e. Gren-
del's mother, if thou dare), 1380;
inf. sScean, 200, 268, 646, 1598,
1870, 1990, 2514(7), 3103, etc.;
s£can, 665, 1451; drihten s£cean
{seek, go to, the Lord), 187; sScean
wyn-leas wic ( Grendd was to seek
a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so,
sScan de6fla gedrag, 757; sawle
sScan {seek the life, kill}, 802; so,
sScean sawle hord, 2423; gerund,
sacce to seceann«, 2563; pret. sg.
I., III. sohte, 139, 208, 376, 417,
2224; II. sohtest, 458; pi. sohton,
339- — 3) to s"k* attack: be us
sScea'5 to Swedna Ie6de, 3002;
pret. pi. hine wrac-macgas ofer sx
sohtan, 2381.

ge-secan : i) toseek, w.acc. : inf. gif
he gesScean dear wig ofer wa-pen,
685. — 2) to look for, come or go to

GLOSSAKY.

263

attain, w. ace. : inf. ge-s8cean, 693;
gerund, to ge-sicanne, 1923; pret.
sg. ge-s8hte, 463, 520, 718, 1952;
pret. part. ace. pi. feor-cy$fte be6i5
selran ge-sohte bam be hine selfa
deah, 1840. — 3) to seek -with hos
tile intent, to attack : pres. sg. ge-
seceft 2516; pret. sg. ge-sohte,
2347; P1- ge-sohton, 2927; ge-
sohtan, 2205.

ofer-se'can, w. ace., to surpass, outdo
(in an attack) : pres. sg. was sio
bond to strong, se he mSca gehwane
. . . swenge ofer-sohte, bonne he
to sacce bar wa^pen wundrum heard
(too strong was the hand, that sur
passed every sword in stroke, when
he [Beowulf] bore the wondrous
weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was
too strong for any sword; its
strength made it useless in battle),
2687.

sel, st. f. See sael.

sel, sael, adj., good, excellent, jit,
only in compar. : nom. sg. m. selra,
86 1, 2194; >aam frer se"lra was (to
the one that was the better, i.e. Hy-
gel^c), 2200; deaft brS sella bonne
edwit-lif, 2891; neut. selre, 1385;
4kcc. sg. m. selran be (a better than
thee~), 1851; selran, 1198; neut. bat
se"lre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sSlran
sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pi. fern,
selran, 1840. Superl., strong form:
nom. sg. neut. shiest, 173, 1060;
husa sSlest, 146, 285,936; ofost is
selest, 256; bolda shiest, 2327; ace.
sg. neut. hragla shiest, 454; husa
selest, 659; billa selest, 1145; —
weak form : nom. sg. m. reced se-
Iesta,4i2 ; ace. sg. m. bone se"lestan,
1407, 2383; (bas, MS.), 1957; dat.
sg; m. bam s&lestan, 1686; nom.pl.
selestan, 416; ace. pi. b& sSlestan,
3123.

sSl, compar. adv., bette', fitter, more
excellent, 1013, 2531 ; ne byft him
wihte b^ s61 (he shall be nought the
better for if), 2278; so, 2688.

sealma ( Frisian selma, in bed-selma),
w. m., bed-chamber, sleeping-place :
ace. sg. on sealman, 2461.

sealt, adj., salty : ace. sg. neut. ofer
sealt water (the sea), 1990.

searo (G. sarwa, pi.), st. n. : i) ar
mor, accoutrements, war -gear:
nom. pi. sa?-manna searo, 329; dat.
pi. secg on searwum (a man, war
rior, in panoply), 249, 2701; in
(on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531,
2569; instr. pi. searwum, 1814. —

2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying,
deception, battle i b& ic of searwum
cwom, fdh from feondum, 419. —

3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pi.
sadol searwum fah (saddle cun-
ningly ornamented}, 1039; earm-
beaga fela, searwum ge - seeled
(niany cunningly-linked armlets) ,
2765. — Comp. fyrd-, guft-, inwit-
searo.

searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of
curious workmanship : instr. pi.
searo-bendum fast, 2087.

searo-fah, adj., cunningly inlaid,
ornamented, with gold : nom. sg.
here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sid
and searo-fah, 1445.

searo-ge-]>rae, st. n., heap of treas
ure-objects : ace. sg., 3103.

searo-gim, st. m., cunningly set
gem, rich jewel: ace. pi. searo-
gimmas, 2750; gen. pi. searo-gim-
ma, 1158.

searo - grim, adj., cunning and
fierce : nom. sg., 595.

searo-habbend, pres. part, as subst,
arms-bearing, warrior -with his
trappings : gen. pi. searo-habben«
dra, 237.

264

GLOSSARY.

searo-net, st. n., armor-net, shirt
of mail, corselet : nom. sg., 406.

Boaro-niff, st. m. : l) cunning hos
tility, plot, wiles: ace. pi. searo-
nl&is, 1201, 2739. — 2) also, only
hostility, feud, contest: ace. pi.
scaro-nfSas, 3068; gen. pi. searo-
nu-a, 582.

searo-J»anc, st.m., ingenuity : instr.
pi. searo-boncum, 776.

searo-wundor, st. n., rare wonder :
ace. sg., 921.

seax, st. n., shortsword, hip-knife ;
dagger : instr. sg. seaxe, 1546. —
Comp. wal-seax.

seax - ben, st. f., dagger-wound :
instr. pi. siex-bennum, 2905.

seofon, num., seven, 517; seofan,
2196; decl. ace. syfone, 3123.

seoinian, w. v. : i ) intrans., to be
tied; lie at rest: inf. siomian,
2768; pret. 5g. seomode, 302. —
2) w. ace., to put in bonds, entrap,
catch : pret. sg. dugu'Se and geo-
go<5eseomade(cf. 2086-2092), 161.

seonu, st. f., sinew: nom. pi. seo-
no\ve, 818.

ee6c, adj., feeble, weak; fatally ill :
nom. sg. feorh-bennum se6"c (of
Beowulf, sick unto death), 2741 ;
siex-bennum se<5c (of the dead
dragon), 2905 ; nom. pi. modes
se6ce(jz<r£0/V0tt/), 1604. — Comp. :
ellen-, feorh-, hea~5o-sedc.

ee69an, st. v. w. ace., to seethe, boil ;
figuratively, be excited over, brood:
pret. sg. ic J>as mod-ceare sorh-
wylmum sea1? (/pined in heart-
grief for thai), 1994; so, 190.

seoloff, st. m.?, bight, bay (cf. Die
trich in Haupt XI. 416) : gen. pi.
sidlefta bi-gong (the realm of bights
= the [surface of the] sea?), 2368.

ee6n, s$u, st. f., aspect, sight: in
comp. wlite-, wundor-se6n, an-syn.

soon, st. v., to see : a) w. ace. : inf.
searo-wunder se6n, 921; so, 387,
1181, 1276, 3103; bir mag nihta
ge-hwsem nf5-wundor se6n (there
may every night be seen a repul
sive marvel}, 1366; pret. sg. ne
seah ic . . . heal-sittendra medu-
dream miran, 2015. — b) w. ace.
and predicate adj. : ne seah ic el-
beodige bus manige men modig-
licran, 336. — c) w. prep, or adv. :
pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc,
2718; seah on un-le6fe, 2864;
pi. folc t& srcgon (looked on),

1423-

ge-seon, to see, behold: a) w. ace.:
pres. sg. III. se be beah ge-syhS,
2042; inf. ge-se6n, 396, 571, 649,
962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah,
247,927,1558,1614; pi. ge-sa' won,
1606, 2253. — b) w. ace. and pred
icate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syh'S . . .
on his suna bure win-sele wSstne
(sees in his son's house the wine-
hall empty ; or, hall of friends?),
2456. — c) w. inf. : pret. sg. ge-seah
. . . beran ofer bolcan beorhte
randas (saw shining shields borne
over the gang-plank), 229; pret. pi.
moere mifl'Sum-sweord monige g»-
sSwon beforan beorn beran, 1024.
— d) w. ace. and inf. : pret. sg. ge
seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543,
2605, etc. ; pi. ge-sSwon, 221, 1348,
1426; ge-sSgan, 3039; ge-sagon,
3129. — e) w. depend, clause: inf.
mag bonne . . . geseon sunu Hr85-
les, b&t ic (may the son of H. see
that /...), 1486; pret. pi. ge-
sSwon, 1592.

geond-se6n, to see, look through^
over, w. ace. : pret. sg. (ic) bat
call geond-seh, 3088.

ofer-se6n, to see clearly, plainly.
pret. pi. ofer-saVon, 419.

GLOSSARY.

265

on-seon, to look on, <z/,w. ace.: pret.
pi. on-s&won, 1651.

seowian, w. v., to sew, put together,
link : pret. part, searo-net seowed
smiles or-J?ancum (the corselet
woven by the smith's craff), 406.

sib, st. f., peace, friendship, relation
ship : nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb,
2601 ; ace. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923;
instr. sg. sibbe (in peace!}, 154. —
Comp. : dryht-, MSo-sib.

sib-affeling, st. m., nobilis consan-
guineus, kindred prince or no'fle-
man : nom. pi. -a'Selingas, 2709.

sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied
or related 'warriors : ace. sg.sibbe-
gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the
Geatas), 730.

sifttfun, syftafan: i) adv.: a) since,
after, from now on, further, 142,
149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065,
2176,2703,2807, 2921; seo'S'San,
1876. — b) then, thereupon, after,
470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208;
seo'S'San, 1938; ser ne si'S'San
(neither before nor after}, 719.

2) Conj. : a) w. ind. pres., as soon
as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889,
2912. — b) w. ind. pret., when,
whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421,
1590,2357,2961,2971,3128; seo'S-
"San, 1776; — since, 649, 657, 983,
1199, 1254, 1309, 2202; — after,
either with pluperf. : si'S'San him
scyppend forscrifen hafde (after
the Creator had proscribed hint),
106; so, 1473; or with pret. =
pluperf. : sySSan niht becom (after
night had come on) , 115; so, 6, 132,
723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236,
1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or
pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-
2105.

siex. See seax.

slge-dryhten, st. m., lord of vic

tory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige-
drihten, 391.

sige-eadig, adj., blest with victory^
victorious : ace. sg. neut. sige-ea
dig bil, 1558.

sige-folc, st. n., victorious people,
troop : gen. pi. sige-folca, 645.

sige-hreS1, st. f., confidence of vic
tory (T) : ace. sg., 490.

sige-hrSSlg, adj., victorious : nom.
sg., 94, 1598, 2757.

sige-hwfl, st. f., hour or day of vic
tory : gen. sg. sige-hwile, 2711.

sige-leds, adj., devoid of victory, de
feated: ace. sg. sige-leasne sang, 788.

sige-rSf, adj., victorious : nom. sg.,
620.

sige-]>e6d, st. f., victorious warrior
troop : dat. sg. on sige-j?e6de, 2205.

sige-waepen, st. n., victor-weapon,
sword: dat. pi. sige-wsepnum, 805.

sigl, st. n. : i) sun: nom. sg. sigel,
1967. — 2) sun-shaped ornament :
ace. pi. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracte-
ates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pi.
sigla, 1158. — Comp. ma'S'Sum-
sigl.

sigor, st. m., victory : gen. sg. sigo-
res, 1022? gen. pi. sigora, 2876,
3056. — Comp. : hr8iS-, wig-sigor.

sigor-eadig, adj., victorious : nom.
sg. sigor-eadig secg (of Beowulf),
1312, 2353.

sin. See syn.

sine, st. n., treasure, jewel, property:
nom. sg., 2765; ace. sg. sine, 81,
1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg.
since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218,
2747> gen- sg- sinces, 608, 1171,
1923, 2072; gen. pi. sinca, 2429.

sine-fall, adj., treasure-decked ' : ace.
sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fSge sel,
167.

sine-fat, st. n., costly vessel : ace. sg.,
2232, 2301 ; — a costly object : ace.

266

GLOSSARY.

sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); ace. pl.sinc-
fato, 623.

Blnc-ge-stre6n,st.n., precious treas
ure, jewel of value : instr. pi. -ge-
stre6num, 1093; gen. pi. -gestre6-
na, 1227.

sinc-glfo, w. m., jewel-giver, treas
ure-giver = prince, ruler : ace. sg.
sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-
gifan (of Be6wulf), 2312; (of
Aschere), 1343.

sinc-niaffS'uni, st. m., treasure:
nom. sg., 2194.

Blnc-)>ego, f., acceptance, taking, of
jewels : nom. sg., 2885.

sin dolh, st. n., perpetual, i.e. in
curable, wound: nom. sg. syn-dolh,
818.

Bin -f red, w. m., wedded lord, hus-
Land : nom. sg., 1935.

sin-gal, adj., continual, lasting:
ace. sg. fern, sin-gale sace, 154.

sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., continu
ally, ever, 1778; syngales, 1136.

si ngal a, adv. gen. pi., the same, 190.

slngan, st. v., to sound, ring, sing :
pret. sg. hring-iren scir song in sear-
wum (the ringed iron rang in the
armor), 323; horn stundum song
ffts-lic f[yrd]-le6« (at times the
horn rang forth a ready battle-
song), 1424; scop hwilum sang
(the singer sang at whiles), 496.

& - s i n g a n , to sing out, sing to an
end: pret. part. Ie6$ was d-sungen,
1160.

sin-here, st. m., (army without
end"}), strong army, host : instr. sg.
sin-herge, 2937.

sin-ulht, st. i., perpetual night, night
after night: ace. pi. sin-nihte
(night after nighf), 161.

sln-sceaffu, w. m., irreconcilable
foe : nom. sg. syn-scafta, 708; ace.
sg. syn-scaftan, 802.

sln-snaed, st. f., (continuous biting),
bite after bite : dat. pi. syn-snaedum
swealh (swallowed bite after bite,
in great bites'), 744.

sit tan, st. v.: i) to sit: pres. sg.
WIgldf sitelS ofer Bidwulfe, 2907 ;
imper. sg. site nu t8 symle, 489;
inf. Jnser swl5-ferh'5e sittan eodon
(whither the strong-minded went
and sat), 493 ; code . . . t3 hire frean
sittan (went to sit by her lord},
642; pret. sg. on wicge sat (sat on
the horse}, 286; at fotum sat (sat
at the feet), 500, 1167; >xr HrSS-
gir sat (where //. saf), 356; so,
1191, 2895; he gewSrgad sat ...
frean eaxlum neah, 2854; pret. pi.
saeton, 1165; gistas sStan (MS.
sScan) . . . and on mere staredon
(the strangers sat and stared on
the sea), 1603. — 2) to be in a cer
tain state or condition (quasi cop
ula) : pret. sg. maere J>eoden . . .
unblifte sat, 130. — Comp. : flet-,
heal-sittend.

be-sittan, obsidere, to surround,
besiege, w. ace. : besat k$t sin-herge
sweorda lafe wundum wSrge (then
besieged he with a host the leav
ings of the sivord, wound-weary),

2937-

for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away,
fail : pres. sg. eagena bearhtm for-
siteS (the light of the eyes passeth
away), 1768.

ge-sittan: i) to sit, sit together:
pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sat rice to
rflne (very often sat the king delib
erating with his council(sze rice)),
171; wiS earm ge-sSt (supported
himself upon his arm, sat on his
arm?), 750; fe"5a eal ge-sat (the
whole troop sat down), 1425; ge-
sat J>4 wiiS sylfne (sat there beside^
opposite1,him,\.z. Hygeldc), 1978;

GLOSSARY.

267

ge-sat Jdonnasse, 2418; so, 2718;
pret. part. (syftftan) . . . we to
symble ge-seten hafdon, 2105. —
2) w. ace., to seat one's self upon
or in something, to board: pret.
sg. J>a ic . . . sse-bat ge-sat, 634.
of-sittan, w. ace., to sit over or
ttpon : pret. sg. of-sat £3. J>one sele-

>

ofer-sittan, w. ace., to dispense
•with, refrain front (cf. ofer, 2
[c]) : pres. sg. I. bat ic wift Jsone
gfift-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529;
inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685.

on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to
start from one's seat, to be startled),
w. ace., to fear : inf. Y& fsehfte,
eatole ecg-J>race eower leode svvifte
onsittan (to dread the hostility, the
fierce contest, of your people}, 598.

y m b - s i 1 1 a n , to sit around, w. ace. :
pret. pi. (J>at hie) . . . symbel ymb-
sseton (sat round the feast), 564.
See ymb-sittend.

sid, adj.: i) wide, broad, spacious,
large : nom. sg. (here-byrne, glof)
sid, 1445, 2087; ace. sg. m. sidne
scyld, 437; on sidne sse, 507; fern.
byrnan side (of a corselet extend-

• ing over the legs), 1292; ofer sse
side, 2395; neut. side rice, 1734,
2200; instr. sg. sidan herge, 2348 ;
ace. pi. side sse-nassas, 223; side
scyldas, 325; gen. pi. sidra sorga
(of great sorrows), 149. — 2) in
moral sense, great, noble : ace. sg.
}>urh sidne sefan, 1727.

side, adv., far and wide, afar, 1224.

sid-faffine, adj., broad-bosomed: ace.
sg. sid-faftme scif, 1918.

sid-faffmed, quasi pret. part., the
same : nom. sg. sid-faftmed scip,
302.

sid-rand, st. m., broad shield : nom.
sg., 1290.

siS1 (G. seijm-s), adj., late : superl.
nom. sg. siftast sige-hwile (the last
hour, day, of victory), 2711; dat.
sg. at siftestan (in the end, at last) ,
3014.

si ft, adv. compar., later : XT and
sift (sooner and later, early and
late), 2501.

SI'S (G. sinj>-s), st. m. : i) road, way,
journey, expedition ; esp., road to
battle: nom. sg., 501,3059, 3090;
nas t>at e"fte si'S (that was no easy
road, task), 2587; so, ^at was geo-
cor sift, 766; ace. sg. sift, 353, 512,
909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat.
sifte, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg.
siftes, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also,
return : nom. sg., 1972. — 2) «»-
dertaking, enterprise ; esp., battle-
work : nom. sg. nis J>at eower sift,
2533 ; ne bift swylc earges sift
{such is no coward's enterprise),
2542; ace. sg. sift, 873. In pi. =
adventures: nom. siftas, 1987;
ace. siftas, 878; gen. sifta, 318. —
3) time (as iterative) : nom. sg. nas
j'at forma sift (that was not the first
time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626;
ace. sg. oftor micle J>onne on senne
sift, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, 6ftre,
Jriddan) sifte, 741, 1204, 2050,
2287,2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.
— Comp. : cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-,
sse-, wil-, wrssc-sift.

g e - s ift , st. m., comrade, follower :
gen. sg. ge-siSes, 1298; nom. pi.
ge-siftas, 29; ace. pi. ge-siftas,
2041, 2519; dat. pi. ge-siftum,
1314,1925,2633; gen. pi. ge-sifta,
1935. — Comp. : eald-, wil-gesift.

sift-fat, st. m., way, journey : ace.
sg. bone si5-fat, 202; dat. sg. sift-
fate, 2640.

sift-fram, -from, adj., ready for the
journey : nom. pi. sift-frome, 1814.

268

GLOSSARY.

w. v., to journey, march :
inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. silSode,
2 1 20.

for-stSian, Her fatale inire
(Grein) : pret. sg. hafde \>Si for-
slSod sunu Ecg-be6wes under gyn-
ne grund (would have found his
death, etc.), 1551.

sic, s$. See wesan.

gigun, st. v., to descend, sink, incline:
pret. pi. sigon at-somne (descended
together), 307; sigon b& t3 skepe
(they sank to sleep}, 1252.

ge-slgan, to sink, fall : inf. ge-
stgan atsacce (fall in battle'), 2660.

sin, poss. pron., his : ace. sg. m.
slnne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat.
sg. sinum, 1508.

sleep, st. m., sleep: nom. sg., 1743;
dat. sg. t6 slsepi, 1252.

slaepan, st. v., to sleep : pres. part,
nom. sg. slaepende, 2220; ace. sg.
he gefSng . . .sbependne rinc (seized
a sleeping warrior), 742; ace. pi.
slaepende frat folces Denigea fif-
tyne men (devoured, sleeping, fif-
teenof the people of the Danes), 1582.

sleac, adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg.,
2188.

Bleahan, glean: i) to strike, strike
at: a) intrans. : pres. subj. sg. bat
he me ongean slea (that he should
strike at me}, 682; pret. sg. yrrin-
ga sloh (struck angrily}, 1566;
so, sloh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans. :
pret. sg. bat he bone nitS-gast nio-
flor hw&ne sloh (that he struck
the dragon somewhat lower, etc.),
2700. — 2) w. ace.: to slay, kill:
pret. sg. bas be he Abel slog (be
cause he slew A.}, 108; so, sli
421, 2180; sloh, 1582, 2356; pi.
s!8gon, 205 1 ; pret. part. b& was
Fin slagen, 1153.
ge-slean, w.acc.: i) to fight a bat

tle : pret. sg. ge-s!8h bin fader
faeh'Se maeste, 459. — 2) to gain by
fighting : sySftan hie J>S m3er"5a ge-
slogan, 2997.

of-slean, to ofslay, kill, w. ace.:
pret. sg. of-slSh, 574, 1666, 3061.

sliffe (G. sleib-s), adj., savage, fierce,
dangerous : ace. sg. burh sltSne
ni5, 184; gen. pi. sliSra ge-slyhta,

2399-
sliffen, adj., furious, savage, deadly :

nom.sg.sweord-bealo sli^en, 1 148.
slttiin, st. v., to slit, tear to pieces,

w. ace. : pret. sg. slSt (slaependne

rinc), 742.
slyht, st. m., blow: in comp. and-

slyht.
ge -slyht, st. n. (collective), battle,

conflict: gen. pi. sltSra ge-slyhta,

2399-

smiff, st. m., smith, armorer : nom.
sg. waepna smi«, 1453; gen. sg.
smifles, 406. --Comp. wundor-
smilS.

be- smlffian, w. v., to surround with
iron-work, bands, etc. : pret. part,
he (the hall Heorot) bas faste was
innan and utan Iren-bendum searo-
boncum besmiSod (i.e. the beams
out of which the hall was built
were held together skilfully, within
and without, by iron clamps), 776.

snell, adj., fresh, vigorous, lively;
of martial temper : nom. sg. se
snella, 2972.

snellic,adj.,the same : nom.sg., 691.

snotor, snot tor, adj., clever, wise,
intelligent: nom. sg. snotor, 190,
827, 909, 1385; in weak form,
(se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; sno-
tra, 2157, 3121; nom. pi. snotere,
202, 416; snottre, 1592. — Comp.
fore-snotor.

snotor-lice, adv., intelligently, wise
ly: compar. snotor-ltcor, 1483.

GLOSSAEY.

269

eniide, adv., hastily, quickly, soon,
905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753.

b e - snyQian, w. v., to rob, deprive
of: pret. sg. hatte Ongenjno eal-
dre be-sny'Sede Haeficyn, 2925.

enyrian, w. v., to hasten, hurry :
pret. pi. snyredon at-somne (hur
ried forward together} , 402.

snyttru, f., intelligence, wisdom:
ace. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pi. mid
modes snyttrum, 1 707 ; }>e we ealle
ser ne meahton snyttrum be-syr-
wan (a deed which all of tts together
could not accomplish before with
all our wisdom}, 943. Adv., wisely,

873.

somne. See samne.

sorgian, w. v. : i) to be grieved,
sorrow : imper. sg. II. ne sorga !
1385. — 2) to care for, troztble
one's self about : inf. no ]>u ymb
mines ne bearft lices feorme leng
sorgian (thou needst not care longer
about my life's [body's] suste
nance}, 451.

sorb, st. f., grief, pain, sorrow :
nom. sg., 1323; sorh is me to sec-
ganne {pains me to say), 473;
acc.sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr.
sg. mid )>sere sorge, 2469; sorge
(in sorrow, grieved}, 1150; gen.
sg. worna fela . . . sorge, 2005;
dat. pi. sorgum, 2601; gen. pi.
sorga, 149. — Comp. : hyge-, in-
wit-, )>egn-sorh.

sorh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus,
heart-broken : nom. sg., 2456.

sorh-ful, adj., sorrowful, trouble
some, difficult: nom. sg., 2 1 20;
ace. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne)
st5, 512, 1279, 1430.

so rh -lefts, adj., free from sorrow or
grief: nom. sg., 1673.

dS1, st. n., dirge, song of sor-
ow : ace. sg., 2461.

sorh-wylm, st. m., wave of sorrow :

nom. pi. sorh-wylmas, 905.
sOcn, st. f., persecution, hostile pur-

suit or attack (see s§can) : dat.

(instr.) JjDsre socne (by reason of

Grendel's persecution), 1778.
sdiflf, st. n., sooth, trtith : ace. sg. soft,

532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; dat.

sg. to softe (in truth), 51, 591,

2326.
S681, adj., true, genuine: nom. sg.

}?a't is soft metod, 1612; ace. sg. n.

gyd Swrac soft and sSr-lic, 2110.
s 6 $ e , adv., truly, correctly, accu
rately, 524; sotSe gebunden (of

alliterative verse : accurately put

together), 872.
sOff-cynlng, st. m., true king : nom.

sg. sigora so'S-cyning (God}, 3056.
sOft-fast, adj., soothfast, established

in truth, orthodox (here used of

the Christian martyrs) : gen. pi.

so'S-fastra dom (glory, realm, of

the saints}, 2821.

sSff-lice, adv., in truth, truly, truth
fully, 141, 273, 2900.
sQf te, adv., gently, softly : compar.

J?y seft (the more easily}, 2750. —

Comp. un-softe.
sona, adv., soon, immediately, 121,

722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592,

1619, 1763, etc.
o n - span nan, st. v., to un-span,

unloose : pret. sg. his helm on-

speon (loosed his helm}, 2724.
spel, st. n., narrative, speech: ace.

sg. spell, 21 10; ace. pi. spel, 874;

gen. pi. spella, 2899, 3030. — Comp.

wea-spel.
sped, st. f . : i) luck, success : in

comp. here-, wig-sped. — 2) skill,

facility : ace. sg. on spe"d (skil-

fully}, 874.
spi wan, st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr. :

inf. glMum spiwan (spitfire} , 23 1 3.

270

GLOSSARY.

•por, st. n., spur : in comp. hand-
spor.

spOwan, st. v., to speed well, help,
avail : pret. sg. him wilt ne spedw
(availed him naught), 2855; hu
him at aete spe<5w (haw he sped in
the eating), 3027.

spraec, st. f., speech, language : instr.
sg. frfccnan spraece (through bold,
challenging, discourse), 1105. —
Comp. : aefen-, gylp-spnec.

gprecan, st. v., to speak : inf. ic sceal
fofS sprecan gen ymbe Grendel
(f shall go on speaking about G.),
2070; w. ace. se he wyle sGS spre
can (Jie who will speak the truth),
2865; imper. to Geatum spree
(spraec, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III.
sprac, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725;
word after sprac, 341 ; no ymbe
hS faeh'Se sprac, 2619; II. hwa't hu
worn fela . . . ymb Brecan spraece
{how much thou hast spoken of
Breca!), 531 ; pi. hwa't wit geo
spraecon (what we two spoke of be
fore), 1477; gomele ymb godne
on-geador spnccon, hat hig . . .
(the graybeards spoke together about
the valiant one, that thty . . .),
1596; swi wit fur Sum spnecon
(as we two spoke, engaged, before),
1 708 ; pret. part. )>£ was . . . J>ry$-
word sprecen, 644.

ge-sprecan, w. ace., to speak:
pret. sg. ge-sprac, 676, 1399, 1467,

3095-

spre6t, st. m., pole; spear, pike :
in comp. eofor-spre6t.

springan, st. v., to jump, leap;
flash : pret. sg. hra" wide sprong
(the body bounded far), 1589;
swat aedrum sprong for 5 under fexe
(the blood burst out in streams front
under his hair), 2967; pi. wide
sprungon hilde - Ie6man (flashed

afar}, 2583. Also figuratively:
blaed wide sprang {his repute spread
afar), 18.

at-springan, to spring forth:
pret. sg. swa" hat blod ge-sprang
(as the blood burst forth), 1668.
Figuratively, to arise, originate:
pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong after
dea$-dage dom un-lytel, 885.

on-springan, to burst in two,
spring asunder : pret. pi. seonowe
onsprungon, burs ton banlocan
818.

stamlan, st. v. : I ) absolutely or with
prep., to stand : pres. III.pl. e6red-
geatwe he ge haer on standa"5 (the
warlike accoutrements wherein ye
there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah
. . . orcas stondan (saw vessels
standing), 2761; pret. sg. at hySe
stod hringed-stefna (in the harbot
stood the curved-proi.i'cdl, metal-
cover edl, ship), 32; stod on sta-
pole (stood near the [middle] col
umn), 927; so, 1914, 2546; hat
him on aldre stod here-stral hearda
(that the sharp war-arrow stood
in his vitals), 1435; so, 2680; pi.
gSras stodon . . . samod at-gadere
(the spears stood together), 328;
him big stodan bunan and orcas
(by him stood cans and pots) , 3048.
Also of still water: pres. sg. III.
nis hat feor heonon . . . hat se mere
standee", 1 363. — 2) with predicate
adj., to stand, continue in a certain
state : subj. pres. hat hes sele stande
. . . rinca ge-hwylcum idel and
unnyt (that this hall stands empty
and useless for every warrior),
41 1 ; inf. hord-wynne fand eald
uht-sceafia opene standan, 2272;
pret. sg. 6$ hat idel stSd husa s§-
lest, 145; so, 936; water under
stod dre<5rig and ge-dre"fed, 1418.

GLOSSAKY.

271

— 3) to belong or attach to ; issue :
pret. sg. NorS-Denum stod atelic
egesa (great terror clung to, over
came, the North Danes}, 784; }>ara
anum stod sadol searwum fah (on
one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-
inlaid saddle) , 1038; byrne-leoma
eldum on andan (burning light
stood forth, a horror to men), 2314;
leoht inne stod (a light stood in it,
i.e. the sword), 1571; him of ea-
gum stod . . . leoht unfager (an
uncanny light issued from his eyes'),
727; so, bat [fram] ham gyste
[gryre-] broga stod, 2229.

S-standan, to stand up, arise:
pret. sg. i-stod, 760, 1557, 2093.

at-standan, to stand at, near, or
in : pret. sg. J?at hit (i.e. bat swurd)
on wealle at-stod, 892.

for-standan, to stand against or
before, hence : i) to hinder, prevent:
pret. sg. (breost-net) wiS ord and
wi"S ecge in-gang for-stod (the shirt
of mail prevented point or edge
from entering), 1550; subj. nefne
him witiggod wyrdfor-stode (if the
"wise God had not "warded off such
a fate from them, i.e. the men
threatened by Grendel), 1057. —
2) defend, w. dat. of person against
whom : inf. J>at he ... mihte heaSo-
IfSendum hord for-standan, beam
and bryde (that he might protect
his treasure, his children, and his
spouse from the sea - farers),
2956.

ge-standan, intrans., to stand:
pret. sg. ge-stod, 358, 404, 2567;
pi. nealles him on heape hand-ge-
steallan . . . ymbe gestodon {not
at all did his boon-companions
stand serried around hint) , 2597.

Etapa, w. m., stepper, strider : in
comp. haft-, mearc-stapa.

stapan, st. v., to step, stride, go for
ward : pret. sg. eorl furSor stfip,
762; gum-feSa stop lind-habben-
dra (the troop of shield-warriors
strode on), 1402.

at-stapan,/0 stride up or to : pret.
sg. for^ near at-stop (strode up
nearer), 746.

ge-stapan, to -walk, stride : pret.
sg. he to for^S gestop dyrnan crafte,
dracan heafde neah (he, i.e. the
man that robbed the dragon of
the vessel, had through hidden
craft come too near the dragon's
head}, 2290.

stapol, st. m., (=£a(ns), trunk of a
tree ; hence, support, pillar, col
umn : dat. sg. stod on stapole
(stood by or near the -wooden mid
dle column of Heorof), 927; instr.
pi. l>a" stan-bogan stapulum faste
(the arches of stone tipheld by pil
lars}, 2719.

starian, w. v., to stare, look intently
at : pres. sg. I. bat ic on J'one ha-
felan . . . eagum starige (that I see
the headivith my eyes}, 1782; }>dra
fratwa . . . |?e ic her on starie {for
the treasures . . . Jhat I here look
upon), 2797; III. bonne he on fat
sine stara"S, 1486: sg. for pi. bara
be on swylc stara"S, 997; pret. sg.
)>at (sin-frea) hire an dages eagum
starede, 1936; pi. on mere stare-
don, 1604.

staii, st. m. : i) stone: in comp.
eorclan-stan. — 2) rock : ace. sg.
under (ofer) hirne sta"n, 888, 1416,
2554, 2745; dat. sg. stane, 2289,
2558-

stan-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation^
stony mountain : ace. sg. stSn-
beorh steapne, 2214.

stan-boga, w. m., stone arch, arch
hewn out of the rock : dat. sg. stSn-

272

GLOSSARY.

bogan, 2546; nom. pi. stan-bogan,
2719.

6tuii-cllf, st. n., rocky cliff: ace. pi.
stdn-cleofu, 2541.

stnn-ffih, adj., stone-laid, paved with
stones of different, colors : nom. sg.
slnet was stUn-fah {(he street was
of different colored stones'), 320.

et&n-hliff, st. n., rocky slope : ace.
pi. stan-hlrSo, 1410.

stiif, st. m. : l) staff: in comp. rfln-
staf. — 2) elementum : in comp.
ar-, ende-, facen-staf.

still, st. m., place, stead: dat. sg.
Hit hu me & waere forS-gewitenum
on fader stale (that thou, if I died,
ivouldst represent a father's place
to me), 1480.

etaelan, w. v., to place; allure or
instigate: inf. )>i ic on morgne
ge-fragn maeg 6'Serne billes ecgum
on bonan stoelan (then I learned
that on the morrow one brother in
stigated the other to murder with
the sword's edge ; or, one avenged
the other on the murderer?, cf.
2962 seqq.), 2486.

ge-staelan,/o place, impose, insti
tute : pret. part, ge feor hafa"S
ftehtSe ge-steled (Grendel's mother
has further begun hostilities against
us), 1341.

etede, st. m., place, -stead: in comp.
bael-, burh-, folc-, heah-, me'Sel-,
wang-, vvic-stede.

stefn, st. f., voice : nom. sg., 2553;
instr. sg. niwan (ni6wan) stefne
(properly novft voce) = denuo,
anew, again, 2595, 1790.

stefn, st. m., prow of a ship : ace.
sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-,
wunden-stefna.

on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to
cause, bring about : pret. sg.
or-leges fir on-stealde, 2408.

stong, st. m., pole, pike : in comp

wal-steng.
g e - steppan, w. v., to stride, go :

pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer soe

side sunu Ohtheres (O.'s son, i.e.

Eadgils, went with warriors over

the broad sea), 2394.
stede (O.H.G. stiti, M.H.G. stsete),

adj^ firm, steady: nom. sg. was

stSde nagla ge-hwylc style ge-licost

(each nail-place was firm as steel} ,

986.
stepan, w. v. w. ace., to exalt, honor :

pret. sg. J>e?.h )>e hine mihtig god

. . . eafeflum stgpte, 1718.
ge-steald, st. n., possessions, prop
erty : in comp. in-gesteald, 1 1 56.
ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis),

companion, comrade: in comp.

eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, n^d-ge-

stealla.
stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo),

stout-hearted, courageous: nom.

sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of

Be6wulf ), 2553.
steap, adj., steep, projecting, toiver-

ing : ace. sg. steapne hrof, 927;

stan-beorh steapne, 2214; wi?

steapne rond, 2567 ; ace. pi. m. beor-

gas steape, 222 ; neut. steap stan-

hllSo, 1410. — Comp. heaiSo- steap.
stille, adj., still, quiet: nom. sg.

wid-floga wundum stille, 2831.
stille, adv., quietly, 301 .
stincan, st. v., to smell; snuff: pret.

sg. stone )>a after stdne (snuffed .

along the stone), 2289.
stiff, adj., hard, stiff: nom. sg. wun-

den-mael (swurd) . . . sttS and styl-

ecg, 1534.

stiiff-mOd, adj., stout-hearted, un
flinching: nom. sg., 2567.
stig,st.m.,a>aj', path : nom. sg., 320,

2214; ace. pi. stige nearwe, 1410.

— Comp. meda-sttg.

GLOSSARY.

273

etigan, st. v., to go up, ascend : pret.
sg. b& he to holme [stjig (when
he plunged forward into the sea},
2363; pi. beornas ... on stefn sti-
gon, 212; Wedera leode on wang
stigon, 225; subj. pret. ser he on
bed stige, 677.

d-stigan,/o ascend : pres. sg. \>o-
non yft-geblond up a'-stigeft won
to wolcnum, 1374 ; gfrS-rinc d-st^h
(the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was
laid on the pyre? or, the fierce
smoke [rec] ascended?) , 1119; ga-
men eft S-stSh (joy again -went up,
resounded}, 1161; wudu-rec S-stih
sweart of swioftole, 3145 ; swe"g up

a-stag, 783.

ge-stigan,& ascend, go up : pret.
sg. b& ic on holme ge-st&h, 633.

storm, st. m., storm : nom. sg.
straela storm (storm of missiles),
3118; instr. sg. holm storme weol
(the sea billowed stormily), 1132.

fitdl, st. m., chair, throne, seat : in
comp. brego-, e"Sel-, gif-, gum-stol.

st6w, st. f., place, -stow : nom. sg.
nis bat heoru stow (a haunted
spof) , \y]y, ace. sg. fre'cne stowe,
1379; grund-buendragearwe stowe

' (the place prepared for men, i.e.
death-bed ; see gesacan and ge-
n$dan), 1007 : comp. wal-stow.

Btrang, strong, adj., strong; val
iant ; mighty: nom. sg. was bat
ge-win t8 strang (that sorrow was
too great), 133; bu eart magenes
strang (strong of body) , 1 845 ; was
sio bond t8 strong (the hand was
too powerful}, 2685; superl. wi-
gena strengest (strongest of war
riors'), 1544; magenes strengest
(strongest in might), 196; magene
strengest, 790.

etradan (cf. straede = passus, gres-
sus), to tread, (be) -stride, stride

over (Grein) : subj. pres. se
wong strade, 3074.

strael, st. m., arrow, missile: instr.
sg. biteran strsele, 1747; gen. pi.
strsela storm, 3118.

straet, st. f., street, highway : nom.
sg., 320; ace. sg. strsete, 1635;
fealwe strsete, 917. — Comp.: lagu-,
mere-strset.

strengel, st. m., (endowed with
strength), ruler, chief: ace. sg.
wigena strengel, 3116.

strengo, st. f., strength, power, vio
lence : ace. sg. magenes strenge,
I27i;dat.sg.strenge,l534;strengo,
2541; — dat. pi. strengum = vio
lently, power fully \_loosed from the
strings?], 3118: in comp. hilde-,
magen-, mere-strengo.

stregan (O. S. strowian), w. v., to
strew, spread : pret. part, was bam
yldestan . . . mor'Sorbed stred (the
death-bed was spread for the eld
est one), 2437.

stream, st. m., stream, flood, sea :
ace. sg. stream, 2546; nom. pi.
streamas, 212; ace. pi. streamas,
1262 : comp. brim-, eagor-, firgen-,
lagu-stream.

g e - streon (cf. streon — robur, vis),
st. n., property, possessions ; hence,
valuables, treasure, jewels : nom.
pi. Heafto-beardna ge-streon (the
costly treasure of the Heathobear-
das, i.e. the accoutrements belong
ing to the slain H.), 2038; ace.
pi. a'ftelinga, eorla ge-streon, 1921,
3168. — Comp.: set-, eald-, eorl-,
heah-, hord-, long-, maISm-, sine-,
beod-ge-streon.

strudan, st. v., to plunder, carry
off: subj. pres. na's b& on hlytme
hwa bat hord strude, 3127.

ge-str^nan, w. v. w. ace., to ac
quire, gain : inf. bas be (because)

274

GLOSSARY.

ic m6ste niinum leddum . . . swylc
ge-strynan, 2799.

stund, st. f., time, space of time,
while : adv. dat. pi. stundum (at
times}, 1424.

styria n, \\. v. w. ace. : I ) to ar
range, put in order, tell : inf. secg
eft on-gan s!5 Beowulfes snyttrum
styrian (jthe poet then began to tell
B^s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic
form), 873. — 2) to rouse, stir
up : pres. sg. III. bonne wind sty-
re'5 IdS ge-wifiru (when the wind
slirreth up the loathly weather),
1375. — 3) to move against, attack,
disturb: subj. pres. }>at he . . .
hring-sele hondum styrede (that
he should attack the ring-hall with
his hands), 2841.

styrman, w. v., to rage, cry out:
pret. sg. styrmde, 2553.

style, st. n., steel: dat. sg. style, 986.

st$Tl-ecg, adj., steel-edged: nom. sg.,

'534-

be- styman, w. v., to inundate, wet,
Jlood : pret. part, (waeron) eal
benc-J>elu Mode be-stymed, 486.

suhtor-ge-faderan (collective), w.
m. pi., uncle and nephew, fathers
brother and brother's son : nom.
pi., 1165.

Bum, pron. : l) indef., one, a, any, a
certain ; neut. something: a) with
out part. gen. : nom. sg. sum, 1252;
hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne
sceal Jrer dyrne sum wesan (naught
there shall be hidden), 271; ace.
sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg.
sume worde (by award, expressly},
2157; nom.pl. sume, 400, 1114;
ace. pi. sume, 2941. b) with part,
gen. : nom. sg. gumena sum (one
of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere-
hragla sum, 1906; )>at was wundra
sum, 1608; ace. sg. gylp-worda

sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardi
nals or notions of multitude : nom.
sg. f iftena sum (one of fifteen, with
fourteen companions), 207; so,
eahta sum, 3124; feara sum (one
of few, with a few), 1413; ace. sg.
manigra sumne (one of many, with
many), 2092; manna cynnes sum
ne (one of the men, i.e. one of the
watchmen in Heorot), 714; feara
sumne (some few, one of few ; or,
one of the foesf), 3062. — 2) with
part. gen. sum sometimes = this,
that, the afore-mentioned: nom.
sg. eower sum (a certain one, that
one, of you, i.e. Be6wulf), 248;
gufl-beorna sum (the afore-men
tioned warrior, i.e. who had shown
the way to HroFgaYs palace), 3 14 ;
eorla sum (the said knight, i.e. Be6-
wulf), 1313; ace. sg. hord-arna
sum (a certain hoard-hall}, 2280.

sund, st. m. : i) swimming: ace
sg. ymb sund, 507 ; dat. sg. at sun •
de (in swimming), 517; on sunde
(a-swimming), 1619; gen.sg. sun-
des, 1437. — 2) S£a> ocean, sound :
nom. sg., 223; ace. sg. sund, 213,
512,539, 1427, 1445.

ge-sund, adj., sound, healthy, un
impaired : ace. sg. m. ge-sundne,
1629, 1999; nom. pi. ge-sunde,
2076; ace. pi. w. gen. fader al-
walda . . . eowic ge-healde si5a
ge-sunde (the almighty Father
keep you safe and sound on your
journey /), 318. — Comp. an-sund.

siind-ge-bland, st. n., (the commin
gled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave : ace.
sg., 1451.

sund-nyr, st. f., swimming-po-aer
or employment, swimming: ace.
sg. sund-nytte dreah (noam through
the sea}, 2361.

sundur, sundor, adv., asunder, in

GLOSSAKY.

275

twain : sundur gedselan (to sepa
rate, sunder}, 2423.
sundor-nyt, st. f., special service

(service in a special case) : ace.

sg. sundor-nytte, 668.
sund- wudu, st. m., (sea-wood},

ship : nom. ace. sg. sund-wudu,

208, 1907.
sunne, w. f., sun : nom. sg., 607;

gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649.
sunu, st. m., son : nom. sg., 524,

591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.;

ace. sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176,

1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna,

344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen.

sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279) ; nom.

pi. suna, 2381.

sfiS1, adv., south, southward, 859.
suffan, adv., from the south, 607;

sigel suL5an fus (the sun inclined

from the south}, 1967.
swaflfrian, w. v., to sink to rest,

grow calm : brimu swa'Sredon (the

waves became calm], 570. See

sweflfrlan.
swaflfu, st. f., trace, track, pathway :

ace. sg. svva'Se, 2099. — Comp. :

swat-, wald-swaftu.
swafful, st. m.? n.?, smoke, mist

(Dietrich in Haupt V. 215) : dat.

sg. on swa'Sule, 783. See sweo-

ffol.
swancor, adj., slender, trim: ace.

pi. J>ri6 wicg swancor, 2176.
swan-rad, st. f., swan-road, sea :

ace. sg. ofer swan-rMe, 200.
and- swarian, w. v., to answer :

pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swa-

rode, 258; so, 340.
Bwa : i) demons, adv., so, in such a

manner, thus : swa sceal man don,

1173, 1535; swa J>a driht-guman

crreamum lifdon, 99; t>at ge-afndon

swa (that we thus accomplished},

538; J>oer hie meahton (i.e. feorh

ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189,

559. 763. "°4, I472, I77o» 2058,
2145, 2178, 2991; swamanlice (so
like a man}, 1047; swa fela (so
many}, 164, 592; swa deorlice
daed (so valiant a deed}, 585;
hine swS. godne (Iiim so good},
347 ; on swa geongum feore (in
so youthful age}, 1844; ge-de'5him
swa ge-wealdene worolde dselas
}>at . . . (niakes parts of the world
so subject to him that . . .), 1733.
In comparisons = ever, the (adv.) :
me bin mod-sefa lica'S leng swa
wel (thy mind pleases me ever so
well, the longer the better}, 1855.
As an asseverative = so : swa me
Higelac sie . . . modes bliSe (so
be Higelac gracious -minded to
me!}, 435; swa J>eah (neverthe
less, however}, 973, 1930, 2879;
swa >eh, 2968; hwaftre swa J>eah
{yet however}, 2443. — 2) : a) conj.,
as, so as : 6'S J>iit his byre mihte
eorlscipe efnan swa his oerfader
(until Ms son might do noble deeds,
as his old father did}, 2623; eft
swa ser (again as before}, 643; —
with indie. : swa he selfa bad (as
he himself requested}, 29; swd he
oft dyde (as he often did}, 444;
gae'S a Wyrd swa hio sceal, 455 ;
swa guman gefrungon, 667 ; so,
273. 352, 4°i> 561, 1049, 1056,
1059, H35. I232, 1235, 1239, 1253,
1382, etc.; — with subj.: swa }>in
sefa hwette (as pleases thy mind,
i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490.
b) as, as then, how, 1 143 ; swa hie
a wasron . . . nyd-gesteallan (as
they were ever comrades in need},
882; swa hit diope . . . be-nemdon
beodnas maere (as, \_hou>l~\ tht
mighty princes had deeply cursed
it}, 3070; swa he manna was wi-

27G

GLOSSARY.

gcnd weor'Sfullost (as he of men
the worthiest warrior was), 3099.
c) just as, the moment when : swa
J>at b!6d gesprang, 1668. d) so
that: swa he ne mihte n5 (so that
he might not . . .), 1509; so, 2185,
2007. — 3) = qui, quae, quod, Ger
man so : worhte wlite-beorhtne
wang swa water bebugeS (wrought
the beauteous plain which (ace.)
water surrounds"), 93. — 4) swa
. . . swa = so . . . as, 595, 687-8,
3170; efne swa . . . swa (even so
. . . as}, 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne
swa hwylc mag'Sa swa (such a
woman as, whatsoever woman),
944; efne swa hwylcum manna
swa (even so to each man as), 3058.

for-s\vafan, st. v., to carry away,
sweep off: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for-
sweof mine magas to metod-sceafte,
2815.

for-swapan, st. v., to sweep off,
force : pret. sg. hie Wyrd forswe6p
on Grendles gryre, 477.

swat, st. m., (sweat), wound-blood :
nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg.
swate, I 287. — Comp. hea'So-.hilde-

s\\-at.

swat-fah, adj., blood-stained : nom.

sg., 1 1 12.

swa tig, adj., gory : nom. sg., 1570.
swat-swaffu, st. f., blood-trace:

nom. sg., 2947.
b e - swaelan, w. v., to scorch : pret.

part, was se 18g-draca . . . glSdum

beswseled, 3042.
swa>s, adj., intimate, special, dear :

ace. sg. swsesne fiftel, 520; nom.

pi. swzese ge-silSas, 29; ace. pi.

Ie6de swasse, 1869; swaese ge-

stSas, 2041, 2519; gen. pi. swaesra

ge-stSa, 1935.
swees-lice, adv., pleasantly, in a

friendly manner, 3090.

swebban, w. v., (to put to sleep}, to
kill : inf. ic hine sweorde swebban
nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (abso
lutely) swefeft, 601.

a-swebban, to kill, slay: pret.
part. nom. pi. sweordum a-swefede,
567.

sweffrlan, w. v., to lessen, diminish :
inf. J>at )>at fyr ongan sweftrian,
27°35 Pret- sitSUan Heremodes
hild swe^rode, 902.

s wefan, st. v. : i ) to sleep : pres. sg.
III. swefeft, 1742; inf. swefan,
"9. 73°. l673; pret. sg. swaf,
1801 ; pi. swDsfon, 704; swaefun,
1281. — 2) to sleep the death-sleep,
die : pres. sg. III. swefeft, 1039,
2061, 2747; pi. swefafl, 2257, 2458.

swegel, st. n., ether, clear sky : dat.
sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen.
sg. under swegles begong, 861,

'774-

swegle, adj., bright, ether like, clear :
ace. pi. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750.

swegel-wered, quasi pret. part.,
ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl-
wered, 607.

swelgan, st. v., to swallo^o : pret.
sg. w. instr. syn-snoedum swealb
(swallowed in great bites}, 744;
object omitted, subj. pres. nym'Se
liges fa5m swulge on swa'Sule, 783.

for-swelgan, w. ace., to swallow,
consume: pret. sg. for-swealg,
1123, 2081.

swellan, st. v., to swell : inf. J>a sio
wund on-gan . . . swelan and swel
lan, 2714.

sweltan, st. v., to die, perish : pret.
sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca mor-
^Sre swealt (died a violent death},
893, 2783; wundor-deaSe swealt,
3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359.

swcncan, w. v., to su>ink, oppresst
strike : pret. sg. hine \\undra t>as

GLOSSARY.

277

fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sun-
de, 1511.

ge-swencan,& oppress, strike, in
jure : pret. sg. syiS'San hine Hsefi-
cyn . . . Mne geswencte, 2439;
pret. part, synnum ge-swenced, 976;
haeSstapa hur.dum ge - swenced,
1369. — Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.

sweng, st. m., blow, stroke: dat.
sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge
(with its stroke), 2687; instr. pi.
sweordes swengum, 2387. — Comp. :
feorh-, hete-, heafiu-, heoro-sweng.

swerian, st. v., to swear ; pret. w.
ace. I. ne me swor fela a"5a on
unriht (swore no false oaths'}, 2739;
he me iSas swor, 472.

for-swerian,w. instr., to forswear,
renounce (protect with magic for
mula?) : pret. part, he sige-wsep-
num for-sworen hafde, 805.

sweg, st m., sound, noise, uproar :
nom. sg. sweg, 783; hearpansweg,
89, 2459, 3024; sige-folca sweg,
645; sang and sweg, 1064; dat.
sg. swege, 1215. — Comp.: benc-,
morgen-swe'g.

swelan, w. v., to burn (here of
wounds) : inf. swelan, 2714. See
swselan.

sweart, adj., swart, black, dark:
nom. sg. wudu-rec sweart, 3146;
dat. pi. sweartum nihtum, 167.

sweoffol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, sue-
than — cremare ; M.H.G. swadem
= vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt
V., 215), st. m.? n.?, vapor, smoke,
smoking flame : dat. sg. ofer swio-
•Sole (MS. swic Sole), 3146. See
swafful.

sweofot, st. m., sleep : dat. sg. on
sweofote, 1582, 2296.

sweoloiS, st. m., heat, fire, flame :
dat.sg.sweolofte, 1116. Cf. O.H.G.
suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.

sweorcan, st. v., to trouble, darken :
pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on
sefan sweorceft (darkens his soul},
1738.

f or-sweorcan, to grow dark or
dim : pres. sg. III. eagena bearhtm
for-site 5 and for-sworce~S, 1 768.

ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to dark
en : pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearcr
1790.

sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n.,
sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287,
1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697;
swurd, 891; ace. sg. sweord, 437,
673. 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500,
etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd,
2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde,
561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg.
sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; ace.
pl.sweord,2639; swyrd,3O49; instr.
pi. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen.
pi. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962. —
Comp. : gu'S-, matfSum-, wasg-
sweord.

sweord, st. f ., oath : in comp. a"$-
sweord (sword-oath?'), 2065.

sweord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale,
death by the sword : nom. sg., 1 148.

sweord-freca, w. m., sword-war
rior : dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469,

sweord-glfu, st. f., sword-gift, giv
ing of swords : nom. sg. swyrd-gifu,.
2885.

sweotol, swutol, adj.: i) clear,
bright : nom. sg. swutol sang sco
pes, 90. — 2) plain, manifest :
nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818;
ticen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweo-
tolan t^cne, 141.

sweof, swe6p. See swafan, swa-
pan.

swiff, st. n.? (O.N. swifti), burning
pain : in comp. J>ry5-swrS(?).

swift, adj., swift : nom. sg. se swifta
mearh, 2265.

278

GLOSSARY.

Bwimman, swymman, st. v., to

fioim : inf. swymman, 1625.
o f e r - s w i m m a n , \v. ace., to swim

aver or through : pret. sg. ofer-

swam siolefta bigong (swam over

the sea}, 2368.
swincan, st. v., to struggle, labor,

contend : pret. pi. git on wateres

aeht seofon niht swuncon, 517.
ge- swing, st. n., surge, eddy : nom.

sg. atol yfta geswing, 849.
swingan, st. v., to swing one's self,

fly: pres. sg. III. ne god hafoc

geond sal swingeft, 2265.
s wican, st. v. : i ) to deceive, leave

in the lurch, abandon : pret. sg.

naefre hit (the sword} at hilde ne

swic manna aengum, 1461. — 2) to

escape : subj. pres. bfttan his lie

swice, 967.
ge-s wican, to deceive, leave in the

lurch : pret. sg. gftft-bill ge-swfic

nacod at nlfte, 2585, 2682; w. dat.

se6 ecg ge-sw&c )>eodne at )>earfe

(the sword failed the prince in

need}, 1525.
swiff, sw$ff (Goth, swings), adj.,

strong, mighty : nom. sg. was J>at

ge-win t6 swyft, 191. — Comp. nom.

sg. si6 swiftre hand (the right

hand}, 2099.
swift e, adv., strongly, very, much,

598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swyfte,

2 1 7 1 , 2 1 88. Compar. swifter, more,

rather, more strongly, 961, 1140,

1875, 2199. — Comp. un-swlfte.

ofer-swifflan, w. v., to overcome,

vanquish, w. ace. of person : pres.

sg. III. oferswyfteft, 279, 1769.
swSff-ferhff, adj., (fortis animo},

strong-minded, bold, brave: nom.

sg. swyft-ferhft, 827; gen. sg. swlft-
ferhftes,9O9; nom. pi. swlft-ferhfte,

493; dat. pi. swift-ferhftum, 173.
Bwiff-hyc-gend, pres. part, (strenue

cogitans}, bold-minded, brave in
spirit: nom. sg. swift-hycgende,
920; nom. pi. swift-hycgende, 1017.

swift-mod, adj., strong-minded:
nom. sg., 1625.

on- s wifan, st. v. w. ace., to swing,
turn, at or against, elevate : pret.
sg. biorn (Bedwulf) bord-rand on-
swdf wift J?am gryre-gieste, 2560.

swfgian, w. v., to be silent, keep
silent : pret. sg. lyt swlgode niwra
spella (kept little of the new tidings
silent}, 2898; pi. swlgedon ealle,
1700.

swigor, adj., silent, taciturn : nom.
sg. weak, \>£ was swlgra secg . . .
on gylp-spraece gftft - ge-weorca,
981.

swin, swyn, st. n., swine, boar
(image on the helm) : nom. sg.
swyn, 1 1 12; ace. sg. swln, 1287.

swfn-lic, st. n., swine-image or body:
instr. pi. swln-l!cum, 1454.

swOgan, st. v., to whistle, roar:
pres. part, swogende ISg, 1346.

swutol. See sweotol.

swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s),
demons, adj. = talis, such, such a ;
relative = qualis, as, which : nom.
sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709;
swylc . . . swylc = talis . . . qualis,
1329; ace. sg. swylc, 2799; call
. . . swylc (all . . . which, as}, 72;
65er swylc (such another, i.e.
hand), 1584; on swylc (on such
things}, 997; dat. sg. gflft-frem-
mendra swylcum (to such a battle-
worker, i.e. Be<5wulf), 299; gen.
sg. swylces hwat (some such}, 88 1 ;
ace. pi. swylce, 2870; call swylce
. . . swylce, 3166; swylce twegen
(two such}, 1348; ealle )>earfe
swylce (all needs that}, 1798;
swylce hie . . . fmdan meahton
sigla searo-gimma (such as they

GLOSSARY.

279

might find of jewels and cunning
gems), 1157; efne swylce mzela
swylce (at just stick times as),
1250; gen. pi. swylcra searo-nifta,
582; swylcra fela . . . ser-gestreona,
2232.

swylce, adv., as, as also, likewise,
similarly, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855,
908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483,
2460, 2825; ge swylce (and like
wise'}, 2259; swilce, 1153.

swylt, st. m., death : nom. sg., 1256,

1437-

swylt-diig, st. m., death-day : dat.
sg. ser swylt-dage, 2799.

swynsian, w. v., to sound: pret. sg.
hlyn swynsode, 612.

swyrd. See sweord.

swyff. See swiff.

swyn. See swin.

syffSan (seftian, Gen. 1525), w. v.,
to punish, avenge, w. ace.: inf.
bonne hit sweordes ecg syStSan
scolde (then the edge of the sword
should avenge if), 1107.

syS'S'an. See siffffan.

syfan-wintre, adj., seven-winters-
old : nom. sg., 2429.

syhff. See scon.

syl (O.H.G. swella), st. i.,sill, bench-
support : dat. sg. fram sylle, 776.

sylfa. See selfa.

syllan. See sellan.

syllic. See sellic.

synabel, syml, st. n., banquet,
entertainment: ace. sg. symbel,
620, ion; geaf me sine and
symbl (gave me treasure and feast
ing, i.e. made me his friend and
table-companion), 2432; J>at hie
. . . symbel ymbsaeton (that they
might sit round their banquet),
564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009 ;
symble, 119, 2105; gen. pi. sym-
bla, 1233.

symble, symle, adv., continually,
ever : symble, 2451 ; symle, 2498;
symle was }>y ssemra (he was ever
the worse, the weaker, i.e. the
dragon), 2881.

symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting-
pleasure, joy at feasting: ace. sg.
symbel-wynne dreoh, 1 783.

syn, st. f., sin, crime : nom. synn
and sacu, 2473; dat. inst.r. pi. syn-
num, 976, 1256, 3072.

syn. See sin.

syn-byslg, adj., (culpa laborans),
persecuted on account of guilt!
(Rieger) , guilt-haunted'} : nom.sg.
secg syn-[byjsig, 2228.

ge -synglan, w. v., to sin, commit a
crime : pret. part. J?at was feohleas
ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442.

synnig, adj., sin-laden, sinful : ace.
sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380. —
Comp. : fela-, un-synnig.

ge-synto, f., health: dat. pi. on
gesyntum, 1870.

syrce. See serce.

syrwan, w. v. w. ace., to entrap, catch
unawares : pret. sg. dugu'Se and
geogofte seomade andsyrede, 161.

be-syrwan: i~)to compass or accom
plish by finesse ; effect: inf. daed }>e
we ealle xi ne meahton snyttrum
be-syrwan (a deed that all of us
could not accomplish before with
all our wisdoni), 943. — 2) to en
trap by guile and destroy : inf.
mynte se mansca'5a manna cynnes
sumne be-syrwan (the fell foe
thought to entrap some one (all!,
see sum) of the men), 714.

syn, f., seeing, sight, scene : comp.
an-s^n.

g e - syne, adj ., visible, to be seen :
nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059,
3160. — Comp.: gft-ge-syne, yfr
ge-s&ne.

280

GLOSSARY.

taligean, w. v. : i) to count, reckon,
number; esteem, think: pres. sg.
I. nd ic me . . . hndgran gufl-ge-
weorca )>onne Grendel hine (count
myself no worse than G. in battle-
works), 678; w£n ic talige . . . Hit
(/ count on the hope . . . that},
1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. )>5t
nedtala'S )>at (counts it gain that),
2028. — 2) to tell, relate : so$ ic
talige {I tell facts), 532; swfi hu
self talast (as thou thyself say st},

595-

fat-en, st. n., token, sign, evidence :
nom. sg. tacen sweotol, 834; dat.
instr. sg. sweotolan ticne, 141 ;
tires to tScne, 1655. — Comp. luf-
tScen.

t&n, st.m., twig: in comp. iter-t&n.

g e - 1 aecan, w. v., to show, point out:
pret. sg. him }>& hilde-de6r hof
modigra torht ge-taehte (the war
rior pointed out to them the bright
dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes),
313. Hence, to indicate, assign :
pret. sona me se maera mago Healf-
denes . . . wl5 his sylfes sunu setl
getsehte (assigned me a seat by his
own son), 2014.

tsele, adj., blameworthy: in comp.
un-taele.

ge -taese, adj., quiet, still: nom. sg.
gif him waere . . . niht ge-taese
(whether he had a pleasant, quiet,
night), 1321.

tela, adv., fittingly, well, 949, 1219,
1226, 1821, 2209, 2738.

telge. See talian.

tell an, w. v., to tell, consider, deem :
pret sg. ne his lif-dagas gumena
aenigum nytte tealde (nor did he
count his life useful to any man),
795; Wt ic me senigne under swe-

gles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (1
believed not that I had any foe
under heaven), 1774; cwatJ he
)>one gfrS-wine godne tealde (said
he counted the war-friend good},
1811; he flsic gSr-wigend g3de
tealde (deemed us good spear-war
riors), 2642; pi. swd (so that)
hine Geata beam godne ne teal-
don, 2185. — 2) to ascribe, count
against, impose : pret. sg. (pryfto)
him walbendeweotode tealde hand-
gewrit?ene, 1937.

ge-tenge, adj., attached to, lying
on : w. dat. gold . . . grunde ge-
tenge, 2759.

tear, st. m., tear: nom. pi. tearas,

1873-

teoh, st. f., troop, band: dat. sg.
earmre teohhe, 2939.

(ge?) -teohhlan, w. v., to fix, de
termine, assign : pret. sg. ic for
la'ssan lean teohhode . . . hnihran
rince, 952; pres. part, was oiSer in
asr geteohhod (assigned} . . , mae-
rum Geate, 1301.

teon, st. v., to draw, lead : inf. h6ht
. . . eahta mearas ... on flet teon
(bade eight horses be led into the
hall), 1037; Pret< SS- me l° grunde
teah fSh fe6nd-scea^?a (the many-
hued fiend-foe drew me to the bot
tom}, 553; eft-si Sas teah (with
drew, returned}, 1333; sg. for pi.
aeg-hwylcum . . . J>a"ra be mid Beo-
wulfe brim-ldde teah (to each of
those that crossed the sea with B.},
1052 ; pret. part. J>d was . . . heard-
ecg togen (then was the hard edge
drawn), 1289; wear's ... on nas
togen (was drawn to the promon
tory), 1440.

ft- ted n, to wander, go, intran;. :
pret. sg. t8 Heorute I-teah (dtn*
to Heorot), 767.

GLOSSARY.

281

ge-tedn: i) to draw: pret. sg.
gomel swyrd ge-teah, 2611; vv.
instr. and ace. hire seaxe ge-teah,
brad brun-ecg, 1546. — 2) to grant,
give, lend : imp. no bu him vvearne
geteoh J>inra gegn-cwida gladnian
(refuse not to gladden them -with
thy answer"), 366; pret. sg. and
f>3 Beowulfe bega gehwa'Sres eodor
Ingwina onweald ge-teah (and the
prince of the Ingwins gave B.
power over both), 1045; so, he
him e"st geteah (gave possession of),
2166.

of-te6n,to deprive, withdraw, w.
gen. of thing and dat. pers. : pret.
sg. Scyld ScSfing . . . monegum
maegiSum meodo-setla of-teah, 5 ;
w. ace. of thing, hond . . . feorh-
sweng ne of-teah, 2490; w. dat.
hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of-
teah, 1521.

burh-teon, to effect : inf. gif he
torn-gemot }mrh-te6n mihte, 1141.

teon (cf. teoh, materia, O.H.G.
ziuc), w. v. w. ace., to make, work :
pret. sg. teode, 1453; — to fur
nish out, deck : pret. pi. nalas hi
hine la'ssan lacum teodan (pro
vided him with no less gifts),

43-
ge-tedn, to provide, do, bring on :

pres. sg. unc sceal weor'San . . .

swa" unc Wyrd ge-te6'8, 2527; pret.

sg. }>e him . . . sare ge-teode (who

had done him this harni), 2296.
g e - reonn, w, m., injurer, harmer :

in comp. la"S-ge-teona.
til, adj., good, apt, Jit : nom. sg. m.

HSlga til, 61 ; begn ungemete till

(of Wiglaf), 2722; fern, was sed

t>e6d tilu, 1251; neut. ne was bat

ge-wrixle til, 1305.
tilian, w. v. w. gen., to gain, win :

inf. gif ic ... 6wihte mag }>inre

mod-lufan mtran tilian (if 1 . . .
gain), 1824.

timbrian, w. v., to build : pres. part,
ace. sg. sal timbred (the well-built
halt), 307.

be-timbrian, (construere), to fin
ish building, complete: pret. pi.
betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-
rofes b8cn, 3161.

tid, st. f., -tide, time : ace. sg. twelf
wintra tid, 147; lange tid, 1916;
in }>a tide, 2228. — Comp.: Sn-,
morgen-tid.

ge-tiffian (from tig'Sian), w. v., to
grant : pret. part, impers. was . . .
b£ne (gen.) ge-tiftad feasceaftum
men, 2285.

tir, st. m., glory, repute in war : gen.
sg. tires, 1655.

tir-eadig, adj., glorious, famous :
dat. sg. tir-eadigum menn (of Beo
wulf), 2190.

tir-fast, adj., famous, rich in glory .••
nom. sg. (of Hro'Sgir), 923.

tir-le&s, adj., without glory, infa
mous : gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844. .

toga, w. m., leader : in comp. folc-
toga.

torht, adj., bright, brilliant: ace.
sg. neut. hof . . . torht, 313. —
Comp. : wuldor-torht, heafto-torht
(loud in battle") .

torn, st. n. : l) wrath, insult, dis
tress : ace. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen.
pi. torna, 2190. — 2) anger : instr.
sg. tome ge-bolgen, 2402. — Comp.
lige-torn.

torn, adj., bitter, cruel: nom. sg.
hreowa tornost, 2130.

torn-ge-m6t, st. n., (wrathful meet
ing), angry engagement, battle:
ace. sg., 1141.

td, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direc
tion or tending to, hence : i) local
= whither after verbs of motion,

282

GLOSSARY.

to, up to, at : com t3 recede (to the
hall), 721 ; code t8 sele, 920; code
t& hire frean sittan, 642; gaeff eft
. . . t& medo (goeth again to mead},
605; wand to wolcnum (wound
to the welkin), 1 1 20 ; sigor to sbepe
(sank to sleep), 1252; 28, 158, 234,
438, 553. 926, loio, 1014, 1155,
1159, 1233, etc.; 115-waege bar
halum t8 handa (bore the ale-cup
to the hands of the men ? at hand?) ,
1984; 6"5 J>at niht becom 85er t8
yldum, 2118; him to bearme cwom
ma'S'Sum-fat maere (came to his
hands, into his possession), 2405;
soelde to sande sid-fa^me scip
(fastened the broad-bosomed ship
to the shore), 1918; |>at se harm-
scafta t3 Heorute a-teah (went
forth to Hear of), 767. After verb
sittan : sitte nu to symble (sit now
to the meal), 489; siSSan ... we
tS symble geseten hafdon, 2105;
to ham (home, at home), 124, 374,
2993. With verbs of speaking :
maftelodetohis wine-drihtne (spake
to his friendly lord), 360; t8 Gea-
tum spree, 1172; so, h&ht )>at hea-
•So-weorc t3 hagan biodan (bade
the battle-work be told at the hedge),
2893. — 2) with verbs of bringing
and taking (cf. under on, I., d) :
hraffe was t8 bure Be6wulf fetod
( B. was hastily brought to the hall),
1311; sift-San Hama at- wag t8
bare byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene
(since H. carried the Brosing-
necklace off to (1) the bright city),
1200: wean ahsode. faehflo to Frv-
sum (suffered woe, feud as to, from,
the Frisians), 1208. — 3) = end
of motion, hence : a) to, for, as,
in : bone god sende folce t3 frofre
(for, as, a help to the folk), 14;
gesette . . . sunnan and mdnan

Ie6man t& Ie6hte (as a light), 95;
ge-sat . . . t3 rune (satin counsel),
172; wear* he Hea$o-lafe to
hand-bonan, 460; bringe . . . to
helpe (bring to, for, help), 1831;
Eofore forgeaf angan dohtor . . .
hyldo t3 wedde (as a pledge of his
favor), 2999; so, 508(7), 666,
907,972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331,
1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan
to s3$e (to say in sooth), 51 ;
so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of
thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at,
against : he t3 gyrn-wrace swiSor
bohte bonne t3 sae-lade (thought
more on vengeance than on tJte sea-
voyage), 1139; sacce ne w^neiS to
Gar-Denum (nor weeneth of con
flict with the Spear-Danes), 602 ;
J>onne wSne ic t8 )>e wyrsan ge-
Hnges (then I expect for thee a
worse result), 525; ne ic t& Sweo-
J>eode sibbe o'S'Se tre6we wihte ne
we"ne (nor expect at all of, from,
the Swedes . . .), 2923; wiste )>ani
ahlaecan t8 ]>am heah-sele hilde
ge-Hnged (battle prepared for the
monster in the high hall), 648;
wel biiS >am )>e mot t3 fader faS-
mum freofio wilnian (well for him
that can Jind peace in the Fathers
arms), 1 88; J>ftra |>e hege-worhte
t8 West-Denum (of those that he
wrought against the West-Danes) ,
1579. — 4) with the gerund, inf.:
t8 gefremmanne (to do)t 174; to
ge-cytianne (tomakekncnun),2$7;
t3 secganne (to say), 473; to be-
fle6nne (to avoid, escape), 1004;
so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852,
1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: t5
f&ran, 316; to friclan, 2557.—
5) temporal: gewat him t8 ge-
scap-hwile (went at(1) the hour
of fate; or, to his fated resfi), 26 ;

GLOSSARY.

283

t8 widan feore (ever, in their
lives}, 934; £wa to aldre (for life,
forever], 956; so, to aldre, 2006,
2499; t& life (during life, ever),
2433. — 6) with particles : wod
under wolcnum to bas be . . . (went
under the welkin to the point
where . . .), 715; so, elne ge-eodon
to bas be, 1968; so, 2411; he him
bas lean for-geald ... to bas be he
on reste geseah Grendel licgan (he
paid him for that to the point that
he saw G. lying dead}, 1586; was
bat blod to bas hSt (the blood was
hot to that degree), 1617; nas b&
long to bon bat ('twas not long
till}, 2592, 2846; was him se man
to bon leof bat (the man was dear
to him to that degree}, 1877; to
hwan si'5'San wear'S hond-nes ha-
lefta (up to what point, how, the
hand-contest turned out), 2072; to
middes (in the midst}, 3142.

II. Adverbial modifier, quasi
preposition [better explained in
many cases as prep, postponed] :
i) to, towards, up to, at: geong
sona to, 1 786 ; so, 2649 ; f e'h'S 6 8er
t6, 1756; sae-ISc . . . be bu her to
locast (upon which thou here look-
esf), 1655; folc to sasgon (the folk
looked on}, 1423; bat hi him to
mihton gegnum gangan (might
proceed thereto}, 313; se be him
bealwa to bote gelyfde (who be
lieved in help out of evils from him,
i.e. Beowulf), 910; him to amval-
dan ire ge-lyfde (trusted for him
self to the Almighty's help}, 1273;
be us se'cea'S to Sweona leode
(that the Swedes will come against
us}, 3002. — 2) before adj. and
adv., too : to strang (too mighty},
133; t3 fast, 137; to swy$, 191;
so, 789, 970, 1 337. ' 743. 1 749. etc. ;

to fela micles (far too much}, 695 ;
he to forS ge-stop (he had gone
too far}, 2290.

t08" (G. tunbu-s), st. m., tooth : in
comp. blodig-toft (adj.).

tredan, st. v. w. ace., to tread : inf.
soe-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tre
dan, 3020; pret. sg. wrac-lastas
trad, 1353; medo-wongas trad,
1644; gras-moldan trad, 1882.

treddian, tryddian (see trod),
w. v., to stride, tread, go : pret. sg.
treddode, 726; tryddode getrume
micle (strode about with a strong
troop}, 923.

trem, st. n., piece, part : ace. sg. ne
. . . fotes trem (not a foot's
breadth}, 2526.

treow, st. f., fidelity, good faith :
ace. sg. treowe, 1073; sibbe o'Sfte
treowe, 2923.

tre6w, st. n., tree : in comp. galg-
treow.

tre6\vian. See tru\vlan.

tre6w-loga, w. m., troth-breaker,
pledge-breaker : nom. pi. tre6w-
logan, 2848.

trodu, st. f., track, step : ace. sg. or
pi. trode, 844.

ge-trum, st. n., troop, band: instr.
sg. ge-trume micle, 923.

trum, adj., strong, endowed with :
nom. sg.heorothornum trum, 1370.

ge-truwan, w. v. w. ace., to con
firm, pledge solemnly : pret. sg. b&
hie getruwedon on twa healfe faste
frio'Su-ware, 1096.

tru\vian, treowan, w. v., to trust
in, rely on, believe in : i) w. dat. :
pret. sg. si'Se ne trfiwode leofes
mannes (/ trusted not in the dear
man's enterprise}, 1994; bearne
ne truwode bat he ... (she trusted
not the child that . . .}, 2371 ; ge-
hwylc hiora his ferh^e treowde

284

GLOSSARY.

J>5t he ... {each trusted his heart
that . . .), 1167. — 2) w. gen.:
pret. sg. Geata Ie6d georne tru-
wode modgan magnes, 670; wi$-
res ne truwode, 2954.
ge-truwian, to rely on, trust in,
w. dat. : pret. sg. strenge ge-tru-
wode, mund-gripe magenes, 1534;
— w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-
truwode, wiges and wealles, 2323;
strenge ge-truwode Snes mannes,

2541-
tryddlan. See treddian.

try we, adj., true, faithful : nom.
sg. }>& gyt was . . . seghwylc oSrum
try we, 1 1 66.

ge-trywe, adj., faithful: nom. sg.
her is aeghwylc eorl oftrum ge-
trywe, 1229.

turf, st. f., sod, soil, seat: in comp.
SSeMurf.

tux, st. m., tooth, tusk : in comp.
hilde-tux.

ge-twaefan, w. v. w. ace. of person
and gen. thing, to separate, divide,
deprive of, hinder: pres. sg. III.
l>at bee Ml &#5e ecg eafoftes ge-
twaefefl (robs of strength), 1764;
inf. god ea'Se mag )>one dol-scaftan
dseda ge-twaefan ( God may easily
restrain the fierce foe from his
deeds), 479; pret. sg. sumne Gea
ta leod . . . feores getwsefde (cut
him o/ from life}, 1434; no her
waeg-flotan wind ofer yftum siSes
ge-twoefde (the wind hindered not
the wave-floater in her course over
the water), 1909; pret. part, at-
rihte was gu$ ge-twoefed (almost
had the struggle been ended), 1659.

ge-twaeman, w. v. ace. pers. and
gen. thing, to hinder, render inca
pable of, restrain : inf. ic hine ne
mihte . . . ganges getwasman, 969.

twegen, f. neut. twa, num., twain,

two: nom. m. twegen, 1164; ace.
m. twegen, 1348; dat. twaem, 1 192;
gen. twega, 2533; ace. f. twS, 1096,

U95-
twelf, num., twelve: gen. twelfa,

3I72-
tweone (Frisian twine), num. =

hint, two : dat. pi. be saem tweo-

num, 859, 1298; 1686.
twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig

(long-assured), 1709.
tyder, st. m., race, descendant: in

comp. un-tyder, III.
tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., weak,

unwarlike, cowardly : nom. pi.

tydre, 2848.
tyn, num., ten : uninflect. dat. on

tyn dagum, 3161 ; inflect, nom.

tyne, 2848.
tyrwian, w. v., to tar: pret. part.

tyrwed in comp. : niw-tyrwed.
on-tyhtan, w. v., to urge on, incite,

entice : pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087.

Jmfian, w. v. w. ace., to submit to,
endure: inf. J>at se |>e6d-cyning Ca
ftan sceolde Eofores anne d3m,
2964.

]>anc, st. m.: i) thought: in comp.
fore-, hete-, or-, searo-)>anc; inwit-
^anc (adj.). — 2) thanks (w. gen.
of thing) : nom. sg., 929, 1779;
ace. sg. J>anc, 1998, 2795. — 3) con
tent, favor, pleasure : dat. sg. )>a
}>e gif-sceattas Geata fyredon |>yder
t6 >ance (those that tribute for the
Gedtas carried thither for favor),

379-
ge-|janc, st. m., thought : instr. pi.

t>e<5strum ge - )>oncum, 2333. —

Comp. mSd-ge-)>anc.
J>anc-hycgende, pres. part., thought'

ful, 2236.

GLOSSARY.

285

paiician, w. v., to thank : pret. sg.
gode J>ancode . . . f>as f>e hire se
willa ge-lamp (thanked God that
her -wish was granted}, 626; so,
1398; pi. J>ancedon, 627(7).

)>anon, ]>onon, \>oi\i\i\,M\v., thence:
l ) local : Htnon eft gewat (lie went
thence back*), 123; }>anon up ...
stigon (went up thence}, 224; so,
Hmon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854,
1293; >anan, 1881; >onon, 520,
1374, 2409; H>nan, 820, 2360,
2957. — 2) personal: Hinon un-
tydras ealle on-wocon (from him,
i.e. Cain, etc.), ill; so, J>anan,
1266; fconon, 1961; unsofte H>non
feorh 6S-ferede (i.e. from Gren-
dcl's mother), 2141.

J>a, adv.: i) there, then, 3, 26, 28,

34, 47, 53, etc- With ter: W Her,
331. With nu : nu ]?a (now then),
658. — 2) conjunction, when, as,
since, w. indie., 461, 539, 633, etc.;
— because, whilst, during, since,
402,465, 724, 255 1, etc.
J»at, I. demons, pron. ace. neut. of
se : demons, nom. Hit (that), 735,
766, etc.; instr. sg. J>y, 1798, 2029;
Hit ic J>y wsepne ge-brad (that I
brandished as(l} a weapon; that
I brandished the weapon!}, 1665;
by weorftra (the more honored},
*9°3> )>y s8ft (the more easily},
2750; Jjy las hym yfte Hym wudu
vvynsuman for-wrecan meahte (lest
the force of the waves the winsome
boat might carry away}, 1919; no
)>y XT (not sooner), 755, 1503,
2082, 2374, 2467; no by leng (no
longer, none the longer}, 975. J>$
=adv., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068;
J»5 . . . J»e = on this account ; for
this reason . . . that, because, 2639-
2642; \viste }>§ geornor (knew but
too well}, 822; he ... was sundes

t>e saenra J>e hine swylt fornam (he
was the slower in swimming as
\whomT\ death carried him off},
1437; n^ n'm wihte }>e s&l (it was
none the better for him}, 2688; so,
2278. Gen. sg. )»as = adv., for
this reason, therefore, 7, 16, 114,
35°» 5^9, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033,
etc. J»iis J>e, especially after verbs
of thanking, = because, 108, 228,
627, 1780, 2798; — also = secun-
dum quod : )>as J>e hie gewislicost
ge-witan meahton, 1 35 1 ; — there
fore, accordingly, 1342, 3001; t6
J>as (to that point ; to that degree},
715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; J>as
georne (so firmly}, 969; ac he t>as
faste was . . . besmiSod (it was too
firmly set}, 774; no J>as frod leo-
faS gumena bearna >at j^one gruncl
wite (none liveth among men so
wise that he should know its bot
tom}, 1368; he His (Him, MS.)
modig was (had the courage for
if), 1509.

II. conj. (relative), that, so that,
15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 57:,
etc. ; 63 Hit (up to that, until} ;
see 681.

Jwitte (from Hit )>e, see J>e), .that,
151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; Hit \>e
(that}, 1847.

]>ser : i) demons, adv., there (where},
32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; morSor-
bealo maga, Her he6 aer masste
heold worolde wynne (the death-
bale of kinsmen where before she
had most worldly joy}, 1080. With
J>&: Hi J'ser, 331; Her on innan
(therein), 71. Almost like Eng.
expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.;
— then, at that time, 440 ; —
thither: Her swfS-ferfrSe sittan
eodon (thither went the bold ones
to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.

286

GLOSSARY.

— 2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508,
513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; code . . .
haer se snotera bid (went where the
wise one tarried), 1314; so, 1816;

— if, 763» 798, 1008, 1836, 2731,
etc.; — whither : gi haer he wille,

1395-

J»e, I. relative particle, indecl., partly
standing alone, partly associated
with se, se6, hat : Hunfer'S ma"5e-
lode, be at fotum sat (I/., who sat
at his feet, spake), 500; so, 138,
etc.; was hat gewin t6 swyft he on
hi leode be-com (the misery that
had come on the people was too
great), 192, etc.; ic wille ... he
ha and-sware adre ge-cyftan he me
se g3da i-gifan hence"5 (/ will
straightway tell thee the answer that
the good one shall give), 355; 6'5
hone inne dag he he ... (till that
very day that he . . .), 2401 ; heo
hi faehfle wrac he hu • • • Grendel
cwealdest (the fight in which thou
slewest G.), 1335; mid here sorge
he him si6 sir belamp (with the
sorrow whereivith the pain had vis
ited him), 2469 ; pi. honne ha dydon
he ... (than they did that . . .),
45; so, 378, 1136; hi miSmas he
he me sealde (the treasures that
he gave me), 2491; so, gimfastan
gife he him god sealde (the great
gifts that Cod had given him),
2183. After hira he (of those that) ,
the depend, verb often takes sg.
instead of pi. (Dietrich, Haupt XL,
j\M seqq.) : wundor-si6na fela sec-
ga ge-hwylcum hira he on swylc
stara'5 (to each of those that look on
such), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384,
2736. Strengthened by se, se<5,
hat : sagde se he cfrSe (said he
that knew), 90; was se grimma
gast Grendel hiten, se he morns

heold (the grim stranger hight
Grendel, he that held the moors),
103; here-byrne . . . se6 he bin-
cofan beorgan cftSe (the corselet
that could protect the body), 1446,
etc.; haer ge-lyfan sceal dryhtnes
dome se he hine deaE nimetS (he
shall believe in God's judgment
whom death carrieth off), 441 ;
so, 1437, I292 (cf- Heliand I.,
1308).

>as JM-. See >at.

>eah >e. See >eah.

forj»am)>e. See for-J>am.

>^» )>S, the, by that, instr. of se : ihte
ic holdra hy las • . . he dea^J for-
nam (7 had the less friends whom
death snatched away), 488; so,

1437-

J»eccan, w. v., to cover (thatch),
cover over: inf. hi sceal brond
fretan, aled heccean (fire shall eat,
flame shall cover, the treasures),
3016; pret. pi. haer git eagor-
stream earmum hehton (in swim
ming), 513.

)>egn, st. m., thane, liegeman, king's
higher vassal; knight: nom. sg.,
235»494.868, 2060, 2710; (Be6-
wulf), 194? (Wiglif), 2722; ace.
sg. hegen (Be6wulf, MS. hegn),
1872; dat. sg. hegne, 1342, 1420;
(Hengest), 1086; (Wfglif), 2811 ;
gen. sg. hegnes, 1798; nom. pi.
hegnas, 1231; ace. pi. hegnas,
1082, 3122; dat. pi. hegnum, 2870;
gen. pi. hegna, 123, 400, 1628,
1674, 1830, 2034, etc. — Comp. :
ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-
hegn.

]>egnlan, ]>enlnn, w. v., to serve,
do liege service: pret. sg. ic him
henode deoYan sweorde (/ served
them with my good sword, i.e. slew
them with it), 560.

GLOSSARY.

287

J»egn-sorh, st. f., thane-sorrow, grief
for a liegeman : ace. sg. }>egn-
sorge, 131.

J»egu, st. f., taking : in comp. : beah-,
beor-, sinc-J>egu.

J>el, st. n., deal-board, board for
benches : in comp. benc-J>el, 486,
1240.

J»encan, vv. v. : i) to think: abso
lutely : pres. sg. III. se }>e wel J?en-
ce£, 289; 50,2602. With depend,
clause : pres. sg. nsenig heora }>6hte
}>at he ... {none of them thought
that he*), 692. — 2) w. inf., to in
tend: pres. sg. III. J>a" and-sware
. . . J>e me se goda S-gifan J?ence'5
(the answer that the good one in-
tendeth to give me}, 355; (blodig
wal) byrgean bence'S, 448; J>onne
he ... gegan J>ence'5 longsumne
lof (if he will win eternal fame},
1536; pret. sg. ne }>at aglaeca yldan
hohte (the monster did not mean
to delay thaf), 740; pret. pi. wit
unc wift hronfixas werian J>6hton,
541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone
heawan K>hton, 801.

i-J>encan, to intend, think out:
pret. sg. (he) Ms ellen-weorc ana
&-K"hte to ge-fremmanne, 2644.

ge-}>encan, w. ace.: i) to think
of: J?at he his selfa ne mag . . .
ende ge-}>encean (so that he him
self may not think of, know, its
limit), 1735. — 2) to be mindful :
imper. sg. ge-J>enc nu * . . hwat
wit geo sproecon, 1475.

(»enden : i) adv., at this time, then,
whilst : nalles facen-stafas }>e6d-
Scyldingas )>enden fremedon (not
at all at this time had the Scyl-
dings done foul deeds}, 1020 (re
ferring to 1165; cf. WidsrS, 45
seqq.); J>enden reafode rinc ofter-
ne (whilst one warrior robbed

another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongen-
}>e6w), 2986. — 2) conj., so long
as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039,
2500, 3028; — whilst, 2419. With
subj., whilst, as long as : ^enden
}>u mote, 1178; J^enden }>u lifige,
1255; }>enden hit sy (whilst the
heat lasts}, 2650.

]>engel, st. m., prince, lord, ruler :
ace. sg. hringa Kngel (Beowulf),
1508.

J>es (m.), }>e6s (f.), ]>Is (n.), de
mons, pron., this: nom. sg. 411,
432, 1703; f., 484; nom. ace.
neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; J>ys, 1396;
ace. sg. m. Jnsne, 75; f. >as, 1682;
dat. sg. neut. Jnssum, 1170; )>ys-
sum, 2640; f. Hsse, 639; gen. m.
)>isses, 1217; f. Hsse, 929; neut,
J>ysses, 791, 807; nom. pi. and ace.
)>as, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat.
byssum, 1063, 1 220.

J>e. See >at.

]>eh. See >edh.

]>earf, st. f., need : nom. sg. J?earf,
1251, 2494, 2638; ^a him was
manna }>earf (as he was in need of
men), 201; ace. sg. J>earfe, 1457,
2580, 2850; fremma'5 ge nu leoda
}>earfe (do ye now what is needful
for the folk}, 2801; dat. sg . at
Jjearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710;
ace. pi. se for andrysnum ealle be-
weotede }>egnes J^earfe (who rvould
stipply in courtesy all tie thane' $
needs}, 1798 (cf. sele-J^egn, 1795).
— Comp. : firen-, nearo-, ofer-J^eaif.

]>earf. See ]>nrfan.

g e - J»ear fian, w. v., = necessitatem
imponere : pret. part. \>& him swi
ge-J^earfod was (since so they found
it necessary}, 1104.

J»earle, adv., very, exceedingly, 560.

J>eah, )»6hj conj., though, even though
or if: i) with subj. }>eah, 203,

288

GLOSSARY.

526, 58$, 590, 1168, i66t, 2032,
2162. Strengthened byj>e: J>eah
J>e, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942,
2345, 2620; J>eah . . . eal (although},
68l. — 2) with indie. : J>eah, 1 103;
Kh, 1614. — 3) doubtful: J>eah he
u$e wel, 2856; swd J>eah (never
theless), 2879; no ... swd J>eah
(not then however), 973; nas )>e
forht swi J>£h (/<*• was not, though,
afraid}, 2968; hwaSre swa J>eah
(yet however), 2443.

J»edw, st. m., custom, usage : nom.
sg., 178, 1247; acc.sg. MW, 359;
instr. pi. )>eawum (in accordance
with custom}, 2145.

J>e6<1, st. f. : i)war-troop, retainers :
nom. sg., 644, 1231,1251. — 2) na
tion, folk: nom. sg., 1692; gen.
pi. J>e6da, 1706, — Comp. : sige-,
wer-be6d.

J>e6d-cynlng, st. m., (= folc-cy-
ning), warrior-king, king of the
people : nom. sg. (Hroflgar), 2145 ;
(Ongen)>e6w), 2964, 2971; J>i6d-
cyning (Be<5wulf), 2580; ace. sg.
)>e6d-cyning(Be6wulf), 3009; gen.
sg. >e6d-cyninges(Be<5wulf), 2695 ;
gen. pi. J>e6d-cyninga, 2.

}>eoden, st. m., lord of a troop, war-
chief, king; ruler : nom. sg., 129,
365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.;
J>i<5den, 2337, 281 1 ; ace. sg. J>e6den,
34. 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884,
3080; J>ioden, 2789; dat. sg. J>e6d-
ne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710,
etc.; J>e6den, 2033; gen. sg. )>eod-
nes, 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838,
2175; J>i<5dnes, 2657; nom. pi.
J^odnas, 3071.

J>e6den-le&9, adj., without chief or
king : nom. pi. J>e6den - lease,
1104.

J»e6d-gestre6n, st. n.f people 's-
jewei, precious treasure : instr. pi.

- ge - stre<5num, 44; gen. pi
be6d-ge-stre6na, 1219.

Jx-odlg, adj., appertaining to a J>e6d :
in conip. el->e6dig.

J'eod-scaffa, w. m., foe of the people,
general foe : nom. sg. )>e6d-scea3a
(the dragon), 2279, 2689.

J>e6d-J»red, st. f., popular misery,
general distress,- dat. pi. wiS J»e6d-
Ireaum, 178.

>eof, st. m., thief: gen. sg. J>e6fes
crafte, 2221.

]>e6n, st. v.: i) to grow, ripen,
thrive: pret. sg. weortSmyndum
)>ih {grew in glory), 8. — 2) to
thrive in, succeed : pret. sg. huru
J>at on lande lyt manna f4h {that
throve to f fiu) , 2837.

ge-be6n,/0 grow, thrive ; increase
in power and influence: imper.
ge-)>eoh tela, 1219; inf. lof-dzedum
sceal . . . man gej>eon, 25 ; J>at J>at
J--e6dnes beam ge-)>e6n scolde, 911.

on-|je6n, to l>egin, undertake, w.
gen. : pret. he )>as ser on)>dh, 901
(O.H.G. inthihan, w. gen., Otfrid

I, ',30-

J»e6n (for Jx-owan , w. v., to op
press, restrain : inf. nas se folc-
cyning ymb-sittendra senig Hlra he
mec . . . dorste egesan )>e6n (that
durst oppress me with terror), 2737.

)>e6stor, adj., dark, gloomy : instr.
pi. J>e6strum ge->oncum, 2333.

J>icgan, st. v. w. ace., to seize, attain,
eat, appropriate : inf. )>at he (Gren-
del) mi moste manna cynnes Ae
gean ofer \>Si niht, 737 ; symbel
^icgan (take the meal, enjoy the
feast), ion ; pret. pi. J>at hie me
t>€gon, 563; J>cer we medu Kgun,
2634.

ge-)>icgan, w. ace., tograsp, take:
pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful)
ge-)>eah, 619, 629 ; Be6wulf ge-

GLOSSARY.

289

}>ah ful on flette, 1025 ; pret. pi.

(medo-ful manig) ge-fcegon, 1015.

J>lder, J»yder, adv., thither : J>yder,

3087, 379. 2971-

J»ihtlg, J>yhtig, adj., doughty, -vigor
ous, firm : ace. sg. neut. sweord
. . . ecgum hyhtig, 1559. — Comp.
hyge-Jnhtig.

J>im-aii. See ]>yncan.

)>ing, st. n. : i) thing : gen. pi. aenige
)>inga (ullo modo}, 792, 2375, 2906.
— 2) affair, contest, controversy :
nom. sg. me weart> Grendles J>ing
. . . undyrne cftS ( GrendeVs doings
became known to me), 409. — 3)
judgment, issue, judicial assem-
bly(J~) : ace. sg. sceal . . . Sna ge-
hegan J?ing wi'S J>yrse (shall bring
the matter alone to an issue against
the giant: see began), 426.

ge-}>ing, st.n. : l) terms, covenant:
ace. pi. ge-Hngo, 1086. — 2) fate,
providence, issue : gen. sg. ge-
Mnges, 398, 710; (ge-Hngea,MS.),

525-

g e - J>ingaii, st. v., to grow, mat^lre,
thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430) :
pret. part. cwe"n mode ge-J^ungen
(mature - minded, high - spirited,
queen), 625. See wel-Jmngen.

ge-}>ingaii (see ge-J>ing), w. v. :

1) to conclude a treaty: w. refl.
dat., enter into a treaty : pres. sg.
III. gif him Jjonne HrSftric to
hofum Geata ge-Jnngeft (if ' H. en
ters into a treaty (seeks aid at?)
with the court of the Gedtas, refer
ring to the old German custom of
princes entering the service or suite
of a foreign king), 1838. Leo. —

2) to prepare, appoint : pret. part,
wiste [at] }>am ahlaecan . . . hilde
ge-Hnged, 648; hrafte was . . .
me'ce ge-J-inged, 1939.

J>ingian, w. v. : l) to speak in an

assembly, make an address: inf.
ne hyrde ic snotor-licor on swd
geongum feore guman }>ingian (/
never heard a man so young speak
so wisely), 1844. — 2) to compound,
settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh-
bealo . . . fed Hngian (would not
compound the life-bale for money),
156; so, pret. sg. }>£ faeh'Se feo
Hngode, 470.

]>iliau. See J>o6n.

}»in, possess, pron., thy, thine, 267,
346, 353. 367. 459, etc.

ge-J>6ht, st. m., thought, plan : ace.
sg. Sn-fealdne ge-J)oht, 256; fast-
rsedne ge->oht, 6ll.

]>oHa 11, w. v. w. ace. : I ) to endure,
bear : inf. (inwid-sorge) Jxjlian,
833; pres. sg. III. J>rea-nyd hola'S,
284 ; pret. sg. holode JrySswyS,
131. — 2) to hold out, stand, sur
vive: pres. sg. (intrans.) J>enden
Jns sweord ^olaS (as long as this
sword holds ouf), 2500; pret. sg.
(se<5 ecg) bolode ser fela hand-ge-
mota, 1526.

ge-J'olian: l) to suffer, bear, en
dure: gerund. t3 ge-}>olianne,i42O;
pret. sg.earfo'S-lice }>rage ge-^olode
. . ., J>at he ... dream gehyrde
(bore ill that he heard the souna
of joy), 87; torn ge-)>olode (bore
the misery), 147. — 2) to have pa
tience, -wait: inf. )>ser he longe
sceal on )>as waldendes waere ge-
}>olian, 3110.

J>on (Goth. }>an) = turn, then, now,
504; after >on (after that), 725;
ser t>on dag cwome (ere day came).
732 ; no J>on lange (it was not
long till then), 2424; nas \>& long
to }>on (it was not long till then},
2592, 2846 ; was him se man t5
}>on leof }>at . . . (the man was to that
degree dear to him that . . .), 1877.

290

GLOSSARY.

J»onne: l) adv., there, then, now,

377. 435. 525» IIO5» f456. l&*»
1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(7). — 2)

conj., if, when, while : a) w. indie.,
573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043,
1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.;
bat ic gum-cystum godne funde
beaga bryttan, breac bonne m5ste
(that I found a good ring-giver
and enjoyed him whilst I could),
1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065;
bonne . . . Jxjnne (then . . . when),
484-85, 2447-48 ; gif )>onne . . .
bonne (if then . . . then), 1105-
1107. c) than after comparatives,
44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140,
1183, etc.; a comparative must be
supplied, 1. 70, before bone : bat he
. . . hStan wolde medo-arn micel
men ge-wyrcean bone yldo beam
sefre ge-frunon (a great mead-
house (greater) than men had ever
known).

J»raeu, st. f., strength, boldness: in
comp. m3d-J>racu ; = impetus in
ecg-}>racu.

}>rag, st. f., period of time, time :
nom. sg. b& hine si6 brag be-cwom
(when the [battle]-Ao«r befell him},
2884; ace. sg. }>rage (for a time),
87; longe (lange) brage, 54, 114.
— Comp. earfo'S-brag.

ge-)»rac, st. n., multitude, crowd:
in comp. searo-ge-brac.

}»rec-wudu, st. m., (might-wood),
spear (cf. magen-wudu) : ace. sg.,
1247.

J»rea, st. f., misery, distress : in
comp. be6d-brea, brea-ne"dla, -n^d.

}>rea-nedla, w. m., crushing dis
tress, misery: dat. sg. for brea-
ne"dlan, 2225.

J»roa-nyd, st. f., oppression, distress :
ace. sg. Jrea-nyd, 284 ; dat. pi.
brea-n£dum, 833.

J>reat, st. m., troop, band: dat. sg.
on bam breate, 2407 ; dat. pi.
sceaftena breatum,4. — Comp. iren-
breat.

Croatian, w. v. w. ace., to press, op
press : pret. pi. mec . . . breatedon,
560.

Jroot-teoffa, num. adj. w. m., thir
teenth : nom. sg. breot-teoSa secg,
2407.

J»re6, num. (neut.), three : ace. brio
wicg, 2175 ; J?re6 bund wintra,
2279.

>ridda, num. adj. w. m., third: instr.
briddan slfle, 2689.

ge-J»ring, st. n., eddy, whirlpool,

J>ringan, st. v., to press : pret. sg.
wergendra t3 lyt brong ymbe beo-
den (too few defenders pressed
round the prince), 2884; pret. pi.
sySSan Hre"51ingas tS hagan brun-
gon (after the Hrethlingas had
pressed into the hedge), 2961.

for-bringan,^ press out; rescue,
protect : inf. bat he ne mehte . . . |>ft
vvea-lftfe wlge for-bringan be6dnes
begne (that he could not rescue the
•wretched remnant from the king's
thane by war), 1085.

ge-bringan, to press : pret. sg. ce61
up gebrang (the ship shot up, i.e.
on the shore in landing), 1913.

)>ritig, num., thirty (neut. subst.) :
ace. sg.w. partitive gen. : britig beg-
na, 123; gen. brittiges (XXXtiges,
MS.) manna, 379.

>ri8t-hy<Hg, adj., bold-minded, val
orous : nom. sg. Hoden brJst-hydig
(Be6wulf), 2811.

}>rowlan, w. v. w. ace., to suffer,
endure : inf. (hSt, gnorn) browian,
2606, 2659 ; pret. sg. browade,
1590, 1722; browode, 2595.

J>ryffu,st.f., abundance, multitude*

GLOSSAEY.

201

excellence, power : instr.pl. Jry'Sum
(excellently, extremely ; excellent
in strength^}, 494.

J»ryff-arn, st. n., excellent house,
royal hall: acc.sg. (of Heorot), 658.

Jjryfflic, adj., excellent, chosen :
nom. sg. hryS-lic J>egna heap, 400,
1628; superl. ace. pi. Jry'S-licost,
2870.

Jjryff-swyaF, st. n.?, great pain(T) :
ace., 131, 737 [? adj., very power
ful, exceeding strong] .

J>ry)flf-word, st. n., bold speech, choice
discourse : nom. sg., 644. (Great
store was set by good table-talk :
cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612;
Rigsmal, 29, 7, in Mobius, p. 79 b,
22.)

J»rym, st. m. : i) power, might,force :
nom. sg. yi5a J>rym, 1919; instr. pi.
= adv. Jrymmum (powerfully),
235. — 2) glory, renown : ace. sg.
}>rym, 2. — Comp. hyge-J>rym.

J»rym-lic, adj., pcnverful, mighty:.
nom. sg. brec-wudu J>rym-lic (the
mighty spear}, 1247.

J»u, pron., thou, 366, 407, 445, etc.;
ace. sg. )>ec (poetic), 948, 2152,
etc.; J>e, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after
compar. saelran J>e (a better one
than thee}, 1851. See ge, e6w.

Jmnca, w. m. See af-]nmca.

g e - Jmngen . See Jringan.

Jnirfun, pret.-pres. v., to need : pres.
sg. II. no }>u ne bearft . . . sorgian
(needest not care}, 450; so, 445,
1675; III. ne }>earf . . . onsittan
(need not fear}, 596; so, 2007,
2742; pres. subj. J>at he ... secean
Jmrfe, 2496; pret. sg. borfte, 157,
1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl- nealles
Hetware hremge )?orfton (i.e. we-
san) fSiSe-wiges (needed not boast
of their foot-fight'), 2365.

ge-Jmren. See J»weran.

]>urh, prep. w. ace. signifying mo
tion through, hence : I. local,
through, throughout : wod \>& J>urh
J>one wal-rec (went then through
the battle-reek}, 2662. — II. causal :
l) on account of, for the sake of,
owing to : Jnirh sliftne niS (through
fierce hostility, heathenism}, 184;
>urh holdne hige (from friendli
ness}, 267; so, Jnirh rumne sefan,
278; Jmrh sidne sefan, 1727; eo-
weS }>urh egsan uncu^ne niS
(shows unheard-of hostility by the
terror he causes}, 276; so, 1102,
1336, 2046. 2) by means of,
through : heafto-rses for-nam mihtig
mere-deor }>urh mine hand, 558;
J>urh ines craft, 700; so, 941,
1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.

Jms, adv., so, thus, 238, 337, 430.

Jnmiuii, w. v., to din, sound forth :
pret. sg. sund-wudu t>unede, 1907.

Jmseiul, num., thousand: i) fern,
ace. ic J?e J>usenda t>egna bringe t3
helpe, 1830. — 2) neut. with meas
ure of value (sceat) omitted : ace.
seofon )>usendo, 2196; gen. hund-
busenda landes and locenra beaga
( 100,000 sceattas1 worth of land and
rings}, 2995. — 3) uninflected : ace.
busend wintra, 3051.

J>\vaere, adj., affable, mild: in comp.
man-J>waere.

g e - }> wse r e , adj., gentle, mild: nom.
pl. ge->wsere, 1231.

g e - Jnvaeran, st. v., to forge, strike :
pret. part, heoru . . . hamere ge-
Jmren (for ge-^woren) (hammer-
forged sword}, 1286.

J>yhtig. See J>ihtig.

ge-l>yld (see J>olian), st. f. : i)
patience, endurance : ace. sg.
ge-^yld, 1396. — 2) steadfastness :
instr. pl. — adv. : ge-t>yldum (stead
fastly, patiently} , 1 706.

292

GLOSSARY.

J»yle, st. m., spokesman, leader of the
conversation at court: nom. sg.,
1166, 1457.

J>\ nca n, J-i ncca M, w. v. w. dat. of
pers., to seem, appear : pres. sg.
III. Hnce'S him t8 lytel (it seems
to him too little}, 1749; ne tynceS
me gerysne, Hit we (it seemeth to
me not fit that we . . .), 2654; pres.
pi. by ... wyrfle Hncea'S eorla ge-
sehtlan (they seem worthy contend
ers with(J} earls; or, worthy
warriors'), 368; pres. subj. swS
him ge-met J>ince, 688; inf. )>in-
cean, 1342; pret. sg. J>uhte, 2462,
3058 ; n3 his lif-gedal sir-lie |>uhte
secga aenigum (his death seemed
painful to none of men), 843;
pret. pi. haer him fold-wegas fagere
1-flhton, 867.

of-Hncan, to displease, offend :
inf. mag |>as J>onne of-)>yncan J>e6-
den (dat.) Hea'So-beardna and
hegna gehwam J>ira Ie6da, 2033.

J»yrs, st. m., giant: dat. sg. wifi
hyrse (Grendel), 426.

J>ys-lSc, adj., such, of such a nature :
nom. sg. fem. bys-licu J>earf, 2638.

|>y. SeeJ>at.

Kwan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G.
duhan), w. v., to crush, oppress:
inf. gif bee ymb-sittend egesan J^-
wal? (if thy neighbors oppress thee
with dread}, 1828.

J>$stru,st. {.,darkness: dat. pi. in
bystrum, 87.

ge-J»^\ve, adj., customary, usual:
nom. sg. swS him ge-J'ywe ne was
(as was not his custom}, 2333.

ufan, adv., from above, 1501; above,
330-

ufera (prop, higher), adj., later.
dat. pi. ufaran dSgrum, 2201.

ufor, adv., higher, 2952.

u h to, w. f., twilight or dawn : dat.
or ace. on uhtan, 126.

uht-floga, w. m., twilight -flier,
dawn-flier (epithet of the dragon) :
gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761.

uht-hlein, st. m., huilight-cry, dawn-
cry : ace. sg., 2008.

uht-sceaffa, w. m., twilight- or
dawn-foe : nom. sg., 2272.

umbor, st. n. , child, infant: nom.
sg., 46, 1 1 88.

un-bliffe, adv.(?), unblithely, sor
rowfully, 130, 2269; (adj., nom.
pi.?), 3032.

un-byrnende, pres. part., unburn-
ing, without burning, 2549.

unc, dat. and ace. of the dual wit,
us two, to us two, 1784, 2138, 2527 ;
gen. hwafier . . . uncer twega (which
of us two}, 2533; uncer Grendles
(of us two, G. and me}, 2003.

uncer, poss. pron., ofustwo: nom.
sg. [uncer], 2OO2(?); dat. pi. un-
cran eaferan, 1186.

nn-cuff, adj.: i) unknown: nom.
sg. stig . . . eldum uncQS, 2215;
ace. sg. neut. uncut? ge-lid (un-
knownways}, 1411. — 2) unheard-
of, barbarous, evil: ace. sg. un-
cuftne n?S, 276; gen. sg. un-culSes
(of the foe, Grendel), 961.

under, I. prep. w. dat. and ace. : i)
w. dat., answering question where ?
= under (of rest), contrasted with
over : bSt (was) under beorge,
21 1 ; l>3 cwom \Vealhte6 forfl gin
under gyldnum beige ( W. walked
forth under a golden circlet, i.e.
decked with), 1164; si&San he
under segne sine ealgode (under
his banner}, 1205; he under rande
ge-cranc (sank under his shield}t

GLOSSARY.

29$

12 ro; under wolcnum, 8, 1632;
under heofenum, 52, 505; under
roderum, 310; under helme, 342,
404 ; under here - griman, 396,
2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303,
1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104. —
2) w. ace. : a) answering question
whither? = under (of motion) : \>%.
secg wisode under Heorotes hrof,
403; siftftan sefen-leoht under heo-
fenes hddor be-holen weor'Se'S,
414; under sceadu bregdan, 708;
ileon under fen-hleo'Su, 821 ; hond
dlegde . . . under geapne hr6f,
837 ; te6n in under eoderas, 1038;
so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554,
2676, 2745; so, ha'fde )>£ for-sit5od
sunu Ecg-}>e6wes under gynne
grund, 1552 (for-si'Sian requires
ace.) . b) after verbs of venturing
and fighting, with ace. of object
had in view : he under h&rne st&n
. . . stna ge-ne"Sde fre"cne doede, 888;
ne dorste under ^5a ge-win aldre
ge - nSftan, 1470. c) indicating
extent, with ace. after expressions
of limit, etc.: under swegles be-
gong (as far as the sky extends),
861,1774; under heofenes hwealf
(as far as heaven 's vault reaches},
2016.

II. Adv., beneath, below: stig
under lag (a path lay beneath, i.e.
the rock), 2214.

undern-mael, st. n., midday : ace.
sg., 1429.

un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., -without
concealment, plain, clear : nom.
sg., 127, 2001 ; un-derne, 2912.

un-dyrne, sAv.,plai nly, evidently;
un-dyrne cu"5, 150, 410.

un-fager, adj., unlovely, hideous :
nom. sg. Ie6ht un-fager, 728.

un-faecne, adj., without malice, sin
cere : nom. sg., 2069.

un-faege, adj., not death-doomed or
"fey": nom. sg., 2292; ace. sg.
un-faegne eorl, 573.

un-flitme, adv., solemnly, incontest-
ably : Finn Hengeste elne unflitme
a"8um benemde (F. swore solemnly
to H. -with oaths} [if an adj., elne
un-f. = unconquerable in •valor'],
1098.

un-forht, adj., fearless, bold : nom.
sg., 287; ace. pi. unforhte (adv.?),

444-
un-from, adj., unfit, unwarlike :

nom. sg., 2189.
un-fr6d, adj., not aged, young: dat.

sg. guman un-frodum, 2822.
un-gedefelice, adv., unjustly, con
trary to right and ctistom, 2436.
un-gemete, adv., immeasurably,

exceedingly, 2421, 2722, 2729.
un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the

same, 1793.
un-geara, adv., (not o/d~), recently,

lately, 933; soon, 603.
un-gifeffe, adj., not to be granted;

refused: nom. sg., 2922.
un-gle&w, adj., regardless, reckless:

ace. sg. sweord . . . ecgum un-

gleaw (of a sharp-edged sword) ,

2565-
un-har, adj., very gray : nom. sg.,

357-

un-haelo, st. f., mischief, destruction :
gen. sg. wiht un-haelo (the demon
of 'destruction, Grendel), 120.

un-he6re, un-h^re, adj., monstrous r
horrible : nom. sg. m., weard un-
hiore (the dragon), 2414; neut.
wif un-h^re (Grendel's mother),
2121; nom. pi. neut. hand-speru
.... unheoru (of Grendel's claws),
988.

un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf.
A.S. hlytm = lot; O.N. hluti =part,
division), undivided, unseparated^

294

GLOSSARY.

united, 1130 [unless = un-flitme,
1098].

un-le6f, adj., hated: ace. pi. seah
on un-le6fe, 2864.

un-llfigende, pres. part., unliving,
lifeless: nom. sg. un - lifigende,
468; ace. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309;
dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen.
sg. un-lyfigendes, 745.

un-lytel, adj., not little, very large :
nom. sg. duguft un-lytel (a great
band of warriors! or great joy~t~),
498 ; d8m un-lytel (no little glory) ,
886; ace. sg. torn un-lytel (very
great shame, misery), 834.

un-niurnlice, adv., unpityingly,
without sorrowing, 449, 1757.

unnan, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give ;
wish, will : pret.-pres. sg. I. ic he
an tela sinc-gestre6na, 1226; weak
pret. sg. I. utSe ic swtSor J>at J>u
hine selfne ge-se6n mSste, 961;
Til. he ne u«e J>at . . . (he granted
not that . . .), 503; him god ufle
bat ... he hyne sylfne ge-wrac
(God granted to him that he avenged
himself}, 2875; )>eah he u$e wel
(though he well would}, 2856.

ge-unnan, to grant, permit: inf.
gif he us ge-unnan wile J>at we
hine . . . grStan moton, 346 ; me
ge-uSe ylda waldend, J>at ic . . .
ge-seah hangian (the Ruler of men
permitted me to see hanging . . .),
1662.

un-nyt, adj., useless : nom. sg., 413,
3170-

un-riht, st. n., unright, injustice,
wrong: acc.sg. unriht, 1255, 2740;
instr. sg. un-rihte (unjustly, wrong
ly), 3060.

un-rim, st. n., immense number:
nom. sg., 1239, 3136; ace. sg.,
2625.

mi-rime, adj., countless, measure
less : nom.sg. gold un-rlme, 3013.

un-rut, adj., sorrowing: nom. pi.
un-rote, 3149.

uii-snyttru, f., lack of wisdom : dat.
pi. for his un-snyttrum {for his
unwisdom), 1735.

un-softo, adv., unsoftly, with vio
lence (hardly ?), 2141; scarcely,
1656.

un-sw^ffe, adv., not strongly or
powerfully : compar. (ecg) bat
unswi~5or bonne his J>i«5d-cyning
)>earfe hafde (the sword bit less
sharply than the prince of the
people needed}, 2579; fyr unswi-
•5or we611, 2882.

un-synnig, adj., guiltless, sinless:
ace. sg. un-synnigne, 2090.

uii-synnum, adv. instr. pi., guilt
lessly, 1073.

un-ttele, adj., blameless: ace. pi.
un-teele, 1866.

un-tyder, st. m., evil race, monster:
nom. pi. un-tydras, ill. [Cf. Ger.
un-mensch.J

un-wjlclic, adj., that cannot be
shaken ; firm, strong: ace. sg. Sd
. . . un-wdcllcne, 3139.

un-wearnum, adv. instr. pi., una
wares, suddenly; (unresistingly?),
742.

un-wrecen, pret. part., unavenged,
2444.

up, adv., up, upward, 224, 519, 1374,
1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the
voice), )>i was . . . w6p up dhafen,
128; so, 783.

up lung, adj., upright, erect : nom.
sg., 760.

uppe (adj.,ufe, ftffe), &A\.,above, 566.

up-rlht, adj., upright, erect: nom,
sg., 2093.

uton. See wuton.

GLOSSARY .

295

U

fiff-genge, adj., transitory, evanes
cent, ready to depart, (fled!) : J^er
was Asc-here . . . feorh fift-genge,
2124.

fis, pers. pron. dat. and ace. of we
'see we), us, to us, 1822, 2636,
2643, 2921, 3002, 3079 ; ace.
(poetic), fisic, 2639, 2641, 2642;
— gen. fire : fire seg-hwilc (each of
us), 1387; fiser, 2075.

user, possess, pron. : nom. sg. fire
man-drihten, 2648 ; dat. sg. fissum
hliforde, 2635 ; gen. sg. neut. fisses
cynnes, 2814 ; dat. pi. firum . . .
ba~m (to us both, two) (for unc
Mm), 2660.

fit, adv., out, 215, 537, 664, 1293,
1584, 2082, 2558, 3131.

fit an, adv., from without, without,
775> I032, i5°4, 2335.

ut-fus, adj., ready to go: nom. sg.
hringed-stefna isig and fit-ffis, 33.

ut-weard, adj., outward, outside,
free : nom. sg. eoten (Grendel)
was fit-weard, 762.

fitan-weard, adj., without, ottt-
ivard, from without : ace. sg.
hlaew . . . ealne fitan-weardne, 2298.

W

wacan, st. v., to awake, arise, origi
nate : pret. sg. t>anon (from Cain)
woe fela geo-sceaft-gasta, 1 266 ;
so, 1961; pi. )>am fe6wer beam
... in worold wocon, 60.

on-wacan: i) to awake (intrans.):
pret. sg. ^a se wyrm on-woc (when
the drake awoke), 2288. — 2) to be
born : pret. sg. him on-woc heah
Healfdene, 56; pi. on-wocon, III.

wacian, w. v., to watch : imper. sg.
waca wv5 wraSum ! 66 1.

waclan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle),
to traverse; stride, go: pret. sg.
wod }>urh Jjone wal-rSc, 2662; wod
under wolcnum (stalked beneath
the clouds), 715.

ge-wadan, to attain by moving,
come to, reach : pret. part. 0"$ Jjat
. . .wunden-stefna ge-waden hafde,
)>at J>a IrSende land ge-sawon (till
the ship had gone so far that the
sailors saw land), 220.

on-wadan, w. ace., to invade, be
fall : pret. sg. hine fyren on-
w8d(?), 916.

Jjurh-wadan, to penetrate, pierce :
pret. sg. >at swurd >urh-\vod wrat-
licne wyrm, 891 ; so, 1568.

wag, st. m., watt: dat. sg. on wage,
1663; dat. pi. after wagum (along
the walls), 996.

wala, w. m., boss : nom. pi. wakm,
1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XL,
85 seqq.).

walda, w. m., wielder, ruler : in
comp. an-, eal-walda.

wald-swaSu, st. f., forest-path :
dat. pi. after wald-swaiSum (along
the wood-paths), 1404.

warn, worn, st. m., spot, blot, sin :
ace. sg. him be-beorgan ne con
worn (cannot protect himself from
evil or from the evil strange orders,
etc. ; worn = wogum ? = ct ookedt) ,
1748; instr. pi. wommum, 3074.

wan, won, adj., wan, luria dark :
nom. sg, yft-geblond . . . won (the
dark waves), 1375 ; se wonnahrefn
(the black raven), 3025; wonna
le"g (lurid flame), 3116; dat. sg.
f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pi.
neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu . . .
wan, 652.

wang, st. m., mead, field; place: ace.
sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414,
2410,3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004.-

296

GLOSSARY.

wonge, 2243, 3040; ace. pi. wongas,
2463. — Cotnp. : freoflo-, grund-,
medo-, sae-wang.

wang-ste<le, st. m., (locus campes-
tris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong-
stede, 2787.

wan-h$d (for hygd), st. f., heedless-
ness, recklessness : dat. pi. for his
won-hydum, 434.

\vanlan, w. v. : l) in trans., to de
crease, wane: inf. )>& J>at sweord
ongan . . . wanian, 1608. — 2) w.
ace., to cause to wane or lessen :
pret. sg. he t6 lange Ie6de mine
wanode, 1338.

ge- wanian, to decrease, diminish :
pret. part, is min flet-werod . . .
ge-wanod, 477.

wan-saellg,adj., unhappy, wretched:
nom. sg. won-saelig wer (Grendel),
105.

\van-seeaft, st. f., misery, want:
ace. sg. won-sceaft, 120.

warlan, w. v. w. ace., to occupy,
guard, possess : pres. sg. III. fcaer
he has'Sen gold waraiS (where he
guards heathen gold), 2278; pi.
III. hie (Grendel and his mother)
dygel land warigea'S, 1359; pret.
sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode,
1254; (Cain) wfisten warode, 1266.

waroff, st. m., shore : dat. sg. to
warofle, 234; ace. pi. wide waro-
'5as, 1966.

waru, st. f., inhabitants, (collec
tive) population : in comp. land-
waru.

wa, interj., woe ! w4 bitt J>am J>e . . .
(woe to him that . . .), 183.

wftffu, st. f., way, journey: in
comp. gamen-w&'Su.

wanian, w. v., to weep, -whine, hmvl,
w. ace. : inf. gehyrdon ... sir wd-
nigean helle haftan (they heard the
hell-fastened one lamenting his

pain), 788; pret. sg. [winode],

wat . See witan.

waccan, w. v., 'to watch : pret. part
waccende, 709, 2842; ace. sg. m.
waccendne wer, 1269. See wa-
cian.

wacnan, w. v., to be awake, come
forth : inf., 85.

wad, st. n., (the moving) sea, ocean :
ace. wado weallende, 546; wadu
weallendu, 581; gen. pi. wada,
508.

wafte, adj., wavering (like flame),
ghostlike, without distinct bodily
form : nom. sg. wal-gasst wafre (of
Grendel's mother), 1332; — flick
ering, expiring: nom. sg. wafre
m5d, 1151; him was geomor sefa,
wafre and wal-ffls, 2421.

be- wagnan, w. v., to offer : pret.
part, him was . . . frednd-la'Su wor-
dum be-wagned, 1194.

wal, st. n., battle, slaughter, the slain
in battle : ace. sg. wal, 1213, 3028;
blodig wal, 448; oOTe on wal
crunge (or in battle, among the
slain, fall), 636; dat. sg. sume
on wale crungon (some fell in the
slaughter), 1114; dat. sg. in
Fr . . . es wale (proper name in
MS. destroyed), 1071 ; nom. pi.
walu, 1043.

wal-bed, st. n., slaughter-bed, death
bed: dat. sg. on wal-bedde, 965.

will-bend, st. f., death-bond: ace.
sg. or pi. wal-bende . . . hand-ge-
wriftene, 1937.

wal -bleat, adj., deadly, deadly-
pale^ ?) : ace. sg. wunde wal-bleate,
2726.

wal-deaff, st. m., death in bat'le :
nom. sg., 696.

wal-dre6r, st. m., battle-gore : instr.
sg. wal-dre6re, 1632.

GLOSSARY.

297

wal-fah, adj., slaughter - stained,
blood-stained: ace. sg. wal-fagne
winter, 1129.

wtil-faehS1, st. f., deadly feud : gen.
pi. wal-fsehSa, 2029.

wal-feall, st. m., {fall of the slain},
death, destruction : dat. sg. to wal-
fealle, 1712.

wal-fus, adj., ready for death, fore
boding death : nom. sg., 2421.

wal-fyllo, st.f., fill 'oj 'slaughter: dat.
sg. mid Jjsere wal-fulle (i.e. the
thirty men nightly slaughtered at
Heorot by Grendel), 125; wal-
fylla? 3155.

wal-fyr, st. n. : l) deadly fire:
instr. sg. wal-fyre (of the fire-spew
ing dragon), 2583. — 2) corpse-
consuming fire, funeral pyre : gen.
pi. wal-fyra msest, 1120.

wal-gaest, st. m., deadly sprite (of
Grendel and his mother) : nom.
sg. wal-gsest, 1332; ace. sg. J>one
wal-gaest, 1996.

wal-hlem, st. m., death-stroke : ace.
sg. wal-hlem K>ne, 1996.

\valm, st. m., flood, whelming water:
nom. sg. J>aere burnan walm, 2547 ;
gen. sg. )>as walmes {of the surf},
.2136. — Comp. cear-walm.

wal-nifr, st. m., deadly hostility :
nom. sg., 3001 ; dat. sg. after wal-
niSe, 85; nom. pi. wal-mftas,
2066.

wal-rap, st. m., flood-fetter, i.e. ice:
ace. pi. wal-rSpas, 161 1 ; (cf. wall,
wel, wyll = well, flood : leax sceal
on wale mid sceote scriSan, Gnom.
Cott. 39).

wal-raes, st. m., deadly onslaught :
nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wal-rsese,
825, 2532.

wal-rest, st. f., death-bed: ace. sg.
wal-reste, 2903.

wal-rec, st. m., deadly reek or

smoke : ace. sg. wod \& burh J>one
wal-r§c, 2662.

wal-redf, st, n., booty of the slain,
battle-plunder : ace. sg., 1206.

wal-reow, adj., bold in battle : nom.
sg., 630.

wal-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft,
spear: ace. pi. wal-sceaftas, 398.

wal-seax, st. n., deadly knife, war-
knife : instr. sg. wall-seaxe, 2704.

wal-stenge, st. m., battle-spear : dat.
sg. on }>am wal-stenge, 1639.

•wal-st6\v, st. f., battle-field: dat.
sg. wal-stowe, 2052, 2985.

wastm, st. m., growth, form, figure :
dat. sg. on weres wastmum (z«
man's form}, 1353.

water, st. n., water : nom. sg., 93,
1417, 1515, 1632; ace. sg. water,
1365, 1620; deop water (the deep},
509, 1905; ofer wid water {over
the high sea), 2474; dat. sg. after
watere {along the Grendel-sed},
1426; under watere {at the bottom
of the sea), 1657; instr. watere,
2723; watre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer
wateres hrycg {over the surface of
the sea}, 471 ; on wateres aeht, 516 ;
Jnirh wateres wylm {through the
sea-wave}, 1694; gen. = instr. wa
teres weorpan {to sprinkle with
water}, 2792.

water-egesa, st. m., water-terror,
i.e. the fearful sea : ace. sg., 1261.

water-^S1, st. f., water-wave, bil
low : dat. pi. wa'ter-yftum, 2243.

waed, st. f., {weeds}, garment: in
comp. here-, hilde-waed.

ge-waede, st. n., clothing, especially
battle - equipments : ace. pi. ge-
wDedu, 292. — Comp. eorl-gewasde.

waeg, st. m., wave : ace. sg. wseg,

3I33-

wa^g-bora, w. m., wave-bearer,
swimmer (bearing or propelling

298

GLOSSARY.

the waves before him) : nom. sg.
wundortfc waeg-bora (of a sea-
monster), 1441.

wteg-flota, w. in., sea-sailer, ship :
ace. sg. w£g-flotan, 1908.

waeg-holm, st. m., the wave-filled
sea : ace. sg. ofer waeg-holm, 217.

waege, st. n., cup, can : ace. sg. fated
waege, 2254, 2283. — Comp. : ealo-,
Ii5-waege.

wseg-liffend, pres. part., sea-farer :
dat. pi. waeg-li5endum (et liSen-
dum, MS.), 3160.

waeg-sweord, st. n., heavy sword :
ace. sg., 1490.

ween, st. m., wain, wagon : ace. sg.
on waen, 3135.

waepen, st. n., weapon ; sword :
nom. sg., 1661 ; ace. sg. wsepen,
686, 1574, 2520, 2688 ; instr.
waepne, 1665, 2966; gen. waepnes,
1468 ; ace. pi. waepen, 292 ; dat.
pi. waepnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396.
— Comp.: hilde-, sige-waepen.

wa>piied-inan, st. m., warrior,
man : dat. sg. waepned-men, 1285.

\vaer, st. f., covenant, treaty : ace.
sg. woere, 1 101 ; — protection, care :
daf. sg. on frean (on t'as walden-
des) woere (into God's protection),
27, 3110. — Comp. : frio'So-wasr.

waesma, w. m., fierce strength, war-
strength : in comp. here-waesma,
678.

we, pers. pron., we, 942, 959, 1327,
1653, 1819, 1820, etc.

web, st. n., woven work, tapestry :
nom. pi. web, 996.

webbe, w. f ., websler, female weaver:
in comp. freottu-webbe.

weccan, weccean, w. v. w. ace., to
wake, rouse; recall : inf. wig-bealu
weccan (to stir up strife), 2047 ;
nalles hearpan swfcg (sceal) wigend
weccean (the sound of the harp

shall not wake up the warriors'),
3025 ; ongunnon )>4 . . . bael-fyra
masst wigend weccan {the warriors
then began to start the mightiest of
funeral pyres'), 3145 ; pret. sg.
wehte hine watre {roused him u-it'i
water, i.e. Wiglif recalled Beowulf
to consciousness), 2855.

t8-weccan,/0 stir up, rouse : pret.
pi. hft )>& folc mid him (with one
another), faeh'Se t8-wehton, 2949.

wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), pledge :
dat. sg. hyldo td wedde (as a pledge
of his favor), 2999.

weder, st. n., -weather: nom. pi.
wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen.
pi. wedera cealdost, 546.

ge-wef, st. n., woof, weaving: ace.
pi. wtg-spSda ge-wiofu (the woof
of war -speed: the battle -woof
woven for weal or woe by the \Val-
kyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698.

weg, st. m., way : ace. sg. on weg

. (away, of), 264, 764, 845, 1431,
2097; gyf J>u on weg cymest (;/
thou earnest off safe, i.e. from the
battle with Grendel's mother),
1383. — Comp.: feor-, fold-, fofS-,
wid-weg.

wcgan, st. v. w. ace., to bear, wear,
bring, possess : subj. pres. nih h\va"
sweord wege (/ have none that
may bear the sword), 2253; inf.
nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mi^Sum
to ge-myndum (no earl shall wear
a memorial jewel), 3016; pret.
ind. he J>d fratwe wag . . . ofer y"5a
ful (bore the jewels over the goblet
of the waves), 1208; wal-seaxe . . .
bat he on byrnan wag, 2705 ;
heortan sorge wag (bore heart's
sorrow}; so, 152, 1778, 1932,2781.
a«/<rr/v, to carry off:
H^ma at-wag to Jwere
byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene

GLOSSARY.

299

(since H. bore from (toT) the bright
city the Brosing-collar}, 1199.

ge-wegan (O.N. wega), to fight :
inf. h>e he wiS >am wyrme ge-wegan
sceolde, 2401.

wel, adv. : i) well : wel br$ }>am he
. . . (well for him that ...!), 186;
se J>e wel bence'S (he that well
thinketh, judgeth}, 289 ; so, 640,
1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602 ;
well, 2163, 2813. — 2) very, very
much : Geat ungemetes wel . . .
restan lyste (the Geat longed sorely
to rest}, 1793. — 3) indeed, to be
sure, 2571, 2856.

wela, w. m., wealth, goods, posses
sions : in comp. ser-, burg-, hord-,
ma'5'o'um-wela.

wel-hwlc, indef. pron., = quivis,
any you please, any (each, all) :
gen. pi. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345;
w. partitive gen. : nom. sg. witena
wel-hwylc, 266; — substantively :
ace. neut. wel-hwylc, 875.

welig, adj., wealthy, rich : ace. sg.
wic-stede weligne Wsegmundinga,
2608.

wel-Jmngen, pres. part., well-thriv
en (in mind) , mature, high-minded:
nom. sg. Hygd (was) swifte geong,
wis, wel-}>ungen, 1928.

wenlan, w. v., to accustom, attract,
honor : subj. pret. }>at . . . Folc-
waldan sunu . . . Hengestes heap
hringum wenede (honored}, 1092.

be-(bi-)wenian,to entertain, care
for, attend : pret. sg. magmas Jjonne
of->yncan }>e6den HeaSo-beardna
. . . J>onne he mid faemnan on flet
gaeS, dryht-bearn Dena dugufta
bi-wenede (may well displease the
prince of the H. . . . when he with
the woman goes into the hall, that
a noble scion of the Danes should
entertain, bear wine to, the knights,

cf. 494 seqq.; or, a noble icion of
the Danes should attend on her!} ,
2036; pret. part. nom. pi. waeron
her tela willum be-\venede, 1822.

wendan, w. v., to turn : pres. sg.
III. him eal worold wende'5 on
willan (all the world turns at his
will}, 1740.

ge-wendan,w. ace.: i) to turn,
turn round : pret. sg. wicg ge-
wende (turned his horse}, 315. —
2) to turn (intrans.), change : inf.
wd bi'S bam J>e sceal . . . frofre ne
vvSnan, wihte ge-wendan (woe to
him that shall have no hope, shall
not change at all}, 186.

on-wendan, to avert, set aside :

1) w. ace.: inf. ne mihte snotor
bale's wean on-wendan, 191. —

2) intrans. : sibb 0efre ne mag wiht
on-wendan J>am j?e wel hence'S (in,
to, him that is well thinking friend
ship can not be set aside}, 2602.

wer, st. m., man, hero : nom. sg.
(Grendel), 105; ace. sg. wer (Beo
wulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on
weres wastmum (in man's form},
1353 ; nom. pi. weras, 216, 1223,
1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pi. werum,
1257; gen. pi. wera, 120, 994,
1732,3001; (MS. weora), 2948.

wered, st. n., (as adj. = sweet}, a
sort of beer (probably without hops
or such ingredients) : ace. sg. scir
wered, 496.

were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight
in self-defence : dat. pi. for were-
fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.

werhlffo, st. f., curse, outlawry, con
demnation : ace. sg. }>u in helle
scealt werhfto dreogan, 590.

werlan, to defend, protect: w. ace.,
pres. sg. III. beaduscrud . . . J>at
mine bre6st wereft, 453; inf. wit
unc wiS hron-fixas werian Jjohton,

300

GLOSSARY.

541 ; pres. part. w. gen. pi. wer-
gendra to lyt (too few defenders),
2883 ; pret. ind. wal-reaf werede
{guarded the battle-spoil}, 1206;
se hwita helm hafelan werede (the
shining helm protected his head},
1449; pi. hafelan weredon, 1328;
pret. part. nom. pi. ge . . . hyrnum
werede (ye . . . corselet-clad}, 238,

2S30- .

be-werian./b protect, defend: pret.
pi. bat hie . . . Ie6da land-geweorc
liSum be-weredon scuccum and
scynnum (that they the people's
land-work from foes, from mon
sters and demons, might defend},

939-

werlg, adj., accursed, outlawed:
gen. sg. wergan gastes (Grendel),
133; (of the devil), 1748.

werod, weorod, st. n., band of
men, warrior- tr oop : nom. sg.
werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015,
3031; ace. sg. werod, 319; dat.
instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347 ;
werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes,
259; gen. pi. wereda, 2187; weo-
roda, 60. — Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.

wer-J»e6d, st. f., people, humanity :
dat. sg. ofer wer->e6de, 900.

wcsan, v., to be : pres. sg. I. ic com,
335. 407; II. H eart, 352, 506;
III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375,
473, etc. ; nu is J>ines magenes
blaed fine hwile(//k prime [fame'}']
of thy powers lasteth now for a
while},\^2; 75,2911,3000,3085;
pi. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syn-
don, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257,
361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388;
subj. pres. sie, 435, 683, etc.;
sy, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.;
imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. was
sail, wes hael), 407, 1171, 1220,
1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329,

1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan
must sometimes be supplied : nalles
Hetware hrSmge J>orfton (i.e. we
san) fSiSe-wiges, 2364^50, 2498,
2660, 6 1 8, 1858; pres. part, we-
sende, 46 ; dat. sg. wesendum,
1188; pret. sg. I., III. was, II, 12,
18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; was on sunde
(was a-swimming}, 1619; so, 848,
85°(?)» 970. 981, 1293; progres
sive, wassecgende (for saede), 3029;

II. waere, 1479, etc.; pi. waeron,
233. 536« 544, etc. ; waeran (w.
reflex, him), 2476 ; pret. subj.
waere, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.;
progressive, myndgiend waere (for
myndgie), 1 106. — Contracted neg.
forms: nis = ne + is, 249, 1373,
etc.; nas = ne 4- was, 134, 1300,
1922,2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted :
ne was, 890, 1472) ; naeron = ne
+ waeron, 2658 ; naere = ne + waere,
86 1, 1 1 68. See cniht-wesende.

weg. See waeg.

wen, st. f., expectation, hope : nom.
sg-» 735, l874» 2324; nu is leddum
w8n orlSg-hwile (gen.) (now the
people have weening of a time of
strife}, 2911; ace. sg. J>as ic w8n
habbe (as I hope, expect}, 383;
so, t>as )>e ic [w&n] hafo, 3001;
w8n ic talige, 1846; dat. pi. bega
on wSnum (in expectation of both,
i.e. the death and the return of
Be6wulf), 2896. See Or-wena.

w6nan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope :
i) absolutely : pres. sg. I. }>as ic
wSne (as I hope}, 272; sw& ic )>e
w8ne t6 (as I hope thou wilt : Be6-
wulf hopes HrS'o'gir will now suffer
no more pain), 1397. — 2) w. gen.
or ace. pres. sg. I. J>onne wSne ic
t6 J>e wyrsan ge-Jnnges, 525 ; ic
hasr heaiSu-fyres hates w8ne, 2523;

III. sacce ne wSneiJ t8 Gar-

GLOSSARY.

301

Denum (weeneth not of contest
with the Gar-Danes}, 601 ; inf.
(beorhtre bote) w£nan (to expect,
count on, a brilliant [? a lighter
penalty'} atonement), 157; pret. pi.
J?as ne vv^ndon ser witan Scyldinga,
J>at . . . (the wise men of the Scyl-
dings weened not of this before,
that . . .),779; J>at hig J>as a'Selinges
eft ne we*ndon J>at he ... sScean
cw8me (that they looked not for
the atheling again that he ... would
come to seek . . .), 1597. — 3) w.
ace. and inf. : pret. sg. wSnde,
934. — 4) w. depend, clause : pres.
sg. I. w8ne ic >at . . ., 1185; we'll'
ic ]>at . . ., 338, 442; pret. sg. wSnde,
2330; pi. we'ndon, 938, 1605.

wepan, st. v., to weep : pret. sg.
[we6p], 3i52(?).

werig, adj., weary, exhausted, w.
gen. : nom. sg. siftes werig (iveary
from the journey, way-weary),
579; dat. sg. slftes wergum, 1795;
— w. instr. : ace. pi. wundum wSrge
(wound-weary'}, 2938. — Comp. :
dea'S-, fyl-, guft-we'rig.

g e - werigean, w. v., to weary, ex
haust : pret. part, ge-wergad, 2853.

werig-m6d, adj., weary -minded
(animo defessus) : nom. sg., 845,

1544-

weste, ad}., waste, uninhabited : ace.
sg. win-sele westne, 2457.

\vesten, st. n., waste, wilderness :
ace. sg. westen, 1266.

w e s t e n, st. f., waste, wilderness: dat.
sg. on J>sere we'stenne, 2299.

weal, st. m. : i ) wall, rampart :
dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892,
3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308. —
2) elevated sea-shore: dat. sg. of
wealle, 229; ace. pi. windige weal-
las,572, 1225.— 3) wall of a build
ing: acc.sg. wiS }>as recedes weal,

326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574;
hence, the inner and outer rock-
walls of the dragon's lair (cf.
Heyne's essay : Halle Heorot, p.
59) : dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717,
2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles,
2324. — Comp. : bord-, coriS-, sas-,
scyld-weal.

ge-wealc, st. n., rolling: ace. sg.
ofer yt>a ge-wealc, 464.

g e - weald, st. n., power, might : ace.
sg. on feonda ge-weald (into the
power of his foes'), 809, 904; so,
!685 ; geweald Sgan, habban,
d-beodan (w. gen. of object = to
present) = to have power over, 79,
655, 765, 951, 1088, 1611, 1728.
See on- weald.

wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern,
rule over, prevail : i) absolutely
or with depend, clause : inf. gif he
wealdan mot (if he may prevail),
442; J>aer he ... wealdan moste
swi him Wyrd ne ge-scraT (if
\wheret~\ he was to prevail, as
Weird had not destined for him) ,
2575; pres. part, waldend (God},
1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen.
waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110. —
2) with instr. or dat. : inf. J>dm
wsepnum wealdan (to wield, pre
vail with, the weapons), 2039;
Geatum wealdan (to rule the Ged-
tas), 2391; beah-hordum wealdan
(to rule over, control, the treasure
of rings'), 2828; wal-stowe weal-
dan (to hold the field of battle),
2985; pret. sg. weold, 465, 1058,
2380, 2596; J>enden wordum we61d
wine Scyldinga (while the friend
of the S. ruled the G.), 30; pi.
we61don, 2052. — 3) with gen.:
pres. sg. I. benden ic wealde widan
rices, 1860; pres. part, wuldres
wealdend (waldend) ,17, 183, 1753;

302

GLOSSARY.

ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fira,
2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (des
ignations of God) ; pret. sg. we61d,

703. I771-

ge-wealdan,/0 wield, have power
over, arrange: i) w. ace.: pret.
sg. halig god ge-we61d wtg-sigor,
1555. — 2) w. dat. : pret. cyning
ge-we61d his ge-witte (the king
possessed his senses'), 2704. — 3) w.
gen. : inf. he ne mihte n8 . . .
wsepna ge-wealdan, 1510.

ge-wealden, pret. part., subject,
subjected : ace. pi. gede"S him svva"
gewealdene worolde daelas, 1 733.

weallan, st. v. : i) to toss, be agi
tated (of the sea) : pres. part. nom.
pi. wadu weallende (weallendu),
546, 581 ; nom. sg. brim weallende,
848; pret. ind. we<51, 515, 850,
1132; we611, 2139. — 2) figura
tively (of emotions) , to be agitated:
pres. pi. III. sy'Sftan Ingelde weal-
laft wal-nlSas {deadly hate thus
agitates Ingeld), 2066; pres. part,
weallende, 2465 ; pret. sg. hrefter
inne we611 (his heart was moved
within hint), 2114; hrefter ae'Sme
weoll (his breast [the dragon's]
swelled from breathing, snorting),
2594; bre6st innan we611 be6strum
ge-J>oncum, 2332; so, we<511, 2600,
2715, 2883.

\veall-elif, st. n., sea-cliff: ace. sg.
ofer weall-clif, 3133.

weallian, w. v., to wander, rove
about : pres. part, in comp. heoro-
weallende, 2782.

Weard, st. m., warden, guardian ;
owner : nom. sg. weard Scyldinga
(the Scyldings* warden of tiie
march), 229; weard, 286, 2240;
se weard, s&wele hyrde, 1742; the
king is called beah-horda weard,
922; rices weard, 1391; folces

weard, 2514; the dragon is called
weard, 3061 ; weard un-hidre,24i4;
beorges weard, 2581; ace. sg.
weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beor
ges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.
— Comp. : bit-, e"Sel-, gold-, hea-
fod-, hord-, hyft-, land-, rSn-, sele-,
yrfe-weard.

weard, st. m., possession (Dietrich
in HauptXI.,415) : in comp.eorS-
weard, 2335.

weard, st. f., watch, ward : ace. sg.
wearde healdan, 319; wearde heold,
305. — Comp. aeg- weard.

weard, adj., -ward: in comp. and-,
innan-, flt-weard, 1288, etc.

weardian, w. v. w. ace. : i) to watch,
guard, keep : inf. he his folme for-
18t t8 lif-wra«e, list weardian
( Grendel left his hand behind as a
life-support, to guard his track
[Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him si6
swiSre swafte weardade hand on
Iliorte (his right hand kept guard
for him in H., i.e. showed that he
had been there), 2099; sg. for pi.
hyrde ic Hit }>im fratwum fe6wer
mearas lungre gellce l&st weardode
(I heard that four horses, quite
alike, followed in the traces of the
armor'), 2165. — 2) to hold, possess,
inhabit : pret. sg. f ifel-cynnes card
. . . weardode (dwelt in the abode
of the sea-fiends) , 105; reced wear
dode un-rlm eorla (an immense
number of earls held the hall~),
1 238 ; pi. )>ser we gesunde sal wear-
dodon, 2076.

wearh, st. m., the accursed one ;
wolf: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1 268.

wear n, st. f. : i) resistance, refusal,
366. — 2) warning?, resistance?.
See un-wearnum, 742.

weaxan, st. v., to wax, grow : pres.
sg. III. 6"5 >at him on innan ofer-

GLOSSARY.

303

hygda dzel weaxefl (till within him
pride waxeth), 1742; inf. vveaxan,
3116; pret. sg. weox, 8.

ge-weaxan, to grow up : pret. sg.
6"S J>at seo geogo'S ge-weox, 66.

ge-weaxan to, to grow to or for
something : pret. sg. ne ge-weox
he him to willan (grew not for their
benefit), 1712.

wed, w. m., woe, evil, misfortune :
nom. sg., 937; ace. sg. wean, 191,
423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen.
pi. weana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397.

wed-l&f, st. f., wretched remnant:
ace. pi. ]?& wea-ldfe (the wretched
remnant, i.e. Finn's almost anni
hilated band), 1085, 1099.

wed-spel, st. n., woe-spell, evil tid
ings : dat. sg. wea-spelle, 1316.

ge-weoldum. See ge-wild.

weorc, st. n. : i) work, labor, deed :
ace. sg., 74; (war-deed*), 1657;
instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pi.
weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and)
worcum, 1 101, 1834; gen. pi. wor-
da and worca, 289. — 2) work,
• trouble, suffering : ace. sg. }>as ge-
winnes weorc (misery on account
of this strife), 1722; dat. pi. adv.
weorcum (with labor), 1639. —
Comp.: beado-, ellen-,hea'So-,niht-
weorc.

ge-weorc, st. n. : i) work, deed,
labor: nom. ace. sg., 455, 1563,
1682, 2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-
weorces, 2712. Comp. : aer-, fyrn-,
gu"S-, hond-, nift-ge-weorc. — 2)
fortification, rampart : in comp.
land-geweorc, 939.

weorce, adj., painful, bitter : nom.
sg., 1419.

weorff, st. n., precious object, valu
able : dat. sg. weor'Se, 2497.

weorff, adj., dear, precious : nom.
sg. weor~S Denum a"Seling (the

atheling dear to the Danes, Be6-
wulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. J>at
he sy'S'San was . . . m&'Sme V}
weor'Sra (more honored from the
jewel}, 1903; cf. wyrffe.

weorftan, st. v. : i ) to become : pres.
sg. III. beholen weorSe'S (is con
cealed}, 414; underne weorfeS
(becomes known), 2914; so, pi. III.
weor'Saft, 2067; wurfta'S, 282; inf.
weorftan, 3179; wurftan, 808; pret.
sg. I., III. wear'S, 6, 77, 149, 409,.
55S» 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pi.
wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurder
2732. — 2) inf. to frofre weor'San
(to become a help), 1708; pret. sg.
wear^ he Heafiolafe to hand-bo-
nan, 460; so, wear'S, 906, 1262;
ne wear'S Heremod swa" (i.e. t&
frofre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710;
pi. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg.
II. wurde, 588. — 3) pret. sg. h>at
he on fylle wear'S (that he came
to a fall}, 1545. — 4) to happen,
befall : inf. unc sceal weor'San . . .
sw£ unc Wyrd ge-teo'S (it shall be
fall us two as Fate decrees), 2527;
Jmrh hwat his worulde gedal weor-
^San sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. J?S
J>cer sona wear'S ed-hwyrft eorlum
(there was soon a renewal to the
earls,'\.e. of the former perils), 1281.

ge-weor'San: i)to become: pret. sg.
go-weariS, 3062; pret. part, cearu
was geniwod ge-worden (care was
renewed}, 1305; sw£ us ge-wor
den is, 3079. — 2) to finish ; com
plete!: inf. J>at }>u . . . late Su'S-
Dene sylfe ge-weor'San gu'Se wii5
Grendel (that thou wouldst let the
S. D. put an end to their war with
Grendel}, 1997. — 3) impersonally
with ace., to seem, appear : pret.
sg. h& }>as monige ge-wear'S J>at . . .
(since it seemed to many that . . .),

304

. GLOSSARY.

1599; pret. part. hafa'S J>as ge-
worden wine Scyldinga, rices hyr-
de, and )>at rsed talaS }>at he ...
(therefore hath it so appeared'},
happened"}, to the friend of the S.,
the guardian of the realm, and he
counts it a gain that . . .), 2027.

weorff-ful, adj., glorious, full of
worth: nom. sg. weortS - fullest,
3100.

weorffian, w. v., to honor, adorn :
pret. sg. >>ger ic . . . )>ine leode weor-
"Sode weorcum {there honored I
thy people by my deeds'), 2097 '• SU^J-
pret. (J>at he) at feoh-gyftum . . .
Dene weor'Sode (that he -would
honor the Danes at, by, treasure-
giving), 1091.

ge-weor'Sian, ge-wur'Sian, to
deck, ornament: pret. part, hire
sySftan was after beah-J>ege bre6st
ge-weorSod, 2177; wsepnum ge-
weorftad, 250; since ge-weortJad,
1451; so, ge-wurfiad, 331, 1039,
1646; wide ge-\veor'5ad (known,
honored, afar), 1960.

weorff-Mce, adv., worthily, nobly :
superl. weorS-licost, 3163.

iveorff-mynd, st. f., dignity, honor,
glory : nom. sg., 65 ; ace. sg. ge-
seah )>& eald sweord . . ., wigena
weor'Smynd (saw an ancient sword
tfiere, the glory of warriors'), 1560;
dat. instr. pi. weorft-myndum, 8;
t8 worS-myndum, 1187; gen. pi.
weorS-mynda dael, 1753.

weorffung, st. f., ornament: in
comp. bre6st-, h&m-,heor'5-,hring-,
wig-weor'Sung.

xveorod. See werod.

weorpan, st. v. : i) to throw, cast
away, w. ace. : pret. sg. wearp J>S
wunden-mael wrattum gebunden
yrre oretta, bat hit on eor^an lag
(the wrathful warrior threw the

ornamented sword, that it lay on
the earth), 1532. — z) to throw
around or about, w. instr. : pret. sg.
beorges weard . . . wearp wal-fyre
(threw death-fire around), 2583.
— 3) to throw upon : inf. he hine
eft ongan wateres (instr. gen.)
weorpan (began to cast water upon
him again), 2792.

for-weorpan,w. ace., to cast away,
squander: subj. pret. )>at he ge-
nunga gftiS-gewaedu wraSe for-
wurpe (that he squandered useless
ly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them
to the unworthy), 2873.

ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret.
sg. ofer-wearp J>4 . . . wigena
strengest, 1544.

weotian, w. v., to provide with, ad-
just( ?) : pret. part. ace. pi. wal-
bende weotode, 1937.

be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. \\.
ace., to regard, observe, care for :
pres. pi. III. be-witiaft, 1136; pret.
sg. )>egn . . . se )>e . . . ealle be-
weotede J>egnes )>earfe (who would
attend to all the needs of a thane),
1 797 ; draca se ]>e . . . hord be-
weotode (the drake that guarded a
treasure), 2213; — to carry out,
undertake : pres. pi. III. )>£ . . .oft
be-witigaiS sorh-fulne slS on segl-
rade, 1429.

wicg, st. n., steed, riding - horse :
nom. sg., 1401; ace. sg. wicg, 315;
dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on \vicge,
286; ace. pi. wicg, 2175; gen. pi.
wicga, 1046.

ge-widor, st. n., storm, tempest:
ace. pi. 14'5 ge-widru (loathly
weather), 1376.

wlff, prep. w. dat. and ace., with
fundamental meanings of division
and opposition : I ) w. dat., against,
with(\n hostile sense ),from: HI wvS

GLOSSARY.

gode wunnon, 113; ana (wan) wi $
eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, IdS
wi'S laSum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550,
2372,2521,2522, 2561, 2840,3005;
J>at him holt-wudu . . . helpan ne
meahte, lind wi'S lige, 2342 ; hwat
. . . selest waere wiS fser-gryrum to
ge-fremmanne, 174; >at him gdst-
bona geoce gefremede wiS J>eod-
J>reaum, 178; wi'S rihte wan (strove
against right), 144 ; hafde . . . sele
HroiSgares ge-nered wi'S niSe (had
saved H^s hall from strife*}, 828;
(him dyrne langaS . . .) beorn wi'S
b!8de (the hero longeth secretly
contrary to his blood, i.e. H. feels
a secret longing for the non-re
lated Beowulf), 1881; sundur ge-
dselan lif wi'S lice (to sunder soitl
from body), 2424; streamas wun-
don sund wi'S sande (the currents
rolled the sea against the sand*),
213; lig-ySum forborn bord wi'S
ronde (rond, MS.) (with -waves of
flame burnt the shield against, as
far as, the rim*), 2674 ; holm
storme weol, won wi'S winde (the
sea surged, wrestled -with the wind*),
1133; so, hiora in Snum weoll sefa
wiS sorgum (in one of them surged
the soul with sorrow {against ?,
Heyne]), 2601 ; J>at hire wiS
healse heard gr&pode (that the
sharp sword bit against her neck*),
1567. — 2) w. ace.: a) against,
towards: wan wiS HroftgaT {fought
against H*}, 152; wiS feonda ge-
hwone, 294; wi'S wriS werod, 319;
so, 540, 1998, 2535 ; hine Mlig
god us on-sende wrS Grendles
gryre, 384; >at ic wiS bone guS-
flogan gylp ofer-sitte (that I re
frain from boastful speech against
the battle-flier), 2529; ne wolde
#iS manna ge-hwone . . . feorh-

bealo feorran (would not cease his
life - plotting against any of the
men ; or, withdraw life-bale from,
etc. ? or, peace would not have with
any man . . ., mortal bale with-
drawl, Kemble), 155; ic ]>d Ie6de
wat ge wi'S feond ge wi'S frednd
faste geworhte (towards foe and
friend*), 1865; he61d heah-lufan
wi'S haletSa brego (cherished high
love towards the prince of heroes*),
1955; wiS ord and wiS ecge in-
gang forstod {prevented entrance
to spear-point and sword-edge),
1550. b) against, on, upon, in :
setton side scyldas . . . wiS t>as re
cedes weal (against the wall of
the hall*), 326; wi'S eor'San faSm
(eardodon) (in the bosom of the
earth*) , sotfO ; wiS earm ge-sa't (sat
on, against, his arm*), 750 ; so,
stiS-mod ge-stod wiS steapne rond,
2567 ; [wi'S duru healle code]
(went to the door of the hall*) , 389;
wi'S Hrefna-wudu (over against,
near, H.*), 2926; wi'S his sylfes
sunu setl ge-toehte (showed me to
a seat with, near, beside, his own
son), 2014. c) towards, with (of
contracting parties) : J>at hie healfre
ge-weald wi'S eotena beam dgan
moston (that they power over half
the hall with the enemies' (Jutes ?)
sons were to possess*), 1089; J>en-
den he wi'S wulf wal reafode
(whilst with the wolf he was rob
bing the slain*}, 3028. — 3) Alter
nately with dat. and ace., against :
nu wi S G r e n d e 1 sceal, wiS J?am
aglsecan, ana gehegan J>ing wi'S
\> y r s e , 424-426 ; — with, beside :
ge-sat }>& witS sylfne . . ., maeg wiS
msege, 1978-79.

iSer-gylcl, st. n., compensation :
nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].

30(5

GLOSSARY.

wlffer-rahtes, adv., opposite, in
front of, 3040.

wiffre, st. n., resistance : gen. sg.
wrSres ne trfhvode, 2954.

wlg-weorffung, st. f., idol-worship,
idolatry, sacrifice to idols : ace. pi.
-weorSunga, 176.

wiht, st. f . : l) wight, creature,
demon : nom. sg. wiht unhaelo (the
demon of destruction, Grendel),
1 20; ace. sg. syllfcran wiht (the
dragon), 3039. — 2) thing, some
thing, aught : nom. sg. w. negative,
ne hine wiht dwele'S (nor does
aught check him), 1736; him wiht
ne spe6w (it helped him naught),
2855; ace. sg. ne him }>as wyrmes
wig for wiht dyde (nor did he
count the worm's warring' for
aughf), 2349 ; ne meahte ic . . .
wiht gewyrcan (/ could not do
aught . . .), '1661; — w. partitive
gen. : n6 . . . wiht swylcra searo-
nifta, 581; — the ace. sg. = adv.
like Germ, nicht : ne hie huru
wine-drihten wiht ne logon (did
not blame their friendly lord
aughf) , 863 ; so, ne wiht = naught,
in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858; n5
wiht, 541 ; instr. sg. wihte (in
aught, in any way), 1992; ne . . .
wihte (by no means'), 186, 2278,
2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465,
2924. — Comp. : &-wiht (dht —
aughf), al-wiht, 8-wiht.

wil-cuma, w. m., one welcome (qui
gratus advenit) : nom. pi. wil-
cuman Denigea Ie6dum (welcome
to the people of the Danes), 388; so,
him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cu-
man, 394; wil-cuman Wedera Ie6-
dum (welcome to the Gedtas), 1895.

ge-wild, st. f., free-will ? dat. pi.
nealles mid ge-weoldum (sponte,
voluntarily, Bugge), 2223.

wil-de6r (ftr wild-de6r), st. n.,wilJ
beast : ace. pi. wil-dedr, 1431.

wll-gesiff, st. m., chosen or willing
companion : nom. pi. -ge-slftas, 23.

wil-geofa, w. m., ready giver (= voti
largitor : princely designation),/0y-
giverl: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra
Ie6da, 2901.

willa, w. m. : i) will, wish, desire,
sake : nom. sg. 627, 825 ; ace. sg.
willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410;
instr. sg. Sines willan (for the sake
of one), 3078; 50,2590; dat. sg.
t3 willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pi.
willum (according to wish), 1822;
sylfes wyllum, 2224, 2640; gen. pi.
wilna, 1345. — 2) desirable thing,
valuable : gen. pi. wilna, 661, 95 1 .

willan, aax. v., will : in pres. also
shall (when the future action is
depend, on one's free will) : pres.
sg. I. wille ic S-secgan (/ will set
forth, tell out), 344; so, 351, 427;
ic t8 sae wille {I will to sea), 318;
wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. J>u
wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346,
446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865;
wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; xr
he in wille (erf he will in, i.e. go
or flee into the fearful sea), 1372;
wylle, 2767; pi. I. we ... wyllaft,
1819; pret. sg. L, III. wolde, 68,
154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797,
881, etc.; n8 ic fram him wolde
(i.e. fleo'tan), 543; so, swa he hira
m& wolde (i.e. 4-cwellan), 1056;
pret. pi. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173;
subj. pret., 2730. — Forms con
tracted w. negative : pres. sg. I.
nelle (= ne + wille, / will not,
nolo), 680, 2525(7); pret. sg. III.
nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804,
813, 1524 ; w. omitted inf. Hi metod
nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde,
2519.

GLOSSARY.

307

wilnian, w. v., to long for, beseech :
inf. wel biiS J?am t>e mot ... to
fafter fa'Smum freo'So wilnian (well
for him that may beseech protection
in the Father's arms}, 188.

wil-siff, st. m., chosen journey : acc.
sg. wil-slS, 216.

ge-win, st. n. : i) strife, struggle,
enmity, conflict: ace. sg., 878;
^d hie ge-win drugon {endured
strife}, 799; under y"Sa ge-win
{under the tumult of the waves),
1470; gen. sg. J>as ge-winnes weorc
(misery for this strife), 1722. —
2) suffering, oppression : nom. sg.,
J33» I9I> acc- SS- eald ge-win,
1782. — Comp. : fyrn-, yft-ge-win.

wln-arn, st. n., hall of hospitality,
hall (wine-hallT) : gen. sg. win-
arnes, 655.

wind, st. m., wind, storm : nom. sg.,
547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg.
winde, 217; wiS winde, 1133.

windan, st. v. : i) intrans., to wind,
whirl : pret. sg. wand to wolcnum
wal-fyra mgest, 1120. — 2) w. acc.,
to twist, wind, curl : pret. pi. strea-
mas wundon sund wift sande, 212;
pret. part, wunden gold {twisted,

• spirally-twined, gold ) , 1 1 94, 3 1 35 ;
instr. pi. wundnum (wundum, MS.)
golde, 1383.

St-windan,/0 wrest one's self from,
escape : pret. sg. se bam feonde at-
wand, 143.

be-windan,/o wind with or round,
clasp, surround, envelop (invol-
vere) : pret. sg. J>e hit (the sword)
mundumbe-wand, 1462; pret. part,
wirum be-wunden (wound with
•wires'}, 1032; feorh . . . flaesce be-
wunden (Jlesh-enclosed) , 2425;
gar . . . mundum be-wunden (a
spear grasped with the hands'),
3023; id-manna gold galdre be-

wunden {spell - encircled gold),
3053; (astah . . .) Igg w8pe be-
wunden {uprose the flame mingled
with a lament), 3147.

ge-windan, to writhe, get loose,
escape : inf. widre ge-windan {to
flee further), 764; pret. sg. on
fleam ge-wand, 1002.

on-windan, to unwind, loosen :
pres. sg. (}>onne fader) on-winded
wal-rapas, i6n.

win-dag, st. m., day of struggle or
suffering : dat. pi. on Jjyssum win-
dagum (in these days of sorrow,
i.e. of earthly existence), 1063.

wind-bland (blond), st. n., wind-
roar : nom. sg., 3147.

wind-gereste, f., resting-place of
the winds : acc. sg., 2457.

windig, adj., -windy : acc. pi. \vin-
dige (weallas, nassas), 572, 1359;
windige weallas (wind geard weal
las, MS.), 1225.

wine, st. m., friend, protector, es
pecially the beloved ruler : nom.
sg. wine Scyldinga, Ie6f land-fru-
ma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga
(Hroftgar), 148, 1184. As voca
tive : min wine, 2048; wine min,
Beowulf (HunferS), 45 7> 53°>
1 705 ; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hro'5-
gar), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga,
350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga,
I7°> gen- sg- wines (Beowulf),
3097; acc. pi. wine, 21; dat. pi.
Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga,
1419; gen. pi. winigea leasum,
1665 ; winia bealdor, 2568. —
Comp. : frea-, freo-, gold-, gu$-,
mseg-wine.

wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus
amicus), friendly lord, lord and
friend: acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863,
1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177;
dat. sg. \vine-drihtne, 360.

308

GLOSSARY.

wine-geOmor, adj., friend-mourn
ing : nom. sg., 2240.

wine-leas, adj., friendless : dat. sg.
\vine-leasum, 2614.

wine-ma>g, st. m., dear kinsman :
nom. pi. wine-migas, 65.

g e - \vlnna, w. m., striver, struggler,
foe : comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.

•vvinnan, st. v., to struggle, fight :
pret. sg. III. wan ina wlS eallum,
144; Grendel wan . . . wiiS HroS-
gir, 151; holm . . . won wi$ winde
(the sea fought with the wind : cf.
wan wind endi water, Heliand,
2244), 1133; II. eart J>u se Be6-
wulf, se be wifl Brecan wunne,
506; pi. wi'S gode wunnon, 113;
baer b& graman wunnon (where
the foes fought), 778.

wln-reced, st. n., friend-hall, guest-
hall, house for entertaining guests
(wine-hain) : ace. sg., 715, 994.

win-sele, st. n., the same (wine-
hall'!) : nom. sg., 772; ace. sg.
win-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary,

369 [364])-

winter, st. m. : i) -winter: nom.
sg., 1133, 1137; ace. sg. winter,
1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516. —
2) year (counted by winters) :
aco. pi fiftig wintru (neut.), 2210;
instr. pi wintrum, 1725, 2115,
2278; gen. pi. wintra, 147, 264,
1928, 2279, 2734, 3051.

wintre, adj., so many winters (old) :
in comp. syfan-wintre.

g e - wisHce, adv., certainly, un
doubtedly: superl. gewislicost,! 35 1 .

wist, st. f., fundamental meaning =
fxistentia, hence: l) good condi
tion, happiness, abundance : dat.
ig. wunaft he on wiste, 1 736. —
2) food, subsistence, booty : dat. sg.
bi was after wiste w6p up i-hafen
(a cry was then uplifted after the

meal, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty
men), 128.

wist-fyllo, st. f., fulness or fill of
food, rich meal : gen. sg. wist-fylle,

735-

wit, st. n., (wit), understanding:
nom. sg., 590. — Comp. : fyr-, in-
wit.

ge-wit, st. n. : i) consciousness:
dat. sg. ge-we61d his ge-witte,
2704. — 2) heart, breast: dat. sg.
fyr unswiSor we611 (the fire surged
less strongly from the dragon's
breast), 2883.

wit, pers. pron. dual of we, we two,
535, 537. 539, 54<>, 544, "87, etc.
See iinc, uncer.

wita, weota, w. m., counsellor,
royal adviser ; pi., the king's coun
cil of nobles: nom.pl. witan, 779;
gen. pi. witena, 157, 266, 937;
weotena, 1099. — Comp. : fyrn-,
run-wita.

witan, pret.-pres. v., to wot, know :
i) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I.,
III. wit, 1332, 2657; ic on Hige-
lace wat bat he ... {I know as to
H., that he . . .), 1831; so, god
wit on mec )>at . . . {God knows
of me, that . . .), 2651 ; sg. II. J>u
wist, 272; weak pret. sg. L, III.
wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pi.
wiston, 799, 1605 ; subj. pres. I.
gif ic wiste, 2520. — 2) w. ace. and
inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wit, 1864. —

3) w. object, predicative part, or
adj. : pret. sg. III. t3 J>as he win-
reced . . . gearwost wisse, fattum
fihne, 716; so, 1310; wiste bam
ahlaecan hilde ge-J>inged, 647. —

4) w. ace., to know : inf. witan,
252, 288 ; pret. sg\ wisse, 169 ;
wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames
gripum, 765; pi. II. wisson, 246;
wiston, 181.

GLOSSAEY.

309

nSt= ne + wit, I know not : i) ellip-
tically with hwilc, indef. pronoun
= some or other : sceafta ic nSt
hwilc. — 2) w. gen. and depend,
clause : nat he J>ara g8da, J>at he
me on-gean slea, 682.

ge-witan, to know, perceive : inf.
}>as >e hie gewis-licost ge-witan
meahton, 1351.

be- witian . See b e - weotian .

witlg, adj., wise, sagacious: nom.
sg. whig god, 686, 1057 ; witig
drihten (God),i555; wittigdrihten,
1842.

ge -wit tig, adj., conscious: nom.

sg- 3095-

ge - wltnian, w. v., to chastise, pun
ish : wommum gewitnad {punished
with plagues), 3074.

wic, sfe. n., dwelling, house : ace. sg.
wic, 822, 2590; — often in pi. be
cause houses of nobles were com- .
pi ex : dat.wicum, 1305,1613, 3084;
gen. wica, 125, 1126.

g e - wiean, st. v., to soften, give way,
_yzVA/(here chiefly of swords) : pret.
sg. ge-wac, 2578, 2630.

wic-stede, st. m., dwelling-place:
nom. sg. 2463; ace. sg. wic-stede,
2608.

wid, adj., wide, extended : i) space:
ace. sg. neut. ofer wid water, 2474 ;
gen.sg. widan rices, 1860; ace. pi.
wide stSas, waroftas, 878, 1966. —
2) temporal : ace. sg. widan feorh
(ace. of time), 2015; dat. sg. to
widan feore, 934.

wide, adv., widely, afar, 1 8, 74, 79,
266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wide
cuiS (widely, universally, known),
2136, 2924 ; so, underne wide,
2914; wide geond eor'San (over
the whole earth, widely), 3100 ; —
modifier of superl. : wreccena wide
mserost (the most famous of wan

derers, exiles), 899. — Compar

widre, 764.
wid-cuff, adj., widely known, very

celebrated: nom. sg. neut., 1257;

ace. sg. m. wid-cuifne man (Beo

wulf), 1490 ; wid-cuftne wean,

1992; wid-cuSes (Hroftgar), 1043.
wide-ferhff, st.m., (long life}, great

length of time : ace. sg. as ace. of

time : wide-ferh'S {down to distant

times, always), 703, 938 ; ealne

wide-ferhS, 1223.
wid-floga, w. m., wide-flier (of the

dragon) : nom. sg., 2831; ace. sg.

wid-flogan, 2347.
wld-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread'}'

causing fear far and wide ? 937.
wid-weg, st. m., wide way, long-

journey : ace. pi. wid-wegas, 841,

wif, st. n., woman, lady, wife : nom.
sg. freo-lic wif (Queen Wealh-
J>eow), 616 ; wif un-hyre (Gren-
del's mother), 2121 ; ace. sg. driht-
lice wif (Finn's wife), 1159; instr.
sg. mid J>y wife (Hroftgar's daugh
ter, Freaware), 2029; dat. sg. J?am
wife (WealhJ>eow), 640; gen. sg.
wifes (as opposed to man), 1285 ;.
gen. pi. wera and wifa, 994. —
Comp. : aglsec-, mere-wif.

wif-lufe, w. f., wife-love, love for a
wife, woman's love : nom. pi. wif-
lufan, 2066.

wig, st. m. : i) war, battle: nom.
sg., 23,- 1081, 2317, 2873; acc.sg.,
686, 1084, 1248 ; dat. sg. wige,
1338,2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge,
MS.), 1657, 1771; gen. sg. wiges,.
65, 887, 1269. — 2) valor, warlike
prowess : nom. sg was his mod-
sefa manegum ge-cy'Sed, wig and;
wisdom, 350; wig, 1043; wig . ..
eafoiS and ellen, 2349 ; gen. sg,
wiges, 2324. — Comp. fe"Se-wig.

310

GLOSSARY.

wiga, w.m., warrior, fighter : nom.
sg-, 630; dat. pi. wigum, 2396;
gen. pi. wlgena, 1544, 1560, 3116.
— Comp. : asc-, byrn-, gaT-, gd'o'-,
lind-, rand-, scyld-wlga.

wigan, st. v., to fight : pres. sg. III.
wigeS, 600 ; inf., 2510.

wlgend, pres. part., fighter, war
rior : nom. sg., 3100; nom. pi.
wlgend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc.pl.
wlgend, 3025 ; gen. pi. wigendra,
429, 900, 1973, 2338.— Comp. gir-
wlgend.

wig-bealu, st. n., war-bale, evil con
test : ace. sg., 2047.

wig-bil, st. n., war-bill, battle-sword:
nom. sg., 1608.

wig-bord, st n., war-board or
shield: ace. sg., 2340.

wig-craft, st. m., war-power : ace.
sg-, 2954.

wig-craftig, adj., vigorous in fight,
strong in war: ace. sg. wig-
craftigne (of the sword Hrunting),
1812.

wig-freea, w. m., war-wolf, war-
hero : ace. sg. wig-frecan, 2497;
num. pi. wlg-frecan, 1213.

wig-fruma, w. m., war-chief or
king : nom. sg., 665 ; ace. sg. wlg-
fruman, 2262.

wig-geatwe, st. f. pi., war-orna
ments, war -gear: dat. pi. on
wlg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.),
368.

\vig-ge-weorffad, pret. part., war-
honored, distinguished in war,
1784.

wig-gryre, st. m., war-horror or
terror: nom. sg., 1285.

wig-bete, st. m., war-hate, hostility :
nom. sg., 21 21.

wig-heafola, w. m., war head-piece,
helmet : ace. sg. wig-heafolan,
2662. — Leo.

wig-heap, st. m., war-band: nom
sg-, 447-

wig-hryre, st. m., war-ruin, slaugh
ter, carnage: ace. sg., 1620.

wig-sigor, st. m., war-victory : ace.

sg-, 1555-

wig-sped, st. f.?, war-speed, success
in war : gen. pi. wlg-spe'da, 698.

win, st. n., wine: ace. sg., 1163,
1234; instr. wine, 1468.

wir, st. n., wire, spiral ornament of
wire: instr. pi. wirum, 1032; gen.
pi. wira, 2414.

wis, adj., wise, experienced, discreet :
nom. sg. m. wis (in his mind, con
scious), 3095; f. wis, 1928; in w.
form, se wisa, 1401, 1699, 2330;
ace. sg. hone \visan, 1319; gen. pi.
wisra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wis
wordcwida (wise of speech), 1846.

wisa, w. m., guide, leader: nom. sg.
werodes wtsa, 259. — Comp. : brim-,
here-, hilde-wisa.

wiscte. See wyscan.

wis-ddm, st. m., wisdom, experi
ence : nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wls-
dome, 1960.

wise, w. f., fashion, wise, custom :
ace. sg. (instr.) ealde wlsan (after
ancient custom), 1866.

wig-fast, adj., wise, sagacious (sa-
pientid firmus) : nom. sg. f., 627.

wis-hycgende, pres. part., wise-
thinking, wise, 2717.

wisian, w. v., to guide or lead to,
direct, point out : I ) w. ace. : inf.
hean wong wisian, 2410; pret. sg.
secg wisade land-gemyrcu, 208. —
2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic e6w
wisige (/ shall guide you), 292,
3104; pret. sg. se \>xm heafto-
rincum hider wisade, 370; s8na
him sele-hegn . . . for5 wisade (the
hall- thane led him thither forth
with, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stig

GLOSSARY.

311

wisode gumum at-gadere, 320; so,
1664. — 3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. }>a
secg wisode under Heorotes hrof
(when the warrior showed them
the way under Hear of s roof, [but
under H.'s hrof depends rather on
snyredon atsomne]), 402.

vvitan, st. v., properly to look at ; to
look at with censure, to blame, re
proach, accuse, w. dat. of pers. and
ace. of thing: inf. for-}>am me
vvitan ne J>earf waldend fira mor-
"Sor-bealo maga, 2742.

at-witan, to blame, censure (cf.
'twit), w. ace. of thing: pret. pi.
at-witon weana dael, 1151.

ge-witan, properly spectare all-
quo ; to go (most general verb of
motion) : i ) with inf. after verbs
of motion : pret. sg. hanon eft ge
wat . . . t8 ham faran, 123; so,
2570; pi. f^anon eft gewiton . . .
mearum ridan, 854. Sometimes
with reflex, dat. : pres. sg. him \>a.
Scyld ge-vvat . . . fe'ran on frean
ware, 26; gewat him . . . ridan,
234; so, 1964; pi. ge-witon, 301.
— 2) associated with general infin
itives of motion and aim : imper. pi.
'ge-witaft for'5 beran waepen and
gewaedu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wat );a
neosian hean buses, 115; he hd
fag ge-wat . . . man-dream fleon,
1 264; nyfter eft gewat dennes nio-
sian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820.
So, with reflex, dat. : him eft ge
wat . . . hames niosan, 2388; so,
2950; pi. ge-witon, 1 126. — 3) with
out inf. and with prep, or adv. :
pres. sg. III. }>cer firgen-stream
under na'ssa genipu ni 5er ge-witet),
1361 ; ge-witefi on sealman, 2461 ;
inf. on flodes aeht feor ge-witan,
42; pret. sg. ge-\vat, 217; him ge
wat, 1237, 1904; of life, ealdre

ge-wat (died}, 2472, 2625; fyrst
forft ge-wat (time went on}, 210;
him ge-wat ut of healle, 663; ge
wat him ham, 1602; pret.part.dat.
sg. me forft ge-witenum (me de-
functo, I dead}, 1480.

oft-witan, to blame, censure, re
proach : inf. ne J>orfte him J>d lean
6$-witan man on middan-gearde,
2996.

wlanc, \vlonc, adj., proud, exult
ing : nom. sg. wlanc, 341 ; w. instr.
cese wlanc ( proud of, exulting in,
her prey, meal}, 1333; wlonc,
331; "'• Sen- ma'Sm-zehta wlonc
{proud of the treasures}, 2834;
gen. sg. wlonces, 2954. — Conip.
gold-wlanc.

wlatian, w. v., to look or gaze out,
forth : pret. sg. se J?e cer . . . feor
wlatode, 1917.

wlenco, st. f., pride, heroism : dat.
sg. wlenco, 338, 1207 ; wlence, 508.

wlite, st. m.,form, noble form, look,
beauty : nom. sg., 250.

wlite-beorht, adj., beatiteous, bril
liant in aspect: ace. sg. wlite-
beorhtne wang, 93.

•wlite-seon, st. n., sight, spectacle:
ace. sg., 1651.

wlitig, adj., beautiful, glorious, fair
in form : ace. sg. wlitig (sweord),
1663.

vvlitan, st. v., to see, look, gaze : pret.
sg. he after recede wlat (looked
along the hall}, 1573; pret. pi.
on holm wliton (looked on the sea},
!593; wlitan on Wiglaf, 2853.

geond-wlitan, w. ace., to exam
ine, look through, scan : inf. wrate
giond-wlitan, 2772.

woh - bogen, pret. part., (bent
crooked}, crooked, hvisted : nom.
sg. wyrrn woh-bogen, 2828.

wolceu, st. n., cloud (cf. welkin):

312

GLOSSARY.

dat. pi. under wolcnum (under the
clouds, on earth), 8, 652, 71 5, 1 771 ;
t3 wolcnum, 1120, 1375.

wollen-tear, adj., tear-fiowing,with
flowing tears: nom. pL wollen-
teare, 3033.

worn. See warn.

won. See wan.

wore. See weorc.

word, st. n. : l) word, speech : nom.
sg., 2818; ace. sg. )>at word, 655,
2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871,
2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen.
sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pi. b&
word, 640; word, 613; ace. pi.
word (of an alliterative song),
871; instr.pl. wordum, 176, 366,
627,875,1101, 1173, 1194, 1319,
1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum
(tell them in words, expressly),
388. The instr. wordum accom
panies biddan, bancian, be-wag-
nan, secgan, hSrgan, to empha
size the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796,
3177; gen. pi. worda, 289, 398,
2247, 2263(7), 3031. — 2) com
mand, order : gen. sg. his wordes
ge weald habban (to rule, reign),
79; so, instr. pi. wordum we61d,
30. — Comp. : be<5t-, gylp-, meflel-,
bry5-word.

word-cwide, st. m., (word-utter
ance), speech : ace. pi. word-cwy-
das, 1842; dat. pi. word-cwydum,
2754; gen. pi. word-cwida, 1846.

word-gld, st. m, speech, saying
ace. sg. word-gyd, 3174.

word-hord, st. n., word -hoard,
treasury of speech, mouth : ace. sg
word-hord on-leac (unlocked his
word-hoard, opened his mouth,
spoke), 259.
word-riht, st. n., right speech, suit
able word : gen. pi. Wiglif ma'Se-
lode word-rihta fela, 2632.

worff-mynd. See weorff-mynd.

worffig (for weorfflg), st. m., pal
ace, estate, court: ace. sg. on wor-
"Sig (into the palace}, 1973.

worn, st. n., multitude, number:
ace. sg. worn call (very many),
3095; wintra worn (many years),
264 ; J>onne he wintrum frod worn
ge-munde (when he old in years
thought of their number), 2115.
Used with fela to strengthen the
meaning : nom. ace. sg. worn fela,
1 784 ; hwat \>\i worn fela . . . spnece
(hmu very much thou hast spoken .') ,
530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena
worn, 871 ; gen. pi. worna fela,
2004, 2543.

woruld, worold, st. f., humanity,
world, earth : nom. sg. eal worold,
1739; ace. sg. in worold (wacan)
(to be born, come into the world),
60 ; worold oflaetan, of-gifan (die),
1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951,
1 08 1, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344;
his worulde ge-dal (his separation
from the world, death), 3069;
worolde brucan (to enjoy life, live),
1063; worlde, 2712.

worold-ar, st. f., worldly honor or
dignity: ace. sg. worold-Sre, 17.

woruld-candel, st. f., world-candle,
sun : nom. sg., 1966.

worold-cyning, st. m., world-king,
mighty king: nom. sg., 3182;
gen. pi. worold-cyninga, 1685.

woruld-ende, st. m., world's end:
ace. sg., 3084.

worold-raeden, st. f., usual course,
fate of the world, customary fate :
dat. sg. worold-raedenne, 1143.

wOp, st. m., (whoop), cry of grief,
lament: nom. sg., 128; ace. sg.
wop, 786; instr. sg. wope, 3147-

wracu.st. f., persecution, vengeance,
revenge : nom. sg. wracu (MS.

GLOSSARY.

313

uncertain), 2614; ace. sg. wrace,
2337. — Comp. : gyrn-, nyd-wracu.

wraffu, st. f., protection, safety : in
comp. lif-wra"$u.

\vra81, adj., wroth, furious, hostile :
ace. sg. neut. wraft, 319; dat. sg.
wraftum, 661, 709; gen. pi. wra-
ftra, 1620.

wr afte , adv., contemptibly, disgrace
fully, 2873.

wraff-lice, adv., wrathfully, hos-
tilely (in battle), 3063.

wrasn, st. f., circlet of gold for the
head, diadem, crown: in comp.
frea-wrasn.

wrac-last, st. m., exile-step, exile,
banishment: ace. sg. wrac-lastas
trad (trod exile-steps, -wandered
in exile}, 1353.

wrac-macg, st. m., exile, outcast :
nom. pi. wrac-macgas, 2380.

wrac-siS1, st. m., exile-journey, ban
ishment, exile, persecution : ace.
sg., 2293 ; dat. sg. -siftum, 338.

wrat, st. f., ornament, jewel: ace.
pi. wrate (wroece, MS.), 2772,
3061; instr. pi. wrattum, 1532;
gen. pi. wratta, 2414.

wrat-lic, adj.: i) artistic, orna
mental; valuable: ace. sg. wrat-
licne wundor - ma'S'Sum, 2174;
wrat-lic waeg-sweord, 1490; wig-
bord wrat-lic, 2340. — 2) -won
drous, strange : ace. sg. wrat-licne
wyrm [from its rings or spots?],
892; wlite-seon wrat-lic, 1651.

wraec, st. f., persecution; hence,
wretchedness, misery : nom. sg.,
170; ace. sg. wraec, 3079.

wrecan, st. v. w. ace. : l) to press,
force : pret. part. J>ser was Ongen-
}>e6 ... on bid wrecen, 2963. —
2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg.
ferh ellen wrac, 2707. — 3) to
wreak or utter ; gid, spel wrecan

(to utter words or songs} ; subj. pres.
sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; m^
wrecan spel ge-rade, 874; word-
gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd
after wrac, 2155; pres. part. J>a"
was . . . gid wrecen, 1066. — 4) to
avenge, punish : subj. pres. bat he
his freond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde
hire mseg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279,
J547; Pres- Part- wrecend (an
avenger}, 1257; pret. sg. wrac
Wedera ntS, 423; so, 1334, 1670.

d-wrecan, to tell, recount: pret.
sg. ic HS gid be \>e a- wrac (I have
told this tale for thee}, 1725; so,
2109.

for-wrecan,w. ace., to drive away,
expel ; carry away : inf. }>y las
him yi$a J>rym wudu wyn-suman
for-wrecan meahte (lest the force
of the waves might carry away the
winsome ship}, 1920; pret. sg. he
hine feor for-wrac . . . man-cynne
fram, 109.

ge-wrecan, w. ace., to avenge,
wreak vengeance upon, punish :
pret. sg. ge-wrac, 107, 2006; he
ge-wrac (i.e. hit, this} cealdum
cear-siiSum, 2396; he hine sylfne
ge-wrac (avenged himself '}, 2876;
pi. ge-wrsecan, 2480; pret. part.
ge-wrecen, 3063.

wrecca, w. m., (wretch}, exile, ad
venturer, wandering soldier, hero:
nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138;
gen. pi. wreccena wide mserost
(Sigemund), 899.

with twisted hilt : nom. sg., 1 699.
wridian, w. v., to flourish, spring

up : pret. sg. III. wridaft, 1742.
wriffa, w. m., band : in comp. beag-

wriiSa (bracelet}, 2019.
wrixl, st. n., exchange, change:

instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (in a worse

314

GLOSSAEY.

way, with a worse exchange},
2970.

ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, ar
rangement, bargain : nom. sg. ne
was )>at ge-wrixle til (// was not a
good arrangement, trade), 1305.

wrlxlan, w. v., to excftange : inf.
worduni wrixlan (to exchange
wurds, converse}, 366; 875 (tell).

wriffan, st. v. w. ace.: i) to bind,
fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic
hine (him, MS.) ... on wal-bedde
wriSan ^ohte, 965. — 2) to bind up
(a wounded person, a wound) :
pret. pi. J>a waeron monige J>e his
maeg wrifton, 2983. See hand-
gewrlffen.

writan, st. v., to incise, engrave :
pret. part, on J>am (hilte) was or
writen fyrn-gewinnes (0« which
was engraved the origin of an
ancient struggle), 1689.

for- writ an, to cut to pieces or in
two : pret. sg. for-wrdt Wedra helm
wyrm on middan, 2706.

wrOht, st. f., blame, accusation,
crime; here strife, contest, hostility:
nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914.

\vudu, st. m., wood : i) material,
timber: nom. pi. wudu, 1365;
hence, the wooden spear : ace. pi.
wudu, 398. — 2) forest, wood: ace.
sg. wudu, 1417. — 3) wooden ship :
nom. sg. 298; ace. sg. wudu, 216,
1920. — Comp. : bael-, bord-, gamen-,
heal-, holt-, magen-, soe-, sund-,
|-rec-wudu.

wudu-rec, st. m., wood-reek or
smoke : nom. sg., 3145.

wiildor, st. n., glory: nom. sg.
kyninga wuldor {God), 666; gen.
sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183,
1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (desig
nations of God).

wuldor-cynlng,st. m., king ofglcry,

God: dat. sg. v/uldur-cyninge, 2796.

wuldor-torllt, adj., glory -bright,
brilliant, clear : nom. pi. wuldor-
torhtan weder, 1137.

\vnlf, st. m., wolf: ace. sg., 3028.

\vulf-hliff, st. n., wolf-slope, wolfs
retreat, slope whereunder wolves
house : ace. pi. wulf-hleo'o'u, 1359.

\vund, st. f., wound: nom. sg., 2712,
2977; ace. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907 ;
dat. sg. wunde, 2726 ; instr. pi.
wundum, 1114, 2831, '2938. —
Comp. feorh-wund.

wund, adj., wounded, sore: nom.
sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754;
nom. pi. wunde, 565, 1076.

wunden-feax, adj., curly-haired
(of a horse's mane) : nom. sg., 1401 .

wunden-heals, adj., with twisted
or curved neck or prow : nom. sg.
wudu wunden-hals (the ship), 298.

wunden-heorde?, c urly-haired ? :
nom. sg. f., 3153.

wunden-mael, adj., damascened,
etched, with wavy ornaments^ ?) :
nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword).

wunden-stefna, w. m.,curved prow,
ship : nom. sg., 220.

wundor, st. n. : I ) wonder, wonder
work: nom. sg., 772,1725; wundur,
3063; ace. sg. wundor, 841; \vun-
der, 932; wundur, 2760, 3o83(?),
3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr.
pi. wundrum (wondrously), 1453,
2688; gen. pi. wundra, 1608. —
2) portent, monster : gen. pi. wun
dra, 1510. — Comp.: hand-, niS-,
searo-wundor.

wundor-bebod, st. n., wondrous
command, strange order : instr.
pi. -bebodum, 1748.

wundor-deaff, st. m., wonder-death,
strange death : instr. sg. wundor
deztSe, 3038.

wundor-fut, st. n., wonder-vat,

GLOSSARY.

315

strange vessel: dat.pl. of wundor-
fatum {from wondrous vessels},
1163.

wundor-lic, adj., wonderlike, re
markable : nom. sg., 1441.

wundor-maiiyS'um, st. m., wonder-
jewel, wonderful treasure : ace.
sg., 2174.

wundor-smiS1, st.m., 'wonder-smith,
skilled smith, worker of marvellous
things : gen. pi. wundor-smfSa ge-
vveorc (the ancient giant's sword),
1682.

wundor - seon, st. f., wondrous
sight : gen. pi. wunder-siona, 996.

wunian, w. v. : i) to stand, exist,
remain : pres. sg. III. }>enden }>ser
wuna'5 on heah-stede husa selest
{as long as the best of houses stands
there on the high place}, 284 ;
wuna'5 he on wiste {lives in plenty),
1736; inf. on sele wunian {to re
main in the hall}, 3129; pret. sg.
vvunode mid Finne {remained with.
F.}, 1129. — 2) \v. ace. or dat., to
dwell in, to inhabit, to possess : pres.
sg. III. wunaft wal-reste {holds his
death-bed}, 2903; inf. water-egesan
wunian, cealde streamas, 1261 ;
vvicum wunian, 3084 ; w. prep. :
pres. sg. Higela'c }>ser at ham wu-
naft, 1924.

ge-vvunian,w. ace. : I ) to inhabit :
inf. ge- [wunian], 2276. — 2) to
remain with, stand by : subj. pres.
J>at hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen
wil-ge-si'Sas, 22.

wurffan. See weorffan.

wuton, v. from vvitan, used as interj.,
let us go ! up ! \\. inf. : wutun
gangan to {let us go to hi in !}, 2649;
uton hrafte f£ran ! 1391; uton nu
Sfstan, 3102.

wylf, st. f., she-wolf: in comp.
brim-wylf.

wylm, st. m., surge, surf, billow :
nom. sg. nodes wylm, 1 765 ; dat.
wintres wylme {with winter's
flood}, 516; ace. sg. J>urh Wateres
wylm, 1694; ace. pi. heortan wyl-
mas, 2508. — Comp. : breost-, brim-,
byrne-, cear-, fyr-, heafto-, holm-,
sae-, sorh-wylm. See wiilm.

wyn, st. f., pleasantness, pleasure,
joy, enjoyment : ace. sg. mseste . . .
worolde wynne {the highest earthly
joy}, 1081; eor'San wynne {earth-
joy, the delightful earth}, 1731 ;
heofenes wynne {heaven's joy, the
rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne
{harp -joy, the pleasant harp},
2108; {>at he ... ge-drogen hafde
eor'San wynne {that he had had
his earthly joy}, 2728 ; dat. sg.
vveorod was on wynne, 201 5 ; instr.
pi. magenes wynnum {in joy of
strength}, 1717; so, 1 888. — Comp.:
I'Sel-, hord-, lif-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.

wyn-le&s, adj., joyless : ace. sg.
wyn-leasne wudu, 1417; wyn-leas
wic, 822.

wyn-sum, adj., winsome, pleasant :
ace. sg. wudu wyn-suman {the
ship}, 1920; nom. pi. word wseron
wyn-sume, 613.

wyrcan, v. irreg. : i) to do, effect,
w. ace. : inf. (wundor) wyrcan,
931. — 2) to make, create, w. ace. :
pret. sg. hat se al-mihtiga eor'San
worh[te], 92; swd hine {the hel
met} worhte wcepna smi5, 1453. —
3) to gain, win, acquire, w. gen. :
subj. pres. wyrce, se J>e mote, domes
XT deaSe, 1388.

be- wyrcan, to gird, surround:
pret. pi. bronda betost wealle be-
worhton, 3163.

ge- wyrcan: i) intrans., to act, be
have : inf. swa" sceal geong guma
gode gewyrcean ... on fader wine,

316

GLOSSARY.

) at ... (a young man shall so act [ ge- wyrht, st. n., work ; desert ;

•with benefits towards his father's
friends that . . .), 20. — 2) w. ace.,
to do, make, effect, perform : inf.
ne meahte ic at hilde mid Hrun-
tinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661 ;
sweorde ne meahte on )>am agke-
can . . . wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907 ;
pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579,
2713; pret. part. ace. ic J>i Ie6de
wdt . . . faste ge-worhte. 1865. —
3) to make, construct : inf. (raedo-
arn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wfg-bord)
ge-wyrcean, 2338 ; (hlaew) ge-
wyrcean, 2803; pret. pi. II. ge-
worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton,
3158; pret. part, ge-worht, 1697.
— 4) to win, acquire : pres. sg. ic
me mid Hruntinge dom ge-wyrce,
1492.

Wyrd, st. f., Weird (one of the
Norns, guide of human destiny;
mostly weakened down = fate,
providence) : nom. sg., 455, 477,
572, 735, 1206, 2421, 2527, 2575,
2815; ace. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234;
gen. pi. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird
Sisters of Macbeth.)

wyrdan, w. v., to ruin, kill, de
stroy: pret. sg. he to lange ledde
mine wanode and wyrde, 1338.

S- wyrd an, w. v., to destroy, kill :
pret. part. : a'Seling monig wun-
dum d-wyrded, 1 1 14.

\vyrffe, adj., noble ; worthy, honored,
•valued : ace. sg. m. wyri>ne (ge-
don) (to esteem worthy}, 2 1 86 ;
nom. pi. wyrfte, 368; compar. nom.
sg. rices wyrftra (worthier of rule},
862. — Comp. fyrd-wyr$e. See
weorff.

Wyrgen, st. f., throttler [cf. sphinx],
she-wolf; in comp. grund-wyr-
gen.

comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658.

wyrm, st. m., worm, dragon, drake :
nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568,
2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; ace. sg.
wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133;
dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen.
wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772,
2903; ace. pi. wyrmas, 1431.

wyrm-cyn, st. m., worm-kin, race
of reptiles, dragons : gen. sg. wyrm-
cynnes fela, 1426.

wyrm-fah, adj., dragon-ornament
ed, snake • adorned (ornamented
with figures of dragons, snakes,
etc. : cf. Dietrich in Germania X.,
278) : nom. sg. sweord . . . wreo-
Sen-hilt and wyrm-fah, 1699.

wyrm-hord, st. n., dragon-hoard :
gen. pi. wyrm-horda, 2223.

for-wyrnan, w. v., to refuse, re
ject: subj. pres. II. Hit |>u me no
for-wyrne, J>at . . . (that thou re
fuse me not that . . .), 429; pret.
sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-rze-
denne, 1143.

ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., to raise
one's self, spring up : pret. sg. he
hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977.

wyrpe, st. m., change: ace. sg.
after wea-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman
(after the woe-spell to bring about
a change of things}, 1316.

wyrsa, compar. adj., worse : ace.
sg. neut. hat wyrse, 1740; instr.
sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sj,'.
wyrsan geHnges, 525; nom. ace.
pi. wyrsan wig-frecan, 1213, 2497.

wyrt, st. f., [-wort], root: instr. pi.
wudu wyrturu fast, 1365.

wyscan, w. v., to wish, desire : pret.
sg. vvlscte (rihde, MS.) >as yldan
(wished to delay that or for tliii
reason}, 2240.

GLOSSAKY.

31'

yfel, st. n., evil : gen. pi. yfla, 2095.

yldau, \v. v., to delay, put off: inf.
ne J>at se aglaeca yldan hohte, 740;
weard wine-geomor wiscte J>as yl
dan, fr>at he lytel fac long-gestreona
brucan moste, 2240.

ylde, st. m. pi., men : dat. pi. yldum,
77, 706, 2118; gen. pi. ylda, 150,
606, 1662. See elde.

yldest. See eald.

yldo, st. f., age (senectus), old age :
nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo,
1 767 ; dat. sg. on ylde, 22. — 2) age
(aetas), time, era: gen. sg. yldo
beam, 70. See eldo.

yldra. See eald.

ylf, st. f ., elf (incubus, alp) : nom.
pi. ylfe, 112.

ymb, prep. w. ace. : l) local, around,
about, at, upon : ymb hine (around,
with, hint), 399. With prep, post
poned: hine ymb, 690; ymbbront-
ne ford (around the seas, on the
high sea), 568; ymb }>£ gif-healle
(around the gift-hall, throne-hall),
839; ymb J>as helmes hrof (around
the helm's roof, crown), 1031. —
2) temporal, about, after: ymb Sn-
tid oSres dogores (about the same
time the next day), 219; ymb fine
niht (after a night), 1 35- — 3)
causal, about, on account of, for,
owing to : (frinan) ymb >inne siS
(on account of, concerning"?, thy
journey'), 353; hwa't J>u . . . ymb
Brecan spraece (hast spoken about
£.), 531; 50,1596,3174; n&ymb
his lif ceara'S (careth not for his
life}, 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh
sacan, 439; sundor-nytte beheold
ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund
(about the swimming, the prize for
swimming), 507.

ymbe, I. prep. w. ace. = ymb: i)
local, 2884, 3171; hlaew oft ymbe
hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297.
2) causal, 2071, 2619. — II. adv.,
around ' : him . . . ymbe, 2598.

ymb-sittend, pres. part., neighbor :
gen. pi. ymb-sittendra, 9.

ymbe-sittend, the same: nom.
pi. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pi.
ymbe-sittendra, 2735.

yppe, w. f., high seat, dais, throne :
dat. sg. code ... to yppan, 1816.

yrfe, st. n., bequest, legacy : nom. sg.,

yrfe-laf, st. f., sword left as a be
quest : ace. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1054;
instr. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1904.

yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, son : nom.
sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes,

2454-
yrmffo, st. f., misery, shame, wretch

edness : ace. sg. yrntSe, 1260, 2006.
yrre, st. n., anger, ire, excitement :

ace. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg.

on yrre, 2093.
yrre, adj., angry, irate, furious :

nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beowulf),

1533; }>egn yrre (the same) , 1 5 76 ;

gast yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom.

pi. yrre, 770. See eorre.
yrriiiga, adv., angrily,fiercely, 1566,

2965.
yrre-mdd, adj., wrathful-minded,

wild : nom. sg., 727.
ys, he is. See wesan.

ygf (O.H.G. unda), st. f., wave; sea :
nom. pi. ySa, 548; ace. pi. y5e,
46, 1133, 1910; dat. pi. yftum, 210,
421, 534, 1438, 1908; yftum weal-
Ian (to siirge with waves'), 515,
2694; gen.pl. £$3,464, 849, 1209,

818

GLOSSARY.

1470, 1919. — Corap: flod-, lig-,
water-y5.

y San, w. v., to ravage, devastate, de
stroy : pret. sg. y$de eotena cyn,
421 (cf. Iftende = depopulating,
Bosworth, from Clone's Glossary;
pret. y5de, Wanderer, 85).

$ffe. See eaffe.

yffe-lice, adv., easily : ytfe-lice he
eft S-stod (he easily arose after
wards), 1557.

yff-gebland, st. n., mingling or
surging waters, water - tumult :
nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594;
nom. pi. -gebland, 1621.

yff-gewin, st. n., strife with the sea,
wave-struggle, rushing of water :
dat. sg. yS-gewinne, 2413; gen.
sg. -gewinnes, 1435.

yff-lftd, st. f., 'safer-journey, sea-
voyage : nom. pi. y 5-lIde, 228.

y-flMaf, st. f., water-leaving, what is
left by the water (undarum reli
quiae), shore : dat. sg. be yS-lafe,
566.

$ff-lida, w. m., wave-traverser, ship:
ace. sg. ytf-lidan, 198.

yff-iiaca, w. m., sea-boat: ace. sg.
[y~S-]nacan, 1904.

$ff-gesene. See eff-ges^ne.

ywan, w. v. w. ace., to show : pret.
sg. an-syn ywde (showed itself, ap
peared}, 2835. See eawan, e6-
wan.

ge-ywan, w. ace. of thing, dat. of
pers., to lay before, offer: inf.,
2150.

GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.

fibreoan, st. v., to shatter : part, his
byrne dbrocen waere (hisbyrniewas
shattered).

anynian, st. v., to take, take away.

ban-helm, st. m., bone-helmet; skull,
\_shiM, Bosw.].

l)iiruh-J»clu, st. f., castle-Jloor.

celod, part, (adj.?), keeled, i.e. boat-
shaped or hollow.

dagian, w. v., to dawn : ne Hs ne
dagia^5 eastan (this is not dawning
from the east).

de6r-m6d, adj., brave in mood:
deor-mod hale'5.

driht - gesiKT, st. m., companion,
associate.

eastan, adv., from (he east.

eorff-bfiend, st. m., earth-dweller,
man.

ffer, st. ra.,fear, terror.

f$rren, adj., flaming, afire : nom. f.
swylce eal Finns -buruh fyrenu
waere (as if all Finnsburh were
afire).

gehlyn, st. n., noise, tumult.

gellan, st. v., to sing (i.e. ring or
resound) : pres. sg. gylleS graeg-
hama (the gray garment [byrnicj
rings).

geiiesan, st. v., to survive, recover
from : pret. pi. \>Si wigend hyra
wunda genoeson (the warriors were
recovering from their wounds).

gold-hladen, adj., laden with gold
(wearing heavy gold ornaments).

greeg-hama, w. m., gray garment,
mail-coat.

giiff-wudu, st. m., war-wood, spear.

GLOSSARY.

319

hag-steald, st. m., one who lives in

his lord's house, a house-carl,
heaffo-geong, adj., young in war.
here-sceorp, st. n., war-dress, coat

of mail.
hleoffrian, w. v., to speak, exclaim :

pret. sg. hleotSrode . . . cyning (the

prince exclaimed}.
hrsew, st. n., corpse.
hrQr, adj., strong: here-sceorpum

hror (strong [though it was] as

armor, Bosw.).

lac (laS1?)? for ftskcor, fluttering ?
oncweffan, st. v., to answer : pres.

sg. scyld scefte oncwy'S (the shield

answers the spear).
onwacnian, w. v., to awake, arouse

one's self: imper. pi. onwacnigeaft

. . ., wigend mine (awake, my

warriors /).

sceft (sceaft), st. m., spear, shaft.
sealo-brun, adj., dusky-brown.
slge-beorn, st. m., -victorious hero,

valiant warrior.
swafter (swd hwafter), pron., which

of two, which.

swan, st. m., swain, youth; war
rior.

sweart, adj., swart, black.

swet, adj., sweet: ace. m. swe'tne
medo . . . forgyldan (requite the
sweet mead, i.e. repay, by prowess
in battle, the bounty of their chief).

swurd-le6ma, w. m., sword-flame,
flashing of swords.

}»yrl, adj., pierced, cloven.

undearninga, adv., without con
cealment, openly.

wandrian, w. v., to fly about, hover :
pret. sg. hra'fn wandrode (the raven
hovered) .

waffol, st. m., the full moon [Grein] ;
[adj., wandering, Bosw.].

wal-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., combat,
deadly struggle : gen. pi. wa'l-
slihta gehlyn {the din of combats).

wea-daed, st. f., deed of woe : nom.
pi. a'risa'S wei-dseda.

witiaii (weotian), w. v., to appoint,
determine : part, be is ... witod.

wurSlice (weorfflice), adv., wor
thily, gallantly: compar. wurft-licor.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

LIST OF NAMES.

Ecg-J»e6w, end, for arranges the
strife, read terminates the strife,

Ht-u.Vo ra-mus, for reaches Breca,
read reached by Breca.

GLOSSARY.

UNDER
aglaeca read aeglaeca for aglaeca,

and eikileihhi for egileihhi; insert

( ?) after trouble.
an-drisno, omit parenthesis (fr.

man, etc.).
aglaec-wif, read demon in the form

of woman for demoniacal, etc.
an-sund, add anforht (after and-

\\-llta) adj., timid: ace. pi., 444.

— Kluge (see " List of Recent

Readings").

an-wealda, add = sole ruler ?
an-wealda, add anwig-gearn (af
ter an-walda) : adj., ready for

single combat, nom.pl., 1248 (see

" List of Recent Readings ").
adre, read aedre; Sled, read aeled,

and put O.N. for O.H.G.; same

under al-fNplce. .
appel-fealu, for dappled, etc., read

apple-fallow, or apple-yellow :

apple-yellow steeds, 2166.
ge-aehtan, ge-aehtla read ge-

uhtan, etc.
tercst, ... 2) history, origin : omit

parenthesis, and read that I its

history should tell thee, 2158.
banian and basl, for O.H.G. read

O.N.
g e - baeran, in first citation, for troop

bore itself read people bore them
selves, 1013.
at-beran, add, at the end, to bear

away, 2128.
g e - b e r a n, at the end, for better born

read born of the better, 1704.
brand, brond, translate second

citation could not burn him with

fire, 2127.
bregdan, 1. 1017, br&den-mael ,

now regarded as a comp'd noun — -

inlaid or damasceened sword. —

Wulker, Holder, etc.
breme, read breine.
bringan, in first citation, for ..•

thousand read thousands of.
br6ffor, insert brOden-mael : st. n.,

inlaid or damasceened sword:

nom. sg., 1617.
brun, add brown.
brfin-ecg, add brown-edged.
brfin-fag, add brown-kued.
buan, insert buan after onfunde in

first citation.

bunden-stefna, lor sternttzA prow.
burh-loca, add city-lock.
cunian and its comp'ds read com,

cw8m, etc., in pret.
dag-hwil, for day-time read day's

time ; " dnys," lifetime.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

321

daed-hata, add instigator; daed-

hwata. — Kluge.
deaff-scua, for death bringing,

ghostly being, read death shadow,

deadly being.
deagan, add to dye. — Thorpe (see

"List," etc.).
dol-gllp, omit second definition,

and read idle boasting.
dun, add " reduplicated v."
drincan, druncne dryhtguman,

"joyous from, elate with, wine." —

Sievers.

g e - drag, add tumult.
dreogan, second citation (15), read

" For God had seen the dire need

which the rulerless ones before

endured." — Sievers.
dryht-lic, omit parenthesis, and

read lordly.
dryht-sclpe, for warrior-ship read

lord-ship.

dugan, pret. pres. v.
durran, in first citation, for expect

read await.

eges-full, for terribleness read fear.
egsian, add to terrify.
eald-fader, for father who lived

long ago read ancestor.
ea-land, add island.
eolet, add voyage (T)t hasty jour
ney { ?) . — Groschopp. — Grein.
faroff, add shore.
faes, for(l), read terror, dread.
fader-affelo, add father's honors.
fated, etc., read faeted, etc.
faes, omit (?), and read horror,

dread.
felgan, at the end, for to come to

any place, to arrive, read to fall

into. — Cosijn reads fealh = fleah.
feor-cyflf, at the end, instead of

for him is it better, etc., read for

him are far countries better (when)

sought.

fla, add barb.

fiiidaii, add = impetrare. — Cosijn.
folc-riht, add folk-right.
folc-scearu, add folk-share.
freme, read fremu = frScnu. —

Cosijn.

frecne, add 1933.
freoffo-webbe, add peace-weaver.
frignau and its compounds mark

u in pret.

fus, add furnished with.
a-fyllan should stand before.
ge-fyllan.
full-gangan, at the end, for fol

lowed the arrow, did as the arrow,

read followed the barb( ?) .
gar-holt, omit forest of spears, etc.,

read spear-shaft.
gast, gist, gyst, for stranger read

demon.
ge,pron.,forge,etc.|tobeplaced

s!n' f after getan.

g e n a, )

geato-lic, add ready, agile.
be-gete, for to find, to attain, read

attainable.
at-gifan (after a"-gifan), to render,

to afford: inf., 2879.
gold-maffm, for/Vw/read treasure.
gryn, add sorrow.
hand-sper, read hand-sporu =

claw, hand-spur.
hata, for persecutor read ruler.
haft-m§ce, for sword with fetters

read sword with hilt.
herian, read licrian, and place

after herg.
he read he, and place after hete-

heard-ecg, add ace. sg., 1491.

ge -began, read ge- began, and

place after hedan; omit O.H.G.

hagjan.
heaf, add (haef, Sievers), heafu,

1863 (Kluge).

322

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

heard-ecg, for sharp sword read

hard-edged, and for st. f. read

adj. : ace. sg., 1491.
healfor, for putrid or festering

blood read gore, blood.
hild, in citation 2917, for through

read in.
heals-beah, add dat. (?), 1215. —

Cosijn.

heals-gebedde, read -a, w. m. f.
Iivaffu, Kluge reads heafu (pi. of

heaf, sea) ; haef . — Sievers.
hop, read hop; so in compounds

of hop.

hradlice, for hasty, quick, imme
diate, read hastily, quickly, imme
diately.
hreffer, read hrgffer, and add in

third line from top of p. 213, on

hre'Sre, 1746.

hiing-iren, add ring-mail,
hruse, read hruse.
g e • laflan, read cheer for lave.
Itissa, read laessa.
let(?), insert (?) after sojourn.

Groschopp omits let as a separate

word.

leoffo-craft, add skill.
leod (people), put 24 before 362,

and omit 24 before 192 (ace.).
for-le6san, add destroy.
liinpan, read happen for succeed.
lig, add n.
Idea, read loca.
lof, add n.
lufa, add (?); and after eard-

lufa(?).
lyft-wyn, add after of, or in,

etc.

lyt-hwon, read lyt-hwOn (neut.)-.
ma, omit adv.
maest, add (7th line) subs.
medu, add meodu.
medu-scenc, read mead-pourer for

mead-can, etc.

medo-setl, read mead-hall for
mead-seat, etc.

meffel, read council, assembly, for
speech, etc.

mOd-ge-}>anc, add m.

mOr-hOp, read mdr-hop.

myndian, ge-myndian, read
myndgian, etc.

myrff, read sorrow for joy, etc.

naca, add nom. sg., 1897.

nefne, read ne-gif-ne for (ni-iba-ni).

g e - iiearwlan, add adj. = infen-
sus?

neah: 2), add, after 2871, prep.

ne6d, add zeal, desire.

ne6d-laffu, add 1321 -- nead-
laffu [m] = deadly hostility ? —
Cosijn.

niff-wundor, read niff-, and won
der of the sea.

nose, read nOse.

rand, add edge of shield.

raeden, add 5i(?) (see "List").

reced, add m.

g e - rum-lice, read abundantly, far,
afar, for commodiously, etc.

ssel, read sSle-raedende = hall-pos
sessors. — Sievers.

on-saelan, read sige-hre"£secgum =
loose the restraints of etiquette, be
fore disclose thy views to, the vic
torious heroes. — Kluge.

scadu, for m. read f.? n. pi.?

scawa, read spy for observer;
scaSa? — Cosijn.

scene, read cup-bearer for vessel, etc.

scerwen, read part, of scerwan, to
waste, squander.

scOp, read scop.

se, read se (J^em, etc.).

segn, add m.

sele-raedend, omit guardian or.

sele-rest, add rest.

sendan, read to despatch (a meal).
— Bright.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

323

sige-hreS, read sige-hreffsecg^),

•victorious hero. — Kluge.
sift, read arrival for journey; (?)

after 501 and 353.
snotor-lice, add -ly.
springan, add at-springan, to spring

forth, arise: pret. sg. at-spranc,

1122.

at-springan, the references be
long to ge-springan.

stan-fan, add (?) after colors and
stones.

stigan, omit up, and read walk for
ascend, and walked for plunged.

stradan, readstridan(?), stride(?),
3074. — Sievers; and omit straede,
etc.

strengo, add st. f.j and (?) before
strengum.

twegen, add m.

tweone should be treated under be
as a separable prep.

}>e6d-J»rea, add m.

j>ingian, add intercede for, ask par
don for.

)>oliun, 4th line, read pret. for instr.

J>rag, read J»rag (also in comp'ds) .

J?rea, add m.

>ritig, read J>ritig.

JjryS-swyff, read Jn-yS-swySX?).

J^ryiS-word, read nom. for ace.

J>u, read J»fi, J>e.

un-forht, an-forht = timid, 444.
— Kluge.

un-har, read bald.

un-hlytme, add for un-flitme =

with whom none can contend.
uii-snyttru, add st.
un-wearnum, read irresistibly for

unresistingly.
up, read up.
wag, read wag.
warlan, 1266, read farode, to

ravage?. — Wiilker. hergode ?
wad, read nom. pi. for ace.
wal-fyllo, add st.
we, read we
werian, add w. v.
werig, read wdrlg.
w 6 s t e n, add st.
weaxan, add to eat (= vescor? —

Cosijn)? 3116.
weorff-mynd, add n.
wig-weorffung, read ace. pi. for

nom.

winter, add n.
witan, omit 1605.
wide-ferff, add n.
wig-ge-weorffad, read wlgge-

[ge-Jweorffad. — Cosijn.
w^lite-se6n, add f.
wolcen, add m.
wrecon, 5th line, read e [a] line for

ellen. — Kluge.
wrOht, add m.
ge- wyrpan, read to recover, get

well, for to raise, etc.
wyscan, add 1605. — Cosijn.

APPENDIX TO GLOSSARY, THIRD EDITION.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

115, read ond (and) for and through
out. (The Ms. usually has T.)

122, under ge-baedan read violently
iot from the strings.

126, for cyne-beald read cyning-
beald.

137, under buan insert biian after
beorge.

138, read bysgu for bysgu.

324

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

149, read drusian for drusian.

164, insert fee-word before feffer-
gearwe.

lf)$,dele fees, etc.; under faer in
sert 2231.

1 78, dele circumflex over wilnlan
(under freoffu).

1 79, mark frinan, gof rinaii, ge-
frQnen.

1 83, g&n and gangan are distinct.

191, add 2879 to on-ginnan, pret.
part.

208, read oferhigean or oferhfgan
= Goth, ufarhauhjan, part.
ufarbauhlds (Bugge, Tids. 8,
60) ; Kluge (Beit. IX. 192) sug
gests oferhydlan = to render
arrogant, to infatuate, from
oferhyd (oferhygd).

212, horn is m.

224, asterisk leahan.

227 and 228, read Ie6n for lihan.

234, read menigu for menigeo.

237, under mGd add ace. sg., 1932.

237, insert (?) after air of morn.

245, under offffe add 3007 = and.

247, right-hand col., 8 11. from bottom,
read tenvards(T).

249, under oruff insert acc.(?),
2524.

251, under raesan insert gereesan,
2840.

252, under be-reofan dele ace. pi. n.
256, under sceran see Beit. IX. 210,

282.
258, dele ge-scod, etc., and cf. ge-

sceaffan, 2778.
258, see Skeat (Prin. of Eng. Etymol.,

179-80) for a defense of scop

(not scOp).

273 and 322, under strengo, read f.
288, insert J»e6w(?), 2225, after

J»e6stor.

and 289, dele )>ihan after J>eoii.

under J>on insert >on ma, 504

= the more ?
291, Jmnlan should come under ge-

IMIII.UCII.
300, for werlg read werg =

wearg(h).

302, read wearg(h) for wearh.
319 (Finnsburh), for lacra Bugge

(Beit. XII. 27) suggests flacra

= fluttering. See Appendix of

Corrections.

APPENDIX OF CORRECTIONS TO TEXT, THIRD EDITION.

2017, destroy period mark.
2132, life; Bugge (Beit. XII. 369).
2158, cf. 2166, and see Sievers, Beit.
X. 222.

2246, hordwynne (gen. sg.) or
hard -fy mine; Bugge, Beit.
XII. 102.

2247, change to fee-word (Ms. has
fee).

2386, change to orfeorme (Ms. has

or).
2394, change to freond (Ms.).

219, for an-tfd read an-tfd = ond-

tid. Cosijn (Beit. VIII. 568).
524, for Beanstanes readBanstan

(Kluge, Beit. IX. 573).
601, Ms. has ond =* and in three

places only (601, 1149,2041);

elsewhere it uses abbrev. ~\ =

and.
1288, read an wig-, and cf. Beit. IX.

210, 282.
1631, read drusade.

COKRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

325

2650, Bugge suggests h&t, Beit. XII.

105.
2688, Bugge suggests wundum

(Ms.).

Page 101 (Finnsburh), note, 11. 33-4,
new reading and punctuation;
cf. Socin's Heyne's Bed., and
Bugge, Beit. XII. 27.

TEXT.

SOME RECENT READINGS AND SUGGESTIONS.

15, >a (ace. f.) for Jmt. — (Bout-

erwek) Sievers.
31, laen-dagas for lunge. —

Kluge.
51, sele-raedende. — Kemble and

Cosijn.

106, destroy period, and read in
Caines, etc., with |>oime . .
drihten in parenthesis. —
Sievers.
1 20, wera[s] . — Sievers. unfaelo.

— Rieger.

146, destroy period after selest,
put was . . . micel in paren
thesis, and insert colon after
tid. — Sievers.

1.59, ac se for atol. — Rieger.

240, supply hringed-stefnan for
helmas baeron. — WUlker.

254, supply comma after feor-
buend. — Sievers.

259, supply comma after wisa. —
Sievers.

280, edwenden for edwendan. —
Bugge.

322, comma after scir. — Sievers.

443, gold- for guff-sele. — Bugge.

444, anforhte {timid) for un-. —

Kluge.

447, colon after nimeS1. — Sievers.
489, destroy comma after meoto,

and read sige-hreS'secguin.

— Kluge.

499, [HJunferS1. — Rieger (on

account of alliteration).
516, wylmum. — Kluge.

524, Beahstanes. — Bugge.

525, gej>inges. — Rieger.

574, swa J»aer for hwaffere. —

586, supply geflites before J»as,
and blend the two broken
lines. — Kluge.

648, supply period after gejnnged.

— Kluge.

695, read hiera after J»at. — Kluge.

723, [ge]hran. — Zupitza.

759, modega for guda. — Rieger

(alliteration).
851, destroy semicolon after we6l,

and read de6p for de6g. —

Sievers.

898, hate. — Scherer.
901, aron = arum >ah. — Cosijn.
992, hroden for haten. — Kluge.
1005, supply gehwa after s. . . . b.

— Kluge.

1084, wiff for wiht. — Rieger.
1117, destroy period after don, and
insert semicolon after eaxle.

— Kluge.

1152, [h]roden (= redden). —

Sievers.
1 201, semicolon after sine-fat;

fealh = fleah. — Cosijn.
1 21 3, insert naefre before wal. —

Holtzmann.

SOME RECENT READINGS.

1215, hrae-wf e. — Kluge ; heals-
bege. — Cosijn.

1229,8!. — Kluge.

1 23 1 , B y n [don] . — Kluge.

1 235, gea-sceaft. — Kluge.

1 248, anwig-gearwe (ready for
single combat) . — Cosij n .

1254, farode (ravaged). — Wulker,
Kolbing, etc., hergode?

1 301, him . . . fern. — Cosijn.

I32i,nead-la9um (crushing hos
tility'). — Cosijn.

1 364, hrSmde (= frosty) . — Cosijn ;
hrimige.— Sweet and Morris.

1460, ater-tearum. — Cosijn.

1490, wal-. — Kluge.

1538, feaxe. — Rieger.

1 542, [h] and-lcan. — Holder.

1546, seax[e]. — Sweet, etc.

1556, destroy comma after gesced,
and insert one after yffelice.

— Sweet and Sievers.

1605, wSston=wisctou(=a/t.r^/).

— Cosijn.

1748, w6[u]m. — Kluge.
1784, wigge-[ge-]weorffad. —

Cosijn.

1810, laenes. — Miillenhoff.
1832, dryhtne. — Kluge.
1858, gemaene. — Sievers.
1863, heafu (= seas). — Kluge.
1896, scaffan. — Cosijn.
1904, -naca. — Rieger.
1914, insert >at he before on lande.

— Sievers.

1924, wunade. — Wlilker, Holder,

etc.

1927, on hean. — Kluge.
1933, Irecnu. — Cosijn.
1936, and-eges. — Bugge.
1943, onsece. — Rieger.
2025, Is for wits. — Kluge.
2030, insert semicolon after gesette

destroy no, and read Lytle,
etc. — Holder and Kluge.

2030, waere for hwser. — Kluge.

2036, -beorn. — Kluge.

2153, ealdor. — Kluge.

2158, terist. — Rieger.

2232, seah. — Wulker.

2233, earV-hfise. — Zupitza.

2276, supply instead of wide, etc.,

swyffe ondraedaff. — Zupit
za; gesecean for gewun-
ian. — Holder.

2277, read hord on hrfisan. —

Zupitza (Kemble).

2285, read sum for hord. — Cosijn.

2386, read [f]or feorme. — Moller.

2494, feffel- wynne. — Sievers.

2661, bywdu. — Bugge.

2702, read J>a J>iit. — Sievers.

2707, read gefylde. — Sievers
(Thorpe) ; e[a]llne. —
Kluge.

2767, read gehwone on same line
with cynnes; gum-cynnes
for gumena. — Holder; in
sert hord beforeofer-higian.
— Grein.

2776, hladon. — Ettmiiller.

2871, ow6r. — Sievers and Wlilker.

2873, Sievers divides : wraffe for-
wurpe, J»a, etc.

2910, hige-meffe. — Sievers.

2959, read sacc for segn. — Sievers;
Higelaces. — Thorpe.

3039, insert J»aer before gesegan. —
Wulker and Holder.

3042, gryre-fah. — 13ugge.

3057, gehyht manna. — Grundtvig
and Kluge.

3063, ]>onne belongs to next line. —
WUlker and Holder.

3074, stride. — Sievers.

3075, gold-hwaetes. — Sievers.

NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION.

THE editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded
their edition of Beowulf (1883), that, in spite of its many short
comings, they have determined to prepare a second revised edition
of the book, and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness.
About twenty errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading,
crept into the text, — errors in single letters, accents, and punctu
ation. These have been corrected, and it is hoped that the text
has been rendered generally accurate and trustworthy. In the
List of Names one or two corrections have been made, and in the
Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and transla
tion, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been rectified.
Wherever these mistakes concern single letters, or occupy very
small space, they have been corrected in the plates ; where they
are longer, and the expense of correcting them in the plates would
have been very great, the editors have thought it best to include
them in an Appendix of Corrections and Additions, which will be
found at the back of the book. Students are accordingly referred
to this Appendix for important longer corrections and additions.
It is believed that the value of the book has been much enhanced
by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms and
essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wiilker,
and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested
readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or
corrupt passages.

The objectionable a and se>, for the short and the long diphthong,
have been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibil
ity of removing them without entirely recasting the plates.

In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebt
edness to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have
materially aided in the correction of the text, — particularly to
Profs. C. P. G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J. M. Hart ; to Prof.
J. W. Bright ; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the
loan of periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision.
While the second revised edition still contains much that might be
improved, the editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its
predecessor, and that it will continue its work of extending thft
study of Old English throughout the land.
JUNE, 1885.

NOTE II.

rnHE editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a
J- complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of " Beowulf."
The edition is the first published in America, and the first of its
special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial
volume of a " Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under
the same auspices and with the cooperation of distinguished schol
ars in this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned
Professors F. A. March of Lafayette College, T. R. Price of Colum
bia College, and W. M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University.

In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary
to abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several
reasons, and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be
wrong in the translation of some of his illustrative quotations,
and even translates the same passage in two or three different
ways under different headings. The orthography of his glossary
differs considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to
discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words
in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest
edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his ren
derings. The references were found to be incorrect in innumerable
instances, and had to be verified in every individual case so far as
this was possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verifica
tion, having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The
references are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying
them was naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary,
where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire cer
tainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and
sentences or of special words ; and in this they have been aided
by a careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization
of the views of Kemble and Professor J. M. Garnett (who takes
Grein for his foundation). Many new references have been added;

X NOTE II.

and the various passages in which Heyne fails to indicate whether
a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out the number,
etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and made to
harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints
in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to
the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and
supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added.

The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth
for themselves something more than the claim of being re-trans
lators of a translation : the present edition is, so far as they were
able to make it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the
work of the great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of
the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of
gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious guidance,
and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it
best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever
it seemed that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at
once the marks of interrogation which point out these deviations,
or which introduce a point of view illustrative of, or supplementary
to, the one given by the German editor. No doubt the editors are
wrong themselves in many places, — " Bedwulf " is a most difficult
poem, — but their view may at least be defended by a reference to
the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly con
sulted.

A good many cognate Modern English words have been intro
duced here and there in the Glossary with a view to illustration,
and other addenda will be found between brackets and parentheti
cal marks.

It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old
English poems will do something to promote a valuable and
interesting study.

JAMES A. HARRISON,

Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.

ROBERT SHARP,

University of Louisiana, New Orleans.
April, 1883.

The responsibility of the editors is as follows : H. is responsible for
the Text, and for the Glossary from hrinan on; S. for the List of
Names, and for the Glossary as far as hrinan.

OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH.

[ANGLO-SAXON.]

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rP

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H1STOKY.

99

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100 HISTORY.

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1848, written in the Portuguese language. It is believed to be
the best work of its kind extant, and would be found also an excel
lent reading book for students of Portuguese.

HISTORY. 103

English History Reader.

By D. H. MONTGOMERY. 12mo. Cloth, xxxiv + 254 pages, with a
colored map. Mailing Price, 85 cents ; for introduction, 75 cents.

''PHIS is the first edition of Montgomery's Leading Facts of Eng
lish History. The book has clearly demonstrated its value for
reading purposes, and the price has been reduced to make it gen
erally available for this use.

W. P. Atkinson, Prof, of Enr/lish

of Technology, Boston: It is that
uncommon kind of book, a readable
short sketch. It is fresh and vigor-

Pilgrims and Puritans.

ous, and the references seem to me

and History, Massachusetts Institute prery well selected. I cordially rec
ommend it to all students and teach
ers of English history.
(Jan. 3, 1886.)

By Miss N. MOORE. Square 16mo. Cloth, viii + 197 pages. Illustrated.
Mailing Price, 70 cents; for introduction, 60 cents.

rPHIS is ft book of easy reading, containing sketches of the early
days of Massachusetts, — Massachusetts Indians, the Pilgrims
of Plymouth, English Boston, William Blackstone, John Winthrop,
Extracts from Wood's New England's Prospect, with notes and
appendix.

It is intended for children -who have not yet begun or are just
beginning the study of United Sfates History, and to supplement
or prepare the way for the ordinary text-book. It has already
been used by children under ten years of age. It is provided with
maps and illustrations.

The Reader's Guide to English History.

By WILLIAM FRANCIS ALLEN, A.M., Professor in the University of
Wisconsin. Long 8vo. Paper. 50 pages. Mailing Price, 30 cents ;
Introduction, 25 cents. The Supplement can be had separately; Mailing
Price, 10 cents.

HHHE arrangement is that of four parallel columns upon two
opposite pages : the first column giving the English sovereigns ;
the second, histories, biographies, and essays; the third, novels,
poems, and dramas illustrating that period of English history ;
the fourth, the same class of works, illustrating contemporary
history.

33

Washington and His Country.

By WASHINGTON IRVING and JOHN FISKE. 654 pages, including 13
maps. 12mo. Cloth. Mailing price, $1.10 ; for introduction, $1.00.
QUESTIONS, prepared to facilitate the use of the work as a text-book
of United States history will be published in April.

rpHIS consists of Irving's Life of Washington, judiciously abridged
by John Fiske, and supplemented with an Introduction and a
Continuation by Mr. Fiske that make the work in effect a His
tory of the United States. It is anticipated that this History
will be cordially welcomed and will exert a great influence upon
present methods and courses of study. It will be found to com
bine many peculiar excellences.

1 . History is taught through biography. This secures the great
est interest, unity, and clearness, and, at the same time, the greatest
moral value.

2. The history is presented in a readable outline. The salient
points are fully and vividly set forth, and cannot fail to impress
the memory and the imagination.

3. The pupil has before him in this book the thought and lan
guage of an acknowledged master of English.

4. The abridging and the supplementing have been done by one
exceptionally competent. The Introduction and the Continuation
are masterly sketches, unequalled by anything hitherto published.

Thus, while acquiring a knowledge of facts and events, the pupil
is gaining a love for history and literature, moulding his diction by
a classic author, and ennobling his character by contemplating one
of the grandest types of humanity. There will be less of mechani
cal study and more of the real, less committing to memory of
trivial facts, and a firmer grasp of the important ones.

W. E. Buck, Supt. of Schools,
Manchester, N.H. : I cannot think
of another book so desirable for col
lateral reading by pupils studying
history in the common schools.

E. H. Russell, Prin. of Normal
School, Worcester, Mass.: I have
ordered a supply for class use. It
seems to me the most noteworthy
book that has appeared in this field

for years. I recommend it right and
left without reserve.

Thomas M. Balliet, Supt. of
Schools, Springfield, Mass. : It can
be used as a text-book on U. S.
History; and as a book for supple
mentary reading on the subject, I
don't know of anything else equal
to it.
(Jan. 20, 1888.)

8. T. Button, Supt. of Schools,
New Haven, Ct. : One of the greatest
of living's works, it is indeed a clas
sic, and this handy edition judi
ciously condensed and extended will
rank as one of the best school histo
ries and one of the most suitable
reading-books in the market.

J. A. Graves, Prin. of South
School, Hartford, Ct. : We feel sure
that it will be a valuable and impor
tant addition to the list of books for
supplementary work in history.

Albert C. Perkins, Prin. of Adel-
phi Acad., Brooklyn, N.Y.: As a
book to keep within reach of classes
in American history it seems to me
excellent. Indeed, if used as a text
book in that branch, I believe it must
bring the best results in impressing
on the minds of pupils a sense of the
spirit and genius of our history as
well as the leading facts of it.

Henry P. Emerson, Prin. of High
School, Buffalo, N.Y.: Uniting the
grace of Irving with the strength of
Fiske is a good thought.

F. B. Palmer, Prin. of State Nor
mal School, Fredonia, N.Y.: I should
think the work of abridgment ad
mirably done and the additions judi
cious, and heartily welcome the work
as likely to revive interest in one
of our best authors and one of the
noblest themes that can be placed
before the young. (Dec. 22, 1887.)

E. T. Tomlinson, Headmaster of
Rutgers Coll. Gram. School, New
Brunswick, N.J. : To my mind it
will prove a valuable book for school
purposes. (Jan. 3, 1888.)

0. D. Robinson, Prin. of High
School, Albany, N.Y. : I believe that
it is admirable in every respect for
the objects which the author had in
riew when preparing it. It is his

tory, biography, and literature of the
very best, all combined.

John 0. Wright, Prin. of Union
School, Cooperstown, N. Y. : It is the
happiest thought yet in the way of
an abridged history. (Dec. 20, 1887. )

C. B. Wood, Prin. of High School,
Pittsburgh, Pa. : The book is a gem.
I have placed it in the hands of the
teacher of history, and recommended
it as a book of reference.

E. C. Delano, Ass't Supt. of Schools,
Chicago, III. : It is a charming book,
well fitted for historical and supple
mentary reading in the advanced
grades of our public schools.

Lewis H. Jones, Supt. of Public
Schools, Indianapolis, Ind. : It seems
to be admirably adapted to secure
two of the most important aims that
are ever reached in historical teach
ing — love of country and love of
good historical reading.

0. T. Bright, Supt. of Public
Schools, Knglewood, III. : It seems
to me very valuable as an adjunct in
teaching United States history. I
have seen no other book to compare
with it in value as supplementary to
the study named. (Jan. 23, 1888.)

J. B. Young, Supt. of Public
Schools, Davenport, la. : It sets forth
in a simple and captivating style all
the important facts of our country's
history, without burdening its pages
or the mind with valueless detail
wherever it is used. (Feb. 2, 1888.)

E. Stanley, Supt. of Public Schools,
Lawrence, Kan. : It is a volume of
remarkable merit, written in an ad
mirable style, full of interest, and
attractive beyond ordinary books.

F. M. Draper, Supt. of Public
Schools, Atchison, Kan.: Something
must be done to correct the faulty
methods of teaching history. I be
lieve this a step in that direction.

106 HISTORY.

Caesar's Army.

A study of the military art of the Romans in the last days of the Re
public. By HARRY PRATT JUDSON, Professor of History, University of
Minnesota. With illustrations and colored maps. 12mo. Cloth, x + 108
pages. Mailing price, $1.10 ; to teachers and for introduction, $1.00.

little book is an attempt to reconstruct Caesar's Army so
as to give a clear idea of its composition and evolutions. It is
hoped that students of Caesar's writings and students of military
science alike may find interest in such a study.

The Commentaries of Caesar are the story of his wars. They
are military history. It is true that they were intended largely for
civilian readers at Rome. Still, they imply throughout a certain
amount of military knowledge that all Eoman citizens were sup
posed to have. The modern student can hardly be said to read
understanding^, unless the text conveys to his mind the same
idea that it conveyed to the intelligent Roman reader to whom
Caesar addressed it.

War is barbarism. But the story of man has no epoch in which
war has not existed. The history of war is the history of the
development of the human mind. The military science of each
age is almost the exact reflex of the civilization of that age. And
no study of the achievements of man can be complete unless we
understand the method of the hostile collision of nations.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.

I. The Organization.

II. The Legionary.

III. Tactics of the Legion.

IV. Tactics of the Cavalry.
V. Tactics of the Army :

A. The battle; B. the march; C. the camp; D. the siege.
VI. Ships and Sea-fights.
VII. The Enemy:

A. The Gallic array and arms; B. defence of fortified towns;
C. the British chariots.

Halsey's Genealogical and Chronological Chart

of the Rulers of England, Scotland, France, Germany, and Spain.

By C. S. HALSEY, Principal of Schenectady (N.Y.) Classical School.
Revised edition, Drought down to 18&4. Printed on tough rope paper.
33 x 50 inches. Introduction and Mailing Price, 25 cents.

HISTORY.

107

The American Journal of Archaeology and of the

History of the Fine Arts.

Royal 8vo. Published quarterly, forming a yearly volume of about 500
pages. With colored, heliotype, and other plates, and numerous figures.
Subscription Price, $5.00. Vol. I., unbound or bound in cloth, 489 pages,
11 plates, and lli figures. Mailing Price, 84.00. Vol. II., 521 pages, 14
plates, and 46 figures; bound, 35.00; unbound, $4.50. Vol. III., 500
pages, 32 plates, and 20 figures; bound for $5.50; unbound for $5.00.
Vol. IV., includes numbers issued the present year.

Advisory Editor : Prof. CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, of Harvard University.
Literary Editor : Mr. ARTHUR L. FROTHINQHAM, of Baltimore.

Managing Editor : Prof. ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., of Princeton
College.

Editorial Contributors: Prof. ALFRED EMERSON, of Miami University;
Dr. HAROLD N. FOWLER, of Harvard University; Prof. ALLAN
MARQUAND, of Princeton College; Prof. ARTHUR R. MARSH, of
Kansas University; Prof. AUGUSTUS C. MBRRIAM, of Columbia Col
lege ; Dr. CHARLES WALDSTEIN, of Cambridge University, England ;
Mr. JUSTIN WINDSOR, of Harvard University; Prof. JOHN HENRY
WRIGHT, of Harvard University.

Agents: London, Trubner & Co.; Paris, E. Leroux; Turin, Florence,
and Rome, E. Loescher; Berlin, Mayer & Miiller.

rpHE JOURNAL is the organ of the Archaeological Institute of
America, and treats of all branches of Archaeology and Art —
Oriental, Classical, Early Christian, Mediaeval, and American. It
is intended to supply a record of the important work done in
the field of Archaeology, under the following categories : 1. Origi
nal Articles ; 2. Correspondence from European Archaeologists ;
3. Archaeological News, presenting a careful and ample record of
discoveries and investigations in all parts of the world ; 4. Reviews
of Books ; 5. Summaries of the contents of the principal Archaeo
logical Periodicals.

The coming year, 1888, will be distinguished by important papers
connected with American research and collections, while the pres
ent policy of making the JOURNAL a complete record of contem
porary archaeological work, by its correspondence, book-reviews,
news, and summaries, will be continued.

London Athenaeum : We have no
hesitation in saying that no other
periodical in the English language is
so well fitted to keep the student who

lacks time or opportunity to read all
the foreign journals abreast of the
latest discoveries in every branch of
archaeology.

PR Beowulf
1580 Beo*wulf

H37 3d ed.
1888

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